CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Cornell University Library F 157C8 H67 + History of Cumberland and Adams counties 3 1924 028 852 619 oiin Overs Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028852619 HI8TOET OF CUMBERLAND AND ADAMS COUNTIES, PENNSYLVANIA. Containing History of the Counties, Their Townships, Towns, Villages, Schools, Churches, Industries, Etc.; Portraits of Early Settlers and Prominent men; Biographies; History of Pennsylvania, Statistical and Miscellaneous Matter, etc., etc. ILLTJSTi^JLTEID. CHICAGO: WAENBR, BEERS & CO., 1886. ^ 59;') CHICAGO: JOHN MORRIS COMPANY, PRINTERS, 118 AND 120 MONROE STREET. PEEFAOE. IN presenting the History of Cumberland and Adams Counties to its pa- trons, the publishers have to acknowledge, with gratitude, the encour- agement and support their enterprise has received, and the willing assist- ance rendered in enabling them to surmount the many unforeseen obstacles to be met with in the production of a work of such magnitude. To procure the materials for its compilation, official records have been carefully exam- ined; newspaper files searched; manuscripts, letters and memoranda have been sought; those longest in the locality were interviewed; and the whole material has been so collated and systematized as to render it easy of refer- ence. ■■ He who expects to find the v^ork entirely free from errors or defects has little knowledge of the difficulties attending the preparation of a work of this kind, and should indulgently bear in mind that " it is much easier to be critical than to be correct. ' ' It is, therefore, trusted that the History will be received by the public in that generous spirit which is gratified at honest and conscientious effort. The publishers have been fortunate in securing the services of a staff of efficient and painstaking historians, who have been materially assisted by the gentlemen of the press and of the various professions, by the public officials and many other citizens of both counties, of whom personal mention would gladly here be made, did space permit. The book has been divided into three parts. The outline history of the State, contained in Part I, is fi'om the pen of Prof. Samuel P. Bates, of Meadville, Penn. The general history of Cumberland County, in Part II, was written, for the most part, by P. A. Durant and J. Praise Richard, Chapter VIH ("Bench and Bar") and the sketches of the several Town- ships and Boroughs of Cumberland County, in the same part, being pre • pared by Bennett Bellman. Part III contains the History of Adams Coun- ty, the general chronicles of which were written by H. C. Bradsby, except- ing Chapter X ("Natural History of Adams County") and Chapter XX ( ' ' Education' ' ), which are from the pen of Aaron Sheely, of Gettysburg ; while the Townships and Boroughs of Adams County, also in Part III, have been treated of by M. A. Leeson. The Biographical Department of each county is of special interest, and those of whom portraits have been in- serted are found among the representative families of the two counties. ^ The volume, which is one of generous amplitude, is placed in the hands of the public with the belief that it will be found to be a valuable contribution to local literature. THE PUBLISHERS. CONTENTS. PAET I. HISTORY OP PENNSYLVANIA. PAGE. CHAPTER I.— IBTEODUCTTORY. — Comelis Jacob- sou Mey, 1624-26. William Van Hulst, 1625 -26. Peter Minnit, 1626-33. David Peter- sen de Tries, 1632-33. Wouter Van TwUler, 1633-38 15-23 CHAPTER n.— Sir WilUam Keift, 1638^7. Peter Minult, 1638-41. Peter Hollandaer, 1641-43. John Printz, 1643-53. Peter Stuy- vesant, 1647-64. John Pappagoya, 1653-54. John Claude Rysingh, 1654-55 23-33 CHAPTER m.— John Paul Jacquet, 1655-57. Jacob Alrichs, 1657-59. Groeran Van Dyck. 1667-58. WilUam Beekman, 1658-63. Alex. D'Hinoyossa, 1659-64 33-35 CHAPTER IV.— Richard Nichols, 1664-67. Rob- ert Needham, 1664-68. Francis Lovelace, 1667-73. John Carr, 1668-73. Anthony Colve, 1673-74. Peter Alrichs, 1673-74 35-41 CHAPTER v.— Sir Edmund Andros, 1674-81. Edmund Cantwell, 1674-76. John Collier, 1676-77. Christopher Billop, 1677-81 41-50 CHAPTER VI.— William Markham, 1681-82. William Penn, 1682-84 51-61 CHAPTER VII.— Thomas Lloyd, 1684-86. Five Commissioners, 1686-88. John Blackwell, 1688-90. Thomas Lloyd, 1690-91. William Markham, 1691-93. Benjamin Fletcher, 1693-95. William Markham, 1693-99 61-69 CHAPTEK VIII— William Penn, 1699-1701. Andrew Hamilton, 1701-03. Edward Ship- pen, 1703-04. John Evans,J704-09. Charles Gooken, 1709-17 69-75 PAGE. CHAPTER IX.— Sir William Keith, 1717-26. Patrick Gordon, 1726-36. James Logan, 1786-38. George Thomas, 1738^7. Anthony Palmer, 1747-48. James Hamilton 1748-54 75-89 CHAPTER X.— Robert H. Morris, 1754-56. Wil- liam Denny, 1756-59. James Hamilton, 1759-63 89-97 CHAPTER XI.— John Penn, 1763-71. James Hamilton, 1771. Richard Penn, 1771-73. John Penn, 1773-76 98-104 CHAPTER XII.— Thomas Wharton, Jr., 1777- 78. George Bryan, 1778. Joseph Reed, 1778 -81. William Moore, 1781-82. John Dickin- son, 1782-8S. Benjamin Franklin, 1785-88 104-114 CHAPTER XIII.— Thomas Mifflin, 1788-99. Thomas McKean, 1799-1808. Simon Snyder, 1808-17. William Findlay, 1817-20. Joseph Heister, 1820-23. John A. Shulze, 1823-29. George Wolfe, 1829-35 Joseph Eitner, 1886-39 .; 114-121 CHAPTER XIV.— David R. Porter, 1839-45. Francis B. Shunk, 1845-48. WiUiam F. Johnston, 1848-62. William Bigler, 1862-55. John Pollock, 1865-68. William F. Packer, 1858-61. AndrewG.Curtin, 1861-67. John W. Geary, 1867-78. John F. Hartranfl, 1873-78. Henry F. Hoyt, 1878-82. Robert E. Pattison, 1882-86 122-131 Gubernatorial Table 132 PAET II. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. CHAPTER L— Desceiptive 3-7 Geography — Geology — Topography, etc. CHAPTEB-II.— Pioneers '. 7-40 "Loulher Manor," etc. — Taxes paid from 1736 to 1749— Earliest List of Taxables in Cumberland County — First Settlers in the North Valley — Taxables in the County in 1762— Early Settlers— Wild Animalp and Fish — Customs and Habits — Formation of Townships and Boruughs — Laods. CHAPTER III.— Indian History 41-66 French and Indian War— Pontiac's War. CHAPTER IV.— County Organization 66-77 Location of the County Seat— Division of the County into TownshipB — County Build- ings — Population — Postomces in 1886 — In- ternal Improvements— Public Roads — Rail- roads. CHAPTER v.— Military 77-108 VI CONTENTS. PAQS. Cumberland County in the Bevolution — The Whisky Insurrection— The War of 1812 —The Mexican War. CHAPTEE VI.— Military (QmUrmed) 109-130 Carlisle Barracks— Cumberland County In the War of the Eebellion. CELA.PTER VII.— COUETS 130-138 County Officials — Members of Congress, Senators and Assemblymen. CHAPTEB VIII.— Bench and Bar 138-170 Provincial Period — From the Revolution Until tbe Adoption of the Constitution of 1790— Constitutional Period. CHAPTER IX.— Medical 170-187 Biographical — Physicians in Cumberland County since 1879 — Physicians in Cumber- land County Registered in Office of Protho- uotary at Carlisle— Cumberland County Medical Society. CHAPTER X.— The Press 188-195 Of Carlisle— Of Shippensburg— Of Me- chanicsburg — Of Newville — Of Mount Holly. CHAPTER XI.— Edhoational 196-206 Legal History — Early Schools — Dickinson College — Metzgar Female Institute — Indian Industrial School — Cumberland Valley State Normal School — Teachers' Institute — Coun- ty Superintendents. CHAPTER XII.— Religious 207-220 Presbyterian Church — Episcopal Church — Methodist Church — Roman Catholic Church — German Reformed Church — Luth- eran Church — Church of God — German Baptists — United Brethren — The Mennon- ites — Evangelical Association. CHAPTEB Xin— Political 221-222 Slavery in Cumberland County, etc. CHAPTER XIV.— AGKiouLinEAL 225-228 Cumberland County Agricultural Society — Grangers' Picnic-Exhibition, Williams' Grove. CHAPTER XV.— The Formation of Town- ships, ETC 228-229 The First Proprietary Manor — Formation of Townships — Organization of Boroughs. CHAPTER XVI.— Borough op Caelisle....229-248 Its Inception — Survey — First Things — Meeting of Captives— Revolutionary Period —War of 1812— Growth of the Town, etc.— The Borough in 1846— McClintock Riot- War of the Rebellion — Situation, Public Buildings, etc. — Churches — Cemeteries — Schools,Tnstitutes and College — Newspapers — Manufacturing Establishments, etc. — Gas and Water Company — Societies— Conclusion. CHAPTEB XVII.— Borough of MEcaASics- BURO 249-266 Its Beginning— Growth — William Arm- strong- Population— War of the Rebellion — Schools and Educational Institutes — Churches — Newspapers — Public Hall and Market House — Banking Institutions — Gas and Water Company — Societies — Conclusion. CHAPTEB XVIII.— Borough op Shippens- BtfEG 267-268 Its First Settlement — Early Beminiscences — List of Original Land Purchasers— Early Hotels in Shippensburg — Churches — Cem- eteries — Schools — Newspapers — Bank — Societies. CHAPTEB XIX. — Borough of Shiremans- TOWN 268-269 Locality— Origin of Name— Churches- Societies — ^Miscellaneous. PAGE. CHAPTEB XX.— Cook Township 269-270 Formation — Topography — Beads — Pine Grove Furnace and Laurel Forge— George Stevenson — Postoffice and Railroad. CHAPTER XXI.— Dickinson Township 270-275 Formation — Topography — Railroads — Original Settlers, Early Land-Owners and Settlers— Negro Kidnaping— Hotel, etc.— Churches — Schools, etc. CHAPTEB XXII. — East Pesnsborough Township and Borough of Camp Hill 27.5-278 Origin— Name— Boundary— Early HLstory —Villages — Miscellaneous — Borough of Camp Hill — Location, etc. — Name, etc. — Church and Cemetery. CHAPTER XXIII.— Feankfokd Township 278-286 Formation — Boundary — Topography — Earliest Settlers— The Butler Family— Vil- lage. CHAPTER XXIV.— Hampden Township...286-290 Formation — Boundary — Topography — Early Settlers— Mills, Bridges, etc.— The Indians — Paxton Manor in Hampden — Churches— Hamlets — Miscellaneous. CHAPTER XXV.— Hopewell Township and Borough of Newborg 290-298 Formation — Topography — Early Settle- ment — The Bradys — Hopewell Academy — Miscellaneous — Borough of Newburg — Location— The Village in 1819 1845 and 1886— "The Sunny Side Female Seminary." CHAPTEB XXVI.— Lower Allen Township AND Borough of New Cumberland. ..298-305 Formation, Locality, Boundary, etc. ^In- dians— Early Settlers— Chara cter of Soil , etc. — Lisburn — Milltown — Churches — Ceme- teries — Schools — Miscellaneous — Borough OF New Cumberland— Location — Origin — Early Incidents and Industries — Incorpo- ration—Railroads, etc. — New Cumberland of To-day — Churches- Miscellaneous. CHAPTEB XXVII.— Middlesex Township 305-307 Formation, Boundary and Topography^ Bailroad— Early Settlers— Middlesex — Car- lisle Springs— Miscellaneous. CHAPTEB XXVIII.— Mifflin Township..307-312 Formation, Boundary and Topography- Indian Trail and Village— First Settlement —The Williamson Massacre and Other Early Incidents — Block Houses — Capt. Samuel Brady— First Settlers Along Big Bun- Early Beads, Viewers, etc.— Sulphur .Springs, etc.— Churches— Miscellaneous. CHAPTEB XXIX.— Monroe Township 315-317 Formation — Boundary — Topography — First Settlers— Churches and Cemetery- Schools, Industries, etc. —Villages. CHAPTEE XXX.— Newton Township and Borough op Newville 317-327 Formation — Boundary — Topography — General Description— Indian Pack Trail- Fort Carnahan— Early Settlers— The Sharp Family— Other Pioneers— Villages— Miscel- laneous— Borough op Newville — Loca- tion — Incorporation — First Settlement- First Sale of Lots— First Hotels, Stores etc Incorporation, etc.— An Historical Charac- ter — Churches — Cemetery — Educational In- stitutions—Newspapers—Banks—Fire De- partment — Societies. CHAPTEE XXXI.— North Middleton Town- s™P.-: •" •; " 328-332 Origin — Boundary — Description —Early Settlers— "Heads of Families"— The Cave-- Meeting House Springs— The Grave-yard at Meeting House Springs- Miscellaneous. CONTENTS. VII PAGE. CHAPTER XXXII.— Penn Township 333-335 Formation — Boundary — Physical Feat^ ures — The Yellow Breeches Creek — Indus- tries—Land-Owners — Pioneer Settlers — Vil- lages — Churches— Schools — Miscellaneous. CHAPTER XXXIII.— Silver Spring Town- ship 336-348 Formation — Boundasy, etc. — Origin of Name — Conodoguinet Creek — ^Early Settle- ment and Road— Original Settlers— Some Early Events— Hogestown— New Kingston — First Covenanters' Communion in Amer- ica — Silver Spring Church and Cemetery — "Silver Spring" (a Poem)— Miscellaneous. CHAPTER XXXIV.— Southampton Town- ship.. 343-347 Boundary — Formation — Erection — Char- acter of Sou, etc. — Earliest Settlers — Villages — Ididdle Spring Church and Grave-yard — Middle Spring Church Lands — Miscellane- CHAPTER XXXV. — South Middleton Township and Borough op Mount Holly Springs 347-356 Origin — Boundary — Topography — Roads and streams — Early Settlements — Some Early Reminiscences — Schools — Railroads and Postoffices — Boiling Springs — ^Borough OF Mount Holly Springs— Location, etc. — Early Reminiscences— Early Settlement and Industries— War of the Rebellion — In- corporation, etc. — Churches, Schools and Newspaper — Hotels — Societies. CHAPTER XXXVI.— Upper Allen Town- ship 366-360 Formation — Boundary —Early Settlers, Mills, Mines, etc. — Villages — Churches, Burial Places, etc. — Schools — Miscellaneous. CHAPTER XXXVII.— West Pennseorough Township 360-364 Its Origin— First Settlements, etc,— Vil- lages— Miscellaneous. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES— PART II. Carlisle, Borough of. 367 Mechanicshurg, Borough of. 405 Newville, Borough of. 447 Shlppensburg, Borough of. 442 Shiremanstown, Borough of 456 Cook Township 458 Dickinson Township 459 East Pennsborough Township and Borough of Camp Hill 465 Frankford Township 476 Hampden Township 479 Hopewell Township and Borough of Newburg... 485 Lower Allen Township and Borough of New Cumberland 492 I Middlesex Township 498 Mifflin Township 502 Monroe Township 606 Newton Township 517 North Middleton Township 525 Penn Township 526 Silver Spring Township 535 Southampton Township 545 South Middleton Township and Borough of Mount Holly Spring 549 Upper Allen Township 562 West Pennsborough Township 574 PORTBAITS— PART II. AM, C. W 123 Ahl, Daniel V 263 Ahl, John A 133 Ahl, Peter A 253 Ahl.yrhomas W 213 £osler, Abraham „ 43 Clever, George 293 Coyle, James ; 233 Dale, Waiiam W., M. D 83 Gorgas, S. P ~ 53 Gorgas, Hon. William E 23 Hemminger, George, M. D 73 Herman, A. J., M. D 103 •Hutton, John 283 Kaufftnan, Levi 273 Kieffer, S. B., A. M., M. D 63 Manning, H 243 Mickey, Eobert 113 Miller, Capt. W. E....: 16& Moore, James.....'. 365 Moore, J. A 193 Moser, Hon. H. G Part I, 45 Mullin,A. F 203 Niesley, 0. B 153 Paston, George W 313 Plank, A. W 173 Pratt, Capt. R H 183 Rea, J. D 223 Sadler, Hon. W. F 2 Slbbet, R. Lowry, M. D 93 Snyder, Simon 303 Stewart, Alex., M.D 33 Thomas, R. H 143 Wherry, Hon. Samuel Part I, 79 Wing, Kev. Conway P 13 VIII CONTENTS. PAET III. HISTORY OF ADA.MS COUNTY. PAGE. CHAPTER L— Introductory 3-6 CHAPTER II.— The Indians 7-12 French and Indian War— Mary Jamison, The Indian Queen — Hance Hamilton- Mc- Cord'B Fort— Associated Companies in York County in 1766. CHAPTER ni.— The Mason and Dixon Line 12-14 Grerman, Scotch-Irish and Jesuit Immigra- tion in 1734 — Lord Baltimore and William Peun- Border Troubles — Temporary Divid- ing Line — Mason and Dixon— Their Survey — Thomas Cresap— " Diggcs' Choice" — Zach- ary Butcher. CHAPTER IV.— First Settler 14-17 Andrew Shriver — Extracts from Hon. Abraham Shriver's Memoir— Early Settlers — French Huguenots— Their Settlement in Pennsylvania, CHAPTER v.— Second Arrivals 17-23 Penn'sPurchafie—"ManorofMaake"— Sur- vey — Obstructions — Compromise — '* Car- ■ roll's Delight"— List of Early Settlers on the Manor, and Warrantees-" Old Hill" Church — Presbyterian Congregation in Cumberland Township. CHAPTER VI.— The *' Little Conewago Set- tlement" .'. 2^24 " Digges'Choice "—Land Purchases in 1734, 1738 and 1742— Records of 1752. CHAPTER VII.~Early Marriages 24-31 Rev. Alexander Dobbin — His son, James — Record of Marriages during Rev. Alex. Dob- bin's Entire Pastorate, 1774 to 1808. CHAPTER VIIL— The Revolution 31-36 Adams (York) County in the Struggle — First Company from Pennsylvania — The In- dependent Light Infantry Company— Flying Camp— Roster of OflBcers, Adams (York) County. CHAPTER IX.— Erection of County 36-43 Date of its Creation — Boundary Line, Area and Population — James Gettys— -Selection of County Seat — Taxes Levied— County Build- ings. CHAPTER X.— Natural History of Adams County 44-54 Geology — Mineralogy — The South Moun- tain — The " Barrens '^—Destruction of For- ests— Streams— Elevations — Scenery — Trees and Shrubs— Fish— Birds. CHAPTER XL— Roads 55-56 Turnpikes— Railroads — Baltimore &. Han- over Railroad— Gettysburg & Harrisburg Road— The Old " Tape Worm " Line. CHAPTER XIL— Customs and Manners 57-71 Distinct Streams of Immigrants — Industry and Rel^ion— Getting a start — Their Com- merce—Receptions — Impro veme n ts. CHAPTER XIIL— Sketches andEtchings...71-78 The McCleans— The McPhersons- Gen. Reed— Dr. Crawford— Col. Stagle— Col.Grier — Victor King — Judge Black— Thaddeus Stevens — Patrick McSherry — Col. Hance Hamilton— The Gulps— William McClellan — Capt. Bettinger— James Cooper. PAGE. CHAPTER XIV.— War of 1812 78-84 Adams County Regiments — The Feder- alists and Democrats— " Friends of Peace" Meetings— Toasts— Close of War. CHAPTER XV.— Civil War 84-87 Recruiting in Adams County — The Mili- tary Companies and Their Regiments — Corp. Skelly Post, No. 9, G. A. R. CHAPTER XVI.— Officials 87-«7 Members of Congress— Senators and As- semblymen — County Officials. CHAPTER XVII.— Bench and Bab 98-103 First Court — "Circuit Riders" — Visiting Attorneys— Jonathan F. Haight, First Res- ident Attorney — Lawyers from 1801 to 1885. CHAPTER XVni.— Political 10^-115 The Revolution — Party Spirit — Jefferson and Hamilton— First County Convention — Republicans, Democrats and Federals — Hon. William McSherry — Political Factions — Elections — Federalists and Republicans ("Democrats") — A "Cockade" Row — Fed- eral-Republicans and Democrats — The CentiTiel — Elections to 1814, CHAPTER XIX.— POSTOFFICES 116-121 Petition to Postmaster General in 1795 — Postmasters in County, Fast and Present. CHAPTER XX.— Education 121-135 Pioneer Schools— Pioneer Teachers — Pioneer Schoolhouses — Christ Church School — East Berlin School — Gettysburg Classical School— Gettysburg Industrial School — English School in Gettysburg— Gettysburg Academy— Gettysburg Female Institute — Gettysburg Female Academy — Theological Seminary— Gettysburg Gymnasium— Penn- sylvania College— New Oxford College an^ Medical Institute — Hunterstown English and Classical Academy — Catholic Schools— The Free School System— The County Sup- erintendency— Educational Meetings — Con- clusion — Tabular Statements. CHAPTER XXL— Societies 135-137 Debating Societies — The Gettysbury Sen- timental Society— Poluglassic Society — The Gettysburg Debating and Sentimental Society. CHAPTER XXII.— Newspapers 138-145 The Owi/inei— Interesting Items — Necrol- ogy— 2%e5tor and 51emin€i—7%e Oonwiler—HTie C&rUury—York Springs Comet— We^y Visiior Weekly Ledger— Orystal Palace — LUtlestovm Press— Littfestown News— The Courier— LUUes- town Era—New Oxford Mem — Intelligencer— Woch&nblatt — Yellow Jacket — Record. CHAPTER XXIII.— Old Time Reminiscences ..,. 145—151 Citizens in Gettysburg Between IsiV and 1829 — Interesting Items. * CHAPTER XXIV.— Battle of Gettysburg •••;•■-, -,;;•••;;■■ ■:-■■ 163-181 Lee's Nortliward Movement in 1863 Eallying the Forces— The Battle— The Re- sult, Lee's Defeat— At Meade's Headquarters —Numerical Strength of the Two Armies -Effects Following the Battle— National Cemetery. CHAPTER XXV.— BOHOUGH op Gettysburg Hance Hamilton and Richard McAllister —James Gettys— Old Plat of the Town— CONTENTS. IX PAOE. Town Incorporated — Elections — Water Companies— Fire Companies— Banks— Sem- inary and College — Churches — G. A, R. Post — A National Resort. CHAPTER XXVI.— Physicians 204^214 Of the Earliest of Whom Tradition is at Fault— Practice of Medicine in Early Days- Early Physicians— Adams County Medical Society — Present Licensed Practitioners. CHAPTER XXVII.— Berwick Township and Borough of Abbottstown 2l4r-222 Origin — Topography — Geological Charac- teristics—Census—Assessed Valuation, 1799 — Schools— War of the Rebellion— Railway and Postofl&ce— Borough op Abbottstown — Location, etc. — Statistics— Village in 1775 — Assessment Valuation, 1799 — Officials, 1864-1885 — Industries — Newspapers — Post- office — Miscellaneous — Churches and Socie- ties. CHAPTER XXVIII.— Butler Towns hip... 222-227 Organization — Topography — Geological Features — Census — Old Bridges — Cemeteries — Middletown or Biglerville — Churches and Society — Beec h ersville— Centre Mills and Menallen Postoffice— Table Rock— Texas- Miscellaneous. CHAPTER XXIX.— CoNOw ago' Township and Borough of McSuerr^stown 227-236 Organization — Topography — Geological Features — Biacksaake of Round Top and Other Curiosities— Census— Old Bridges- Railroads and Pike Roads — AssMsed Valu- ation, 1801 — Churches — Cemeteries— Brush- town — Borough of McSherrystown — Location, etc. — Statistics — Incorporation — First Election— Convent Schools — Associa- tion — Miscellaneous. CHAPTER XXX. — Cumberland Town- ship 236-247 Streams and Hills— Geological Features — Indian Field — Census — Bridges — Pike Roads — Railroads and Street Railroad — Original Land Tracts — Early Pioneers — "Manor of Maske" — List of Squatters — Assessed Valuation, 1799 — Military — Churches — Cemeteries — Schools — Miscel- laneous. CHAPTER XXXL— Franklin Township..247-261 Topography — Geolofiical Features — Phe- nomena— Census— Land Entries— Assessed Valuation, 1799— Mary Jamison— Incidents — Churches — Arendtsville— Miscellaneous— Cashtown— Mummasburg — McKnightstown — Buchanan Valley — Seven Stars— Sheeley's — Cham berlin 's — M iscellaneous . CHAPTER XXXir.— Freedom Township..261-262 Creeks, etc .— Bridges— Cen sus-Erection — Irish Settlers — " Manor of Maske " — Car- rol's Tracts — "Mason and Dixon" Mile- stones — Churches— Military. CHAPTER XXXIIL — Germany Township AND Borough OF Littlestown 263-271 Topography — Early Merchants — Census — Railroad and Pike Roads— Bridge— Post- offices — School -System-" Digges' Choice " —Assessed Valuation, 1799— Borough or Littlestown — Location— Census— Village in 1797— Early Mails— Its History— Early Schools and Newspapers— Incorporation — Officials— Churches— Cemetery— Societies. CHAPTER XXXIV.— Hamilton Township AND Borough of East Berlin 271-275 Streams — Topography — Turnpike and Bridges — Census — Assessed Valuation, 1811 —School Law— Railroad— Cross Keys— Post- office— Borough of East Berlin— Loca- tion, etc. — Census— Incorporation — Officials — Its History — Churches and Schools — Societies, etc. PAGE. CHAPTER XXXV. — Hamiltonban Town- ship 276-283 Streams, Hills and Valleys — Census — Geological Features — Old Tree — Railroad — Early Incidents-" Carroll's Delight " — As- sessment Valuation, 180.'— School Law — Fairfield — Churches, Schools, etc.— Miscel- laneous — Fountain Dale — Miscellaneous, etc. CHAPTER XXXVI. — Highland Town- ship 283-286 Streams — Topography — Census— Bridge — Railroad — " The Manor of Maske " — ^Early Settlers — Church— Cemeteries. CHAPTER XXXVII. — Huntington Town- ship AND Borough of York Springs... 286-295 Streams— Geological Features— A Bottom- less Well— Railroad— Census— Assessed Val- uation, 1798-99— School Law— Early Inci- dents — Railroad— York Sulphur Springs— Idaville— Borough op York Springs — Location, etc. — Pike Road — Census — Incor- poration — Officials — Churches — Schools- Societies — Miscellaneous. CHAPTER XXXVIIL— Latimore Township 296-298 Streams, etc.— Topography and Geological Features— Roads and Bridges— Census— Me- chanicsville — School Law— Pioneer Taxpay- ers—Assessment Valuation, 1807— Fridley and his Mill— Churches and Cemeteries — Miscellaneous. CHAPTER XXXIX —Liberty Township..298-303 Streams— Valleys— Indian Relics— "Mason & Dixon" Mile-Stones— Copper Mine — Fire — Bridge — Census — Original Settle- ments — School Law — Assessed Valuation, 1801— Zimmermans — Churches, Cemeteries, etc. CHAPTER XL.— Menallen Township 304-312 Streams — Hills, Valleys, etc. — Geological Features— Iron and Coal Mines— Large Tree, etc.— Bridges— Road — Census— School Sys- tem — Military — Railroad and Postoffices— Assessed Valuation, 1799— David Lewis, the Robber — Incidents — Monuments— Benders- ville — Churches — Societies— Flora Dale— Wenksville— Churches. CHAPTER XLI~MouNTJOY Township 312-314 Streams and General Description— A Find — Bridges— Census— Assessed Valuation, 1799 — Military — Churches— Two Taverns. CHAPTER XLII.— MouNTPLKASANT Town- ship 315-321 Topography— Iron and Copper Ore— Bridges— Pike Roads and Railroads— Census — Early Reminiscences— ^anaghan Tract — Assessed Valuation, 1800 — Military— School Law— Railroad and Postoffices — Churches — White Hall or Red Lands — Mount Rock — Bonneauviile. CHAPTER XLIIL— Oxford Township and Borough of NewOxfobd 321-328 Topography — Old Barn — Railroads, Bridges. Pikes, Stage Lines, etc. — Census — Original Land Entries— Military — Incidents, Fires, Storms, etc. — Irishtown — Heroutford Borough of New Oxford — Its Early His- tory— Incorporation -Elections— Census — Churches— Cemetery —Institute and Schools — Societies — Miscellaneous. CHAPTER XLIV.— Reading Township 328-333 Topography — Geological Features, etc. — Bridges — Census — Scmool Law — Assessed Valuation, 1799 — Churches — Hampton — Round Hill— Miscellaneous. CHAPTER XLV.— Straban Township 333-341 CONTENTS. Topography — Census — School Law — Bridges and Railroad— Assessed Valuation, 1800 — Military — Early Land Entries- Churches — Hunterstown — Churches and Cemeteries — New Chester — Plainview — Granite Hill. CHAPTER XLVI.— Tyrone Township 341-344 Boundary — Topography — Bridges — Cen- sus — Assessment Valuation, 1801— (School Law— Military— Old Mill— Heidlersburg— Churches— Miscellaneous. CHAPTER XLVII.— Union Township 344-34» Topography — Geological Features — Or- ganization — Census — Bridges — German Emi- grants, 1 735-.?2— Early Settlers— Land Troub- les — " Digges' Choice "—Churches — Ceme- teries—Sell's Station— Church Station. BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES— PART III. Gettysburg, Borough of. 349 Berwick Township and Borough of Abottstown. 381 Butler Township 382 Conowago Township and Borough of McSherrys- town 388 Cumberland Township 397 Franklin Township 405 Freedom Township 416 Germany Township and Borough of Littlestown 417 Hamilton Township and Borough of East Berlin 437 Hamiltonban Township 441 Highland Township 452 Huntington Township and Borough of York Springs 455 Latimove Township 467 Liberty Township 471 Menallen Township 473 Mountjoy Township 482 Mountpleasant Township 485 Oxford Township and Borough of New Oxford.. 492 Reading Township 503 Straban Township 506 Tyrone Township 513 Union Township 514 PORTRAITS— PART III. Barr, Smith 229 Bell, Maj. Robert 129 Bonner, W. F 279 Bream, William 169 Buehler, Samuel H 29 Byers. JohnG 409 Cole, Francis 289 Coulson, Francis between 308 and 311 Coulson, Catharine R between 308 and 311 Diehl, Daniel 399 Diehl, Peter 379 Durboraw, Samuel 299 Garretson, Israel 169 GUIiland, S. A 389 Gitt, Joseph S 259 Goldsborough, C. E., M. D 219 Griest, Jesse VV 109 Hersh, James 269 Hendrix, J. W 369 Himes, George 119 Kendlehart, D 49 Kltzmiller, J. A 79 Mcclellan, Col. J. H 39 McPherson, Hon. Edward 9 Martin, William A 139 Miller, Ephraim .359 Mumma, E W., M. D 209 Myers, H. J 249 O.Bold, Vincent 347 O'Neal, J. W. C 199 Picking, John 239 Riley, P. H ,439 Schick, J. L 69 Schlosser, Amos 149 Seiss, R. S 429 Sell, Daniel 459 Sheely, Noah 329 Shorb, Joseph L ■ 449 Slaybaugh, Jesse 179 Stable, H. J 69 Tipton, W. H 89 Tyson, C. J 99 Welty, Henry A 419 Wierman, Isaac E 339 Wills, Judge David 19 Wilson, N. G 189 Witherow, J. S 319 MISCELLANEOUS. Map of Cumberland and Adams Counties .'. Part I 12-13 Map Showing Various Purchases from the Indians Part I 113 Diagram Showing Proportionate Anunal Production of Anthracite Coal since 1820 Part I 118 Table Showing Amount of Anthracite Coal Produced in Each Region since 1820 Part I 119 Table Showing Vote for Governors of Pennsylvania since Organization of State Part I 132 Relief Map of Cumberland Valley Parti 134-135 Map of Gettysburg Battle-fleld Part III 162 PART I History-Pennsylvania. BY SAMUEL P. BATES. "God, that has given it me through many difficulties, will, I believe^ bless and make it the seed of a nation. I shall have a tender care to the government that it be "well laid at first. I do, therefore, desire the Lord's wisdom to guide me, and those that may be concerned "With me, that -we may do the thing that is truly -wise and just/* WILLIAM PENN. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. OHAPTEE I. INTEODTTCTOBY — CORNELIS JACOBSON Mey, 1624-25— William Van Hulst, 1626- 26— Peter Mintjit, 1626-33— David Petersen de Vries, 1682-83— Woutee Yan Twiller, 1633-88. IN the early colonization upon the American continent, two motives were principally operative. One was the desire of amassing sudden wealth without great labor, which tempted advejiturous spirits to go in search of gold, to trade valueless trinkets to the simple natives for rich furs and ekins, and even to seek, amidst the wilds of a tropical forest, for the fountain whose healing waters could restore to man perpetual youth. The other was the cherished purpose of escaping the unjust restrictions of Government, and the hated ban of society against the worship of the Supreme Being according to the honest dictates of conscience, which incited the humble devotees of Christianity to forego the comforts of home, in the midst of the best civilization of the age, and make for themselves a habitation on the shores of a new world, where they might erect altars and do homage to their God in such habiliments as they preferred, and utter praises in such note as seemed to them good. This pur- pose was also incited by a certain romantic temper, common to the race, es- pecially noticeable in youth, that invites to some uninhabited J spot, and Ras- selas and Eobinsou Crusoe-like to begin life anew. William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, had felt the heavy hand of persecution for religious opinion's sake. As a gentleman commoner at Ox- ford, he had been fined, and finally expelled from that venerable seat of learn- ing for non-comformity to the established worship. At home, he was whipped and turned out of doors by a father who thought to reclaim the son to the more certain path of advancement at a licentious court. He was sent to prison by the Mayor of Cork. For seven months he languished in the tower of Lon- don, and, finally, to complete his disgrace, he was cast into Newgate with com- mon felons. Upon the accession of James II, to the throne of England, over fourteen hundred persons of the Quaker faith were immured in prisons for a conscientious adherence to their religious convictions. To escape this harassing persecution, and find peace and quietude from this sore proscription, was the moving cause which led Penn and his followers to emigrate to America. Of all those who have been founders of States in near or distant ages, none have manifested so sincere and disinterested a spirit, nor have been so fair ex- emplars of the golden rule, and of the Redeemer's sermon on the mount, as William Penn. In his preface to the frame of government of his colony, he says: " The end of government is first to terrify evil-doers; secondly, to cher- ish those who do well, which gives government a life beyond corruption, and 16 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. makes it as durable in the vorld, as good men shall be. So that government seems to be a part of religion itself, a thing sacred in its institution and end. For, if it does not directly remove the cause, it crushes the effects of evil, and is an emanation of the same Divine power, that is both author and object of pure religion, the difference lying here, that the one is more free and mental, the other more corporal and compulsive in its operations; but that is only to evil-doers, government itself being otherwise as capable of kindness, goodness and charity, as a more private society. They weakly err, who think there is no other use of government than correction, which is the coarsest part of it. Daily experience tells us, that the care and regulation of many other affairs more soft, and daily necessary, make up much the greatest part of government. Governments, like clocks, go from the motion men give them, and as govern- ments are made and moved by men, so by them are they ruined, too. Where- fore, governments rather depend upon men, than men upon governments. Let men be good, and the government cannot be bad. If it be ill, they will cure it. But if men be bad, let the government be never so good, they will endeavor to warp and spoil to their turn. * * * That, therefore, which makes a good constitution, must keep it, men of wisdom and virtue,qualitie8,that because they descend not with worldly inheritances, must be carefully propagated by a vir- tuous education of youth, for which, after ages will owe more to the care and prudence of founders and the successive magistracy, than to their parents for their private patrimonies. * * * We have, therefore, with reverence to God, and good conscience to men, to the best of our skill, contrived and composed the Frame and Laws of this government, viz. : To support power in reverence with the people, and to secure the people from the abuse of power, that they may be free by their just obedience, and the magistrates honorable for their just administration. For liberty without obedience is confusion, and obedi- ence without liberty is slavery." Though born amidst the seductive arts of the great city, Penn's tastes were rural. He hated the manners of the corrupt court, and delighted in the homely labors and innocent employments of the farm. " The country," he said, "is the philosopher's garden and library, in which he reads and contemplates the power, wisdom and goodness of God. It is his food as well as study, and gives him life as well as learning." And to his wife he said upon taking leave of her in their parting interview: " Let my children be husbandmen, and house- wives. It is industrious, healthy, honest, and of good report. This leads to consider the works of God, and diverts the mind from being taken up with vain arts and inventions of a luxurious world. Of cities and towns of concourse, beware. The world is apt to stick close to those who have lived and got wealth there. A country life and estate I love best for my children." Having thus given some account at the outset of the spirit and purposes of the founder, and the motive which drew him to these shores, it will be in place, before proceeding with the details of the acquisition of territory, and the coming of emigrants for the actual settlement under the name of Pennsyl- vania, to say something of the aborigines who were found in possession of the soil when first visited by Europeans, of the condition of the surface of the country, and of the previous attempts at settlements before the coming of Penn. The surface of what is now known as Pennsylvania was, at the time of the coming of the white men, one vast forest of hemlock, and pine, and beech, and oak, unbroken, except by an occasional rocky barren upon the precipitous mountain side, or by a few patches of prairie, which had been reclaimed by annual burnings, and was used by the indolent and simple-minded natives for the Culture of a little maize and a few vegetables. The soil, by the annual HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 17 accumulations of leaves and abundant growths of forest vegetation, was luxu- rious, and the trees stood close, and of gigantic size. The streams swarmed with fish, and the forest abounded with game. Where now are cities and hamlets filled with busy populations intent upon the accumulation of wealth, the mastery of knowledge, the pursuits of pleasure, the deer browsed and sipped at the water's edge, and the pheasaat drummed his monotonous note. Where now is the glowing furnace from which day and night tongues of fiame are bursting, and the busy water wheel sends the shuttle flashing through the loom, half-naked, dusky warriors fashioned their spears with rude implements of stone, and made themselves hooks out of the bones of animals for alluring the finny tribe. Where now are fertile fields, upon which the thrii^ty farmer turns his furrow, which his neighbor takes Up and runs on until it reaches from one end of the broad State to the other, and where are flocks and herds, rejoicing in rich meadows, gladdened by abundant fountains, or reposing at the heated noontide beneath ample shade, not a blow had been struck against the giants of the forest, the soil rested in virgin purity, the streams glided on in majesty, unvexed by wheel and unohoked by device of man. Where now the long train rushes on with the speed of the wind over plain and mead, across streams and under mountains, awakening the echoes of the hills the long day through, and at the midnight hour screaming out its shrill whistle in fiery defiance, the wild native, with a fox skin wrapped about his loins and a few feathers stuck in his hair, issuing from his rude hut, trot- ted on in his forest path, followed by his squaw with her infant peering forth from the rough sling at her back, pointed his canoe, fashioned from the barks of the trees, across the deep river, knowing the progress of time only by the rising and setting sun, troubled by no meridians for its index, starting on his way when his nap was ended, and stopping for rest when a spot was reached that pleased his fancy. Where now a swarthy population toils ceaselessly deep down in the bowels of the earth, shut out trom the light of day in cutting out the material that feeds the fires upon the forge, and gives genial warmth to the lovers as they chat merrily in the luxurious drawing room, not a mine had been opened, and the vast beds of the black diamond rested unsunned beneath the superincumbent mountains, where they had been fashioned by the Creator's hand. Elvers of oil seethed through the impatient and uneasy gases and vast pools and lakes of this pungent, parti -colored fluid, hidden away from the coveting eye of man, guarded well their own secrets. Not a derrick protruded its well-balanced form in the air. Not a drill, with its eager eating tooth de- scended into the flinty rock. No pipe lino diverted the oily tide in a silent, ceaseless current to the ocean's brink. The cities of iron tanks, filled to burst- ing, had no place amidst the forest solitudes. Oil exchanges, with their vex- ing puts and calls, shorts and longs, bulls and bears, had not yet come to dis- turb the equanimity of the red man, as he smoked the pipe of peace at the council fire. Had he once seen the smoke and soot of the new Birmingham of the West, or snufied the odors of an oil refinery, he would willingly have for- feited his goodly heritage by the forest stream or the deep flowing river, and sought for himself new hunting grounds in less favored regions. It was an unfortunate circumstance that at the coming of Europeans the territory now known as Pennsylvania was occupied by some of the most bloody and revengeful of the savage tribes. They were known as the Lenni Lenapes, and held sway from the Hudson to the Potomac. A tradition was preserved among them, that in a remote age their ancestors had emigrated eastward from beyond the Mississippi, exterminating as they came the more civilized and peaceful peoples, the Mound-Builders of Ohio and adjacent States, and who 18 HISTORY OP PENNSYLVANIA. were held among the tribes by whom they were surrounded as the progenitors, the grandfathers or oldest people. They came to be known by Europeans as the Delawares, after the name of the river and its numerous branches along which thoy principally dwelt. The Moneys or Wolves, another tribe of the Lenapes, dwelt upon the Susquehanna and its tributaries, and, by their war- like disposition, won the credit of being the fiercest of their nation, and the guardians of the door to their council house from the North. Occupying the greater part of the teritory now known as New York, were the five nations — the Senaoas, the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Cayugas, and the Onondagas, which, from their hearty union, acquired great strength and came to exercise a commanding influence. Obtaining firearms of the Dutch at Albany, they repelled the advances of the French from Canada, and by their superiority in numbers and organization, had overcome the Lenapes, and held them for awhile in vassalage. The Tuscaroras, a tribe which had been expelled from their home in North Carolina, were adopted by the Five Na- tions in 1712, and from this time forward these tribes were known to the English as the Six Nations, called by the Iienapes, Mingoes, and by the French, Iroquois. There was, therefore, properly a United States before the thirteen colonies achieved their independence. The person and character of these tribes were marked. They were above the ordinary stature, erect, bold, and commanding, of great decorum in council, and when aroused showing native eloquence. In warfare, they exhibited all the bloodthirsty, revengeful, cruel instincts of the savage, and for the attainment of their purposes were treacherous and crafty. The Indian character, as developed by intercourse with Europeans, exhibits some traits that are peculiar While coveting what they saw that pleased them, and thievish to the last degree, they were nevertheless generous. This may be accounted for by their habits. "They held that the game of the for- est, the fish of the rivers, and the grass of the field were a common heritage, and free to all who would take the trouble to gather them, and ridiculed the idea of fencing in a meadow." Bancroft says: " The hospitality of the Indian has rarely been questioned. The stranger enters his cabin, by day or by night, without asking leave, and is entertained as freely as a thrush or a blackbird, that regales himself on the luxuries of the fruitful grove. He will take his own rest abroad, that he may give up his own skin or mat of sedge to his guest. Nor is the traveler questioned as to the purpose of his visit. He chooses his own time freely to deliver his message." Penn, who, from frequent intercourse came to know them well, in his letter to the society of Free Traders, says of them: "In liberality they excel; nothing is too good for their friend. Give them a fine gun, coat or other thing, it may pass twenty hands before it sticks; light of heart, strong affections, but soon epent. The most merry creatures that live; feast and dance perpetually. They never have much nor want much. Wealth circnlateth like the blood. All parts partake; and though none shall want what another hath, yet exact observers of property. Some Kings have sold, others presented me with several parcels of laud. The pay or presents I made them, were not hoarded by the particu- lar owners, but the neighboring Kings and clans being present when the goods were brought out, the parties chiefly concerned consulted what and to whom they should give them. To every King, then, by the hands of a per- son for that work appointed is a proportion sent, so sorted and folded, and with that gravity that is admirable. Then that King subdivideth it in like man- ner among his dependents, they hardly leaving themselves an equal share with one of their subjects, and be it on such occasions as festivals, or at their common meals, the Kings distribute, and to themselves last. Thoy care for HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 19 little because they want but little, and the reason is a little contents them. In this they are suflSciently revenged on us. They are also free from our pains. They are not disquieted with bills of lading and exchange, nor perplexed with chancery suits and exchequer reckonings. "We sweat and toil to live; their pleasure feeds them; I mean their hunting, fishing and fowling, and this table is spread everywhere. They eat twice a day, morning and evening. Their Heats and table are the ground. Since the Europeans came into these parts they are grown great lovers of strong liquors, rum especially, and for it exchange the richest of their skins and furs. If they are heated with liquors, they are restless till they have enough to sleep. That is their cry, ' Some more and I will go to sleep; ' but when drunk one of the most wretched spec- tacles in the world." On the 28th of August, 1609, a little more than a century from the time of the first discovery of the New World by Columbus, Hendrick Hudson, an English navigator, then in the employ of the Dutch East India Company, hav- ing been sent out in search of a northwestern passage to the Indies, discovered the mouth of a great bay, since known as Delaware Bay, which he entered and partially explored. But finding the waters shallow, and being, satisfied that this was only an arm of the sea which received the waters of a great river, and not a passage to the western ocean, he retired, and, turning the prow of his little craft northward, on the 2d of September, he discovered the river which bears his name, the Hudson, and gave several days to its examination. Not finding a passage to the West, which was the object of his search, he returned to Holland, bearing the evidences of his adventures, and made a full report of his discoveries in which he says, ' ' Of all lands on which I ever set my foot, this is the best for tillage." A proposition had been made in the States General of Holland to form a West India Company with purposes similar to those of the East India Com- pany; but the conservative element in the Dutch Congress prevailed, and while the (Government was unwilling to undertake the risks of an enterprise for which it would be responsible, it was not unwilling to foster private enter- prise, and on the 27th of March, 1614, an edict was passed, granting the privileges of trade, in any of its possessions in the New World, during four voyages, founding its right to the territory drained by the Delaware and Hudson upon the discoveries by Hudson. Five vessels were accordingly fitted by a company composed of enterprising merchants of the cities of Am- sterdam and Hoorn, which made speedy and prosperous voyages under com- mand of Cornells Jacobson Mey, bringing back with them fine furs and rich woods, which so excited cupidity that the States General was induced on the 14th of October, 1614, to authorize exclusive trade, for four voyages, extend- ing through three years, in the newly acquired possessions, the edict designat- ing them as New Netherlands. One of the party of this first enterprise, Cornelis Hendrickson, was left behind with a vessel called the Unrest, which had been built to supply the place of one accidentally burned, in which he proceeded to explore more fully the bay and river Delaware, of which he made report that was read before the States General on the 19th of August, 1616. This report is curious as dis- closing the opinions of the first actual explorer in an official capacity: "He hath discovered for his aforesaid masters and directors certain lands, a bay, and three rivers, situate between thirty-eight and forty degrees, and did their trade with the inhabitants, said trade consisting of sables, furs, robes and other skins. He hath found the said country full of trees, to wit, oaks, hick- ory and pines, which trees were, in some places, covered with vines. He hath 20 HISTORY OP PENNSYLVANIA. seen in said country bucks and does, turkeys and partridges. He hath found the climate of said country very temperate, judging it to be as temperate as this coimtry, Holland. He also traded for and bought from the inhabitants, the Minquas, three persons, being people belonging to this company, which three persons were employed in the service of the Mohawks and Machicans, giving for them kettles, beads, and merchandise." This second charter of privileges expired in January, 1618, and daring its continuance the knowledge acquired of the country and its resources promised so much of success that the States General was ready to grant broader privi- leges, and on the 3d of June, 1621, the Dutch West India Company was in- corporated, to extend for a period of twenty-four years, with the right of renewal, the capital stock to be open to subscription by all nations, and "privileged to trade and plant colonies in Africa, from the tropic of Cancer to the Cape of Good Hope, and in America from the Straits of Magellan to the remotest north." The past glories of Holland, though occupying but an in- significant patch of Europe, emboldened its Government to pass edicts for the colonizing and carrying on an exclusive trade with a full half of the entire world, an example of the biting off of more than could be well chewed. But the light of this enterprising people was beginning to pale before the rising glories of the stern race in their sea girt isle across the channel. Dissensions were arising among the able statesmen who had heretofore guided its affairs, and before the periods promised in the original charter of this colonising com- pany had expired, its supremacy of the sea was successfully resisted, and its exclusive rights and privileges in the New World had to be relinquished. The principal object in establishing this West India Company was to secure a good dividend upon the capital stock, which was subscribed to by the rich old burgomasters. The fine furs and products of the forests, which had been taken back to Holland, had proved profitable. But it was seen that if this trade was to be permanently secured, in face of the active competition of •other nations, and these commodities steadily depended upon, permanent set- tlements must bo provided for. Accordingly, in 1623, a colony of about forty families, embracing a party of Walloons, protestant fugitives from Belgium, sailed for the new province, under the leadership of Cornel is Jaoobson Mey and Joriz Tienpont. Soon after their arrival, Mey, who had been invested with the power of Director General of all the territory claimed by the Dutch, see- ing, no doubt, the evidences of some permanence on the Hudson, determined to take these honest minded and devoted Walloons to the South River, or Del- aware, that he might also gain for his country a foothold there. The testi- mony of one of the women, Catalina Tricho, who was of the party, is curious, and sheds some light upon this point. " That she came to this prov- ince either in the year 1623 or 1624, and that fom- women came along with her in the same ship, in which Gov. Arien Jorissen came also over, which four women were married at sea, and that they and their husbands stayed about three weeks at this place (Manhattan) and then they with eight seamen more, went in a vessel by orders of the . Dutch Governor to Delaware Eiver, and there settled." Ascending the Delaware some fifty miles, Mey landed on the eastern shore near where now is the town of Gloucester, and built a fort which he called Nassau. Having duly installed his little colony, he re- turned to Manhattan; but beyond the building of the fort, which served as a trading post, this attempt to plant a colony was futile; for these religious zealots, tiring of the solitude in which they were left, after a few months abandoned it, and returned to their associates whom they had left upon the Hudson. Though not successful in establishing a permanent colony upon the HISTORY OP PENNSYLVANIA. 21 Delaware, ships plied regularly between the fort and Manhattan, and this hecame the rallying point for the Indians, who brought thither their commodi- ties for trade. At about this time, 1626, the island of Manhattan estimated to contain 22,000 acres, on which now stands the city of New York with its busy population, surrounded by its forests of masts, was bought for the insig- nificant sum of sixty guilders, about |24, what would now pay for scarcely a square inch of some of that very soil. As an evidence of the thrift which had begun to mark the progress of the colony, it may be stated that the good ship " The Arms of Amsterdam," which bore the intelligence of this fortunate pur- chase to the assembly of the XIX in Holland, bore also in the language of O'Calaghan, the historian of New Netherland, the " information that the col- ony was in a most prosperous state, and that the women and the soil were both fruitful. To prove the latter fact, samples of the recent harvest, consist- ing of wheat, rye, barley, oats, buckwheat, canary seed, were sent forward, together with 8,130 beaver skins, valued at over 45,000 guilders, or nearly $19,000." It is accorded by another hislorian that this same ship bore also " 853^ otter skins, eighty-one mink skins, thirty-six wild cat skins and thirty-four rat skins, with a quantity of oak and hickory timber." From this it may be seen what the commodities were which formed the subjects of trade. Doubt- less of wharf rats Holland had enough at home, but the oak and hickory tim- ber came at a time when there was sore need of it. Finding that the charter of privileges, enacted in 1621, did not give suffi- cient encouragement and promise of security to actual settlers, further con- cessions were made in 1629, whereby " all such persons as shall appear and desire the same from the company, shall be acknowledged as Patroons [a sort of feudal lord] of New Netherland, who shall, within the space of four years next after they have given notice to any of the chambers of the company here, or to the Commander or Council there, undertake to plant a colony there of fifty souls, upward of fifteen years old; one- fourth part within one year, and within three years after sending the first, making together four years, the re- mainder, to the full number of fifty persons, to be shipped from hence, on pain, in case of willful neglect, of being deprived of the privileges obtained." * * " The Patroons, by virtue of their power, shall be permitted, at such places as they shall settle their colonies, to extend their limits four miles along the shore, or two miles on each side of a river, and so far into the country as the situation of the occupiers will permit." Stimulated by these flattering promises, Goodyn and Bloemmaert, two "wealthy and influential citizens, through their agents — Heyser and Coster — secured by purchase from the Indians a tract of iund on the western shore, at the mouth of the Delaware, sixteen miles in length along the bay front, and extending sixteen miles back into the country, giving a square of 256 miles. Goodyn immediately gave notice to the company of their intention to plant a colony on their newly acquired territory as patroons They were joined by an experienced navigator, De Vries, and on the 12th of December, 1630, a vessel, the Walrus, under command of De Vries, was clispatched with a company of settlers and a stock of cattle and farm implements, which arrived safely in the Delaware. De Vries landed about three leagues within the capes, " near the entrance of a fine navigable stream, called the Hoarkill," where he pro- ceeded to build a house, well surrounded with cedar palisades, which served the purpose of fort, lodging house, and trading post. The little settlement, which consisted of about thirty persons, was christened by the high sounding title of Zwanendal — Valley of Swans. In the spring they prepared their fields and planted them, and De Vries returned to Holland, to make report of his proceedings. 22 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA But a sad fate awaited the little colony atZwanendal, In accordance with the custiim of European nations, the commandant, on taking possession of the new purchase, erected a post, and affixed thereto a piece of tin on which was traced the arms of Holland and a legend of occupancy. An Indian chieftain, passing that way, attracted by the shining metal, and not understanding the object of the inscription, and not having the fear of their high mightinesses, the States General of Holland before his eyes, tore it down and proceeded to make for himself a tobacco pipe, considering it valuable both by way of orna- ment and use. When this act of trespass was discovered, it was regarded by .the doughty Dutchman as a direct insult to the great State of Holland, and so great an ado was raised over it that the simple minded natives became frightened, believing that their chief had committed a mortal offense, and in the strength and sincerity of their friendship immediately proceeded to dis patch the offending chieftain, and brought ther bloody emblems of their deed to the head of the colony. This act excited the anger of the relatives of the mur- dered man, and in accordance with Indian law, they awaited the chance to take revenge. O'Calaghan gives the following account of this bloody massa- cre which ensued: "The colony at Zwanendal consisted at this time of thirty- four persons. Of these, thirty- two were one day at work in the fields, while Commissary Hosset remained in charge of the house, where another of the set- tlers lay sick abed. A large bull dog was chained out of doors. On pretence of selling some furs, three savages entered the house and murdered Hosset and the sick man. They found it not so easy to dispatch the mastiff. It was not until they had pierced him with at least twenty-five arrows that he was destroyed. The men in the fields were then set on, in an equally treacherous manner, under the guise of friendship, and every man of them slain." Thus was a worthless bit of tin the cause of the cutting off and utter extermination of the infant colony. De Vries was upon the point of returning to Zwanendal when he received intimation of disaster to the settlers. With a large vessel and a yacht, he set sail on the 24th of May, 1632, to carry succor, provided with the means of , prosecuting the whale fishery which he had been led to believe might be made very profitable, and of pushing the production of grain and tobacco. On ar- riving in the Delaware, he fired a signal gun to give notice of his approach. The report echoed through the forest, but, alas! the ears which would huve been gladened with the sound were heavy, and no answering salute came from the shore. On landing, he found his house' destroyed, the palisades burned, and the skulls and bones of his murdered countrymen bestrewing the earth, sad relics of the little settlement, which had promised so fairly, and warning tokens of the barbarism of the natives. De Vries knew that he was in no position to attempt to punish the guilty parties, and hence determined to pursue an entirely pacific policy. At his invitation, the Indians gathered in with their chief for a conference. Sitting down in a circle beneath the shadows of the somber forest, their Sachem in the centre, De Vries, without alluding to their previous acts of savagery, concluded with them a treaty of peace and friendship, and presented them in token of ratification, "some duffels, bullets, axes and Nuremburg trinkets." In place of finding his colony with plenty of provisions for the immediate needs of his party, he could get nothing, and began to be in want. He accord- ingly sailed up the river in quest of food. The natives were ready with their furs for barter, but they had no supplies of food with which they wished to part. Game, however, was^lenty, and wild turkeys were brought in weigh- ing over thirty pounds. One morning after a frosty night, while the littla HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 28 craft was up the stream, the party was astonished to find the waters frozen over, and their ship fast in the ice. Judging by the mild climate of their own country, Holland, they did not suppose this possible. For several weeks they were held fast without the power to move their floating home. Being in need of a better variety of food than he found it possible to obtain, De Vries sailed away with a part of his followers to Virginia, where he was hospitably enter- tained by the Governor, who sent a present of goats as a token of friendship to the Dutch Governor at Manhattan. Upon his return to the Delaware, De Vries found that the party he had left behind to prosecute the whale fishery had only taken a few small ones, and these so poor that the amount of oil ob- tained was insignificant He had been induced to embark in the enterprise of a settlement here by the glittering prospect of prosecuting the whale fishery along the shore at a great profit. Judging by this experience that the hope of great gains from tliis source was groundless, and doubtless haunted by a superstitious dread of making their homes amid the relics of the settlers of the previous year, and of plowing fields enriched by their blood who had been so utterly cut off, and a horror of dwelling amongst a people so revengeful and savage, De Vries gathered all together, and taking his entire party with him sailed away to Manhattan and thence home to Holland, abandoning utterly the settlement. The Dutch still however sought to maintain a foothold upon the Dela- ware, and a fierce contention having sprung up between the powerful patroons and the Director General, and they having agreed to settle differences by the company authorizing the purchase of the claims of the patroons, those upon the Delaware were sold for 15,600 guilders. Fort Nassau was ac(!ordinglyre-oc- cupied and manned with a small military force, and when a party from Con- necticut Colony came, under one Holmes to make a settlement upon the Dela- ware, the Dutch at Nassau were found too strong to be subdued, and Holmes and his party were compelled to surrender, and were sent as prisoners of war to Manhattan. CHAPTER II. 8iB WtLLiAM Keipt, 1638-47— Peter Mdtoit, 1638-41— Peter Hollandaer, 1641-43— John Printz, 1648-53 — Peter Stutvesant, 1647-64 — John Pappaqoya, 1653-54 — John CiiAtjde Rysingh, 1654^55. AT this period, the throne of Sweden was occupied by Gustavus Adolphus, a monarch of the most enlightened views and heroic valor. Seeing the activity of surroimding nations in sending out colonies, he proposed to his people to found a commonwealth in the New World., not for the mere purpose of gain by trade, but to set up a refuge fpr the oppressed, a place of religious liberty and happy homes that should prove of advantage to " all oppressed Christendom." Accordingly, a company with ample privileges was incorpo- rated by the Swedish Government, to which the King himself pledged $400,000 of the royal treasure, and men of every rank and nationality were invited to join in the enterprise. Gustavus desired not that his colony should depend upon serfs or slaves to do the rough work. " Slaves cost a great deal, labor with reluctance, and soon perish from hard usage. The Swedish nation is laborious and intelligent, and surely we shall gain more by a free people with wives and children." 24 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. In the meantime, the fruits of the reformation in Germany were menaced, and the Swedish monarch determined to unsheath his sword and lead his people to the aid of Protestant faith in the land where its standard had been successfully raised. At the battle of Liitzen, where for the cause which he had espoused, a signal victory was gained, the illustrious monarch, in the flower of life, received a mortal wound. Previous to the battle, and while engaged in active preparations for the great struggle, he remembered the interests of his contemplated colony in America, and in a most earnest manner commended the enterprise to the people of Germany. Oxenstiern, the minister of Gustavus, upon whom the weight of govern- ment devolved during the minority of the young daughter, Christina, declared that he was but the executor of the will of the fallen King, and exerted him- self to further the interests of a colony which he believed would be favorable to " all Christendom, to Europe, to the whole world. " Four years however elapsed before the project was brought to a successful issue. Peter Minuit, who had for a time been Governor of New Netherlands, having been displaced, sought employment in the Swedish company, and was given the command of the first colony. Two vessels, the Key of Calmar and the Griffin, early in the year 1638, with a company of Swedes and Fins, made their way across the stormy Atlantic and arrived safely in the Delaware. They purchased of the Indians the lands from the ocean to the falls of Trenton, and at the mouth of Christina Creek erected a fort which they called Christina, after the name of the youthful Queen of Sweden. The soil was fruitful, the climate mild, and the scenery picturesque. Compared with many parts of Finland and Sweden, it was a Paradise, a name which had been given the point at the entrance of the bay. As tidings of the satisfaction of the first emigrants were borne back to the fatherland, the desire to seek a home in the new country spread rap- idly, and the ships sailing were unable to take the many families seeking pas- sage. The Dutch were in actual possession of Fort Nassau when the Swedes first arrived, and though they continued to hold it and to seek the trade of the Indians, yet the artful Minuit was more than a match for them in Indian bar- ter. William Keift, the Governor of New Netherland, entered a vigorous protest against the encroachments of the Swedes upon Dutch territory, in which he said " this has been our property for many years, occupied with forts and sealed by our blood, which also was done when thou wast in the service of New Netherland, and is therefore well known to thee. " But Minuit pushed forward the work upon his fort, regardless of protest, trusting to the respect which the flag of Sweden had inspired in the hands of Banner and Torstensen. For more than a year no tidings were had from Sweden, and no supplies from any source were obtained; and while the fruits of their labors were abundant there were many articles of diet, medicines and apparel, the lack of which they began to sorely feel. So pressing had the want become, that application had been made to the authorities at Manhattan for permission to remove thither with all their effects. But on the very day before that on which they were to embark, a ship from Sweden richly laden with provisions, cattle, seeds and merchandise for barter with the natives came joyfully to their relief, and this, the first permanent settlement on soil where now are the States of Delaware and Pennsylvania, was spared. The success and prosperity of the colony during the first few years of its existence was largely due to the skill and policy of Minuit, who preserved the friendship of the natives, avoided an open conflict with the Dutch, and so prosecuted trade that the Dutch Governor reported to his government that trade had fallen off 30,000 beavers. Minuit HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 25 was at the head of the colony for about three years, and died in the midst of the people whom he had led. Minuit was succeeded in the government by Peter Hollandaer, who had previously gone in charge of a company of emigrants, and who was now, in 1641, commissioned. The goodly lands upon the Delaware were a constant attraction to the eye of the adventurer ; a party from Connecticut, under the lead- ership of Eobort Cogswell, came, and squatted without authority upon the site of the present town of Salem, N. J. Another company had proceeded up the ever, and, entering the Schuylkill, had planted themselves upon its banks. The settlement of the Swedes, backed as it was by one of the most powerful nations of Europe, the Governor of New Netherland -was not disposed to molest; but when these irresponsible wandering adventurers came sailing past their forts and boldly planted themselves upon the most eligible sites and fer- tile lands in their territory, the Dutch determined to assume a hostile front, and to drive them away. Accordingly, Gen. Jan Jansen Van Ilpendam — his very name was enough to frighten away the emigrants — was sent with two vessels and a military force, who routed the party upon the Schuylkill, destroy- ing their fort and giving them a taste of the punishment that was likely to be meted out to them, if this experiment of trespass was repeated. The Swedes joined the Dutch in breaking up the settlement at Salem and driving away the New England intruders. In 1642, Hollandaer was succeeded in the government of the Swedish Colony by John Printz, whose instructions for the management of affairs were drawn with much care by the ofl&cers of the company in Stockholm. " He was, first of all, to maintain friendly relations with the Indians, and by the advan- tage of low prices hold their (rade. His next care was to cultivate enough grain for the wants of the colonists, and when this was insured, turn his atten- tion lo the culture of tobacco, the raising of cattle and sheep of a good species, the culture of the grape, and the raising of silk worms. The manufacture of salt by evaporation, and the search for metals and minerals were to be prose- cuted, and inquiry into the establishment of fisheries, with a view to profit, especially the whale fishery, was to be made. " It will be seen from these in- structions that the far-sighted Swedish statesmen had formed an exalted con- ception of the resources of the new country, and had figured to themselves great possibilities from its future development. Visions of rich silk products, of the precious metals and gems from its mines, flocks upon a thousand hills that should rival in the softness of their downy fleeces the best products of the Indian looms, and the luscious clusters of the vine that could make glad the palate of the epicure filled their imaginations. With two vessels, the Stoork and Renown, Printi! set sail, and arrived at Fort Christina on the 15th of February, 1643. He was bred to the prof ession of arms, and was doubtless selected with an eye to his ability to holding posses- sion of the land against the confiict that was likely to arise. He had been a Lieutenant of cavalry, and was withal a man of prodigious proportions, " who weighed," according to De Vries, " upward of 400 pounds, and drank three drinks at every meal." He entertained exalted notions of his dignity as Govern- or of the colony, and prepared to establish himself in his new dominions with some degree of magnificence. He brought with bim from Sweden the bricks to be used for the construction of his royal dwelling. Upon an inspection of the settlement, he detected the inherent weakness of the location of Fort Christina for commanding the navigation of the river, and selected the island of Tiuacum for the site of a new fort, called New Gottenburg, which was speedily erected and made strong with huge hemlock logs. In the midst of 26 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. the island, he built his royal residence, which was surrounded with trees and shubbery. He erected another fort near the mouth of Salem Creek, called Elsinborg, which he mounted with eight brass twelve-pounders, and gfarrisoned. Here all ships ascending the river were brought to, and required to await a permit from the Governor before proceeding to their destination. Gen. Van Ilpendam, who had been sent to drive away the intruders from New England, had remained after executing his commission as commandant at Fort Nassau; but having incurred the dis- pleasure of Director Keift, he had been displaced, and was succeeded by An- dreas Hudde, a crafty and politic agent of the Dutch Governor, who had no sooner arrived and become settled in his place than a conflict of authority sprang up between himself and the Swedish Governor. Dutch settlers secured a grant of land on the west bank of Delaware, and obtained possession by pur- chase from the Indians. This procedure kindled the wrath of Printz, who tore down the ensign of the company which had been erected in token of the power of Holland, and declared that he would have pulled down the colors of their High Mightinessps had they been erected on this the Swed- ish soil. That there might be no mistake about his claim to authority, the testy Governor issued a manifesto to his rival on the opposite bank, in which were these explicit declarations: " Andreas Hudde! I remind you again, by this written warning, to discon- tinue the injuries of which you have been guilty against the Royal Majesty of Sweden, my most gracious Queen; against Her Eoyal Majesty's rights, pre- tensions, soil and land, without showing the least respect to the Royal Majes- ty's magnificence, reputation and dignity; and to do so no more, considering how little it would be becoming Her Royal Majesty to bear such gross violence, and what great disasters might originate from it, yea, might be expected. * * * All this I can freely bring forward in my own defense, to exculpate me from all future calamities, of which we give you a warning, and place it at your account. Dated New Gothenburg, 3d September, stil, veteri 1646." It will be noted from the repetition of the high sounding epithets applied to the Queen, that Printz had a very exalted idea of his own position as the Vicegerent of the Swedish monarch. Hudde responded, saying in reply: " The place we possess we hold in just deed, perhaps before the name of South River was heard of in Sweden." This paper, upon its presentation, Printz filing to the ground in contempt, and when the messenger, who bore it, demanded an answer, Printz unceremoniously threw him out doors, and seizing a gun would have dispatched the Dutchman had he not been arrested; and whenever any of Hudde's men visited Tinicum they were sure to be abused, and frequently came back " bloody and bruised. " Hudde urged rights acquired by prior posses- sion, but Printz answered: " The devil was the oldest possessor in hell, yet he, notwithstanding, would sometimes admit a younger one." A vessel which had come to the Delaware from Manhattan with goods to barter to the Indians, was brought to, and ordered away. In vain did Hudde plead the rights acquired by previous possession, and finally treaty obligations existing between the two nations. Printz was inexorable, and peremptorily ordered the skipper away, and as his ship was not provided with the means of fighting its way up past the frowning battlements of Fort Elsinborg, his only alternative was to return to Manhattan and report the result to his employers. Peter Stuyvosant, a man of a good share of native talent and force of char- acter, succeeded to the chief authority over New Netherland in May, 1647. The affairs of his colony were not in an encouraging condition. The New England colonies were crowding upon him from the north and east, and the HISTORV OF PENNSYLVANIA. 27 Swedes upon the South Eiver were occupying the territory which the Dutch for many years previous to the coming of Christina's colony had claimed. Amid the thickening complications, Stuyvesant had need of all his power of argument and executive skill. He entered into negotiations with the New En- gland colonies for a peaceful settlement of their difficulties, getting the very best terms he could, without resorting to force; for, said his superiors, the officers of the company in Holland, who had an eye to dividends, " War can- not be for our advantage; the New England people are too powerful for us." A pacific policy was also preserved toward the Swedes. Hudde was retained at the head of Dutch affairs upon the Delaware, and he was required to make full reports of everything that was transpiring there in order that a clear in- sight might be gained of the policy likely to be pursued. Stuyvesant was en- tirely too shrewd a politician for the choleric Printz. He recommended to the company to plant a Dutch colony on the site of Zwanendal at the mouth of the river, another on the opposite bank, which, if effectually done, would com- mand its navigation ; and a third on the upper waters at Beversreede, which would intercept the intercourse of the native population. By this course of active colonizing, Stuyvesant rightly calculated that the Swedish power would be circumscribed, and finally, upon a favorable occasion, be crushed out. Stuyvesant, that he might ascertain the nature and extent of the Swedish claims to the country, and examine into the complaints that were pouring in upon him of wrongs and indignities suffered by the Dutch at the hands of the Swedish power, in 1651 determined to visit the Delaware in his official capac- ity. He evidently went in some state, and Printz, who was doubtless impressed with the condecension of the Governor of all New Netherland in thus coming, was put upon his good behavior. Stuyvesant, by his address, got completely on the blind side of the Swedish chief, maintaining the garb of friendship and brotherly good-will, and insisting that the discussion of rights should be carried on in a peaceful and friendly manner, for we are informed that they mutually promised " not to commit any hostile or vexatious acts against one another, but to maintain together all neighborly friendship and correspond- ence, as good friends and allies aro bound to do. ' ' Printz was thus, by this agreement, entirely disarmed and placed at a disadvantage; for the Dutch Governor took advantage of the armistice to acquire lands below Fort Chris- tina, where he proceeded to erect a fort onlj- five miles away, which he named Fort Casimir. This gave the Dutch a foothold upon the south bank, and in nearer proximity to the ocean than Fort Christina. Fort Nassau was dis- mantled and destroyed, as being no longer of use. In a conference with the Swedish Governor, Stuyvesant demanded to see documental proof of his right to exercise authority upon he Delaware, and the compass of the lands to which the Swedish Government laid claim. Printz prepared a statement in which he set out the "Swedish limits wide enough.'' But Stuyvesant de- manded the documentiS, under the seal of the company, and characterized this writing as a "subterfuge," maintaining by documentary evidence, on his part, the Dutch West India Company's right to the soil. Printz was great as a blusterer, and preserver of authority when personal abuse and kicks and cuffs could be resorted to withcjut the fear of retaliation; but no match in statecraft for the wily Stuyvesant. To the plea of pre-occu- pancy he had nothing to answer more than he had already done to Hudde's messenger respecting the government of Hades, and herein was the cause of the Swedes inherently weak. In numbers, too, the Swedes were feeble com- pared with the Dutch, who had ten times the population. But in diplomacy he had been entirely overreached. Fort Casimir, by its location, rendered 28 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA the rival Fort Elainborg powerless, and under plea that the mosquitoes had bu- come troublesome there, it was abandoned. Discovering, doubtless, that a cloud of complications was thickening over him, which be would be unable with the forces at his command to successfully withstand, he asked to be relieved, and, without awaiting an answer to his application, departed for Sweden, leaving his son-in-law, John Pappegoya, who had previously received marks of the royal favor, and been invested with the dignity of Lieutenant Governor, in supreme authority. The Swedish company had by this time, no doubt, discovered that forcible opposition to Swedish occupancy of the soil upon Delaware was destined soon to come, and accordingly, as a precautionary measure, in November, 1653, the College of Commerce sent John Amundson Besch, with the conmiission of Captain in the Navy, to superintend the construction of vessels.' Upon his arrival, he acquired lands suitable for the purpose of ship-building, and eet about laying his keels. He was to have supreme authority over the naval force, and was to act in conjunction with the Governor in protecting the interests of the colony, but in such a manner that neither should decide anything without consulting the other. On receiving the application of Printz to be relieved, the company ap- pointed John Claude Eysingh, then Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce, as Vice Director of New Sweden. He was instructed to fortify and extend the Swedish possessions, but without interrupting the friendship existing with the English or Dutch. He was to use his power of persuasion in induc- ing the latter to give up Fort Casimir, which was regarded as an intrusion upon Swedish possessions, but without resorting to hostilities, as it was better to allow the Dutch to occupy it than to have it fall into the hands of the En- glish, "who are the more powerful, and, of course, the most dangerous in that country." Thus early was the prowess of England foreshadowed. Gov. Rysingh arrived in the Delaware, on the last day of May, 1654, and immediately demanded the surrender of Fort Casimir. Adriaen Van Tienhoven, an aide- de-camp on the staff of the Dutch commandant of the fort, was sent on board the vessel to demand of Gov. Kysingh by what right he claimed to dis- possess the rightful occupants; but the Governor was not disposed to discuss the matter, and immediately landed a party and took possession without more opposition than wordy protests, the Dutch Governor saying, when called on to make defense, "What can I do? there is no powder." Eysingh, however, in justification of his course, stated to Teinhoven, after he had gained possession of the fort, that he was acting under orders from the crown of Sweden, whose embassador at the Dutch Court, when remonstrating against the action of Gov. Stuyvesant in erecting and manning Fort Casimir had been assured, by the State's General and the offices of the West India Company, that they had not authorized the erection of this fort on Swedish soil, saying, " if our people are in your Excellency's way, drive them off." "Thereupon the Swedish Governor slapped Van Teinhoven on the breast, and said, ' Go! tell your Gov- ernor that.'" As the capture was made on Trinity Sunday, the name was changed from Fort Casimir to Fort Trinity. Thus were the instructions of the new Governor, not to resort to force, but to secui-e possession of the fort by negotiation, complied with, but by a forced interpretation. For, although he had not actually come to battle, for the very good reason that the Dutch had no powder, and were not disposed to use their fists against fire arms, which the Swedes brandished freely, yet, in mak- ing his demand for the fort, he had put on the stern aspect of war. Stuyvesant, on learning of the loss of Fort Casimir, sent a messenger to the HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 29 Delaware to invite Gov. Rysingh to come to ManL attan to hold friendly confer- ence upon the subject of their difficulties. This Rysingh refused to do, and the Dutch Governor, probably desiring instructions from the home Government be- fore proceeding to extremities, made a voyage to the West Indies for the purpose of arranging favorable regulations of trade with the colonies, though without the instructions, or even the knowledge of the States- General. Cromwell, who was now at the head of the English nation, by the policy of his agente, rendered this embassy of Stuyvesant abortive. As soon as information of the conduct of Rysingh at Zwanendal was known in Holland, the company lost no time in disclaiming the representa- tions which he had made of its willingness to have the fort turned over to the Swedes, and immediately took measures for restoring it and wholly dispossess- ing the Swedes of lands upon the Delaware. On the 16th of November, 1655, the company ordered Stuyvesant "to exert every nerve to avenge the insult, by not only replacing matters on the Delaware in their former position, but by driving the Swedes from every side of the river," though they subsequent- ly modified this order in such manner as to allow the Swedes, after Fort Casi- mir had been taken, "to hold the land on which Fort Christina is built," with a garden to cultivate tobacco, because it appears that they had made the pur- chase with the previous knowledge of the company, thus manifesting a disin- clination to involve Holland in a war with Sweden. "Two armed ships were forthwith commissioned; 'the drum was beaten daily for volunteers' in the streets of Amsterdam; authority was sent out to arm and equip, and if neces- sary to press into the company's service a sufficient number of ships for the expedition." In the meantime. Gov. Rysingh, who had inaugurated hie reign by so bold a stroke of policy, determined to ingratiate himself into the favor of the Indians, who had been soured in disposition by the arbi- trary conduct of the passionate Printz. He accordingly sent out on all sides an invitation to the native tribes to assemble on a certain day, by their chiefs and principal men, at the seat of government on Tinicum Island, to brighten the chain of friendship and renew their pledges of faith and good neighbor- hood. On the morning of the appointed day, ten grand sachems with their at- tendants came, and with the formality characteristic of these native tribes, the council opened. Many and bitter were the complaints made against the Swedes for wrongs suffered at their hands, " chief among which was that many of their number had died, plainly pointing, though not explicitly saying it, to the giving of spirituous liquors as the cause." The new Governor had no answer to make to these complaints, being convinced, probably, that they were but too true. Without attempting to excuse or extenuate the past, Rysingh brought forward the numerous presents which he had taken with him from Sweden for the purpose. The sight of the piled- up goods produced a prof ound impression upon the minds of the native chieftains. They sat apart for conference before making any expression of their feelings. Naaman, the fast friend of the white man, and the most consequential of the warriors, according to Campanius, spoke: " Look," said he, "and see what they have brought to us." So say- ing, he stroked himself three times down the arm, which, among the Indians, was a token of friendship; afterward he thanked the Swedes on behalf of his people- for the presents they had received, and said that friendship should be observed more strictly between them than ever before; that the Swedes and the Indians in Gov. Printz's time were as one body and one heart, striking his breast as he spoke, and that thenceforward they should be as one head; iu token of which he took hold of his head with both hands, and made a motio,;i 30 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. as if he were tying a knot, and then he made this comparison: " That, as the calabash was round, without any crack, so they should be a compact body with- out any fissure ; and that if any should attempt to do any harm to the Indiafis, the Swedes should immediately inform them of it; and, on the other hand, the Indians would give immediate notice to the Christians, even if it were in the middle of the night." On this thoy were answered that that would be indeed a true and lasting friendship, if every one would agree to it; on which they gave a general shout in token of consent. Immediately on this the great guns were fired, which pleased them extremely, and they said, "Poo, hoc, hoo; mokerick picon,'' that is to say "Hear and believe; the great guns are fired." Rysingh then produced all the treaties which had ever been concluded between them and the Swedes, which were again solemnly confirmed. " When those who had signed the deeds heard their names, they appeared to rejoice, but, when th« names were read of those who were dead, they hung their heads in sorrow." After the first ebulition of feeling had subsided on the part of the Dutch Company at Amsterdam, the winter passed without anything further being done than issuing the order to Stuyvesant to proceed against the Swedes. In the spring, however, a thirty-six-gun brig was obtained from the burgomasters of Amsterdam, which, with four other crafts of varying sizes, was prepared for duty, and the little fleet set sail for New Netherland. Orders were given for immediate action, though Director General Stuyvesant had not returned from the West Indies. Upon the arrival of the vessels at Manhattan, it was an nounced that " if any lovers of the prosperity and security of the province of New Netherland were inclined to volunteer, or to serve for reasonable wages, they should come forward," and whoever should lose a limb, or be maimed, was assured of a decent compensation. The merchantmen were ordered to furnish two of their crews, and the river boatmen were to be impressed. At this junct- ure a grave question arose : " Shall the Jews be enlisted ? " It was decided in the negative; but in lieu of service, adult male Jews were taxed sixty-five stivers a head per month, to be levied by execution in case of refusal. Stuyvesant had now arrived from his commercial trip, and made ready for opening the campaign in earnest. A day of prayer and thanksgiving was held to beseech, the favor of Heaven upon the enterprise, and on the 5th of Septem- ber, 1655, with a fleet of seven vessels and some 600 men, Stuyvesant hoisted sail and steered for the Delaware. Arrived before Fort Trinity (Casimir), the Director sent Capt. Smith and a drummer to summon the fort, and ordered a flank movement by a party of fifty picked men to cut ofl;' communication with Fort Christina and the headquarters of Gov. Rysingh. Swen Schute, the com- mandant of the garrison, asked permission to communicate with Rysingh, which was denied, and he was called on to prevent bloodshed. An interview in the valley midway between the fort and the Dutch batteries was held, when Schute asked to send an open letter to Rysingh. This was denied, and for a third time the fort was summoned. Impatient of delay, and in no temper for parley, the great guns were landed and the Dutch force ordered to advance. Schute again asked for a delay until morning, which was granted, as the day was now well spent and the Dutch would be unable to make the necessary preparations to open before morning. Early on the following day, Schute went on board the Dutch flag- ship, the j3alance, and agreed to terms of surrender very honorable to his flag. He was permitted to send to Sweden, by the first opportunity, the cannon, nine in number, belonging to the crown of Sweden, to march out of the fort with twelve men, as his body guard, fully accoutered, and colors flying; the common soldiers to wear their side arms. The com- HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 31 mandant and other officers were to retain their private property, the muskets belonging to the crown were to be held until sent for, and finally the fort was to be surrendered, with all the cannon, ammunition, materials and other goods iDelonging to the West India Company. The Dutch entered the fort at noon with all the formality and glorious circumstance of war, and Dominie Megap- •olensis, Chaplain of the expedition, preached a sermon of thanksgiving on the following Sunday in honor of the great triumph. While these signal events were transpiring at Casimir, Gov. Kysing, at his royal residence on Tinicum, was in utter ignorance that he was being despoiled of his power. A detachment of nine men had been sent by the Governor to Casimir to re-enforce the garrison, which came unawares upon the Dutch lines, and after a brief skirmish all but two were captured. Upon learning that the fort was invested, Factor Ellswyck was sent with a flag to inquire of the in- Traders the purpose of their coming. The answer was returned ' ' To recover and retain our property." Rysingh then communicated the hope that they would therewith rest content, and not encroach further upon Swedish territory, having, doubtless, ascertained by this time that the Dutch were too strong for him to make any effectual resistance. Stuyvesant returned an evasive answer, but made ready to march upon Fort Christina. It will be remembered that by the terms of the modified orders given for the reduction of the Swedes, Fort Christina was not to be disturbed. But the Dutch Governor's blood was now up, and he determined to make clean work while the means were in his hands. Discovering that the Dutch were advancing, Rysingh spent the whole night in strengthening the defenses and putting the garrison in position to make a stout resistance. Early on the following day the invaders made their appearance on the opposite bank of Christina Creek, where they threw up de- fenses and planted their cannon. Forces were landed above the fort, and the place was soon invested on all sides, the vessels, in the meantime, having been brought into the mouth of the creek, their cannon planted west of the fort and on Timber Island. Having thus securely shut up the Governor and his garri- son, Stuyvesant summmoned him to surrender. Eysingh could not in honor tamely submit, and at a council of war it was resolved to make a defense and " leave the consequence to be redressed by our gracious superiors." But their supply of powder barely sufficed for one round, and his force consisted of only thirty men. In the meantime, the Dutch soldiery made free with the property of the Swedes without the fort, killing their cattle and invading their homes. "At length the Swedish garrison itself showed symptoms of mutiny. The men were harassed with constant watching, provisions began to fail, many were sick, several had deserted, and Stuyvesant threatened, that, if they held out much longer, to give no quarter." A conference was held which ended by the return of Rysingh to the fort more resolute than ever for defense. Pinally Stuyvesant sent in his ultimatum and gave twenty-four hours for a final answer, the generous extent of time for consideration evincing the humane disposition of the commander of the invading army, or what is perhaps more probable his own lack of stomach for carnage. Before the expiration of the time allowed, the garrison capitulated, " after a siege of fourteen days, dur- ing which, very fortunately, there was a great deal more talking than cannon- ading, and no blood shed, except those of the goats, poultry and swine, which the Dutch troops laid their hands on. The twenty or thirty Swedes then inarched out with their arms; colors flying, matches lighted, drums beating, and fifes playing, and the Dutch took possession of the fort, hauled down the Swedish flag and hoisted their own." By the terms of capitulation, the Swedes, who wished to remain in the 32 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. country, were permitted to do so, on taking the oath of allegiance, and rights of property were to be respected under the sway of Dutch law. Gov. Ry- singh, and all others who desired to return to Europe, were furnished passage, and by a secret provision, a loan of £300 Flemish was made to Eysingh, to be refunded on bis arrival in Sweden, the cannon and other property belonging to the crown remaining in the hands of the Dutch until the loan was paid. Before withdrawing Stuyvesant offered to deliver over Fort Christina and the lands immediately about it to Rysingh, but this offer was declined with dig- nity, as the matter had now passed for arbitrament to the courts of the two na- tions. The terms of the capitulation were honorable and liberal enough, but the Dutch authorities seem to have exercised little care in carrying out its provis- ions, or else the discipline in the service must have been very lax. For Ky- singh had no sooner arrived at Manhattan, than he entered most vigorous pro- tests against the violations of the provisions of the capitulation to Gov. Stuy- vesant. He asserted that the property belonging to the Swedish crown had been left without guard or protection foom pillage, and that he himself had not been assigned quarters suited to his dignity. He accused the Dutch with having broken open the church, and taken away all the cordage and sails of a new vessel, with having plundered the villages, Tinnakong, Uplandt, Fin- land, Printzdorp and other places. " In Christina, the women were violently torn from their houses; whole buildings were destroyed; yea, oxen, cows, hogs and other creatures were butchered day after day; even the horses were not spared, but wantonly shot; the plantations destroyed, and the whole country so desolated that scarce any means were left for the subsistence of the inhab- itants." "Your men carried off even my own property, " said Rysingh, " with that of my family, and we were left like sheep doomed to the knife, without means of defense against the wild barbarians." Thus the colony of Swedes and Fins on the South River, which had been planned by and had been the object of solicitude to the great monarch himself, and had received the fostering care of the Swedish Government, came to an end after an existence of a little more than seventeen years — 1638-1655. But though it no longer existed ao a colony under the government of the crown of Sweden, many of the colonists remained and became the most intelligent and law-abiding citizens, and constituted a vigorous element in the future growth of the Sta;te. Some of the best blood of Europe at this period flowed in the veins of the Swedes. "A love for Sweden," says Bancroft, "their dear mother country, the abiding sentiment of loyalty toward its sovereign, con- tinued to distinguish the little band. At Stockholm, they remained for a century the objects of disinterested and generous regard; affection united them in the New World; and a part of their descendants still preserve their altar and their dwellings around the graves of their fathers." This campaign of Stuyvesant, for the dispossessing of the Swedes of terri- tory upon the Delaware, furnishes Washington Irving subject for some of the most inimitable chapters of broad humor, in his Knickerbocker's New York, to be found in the English language. And yet, in the midst of his side-splitting paragraphs, he indulges in a reflection which is worthy of remembrance. "He who reads attentively will discover the threads of gold which run throughout the web of history, and are invisible to the dull eye of ignorance. * * * By the treacherous surprisal of Fort Casimir, then, did the crafty Swedes enjoy a transient triumph, but drew upon their heads the vengeance of Peier Stuyvesant, who wrested all New Sweden from their hands. By the f^onquest of New Sweden, Peter Stuyvesant aroused the claims of Lord Balti- HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 33 more, who appealed to the cabinet of Great Britain, who subdued the whole province of New Netherlands. By this great achievement, the whole extent of North America, from Nova Scotia to the Ploridas, was rendered one entire dependency upon the British crown. But mark the consequence: The hith- erto scattered colonies being thus consolidated and having no rival colonies to check or keep them in awe, waxed great and powerful, and finally becoming too strong for the mother country, were enabled to shake off its bonds. But the chain of effects stopped not here; the successful revolution in America pro- duced the sanguinary revolution in France, which produced the puissant Bonaparte, who produced the French despotism." In March, 1656, the ship "Mercury," with 130 emigrants, arrived, the government at Stockholm having had no intimation of the Dutch conquest. An attempt was made to prevent a landing, and the vessel was ordered to report to Stuyvesant at Manhattan, but the order was disregarded and the col- onists debarked and acquired lands. The Swedish Government was not dis- posed to submit to these high-handed proceedings of the Dutch, and the min- isters of the two courts maintained a heated discussion of their differences. Finding the Dutch disposed to hold by force their conquests, the government of Sweden allowed the claim to rest until 1664. In that year, vigorous meas- ures wei? planned to regain its claims upon the Delaware, and a fleet bearing a military force was dispatched for the purpose. But, having been obliged to put back on account of stress of weather, the enterprise was abandoned. CHAPTER III. John Paul Jacqttet, 1655-57— Jacob Aleichs, 1657-59— Goeran Van Dyck, 1657 _58— William Beekman, 1658-63— Alexander D'Hinotossa. 1659-64. THE colonies upon the Delaware being now under exclusive control of the Dutch, John Paul Jaquet was appointed in November, 1655, as Vice Director, Derek Smidt having exercised authority after the departure of Stuy- vesant. The expense of fitting out the expedition for the reduction of the Swedes was sorely felt by the West India Company, which had been obliged to borrow money for the purpose of t^ie city of Amsterdam. In payment of this loan, the company sold to the city all the lands upon the south bank of the Delaware, from the ocean to Christina Creek, reaching back to the lands of the Minquas, which was designated Nieur Amstel. Again was there di- vided authority upon the Delaware. The government of the new possession was vested in a commission of forty residents of Amsterdam, who appointed Jacob Alrichs as Director, and sent him with a force of forty soldiers and 150 colonists, in three vessels, to assume the government, whereupon Jaquet relin- quished authority over this portion of his territory. The company in commu- nicating with Stuyvesant upon the subject of his course in dispossessing the Swedes, after duly considering all the complaints and remonstrances of the Swedish government, approved his conduct, " though they would not have been displeased had such a formal capitulation not taken place," adding as a paren- thetical explanation of the word formal " what is written is too long preserved, and may be produced when not desired, whereas words not recorded are, in the lapse of time, forgotten, or may be explained away." 34 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA Stuyvesant Btill remained in supreme control over both the colony of the city and the colony of the company, to the immediate governorship of the lat- ter of which, Goeran Van Dyck was appointed. But though settlements ia the management of affairs were frequently made, they would not remain set- tled. There was conflict of authority between Alrichs and Van Dyck. The companies soon found that a grievous system of smuggling had sprung up. After a searching examination into the irregularities by Stuyvesant, who vis- ited the Delaware for the purpose, he recommended the appointment of one general agent who should have charge of all the revenues of both co'onies, and William Beekman was accordingly appointed. The company of the city seems not to have betn satisfied with the profits of their investment, and ac- cordingly made new regulations to govern settlement, by which larger returns would accrue. This action created discontent among the settlers, and many who were meditating the purchase of lands and the acquisition of homes, de- termined to go over into Maryland where Lord Baltimore was offering far more liberal terms of settlement. To add to the discomforts of the settlers, " the miasms which the low alluvial soil and the rank and decomposed vegetation of a new country engenders, ' ' produced wasting sicknesses. When the planting- was completed, and the new soil, for ages undisturbed, had been thoroughly stirred, the rains set in which descended almost continuously, producing fever and ague and dysentery. Scarcely a family escaped the epidemic. Six in. the family of Director Alrichs were attacked, and his wife died. New colo- nists came without provisions, which only added to the distress. " Scarcity of provisions," says O'Calaghan, " naturally followed the failure of the crops; 900 schepels of grain had been sown in the spring. They produced scarcely 600 at harvest. Eye rose to three guilders the bushel; peas to eight guilders the sack; salt was twelve guilders the bushel at New Amsterdam; cheese and butter were not to be had, and when a man journeys he can get nothing but dry bread, or he must take a pot or kettle along with him to cook his victuals." " The place had now got so bad a name that the whole river could not wash it clean." The exactions of the city company upon its colony, not only did not bring increased revenue, but by dispersing the honest colonists, served to- notify Lord Baltimore — who had laid claim to the lands upon Delaware, on account of original discovery by Lord De la War, from whom the river takes, its name, and from subsequent charter of the British crown, covering territory from the 38th to the 40th degree of latitude — of the weakness of the colonies, and persuade him that now was a favorable opportunity to enforce his claims. Accordingly, Col. Utie, with a number of delegates, was dispatched to demand that the Dutch should quit the place, or declare themselves subjects of Lord Baltimore, adding, " that if they hesitated, they should be responsible for whatever innocent blood might be shed." Excited discussions ensued between the Dutch authorities and the agents of the Maryland government, and it was finally agreed to refer the matter to Gov. Stuyvesant, who immediately sent Commissioners to the Chesapeake to settle differences, and enter into treaty regulations for the mutual return of fugitives, and dispatched sixty soldiers to the Delaware to assist in preserving order, and resisting the English, should an attempt be made to dispossess the Dutch. Upon the death of AlricLs, which occurred iix 1659, Alexander D'Hinoyossa was appointed Governor of the city colony. The new Governor was a man of good business capacity, and sought to administer the affairs of his colony for the best interests of the settlers, and for increasing the revenues of the com- pany. To further the general prosperity, the company negotiated a new loan. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 35 with which to strengthen and improve its resources. This liberal policy had the desired effect. The Swedes, who had settled above on the river, moved down, and acquired homes on the lands of the city colony. The Fins and dis- contented Dutch, who had gone to Maryland, returned and brought with them some of the English settlers. Discouraged by the harassing conflicts of authority which seemed inter- minable, the West India Company transferred all its interests on the east side of the river to the colony of the city, and upon the visit of D'Hinoyossa to Holland in 1663, he secured for himself the entire and exclusive government of the colonies upon the Delaware, being no longer subject to the authority of Stuyvesant. Encouraged by liberal terms of settlement, and there being now a prospect of stable government, emigrants were attracted thither. A Mennonite commu- nity came in a body. " Clergymen were not allowed to- join them, nor any ' intractable people such as those in communion with the Roman See, usurious Jews, English stiff-necked Quakers, Puritans, foolhardy believers in the mil- lennium, and obstinate modern pretenders to revelation.' " They were obliged to take an oath never to seek for an ofiSce; Magistrates were to receive no com- pensation, " not even a stiver. " The soil and climate were regarded as excel- lent, and when sufficiently peopled, the country would be the " finest on the face of the globe. " CHAPTER TV. BiCHARD Nichols, 1664^67— Robert Needham, 1664r-68— Francis Lovelace, 1667-73— John Carr, 1668-73— Anthony Colve, 1673-74— Peter Alrichs, 167a-74. AFFAIRS were scarcely arranged upon the Delaware, and the dawning of a better day for the colonists ushered in, before new complications began to threaten the subversion of the whole Dutch power in America. , The English had always claimed the entire Atlantic seaboard. Under Cromwell, the Navigation act was aimed at Dutch interests in the New World. Captain J9hn Scott, who had been an officer in the army of Charles I, having obtained some show of authority from the Governor of Connecticut, had visited the towns upon the west end of Long Island, where was a mixed population of Dutch and English, and where he claimed to have purchased large tracts of land, and had persuaded them to unite under his authority in setting up a government of their own. He visited England and ' ' petitioned the King to be invested with the government of Long Island, or that the people thereof be allowed to choose yearly a Governor and Assistants." By his representation, an inquiry was instituted by the King's council, " as to his majesty's title to the premises; the intrusions of the Dutch; their deportment; management of the country; strength, trade and government; and lastly, of the means necessary to induce or force them to acknowledge the King, or if necessary, to expel them together from the country. " The visit of Scott, and his prayer to the King for a grant of Long Island, was the occasion of inaugurating a policy, which resulted in the overthrow of Dutch rule in America. But the attention of English statesmen had for some time been turned to the importance of the territory which the Dutch colonies had occupied, and a bolief that Dutch trade in the New World was yielding great returns, stimulated inquiry. James, 86 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA Duke of York, brother of the King, who afterward himself became King, was probably at this time the power behind the throne that was urging on action looking to the dispossession of the Dutch. The motive which seemed to actuate him was the acquisition of personal wealth and power. He saw, as he thought, a company of merchants in Amsterdam accumulating great wealth out of these colonies, and he meditated the transfer of this wealth to himself. He was seconded in this project by the powerful influence of Sir George Downing, who had been Envoy at The Hague, under Cromwell, and was now under Charles II. "Keen, bold, subtle, active, and observant, but imperious and unscrupulous, disliking and distrusting the Dutch," he had watched every movement of the company's granted privileges by the States General, and had reported every- thing to his superiors at home. "The whole bent," says O'Calaghan, '' of this man's mind was constantly to hold up before the eyes of his countrymen the growing power of Holland and her commercial companies, their immense wealth and ambition, and the danger to England of permitting these to pro- gress oQward unchecked.'' After giving his testimony before the council, Scott returned to America with a letter from the King recommending his interests to the co-operation and protection of the New England colonies. On arriving in Connecticut, he was commissioned by the Governor of that colony to incorporate Long Island under Connecticut jurisdiction. But the Baptists, Quakers and Menuonites, who formed a considerable part of the population, " dreaded falling into the hands of the Puritans." In a quaint document commencing, "In the behalfe of sum hun- dreds of English here planted on the west end of Long Island wee address," etc. , " they besought Scott to come and settle their difficulties. On his arrival he acquainted them with the fact, till then unknown, that King Charles had granted the island to the Duke of York, who would soon assert his rights. Whereupon the towns of Hemstede, New war ke, Crafford, Hastings, Folestone and Gravesend, entered into a "combination" as they termed it, resolved to elect deputies to draw up laws, choose magistrates, and empowered Scott to act as their President; in short set up the first independent State in America. Scott immediately set out at the head of 150 men, horse and foot, to subdue the island. On the 22d of March, 1664, Charles II made a grant of the whole of Long Island, and all the adjoining country at the time in possession of thu Dutch, to the Duke of York. Borrowing four men-of-war of the king, James sent them in command of Col. Richard NichoUs, an old officer, with whom was as- sociated Sir Ebbert Carr, Sir George Cartwright, and Samuel Maverick, Esq., and a force of 450 men, to dispossess the Dutch. To insure the success of the expedition, letters were addressed to each of the Governors of the New England colonies, enjoining upon them to unite in giving aid by men and material to Nicholls. The fleet sailed directly for Boston, where it was expected, and whence, through one Lord, the Dutch were notified of its coming. The great- est consternation was aroused upon the receipt of this intelligence, and the most active preparations were making for defense. But in the midst of these preparations, notice was received from the Chambers at Amsterdam, doubtless inspired by the English, that " no apprehension of any public enemy or dan- ger from England need be entertained. That the King was only desirous to reduce the colonies to uniformity in church and state, and with this view was dispatching some Commissioners with two or three frigates to New England to introduce Episcopacy in that quarter. " Thrown completely off his guard by this announcement, the Director General, Stuy vesant abandoned all preparations for resistance, and indulged in no anticipations of a hostile visitation. Thus HISTORY OP PENNSYLVANIA. 37 were three full weeks lost in which the colonies might have been put in a very good state of defense. NichoUs on arriving in American waters, touched at Boston and Connecti- cut, where some aid was received, and then hastened foward to Manhattan. Stuyvesant had but a day or two before learned of the arrival, and of the hos- tile intent. Scarcely had he issued ordera for bringing out his forces and for fortifying before Nicholls scattered proclamations through the colony promis- ing to protect all who submitted to his Brittanic majesty in the undisturbed possession of their property, and made a formal summons upon Stuyvesant to surrender the country to the King of Great Britain. The Director found that he had an entirely different enemy to treat with from Rysingh, and a few half- armed Swedes and Fins upon the Delaware. Wordy war ensued between the Commissioners and the Director, and the English Governor finding that Stuy- vesant not in the temper to yield, landed a body of his soldiers upon the lower end of the island, and ordered Hyde, the commander of the fleet, to lay the frigates broadside before the city. It was a critical moment. Stuyvesant was stand- ing on one of the ppints of the fort when he saw the frigates approaching. The gunner stood by with burning match, prepared to tire on the fleet, and Stuyvesant seemed on the point of giving the order. But he was restrained, and a further communication was sent to Nicholls, who would listen to nothing short of the full execution of his mission. Still Stuyvesant held out. The inhabitants implored, but rather than surrender " he would be carried a corpse to his grave." The town was, however, in qo condition to stand a siege. The powder at the fort would only suffice for one day of active operations. Pro- visions were scarce. The inhabitants were not disposed to bo sacrificed, and the disaffection among them spread to the soldiers. They were overheard mut- tering, " Now we hope to pepper those devilish traders who have so long salted us; we know where booty is to be found, and where the young women live who wear gold chains. " The Kev. Jannes Myapoleuses seems to have been active in negotiations and opposed to the shedding of blood. A remonstrance drawn by him was finally adopted and signed by the principal men, and presented to the Director Gen- eral, in which the utter hopelessness of resistance was set forth, and Stuyve- sant finally consented to capitulate. Favorable terms were arranged, and Nicholls promised that if it should be finally agreed between the English and Dutch governments that the province should be given over to Dutch rule, he would peacefully yield his authority. Thus without a gun being fired, the En- glish made conquest of the Manhattoes. Sir Robert Carr, with two frigates and an ample force, was dispatched to the Delaware to reduce the settlements there to English rule. The planters, whether Dutch or Swedes, were to be insured in the peaceable possession of their property, and the magistrates were to be continued in office. Sailing past the fort, he disseminated among the settlers the news of the surrender of Stuyvesant, and the promises of protection which Nicholls had made use of. But Gov. D'Hinoyossa was not disposed to heed the demand for surrender without a struggle. Whereupon Carr landed his forces and stormed the place. After a fruitless but heroic resistance, in which ten were wounded and three were killed, thw Governor was forced to siirrender. Thus was the complete subversion of the State's General iti America consummated, and the name of New Amsterdam gave place to that of New York, from the name of the English proprietor, James, Duke of York. The resistance offered by D'Hinoyossa formed a pretext for shameless plunder. Carr, in his report which shows him to have been a lawless fel- 88 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. low, says, " Ye soldiers never stoping untill they stormed ye fort, and sae con- sequently to plundering; the seamen, noe less given to that sport, were quickly within, and have gotton good store of booty." Carr seized the farm of D'Hinoyossa, hi: brother, John Carr, that of Sheriff Sweringen, and Ensign Stock that of Peter Alrichs. The produce of the land for that year was seized, together with a cargo of goods that was unsold. " Even the inoffensive Men- nonists, though non-combatant from principle, did not escape the sack and plunder to which the whole river was subjected by Carr and his marauders. A boat was dispatched to tJ^eir settlement, which was stripped of everything, to a very naile." Nioholls, on hearing of the rapacious conduct of his subordinate, visited the Delaware, removed Carr, and placed Robert Needham in command. Pre- vious to dispatching his fleet to America, in June, 1664, the Duke of York had granted to John, Lord Berkeley, Baron of Stratton, and Sir George Carteret, of Saltrnm in Devon, the territory of New Jersey, bounded substantially as the present State, and this, though but little settled by the Dutch, had been in- cluded in the terms of surrender secured by Nicholls. In many ways, he showed himself a man of ability and discretion. He drew up with signal success a body of laws, embracing most of the provisions which had been in force in the English colonies, which were designated the Duke's Laws. In May, 1667, Col. Francis Lovelace was appointed Governor in place of Nicholls, and soon after taking charge of affairs, drew up regulations for the government of the territory upon the Delaware, and dispatched Capt. John Carr'to act there as his Deputy Governor. It was provided that whenever complaint duly sworn to was made, the Governor was to summon " the schout, Hans Block, Israel Helm, Peter Eambo, Peter Cock and Peter Alrichs, or any two of them, as counsellors, to advise him, and determine by the major vote what is just, equitable and necessary in the case in question. " It was further provided that all men should be punished in an exemplary manner, though with moderation; that the laws should be frequently communicated to the counsellors, and that in cases of difficulty recourse should be had to the Gov- ernor and Council at New York In 1668, two murders were perpetrated by Indians, which caused consider- able disturbance and alarm tliroughout the settlements. These capital crimes appear to have been committed while the guilty parties were maddened by liquor. So impressed were the sachems and leading warriors of the baneful effects of strong drink, that they appeared before the Council and besought its authority to utterly prohibit the sale of it to any of their tribes. These re- quests were repeated, and finally, upon the advice of Peter Alrichs, " the Governor (Lovelace) prohibited, on pain of death, the selling of powder, shot and strong liquors to the Indians, and writ to Carr on the occasion to use the utmost vigilance and caution." The native murderers were not apprehended, as it was difficult to trace them; but the Indians themselves were determined to ferret them out. One was taken and shot to death, who was the chijef offender, but the other escaped and was never after heard of. The chiefs summoned their young men, and in presence of the English warned them that such would be the fate of all offend- ers. Proud justly remarks: "This, at a time when the Indians were numer- ous and strong and the Europeans few and weak, was a memorable act of jus- tice, and a proof of true friendship to the English, greatly alleviating the fear, for which they had so much reason among savages, in this then wilder- ness country." In 1669, a reputed son of the distinguished Swedish General, Connings- HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA, , 3d marke, commonly called the Long Fin, with another of his nationality, Henry Coleman, a man of property, and familiar with the language and habits of the. Indians, endeavored to incite an insurrection to throw oif the English rule and establish the Swedish supremacy. The Long Fin was apprehended, and wa& condemned to die; but upon reconsideration his sentence was commuted ta whipping and to branding with the letter B. He was brought in chains to New York, where he was incarcerated in the Stadt-house for a year, and was then transported to Barbadoes to be sold. Improvements in the modes of administering justice were from time to time introduced. New Castle waa made a corporation, to be governed by a Bailiff and six associates. Duties on importations were laid, and Capt Martin Pringer was appointed to collect and make due returns of them to Gov. Lovelace. In 1673, the French monarch, Louis XIV, declared war against the Neth- erlands, and with an army of over 200,000 men moved down upon that de- voted country. In conjunction with the land force, the English, with a power- ful armament, descended upon the Dutch waters. The aged Du Ruyter and the youthful Van Tromp put boldly to sea to meet the invaders. Three great naval battles were fought upon the Dutch coast on the 7th and 14th of June, and the 6th of August, in which the English forces were finally repulsed and driven from the coast. In the meantime, the inhabitants, abandoning their homes, cut the dikes which held back the sea, and invited inundation. Deem ing this a favorable opportunity to regain their possessions wrenched from them in the New World, the Dutch sent a small fleet under Commodores Cornelius Evertse and Jacobus Benkes, to New York, to demand the surrender of all their previous possessions. Gov. Lovelace happened to be absent, and his representative, Capt. John Manning, surrendered with but brief resistance, and the magistrates from Albany, Esopus, East Jersey and Long Jsland, on being summoned to New York, swore fealty to the returning Dutch power. Anthony Colve, as Governor, was sent to Delaware, where the magistrates hastened to meet him and submit themselves to his authority. Property in the English Government was confiscated; Gov. Lovelace returned to England, and many of the soldiers were carried prisoners to Holland. Before their de- parture, Commodores Evertse and Benk6s, who styled themselves ' ' The honora- ble and awful council of war, for their high mightinesses, the State's General of the United Netherlands, and his Serene Highness, the Prince of Orange," commissioned Anthony Colve, a Captain of foot, on the 12th of August, 1673, to be Governor General of "New Netherlands, with all its appendences," and on the 19th of September following, Peter Alrichs, who had manifested his subserviency and his pleasure at the return of Dutch ascendancy, was ap- pointed by Colve Deputy Governor upon the Delaware. A body of laws was drawn up for his instruction, and three courts of justice were established, at New Castle, Chester and Lewistown. Capt. Manning on his return to En- gland was charged with treachery for delivering up the fort at New York with- out resistance, and was sentenced by a court martial "to have his sword broken over his head in public, before the city hall, and himself rendered incapable of wearing a sword and of serving his Majesty for the future in any public trust in the Government. " But the revolution which had been affected so easily was of short duration. On the 9th of February, 1674, peace was concluded between England and Holland, and in the articles of pacification it was provided "that whatsoever countries, islands, towns, ports, castles or forts, have or shall be taken, on both sides, since the time that the late unhappy war broke out, either in Europe, or elsewhere, shall be restored to the former lord and proprietor, in the same con- 40 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. dition they shall be in when the peace itself shall bo proclaimed, after which time there shall be no spoil nor plunder of the inhabitants, no demolition of fortifications, nor carrying away of guns, powder, or other military stores which belonged to any castle or port at the time when it was taken." This left no room for controversy about possession. But that there might be no legal bar nor loophole for question of absolute right to his possessions, the Duke ot York secured from the King on the 29th of June following, a new patent cov- ering the former grant, and two days thereafter sent Sir Edmund Andros, to possess and govern the country. He arrived at New York and took peaceable possession on the 31st of October, and two days thereafter it was resolved in council to reinstate all the officers upon Delaware as they were at the surrender to the Dutch, except Peter Alrichs, who for his forwardness in yielding his power was relieved. Capt. Edmund Cantwell and William Tom were sent to occupy the fort at New Castle, in the capacities of Deputy Governor and Sec- retary. In May, 3675, Gov. Andros visited the Delaware, and held court at New Castle " in which orders were made relative to the opening of roads, th« regulation of church property and the support of preaching, the prohibition of the sale of liquors to the Indians, and the distillation thereof by the inhab- itants." On the 23d of September, 1676, Cantwell was superseded by John Collier, as Vice Governor, when Ephraim Hermans became Secretary. As was previously observed, Gov. Nioholls, in 1684, made a complete di- gest of all the laws and usages in force in the English-speaking colonies in America, which were known as the Duke's Laws. That these might now be made the basis of judicature throughout the Duke's possessions, they were, on the 25th of September, 1676, formally proclaimed and published by Gov. Lovelace, with a suitable ordinance introducing them. It may here be ob- served, that, in the administration of Gov. Hartranft, by act of the Legislature of June 12, 1878, the Duke's Laws were published in a handsome volume, to- gether with th« Charter and Laws instituted by Penn, and historical notes covering the early history of the State, under the direction of John B. Linn, Secretary of the commonwealth, edited by Staughton George, Benjamin M. Nead, and Thomas McCarnant, from an old copy preserved among the town rec- ords of Hempstead, Long Island, the seat of the independent State which had been set up there by John Scott before the coming of Nicholls. The num- ber of taxable male inhabitants between the ages of sixteen and sixty years, in 1677, for TJplandt and New Castle, was 443, which by the usual estimate of seven to one would give the population 3,101 for this district. Gov. Collier having exceeded his authority by exercising judicial functions, was deposed by Andros, and Capt. Christopher Billop was appointed to succeed him. But the change resulted in little benefit to the colony; for Billop was charged with many irregularities, " taking possession of the fort and turning it into a stable, and the court room above into a hay and fodder loft; debarring the court from sitting in its usual place in the fort, and making use of soldiers for his own private purposes. " The hand of the English Government bore heavily upon the denomination of Christians called Friends or Quakers, and the earnest-minded, conscientious worshipers, uncompromising in their faith, were eager for homes in a land where they should be absolutely free to worship the Supreme Being. Berke- ley and Carteret, who had bought New Jersey, were Friends, and the settle- ments made in their territory were largely of that faith. In 1675, Lord Ber- keley sold his undivided half of the province to John Fenwicke, in trust for Edward Byllinge, also Quakers, and Fenwicke sailed in the Griffith, with a company of Friends who settled at Salem, in West Jersey. Byllinge, having HISTORY OP PENNSYLVANIA. 41 become involved in debt, made an assignment of his interest for the benefit of his creditors, and William Penn was induced to become trustee jointly with Gowen Lawrie and Nicholas Lucas. Penn was a devoted Quaker, and he was of that earnest nature that the interests of his friends and Christian devotees were like his own personal interests. Hence he became zealous in promoting the welfare of the colony. For its orderly government, and that settlers might have assurance of stability in the management of affairs, Penn drew up " Con- cessions and agreements of the proprietors, freeholders and inhabitants of "West New Jersey in America" in forty- four chapters. Foreseeing difficulty from divided authority, Penn secured a division of the province by " a line of par- tition from the east side of Little Egg Harbor, straight north, through the country to the utmost branch of the Delaware River." Penn's half was called New West Jersey, along the Delaware side, Carteret's New East Jersey along the ocean shore. Penn's purposes and disposition toward the settlers, as the founder of a State, are disclosed by a letter which he wrote at this time to a Friend, Richard Hartshorn, then in America: "We lay a foundation for after ages to understand their liberty, as men and Christians; that they may not be brought into bondage, but by their own consent; for we put the power in the people. * * So every man is capable to choose or to be chosen; no man to be arrested, condemned, or molested, in his estate, or liberty', but by twelve men of the neighborhood; no man to lie in prison for debt, but that his estate satisfy, as far as it will go, and he be set at liberty to work; no man to be called in question, or molested for his conscience. " Lest any should be in- duced to leave home and embark in the enterprise of settlement unadvisedly, Penn wrote and published a letter of caution, " That in whomsoever a desire to be concerned in this intended plantation, such would weigh the thing before the Lord, and not headily, or rashly, conclude on any such remove, and that they do not offer violence to the tender love of their near kindred and relations, but soberly, and conscientiously endeavor to obtain their good wills; that whether they go or stay, it may be of good savor before the Lord and good people." CHAPTER V. Sib Edmund Andros, 1674-81— Edmund Cantwell, 1674r-76— John Colliek, 1676- 77— Cheistopher Billop, 1677-81. WILLIAM PENN, as Trustee, and finally as part owner of New Jersey, became much interested in the subject of colonization in America. Many of his people had gone thither, and he had given much prayerful study and meditation to the amelioration of their condition by securing just laws for their government. His imagination pictured the fortunate condition of a "State where the law-giver should alone study the happiness of his subjects, and his subjects should be chiefly intent on rendering implicit obedience to just laws. From his experience in the management of the Jerseys, he had doubtless discovered that if he would carry out his ideas of government suc- cessfully, he must have a province where his voice would be potential and his will supreme. He accordingly cast about for the acquirement of such a land in the New World. Penn had doubtless been stimulated in his desires by the very roseate ac- counts of the beauty and excellence of the country, its salubrity of climate, its 42 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. balmy airB, the fertility of its soil, and the abundance of the native fish, flesh and fowl. In 1680, one Malhon Stacy wrote a letter which was largely circu- lated in England, in which he says: " It is a country that produceth all things for the support and furtherance of man, in a plentiful manner. * * * I have seen orchards laden with fruit to admiration; their very limbs torn to pieces with weight, most delicious to the taste, and lovely to behold. I have seen an apple tree, from a pippin-kernel, yield a barrel of curious cider; and peaches in such plenty that some people took their carts a peach gathering; I could not but smile at the conceit of it; they are very delicious fruit, and hang almost like our onions, that are tied on ropes. I have seen and know, this summer, forty bushels of bold wheat of one bushel sown. From May till Michaelmas, great store of very good wild fruits as strawberries, cranberries and hurtleberries, which are like om- billberries in England, only far sweeter; the cranberries, much like cherries for color and bigness, which may be kept till frnit comes again; an excellent sauce is made of them for venison, turkeys, and other great fowl, and they are better to make tarts of than either goosoDerries or cherries; we have them brought to our houses by the Indians in great plenty. My brother Kobert had as many cherries this year as would have loaded several carts. As for venison and fowls, we have great plenty; we have brought home to our countries by the Indians, seven or eight fat bucks in a day. We went into the river to catch herrings after the Indian fashion. * * * We could have filled a three-bushel sack of as good large herrings as ever I saw. And as to beef and pork, here is great plenty of it, and good sheep. The common grass of this country f^eds beef very fat. Indeed, the country, take it as a wilderness, is a brave country." The father of William Penn had arisen to distinction in tne British Navy. He was sent in Cromwell's time, with a considerable sea and land force, to the West Indies, where he reduced the Island of Jamaica under English rule. At the restoration, he gave in his adhesion to the royal cause. Under James, Duke of York, Admiral Penn commanded the English fleet which descended upon the Dutch coast, and gained a great victory over the combined naval forces led by Van Opdam. Eor this great service to his country, Penn was knighted, and became a favorite at court, the King and his brothor, the Duke, holding him in cherished remembrance. At his death, there was due him from the crown the sum of £16,000, a portion of which he himself had ad- vanced for the sea service. Filled with the romantic idea of colonization, and enamored with the sacred cause of his people, the son, who had come to be re- garded with favor for his great father's sake, petitioned King Charles II to grant him, in liquidation of this debt, " a tract of land in America, lying north of Maryland, bounded east by the Delaware River, on the west limited as Maryland, and northward to extend as far as plantable." There were con- flicting interests at this time which were being warily watched at court. The petition was submitted to the Privy Council, and afterward to the Lords of the committee of plantations. The Duke of York already held the counties of New Castle, Kent and Susses. Lord Baltimore held a grant upon the south, • with an indefinite northern limit, and the agents of both these territories viewed with a jealous eye any new grant that should in any way trench upon their rights. These claims were fully debated and heard by the Lords, and, being a matter in which the King manifested special interest, the Lord Chief Justice, North, and the Attorney General, Sir William Jones, were consulted -both as to the grant itself, and the form or manner of making it. Finally, after a careful study of the whole subject, it was determined by the highest authority in the Government to grant to Penn a larger tract than' he had asked HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 43 for, and the charter was drawn with unexampled liberality, in unequivocal terms of gift and perpetuity of holding, and with remarkable minuteness of ■detail, and that Penn should have the advantage of any double meaning con- ■veyed in the instrument, the twenty- third and last section provides: "And, if perchance hereafter any doubt or question should arise concerning the true sense and meaning of any word, clause or sentence contained in this our present charter, we will ordain and command that at all times and in all things such interpretation be made thereof, and allowed in any of our courts whatsoever as shall be adjudged most advantageous and favorable unto the said William Penn, his heirs and assigns." It was a joyful day for Penn when he finally reached the consummation of his wishes, and saw himself invested with almost dictatorial power over a country as large as England itself, destined to become a populous empire. But his exultation was tempered with the most devout Christian spirit, fearful lest in the exercise of his great power he might be led to do something that «hould be displeasing to God. To his dear friend, Robert Turner, he writes in a modest way: "My true love in the Lord salutes thee and dear friends that love the Lord's precious truth in those parts. Thine I have, and for my business here know that after many waitings, watchings, solicitings and dis- putes in council, this day my country was confirmed to me under the great seal •of England, with large powers and privileges, by the name of Pennsylvania, a name the King would give it in honor of my father. I chose New Wales, be- ing, as this, a pretty hilly country; but Penn being Welsh for a head, as Pen- manmoire in Wales, and Penrith in Cumberland, and Penn in Buckingham- shire, the highest land ia England, called this Pennsylvania, which is the high or head woodlands; for I proposed, when the Secretary, a Welshman, refused to have it called New Wales, Sylvania, and they added Penn to it; and though I much opposed it, and went to the King to have it struck out and altered, he said it was past, and would take it upon him; nor could twenty guineas move the Under Secretary to vary the name; for I feared lest it should be looked on as a vanity in me, and not as a respect in the King, as it truly was to my father, whom he often mentions with praise. Thou mayest communicate my grant to Friends, and expect shortly my proposals. It is a clear and just thing, and my God, that has given it me through many difficulties, will, I be- lieve, bless and make it the seed of a nation. I shall have a tender care to the government, that it be well laid at first. " Penn had asked that the western boundary should be the same as that of Maryland; biit the King made the width from east to west five full degrees. The charter limits were " all that tract, or part, of land, in America, with the islands therein contained as the same is bounded, on the east by Delaware Eiver, from twelve miles distance northwards of New Castle town, unto the three and fortieth degree of northern latitude. * * * * The said land to extend westward five degrees in longitude, to be computed from the said eastern bounds; and the said lands to be bounded on the north by the beginning of the three and fortieth degree of northern latitude, and, ■on the south, by a circle drawn at twelve miles distance from New Castle northward and westward unto the beginning of the fortieth degree of northern latitude; and then by a straight line westward to the limits of longitude above mentioned." It is evident that tne royal secretaries did not well understand the geogra- phy of this section, for by reference to a map it will be seen that the begin- ning of the fortieth degree, that is, the end of the thirty-ninth, cuts the J)istrict of Columbia, and hence Baltimore, and the greater part of Maryland 44 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. and a good slice of Virginia would have been included in the clear terms of tho chartered limits of Pennsylvania. But the charters of Maryland and Vir- ginia antedated this of Pennsylvania. Still, the terms of the Penn charter were distinct, the beginning of the fortieth degree, whereas those of Maryland were ambiguous, the northern limi t being fixed at the fortieth degree ; but whether at the beginning or at the ending of the fortieth was not stated. Penn claimed three full degrees of latitude, and when it was found that a contro- versy was likely to ensue, the King, by the hand of his royal minister, Con- way, issued a further declaration, dated at Whitehall, April 2, 1681, in which the wording of the original chartered limits fixed for Pennsylvania were quoted verbatim, and his royal pleasure declared that these limits should be respected " as they tender his majesty's displeasure." This was supposed to settle the matter. But Lord Baltimore still pressed his claim, and the ques- tion of southern boundary remained an open one, causing much disquietude to Penn, requiring watchful care at court for more than half a century, and until after the proprietor's death. We gather from the terms of the charter itself that the King, in making the grant, was influenced "by the commendable desire of Penn to enlarge our British Empire, and promote such useful commodities as may be of benefit to us and our dominions, as also to reduce savage nations by just and gentle manners, to the love of civil society and Christian religion," and out of "re- gard to the memory and merits of his late father, in divers services, and par- ticularly to his conduct, courage and discretion, under our dearest brother, James, Duke of York, in the signal battle and victory, fought and obtained, against the Dutch fleet, commanded by the Herr Van Opdam in 1665.'' The motive for obtaining it on the part of Penn may be gathered from tho following extract of a letter to a friend: " For my country I eyed the Lord in obtaining it; and more was I drawn inward to look to Him, and to owe it to His hand and power than to any other way. I have so obtained and desire to keep it, that I may be unworthy of His love, but do that which may answer His kind providence and people." The charter of King Charles II was dated April 2, 1681. Iiest any- trouble might arise in the future from claims founded on the grant previously made to the Duke of York, of "Long Island and adjacent territories occupied by the Dutch," the prudent forethought of Penn induced him to obtain a deed, dated August 31, 1682, of the Duke, for Pennsylvania, substantially in the terms of the royal charter. But Penn was still not satisfied. He was cut off from the ocean except by the uncertain navigation of one narrow stream. He therefore obtained from the Duke a grant of New Castle and a district of twelve miles around it, dated on the 24th of August, 1682, and on the sam^ day a further grant from the Duke of a tract extending to Cape Henlopen, embracing the two counties of Kent and Sussex, the two grants comprising what were known as the territories, or the three lower counties, which were for many years a part of Pennsylvania, but subsequently constituted the State of Delaware. Being now satisfied with his province, and that his titles were secure, Penn drew up such a description of the country as from his knowledge he was able to give, which, together with the royal charter and proclamation, terms of settlement, and other papers pertaining thereto, he published and spread broadcast through the kingdom, taking special pains doubtless to have the documents reach the Friends. The terms of sale of lands were 40 shillings for 100 acres, and 1 shilling per acre rental. The question has been raised, why exact the annual payment of one shilling per acre. The terms of the grant by (^t^" Xv HISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIi. 47 the royal charter to Penn were made absolute on the " payment therefor to us, our heirs and successors, two beaver skins, to be delivered at our castle in "Windsor, on the 1st day of January in every year," and contingent payment of one-fifth part of all gold and silver which shall from time to time happen to be found clear of all charges. " Penn, therefore, held his title only upon the payment of quit-rents. He could consequently give a valid title only by the exacting of quit-rents. Having now a great province of his own to manage, Penn was obliged to relinquish his share in West New Jersey. He had given largely of his time and energies to its settlement; he had sent 1,400 emigrants, many of them people of high character; had seen farms reclaimed from the forest, the town of Burlington built, meeting houses erected in place of tents for worship, good Government established, and the savage Indians turned to peaceful ways. With satisfaction, therefore, he could now give himself to reclaiming and set- tling his own province. He had of course in his published account of the country made it appear a desirable place for habitation. But lest any should regret having gone thither when it was too late, he added to his description a caution, " to consider seriously the premises, as well the inconveniency as future ease and plenty; that so none may move rashly or from a fickle, but from a solid mind, having above all things an eye to the providence of God in the disposing of themselves." Nothing more surely points to the goodnes.s of heart of William Penn, the great founder of our State, than this extreme solicitude, lest he might induce any to go to the new country who should af- terward regret having gone.\ The publication of the royal charter and his description of the country attracted attention, and many purchases of land were made of Penn before leaving England. That these purchasers might have something binding to rely upon, Penn drew up what he termed " conditions or concessions " between himself as proprietor and purchasers in the province. These related to the settling the country, laying out towns, and especially to the treatment of the Indians, who were to have the same rights and privileges, and careful regard as the Europeans. And what is perhaps a remarkable instance of provident forethought, the eighteenth article provides " That, in clearing the ground, care be taken to leave one acre of trees for every five acres cleared, especially to preserve oak and mulberries, for silk and shipping." It could be desired that such a provision might have remained operative in the State for all time. Encouraged by the manner in which his proposals for settlement were received, Penn now drew up a frame of government, consisting of twenty- four articles and forty laws. These were drawn in a spirit of unexampled fairness and liberality, introduced by an elaborate essay on the just rights of government and governed, and with such conditions and concessions that it, should never be in the power of an unjust Governor to take advantage of tha people and practice injustice. " For the matter of liberty and privilege, I pur- pose that which is extraordinary, and leave myself and successors no power of doing mischief, that the will of one man may not hinder that of a whole coun- try. This frame gave impress to the character of the early government. It im- planted in the breasts of the people a deep sense of duty, of right, and of obli- gation in all public affairs, and the relations of man with man, and formed a framework for the future constitution. Penn himself had felt the heavy hand of government for religious opinions and practice' sake. He determined, for the matter of religion, to leave all free to hold such opinions as they might elect, and hence enacted for his State that all who " hold themselves obligee^ ■48 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. in conscience, to live peaceably and justly in civil society, shall, in no ways, be molested, nor prejudiced, for their religious persuasion, or practice, in mat- ters of faith and worship, nor shall they be compelled, at any time, to fre- quent, or maintain, any religious -worship, place, or ministry whatever. " At this period, such govermental liberality in matters of religion was almost un- known, though Roger Williams in the colony of Rhode Island had previously, under similar circumstances, and having just escaped a like persecution, pro- claimed it, as had likewise Lord Baltimore in the Catholic colony of Mary- land The mind of Penn was constantly exercised upon the a£fairs of his settlement. Indeed, to plant a colony in a new country had been a thought of his boyhood, for he says in one of his letters: "I had an opening of joy as to these parts in the year 1651, at Oxford, twenty years since." Not being in readiness to go to his province during the first year, he dispatched three ship loads of set- tlers, and with them sent his cousin, William Markham, to take formal pos- session of the country and act as Deputy Governor Markham sailed for New York, and upon his arrival there exhibited his commission, bearing date March 6, 1681, and the King's charter and proclamation. In the absence of Gov. An- dros, who, on having been called to account for some complaint made against him, had gone to England, Capt. Anthony Brockholls, Acting Governor, re- ceived Markham's papers, and gave him a letter addressed to the civil officers on the Delaware, informing them that Markham's authority as Governor had heen examined, and an official record made of it at New York, thanking them for their fidelity, and requesting them to submit themselves to the new author- ity. Armed with this letter, which was dated June 21, 1681, Markham pro- ceeded to the Delaware, where, on exhibiting his papers, he was kindly re- ceived, and allegiance was cheerfully transferred to the new government. In- deed so frequently had the power changed hands that it had become quite a matter of habit to transfer obedience from one authority to anotherj and they had scarcely laid their heads to rest at night but with the consciousness that the morning light might bring new codes and new officers. Markham was empowered to call a council of nine citizens to assist him in the government, and over whom he was to preside. He brought a letter ad- dressed to Lord Baltimore, touching the boundary between the two grants, and exhibiting the terms of the charter for Pennsylvania. On receipt of this let- ter, Lord Baltimore came to Upland to confer with Markham. An observation fixing the exact latitude of Upland showed that it was twelve miles south of the forty-first degree, to which Baltimore claimed, and that the beginning of the fortieth degree, which the royal charter explicitly fixed for the southern boundary of Pennsylvania, would include nearly the entire State of Maryland, and cut the limits of the present site of the city of Washington. "If diis be allowed," was significantly asked by Baltimore, "where is my province?" He returned to his colony, and from this time forward an active contention ■was begun before the authorities in England for possession of the disputed territory, which required all the arts and diplomatic skill of Penn. Markham was accompanied to the province by four Commissioners sent ■out by Penn — William Crispin, John Bezer, William Haige and Nathaniel Allen. The first named had been designated as Surveyor General, but he having died on the passage, Thomas Holme was appointed to succeed him. These Commissioners, in conjunction with the Governor, had two chief duties ■assigned them. The first was to meet and preserve filendly relations with the Indians and acquire lands by actual purchase, and the second was to select the «ite of a great city and make the necessary surveys. That they might have a HISTORY OP PENNSYLVANIA. 49 ■suitable introduction "to the natives from him, Penn addressed to them a dec- laration of his purposes, conceived in a spirit of brotherly love, and expressed in such simple terms that these children of the forest, unschooled in book l^rning, would have no difficulty in apprehending his meaning. The refer- ring the source of all'power to the Creator was fitted to produce a strong im- pression upon their naturally superstitious habits of thought. " There is a great God and power, that hath made the world, and all things therein, to whom you and I, and all people owe their being, and well being; and to whom yoti and I must one day give an account for all that we do in the world. This great God hath written His law in our hearts, by which we are taught and com- manded to love, and help, and do good to one another. Now this great God hath been pleased to make me concerned in your part of the world, and the King ■of the country where I live hath given me a great province therein; but I de- sire to enjoy it with your love and consent, that we may always live together, as neighbors and friends; else what would the great God do to us, who hath made us, not to devour and destroy one another, but to live soberly and kindly together in the world ? Now I would have you well observe that I am very sensible of the unkindness and injustice that have been too much exercised toward you by the people of these parts of the world, who have sought them- selves, and to make great advantages by you, rather than to be examples of goodness and patience unto you, which I hear hath been a matter of trouble to you, and caused great grudging and animosities, sometimes to the shedding of blood, which hath made the great God angry. But I am not such a man, as is well known in my own country. I have great love and regard toward you, and desire to gain your love and friendship by a kind, just and peaceable life, and the people I send are of the same mind, and shall in all things be- have themselves accordingly; and if in anything any shall offend you or your people, you shall have a full and speedy satisfaction for the same by an equal number of just men on both sides that by no means you may have just occasion of being offended against them. I shall shortly come to you myself, at which time we may more largely and freely confer and discourse of these matters. In the meantime, I have sent my Commissioners to treat with you about land, and form a league of peace. Let me desire you to be kind to them and their people, and receive these presents and tokens which I have sent you as a testimony of my good will to you, and my resolution to live justly, peaceably and friendly with you." In this plain but sublime statement is embraced the whole theory of Will iam Penn's treatment of the Indians. It was the doctrine which the Savior of mankind came upon earth to promulgate — the estimable worth of every human soul. And when Penn came to propose his laws, one was adopted which forbade private trade with the natives in which they might be overreached; but it was required that the valuable skins and furs they had to sell should be hung up in the market place where all could see them and enter into compe- tition for their purchase. Penn was offered £6,000 for a monopoly of trade. But he well knew the injustice to which this would subject the simple-minded natives, and he refused it saying: " As the Lord gave it me over all and great opposition, I would not abuse His love, nor act unworthy of His provi- dence, and so defile what came to me clean " — a sentiment worthy to be treas- ured with the best thoughts of the sages of old. And to his Commissioners he gave a letter of instructions, in which he says: "Be impartially just to all; that is both pleasing to the Lord, and wise in itself. Be tender of offending the Indians, and let them know that you come to sit down lovingly among them. Let my letter and conditions be read in their tongue, that they may see 60 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. we have their good in our eye. Be grave, they love not to be smiled on." Acting upon these wise and just considerations, the Commissioners had no diffi- culty in making large purchases of the Indians of lands on the right bank of the Delaware and above the mouth of the Schuylkill. a But they found greater difficulty in settling the piace for the new city. Penn had given very minute instructions about this, and it was not easy to find a tract which answered all the conditions. For seven weeks they kept up their search. Penn had written, " be sure to make your choice wliere it is most navigable, high, dry and healthy; that is, where most ships may bestride, of deepest draught of water, if possible to load and unload at the bank or key's side without boating and lightening of it. It would do well if the river coming into that creek be navigable, at least for boats up into the country, and that the situation be high, at least dry and sound and not swampy, which is best known by digging up two or three earths and seeing the bottom." By his instructions, the site of the city was to be between two navigable streams, and embrace 10,000 acres in one block. " Be sure to settle the figure of the town so that the streets hereafter may be uniform down to the water from the country bounds. Let every house be placed, if the person pleases, in the middle of its plat, as to the breadth way of it, that so there may be ground on each side for gardens or orchards or fields, that it may be a green country town, which will never be burnt and always wholesome." The soil was examined, the streams were sounded, deep pits were dug that a location might be found which should gratify the desires of Penn. All the eligible sites were inspected from the ocean far up into the country. Penn himself had anticipated that Chester or Upland would be adopted from all that he could learn of it; but this was rejected, as was also the ground upon Poquessing Creek and that at Pennsbury Manor above Bristol which had been carefully considered, and the present site of Philadelphia was finally adopted as coming nearest to the requirements of the proprietor. It had not 10,000 acres inasoJid square, but it was between two navigable streams, and the soil was high and dry, being for the most part a vast bed of gravel, excellent for drainage and likely to prove healthful. The streets were laid out regularly and crossed each other at right angles. As the ground was only gently rolling, the grading was easily accomplished. One broad street. Market, extends from river to river through the midst of it, which is crossed at right angles at its middle point by Broad street of equal width. It is 120 miles from the ocean by the course of the river, and only sixty in a direct line, eighty-seven miles from New York, ninety-five from Baltimore, 136 from Washington, 100 from Harrisburg and 300 from Pittsburgh, and lies in north latitude 39° 56' 54", and longitude 75° 8' 45" west from Greenwich The name Philadelphia (brotherly love), was one that Penn had before selected, as this founding a city was a project which he had long dreamed of and contemplated with never-ceasing interest. HISTOKY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 51 CHAPTER TI. William Markham, 1681-82— William Penn, 1682-84. HAVING now made necessary preparations and settled his a£fair8 in En- gland, Penn embarked on board the ship Welcome, in August, 1682, in company with about a hundred planters, mostly from his native town of Sussex, and set his prow for the New World. Before leaving the Downs, he addressed a farewell letter to his friends whom ho left behind, and another to his wife and children, giving them much excellent advice, and sketching the way of life he wished them to lead.' With remarkable care and minuteness, he points out the way in which he would have his children bred, and educated, married, and live. A single passage from this remarkable document will indicate its general tenor. " Be sure to observe," in educating his children, " their genius, and do not cross it as to learning ; let them not dwell too long on one thing ; but let their change be agreeable, and let all their diversions have some little bodily labor in them. When grown big, have most care for them ; for then there are more snares both within and without. When marriageable, see that they have worthy persons in their eye ; of good life and good fame for piety and understanding. I need no wsEdth but sufficiency ; and be sure their love be dear, fervent and mutual, that it may be happy for them." And to his children he said, " Betake yourselves to some honest, industrious course of life, and that not of sordid covetousness, but for example and to avoid idle- ness. ***** Love not money nor the world ; use them only, and they will serve you ; but if you love them you serve them, which will debase your spirits as well as offend the Lord. ***** Watch against anger, neither speak nor act in it ; for, like drunkenness, it makes a man a beast, and throws people into desperate inconveniences." The entire letters are so full of excellent counsel that they might with great profit be committed to memory, and treasured in the heart. The voyage of nearly six weeks was prosperous ; but they had not been long on the ocean before that loathed disease — the virulent small-pox — broke out, of which thirty died, nearly a third of the whole company. This, added to the usual discomforts and terrors of the ocean, to most of whom this was probably their first experience, made the voyage a dismal one. And here was seen the nobility of Penn. " For his good conversation " says one of them, " was very advantageous to all the company. His singular care was manifested in contributing to the necessities of many who were sick with the small-pox then on board." His arrival upon the coast and passage up the river was hailed with dem- onstrations of joy by all classes, English, Dutch, Swedes, and especially by his own devoted followers. He landed at New Castle on the 24th of October, 1682, and on the following day summoned the people to the court house, where pos- session of the country was formally made over xi him, and he renewed the commissions of the magistrates, to whom and to the assembled people he an- nounced the design of his coming, explained the nature and end of truly good government, assuring them that their religious and civil rights should be re- spected, and recommended them to live in sobriety and peace. He then pro- 52 _ HISTORY OP PENNSYLVANIA. ceeded to "Upland, henoefoward known as Chester, where, on the 4th of Novem- ber, he called an assembly of the people, in which an equal number of votes- was allowed to the province and the territories. Nicholas Moore, President of the Free Society of Traders, was chosen speaker. As at New Castle, Penn addressed the assembly, giving them assurances of his beneficent intentions, for which they returned their grateful acknowledgments, the Swedes being especially demonstrative, deputing one of their number. Lacy Cock, to say " That they would love, serve and obey him with all they had, and that this was the best day they ever saw. " We can well understand with what satisfac- tion the settlers upon the Delaware hailed the prospect of a stable government established in their own midst, after having been so long at the mercy of the government in New York, with allegience trembling between the courts of Sweden, Holland and Britain. The proceedings of this first assembly were conducted with great decomm, and after the usages of the English Parliament. On the 7th of December, 1682, the three lower counties, what is now Delaware, which had previously been under the government of the Duke of York, were formerly annexed to th» province, and became an integral part of Pennsylvania. The frame of govern- ment, which had been drawn with much deliberation, was submitted to the assembly, and, after some alterations and amendments, was adopted, and be- came the fundamental law of the State. The assembly was in session only three days, but the work they accomplished, how vast and far-reaching in its influence ! The Dutch, Swedes and other foreigners were then naturalized, and the- government was launched in fair running order: That some idea may be had of its character, the subjects treated are here given: 1, Liberty of conscience; 2, Qualification of officers; 3, Swearing by God, Christ or Jesus; 4, Swearing by any other thing or name; 5, Profanity; 6, Cursing; 7, Fornication; 8, In- cest; 9, Sodom)'; 10, Rape; 11, Bigamy; 12, Drunkenness; 13, Suffering drunkenness; 14, Healths drinking; 15, Selling liquor to Indians; 16, Arson; 17, Burglary; 18, Stolen goods; 19, Forcible entry; 20, Eiots; 21, Assauiting^ parents: 22, Assaulting Magistrates; 23, Assaulting masters; 24, Assault and battery; 25, Duels; 26, Riotous sports, as plays; 27, Gambling and lotteries; 28, Sedition; 29, Contempt; 30, Libel; 31, Common scolds; 32, Charities; 33, Prices of beer and ale; 34, Weights and measures; 35, Names of days and months; 36, Perjury; 37, Court proceedings in English; 38, Civil and crim- inal trials; 39, Fees, salaries, bribery and extortion; 40, Moderation of fines; 41, Suits avoidable; 42, Foreign arrest; 43, Contracts: 44, Charters, gifts, grants, conveyances, bills, bonds and deeds, when recorded; 45, "Wills; 46^ Wills of non compos mentis; 47, Registry of "Wills; 48, Registry for servants; 49, Factors; 50, Defacers, corrupters and embezzlers of charters, conveyances and records; 51, Lands and goods to pay debts; 52, Bailable offenses; 53, Jails and jailers; 54, Prisons to be workhouses; 55, False imprisonment; 56, Magistrates may elect between fine or imprisonment; 57, Freemen; 58, Elec- tions; 59, No money levied but in pursuance of law; 60, Laws shall be printed and taught in schools; 61, All other things, not provided for nerein, are re- ferred to the Governor and freemen from time to time. "Very soon after his arrival in the colony, after the precept had been issued, but before the convening of the Assembly, Penn, that he might not be wanting in respect to the Duke of York, made a visit to New York, where he was kind- ly received, and also after the adjournment of the Assembly, journeyed to Mary- land, where he was entertained by Lord Baltimore with great ceremonv. The settlement of the disputed boundaries was made the subject of formal'confer- HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 53 enee. But after two days spent in fruitless discussion, the weather becoming severely cold, and thus precluding the possibility of taking observations or making the necessary surveys, it was agreed to adjourn further consideration of the subject until the milder weather of the spring. We may imagine that the two Governors were taking the measure of each other, and of gaining all possible knowledge of each other's claims and rights, preparatory to that struggle for possession of this disputed fortieth degree of latitude, which was desxined to come before the home government. With all his cares iu founding a State and providing a government over a new people, Penn did not forget to preach the " blessed Gospel," and wherever he went he was intent upon his " Master's business." On his return from Maryland, Lord Baltimore accompanied him several miles to the house of William Eichardson, and thence to Thomas Hooker's, where was a religious meeting, as was also one held at Choptauk. Penn himself says: "Ihave been also at New York, Long Island, East Jersey and Maryland,. in which I have had good and eminent service for the Lord." And again he says: "As to. outward things, we are satisfied — the land good, the air clear and sweet, tho springs plentiful, and provisions good and easy to come at, an innumerable- quantity of wild fowl and fish; in fine, here is what an Abraham, Isaac and Jacob would be well contented with, and service enough for God: for the fields are here white for the harvest. O, how sweet is the quiet of those parts, freed from the anxious and troublesome solicitations, hurries and perplexities of woeful Europe! * * * Blessed be the Lord, that of twenty-three ships, none miscarried; only two or three had the small-pox; else healthy and swift passages, generally such as have not been known; some but twenty-eight days, and few longer than six weeks. Blessed be God for it; my soul fervently breathes that in His heavenly guiding wisdom, we may be kept, that we may serve Him in our day, and lay down our heads in peace." And then, as if re- proached for not having mentioned another subject of thankfulness, he adds in a postscript, "Many women, in divers of the ships, brought to bed; they and their children do well." Penn made it his first care to take formal possession of his province, and adopt a frame of government. When this was done, his chief concern was to look to the establishment of his proposed new city, the site of which had already been determined on by his Commissioners. Accordingly, early in November, at a season when, in this section, the days are golden, Penn em- barked in an open barge with a number of his friends, and was wafted leisurely up the Delaware to the present site of the city of Philadel- phia, which the natives called Coaquannock. Along the river was a bold shore, fringed with lofty pines, which grew close down to the water's edge, eo much so that when the first ship passing up with settlers for West Jersey had brushed against the branches, the passengers remarked that this would be a good place for a city. It was then in a wild state, the deer browsing along the shore and sipping the stream, and the coneys burrowing in the banks. The scattered settlers had gathered in to see and welcome the new Governor, and when he stepped upon the shore, they extended a helping hand in assisting him up the rugged bluff. Three Swedes had already taken up tracts within the limits of the block of land chosen for the city. But they were given lands in exchange, and readily relinquished their claims. The location was pleasing to Penn, and was adopted without further search, tJiough little could be seen of this then forest-encumbered country, where now is the home of countless induetries, the busy mart, the river bearing upon its bosom the commerce of many climes, and the abiding place of nearly a million of people. But Penn did not con- 54 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. sider that he had as yet any just title to the soil, holding that the Indians were ita only rightful possessors, and until it was fairly acquired by purchase from them, his own title was entirely void. Hence, he sought an oarly opportunity to meet the chiefs of the tribes and cultivate friendly relations with them. Tradition fixes the first great treaty or conference at about this time, probably in November, and the place under the elm tree, known as the " Treaty Tree," at Kensington. It was at a sea- son when the leaves would still be upon the trees, and the assembly was called beneath the ample shade of the wide-sweeping braaches, which was pleasing to the Indians, as it was their custom to hold all their great deliberations and smoke the pipe of peace in the open air. The letter which Penn had sent had prepared the minds of these simple-hearted inhabitants of the forest to regard him with awe and reverence, little less than that inspired by a descended god. His coming had for a long time been awaited, and it is probable that it had been heralded and talked over by the wigwam fire throughout the remotest bounds of the tribes. And when at length the day came, the whole popula- tion far around had assembled. It is known that three tribes at least were represented — the Lenni Lenape, living along the Delaware; the Shawnees, a tribe that bad come up from the South, and were seated along the Lower Susquehanna; and the Mingoes, sprung from the Six Nations, and inhabiting along the Conestoga. Penn was probably accompanied by the several officers of his Government ' and his most trusted friends. There were no implements of warfare, for peace was a cardi- nal feature of the Quaker creed No veritable account of this, the great treaty, is known to have been made; but from the fact that Penn not long after, in an elaborate treatise upon the country, the inhabitants and the natives, has given the account of the manner in which the ladians demean themselves in conference, we may infer that he had this one in mind, and hence we may adopt it as his own description of the scene. " Their order is thus: The King sits in the middle of a half moon, and hath his council, the old and wise, on each hand; behind them, or at a little distance, sit the younger fry in the same figure. Having consulted and re- solved their business, the King ordered one of them to speak to me. He stood up, came to me, and, in the name of the King, saluted me; then took me by th* hand and told me he was ordered by the King to speak to me; and now it was not he, but the King that spoke, because what he would say was the King's mind. * # * * During the time that this person spoke, not a man of them was observed to whisper or smile; the old grave, the young reverant, in their deportment. They speak little, but fervently, and with ele- gance. " In response to the salutation from the Indians, Penn makes a reply in suitable terms: "The Great Spirit, who made me and you, who rules the heavens and the earth, and who knows the innermost thoughts of men, knows that I and my friends have a hearty desire to live in peace and friendship with you, and to serve you to the uttermost of our power. It is not our custom to use hostile weapons against our fellow-creatures, for which reason we have come unarmed. Oar object is not to do injury, and thus provoke the Great Spirit, but to do good. We are met on the broad pathway of good faith and good will, so that no advantage is to be takon on either side; but all to be open- ness, brotherhood and love." Having unrolled his parchment, he explains to them through an interpreter, article by article, the nature of the business, and laying it upoa the ground, observes that the ground shall be for the use of HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 55 both people. " I will not do as the Marylanders did, call you children, or ■brothers only; for parents are apt to whip their children too severely, and brothers sometimes will differ; neither will I compare the friendship between lis to a chain, for the rain may rust it, or a tree may fall and break it; but I will consider you as the same flesh and blood with the Christians, and the same as if one man's body were to be divided into two parts." Having ended his ■business, the speaker for the King comes forward and makes great promises "of kindness and good neighborhood, and that the Indians and English must live in love as long as the sun gave light." This ended, another Indian makes a speech to his own people, first to explain to them what had been agreed on, ■and then to exhort them "to love the Christians, and particularly live in peace ■with me and the people under my government, that many Governors had been in the river, but that no Governor had come himself to live and stay here be- fore, and having now such an one, that had treated them well, they should never do him nor his any wrong. " At every sentence they shouted, as much as to «ay, amen. The Indians had no system of writing by which they could record their •dealings, but their memory of events and agreements was almost miraculous. Heckewelder records that in after years, they were accustomed, by means of strings, or belts of wampum, to preserve the recollection of their pleasant in- terviews with Penn, after he had departed for England. He says, " They fre- quently assembled together in the woods, in some shady spot, as nearly as pos- ■sible similar to those where they used to meet their brother Miquon (Penn), and there lay all his words and speeches, with those of his descendants, on a blanket, or clean piece of bark, and with great satisfaction go successively ■over the whole. This practice, which I have repeatedly witnessed, continued until the year 1780, when disturbances which took place put an end to it, probably forever." The memory of this, the " Great Treaty," was long preserved by the na- tives, and the novel spectacle was reproduced upon canvas by the genius of Benjamin West. In this picture, Penn is represented as a corpulent old man, whereas he was at this time but thirty-eight years of age, and in the very ^height of manly activity. The Treaty Tree was preserved and guarded from injury with an almost superstitious care. During the Revolution, when Phila- ■delphia was occupied by the British, and their parties were scouring the coun- try for firewood, Gen. Simcoe had a sentinel placed at this tree to protect it irom mutilation. It stood until 1810, when it was blown down, and it was ascertained by its annual concentric accretions to be 283 years old, and was, ■consequently, 155 at the time of making the treaty. The Penn Society erected a substantial monument on the spot where it stood. Penn drew up his deeds for lands in legal form, and had them duly exe- cuted and made of record, that, in the dispute possible to arise in after times, ihere might be proof definite and positive of the purchase. Of these purchases there are two deeds on record executed in 1683. One is for land near Nesha- miny Creek, and thence to Penypack, and the other tor lands lying between Schuylkill and Chester Rivers, the first bearing the signature of the great •chieftain, Taminend. In one of these purchases it is provided that the tract '■shall extend back as far as a man could walk in three days. " Tradition runs that Penn himself, with a number of his friends, walked out the half this purchase with the Indians, that no advantage should be taken of them by mak- ing a great walk, and to show his consideration for them, and that he was not above the toils aiid fatigues of such a duty." They began to walk out this land at the mouth of the Neshaminy, and walked up the Delaware; in one day 56 HISTORY OP PENNSYLVANIA. and a half they got to a spruce tree near the mouth of Baker's Creek, when Penn, concluding that this would include as much land as he would want at present, a line was run and marked from the spruce tree to Neshaminy, and the remainder left to be walked when it should be wanted. They proceed- ed after the Indian manner, walking leisurely, sitting down sometimes to smoke their pipes, eat biscuit and cheese, and drink a bottle of wine. Id the day and a half they walked a little less than thirty miles. The balance of the purchase was not walked until September 20, 17b3, when the then Governor of Pennsylvania offered a prize of 500 acres of land and £5 for the man who would walk the farthest. A distance of eighty-six miles was covered, in marked contrast with the kind consideration of Penn. During the first year, the country upon the Delaware, from the falls of Trenton as far as Chester, a distance of nearly sixty miles, was rapidly taken up and peopled. The large proportion of these were Quakers, and devotedly attached to their religion and its proper observances. They were, hence, morally, of the best classes, and though they were not generally of the aristocracy, yet many of them were in comfortable circumstances, had valuable properties, were of respectable families, educated, and had the resources within themselves to live contented and happy. They were provident, industrious, and had come hither with no fickle purpose. Many brought servants with them, and well supplied wardrobes, and all necessary articles which they wisely judged would be got in a new country with difficulty. Their religious principles were bo peaceful and generous, and the govern- ment rested so lightly, that the fame of the colony and the desirableness of settlement therein spread rapidly, and the numbers coming hither were unpar- alleled in the history of colonization, especially when we consider that a broad ocean was to be crossed and a voyage of several weeks was to be endured. In a brief period, ships with passengers came from London, Bristol, Ireland, Wales, Cheshire, Lancashire, Holland, Germany, to the number of about fifty. Among others came a company of German Quakers, from Kxisheim, near Worms, in the Palatinate. These people regarded their lot as particularly fortunate, in which they recognized the direct interposition and hand of Provi- dence. For, not long afterward, the Palatinate was laid waste by the French army, and many of their kindred whom they had left behind were despoiled of their possessions and reduced to penury. There came also from Wales a com- pany of the stock of aacient Britons. So large an influx of population, coming in many cases without due pro- vision for variety of diet, caused a scarcity in many kinds of food, especially of meats. Time was required to bring forward flocks and herds, more than for producing grains. But Providence seemed to have graciously considered their necessities, and have miraculously provided for them, as of old was pro vision made for the chosen people. For it is recorded that the ' ' wild pigeons came in such great numbers that the sky was sometimes darkened by their flight, and, flying low, they were frequently knocked down as they flew, in great quantities, by those who had no other means to take them, whereby the}' supplied themselves, and, having salted those which they could not immedi- ately use, they preserved them, both for bread and meat." The Indians were kind, and often furnished them with game, for which they would receive no compensation. Their first care on landing was to bring their household goods to a place of safety, often to the simple protection of a tree. For some, this was their only shelter, lumber being scarce, and in many places impossible to obtain. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 67 Some made for themselves caves in the earth UDtil better habitations could be secured. John Key, who was said. to have been the first child born of English par- ents in Philadelphia, and that in recognition of which William Penn gave him a lot of ground, died at Kennet, in Chester County, on July 5, 1768, in the eighty-fifth year of his age. He was born in one of these caves upon the river bank, long afterward known by the name of Penny-pot, near Sassa- fras street. About six years before his death, he walked from Kennet to the city, about thirty miles, in one day. In the latter part of his life he went under the name of I'irst Born. The contrasts between the comforts and conveniences of an old settled country and this, where the heavy forests must be cleared away and severe la- bors must be endured before the sun could be let in sufficiently to produce anything, must have been very marked, and caused repining. But they had generally come with meek and humble hearts, and they willingly endured hardship and privation, and labored on earnestly for the spiritual comfort which they enjoyed. Thomas Makin, in some Latin verses upon the early set- tlement, says (we quote the metrical translation): "Its fame to distant countries far has spread, And some for peace, and some for profit led; Born in remotest climes, to settle here They leave their native soil and all that's dear. And still will flock from far, here to be free. Such powerful charms has lovely liberty." But for their many privations and sufferings there were some compensat- ing conditions. The soil was fertile, the air mostly clear and healthy, the streams oE water were good and plentiful, wood for fire and building unlimit- ed, and at certain seasons of the year game in the forest was abundant. Rich- ard Townsend, a settler at Germantown, who came over in the ship with Penn, in writing to his friends in England of his first year in America, says: "I, with Joshua Tittery, made a not, and caught great quantities of fish, so that, notwithstanding it was thought near three thousand persons came in the first year, we were so providentially provided for that we could buy a deer for about two shillings, and a large turkey for about one shilling, and Indian corn for about two shillings sixpence a bushel." In the same letter, the writer mentions that a young deer came out of the forest into the meadow where he was mowing, and looked at him, and when he went toward it would retreat; and, as he resumed his mowing, would come back to gaze upon him, and finally ran forcibly against a tree, which bo stunned it that he was able to overmaster it and bear it away to his home, and as this was at a time when he was suffering for the lack of meat, he believed it a direct interposition of Providence. In the spring of 1683, there was great activity throughout the colony, and especially in the new city, in selecting lands and erecting dwellings, the Sur- veyor General, Thomas Holme, laying out and marking the streets. In the center of the city was a public square of ten acres, and in each of the four quarters one of eight acres. A large mansion, which had been undertaken be- fore his arrival, was built for Penn, at a point twenty-six miles up the river, called Pennsbury Manor, where he sometimes resided, and where he often met the Indian sachems. At this time, Penn divided the colony into counties, three for the province (Bucks, Philadelphia and Chester) and three for the Territories (New Castle, Kent and Sussex). Having appointed Sheriffs and other proper officers, he issued writs for the election of members of a General 58 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Assembly, three from each county for the Council or Upper House, and nine from each county for the Assembly or Lower House. * This Assembly convened and organized for business on the 10th of Jan- nary, 1683, at Philadelphia. One of the first subjects considered was the revising some provisions of the frame of government which was effected, re- ducing the number of members of both Houses, the Council to 18 the As- sembly to 36, and otherwise amending in unimportant particulars. In an assembly thus convened, and where few, if any, had had any experience in serving in a deliberative body, we may reasonably suppose that many crude and impracticable propositions would be presented. As an example of these the following may be cited as specimens): That young men should be obliged to marry at, or before, a certain age; that two sorts of clothes only shall be worn, one for winter and the other for summer. The session lasted twenty two days. The first grand jury in Pennsylvania was summoned for the 2d of Feb- ruary, 1683, to inquire into the cases of some persons accused of issuing counterfeit money. The Governor and Council sat as a court. One Picker- ing was convicted, and the sentence was significant of the kind and patriarchal nature of the government, "that he should make full satisfaction, in good and current pay, to every person who should, within the space of one month, bring in any of this false, base and counterfeit coin, and that the money brought in should be melted down before it was returned to him, and that he should pay a tine of forty pounds toward the building a court house, stand committed till the same was paid, and afterward find security for his good behavior." The Assembly and courts having now adjourned, Penn gave his attention to the grading and improving the streets of the new city, and the managing the affairs of his land office, suddenly grown to great importance. For every section of land taken up in the wilderness, the purchaser was entitled to a certain plot in the new city. The Eiver Delaware at this time was nearly a mile broad opposite the city, and navigable .for ships of the largest tonnage. The tide rises about six feet at this point, and flows back to the falls of Trenton, a distance of thirty miles. The tide in the Schuylkill flows only about five miles above its confluence with the Delaware. The river bank along the Delaware was intended by Penn as a common or public resort. But in his time the owners of lots above Front street pressed him to allow them to construct warehouses upon it, opposite their properties, which importunity in- duced him to make the following declaration concerning it; "The bank is a top common, from end to end; the rest next the water belongs to front- lok men no more than back-lot men. The way bounds them; they may build stairs, and the top of the bank a common exchange, or wall, and against the street, common wharfs may be built freely; but into the water, and the shore is no purchaser's. " But in future time, this liberal desire of the founder was dis- regarded, and the bank has been covered with immense warehouses. * It may be a matter of curiosity to know the names of the members of this first regularly elected Legis- lature in Pennsylvania, and they are accordingly appended as given in official records : Council: William Markham, Christopher Taylor, Thomas Holme, Lacy Cock, William Haige, John Moll Ralph Withers, John Simcock, Edward CaDtwell, William Clayton, William Biles, James Harrison, William •Clark, Francis Whitewell, John Richardson, John Hillyard. Assembly: From Bucks, William Yardly, Samuel Darke, Robert Lucas, Nicholas Walne, John Wood John Clowes, Thomas Fitzwater, Robert Hall, James Boyden ; from Philadelphia, John Longhurst, John Hart Wal- ter King, Andros Binkson, John Moon, Thomas Wynne (Speaker), Griffith Jones, William Warner, Swan Swan- son; from Chester, John Hoskins, Robert Wade, George Wood, John Blunston, Dennis Koohford Thomas Bracy, John Bezer, John Harding, Joseph Phipps ; from New Castle, John Cann, John Darby, Valentine Holl- ingsworth, Gasparus Herman. John Dchoaef, James Williams, William Guest, Peter Alrich, Henrick Williams- from Kent, John Biggs, Simon Irons, Thomas HafTold John Curtis, Robert Bedwell, William Windsmore John Brinkloe, Daniel Brown, Benony Bishop ; from Sussex, Luke Watson, Alexander Draper, William Fu'toher Henry Bowman, Alexander Moleston, John Hill, Robert Bracy, John Kipshaven, Cornelius Verhoof. ' HISTORY OF PENNSyLVANIA. 59 Seeing now his plans of government and settlement fairly in operation, as autumn approached, Penn wrote a letter to the Free Society of Traders in London, which had been formed to promote settlement in his colony, in which he touched upon a great variety of topics regarding his enterprise, extending to qiiite a complete treatise. The great interest attaching to the subjects dis- cussed, and the ability with which it was drawn, makes it desirable to insert the document entire; but its great length makes its use incompatible with the plan of this work. A few extracts and a general plan of the letter is all that can be given. He first notices the injurious reports put in circulation in En- gland during his absence: " Some persons have had so little wit and so much malice as to report my death, and, to mend the matter, dead a Jesuit, too. One might have reasonably hoped that this distance, like death, would have been a protection against spite and envy. * * * However, to the great sorrow and shame of the inventors, I am still alive and no Jesuit, and, I thank God, very well." Of the air and waters he says: " The air is sweet and clear, the heavens serene, like the south parts of France, rarely overcast. The 'waters are generally good, for the rivers and brooks have mostly gravel and stony bot- toms, and in number hardly credible. We also have mineral waters that operate in the same manner with Barnet and North Hall, not two miles from Philadelphia. " He then treats at length of the four seasons, of trees, fruits, grapes, peaches, grains, garden produce: of animals,beast8, birds, fish, whale fish- ery, horses and cattle, medicinal plants, flowers of the woods; of the Indians and their persons. Of their language he says: "It is lofty, yet narrow; but, like the Hebrew, in signification, full, imperfect in their tenses, wanting in their moods, participles, adverbs, conjunctions, interjections. I have made it my busi- ness to understand it, and I must say that I know not a language spoken in Europe that hath words of more sweetness or greatness in accent and emphasis than theirs." Of their customs and their children: " The children will go very young, at nine months, commonly; if boys, they go a fishing, till ripe for the woods, which is about fifteen; then they hunt, and, after having given some proofs of their manhood by a good return of skins, they may marry, else it is a shame to think of a wife. The girls stay with their mother and help to hoe the ground, plant corn and cany burdens. When the young women are fit for marriage, they wear something upon their heads as an advertisment; but so, as their faces hardly to be seen, but when they please. The age they marry at, if women, is about thirteen and fourteen; if men, seventeen and eighteen; they are rarely elder." In a romantic vein he speaks of their houses, diet, hospitality, revengefulness and concealment of resentment, great liberality, free manner of life and customs, late love of strong liquor, behavior in sickness and death, their re- ligion, their feastings, their government, their mode of doing business, their manner of administering justice, of agreement for settling difficulties entered into with the pen, their susceptibility to improvement, of the origin of the Indian race their resemblance to the Jews. Of the Dutch and Swedes whom he found set- tled here when he came, he says: " The Dutch applied themselves to traffick, the Swedes and Finns to husbandry. The Dutch mostly inhabit those parts that lie upon the bay, and the Swedes the freshes of the Delaware. They are a plain, strong, industrious people; yet have made no great progress in culture or propagation of fruit trees. They are a people proper, and strong of body, so they have fine children, and almost every house full; rare to find one of them without three or four boys and as many girls — some, six, seven and eight sons, and I must do them that right, I see few young men more sober and laborious." After speaking at length of the organization of the colony and its manner of government, he concludes with his own opinion of the country: "I say little 60 HISTOKY OF PENNSYLVANIA. of the town itself; but this I will say, for the good providence of God, that of all the many places I have seen in the world, I remember not one better seated, so that it seems to me to have been appointed for a town, whether we regard the rivers or the conveniency of the coves, docks, springs, the loftiness and soundness of the land and the air, held by the people of these parts to be very good. It is advanced within less than a year to about fourscore bouses and cottages, where merchants and handicrafts are following their vocations as fast as they can, while the countrymen are close at their farms. * * * i bless God I am fully satisfied with the country and entertainment I got in it; for I find that particular content, which hath always attended me, where God in His providence hath made it my place and Hervice to reside. " As we have seen, the visit of Penn to Lord Baltimore soon after his arrival in America, for the purpose of settlingthe boundaries of the two provinces, after a two days' conference, proved fruitless, and an adjournment was had for the winter, when the efforts for settlement were to be resumed. Early in the spring, an attempt was made on the part of Peun, but was prevented till May, when a meeting was held at New Castle. Penn proposed to confer by the aid of counselors and in writing. But to this Baltimore objected, and, complain- ing of the sultryness of the weather, the conference was broken up. In the meantime, it had come to the knowledge of Penn that Lord Baltimore had issued a proclamation offering settlers more land, and at cheaper rates than Penn had done, in portions of the lower counties which Penn had secured from the Duke of York, but which Baltimore now claimed. Besides, it was ascertained that an agent of his had taken an observation, and determined the latitude without the knowledge of Penn, and had secretly made an ex parte statement of the case before the Lords of the Committee of Plantations in En- gland, and was pressing for arbitrament. This state of the case created much uneasiness in the mind of Penn, especially as the proclamation of Lord Balti- more was likely to bring the two governments into conflict on territory mutu- ally claimed. But Lord Baltimore was not disposed to be content with diplo- macy. He determined to pursue an aggressive policy. He accordingly com- missioned his agent. Col. George Talbot, under date of September 17, 1683, to go to Schuylkill, at Delaware, and demand of William Penn " all that part of the land on the west side of the said river that lyeth to the southward of the fortieth degree." This bold demand would have embraced the entire colony, both the lower counties, and the three counties in the province, as the fortieth degree reaches a considerable distance above Philadelphia. Penn was absent at the time in New York, and Talbot made his demand upon Nicholas Moore, the deputy of Penn. Upon his return, the proprietor made a dignified but earnest rejoinder. While he felt that the demand could not be justly sus- tained, yet the fact that a controversy for the settlement of the boundary was likely to arise, gave him disquietude, and though he was gratified with the success of his plans for acquiring lands of the Indians and establishing friendly relations with them, the laying-out of his new city and settling it, the adop- tion of a stable government and putting it in successful operation, and, more than all, the drawing thither the large number of settlers, chiefly of his own religious faith, and seeing them contented and happy in the new State, he plainly foresaw that his skill and tact would be taxed to the utmo.st to defend and hold his claim before the English court. If the demand of Lord Balti- more were to prevail, all that he had done would be lost, as his entire colony would be swallowed up by Maryland. The anxiety of Penn to hold from the beginning of the 40° of latitude was not to increase thereby his territory by so much, for two degrees which he HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 61 securely had, so far as amount of land was concerned, would have entirely- satisfied him; but he wanted this degree chiefly that he might have the free navigation of Delaware Bay and River, and thus open communication with the ocean. He desired also to hold the lower counties, which were now well settled, as well as his own counties rapidly being peopled, and his new city of Philadelphia, which he regarded as the apple of his eye. So anxious was he to hold the land on the right bank of the Delaware to the open ocean, that at iis second meeting, he asked Lord Baltimore to set a price per square mile on this disputed ground, and though he had purchased it once of the crown and held the King's charter for it, and the Duke of York's deed, yet rather than have any further wrangle over it, he was willing to pay for it again. But this Lord Baltimore refused to do. Bent upon bringing matters to a crisis, and to force possession of his claim, early in the year 1684 a party from Maryland made forcible entry upon the plantations in the lower counties and drove off the owners. The Oovernor and Council at Philadelphia sent thither a copy of the answer of Penn to Baltimore's demand for the land south of the Delaware, with orders io "William Welch, Sheriff at New Castle, to use his influence to reinstate the lawful owners, and issued a declaration succinctly stating the claim of Penn, for the purpose of preventing such unlawful incursions in future. The season opened favorably for the continued prosperity of the young colony. Agriculture was being prosecuted as never before. Goodly flocks and herds gladdened the eyes of the settlers. An intelligent, moral and in- dustrious yeomanry was springing into existence. Emigrants were pouring into the Delaware from many lands. The Government was becoming settled in its operations and popular with the people. The proprietor had leisure to attend to the interests of his religious society, not only in his own dominions, but in the Jerseys and in New York. CHAPTER yil. Thomas Lloyd, 1884-86— Five Commissioners, 1686-88— John Blackwell, 1688 -90— Thomas Llotd, 1690-91— William Makkham, 1691-93— Benjamin Fletcher, 1693-95— William Markham, 1693-99. BUT the indications, constantly thickening, that a struggle was likely soon to be precipitated before the crown for possession of the disputed terri- tory, decided Penn early in the summer to quit the colony and return to En- gland to defend his imperiled interests. There is no doubt that he took this step with unfeigned regret, as he was contented and happy in his new country, and was most usefully employed. There were, however, other inducements which were leading him back to England. The hand of persecution was at this time laid heavily upon the Quakers. Over 1,400 of these pious and in- offensive people were now, and some of them had been for years, languishing in the prisons of England, for no other offense than their manner of worship. By his friendship with James, and his acquaintance with the King, he might ■do something to soften the lot of these unfortunate victims of bigotry. He accordingly empowered the Provincial Council, of which Thomas Lloyd was President, to act in his stead, commissioned Nicholas Moore, Will- iam Welch, William Wood, Eobert Turner and John Eckley, Provincial 62 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Judges for two years; appointed Thomas Lloyd, James Claypole and Robert Turner to sign land patents and warrants, and William Clark as Justice of the Peace for all the counties; and on the 6th of June, 1684, sailed for Europe. His feelings on leaving hid colony are exnibited by a farewell address which he issued from on board the vessel to his people, of which the following are- brief extracts: "My love and my life is to you, and with you, and no water can quench it, nor distance wear it out, nor bring it to an end. I have been with you, cared over you and served over you with unfeigned love, and you are beloved of me, and near to me, beyond utterance. I bless you in the name and power of the Lord, and may God bless you with His righteousness, peace and plenty all the land over. * * * Oh! now are you come to a quiet land; provoke not the Lord to trouble it And now liberty and author- ity are with you, and in your hands. Let the government be upon His shoulders, in all your spirits, that you may rule for Him, under whom the princes of this world will, one day, esteem their honor to govern and serve in their places * * * And thou, Philadelphia, the virgin settlement of this province, named before thou wert born, what love, what care, what serv- ice and what travail has there been, to bring thee forth, and preserve thee from such as would abuse and defile thee! * * * go, dear friends, my love- again salutes you all, wishing that grace, mercy and peace, with all temporal blessings, may abound richly among you — so says, so prays, your friend and lover in the truth. William Penn." On the 6th of December of this same year, 1684, Charles II died, and was succeeded by his brother James, Duke of York, under the title of James IL James was a professed Catholic, and the people were greatly excited all over the kingdom lest the reign of Bloody Mary should be repeated, and that the Catholic should become the established religion. He had less ability than his brother, the deceased King, but great discipline and industry. Penn en- joyed the friendship and intimacy of the new King, and he determined to use his advantage for the relief of his suffering countrymen, not only of his sect, the Quakers, but of all, and especially for the furtherance of universal liberty. But there is no doubt that he at this time meditated a speedy return to his province, for he writes: "Keep up the peoples' hearts and loves; I hope to be with them next fall, if the Lord prevent not. I long to be with you. No temptations prevail to fix me here. The Lord send us a good meeting." By authority of Penn, dated 18th of January, 1685, William Markham, Penn's cousin, was commissioned Secretary of the province, and the proprietor's Sec- retary. That he might be fixed near to court for the -furtherance of his private as well as public business, he secured lodgings for himself and family, in 1685, at Kensington, near London, and cultivated a daily intimacy with crown of Britain, and pointing to the late treaties of peace entered into be- tween the English and French, whereby it was agreed that each should respect, the colonial possessions of the other — to the Commandant of the French, who had his headquarters at Fort Le Boeuf. fifteen miles inland from the presents site of the city of Erie. 88 HISTORY OP PENNSYLVANIA. But who should be the messenger to execute this delicate and responsible duty? It was winter, and the distance to be traversed was some 500 miles, through an unbroken wilderness, cut by rugged mountain chains and deep and rapid streams. It was proposed to several, who declined, and was finally accepted by George Washington, a youth barely twenty-one years old. On the last day of November, 1753, he bade adieu to civilization, and pushing on through the forest to the settlements on the Monongalia, where he was joined by Capt. Gist, followed up the Allegheny to Port Venango (now Franklin); thence up the Venango to its head-waters at Fort Le Boeuf, where he held formal conference with the French Commandant, St. Pierre. The French ■officer had been ordered to hold this territory on the score of the dis- covery ot the Mississippi by La Salle, and he had no discretion but to execute his orders, and referred Washington to his superior, the Governor General of Canada. Making careful notes of the location and strength of the post and those encountered on the way, the young embassador returned, being twice fired at on his journey by hostile Indians, and near losing his life by being thrown into the freezing waters of the Allegheny. Upon his arrival, he made a full report of the embassage, which was widely published in this country and in England, and was doubtless the basis upon which action was predicted that eventuated in a long and sanguinary war, which finally resulted in the ■expulsion of the power of France from .this continent. Satisfied that the French were determined to hold the territory upon the Ohio by force of arms, a body of 150 men, of which Washington was second in command, was sent to the support of the settlers. But the French, having the Allegheny Eiver at flood-tide on which to move, and Washington, without means of transportation, having a rugged and mountainous country to over- come, the former first reached the point of destination. Contraeoeur, the French commander, with 1,000 men and field pieces on a fleet of sixty boats and 300 canoes, dropped down the Allegheny and easily seized the fort then being constructed by the Ohio Company at its mouth, and proceeded to erect there an elaborate work which he called Fort Da Quesne, after the Governor Gen- eral. Informed of this proceeding, Washington pushed forward, and finding that a detachment of the French was in his immediate neighborhood, he made a forced march by night, and coming upon them unawares killed and captured the entire party save one. Ten of the French, including their commander, Jumonvjlle, were killed, and twenty-one made prisoners. Col. Fry, the com- mander of the Americans, died at Will's Creek, where the command devolved on Washington. Though re-enforcements had been dispatched from the sev- eral colonies in response to the urgent appeals of Washington, none reached him but one company of 100 men under Capt. Majkay from South Carolina. Knowing that he was confronting a vastly superior force of the French, well supplied with artillery, he threw up works at a point called the Great Meadows, which he characterizes as a " charming field for an encounter, " nam- ing his hastily built fortification Fort Necessity. Stung by the loss of their leader, the French came out in strong force and soon invested the pi ace. Unfor- tunately one part of Washington's position was easily commanded by the artil- lery of the French, which they were not slow in taking advantage of. The ac- tion opened on the 3d of July, and was continued till late at night. A capit- ulation was proposed by the French commander, which Washington reluctantly accepted, seeing all hope of re-enforcements reaching him, cut off, and on the 4th of July marched out with honors of war and fell back to Fort Cumberland. Gov. Hamilton had stronglyrecommended.before hostilities opened, that the Assembly should provide for defense and establish a line of block -houses along HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 89 the frontier. But the Assembly, while willing to vote money for buying peace from the Indians, and contributions to the British crown, from which protec- tion was claimed, was unwilling to contribute directly for even defensive war- fare. Id a single year, £8,000 were voted for Indian gratuities. The proprie- tors were appealed to to aid in bearing this burden. But while they were willing to contribute liberally for defense, they would give nothing for Indian gratuities. They sent to the colony cannon to the value of £400. In February, 1753, John Penn, grandson of the founder, son of Eichard, arrived in the colony, and as a mark of respect was immediately chosen a mem- ber of the Council and made its President. In consequence of the defeat of Washington at Port Necessity, Gov. Hamilton convened the Assembly in extra session on the 6th of August, at which money was freely voted; but owing to the instructions given by the proprietors to their Deputy Governor not to sign any money bill that did not place the whole of the interest at their disposal, this action of the Assembly was abortive. The English and French nations made strenuous exertions to strengtnen their forces in America for the campaigns sure to be undertaken in 1754. The French, by being under the supreme authority of one governing power, the Governor General of Canada, were able to concentrate and bring all their power of men and resources to bear at the threatened point with more celerity and certainty than the English, who were dependent upon colonies scattered along all the sea board, and upon Legislatures penny- wise in voting money. To remedy these inconveniences, the English Government recommended a con- gress of all the colonies, together with the Six Nations, for the purpose of con- certing plans for efficient defense. This Congress met on the 19th of June, 1754. the first ever convened in America. The Representatives from Pennsyl- vania were John Penn and Eichard Peters for the Council, and Isaac Norris and Benjamin Franklin for the Assembly. The influence of the powerful naind of Franklin was already beginning to be felt, he having been Clerk of the Pennsylvania Assembly since 1736, and since 1750 had been a member. Heartily sympathizing with the movers in the purposes of this Congress, he came to Albany with a scheme of union prepared, which, having been pre- sented and debated, was, on the 10th of July, adopted substantially as it came from his hands. It provided for the appointment of a President General by the Crown, and an Assembly of forty-eight members to be chosen by the sev- eral Colonial Assemblies. The plan was rejected by both parties in interest, the King considering the power vested in the representatives of the people too great, and every colony rejecting it because the President General was given " an influence greater than appeared to them proper in a plan of government intended for freemen." CHAPTEE X. Robert H. Morris, 1754-56— William Dennt, 1756-59— James Hamilton, 1759-63. FINDING himself in a false position by the repugnant instructions of the proprietors. Gov. Hamilton had given notice in 1753, that, at the end oi twelve months from its reception, he would resign. Accordingly in October, 1754, he was succeeded by Eobert Hunter Morris, sod oi Lewis Morris, Chief Justice of New York and New Jersey, and Governor of New Jersey. The son 90 HSTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. was bred a lawyer, and waa for twenty-six years Councilor, and twenty Chief Justice of New Jersey. The Assembly, at its first session, voted a money bill, for £40,000, but not having the proviso required by the proprietors, it was vetoed. Determined to push military operations, the British Government had called early in the year for 3,000 volunteers from Pennsylvania, with subsis- tance, camp equipage and transportation, and had sent two regiments of the line, under Gen. Braddock, from Cork, Ireland. Landing at Alexandria, Va., he marched to Frederick, Md., where, finding no supplies of transportation, he halted. The Assembly of Pennsylvania had voted to borrow £o,O0O, on its own account, for the use of the crown in prosecuting the cam- paign, and had sent Franklin, who was then Postmaster General for the colo- nies, to Braddock to aid in prosecuting the expedition. Finding that the army was stopped for lack of transportation, Franklin returned into Pennsylvania, and by his commanding influence soon secured the necessary wagons and beasts of burden. Braddock had formed extravagant plans for his campaign. He would march forward and reduce Fort Du Quesne, thence proceed against Fort Ni- aj^ara, which having conquered he would close a season of triumphs by the capture of Fort Frontignace. But this is not the first time in warfare that the result of a campaign has failed to realize the promises of the manifesto. The orders brought by Braddock giving precedence of officers of the line over provincials gave ofiense, and Washington among others threw up his commis- sion; but enamored of the profession of arms, he accepted a position offered him by Braddock as Aidede camp. Accustomed to the discipline of military establishments in old, long-settled countries, Braddock had little conception of making war in a wilderness with only Indian trails to move upon, and against wily savages. Washington had advised to push forward with pack horses, and, by rapidity of movement, forestall ample preparation. But Braddock had but one way of soldiering, and where roads did not exist for wagons he stopped to fell the forest and construct bridges over streams. The French, who were kept advised of every movement, made ample preparations to receive him. In the meantime, Washington fell sick; but intent on being up for the battle, he hastened forward as soon as sufficiently recovered, and only joined the army on the day before the fatal engagement. He had never seen much of the pride and circumstance of war, and when, on the morning of the 9th of July, the army of Braddock marched on across the Monongahela, with gay colors flying and martial music awakening the echoes of the forest, he was accustomed in after years to speak of it as the "most magnificent spectacle" that he had ever beheld. But the gay pageant was destined to be of short duration; for the army had only marched a little distance before it fell into an ambuscade skill- fully laid by the French and Indians, and the forest resounded with the un- earthly whoop of the Indians, and the continuous roar of musketry. The advance was checked and thrown into confusion by the French from their well- chosen position, and every tree upon the flanks of the long drawn out line con- cealed a murderous foe, who with unerring aim picked off the officers. A res- olute defense was made, and the battle raged with great fury for three hours; but the fire of the English was ineffectual because directed against an invisi- ble foe. Finally, the mounted officers having all fallen, killed or wounded, except Washington, being left without leaders, panic seized the survivors and "they ran," says Washington, "before the French and English like sheep be- fore dogs." Of 1,460, in Braddock's army, 456 were killed, and 421 wounded, a greater mortality, in proportion to the number engaged, than has ever oc- curred in the annals of modern warfare. Sir Peter Halkett was killed, and HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 91 Braddock mortally wounded and brought ofif the field only with the greatest difftculty. When Orme and Morris, the other aids, fell, Washington acted alone with the greatest gallantry. In writing to his brother, he said: "I have been protected beyond all human probability or expectation; for I had four bullets through my coat, and two horses shot under me; yet I escaped unhurt, though death was leveling my companions on every side." In after years, when Washington visited the Great Kanawha country, he was approached by an Indian chieftain who said that in this battle he had fired his rifle many times at Washington and had told his young men to do the same; but when he saw that his bullets had no apparent effect, he had bidden them to desist, be- lieving that the Great Spirit was protecting him. The panic among the survivors of the English carried them back upon the reserve, commanded by Gen. Dunbar, who seems himself to have been seized with it, and without attempting to renew the campaign and return to the en- counter, he joined in the flight which was not stayed until Fort Cumberland was reached. The French wero anticipating a renewal of the struggle; but when they found that the English had fled leaving the frontier all unprotected, they left no stone unturned in whetting the minds of the savages for the work of plunder and blood, and in organizing relentless bands to range at will along all the wide frontier. The Indians could not be induced to pursue the retreating English, but fell to plundering the field. Nearly everything was lost, even to the camp chest of Braddock. The wounded General was taken back to the summit of Laurel Hill, where, four days after, he breathed his last. He was buried in the middle of the road, and the army marched over his grave that it might not be discovered or molested by the natives. The eajy victory, won chiefly by the savages, served to encourage them in their fell wotk, in which, when their passions were aroused, no known people on earth were less touched by pity. The unprotected settler in his wilder, ness home was the easy prey of the torch and the scalping knife, and the burn- ing cabin lit up the somber forests by their continuous blaze, and the shrieks of women and children resounded from the Hudson to the far Potomac Be- fore the defeat of Braddock, there were 3,000 men capable of bearing arms west of the Susquehanna. In six months after, there were scarcely 100. Gov. Morris made an earnest appeal to the Assembly for money to ward off the impending enemy and protect the settlers, in response to which the As- sembly voted £50,000; but having no exemption of the proprietor's estates, it was rejected by the Governor, in accordance with his original instructions. Expeditions undertaken against Nova Scotia and at Crown Point were more fortu- nate than that before Du Quesne, and the Assembly voted £ 15,000 in bills of credit to aid in defraying the expense. The proprietors sent £5,000 as a gratuity, not as any part of expense that could of right be claimed of them. In this hour of extremity, the Indians for the most part showed themselves a treacherous race, ever ready to take up on the stronger side. Even the Shaw- anese and Delawares, who had been loudest in their protestations of friendship for the English and readiness to fight for them, no sooner saw the French vic- torious than they gave ready ear to their advice to strike for the recovery of the lands which they had sold to the English. In this pressing emergency, while the Governor and Assembly were waging a fruitless war of words over money bills, the pen of Franklin was busy in in- fusing a wholesome sentiment in the minds of the people. In a pamphlet that he issued, which ho put in the familiar form of a dialogue, he answered the objections which had been urged to a legalized militia, and willing to show his devotion by deeds as well as words, he accepted the command upon the 92 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. frontier. By his exertions, a respectable force was raised, and thoiigh in the dead of winter, he commenced the erection of a lino of forts and block-houses aloQg the whole range of the Kittatinny Hills, from the Delaware to the Po- tomac, and had them completed and garrisoned with a body sufficient to with- stand any force not provided with artillery. In the spring, he turned over the command to Col. Clapham, and returning to Philadelphia took his seat in the Assembly. The Governor now declared war against the Indians, who had es- tablished their headquarters thirty miles above Harris' Ferry, on the Susque- hanna, and were busy in their work of robbery and devastation, having se- cured the greater portion of the crops of the previous season of the settlers whom they had killed or driven out. The peace party strongly objected to the course of the Governor, and voluntarily going among the Indians induced them to bury the hatchet. The Assembly which met in May, 1756, prepared a bill with the old clause for taxing the proprietors, as any other citizens, which the Governor was forbidden to approve by his instructions, "and the two parties were sharpening their wits for another wrangle over it," when Gov. Morris was superseded by William Denny, who arrived in the colony aad as- sumed authority on the 20th of August, 1756. He was joyfully and cordially received, escorted through the streets by the regiments of Franklin and Duch6, and royally feasted at the State House. But the promise of efficient legislation was broken by an exhibition of the new Governor's instructions, which provided that every bill for the emission of money must place the proceeds at the joint disposal of the Governor and As- sembly; paper currency could not be issued in excess of £40,000, nor could ex- isting issues be confirmed unless proprietary rents were paid in sterling money ; proprietary lands were permitted to be taxed which had been actually leased, provided that the taxes were paid out of the rents, but the tax could not become a lien upon the land. In the first Assembly, the contention be- came as acrimonious as ever. Previous to the departure of Gov. Morris, as a retaliatory act he had issued a proclamation against the hostile Indians, providing for the payment of bounties: For every male Indian enemy above twelve years old, who shall be taken prisoner and delivered at any forts, garrisoned by troops in pay of this province, or to any of the county towns to the keepers of the common jails there, the sum of one hundred and fifty Spanish dollars or pieces of eight; for the scalp of every male Indian above the age of twelve years, produced as evidence of their being killed, the sum of one hundred and thirty pieces of eight; for every female Indian taken prisoner and brought in as aforesaid, and for every male Indian under the age of twelve years, taken and brought in, one hundred and thirty pieces of eight; for the scalp of every Indian woman produced as evidence of their being killed, the sum of fifty pieces of eight." Liberal bounties were also offered for the delivering up of settlers who had been carried away captive. But the operation which had the most wholesome aad pacifying effect upon the savages, and caused them to stop in their mad career and consider the chances of war and the punishment they were calling down upon their own heads, though executed under the rule of Gov. Denny, was planned and provided for, and was really a part of the aggressive and vigorous policy of Gov. Morris. In response to the act of Assembly, providing for the calling out and organizing the militia, twenty- five companies were recruited, and had been stationed along the line of posts that had been established for the defense of the frontiers. At Kittanning, on the Allegheny Eiver, the Indians had one of the largest of their towns in the State, and was a recruiting station and HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 93 rallying point for sending out their murderous bands. The plan proposed and adopted by Gov. Morris, and approved and accepted by Gov. Denny, was to send out a strong detachment from the militia for the reduction of this stronghold. Accordingly, in August, 1756, Col. Armstrong, with a force of three hundred men, made a forced march, and, arriving unperceived in the neigh- borhood of the town, sent the main body by a wide detour from above, to come in upon the river a few hundred yards below. At 3 o'clock on the morning of the 7th of September, the troops had gained their position undiscovered, and at dawn the attack was made. Shielded from view by the tall corn which cov- ered all the flats, the troops were able to reach in close proximity to the cabins unobserved. Jacobs, the chief, sounded the war-whoop, and made a stout re- sistance, keeping up a rapid fire from the loop holes in his cabin. Not desir- ing to push his advantage to the issue of no quarter, Armstrong called on the savages to surrender: but this they refused to do, declaring that they were men and would never be prisoners. Finding that they would not yield, and that they were determined to sell their lives at the dearest rate, he gave orders to fire the huts, and the whole town was soon wrapt in flames. As the heat began to reach the warriors, some sung, while wrung with the death agonies; others broke for the river and were shot down as they fled. Jacobs, in attempt- ing to climb through a window, was killed. All calls for surrender were re- ceived with derision, one declaring that he did not care for death, and that he could kill four or five before he died. Gunpowder, small arms and valuable goods which had been distributed to them only the day before by the French, fell into the hands of the victors. The triumph was complete, few if any escaping to tell the sad tale. Col. Armstrong's celerity of movement and well conceived and executed plan of action were publicly acknowledged, and he was voted a medal and plate by the city of Philadelphia. The finances of the colony, on account of the repeated failures of the money bills, were in a deplorable condition. Military operations could not be carried on and vigorous campaigns prosecuted without ready money. Ac- cordingly, in the first meeting of the Assembly after the arrival of the new Governor, a bill was passed levying £100,000 on all property alike, real and personal, private and proprietary. This Gov. Denny vetoed. Seeing that money must be had, the Assembly finally passed a bill exempting the proprie- taiy estates, but determined to lay their grievances before the Crown. To this end, two Commissioners were appointed, Isaac Norris and Benjamin Franklin, to proceed to England and beg the interference of the royal Gov- ernment in their behalf. Failing health and business engagements of Norris prevented his acceptance, and Franklin proceeded alone. He had so often de- fended the Assembly in public and in drawing remonstrances that the whole subject was at his fingers' ends. Military operations throughout the colonies, during the year 1757, con- ducted imder the command of the Ear) of Loudoun were sluggish, and resulted only in disaster and disgrace. The Indians were active in Pennsylvania, and kept the settlers throughout nearly all the colonies in a continual fermeut, hostile bands stealing in upon the defenseless inhabitants as they went to their plantings and sowings, and greatly interfering with or preventing alto- gether the raising of the ordinary crops. In 1758, Loudoun was recalled, and Gen. Abercrombie was given chief command, with Wolfe, Amherst and Forbes as his subordinates. It was determined to direct operations simul- taneously upon three points — Fort Du Quesne, Louisburg and the forts upon the great lakes. Gen. Forbes commanded the forces sent against Fort Du Quesne. With a detachment of royal troops, and militia from Pennsylvania 94 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. and Virginia, under command of Cols. Bouquet and Washington, his column moved in July, 1758. The French were well ordered for receiving the attack, and the battle in front of the fort raged with great fury; but they were finally driven, and the fort, with its munitions, fell into the hands of the victors, and was garrisoned by 400 Pennsylvanians. Returning, Forbes placed his remain- ing forces in barracks at Lancaster. Franklin, upon his arrival in England, presented the grievances before the proprietors, and, that he might get his case before the royal advisers and the British public, wrote frequent articles for the press, and issued a pamphlet entitled " Historical Review of the Constitution and Government of Pennsyl- vania." The dispute was adroitly managed by Franklin before the Privy Council, and was finally decided substantially in the interest of the Assem- bly. It was provided that the proprietors' estates should be taxed, but that their located uncultivated lands should be assessed as low as the lowest uncul- tivated lands of the settlers, that bills issued by the Assembly should be re- ceivable in payment of quit rents, and that the Deputy Governor should have a voice in disposing of the revenues. Thus was a vexed question of loDg standing finally put to rest. So successfully had Franklin managed this con- troversy that the colonies of Massachusetts, Maryland and Georgia appointed him their agent in England. In October, 1759, James Hamilton was again appointed Governor, in place of Gov. Denny, who had by stress of circumstances transcended his instruc- tions. The British Government, considering that the colonies had borne more than their proportionate expense in carrying on the war against the French and Indians, voted £200,000 for five years, to be divided among the colonies, the share falling to Pennsylvania being £26,000. On the 25th of October, 1760, George II died, and was succeeded by his grandson, George III. Early in 1762, war was declared between Great Britain and Spain, but was of short continuance, peace having been declared in November following, by which Spain and Fraribe relinquished to the English substantially the territory east of the Mississippi. The wise men of the various Indian nations inhabiting this wide territory viewed with concern this sudden expansion of English power, fearing that they would eventually be pushed from their hunting grounds and pleasant haunts by the rapidly multiplying pale faces. The In- dians have ever been noted for proceeding against an enemy secretly and treacherously. Believing that by concerted action the English might be cut off and utterly exterminated, a secret league was entered into by the Shawa- nese and the tribes dwelling along the Ohio River, under the leadership of a powerful chieftain, Pontiac, by which swift destruction was everywhere to be meted out to the white man upon an hour of an appointed day. The plan was thoroughly understood by the red men, and heartily entered into. The day dawned and the blow fell in May, 1763. The forts at Presque Isle, Le Boeuf, Venango, La Raji, St. Joseph's, Miamis, Onaethtanon, Sandusky and Michili- mackinack, all fell before the unanticipated attacks of tho savages who were making protestations of friecidship, and the garrisons were put to the slaugh- ter. Fort Pitt (Du Quesne), Niagara and Detroit alone, of all this line of forts, held out. Pontiac in person conducted the siege of Detroit, which he vigorously pushed from May until October, paying his warriors with promises written on bits of birch bark, which he subsequently religiously redeemed. It is an evidence of his great power that he could unite his people in so gen- eral and secretly kept a compact, and that in this siege of Detroit he was able to hold his warriors up to the work so long and so vigorously even after all hope of success must have reasonably been abandoned. The attack fell with great HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 95 severity upon the Pennsylvania settlers, and they continued to be driven in until Shippensbung, in Cumberland County, became the extreme outpost of civilization. The savages stole unawares upon the laborers in the fields, or came stealthily in at the midnight hour and spared neither trembling age nor helpless infancy, firing houses, barns, crops and everything combustible. The suffering of the frontiersmen in this fatal year can scarcely be conceived. Col. Armstrong v^ith a hastily collected force advanced upon their towns and forts at Muncy and Great Island, which he destroyed; but the Indians escaped and withdrew before him. He sent a detachment under Col. Eonquet to the relief of Fort Pitt, which still held out, though closely invested by the dusky warriors. At Port Ligonier, Bouquet halted and sent forward thirty men, who stealthily pushed past the Indians under cover of night, and reached the fort, carrying intelligence that succor was at hand. Discovering that a force was advancing upon them, the Indians turned upon the troops of Bou- quet, and before he was aware that an enemy was near, he found himself sur- rounded and all means of escape apparently cut off. By a skillfully laid ambuscade. Bouquet, sending a small detachment to steal away as if in retreat, induced the Indians to follow, and when stretched out in pursuit, the main body in concealment fell upon the unsuspecting savages, and routed them with immense slaughter, when he advanced to the relief of the fort unchecked. As we have already seen, the boundary line between Maryland and Penn- sylvania had long been in dispute, and had occasioned serious disturbances among the settlers in the lifetime of Penn, and repeatedly since. It was not definitely settled till 1760, when a beginning was made of a final adjustment, though so intricate were the conditions that the work was prosecuted for seven years by a large force of surveyors, axmen and pioneers. The charter of Lord Baltimore made the northern boundary of Maryland the 40tli degree of lati- tude; but whether the beginning or end of the 40th was not specified. The charter of Penn, which was subsequent, made his southern boundary the beginning of the 40th parallel. If, as Lord Baltimcjre claimed, his northern boundary was the end of the 40th, then the cif.y of Philadelphia and all the settled parts of Pennsylvania would have been included in Maryland. If, as Penn cldimed by express terms of his charter, his southern line was the begin- ning of the 40th, then the city of Baltimore, and even a part of the District of Columbia, including nearly the whole of Maryland would have been swal- lowed up by Pennsylvania. It was evident to the royal Council that neither claim could be rightfully allowed, and nence resort was had to compromise. Penn insisted upon retaining free communication with the open ocean by the Delaware Bay. Accordingly, it was decided that beginning at Cape Henlopen, which by mistake in marking the maps was fifteea miles below the present location, opposite Cape May, a line should be run due west to a point half way between this cape and the shore of Chesapeake Bay; from this point " a line was to be run northerly in such direction that it should be tapgent on the west side to a circle with a radius of twelve miles, whose center was the center of the court house at New Castle. From the exact tangent point, a line was to be run due north until it should reach a point fifteen miles south on the parallel of latitude of the most southern point in the boundary of the city of Phila- delphia, and this point when accurately found by horizontal measurement, was to be the corner bound between Maryland and Pennsylvania, and subsequently, when Delaware was set off from Pennsylvania, was the boundary of the three States. From this bound a line was to be run due west five degrees of longi- tude from the Delaware* which was to be the western limit of Pennsylvania, and the line thus ascertained was to mark the division between Maryland and 96 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Pennsylvania, and forever settle the vexed question. If the due north line should cut any part of the circle about New Castle, the slice so cut should be- U)ng to New Castle. Such a segment was cut. This plan of settlement was entered into on the 10th of May, 1732, between Thomas and Bicbard, sons of William Penn, on the one part, and Charles, Lord Baltimore, great grandson of the patentee. But the actual marking of the boundaries was still deferred, and aa the settlers were taking out patents for their lands, it was necessary that it should be definitely known in which State the lands lay. Accordingly, in 1739, in obedience to a decree in Council, a temporary line was run upon a new basis, which now often appears in litigations to plague the brain of the attorney. Commissioners were again appointed in 1751, who made a few of the measurements, but owing to objections raised on the part of Maryland, the work was abandoned. Finally, the proprietors, Thomas and Kichard Penn, and Frederic, Lord Baltimore, entered into an agreement for the executing of the survey, and John Lukens and Archibald McLean on the part of the Penns, and Thomas Garnett and Jonathan Hall on the part of Lord Baltimore, were appointed with a suitable corps of assistants to lay off the lines. After these surveyors had been three years at work, the proprietors in England, thinking that there was not enough energy and practical and scientific knowledge mani- fested by these surveyors, appointed Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, two mathematicians and surveyors, to proceed to America and take charge of the work. They brought with them the most perfect and best constructed instru- ments known to science, arriving in Philadelphia on the 15th of November, 1768, and, assisted by some of the old surveyors, entered upon their work. By the 4th of June, 1766, they had reached the summit of the Little Allegheny, when the Indians began to be troublesome. They looked with an evil eye on the mathematical and astronomical instruments, and felt a secret dread and fear of the consequences of the frequent and long continued peering into the heavens. The Six Nations were understood to be inimical to the further prog- ress of the survey. But through the influence of Sir William Johnson a treaty was concluded, providing for the prosecution of the work unmolested, and a number of chieftains were sent to accompany the surveying party. Mason and Dixon now had with them thirty surveyors, fifteen axmen, and fif- teen Indians of consequence. Again the attitude of the Indians gave cause of fear, and on the 29th of September, twenty-six of the surveyors abandoned the expedition and returned to Philadelphia, Having reached a point 244 miles from the Delaware, and within thirty-six miles of the western limit of the State, in the bottom of a deep, dark valley, they came upon a well-worn Indian path, and here the Indians gave notice that it was the will of the Six Nations that this survey proceed no further. There was no questioning this authority, and no means at command for resisting, and accordingly the party broke up and returned to Philadelphia. And this was the end of Ihe labors of Mason and Dixon upon this boundary. From the fact that this was subse- quently the mark of division between the Free and Slave States, Mason and Dixon's line became familiar im. American politics. The line was marked by stones which were quarried and engraved in England, on one side having the arms of Penn, and on the opposite those of Lord Baltimore. These stones were firmly set every five miles. At the end of each intermediate mile a smaller stone was placed, having on one side engraved the letter P., and on the opposite side the letter M. The remainder of the line was finished and marked in 1782-84 by other surveyors. A vista was cut through the forest eight yards in width the whole distance, which seemed in looking babk through it to come to a HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 9? point at the distance of two miles. In 1849, the stone at the northeast corner of Maryland having been removed, a resurvey of the line was ordered, and suryeyors were appointed by the three States of Pennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland, who called to their aid Col. James D. Graham. Some few errors wore discovered in the old survey, but in the main it was found to be accurate. John Penn, grandson of the founder, and son of Richard, had come to the colony in 1753, and, having acted as President of the Council, was, in 1763, commissioned Governor in place of Hamilton. The conspiracy of Pontiac, though abortive in the results contemplated, left the minds of the Indians in a most dangerous state. The more resolute, who had entered heartily into the views of their leader, still felt that his purposes were patriotic, and hence sought, by every means possible, to ravage and destroy the English settlements. The Moravian Indians at Nain and Wichetunk, though regarded as friendly, were suspected of indirectly aiding in the savage warfare by trading firearms and ammunition. They were accordingly removed to Philadelphia that they might be out of the way of temptation. At the old Indian town of Conestoga there lived some score of natives. Many heartless murders had been com- mitted along the frontier, and the perpetrators had been traced to this Con- estoga town ; and while the Conestoga band were not known to be impli- cated in these outrages, their town was regarded as the lurking place of roving savages who were. For protection, the settlers in the neighboring districts of Paxton and Donegal, had organized a band known as the Paxton boys. Earnest, requests were made by Rev. John Elder and John Harris to the Government to remove this band at Conestoga ; but as nothing was done, and fearful depredations and slaughter continued, a party of these Paxton rangers attacked the town and put the savages to the sword. Some few escaped, among them a known bloodthirsty savage, who were taken into the jail at Lancaster for pro- tection ; but the rangers, following them, overpowered the jailer, and breaking into the jail murdered the fugitives. Intense excitement was occasioned by this outbreak, and Gov. Penn issued his proclamation offering rewards for the apprehension of the perpetrators. Some few were taken ; but so excellent was their character and standing, and such were the provocations, that no convic- tions followed. Apprehensions for the safety of the Moravian Indians induced the Government to remove them to Province Island, and, feeling insecure there, they asked to be sent to England. For safety, they were sent to New York, but the Governor of that province refused them permission to laud, as, did also the Governor of New Jersey, and they were brought bacji to Philadel- phia and put in barracks under strong guard. The Paxton boys, in a consider- able body, were at that time at Germantown interceding for their brethren, who were then in durance and threatened with trial. Franklin was sent out , to confer with them on the part of the Government. In defending their course, they said : " Whilst more than a thousand families, reduced to extreme dis- tress, during the last and present war, by the attacks of slmlking parties of Indians upon the frontier, were destitute, and were suffered by the public to depend on private charity, a hundred and twenty of the perpetrators of the most horrid barbarities were supported by the province, and protected from the fury of the brave relatives of the murdered. " Influenced by the persua- sions of Franklin, they consented to return to their homes, leaving only Matthew Smith and James Gibson to represent them before the courts. 98 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. OHAPTEE XI. John Penn, 1763-71— James Hamilton, 1771— Eiohard Pbnn, 1771-73— John Penn, 1773-76. A DIFFERENCE having arisen between the Governor and Assembly on the vexed question of levying money, the Assembly passed a series of reso- lutions advocating that the " powers of government ought to be separated from the power attending the immense proprietary property, and lodged in the hands of the King. " After an interval of fifty days — that time for reflection and discussion might be given — the Assembly again convened, and adopted a petition praying the King to assume the direct government of the province, though this policy was strongly opposed by some of the ablest members, as Isaac Norria and John Dickinson. The Quaker element was generally in favor of the change. Indian barbarities still continuing along the frontier, Gov. Penn declared war against the Shawanese and Delawares in July, 1765, and sent Col. Bouquet with a body of Pennsylvania troops against them. By the 3d of October, he had come up to the Muskingum, in the heart of the most thickly peopled Indian territory. So rapid had been the movement of Bouquet that the savages had no intelligence of his advance until he was upon them with no preparations for defense. They sued for peace, and a treaty was entered into by which the savages agreed to abstain from further hostilities until a general treaty could be concluded with Sir William Johnson, the general agent for Indian afEairs for all the colonies, and to deliver up all English captives who had been carried away during the years of trouble. Two hundred and eight were quickly gathered up and brought in, and many others were to follow, who were now widely scattered. The relatives of many of these captives had proceeded with the train of Bouquet, intent on reclaiming those who had been dear to them. Some were joyfully received, while others who had been borne off in youth had become attached to their captors, and force was necessary to bring them away. " On the return of the army, some of the Indians obtained leave to accompany their former captives to Fort Pitt, and employed themselves in hunting and carrying provisions for them on the road. " The great struggle for the independence of the colonies of the British crown was now close at hand, and the first sounds of the controversy were be- ginning to be heard. Sir William Keith, that enterprising Governor whose head seemed to have been full of new projects, as early as 1739 had proposed to lay a uniform tax on stamped paper in all the colonies, to realize funds for the common defense. Acting upon this hint, Grenville, the British Minister, botitied the colonists in 1763 of his purpose to impose such a tax. Against this they remonstrated. Instead of this, a tax on imports, to be paid in coin, was adopted. This was even more distasteful. The Assembly of Rhode Island, in October, 1765, submitted a paper to all the colonial assemblies, Vfith & view to uniting in a common petition to the King against parliamentary taxation. • This was favorably acted on by the Assembly of Pennsylvania, and Franklin was appointed agent to represent their caase before the British Par- liament. The Stamp Act had been passed on the 22d of March, 1765. Its passage excited bitter opposition, and a resolution, asserting that the Golonial HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 99 Assemblies had the exclusive right to levy taxes, was passed by the Virginia Assembly, and concurred in by all the others. The Massachusetts Assembly proposed a meeting of delegates in New York on the second Tuesday of October, 1765, to confer upon the subject. The Pennsylvania Assembly adopted the suggestion, and appointed Messrs. Fox, Morton, Bryan and Dickenson as dele- gates. This Congress met according to the call and adopted a respectful pe- tition to the King, and a memorial to Parliament, which were signed by all the members and forwarded for presentation by the Colonial Agents in En- gland. The, Stamp Act was to go into effect on the 1st of November. On the last day of October, the newspapers were dressed in mourning, and suspended publication. The publishers agreed not to use the stamped paper. The people, as with one mind, determined to dress in homespun, resolved not to use imported goods, and, to stimulate the production of wool the colonists cov- enanted not to eat lamb for the space, of one year. The result of this policy "was soon felt by British manufacturers who became clamorous for repeal of the obnoxious measures, and it was accordingly repealed on the 18th of March, 1766. Determined in some form to draw a revenue from the colonies, an act was passed in 1767, to lay a duty on tea, paper, printers' colors, and glass. The As- sembly of Pennsylvania passed a resolution on the 20th of February, 1768, instructing its agent in London to urge its repeal, and at the session in May received and entered upon its minutes a circular letter from the Massachusetts Assembly, setting forth the grounds on which objection to the act should be urged. This circular occasioned hostile feeling among the ministry, and the Secretary for foreign affairs vn:ote to Gov. Penn to urge the Assembly to take no notice of it; but if they approved its sentiments, to prorogue their sittings. This letter was transmitted to the Assembly, aod soon after one from the Virginia Assembly was presented, urging union of all the colonies in opposing the several schemes of taxation. This recommendation was adopted, and committees appointed to draw a petition to the King and to each of the Houses of Parliament. To lead public sentiment, and have it well grounded in the arguments used against taxation, John Dickinson, one of the ablest of the Pennsylvania legislators at this time, published a number of articles purporting to come from a plain farmer, under the title of the Farmer^ s Letters, which became popular, the idea that they were the work of one in Lumble li fe, helping to swell the tide of popularity. They were republished in all the colonies, and exerted a commanding influence. Alarmed at the unanimity of feeling against the proposed schemes, and supposing that it was ihe amount of the tax that gave offense. Parliament reduced the rate in 1769 to one sixth of the original sum, and in 1770 abolished it altogether, except three pence a pound on tea But it was the principle, and not the amount that was objected to, and at the next session of the Assembly in Pennsylvania, their agent in London was directed to urge its repeal altogetiier. It would seem incredible that the colony of Connecticut should lay claim to any part of the territory of Pennsylvania, but so it was. The New En- gland charters gave limitless extent westward even to the shores of the Pacific Ocean, and south to the northern limits of the tract ceded to Lord Baltimore — the territory between the 40th and 46th degrees of north latitude, and from ocean to ocean. To encroach upon New York with its teaming popu- lation was not calculated to tempt the enterprise of the settler; but the rich virgin soil, and agreeable climate of the wide Wyoming Val- ley, as yet unappropriated, was likely to attract the eye of the explorer. Accordingly, at the general conference with the Indians held at Albany 100 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA in 1754, the Connecticut delegates made a purchase of a large tract in this valley; a company, known as the Susquehanna Company, was formed in Connecticut to promote the settlement of these lands, and a considerable im- migration commenced. The proprietors of Pennsylvania had also made pur- chase of the Indians of these identical lands, and the royal charters of Charles and James covered this ground. But the Plymouth Charter antedated Penn's. Remonstrances were made to the Governor of Connecticut against encroach- ments upon the territory of Pennsylvania. The answer returned was under- stood to disclaim any control over the company by the Connecticut authorities; but it subsequently appeared that the Government was determined to defend the settlers in the possession of their lands. In 1768, the proprietors of Penn- sylvania entered into treaty stipulations with the Indians for all this tract cov- ered by the claim of the Susquehanna Company. Pennsylvania settlers, attracted by the beauty of the place, gradually acquired lands under Penn- sylvania patents, and the two parties began to infringe on each other's claims. Forts and block-houses were erected for the protection of either party, and a petty warfare was kept up, which resulted in some loss of life. Butler, the leader of the Connecticut party, proposed to settle their differences by per- sonal combat of thirty picked men on each side. In order to assert more direct legal control over the settlers, a new county was formed which was called Northumberland, that embraced all the disputed lands. But the Sheriff, even with the aid of the militia, which he called to his assistance, was unable to execute his processes, and exercise legal control, the New Englanders, proving a resolute set, determined to hold the splendid farms which they had marked out for themselves, and were bringing rapidly under cultivation. To the re- monstrances of Gov. Penn, Gov. Trumbull responded that the Susquehanna Com- pany was proceeding in good faith under provisions secured by the charter of the Plymouth Colony, and proposed that the question be submitted to a com- petent tribunal for arbitrament. An ex parte statement was submitted to Council in London by the Connecticut party, and an opinion was rendered favorable to its claims. In September, 1775, the matter was submitted to the Continental Congress, and a committee of that body, to whom it was referred, reported in favor of the Connecticut claim, apportioning a tract out of the very bowels of Pennsylvania nearly as large as the whole State of Connecticut. This action was promptly rejected by the Assembly of Pennsylvania, and a final decision was not reached until 1802, when Congress decided in favor of the integrity of the chartered rights of Penn. Richard Penn, son of the founder, died in 1771, whereupon Gov. John Penn returned to England, leaving the President of the Council, James Ham- ilton, at the head of the Government. John Penn, eldest son of Richard, suc- ceeded to the proprietary interests of his father, which he held in conjunction with his uncle, Thomas, and in October of the same year, Richard, the second son, was commissioned Governor. He held the office but about two years, and in that time won the confidence and esteem of the people, and so much attached was he to the popular cause, that upon his return to England, in 1775, he was intrusted by Congress with the last petition of the colonies ever presented to the King. In August, 1773, John Penn returned with the commission of Governor, superseding his brother Richard. Soon after his arrival, the Gov- ernor of Virginia, Lord Dunmore, issued his proclamation, laying claim to a vast territory in the Monongalia Valley, including the site of the present city of Pittsburgh, and upon the withdrawal of the British garrison, one Con- nolly had taken possession of it in the name of Virginia. Gov. Penn issued a counter-proclamation, calling on all good citizens within the borders of Penn- HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 101 Bjrlvania, to preserve their allegiance to his Government, seized and imprisoned Connolly, and sent Commissioners to Virginia Co efiect an amicable settlement. These, Dunmore refused to bear, and was preparing to assert his authority by force; but his Council refused to vote him money for this purpose. To encourage the sale of tea in the colonies, and establish the principle of taxation, the export duty was removed. The colonies took the alarm. At a public meeting called in Philadelphia to consider the subject, on the 18th of October, 1773, resolutions were adopted in which it was declared : " That the disposal of their own property is the inherent right of freemen; that there can be no property in that which another can, of right, take from us without our consent; that the claim of Parliament to tax America, is, in other words, a claim of right to levy contributions on us at pleasure.'' The East India Company now made preparations for sending large importations of tea into the colonies. The ships destined for Philadelphia and New York, on approaching port, and being advised of the exasperated state of public feeling, returned to England with their cargoes. Those sent to Boston came into the harbor; but at night a party disguised as Mohawk Indians boarded the vessels, and breaking open the packages, emptied 300 chests into the sea. The ministry, on being apprised of this act, closed the port of Boston, and subverted the colonial charter. Early in the year, committees of correspondence had been established in all the colonies, by means of which the temper and feeling in each was well un- derstood by the others, and concert of action was secured. The hard condi- tions imposed on the town of Boston and the colony of Massachusetts Bay, aroused the sympathy of all ; for, they argued, we know not how soon the heavy hand of oppression may be felt by any of us. Philadelphia declared at a pub- lic meeting that the people of Pennsylvania would continue firmly to adhere to the cause of American liberty, and urged the calling of a Congress of dele- gates to consider the general interests. At a meeting held in Philadelphia on the 18th of June, 1774, at which nearly 8,000 people were convened, it was decided that a Continental Congress ought to be held, and appointed a committee of correspondence to communi- cate with similar committees in the several counties of Pennsylvania and in the several colonies. On the 15th of July, 1774, delegates from all the counties, summoned by this committee, assembled in Philadelphia, and declared that there existed an absolute necessity for a Colonial Congress. They accordingly recommended that the Assembly appoint delegates to such a Congress to represent Pennsylvania, and Joseph Galloway, Samuel Bhoads, George Ross, Edward Biddle, John Dickinson, Charles Humphries and Thomas Mifflin were appointed. On the 4th of Septemoer, 1774, the first Continental Congress assembled m Philadelphia. Peyton Eandolph, of Virginia, was called to preside, and Charles Thomson, of Pennsylvania, was appointed Secretary. It was resolved that no more goods be imported from England, and that unless a pacification was effected previously, no more Colonial produce of the soil be exported thither after September 10, 1775. A declaration of rights was adopted, and addresses to the King, the people of Great Britain, and of British America were agreed to, after which the Congress adjourned to meet again on the 10th of May, 1775. In January, 1775, another meeting of the county delegates was held in Philadelphia, at which the action of the Colonial Congress was approved, and while a restoration of harmony with the mother country was desired, yet if the arbitiary acts of Parliament were persisted in, they would at every hazard defend the "rights and liberties of America." The delegates appointed to 102 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. represent the colony in the Second Congress were Mifflin, Humphries, Biddle, Dickinson, Morton, FranJilin, Wilson and Willing. The government of Great Britain had determined with a strong hand to compel obedience to its behests. On the 19th of April, 1775, was fought the battle of Lexington, and the crimson fountain was opened. That blow was felt alike through all the colonies. The cause of one was the cause of all. A public meeting was held in Philadelphia, at which it was resolved to organize military companies in all the counties. The Assembly heartily seconded thete views, and engaged to provide for the pay of the militia while in service. The Second Congress, which met in May, provided for organizing a continental army, fixing the quota for Pennsylvania at 4,300 men. The Assembly adopted the recommendation of Congress, provided for arming, disciplining and pay- ing the militia, recommended the organizing minutemen for service in an emergency, made appropriations for the defense of the city, and offered a pre- mium on the production of salt peter. Complications hourly thickened. Ticon- deroga was captured on the 10th of May, and the battle of Bunker Hill was fought on the 17th of June. On the 15th of June, George Washington was- appointed Commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, supported by four Major Generals and eighf Brigadiers. The royal Governors were now an incumbrance greatly in the way of the popular movement, as were also the Assemblies where they refused to represent the popular will. Accordingly, Congress recommended that the several col- onies should adopt such government as should " best conduce to the happiness and safety'of their constituents in particular and America in general." This meant that each colony should set up a government for itself independent of the Crown. Accordingly, a public meeting was held in Philadelphia, at which it was resolved that the present Assembly is " not competent to the pres- ent exigencies of affairs," and that a new form of government ought to be adopted as recommended by Congress. The city committee of correspondence called on the county committees to secure the election of delegates to a colonial meeting for the purpose of considering this subject. On the 18th of June, the meeting was held in Philadelphia, and was organized by electing Thomas McKean President. It resolved to call a convention to frame a new con- stitution, provided the legal forms to be observed, and issued an address to the people. Having thus by frequent argumentation grown familiar with the declara- tion of the inherent rights of every citizen, and with flatly declaring to the government of Great Britain that it had no right to pursue this policy or that,, and the several States having been recommended to absolve themselves from allegience to the royal governments, and set up independent colonial govern- ments of their own, it was a natural inference, and but a step further, to de- clare the colonies entirely independent of the British Government, and to or- ganize for themselves a general continental government to hold the place of King and Parliament. The idea of independence had been seriously proposed, and several Colonial Assemblies had passed resolutions strongly recommending it. And yet there were those of age and experience who had supported independ- ent principles in the stages of argumentation, before action was demanded, when they approached the brink of the fatal chasm, and had to decide- whether to take the leap, hesitated. There were those in the Assembly of Pennsylvania who were reluctant to advise independence; but the majority voted to recommend its delegates to unite with the other colonies for the com- mon good. The convention which had provided for holding a meeting of del- egates to frame a new constitution, voted in favor of independence, and au- thorized the raising of 6,000 militia. HISTORY OF PENNSVLVANIA. lOfe On the 7th of June, 1776, Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, introduoed in Congresa the proposition that, "the United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved. " It was impossible to mistake or misinterpret the meaning of this language. The issue was fairly made up. It was warmly discussed. John Dickinson, one of the Pennsylvania delegates, and one who had been foremost in speak- ing and writing on the popular side, was not ready to cut off all hope of rec- onciliation, and depicted the disorganized condition in which the colonies would be left if the power and protection of Britain were thus suddenly re- moved. The vote upon the resolution was taken on the 2d of July, and re- suited in the affirmative vote of all the States except Pennsylvania and Delaware, the delegates from these States being divided. A committee con- sisting of Adams, Franklin, Jefferson, Livingston and Sherman had been, some time previous, appointed to draw a formal statement of the Declaration, and the reasons "out of a decent respect to the opinions of mankind, " which led to so important an act. The work was intrusted to a sub-committee consisting of Adams and Jefferson, and its composition was the work of Mr. Jefferson, though many of the ideas, and even the forms of expression, had been used again and again in the previous resolutions and pronunciamentoes of the Colonial Assem- blies and public meetings. It had been reported on the 28tb of June, and was sharply considered in all its parts, many verbal alterations having been made in the committee of five; but after the passage of the preliminary resolution, the result was a foregone conclusion, and on the 4th of July it was finally adopted and proclaimed to the world. Of the Pennsylvania delegation, Franklin, Wilson and Morton voted for it, and Willing and Humphrey against, Dickin- son being absent. The colonial convention of Pennsylvania, being in sessiou at the time, on receiving intelligence that a majority of its delegates in Con. gress had voted against the preliminary resolution, named a new delegation, omitting the names of Dickinson, Willing and Humphrey, and adding othert which made it thus constituted — Franklin, Wilson, Morton, Morris, Cljrmer, Smith, Taylor and Boss. An engrossed copy of the Declaration was made, which was signed by all the members on the 2d of August following, on which are found the names from Pennsylvania above recited. The convention for framing a new constitution for the colony met on the 15th of July, and was organized by electing Franklin President, and on the 28th of September completed its labors, having framed a new organic law and made all necessary provisions for putting it into operation. In the mean- time the old proprietary Assembly adjourned on the 14th of June to the 26th of August. But a quorum failed to appear, and an adjournment was had to the 23d of September, when some routine business was attended to, chiefly providing for the payment of salaries and necessary bills, and on the 28th of September, after a stormy existence of nearly a century, this Assembly, the creature of Penn, adjourned never to meet again. With the ending of the As- sembly ended the power of Gov. Penn. It is a singular circumstance, much noted by the believers in signs, that on the day of his arrival in America, which was Sunday, the earth in that locality was rocked by an earthquake, which was intei-preted as an evil omen to his administration. He married the daughter of William Allen, Chief Justice of the colony, and, though at times falling under suspicion of favoring the royal cause, yet, as was believed, not with reason, he remained a quiet spectator of the great struggle, living at his country seat in Bucks County, where he died in February, 1795. The titles of the proprietors to landed estates were suspended by the action 104 HISTORY OP PENNSYLVANIA. of the convention, and on the 27t,h of November, 1779, the Legislature passed an act vesting these estates in the commonwealth, but paying the proprietors a gratuity of £130,000, " in remembrance of the enterprising spirit of the Founder." This act did not touch the private estates of the proprietors, nor the tenths of manors. The Britioh Government, in 1790, in consideration of the fact that it had been unable to vindicate its authority over the colony, and afford protection to the proprietors in the enjoyment of their chartered rights, voted an annuity of £4,000 to th e heirs and descendants of Penn. This annuity has been regularly paid to the present time, 1884. CHAPTER XIL Thomas Whakton, Jr., 1777-78— Geoege Bkyan, 1778— Joseph Reed, 1778-81— William Mooee, 1781-82— John Dickinson, 1783-85— Benjamin Feanklin, 1785-88. THE convention which framed the constitution appointed a Committee of Safety, consisting of twenty-five members, to whom was intrusted the government of the colony until the proposed constitution should be framed and put in operation. Thomas Eittenhouse was chosen President of this body, who was consequently in effect Governor. The new constitution, which was unanimously adopted on the 28th of September, was to take effect from its passage. It provided for an Assembly to be elected annually; a Supreme Ex- ecutive Council of twelve members to be elected for a term of three years; As- semblymen to be eligible but four years out of seven, and Councilmen but one term in seven years. Members of Congress were chosen by the Assembly. The constitution could not be changed for seven years. It provided for the election of censors every seven years, who were to decide whether there was a demand for its revision. If so, they were to call a convention for the pur- pose. On the 6th of August, 1776, Thomas "Wharton, Jr., was chosen Presi- dent of the Council of Safety. The struggle with the parent country was now fully inaugurated. The Britidh Parliament had declared the colonists rebels, had voted a force of 55,000 men, and in addition had hired 17,000 Hessian soldiers, to subdue them. The Congress on its part had declared the objects for which arms had been taken up, and had issued bills of credit to the amount of $6,000,000. Par- liament had resolved upon a vigorous campaign, to strike heavy and rapid blows, and quickly end the war. The first campaign had been conducted in Massachusetts, and by the efficient conduct of Washington, Gen. Howe, the leader of the British, was compelled to capitulate and withdraw to Halifax in March, 1776. On the 28th of June, Sir Henry Clinton, with a strong detach- ment, in conjunction with Sir Peter Parker of the navy, made a combined land and naval attack upon the defenses of Charleston Harbor, where he was met by Gen. William Moultrie, with the Carolina Militia, and after a severe battle, in which the British fleet was roughly handled, Clinton withdrew and returned to New York, whither the main body of the British Army, under Gen. Howe, had come, and where Admiral Lord Howe, with a large fleet directly from England, joined them. To this formidable power led by the best talent in the British Army, Washington could muster no adequate force to oppose, and he was obliged to withdraw from Long Island, from New York, from HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 105 Harlem, from White Plains, to cross into New Jersey, and abandon position after position, until he had reached the right bank of the Delaware on Penn- sylvania soil. A heavy detachment under Cornwallis followed, and would have crossed the Delaware in pursuit, but advised to a cautious policy by Howe, he waited for ice to form on the waters of the Delaware before passing over. The fall of Philadelphia now seemed imminent. Washington had not sufficient force to face the whole power of the British Ajmy. On the 2d of December, the Supreme Council ordered all places of business in the city to be closed, the schools to be dismissed, and advised preparation for removing the women and children and valuables. On the 12th, the Congress which was in session here adjourned to meet in Baltimore, taking with them all papers and public records, and leaving a committee, of which Eobert Morris was Chairman, to act in conjunction with Washington for the safety of the place. Cren. Putnam was dispatched on the same day with a detachment of soldiers to take command in the city. In this emergancy the Council issued a stirring address: "If you wish to live in freedom, and are determined to maintain that best boon of heaven, you have no time to deliberate. A manly resistance will secure every bless- ing, inactivity and sloth will bring horror and destruction. * « * lyjay heaven, which has bestowed the blessings of liberty upon you, awaken you to a proper sense of your danger and arouse that manly spirit of virtuous resolu- tion which has ever bidden defiance to the efforts of tyranny. May you ever have the glorious prize of liberty in view, and bear with a becoming fortitude the fatigues and severities of a winter campaign. That, and that only, will entitle you to the superlative distinction of being deemed, under God, the deliverers of your country." Such were the arguments which our fathers made use of in conducting the struggle against the British Empire. Washington, who had, from the opening of the campaign before New York, been obliged for the most part to act upon the defensive, formed the plan to suddenly turn upon his pursuers and offer battle. Accordingly, on the night of the 25th of December, taking a picked body of men, he moved up several miles to Taylorsville, where he crossed the river, though at flood tide and filled with floating ice, and moving down to Trenton, where a detachment of the British Army was posted, made a bold and vigorous attack. Taken by siu-prise, though now after sunrise, the battle was soon decided in favor of the Americans. Some fifty of the enemy were slain and over a thousand taken prisoners, with quantities of arms, ammunition and stores captured. A triumphal entry was made at Philadelphia, when the prisoners and the spoils of war moved through the streets under guard of the victorious troops, and were marched away to the prison camp at Lancaster. Washington, who was smarting under a forced inacbivity, by reason of paucity of numbers and lack of arms and material, and who had been forced constantl}' to retire before a defiant foe, now took courage. His name was upon every tongue, and foreign Governments were disposed to give the States a fair chance in tbeir struggle for nationality. The lukewarm were encouraged to enlist under the banner of freedom. It had great strategic value. The British had intended to push forward and occupy Philadelphia at once, which, being now virtually the cap- ital of the new nation, had it been captured at this juncture, would have given tbem the occasion for claiming a triumphal ending of the war. But this ad, vantage, though gained by a detachment small in numbers yet great in cour- age, caused the commander of a powerful and well appointed army to give up all intention o-f attempting to capture the Pennsylvania metropolis in this campaign, and retiring into winter cantonments upon the Raritan to await 106 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. the settled weather of the spring for an entirely new cast of operations. Washington, emboldened by his success, led all his forces into New Jersey, and pushing past Trenton, where Cornwallis, the royal leader, had brought his main body by a forced march, under cover of darkness, attacked the British reserves at Princeton. But now the enemy had become wary and vig- ilant, and, summoned by the booming of cannon, Cornwallis hastened back to the relief of his hard pressed columns. Washington, finding that the enemy's whole army was within easy call and knowing that he had no hope of success with his weak army, withdrew. Washington now went into winter quarters at Morristown, and by constant vigilance was able to gather marauding parties of the British who ventured far away from their works. Putnam commenced fortifications at a point below Philadelphia upon the Delaware, and at commanding positions upon the outskirts, and on being summoned to the army was succeeded by Gen. Irvine, and he by Gen. Gates. On the 4th of March, 1777, the two Houses of the Legislature, elected under the new constitution, assembled, and in joint convention chose Thomas Wharton, 'Jr., President, and George Bryan Vice President. Penn had expressed the idea that power was preserved the better by due formality and ceremony, and, accordingly, this event was celebrated with much pomp, the result being declared in a loud voice from the court house, amid the shouts of the gathered throngs and the booming of the captured cannon brought from the field of Trenton. The title bestowed upon the new chief o£Scer of the State was fitted by its length and high-sounding epithets to inspire the multitude with awe and reverence: "His Excellency, Thomas Wharton, Junior, Esquire, President of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, Captain General, and Com- mander-in-chief in and over the same. " While the enemy was disposed to be cautious after the New Jersey cam- paign so humiliating to the native pride of the Britain, yet he was determined to bring all available forces into the field for the campaign of 1777, and to strike a decisive blow. Early in April, great activity was observed among the shipping in New York Harbor, and Washington communicated to Congress his opinion that Philadelphia was the object against which the blow would be aimed. This announcement of probable peril induced the Council to issue a proclamation urging enlistments, and Cijngress ordered the opening of a camp for drilling recruits in Pennsylvania, and Benedict Arnold, who was at this time a trusted General, was ordered to the command of it. So many new ves- sels and transports of all classes had been discovered to have come into New York Harbor, probably forwarded from England, that Washington sent Gen. Mifflin, on the 10th of June, to Congress, bearing a letter in which he ex- pressed the settled conviction that the enemy meditated an immediate descent upon some part of Pennsylvania. Gen. Mifflin proceeded to examine the de- fensive works of the city which had been begun on the previous advance of the British, and rec9mmeuded such changes and new works as seemed best adapted for its protection. The preparations for defense were vigorovisly pros- ecuted. The militia were called out and placed in two camps, one at Chester and the other at Downington. Fire ships were held in readiness to be used against vessels attempting the ascent of the river. Lord Howe, being determined not to move until ample preparations were completed, allowed the greater part of the summer to wear away before he advanced. Finally,- having embarked a force of 19,500 men on a fleet of 300 transports, he sailed southward. Washington promptly made a corresponding march overland, passing through Philadelphia on the 24th of August. Howe, F.nspecting that preparations would be made for impeding the passage of the HISTORY OF PENNSVLVANIA. lOT Delaware, sailed past its mouth, and moving up the Chesapeake instead, de- barlced iifty-four miles from Philadelphia and commenced the march north- ward. Great activity was now manifested in the city. The water-spouts wera melted to furnish bullets, fair hands were busied in rolling cartidges, power- ful chevaux-de-frise were planted to impede the navigation of the river, and the last division of the militia of the city, which had been divided into three classes, was called out. Washington, who had crossed the Brandywine, soon confronted the advance of Howe, and brisk skirmishing at once opened. See- ing that he was likely to have the right of his position at Eed Clay Creek, where he had intended to give battle, turned by the largely superior'f orce of the enemy, under cover of darkness on the night of the 8th of September, he withdrew across the Brandywine at Chad's Ford, and posting Armstrong with the militia upon the left, at Pyle's Ford, where the banks were rugged and pre- cipitous, and Sullivan, who was second in command, upon the right at Brin- ton's Ford under cover of forest, he himself took post with three divisions,, Stealing's, Stephens', and his own, in front of the main avenue of approach at Chad's. Howe, discovering that Washington was well posted, determined to flank him. Accordingly, on the 11th, sending Knyphausen with a division of Hessians to make vigorous demonstrations upoQ Washington's front at Chad's, he, with the corps of Cornwallis, in light marching order, moved up the Brandy- wine, far past the right flank of Washington, crossed the Brandywine at the fords of Trumbull and Jeffrey unopposed, and, moving down came upon Washington's right, held by Sullivan, all unsuspecting and unprepared to re- ceive him. Though Howe was favored by a dense fog which on that morning hung on all the valley, yet it had hardly been commenced before Washingtou discovered the move and divined its purpose. His resolution was instantly taken. He ordered Sullivan to cross the stream at Brinton's, and resolutely turn the 'left flank of Knyphausen, when he himself with the main body would move over and crush the British Army in detail. Is was a brilliant conception> was feasible, and promised the most complete success. But what chagrin and mortification, to receive, at the moment when he expected to hear the music of Sullivan's guns doubling up the left of the enemy, and giving notice to him to commence the passage, a message from that officer advising him that he had disobeyed his orders to cross, having received intelligence that the enemy were not moving northward, and that he was still in position at the ford. Thua balked, Washington had no alternative but to remain in position, and it was not long before the guns of Howe were heard moving in upon his all unguarded right flank. The best dispositions were made which time would permit. His main body with the force of Sullivan took position along the brow of the hill on which stands the Birmingham meeting house, and the battle opened and was pushed with vigor the whole day. Overborne by numbers, and weakened by losses, Washington was obliged to retire, leaving the enemy in possession of the field. The young French nobleman, Lafayette, was wounded while gal- lantly serving in this fight. The wounded were carried into the Birmingham meeting house, where the blood stains are visible to this day, enterprising relic hunters for many generations having been busy in loosening small slivers with the points of their knives. The British now moved cautiously toward Philadelphia. On the 16th of September, at a point some twenty miles west of Philadelphia, Washington again made a stand, and'a battle opened with brisk skirmishing, but a heavy rain storm coming on the powder of the patriot soldiers was completely rained on account of their defective cartridge boxes. On the night of the 20th, Gen. Anthony Wayne, who had been hanging on the rear of the enemy with hia 108 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. detachment, was surprised by Gen. Gray with a heavy oolomn, who fell sud- denly upon the Americans in bivouac and put them to the sword, giving no quarter. This disgraceful slaughter which brought a stigma and an indelible stain upon the British arms is known as the Paoli Massacre. Fifty-three of the victims of the black flag were buried in one grave. A neat monument of white marble was erected forty years afterward over their moldering remains by the KepnbJioan Artillerists of Chester County, which vandal hands have not spared in their mania for relics. Congress remained in Philadelphia while these military operations were going on at its very doors; but on the IHth of September adjourned to meet at Lancaster, though subsequently, on the 30th, removed across the Susque- hanna to York, where it remained in session till after the evacuation in the following summer. The Council remained until two days before the fall of the city, when having dispatched the records of the loan office and the more valuable papers to Easton, it adjourned to Lancaster. On the 26th, the British Army entered the city. Deborah Logan in her memoir says: "Thestfrny marched in and took possession in the city in the morning. We were up-stairs and saw them pass the State House. They looked well, clean and well clad, and the contrast between them and our own poor, bare-footed, ragged troops was very great and caused a feeling of despair. * * * ♦ jjarly in the afternoon, Lord Cornwallis' suite arrived and took possession of my mother's house." But though now holding undisputed possession of the American capital, Howe found his position an uncomfortable one, for his fleet was in the Chesapeake, and the Delaware and all its defenses were in posses- sion of the Americans, and Washington had manned the forts with some of his most resolute troops. Varnum's brigade^ led by Cols. Angell and Greene, Rhode Island troops, were at Port Mercer, at Ked Bank, and this the enemy determined to attack. On the 21st of October, with a force of 2,500 men, led by Count Donop, the attack was made. In two colums they moved as to an easy victory. But the steady fire of the defenders when come in easy range, swept them down with deadly effect, and, retiring with a loss of over 400 and their leader mortally wounded, they did not renew the fight. Its reduction was of prime importance, and powerful works were built and equipped to bear upon the devoted fort on all sides, and the heavy guns of the fleet were brought up to aid in overpowering it. For six long days the greatest weight of metal was poured upon it from the land and the naval force, but without effect, the sides of the fort successfully withstanding the plunging of their powerful missiles. As a last resort, the great vessels were run suddenly in close under the walls, and manning the yard-arms with sharp-shooters, so effectually silenced and drove away the gunners that the fort fell easily into the Brit- ish hands and the river was opened to navigation. The army of Washing- ton, after being recruited and put in light marching order, was led to German- town where, on the morning of the 3d of October the enemy was met. A heavy fog that morning had obscured friend and foe alike, occasioning con- fusion in the ranks, and though the opening promised well, and some progress was made, yet the enemy was too strong to be moved, and the American laader was forced to retire to his camp at White Marsh. Though the river had now been opened and the city was thoroughly fortified for resisting attack, yet Howe felt not quite easy in having the American Army quartered in so close striking distance, and accordingly, on the 4th of December, with nearly his entire army, moved out, intending to take Washington at White Marsh, sixteen miles away, by surprise, and by rapidity of action gain an easy victory. But by the heroism and fidelity of Lydia Darrah, who, as she had often done before HISTOBtY of PENNSYLVANIA. 10!> passed the gaardsi to go to the mill for flour, the news of the coming of Howe waF communicated to Washington, who was prepared to receive him. Finding that he could effect nothing, Howe returned to the city, having had th|e weari- some march at this wintry season without effect. Washington now crossed the Schuylkill and went into winter quarters at Valley Forge. The cold of that winter was intense; the troops, half clad and indifferently fed, suffered severely, the prints of their naked feet in frost and snow being often tinted with patriot blood. Grown impatient of the small results from ihe immensely expensive campaigns carried on across the ocean, the Ministry relieved Lord Howe, and appointed Sir Henry Clinton to the chief command. The Commissioners whom Congress had sent to France early in the fall of 1776 — Franklin, Dean and Lee had been busy in making interest for the united colonies at the French Court, and so successful were they, that arms and ammunition and loans of money were procured from time to time. Indeed, so persuasive had they become that it was a saying current at court th-at, ' ' It was fortunate for the King that Franklin did not take it into his head to ask to have the palace at Versailles stripped of its furniture to send to his dear Americans, for his majesty would have been unable to deny him." Finally, a convention was concluded, by which France agreed to use the royal army and navy as faithful allies of the Americans against the English. Accordingly, a fleet of four powerful frigates, and twelve ships were dispatched under com- mand of the Count D'Estaing to shut up the British fleet in the Dela.ware. The plan was ingenious, particularly worthy of the long head of Franklin. But by some means, intelligence of the sailing of the French fleet reached (he English cabinet, who immediately ordered the evacuation of the Delaware, whereupon the Admiral weighed anchor and sailed away with his entire fleet to New York, and D'Estaing, upon his arrival at the mouth of the Delaware, found that the bird had flown. Clinton evacuated Philadelphia and moved across New Jersey in the direc- tion of New York. Washington closely followed and came up with the enemy on the plains of Monmouth, on the 28th of June, 1778, where a sanguin- ary battle was fought which lasted the whole day, resulting in the triumph of the American arms, and Pennsylvania was rid of British troops. The enemy was no sooner well away from the city than Congress returned from York and resumed its sittings in its former quarters, June 24, 1778, and on the following day, the Colonial Legislature returned from Lancaster. Gen Arnold, who was disabled by a wound received at Saratoga, from field duty, was given command in the city and marched in with a regiment on the day following the evacuation. On the 23d of May, 1778, President Wharton died suddenly of quinsy, while in attendance upon the Council at Lancaster, when George Bryan, the Vice President, became the Acting President. Bryan was a philanthropist in deed as well as word. Up to thia time, African slavery had been tolerated in fhe colony. In his message of the 9th of November, he said: "This or some better scheme, would tend to abrogate slavery — the approbrium of America — from among us. * * * In divestiag the State of slaves, you will equally serve the cause of humanity and policy, nud offer to God one of the most proper and best returns of gratitude for ffis great deliverance of us and our posterity from thraldom; you will also se?^^ your character for justice and benevolence in the true point of view to Europe, who are astonished to see a people eager for liberty holding negroes in bondage." He perfected a bill for the extinguishment of claims to slaves which was passed by the Assembly, March 1, 1780, by a vote of thirty-four tx) eighteen, providing that no child 110 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. •of slave parents born after that date should be a slave, but a servant till the age of twenty-eight years, when all claim for service should end. Thus by a simple enactment resolutely pressed by Bryan, was slavery forever rooted out of Pennsylvania. In the summer of 1778, a force of savages and sour- faced tories to the num- ber of some 1,200, under the leadership of one Col. John Butler, a cruel and in- linman wretch, descending from the north, broke into the Wyoming Valley on the 2d of July. The strong men were in the army of "Washington, and the only defenders were old men, beardless boys and resolute women. These, to the number of about 400, under Zebulon Butler, a brave soldier who had won ■distinction in the old French war, and who happened to be present, moved resolutely out to meet the invaders. Overborne by numbers, the inhabitants were beaten and put to the sword, the few who escaped retreating to Forty Fort, whither the helpless, up and down the valley, had sought safety. Here humane terms of surrender were agreed to, and the families returned to their homes, supposing all danger to be past. But the savages had tasted blood, and perhaps confiscated liquor, and were little mindful oE capitu- lations. The night of the 5th was given to indiscriminate massacre. The <5ries of the helpless rang out upon the night air, and the heavens along all the valley were lighted up with the flames of burning cottages; " and when the moon arose, the terrified inhabitants were fleeing to the Wilkesbarre Mount- ains, and the dark morasses of the Pocono Mountain beyond. " Most of these were emigrants from Connecticut, and they made their way homeward as fast as their feet would carry them, many of them crossing the Hudson at Pough- ieepsie, where they told their tales of woe. In February, 1778, Parliament, grown tired of this long and wasting war, abolished taxes of which the Americans had complained, and a committee, composed of Earl Carlisle, George Johnstone and William Eden, were sent empowered to forgiVe past offenses, and to conclude peace with the colonies, upon submission to the British crown. Congress would not listen to their proposal?, maintaining that the people of America had done nothing that needed forgiveness, and that no conference could be accorded so long as the English Armies remained on American soil. Finding that negotiations could not be entered upon with the government, they sought to worm their way by base bribes. Johnstone proposed to Gen. Eeed that if he would lend his aid to bring about terms of pacification, 10,000 guineas and the best office in the country should be his. The answer of the stern General was a type of the feeling which swayed every patriot: "My influence is but small, but were it as great as Gov. Johntone would insinuate, the King of Great Britain has noth- ing in his gift that would tempt me." At the election held for President, the choice f el-1 upon Joseph Reed, with George Bryan Vice President, subsequently Matthew Smith, and finally Will- iam Moore. Reed was an erudite lawyer, and had held the positions of Pri- vate Secretary to Washington, and subsequently Adjutant General of the army. He was inaugurated on the 1st of December, 1778. Upon the return of the patriots to Philadelphia, after the departure of the British, a bitter feeling existed between them and the tories who had remained at their homes, and had largely profited by the British occupancy. IJhe soldiers became dem- onstrative, especially against those lawyers who had defended the tories in ■court. Some of those most obnoxious took refuge in the house of James Wil- son, a signer of the Declaration. Private soldiers, in passing, fired upon it, and shots were returned whereby one was killed and several wounded. The President on being informed of these proceedings, rode at the head of the HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Ill «it7 troop, and dispersed the assailants, capturing the leaders. The Academy and College of Philadelphia required by its charter an oath of allegiance to the King of Great Britain. An act wa^ passed November 27, 1779, abrogating the former charter, and vesting its property in a new board. An endowment from confiscated estates was settled u])on it of £15,000 annually. The name of the institution was changed to the " University of the State of Pennsyl- vania." Prance was now aiding the American cause with money and large land and naval forces. While some of the patriots remained steadfast and were disposed to sacrifice and endure all for the success of the struggle, many, who should have been in the ranks rallying around Washington, had grown luke- warm. The General was mortified that' the French should come across the ocean and make great sacrifices to help us, and should find so much indiffer- ence prevailing among the citizens of many of the States, and so few coming forward to fill up the decimated ranks. At the request of Washington, Presi- dent Beed was invested with extraordinary powers, in 1780, which were used prudently but effectively. During the winter of this year, some of the veteran soldiers of the Pennsylvauia line mutinied and commenced the march on Philadelphia with arms in their hands. Some of them had just cause. They had enlisted for "three years or the war," meaning for three years unless the war closed sooner. But the authorities had interpreted it to mean, three years, or as much longer as the war should last. President Beed immediately rode out to meet the mutineers, heard their cause, and pledged if all would re- turn to camp, to have those who had honorably served out the full term of three years discharged, which was agreed to. Before the arrival of the Presi- dent, two emissaries from the enemy who had heard of the disaffection, came into camp, offering strong inducements for them to continue the revolt. But the mutineers spurned the offer, and delivered them over to the officers, by ■whom they were tried and executed as spies. The soldiers who had so patriot- ically arrested and handed over these messengers were offered a reward of fifty guineas; but they refused it on the plea that they were acting under authority of the Board of Sergeants, under whose order the mutiny was being conducted. Accordingly, a hundred guineas were offered to this board for their fidelity. Their answer showed how conscientious even mutineers can be: "It was not for the sake, or through any expectation of reward; but for the love of our country, that we sent the spies immediately to Gen. Wayne; we therefore do not consider ourselves entitled to any other reward but the love of our country, and do jointly agree to accept of no other." William Moore was elected Presidei^t to succeed Joseph Reed, from No- vember 14, 1781, but held the office less than one year, the term of three years for which he had been a Councilman having expired, which was the limit of service. James Potter was chosen Vice President. On account of the hostile attitude of the Ohio Indians, it was decided to call out a body of volunteers, numbering some 400 from the counties of Washington and Westmoreland, where the outrages upon the settlers had been most sorely felt, who chose for their commander Col. William Crawford, of Westmoreland. The expedition met a most unfortunate fate. It was defeated and cut to pieces, and the leader taken captive and burned at the stake. Crawford County, which was settled very soon afterward, was named in honor of this unfortunate soldier. In the month of November, intelligence was communicated to the Legislature that Pennsylvania soldiers, confined as prisoners of war on board of the Jer- sey, an old hulk 1 j ing in the New York Harbor, were in a starving condition, receiving at the hands of the enemy the most barbarous and inhuman treat- 112 HISTORY OP PENNSYLVANIA. ment. Fifty barrels of flour and 300 bushels of potatoes were immediately sent to them. In the State election of 1782, contested with great violence, John Dickin- son was chosen President, and James Ewing Vice President. On the 12th of March, 1783, intelligence was first received of the signing of the preliminary treaty in which independence was acknowledged, and on the 11th of April Congress sent forth the joyful proclamation ordering a cessation of hostilities. The soldiers of Biirgoyne, who had been confined in the prison camp at Lan- caster, were put upon the march for New York, passing through Philadelphia on the way. Everywhere was joy unspeakable. The obstructions were re- moved from the Delaware, and the white wings of commerce again came flut- tering on every breeze. In June, Peunsylvania soldiers, exasperated by delay in receiving their pay and their discharge, and impatient to return to their homes, to a considerable number marched from their camp at Lancaster, and arriving at Philadelphia sent a committee with arms in their hands to the State House door with a remonstrance asking permission to elect officers to command them for the redress of their grievances, their own having left them, and employing threats in case of refusal. These demands the Council rejected. The President of Congress, hearing of these proceedings, called a special ses- sion, which resolved to demand that the militia of the State should be called out to quell the insurgents. The Council refused to resort to this extreme measure, when Congress, watehful of its dignity and of its supposed supreme authority, left Philadelphia and established itself in Princeton, N. J., and though invited to return at its next session, it refused, and met at Annapolis. In October, 1784, the last treaty was concluded with the Indians at Fort Stanwix. The Commissioners at this conference purchased from the natives all the land to the north of the Ohio River, and the line of Pine Creek, which completed the entire limits of the State with the exception of the triangle at Erie, which was acquired from the United States in 1792. This purchase was confirmed by the Wyandots and Delawares at Fort Mcintosh January 21, 1785, and the grant was made secure. In September, 1785, after a long absence in the service of his country abroad, perfecting treaties, and otherwise establishing just relations with other nations, the venerable Benjamin Franklin, then nearly eighty years old, feel- ing the infirmities of age coming upon him, asked to be relieved of the duties of Minister at the Court of France, and returned to Philadelphia. Soon after his arrival, he was elected President of the Council. Charles Biddle was elected Vice President. It was at this period that a citizen of Pennsylvania, John Fitch, secured a patent on his invention for propelling boats by steam. In May, 1787, the convention to frame a constitution for the United States met in Philadelphia. The delegation from Pennsylvania was Benjamin Frank- lin, Robert Morris, Thomas Mifflin, George Clymer, Thomas Fitzsimons, Jared IngersoU, James Wilson and Gouverneur Morris. Upon the completion of their work, the instrument was submitted to the several States for adoption. A convention was called in Pennsylvania, which met on the 21st of November, and though encountering resolute opposition, it was finally adopted on the 12th of De- cember. On the following day, the convention, the Supreme Council and offi- cers of the State and city government, moved in procession to the old court house, where the adoption of the constitution was formally proclaimed amidst the booming of cannon and the ringing of bells. On the 5th of November, 1788, Thomas Mifflin was elected President, and George Ross Vice President. The constitution of the State, framed in and adapted to the exigencies of an emergency, was ill suited to the needs of State 114 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. in its relations to the new nation. Accordingly, a convention assembled for the purpose of preparing a new constitution in November, 1789, which was finally adopted on September 2, 1790. By the provisions of this instrument, the Executive Council was abolished, and the executive duties were vested in the hands of a Governor. Legislation was intrusted to an Assembly and a Senate. The judicial system was continued, the terms of the Judges extend- ing through good behavior. CHAPTER XIII. Thomas Mifflin, 1788-99— Thomas McKean, 1799-1808— Simon Snyder, 1808-17— William Findlay, 1817-20— Joseph Heister, 1830-23— John A. Shulze, 1823 -29— George Wolfe. 1829-35— Joseph Ritner, 1835-39. THE first election under the new Constitution resulted in the choice of Thomas Mifflin, who was re-elected for three successive terms, giving him the distinction of having been longer in the executive chair than any other person, a period of eleven years. A system of internal improvements was now commenced, by which vast water communications were undertaken, and a moun- tain of debt was accumulated, a portion of which hangs over the State to this day. In 1793, the Bank of Pennsylvania was chartered, one-third of the cap- ital stock of which was subscribed for by the State. Branches were established at Lancaster, Harrisburg, Beading, Easton and Pittsburgh. The branches were discontinued in 1810; in 1843, the stock held by the State was sold, and in 1857, it ceased to exist. In 1793, the yellow fever visited Phila- delphia. It was deadly in its effects and produced a panic unparalleled. Gov. Mifflin, and Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the United States Treasury, were attacked. " Men of affluent forl.unes, who gave daily employment and subsistence to hundreds, were abandoned to the csfre of a negro after their wives, children, friends, clerks and servants had fled away and left them to their fate. In some oases, at the commencement of the disorder, no money could procure proper attendance. Many of the poor perished without a hu- man being to hand them a drink of water, to administer medicines, or to per- form any charitable office for them. Nearly 5,000 perished by this wasting pestilence. " The whisky insurrection in some of the western counties of the State, which occurred in 1794, excited, by its lawlessness and wide extent, general interest. An act of Congress, of March 3, 1791, laid a tax on distilled spirits of four pence per gallon. The then counties of "Washington, Westmoreland, Allegheny and Fayette, comprising the southwestern quarter of the State, Were almost exclusively engaged in the production of grain. Being far re- moved from any market, the product of their farms brought them scarcely any Returns. The consequence was that a large proportion of the surplus grain was turned into distilled spirits, and nearly every other farmer was a distiller. This tax was seen to bear heavily upon them, from which a non-producer of spirits was relieved. A rash determination was formed to resist its collection, and a belief entertained, if all were united in resisting, it would be taken ofl. Frequent altercations occurred between the persons appointed United States Collectors and these resisting citizens. As an example, on the 5th of Septem- HISTORV OF PENNSYLVANIA. 115 ber, 1791, a party iu disguise set upon Bobert Johnson, a Collector for Alle- gheny and Washington, tarred and feathered him, cut off his hair, took away bis horse, and left him in this plight to proceed. Writs for the arrest of the perpetrators were issued, but none dared to venture into the territory to serve them. On May 8, 1792, the law was modified, and the tax reduced. In Septem- ber, 1792, President Washington issued his proclamation commanding all per- sons to submit to the law, and to forbear from further opposition. But these meas- ures had no effect, and the insm-gents began to organize for forcible resist, ance. One Maj. Macfarlane, who in command of a party of insurrectionists, was killed in an encounter with United States soldiers at the house of Gen. Neville. The feeling now ran very high, and it was hardly safe for any per- son to breathe a whisper against the insurgents throughout all this district. " A breath," says Brackenridge, " in favor of the law, was sufficient to ruin any man. A clergyman was not thought orthodox in the pulpit unless against the law. A physician was not capable of administering medicine, unless his principles were right in this respect. A lawyer could get no practice, nor a merchant at a country store get custom if for the law. On the contrary, to talk against the law was the way to office and emolument. To go to the Legislature or to Congress you must make a noise against it. It was the Shib- boleth of safety and the ladder of ambition " One Bradford had, of his own notion, issued a circular letter to the Colonels of regiments to assemble with their commands at Braddock's field on the 1st of August, where they appoint- ed officers and moved on to Pittsburgh. After having burned a barn, and made some noisy demonstrations, they were induced by some cool heads to re- turn. These turbulent proceedings coming to the ears of the State and Na- tional authorities at Philadelphia, measures were concerted to promptly and effectually check them. Gov. Mifflin appointed Chief Justice McKean, and Gen. William Irvine to proceed to the disaffected district, ascertain the facts, and try to bring the leaders to justice. President Washington issued a proc- lamation commanding all persons in arms to disperse to their homes on or be- fore the 1st of September, proximo, and called out the militia of four States — Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland and Virginia — to the number of 13,000 men, to enforce his commands. The quota of Pennsylvania was 4,500 infan- trv, 500 cavalry, 200 artillery, and Gov. Mifflin took command in person. Gov. Richard Howell, of New Jersey, Gov. Thomas S. Lee, of Maryland, and Gen. Daniel Morgan, of Virginia, commanded the( forces from their States, and Gov. Henry Lee, of Virginia, was placed in chief command. President Washington, accompanied by Gen. Knox, Secretary of War, Alexander Hamil- ton, Secretary of the Treasury, and Richard Peters, of the United States Dis- trict Court, set out on the 1st of October, for the seat of the disturbance. On Friday, the President reached Harrisburg, and on Saturday Carlisle, whither the army had preceded him. In the meantime a committee, consisting of James Ross, Jasper Yeates and William Bradford, was appointed by President Washington to proceed to the disaffected district, and endeavor to persuade misguided citizens to return to their allegiance. A meeting of 260 delegates from the four counties was held at Parkinson's Ferry on the 14th of August, at which the state of their cause was considered, resolutions adopted, and a committee of sixty, one from each county, was ap- pointed, and a sub-committee of twelve was named to confer with the United States Commissioners, McKean and Irvine. These conferences with the State and National Committees were successful in arranging preliminary conditions of settlement. On the 2d of October, the Committee of Safety of the insur- gents met at Parkinson's Ferry, and having now learned that a well-organized 116 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. army, with Washington at its head, was marching westward for enforcing obedience to the laws, appointed a committee of two, William Findley and David Eeddick, to meet the President, and assure bim that the disaffected were disposed to return to their duty. They met Washington at Carlisle, and sev- eral conferences were held, and assurances given of implicit obedience; but the President said that as the troops had been called out, the orders for the march would not be countermanded. The President proceeded forward on the 11th of October to Chambersburg, reached Williamsport on the 13tb and Fort Cumberland on the 14th, where he reviewed the Virginia and Maryland forces, and arrived at Bedford on the 19th. Remaining a few days, and being satis- fied that the sentiment of the people had changed, he returned to Philadel- phia, arriving on the 28th, leaving Gen. Lee to meet the Commissioners and make such conditions of pacification as should seem just. Another meeting of the Committee of Safety was held at Parkinson's Ferry on the 24th, at which assurances of abandonment of opposition to the laws were received, and the same committee, with the addition of Thomas Morton and Bphriam Douglass, was directed to return to headquarters and give assurance of this disposition. They did not reach Bedford until after the departure of Washington. But at Uniontown they met Gen. Lee, with whom it was agreed that the citizens of these four counties should subscribe to an oath to support the Constitution and obey the laws. Justices of the Peace issued notices that books were oppned for subscribing to the oath, and Gen. Lee issued a judicious address urging ready obedience. Seeing that all requirments were being faithfully carried out, an order was issued on the 17th of November for the return of ttie army and its disbandment. A number of arrests were made and trials and convic- tions were had, but all were ultimately pardoned. With the exception of a slight ebulition at the prospect of a war with France in 1797, and a resistance to the operation of the " Homestead Tax " in Lehigh, Berks and Northampton Counties, when tlie militia was called out, the re- mainder of the term of Gov. Mifflin passed in comparative quiet. By an act of the Legislature of the 3d of April, 1799, the capital of the State was re moved to Lancaster, and soon after the capital of the United States to Wash- ington, the house on Ninth street, which had been built for the residence of the President of the United States, passing to the use of the University of Pennsyl- vania. During the administrations of Thomas McKean, who was elected Governor in 1799, and Simon Snyder in 1808, little beyond heated political contests marked the even tenor of the government, until the breaking-out of the troub- les which eventuated in the war of 1812. The blockade of the coast of France in 1806, and the retaliatory measures of Napoleon in his Berlin decree, swept American commerce, which had hitherto preserved a neutral attitude and prof- ited by European wars, from the seas. The haughty ctmduct of Great Britain in boarding American vessels for suspected deserters from the British Navy, under cover of which the grossest outrages were committed, American seaman being dragged from the decks of their vessels and impressed into the English service, induced President Jefferson, •in July, 1807, to issue his proclamation ordering all British armed vessels to leave the waters of the United States, and forbidding any to enter, until satisfaction for the past and security for the future should be provided for. Upon the meeting of Congress in December, an embargo was laid, detaining all vessels, American and foreign, then in American waters, and ordering home all vessels abroad. Negotiations were conducted between the two countries, but no definite results were reached, and in the meantime causes of irritation multiplied until 1812, when President HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 117 Madison declared war against Great Britain, known as the war of 1812. Pennsylyania promptly seconded the National Government, the message of Gov. Snyder on the occasion ringing like a silver clarion. The national call for 100,000 men required 14,000 from this State, but so great was the enthu- siasm, that several times this number tendered their services. The State force was organized in two divisions, to the command of the first of A^hich Maf Gen. Isaac Morrell was appointed, and to the second Maj. Gen. AdamsonTan- nehill. Gunboats and privateers were built in the harbor of Erie and on the Delaware, and the defenses upon the latter were put in order and suitable armaments provided. At Tippecanoe, at Detroit, at Queenstown Heights, at the Eiver Baisin, at Fort Stephenson, and at the Eiver Thames, the war was waged with varying success. Upon the water, Commodores Decatur, Hull, Jones, Perry, Lawrence, Porter and McDonough made a bright chapter in American history, as was to be wished, inasmuch as the war had been under- taken to vindicate the honor and integrity of that branch of the service. Napo- leon, having met with disaster, and his power having been broken, 14,000 of Wellington's veterans were sent to Canada, and the campaign of the next year was opened with vigor. But at the battles of Oswego, Chippewa, Lundy's Lane, Fort Erie and Plattsburg, the tide was turned against the enemy, and the country saved from invasion. The act which created most alarm to Pennsylvania was one of vandalism scarcely matched in the annals of war- fare. In August, 1814, Gen. Koss, with 6,000 men in a flotilla of sixty sails, moved up Chesapeake Bay, fired the capitol, President's house and the various offices of cabinet ministers, and these costly and substantial buildings, the nation- al library and all the records of the Government from its foundation were utterly destroyed. Shortly afterward, Ross appeared before Baltimore with the design of multiplying his barbarisms, but he was met by a force hastily collected under Gen. Samuel Smith, a Pennsylvania veteran of the Revolution, and in the brief engagement which ensued Ross was killed. In the severe battle with the corps of Gen Strieker, the British lost some 300 men. The fleet in the mean- time opened a fierce bombardment of Fort McHenry, and during the day and ensuing night 1,500 bombshells were thrown, but all to no purpose, the gal- lant defense of Maj. Armistead proving successful. It was during this awful night that Maj. Key, who was a prisoner on board the fleet, wrote the song of the Star Spangled Banner, which became the national lyric. It was in the ad- ministration of Gov. Snyder in February, 1810, that an act was passed making Harrisburg the seat of government, and a commission raised for erecting public buildings, the sessions of the Legislature being held in the court house at Har- risburg from 1812 to 1821. The administrations of William Findley, elected in 1817, Joseph Heister, in 1820, and John Andrew Schulz in 1823, followed without marked events. Parties became very warm in their discussions and in their management of po- litical campaigns. The charters for the forty banks which had been passed in a fit of frenzy over the veto of Gov. Snyder set a flood of paper money afloat. The public improvements, principally in opening lines of canal, were prose- cuted, and vast debts incurred. These lines of conveyances were vitally need- ful to move the immense products and vast resources of the State Previous to the year 1820, little use was made of stone coal. Judge Obediah Gore, a blacksmith, used it upon his forge as early as 1769, and found the heat stronger and more enduring than that produced by charcoal. In 1791, Phillip Ginter, of Carbon County, a hunter by profession, having on one occasion been out all day without discovering any game, was returning at night discouraged and worn out, across the Mauch Chunk Mountain, when, in HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 119 TABLE SHOWING AMOUNT OF ANTHRACITE COAL PRODUCED IN EACH REGION SINCE 1820. YEAR. Lehigh, Tons. 365 1,073 2,240 5,888 9,541 38,898 81,880 33,074 80,838 25,110 41,750 40,966 70,000 133,001 106,244 181,250 148,311 223,902 213,615 221,025 225,313 143,087 372,540 267.798 377,002 429,453 517,116 633,507 670,321 781,656 690,456 964,224 1,072,136 1,054,309 1,207,186 1,284,118 1,351,970 1,318,541 1,380,030 1,628,311 1,821,674 1,738,377 1,851,054 1,894,713 2,054,669 2,040,913 2,179,364 2,502,054 2,507,582 1,939,523 3,172,916 2,235,707 3,873,339 3,705,596 3,773,836 2,834,605 3,854,919 4,333,760 3,337,449 4,595,567 4,468,221 5,894,676 5.689,437 6,113,809 Schuylkill. Tom. Wyoming, Tons. Lyken'i Valley, Shamokin, etc.. Tons. Total Tons. 1820 363 1831 1,073 1833 1,480 1,128 1,567 6,500 16,767 31,860 47,284 79,973 89,934 81,854 209,871 258,971 286,692 339,508 432,045 530,158 446,875 463,147 475,091 608,003 573,373 700,300 874,850 1,131,734 1,395,938 1,650,831 1,714,865 1,683,435 1,783,936 3,389,486 3,517,493 3,551,603 3,957,670 3,318,555 3,889,585 8,985,541 3,903.831 8,004,953 3,870,516 3,697,439 3,890,593 3,433,365 3,643,318 3,755,803 4,957,180 4,834,830 4,414,356 4,821,253 8,853,016 6,552,772 6,694,890 7,212,601 6,866,877 6,381,712 6. 331,934 8,195,042 6,282,236 8,960,339 7,5.54.742 9,253,958 9.459,288 10,074,736 3,730 1883 6,951 11 108 1834 1825 34,893 1826 48,047 1837 63,434 1828 77,516 1829 7,000 43,000 54,000 84,000 111,777 48,700 90,000 103,861 115,887 78,207 122,300 148,470 192,270 252,599 885,605 365,911 451,836 518,889 588,067 685,196 733,910 827,823 1,156,167 1,284,500 1,475,733 1,603,478 1,771,511 1,978,581 1,953,608 3,186,094 8,731,236 2,941,817 3,055,140 3,145,770 3,759,610 3,960,886 3,854,519 4,736,616 5,325,000 5,990,813 6,068,869 7,825,188 6,911,242 9,101,549 10,809,755 9,504,408 10,596,155 8,424,158 8,300,877 8,085,587 12,586,298 11,419,279 13,951,383 18,971,371 15,604,493 "ii^gso" 15,505 21,463 10,000 10,000 13,087 10,000 12,572 14,904 19,356 45,075 57,684 99,099 119,342 118,507 234,090 234,388 313,444 388,256 870,434 443,755 479,116 463,808 481,990 478,418 519,752 621,157 830,723 886,851 981,381 908,885 998,889 113,083 1830 174,734 1831 176,830 1832 363,871 1833 487,748 1884 376,636 1835 560,758 1836 684,117 879,441 1838 738,697 818,40a 1840 864,384 959,973 1848 1,108,418 1,263,598 1844 1,630,850 3,013,013 1846 3,844,005 2,883,309 1848 8,089,238 3,243,966 1850 3,358,899 4,448,916 1852 4,993,471 5,195,151 1854 6,002,334 6.608,517 1856 6,927,58» 6,664,941 1858 6,759.369 7,808,255 I860 8,513,123 7,954,314 1862 7,875,412 9,566,006 1864 10,177,475 9,653,391 1866 13,703,882 13,991,735 1868 ...., 18,834,132 13,733,030 1870 15,849,898 15,699,721 1872 19,669,778 21,227,952 1874 20,145,121 19,713,472 1876 18,501,011 30,828,179 1878 17,605,262 36,143,689 1880 33,437,243 38,500,016 1888 39,130,096 81,793,039 120 HISTORY 0? PENNSYLVANIA the gathering shades he stumbled upon something which seemed to have a glistening appearance, that he was induced to pick np and carry home. This specimen was takeo to Philadelphia, where an analysis showed it to be a good quality of anthracite coal. But, though coal was known to exist, no one knew how to use it. In 1812, Col. George Shoemaker, of Schuylkill County, took nine wagon loads to Philadelphia. But he was looked upon as an imposter for attempting to sell worthless stone for coal. He finally sold two loads for the cost of transportation, the remaining seven proving a complete loss. In 1812, White & Hazard, manufacturers of wire at the Falls of Schuylkill, in- duced an application to be made to the Legislature to incorporate a com- pany for the improvement of the Schuylkill, urging as an inducement the im- portance it would have for transporting coal; whereupon, the Senator from that district, in his place, with an air of knowledge, asserted "that there was no coal there, that there was a kind of black atone which was called coal, but that it would not bum." White & Hazard procured a cart load of Lehigh coal that cost them $1 a bushel, which was all wasted in a vain attempt to make it ignite. Another cart load was obtained, and a whole night spent in endeavoring to make a fire in the furnace, when the hands shut the furnace door and left the mill in de- spair. "Fortunately one of them left his jacket in the mill, and returning for it in about half an hour, noticed that the door was red hot, and upon opening it, was surprised at finding the whole furnace at a glowing white heat. The other hands were summoned, and four separate parcels of iron were heated and rolled by the same fire before it required renewing. The furnace was replenished, and as letting it alone had succeeded feo well, it was concluded to try it again, and the experiment was repeated with the same result. The Lehigh Navigation Company and the Lehigh Coal Company were incorporated in 1818, which companies became the basis of the Lehigh Coal and Naviga- tion Company, incorporated in 1822. In 1820, coal was sent to Philadelphia by artificial navigation, but 365 tons glutted the market." In 1825, there were brought by the Schuylkill 5,378 tons. In 1826, by the Schuylkill, 10, 265 tons, and by the Lehigh 31,280 tons. The stage of water being in- sufficient, dams and sluices were constructed near Mauch Chunk, in 1819, by which the navigation was improved. The coal boats used were great square arks, 16 to 18 feet wide, and 20 to 25 feet long. At first, two of these were joined together by hinges, to allow them to yield up and down in passing over the dams. Finally, as the boatmen became skilled in the navigation, several were joined, attaining a length of 180 feet. Machinery was used for jointing the planks, and so expert had the men become that five would build an ark and launch it in forty-five minutes. After reaching Philadelphia, these boats were taken to pieces, the plank sold, and the hinges sent back for constructing others. Such were the crude methods adopted in the early days for bringing coal to a market. In 1827, a railroad was commenced, which was completed in three months, nine miles in length. This, with the exception of one at Quincy, Mass., of four miles, built in 1826, was the first constructed in the United States. The descent was 100 feet per mile, and the coal descended by gravity in a half hour, and the cars were drawn back by mules, which rode down with the coal. "The mules cut a most grotesque figure, standing three or four together, in their cars, with their feeding troughs before them, appar- ently surveying with delight the scenery of the mountain; and though they preserve the most profound gravity, it is utterly impossible for the spectator to maintain his. It is said that the mules, having once experienced the com- fort of riding down, regard it as a right, and neither mild nor severe measures HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 121 will induce them to descend in any other way." Bituminous coal was discov- ered and its qualities utilized not much earlier than the anthracite. A tract of coal land was taken up in Clearfield County in 1785, by Mr. S. Boyd, and in 1804 he sent an ark down the Susquehanna to Columbia, which caused much surprise to the inhabitants that " an article with which they were wholly unacquainted should be brought to their own doors." During the administrations of George Wolf, elected in 1829, and Joseph Kitner, elected in 1835, a measure of great beneficence to the State was passed and brought into a good degree of successful operation — nothing less than a broad system of public education. Schools had been early established in Philadelphia, and parochial schools in the more populous portions of the State from the time of early settlement. In 1749, through the influence of Dr. Franklin, a charter was obtained for a "college, academy, and charity school of Pennsylvania," and from this time to the beginning of the present century, the friends of education were earnest in establishing colleges, the Colonial Government, and afterward the Legislature, making liberal grants from the revenues accruing from the sale of lands for their support, the uni- versity of Pennsylvania being chartered in 1752, Dickinson College in 1783, Pranklin and Marshall College in 1787, and Jefferson College in 1802. Com- mencing near the beginning of this century, and continuing for over a period of thirty years, vigorous exertions were put forth to establish county acad- emies. Charters were granted for these institutions at the county seats of forty-one counties, and appropriations were made of money, varying from •$2,000 to 16,000, and in several instances of quite extensive land grants. In 1809, an act was passed for the education of the "poor, gratis." The Asses- sors in their annual rounds were to make a record of all such as were indi- gent, and pay for their education in the most convenient schools. But few were found among the spirited inhabitants of the commonwealth willing to admit that they were so poor as to be objects of charity. By the act of April 1, 1884, a general system of education by common Bchools was established. Unfortunately it was complex and unwieldy. At the next session an attempt was made to repeal it, and substitute the old law of 1809 for educating the "poor, gratis," the repeal having been carried in the Senate. But through the appeals of Thaddeus Stevens, a man alwa^^s in the van in every movement for the elevation of mankind, this was defeated. At the next session, 1836, an entirely new bill, discarding the objectionable feat- ures of the old one, was prepared by Dr. George Smith, of Delaware County, and adopted, and from this time forward has been in efficient operation. It may seem strange that so long a time should have elapsed before a general system of education should have been secured. But the diversity of origin and lan- guage, the antagonism of religious seats, the very great sparseness of popula- t^ion in many parts, made it impossible at an earlier day to establish schools. In 1854, the system was improved by engrafting upon it the feature of the County Suporiutendency, and in 1859 by providing for the establishment- of twelvfc) Normal Schools, in as many districts into which the State was divided, for the professional training of teacher^ 122 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. OHAPTEE XIY. David R. Portek, 1839-45— rBANcis R. Shunk, 1845-48— William F. Johnstone 1848-53— William Bigler, 1852-55— James Pollock, 1855-5»— William F. Packer, 1858-61 —Andrew G. Curtin, 1861-67— John W. Geary, 1867-73— John F. Hartranft, 1873-78— Henry F. Hoyt, 1878-82— Robert E. Pat- TISON, 1882. IN 1837, a convention assembled in Harrisburg, and subsequently in Philadel- phia, for revising the constitution, which revision was adopted by a vote of the people. One of the chief objects of the change was the breaking up of what was known as "omnibus legislation," each bill being required to have but one distinct subject, to be definitely stated in the title. Much of the pat- ronage of the Governor was taken from him, and he was allowed but two terms of three years in any nine years. The Senator's term was fixed at three years. The terms of Supreme Court Judges were limited to fifteen years. Common Pleas Judges to ten, and Associate Judges to five. A step backward was taken in limiting suffrage to white male citizens twenty-one years old, it having pre- viously been extended to citizens irrespective of color. Amendments could be proposed once in five years, and if adopted by two successive Legislatures^ and approved by a vote of the people, they became a part of the organic law. At the opening of the gubernatorial term of David E. Porter, who was chosen in October, 1838, a civil commotion occurred known as the Buckshot War, which at one time threatened a sanguinary result. By the returns, Porter had some 5,000 majority over Ritner, but the latter, who was the in- cumbent, alleged frauds, and proposed an investigation and revision of the returns. Thomas H. Burrows was Secretary of State, and Chairman of the State Committee of the Anti-Masonic party, and in an elaborate address to the people setting forth the grievance, he closed with the expression " let us treat the election as if we had not been defeated. " This expression gave great ofiense to the opposing party, the Democratic, and public feeling ran high before the meeting of the Legislature. Whether an investigation could be had would depend upon the political complexion of that body. The Senate was clearly Anti-Masonic, and the House would depend upon the Representatives of a certain district in Philadelphia, which embraced the Northern Liberties. The returning board of this district had a majority of Democrats, who pro- ceeded to throw out the entire vote of Northern Liberties, for some alleged irregularities, and gave the certificate to Democrats. Whereupon, the minor- ity of the board assembled, and counted the votes of the Northern Liberties, which gave the election to the Anti-Masonic candidates, and sent certificates accordingly. By right and justice, there is no doubt that the Anti- Masons were fairly elected. But the majority of a returning board alone have authority to make returns, and the Democrats had the certificates which bore prima facie evidence of being correct, and should have been received and transmitted to the House, where alone rested the authority to go behind the returns and investigate their correctness. But upon the meeting of the House the Secretary of the Commonwealth sent in the certificates of the minority of the returning board of the Northern Liberties district, which gave the majbr- i'^y to the Anti -Masons. But the Democrats were not disposed to submit, and HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA, 123 the consequence was that two delegations from the disputed district appeared, demanding seats, and upon the organization, two Speakers were elected and took the platform — Thomas S. Cunningham for the Anti-Masons, and Will- iam Hopkins for the Democrats. At this stage of the game, an infuriated lobby, collected from Philadelphia and surrounding cities, broke into the two Houses, and, interrupting all business, threatened the lives of members, and compelled them to seek safety in flight, when they took uncontrolled pos- session of the chambers and indulged in noisy and impassioned harangues. From the capitol, the mob proceeded to the court house, where a ' ' committee of safety ' ' was appointed. For several days the members dared not enter either House, and when one of the parties of the House attempted to assemble, the person who had been appointed to act as Speaker was forcibly ejected. All business was at an end, and the Executive and State Departments were closed. At this juncture. Gov. Bitner ordered out the militia, and at the same time called on the United States authorities for help. The militia, under Gens. Pattison and Alexander, came promptly to the rescue, but the President refused to furnish the National troops, though the United States storekeeper at the Frankf ord Arsenal turned over a liberal supply of ball and buckshot cartridges. . The arrival of the militia only served to fire the spirit of the lobby, and they immediately commenced drilling and organizing, supplying themselves with arms and fixed ammunition. The militia authorities were, however, able to clear the capitol, when the two Houses assembled, and the Senate signified the willingness to recognize that branch of the House presided over by Mr. Hop- kins. This ended the diflSculty, and Gov. Porter was duly inaugurated. Francis R. Shunk was chosen Governor in 1845, and during his term of office the war with Mexico occurred. Two volunteer regimente, one under command of Col. Wynkoop, and the other under Col. Eoberis, subsequently Col. John W. Geary, were sent to the field, while the services of a. much larger number were offered, but could not be received. Toward the close of his first term, having been reduced by sickness, and feeling his end approach- ing, Gov. Shunk resigned, and was succeeded by the Speaker of the Senate, William F. Johnston, who was duly chosen at the next annual election. Dur- ing the administrations of William Bigler, elected in 1851, James Pollock in 1854, and William F. Packer in 1857, little beyond the ordinary course of events marked the history of the State. The lines of public works undertaken at the expense of the State were completed. Their cost had been enormous, and a debt was piled up against it of over $40,000,000. These works, vastly expensive, were still to operate and keep in repair, and the revenues therefrom failing to meet expectations, it was determined in the administration of Gov. Pollock to sell them to the highest bidder, the Pennsylvania Eailroad Com- pany purchasing them for the sum of $7,500,000. In the administration of Gov. Packer, petroleum was first discovered in quantities in this country by boring into the bowels of the earth. From the earliest settlement of the country it was known to exist. As early as July 18, 1627. a French missionary, Joseph Delaroche Daillon, of the order of Eeool- lets, described it in a letter published in 1632, in Segard's L'Histoire du Canada, and this description is confirmed by the journal of Charlevois, 1721. Fathers Dollier and Galinee, missionaries of the order of St. Sulpice, made a map of this section of country, which they sent to Jean Talon, Intendent of Canada, on the 10th of November, 1670, on which was marked at about the point where is now the town of Cuba, N. Y. , "Fontaine de Bitume." The Earl of Belmont, Governor of New York, instructed his chief engineer, Wolfgang W. Romer, on September 3, 1700, in his visit to the Six Nations, 124 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. " To go and view a well or spring which is eight miles beyond the Seneks' farthest castle, which they have told me blazes up in a flame, when a lighted ■coale or firebrand is put into it; you will do well to taste the said water, and give me your opinion thereof, and bring with you some of it." Thomas Cha- bert de Joncaire, who died in September, 1740, is mentioned in the journal of Obarlevoix of 1721 as authority for the existence of oil at the place mentioned above, and at points further south, probably on Oil Creek. The following account of an event occurring during the occupancy of this part of the State by the French is given as an example of the religious uses made of oil by the Indians, as these fire dances are understood to have been annually celebrated: ■'While descending the Allegheny, fifteen leagues below the mouth of the Connewango (Warren) and three above Fort Venango (Oil City), we were invited by the chief of the Seneeas to attend a religious ceremony of his tribe. We landed and drew up our canoes on a point where a small stream entered the river. The tribe appeared unusually solemn. We marched up the stream about a half a league, where the company, a large band it appeared, had arrived some days before us. Gigantic hills begirt us on every side. The scene was really sublime. The great chief then recited the conquests and heroisms of their ancestors. The surface of the stream was covered with a thick scum, which bluest into a complete conflagration. The oil had been gathered and lighted with a torch. At sight of the flames, the Indians gave forth a triumphant shout, and made the hills and valley re-echo again." In nearly all geographies and notes of travel published during the early period of settlement, this oil is referred to, and on several maps the word petro- leum appears opposite the mouth of Oil Creek. Gen. Washington, in his will, in speaking of his lands on the Great Kanawha, says: " The tract of which the 125 acres is a moiety, was taken up by Gen. Andrew Lewis and myself, for and on account of a bituminous spring which it contains of so inflammable a nat- ure as to burn as freely as spirits, and is as nearly difiScult to extinguish." Mr. Jefierson, in his Notes on Virginia, also gives an account of a burning spring on the lower grounds of the Great Kanawha. This oil not only seems to have been kuown, but to have been systematically gathered in very early times. Upon the flats a mile or so below the city of Titusville are many acres of cradle holes dug out and lined with split logs, evidently constructed for the purpose of gathering it. The fact that the earliest inhabitants could never discover any stumps from which these logs were cut, and the further fact that trees are growing of giant size in the midst of these cradles, are evidences that they must have been operated long ago. It could not have been the work of any of the nomadic Indian tribes found here at the coming of the white man, for they were never known to undertake any enterprise involving so much labor, and what could they do with the oil when obtained. The French could hardly have done the work, for we have no account of the oil having been obtained in quantities, or of its being transported to France. May this not have been the work of the Mound-Builders, or of colo- nies from Central America? When the writer first visited these pits, in 1855, he found a spring some distance below Titusville, on Oil Creek, where the water was conducted into a trough, from which, daily, the oil, floating on its surface, was taken off by throwing a woolen blanket upon it, and then wring- ing it into a tub, the clean wool absorbing the oil and rejecting the water, and in this way a considerable quantity was obtained. In 1859, Mr. E. L. Drake, at first representing a company in New York, commenced drilling near the spot where this tub was located, and when the company would give him no more money, straining his own resources, and his HISTORY OF PENNSVLVANIA. 125 credit with his friends almost to the breaking point, and when about to give up in despair, finally struck a powerful current of pure oil. From this time forward, the territory down the valley of Oil Creek and np all its tributaries was rapidly acquired and developed for oil land. In some places, the oil was sent up with immense force, at the rate of thousands of barrels each day, and great trouble was experienced in bringing it under control and storing it. In some cases, the force of the gas was so powerful on being accidentally fired, as to defy all approach for many days, and lighted up the forests at night with billows of light. The oil has been found in paying quantities in McKean, Warren, Forest, Crawford, Venango, Clarion, Butler and Armshrong Counties, chiefly along the upper waters of the Allegheny Eiver and its tributary, the Oil Creek. It was first transported in barrels, and teams were kept busy from the first dawn until far into the night. As soon as practicable, lines of railway were con- structed from nearly all the trunk lines. Finally barrels gave place to im- mense iron tanks riveted upon cars, provided for the escape of the gases, and later great jpipe lines were extended from the wells to the seaboard, and to the Great Lakes, through which the fluid is forced by steam to its distant destina- tions Its principal uses are for illumination and lubricating, though many of its products are employed in the mechanic arts, notably for dyeing, mixing of paints, and in the practice of medicine. Its production has grown to be enormous, and seems as yet to show no sign of diminution. We give an ex- hibit of the annual production since its discovery, compiled for this ^ork by William 11. Siviter, editor of the Oil City Derrick, which is the acknowledged authority on oil matters: Production of the Pennsylvania Oil Fields, compiled from the Derrick'^ Hand-book, December, 1883: Barrela Barrels. 1859 83,000 1873 9,849,508 1860 500,000 1874 11,102.114 1861 8,113,000 1875 8,948,749 1862 3,056,606 1876 9,142,940 1863 2,611,399 1877 18,052,713 1864 2,116,182 1878 15,011,425 1865 3.497,712 1879 20.085,716 1866 8,.597,512 1880 24,788,950 1867 3,347,306 1881 29,674,458 1868 3,715,741 1882 31,789,190 1869 4,186,475 1883 24,385,966 1870 5,308,046 1871 5,278,076 A grand total of 243,749,558 1872 6,505,774 In the fall of 1860, Andrew G. Curtin was elected Governor of Pennsyl- vania, and Abraham Lincoln President of the United States. An organized rebellion, under the specious name of secession, was thereupon undertaken, embracing parts of fifteen States, commonly designated the Slave States, and a government established "under the name of the Confederate States of America, with an Executive and Congress, which commenced the raising of troops for defense. On the 12th of April, an attack was made upon a small garrison of United States troops shut up in Fort Sumter. This was rightly interpreted as the first act in a great drama. On the 15th, the President summoned 75,000 vol- unteers to vindicate the national authority, calling for sixteen regiments from Pennsylvania, and urging that two be sent forward immediately, as the capital was without defenders. The people of the State, having no idea that war could be possible, had no 126 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. preparation for the event, There chanced at the time to be five companies in a tolerable state of organization. These were the Ringold Light Artillery, Capt. McKnight, of Reading; the Logan Guards, Oapt. Selheimer, of Lewis- town ; the Washington Artillery, Capt. Wren, and the National Light Infan- try, Capt. McDonald, of Pottsville; and the Allen Rifles, Capt. Yeager, of Allentown. On the 18th, in oonjunctibn with a company of fifty regulars, on their way from the West to Port MoHenry, under command of Capt, Pemberton, after- ward Lieut. Gen. Pemberton, of the rebel army, these troops moved by rail for Washington. At Baltimore, they were obliged to march two milesthrough a jeering and insulting crowd. At the center of the city, the regulars filed ofi" toward Fort McHenry, leaving the volunteers to pursue their way alone, when the crowd of maddened people were excited to redoubled insults. In the whole battalion there was not a charge of powder; but a member of the Logan Guards, who chanced to have a box of percussion caps in his pocket, had dis- tributed them to his comrades, who carried their pieces capped and half cocked, creating the impression that they were loaded and ready for service. This ruse undoubtedly saved the battalion from the murderous assault made upon the Massachusetts Sixth on the following day. Before leaving, they were pelted with stones and billets of wood while boarding the cars; but, fortu- nately, none were seriously injured, and the train finally moved away and reached Washington in safety, the first troops to come to the unguarded and imperiled capitaL Instead of sixteen, twenty-five regiments were organized for the three months' service from Pennsylvania. Judging from the threatening attitude assumed by the rebels across the Potomac that the southern frontier would be con- stantly menaced. Gov. Curtin sought permission to organize a select corps, to consist of thirteen regiments of infantry, one of cavalry, and one of artillery, and to be known as the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps, which the Legislature, in special session, granted. This corps of 15,000 men was speedily raised, and the intention of the State authorities was to keep this body permamently within the limits of the Commonwealth for defense. But at the time of the First Bull Run disaster in July, 1861, the National Government found itself with- out troops to even defend the capital, the time of the three months' men being now about to expire, and at its urgent call this fine body was sent forward and never again returned for the execution of the duty for which it was formed, having borne the brunt of the fighting on many a hard- fought field during the three years of its service. In addition to the volunteer troops furnished in response to the several calls of the President, upon the occasion of the rebel invasion of Maryland in September, 1862, Gov. Curtin called 50,000 men for the emergency, and though the time was very brief, 25,000 came, were organized under command of Gen. John F. Reynolds, and were marched to the border. But the battle of Antietam, fought on the 17th of September, caused-the enemy to beat a hasty retreat, and the border was relieved when the emergency troops were dis- banded and returned to their homes. On the 19th of October, Gen. J. E. B. Stewart, of the rebel army, with 1,800 horsemen under command of Hampton, Lee and Jones, crossed the Potomac and made directly for Chambersburg, arriving after dark. Not waiting for morning to attack, he sent in a flag of truce demanding the surrender of the town. There were 275 Union soldiers in hospital, whom he paroled. During the night, the troopers were busy picking up horses — swapping horses perhaps it should be called — and the morning saw them early on the move. The rear guard gave notice before leaving to re- HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 127 move all families from the neighborhood of the public buildings, as they in- tended to fire them. There was a large amount of fixed ammunition in them, which had been captured from Longslreet's train, besides Government stores of shoes, clothing and muskets. At 11 o'clock the station house, round house, railroad machine shops and warehouses were fired and consigned to destruction. The fire department was promptly out; but it was dangerous to approach the burning buildings on account of the ammunition, and all perished. The year 1862 was one of intense excitement and activity. From about the 1st of May, 1861, to the end of 1862, there were recruited in the State of Penn- sylvania, one hundred and eleven regiments, including eleven of cavalry and three of artillery, for three years' service; twenty-five regiments for three months; seventeen for nine months; fifteen of drafted militia; and twenty -five called out for the emergency, an aggregate of one huQdred and ninety- three regiments — a grand total of over 200,000 men — ^a great army in itself. In June, 1863, Gen. ttobert E. Lee, with his entire army of Northern Vir- ginia, invaded Pennsylvania. The Army of the Potomac, under Gen. Joseph Hooker, f ollo\yed. The latter was superseded on the 28th of June by Gen. George G. Meade. The vanguards of the army met a mile or so out of Gettysburg on the Chambersburg pike on the morning of the 1st of July. Hill's corps of the rebel army was held in check by the sturdy fighting of a small division of cavalry under Gen. Buford until 10 o'clock, when Gen. Reynolds came to his relief with the First Corps. While bringing his forces into action, Reynolds was killed, and the command devolved on Gen. Abner Doubleday, and the fighting became terrible, the Union forces being greatly outnumbered. At 2 o'clock in the afternoon, the Eleventh Corps, Gen. O. O. Howard, came to the support of the First. But now the corps of Ewell had joined hands with Hill, and a full two-thirds of the entire rebel army was on the field, opposed by only the two weak Union corps, in an inferior position. A sturdy fight was however maintained until 5 o'clock, when the Union forces withdrew through the town, and took position upon rising ground covering the Baltimore pike. During the night the entire Union army came up, with the exception of the Sixth Corps, and took position, and at 2 o'clock in the morning Gert. Meade and staff came on the field. During the morning hours, and until 4 o'clock in the afternoon, the two armies were getting into position for the desperate struggle. The Third Corps, Gen. Sickles, occupied the extreme left, his corps abutting on the Little Round Top at the Devil's Den, and reaching, en echelon, through the rugged ground to the Peach Orchard, and thence along the Em- mettsburg pike, where it joined the Second Corps, Gen. Hancock, reaching over Cemetery Hill, the Eleventh Corps, Gen. Howard, the First, Gen. Double- day, and the Twelfth, Gen. Slocum, reaching across Gulp's Hill — the whole crescent shape. To this formation the rebel army conformed, Longstreet op- posite the Union left. Hill opposite the center, and Ewell opposite the Union right. At 4 P. M. the battle was opened by Longstreet, on the extreme left of Sickles, and the fighting became terrific, the rebels making strenuous efforts to gain Little Round Top. But at the opportune moment a part of the Fifth Corps, Gen. Sykes, was brought upon that key position, and it was saved to the Union side. The slaughter in front of Round Top at the wheat-field and the Peach Orchard was fearful. The Third Corps was driven back from its advanced position, and its commander. Gen. Sickles, was wounded, losing a leg. In a more contracted position, the Union line was made secure, where it rested for the night. Just at dusk, the Louisiana Tigers, some 1,800 men, made a desperate charge on Cemetery Hill, emerging suddenly from a hillock 128 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. just back of the town. The struggle was desperate, but the Tigers being weakened by the fire of the artillery, and by the infantry crouching behind thy stone wall, the onset was checked, and Carroll's brigade, of the Second Corps, coming to the rescue, they were finally beaten back, terribly decimated. At about the same time, a portion of Ewell's corps made an advance on the ex- treme Union right, at a point where the troops had been withdrawn to send to the support of vSickles, and unopposed, gained the extremity of Culp's Hill, pushing through nearly to the Baltimore pike, in dangerous proximity to the reserve artillery and trains, and even the headquarters of the Union com- mander. But in their attempt to roll up the Union right they were met by Green's brigade of the Twelfth Corps, and by desperate fighting their further progress was stayed. Thus ended the battle of the second day. The Union left and right had been sorely jammed and pushed back. At 4 o'clock on the morning of the 3d of July, Gen. Geary, who had been ordered away to the support of Sickles, having returned during the night and taken position on the right of Green, opened the battle for the recovery of his lost breastworks on the right of Culp's Hill. Until 10 o'clock, the battle raged with unabated fury. The heat was intolerable, and the sulphurous vapor hung like a pall over the combatants, shutting out the light of day. The fighting was in the midst of the forest, and the echoes resounded with fearful distinctness. The Twelfth Corps was supported by portions of the Sixth, which had now come up. At length the enemy, weakened and finding them- selves overborne on all sides, gave way, and the Union breastworks were re- occupied and the Union right made entirely secure. Comparative quiet now reigned on either side until 2 o'clock in the afternoon, in the meantime both sides bringing up fresh troops and repairing damages. The rebel leader hav- ing brought his best available artillery in upon his right center, suddenly opened with 150 pieces a concentric fire upon the devoted Union left center, where stood the troops of Hancock and Doubleday and Sickles. The shock was terrible. Earely has such a cannonade been known on any field. For nearly two hours it was continued. Thinking that the Union line had been broken and demoralized by this fire, Longstreet brought out a fresh corps of some 18,000 men, under Pickett, and charged full upon the point which had been the mark for the cannonade. As soon as this charging column came into view, the Union artillery opened upon it from right and left and center, and rent it with fearful effect. When come within musket range, the Union troops, who had been crouching behind slight pits and a low stone wall, poured in a most murderous fire. Still the rebels pushed forward with a bold face, and actually crossed the Union lines and had their hands on the Union guns. But the slaughter was too terrible to withstand. The killed and wounded lay scattered over all the plain. Many were gathered in as prisoners. Finally, the remnant staggered back, and the battle of Gettysburg was at an end. Gathering all in upon his fortified line, the rebel chieftain fell to strength- ening it, which he held with a firm hand. At night-fall, he put his trains with the wounded upon the retreat. During the 4th, great activity in build ing works was manifest, and a heavy skirmish line was kept well out, which, resolutely met any advance of Union forces. The entire fighting force of the rebel army remained in position behind their breastworks on Oak Eidge, until nightfall of the 4th, when, under cover of darkness, it was withdrawn, and before morning was well on its way to Williamsport. The losses on the Union side were 2,834 killed, 13,709 wounded, and 6,643 missing, an aggregate of 23,186. Of the losses of the enemy, no adequate returns were made. Meade HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 129 reports 13,621 prisoneis taken, and the losses by killed and wounded must have been greater than on the Union side. On the rebel side, Maj. Gens. Hood, Pender, Trimble and Heth were wounded, Pender mortally. Brig. Gens. Barksdale and Garnett were killed, and Semms mortally wounded. Brig. Gens. Kemper, Armistead, Scales, G. T. Anderson, Hampton, J. M. Jones and Jenkins were wounded; Archer was taken prisoner and Pettigrew was wounded and subsequently killed at Falling Waters. In the Union army Maj. Gen. Reynolds and Brig. Gens. Vincent, Weed, Willard and Zook were killed. Maj. Gens. Sickles, Hancock, Doubleday, Gibbon, Barlow, Warren and Butterfield, and Brig. Gens. Graham, Paul, Stone, Barnes and Brooke were wounded. A National Cemetery was secured on the center of the field, where, as soon as the weather would permit, the dead were gathered and care- fully interred. Of the enLire number interred, 3,512, Maine had 104; New Hampshire, 49; Vermont, 61; Massachusetts, 159; Rhode Island, 12; Con- necticut, 22; New York, 867; New Jersey, 78; Pennsylvania, 534; Delaware, 15; Maryland, 22; West Virginia, 11; Ohio, 131; Indiana, 80; Illinois, 6; Michigan, 171; Wisconsin, 73; Minnesota, 52; United States Regulars, 138; unknown, 979. In the center of the field, a noble monument has been erect- ed, and on the 19th of November, 1864, the ground was formally dedicated, when the eminent orator, Edward Everett, delivered an oration, and President Lincoln delivered the following dedicatory address: " Fourscore and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth upon this conti- nent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long en- dure. We are met on a great battle field of that war. We are met to dedi- cate a portion of it as the final resting place of those who here gave their lives that this nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate, we cannot conse- crate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here have consecrated it far above our power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather to be dedi- cated here to the unfinished work that they have thus far so nobly carried on. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us — that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to the cause for which they here gave the last full measure of devotion — that we here highly resolve that the dead shall not have died in vain; that the nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom, and that the government of the people, by the people, and for the people shall not perish from the earth.'' So soon as indications pointed to a possible invasion of the North by the rebel army under Gen. Lee, the State of Pennsylvania was organized in two military departments, that of the Susquehanna, to the command of which Darius N. Couch was assigned, with headquarters at Harrieburg, and that of the Monongahela, under W. T. H. Brooks, with headquarters at Pittsburgh. Urgent calls for the militia were made, and large numbers in regiments, in companies, in squadrons came promptly at the call to the number of over 36,- 000 men, who were organized for a period of ninety days. Fortifications were thrown up to cover Harrisburg and Pittsburgh, and the troops were moved to threatened points. But before they could be brought into action, the great decisive conflict had been fought, and the enemy driven from northern soil. Four regiments under Gen. Brooks were moved into Ohio to aid in arresting a raid undertaken by John Morgan, who, with 2,000 horse and four guns, had crossed the Ohio River for a diversion in favor of Lee. s 130 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. In the beginning of July, 1864, Gen. Early invaded Maryland, and made his way to the threshold of Washington. Fearing another invasion of the State, Gov. Curtin called for volunteers to serve for 100 days. Gen. Couch was still at the head of the department of the Susquehanna, and six regiments and six companies were organized, but as fast as organized they were called to the front, the last regiment leaving the State on the 29th of July. On the evening of this day, Gens. McCausland, Bradley Johnson and Harry Gilmore, with 3,000 mounted men and six guns, crossed the Potomac, and made their way to Chambersburg. Another column of 3,000, under Vaughn and Jackson advanced to Hagerstown, and a third to Leitersburg. Averell, with a small force, was at Hagerstown, but finding himself over-matched withdrew through Greencastle to Mount Hope. Lieat. McLean, with fifty men in front of Mc- Causland, gallantly kept his face to the foe, and checked the advance at every favorable point. On being apprised of their coming, the public stores at Cham- bersburg were moved northward. At six A. M. , McCausland opened his bat- teries upon the tovm, but, finding it unprotected, took possession. Ringing the court house bell to call the people together, Capt. Fitzhugh read an order to the assembly, signed by Gen. Jubal Early, directing the command to proceed to Chambersburg and demand $100,000 in gold, or $500,000 in greenbacks, and, if not paid, to burn the town. While this parley was in progress, hats, caps, boots, watches, clothing and valuables were unceremoniously appropriated, and purses demanded at the point of the bayonet. As money was not in hand to meet so unexpected a draft, the torch was lighted. In less than a quarter of an hour from the time the first match was applied, the whole business part of the town was in flames. No notice was given for removing the women and children and sick. Burning parties were sent into each quarter of the town, which made thorough work. With the exception of a few houses upon the outskirts, the whole was laid in ruins. Retiring rapidly, the entire rebel command recrossed the Potomac before any adequate force could be gathered to check its progress. The whole number of soldiers recruited under the various calls for troops from the State of Pennsylvania was 366,000. By authority of the common- wealth, in 1866, the commencement was made of the publication of a history of these volunteer organizations, embracing a brief historical account of the part taken by each regiment and independent body in every battle in which it was engaged, with the name, rank, date of muster, period for which he en- listed, casualties, and fate of every officer and private. This work was com- pleted in 1872, in five imperial octavo volumes of over 1,400 pages each. In May, 1861, the Society of the Cincinnati of Pennsylvania, an organiza- tion of the officers of the Revolutionary war and their descendants, donated $500 toward arming and equipping troops. By order of the Legislature, this sum was devoted to procuring flags for the regiments, and each organiza- tion that went forth, was provided with one emblazoned with the arms of the conxmonwealth. These flags, seamed and battle stained, were returned at the close of the war, and are now preserved in a room devoted to the purpose in the State capitol — precious emblems of the daring and suffering of that great army that went forth to uphold and maintain the integrity of the nation. When the war was over, the State undertook the charge of providing for all soldiers' orphans in schools located in different parts of its territory, fur- nishing food, clothing, instruction and care, until they should be grown to manhood and womanhood. The number thus gathered and cared for has been some 7,500 annually, for a period of nineteen years, at an average annual ex- pense of some $600,000. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 131 At the election in 1866, John W. Geary, a veteran General of the late war, was chosen Governor. During his administration, settlements were made with the General Government, extraordinary debts incurred diiring the war were paid, and a large reduction of the old debt of $40,000,000 inherited from the construction of the canals, was made. A convention for a revision of the con- stitution was ordered by act of April 11, 1872. This convention assembled in Harrisburg November 13, and adjourned to meet in Philadelphia, where it convened on the 7th of January, 1878, and the instrument framed was adopted on the 18th of December, 1873. By its provisions, the number of Senators was increased from thirty-three to fifty, and Representatives from 100 to 201, subject to further increase in proportion to increase of population; biennial, in place of annual sessions; making the term of Supreme Court Judges twenty- one in place of fifteen years; remanding a large class of legislation to the ac- tion of the courts; making the term of Governor four years in place of three, and prohibiting special legislation, were some of the changes provided for. In January, 1878, John F. Hartranft became Governor, and at the election in 1878, Henry P. Hoyt was chosen Governor, both soldiers of the late war. In the summer of 1877, by concert of action of the employes on the several lines of railway in the State, trains were stopped and travel and traffic were in- terrupted for several days together. At Pittsburgh, conflicts occurred between the railroad men and the militia, and a vast amount of property was destroyed. The opposition to the local military was too powerful to be controlled, and the National Government was appealed to for aid. A force of regulars was promptly ordered out, and the rioters finally quelled. Unfortunately, Gov. Hartranft was absent from the State at the time of the troubles. At the election in 1882, Robert E. Pattison was chosen Governor, who is the present incumbent. The Legislature, which met at the opening of 1888,having adjourned after a session of 156 days, without passing a Congressional appor- tionment bill, as was required, was immediately reconvened in extra session by the Governor, and remained in session until near the close of the year, from June 1 to December 5, without coming to an agreement upon a bill, and finally adjourned without having passed one. This protracted sitting is in marked contrast to the session of that early Assembly in which an entire con- stitution and laws of the province were framed and adopted in the space of three days. 132 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. TABLE SHOWING THE VOTE FOR GOVERNORS OF PENNSYLVANIA SINCE THE ORGAN- IZATION OF THE STATE. 1790. Thomas Mifflin 27,725 Arthur St. Olair 2,802 1793. Thomas Mifflin 18,590 F. A. Muhlenberg 10,706 1796. Thomas Mifflin 30,020 F. A. Muhlenberg 1,011 1799. Thomas McKean 38,036 James Boss 32,641 1802. Thomas MoKean 47,879 James Boss, of Pittsburgh 9,499 James Ross 7,538 1808. Simon Snyder 67,975 James Ross 39,575 John Spayd 4,006 W. Shields 2 Charles Nice 1 Jack Rosa 2 W. Tilghman 1 1811. Simon Snyder 52,319 WUliam Tighlman 3,609 Scatt'ring,no record for whom 1,675 1814. Simon Snyder 51,099 Isaac Wayne 29,566 G. Lattimer 910 J. R. Rust 4 1817. William Findlay 66,331 Joseph Hiester 69,272 Moses Palmer 1 Aaron Hanson 1 John Seffer -. 1 Seth Thomas 1 Nicholas Wiseman 3 Benjamin R. Morgan 2 William Tilghman 1 Andrew Gregg 1 1830. Joseph Hiester 67,905 William Findlay 66,300 Scattering (no record) 21 1823. J. Andrew Shulze 81,751 Andrew Gregg. 64,151 Andrew Shulze 112 John Andrew Shulze 7,311 Andrew Gragg 63 Andrew Greg 1 John A. Shulze 764 Nathaniel B. Boileau 3 Cant. Glosseader 3 John Gassender 1 Isaac Wayne 1 George Bryan 1 1826. J. Andrew Shulze 72,710 John Sergeant,, 1,175 Scattering (no record) 1,174 1829. George Wolf 78,219 Joseph Eitner 51,776 George E. Baum 6 Frank R. Williams 8 1882. George Wolf 91,335 Joseph Ritner 88,165 1835. Joseph Eitner 94,023 GoorgeWolf. 65,804 Henry A. Muhlenberg 40,586 1838. David R. Porter 127,827 Joseph Ritner 122,321 1841. David R. Porter 136,504 John Banks 113,473 T, J, Lemoyne 763 George F, Horton 18 Samuel L, Carpenter 4 Ellis Lewis I 1844. Francis R, Shunk 160,322 Joseph Markle 156,040 Julius J, Lemoyne 10 John Haney 2 James Page 1 1847. Francis R, Shunk 146,081 James Irvln 128,148 Emanuel 0, Relgart 11,247 F. J. Lemoyne 1,861 George M. Eeim 1 Ab^an Morrison 3 1848. William F, Johnston 168,522 Morris Longstreth 168,225 E, B, Gazzam 48 Scattering (no record) 24 1851. William Bigler 186,489 William F. Johnston 178,034 Klmher Cleaver 1,850 1854. James Pollock 203,822 William Bigler 166,991 B. Rush Bradford 2,194 1857. William F. Packer 188,846 David Wllmot 149,139 Isaac Eazlehurst 28,168 James Pollock 1 George R. Barret 1 William Steel 1 F, P, Swartz 1 Samuel McFarland 1 George F, Horton 7 1860, Andrew G, Curtin .262,346 Henry D, Foster 230,239 1863, A. G, Curtin 269,506 George W. Woodward 254,171 John Hickman 1 Thomas M, Howe 1 John W, Geary 807,274 Hiester Clymer 290,097 Giles Lewis 7 1869, John W. Geary 290,552 Asa Packer 285,956 W. D, Kelly 1 W, J, Robinson 1 1873. John F. Hartranft 353,387 Charles R. Buckalen 317,760 H. B. Chase 1,197 William P. Sohell 12 1875. John F. Hartranft 304,175 Cyrus L. Pershing 292,145 R. Audley Brown 13,244 James S. Negley 1 Phillip Wendle 1 J. W. Brown I G, F. Reinhard 1 G. D.Coleman 1 James Staples 1 Richard Vaux 1 Craig Biddle 1 Francis W. Hughes 1 Henry C. Tyler 1 W. D. Brown 1 George V. Lawrence 1 A. L.Brown 1 1878. H, M. Hoyt .319,490 Andrew H. Dill 297,137 Samuel R. Mason 81,758 Franklin H, Lane 3,753 S. Matson 2 John McKee 1 D, Kirk 1 R. L. Miller 1 J. H. Hopkins 1 A, G. Williams 1 Samuel H. Lane 1 John Fertig 1 James Musgrove 1 Silas M. BaUy 1 A, S, Post 9 C. A, Cornen 3 Seth Yocum 1 Edward E. Orvis 1 1882. Robert E,J>attlson 3,55,791 James A. Beaver. 315,589 John Stewart 43,743 Thomas A. Armstrong 23,996 Alfred C. PetUt 5,196 E. E. Pattison R, E, Beaver J, H. Hopkins W. H, Hope R, H. Patterson — Stewart J. A. Brown R. Smith — Cameron James McNalls T. A. Armstrong Thomas Armstrong 16 R, E. Pattison William N. Drake John McCleery John A, Stewart G, A Grow RELIEF MAP OF THE MBERLAND VALLEY. PAET II. History of Cumberland County. History of Cumberland County. CHAPTEK I. DESCEIPTIVE. Geogeaphy— Geology— TOPOGEAPHY, ETC. OTJMBEKLAND COUNTY, althoagh extending into the mountains along its northern and southern boundaries, lies mostly in the picturesque valley between the two great ridges. The North Mountain was called by the Indians Kau-ta-tin-chunh, signifying "endless mountains," or, as some authorities give it, main or principal mountain. It extends in a long, smooth-topped ridge from northeast to southwest, broken only by occasional gaps through which highways have been constructed leading into the counties to the northward of Cumberland. The South Mountain trends in the same general direction as its neighbor on the north, but its surface is far more uneven. Both are covered with a thick growth of timber and shrubbery, in which appear such varieties as pine, oak, ash, willow, maple, poplar, chestnut, spruce, elm, cedar, alder, sumac, etc. The timber in the valley was never a heavy growth, and consisted mainly of a few varieties of oak. A thick brush grew in portions of the valley, and was easily cleared away, it was therefore a comparatively light task to prepare the soil for cultivation. Probably nowhere in the State are the colors of autumn brought out with more pleasing effect than in the South Mountain region of the county of Cum- berland. A writer upon the subject has given the following fine description: ' ' In the dry, burning summer month — a month in which it is hard to believe there are any nights — the leaf, panting, as it were, in the furnace, knows not any repose. It is a continual and rapid play of aspiration and respiration; a too- powerful sun excites it. In August, sometimes even in July, it begins to turn yellow. It will not wait for autumn. On the tops of the mountains yonder, where it works less rapidly, it travels more slowly toward its goal ; but it will arrive there. When September has ended, and the nights lengthen, the wearied trees grow dreamy; the leaf sinks from fatigue. If the light did but succor it still! But the light itself has grown weaker. The dews fall abun- dantly, and in the morning the sun no longer cares to drink them up. It looks toward other horizons, and is already far away. The leaves blush a marvelous scarlet in their anger. The sun is, as it were, an evening sun. Its long, oblique rays are protruded through the black trunks, and create under the woods some luminous and still genial tracks of light. The landscape is illum- inated. The forests around and above, on the hills, on the flanks of the mountains, seem to be on fire. The light abandons us, and we are tempted to 6 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. with the limestone, iron ore is abundant and is extensively mined for the sup- ply of furnaces. Further north and wholly within the limestone formation, pipe ore and other varieties of excellent quality may be obtained in many places."* The rocks of the NorthMountain are coarse gray and reddish sandstone, val- uable neither for building nor mineral purposes. Like the South Mountain they are covered with a dense growth of the varieties of timber which flourish in the region. Of the ores which occur in the limestone formations of the val- ley, a valued writer speaks as follows: "Beneath the surface are inexhaustible deposits of magnetic iron, conveniently near to valuable beds of hematite, which lie either in fissiu:es, between the rooky strata, or over them in a highly ferruginous loam. This hematite is of every possible variety, and in immense quantities. When it has a columnar stalactite structure, it is known under the name of pipe ore, and it is found abundantly along the slopes of the valley of the Yellow Beeches. It usually yields a superior iron, and at the same time is easily and profitably smelted. It generally produces at least 50 per cent of metallic iron. The beds are frequently of extraordinary extent, and the actual depth to which they reach has not been determined. Over a space of ten acres a number of holes have been opened, from sixteen to forty-two feet in depth, without going through the vein. Together with the magnetic ore these hematite beds, many of which remain untouched, are sufficient for sup- plying a large part of the manufacture of the United States. But in the val- ley there are traces, also, of sulphuret of copper (the blue vitriol of commerce), red and yellow ochre and chrome ores, alum earth, copperas ores, porcelain earth, and clay for stone- ware, common glazed ware and fire bricks ; also epsom salts, shell lime, marl, manganese, and valuable marbles. * * * In every part of the limestone region tho earth resounds under the tread of the traveler, and numerous sink-holes communicate with caverns or running streams beneath them. These constitute a natural drainage, which is amply sufficient for all the ordinary demands of the highest culture. Two or three caves have been discovered and entered, which have been esteemed as curiosities. The most wonderful of these is on the bank of the Conodoguinet, about a mile north from Carlisle. It is under a small limestone cliff, not more than thirty feet high above the surface of the creek; but through a semi-circular arched entrance, from seven to ten feet high and ten in width, it descends gradually to an ante- chamber of considerable size. Prom this a vaulted passage large enough to allow one to walk erect extends 270 feet, to a point where it branches off in three directions. One on the right is somewhat difficult on account of the water which percolates through the rocks on every side, but leads to a large chamber of great length. The central, one is narrow and crooked, and has never been completely explored on account of a deep perpendictilar precipice which prevents all progress beyond about thirty feet. The other passage is smaller and has but little interest. In different parts are pools of water, sup- posed by some to be springs, but as they have no outflow they are more prob- ably formed from drippings from the surrounding rocks. Human bones have been found in it, and no doubt it has been used as a place of refuge or tempo- rary lodgment by the Indians. No such articles as are usually deposited with their dead have yet been discovered, "f Another cave has been discovered on the bank of the Conodoguinet, in the township of West Pennsborough, about one and a half miles north of Greason. The opening is about 10 feet wide and 6 feet high, extending back about 10 •Trego. tEev. C. P. Wing in "History of Cumberland County," 1879. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 7 feet; then 3 feet wide and 16 feet high for a distance of 38 feet. Then another room is reached 10x10 feet, and 15 feet high, from which a pas- sage leads to a similar room not so large, but with a high ceiling; thence a long narrow passage opens into a room 40 feet in circumference and the same height as the others, and from this another small passage leads to near the place of entrance. This cave abounds in stalactites and many curious shapes. It is said that the white men who first came to the valley were greatly im- pressed with its beauty and the natural productions of the soil. The grass was rich and luxuriant, wild fruits were abundant, and there was a great vari- ety of trees in places, including numerous species of oak, black and white walnut (butternut), hickory, white, red and sugar maple, cherry, locust, sassa- fras, chestnut, ash, elm, linden, beech, white pine and scrub pine. There was also a shrub growth of laurel, plum, juniper, persimmon, hazel, wild cur- rant, gooseberry, blackberry, raspberry, spice-bush and sumach, while in the open country the strawberry, dewberry and wintergreen made a luscious car- peting and furnished to the Indians in their season a tempting and welcome partial supply of food. CHAPTER n. Pioneers—" Louthbr Manor," etc.— Taxes Paid from 1736 to 1749— Earliest List of Taxables in Cumberland County— First Settlers in the North Yalley— Taxables in the County in 1763— Early Settlers— Wild Ani- mals AND Fish— Customs and Habits— Formation of Townships and Bor- oughs—Lands. BEFORE any attempts at permanent settlement were made in the valley the region was known to and explored by traders among the Indians, who had posts in various places on the frontier. Some of these traders were in reality emissaries of the French Government, sent among the Indians for the purpose of seducing them from their allegiance to the English, and the proprietary gov- ernment regarded them with watchful jealousy. On the 22d of July, 1707, Gov. Evans laid before the council at Philadelphia an account of his journey among the Susquehanna Indians, in which he mentions Martines Chartieres as being located at Pequehan (now Pequea), at the mouth of the creek of the same name in Lancaster County, where was an Indian town also bearing the name. Nicole Godin was a trader near Peixtan, and he was decoyed and captured dur- ing the journey, put on a horse with his legs tied under the animal' s belly, and taken to Philadelphia and imprisoned. Peter Bezallion, who had a license, re- sided near the mouth of Peixtan or Paxton Creek, and James Le Tort was also a trader in the region. Bezallion and Le Tort were both in prison in 1709 for sundry offenses. Chartieres was known as ' ' Martin Chartieres, the French glover of Philadelphia."* Other traders were in the neighborhood. The post of Chartieres, or as it is more commonly given, Chartier, was on the east bank of the Susquehanna, about three miles below Columbia, Lancaster County, and the Penns gave him a large tract of land on Turkey Hill, in that county. He died, in April, 1718, much esteemed. His son, Peter Chartier, •Notes on Lancaster County in Day's Hist. Coll., p. 391. o HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. after living a few years at his father's place, moved to the neighborhood of New Cumberland, in the southeast corner of Cumberland County, where he established a trading post. He subsequently removed to a point on the Ohio River below Pittsburgh, where a creek now bears his name. He was all his life an Indian trader, and finally becoming a resident among the Indians, took sides with them against the English. * Peter Chartier was not, however, one of the first actual settlers in this county, for it was not until 1740 that he pur- chased 600 acres of land lying in the southeast corner of what is now Lower Allen Township, bounded east by the Susquehanna, and south by the Yellow Breeches. James Le Tort (now written Letort) was a French-Swiss, who acted as an Indian interpreter and messenger to the government. He was also a trader, and very early built a cabin at the spring at the head of the run which now bears his name. His first cabin is said to have been burnt by the Indians. It was built as early as 1720. So far as known, he was the first white man to have an abode, even temporarily, in what is now Cumberland County. His location was near Carlisle, at a place since known as Beaver Pond. Letort was a man of excellent reputation. He received £12 annually from the government for his services. Before the Indian title to the lands west of the Susquehanna had been extinguished, the Govemm.ent authorized Samuel Blunston, of Lancaster County, to issue to the settlers licenses allowing them to go and improve the land, a title to which should be granted as soon as the land office should be opened. These documents were known as ' ' Blunston' s licenses, ' ' and many of the earlier settlers held them previous to 1736. Andreiv Ralston. — Authentic information points to the fact that this per- son settled at the ' ' Big Spring, " either in Newton or West Pennsborough Township, in 1728. Ralston was a native of County Armagh, Ireland, and upon applying at the land office for a warrant, soon after it was opened, he stated that he had occupied the land ' ' ye past eight years. ' ' The following is a verbatim copy of the license directed to be issued to him at that time, f Lancaster County, ss. By Order of the Proprietary: These are to license and allow Andrew Ralston to Continue to Improve and Dwell on a Tract of Two Hundred acres of land on the Great Spring, a branch of Conedogwainet, Joynins to the Upper Side of a Tract Granted to Randel Chambers for the use of his son, James Chambers; To be hereafter surveyed to the s'd Ralston on the Comon Terms Other Lands in those parts are sold, provided the same has not been already Granted to any other person, and So much can be had without Prejudice to other Tracts before Granted. Given under my hand this third day of January, Ano: Dom: 1736-7. Sa: Blunston. Pensilvania, ss. Indorsed: License to Andrew Ralston, 200 acres. The land was subsequently surveyed to him by Samuel Blunston, surveyor of Lancaster County, of which it was then a part. Mr. Ralston had two daughters, who married a Hayes and a Dickey, and a son, David, who remained at Big Spring for many years, but finally removed to Westmoreland County,' and died about 1810. Tobias Hendricks located in the valley before Andrew Ralston, possibly previous to 1725. He was a son of Tobias Hendricks, of Donegal. It is posi- tively certain he was west of the Susquehanna in 1727, for in a letter to John Harris, dated May 13 that year, he speaks of his father "at Donegal," and requests Mr. Harris to forward a letter to him. He also alludes to " a trader" at the Potomac of whom he purchased skins, and also of the ' ' grate numbers *Saiuuel Evans, in Notes and Queries, Part I, p. 17. tNotes and Queries, Part I, p. 19.— Dr. H. W. Egle. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 9 coming this side of ye Sasquahannah. " The Scotch-Irish emigration had then begun and the valley was being rapidly settled. * Whether Hendricks became a permanent settler is not stated. The Chambers Brothers. — Four brothers, James, Robert, Joseph and Benjamin Chambers, from County Antrim, Ireland, were among the very first to cross the Susquehanna and settle upon lands in the North Valley. They landed at Philadelphia in 1726, and pushing westward located at the mouth of Fishing Creek, on the east bank of the Susquehanna, a few miles above Har- ris' ferry, where they built a mill which was a great convenience for the settlers over a large tract of country. Benjamin, the youngest, was but eight- een years of age when the brothers came to this country, and he died Febru- ary 17, 1788, aged eighty years. Not long after their settlement at Fishing Creek the brothers became attracted by the prospect for procuring fine farms west of the river, and in or before 1730 crossed over and settled at different places : ' ' James at the head of Green Spring, near Newville ; Robert at the head of Middle Spring, near Shippensburg; and Joseph and Benjamin near the confluence of Falling Spring and the Conococheague, where Chambers- burg now stands." Joseph soon returned to Fishing Creek; the others remained where they had settled and became prominent and influential citizens in many respects. It would appear that the land included in the Louther Manor, in the east- ern part of the county, was very early the home of white settlers. That tract, being first laid out as a hunting ground for the Delawares and Shawnees, three men were appointed to visit the Indians whither they had gone upon the branches of the Ohio, and induce them to return. They had left this region partly on account of the encroachments of white settlers upon their lands, and partly through the efforts of emmissaries of the French in the guise of traders. The three persons mentioned indited a document as follows : PESHTANK.t Nov. ye 19tli, 1731. Ffriend Peter Ohartiere, This is to Acquaint Thee that By the Comisioners' and the Governour's order We are now Going over Susquehanna, To Lay out a Tract of Land be- tween Conegogwainet & The Shaawnat Creeks five or six miles back from the River.in or- der to accomodate the Shaawna Indians or such others as may see fit to Settle there, To Defend them from Incroachments, And we have also orders to Disposess all Persons Set- tled on that side of the River, That Those woods may Remain free to ye Indians for Plant- ing & Hunting, And We Desire thee to Comunicate this to the Indians who Live About Allegening. We conclude Thy Assured Ff 'ds, John Wright, Tobias Hbndkicks, Sam'l BlUN8T0N.§ As seen elsewhere the Indians did not return; the above simply shows that white persons had settled in the eastern part of the county as early as 1731, and probably earlier. Peter Chartier had been appointed a trader by the court at Lancaster, and he married a Shawanese squaw. His subsequent de- sertion to, the French has been noted. "The influx of immigrants into North or Kittatinny Valley," says Mr. Rupp, " increased fast after 1734. In 1748 the number of taxables was about 800, and the population rising to 3,000. As early as 1735 a road was laid out from Harris' Ferry toward the Potomac river. November 4, 1735, the court at Lancaster appointed Randle Chambers, Jacob Peat, James Silvers, Thomas Eastland, John Lawrence and Abram Endless, to lay out said road. These » • — *Notes and Quries, Part I, p. 18. tPeshtank, Peixtan orPaxton, was the original name of the manor. tYellow Breeches, or Callapasskinker, or Callapasscink— Indian name of stream, Delaware language. fFrom article on Louther Manor, by Dr. J. A. Murray, of Carlisle, In Carlisle Herald, 1885. 10 HISTOKY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. gentlemen made a report February 3, 1736, of their views of the road, which was opposed ' by a considerable number of the inhabitants on the west side of the Susquehanna in those parts,' and praying for a review. The court then or- dered that William Rennick, Richard Hough, James Armstrong, Thomas Mayes, Samuel Montgomery and Benjamin Chambers view the road, and to make such alterations in it as to them may seem necessary for the public good, and report their proceedings to next court. They made the following report, May 4, 1786: ' That they had reviewed the eastern most part of the said road, and find it very crooked and hurtful to the inhabitants, etc. , and therefore have altered the said road and marked it in the manner following, to- wit : From the said ferry, near to a southwest course about two miles; thence a westerly course to James Silvers', then westward to John Hogg's meadow; then west- ward to a fording place on Le Tort' s spring, a little to the northward of John Davison's; thence west northerly to the first marked road in a certain hollow; thence about southwest a little to the south of Robert Duning's, to the former marked road; thence along the same to the Great Spring head, being as far as any review -or alteration to them appeared necessary, ' which so altered as above said, and altered from the return to go by James Silvers' house, was al- lowed to be recorded. ' ' The North Valley (now constituting Cumberland and Franklin Counties) was divided in 1735 into two townships, called Pennsborough and Hopewell, and the line dividing them was thus described : ' ' That a line running northerly from the Hills to the southward of Yellow Breeches (crossing in a direct line by the Great Spring) to Kightotinning Mountain, be the division line; and that the easternmost township be called Pennsborough and the western Hope- well." Hopewell was divided in 1741 "by a line beginning at the North Hill, at Benjamin Moor's; thence to Widow Hewre's and Samuel Jamison's, and on a straight line to the South Hill, and that the western division be called Antrim, and the eastern Hopewell. " This was before the organization of Cumberland County. Taxes and Collectors. — Table of taxes paid, and names of collectors in town- ships in what is now Cumberland County, from 1736 to 1749: 1736 — Pennsborough, £13 17s. 6d. ; James Silvers, collector. Hopewell, £5 2s. 1737— Pennsborough, £13 9s. 9d. East part of Hopewell, £3 2s. ; west part of Hopewell, £2 19s. 1738— Pennsborough, £20 14s. Od. East part of HopeweU, £10 Os. 3d.; west part of Hopewell, £7 7s. 9d. 1739 — Pennsborough, £23 16s. 8d. ; William Tremble, collector. South part of Hopewell, £11 8s. Id. ; Jacob Snebly, collector. North part of Hope- well, £6 lis. 6d. ; Abraham Endless, collector. 1740 — West part of Pennsborough, £11 4s. 7d. ; Robert Dennin, collector. East part of Pennsborough, £14 18s. 7d. ; John Walt, collector. East Hope- well, £4 Os. 2d. ; James Laughlin, collector. West Hopewell, £4 19s. 3d. ; Philip Davis, collector. 1741 — Pennsborough, £17 15s. lOd. ; Robert Redock, collector. Hopewell, £3 8s. 9d. ; James Montgomery, collector. 1742— West end of Pennsborough, £7 19s. 2d. ; William Weakly, collector. East end of Pennsborough, £16 7s. 8d. ; John Swansey, collector. Hopewell, £5 lis. 4d. ; David Herren, collector. 1743 — East end of Pennsborough, £9 Os. 6d. ; John Semple, collebtor; West end of Pennsborough, £10 7s. 3d. ; Robert Miller, collector. Hopewell, £6 16s. lid. ; Henry Hallan, collector. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 11 1744 — West end of Pennsborough, £22 4s.; John Mitchell, collector; east end of Pennsborough, £17 12s. 7d. ; Thomas Fisher, collector. Hopewell, £10 16s. 2d. ; Thomas Montgomery, collector. 1745 — "West Pennsborough, £23 Is. lid. ; James Chambers, collector; East Pennsborough, £13 4b. ; John McCrackin, collector. Hopewell, £12 10s. 4d. ; WUliam Thompson, collector. 1746 — East Pennsborough, £10 5s. ; John Eankin, collector; West Penns- borough, £13 4s. 8d. ; James McFarlin, collector. Hopewell, £9 17s. 9d. ; John Erwin, collector. 1747 — East Pennsborough, £10 12s. ; Joseph Green, collector; West Penns- borough, £18 18s. 6d. ; Patrick Da-vis, collector. Hopewell, £12 7s. 7d. ; John Currey, collector. 1748 — East Pennsborough, £12 2s. ; Christopher Huston, collector; West Pennsborough, £14 14s. 6d. ; William Dunbar, collector. Hopewell, £13 13s. 6d. ; James Walker, collector. 1749— East Pennsborough, £23 16s. 6d. ; Tobias Hendricks, coUector; West Pennsborough, £28 8s. 9d. ; Archibald McAllister, collector. HopeweU, £43 3s. 9d. ; John Kirkpatrick, collector. Antrim Township we do not give as it was outside the present limits of Cumberland County, being in Franklin. Earliest List of Taxables. — The earliest list of taxables in Cumberland County, as given by Mr. Eupp in the history of Dauphin, Cumberland and other counties, is as follows: East Pennsborough, 1750. — Tobias Hendricks, Widow Jane Woods, Samuel Calhoon, Thomas Spray, Thomas Kenny, James Shannon, James Dickey, John Bigham, Samuel Chambers, William BaiTehill, William Noble, William Craw- ford, William McChesney, Richard Fulton, John McCleUan, William Eose, Adam Calhoun, WUliam Shannon, John Semple, Charles West, Christopher Hewston, Walker Buchang,n, David Eeed, James Armstrong, Hugh Wharton, Edward El- iot, Francis McGuire, William Findley, Josias McMeans, Hugh Mahool, Eob- ert Carrithers, William Eoss, Henry Quigly, William Morton, John Armstrong, John Buchanan, Nathaniel Nelson, John Nailer, Andrew Armstrong, Thomas McCormick, John Dickey, John McCracken, Widow Clark, Widow McMeans, Eobert Eliot, Eobert Eliot, Jr., James Corrithers, William Gray, Alexander Lamferty, John WUley, Eobert Duning, Joseph Junkin, William Walker, Alex Armstrong, Moses Star, James Crawford, Eoger Cook, Hugh Cook, Will- iam Miller, John McCormick, -lamer Silvers, John Stevenson, James Coleman, David Waason, John Hunter, William Douglas, John Mitchel, Andrew Mile- kin, John Milekin, Patrick Holmes, James Finley, Peter Shaver (Shaver was a trader among the Indians and was employed by Gov. Thomas, in 1744, to car- ry letters to the Shawanese Indians on the Ohio inviting them to come to Phil- adelphia), John Erwin, WUliam Carrithers, Widow Quigly, Samuel Martin, William Hamilton, Eobert Samuels, John Waugh, Thomas Eankin, Eichard Eankin, John Clendenin, Joseph Waugh, Widow Eoberts, Thomas Henderson, William Hamilton, William Marshal, William Miller, Wilson Thomas, Alex Crocket, Widow Branan, Thomas Calvert, William Griffith, Eobert Bell, Will- iam Orr, James McConnel, John Bowan, Eobert McKinley, Samuel Fisher, Titus HoUinger, Samuel McCormick, Eowland Chambers, Eobert Kelton, Isaac Eutlidge, Eowland McDonald, Walter Gregory, Widow Stewart, James Mc- Teer, Peter Leester, Peter Title, Joseph Willie, Anthony McCue, James Beaty, William Crocket, Andrew Miller, Eobert Eoseborough, Joseph Green, James Douglas, W^idow Steel, Widow McKee, Joseph Keynolds, Jr. Freemen — Will- iam Hogg, George Crogham, Esq. , Jonathan Hogg, Samuel Huston, JohnGilke- 12 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. son, Robert Airs, Abraham Headricks, Archibald Armstrong, Joseph Ferret, Clime Horal, Daniel Campbell, William McDonald, Matthew Lindham, J. Armstrong, Cornelius Brown, Hugh Shannon, Eobert Walker, Nathaniel Wil- son, Matthew Brown (two silversmiths at William McChesney's), John Adams, David Kenworthy, James Gaily, William McTeer, Edward Ward, Arthur' Er- win, James Clark, William Cranula — total 190, West Pennsborough 1751. — William Queery, William Lamont, Archibald McAllister, William Carithers, John Davison, Allen Leeper, Neal McFaul, John McClure (the less), William Logan, John Atchison, Thomas McCoy, Charles Gillgore, Andrew Griffin, William Dunbar, William Harkness, Will- iam Patton, Samuel McOlure, Eobert Walker, James Kirkpatrick, John Swan- sy, Arthur Clark, Adam Hays, James McMeans, John Deniston, John Mcln- tire, James MoFarland, William Laughlin, Eobert Brevard, Robert McQueston, James Peebles, John McClure (mountain), Alex McClui-e, John Langley, John Gordon, William Livingston, Eobert Guthrie, William Anderson, John Glass, John Logan, William Duglass, Alex Erwin, Alex Logan, William Townsley, William Parker, Margaret Parker, Andrew Forbush, John Morrison, David KoUogh, George Brown, Francis Cunningham, Alex Eobb, Anthony Gillgore, Jacob Peebles, Samuel Wilson, Allen Scroggs, David Kenedy, Mary Dunn- ing, William Carithers, John Carithers, John Chestnut, Thomas Patton, Andrew Ealston, John McClung, Ezekiel Dunning, James Lea, John Lusk, Alex McBride, James McNaught, William Blackstock, James Crutchlow, Will- iam Dunlap, Thomas Evans, Steven Cesna, James Weakly, David Hunter, Josh Cornelius, Alex Weyly, Lewis Hutton, James Warnock, David Dunbar, David Miller, John Wilson, Josh Thomson, Josh Dempsay, Samuel Lindsay, Paul Piercy, Owen McCool, Pat Eobeson, Thomas Parker. Freemen — Samuel Wilson, James McMunagle, David McCurdy, Pat Eeynolds, Andrew McAdams, John McCurdy — total 95. Middleton, 1751. — William Trent, Thomas Wilson, John Elder, John Chambers, Eobert McNutt, James Long, John Mahafy, James Eeed, John Moor, John Craighead, James Dunlop, Patrick Hawson, Walter Denny, James Gillgore, Patrick Davison, Thomas Elder, Henry Dinsmore, John Mitchell, Samuel Lamb, James Williams, James Matthews, Alexander Sanderson, James Henderson, Matthew Miller, John Davis, William Graham, William Campbell, William Parkeson, Francis McNichley, John McKnaught, John Calhoun, William Peterson, John Eobb, Eobert Graham, Samuel McLucass, Daniel Williams, George Sanderson, Alexander Sanderson, Joseph Clark, John McClure, Jonathan Holmes, James Chambers, Thomas Armstrong, William Waddel, James McConnell, Eichard Nicholson, John Neely, John McCrea, John Stuart, Archibald Kenedy, John Jordan, William Jordan, George Tem- pleton, James Stuart, Eichard Venable, Widow Wilson, David Dreanan, John Dinsmore, Samuel Gauy, William Davison, Samuel Bigger, Thomas Gibson, John Brown, John McKinley, Eobert Campbell, John Kinkead, Samuel Wil- son, Eobert Patterson, John Reed, Robert Reed, James Reed, William Reed, William Armstrong, James Young, Robert Miller, William Gillachan, Josh Davies, William Fleming, John Gilbreath, Richard Coulter, Richard Kilpat- rick, Andrew Gregg, Robert Thomson, John Dicky, James Brannan, John Mc- Clure, John Buyers, Arthur Foster, Harmanus Alrichs,* John Armstrong, John Smith, William Buchanan, William Blyth, John McAllister, William Montgomery, John Patterson, Eobert Kilpatrick, Archibald McCurdy, William Whiteside, John Woodle, William Dillwood, William Huston, Thomas Loek- •Some give this Hermanus Alricka, but Harmanus Alrichs is the way it appears in his own handwriting on the old records at the court bouse. UfUAA^Ciyl I'iiU. Ji.•— Inclosed to Mr. Allen, by the last post, I send you a letter from Harris'; but I believe forgot, through that day's confusion, to direct it. You will see our melancholy circumstances by the Governer's letter, and my opinion of the method of keeping the inhabitants in this country, which will require all possible despatch. If we had immediate assurance of relief a great number would stay, and the inhabitants should be advertised not to drive off nor waste their beef cattle, etc. I have •By a letter from Col. Armstrong dated June 30, 1767, it is known that Col. Stanwix had begun these in- trenchments shortly previous to that date. ^a; HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 55 not so much as sent off my wife, fearing an ill precedent, but must do it now, I believe, together with the public papers and your own. There are no inhabitants on Juniata nor on Tuscarora by this time, my brother Will- iam being just come in. Montour and Monaghatootha are going to the Governor. The former is greatly suspected of being an enemy in his heart— 'tis hard to tell— you can com- pare what they say to the Governor with what I have wrote. I have no notion of a large army, but of great danger from scouting parties. Jamiaiy 15-22, 1756, another Indian treaty of amity was held at Carlisle, ■when Gov. Morris, Eichard Peters, James Hamilton, William Logan, Joseph Fox (a commissioner from the Assembly) and George Croghan (interpreter) ■were present. But seven Indians only were present, including one chief from the Six Nations and one or two from a portion of the Delawares. Neverthe- less, it ■was found that the hostile savages were confined to the Delawares and Shawanese tribes, and even among them there was a considerable minority op- posed to the war. After taking all matters into consideration it was decided by the Governor to issue a declaration of war against the Delawares, the Shaw- anese not being included, because it was hoped they might be brought back to theii- former homes. Therefore, on the 14th of April, 1756, a proclamation of war was published against the Delaware Indians and all who were in con- federacy with them, excepting a few who had come within the border and were li-ving in peace. By advice of the Assembly's commissioners, who deemed any steps, however extreme, wise when the punishment of the savages and the ces- sation of hostilities was the object, rewards were ofPered as follows, as sho'wn by the colonial records : ' ' For every male Indian enemy above twelve years of age, who shall be taken prisoner and be delivered at any fort garrisoned by the troops in the pay of this province, or at any of the county towns to the keep- ers of the common jaUs, there shall be paid the sum of one hundred and fifty Spanish dollars or pieces of eight; for the scalp of every male Indian enemy above the age of twelve years, produced as evidence of their being killed, the sum of one hundred and thirty pieces of eight ; for every female Indian taken prisoner and brought in as aforesaid, and for every male Indian prisoner under ^ the age of twelve years, taken and brought in as aforesaid, one hundred and thirty pieces of eight; for the scalp of every Indian woman, produced as evi- dence of their being killed, the sum of fifty pieces of eight, and for every English subject that has been taken and carried from this province into cap- tivity that shall be recovered and brought in, and delivered at the city of Philadelphia to the governor of this province, the sum of one hundred and fifty pieces of eight, but nothing for their scalps, and that there shall be paid to every officer or soldier as are or shall be in the pay of this pro^vince, who shall redeem and deliver any English subject carried into captivity as aforesaid, or shall take, bring in and produce any enemy, prisoner or scalp as aforesaid, one-half of the said several and respective premiums and bounties. ' ' Very few rewards were claimed under this proclamation, and it was not considered prob- able that any Indians were killed for the sake of procuring the bounty. The proclamation issued in May, 1756, subsequent to that against the Del- awares, declaring war against France, was hardly necessary so far as the Amer- ican territory was concerned, for, nothwithstanding the treaty of Aix-la-Cha- pelle in 1748, the French had kept up their movements in this country, build- ing forts and inciting the Indians to commit outrages upon the English set- tlements, and winning the savages over to their own standards by arts well plied. The year 1756 was a dark one for the colonists, to whom the terrible ex- periences of Indian warfare were nothing new. Murders were committed in ■what -was then Cumberland County but now Bedford, Union. Franklin, Dauph- 56 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. in, Perry and others, the leading spirits among the Indians being Shingas and Capt. Jacobs. Samuel Bell, residing on the Stony Eidge, five miles below Car- lisle, had a lively experience, which is thus told by Loudon: " Some time after Gen. Braddock's defeat, he and his brother, James Bell, agreed to go into Shearman's Valley to hunt for deer, and were to meet at Croghan's (now Ster- ret's) Gap, on the Blue Mountain. By some means or other they did not meet, and Samuel slept all night in a cabin belonging to Mr. Patton, on Shearman's Creek. In the morning he had not traveled far before he spied three Indians, who at the same time saw him. They all fired at each other; he wounded one of the Indians, but received no damage except through his clothes by the balls. Several shots were fired on both sides, as each took a tree. He took out his tomahawk and stuck it into the tree behind which he stood, so that should they approach he might be prepared; the tree was grazed with the Indians' balls, and he had thoughts of making his escape by flight, but on reflection had doubts of his being able to outrun them. After some time the two Indians took the wounded one and put him over a fence, and one took one course and the other another, taking a compass, so that he could no longer screen himself by the tree ; but by trying to ensnare him thay had to expose themselves, by which means he had the good fortune to shoot one of them dead. The other ran and took the dead Indian on his back, one leg over each shoulder. By this time Bell's gun was again loaded. He then ran after the Indian until he came within about four yards from him, fired and shot through the dead Indian and lodged his ball in the other, who dropped the dead man and ran off. On his return, coming past the fence where the wounded Indian was, he dispatched him but did not know that he had killed the third Indian until his bones were found afterward. ' ' February 15, 1756, William Trent, in writing from Carlisle, stated that ' ' several murders or captures and house burnings had taken place under Par- neir s Knob, and that all the people between Carlisle and the North Mountain had fled 'from their homes and come to town, or were gathered into the little forts, that the people in Shippensburg were moving their families and effects, and that everybody was preparing to fly."* Shingas kept the upper end of the county in a state of terror, and fresh outrages were reported daily. The Indians killed, indiscriminately, men, women and children, and received rewards from the French for their scalps; they boasted that they killed fifty white peo- ple for each Indian slain by the English. Inhabitants of the Great Cove fled from their homes in November, with the crackling of their burning roofs and the yells of the Indians ringing in their ears. John Potter, formerly sheriff, sheltered at his house one night 100 fleeing women and children. The cries of the widows and fatherless children were pitiful, and those who had for- tunately escaped with their lives had neither food, bedding nor clothing to cover their nakedness, everything having been consumed in their burning dwellings. ' ' Fifty persons, ' ' so it is recorded, ' ' were killed or taken prisoners. One woman, over ninety years of age, was found lying dead with her breasts torn off and a stake driven through her body. The infuriated savages caught up little children and dashed their brains out against the door-posts in presence of their shrieking mothers, or cut off their heads and drank their warm blood. Wives and mothers were tied to trees that they might witness the tortures and death of their husbands and children, and then were carried into a captivity from which few ever returned. Twenty-seven houses were burned, a great number of cattle were killed or driven off, and out of the ninety -three families settled in the two coves and by the Conolloway' s, members of forty-seven f am- *Dr. Wing, from Pennsylvania Archives. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 57 ilies were either killed or captured and the remainder fled, so that these settle- ments were entirely broken up. ' ' Small wonder that such circumstances ex- cited the people of the Cumberland Valley ! Preparations were made at Ship- pensburg and Carlisle, where the people flocked in such numbers as to crowd the houses, to give the enemy a warm reception, and 400 men (of whom 200 were from this part of the valley) marched under the command of Hans Ham- ilton, sheriff of York County, to McDowell's Mill, in Franklin County, a few miles from the scene of the slaughter, but the Indians had retreated. Rev. John Steel, pastor of the ' ' Old White Chui-ch, ' ' of Upper West Conococheague, raised a company among his parishioners for defense of their church and indi- vidual property in 1755, and was commissioned captain. The church was after- ward burned, the congregation scattered, and Mr. Steel removed to Carlisle in 1758. April 2, 1756, a body of Indians attacked and burned McCord's fort, on the Conococheague, in what is now Franklin County, killing and capturing a total of twenty-seven persons. The alarm extended to Shippensburg, and three companies were raised in various parts of the valley, for the pursuit and pun- ishment of the marauders, commanded respectively by Capts. Culbertson, Chambers and Hamilton. Capt. Alex Culbertson' s company with nineteen men from the other two, overtook the Indians west of Sideling Hill and a fight ensued which lasted two hours. The Indians, from the report made by one of their number who was captured, lost seventeen killed and twenty-one wounded. The whites suffered severely. Among those killed were Capt. Culbertson, John Reynolds (ensign of Capt. Chambers' company), William Kerr, James Blair, John Leason, William Denny, Francis Scott, William Boyd, Jacob Paynter, Jacob Jones, Robert Kerr and William Chambers; wounded, Francis Campbell, Abraham Jones, William Reynolds, John Barnet, Benjamin Blyth, John McDonald and Isaac MUler. Another party, commanded by Ensign Jainison,. from Fort Granville, under Capt. Hamilton, in pursuit of the same Indians, had about the same experience, losing Daniel McCoy, James Robinson, James Peace, John Blair, Heniy Jones, John McCarty and John Kelly, killed; and Ensign Jamison, James Robinson, William Hunter, Matthias Ganshorn, William Swails and James Louder, wounded — the latter afterward died of his wounds. Most of these men were from the oldest and most respectable families in Cumberland County. All around the settlements in this county outrages were frequent and the number of lives taken was appalling, considering the sparsely settled condition of the country. Bands of Indians even ventured within a few miles of Car- lisle. The military were employed in protecting men harvesting their crops in 1756, and it was necessary for all persons to be ever on the alert to guard against surprise and attack. In June, 1756, a Mr. Dean, living about a mile east of Shippensburg, was found murdered in his cabin, his skull cleft vwth a tomahawk. It was supposed a couple of Indians seen in the neighborhood the day before had committed the deed. On the 6th of the same month, a shoit distance east of where Burd's Run crosses the road leading from Shippensburg to the Middlespring church, a party of Indiana killed John McKean and John Agnew and captured Hugh Black, William Carson, Andrew Brown, James Ellis and Alex McBride. A party of citizens from Shippensburg pursued the Indians through McAllister's Gap into Path Valley, and on the morning of the third day out met all the prisoners except James Ellis, and on their return home, they having escaped. Ellis was never afterward heard from. The pursuers returned with the men who had escaped, further pursuit being useless. 58 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Many other instances of murders and kindred outrages by the Indians might be mentioned, for the history of that dread time teems with them, but it ia not necessary to recount them. Enough has been said to show the terri- ble state the region was in, and the horrid tales are dropped to tell of an expe- dition in which the whites took the initiative. * Gov. Morris was superseded on the 20th of August, 1756, by Gov. "William Denny, but before the latter' s arrival he (MoitIs), in view of the constant cries for help from the frontier, and especially from East Pennsborough Township, Cumberland County, and the upper portion of the county, whose inhabitants sent in urgent petitions for aid, had arranged with Col. Armstrong for a move- ment against the Indian town of Kittanning, on the Allegheny River, about twenty miles above Port DuQuesne, in what is now Armstrong County. The place was the chief stronghold of the red men, was the base of their operations eastward and toward the Ohio, and was the home of both Shingas and Capt. Jacobs. f There were also held a considerable number of white prisoners. A small army was organized under the command of Lieut. -Col. John Ai-mstrong, consisting of seven companies, J whose captains were John Armstrong, Hans Hamilton, Dr. Hugh Mercer, Edward Ward, Joseph Armstrong, John Potter, and Rev. John Steel. The command set out in August, 1756, and at the dawn of the 7th (8th ?) of September made the attack on the Indian town, which was totally destroyed, together with large quantities of ammuni- tion. Capt. Jacobs and his nephew were killed, and few, if any, escaped the avenging hand of the officer, whose rapid march and well executed plans won for him the approval of his people. The corporation of Philadelphia voted him a medal for his exploit. § This disaster to the Indians led them to remove to the Muskingum, in Ohio, but served only for a short time to check their operations in Pennsylvania. The year 1757 was fraught with unabated hor- rors. Cumberland County, with others, was kept in a state of continual alarm, although in May of that year another conference was held with the Indiana at Lancaster to try and bring about peace. The western Indians, *At one period (1750-.55) there was a noted person in tlie valley who figured conspicuously in moTementa against the In Uans. He was known as ''Captain Jack," "the black hunter, ' *'the blAck rifie/* ''the wild hun- ter of the Juniata," "the black hunter of the forest," etc, He was a white man, an early comer to the region, ;ind happy and contented in his occupations of fishine: and hunting, until the Indians, one day when he was absent, burned his cabin and murdered his wile and children. Then he became imbued with a spirit of revenge, and his exploits rendered him famous. He was a dead shot with the rifle, a terror to the Indians, and greatly respected and appreciated by the scattered settlers, whose lives and property he was more than once the means of saving. It ia said of him that "he never shot without good cause. His look was as unerring as his aim. He formed an association to defend the settlers against savage aggressions. On a given signal they would unite. Their exploits were heard of in 1756 on the Conococheague and Juniata."— [Egle's Hist, of Pa., p. 616.] He was also sometimes called the "Half Indian." Through Coh Croghan he proffered his aid to Gen. Braddock, in the latter's disastrous campaign, and Croghan, in recommending him to the General, said; "He will march with his hunters; they are dressed in hunting shirts, moccasins, etc,, are well armed, and are equally regardless of heat or cold. They require no shelter for the night, they ask no pay." This character, it appears, in a letter written from Carlisle in 1754, as well as one the previous year by John O'Neal to Gov. Hamilton, was also known as "Captain Joel." He was given a captain's commission in 17,'>3. The movements of himself and his band of rangers were very rapid, and the mention of his name, like those of Brady, Boone, Logaton, Kenton and others, struck terror to the hearts of his painted foemen. tCapt. Jacoba was a large man, very powerful and exceedingly cruel. Shingas was not as large, but made up for his stature in ferocity. Capt. Jacobs' nephew, who with him was killed in Armstrong's attack upon ' Kittanning, -was said to be seven feet tall. t.Most authorities place the total number of men at 300; some give it 280. gFrom Col. Armstrong's report of the affair to Gov. Denny it is learned that the casualties among the volunteers were as follows: From hU own company — K-Uled, Thos. Power, John McCormick; wounded^ Lieut.-Col. Armatrong (in the shoulder by a muaket ball), James Carothers, James Strickland, 'Thomas Foster. Capt. Hamil- ton's company — KiUed, John Kelly. Capt. Mercer's company — Kitted, John Baker, John McCartney, Patrick MuUer, Cornelius McGinnia, Theophilus Thompson, Dennis Kilpatrick, Bryan Croghan; wouTided, Bichard Fitzgibbons; missing, Capt. Hugh Mercer (wounded, but found to have been carried away safely by his men), Ensign John Scott, hJmanuel Menisky, John Taylor, John , Francis Philipa, Robert Morrow, Thomas Burke, Philip Pendergrass. Qipt. Armstrong's company — Kitted, Lieut James Hogg, James Anderson, Holdcraft Stringer, Edward O'Brian, James Higgins, John Leeson; tmunded, William Fridley, Robert Eobinson, John Ferrol, Thomas Camplin, Charles ii'Neill; missing, John Lewis, William Hunter, William Baker, George Appleby, Anthony Grissy, Thomas Swan. Capt. Ward's company— Kilted, William Welsh; wounded, Ephraim Bratton; missing, Patrick Myera, Laurence Donnahan, Samuel Chambers. Capt. Potter's company — Wounded, Ensign James Potter, Andrew Douglass. Capt. Steel's company — Missing, Terrence Cannabery. Total— killed 17; wounded 13; missing 19—49 in all. Seven captives were recovered and a number of Indiana taken prisoners. Thirty or forty warriors were slain. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 59 however, would hear to nothing, and it became evident that subduing them by- force of arms was the only sure method. Col. Stanwix was at Carlisle build- ing intrenchments, and Col. Armstrong had two companies, part stationed at Carlisle and part at Shippensburg. These two officers did all in their power to protect the citizens and punish the savages, but they were handicapped in numerous regards. Murders were frequent in the upper part of Cumberland (now Franklin) County, and the lower portion was not without its visitations of bloodshed. May 13, 1757, William Walker and another man were killed near a private fort called McCormick's, on the Conodoguinet, in East Penns- borough; two men were killed and five taken prisoners near Shippensburg on the 6th of June; Joseph Mitchell, James Mitchell, William Mitchell, John Fin- lay, Robert Steenson, Andrew Enslow, John Wiley, Allen Henderson, William Gibson and an Indian were killed in a harvest field near Shippensburg, July 19, and Jane McCommon, Mary Minor, Janet Harper and a son of John Fin- lay were captured or missing at the same time; four men were killed July 11 near Tobias Hendricks', who lived on and had charge of Louther Manor, six miles from the Susquehanna, in East Pennsborough, and two men were killed or canied off near- the same place September 8, while out hunting horses. July 18, in a harvest field a mile east of Shippensburg, belonging to John Cesna, Dennis O'Neiden and John Kirkpatrick were killed, and Mr. Cesna. his two grandsons, and a son of Kirkpatrick were made prisoners and carried off. Others working in the field happened to be concealed from the view of the In- dians, and escaped without injury. There was little rest from anxiety until after the expeditions of 1758 and the capture of Fort DuQuesne, with the building upon its ruins of Fort Pitt, which remained under English rule while the mother country had jurisdiction over the American colonies. The troops were mostly disbanded i.n 1759 by act of Assembly, which body imagined the war was ended. Practjcally for this region it was so, although the two powers met in conflict afterward on the northern frontier. The inhabitants enjoyed for a brief period immunity from danger and re- joiced that peace smiled upon the valley. A worthless Delaware Indian called "Doctor John" who had for two years lived in a cabin near the Conodoguinet and not far from Carlisle, was killed in February, 1760, together with his wife and two children, by whites ; and though he had talked contemptuously about the soldiers, and boasted of having killed sixty white people with his own arm the event was looked upon as untoward by the inhabitants of the region, who feared the vengeance of the tribe and steps were taken to apprehend and pun- ish the murderers. Several arrests were made, but the more guilty parties fled and were not found, whUe the others were released as they could scarcely be convicted on hearsay evidence. Very likely the people were glad the Indians were out of the way, for they had no pleasing recollections of their fiendish fellows. Presently, however, came the dread news that a more desperate war was to be waged under the leadership of the wonderful western chieftain, Pontiac, and close upon the heels of the alarm followed actual invasion of the country bor- dering the valley, with a renewal of the horrid scenes of previous years. July 5, 1763, a gentleman wrote from Carlisle to Secretary Peters as follows : ' ' On the morning of yesterday horsemen were seen rapidly passing through Carlisle. One man rather fatigued, who stopped to get some water, hastily replied to the question, 'What news?' 'Bad enough! Presque Isle, Le Beuf and Venango have been captured, their garrisons massacred, with the exception of one officer and seven men who fortunately made their escape from Le Beuf. Fort Pitt was briskly attacked on the 22d of June, but succeeded in repelling the as- 60 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. sailants. ' Thus saying he put spurs to his horse and was soon out of sight. From others I have accounts that the Bedford militia have succeeded in saving Port Ligonier, Nothing could exceed the terror which prevailed from house to house, from town to town. The road was nearly covered with women and children flying to Lancaster and Philadelphia. Rev. Thomson, pastor of the Episcopal Church, went at the head of his congregation to protect and en- courage them on the way. A few retired to the breastworks for safety. The alarm once given could not be appeased, ^\'e have done all that men can do to prevent disorder. All our hopes- are turned upon Bouquet." The following extracts of letters written fi-om Carlisle in July, 1763, and published at the time in the Pennsylvania Gazette at Philadelphia, will also serve to show the condition of affairs then existing in the valley:* Carlisle, July 13, 1763. I embrace this first leisure since yesterday morning to transmit you a brief account of our present state of affairs here, which indeed is very distressing, every day almost affording some fresh object to awaken the compassion, alarm the fears, or kindle into re- sentment and vengeance every sensible breast; while flying families, obliged to abandon house and possession to save their lives by a hasty escape; mourning widows, bewailing their liusbands, surprised and massacred by savage rage; tender parents, lamenting the fruit of their own bodies, cropped in the very bloom of life by a barbarous hand, with re- lations and acquaintance pouring out sorrow for murdered neighbors and friends, present a varied scene of mingled distress. When, for some time after striking at Bedford the Indians appeared quiet, nor struck any other part of our frontiers, it became the prevailing opinion that our forts and com- munication were so peculiarly the object of their attention; that, till at least after harvest, there was little prospect of danger to our inhabitants over the hills, and to dissent from this generally received sentiment was political heresy, and attributed to timidity rather than judgment, till too early conviction has decided the point in the following manner: On Sunday morning, the 10th instant, about 9 or 10 o'clock, at the house of one William White, on Juniata, between thirty and forty miles hence, there being in said house four men and a lad, the Indians came rushing upon and shot White at the door, just stepping out to see what the noise meant. Our people then pulled in White, and shut the door; hut observing through a window the Indians setting fire to the house, they attempted to force their way out at the door. But the first that stepped out being shot down, they drew him in and again shut the door, after which one attempting an escape out of a win- dow on the loft was shot through the head, and the lad wounded in the arm. The only one now remaining — William Kiddle — broke a hole through the roof of the house, and an Indian, who saw him looking out, alleged he was about to fire on him, withdrew, which afforded Riddle an opportunity to make his escape. The house, with the other four in it, was burned down, as one McMachen informs, who was coming to it, not suspecting Indians, and was by them fired at and shot through the shoulder, but made his escape. The same day about dinner time, at about a mile and a half from said White's, at the house of Robert Campbell, six men being in the house, as they were dining three Indians rushed in at the door, and after firing among them and wounding some they tomahawked in an instant one of the men, whereupon one George Dodds, one of the company, sprang back into the room, took down a rifle, shot an Indian through the body who was just pre- senting his piece to shoot him. The Indian being mortally wounded staggered, and letting his gun fall was carried off by three more. Dodds, with one or two more, getting upon the loft, broke the roof in order to escape, and looking out saw one of the company, Stephen Jeffries, running, but very slowly by reason of a wound in the breast, and an Indian pur- suing, and it is thought he could not escape, nor have we heard of him since, so that It is past dispute he also is murdered. The first that attempted getting out of the loft was fired at and drew back. Another attempting was shot dead, and of the six Dodds was the only one who made his escape. The same day about dusk, about six or seven miles up Tusca- rora and about twenty-eight or thirty miles hence, they murdered one William Anderson, together with a boy and girl, all in one house. At White's were seen at least five, some say eight or ten Indians, and at Campbell's about the same number. On Monday, the 11th, a party of about twenty-four went over from the upper part of Shearman's Valley to see how matters were. Another party of twelve or thirteen went over from the upper part of said valley, and Col. John Armstrong, with 'Thomas Wilson, Esq., and a party of between thirty and forty from this town, to reconnoitre and assist in bringing in the dead. Of the first and third parties we have heard nothing yet, but of the party of twelve six are come in, and inform that they passed through the several places in Tuscarora and saw the houses in flames or burnt entirely down. That the grain that had been reaped the *See Rupp's History of Cumberland and other Counties, pp. 139-143. HISTOKY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 61 Indians burnt in shocks, and had set the fences on fire where the grain wasunreaped; that the hogs had fallen upon and mangled several of the dead bodies; that the said company of twelve, suspecting danger, durst not stay to bury the dead; that after they had returned over the Tuscarora Mountain, about one or two miles this side of it and about eighteen or twenty from hence (Carlisle, Penn.), they were fired on by a large party of Indians, sup- posed about thirty, and were obliged to fly; that two, viz., William Robinson and John Graham, are certainly killed, and four more are missing, who it is thought have fallen into the hands of the enemy, as they appeared slow in flight, most probably wounded, and the savages pursued with violence. What further mischief has been done we have not heard, but expect every day and hour some more messages of melancholy news. In hearing of the above defeat we sent out another party of thirty or upward, com- manded by our high sheriff, Mr. Dunning, and Mr. William Lyon, to go in quest of the enemy or fall in with and reinforce our other parties. There are also a number gone out from about three miles below this, so that we now have over the hills upward of eighty or ninety volunteers scouring the woods. The inhabitants of Shearman's Valley, Tuscarora, etc., are all come over, and the people of this vallev, near the mountain, are beginning to move in, so that in a few days there will be scarcely a house inhabited north of Carlisle. . Many of our people are greatly distressed through want of arms and ammunition, and numbers of those beat off their places have hardly money enough to purchase a pound of powder. Our women and children I suppose must move downward if the enemy proceeds. To- day a British vengeance begins to rise in the breasts of our men. One of them that fell from among the twelve, as he was just expiring, said to one of his fellows: "Here, take my gun and kill the first Indian you see, and all shall be well." Another letter dated at'Carlisle July 13, has the following: "Last night Col. Armstrong returned. He left the party who pursued further, and found several dead, whom they buried in the best manner they could, and are now all returned in. From what appears the Indians are traveling from one place to another along the valley, burning the farms and destroying all the people they meet with. This day gives an account of six more being killed in the valley, so that since last Sunday morning to this day, twelve o'clock, we have a pretty authentic account of the number slain being twenty -five, and four or five wounded. The Colonel, Mr. Wilson and Mr. Alricks are now on the parade endeavoring to raise another party to go out and succor the sheriff and his party, consisting of fifty men, which marched yesterday, and I hope they will be able to send ofP immediately twenty good men. The people here, T assure you, want nothing but a good leader and a little encouragement to make a very good defense. ' ' July 28, 1763, the editor of the Pennsylvania Gazette printed the following: "Our advices from Carlisle are as follows, viz. That the party under the sheriff, Mr. Dunning, mentioned in our last, fell in with the enemy at the house of one Alexander Logan, in Shearman' s Valley, supposed to be about fifteen or upward, who had murdered the said Logan, his son and another man, about two miles from said house, and mortally wounded a fourth who is since dead; and that at the time of their being discovered they were rifling the house and shooting down the cattle, and it is thought about to return home with the spoil they had got. That our men, on seeing them, immediately spread them- selves from right to left with a design to surround them, and engaged the sav- ages with great courage, but from their eagerness rather too soon, as some of the party had not got up when the skirmish began; that the enemy returned our first fire very briskly, but our people, regardless of that, rushed upon them, when they fled and were pursued a considerable way till thickets secured their escape, four or five of them, it was thought, being mortally wounded; that our parties had brought in with them what cattle they could collect, but that great numbers were killed by the Indians, and many of the horses that were in the valleys carried off; that on the 21st, the morning, news was brought of three Indians being seen about 10 o'clock in the morning; one Pummeroy and his wife, and the wife of one Johnson, were surprised in a house between Ship- 62 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. pensburg and the North Mountain and left there for dead; but that one of the ■women, when found, showing some signs of life, was brought to Shippensburg, where she lived some hours in a most miserable condition, being scalped, one of her arms broken, and her skull fractured with the stroke of a tomahawk; and that since the 10th inst. , there was an account of fifty- four persons being killed by the enemy! "That the Indians had set fire to houses, barns, corn, wheat, rye, and hay — in short, to everything combustible — so that the whole country seemed to be in one general blaze ; that the miseries and distress of the poor people were really shocking to humanity, and beyond the power of language to describe; that Carlisle was becoming the barrier, not a single inhabitant being beyond it; that every stable and hovel in the town was crowded with miserable refugees, who were reduced to a state of beggary and despair, their houses, cattle and harvest destroyed, and from a plentiful, independent people they were become real objects of charity and commiseration; that it was most dismal to see the streets filled with people in whose countenances might be discovered a mixture of grief, madness and despair; and to hear now and then the sighs and groans of men, the disconsolate lamentations of women, and the screams of children, who had lost their nearest and dearest relations; and that on both sides of the Susquehanna, for some miles, the woods were filled with poor families and their cattle, who made fires and lived like savages, exposed to the inclemencies of the weather. ' ' Letter dated at Carlisle July 30, 1763 : "On the 25th a considerable num- ber of the inhabitants of Shearman's Valley went over, with a party of soldiers to guard them, to attempt saving as much of their grain as might be standing, and it is hoped a considerable quantity will yet be preserved. A party of vol- unteers, between twenty and thirty, went to the farther side of the valley, next to the Tuscarora Mountain, to see what appearance there might be of the In- dians, as it was th6ught they would most probably be there if anywhere in the settlement — to search for and bury the dead at Buffalo Creek, and to assist the inhabitants that lived along or near the foot of the mountain in bringing off what they could, which services they accordingly performed, burying the remains of three persons, but saw no marks of Indians having lately been there, excepting one track, supposed to be about two or three days old, near the narrows of Buffalo Creek Hill, and heard some hallooing and firing of a gun at another place. A number of the inhabitants of Tuscarora Valley go over the mountain to-morrow, with a party of soldiers, to endeavor to save part of the crops. Five Indians were seen last Sunday, about sixteen or seventeen miles from Carlisle, up the valley toward the North Mountain, and two the day be- fore yesterday, about five or six miles from Shippensburg, who fired at a young man but missed him. "On the 25th of July there were in Shippensburg 1,384 of our poor, dis- tressed back inhabitants, viz. : men, 301; women, 345; children, 738, many of whom were obliged to lie in barns, stables, cellars and under old leaky sheds, the dwelling-houses being all crowded." Indians were also occasionally seen in the valley after Bouquet had left, and occasionally some of the inhabitants WQre fired upon within a few miles of Carlisle. Where is the wonder that the stricken people looked so eagerly to Bouquet for deliverance, or that they suspected and mistrusted every being in the shape of an Indian, whether professedly frienc^ly or otherwise ! Such terrible experiences were sufficient to foster all the fiendishness of revenge in the breasts of the afflicted, and the great wonder at the present day is that they did not resolve upon and enter into a war of extermination of the red race. vu:/-^^^ HISTORY OF CUMBERIiAND COUNTY. 65 Upon the outbreak of the savages the Assembly had ordered the raising of 700 men to protect the frontier daring the harvest, but almost without effect. The safety of the garrison at Fort Pitt was the cause of anxiety, and finally Col. Henry Bouquet was ordered to march to its relief. This he did with barely 500 men, the remnants of two shattered regiments of regulars — the Forty-second and Seventy-second — lately, returned from the West Indies in a debilitated condition, together with 200 rangers (six companies) raised in Lancaster and Cumberland Counties. Although depending so greatly upon him, the inhabitants of Carlisle and vicinity were in such a state of terror and utter consternation that they had taken no steps to prepare provisions for him and his little army, and they arrived at Carlisle to find matters there and along the line of march in a desperate condition, though several quite heavy contri- butions had been raised by various congregations in Philadelphia and sent for their relief. Instead, therefore, of the inhabitants being able to lend him aid, they were dependent upon him, and he was forced to lie at Carlisle eighteen days until supplies could be sent for and received. By this time the people had regained courage and confidence in themselves, although the appearance of Bouquet' s army led them to expect little from its expedition. Most happily were they disappointed, however, for the Colonel's successful march, his re- lief of Fort Ligonier, his terrible thirty-six hours fight at Bushy Eun with the Indians, who were defeated and driven from the field, his relief of Fort Pitt, and his subsequent expedition against the Indians in Ohio, with the treaty on terms of his own dictation, and the release of many white prisoners who were returned to their homes, are all matters of history. Bouquet became the sa- vior of the region, and to his memory let all honor be accorded. The Indians committed outrages along the frontier in 1764, but an army of 1,000 men was raised, of which a battalion of eight companies of 380 men, mostly from Cumberland County — commanded by Lieut. -Col. John Armstrong, with Capts. William Armstrong, Samuel Lindsey, James Piper, Joseph Armstrong, John Brady, William Piper, Christopher Line and Timothy Green, with a few under Lieut. Finley — was sent against them under Col. Bouquet, who pierced to the very heart of their western stronghold, and compelled them to accede the terms above mentioned. The battalion of provincial troops from this county was paid off and mustered out of service, the arms were delivered to the authori- ties, and the long and dreadful Indian war, with all its attendant sickening horrors, was at an end. The people had little confidence, however, in the Indians, and were not disposed to place in their hands any weapons or materials which would give them the slightest advantage over the whites, at least until their new relations had time to become fixed. It had been agreed that trade should be opened with the Indians, and large quantities of goods were gathered in places for the purpose before the governor issued his proclamation authorizing trading. This led to the destruction of a large quantity of goods in which Capt. Eobert Col- lender, a flouring-mill proprietor near Carlisle, was part owner, the goods hav- ing been started westward. A party under James Smith, who had done ser- vice under Braddock, Forbes and Bouquet, waylaid them near Sideling Hill, killed a number of horses, made the escort turn back, burned sixty -three loads, and made matters exceedingly lively, when a squad was sent out to capture the rioters. Smith afterward acknowledged himself too hasty. He was subse- quently arrested on suspicion of murder and lodged in jail at Carlisle in 1769. An attempt was made to rescue him, but he dissuaded the party, and upon his trial was acquitted. He became a distinguished Revolutionary officer and member of the Legislature. ' 66 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Another occurrence, which might have resulted seriously for the settlers, was the murder of ten fi-iendly Indians in the lower part of Shearman's Valley, on Middle Creek, in January, 1768, by Frederick Stump and an employe of his named Hans Eisenhauer (John Ironcutter). The authorities captured the murderers and placed them in jail in Carlisle, although the warrant for their arrest charged that they be brought before the chief justice at Philadelphia. That step the people of Cumberland County resisted, claiming it was encroach- ing upon their rights to try the men in the county where the crime was com- mitted. They were detained at Carlisle until the pleasure of the authorities at Philadelphia could be ascertained, and were rescued by a large armed party on the morning of the 29th of January, four days after their arrest. The pris- oners were carried away over the mountains and were never afterward found, though it was the opinion that they got away and took refuge in Virginia. The matter was finally dropped after the heat of the affair was over. CHAPTER IV. CoxTNTY Oeganization— Location of Cottnty Seat — Division of County INTO Townships— County Buildings— Population— Postoffices in 1885— Internal Improvements- Public Roads— Railroads. CUMBEELAND COUNTY was named after a maritime county in England, bordering on Scotland. I. Daniel Eupp, in a sketch of .this county in Egle' s History of Pennsylvania, published in 1876, says : ' ' The name is derived from the Keltic, Kimbriland. The Kimbrie, or Keltic races, once inhabited the county of Cumberland, in England, " but we are inclined to think that the word Cumberland signifies ' ' land of hollows, " from the Anglo Saxon word ' ' comb, " a valley or low place. In the matter of pedigree Cumberland is the sixth county formed in Penn- sylvania; Philadelphia, Bucks and Chester were established in 1682, Lancaster in 1729 and York in 1749. Petitions having been presented to the Assembly by numerous inhabitants of the North or Cumberland Valley, among whom were James Silvers and William Magaw, in behalf of the inhabitants of the North Val- ley, on the ground of their remoteness from the county seat, Lancaster, and the di£&culty which the sober and the quiet part of the valley experienced in se- curing itself against the thefts of certain idle and dissolute persons (who easily avoided the courts, the officers and the jail of so distant a county town), pray- ing for the establishment of a new county, an act was passed to that effect on the 27th of January, 1750. Eobert McCoy, of Peters Township, Benjamin Chambers, of Antrim, David Magaw, of Hopewell, James Mclntire and John McCormick, both of East Pennsborough, were appointed commissioners to carry out the provisions of the act. The territory embraced in Cumberland County was set off from Lancaster, and its ample limits were thus described: "That all and singular the lands lying within the province of Pennsylvania, to the west- ward of the Susquehanna, and northward and westward of the county of York, be erected into a county, to be called Cumberland; bounded northward and westward with the line of the provinces ; eastward partly by the Susquehanna and partly by said county of York; and southward in part by the line divid- ing said province from that *f Maryland. ' ' HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 67 It was also further enacted, in order to better ascertain the boundary be- tween Cumberland and York Counties, that commissioners should be appoint- ed on the part of the latter to act in conjunction with those of the former for that purpose. The York County commissioners were Thomas Cox, Michael Tanner, George Swope, Nathan Hussey and John Wright, Jr. The commis- sioners of the two counties disagreed when they met to fix the boundary line. Those from Cumberland wished the line to commence opposite the mouth of Swatara Creek and run thence along the ridge of the South Mountain (or Trent Hills, or Priest Hills) ; but to this the York County commissioners would not listen; they wished the Yellow Breeches, or Callapasscinker Creek, to form a portion of the boundary. The difficulty was finally settled by the Assembly in an act passed February 9, 1751, which says: " But for as much as the ridge of mountains called the South Mountain, — along which the lines, dividing the said counties of York and Cumberland, were directed to be run by the several here- inbefore mentioned acts, before the river Susquehannah, to the mouth of a run of water called Dogwood Eun, — is discontinued, much broken, and not easily to be distinguished, whereby great differences have arisen between the trustees of the said counties concerning the matter of running said lines; by which means the boundaries of said counties, between the river Susquehanna and the mouth of aforesaid run of water called Dogwood Run, are altogether unsettled and so likely to continue to the great injury of the said counties, and to the frustrating the good purposes by the hereinbefore mentioned acts of Assembly intended for the preventing hereof, it is hereby enacted, that the creek called Yellow Breeches Creek, from the mouth thereof where it empties into the Susquehanna afore- said, up the several courses thereof, to the mouth of a run of water called Dog- wood Eun, and from thence on one continued straight line, to be run to the ridge of mountains called the South Mountain, until it intersects the Maryland line, shall be and is hereby declared to be the boundary line between said coun- ties of York and Cumberland. ' ' Previous to this legislation a petition fi-om the commissioners appointed on the part of Cumberland County to run the line had been presented to the As- sembly setting forth facts as follows: " That the York commissioners, refusing to run the line agreeable to the act of Assembly, the petitioners conceived it their duty to do it themselves, and accordingly began opposite to the mouth of the Swahatara [now Swatara — Ed.], on Susquehanna Eiver, and then took the courses and distances along the highest ridge of the mountain, without crossing any running water, till they struck the middle of the main body of the South Mountain, at James Caruther's plantation; a true draught whereof is annexed to the petition. That the draught of the line and places adjacent, laid before the house by the York commissioners, as far as relates to the wa- ters and courses, is altogether imaginary, and grounded on no actual survey; those commissioners having no surveyor with them, nor so much as attempting to chain any part of it. That the petitioners would willingly agree to the pro- posal of making Yellow Breeches Creek the boundary, if that draught had any truth in it; but as it is altogether false, and the making that creek the line would actually cut off a great part of the north valley, reduce it to a point on the Susquehanna, and make the county quite irregular, the petitioners pray that the line in the draught to their petition annexed may be confirmed, or a straight line granted from the mouth of Swahatara to the middle of the South Mountain. ' ' This petition was read and ordered to lie on the table. — [ Votes Assem., IV, 154, 8th mo., 18th, 1750, as quoted by Eupp.] Had the line been established as prayed by this petition, the eastern end of the county, as now existing, would have been about the same in extent as the 68 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COONTY. ■western; wlieareas now it is much less — or narrower. Mr. Chambers, one of the Cumberland County commissioners, on the establishment of the line had written as follows to Richard Peters, secretary, but all to no avail : CuMBBBLAND CouNTT, October 8th, 1750. Sir: I received your letter in which you enclosed the draughts of the line run by the commissioners of York County and ours; and if the branches of the Yellow Britches and Great Conewago interlocked in the South Mountain, as laid down in the aforesaid draught, I would be of opinion with the Assembly that a line consisting of such a variety of courses could not be a good boundary between two counties. I can assure you that the courses that we. the commissioners of Cumberland, run, we chained, and have returned by course and distance the ridge of the mountain, and can send our deposition that we crossed no running water above ground, and that we have run it past Capt. Dills, till we are in the middle of the mountains, as laid down in the red line in their draughts; so that our draughts will show you that theirs is but an imaginary of the waters, done by some friends of York County who had no regard for our countiy's welfare; for we sent our re- turn to be laid before the Assembly at the same time that York County laid this one before them that your Honor was pleased to send me. But our messenger did not deliver our re- turn to the House, or if he had, I suppose they would not have troubled his Honor, the Governor, to send any further instructions to us. for I humbly suppose that there cannot be any better boundary than the ridge of the mountain; for, were there a line run to cross the heads of the waters of both sides and the marks grown old, it would be hard for a hunter to tell which county the wolf was killed in, but he may easily tell whether it was killed on the descent of the North or South Valley waters. Likewise, a sheriff, when he goes to any house where he is not acquainted and enquires at the house whether that water falls into the North or South Valley, can tell whether they live in his county or not, which he could not tell by a line crossing the heads of the waters of both sides till he made himself ac- quainted with said line; so that if you will give yourself the trouble to enquire at any of the authors of that draft that was laid before the Assembly, you will find that they never chained any part of their line to know the distance, and therefore cannot be capable to lay down the heads of the waters. Sir, I hope you will send me a few lines to let me know if our return be confirmed, or we must run it over again. But you may believe that the ridge of the mountain and heads of the waters are as laid down in our return; and we run it at the time we went with you to Mr. Croghan's, and did not expect to have any further trouble; and I yet think that his Honor, the Governor,* will confirm our return, or order them to disapprove of it by course and distance. Sir, I am your Honor's most humble servant, Benjamin Chambers. Location of County Seat. — In the act organizing the county of Cumberland the same persons appointed to run the boundary line, or any three of them, were authorized to purchase a site for county court house and prison, subject to approval by the governor. It was at the same time the desire of the pro- prietaries to lay out a town at the same place. The matter of selecting a suit- able site was very difficult, as no less than four locations were offered. At length Thomas Cookson, Esq., the deputy surveyor at Lancaster, was sent to examine the different places and report to the governor, after hearing the ar- guments in favor of each. He reported mainly as follows: Lancaster, March 1, 1749. Honored Sir: — In pursuance of your directions I have viewed the several places spoken of as commodious situations for the town in the county of Cumberland, and also the several passes through the Kittochtinny and Tuscarora Mountains, for the conven- ience of the traders to Allegheny. I shall take the liberty of making some observations on the several places recommended, as the inhabitants of the different parts of the county are generally partial to the advantages that would arise from a county town in their own neighborhood. And first, the inhabitants about the river recommended the Manor, that be- ing a considerable body of the propietaries' land, well timbered, and likely to be rendered valuable should the town be fixed there; but the body of the county cry loudly against that location as lying in a distant corner of the county, and would be a perpetual incon- venience to the inhabitants attending public business, and a great charge of mileage to the respective officers employed in it. The next situation is on Le Tort's Spring. This place is convenient to the new path to Allegheny now mostly used, being at the distance of four miles from the gap in the Kittochtinny Mountain. There is a fine stream of water *GoT. James Hamilton. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 69 and a body of good land on each side, from the head down to Conodogwainet Ci-eek, and the lands on both sides of the Conodogwainet are thickly settled. As these lands are set- tled, if It should be thought a proper situation for the town, the people possessed of them are willing to sell their improvements on reasonable terms, or exchange them for other lands of the honorable proprietors'. There is a tract of about 2,000 acres of tolerably well timbered land, without water, adjoining the settlements on Le Tort's Spring, which may be serviceable to accommodate the town, and lies as marked in the plan. If this place should not be central enough, the next situation is the Big Spring. It rises a mile and a half to the northwest of the great road, five miles from Dunnings, and seven from Shippensburg; runs into the Conodogwainet In about three miles, and has good land on each side and on the Conodogwainet, and a great quantity of land to the southward, which is tolerably well timbered, but has no water. The honorable proprie- taries have a tract of 4,000 acres on the north side of the Conodogwainet, opposite to the spring, and there is a gap in the mountain called McClure's Gap, convenient for bringing the road from Allegheny to this place; and, with the purchase of two or three small im- provements, the proprietaries might be accommodated with a sutHcient quantity of land for that purpose. As to Shippensburg, I have no occasion to say anything, the lands being granted; and, indeed, if that were not the case, the lands about it are unsettled, for the want of water, which must be a suflScient objection. The next place proposed was on the Conococheaque Creek, where the road crosses it. The lands to the eastward of it are vacant, the settlements being chiefly on the sides of the creek. The situation is very good, and there is enough vacant land, as only the plantations on the creek would need to be purchased. This place was proposed as more convenient for the Indian trade, and opened a shorter and better passage through the mountains. It is true a tolerable passage may be had, but it must be by various turnings. Upon the whole, the choice appears to me to lie between the two situations of Le Tort's Spring and the Big Spring. Upon fixing the spot, directions will be necessary for a plan of the town, the breadth- of the streets, the lots to be reserved and those to be allotted for the public buildings. In the execution of which or any other service for the honorable proprietaries committed to me I shall take great pleasure. I am, honored sir, your most obedient, humble servant, Thomas Cookson. The site upon Le Tort's Spring was finally determined upon, and Carlisle sprang into existence; though, even after the courts were removed from Ship- pensburg, there was considerable effort made to have the county seat located elsewhere than on the Le Tort, various reasons being urged why other loca- tions were better adapted for the purpose. The place was laid out in 1751, and as late as May 27, 1753, it contained but five dwellings. Division of County into Townships. — The records of the court of quarter sessions of Lancaster County for November, 1735, contain the following; " On the petition of many of the inhabitants of the North Valley on the west side of the Susquehanna River, opposite to Paxton, praying that the parts settled be- tween the said Eiver and Potomac River, on Conodogwainet, Yellow Britches and Conegochegue Creeks may be divided into townships and constables ap- pointed in them, it was ordered by court that a line running northerly from the Hills to the southward of Yellow Britches (crossing a direct line by the Great Spring) to Kightotining Mountain, be the division line, and the easternmost township be called Pennsborough and the western Hopewell." In 1741 Hope- well was divided "by a line beginning at the North Hill at Benjamin Moor's; thence to Widow Hewres' and Samuel Jamison's and in a straight line to the South Hill, ' ' the western division to be called Antrim (in what is now Franklin County) and the eastern retaining the name of Hopewell. In 1745 Penns- borough seems to have been divided, as the returns are then first made from East Pennsborough and West Pennsborough. Dickinson was formed from a portion of West Pennsborough in 1785; Silvers' Spring (now Silver Spring) from part of East Pennsborough in 1787, and Middleton was divided into North and South Middleton in 1810, the original township of Middleton having been formed as early as 1750, when the county was organized. [See Chapter IIL] 70 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. The first courts at Carlisle were held in a temporary log building on the northeast corner of the Public Square, where St. John's Church now stands. About 1766 a small brick court house was erected in the southwest quarter of the Square. March 3, 1801, the county commissioners advertised for proposals to build ' ' a house for the safe keeping of the public records of the county, " which are known to have been nearly completed December 22, 1802. It was a build- ing also of brick, adjoining the court house. In 1809 a cupola and bell were placed upon the court house. An incendiary fire on the morning of Monday, March 24, 184:5, destroyed these buildings, with the fire company's apparatus in a building close by. The county records were mostly saved through the efforts of the citizens. The court house bell, which fell and was melted in the fire, was a gift from some of the members of the old Penn family and had been greatly prized. Steps were at once taken to erect a new court house, and the present substantial fire-proof brick building was completed in 1846, hav- ing cost $48,419. It is 70x90 feet with a row of fine Corinthian columns in front, and is surmounted by a belfry in which are a clock and bell. A stone jail was built about 1754, on the northwest corner of High and Bed- ford Streets and was enlarged in 1790. A petition to the Assembly for aid to complete it in 1755 met with no response. Stocks and a pillory were also erect- ed on the Public Square in 1754, and it was many years before their use and the custom of cropping the ears of culprits were abolished. The present massive jail, with a brown stone front and an appearance like that of an ancient feudal castle, with battlemented towers, was built in 1853-54 at a cost of $42,960. It stands on the site of the old one and has a yard in the rear surrounded by a high and solid stone wall. The sheriff resides in the front part of the building. The poor of the county were for many years either "collected near the dwell- ing of some one appointed to have charge of them, or farmed out to those who for a compensation were willing to board them." It was not untU about 1830 that an alms-house was erected and then after much ' •' consultation and negotia- tion' ' the fine farm and residence of Edward J. Stiles, about two miles east of Carlisle, in Middlesex Township, were purchased for the purpose, and addi- tional buildings have since been erected. Mr. Stiles was paid $13,250 for his property. In 1878, at a cost of $83, 284, a building was erected especially for the accommodation of the insane and idiotic. Many improvements have been made on the farm and it is a credit to the county. From the territory originally embraced in Cumberland County Bedford was formed in 1771; Northumberland in 1772; Franklin in 1784; Mifflin in 1789 and Perry in 1820. These have been in turn subdivided until now, 1886, the same territory embraces about forty counties, with won drous resources, great wealth and extensive agricultural, mining, stock and manufacturing interests. Cumberland County as now existing includes a tract thirty- four miles long and from eight to sixteen miles in width. Of its total area, 239, 784 acres are im- proved. Population. — By the United States census for each year it has been taken, the population of Cumberland County is shown to have been as follows: In 1790, 18,243; in 1800, 25,886; in 1810, 26,757; in 1820, 23,606; in" 1830, 29,226; in 1840, 30,953; in 1850, 84,327; in 1860, 40,098; in 1870, 48,912; in 1880, 45,997. The following table gives the population by townships and boroughs from 1830 to 1870, except for the year 1840: HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 71 Township or Borough. 1830. 1850. 1860. 1870. Dickinson Township East Pennsborougli Township. . Frankford Township Hampden Township Hopewell Township Newburg Borough Lower Allen Township Middlesex Township Mififlin Township Monroe Township Newton Township Newville Borough North Middleton Township. . . Carlisle Borough Carlisle, East Ward Carlisle, West Ward Penn Township. Shippensburg Township 3,505 2,186 1,282 901 3,094 1,605 1,241 1,273 1,053 3,446 1,845 1,401 1,329 1,326 2,336 1,134 1,431 1,562 1,349 530 1,933 3,708 1,574 1,772 1,666 885 2,335 4,681 1,383 1,530 1,460 1,849 1,978 715 1.046 5,664 3,913 2,751 Shippensburg Borough. Silver Spring Township Mechanicsburg Borough Southampton Township South Middleton Township. . . . Upper Allen Township New Cumberland Borough West Pennsborough Township. 180 1,608 1,792 554 1,484 2,073 1,733 198 1,568 3,308 883 1.651 3,262 1,330 315 3,040 377 1,843 3,801 1,939 1,985 3,878 1,275 394 2,175 1,617 3,719 1,369 1,199 977 392 1,336 1,417 1,455 1,883 2,345 907 1,223 6,650 3,379 2,271 1,888 881 2,065 2,2.59 2,569 3,050 8,336 1,341 515 3,180 By the census of 1840 the county made the following showing: Number fur- naces in the county, 6, producing 2,830 tons cast iron; hands employed in fur- naces and forges, 400; capital invested, $110,000. Number horses and mules in the county, 9,247; neat cattle, 24,204; sheep, 23,930; swine, 47,235; value of poultry (estimated), S12,671. Bushels of wheat raised, 567,654; barley, 11,104; oats, 654,477; rye, 247,239; buckwheat, 13,772; Indian corn, 645,056. Other productions: Pounds woo], 47,133; hops, 4,812, beeswax, 680; bushels potatoes, 121,641; tons hay, 24,423; tons hemp, 11|; cords wood sold, 14,849; value of dairy products, $100,753; orchard products, 118,860; value of home-made or fancy goods, §24,660. Number tanneries, 31, which tanned 12,970 sides of sole leather, 10,777 of upper, and employed 64 men on a capital of $89,175. Soap manufactured, 230, 2 1 8 pounds ; candl es, 45, 060 pounds. Number of distilleries, 28, producing 252,305 gallons "alcoholic beverages;" breweries, 3, producing 12,000 gallons beer. Fulling-mills, 12; woolen factories, 9, making 126,800 worth of goods and employ 61 persons; 1 cotton factory; 1 paper-mill; 54 llouring-miUs, making 71,652 barrels floui-; 8 grist-mills; 63 saw -mills; 1 oil- miU. Total capital invested in manufactories, 1390,601. The census for 1880 shows the following exhibit for Cumberland County: White population, 48, 807 ; colored, 2, 167 ; Japanese, 3. Of the colored popula- tion Carlisle had 1,117, and of the total inhabitants in the county 45,322 were natives and 655 foreign born. ■ Number farms in county, 2,983; acres improved land, 232,093; value of farms, including land, fences and buildings, 119,776,- 980; value farming implements and machinery, $727,411; value live-stock on farms, $1, 358, 224 ; cost of building and repairing fences in 1879, 186, 166 ; costs of fertilizers purchased in 1879, 152,042; estimated value of farm products sold and on hand for 1879, 12,509,572; bushels barley raised in 1880, 2,553; buck wheat, 1,242; Indian corn, 1,219,107; oats, 937,166; rye, 33,055; wheat, 834,517; value of orchard products, $46,554; tons hay raised, 52,284; bushels Irish potatoes, 144,418; bushels sweet potatoes, 9, 510; pounds tobacco, 448,118; il HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. number horses, 10,737; mules and asses, 652; working oxen, 4; milch cows, 12,- 6]4; other cattle, 13,442; sheep, 8,772; swine, 32,773; pounds wool, 53,816; gallons milk, 121,619; pounds butter, 960,516; pounds cheese, 2,352; number manufacturing establishments, 308 ; capital invested, $2, 266, 409 ; total hands employed, 1,892; wages paid, $535, 068; materials used, $1,727,681; value of products, $2,850,640; assessed value of real estate, $12,223,355; value of personal property, $2,054, 110; total taxation for 1880, with the exception of one or more townships from which no reports were received, $185,480; indebt- edness of county, bonded and floating, $142, 106. In 1778, when the townships in the county were Allen, East and West Pennsborough, Hopewell, Middleton and Newton, besides the borough of Car- lisle, there were 111,055 acres of patented and warranted lands, 512 acres of proprietary manor lands, and 206 lots in Carlisle, upon all of which the total taxation was £120 38. 4d. The population of Cumberland County, by townships and boroughs in 1880, was as follows, according to the United States census report: Carlisle Borough, 6, 209 (comprising Ward No. 1, 1,714; Ward No. 2, 1,202; Ward No. 3,1,613; Ward No. 4, 1,680); Cook Township, 417; Dickinson Town- ship, 1,741; East Pennsborough Township, 3,084; Frankford Township, 1,514; Hampden Township, 1,000; Hopewell Township, 1,069; Lower Allen Town- ship, 972; Mechaniosburg Borough, 3,018 (comprising Ward No. 1, 1,153; Ward No. 2, 763; Ward No._3, 543; Ward No. 4, 559); Middlesex Township, 1,466; MifSin Township, 1,50/; Monroe Township, 1,905; Mount HoUySprings Borough 1,256; Newbury Borough, 433; New Cumberland Borough, 569; Newton Township, 1,843; Newville Borough, 1,547; North Middleton Town- ship, 1,115; Penn Township, 1,521; Shippensburg Borough, 2,213; Shippens- burg Township, 494; Shiremanstown Borough, 404; Silver Spring Township, 2,263; Southhampton Township, 1,992; South Middleton Township, 2,864; Upper Allen Township, 1,400; West Pennsborough Township, 2,161. In November, 1885, the county contained the following postoffices: Allen, Barnitz, Big Spring, Bloserville, Boiling Springs, Bowmansdale, Brandts- ville. Camp Hill, Carlisle*, Carlisle Springs, Cleversburgh, Dickinson, Eber- ly' s Mill, Good Hope, Greason, Green Spring, Grissinger, Hatton, Heberlig, Hoguestown, Hunter's Run, Huntsdale, Kerrsville, Lee's Cross Roads, Lis- burn, Mooredale, Mechanicsburgh*, Middlesex, Middle Spring, Mount Holly Springs, Mount Rock, Newburgh, New Cumberland, New Kingstown, Newlin, Newville*, Oakville, Pine Grove Furnace, Plainfield, Shepherdstown, Ship- pensburgh*, Shiremanstown, Stoughstown, Walnut Bottom, West Fairview, Williams Mill, Wormleysburgh — total 47. INTEENAL IMPEOVEMENTS. Public Road, 1735. — The first public road in the " Kittochtenny" (or Cum- berland) Valley west of the Susquehanna River, was laid out in 1735, by order of the court of Lancaster, from Harris' ferry on the Susquehanna to Williams' ferry on the Potomac. (See pioneer chapter for further items concerning the road.) The commissioners to lay out this road, appointed November 4, 1735, were Randle Chambers, Jacob Peat, James Silvers, Thomas Eastland, John Lawrence and Abraham Endless. It was not finished beyond Shippensburg for a number of years,and even at the time of Braddock's expedition (1755) "a tolerable road " was said to exist "as far as Shippensburg." Indian trails were the first highways, and some of them were nearly on the routes of subsequent public roads. ♦Money order offices. C^^t:^*-^^ S^^^^t^^i^p^^^c.-'^^X^ ^.^, HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 75 Military road, 1755. —This was in no part in the present county of Cum- berland, though at the time it was Cumberland. It extended from McDowell's mill, near Chambersburg, "over the mountains to Eaystown (Bedford) by the forks of the Toughiogheny, to intersect the Virginia road somewhere on the Monongahela," being supposed indispensable for the supply of Braddock's troops on the route to Fort DuQuesne, and after their arrival. The commis- sioners appointed to lay it out were principally from Cumberland County; among them were George Croghan, the Indian trader; John Armstrong, who had come from Ireland about 1748, and was then (when appointed commis- sioner) a justice of the peace; Capt. James Burd; William Buchanan, of Car- lisle, and Adam Hoops, of Antrim. A route was surveyed from a gap in the mountain near Shippensburg over an old Indian trail to Eaystown. Armstrong and Buchanan were called from the work by other duties, and William Smith, Francis West and John Byers were appointed in their places. The road was from 10 to 30 feet wide, according to work necessary to construct it. 200 men from Cumberland County worked on the road, the whole cost being nearly £2,000. The road was completed to Raystown in the latter part of June. Braddock's defeat rendered further work unnecessary and Indian troubles caused a cessation of labor upon the roads. The Harrisburg & Chambersburg Turnpike, passing through Hogestown, Kingston, Middlesex, Carlisle and Shippensburg was begun by an incorporated company in 1816, and was extensively traveled before the completion of the Cumberland Valley Eailroad. The Hanover & Carlisle Turnpike, * running southeast from Carlisle by way of Petersburg in Adams County, to Hanover and thence to Baltimore, was be- gun in 1812, and the Harrisburg & York Turnpike was built along the west side of the Susquehanna. The State road leading from Harrisburg to Gettysburg and crossing the southeast portion of Cumberland County, was laid out in 1810. It is said that ' ' it met with much opposition at first, even from those who were appointed to lo- cate it. They directed it over hills that were almost impassable, hoping thus to effect its abandonment, but its usefulness has since been so thoroughly dem- onstrated that these hills have been either graded or avoided. ' ' Among other very early roads were one from Hoge's Spring to the Sus- quehanna Eiver opposite Cox's town, laid out in October, 1759, and another from Trindle's spring to Kelso's ferry in January, 1792. Cumberland Valley Railroad. Looking back over the past fifty years, the half century's horizon includes the sum total of that almost fairy story of magic that we find in the development of our entire system of railroads to their present marvellous perfection. The crude and simple beginnings; the old strap rails that would so playfully curl up through the car and sometimes through a passenger; the quaint, little, old engines that the passengers had to shoulder the wheels on an up-grade, where they would "stall" so often with five of the little cars attached to them; the still more curious coaches, built and fiinished inside after the style of the olden-time stage coaches, where pas- sengers sat face to face, creeping along over the country — what a wonder and marvel they were then to the world, and now in the swift half century what a curiosity they are as relics of the past. The railroad forced the coming of the telegraph, the telephone, the electric light, — the most wonderful onward sweep of civilization that has yet shed its sunshine and sweetness upon the world in this brief-told story of fifty years. *The company to build this road was incorporated March 26, 1809, but work was not begun until 1812' The portion between Carlisle and the York County line was built upon a public road laid out in 1793 and known as " the public road from Carlisle through Trent's Gap to the York County line." 12 70 HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. The history of the Cumberland Valley Eailroad spans the entire period of railroad existence in this country. The first charter is dated in April, 1831. The active promoters were, among others, Judge Frederick Watts, Samuel Alexander, Charles B. Penrose, William Biddle, Thomas G. McCullough, Thomas Chambers, Philip Berlin and Lewis Harlan. The designated termini were Carlisle and the bank of the river opposite Harrisburg. In 1836 a sup- plemented charter authorized the construction of a bridge at Harrisburg. Surveyors completed the location of the line in 1835; the road was at once contracted for and the work actively commenced in the spring of 1836. In August, 1887, it was "partially and generally" opened for business. At first, passengers and freight were transported across the river by horse-power, and but a small force of this kind could do all the business easily. In 1835 an act was passed extending the line of the road to Chambersburg, In 1856 the Cumberland Valley Boad was authorized, by the authority of the States of Pennsylvania and Maryland, to purchase the Franklin Railroad, which also was one of the early-built roads of the country. It was then a completed road from Chambersburg to Hagerstown. The consolidation of the two lines was effected fully in 1864, and at once the line was completed to the Potomac — Martinsburg — the present Cumberland Valley Railroad; a distance of 94 miles from Harrisburg to Martinsburg. An extension is now contem- plated of twenty-two miles from Martinsburg to Winchester, which opens the way for this road to the tempting marts and trafiic of the South and West. The first president was Hon. Thomas G. McCullough, elected June 27, 1835. His executive abilities and ripe judgment — for he had no precedents then to follow, so he had to evolve a system for the young and awkward giant from his own brain — show that he was the right man in the right place. In 1840, Hon. Charles B. Penrose became the president. He resigned in 1841, having been appointed solicitor of the treasury, when Judge Frederick Watts, now of Carlisle, became the president, and filled the position ably and acceptably until 1873, when he resigned to become the commissioner of agriculture, by the appointment of President Grant, where he remained six years and retired to private life, though still an efficient and active member of the board of directors of the railroad. Thomas B. Kenedy, the present incumbent, was elected to the position on. the retirement of Judge Watts. He resides in Chambersburg, which has been his home since early boyhood. The history of the other general officers of the road is told wholly in the long life's labor of General E. M. Biddle, who is now the secretary and treasurer, and who has filled the place so ably and well since 1839. What a wonderful panorama in the world' s swift changes since 1839, has unfolded itself and has been a part of the official life of General Biddle ! He owes now one great duty to this generation and to future man- kind, and that is to tell the story of what he saw and was a part of — the particulars of the little crude commencement of railroads and the steps leading to their present greatness and boundless capabilities. A sleeping car was put on this road in 1839 — a historical fact of great interest because it was the first of the kind in the world. They were upholstered boards, three-deckers, held by leather straps, and in the day were folded back against the wall, very sim- ple and plain in construction, but comfortable. The Dillsburg & Mechanicsburg Railroad is a branch of the Cumberland Valley Railroad, extending from the towns indicated in its name. The length is eight miles. It was organized September 2, 1871, and completed the fol- lowing year. It has been a paying property from the first, and adds much to the comfort and well-being of the people of the country it taps. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 77 The fiuancial affairs of the road are fully explained in the following: First preferred stock $341,900 00 Second preferred stock 343,000 00 Common preferred stock 1,292,950 00 First Mortgage Bonds, due 1904 161,000 00 Second Mortgage Bonds, due 1908 109,500 00 Dividends and Interest due 41,313 70 Profit and loss 704,871 91 Total 13,794,535 61 Harrisburg & Potomac Railroad. The original, active promoters, the or- ganizers and builders of this road were the Ahl brothers, Daniel V. and Peter A. Ahl, of Newville. They procured the charter, furnished the money for the preliminary work, cashed the bonds to a large extent, and contracted and built the original road. The road was chartered June 27, 1870, as the Mer- amar Iron & Railroad Company, its name explaining the original purposes of the enterprise. The officers elected June 20, 1870, were Daniel V. Ahl, president; Asbury Derland, secretary; William Gracey, treasurer; William H. Miller, solicitor. The road was built from Chambersburg to Eichmond. The project was then expanded, and the road built from Chambersburg to Waynesboro, via Mount Alto. The charter members: Daniel V. Ahl, John Evans, Asbury Derland, John Moore, W. H. "Langsdorf, George Clever, Sam- uel N. Bailey, Alexander Underwood and James Bosler. A branch road was surveyed and built from the main line to Dillsburg. When the construction of the line was about completed the concern fell into great financial difficulties, when the almost omnipotent Pennsylvania Road gathered it quietly to its fold and shaped its destinies into the present line of road, and it took its present name, The Harrisburg & Potomac Railroad. The Northern Central Railroad passes along the shore of the Susquehanna, crossing the eastern end of Cumberland County in which it has about nine miles of road. The South Mountain Railroad, built or completed in 1869, by the South Mountain Iron Company extending from Carlisle to Pine Grove Furnace, is seventeen and one-half miles long. CHAPTER V. MiLITAET— CTJMBEKLAND COUNTY IN THE REVOLUTION— THE WHISKEY INSUE- BEOTioN— The War of 1813. IpOR more than ten years after the close of the Indian wars the inhabitants ' of the county gave their attention to peaceful pursuits. Agriculture flourished and the population increased. Great Britain finally attempted to force her American colonies to comply with all her outrageous demands without giving them any voice in the Government. They naturally objected. The famous " Boston port bill " roused their ire. This county had few citizens who stood by the mother country in such proceedings. July 12, 1774, a pub- lic meeting was called, of which the following are the minutes: " At a respectable gathering of the freeholders and freemen from several tovmships of Cumberland Couaty in the province of Pennsylvania, held at 78 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Carlisle, in the said county, on Tuesday, the 12th day of July, 1774, John Montgomery, Esq., in the chair — 1. Resolved, That tbe late act of the Parliament of Great Britain, by which the port of Boston is shut up, is oppressive to that town and subversive of the rights and liberties of the colony of Massachusetts Bay; that the principle upon which the act is founded is not more subversive of the rights and liberties of that colony than it is of all other British colonies in North America; and, therefore, the inhabitants of Boston are suffering in the common cause of all these colonies. 2. That every vigorous and prudent measure ought speedily and unanimously to be adopted by these colonies for obtaining redress of the grievances under which the inhabi- tants of Boston are now laboring; and security from grievance of the same or of a still more severe nature under which they and the other inhabitants may, by a further operation of the same principle, hereafter labor. 3. That a congress of deputies from all the colonies will be one proper method for ob- taining these purposes. 4. That the same purpose Will, in the opinion of this meeting, be promoted by an a^eement of all the colonies not to import any merchandise from nor export any merchan- dise to Great Britain, Ireland, or the British West Indies, nor to use any such merchan- dise so imported, nor tea imported from any place whatever, till these purposes be obtained; but that the inhabitants of this country will join any restriction of that agreement which the general Congress may think it necessary for the colonies to confine themselves to. 5. That the inhabitants of this county will contribute to the relief of their suffering brethren in Boston at any time when they shall receive intimation that such relief wiU be most seasonable. 6. That a committee be immediately appointed for this county to correspond with the commitee of this province or of the other provinces upon the great objects of the pub- lic attention; and to co-operate in every measure conducing to the general welfare of Briish America. 7. That the committee consist of the following persons, viz. : James Wilson, John Armstrong, John Montgomery, William Irvine, Robert Callender, William Thompson, John Calhoon, Jonathan Hoge, Robert Magaw, Ephraim Blane, John Allison, John Har- ris and Robert Miller, or any five of them. 8. That James Wilson, Robert Magaw and William Irvine be the deputies appointed to meet the deputies from other counties of this province at Philadelphia on Friday next, in order to concert measures praparatory to the General Congress. John Montgomebt, Chairman. This meeting was held in the Presbyterian Church at Carlisle, and the chairman (Montgomery) lyas an elder in the church. The meeting was called on receipt of a letter from the Assembly, under action of June 30, calling upon each county to provide arms and ammunition and men to use them from out their associated companies, also to assess real and personal estates to defray expenses. The Assembly encouraged military organizations, and promised to see that officers and men called into service were paid. We quote Dr. Wing's notes upon the men composing the committee : "James Wilson was born in 1742 in Scotland; had received a finished edu- cation at St. Andrews, Edinburgh and Glasgow, under Dr. Blair in rhetoric and Dr. Watts in logic, and in 1766 had come to reside in Philadelphia, where he studied law with John Dickinson, from whom he doubtless acquired some- thing of the spirit which then distinguished that eminent patriot. When ad- mitted to practice he took up his residence in Carlisle. In an important land case, which had recently been tried between the proprietaries and Samuel Wallace, he had gained the admiration of the most eminent lawyers in the province, and at once had taken rank second to none at the Pennsylvania bar. At the meeting of the people now held in Carlisle, he made a speech which drew forth the most rapturous applause. Eobert Magaw was a native of Cumberland County, belonging to a family which had early settled in Hope- well Township, and was also a lawyer of some distinction in Carlisle. The career on which he was now entering was one in which he was to become known to the American people as one of their purest and bravest officers. William Irvine was a native of Ireland from the neighborhood of Enniskillen; had been HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 79 classically educated at the University of Dublin, and had early evinced a fondness for military life, but had been induced by his parents to devote him- self to the medical and surgical profession. On receiving his diploma he had been appointed a surgeon in the British Navy, where he continued until the close of the French war (1754-63), when he resigned his place, removed to America and settled in Carlisle, where he acquired a high reputation and an extensive practice as a physician. William Thompson had served as a captain of horse in the expeditions against the Indians (1759-60), had been appointed a justice of the peace in Hopewell Township, and had lately been active in the relief of the inhabitants in the western part of the province in their diffi- culties with Virginia on the boundary question. Jonathan Hoge and John Calhoon had been justices of the peace and judges in the county, and be- longed to two of the oldest and most respectable familes in the vicinity of Silvers' Spring. Ephriam Blaine we have known for his brave defense of a fort at Ligonier, and was now the proprietor of a large property and mills on the Conodoguinet, near the cave, about a mile north of Carlisle. John Alli- son, of Tyrone Township; John Harris, a lawyer of Carlisle, and Kobert Miller, living about a mile northeast of Carlisle in Middleton Township; John Montgomery, a member of the Assembly, and Robert Callender, formerly an extensive trader with the Indians, a commissary for victualing the troops on the western campaign and the owner of mills at the confluence of the Letort with the Conodoguinet, were all of them active as justices, judges and comnlis- sioners for the coxmty. ' ' The three delegates from Cumberland County were at Philadelphia a few days later, when the delegates from the various counties of the province as- sembled, and James Wilson was one of the committee of eleven which brought in a paper of ' ' Instructions on the present situation of public affairs to the representatives who were to meet in the Colonial Assembly next week. ' ' The proceedings of this meeting, the subsequent steps of the Assembly, and all the proceedings up to the opening of hostilities, are matters of record not necessary to introduce here. The committee of thirteen which had been ap- pointed at Carlisle, July 12, 1774, kept busy, and through their efforts a "committee of observation" was chosen by the people who bad general over- sight of civil affairs, and few counties were more fortunate than Cumberland in their choice of men. About this time the terms ' ' whig " and ' ' tory " began to be heard, and the bitterness the two partisan factions held toward each other after the declaration by the colonies of their independence, was extreme, leading to atrocious crimes and terrible murders by the tories when they could strike like cowards, knowing their strength. ' ' Few such, ' ' says Dr. Wing, ' ' were found among the native population of this valley. There were indeed some both in civil and in ecclesiastical life who questioned whether they had a right to break the oath or vow of allegiance which they had taken on assuming some official station. Even these were seldom prepared to go so far as to give actual aid and comfort to the enemy, or to make positive resistance to the efforts of the patriots. They usually contented themselves with a negative withdraw- al from all participation in efforts at independence. Many of them were earn- est supporters of all movements for redress of grievances, and paused only when they were asked to support what they looked upon as rebellion. These hardly deserved the name of ' ' tories, " since they were not the friends of extreme royal prerogative, and only doubted whether the colonies were authorized by what they had suffered to break entirely away from the crown to which they had sworn allegiance, and whether the people were yet able to maintain this separate position. Among these who deserved rather to be ranked as non- 80 HISTORY- OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. jurors were one of the first judges of the county, who had recently removed over the mountain to what is now Perry County, and two clergymen who held commissions as missionaries of the ' Venerable Society in England for the Propagation of Eeligion in Foreign Parts. ' ' ' James Wilson, of Cumberland County, was in December, 1774, appointed one of nine delegates to a second Congress to be held the next year in Phila- delphia, and held the position until 1777. Both he and Eobert Magaw were members from this county of the provincial convention which met at Philadelphia January 23, 1775, and continued in session six days, during which time much business of great importance was transacted. Upon receipt of the news of the battle of Lexington (April 19, 1775), Congress resolved to raise an army, and the quota of Pennsylvania was figured at 4, 300. Word was sent to the committee of Cumberland County, and they proceeded at once to organize companies of ' ' associators, ' ' many of which were already formed on the old plan in use since the days of the Indian troubles. A letter from this county dated May 6, 1775, said: "Yesterday the county committee met from nineteen townships, on the short notice they had. About 3,000 men have already associated. The arms returned amount to about 1,500. The committee have voted 500 effective men, besides commissioned ofiicers, to be immediately drafted, taken into pay, armed and disciplined to march on the first emergency; to be paid and supported as long as necessary, by a tax on all estates real and personal in the county; the returns to be taken by the township committees, and the tax laid by the commissioners and the assessors ; the pay of the officers and men as in times past. This morning we met again at 8 o'clock; among other subjects of inquiry the mode of drafting or taking into pay, arming and victualing im- mediately the men, and the choice of field and other officers, will among other matters be the subjects of deliberation. The strength or spirit of this county perhaps may appear small if judged by the number of men proposed, but when it is considered that we are ready to raise 1,500 or 2,000, should we have support from the province, and that independently and in uncertain ex- pectation of support we have voluntarily drawn upon this county a debt of about £27,000 per annum, I hope we shall not appear contemptible. We make great improvement in military discipline. It is yet uncertain who may go." From July 3, 1775, to July 22, 1776, John Montgomery, Esq., of Carlisle, was an active and a prominent member of a committee of safety, consisting of twenty-five men from different parts of the province, sitting permanently at Philadelphia, and having management of the entire military affairs of the province. The first troops sent out from Cumberland County, were under the call of Congress in May, 1775, and were from the association companies, the call by the committee of safety not being made until some months later. To furnish arms and ammunition for the soldiers was the greatest difficulty, es- pecially in Cumberland County. ' ' Each person in the possession of arms was called upon to deliver them up at a fair valuation, if he could not himself en- list with them. Rifles, muskets, and other fire-arms were thus obtained to the amount of several hundred, and an armory was established for the repairing and altering of these, in Carlisle. On hearing that a quantity of arms and accoutrements had been left at the close of the Indian war at the house of Mr. Carson, in Paxtang Township, and had remained there without notice or care, the commissioners of Cumberland County, regarding them as public property, sent for them and found about sixty or seventy muskets or rifles which were capable of being put to use, and these were brought to Carlisle, repaired HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 81 and distributed. Three hundred pounds were also paid for such arms and equipments as were collected from individuals who could not themselves come forward as soldiers. All persons who were not associated, and yet were of the age and ability for effective service, were to be reported by the assessors to the county commissioners and assessed, in addition to the regular tax, £2 10s. annually, in lieu of the time which others spent in military training. The on- ly persons excepted were ministers of the gospel and servants purchased for a valuable consideration of any kind. It was assumed that those who had con- scientious scruples about personally bearing arms ought not to hesitate to con* tribute a reasonable share of the expense for the protection they received. ' ' The first troops going out from Cumberland made up eight companies of, generally, 100 each, and nearly all from the county. The regiment, which be- came the First Kifle Regiment of Pennsylvania, was formed of men already associated, and therefore the more easily organized for immediate service. It was formed within ten days aft.er the news of the battle of Bunker Hill had been received. The companies rendezvoused at Reading, where the regiment was fully organized by the election of officers as follows: Col. William Thompson, a surveyor who lived near Carlisle and had served with distinction as an officer in the Indian war; Lieut. -Col. EdwardHand, of Lancaster; Maj. Robert Magaw, of Carlisle. The captains of the several companies were James Chambers, of Loudon Forge, near Chambersburg ; Robert Cluggage, of Hamilton Township; Michael Doudel, William Hendricks, of East Penns- borough; John Loudon, James Ross, Matthew Smith and George Nagle. Surgeon — Dr. William Magaw, of Mercersburg, a brother to Robert. Chaplain — Rev. Samuel Blair. The regiment marched directly to Boston, reaching camp at Cambridge in the beginning of August, 1775, when it consisted of 3 field officers, 9 Captains, 27 lieutenants, 1 adjutant, 1 quartermaster, 1 sur- geon, 1 surgeon's mate, 29 sergeants, 13 drummers and 713 privates fit for duty, or 798 men all told. The officers were commissioned to date from June 25, 1775; term of enlistment, one year. This was the first regiment from west of the Hudson to reach the camp, and received particular attention. They were thus described by a contemporary: " They are remarkably stout and vigorous men, many of them exceeding six feet in hight. They are dressed in white frocks or rifle shirts and round hats. They are remarkable for the accuracy of their aim, striking a mark with great certainty at 200 yards distance. At a review a company* of them, while on a quick advance, fired their balls into objects of seven inches in diameter at a distance of 250 yards. They are stationed in our outlines, and their shots have frequently proved fatal to British officers and soldiers who exposed themselves to view even at more than double the distance of a common musket shot. ' ' Col. Thompson, with two of his companies under Capts. Smith and Hendricks, went with the expedition to Canada, being pro- bably part of the troops who went on the eastern route with Arnold. Decem- ber 31, 1775, they were in the assault on Quebec, carried the barriers, and for three hours held out against a greatly superior force, being finally compelled to retire. Of the body to which this regiment belonged, Gen. Richard Mont- gomery said: "It is an exceedingly fine corps, inured to fatigue and well ac- customed to common shot, having served at Cambridge. There is a style of discipline amongst them much superior to what I have been accustomed to see in this campaign. ' ' By subsequent promotions Col. Thompson became a brigadier-general; Lieut. -Col. Hand succeeded to the command of the regiment; Capt. Chambers became lieutenant-colonel, and James Armstrong Wilson, of Carlisle, major, in place of Robert Magaw, transferred. Part of the regiment was captured at 82 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Trois Eivieres and taken to New York, while Col. Hand barely escaped with the balance. Gen. Thompson was finally paroled and sent home to his family in 1777, but was not exchanged until October 26, 1780, when he and others were exchanged for Maj. -Gen. De Eeidesel, of the Brunswick troops. He died on his farm near Carlisle September 3, 1781, aged forty-five years, and his death was undoubtedly' hastened by exposure while in a military prison. Upon the expiration of the term of enlistment of this regiment, June 30, 1776, most of the officers and men re-enlisted "for three years or during the war," under Col. Hand, and the battalion became the first regiment of the Con- tinental line. The two separated parts of the regiment, one from Cambridge and the other from Canada, were reunited at New York, though some of its officers, like Magaw, were transferred by promotion to other portions of the army. It was at Long Island, White Plains, Trenton and Princeton under Hand. In April, 1777, Hand was made a brigadier, and James Chambers be- came the colonel. Under him the regiment fought at Brandywine, German- town, Monmouth and in every other battle and skirmish of the main army until he retired from the service, January 1, 1781, and was succeeded by Col. Dan- iel Broadhead May 26, 1781. With him the first regiment left York, Penn. , vrith five others into which the line was consolidated under the command of Gen. Wayne, and joined Lafayette at Eaccopn Ford on the Eappahannock June 10; fought at Green Springs on July 6, and opened the second parallel at Yorktown, which Gen. Steuben said he considered the most important part of the siege. After the surrender the regiment went southward with Gen. Wayne, fought the last battle of the war at Sharon, Ga. , May 24, 1782, entered Savannah in triumph on the 11th of July, Charleston on the 14th of Decem- ber, 1782; was in camp on James Island, S. C. , on the 11th of May, 1783, and only when the news of the cessation of hostilities reached that point was em- barked for Philadelphia. In its services it traversed every one of the original thirteen States of the Union. Capt. Hendricks fell during the campaign in Canada. A few of the original members of the regiment were with it through all the various scenes of the eight years of service. Col. Chambers and Maj. Wilson both retired from the service because of wounds which incapacitated them from duty. The regiment had a splendid record. Additional regiments from Pennsylvania were called for by Congress in the latter part of 1775, and the Second, Third and Fourth Battalions were raised and placed under the command of Cols. Arthur St. Clair, John Shea and An- thony Wayne. The Fifth Battalion was commanded by Eobert Magaw, who had been major in the First, and was composed of companies principally from Cumberland County. It was recruited in December, 1775, and January, 1776, and in February, 1776, some of its companies were in Philadelphia, though the main body of the regiment left Cumberland County in March. It departed from Carlisle March 17, 1776, on which occasion Eev. William Linn, who had been licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Carlisle, and had been ap- pointed Chaplain of the Fifth and Sixth Battalions of Pennsylvania militia, de- livered a stirring patriotic sermon, which has been preserved in print to the present day. The command proceeded to Long Island, assisted in the con- struction of defenses, and upon the retreat assisted other Pennsylvania regi- ments in covering the same. They were afterward placed in Fort Washington at the head of Manhattan Island, with other Pennsylvania troops, commanded by such officers as Cols. Cadwallader, . Atlee, Swope, Frederick Watts (of Car- lisle) and John Montgomery, the whole commanded by Col. Eobert Magaw. Gen. Howe demanded the surrender of the fort, threatening dire consequences if it had to be carried by assault. Col. Magaw replied that "he doubted HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 85 whether a threat so unworthy of the General and of the British nation would be executed. " ' ' But, " said he, ' ' give me leave to assure your excellency that, actuated by the most glorious cause that mankind ever fought in, I am deter- mined to defend this post to the very last extremity. ' ' And that he did, Washington witnessing part of the operations from the opposite side of the Hudson. Finally, however, November 19, 1776, the gallant Colonel was com- pelled to capitulate, and the strong position, with 2,818 men, fell into the hands of the British. Col. Magaw remained a prisoner on parole until Octo- ber 25, 1780, when, with Gens. Thompson and Laurens he was exchanged for the British major-general, De Eeidesel. Many of Magaw' s men suffered greatly in the British prisons, but they refused all temptations held out to in- duce them to desert and enlist in the royal service. A few were exchanged in 1777, but most remained prisoners until nearly the close of the war. The committee of correspondence for Cumberland County wrote to Congress about the middle of August, 1775: "The twelfth company of our militia has marched to-day, which companies contain in the whole, 833 privates; with officers, nearly 900 men. 9ix companies more are collecting arms, and are preparing to march. ' ' This committee of correspondence included, among others, John Armstrong, JohnByers, Robert Miller, John Agnew and James Pollock; all but Byers residents of Carlisle. (Mr. Miller, in 1768 until 1782, and later, ac- cording to the records, owned a tan-yard, and he also is said to have been a mer- chant. He was an elder in the church and held numerous offices. His daughter, Margaret, married Maj. James Armstrong Wilson. ) The committee reported in December, to the committee of safety, that they expected to be able to raise an entire battalion in the county, and hoped they might be allowed to do so, in order to do away with the discords generally prevalent among bodies of men promiscuously recruited. They recommended as officers for such a regiment, colonel, William Irvine; lieutenant-colonel, Ephraim Blaine; major, James Dunlap; captains, James Byers, S. Hay, W. Alexander, J. Talbott, J. Wilson, J. Armstrong, A. Galbreath and E. Adams; lieutenants, A. Parker, W. Brat- ton, G. Alexander, P. Jack, S. McClay, S. McKenney, R. White and J. Mc- Donald. The Sixth Regiment was accordingly organized, and William Irvine received his commission as colonel, January 9, 1776. Changes were made in the other officers, and they were as follows : lieutenant-colonel, Thomas Hart- ley, of York; major, James Dunlap, who lived near Newburg; adjutant, John Brooks ; captains, Samuel Hay, Robert Adams, Abraham Smith (of Lurgan), William Rippey (resided near Shippensburg), James A. Wilson, David Grier, Moses McLean and Jeremiah Talbott (of Chambersburg). The regiment marched in three months after Col. Irvine was commissioned, and joined the army before Quebec, in Canada. It was brigaded with the First, Second and Fourth Regiments; the brigade being commanded first by Gen. Thomas, and after his death, by Gen. Sullivan. The latter sent Col. Irvine and Gen. Thompson on the disastrous Trois Rivieres campaign, when, June 8, 1776, so many of the men were captured, together with the commanders. The portion of the regiment that escaped capture fell back to Lake Champlain and wintered under command of Lieut. -Col. Hartley. Most of the men re-enlisted after their original term of service had expired (January 1, 1777), and the broken Sixth and Seventh Regiments were consolidated into a new one under the command of Col. David Greer. Col. Irvine, like the others on parol, was exchanged May 6, 1777, and appointed colonel of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment. May 12, 1779, he was 'made a brigadier-general, and served one or two years under Gen. Wayne. In 1781 he was stationed at Fort Pitt. He died at Phil- adelphia July 29, 1804. Capt. Rippey, who was captured at Trois Rivieres, 86 HISTORY OF CUMBEULAND COUNTY. succeeded in making his escape. After the war he resided at Shippensburg, where he kept a hotel. May 15, 1776, Congress passed a resolution recommending ' ' to the respective assemblies and conventions of the United Colonies, where no government sufS- cient to the exigencies of their affairs has been hitherto established, to adopt such government as shall, in the opinion of the representatives of the people, best conduce to the happiness and safety of their constituents in particular and America in general." On the 3d of June, that body also devised measures for raising a new kind of troops, constituting them the "flying camp," inter- mediate between militia and regulars, to consist of 10, 000 men from the States of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Delaware. The quota of Pennsylvania was 6,000 men, but as 1,500 had already been sent into the field, the immediate demand was for 4, 500, and it was finally settled that the quota of Cumberland County was 334, as so many had already been sent out from said county. Meantime, the Assembly having dissolved, and the committee of safety declining to act, it became necessary for the people to organize some form of government, and on recommendation the several county committees met and sent delegates, for that purpose, to a meeting held at Carpenter' s Hall, Philadelphia, June 18, 1776. Cumberland County was represented by James McLane, of Antrim Township; John McClay, of Lurgan; William Elliot, Col. William Clark and Dr. John Calhoon, of East Pennsborough; John Creigh and John Harris, of Carlisle; Hugh McCormick and Hugh Alexander, of Middle Spring, This conference continued in session one week, approved the resolutions of Congress, declared the existing government in the province incompetent, and appointed the 15th of July as the date for holding a convention at Philadelphia to frame a new government based upon the authority of the people. Voting places for ■delegates fi-om Cumberland County, were established at Carlisle, with Eobert Miller and James Gregory, of that town, and Benjamin Blyth, of Middle Spring, as judges of election; at Chambersburg, with John Allison and James Maxwell and John Baird as judges; at Robert Campbell's, in Hamilton Town- ship, with William Brown, Alex Morrow and James Taylor as judges. The election was held July 8, and William Harris, then practicing law at Carlisle, William Clark, William DufBeld (near Loudon) ; Hugh Alexander, of Middle Spring; Jonathan Hoge and Eobert Whitehill, of East Pennsborough; James Brown, of Carlisle, and James McLane, of Antrim, were chosen delegates. The convention met per appointment, July 15, and adopted a constitution, which in spite of some informalities, was acquiesced in by the people for a number of years. Among other acts of the convention it appointed a council of safety, of which William Lyon was a member from Cumberland County. George Chambers, in an excellent work upon the ' ' Irish and Scotch and Early Settlers of Pennsylvania," published at Chambersburg in 1856, says of the period at which we have now arrived : ' ' The progress of the war and the op- pressive exactions of the British Government after a few months unsettled public opinion on this question [that of separation from the mother country, Ed.] and the necessity and policy of independence became a debatable question vrith the colonists in their social meetings. At this time there were no newspapers published in Pennsylvania, we believe, west of York. The freemen of the County of Cumberland, in this province, were amongst the first to form the opinion that the safety and welfare of the colonies did render separation from the mother country necessary. The first public expression of that sentiment and its embodiment in a memorial emanated from the freemen and inhabitants of that county to the assembly of the province and is among the national arch- ives." Mr. Chambers in further speaking of this memorial says: "The me- HISTORY OF OUMBKRLAND COUNTY. 87 morial from Cumberland County bears evidence that the inhabitants of that county were in advance of their representatives in the Assembly and in Con- gress, on the subject of independence. The considerations suggested to them had their influence on the Assembly, who adopted the petition of the memorial- ists and withdrew the instructions that had been given to the delegates in Con- gress in opposition to independence. As the Cumberland memorial was pre- sented to the Assembly on the 23d* of May, 1776, it probably had occupied the attention and consideration of the inhabitants of the Cumberland Valley early in that month. As there was no remonstrance from this district by any dissat- isfied with the purposes of the memorial we are to suppose that it expressed the public sentiment of that large, respectable and influential district of the prov- ince which had then many officers and men in the ranks of the Continental Army. ' ' When in Congress the motion for independence was finally acted upon, the vote of Pennsylvania was carried for it by the deciding vote of James Wilson, of Cumberland County, and of him Bancroft says (History of the United States Vol. VIII, pp. 456—459) : ' ' He had at an early day foreseen independence as the probable, though not the intended result of the contest; he had uniformly declared in his place that he never would vote for it contrary to his instructions ; nay, that he regarded it as something more than presumption to take a step of such importance without express instructions and authority. ' For' said he, ' ought this act to be the act of four or five individuals, or should it be the act of the people of Pennsylvania?' But now that their authority was communi- cated by the conference of committees he stood on very different ground." Mr. Chambers says: "The majority of the Pennsylvania delegates remained inflexible in their unwillingness to vote for the measure, at the head of which opposition was the distinguished patriot, John Dickinson, who opposed the measure not as bad or uncalled for, but as premature. But when on the 4th of July the subject came up for final action, two of the Pennsylvania del- egates, Dickinson and Morris, who voted in the negative, absented themselves, and the vote of Pennsylvania was carried by the votes of Franklin, Wilson and Morton against the votes of Willing and Humphreys. The men who voted in opposition to this measure were esteemed honest and patriotic men but were too timid for the crisis. They faltered and shrank from responsibility and danger when they should have been firm and brave." The Declaration of Independ- ence though adopted on the 4th of July was not signed until August 16 follow- ing. The name of James Wilson was affixed to the document with those of the other delegates, and Cumberland County has the satisfaction of knowing that her citizens and foremost men had an important voice in the formation of the Republic which is now so dear to more than 50,000,000 people. After this step had been taken by the colonies there was no way of honor- able retreat from the ground they had taken. The struggle was upon them, and many were the dark and trying hours before it closed in their favor and the nation was firmly established. It was with difficulty the ranks were kept full. Many had enlisted for only one year, and some as emergency soldiers for as short a period as three months. The appeals cf the recruiting officers are described as most stirring, and the county of Cumberland, like others, was kept in a constant state of excitement. By strenuous efforts the flagging energy of the people was renewed. October 16, 1776, William Lyon, who that day took his seat as member from Cumberland County of the council of safety, proposed to the board of war to continue a larger force in the State, to protect it both against British troops and ' ' the growing party of disaffected persons which unhappily exists at this time, ' ' also to carry on the necessary *Other authority says May 28. 88 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. ■ works of defense. It was resolved to raise four battalions of 500 men each (for the immediate defense of the State), of militia from the counties of York, Cumberland, Lancaster and Berks — -one battalion for each county. The news from Trenton (December 3, 1776) and Princton (January 3, 1777) encouraged the people and recruiting became more lively. July 4. 1776, a military con- vention representing the fifty-three associated battalions of Pennsylvania, met at Lancaster and chose two brigadier-generals to command the battalions and forces of Pensylvania (Daniel Robardeau, of Philadelphia, and James Ewing, of York). Cumberland County was represented at this convention by Col. John Armstrong; Lieut. -Cols. William Blair, William Clark and Frederick Watts, Maj. James McCalmont;Capt8. Rev. John Steel, Thomas McClelland, John Da- vis, James McFarlane and George Robinson, and privates David Hoge, Ephraim Steel, Smith, Pauling, Brown, Sterrett, Hamilton, Read, Finley, and Vance. When the "Flying Camp " was formed, two regiments had been organized in Cumberland County under Cols. Frederick Watts and John Montgomery, of Carlisle, and sent to Washington at Long Island; they were captured with others at Fort Washington, but the officers were soon exchanged and later commanded regiments under a new arrangement. We quote at considerable length from Dr. Wing: "When Gen. Howe appeared to be about crossing New Jersey to get pos- session of Philadelphia by land (June 14, 1776), messengers were dispatched to the counties to give orders that the second class of the associated mUitia should march as speedily as possible to the place to which the first class had been or- dered, and that the third class should be got in readiness to march at a moment's notice. These orders were at once complied with, but before the companies from this county had started, the order was countermanded on account of the return of the British troops to New York. It soon, however, became known that the approach to Philadelphia was to be by transports up Chesapeake Bay and Delaware River, and a requisition was made upon the State for 4,000 mili- tia in addition to those already in the field. One class, therefore, was again ordered from the county. On the 5th of October, 1776, the council of safety resolved to throw into the new continental establishment two of the three Penn- sylvania battalions, before in that service, to serve during the war, and the third was to be retained in the service of the Staite until the Ist of January, 1778, unless sooner discharged, and to consist of ten companies of 100 men each, in- cluding officers. The privates of the three battalions were to continue in the service of the State, -the officers according to seniority to have the choice of entering into either, and the two battalions to be recruited to their full com- plement of men as speedily as possible. By this new arrangement Pennsylva- nia was to keep twelve battalions complete in the Continental service. Of course this broke up all previous organizations, and renders it difficult to trace the course of the old companies. We have seen that on the 16th of August thirteen companies fully officered and equipped had left the county for the seat of war, and six others were preparing to go. The regiments of Cols. Thompson, Irvine and Magaw, we have noticed, and two or three others must have been in existence about this time. One of these was commanded by Col. Frederick Watts and Maj. David Mitchell, and another by John Montgomery, who after the dissolution of the committee of safety, July 22, 1776, appears to have taken charge of a regiment. Both of these regiments-were at the taking of Fort Washington and were then captured. One of the volunteer companies under Col. Watts, after the latter had been set at liberty and been put again at the head of a regiment, was commanded by Capt. Jonathan Robinson, of Sherman' s Valley, the son of George Robinson, who suffered so much in the HISTORY OP CUMBEELAND COUNTY. 89 Indian war, and wto now, though above fifty years of age, had entered the patriot army. This company was in the battle of Princeton, and was for some time stationed at that town to guard against the British and to act as scouts to intercept their foraging parties. Near the close of the year 1776, or the be- ginning of 1777, battalions began to be designated by numbers in their respect- ive counties and are made of the First, Second, Third, etc., of Cumberland County. This was under the new organization of the militia of the State. The first was organized in January, 1777, when ' Col. Ephraim Blaine of the First Battalion of Cumberland County militia is directed to hold an election for field officers in the said battalion, if two-thirds of the battalion, now marched and marching to camp, require the same. ' Accordingly the Colonel was fur- nished with blank commissions to fill when the officers should be chosen. Capts. Samuel Postlethwaite, Matthias Selers, John Steel, William Chambers and John Boggs are mentioned in the minutes of the council of safety as con- nected with this regiment. Col. Blaine' s connection with the regiment must have been brief, for he was soon transferred to the commissary department, and we find it under the command'of Col. James Dunlap (from near Newburg, and a ruling elder in the congregation of Middle Spring), Lieut. -Col. Robert Culbertson, and connected with three companies from what is now Franklin County, viz. : those of Capts. Noah Abraham of Path Valley, Patrick Jack of Hamilton Township and Charles McClay of Lurgan. The Second Battalion was at first under the command of Col. John Allison, a justice of the peace in Tyrone Township, over the mountains, and a judge of the county, but after his retirement (for he was now past middle life) it was for awhile under the com- miand of Col. James Murray, and still later we find it under John Davis, of Middleton, near the Conodoguinet. Under him were the companies of Capts. William Huston, Charles Leeper (of the Middle Spring congregation), James Crawford, Patrick Jack (sometimes credited to this regiment), Samuel Eoyal and Lieut. George Wallace. While this regiment was under marching orders for Amboy, near January 1, 1777, they took from such persons as were not associated, in Antrim and Peters Township, whatever arms were found in their possession* to be paid for according to appraisement by the Government. The Fourth Battalion was under Col. Samuel Lyon, and had in it the companies of Capts. John Purdy, of East Pennsborough ; James McConnel, of Letterkenny, and, in 1778, of^ Jonathan Robinson, of Sherman's Valley; Stephen Stevenson, who was at first a lieutenant but afterward became a captain. The Fifth Bat- talion was commanded by Col. Joseph Armstrong, a veteran of the Indian war and of the expedition to Kittanning, and in 1756-57, a member of the Colonial Assembly. Most of this regiment was raised in Hamilton, Letterkenny and Lurgan Townships, and its companies at diJBferent times were under Capts. John Andrew, Robert Culbertson (for a time), Samuel Patton, John McCon- nel, Conrad Snider, William Thompson, Charles McClay (at one period), James McKee, James Gibson, John Eea, Jonathan Robinson, George Mat- thews and John Boggs. John Murphy was a lieutenant and John Martin ensign. Capt. McClay' s men are said to have been over six feet in height and to have numbered 100, and the whole regiment was remarkable for its vigor and high spirit. It suffered severely at the battle of "Crooked Billet," in Berks County, May 4, 1778, when Gen. Lacy was surprised and many of his men were butchered without mercy. The Sixth Battalion was commanded by Col. Samuel Culbertson, who had been a lieutenant-colonel in the First but was promoted to the command of the Sixth. John Work was the lieutenant- colonel; James McCammont, major; John Wilson, adjutant; Samuel Finley, quartermaster, and Richard Brownson, surgeon, and Patrick Jack, Samuel Pat- 90 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. ton, James Patterson, Joseph Culbertson, William Huston, Robert McCoy and John McConnel were at some periods captains. " As the period for which the enlistments abont this time, when the inva- sion of Pennsylvania was imminent, was usually limited to six months and sometimes even to three aad two months, we need not be surprised to find that at different times the same men and officers served in two or three different regiments. As an instance J. Robinson says that he entered the service a number of times on short enlistments of two or three months, and was placed in diilerent regiments and brigades. The Seventh Battalion is believed to have consisted of remnants of the old Fifth and Sixth Continental Regiments, and was commanded by Col. William Irvine. These soldiers re-entered the service as the Seventh Battalion in March, 1777, and were under the command of its major, David Grier, until the release of Irvine from his parole as a prisoner of war (May 6, 1777). In 1779 Col. Irvine was commissioned a brigadier, and served under Gen. Wayne, but before this (July 5, 1777) Abraham Smith, of Ltirgan Township, was elected colonel. Among the captains were William Rippey; Samuel Montgomery, who became captain of Smith's company when the latter was promoted; John Alexander, before a lieutenant in Smith's com- pany; Alexander Parker; Jeremiah Talbott, who in the latter part of the year 1777 was promoted a major in the Sixth, and served in that position until the- close of the war. He was the first sheriff of Franklin County (October, 1784) and was twice re-elected. The Eighth Battalion was commanded by Abraham Smith, who was chosen July 6, 1777, probably from Lurgan, and a member of the congregation of Middle Spring. Its officers were largely taken from a single remarkable family in Antrim Township. The head of this family had settled very early, about 1735, two and a half miles east of where Greencastle now is, and had died near 1755, leaving a large property and four sons. Each of these sons entered the army. The eldest, James, was a lieutenant- colonel of the Eighth Battalion, but afterward was the colonel of a battalion during a campaign in New Jersey. John, the youngest, was the major, and Thomas, the second son, was adjutant, and was present at the slaughter at Paoli, Sep- tember 20, 1777, but survived to be promoted to a colonelcy and lived till about 1819. Dr. Robert, the other brother, was a surgeon in Col. Irvine's regiment, was in the South during the latter years of the war, was at the sur- render of Yorktown, in October, 1781, and in 1790 was an excise collector for Franklin County. Terrence Campbell was the quartermaster. The captains were Samuel Roger, John Jack, James Poe and John Rea, who afterward be- came a brigadier-general. ' ' Besides these we have notices of several companies, regiments and offi- cers, whose number and position in the service is not given in any account we have seen. Early in the war James Wilson and John Montgomery were ap- pointed colonels, and in the battalion of the former are mentioned the compa- nies of Capts. Thomas Clarke and Thomas Turbitt. Montgomery was in the army at New York in 1776, and was at the surrender of Fort Washington, but both he and Wilson were soon called into the civil department of the service, and do not appear in the army after that year. Besides them were Cols. Robert Callender, of Middlesex, now in advanced life, whose death early in the war deprived his country of his valuable services ; James Armstrong, Robert Peoples, James Gregory, Arthur Buchanan, Benjamin Blythe, Abraham Smith, Isaac Miller and William Scott. Among the captains, whom we are unable to locate in any particular regiment, at least for any considerable time, were Jo- seph Brady, Thomas Beale, Matthew Henderson, Samuel McCune (under Col. William Clarke for awhile, and at Ticonderoga), Isaac Miller, David Mc- HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 91 Knight, Alexander Trindle, Robert Quigley, William Strain, Samuel Kearsley, Samuel Blythe, Samuel Walker, William Blaine, Joseph Martin, James Adams, Samuel Erwin and Peter Withington. One of the companies which were early mustered into the service was that of Capt. William Peebles. The officers' commissions were dated somewhere between the 9th and the 15th of March, near the time at which Magaw' s regiment left the county. The company was in Philadelphia August 17, and was then said to consist of eighty-one riflemen. It was in the battle of Long Island, August 27, when a portion was captured, and the remainder were in the engagements at White Plains, Trenton and Princeton. On his return from the war Capt. Peebles resided on Peebles' Run, a little distance from Newburg, and was for many years an elder in the congregation at Middle Spring. He was promoted to be a colonel September 23, 1776. Matthew Scott was the first-lieutenant, and among the captured at Long Island, but he was exchanged December 8, 1776, and promoted captain April 18, 1777. He married Peggy, the daughter of Samuel Lamb, a stone- mason near Stony Ridge, who long surTived him and was living in Mechanics- burg in 1845. The family of Mr. Lamb was distinguished for its ardent pa- triotism. The second lieutenant was Robert Burns, promoted to be a captain in Col. Hazen's regiment December 21, 1776. The third lieutenant was Robert Campble, also promoted to be a captain at the same time in the same regiment, and when wounded was transferred to an invalid regiment under Lewis Nichola. The sergeants were Samuel Kenny, William McCracken, Patrick Highland (captured), and Joseph Collier. James Carson, drimimer, and Edward Lee, fifer, were also captured at Long Island August 27, 1776. The privates were William Adams, Zachariah Archer, William Armstrong, James Atchison (captured), Thomas Beatty, Henry Bourke, William Boyd, Daniel Boyle (enlisted for two years, discharged at Valley Forge July 1, 1778, and in 1824 resided in Armstrong County), James Brattin, John Brown, Robert Campble, John Carrigan, William Carson, William Cavan, Henry Dib- bins, Pat Dixon, Samuel Dixon (captured), Barnabas Dougherty, James Dowds, John Elliott, Charles Fargner, Daniel Finley, Pat Flynn, James Galbreath, Thomas Gilmore, Dagwell Hawn, John Hodge, Charles Holder, Jacob Hove, John Jacobs, John Justice, John Keating, John Lane, Peter Lane, Samuel ■ Logan, Bobert McClintock, Alexander McCurdy, Hugh McKegney, Andrew McKinsey, Charles McKowen, Niel McMullen, Alex. Mitchell, John Mitchell (justice of the peace in Cumberland County in 1821), Laurence Morgan, Samuel Montgomery, William Montgomery, David Moore, James Moore, John Moore, James Mortimer, Robert Mullady, Patrick Murdaugh, John Niel, James Nickleson, Robert Nugent, Richard Orput, John Paxton, Robert Petjl- ing, James Pollock, Hans Potts, Patrick Quigley, John Quinn, Andrew Rals- ton, James Reily, Thomas Rogers (captured on Long Island, died in New Jersey, leaving a widow, who resided in Chester County), James Scroggs, Andrew Sharpe, Thomas Sheerer, John Shields, John Skuse, Thomas Town- send, Patten Viney, John Walker, John Wallace, Thomas Wallace, William Weatherspoon (captain), Peter Weaver, Robert Wilson and Hugh Woods. Total of officers ten, and of privates, eighty. "A company of rangers from the borders of this county, who had been accustomed in the Indian wars to act under James Smith, also deserves notice. He had now removed to the western part of the State, and was a member of the Assembly from Westmoreland. While attending on that body early in 1777, he saw in the streets of the city some of his former companions in forest ad- venture, from this region, and they immediately formed themselves into a company under him as their commander. Obtaining leave of absence for a short 92 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. time from the Assembly, he ■went with them to the army in New Jersey, attacked about 200 of the British, at Rocky Hill, and, with only thirty- six men, drove them from their position ; and on another occasion took twenty-two Hes- sions with their officers' baggage- wagons, and a number of our Continental pris- oners they were guarding. In a few days they took more of the British than there were of their own party. Being taken with the camp fever Smith returned to the city, and the party was commanded by Maj. McCammont, of Strasburg. He then applied to Gen. Washington for permission to raise a battalion of riflemen, all expert marksmen, and accustomed to the Indian method of fighting. The council of safety strongly recommended the project, but the General thought it not best to introduce such an irregular element into the army, and only oiffered him a major's commission in a regular regiment. Not fancying the officer under whom he was to serve, he declined this, and remained for a time with his companions in the militia. In 1778 he received a colonel's commission, and served with credit till the end of the war, principally on the western frontier. " Another partisan leader was Samuel Brady, originally from near Ship- pensburg, and among those who went first to Boston. Though but sixteen years of age when he enlisted, in 1775, in a company of riflemen, he was one of the boldest and hardiest of that remarkable company. At the battle of Monmouth he was made captain; at Princeton he was near being taken pris- oner, but succeeded in effecting an escape for himself and his colonel, and in many places displayed an astonishing coolness and steadiness of courage. He so often acted on special commissions to obtain intelligence that he became distinguished as the ' captain of the spies. ' In 1778 his brother, and in 1779 his father were cruelly killed by the Indians, and from that tipae it was said of him, ' this made him an Indian killer, and he never Jchanged his business. The red man never had a more implacable foe or a more relentless tracker. Being as well skilled in woodcraft as any Indian of them all, he would trail them to their very lairs with all the fierceness and tenacity of the sleuth hound.' During the whole sanguinary war with the Indians he gave up his whole time to lone vigils, solitary wanderings and terrible revenges. He commenced his scouting service in 1780, when he was but twenty-one years old, and became a terror to the savages and a security to a large body of settlers. He did not marry until about 1786, when he spent some years at West Liberty, in West Virginia, where he probably died about 1800. [See McKnight' s "Western Bor- der," pp. 426^42.] "The Patrick Jack, who is mentioned more than once above as connected at different times with several regiments, was probably the same man who after- ward became famous as the ' Wild Hunter, or Juniata Jack the Indian Killer.' He was from Hamilton Township, and is said by George Croghan in 1755 to have been at the head of a company of hunter rangers, expert in Indian war- fare, and clad, like their leader, in Indian attire. They were therefore pro- posed to Gen. Braddock as proper persons to act as scouts, provided they were allowed to di-ess, march and fight as they pleased. 'They are well armed,' said Croghan, ' and are equally regardless of heat and cold. They require no shelter for the night and ask no pay. ' It is said of him as of Brady that he became a bitter enemy of the Indians by finding his cabin one evening, on his return from hunting, ' a heap of smoldering ruins, and the blackened corpses of his murdered family scattered around. ' Prom that time he became a ran- corous Indian hater and slayer. When the Revolutionary war began he was among the first to enlist, and he afterward enlisted several times on short terms in various companies. He was of large size and stature, dark almost as an Indian, and stern and relentless to his foes. John Armstrong in his ac- HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 95 count of the Kittanning expedition, calls him ' the half Indian,' but he could have had no Indian blood in his veins. His monument may be seen at Cham- bersburg, with this inscription: 'Colonel Patrick Jack, an officer of the Colonial and Eevolutionary Wars — died January 25, 1821, aged ninety-one years.' " We shall now give a few of the important events of the war as relating to Cumberland County without going further into details. In 17'i8 George Stevenson, John Boggs, Joseph Brady and Alexander McGehan were appointed a committee to attend to estates forfeited for treason, and the commissioners for the county, James Pollock and Samuel Laird, were required to collect from nou-associators the amounts they owed the State as a fair equivalent for military services, also to collect such arms and ammunition as may be found in their possession. In September, 1777, information had been given of plots by ' ' tories ' ' to destroy public stores at York, Lancaster, Carlisle and other points, and several prominent persons in the region were implicated. ' ' By a proclamation of the Supreme Executive Council, June 15, 1778, John Wilson, wheel-wright and husbandman, and Andrew Pursuer, laborer, both of Allen Township; Lawrence Kelley, cooper; William Curlan, laborer; John M. Cart, distUler and laborer, and Francis Irwin, carter, of East Pennsborough; George Croghan, Alexander McKee, Simon Girty and Matthew Elliott, Indian traders, were said severally to have aided and assisted the enemy by having joined the British Army, and were therefore attainted of high treason and sub- ject to the penalties and forfeitures which were by law attached to their crime. The committee on forfeited estates rendered an account of several hundred pounds which they had handed over to the proper officers to be used in the purchase of arms, provisions, etc. , from which it would appear that some per- sons had been found guilty of treason in the county. The names which have come down to us either by tradition or documentary evidence were usually of persons of no prominence, or of such as were then residing beyond the limits of the present county of Cumberland." — l^Wing.] An act of the Supreme Executive Council passed March 17, 1777, provided for the appointment of one or more lieutenants of militia in each city or county, also of sub-lieutenants, with duties which the act prescribed. John Armstrong and Ephraim Blaine were successively appointed lieutenants for Cumberland County, but both declined for sufficient reasons. April 10, 1777, James Galbreath, of East Pennsborough Township, was appointed, and finally accepted the position and performed its duties faithfully. He was succeeded by John Carothers, and he by Col. James Dunlap, in October, 1779. Abra- ham Smith held the office in April, 1780. The sub-lieutenants were Col. James Gregory, of Allen Township; Col. Benjamin Blythe, near Middle Spring; George Sharpe, near Big Spring; Col. Robert McCoy (died in May, 1777); John Harris of Carlisle; George Stewart, James McDowell, of Peters Township (in place of Col. McCoy), all appointed in 1777, and Col. Frederick Watts, Col. Arthur Buchanan, Thomas Buchanan, John Trindle, Col. Abra- ham Smith and Thomas Turbitt appointed in 1780. In June, 1777, the Supreme Executive Council appointed an entirely new board of justices for Cumberland County, as some of the old ones had failed to take the oath of allegiance required of them and several of the positions were vacant. Those newly appointed were John Rannels (Reynolds), James Max- well, James Oliver, John Holmes, John Agnew, John McClay, Samuel Lyon, William Brown, John Harris, Samuel Royer, John Anderson, John Creigh, Hugh Laird, Andrew McBeath, Thomas Kenny, Alexandria Laughlin, Samuel McClure, Patrick Vance, George Matthews, William McClure, Samuel Cul- ts 96 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. bertson, James ArniBtrong, John Work, John Trindle, Stephen Duncan, Ephraim Steel, William Brown (Carlisle), Eobert Peebles, Henry Taylor, James Taylor, Charles Leeper, John Scouller, Matthew Wilson and David McClure. November 5, 1777, John Agnew, on the nomination of these jastices, was appointed a clerk of the peace, and February 20, 1779, a com- missioner for the exchange of money. These justices were required to "ad- minister the oath of allegiance to every person who should vote for officers or enter upon any office either under the State government or under the Conti- nental Congress. " Prom 1777 to 1779 Col. William Clark was paymaster of troops in Cumberland County. In 1777 he reported concerning the destitute condition of the militia, and a committee was appointed consisting of John Boggs, Abraham Smith, John Andrew, William McClure, Samuel Williamson, James Purdy and William Blair "to collect without delay from such as have not taken the oath of allegiance and abjuration, or who have aided or assisted the enemy with arms or accoutrements, blankets, linen and linsey-wolsey cloth, shoes and stockings for the army." Besides this committee, George Stevens, John Boggs and Joseph Brady were appointed commissioners ' ' to seize upon the personal estates of all Who have abandoned their families or habitations, joined the army of the enemy, or resorted to any city, town or place within the commonwealth in possession of the enemy, or supplied provisions, intelli- gence or aid for the enemy, or shall hereafter do such things; and they shall as speedily as possible dispose of all the perishable part thereof, and hold pos- session of all the remainder subject to the future disposition of the Legisla- ture." Large numbers of wagons and teams and teamsters were employed to trans- port the great quantities of stores and supplies from place to place as necessary, and a special department was maintained for the organization and manage- ment of this service. Cumberland County was required to furnish a large pro- portion of supplies, wagons and teams, and sent out at one time 200, at an- other 800, and at various times smaller numbers of wagons. Hugh McCormick was appointed wagon-master in 1777, Matthew Gregg in 1778 and Robert Culbertson in 1780. Dr. Wing states: "In November, 1777, the assessment was upon East Pennsborough, Peters and Antrim Townships, each for twelve wagons and teams; Allen for eleven, Middleton, West Pennsborough, Newton, Hopewell, Lurgan, Letterkenny, Guilford and Hamilton each for ten. Each wagon was to be accompanied by four horses, a good harness and one attendant, and the owner was paid thirty shillings in specie or forty in currency, accord ing to the exchange agreed upon by Congress. ' ' Early in 1776 a number of British prisoners captured on the northern fron- tier and in the east were confined at Lancaster, but by order of Congress they were removed in March, half to York and half to Carlisle. At that time Lieuts. Andre, Despard and Anstruther were taken to Carlisle; and, as stated by early writers, were confined in a stone building which stood on the east side of Hanover Street, on Lot 161. These prisoners were exchanged in the latter part of the same year, most of them being sent to New York, Novem- ber 28, ' ' under the escort of Lieut. -Col. John Creigh and Ephraim Steel, two members of the committee of inspection, with their servants and their ser- vants' wives and their baggage, by way of Beading and Trenton to the near- est camp of the United States in New Jersey. ' ' With the subsequent fate of Andre, promoted to captain and then to major, everybody is familiar. A large number of the Hessians captured at Trenton, December 25, 1776, were sent to Carlisle, and while here were set at work building barracks, which became noted in later years as a school for cavalry training and in other ways, and stood on the site now occupied by the Indian school. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 97 "About the 1st of August, 1777," says Dr. Wing, "John Penn, James Hamilton, Benjamin Chew, and about thirty others who had been officers un- der the royal and proprietary government, and declined to take the oath of allegiance to the new government, were arrested in Philadelphia, received by the sheriff of Beading and by the sheriff of Cumberland County, and escorted through this valley to Staunton, Va., where they were detained until near the conclusion of the war." In April, 1777, Gen. Armstrong, of Carlisle, was placed in command of the militia of the State; resigning his position as first brigadier-general in the Continental Army, he was "appointed first brigadier-general and a month after- ward major-general of the State of Pennsylvania. Though advanced in years he entered vigorously upon the work of protecting the State against the enemy, and erected and maintained defensive works along the Delaware Eiver. Portions of his command did splendid service at Brandywine and Germantown. Five hundred men or more enlisted and went to the fort fi-om Cumberland County early in 1778. The county was nearly bereft of men to cany on neces- sary business or to guard the prisoners which from time to time were sent to Carlisle. It was difficult to provide arms and ammunition until Prance came to the aid of the colonies in 1778. " Hence the efforts in the beginning of the conflict to establish at every available town shops for the manufacture of rifles, muskets and even cannon. Old arms were repaired and altered so that even fowling-pieces could be used for deadlier purposes, and bayonets were prepared. Armories are spoken of in Carlisle and Shippensburg at which hundreds of rifles were got in readiness at one time. A foundry was started at Mount Holly and perhaps at Boiling Springs, at which cannon were cast, and at which William Denning [Deming?] was known to have worked at his inventions. Aware of the many failures which had followed all previous at- tempts, under the most favorable conditions, to make cannon of wrought iron; he is said to have persevered until he constructed at least two of such uniform quality and of such size and calibre as to have done good service in the Ameri- can Army. One of them is reported to have been taken by the British at the battle of Brandywine, and now kept as a trophy in the Tower of London, and another to have been for a long time and perhaps to be now, at the barracks near Carlisle. (William Denning was a resident of Chester County when the war broke out; enlisted in a company and was its second lieutenant for nine months; was a blacksmith by trade, and very ingenious; was placed at head of a band of artificers at Philadelphia, but removed to Carlisle upon the ap- proach of the British Army ; iron from the South Mountain was made into gun- barrels, bayonets, etc. , and Denning had a chance to exercise his ingenuity to his greatest desire. In welding the heavy bars of iron for bands and hoops to his wrought iron guns, few could be induced to assist him on account of the great heat. He made four and six-pounders and attempted a twelve -pounder, but never completed it. He resided at Big Spring after the war, and died December 19, 1830, aged ninety-four years). So great was the destitution of lead for bullets, that the council of safety requested all families possessing plates, weights for clocks or windows, or any other articles made of lead, to give them up to the collectors appointed to demand them, with the promise that they should be replaced by substitutes of iron. Payments were acknowl- edged for considerable quantities of lead thus collected in this county. Every part of the county was explored to obtain sulphur and other substances in suf- ficient quanties for the manufacture of gunpowder. Jonathan Kearsley, of Carlisle, was for some months employed in learning the art and in the attempt to manufacture saltpetre out of earths impregnated with nitrous particles in 98 HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Dauphia County. After nearly three months of experiments he wrote that the amount obtained was not sufiScient to warrant his continuance at the work in that vicinity. Common salt finally became so scarce that Congress took upon itself the business of supplying the people as well as the soldiers. Before the construction of those vast establishments which have since been created for the manufacture of these articles, the whole population was dependent on for- eign countries, and now were cut ofP from all importation of it. Near the close of 1776 a law was passed against those who endeavored to monopolize the sale of salt, and a large purchase of it was made by Congress itself. A cer- tain quota was assigned to each State, and then to each county under the direction of the State authorities. The proportion which fell to Cumberland County (November 23, 1776) was eighty bushels. On its arrival a certain por- tion was delivered to each householder who applied for it with an order from the county committee, ' on his paying the prime cost of 15 shillings a bushel, expenses of carriage only added. ' ' ' August 17, 1776, by authority of a resolution of the Assembly passed a month previous, the committee of inspection and observation for Cumberland County drew an order on the council of safety for £200 for the relief of the poor families of associators called into service. The greater part of the grain raised in the county was sent away for supplies or distilled into liquor, and the men were so scarce it was difficult to harvest and thresh the grain. Gen. Armstrong, noting this condition of affairs, wrote on the 17th of February, 1777: "From the best information that I can get, the rye in both this and the county of York is almost all distilled, as is also considerable quantities of wheat, and larger still of the latter bought up for the same purpose; nor can we doubt that Lancaster and other counties are going on in the same destruc- tive way, so that in a few months Pennsylvania may be scarce of bread for her own inhabitants. Liquor is already 10 shillings per gallon, wheat will im- mediately be the same per bushel, and if the complicated demon of avarice and infatuation is not suddenly changed or cast out, he will raise them each to twenty! " To Col. Ephraim Blaine, of Cumberland County, as assistant quartermas- ter-general, under Gen. Greene, quartermaster-general, was due great praise and much credit for his aid in. times of financial depression during the war. His flouring-mill on the Conodoguinet, near Carlisle, was enlarged and kept in operation to its utmost capacity for the benefit of the suffering army and without profit to himself. His extensive fortune was ever at the disposal of his country, and by his earnest and careful management he kept the soldiers from actual starvation, more than once in the face of pronounced opposition to his measures. His name became dear to his countrymen. The schemes of Con- gress to provide money led to disastrous results, and many inhabitants of Cum- berland County were very seriously embarrassed or completely broken up finan- cially for years. Many dark days were experienced by the people of the struggling republic during the war, and at times even mutiny and violence were advocated or attempted; the Indian troubles of 1778 and succeeding years brought to mind the terrible scenes of days gone by, and soldiers from the county were sent with others for the punishment of the marauding mur- derers. The sad end of the expedition of Col. Crawford, in 1782 against the western Indians, called numbers into the service for vengeance, for Crawford was known and loved in the valley, but the British recalled their Indian allies from the frontiers of the northwest, and the troops organized to march against them under Gens. Irvine and Potter were disbanded. The peace of 1783 brought relief to the land, and the war cloud was lifted. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 99 March 3, 1781, Samuel Laird and William Lyon were appointed auditors of depreciated accounts, "to settle -with officers and soldiers in the county the amount which should be allowed on their pay for the depreciated value of the notes paid them. " Gen. William Irvine, of Carlisle, was made one of the board of censors October 20, 1783, from Cumberland County, as was also James Mc- Lene, of Chambersbui-g. The only meeting was at Philadelphia November 10, 1783, for the new constitution (1790) abolished it. The Whiskey Insurrection, 1794. — When it became evident that some source of revenue must be looked to besides the duties on imported goods, and Con- gress decided to levy a tax (of 4 pence per gallon) on distilled spirits (March 3, 1791), believing that article to be of the least necessity, the tax was violently opposed by people in the interior and western parts of Pennsylvania, where it bore with most severity. There had been no market for the great quantities of grain raised, and it was largely used to fatten cattle and hogs upon. When distilled it was more easily transported over the mountains and found a ready market, and in numerous sections every fifth or sixth farmer had a still-house. [The consumption was not all away from home, either. — Ed. ] The excise law was felt to be oppressive, as most of the money brought into the region was sent out in the shape of excise duties. The people hoped the law would be unexecuted and finally repealed, and the collectors were often thi-eatened, intimidated, and as in the instance of Pittsburgh, roughly handled and their property destroyed. The excitement spread and the fury grew by the aid of mass meetings, pole raisings, and the like, and steps were taken for an armed resistance to the authorities should a force be sent against the disturbers. Braddock's Field, ten miles east of Pittsburgh, was designated as a place of rendezvous for the rebellious troops. The general sympathy of even the most prominent men was with those who openly opposed the law, but they did not, as the end shows, believe in a resort to arms. President Washington issued proclamations, September 15, 1792, and August 7, 1793, requiring insurgents to disperse and directing that troops should be raised to march at a moment' s wartiing before the 15th of September in the latter year. Those who had been opposed to the law, but hoped a few trials of aggressors would lead to its repeal, now joined hands with the Government. An army of 12,900 men was called for from the four States most interested, and the quota of Pennsylvania was 5,200. Gen. William Irvine, of Carlisle, was one of a number of commission- ers appointed to confer with such deputies as the deputies might appoint, but they returned with an adverse or unfavorable report, though they were fol- lowed by commissioners from the insurgents who were more reasonable than those with whom they had conferred. The army was put in motion and final- ly reached Carlisle. The softened commissioners met the President and com- mander-in-chief at that point October 10, 1794, and assured him that it was unnecessary to send the military to obtain submission and order, but he de- clined to stay the march of the army, though promising that no violence would be offered if the people would return to their allegi ance. Carlisle was the place of rendezvous for the army. Cumberland County furnished 363 men and officers who were brigaded with others from York, Lancaster and Franklin Counties, under Brig. -Gen. James Chambers, of Franklin County. They encamped on "an extensive common near the town (Carlisle) said to be admii'ably fitted for the purpose." A large number of distilleries then undoubtedly existed in Cumberland County, where those opposed to the law had not been over- cautious in making remarks or in demonstrations of disfavor. A liberty pole had been erected in the Public Square on the night of September 8, 1794, with the words, 100 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. "Liberty and No Excise, & "Whisky," thereon. A few frieads of law and order out it down the next morning, and the excitement was great. A large number of country people, some bearing arms, came in a few days later, one afternoon, and put up a large pole with the words, "Liberty and Equality." They were mostly of the poorer class, although the county treasurer was a leader among them and distributed money to buy whisky. Deeds of violence were offered occasionally, the insurgents patroling the town to prevent the pole being taken down. Col. Ephraim Blaine was pursued and fired upon by three of them while conducting his sister, Mrs. Lyon, out of town, but fortu- nately without injury. Threats were made against the militia should they turn out, and affairs were rather desperate. Gen. Irvine, as commissioner, attend- ed strictly to the business of his office, saying, ' ' I make a rule of doing what I think is right, and trust to events for consequences." The presence of troops in Carlisle brought the people to their senses. Gov. Mifflin arrived on the 1st of October, and in the evening delivered a stirring address in the Presbyierian Church. His arrival was in advance of the army, which reached Carlisle October 3. A writer says ' ' the beloved Washington' ' approached in a traveling dress, attended by his secretary, Alexander Hamilton, and proceeds: "As he passed our troops he pulled off his hat and, in the most respectful manner, bowed to the officers and men, and in this manner passed the line, who were (as you may suppose) affected by the sight of their chief, for whom each individual seemed to show the affectionate regard that would have been paid to an honored parent. As he entered the town the inhabitants seemed anxious to see this very great and good man; crowds were assembled in the streets, but their admiration was silent. The President passed to the front of the camp, where the troops were assembled in front of the tents; the line of artillery, horse and infantry appeared in the most perfect order; the greatest silence was observed. The spectacle was grand, interesting and affecting; ev- ery man as he passed along poured forth his wishes for the preservation of this most valuable of their fellow-citizens. Here you might see the aged veteran, the mature soldier and the zealous youth assembled in defense of that govesn- ment which must (in turn) prove the protection of their persons, family and property. ' ' The court house was illuminated in the evening, and a transpar- ency was prepared, bearing the inscriptions: "Washington is ever triumphant. " ' ' The reign of the laws, ' ' and ' ' Woe to Anarchists. ' ' President Washington while here was the guest of Col. Ephraim Blaine. A number of the princi- pal inhabitants presented him the following address on Monday of the week following : Cabusle, October 17, 1794. To George Washington, Esq., President op the United States: Sir: "We, the subscribers, inhabitants of this borough, on behalf of ourselves, our fel- low-citizens, friends to good order, government and the laws, approach you at this time to express our sincere admiration of those virtues which have been uniformly exerted with so much success for the happiness of America, and which at this critical period of impend- ing foreign and domestic troubles have been manifested with distinguished lustre. Though we deplore the cause which has collected in this borough all classes of virtuous citizens yet it affords us the most heartfelt satisfaction to meet the father of our country and brethren in arms, distinguished for their patriotism, their love of order and attach- ment to the constitution and laws; and while on the one hand we regret the occasion which has brought from their homes men of all situations, who have made sacriflcos un- equaled in any other country of their private interests to the public good, yet we are con- soled by the consideration that the citizens of the United States have evinced to our enemies abroad and the foes of our happy constitution at home that they not only have the will but possess the power to repel all foreign Invaders and to crush all domestic traitors. The history of the world affords us too many instances of the destruction of free gov- ernments by factious and unprincipled men. Yet the present insurrection and opposition HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND CO0NTY. 101 to government is exceeded by none, either for its causeless origin or for the extreme malignity and wickedness with which it has been executed. The unexampled clemency of our councils in their endeavors to bring to a sense of duty the western insurgents, and the ungrateful returns which have been made by that de- luded people, have united all gdod men in one common efEort to restore order and obe- dience to the laws, and to punish those who have neglected to avail themselves of and have spurned at the most tender and humane oilers that have ever been made to rebels and traitors. We have viewed with pain the great industry, art and misrepresentations which have been practiced to delude our fellow-citizens. We trust that the efforts of the General O-overnment, the combination of the good and virtuous against the vicious and factious, will cover with confusion the malevolent disturbers of the public peace, and afford to the well-disposed the certainty of protection to their persons and property. The sword of jus- tice in the hands of our beloved President can only be considered an object of terror by the wicked, and will be looked up to by the good and virtuous as their safegard and pro- tection. We bless that Providence which has preserved a life so valuable through so many important scenes, and we pray that He will continue to direct and prosper the measures adopted by you for the security of our internal peace and the stability of our Government, and that after a life of continued usefulness and glory you may be rewarded with eternal felicity. There was no doubt of the sincerity of the foregoing address, and Wash- ington, whom it could not fail to touch with a feeling of pleasure, responded as follows: Gentlemen: I thank you sincerely for your affectionate address. I feel as I ought what is personal to me, and I can not but be particularly pleased with the enlightened and patriotic attachment which is manifested towards our happy constitution and the laws. When we look around and behold the universally acknowledged prosperity which blesses every part of the United States, facts no less unequivocal than those which are the lamented occasion of our present meeting were necessary to persuade us that any portion of our fellow-citizens could be so deficient in discernment or virtue as to attempt to dis- turb a situation which, instead of murmurs and tumults, calls for our warmest gratitude to heaven, and our earnest endeavors to preserve and prolong so favored a lot. Let us hope that the delusion cannot be lasting, that reason will speedily regain her empire, and the laws their just authority where they have lost it. Let the wise and the virtuous unite their efforts to reclaim the misguided, and to detect and defeat the arts of the factious. The union of good men is a basis on which the security of our internal peace and the stability of our government may safely rest. It will always prove an ade- quate rampart against the vicious and disorderly. In any case in which it may be indispensable to raise the sword of justice against ob- stinate offenders, I shall deprecate the necessity of deviating from a favorite aim, to estab- lish the authority of the laws in'the affections rather than in the fears of any. George Washington. Before Washington arrived at Carlisle, the accidental discharge of a sol- dier' s pistol killed the brother of a man whom a party of soldiers were pur- suing because of his action in conjunction with the insurgents, and another countryman was killed in a quarrel with a soldier. The circumstances were regretted by the President and his secretary (Gen. Hamilton). Several who had acted with the insurrectionists were arrested and lodged in jail at Carlisle, but they appeared to be little concerned at the consequences of their proceed- ings. Andrew Holmes, Esq. , a member of a company from Carlisle, in the com- mand of Gen. Chambers, kept a private journal in which he recorded the movement of the troops, and under date of Sunday, October 11, 1794, 2 o'clock P. M., he wrote as follows: "The Carlisle Light Infantry, together with from 3,000 to 4,000 troops, cavalry, rifle and infantry, marched from Carlisle to Mount Rock. The offlsers of the Carlisle lafantry were as follows: Captain, George Stevenson; first-lieutenant, Eoberfc Miller; second-lieutenant, William Miller; ensign, Thomas Oreigh; orderly sergeant, William Armor; sergeant-major, George Hackett; drum-major, James Holmes; and fifty-two privates, among whom were Thomas Duncan, David .Watts, Robert Duncan, 102 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. John Lyon, Nathaniel Weakley, George Pattison, Charles Pattison, William Andi'ew, Abraham Holmes, Archibald Ramsey, Joseph Clark, William Dun- bar, Archibald McAllister, William Crane, Jacob Fetter, Archibald Loudon, Thomas Foster, Jacob Housenet, George Wright, Thomas Wallace, Francis Gibson, Joseph and Michael Egolf, Robert MoClure and William Levis. At Sideling Hill Capt. Stevenson was made a major, and William Levis, quarter- master. ' ' The following brigade order, December 4, 1794, is from the same journal: Tlie General congratulates the troops which he has the honor to ooramand, on their ar- rival at Strasburg,*and feelini^ly anticipates the pleasure which the worthy citizen soldiers and himself shall have in the company of their nearest connections. He also has the pleasure of announcing to the brigade the entire approbation of the commander-in-chief for their orderly conduct and strict discipline, which reflects the highest honor on both offi- cers and soldiers. He is likewise happy in assuring his fellow-citizens that their soldierly behavior during the whole campaign has merited his highest acknowledgments and as they have supported the laws of their country he rests assured that they will, when they have retired to private life, support civil society in every point of view. As the worthy men who stepped forward in support of the happiness of their country and the support of the Con- stitution of the Federal Government are to deposit their arms in this town to-morrow, the commanding officers of the regiments composing the brigade will see that fair inventories of every article are made to Mr. Samuel Riddle, brigade quartermaster, who is to give re- ceipts for such delivery. And the quartermaster of the brigade is to detain a sufficient number of wagons to transport the arms to the place pointed out in the orders of the com- mander-in-chief of the 17ih ult. The officers commanding the several corps will meet to- morrow morning to certify to the men as to their time of service and the balance due and to becoire due. agreeable to General Irvine's orders of the 30th of JTovember. By order of Gen. Chambers. William Ross, Adjutant. The company of Carlisle infantry was mustered out of service and arrived at home December 5, 1794. Thus ended the famous "Whiskey Insurrection of 1794." The following account of Washington's visit is from a recent account pub- lished by George R. Prowell in the Gettysburg Compiler : ' ' Much has been written that is inaccurate concerning the visit of Gen. Washington to western Pennsylvania for the purpose of quelling the so-called Whisky Insurrection in that section of our State in 1794. An original record of the facts and incidents of that famous trip having lately come into my pos- session, and in a condensed form, I feel a pleasure in hereby furnishing them to the readers of the Compiler. ' ' President Washington, accompanied by a portion of his cabinet, left Phil- adelphia, then the capital of the United States, for the west via Reading, on Wednesday, October 1, 1794. He reached Harrisburg on the afternoon of Fri- day, October 3, when he was presented with an address by the burgesses, to which he replied the next morning. He reached Carlisle at 12 o'clock, noon, October 4. The town was the place of rendezvous for the Pennsylvania and New Jersey troops, and he remained in Carlisle from Saturday, October 4, to Saturday, October 11, reviewing the troops. On the last named date he left for the West, dined at Shippensburg and reached Chambersburg the sanle even- ing. At this place tradition says he stopped and spent Sunday with Dr. Rob- ert Johnson, a surgeon of the Pennsylvania line during the Revolution. He passed through Chambersburg, and arrived at Williamsport, Maryland, on the evening of October 13, Monday. Early the next morning he set out for Fort Cumberland, where he arrived on Thursday, October 16, and the next day re- viewed the Virginia and Maryland troops under command of Gen. Lee. "On Sunday, October 19, Gen. Washington arrived at Bedford, where he remained until Tuesday, October 21. The approach of the armed troops soon *A village ten miles nortHwest of Chambersburg, where the troops were then encamped. &^ ' ''Ski ^ V I ■ ^^ % JC;^^^0^>^^r.^.^ /%?,AP, HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTV. 105 caused a cessation of hostilities. On the last named date he set out on his re- turn, spending the night of Friday, October 24, at Shippensburg, and the fol- lowing night (Saturday) with Gen. Michael Simpson, in Fairview Township, York County, who then owned the ferry across the river and what is now known as the "Haldeman property" below New Cumberland. At this place he is supposed to have spent a quiet Sunday, as he arrived in Philadelphia on the following Tuesday morning. " One time in the history of this great man's life he crossed the southern border of Adams County. The facts of this trip I will be pleased to furnish at some future time, giving exact facts and data fi'om original documents, which are the only true sources of history. ' ' In the Northwestern Indian wars of 1790-94, under Gens. Harmar, St. Clair and "Wayne, Cumberland County was represented by a number of daring men, though no companies were raised or called for in Pennsylvania except west of the Allegheny Mountains. Dr. William McCoskry, then of Carlisle but after- ward of Detroit, served as surgeon in the expeditions of St. Clair and Wayne; and Eobert McClellan, son of a pioneer in East Pennsborough, distinguished himself as a scout, winning the title "Fleet Eanger" by his exploits and daring. In 1798, when a war with France was threatened, companies of militia were by order of Gov. Mifflin held in readiness for immediate service, and quite a speck of war cloud was visible above the horizon. Some of the people sympathized with the French, and affairs might have become very serious but for the accession of Napoleon Bonaparte to power in France, by which event the aspect was changed and France withdrew from her offensive attitude. To meet any emergency the Tenth Eegiment of Pennsylvania troops was organ- ized under Thomas L. More, of Philadelphia, as colonel, and William Hen- derson and George Stevenson, of Cumberland County as majors. These men had been active in the Revolution. Maj. Stevenson had command of the recruiting service in that portion of the State west of the Allegheny Moun- tains. Alexander McComb — afterward a major-general and noted in the war of 1812-15 — was an ensign in this Tenth Regiment, and Hugh Brady, also a general afterward, was a lieutenant. War of 1812-15. — Upon the call of the President for troops at the break- ing out of the second war with Great Britian in June, 1812, Pennsylvania responded quickly, and Cumberland County hastened to furnish her quota of soldiers. There was little opposition to the war in the county, and four full companies were speedily mustered and equipped at Carlisle, generally for six months' service, ready to march wherever ordered. Principal among these was the "Carlisle Light Infantry," which, as seen, took part in the campaign against the whisky insurrectionists in 1794. It was originally organized in 1784, by soldiers who had served in the Revolution, and after its service in the second war it continued to exist until some time in 1854. From its organization its commanders were Capts. Magaw, George Stevenson, Robert Miller, William Miller, William Alexander (who was captain when the second war began, and had been, since July 1, 1802, printer and editor of the Carlisle Herald, established that year), Lindsey, Thompson, Spottswood, Edward Armor (1823), George D. Foulke (1827), John McCart- ney (1829), William Sterrett Ramsey (1835), William Moudy (1839), Jacob Rehrar (1840), George Sanderson (1842) and Samuel Crop (from November 24, 1845, to 1854). Two small companies of riflemen — one from Carlisle commanded by Capt. George Hendall, and the other from Mechanicsburg under Capt. Coover — were 106 HISTORY OF CUMBEKLAND COUNTY. united into one company, George Hendall was chosen captain, and they went with the Light Infantry to the Niagara frontier in 1814. It is said of them: ' ' Both companies participated in most of the battles and sorties of that hard fought campaign. In the battle of Chippewa, they were a part of the detach- ment of 250 Pennsylvanians under the command of Col. Bull, of Perry County, who were sent with fifty or sixty regulars and 300 Indians, into the woods to strike the Chippewa Creek about a half mile above the British works. Here they were attacked by a party of 200 militia with some Indians, but so impetuous was the charge with which oar troops met them that they were compelled to give way in every direction and were pursued with great slaughter up to the very guns of the fort. This little band of Pennsylvanians here found themselves forsaken by the Indians, and in the face of the enemy' s main force and assailed by four companies on the left and flank. They were of course compelled to retire, but having gone about 300 yards they reformed and kept up a heavy fire for about ten minutes, when, being raked by a cannon on the right, outflanked and almost surrounded by the entire four companies now brought against them they were obliged to retreat. They had depended on and every moment expected a support from the main army, but as this was not given them in season they retired in good order and keeping up a fire upon their assailants. They had fought more than an hour, had chased their enemies a mile and a half, and when exhausted by their exertions and extreme heat they rejoined their regiment, which they met entering the field imder Col. Fenton. They then re-entered the field and bore their part as if they had been fresh from their tents. Not more than twelve men (and these on account of ex- treme exhaustion) were absent from this second encounter. Eight of their men had been killed in the woods and the number of their wounded was in the usual proportion. One hundred and fifty of the enemy's militia and Indians were left dead on the field. Col. Bull was treacherously shot down by the enemy after his surrender, and Maj. Galloway and Capt. White were taken prisoners. These two officers on their return home were received by their former compan- ions with great rejoicings. The time of enlistm.ent for these companies was short, being not over six or nine months, but whether they continued during another term we are not informed. ' ' Besides these Cumberland County troops there were other men from the county connected with the regular army on the same (Niagara) frontier. Among them were George McFeely and Willis D. Foulke. The former became a lieu- tenant-colonel in the Twenty-second United States Infantry, July 6, 1812, and colonel of the Twenty-fifth April 15, 1814. He had in the early part of 1812 been in charge of the recruiting service at the Carlisle Barracks. He left that place October 5, 1812, and proceeded to the Niagara frontier, with 200 men of the Twenty- second Begiment. With his men he was sent to the old Fort Niagara to relieve Col. Winder in the command of that station, arriving Novem- ber 14. In the artillery duel with Fort George on the 21st the British had the worst of the game. May 27, 1813, Lieut. Col. Winfield Scott ("to whom he yielded precedence' ' ) invited him to lead the vanguard in the movement into Canada. Col. McFeely was second in command in that expedition and had about 650 men under him. They routed a superior force of the enemy and captured Fort George, and subsequently suffered greatly during the cam- paign. Lieut. -Col. McFeely was sent to Lake Champlain later, and in June, 1814, was promoted to colonel, to rank from April previous. Eeported to Maj. -Gen. Jacob Brown on the Niagara frontier again, and joined his new regiment under Gen. Scott. Held several responsible commands until close of war. ' ' He was an excellent disciplinarian, had his troops under admirable HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 107 control, and was remarkable for his coolness under, the enemy's fire and his patient hardihood under the severest sufferings." The "Patriotic Blues" was another company, commanded by Capt. Jacob Squier; first lieutenant, Samuel McKeehan; second lieutenant, Frederick Fogle; and ensign, Stephen Kerr. The company was sent to Baltimore to assist in repelling the British attack upon that city, and was attached to the Forty- ninth Maryland Militia under Lieut. Col. Veazy. Took an important part in the actions of September 12-15, 1814, and on the 16th, danger being apparently over, left ■ for home with the assurance that they had performed their duty honorably and well. "There were other companies," says Dr. Wing, "which went to Baltimore from the eastern towns in the county, and from what is now- Perry County. It is said that these were in the detachment which was sent to lie in ambush by the route on which the British troops were expected to advance on its way to Baltimore. As Gen. Ross, the commander of these troops, was riding by the spot where they were concealed, it is said that two sharpshooters raised their pieces and were about to fire. An order was given them to desist, but before one of them, whose name was Kirkpatrick, from over the m.ountains, could understand the order, he fired his gun and the British general fell. The re- sult was that a tremendous volley was fired into the thicket where they were concealed; but confusion was thrown into the plans of the invading party by the loss of their commander, and the idea of occupying Baltimore was given up." In order to protect Philadelphia from possible violence at the hands of an invading force, a large body of troops was massed at that point, and among them was a company known as the "Carlisle Guards," who marched under Capt. Joseph Halbert early in September, 1814, and were encamped on Bush Hill, near Philadelphia, for nearly a month,drilling, constructing intrenchments, etc. They saw no enemy, but were subjected to as strict dicipline as troops at the front. Capt. Halbert, on the 3d of August, 1811, had been commis- sioned by Gov. Snider, a major of the Second Battalion, Twelfth Regiment Pennsylvania Militia, in First Brigade, Second Division, including militia of Cumberland and Franklin Counties. His commission was for four years from that date. THE MEXICAN WAR. When the Mexican war broke out Carlisle Barracks was in command of Capt. J. M. Washington, Battery D, Fourth United States Artillery. This company of light artillery received recruits from various portions of the coun- try, and finally left Carlisle for the seat of war June 23, 1846. The organiza- tion was as follows: Captain, J. M. Washington; first lieutenant, J. P. J. O'Brien; second lieutenant, Henry L. Whiting; acting assistant quartermaster, Thos. L. Brent; surgeon, C. M. Hitchcock. The company did valiant service with Taylor's army in Mexico. At the battle of Buena Vista the battery was divided into sections, one of which, con- sisting of three guns, under charge of Lieut. O'Brien, was captured, but not till every man was shot down and every horse killed. Lieut. O'Brien was wounded, but continued steadfast at his post till the last. In this engagement the casualties to the section were as follows: Killed, privates, Edwin HoUey, Green, Weakley, Rinks and Doughty. Wounded: first lieutenant, J. P. J. O'Brien; sergeant, Queen; lance sergeant, Pratt; privates, Hannams, Puffer, Beagle, Berrin, Floyd, Hannon, Baker, Brown, Birch, Butler, Clark and Rob- bins. On the 18th of January, 1847, an election of officers for an independent 108 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. company of volunteers occurred at Carlisle, resulting as follows : Captain, John P. hunter; first lieutenant, Marshall Hannon; second lieutenant, Wm. H. Gray; third lieutenant, Geo. L. Keighter. This company, organized by Capt. Hunter under what was known as "the ten regiments' bill, ' ' embraced recruits from Cumberland, Perry and Franklin Counties, and probably some from others. They were enlisted to serve during the war, and were rendezvoused at Carlisle Barracks. The company required sixty-six men, but left Carlisle with some forty-six, additions having been made to it en route for Mexico. It was known as Company G, Eleventh Infantry. The following is the roster of enlisted men as it left Carlisle : first sergeant, E. G. Heck; second sergeant, Wm. Blaine; third sergeant, Alex. P. Meek; fourth sergeant, P. O. Baker; first corporal, S. W. Hannon; second corporal, Wm. Hippie; third corporal, Jacob Bender; fourth corporal, John Thompson; drummer, George King; fifer, Archibald Eowe; privates, Applegate, John Brannon, George Boyer, Samuel Baxter, Wm. Biceline, Crell, James Carey, Culp, Deung, John Evinger, Joseph Faust, James Gallagan, Graham, John Gill, Samuel Guysinger, George Hikes, Higbee, Wm. Hudson, Leonard Hoff- man, Wm. HoUinger, Hetrich, Wm. James, Kunkle, Casper Kline, George Lamison, McCracken, Wm. Moore, Mclntire, Wm. McDonald, Misinger, Sam- uel Peck, Lafayette Searcy, Amos Steffey, Scheime, Samuel Swigert, Stein, George Shatto, Emanuel Weirich, Lewis Weaver, Wilde, Sam^uel Zell. This company was first under command of Capt. Hunter, but on reaching the field he was promoted to be major of the Eleventh Infantry, and Lewis Carr, of Philadelphia, was chosen captain. Lieut. Gray finally became com- mander of Capt. Waddel's company. Eleventh Infantry. The company left Carlisle Barracks on Monday morning, March 29, 1847, for the field. Marching to town it was halted in front of the court house, where the men were addressed by L. G. Brandeberry, Esq. , in a few appropriate and well-timed remarks. They were then presented, each with a new testament, by Mr. Samuel Ensminger, after which they marched to the cars to the tune of ' ' The Girl I left Behind Me. " Going by rail to Harrisburg, the company proceeded thence by canal-boat to Pittsburgh, whence it sailed by boat to New Orleans, and thence to the mouth of Rio Grande River via Brazos Island. After a time it sailed for Vera Cruz, but after eighteen days' deten- tion on the Gulf, it was compelled to stop at Tampico, where it lost about one- third of its number by yellow fever and other forms of disease. The company, from no fault of its own, never reached Vera Cruz, and did not fight. Other companies were organized in Cumberland County and their services tendered to the Government, but not accepted. In this list is found a com- pany of young men organized, in May, 1847, with the following officers : Capt. R. M. Henderson; Lieuts. Hampton R. Lemer, Robert McCord. In June, 1846, Capt. Samuel Crop tendered a company with full comple- ment of men known as Carlisle Light Infantry. Edward Watts, formerly a student of West Point, established a recruiting station at Winrot's Hotel (now Mansion House) for a company of infantry. This was in June, 1847. Capt. R. C. Smead, Fourth United States Artillery, superintended recruit- ing service at the barracks during several months in 1847. Prom the time Capt. Washington relinquished command of the barracks (June 23, 1846) George M. Sanno, barrack master, had charge of the public property until the return of Col. A. C. May, August 25, 1847. HISTORY OP OUMBEELAND COUNTY. 109 CHAPTER VI. Military Continued — Carlisle Barracks— Cumberland County in the War of the Rebellion. IN 1777, by the aid of the Hessian prisoners captured by Gen. Washington at Trenton, New Jersey, certain buildings were erected in the edge of Car- lisle, and known thereafter as " Carlisle Barracks. " Of the buildings thus constructed, one, situated at the main entrance to the ground and known as the " Guard House " still remains. These buildings, increased as necessity demanded, were used for military purposes afterward till they were diverted to their present purpose for the Indian Industrial School. The officials who, from time to time were stationed at the Barracks, constituted an active ele- ment of Carlisle society, and subsequently figured conspicuously in the war of the Rebellion. The following officers served as commanders of Carlisle Barracks from 1838 to the commencement of the Rebellion, the facts being obtained from the War Department at Washington: Capt. E. V. Sumner, Capt. R. S. Dix, Second Lieut. A. J. Smith and First Lieut. R. H. West, First Dragoons; First Lieut. W. H. Saunders, Second Dragoons; Maj. C. Wharton, First Dragoons; Capt. J. M. Wash- ington, First Lieut J. W. Phelps and Lieut. Col. M. M. Payne, Fourth Artillery; Capt. Chas. A. May and First Lieut. A. Pleasonton, Second Dragoons; First Lieut. R. C. W. Radford, First Dragoons; Lieut.-Ool. P. St. G. Cooke and First Lieut. R. H. Anderson, Second Dragoons; Capt. A. J. Smith, First Dragoons; Capt. Chas. F. Ruff, Mounted Rifles; Col. E. A. 'Hitchcock, Capt. Geo. W. Patten, Capt. D. Davidson, Capt. C. S. Lovell, Capt. S. P. Heintzelman and Capt. H. W. Wessells, Second Infantry; Lieut. -Col. C. F. Smith and Col. E. B. Alexander, Tenth Infantry; Lieut. -Col. G. B. Crittenden and First Lieut. Julian May, R. M. Rifles; Capt. R. H. Anderson, Second Dragoons; First Lieut. D. H. Maury, R. M. Rifles; First Lieut. K. Garrard, Second Cavalry; First Lieut. Alfred Gibbs, R. M. Rifles; Maj. L. P. Graham, Second Dragoons. Of the foregoing, it will be observed that Sumner, A. J. Smith, Pleason- ton and Heintzelman were major-generals during the Rebellion, and held prominent positions in the Union Army; R. H. Anderson was a major-general in the Confederate service, and commanded a division of Hill' s Corps at the Battle of Gettysburg. Cumberland County, like other portions of the Cumberland Valley and the Keystone State, always responded to any call which sought to defend the Nation against any foes, external or internal. When the wires announced that a portion of this country had raised the puny arm of revolt, and that the Na- tional flag had been insulted by those whom it had previously protected and honored, its citizens were fired with indignation, and responded, with patriotic alacrity, to the call of President Lincoln, but recently installed as the legally elected President of this great commonwealth, for 75,000 men to protect pub- lic property and maintain the supremacy of the Federal Union. The firing on Fort Sumter in April, 1861, and the surrender of Gen. Anderson to over- 110 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. whelming forces of secessionists, stirred the patriotic heart of the country. In response to the President's call for 75,000 men to serve for three months, some three companies proffered their services within a week fi'om the issuing of the proclamation. One of these companies, with 100 brave men, started from Car- lisle Saturday, April 13, and reached Harrisburg, the place of rendezvous, to be mustered, on the 23d instant. Three other companies in Carlisle and one in Mechanicsburg were awaiting orders to march to the front in a short time. By the 9th of June, they were mustered into reserve regiments, and shortly participated in the severest engagements of that early period of the Rebellion. Sumner Rifles. — The first company was the Sumner Rifles with the fol- lowing organization: Captain, Christian Kuhns; first lieutenant, Augustus Zug; second lieutenant, John B. Alexander; sergeants, John S. Lyne, Barnet Shafer, John W. Keeney and John S. Low; corporals, Charles F. Sanno, Charles H. Foulk, Thomas D. Caldwell and John T. SheafFer. It be- came Company C of the Ninth Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers, under the command of Col. Henry C. Longnecker, of AUentown. Eleven days after its muster into service, viz. , May 4, this regiment was sent for drill purposes to West Chester, where it remained in Camp Wayne tUl the 26th, when it was transferred to Wilmington, Del., to aid the loyal people of that State. Returning by way of Carlisle June 6, it was attached at Chambersburg to the Fourth Brigade of First Division, under Col. Dixon S. Miles. It performed faithful duty in West Virginia, in the region of Martinsburg, Falling Waters and Williamsport, till July 21, when its term of service having almost expired, it returned to Harrisburg to be mustered out. Many of its men re-entered the service for a longer period. A second company of three months' men was that enlisted at Mechanics- burg with the following organization: Captain, Jacob Dorsheimer; first lieutenant, David H. Kimmell; second lieutenant, Isaac B. Kauffman; ser- geants, George M. Parsons, Benjamin Dull, Samuel F. Swai-tz and David R. Mell; corporals, Theophilus Mountz, Wm. H. Crandall, John G. Bobb, and Levi M. Coover. It was designated Company C, and was attached to the Six- teenth Regiment, under Col. Thomas A. Zeigle of York. It also belonged to the Fourth Brigade under Col. Miles, and had the same experiences as the company from Carlisle. When its term of service had expired, it was the first company from the Keystone State to re -enlist. KESEKVE KEGIMENTS. First Reserve. On the 20th of April, 1861, Gov. And. G. Curtin recom- mended to the Special Legislature of Pennsylvania, ' ' the immediate organiza- tion, disciplining and arming of at least fifteen regiments of cavalry and in- fantry, exclusive of those called into the service of the United States." In harmony with this suggestion, a law was passed, authorizing a body of soldiers known as the " Reserve Volunteers Corps of the Commonwealth, " to consist of thirteen regiments of infantry and one each of cavalry and artillery, and to be mustered for three years or during the war, for State or National service. Under this call, the Carlisle Light Infantry, in existence since 1784, was reorganized and mustered in June 8, 1861, with the following commissioned and non-commissioned officers: Captain, Robert McCartney; first lieu- tenant, Joseph Stuart; second lieutenant, Thomas P. Dwynn; sergeants, John A. Waggoner, Andrew J. Reighter, Robert McManus and Abram Heiser; corporals, John A. Blair, William Corlaett, Frederick Deemer, Frederick K. Morrison and Daniel Askew. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Ill Capt. McCartney resigning in August, 1861, his position was taken in Oct- ober following by Lieut. Dwynn, who was killed at South Mountain Septem- ber 14, 1862. His successor was F. B. McManus, who retained command till the company was mustered out, June 13, 1864. Lieut. Joseph Stuart was killed at Gaines' Mill, June 27, 1862, and was succeeded by John A. Growl, who was promoted from the ranks through the intermediate grades. The Carlisle Guards, a second organization, was mustered June 10, with the following officers: Captain, Lemuel Todd; first lieutenant, George W. Cropp; second lieutenant, Isaiah H. Graham; sergeants, Wm. B. Wolf, James Broderick, Robei-t B. Smiley, George A. Keller; corporals, T. B. Kauffman, Isaac Gorgas, J. T. Bailey and Levi H. Mullen. These companies became Companies H and I respectively, of the Thirtieth Regiment, under the command of E. Biddle Roberts, colonel; H. M. Mclntyre, lieutenant- colonel, and Lemuel Todd, major. The promotion of Capt. Todd to the majorship gave the position of captain to George W. Cropp. The place was subsequently filled, also, by T. B. Kauffman and Isaiah Graham. After the battle of Bull Run, the Thirtieth Regiment was ordered to Washing- ton, but stopping at Annapolis, it performed such efficient service in guarding- railroad communication and preventing the smuggling of supplies into the South, as to elicit special mention by Gen. John A. Dix. On August 30, the regiment was sent, via Washington, to Tennallytown, Md. , where it united with other reserves under Gen.. McCall. During the autumn and winter of 1861, it engaged in the Virginia campaign, neai; Dranesville, Manassas Junc- tion and Fredericksburg. In the engagements at Mechanicsville and Gaines' Mill, during the Peninsular campaign of 1862, the command suffered heavily, losing some fourteen killed and about fifty wounded. Among the former was Lieut. Stuart of Company H. Subsequently, at Centreville and South Mountain, the regiment met its former foes and achieved new successes. The same year it engaged in the severely contested battles of Antietam and Fredericksburg, and the following year was a part of the grand army which, at Gettysburg, turned the fate of the Confederacy July 1-8, 1863. Its services continued with the Army of the Potomac through the campaign of 1863 and early 1864 till Juno 13, when it was mustered out at Philadelphia. Its muster- rolls, originally, had 1,084 men. Of this number, 139 were lost by sickness and death on the field of battle, 233 were wounded, 258 were discharged for disa- bility, and 148 re-enlisted as veterans. Seventh Reserve. — A company known as the Carlisle Fencibles, was ready for service in April, 1861. With a beautiful satin flag, bearing the motto, " May God Defend the Right," the gift of Mrs. Samuel Alexander, grand- daughter of Col. Ephraim Blaine, the company left Carlisle, on June 6, for Westchester, its organization consisting of the following officers : Captain, Robert M. Henderson; first lieutenant, James S. Colwell; second lieutenant, Erkwries Beatty; orderly sergeant, John D. Adair. Capt. Henderson, wounded both at Charles City Cross Roads and Bull Run, was promoted to lieutenant- colonel, July 4, 1862, his position being filled by Lieut. J. S. Colwell. The latter being killed at Antietam, September 17, 1862, Lieut. Beatty became captain, Samuel V. Ruby and D. W. Burkholder became first and second lieutenants, respectively. Almost simultaneous with the organization of this company, one was raised at Mechanicsburg, with Joseph Totten as captain; Jacob T. Zug, as first and Geo. W. Comfort as second lieutenant, and John W. Cook as first sergeant Capt. Totten was promoted to lieutenant-colonel soon after the departure of the company, and was followed by Henry I. Zinn, who, resigning November 30, 112 HISTOEY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. was succeeded by Samuel King. The latter remained with the company till it was mustered out June 16, 1864. Jacob Zug lost an arm by a wound Decem- ber 30, 1862, when he resigned as first lieutenant and was followed by Jacob HefEelfinger. George W. Comfort was killed at Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862. These companies, on their arrival at Camp Wayne, became Companies A and H of the Seventh Regiment of Reserves, whose oflBcers were: Colonel Elisha B. Harvey, of Wilkes Barre; lieutenant-colonel, Joseph Totten; major, Chauncey A. Lyman, of Lock Haven. The regiment was ordered to report to Washington, D. C. , where on the 27th of July, it was mustered into the United States Service, and- finally attached to the Brigade of Reserves under command of Gen. George G. Meade. Having spent the autumn and winter in north- ern Virginia, the regiment was given active service in the Peninsular cam- paign. At Gaines' Mill it was called upon to meet an impetuous attack on Butterfield's artillery. Though met by overwhelming numbers it saved the caissons, Capt. King, however, being taken prisoner with twenty of his men. The loss of the regiment was large, embracing about one-half of its effective force. In the succeeding seven days' fighting, June 26 to July 2, it was con- tinually occupying posts of danger and death, the muster revealing the fact that the loss was 301, embracing, among the wounded, Capt. Henderson and Lieuts. Zug and Beatty, and that only about 200 of the men who started. on the campaign were ready for duty. Promotions changed the stations of officers, and Capt. Henderson became lieutenant-colonel. In August following this brigade was sent to the Rappahannock, and joined io the Army of Northern Virginia, commanded by Gen. Pope. At Groveton, after two days' severe skirmishing, the regiment was engaged in a spirited battle, with heavy loss and the wounding of Col. Henderson. It followed the Army of the Potomac again, under command of Gen. McClellan, the successor of Pope, to Washington; thence through western Maryland to South Mountain and Antietam. At the latter place (September 17), the Seventh took an im- portant part, but suffered heavily in killed and wounded. The explosion of a shell either killed or wounded mortally, Capt. Colwell and Privates John Gallio, Leo Faller, David Spahr and Wm. Culp of Company A. A few months later, viz., December 12, it participated in Gen. Burnside's unsuccessful attack upon the Rebels at Fredericksburg. Crossing the riyer in the face of the enemy, it was subjected to a galling fire from Stuart's battery; but moving up the height, leaping ditches, it penetrated Longstreet's lines, capturiag and sending back more than 100 prisoners. Though finally repulsed, the captures by soldiers of Company A alone embraced the swords of three rebel captains and the battle-flag of a Georgia regiment. Corp. Cart was given a medal for capturing the colors. The losses to the regiment were heavy, embracing 6 killed, 72 wounded and 22 missing. After this sanguinary bat- tle the regiment was called to perform duty around Washington, where it re- mained till the next spring, when it moved out on the Campaign to Richmond. In the Wilderness, near Chancellorsville, 272 officers and men, pursuing the enemy, were captured on the 2d of May, 1863. The soldiers were taken to Southern prisons, notably Andersonville and Florence, where many of them died under most pitiabld circumstances. The officers, taken to Macon, were sub- sequently exposed to the fire.of Federal guns "at Charleston, to defend the city against attack. A fragment of the regiment not captured, increased by re- cruits furnished by Capt. King of Company H, participated in the Campaign against Richmond in 1864. At the expiration of its service it was mustered out June 16, 1864 at Philadelphia. ^Jx^j^^-^^ ^4^-^ / ^ 0^(3. ia^.^Ji /V:..^^7Vc/ ^~7'^6La.U ^^^'' y V HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 115 CAVALRY SERVICE. In 1861, Cumberland County farnished Wo companies of cavalry at a time when this branch of the service was fully appreciated. One of these was known as Big Spring Adamantine Guards, and had had an organized exist- ence for fifty years. It embraced 108 men, under command of Capt. S. Woodbum. After a year's service he was mustered out by special order Au- gust 28, 1862, when his position was filled by Wm. E. Miller, promoted from the second lieutenancy. The first lieutenants in order were Wm. Baughman and E. L. Cauffman. The second lieutenants in succession were Wm. E. Miller, Louis R. Stille and Elwood Davis. It became a part of the Third Cavalry under command for a time of Col. Wm. H. Young. Under the rigid disci- pline of Col. W.. W. Averill, at Washington, it became highly efficient, and engaged in the movement southward in March, 1862, participating in the siege of Torktown. With Averill it participated in the severe campaigns of McClel- lan near Richmond, at Harrison' s Landing, and during the Maryland invasion at Antietam. When Col. Averill was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general, the regi- ment was commanded (November, 1862) by Col. J. B. Mcintosh, its operations being in Virginia mainly during the remainder of the year. When its term of service expired, a veteran battalion was formed, which participated with the Army of the Potomac in its active operations preceding, during and subsequent to the Battle of Gettysburg, where the regiment did such valiant service against Stuart's cavalry. The second company recruited under authority of the War Department by Wm. B. Sipes, of Philadelphia, was formed in small part from Payette, but mainly from Cumberland County. It was joined to the Seventh Cavalry with Geo. C. Wyncoop as colonel and Wm. B. Sipes as lieutenant-colonel. Of this company, David T. May, of West Fairview, was the first captain. After his death at Chickamauga, September 21, 1863, James G. Taylor became captain. His death ensuing, Wm. H. Collins assumed the place. Joseph G. Vale, of Carlisle, was first lieutenant, but in August, 1862, he was promoted captain of Company M of same regiment. This regiment was sent west to the Depart- ment of the Cumberland, where, in 1862-63, it did efficient service. It partici- pated in the Chickamauga battle, in which Lieut. Vale was wounded. In 1864 most of the men re-enlisted at Huntsville, Ala. After various services in Georgia and other States, it was mustered out at Macon, Ga. , August 13, 1865. In 1862, two companies of cavalry were aiithorized by the Secretary of War to be organized for three years' service. They were known as H and I of the Ninth Pennsylvania Cavalry. Company H was recruited by David H. Kim- mel, afterward promoted (May 22, 1863) to be major. Wm. H. Shriver, pre- viously a first lieutenant in Company I succeeded him for half a year, when his resignation gave the position to Thomas W. Jordan. Company I was under the command of. Capt. H. W. McCuUough, who was killed at Moore's Hill, Ky., June 6, 1862, and was succeeded by Wm. H. Longsdorf, who, after two years of service, became major, his former position falling to O. B. McKnight. The regiment bore the name of " Lochiel Cavalry, " and was commanded successively by Edward C. Williams, Thomas C. James and Thomas J. Jor- dan. Its service was, during the first two years, mainly in Kentucky and Ten- nessee, but subsequently with Sherman in his "march to the sea. " The Anderson Troop was an independent company which was recruited at Carlisle Barracks during the closing part of 1861, from various parts of the United States. In it were some young men from Cumberland County. Of this number, Edward B. InhofP, of Carlisle, was a representative, being ap- 116 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. pointed quartermaster-sergeant of the regiment. It operated in Kentucky and Tennessee, with Gens. Buell and Rosecrans, until by the latter it was ordered mustered out of service March 24, 1863. NINE months' men ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTIETH REGIMENT. The notion was still entertained in 1862 that the war would not continue much longer, and that enlistments for a period of nine months would be suffi- cient. The One Hundred and Thirtieth Regiment, with five full companies and a part of another from Cumberland County, was organized on this sup- position. In this regiment, organized August 17, 1862, were the following field officers: Colonel, Henry I. Zinn, Mechanicsburg; lieutenant-colonel, Levi Maish, York County; major, John Lee, Cumberland County. Company A was made up at Carlisle early in the summer of 1862, and selected Wm. R. Porter as captain, which position he held during his term of service. First lieutenant was John R. Turner, who was subsequently chosen quartermaster of the regiment; second lieutenant, John Hays, finally becoming first lieutenant and then regimental adjutant (February 18, 1863). John O. Halbert was, at first, its orderly sergeant and then second lieutenant. He was succeeded by Alphonso B. Beissel March 1, 1863. Company D, recruited in and near Shippensburg, had as officers: Captain, James Kelso; first lieutenant, Samuel Patchell; and second lieutenant, Daniel A. Harris. Company E was formed at Newville with Wm. Laughlin as captain; Joshua W. Sharp, first lieutenant; and Henry Clay Marshall, second lieutenant. Capt. Laughlin was killed at Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862, and Lieut. Sharp succeeded him. He was succeeded as first lieutenant by John P. Wag- ner. Henry Clay Marshall was appointed regimental adjutant August 17, 1862. First Sergt. Joseph A. Ege was promoted to be second lieutenant in place of Wagner. Company F, from Mechanicsburg, composed largely of three months' men, had the following organization: Heniy I. Zinn, captain; John B. Zinn, first lieutenant; W. A. Givler, second lieutenant; Levi M. Haverstick, first ser- geant. When Capt. Zinn was appointed colonel, August 17, Lieut. Zian was promoted to be captain; resigning this place, March 19, 1863, he was suc- ceeded by Haverstick. Michael W. French rose from a sergeancy to first lieu- tenancy. William A. Givler was killed at Antietam, and was succeeded by M. W. French, and he by Wm. E. Zinn. Company G was formed in and around Carlisle, with John Lee, captain; John S. Lyne, first lieutenant; Thomas D. Caldwell, second lieutenant. Lee was promoted to major; but after his resignation, February 5, 1863, was suc- ceeded by John S. Low. Company H was secured by Capt. John C. Hoffaker, mainly at New Cum- berland and West Fairview. The first lieutenant was George C. Marshall, and John K. McGann, second lieutenant. Capt. Hoffaker, resigning February 13, 1863, the lieutenants were regularly promoted, and Sergt. Chas. A. Hood became second lieutenant. The day after the organization of the regiment it was sent to Washington, where it was assigned to French's division of Sumner's corps. Its first active service was in the battle of Antietam, where it lost forty killed and 256 wounded. Though new and undisciplined, its brave conduct elicited the strong commendation of Gen. French, its division commander. After camp- ing for a time at Harper's Ferry, it moved to Fredericksburg, and engaged in that sanguinary struggle, losing sixty -two killed or wounded, a large per cent HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 117 of its depleted ranks. Among the killed were Col. Zinn and Capt. Laughlin. Lieut. Haverstick was again wounded. Its next service was in the campaign around Chancellorsville, where Lieut. -Col. Maish and Lieut. John Hays were wounded. Its term of enlistment having expired, the regiment was mustered out at Harrisburg on the 21st of May, and its citizen- soldiers were welcomed home with great demonstration of feeling. THBEE years' MEN. The three months' men, already spoken of, who had served under Capts. Christian Kuhns and Jacob Dorsheimer, re-enlisted and were mustered for three years' service. Christian Kuhns was captain of the reorganized com- pany, and remained with it till April 2, 1863, when he was succeeded by First Lieut. James Noble. The company was knovra. as Company A, of the Elev- enth Regiment, and served as an integral part of the Army of the Potomac in the Virginia campaigns. The second company, known as Company A, One Hundred and Seventh Regiment, of which Thomas A. Zeigle, of York, was colonel, was presided over by Capt. Dorsheimer for about a year, when he resigned, and was succeeded by Theodore K. Scheffer and Samuel Lyon. The regiment served also with the Army of the Potomac at Antietam, Chancellors- ville, Gettysburg, and in the usual minor contests. These two Cumberland County companies, faithful from the beginning to the close of the war, having participated in the grand review at Washington May 23, 1865, were mustered out of service with richly earned honors. A number of men went from the county into Company A, of the One Hun- dred and First Regiment, commanded at first by Capt. David M. Armour, and afterward by James Sheafer. Active service was seen in North Carolina, where some of the men were captured and compelled to undergo the horrors of Andersonville. In 1861 a part of a company was enlisted in Cumberland County, and joined at Harrisburg with men from Cameron County, forming Company G, of the Eighty-fourth Regiment. The company officers consisted of Capt. Mer- rick Housler, First Lieut. James W. Ingram and Second Lieut. Daniel W. Taggart. It operated in West Virginia during the early part of 1862, but par- ticipated subsequently at Bull Run (second battle), Chancellorsville, Gettys- burg, Wilderness and siege of Petersburg. MILITIA OF 1862. The terrible defeat of the Union Army at the second battle of Bull Run afforded grave apprehensions of the devastation of southern Pennsylvania by Lee's soldiers.. Gov. Curtin summoned 50,000, to be mustered at Harrisburg at once, to serve as protectors for the border. Everywhere did the people re- spond cheerfully to the call. Two columns, one of 15,000 at Hagerstown, and another of 25,000 ready to march from Harrisburg, if needed, attested the pa- triotic spirit of the Keystone State. Of these troops, so quick to respond, Cumberland County furnished one regiment, which was held in service only two weeks, viz. , September 11 to 25. Its officers consisted of Col. Henry Mc- Cormick, Lieut. -Col. Robt. A. Lamberton and Maj. Thos. B. Bryson. The alacrity with which these troops appeared on the scene of action called forth warm praise from both Gen. McClellan and the governor of Maryland. COMPANIES OF 1863. Toward the close of 1862, some companies were gathered in the county, but did not get into actual service till the early part of 1868. One of these 118 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. was organized for nine months' service, with the following officers: Captain, Martin G. Hall; first lieutenant, Henry S. Crider; second lieutenant, Patrick G. McCoy. It became Company F, of the One Hundred Fifty-eighth Regi- ment, under Col. David B. McKibben, and with its regiment served in North Carolina, principally assisting in the recovery of a Union garrison at Washing- ton from the clutches of Gen Hill ; afterward it served with Gen. Meade in in the Army of the Potomac till Lee was driven across into Virginia. It was mustered out of service at Chambersburg August 12, 1863. Company F, of the One Hundred and Sixty-second Regiment, Seventeenth Cavalry, was raised by Capt. Charles Lee, for three years. The regiment, colonels, Josiah H. Kellogg and Jamos Q. Anderson, was in Devin's (Iron) Brigade, and served with Hooker at Chancellorsville, Buford at Gettysburg, in eastern Virginia next year, with Sheridan in the Shenandoah VaUey, and with Army of Potomac when peace was declared. Company B, of the One Hundred and Sixty-fifth Regiment of drafted mi- litia, was formed in the eastern part of the county, with Abraham J. Rupp as captain, and Henry Lee as first lieutenant. It served from November, 1862, tiU it was mustered out July 28, 1863. There were also some men in the Eighteenth Cavalry (One Hundred and Sixty-fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania), whose record can not be given. COMPAKIES OF 1864. Portions of the Two Hundredth and Two Hundred and First Regiments were recruited from Cumberland County, one from the towns of West Fairview and New Cumberland. Company K, of the Two Hundred and First Regiment was mustered into service, for one year, at Harrisburg, August 29, 1864. Its officers were: Captain, Alexander C. Landis; first lieutenant, Alexander Stew- art; second lieutenant, John H. Snow; sergeants, Daniel F. Rohrer, John A. Witmer, S. G. Glauser, Henry G. Walters and Richard G. Moore; corporals, George Shields, Hiram C. Senseny, W. A. Clugh, Theo. Artz, Wm. H. Tritt J. O. M. Butts, Geo. McCormick and Thos. V. Baker ; musicians, Wm. W. Snyder, Jos. H. Snyder, Henry Dumbaugh and Henry Graves. This company was formed from Shippensburg and vicinity. The two regiments operated largely in eastern Virginia, and performed meritorious service. Companies G, H and part of Company D, of the One Hundred and Second Regiment were formed from the county, and were commanded, respectively, by Capts. David Goehenauer, John P. Wagner and S. C. Powell. The regi- ment guarded the Manassas Gap Railroad, to keep it open for carrying army supplies. Companies A and F, of the Two Hundred and Ninth Regiment, were mustered September 16, 1864, under Capts. John B. Landis and Henry Lee. Its colonel, Tobias B. Kauffman, Capt. Lee and Lieut. Hendricks, vyith nine- teen men, were captured November 17, while defending the picket line, and were held prisoners till the close of the war. The regiment remained in active service till the close of the Rebellion by Lee's surrender. BUSINESS MEN IN THE ARMY. The public men of the county took an active part in support of the Govern- ment during the war. Particularly was this true of the legal profession. Says Dr. Wing, in his History of Cumberland County, p. 137: "At the very first call, when the example of prominent men was of peculiar importance, a large number of these gentlemen promptly gave in their names and entered in most instances as privates until they were promoted to office. Igncfrant as HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 119 they all were of military drill, they at once submitted to the instruction of a sergeant at Carlisle Barracks, and as soon as possible left their pleasant homes for the severities of an ill-supplied and perilous service; In most cases this was at the sacrifice of health and sometimes of life, and they were intelligent enough to know beforehand what these sacrifices were likely to be. They were not alone, for they were accompanied by many in every walk of life. Among them were E. M. Henderson, John Lee, Lemuel Todd, A. Brady Sharpe, Christian P. Humrich, C. McGlaughlin, George S. Emig, C. P. Corn- man, Joseph G. Vale, Wm. E. Miller, J. Brown Parker, Wm. M. Penrose, Joseph S. Colwell, S. V. Euby, Wm. D. Halbert, D. N. Nevin, J. B. Landis, John Hays and J. M. Weakley. These took their places, not in some single company or regiment to which special eclat might be awarded, but wherever their lot happened to fall. As, however, the companies belonging to the One Hundred and Thirtieth were in process of formation at that time, most of them were connected with that regiment. ' ' BEPEESENTATIVES IN REGULAR ARMY. Thus far the records have shown the work of men in volunteer service. Cumberland County had an honorable representation in the regular army, among whom we can specify the following only briefly : Samuel Sturgis, born at Shippensburg in 1822, and graduated at West Point, served tirough the Mexican war with distinction, gave valuable aid afterward in suppressing hostile Indians, and with increasing and deserved promotions to the rank of brigadier-general, aided greatly in quelling the great Rebellion. Washington L. Elliott, whose father, Com. Jesse D. Elliott, was second in command at the naval battle at Lake Erie September 10, 1813, was bom at Carlisle in 1825. After three years' study in Dickinson College, he graduated at West Point in 1844. With the rank of second lieutenant he served efS.- ciently in the Mexican war, and among the Indians with the rank of first lieutenant and captain. He served during the late Rebellion, with the ranks of major, colonel and brigadier- general, in both the Eastern and Western Armies. In all the stations to which he was assigned, he demonstrated him- self to be an able and trustworthy commander. John R. Smead was born in 1830 and graduated from West Point in 1851. When the war of the Rebellion began he was employed with Prof. Bache on the coast survey. He entered the artUlery service, and as captain of a battery in the Fifth Artillery, he participated in the campaign around Richmond and in the second battle of Bull Run. At the latter place he was struck and killed by a ten-pound cannon ball, August 31, 1862. Alexander Piper, graduate of West Point in 1851, and an associate of Smead, served through the Rebellion in various responsible positions, having attained the rank of captain and become Smead' s successor after the battle of Bull Run. He died October 30, 1876. lee' s invasion in 1863. The most exciting period of the war to the Cumberland Valley was that connected with the invasion of 1863. The devastating and demoralizing fea- tures of war were brought home to the citizen engaged in the lawful pursuits of every-day life. The advance of the enemy to the Potomac in the region of Williamsport or Harper's Ferry was always a signal for a stampede along the valley in the direction of Harrisburg. Money and other valuables were removed, horses and cattle were driven out of the country for their own safety and to 120 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. prevent giving aid to the Rebels, and a general restlessness and anxiety took possession of the people. When in May, 1863, after the defeat of Hooker's army at Chancellorsville, Gen. R. E. Lee made requisition on the Confederate commissary department for rations for his hungry men, he was answered, ' ' If the General wants provisions, let him go and look for them in Pennsylvania." He came. On the 20th of June, Gen. Ewell' s corps began to cross the Poto- mac at Williamsport and commenced to move in the direction of Harrisburg. Chambersburg was reached by a portion of Ewell' s corps on the 23d, Gen. R. S. Ewell himself arriving on the 24th. Gradually the troops marched along the valley, occupying Shippensburg on the 25th, and reaching Carlisle on Saturday, the 27th. When the alarm of the Rebel approach was first sounded, companies of civilians were organized byCapts. Martin Kuhn, JohnS. Low, A. Brady Sharpe, David Block and Robert Smiley. These companies embraced the best elements of the community, the pastors of the Episcopal and the Reformed Churches entering as privates. In connection with these militia companies, Capt. W. H. Boyd, First New York Cavalry, with 200 of his men, performed picket duty. As Gen. A. G. Jenkins' advance of 400 cavalry came toward town, these companies fell back. Jenkins was met en route by Col. William M. Penrose and Robert Allison, assistant burgess, and was requested to make no dash upon the town lest a panic among the women and children might ensue. He entered in good order, his men being on the alert against surprise. He demanded of the place supplies for men and horses. The citizens responded generously, and the provisions were stored in the stalls of the market house. A good supply of corn was also obtained from the crib of John Noble. In the afternoon of the same day (Saturday), Rodes' and Johnson's divis- ions of E well's corps arrived, Early' s division having crossed the mountains, via Fayetteville, to York. The band at the head of the column played ' ' Dixie, ' ' the men conducting themselves with much decorum notwithstanding their ragged condition. Gen. Ewell established his headquarters in the barracks, he occupy- ing the dwelling of Capt. Hastings, while his staff took the adjacent buildings. The commanding general was well acquainted with the barracks and the town, having been stationed there in former years. In consequence of this acquain- tanceship, he spared the public buildings from being burned on the eve of his departure. He at once made a public demand for 1,500 barrels of flour, four cases of surgical instruments, quinine, chloroform and other medical supplies. They could not be furnished, however. Strict orders were issued against the selling of intoxicating drinks to soldiers, and the pillaging of private property by them. Sunday and Monday were dreary days for the town. All communication with the loyal world was cut off. On the Lord's day, services were conducted at several of the churches by their own pastors. At the same time the chap- lains of rebel regiments encamped in the college campus, and at the garrison conducted services for their troops with great fervor. Guards were stationed at the street corners, to preserve order and to receive any complaints made by citizens. Some spirited discussions between soldiers and citizens on moral and political questions were had, but with more courtesy and good feeling than generally characterize such controversies. All conversation with Southern of- ficers and soldiers led the people to believe that their movement was directed toward Harrisburg and Philadelphia. On Monday evening, however, John- son's division, encamped at McAlister's Run, began to move in the direction of Stoughstown, Shippensburg and Fayetteville, the march being characterized HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 121 by a want of dicipline and the commission of heinous outrages upon unoffend- ing people. As early as 3 o'clock of Tuesday morning, the remaining troops from the college campus and the barracks, accompanied by Gen. Ewell, began to move along the pike in the direction of Mount Holly. The town was deserted by rebel forces except 200 cavalry, who continued till evening doing provost duty, when they also left. The pillaging around the barracks and the destruction of public and private property were performed by dissolute characters, some of whom proved to be deserters that afterward enlisted in the Union service. It has been said the town was largely deserted by rebel forces. This needs a little modification. About the time the people began to rejoice over the disap- pearance of the rebel forces, a body of cavalry, under command of Col. Coch- ran and numbering about 400, made its appearance at the gas works on the Dillstown road, and took possession of the streets. These men, intoxicated against orders, became unmanagable, and their stay in the town made citizens restless. Thus closes the condition of affairs in Carlisle Tuesday, June 30. The incidents of the following day are so graphically and carefully presented by Dr. Wing that we give his account entire: ' ' Early on Wednesday morning, the town was gladdened by the return of Capt. Boyd with his 200 men of the First New York Cavalry. They had been at the extreme eastern part of the county, in the neighborhood of Fort Washington, and had had, on Sunday evening, a slight artillery skirmish at Oyster's Point, about three miles west of Harrisburg, with a small party of Gen. Jenkins' men. That general had spent a night at Mechanicsburg, and on Sunday advanced vrith a few men to reconnoitre the bridge over the Susque- hanna ; but on seeing the preparations there, had deemed it prudent to retire. This was the farthest point in the direction of Harrisburg to which the invad- ing troops ventured to proceed. On hearing the rapid progress of the Union Army under Gen. Meade, in his rear, Gen. Lee at once perceived that he could not safely advance with such a force between him and the base of his op- erations, and that a great battle was inevitable in the neighborhood of Gettys- burg. Both armies had mustered in unexpected strength and discipline, and neither could afford to dispense with any of its forces. Every regiment was called in, and summoned in haste to the expected field of conflict. But there were a few regiments in both armies near the river, to which the summons could not be sent in time, and which, therefore, were unaware of the move- ments of the main bodies. Early in the afternoon, Gen. W. F. (Baldy) Smith, who had taken command in this valley, reached town. There were then under him, two Philadelphia regiments, one militia battery from the same city, parts of two New York regiments, and a company of regular cavalry from Carlisle ■ Barracks. While he was selecting a suitable place for his artillery, a body of rebel troops made its appearance near the east end of Main Street, at the junction of the Trindle Springs and York roads. One or two rebel horsemen rode nearly to the center of the town, but hastily returned to their companions, who sat in their saddles and gazed up the street at the Union infantry. A call to arms was at once made, and the companies which had been disbanded dur- ing the occupation of the town came together, and with other citizens armed themselves as best they could, and formed a line of skirmishers along the Le- tort. They kept up a desultory fire upon the advanced portion of the en- emy and prevented them from penetrating our lines. Of course such an op - position was soon driven in and silenced ; but for a while its true character could not be known. It was not long before the whizzing and explosions of shells in the air over and within the town, announced that a formidable en- 122 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. emy was at hand. No warning of this had been given, and it was soon accom- panied by grape and canister, raking the principal streets and the central square. "As twilight set in, a flag of truce was forwarded to Gen. Smith, informing him that Gen. Fitzhugh Lee, with a force of 3,000 cavalry, was ready for an assault and demanded an immediate and unconditional surrender. The offer was promptly declined, and was followed by the threat that the shelling of the town would be at once resumed. 'Shell away!' replied Gen. Smith; and scarcely had the bearer of the flag left, before a much fiercer bombardment com- menced. And now began a general flight of the inhabitants into the country, into cellars, and behind anything which was strong enough to afford hope of protection. A stream of women and children and infirm people on foot was seen, with outcries and terrified countenances in every direction. Some of these fell down breathless or seriously injured by some accident, and lay in the barns or by the fences through the ensuing night. To add terror to the scene, the sky was lighted up by the flames of a wood-yard in the vicinity of the rebel encampment, and about 10 o'clock the barracks and the garrison were burned and added their lurid glare to the brightness. In the middle of the night there was another pause in the firing, and another call for a surrender was made, to which a rather uncourteous reply was made by Gen. Smith, and the shelling pro- ceeded, but with diminished power and frequency. It is supposed that am- mimition had become precious in the hostile camp." Gen. ritzhugh Lee, now governor of Virginia, in a letter to the vrriter un- der date of May 20, 1886, says of the attack on Carlisle: "On July 1, 1863, I was ordered to attack and occupy the place, by Gen. J. E. B. Stuart, com- manding cavalry corps of the Confederate Army, and did attack it on my arri- val late' that evening — night put a stop to the fighting. At light next morning I intended to renew the attack, but during the night received information that the two contending armies were concentrating for a general battle at Gettysburg, and, in pursuance of orders, left the vicinity of Carlisle before daylight, on the 2d of July, marching for Gettysburg. Carlisle was at that time defended by Gen. William Smith, who commanded, I believe, the Pennsylvania Reserves; he was known in the old United States Army as ' Baldy ' Smith. " The battle of Gettysburg was fought. In a few days, demand was made by the authorities for medical aid to be sent to wait upon the Union and rebel wounded at that terrible field 'of death and suffering. The claims of humanity prevailed, and Cumberland County responded generously. In addition to the aid sent much was given at home; for the maimed soldiery of both armies had to be cared for in the adjoining villages and cities. The college chapel and recitation rooms of Dickinson and one of the central churches were converted into regular hospitals, the latter being thus used for a considerable time. THE SOLDIEHS' MONUMENT. Subsequent to the close of the war, the erection of a suitable monument to pepetuate the memory of the country' s fallen heroes was agitated. The ef- fort to do justice to the soldier had been made by several towns. This stim- ulated the desire to haVe a common monument centrally located. In 1868 a meeting of citizens was called, and a committee appointed to formulate a feas- ible plan for securing such a result. Subscriptions were taken and it was de- cided that the shaft should be located on the Public Square in Carlisle. The dimensions were, height thirty feet; base to stand on a mound four feet high, ten and one-half feet square. The base was to be of Gettysburg granite, three feet high and ten feet square, surmounted by a marble pedestal containing tablets 'ft'/' y^^-''-'- HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 125 for the names of fallen heroes. The work was done by Eichard Owens, Esq. of Carlisle, and cost about $5,000. The shaft was erected February 9, 1871, and with the iron fence which surrounds it is a place of much interest to pe- destrians. The inscription is In Honor of the Soldiers op Cumberland County Who Fell in Defense of the Union DtJKiNG the Great Rebellion. This Monument is erected by those who revere the Patriotism, and vdsh to perpetuate the Memory, of the Brave Men, who aided in saving the Nation and securing the Blessings of Liberty to all. The ' ' battle wreath " which encircles the shaft contains the names of the following engagements: Mechauicsville, Drainsville, Gainesville, New Mar- ket Cross Roads, Second Bull Run, South Mountain, Bethesda Church, Spott- sylvania, Wilderness, Gettysburg, Vicksburg. Evidently the artist must have omitted Antietam and probably some other engagements. NAMES OF FALLEN HEROES. OFFICERS. Col. Henry J. Biddle, Assistant Adjutant-General Pennsylvania Reserve Volnnteer Corps. Col. Henry I. Zinn, One Hundred and Thirtieth Pennsylvania Volunteers. Capt. John R. Smead, Fifth United States Artillery. Capt. Thomas P. Owen, Conipany H, First Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps. Capt. James S. Colwell, Company A. Seventh Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps. Capt. William Laughlin, Company E, One Hundred and Thirtieth Pennsylvania Volun- teers. Capt. D. G. May, Company K, Seventh Pennsylvania Cavalry. Capt. Hugh W. McCuUough, Ninth Pennsylvania Cavalry. Lieut. Jos. Stuart, Company H, First Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps. Lieut. Geo. W. Comfort, Company H, Seventh Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps. Lieut. Wm. A. Givler, Company P, One Hundred and Thirtieth Pennsylvania Volunteers. Lieut. I. B. Kauffman, Company H, Ninth Pennsylvania Cavalry. Lieut. Theo. Mountz, Ninth Pennsylvania Cavalry. Lieut. Alf. F. Lee, Company E, Seventeenth Pennsylvania Cavalry. Lieut. Wm. B. Blaney, Second Iowa Cavalry. Sub. John B. Goover, Sixth Pennsylvania Cavalry. Asst. Eng. William E. Law, United States Navy. SOLDIERS. FIRST PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE VOLUNTEER CORPS. COMPANY H. Frank Hunt. Joseph Ewing. Wm. Watson. John Sheafer. John Black. Saml. Baker. John Clouser. F. Morrison. David Askew. Wm. Donnelley. Curtis Griffin. G. Kauffman. Fred Brown. Wm. Quigley. George Morton. COMPANY I. Frank Wilson. Wm. Dunlap. Wm. Spottswood. Chas. F. Gould. Levi Kennedy. John Lusk. Wm. Baxter. John Baker. Jos. Buttorf. John Mathias. John Shisler. FIFTH PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE VOLUNTEER CORPS. G. W. Savage. COMPANY G. SEVENTH PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE VOLUN- TEER CORPS. COMPANY A. Wm. Gulp. Wm. R. Holmes. •G. W. Brechbill. John Callio. Fred K. RiefE. Henry T. Green. B. Haverstick. R. H. Spottswood. Geo. I. Wilders. Jacob Landis. John T. Cuddy. Joseph U. Steele. Chas. Jarmier. J. Harvey Bby. Patrick Brannon. Wm. B. Sites. J. A. Schlosser. Wm. M. Henderson. Geo. W. Wise. Wm. A. Low. John T. Adams. Ed. T. Walker. D. Haverstick. Wm. Nevil. Saml. E. Smith. Wm. Zimmerman. John B. Kenyon. James Miller. S. Heffelflnger. Van Buren Eby. Wm. McCleaf. Leo W. Faller. David H. Spahr. COMPANY D. Michael J. Foucht. 126 HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. COMPANY U. Michael Hess. Levi A. Bowen. Jac. A. Welty. Daniel M. Hoover. John Lininger. John Anthony. Jonas Blosser. Frank A. Smith. Jos. B. Moouey. John Devlin. G. Beavei'son. Isaiah Siders. Saml. 8. Gooms. Wm. H. Kline. J. Richey Clark. Saml. Wesley. Thos. J. Acker. D. W. Conrad. Milton Warner. Geo. W. Smith. Max. Barshal. Benj. Baker. ELEVENTH PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTBEES. COMPANY A. Geo. L. Reighter. J. Christman. James Warden. Thomas Conway. Moses Boss. Thos. Morgan. Wm. Fielding. Wilson Vanard. John Spong. FORTY-SISTH PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTBEKS. COMPANY F. Thos. Lyne. COMPANY H. S. Kriner. rOKTY-NINTH PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS. COMPANY A. H. Strough. PU'TY-PIPTH PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEBBS. COMPANY B. Jas. Tyson. COMPANY C. Wm. H. Vance. COMPANY E. J. C. Filey. Samuel Bear. Geo. Sanno. COMPANY F. Fred Sanno. SEVENTY-EIGHTH PENNSYLVANIA VOLUN- TEERS. Geo. Grove. COMPANY D. Geo. H. Coover. EIGHTY-FOURTH PENNSYLVANIA VOLUN- TEERS. COMPANY C. Samuel T. Kunkle Reuben Line. Richard Lilly. Benj. H. Getz. John Ritson. Benj. Hippie. Adam SheafEer. Thos. Snoddy. EIGHTY-SEVENTH PENNSYLVAHIA VOLUN TBERS. COMPANY E. Michael Ritta. Charles Huber. E. Beaverson. Henry Snyder. Thomas Neely. NINETY-NINTH PENNSYLVANIA VOLTJNTEERS. COMPANY A. Wm. H. Chapman. ONE HUNDRED AND FIRST PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS. Levi Kutz. Chris. Rothe. COMPANY A. ONE HUNDRED AND SECOND PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS. COMPANY H. J. Fahnestock. ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTH PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS. P. R. Pislee. COMPANY D. ONE HUNDRED AUD FIFTEENTH PElffiCSTLVA- NIA VOLUNTEERS. COMPANY G. J. F. McMath. ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-SEVENTH PENN- SYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS. E. Crandle. Benj. Hoover. COMPANY p. ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTIETH PENNSYLVA- NIA VOLUNTEERS. COMPANY A. P. Faber. Wm. E. Greason. Joseph P. Weaver. A. Bronswell. Geo. W. Green. COMPANY D. N. Lenhard. W. B. Grabill. Henry Miller. Geo. Brenizer. Joseph Matthews. Geo. J. McLean. M. S. Carbaugh. J. W. Crull. Wm. P. Woods. Jesse K. Allen. J. A. Stickler. Thad. McKeehan. COMPANY E. Wm. A. McCune. David L. MiUer. Wm. Lockery. Jos. Connery. COMPANY p. Geo. White. B. Barshinger. P. Y. Kniseley. John Petzer. Thos. English. Theo. R. Zinn. H. P. Lambert. Keller Bobb. COMPANY G. J. Barkley. Jas. Withrow. S. McMaughton. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 127 COMPANY H. J. B. Snavely. D. B. KaufEman. ONB HUNDKED AND FORTY-THIRD PENNSYL- TANIA VOLUNTEERS. COMPANY B. J. Heiser. ONE HUNDRED AND EOBTY-BIGHTH PENNSYL- VANIA VOLUNTEERS. COMPANY A. Isaac Bear. ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-NINTH PENNSYL- VANIA VOLUNTEERS. COMPANY A. Levi Rupp. Cteo. Ensor. ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY-EIGHTH PENNSYL- VANIA VOLUNTEERS. COMPANY A. H. Oatman. David Barnhill. J. Cunningham. Jacob Bricker. Abraliam Myers. COMPANY c. John Sells. Wm. Wetzel. J. A. McNaskey. COMPANY F. Eli Ford. D. A. Ziegler. Zach. Ford Andrew Fickes. Samuel Mixell. Joseph Stine. Hugh Campbell. ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-FOURTH PENN- SYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS. ONB HUNDRED AND NINETY-FOURTH PENN- SYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS. COMPANY H, D. Moore. ONE HUNDRED AND NINETY-FIFTH PENNSYL- VANIA VOLUNTEERS. COMPANY P. J. Plank. TWO HUNDREDTH PENNSYLVANIA VOLUN- TEERS. COMPANY B. George Wolf. James Krall. D. Lenker. Michael Smith. John Askew. Lewis B. Fink. Henry Tost. COMPANY I. Wm. W. Heacy. TWO HUNDRED AND FIRST PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS. COMPANY K. R. C. Moore. TWO HUNDRED AND SECOND PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS. COMPANY Q. William Webb. J. Cockenauer. Joseph Reese. D. Hippensteel. Robert Qracy. S. J." Cockenauer. Jesse Swartz. COMPANY H. Alex. Fagan. J. Burkhart. J. Fahnestock. 8. J. Orris. Daniel Stum. James McGaw. COMPANY c. J. C. Grant. ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-SEVENTH PENN- SYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS. COMPANY B. F. Eschenbaugh. COMPANY D. Samuel Lutz. Joseph A. Shaw. H. !Nonnemaker. David Sheriff. Theo. K. Boyles. McE. Fanchender. Uriah Stahl. William P. Gensler. ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-EIGHTH PENN- SYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS. COMPANY I. William Sipe. Joseph Millard. TWO HUNDRED AND NINTH PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS. COMPANY A. T. Hoerner. John P. Leib. COMPANY F. E. Sykes. S. HoUinger. TWO HUNDRED AND TENTH PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS. COMPANY A. L. Matchett. THIRD PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY. COMPANY G. A. Bucher. 128 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. COMPANY H. SBTENTKENTH PENNSYLVANIA CATALET. William Myers. C. A. Holtzman. Alex. Koser. Edward Tarman. George W. Trout. Josli McCoy. Samuel Golden. Henry A. Martin. William Bwing. AbdilTrone.j Cul'n Koser. C. Vanderbilt. Z. McLaughlin. J. Nicholson. Frank Cramer. COMPANY M. James Gilbert SEVENTH PENNSYLVANIA CAVAIBY. COMPANY K. George W. Heck. J. Livingston. John Givler. Arch. Mullen. Hiram Gleaver. EIGHTH PENNSYLVANIA CAVALKY. COMPANY C. H. Irvine. E. Speece. J. Bishop. Jacob Day. COMPANY B. COMPANY H. Jacob Agle. COMPANY I. J. C. Creps. C. Liszman. Kobt. T. Laughlin. Henry Shriver. L. Keefauver. S. McCullough. H. L. Sennet. Elijah Bittinger. Joshua Dunan. Wm. Bricker. Jos. A. Shannon. Chris. Felsinger. Samuel A. Welsh. Robt. T. Kelley. David Woods. COMPANY K. S. Bowman. ELEVENTH PENNSYLVANIA CAVALBY. COMPANY K. A. Y. Kniseley. THIRTEENTH PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY. COMPANY F. Geo. W. Graham. D. F. Hoerner. Wm. H. Miller. Benj. D. Hehn. P. Huntsherger. J. F. Eigenower. Geo. Forney. Joseph Rudy. Anson Smith. D. W. McKenny. Jas. A. Kelso. John Snyder. John F. Gettys. Wm. D. Kaufiman. Jas. Y. Stuart. Jacob Myers. C. W. Nailor. COMPANY H. COMPANY L. FIFTEENTH PENNSYLVANIA CAVALBY. COMPANY H. J. W. Buttorf. J. Conley. COMPANY B. COMPANY F. David Kutz. Thos. Speece. M. F. Shoemaker. AbnerW. Zug. S. C. Weakline. Wm. H. Weaver. D. E. Hollinger. Solomon Sow. John G. Burget. Samuel Deardorf . A. Herschberger. J. W. KaufEman. • Geo. W. McGaw. B. StoufEer, Geo. W. Whitmore. Wilson Seavers. Lewis Rin^walt. Eman. Smith. Robt. Kelley. David Carle. C. Evil hock. NINETEENTH PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY. COMPANY A. Samuel Grier. COMPANY C. W. F. Miller. TWENTIETH PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY. COMPANY A. M. A Griffith. F. F. Steese. J. H. Christ. Wm. Sheeley. Wm. Balsley. Andrew Bear. JohnM. Kunkle. COMPANY B. COMPANY D. COMPANY F. Geo. W. Matthews. TWENTY- SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALBY. COMPANY F. J. Palm. COMPANY M. W. T. Fanus. PENNSYLVANIA ARTILLERY. PIBST BEGIMBNT. Geo. W. Welsh. J. H. Baughman. R. M. Houston. SECOND BEGIMBNT. Fred Faber. THIRD BBGIMENT. Peter Paul. J. W. Christ. Samuel Bortel. Wm. Hawkes. Wm. H. Albright. TENTH UNITED STATES INFANTBY. COMPANY C. A. Webbert. SEVENTEENTH PBNNSYLTANIA CAVALBY. COMPANY F. W. B. Flinchbaugh. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 129 GRAND AEMT POSTS. One of the permanent organizations resulting from the late war is that of the Grand Army of the Republic. It is a patriotic institution, whose primary ob- ject is to watch carefully the rights and privileges of those who imperilled their lives and fortunes in behalf of their country, and to assure the widows and orphans of such fallen comrades that they shall not be forgotten. It is the organized society of America to see that the sacrifices of life and blood and treasure during the war shall not have been made in vain. Nearly every town of importance has such an organization named in honor of some fallen com- rade. We give the list in Cumberland County. Capt. Colwell Post, No. 201, at Carlisle — This post was organized in 1881, its charter bearing date February 24 of that year. Its charter members consisted of the following persons: J. .T. Zug, Wm. E. Miller, Isaac El- liott, Wm. Vance, A. C. Ensminger, John S. Humor, J. B. Haverstick, John Albright, P. D. Beokford, Peter Monger, M. A. Hufner, John G. Bobb, J. L. Meloy, James Campbell, D. A. Sawyer, R. P. Henderson, J. P. Brindle, Smith McDonald, H. Linnehul, H. G. Carr, J. G. Vale and Wm. Bottengenbach. The original corps of officers embraced W. E. Miller, C. ; J. L. Meloy, S. V. C. ; P. D. Beckford, J. V. C. ; Jacob T. Zug, Q. M. ; J. B. Haverstick, Adj.; J. S. Bender, Siirg.; Joseph G. Vale, O. D. ; J. P. Brindle, O. G. ; A. C. Ensminger, S. M. ; John S. Humor, Chaplain. The present corps (1886) consists of J. P. Brindle, C. ; Wm. Lippert, S. V. C; H. G. Carr, J. V. C. ; Wm. E. Games, Chaplain; B. K. Goodyear, Adj.; Wm. E. Miller, Q. M. ; J. S. Bender, Surg. ; Joseph Lider, O. D. ; Lazarus Minnich, O. G. ; J. M. Goodyear, Q. M. S. ; D. A. Carbaugh, S. M. The post has an active membership of 105, and is in a prosperous condition. Capt. James S. Colwell, after whom the post was named, was born near Shippensburg, Penn., August 19, 1813. His education in elementary subjects was received at home and at Chambersburg. He graduated finally from Princeton College, New Jersey, in 1839. Returning to his native county, he read law in the office of Wm. Biddle, Esq. , at Carlisle, where he practiced, after being admitted to the bar, till he entered the Army. He was mustered as first lieutenant in Seventh Pennsylvania Reserves (Thirty-sixth Pennsylvania Volunteers) April 21, 1861, and as captain July 4, 1862. He engaged in the Peninsular campaign in 1862 ; was in the second battle of Bull Run of same year; the battle of South Mountain and finally in the battle of Antietam, where he was killed, September 17, 1862, by the explosion of a shell of the enemy. He was a brave soldier, a worthy citizen and a faithful husband and father. His widow still resides in Carlisle. There is also a colored post at Carlisle, having a small membership, concern- ing which, however, no facts could be obtained. Col. H. I. Zinn, Post No. 415, Meehanicsburg, was organized March 4, 1884, by Asst. Adj. -Gen. T. J. Stewart, aided by Post No. 58, of Harrisburg. It had forty- four charter members. Its first corps of officers embraced the fol- lowing comrades: Col. Wm. Penn Lloyd, Com'dr; H. S. Mohler, S. V. C. ; A. C. Koser, J. V. C. ; S. B. King, Q. M. ; L. F. Zollinger, Adj. ; E. K. Ployer, Chap. ; E. N. Mosser, Q. M. S. ; A. Hauck, O. D. ; A. F. Stahl, O. G. The post is a live one, and has a membership at present of 132, and com- mands the confidence of the public. It was named in honor of Col. H. I. Zinn, who was born in Dover Township, York Co., Penn., December 8, 1834. He was the son of John and Anna Mary Zinn. On the 15th of September, 1855, he was married, by the Rev. J. C. Bucher, to Miss Mary Ann Clark, the ceremony being performed at Carlisle. As the result of this union three chil- 130 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. dren were born, viz. : Elsie Myra, James Henry and George Arthur. The first two died in 1862, of measles and diphtheria, respectively. Col. Zinn was killed December 13, 1862, in the desperate battle of Fredericksburg, Va. Corp. McLean Post, 423, at Shippensburg, was organized by Capt. Hav- erstick April 7, 1884, with thirty-nine charter members. In its first corps of officers were the following comrades: M. G. Hale, C. ; Wm. Baughman, S. V. C. ; John S. Shugars, J. V. C. ; M. S. Taylor, Adj. ; J. K. C. Mackey, Q. M. Since its organization Wm. Baughman and John Shugars have also held the position of commander. The membership has increased to seventy-one, rendering the post a flourishing one. George Johnston McLean, whose name the post wears and reveres, was born at Shippensburg March 7, 1842. He was a member of Company D, One Hundred and Thirtieth Pennsylvania Volunteers, and was wounded in front of Marye's Hill, Fredericksburg, Va., December 13, 1862. From this wound he died nine days afterward in the hospital at Washington, D. C. He was unmarried at the time of his death. Kennedy Post, 490, at Mount Holly Springs, was organized August 15, 1885. First members were Henry WoUet, C. A. Burkholder, Moses Wag- goner, Philip Harman, Samuel Sadler, Silas Tower, N. J. Class, Joseph S. Early, B. F. Wollet, A. Adams, W. H. Brinn, James Cuddy, David A. Corn- man, John Goodyear, Augustus Miller, David Taylor, Joseph Swords, Christ Harmon, Joseph Wise, David Newman, William Kennedy, William Hummel- bough, J. N. Allen, John Snyder, J. E. Mandorf, Alex Noffsinger, David Noggle, A. T. Eichwine, William Bicker, George Slosser, W. M. Still, Philip Snyder, Joseph K. Snyder, Eli B. Tower, John Ward, A. J. McGonnigal, G. W. Kinter, John KaufiFman, WiUiam H. Hartz, Jacob Hoffert, John Bennett, Frank Stoner, A. P. Eichwine, David Withrow and George Fair; present membership, sixty-eight. First officers were Henry Wollet, Commander; C. A. Burkholder, S. V. C. ; Moses Wagner, J. V. C. ; Joseph Early, Adj. ; Alec Adams, Q. M. Present officers are Eev. J. G. Shannon, Commander; Samuel Sadler, S. V, C. ; A. Miller, J. V. C. ; Phil. Harman, Q. M. ; William Goodyear, Adjt. The society meets every Saturday night in the hall of the I. O. O. F. Private B. F. Eisenberger Post, at New Cumberland, organized in the early part of 1885. The original members were Henry and B. H. Eisenberger, John Robinson, Henry Drager, Capt. J. W. Fight, A. D. Eepman, Henry Goriger, Frank Mathias, M. K. Brubaker, Frank Hager, Sr., Frank Hager, Jr., Wash. Shipe and Harry Free. Officers: John Kirk, Commander; B. F. Hager, Secy. ; Jesse Oren, Adjutant. CHAPTER VII. Courts — County OrriciALs— Members of Congress, Senators and Assembly- men. DTJEING nearly 100 years succeeding the settlement of Pennsylvania," says a writer in 1879, ' ' few of our judges understood the principles of the law, or knew anything about its practice before their appointment. Our county courts were presided over by the justices of the peace of the respective counties, all of whom were ex officio judges of the courts of common pleas and quarter sessions of the peace, any three of whom were a quorum to transact HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 131 bTisiness. At the same time the provincial council and the high court of errors and appeals, which was presided over by the governor of the province for the time being, very frequently had not a lawyer in it. And yet the busi- ness of that day was done, and well done, too. The judges were generally selected because of their well-known integrity of character, extended business experience and sound common sense, and by close observation and long ex- perience became well acquainted with the duties of their positions and fitted to adjudicate the important interests committed to their charge. Nor was the bar inferior. Gentlemen, eminent for their legal abilities and oratorical powers, practiced before them, and by the gravity of their demeanor and respectful behavior shed lustre upon the proceedings and gave weight and influence to the decisions rendered. Great regard was had for the dignity of the court, and great reverence felt for forms and cerem^onies; and woe to the unlucky wight who was caught in a ' contempt, ' or convicted of speaking disrespect- fully of the magistrate or of his sovereign lord — the king. ' ' The usual form of record at the opening of court may be seen in the fol- lowing: At a Court of Common pleas held at Carlisle, for Cumberland County, the Twenty- third day of July, in the fifth year of the Reign of our Sovereign Lord, George the Third, hy the Grace of God of Great Britain, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, &c., and in the Year of our Lord One Thousand Seven hundred & sixty-five, before John Arm- strong, Esq., and his Associate Justices, &c., of the Same Court. As a matter of necessity the fii'st courts in Cumberland County were held at Shippensburg, it being then the only town in the valley (1750) and therefore the only place which could accomodate those who gathered at court. By a. commission dated March 10, 1750, the following persons were appointed jus- tices of the peace and of common pleas in Cumberland County: Samuel Smith,. of Carlisle; William Maxwell, of Peters; George Croghan, of East Penns- borough; Robert Dunning, of West Pennsborough; Matthew Dill and Benj. Chambers, of Antrim; Wm. Trent, of Middleton; Wm. Allison, of Antrim; Hermanus Alricks, of Carlisle; John MUler, of West Pennsborough; Robert Chambers, of Hopewell; John Finley, of Lurgan; and Thomas Wilson, of Middleton. Samuel Smith was president of the court. He had previously been a member of the Assembly, sheriff and justice of the peace in Lancaster County. He was succeeded by Francis West in 1797. The date of the first court held at Shippensburg was "the twenty-fourth day of July, in the twentieth year of the reign of his Majesty King George the Second, Annoque Domini 1750. ' ' The last at that place was held in April, 1751. John Potter, who had come to America in 1741 and settled "in the neighborhood of Shippen's farm," now Shippensburg, as early as 1746 or earlier, had been appointed sherifP, * and on the original organization of the county returned the writ of venire which had been directed to him with the panel annexed, and the following persons were sworn as grand jurors: Wm. Magaw, John Potter, John Mitchell, John Davison, Ezekiel Dunning, John Holliday, James Lindley, Adam Hoops, John Forsyth, Thomas Brown, George Brown, John Reynolds, Robert Harris, Thos. Tlrie, Charles Murray, James Brown and Robert Meek. The record of this first session of the court shows also that " Hermanus Alricks, Esq. , produced to the court a commission under the hand of the Hon. James Hamilton, Esq. , governor, and the great seal of the province, appointing him clerk of the peace of the county of Cumberland, and the same was read and allowed and ordered to be recorded." The beauti- *Mr Potter was twice sheriff, his oommissions hearing date October 6, 1760, and October, 1764. His son, James was a lieutenant in the militia, and a captain in Armstrong's Kittanning, expired in 1766. Hfr removed to what is now Centre County in 1772, and became distinguished both in military and civil circles. 132 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. fill penmanship of Mr. Alricks is as plain to-day on the old records as it was when written. The first court of common pleas and the criminal courts were, by order of the Governor, first held at Carlisle, July 23, 1751, and under the above named justices, and were held at that place regularly afterward. "The orphans' court, however, for four or five years remained unfixed to any one place, and is said to have followed the persons of the judges. " The justices were intended to be appointed at least one from each township, and out of the number some one was commissioned to act as president. On account of some existing vacancies in the county, the Governor, in Octo- ber, 1764, appointed a new board of justices, consisting of John Armstrong, James Galbreath, John Byers, Wm. Smith (superseded January 15, 1766, for participation in the afPair at Fort Loudon), John McKnight, James Carothers, Hermanns Alricks, Adam Hoop, Francis Campbell, John Reynolds, Jonathan Hoge, Robt. Miller, Wm. Lyon, Robt. Callender, Andrew Calhoun, James Maxwell, Samuel Perry, John Holmes and John Allison. These were reap- pointed in 1769, together with some others outside the present limits of the county, except, perhaps, John Agnew and Turbutt Francis. John Holmes was appointed sheriff, and James Jack, coroner, in 1765, and in October, 1768, David Hoge was appointed sheriff, and William Denny, coroner (these appoint- ments made by the Governor upon returns of election to him). August 16, 1765, at a court of oyer and terminer, before Alex. Steadman, of the supreme court, and John Armstrong and James Galbreath, Esqs., John Money was tried and convicted of felony and the murder of Archibald Gray in March previous, and was not long after executed for his crime. One Warner was very early tried and executed for the robbery and murder of a man named Musselman, near New Kingston. The courts of the county have been called upon to try a number of murder cases, and several legal executions for murder have occurred in the county. A case in the first court held at Shippensburg was recorded as follows: Dominus Bex ) Sur Indictmt. for Larceny, not guilty & now ye deft ret her pi and vs. > submits to ye Ct. and thereupon it is considered by the Court and Bridget Eagen. ) adjudged that ye sd Bridget Hagen restore the sum of Six pounds seventeen shillings & six pence lawful money of Penna. unto Jacob Long ye owner and make fine to ye Governor in ye like sum and pay ye costs of prosecution & receive fifteen lashes on her bare back at ye.Public Whipping post & stand committed till ye fine & fees are paid. The whipping post was, with the stocks and pillory, on the square near the court house. Generally in the sentence where a culprit was to receive lashes they were to be " well laid on, " as in the case of Wm. Anderson, convicted of felony at the January term in 1751. Whipping was the ordinary mode of punishment, and probably the executioner used his lash with telling effect. In the court of quarter sessions for July, 1753, sixteen bills were presented to the grand jury against a number of persons ' ' for conveying spurious liquor to the Indians out of the inhabited portion of this province." The jury ignored most of them. As a writer says: " To the noble red man civilization had already become a failure. ' ' Cases of imprisonment for debt occupied the time and attention of the early courts and lawyers, as page after page of the common pleas record testi- fies. Entries like the following are by no means uncommon: Upon reading the petition of A. B., a prisoner under execution in the public gaol of this county, to the court, it is therefore ordered by the Court that the petitioner notify his creditors to appear the day of next, and now (same date) the Court order the above petitioner to be brought into court; and now, being brought into court, the Court do thereupon remand him, the said A. B., to the public gaol. By the Court. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 135 Sometimes it was so arranged that the prisoner was discharged, or ocoa- sionally sold or bound to some one to work out the amount of his indebted- ness, the person having advanced the same to the creditors. COUNTY OFFICIALS. Clerks of Quarter Sessions. — 1789, Samuel Postlethwaite ; 1794, John Lyon; 1798, F. J. Haller; 1809, Charles Bovard. I Clerks Orphans' Court, Registers of Wills and Recorders of Deeds. — John Creigh, appointed April 7, 1777; resigned February 9, 1779, and succeeded February 13, by William Lyon, who was also appointed to receive subscriptions for the State loan. Mr. Lyon was also in 1777-79 Clerk of oyer and termiuer, and prothonotary. Clerks Orphans^ Courts, Oyer and Terminer, and Prothonotaries. — 1798, William Lyon; 1809, WiUiam Eamsey; 1816, Robert McCoy. Prothonotaries. — 1750-70, Hermanns Alricks, Turbutt Francis, John Agnew; 1777, Wm. Lyon; 1820, B. Aughinbaugh; 1823, John P. Helfenstein; 1826, E. McCoy; 1828, WUlis Foulke; 1829, John Harper; 1835, George Fleming; 1839, George Sanderson; 1842, Thomas H. Criswell; 1845, William M. Beetem; 1848, James F. Lamberton; 1851, George Zinn, Jr. ; 1854, Daniel K. Noell; 1857, Philip Quigley; 1860, Benjamin Duke; 1863, Samuel Shireman; 1866, John P. Brindle 1869, Wm. V. Cavanaugh; 1872, David W. Worst; 1875, John M. Wallace; 1878, Robert M. Graham; 1881, James A. Sibbet; 1884, Lewis Masonheimer. Registers and Recorders. — 1798, George Kline; 1804, Francis Gibson; 1809, George Kline; 1816, William Line; 1820, F.-Sharretts: 1823-28, J. Hendell; 1829, John L;vine. Registers (only). — 1834, James G. Oliver; 1835, Wm. Line; 1839, Isaac Ang- ney; 1842, Jacob Bretz; 1845, James McCulloch; 1848, Wm. Gould; 1851, A L. Sponsler; 1854, Wm. Lytle; 1857, Samuel M. Emminger; 1860, Ernest N. Brady; 1863, George W. North; 1866, Jacob Dorsheimer; 1869, Joseph Neely; 1872, JohnReep; 1875, Martin GUswiler; 1878, J. M. Drawbaugh; 1881, C. Jacoby; 1884, Lemuel E. Spong. Corowers.— 1765-67, James Jack; 1768-70, William Denny; 1771-73, Samuel Laird; 1774-76, James Pollock; 1777, John Martin; 1778, William Eippey; 1779, WiUiam Holmes 1781, WUliam Rippey; 1783, John Eea. Clerks of Court.— 1820, John McGinnis; 1823-26, John Irvine; 1828, F. Sharretts; 1829, R. Angney. Clerks and Recorders. — 1832, Eeinneck Angney; 1834, John Irvine; 1836, Thos. Craighead; 1839, Willis Foulke; 1842, Eobt. Wilson; 1845, John Goodyear; 1848, John Hyer; 1851, Samuel Martin; 1854, John M. Gregg; 1857, Daniel S. Croft; 1860, John B. Floyd; 1863, Bphraim Cormnan; 1866, Samuel Bixler; 1869, George C. Sheaffer; 1872, George S. Emig; 1875, D. B. Stevick; 1878, John Sheafifer; 1881, D. B. Saxton; 1884, John Zinn. Sheriffs.— 1149, John Potter; 1750, Ezekiel Dunning; 1756, Wm. Parker; 1759, Ezekiel Smith; 1762, Ezekiel Dunning; 1765, John Holmes; 1768, David Hoge; 1771, Ephraim Blaine; 1774, Eobt. Semple; 1777, James Johnson; 1780, John Hoge; 1783, Sam'l Postlethwaite; 1786, Chas. Leeper; 1789, Thos. Buchanan; 1792, James Wallace; 1795, Jacob Crever; 1798, John Carothers; 1801, Eobt. Greyson; 1804, George Stroup; 1807, John Carothers; 1810, John Boden; 1813, John Rupley; 1816, Andrew Mitchell; 1819, Peter Eitney; 1822, James Neal; 1825, John Clippinger; 1828, Martin Dunlap; 1831, George Beetem; 1834, Michael Holoomb; 1837, John Myers; 1840, Paul Martin; 1843, Adam Longsdorf; 1846, James Hoffer; 1849, David Smith;, 138 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 1852, Joseph McDarmond; 1855, Jacob Bowman; 1858, Eobert McCartney; 1861, J. Thompson Eippey; 1864, John Jacobs; 1867, Joseph C. Thompson; 1870, James K. Foreman; 1873, Joseph Totten; 1876, David H. GiU; 1879, A. A. Thomson; 1882, George B. Eyster; 1885, James E. Dixon. Treasurers.— 1181, Stephen Duncan; 1789, Alex McEeehan; 1795, Eobt. Miller; 1800, James Duncan; 1805, Hugh Boden; 1807, John Boden; 1810, Eobert McCoy; 1813, John McGinnis; 1815, Andrew Boden; 1817, George McFeely; 1820, Jas. Thompson; 1824, Geo. McFeely; 1826, Alex. Nesbitt; 1829, Hendricks Weise; 1832, John Phillips; 1835, Jason W.Eby; 1838, Wm. S. Eamsey; 1839, Eobt. Snodgrass; 1841, Wm. M. Mateer; 1843, Eobt. Moore, Jr. ; 1845, David N. Mahon; 1847, Eobt. Moore, Jr. ; 1849, Wm. M. Porter; 1851, William S. Cobean; 1853, N. Wilson Woods; 1855, Adam Senseman; 1857, Moses Bricker; 1859, Alfred L. Sponsler; 1861, John Gutshall; 1863, Henry S. Eitter; 1865, Levi Zeigler ; 1867, Christian Mellinger; 1869, George Wetzel; 1871, George Bobb: 1873, Levan H. Orris; 1875, A. Agnew Thom- son; 1878, JohnC. Eckels; 1881, W. H. Longsdorff; 1884, Jacob Hemminger. District Attorneys.— 1850, Wm. H. Miller; 1853 and 1858, Wm. J. Shearer; 1859 and 1864, J. W. D. Gillelen; 1865 and 1870, C. E. Maglaughlin; 1871, W. F. Sadler; 1874, F. E. Beltzhoover; 1877, George S. Ewing; 1880, John. M. Wetzel; 1883, John T. Stuart. , County Commissioners. — 1839, Alex. M. Kerr; 1840, Michael Mishler; 1841, Jacob Eehrar; 1842, Eobt. Laird; 1843, Christian Titzel; 1844, Jefferson Worthington; 1845, David Sterrett; 1846, Daniel Coble; 1847, John Mell; 1848, James Kelso; 1849, John Sprout; 1850, Wm. H. Trout; 1851, James G. Cressler; 1852, John Bobb; 1853, James Armstrong; 1854, George M. Gra- ham; 4,855, Wm. M. Henderson; 1856, Andrew Kerr; 1857, Sam'l Magaw; 1858, Nath'l H. Eckels; 1859, James H. Waggoner; 1860, George MUler; 1861, Michael Kast; 1862, George Scobey; 1863, John McCoy, three years; Mitchell McClellan, two years; 1864, Henry Karns, John Harris; 1865, Alex. F. Meek; 1866, Michael G. Hale; 1867, Allen Floyd; 1869, Jacob Ehoads; 1870, David Deitz; 1871, J. C. Sample; 1872, Samuel Ernst; 1873, Jacob Barber; 1874, Joseph Bautz; 1875, Jacob Barber; 1878, Jacob Barber, Hugh Boyd; 1881, Hugh Boyd, Alfred B. Strock; 1884, James B. Brown, George Hauck. President Judges.— 1150-51, Samuel Smith; 1757, Francis West; 1791, Thos. Smith; 1794, Jas. Eiddle; 1800, John Joseph Henry; 1806, James. Hamilton; 1819, Chas. Smith; 1820, John Eeed; 1838, Sam'l Hepburn; 1848, Fred'k Watts; 1851, James H. Graham; 1871, Benj. F. Junkin; 1875, Mar- tin C. Herman; 1884, Wilbur F. Sadler. Associate Judges. — 1791, James Dunlap, John Jordan, Jonathan Hoge, Sam'l Laird; 1794, John Montgomery; 1800, Wm. Moore, JohnCreigh; 1813, Ephraim Steel; 1814, Jacob Hendel; 1818, Isaiah Graham; 1819, James Arm- strong; 1828, Wm, Line; 1835, James Stewart, John LeFevre; 1842, T. 0. Miller; 1847, John Clendenin; 1851, Sam'l Woodbum, John Eupp; 1856, Sam'l Woodburn, Michael Cochlin; 1861, Eobt. Bryson; 1862, Hugh Stuart; 1866, Thos. P. Blair; 1871, John Clendenin, Eobt. Montgomery; 1872, Hen- ry G. Moser, Abram Witmer. MEMBEES OF CONGRESS, SENATORS AND ASSEMBLYMEN. Representatives in Congress. — 1775-77, Col. James WUson; 1778-80, Gen. John Armstrong; 1783 (to July 4), John Montgomerv; 1797-1805, John A. Hanna; 1805-13, Eobt. Whitehill; 1813-14, Wm. Cr'awford; 1815-21, Wm. P. Maclay; 1827-33, Wm. "Eamsey; 1833 (unexpired term), C. T. H. Craw- HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 137 ford; 1535-37, Jesse Miller; 1838-40, Wm. Sterrett Eamsey; 1841-43, Amos Gustine; 1843-47, James Black; 1847-49, Jasper B. Brady; 1849-53, J. X. McLanahan; 1853-55, Wm. H. Kurtz; 1855-57, Lemuel Todd; 1857-59, John A. Ahl; 1859-61, Benj. P. Junkin; 1861-65, Joseph Bailey; 1865-69, Adam J. Glossbrenner; 1869-73, Richard J. Haldeman; 1873-75, John A. Magee, also Lemuel Todd at large; 1875-79, Levi Maish; 1879-81, Frank E. Beltzhoover; 1883, W. A. Duncan (died in office, and Dr. John A. Swope, of Gettysburg, elected to fill vacancy December 23, 1884; also re-elected in No- vember, 1885). State Senators.— 1841-43, J. X. McLanahan; 1844-46, Wm. B. Ander- son; 1847-49, Robt. C. Sterrett; 1850-52, Joseph Baily; 1853-55, Sam' I Wherry; 1856-58, Henry Fetter; 1859-61, Wm. B. Irwine; 1862-64, George H. Bucher; 1865-67, A. Heistand Glatz; 1868-70, Andrew G. Miller; 1871- 74, James M. Weakley; 1875-78, James Chestnut; 1878, Isaac Hereter; 1882,. Samuel C. Wagner. Representatives in Assembly. — 1779-80, Abraham Smith, Sam'l Cuthbert- son, Fredk. Watts, Jona. Hoge, John Harris, Wm. McDowell, Ephraim Steel; 1780-81, S. Cuthbertson, Stephen Duncan, Wm. Brown, J. Hoge, John An- drew, John Harris, John Allison; 1781-82, James McLean, John AUison, Jas. Johnston, Wm. Brown, Robt. Magaw, John Montgomery, Stephen Duncan; 1782-83, S. Duncan, John Carothers, J. Johnston, Wm. Brown, Jas. McLene, J. Hoge, Patrick MaxweU; 1783-84, Wm. Brown, of Carlisle, F. Watts, Jas. Johnston, John Carothers, Abraham Smith, Wm. Brown, Robt. WhitehUl; 1814, Jacob Alter, Samuel Fenton, Jas. Lowry, Andrew Boden and Wm. An- derson; 1815, Philip Peffer, Wm. Wallace and Solomon Gorgas; 1824, James Dunlap; 1829, Wm. Alexander, Peter Lobaoh; 1833, Michael Cochlin, Sam'l McKeehan; 1834, David Emmert; 1835, William Runsha (died suddenly in oface), Chas. McClure; 1836-38, Wm. R. Gorgas, Jas. Woodburn; 1840, Abraham Smith McKinney, John Zimmerman; 1841, Wm. Barr, Joseph Cul- ver; 1842, James Kennedy, Geo. Brindle; 1843, Francis Eckels; 1843-44, Jacob Heck; 1844, Geo. Brindle; 1845, Augustus H. Van Hoff, Joseph M. Means; 1846, James Mackey, Armstrong Noble ; 1847, Jacob LeFevre; 1847-48, Abraham Lamberton; 1848, Geo. Rupley; 1849-50, Henry Church, Thos. E. Scouller; 1851, Ellis J. Bonham; 1851-52, Robt. M. Henderson; 1852-53, David J. McKee; 1853, Henry J. Moser; 1854, Montgomery Donaldson, Geo. W. Criswell; 1855-56, William Harper, James Anderson; 1857, Chas. C. Brandt; 1857-58, Hugh Stuart; 1858-59, John McCurdy; 1859, John Power; 1860, Wm. B. Irvine, Wm. Louther; 1861, Jesse Kennedy; 1861-62, John P. Ehoads; 1863-64, John D. Bowman; 1865-66, Philip Long; 1867-68, Theo- dore Cornman; 1869-70, John B. Leidig; 1871-72, Jacob Bomberger; 1873- 74, Wm. B. Butler; 1874-75, G. M. Mumper; 1876-77, Sam'l W. Means; 1877-78, Samuel A. Bowers; 1878-80, Alfred M. Rhoads, Robt. M. Cochran, Jr. ; 1882, Geo. M. D. Eckels, John Graham. Representatives in Supreme Executive Council. — March 4, 1777, Jonathan Hoge; November 9, 1778 (from what is now Franklin County), James Mc- Lean; December 28, 1779, Robert Whitehill, of East Pennsborough ; 1781- 84, John Byers. In the committee of safety John Montgomery was representative from Cumberland County during the life of the committee. William Lyon was a member of the Council of Safety until its close, December 4, 1777. Commissioners in Assembly, efc.— Prom November, 1777, and later, Will- iam Duffield, James McLean, William Clark, James Brown, Robert Whitehill, John Harris. In 1777 John Andrew was commissioner of the county, while 138 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. James Lyon, William McClure, William Finley, James McKee, James Laird and George Robinson were assessors. William Piper was collector of excise in 1778, and Matthew Henderson in 1779, William Irvine in 1781, and John Buchanan in 1782. James Poe became commissioner of taxes October 22, 1783, and Stephen Duncan county treasurer. J. Agnew was at the same time clerk of the quarter sessions, over which court John Eannells, Esq. , presided for some time subsequent to January 20, 1778, on which date the "Grand In- quest for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the body of the County of Cumberland" presented the following: "That the public Court House of the County of Cumberland is now occupied by Capt. Coran and his men, who are employed in the service of the United States, as a laboratory and store- house, and has been occupied by the people in the service of the United States for a considerable time past, so that the County of Cumberland can not have the use of the said Court House, but are obliged to hire other places for the county' s use — they are of opinion that the United States ought to pay to the treasurer of the County of Cumberland, after the rate of £10 per month, monthly and every month Capt. Coran hath been possessed of said Court House, and for every month he or they may continue to occupy it, not exceeding the 20th day of April next; and of this they desire that Capt. Coran, or the com- manding officer of the laboratory company, may have notice. Per Wm. Moore, foreman." CHAPTER VIII. Bench and Bab— Provincial Period— From the Revolution Until the Adoption or the Constitution of 1790 — Constitutional Period. I. PROVINCIAL PERIOD. THE bar of Cumberland County had its birth in the colonial period of our history — in the days when Pennsylvania was a province, and when George II was the reigning king. Courts of justice had been established by the proprietaries in the settled portions of the province, at first under the laws of the Duke of York, and subsequently under the rules of the common law ; but the necessity for them became greater as the population increased, as new sec- tions were settled, and it was this necessity for the establishment of courts of justice nearer than Lancaster, in this newly settled portion of Pennsylvania, which was the principal reason for the formation of Cumberland County in 1750. From this period begins the history of our bar. For nearly one hundred years succeeding the settlement of Pennsylvania, few of the justices knew anything of the theory or practice of law, until after they had received their commissions from the King. Even the ' ' Provincial Council, ' ' which was the high court of appeal, and which was presided over by the governor of the province, had frequently no lawyer in it ; but by the time of the formation of our coun- ty a race of lawyers had arisen in Pennsylvania, who ' ' traveled upon the circuit" — many of whom became eminent in the State and nation — whose names will be found in the early annals of our bar. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 139 COURTS AT SHIPPENSBUSa. The first courts in the Cumberland Valley were held at Shippensburg; four terms, dating from the 24th of July, 1750, to and including April, 1751. But when Carlisle (Letort' s Spring, as it had been called) was laid out and chosen by the proprietaries as the county seat, they were removed to that place. At the first term of court in Shippensburg Samuel Smith, who had been a member of the Colonial Assembly, and his associate justices presided ; John Potter had been appointed the first sheriff, and Hermanns Alricks, of Carlisle, a grandson of Peter Alricks, who came from Holland in 1682 with dispatches to the Dutch on the Delaware, and who was himself, at this time (1749-50), the first representative of Cumberland County in the assembly, produced his com- mission from the governor of the province, under the great seal, as clerk of the peace for the said county, which was read and recorded. FIRST COURTS AT CARLISLE. The first court held at Carlisle was in the year immediately succeeding the formation of the county, and was ' ' a court of general quarter sessions, held at Carlisle, for the county of Cumberland, the twenty-third day of July, 1751, in the twenty-fifth year of our Sovereign Lord, King George II, over Great Britain, etc. Before Samuel Smith, Esq., and his associate justices." These first courts were probably held in " a temporary log building on the northeast corner of the public square. ' ' The court house was used during the Eevolution, and as late as January, 1778, by Capt. Coran and a company of United States troops as a laboratory, so that the justices were compelled to hold courts at temporary places elsewhere. THE EARLY COURTS. The justices who presided were commissioned, through the governor of the province, by the King. The number of these justices varied from time to time. The courts of quarter sessions and common pleas were held four times each year, and private sessions, presided over often by the associate justices, irregularly, as occasion called for. At the beginning of our history the public prosecutor was the Crown, and all criminal cases are entered accordingly in the name of the King, as: The King vs. John Smith. This is until the Revolution, when, about 1778, the form is changed to " Pennsylvania us. ," which is used until August, 1795, after which the form ''Bespublica vs. " is used until August, 1832, when the word "Commonwealth," which is now in use, appears. The form of the pleadings at this early period may be considered curious: The King ) vs. y Sur Indictment for Assault and Battery. Charles Mcsrat. ) Being charged with avers he is not guilty as in the indictment is supposed, and upon this he puts himself upon the court and upon the King's attorney likewise. But now the defendant comes into court and retracts his plea, not being willing to contend with our Sovereign Lord, the King. Protests his innocence and prays to be ad- mitted to a small fine. Whereupon it is adjudged by the court that he pay the sum of two shillings, six pence. October term, 1751. Besides the ordinary actions of trespass, debt, slander, assault and battery and the like, there were actions in the early courts against persons for settling on land unpurchased from the Indians, and quite a number ' ' for selling liquor to the Indians without license. ' ' For the lighter offenses there were fines and imprisonments, and for the felonies the ignominious punishment of the whip- ping post and pillory. 140 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COCNTY. This was then the ordinary method of punishment and the form of the sentence was, to take one of many instances, ' ' that he [the culprit] receive twenty -one lashes well laid on his bare back, at the public whipping-post in Carlisle, to-morrow morning, between the hours of eleven and twelve o'clock, that he make restitution to Wm. Anderson in the sum of £18, 14 shillings and 6 pence. That he make fine to the Governor in the like sum, and stand committed until fine and fees be paid." — [January term, 1751.] "Twenty-one lashes ' ' was the usual number, although in some few cases they were less. The whipping-post seems to have been abandoned during the Revolution, as we find the last mention of it in the records of our court in April, 1779. These records also show that the justices of the courts, who seem to have been ex officio justices of the peace, superintended the laying out of roads, granted licences, took acknowledgments of deeds and registered the private marks or brands of cattle. They exercised a paternal supervision over bond servants, regulated the length of their terms of service, and sometimes, at the request probably of the prisoners, sold them out of goal as servants for a term of years, in order that they might be able to pay the fines imposed. In short the cases in these early courts, whicl} had distinct equity powers, seem to have been determined according to the suggestions of right reason, as well as by the fixed principles of law. FOUNDATION OP THE COUETS. In order that we may get some idea of the foundation of the courts in Cum- berland County — of the authority, in the days of kings, from which their power was derived — it may be interesting to turn to the old commissions, in which the power of the early justices was more or less defined. A commission issued in October, 1755, appointing Edward Shippen, Sr., George Stevenson and John Armstrong, justices, is as follows: GREETING: Know ye that reposing special Trust and Confidence in your Loyalty, Integrity, Prudence and Ability, TTs Aare assigned you or any two of you our Justices to En- quire by The Oaths or afiBrmation of honest and Lawful men of the said Counties of York and Cumberland * * of all Treasons, Murders and such other Crimes as are by the Laws of our said Province made Capital or felonies of death * * * to have and determine the said Treasons, Murders, etc., according to Law, and upon Conviction of any person or persons. Judgment or sentence to pronounce and execution thereupon to award as The Law doth or shall direct. And we have also appointed you, the said Edward Shippen, George Stevenson and John Armstrong, or any two of you, our justices, to de- liver the Goals of York and Cumberland aforesaid of the prisoners in the same being for any crime or crimes. Capital or Felonies aforesaid, and therefore we command you that at certaint imes, which you or any two of you shall consider of, you meet together at the Court Houses of the~8aid Counties of York apd Cumberland, to deliver the said goals and Make diligent inquiry of and upon the premises, and hear and Determine all and singular the said premises, and do and accomplish these things in the form aforesaid, acting always therein as to justice according to Law shall appertain. Saving to us the Amerceiments and other things to us thereof Belonging, for we have commanded the SherifEs of the said Counties of York and Cumberland that at certain days, which you shall make known to them, to cause to come before you all of the prisoners of the Goals and their attachments, and also so many and such honest and Lawful men of their several Bailiwicks as may be necessary by whom the truth of the matters concearning maybe the better known and en- quired. In testimony whereof we have caused the Great Seal of our Province to be here- HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 141 unto affixed. Witness, Robert Turner Morris, Esq. (by virtue of a commission from Thomas Penn and Ricbard Penn, Esqs., true and absolute proprietaries of this Province), "with our Royal approbation, Lieutenant-Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Province aforesaid and counties of New Castel, Thrent and Sussex-on-Delaware. At Philadelphia, the ninth day of October, in the year of our Lord one thousand, seven hundred and flfty- flve and in the twenty-ninth year of our reign. Signed, Robert T. Morris. Another commission was issued April 5, 1757, to John Armstrong, appoint- ing him a justice of the court of common pleas for the county of Cumberland. The powers of these provincial justices were much more extensive then than those which belong to the office of a justice now, and for some time the coun- ty of Cumberland, over which their jurisdiction extended, included nearly all of Pennsylvania west of the Susquehanna. Many of the justices who were appointed never appear upon the bench. Not less than three presided at each term of court, one as the presiding justice and the others as associates. Sometimes only the name of the presiding jus- tice is given; sometimes all are mentioned. They seem to have held various terms, and to have rotated without any discoverable rule of regularity. The justices who, with their associates, presided during the provincial period, until the breaking out of the revolution, were as follows: JUSTICES DURING THE PROVINCIAL PERIOD. Samuel Smith, from July, 1750, to October, 1757 ; Francis West, from Oc- tober, 1757, to 1759; John Armstrong, Francis West and Hermanus Alricks, January, 1760; Francis West, July, 1760; John McKnight, October, 1760; John Armstrong, April, 1761; James Galbreath, October, 1761; John Arm- strong, January, 1762; James Galbreath, April, 1762; John Armstrong, July, 1762; Thomas Wilson, April, 1763; John Armstrong, from October, 1763, to April, 1776. The above embraces the names of all the justices who presided prior to the Revolution, with the exception possibly of a few, who held but a single term of court. It will be seen that from October, 1757, the judges rotated irregularly at brief intervals until October, 1763, when John Armstrong occupied the bench for a period of nearly thirteen years. Of these justices John McKnight was afterward a captain in the Eevolution; Francis West was an Englishman who went to Ireland and then immigrated to America and settled in Carlisle in or before 1753. He was an educated man and a loyalist. His sister Ann became the wife of his friend and co- justice, Hermanus Alricks, and his daughter, of the same name, married Col. George Gibson, the father of John Bannister Gibson, who was afterward to become the chief justice of Pennsylvania. Francis West some time prior to the Revo- lution moved to Sherman' s Valley, where he died in 1783. Thomas Wilson lived near Carlisle. James Galbreath, another of these justices, was born in 1703, in the north of Ireland. He was a man of note on the frontier, and the early provincial records of Pennsylvania contain frequent reference to him. He had been sher- iff of Lancaster in 1742, and for many years a justice of that county. He had served in the Indian wars of 1755-63, and some time previous to 1762 had removed to Cumberland County. He died June 11, 1786, in what was then East Pennsborough Township. Hermanus Alricks was the first clerk of the courts, from 1750 to 1770, and the first representative of Cumberland Counly in the Provincial Assembly. He was born about 1730 in Philadelphia. He settled in Carlisle about 1749 or 1750, and brought with him his bride, a young lady lately from Ireland, •with her brother, Francis West, then about to settle in the same place. He 142 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. was a man of mark and influence in the valley west of the Susquehanna. -He died in Carlisle December 14, 1772. But the greatest of these, and " the noblest Roman of them all, " was Col. John Armstrong. He first appears as a surveyor under the proprietary gov- ernment, and made the second survey of Carlisle in 1761. In 1755 we find him commissioned a justice of the courts by George II, and from 1763 until his duties as a major-general in the Revolution called him from the bench, we find him, for a period of nearly thirteen years, presiding over our courts. He was at this time already a colonel, and had already distinguished himself in the Indian war. In 1755 he had cleaned out the nest of savages at Kittan- ning, and had received a medal from the corporation of Philadelphia. When, later the Revolution broke out, we find him, in 1776, a brigadier-general of the Continental Army (commissioned March 1, 1776), and in the succeeding year a major-general in command of the Pennsylvania troops. He was a warm, personal friend of Washington. He was a member of Congress in 1778-80, and 1787-88. It was, probably, owing to his influence, in a great measure, that the earliest voice of indignant protest was raised in Carlisle against the action of Great Britain against the colonies. ' ' He was a man of intelligence, integrity, resolute and brave, and, though living habitually in the fear of the Lord, he feared not the face of man. ' ' * He died March 9, 1795, aged seventy- five years. He was buried in the old grave-yard at Carlisle. PHOSEOUTOES rOH THE CEOWN. In this provincial period these were our judges: George Ross, afterward a signer of the Declaration of Independence, was the public prosecutor for the Crown from 1751 to 1764; Robert Magaw follows in 1765-66, and Jasper Yeates in 1770; Benjamin Chew, who was a member of the Provincial Coun- cil, and afterward, during the Revolution, a Loyalist, was, at this time, 1759- 68, attorney-general, and prosecuted many of the criminal cases, from 1759 to 1769, in our courts. He was, in 1777, with some others, received by the sheriff of this county, and held at Staunton, Va. , till the conclusion of the war. PEACTITIONEES. The earliest practitioners at our bar, from 1759 to 1764, were George Ross, James Smith (afterward a signer of the Declaration of Independence), James Campbell, Samuel Johnston, Jasper Teates and Robert Magaw. From 1764 to 1770, George Stevenson, James Wilson (also a signer of the Declaration of Independence), Jam.es Hamilton (afterward judge), David Sample, David Grier, Wetzel, Morris, and Samuel Johnston, were the leading attorneys. Up to this time Magaw, Stevenson and Wilson had the largest practice. During this period, in 1770, Col. Turbutt Francis becomes clerk of the court, as successor of Hermanns Alricks; and from 1771 to 1774, Ephraim Blaine, afterward commissary in the Revolution, and the grandfather of the Hon. James G. Blaine, of Maine, was sheriff of the county. THE BAE IN 1776. During this first year of our independence the practitioners at the bar were John Steel (already in large practice), James Campbell, George Stevenson, James Wilson, Samuel Johnston, David Grier, Col. Thomas Hartley (of York), Jasper Yeates, James Smith, Edward Burd and Robert Galbreath. It is a noteworthy fact that two of the men who practiced in our courts in this mem- orable year were signers of the Declaration of Independence. ♦Chamber's tribute to the Scotch-Irish settlers, p. 88. HISTORY OF CUMBBKLAND COUNTY. 145. Hon. George Boss, who, at the age of twenty-two, was the first public prosecutor for the Crown in our courts in Cumberland County, was the son of George Boss, an Episcopal minister, and was born in New Castle, Del. , in 1730. He began the practice of law in Lancaster in 1751. He acted as prose- cuting attorney for the Crown in our county from 1751 to 1764, and practiced in our courts until October, 1772. He was a member of the Colonial Assem- bly of Pennsylvania from 1768 to 1776, and when this body ceased, or was continued in the Legislature, he was a member of that body also. In 1774 he was one of the committee of seven who represented Pennsylvania in the Con- tinental Congress, and remained a member until January, 1777. He was a signer of the Declaration of Independence. He died at Lancaster in July, 1779. In appearance George Koss was a very handsome man, with a high forehead, regular features, oval face, long hair, worn in the fashion of the day, and pleasing countenance. Col. James Smith is one of the earliest names found as a practicioner, in this provincial period, at the bar of Cumberland County. There is a brief notice of him in Day's Historical Collections. He was an Irishman by birth, but came to this country when quite young. In Graydon' s Memoirs it is stated that he was educated at the college in Philadelphia, was admitted to the bar, and afterward removed to the vicinity of Shippensburg, and there established himself as a lawyer. From there he removed to York, where he continued to reside until his death, July 11, 1806, at the age of about ninety-three years. He was a member of Congress in 1775-78. He was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. For a period of sixty years he had a large and lu- crative practice in the eastern counties, from which he withdrew in about 1800. During the Revolution he commanded, as colonel, a regiment in the Penn- sylvania line. A more extended notice of him can be found in Saunderson's or Lossings' Lives of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. James Wilson LL. D. is another of these earliest practitioners at the bar. His name occurs on the records as early as 1763. He was a Scotchman by birth, born in 1742, and had received a finished education at St. Andrews, Edin- burgh and Glasgow, under Dr. Blair in rhetoric, and Dr. Watts in logic. In 1766 he had come to reside in Philadelphia, where he studied law with John Dickinson, the colonial governor, and founder of Dickinson College. When^ admitted to practice he took up his residence in Carlisle, and at once forged to the foremost of our bar. At the meeting at Carlisle, in July, 1774, which protested against the action of Great Britain against the colonies, he, with Irvine and Magaw, was appointed a delegate to meet those of other counties of the State, as the initiatory step to a general convention of delegates from the different colonies. He was subsequently a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and when the motion for independence was finally acted upon in Congress, the vote of Pennsylvania was carried in its favor by the casting vote of James Wilson, of Cumberland County. "He had," says Ban- croft, in his History of the United States, " at an early day foreseen independ- ence as the probable, though not the intended result of the contest," and al- though he was not, at first, avowedly in favor of a severance from the mother country, he desired it when he had received definite instructions from his con- stituents, and when he saw that nearly the whole mass of the people were in favor of it. In 1776 he was a colonel in the Bevolution. From 1779 to 1783 he held the position of advocate-general for the French nation, whose business it was to draw up plans for regulating the intercourse of that country with the United States, for which services he received a reward, from the French King, of 1 000 livres. He was at this time director of the Bank of North America. 146 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. He was one of the most prominent members in the convention of 1787 which formed the constitution of the United States. "Of the fifty-five dele- gates," says McMaster, in his History of the People of the United States, "he was undoubtedly the best prepared by deep and systematic study of the his- tory and science of government, for the work that lay before him. The Mar- quis de Chastellux, himself a no mean student, had been -struck with the wide range of his erudition, and had spoken in high terms of his library. 'There,' said he, ' are all our best writers on law and jurisprudence. The works of President Montesquieu and of Chancellor D'Aguesseau hold the first rank among them, and he makes them his daily study.' (Travels of Marquis de Chastelhix in North America p. 109. ) This learning Wilson had in times past turned to excellent use, and he now became one of the most active members of the convention. None, with the exception of Gouverneur Morris, was so often on his feet during the debates or spoke more to the purpose. ' ' * [McMaster' s History Vol. I, p. 421.] By this time Wilson had removed from Carlisle and lived in Philadelphia. He was appointed, under the Federal Constitution, one of the first judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, by President Washington, in which office he continued until his death. In 1790 he was appointed professor of law in the legal college at Philadelphia, which, during his incumbency, was united with the university. He received the degree of LL.D., and delivered a course of lectures on jurisprudence which were published. He died August 26, 1798, aged fifty-six. Col. Robert Magaw, was another practitioner at this early period. He was an Irishman by birth, and resided in Cumberland County, prior to the Revolu- tion, in which war he served as colonel of the Fifth Pennsylvania Battalion. In 1774 he was one of the delegates from this county to a convention at Phila- delphia for the purpose of concerting measures to call a general congress of delegates from all the colonies. He was a prominent member of the bar, a brave officer, and a trustee of Dickinson CoUege from 1783 until his death. He had a very large practice prior to the Revolution. He died January 7, 1790. The name of Jasper Yeates appears upon our records as early as 1763, and for a period of twenty-one years (1784) his name appears as a practitioner at our bar. He resided in Lancaster. He was an excellent lawyer and practiced over a large territory in the eastern counties of the State. On March 21, 1791, he was appointed by Gov. Mifflin one of the associate justices of the su- preme court, which position he fiUed until the time of his death in 1817. In appearance he was tall, portly, with handsome countenance, florid complexion and blue eyes. He was the compiler of the early Pennsylvania reports which bear his name. George Stevenson, LL. D. , was a prominent member of the bar in 1776. His name appears upon the records as early as 1770. He was born in Dublin in 1718, educated at Trinity College, and emigrated to America about the middle of the century. He was appointed deputy surveyor-general under Nicholas Scull for the three lower counties on the Delaware, known as the ' ' territories of Pennsylvania," which William Penn obtained from the Duke of York in 1682. He afterward removed to York and was appointed a justice under George II in 1755. [See commission, page 7.] In 1769 he moved to Carlisle and became a leading member of the bar. He died at this place in 1783. Some of his correspondence may be seen in the Colonial Records, and the Pennsylvania Archives. He married the widow of Thomas Cookson, a distinguished lawyer of Lancaster, who was instructed, in connection with Nicholas Scull, to lay out the town of Carlisle in 1751. *A3 a matter of curiosity we may mention; number of speeches were Morris, 173; Wilson, 168; Madison, 161; .Sherman, 138; Mason, 136; Elbrldge Gerry, 119. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 147 Papt. John Steel was a prominent member of our bar in 1776. He had been admitted, on motion of Col. Magaw, only three years previously, April term, 1773, and seems immediately to have come into a large practice. We find him having a large practice again from 1 782 to 1785, shortly after which date his name disappears from the records. Capt. John Steel was the son of Eev. John Steel, known as the "fighting parson," and was born at Carlisle, July 15, 1744. Parson Steel led a company of men from Carlisle and acted as a chaplain in the Eevolutionary Army, whUe his son, John Steel, the subject of our sketch, led, as a captain, a company of men from the same place, and joined the army of Washington after he had crossed the Delaware. He was the father of Amelia Steel, the mother of the late Eobert Given, of Carlisle. He married Agnes Moore, a sister of Mrs. Jane Thompson, who was the mother of Eliza- beth Bennett, the maternal grandmother of the writer. He died about 1812. Col. Thomas Hartley, who appeared as a practitioner at our bar in 1776, was born in Berks County in 1748. He received the rudiments of a classical education at Reading, when he went to York at the age of eighteen, and stud- ied law under Samuel Johnston. He commenced practice in 1769. He ap- pears as a practitioner at our bar from April, 1771, to 1797. Col. Hartley be- came distinguished, both in the cabinet and the field. In 1774 he was elected member of the Provincial Meeting of deputies, which met in Philadelphia in July of that year. In the succeeding year he was a member of the Provincial Convention. In the beginning of the war he became a colonel in the Revolution. He served in 1778 in the Indian war on the west branch of the Susquehanna, and in the same year was elected a member of the Legislature from York County. In 1783 he was a member of the council of censors. In 1787 he was a member of the State Convention, which adopted the Federal Constitution. In 1788 he was elected to Congress and served for a period of twelve years. In 1800 he was commissioned by Gov. McKean major-general of the Fifth Division of Pennsylvania Militia. He was an ex- cellent lawyer, a pleasant speaker, and had a large practice. He died in York December 21, 1800, aged fifty-two years. * These were some of the men who practiced at our bar in the memorable year 1776, men who by their services in the forum and the field helped to lay broad and deep the foundations of the government which we enjoy. II. FEOM THE REVOLUTION UKTIL THE ADOPTION OP THE CONSTITUTION OF 1790. From the period of the Revolution, until the adoption of the constitution of 1790, the courts were presided over by the following justices: John Rannalls and associates, from 1776 to January, 1785; Samuel Laird and associates, from January, 1785, to January, 1786; Thomas Beals and associates, April, 1786; John Jordan and associates, from July, 1786, till October, 1791. Owing to the adoption of the Declaration, and the necessity of taking anew the oath, most of the attorneys were re-admitted in 1778. Among these were Jasper Yeates, James Smith, James Wilson, Edward Burd and David Grier. Thomas Hartley was re-admitted in July of the succeeding year. James Hamilton, who afterward became the fourth judge under the Consti- *Brief sketches of him will be found in Day's Historical CoUectioDB, and in " Otzinachson, " p. 335-6. Also in the Archives and Records. 148 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. tution was admitted to practice upon the motion of Col. Thomas Hartly in AprU, 1781. Among the names of those who practiced during this period between the Revolution and the adoption of the Constitution of 1790, are the following: Hon. Edward Shippen was admitted to our bar in October, 1778. He was the son of Edward Shippen, Sr., the founder of Shippensburg, and was bom February 16, 1729. In 1748 he was sent to England to be educated at the Inns of Court. In 1771 he was a member of the "Proprietary and Governors' Council." He afterward rose rapidly and became chief justice of Pennsyl- vania. He was the father of the wife of Gen. Benedict Arnold. During the Eevolution his sympathies were with England, but owing to the purity of his character and the impartiality with which he discharged his official duties, the new government restored him to the bench. His name appears upon our records as late as 1800. James Hamilton was admitted in April, 1781. He afterward became the fourth president judge of our judicial district. He was an Irishman by birth, and was admitted to the bar in his native country, but immigrated to America before the Eevolution, and first settled for a short time in Pittsburgh, then a small frontier settlement, but soon afterward removed to Carlisle, where he acquired a large practice. Hon. Thomas Duncan's name is found as a practitioner as early as 1781;* The date of his admission to the bar is not known to us. He was of Scotch ancestry, and a native of Carlisle. He was educated, it is said, under Dr. Eamsey, the historian, and studied law in Lancaster, under Hon. Jasper Yeates, then one of the judges of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. On his admission to the bar he returned to his native place and began the practice of law; his rise was rapid, and in less than ten years from his admission he was the acknowledged leader of his profession in the midland counties of the State, and for nearly thirty years he continued to hold this eminent position. He had, during this period, perhaps, the largest practice of any lawyer in Pennsylvania outside of Philadelphia. In 1817 he was appointed by Gov. Snyder to the bench of the supreme court, in place of Judge Yeates, deceased. He shortly after removed to Phila- delphia where he resided until his death, which occurred on the 16th of November, 1827. During the ten years he sat upon the bench, associated with Tilghman and Gibson, he contributed largely to our stock of judicial opinions, and the re- ports contain abundant memorials of his industry and learning. These opin- ions begin with the third volume of "Sergeant & Eawle," and end with the seventeenth volume of the same series. For years preceding the beginning of the present century and under five of the judges after the adoption of the first constitution, namely: Smith, Eid- dle, Henry, Hamilton and Charles Smith, Thomas Duncan practiced at our bar. As a lawyer he was distinguished by acuteness of discernment, prompt- ness of decision, an accurate knowledge of character and a ready recourse to the rich stores of his own mind and memory. He was an excellent land and criminal lawyer, ' ' although, ' ' says one, ' ' I think it could be shown by citations from his opinions that his taste inclined more strongly to special pleading than to real estate, and that his accuracy in that department was greater than in the law of property. ' ' f *Iu Dr. Nevin's "Men of Mark" it is stafted that he was educated at Dickinson College, which is evidently an error, as that institution was not founded until two years later. fPorter, in speaking of Duncan , in his essay on Gibson. HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 149 He was enthusiastically devoted to Ms profession, "His habits of investi- gation," says Porter, in speaking of him as a judge, "were patient and sys- tematic ; his powers of discrimination cultivated by study and by intercourse with the acutest minds of his day; his style, both in speaking and writing, easy, natural, graceful and clear, and his acquirements quite equal to those of his predecessors on the bench. ' ' In appearance Mr. Duncan was about five feet six inches high, of small, delicate frame, rather reserved in manners, had rather a shrill voice, wore pow- der in his hair, knee breeches and buckles, and was neat in dress. Upon a small, unobtrusive-looking monument in the old grave-yard in Car- lisle, is the following inscription: ' ' Near this spot is deposited all that was mortal of Th9mas Duncan, Esq. , LL.D. ; born at Carlisle, 20th of November, 1760; died 16th of November, 1827. Called to the bar at an early age, he was rapidly borne by genius, per- severance and integrity to the pinnacle of his profession, and in.the fulness of his fame was elevated to the bench of the supreme court of his native State, for which a sound judgment, boundless stores of legal science, and a profound reverence for the common law, had peculiarly fitted him. Of his judicial labors the reported cases of the period are th« best eulogy. As a husband, indulgent; as a father, kind; as a friend, sincere; as a magistrate, incorruptible, and as a citizen, inestimable, he was honored by the wise and good, and wept by a large circle of relatives and friends. Honesta quam splendida." A panegyric which leaves nothing to be said. Stephen Chambers, who appears upon the records of the court occasionally about 1783, although re- admitted later, was from Lancaster, and was a broth- er-in law of John Joseph Henry, who was afterward appointed president judge of our judicial district in 1800. James Armstrong Wilson, whose name appears occasionally after the Eevo- lution as a practitioner at our bar, was the son of Thomas Wilson, who resided near Carlisle, and whom we have mentioned as a provincial justice. He was educated at Princeton, where he graduated about 1771. He studied law with Eichard Stockton, and was admitted to the bar at Easton. He was a major in the Revolution. The earliest mention of his name in the records of our court is about 1778. John Clark, who was from York, Penn., appears occasionally as a practitioner about 1784. He was a major in the Revolution, of large frame, fine personal appearance, witty, so that his society was much courted by many of the lawyers who rode the circuit with him in those days. Ross Thompson, who had practiced in other courts, was admitted to our bar in 1784. He lived some time in Chambersburg, but removed to Carlisle, where he died at an early age. John Wilkes Kittera, admitted in 1783, was from Philadelphia, but settled in Lancaster. He was admitted to the first term of court two years later, May, 1785, in Dauphin County. Gen. John Andrew Hanna (1785), settled in Harrisburg at about the time of the organization of Dauphin County. He is noticed favorably in the narra- tive of the Duke de Rochefoucault, who visited the State capital in 1795. He says that Gen. Hanna was then " about thirty-six or thirty-eight years of age, and was brigadier-general of militia." He was a brother-in-law of Robert Harris, the father of George W. Harris, the compiler of the Pennsylvania Reports, and was an executor of the will of John Harris, the founder of Har- risburg. He was elected to Congress from his district in 1797, and served tiU 1805, in which year he died. 150 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Ealph Bowie, from York, was admitted to our bar at October term, 1785, and practiced considerably in our courts from 1798 till after 1800. He was a Scotchman by birth and had probably been admitted to the bar in his native country. He was a well-read lawyer and much sought after in important cases of ejectment. He was of fine personal appearance, courtly and dignified in manner, and neat and particular in dress. He powdered his hair, wore short clothes in the fashion of the day, and had social qualities of the most attractive character. Of James Eiddle, Charles Smith, John Joseph Henry and Thomas Smith, all of whom became judges, we will speak later. Thomas Creigh, who was admitted in 1790, was the son of Hon. John Creigh, who emigrated from Ireland and settled in Carlisle in 1761. John Creigh was an early justice, and one of the nine representatives who signed the first Declaration, June 24, 1776, for the colony of Pennsylvania. Thomas Creigh was born in Carlisle August 16, 1769. He graduated in the second class which left Dickinson College in 1788. He probably studied law under Thomas Duncan, upon whose motion he was admitted. He died in Car- lisle October, 1809. One sister, Isabel, married Samuel Alexander, Esq., of Carlisle ; Mary married Hon. John Kennedy, of the Supreme Court of Penn- sylvania, and Elizabeth, Samuel Duncan, Esq. , of Carlisle. David Watts (1790), a son of Frederick Watts, who was a member of the early Provincial Council, was born in Cumberland County October 29, 1764. He graduated in the first class which left the then unpretentious halls of Dickinson College in 1787. He afterward read law in Philadelphia under the eminent jurist and advocate, William Lewis, LL.D., and was admitted to our bar in October, 1790. He soon acquired an immense practice, and became .the acknowledged rival of Thomas Duncan, who had been for years the recog- nized leader on this circuit. He died September 25, 1819. We have now given a brief sketch of our bar, from the earliest times down to the adoption of the constitution of 1790, when, in the following year, Thomas Smith, the first president judge of our judicial district, appears upon the bench. III. CONSTITUTIOlSrAL PERIOD. From the adoption of this first constitution until the present, the judges who have presided over our courts are as follows: JUDGES. Thomas Smith, 1791; James Riddle, 1794; John Joseph Henry, 1800; James Hamilton, 1806; Charles Smith, 1819; John Reed, 1820; Samuel Hep- burn, 1838; Frederick Watts, 1848; James H. Graham, 1851; Benjamin F. Junkin, 1871; Martin C. Herman, 1875; Wilbur F. Sadler, 1885. Hon. Thomas Smith first appeared upon the bench in the October ternl, 1791. He resided at Carlisle. He had been a deputy surveyor under the government in early life, and thus became well acquainted with the land sys- tem in Pennsylvania, then in process of formation. He was accounted a good common law lawyer and did a considerable business. He was commissioned president judge by Gov. Mifflin on the 20th of August, 1791. He con- tinued in that position until his appointment as an associate judge of the su- preme court, on the 31st of January, 1794. He was a small man, rather re- served in his manner, and of not very social proclivities. He died at an ad- vanced age in the year 1809. HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 151 Owing to the necessity of being resworn, according to the provisions of the new constitution, the following attorneys ' ' having taken the oath prescribed by law," were readmitted at this term of court: James Riddle, Andrew Dunlap, of Franklin; Thomas Hartley, of York; David Watts, Thomas Nesbitt, Ralph Bowie, Thomas Duncan, Thomas Creigh, Robert Duncan, James Hamilton and others. Hon. James Riddle first appears upon the bench at the April term, 1794. He was born in Adams County, graduated with distinction at Princeton Col- lege, and subsequently read law at York. He was about thirty years of age when he was admitted to the bar. He had a large practice until his appoint- ment as president judge of this judicial district, by Gov. Mifflin, in February, 179-. His legal abilities were very respectable, though he was not considered a great lawyer. He was well read in science, literature and the law; was a good advocate and very successful with the jury. He was a tall man, broad shouldered and lusty, with a noble face and profile and pleasing manner. Some time in 1804 he resigned his position of judge, because of the strong partisan feeling existing against him — he being an ardent Federalist — and re- turned to the practice of the law. He died in Chambersburg about 1837. Hon. John Joseph Henry, of Lancaster, was born about the year 1758. He was the third president judge of our judicial district and the predecessor of Judge Hamilton. He was appointed in 1800. He had previously been the first president judge of Dauphin County in 1793. In 1775 young Henry, then a lad of about seventeen or eighteen years of age, entered the Revolutionary Army and joined the expedition against Quebec. He was in the company un- der Capt. Matthew Smith, of Lancaster. The whole command, amounting to about 1, 000 men, was under the command of Gen. Benedict Arnold. Young Henry fought at the battle of Quebec and was taken prisoner. He subse- quently published an account of the expedition. Judge Henry was a large man, probably over six feet in height. He died in Lancaster in 1810. THE BAR IN 1800. And now we have arrived at the dawn of a new century. Judge Henry was upon the bench. Watts and Duncan were unquestionably the leading lawyers. They were engaged in probably more than one-half the cases which were tried, and always on opposite sides. Hamilton came next, six years later, to be upon the bench. There also were Charles Smith, who was to succeed Hamilton; Bowie, of York, and Shippen, of Lancaster, with their queues and Continental dress, and the Duncan brothers, James and Samuel, and Thomas Creigh, all of them engaged in active practice at our bar at the begraning of the century. At this time the lawyers still traveled upon the circuit, and cir- cuit courts were held also as will be seen by the following entry: "Circuit Court held at Carlisle for the County of Cumberland this 4th day of May, 1801, before the Hon. Jasper Yeates, and Hon. Hugh Henry Brackenridge, jus- tices of the Supreme Court. ' ' Among the prominent attorneys admitted to the bar during the time Judge Henry was upon the bench, were John Bannister Gibson, afterward chief jus- tice of Pennsylvania, George Metzgar and Andrew Carothers. Gibson was admitted in March. 1803. On the motion of Thomas Duncan, Esq. , and the usual certificates filed stating that Alexander P. Lyon, John B. M. S. Gibson and James Carothers had studied law imder his direction for the space of two years after they had respectively arrived at the age of twenty-one. Com. Ralph Bowie, Charles Smith and William Brown. 152 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. George Metzgar was born in 1782, and graduated at Dickinson College in 1798. He studied law with David Watts after he had arrived at the age of twenty- one, and was admitted in March, 1805. Afterward he served as prosecuting attorney, and was a member of the Legislature in 1813-14, and held a respect- able position at the bar. He died in Carlisle June 10, 1879. He was the founder of the Metzgar Female Institute in Carlisle. Andrew Carothers was born in Silver Spring, Cumberland County, about 1778. He learned the trade of a cabinet-maker, but when about nine- teen years of age his father's family was poisoned, and Andrew, who sur- vived, was crippled by its effects in his hands and limbs to such an extent that he was incapacitated for the trade which he had chosen. He had received but the education of the country school, and it was not until he had become unfitted for an occupation which required bodily labor, that he tui-ned his at- tention to the law. He entered the office of David Watts, in Carlisle, and after three years' study, was admitted to the bar December, 1805. In the language of Judge Watts "He became an excellent practical and learned lawyer, and very soon took a high place at the bar of Cumberland County, which at that time ranked amongst its numbers some of the best lawyers of the State, Watts, Duncan, Alexander and Mahan were at different times his competitors, and amongst these he acquired a large and lucrative practice, which continued through his whole life. Mr. Carothers was remarkable for his amiability of temper, his purity of character, his unlimited disposition of charity and his love of justice. ' ' On all public occasions and in courts of justice his addresses were delivered, by reason of his bodily infirmity, in a sitting posture. He was active in pro- moting the general interests of the community, and was for years one of the trustees of Dickinson College. He died July 26, 1836, aged fifty-eight years. THE BAB UNDEK HAMILTON. Of James Hamilton, who appears upon the bench in 1806, we have before spoken. Watts and Duncan were still leaders of the bar under Judge Hamilton. Mr. Watts came to the bar some years later than Thomas Duncan, but both were admitted and the latter had practiced under the judges prior to the con- stitution; but from that time, 1790, both practiced, generally as opponents, and were leaders at the bar under the first five judges who presided after the constitution, until the appointment of Duncan to the supreme bench in 1817. David Watts died two years later. Judge Hamilton was a student, but lacked self-confidence, and was more inclined, it is said, to take what he was told ruled the case than to trust to his own judgment, and there is a legend to the effect that a certain act, which can be found in the pamphlet laws of Pennsylvania, 1810, p. 136, forbidding the reading of English precedents subsequent to 1776, was passed at his instance to get rid of the multitudinous authorities with which Mr. Duncan was wont to confuse his judgment. Mr. Watts was an impassioned, forcible and fluent speaker. He was a strong, powerful man. Mr. Duncan was a smaU and delicate looking man. The voice of Mr. Watts was strong and rather rough, that of Mr. Duncan was vreak and sometimes shrill in pleading. In Mr. Brackenridge' s "Recollec- tions," he speaks of attending the courts in Carlisle, in about 1807, where there were two very able lawyers, Messrs. Watts and Duncan. ' ' The former, ' ' says he, " was possessed of a powerful mind and was the most vehement speaker I ever heard. He seized his subject with a herculean grasp, at the same time throwing his herculean body and limbs into attitudes which would have de- HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTr. 155 lighted a painter or a sculptor. He was a singular instance of the union of great strength of mind with bodily powers equally wonderful. "Mr. Duncan was one of the best lawyers and advocates I have ever- seen at a bar, and he was, perhaps, the best judge that ever sat on the supreme bench of the State. He was a very small man, with a large but well-formed head. There never was a lover more devoted to his mistress than Mr. Duncan was to the study of law. He perused Coke upon Littleton as a recreation, and read more books of reports than a young lady reads new novels. His educa- tion had not been very good, and his general reading was not remarkable. I was informed that he read frequently the plays of Shakespeare, and from that source derived that uncommon richness and variety of diction by which he was enabled to embellish the most abstruse subjects, although his language was occasionally marked by inacuracies, even violation of common grammar rules. Mr. Duncan reasoned with admirable clearness and method on all legal sub- jects, and at the same time displayed great knowledge of human nature in ex- amination of witnesses and in his addresses to the jury. Mr. Watts selected merely the strong points of his case, and labored them with an earnestness and zeal approaching to fury; and perhaps his forcible manner sometimes produced a more certain effect than 'that of the subtle and wiley advocate opposed to him." Among the attorneys admitted under Hamilton was Isaac Brown Parker, March, 1806, on motion of Charles Smith, Esq. Mr. Parker had read law un- der James Hamilton, just previous to the time of his appointment to the bench. His committee was Ralph Bowie, Charles Smith and James Duncan, Esqrs. Alexander Mahan, graduated at Dickinson College in 1805 ; August, 1808, read under Thomas Duncan; committee David "Watts, John B. Q-ibson and Andrew Carothers, Esqrs .... William Eamsey same date, instructor and committee. In 1809 William Ramsey, Democrat, ran for sheriff of Cumberland County. The opposing candidate was John Carothers, Federalist. At this time, under the old constitution the governor appointed one of the two having the highest number of votes. Ramsey had the highest number of votes but Carothers was appointed. Gov. Snyder afterward appointed William Ram- sey prothonotary, which office he held for many years. He had great influence in the Democratic party. About 1817 he began to practice his profession and acquired a very large practice. He died in 1831. James Hamilton, Jr., was the son of Judge Hamilton. He was borb in Carlisle, October 16, 1793. He graduated at Dickinson College in 1812. He read law with Isaac B. Parker, who was an uncle by marriage, and was ad- mitted to the bar while his father was upon the bench in April, 1816. He was, from 1824 to 1838, a trustee of Dickinson College. For several years Mr. Hamilton followed his profession, but being in affluent circumstances he gradually retired from active practice. He died in Carlisle June 23, 1873. John Williamson, was for many years a member of our bar. He was the brother-in-law of Hon. Samuel Hepburn, with whom he was for a long time associated. He was born in Mifflin Township, Cumberland County, Sep- tember 14, 1789, and graduated at Dickinson College, Carlisle, in 1809. He was admitted to our bar at the August term, 1811. He previously read law with Luther Martin, of Baltimore, Md. , who was one of the counsel for Aaron Burr, in his trial for high treason, at Richmond, Va. Luther Martin, the " Fed- eral Bull-dog," as he was called, was a character altogether sui generis, with an unlimited capacity both for legal lore and liquor. In the former respect only his pupil somewhat (although in a less degree) resembled his preceptor. Mr. Williamson seems to have been exceedingly well versed in law, with an intimate 16 156 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. knowledge of all the cases and distinctions, but the very depth or extensiveness of his learning seemed at times to confuse his judgment. He saw the case in every possible aspect in which it could be presented; but then which particular phase should, in the wise dispensation of an all-ruling Providence, happen to be the law, as afterward determined by the court, was a question often too difficult to decide. His aid as a counselor was valuable, and as such he was frequently employed. He died in Philadelphia, September 10, 1870. John Duncan Mahan was admitted under Hamilton in April, 1817. He was born November 5, 1796; graduated at Dickinson College in 1814, and im- mediately began the study of law under the instruction of his uncle, Thomas Duncan. He became a leader of the bar of Carlisle at a brilliant period, un- til in 1833, when he removed to Pittsburgh and became a prominent member of the bar of that city, where hp resided until his death July 8, 1861. When Mr. Mahan was admitted to the bar Watts and Duncan were at the zenith of their fame, and were retained in aU great cases within the circuit of their prac- tice. But this was near the end of their career, as competitors, for at that very time Duncan was appointed to the supreme bench, which he adorned during his life, and Watts died two years later. Judge Duncan transferred his whole practice to his then young student and nephew, John D. Mahan and his eminent success justified his preceptor's confidence. His first step was into the front rank of the profession. Mr. Mahan was a man of rare endowments. What many learned by study and painful investigation he seemed to grasp intuitively. He had the gift, the power and the grace of the orator, and in addressing the passions, the sympa- thies, or the peculiarities of men he seldom made mistakes. ' ' His every ges- ture," it has been said of him, " was graceful, his style of eloquence was the proper word in the proper place for the occasion,- and his voice was music." He was afPable in temper, brilliant in conversation and was among the leaders of our bar, under Hamilton, Smith and Eeed, at a time when it had strong men, by whom his strength was tested and his talents tried. A writer speaking from his recollections of the bar at about this period, says: "John D. Mahan was its bright, particular star;, young, graceful, elo- quent, and with a jury irresistible. Equal to him in general ability, and su- perior, perhaps, in legal acumen, was his contemporary and rival, Samuel Alexander. Then there was the vehement Andrew Carothers and young Fred- erick Watts, just admitted in time to reap the advantages of his father's repu- tation and create an enduring one of his own. And George Metzgar, with his treble voice and hand on his side, amusing the court and spectators with his not overly delicate facetice. And there was ' ' Billy Eamsey with his queue, ' ' a man of many clients, and the sine gwa non of the Democratic party. Hon. Charles Smith was appointed to succeed Hamilton as the fifth presi- dent judge of our judicial district, in the year 1819. Mr. Charles Smith, was born at Philadelphia, March 4, 1765. He received his degree B. A. at the first commencement of Washington College, Charleston, Md. , March 14, 1788. His father, William Smith, D. D., was the founder, and at that time the provost of that institution. Charles Smith commenced the study of the law with his elder brother, William Moore Smith, who then resided at Easton, Penn. After his admission to the bar he opened his office in Sunbury, North- umberland County, where his industry and rising talents soon procured for him a large practice. He was elected delegate, with his colleague, Simon Snyder, to the convention which framed the first constitution for the State of Pennsylvania, and was looked on as a very distinguished member of that tal- ented body of men. Although difPering in the politics of that day from his. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 157 colleague, yet Mr. Snyder for more than thirty years afterward remained the firm friend of Mr. Smith, and when the former became the governor of the State for three successive terms it is well known that Mr. Smith was his con- fidential adviser in many important matters. Mr. Smith was married in 1719 to a daughter of Jasper Yeates, one of the supreme court judges of the State, and soon removed from Sunbury to Lancaster, where Judge Yeates resided. Under the old circuit court system it was customary for most of the dis- tinguished country lawyers to travel over the northern and western parts of the State with the judges, and hence Mr. Smith, in pursuing this practice, soon became associated with such eminent men as Thomas Duncan, David Watts, Charles Hall, John Woods, James Hamilton, and a host of luminaries of the middle bar. The settlement of land titles, at that period, became of vast importance to the people of the State, and the foundation of the law with regard to settlement rights, the rights of warrantees, the doctrine of surveys, and the proper construction of lines and corners, had to be laid. In the trial of ejectment cases the learning of the bar was best displayed, and Mr. Smith, was soon looked on as an eminent land lawyer. In after years, when called on to revise the old publications of the laws of the State, and under the au- thority of the Legislature to frame a new compilation of the same (generally- known as Smith's Laws of Pennsylvania) he gave to the public the result of his knowledge and experience on the subject of land law, in the very copious note on that subject, which may well be termed a treatise on the land laws of Pennsylvania. In the same work his note on the criminal law of the State is elaborate and instructive. Mr. Smith was, in 1819, appointed president judge of the district, comprising the counties of Cumberland and Franklin, where his official learning and judgment, and his habitual industry, rendered him a useful and highly popular judge. On the erection of the District Court of Lancaster he became the first pre- siding judge, which office he held for several years. He finally removed to Philadelphia, where he spent the last years of his life, and died in that city in 1840, in the seventy- fifth year o^ his age. Hon. John Eeed, LL.D., appeared upon the bench in 1820. Judge Keed was born in what was then York, now Adams County, in 1786. He was the son of Gen. William Eeed, of Revolutionary fame. He read law under Will- iam Maxwell, of Gettysburg. In 1809 he was admitted to the bar and com- menced the practice of law in Westmoreland Coimty. In the two last years of his professional career he performed the duties of deputy attorney-general. In 1815 Mr. Reed was elected to the State Senate, and on the 10th of July 1820, he was commissioned by Gov. Finley president judge of the Ninth Judicial District, then composed of the counties of Cumberland, Adams and Perry. When, in 1839, by a change in the constitution, his commission expired, he resumed his practice at the bar, and continued it until his death which occurred in Carlisle, on the 19th of January, 1850, when he was in the six- ty-fourth year of his age. In 1839 the decree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Washington College, Pennsylvania. In 1833 the new board of trustees of Dickinson College formed a professorship of law, and Judge Eeed was elected professor of that department. The instructions consisted of lectures, and of a moot court of law, where legal questions were discussed, cases tried, and where the pleadings were drawn up in full — Eeed being the supreme court. After a full course of study, this department conferred the decree of LL.B. Many were admitted to the bar during this period, most of whom practiced elsewhere, and many of whom afterward became eminent in their pro- fession. 158 HISTORy OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. THE BAB UNDER JUDGE REED. At this period, and later, the bar was particularly strong. Of the old Teterans, David Watts was dead, and Duncan was upon the supreme bench. But among the practitioners of the time were such men as Carothers, Alexander, Mahan, Eamsey, Williamson, Metzgar, Lyon, William Irvine, William H. Brackenridge and Isaac Brown Parker; while among those admitted, and who were afterward to attain eminence on the bench or at the bar, were such men as Charles B. Penrose, Hugh Gaullagher, Frederick Watts, William M. Biddle, James H. Graham, Samuel Hepburn, William Sterritt Eamsey, S. Dunlap Adair and John Brown Parker — a galaxy of names such as has not since been equaled. Gen. Samuel Alexander was practicing at our bar in 1820, when Judge Reed took the bench. He was the youngest son of Col. John Alexander, a Revolutionary officer, and was born in Carlisle September 20, 1792. He graduated at Dickinson College in 1812, after which he read law in Greens- burg vsrith his brother, Maj. John B. Alexander, and became a prominent law- yer in that part of the State. He afterward returned to Carlisle, and by the advice of Judge Duncan and David Watts was induced to become a member of our bar, at which he soon acquired a prominent position. In 1820 he married a daughter of Col. Ephraim Blaine, but left no sons to perpetuate his name. As an advocate Mr. Alexander had but few, if any, superiors at the bar. In the early part of his career he was a diligent student and was in the habit of carefully digesting most of the reported cases. In addition to this he was possessed of a tenacious memory and seemed never to forget a case he had once read. He was always fully identified with the cause of his client, and possessed that thorough onesidedness so necessary to the successful advocate. He possessed also great tact and an intuitive quickness of perception. In the management of a case he was apt, watchful and ingenious. If driven from one position, like a skillful general he was always quick to seize another. In this respect his talents, it is said, only brightened amid difficulties, and shone forth only the more resplendent as the battle became more hopeless. Nor was oratory, the crowning grace and the most necessary accomplishment of the advocate, wanting. He was a forcible speaker, with a large command of language, and with the happy faculty of nearly always finding the right word for the right place. His diction was choice, and in his matter, although sometimes diffusive, in his manner he was always bold, vigorous and aggres- sive. He had the power of sarcasm, was often ironical, and was a master in personal invective. In this he had no equal at the bar. In the examination of witnesses, also, he had no superior. Mr. Alexander had a natural inclination for mechanics, and was passion- ately fond of anything pertaining to military life. He was for years at the head of a volunteer regiment of the county. He cared for this, strange as it may, appear, more than for his profession, which, toward the close of his life, seems to have become distasteful to him; at least with his abilities unim- paired, he appeared but seldom in the trial of a cause. He died in Carlisle in July, 1845, aged fifty -two. Hugh Gaullagher, a practitioner at the bar under Reed, studied law with Hon. Richard Coulter of Greensburg, and shortly after his admission com- menced the practice of law in Carlisle. This was about 1824, from which time he continued to practice until about the middle of the century. He was eccentric, long limbed, awkward in his gait, and in his delivery with an Irish brogue, but he was well-read, particularly in history and in the elements of his profession. He was an affable man, an instructive companion, fond of conversation, vrith inherent humor and a love of fun, and was popular HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 159 in the circle of his friends, of whom he had many. He was among the num- ber of the old lawyers of our bar who were fond of a dinner and a song, how- ever gravely they appear upon the page of history. At the bar his position was more that of a counselor than of an advocate. He was fond of the old cases and would rather read an opinion of my Lord Mansfield, or Hale, or Coke, than the latest delivered by our own judges, ' ' not that he disregarded the latter, but because he reverenced the former. ' ' He is well remembered, often in connection with anecdotes, and is as fre- quently spoken of bv survivors as any man who practiced at our bar so long ago. He died April 14, 1856. Hon. Charles B. Penrose was born near Philadelphia October 6, 1798. He read law with Samuel Ewing, Esq. , in Philadelphia, and immediately moved to Carlisle. He soon acquired a prominent position at the bar. He was elected to the State Senate in 1833, and at the expiration of his term was re- elected. In this capacity he achieved distinction even among the men of abil- ity who were then chosen for this office. In 1841 he was appointed by Presi- dent Harrison, solicitor of the treasury, which position he held until the clos» of President Tyler's administration. After practicing in Carlisle he moved first to Lancaster, then to Philadelphia, in both places successfully pursuing his profession. In 1856 he was again elected as a reform candidate to the State Senate, during which term he died of pneumonia at Harrisburg. April 6, 1857. "William M. Biddle was admitted under Eeed in 1826. He was born in Philadelphia July 3, 1801, and died of heart disease in that city, where he had gone to place himself under the care of physicians, on the 28th of Febru- ary, 1855. He was the great-great-grandson of Nicholas Scull, surveyor-gen- eral of Pennsylvania from 1748 to 1761, who, by direction of Gov. Hamilton, laid out the borough of Carlisle in 1751. Mr. Biddle was originally destined for mercantile pursuits, but the death of his cousin, Henry Sergeant, an East India trader, who had promised him a partnership in business, put an end to these plans and his attention was turned to the law. He went to Beading, Penn. , and studied with his brother-in-law, Samuel Baird, Esq. In 1826, shortly af- ter his admission to the bar, he moved to Carlisle, induced to do so by the ad- vice of his brother-in-law, Charles B. Penrose, Esq. , who had recently opened a law office there, and was then rising into a good practice. Located in Carlisle he soon acquired a large business and soon took a high position at the bar, which he retained to the day of his death, a period of twenty-nine years. Mr. Biddle was an able lawyer and had a keen perception of the principles of law, which, when understood, reduce it to a science. He was endowed with a large fund of wit, in addition to which he was also an excellent mimic, and often indulged in these powers in his addresses to the jury. He was rather a large man, of fine personal presence, great affability, endowed with quick wit and high moral and intellectual qualities which made him a leader at the bar at a time when many brilliant men were among its members. Gen. Edward M. Biddle was born in Philadelphia; graduated at Princeton College, and then removed to Carlisle, where he studied law under his broth- er-in-law, Hon. Chas. B. Penrose, and in 1830 was admitted to practice in the several courts of Cumberland County. Hon. Charles McClure was admitted to the bar under Eeed in August, 1826. He was born in Carlisle, graduated at Dickinson College, and afterward be- came a member of Congi'ess, and still later, 1843-45, secretary of state of Pennsylvania. He was a son-in-law of Chief Justice Gibson. He did not prac- tice extensively at the bar. He removed to Pittsburgh, where he died in 1846. 160 HISTOEY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Hon. William Sterritt Ramsey, one of the most promising members of the bar admitted under Reed, was bom in Carlisle June 16, 1(510. He entered Dickinson College in the autumn of 1826, where he remained three years. In the summer of 1829 he was sent to Europe to complete his education and to restore, by active travel and change of scene, health to an already debilitated constitution. The same year he was appointed (by our minister to the court of St. James, Hon. Lewis McClane) an attache to the American Legation. He pursued his legal studies, visited the courts of Westminister, and the author of Waverly at Abbottsford, to whom he bore letters from Washington Irving. After the Revolution of three days in July, 1830, he was sent with dispatches to France, and spent much of his time, while there, at the hotel of Gen. Lafayette. In 1831 he returned to America and began the study of law under his father. In the month of September of this year his father died. He continued to study under Andrew Carothers, and in 1833 was admitted to the bar of Cumberland County. In 1838 he was elected a member of Congress by the Democratic party, and at the expiration of his term was re-elected. He was at this time the youngest member of Congress in the House. He died, before being qualified a second time, by his own hand in Barnum' s Hotel, Baltimore, October 22, 1840, aged only thirty years. An eloquent obituary notice was written on the occasion of his death by his friend, Hon. James Buchanan, afterward Presi- dent of the United States, from which some of the above facts are taken. S. Dunlap Adair was admitted under Reed in January, 1835. For fifteen years he was a practitioner at the bar. He was born March 26, 1810. While a youth he attended the classical school of Joseph Casey, Sr. , the father of Hon. Joseph Casey, in Newville, and was among the brightest of his pupils. He was apt in acquiring knowledge and particularly in the facility of acquiring languages. He became a good Latin scholar, and, after his admission to the bar, made himself acquainted with the German, French and Italian languages. He was well read in English literature, and although not a graduate of any college, his attainments were as varied as those of any member of the bar. He studied law under Hon. Frederick Watts , and soon after his admission was appointed deputy attorney-general for the county. He was a candidate of his party in the district for Congress when William Ramsey, the younger, was elected. He had a chaste, clear style, and was a pleasant speaker. In stature he was below the medium height, delicately formed, near-sighted, and whether sitting or standing had a tendency to lean forward. He was of sanguine temperament, had auburn hair and a high forehead. He died of bronchial consumption in Carlisle, September 23, 1850. John Brown Parker, Esq. , was born in Carlisle October 5, 1816. He grad- uated at the University of Pennsylvania, at Philadelphia, in 1834. He read law with Hon. Frederick Watts for the period of one year, completing his course of study in the law school under Judge Reed, and was admitted to prac- tice in April, 1838. He was for a time associated with his preceptor, Hon. Frederick Watts. He retired from practice in 1865, and moved to Philadel- phia, where he resided for some years. Capt. William M. Porter was born in Carlisle, this county, in 1808 ; read law under Samuel A. McCoskry, and was admitted to the Carlisle bar in 1835. He died in 1873. In 1827 John Bannister Gibson, LL.D. , was appointed chief justice of Pennsylvania. He was born on the 8th of November, 1780, in Sherman's Valley, then Cumberland, now Perry, County, Pennsylvania. He was of Scotch-Irish de- HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 161 ■scent, and the son of Col. George Gibson, who was killed at the defeat of St. Clair in 1791. In 1795 young Gibson studied in the preparatory school con- nected with Dickinson College, and subsequently in the collegiate department, when that institution was under Dr. Nesbitt, graduating at the age of eight- een, in the class of 1798. During this period he was in the habit of frequenting the office of Dr. Me- ■Coskry — one of the oldest practitioners of medicine in the place — and there acquired a taste for the study of physic, which he never lost. On the completion of his collegiate course, he entered on the study of law in Carlisle in the office of his kinsman, Thomas Duncan, with whom he was af- terward to occupy a seat on the bench of the supreme court. He was admit- ted to the bar of Cumberland County in March, 1803. He first opened his office in Carlisle, then removed to Beaver, then to Hagerstown, but shortly afterward returned to Carlisle. This was in 1805, and at this point is the beginning of a remarkable career. From 1805 to 1812 Mr. Gibson seems to have had a reasonable share of the legal practice in Cumberland County, particularly when we consider that the field was occupied by such men as Duncan, Watts, Bowie of York, and Smith of Lancaster, who, at the time of which we speak, had but few equals in the State. Nevertheless it may well be doubted whether his qualifications were of such a character as would ever have fitted him to attain high eminence at the bar, His reputation, at this period, was not that of diligence in his pro- fession, and it is quite probable that, at this time, he had no great liking for it. In fact, at this period, of his life Mr. Gibson seems to have been known rather as a fine musical connoisseur and art critic than as a successful lawyer. He was a good draughtsman, a judge of fine paintings, and a votary of the violin. In 1810 Mr. Gibson was elected by the Democratic party of Cumberland County to the House of Representatives, and after the expiration of his term, in 1812, he was appointed president judge of the court of common pleas for the Eleventh Judicial District, composed of the counties of Tioga, Bradford, Susquehanna and Luzerne. Justice Gibson' s personal appearance at this time is within the recollection of men who are still living. He was a man of large proportions, a giant both in physique and intellect. He was considerably over six feet in height, with a muscular, well-proportioned frame, indicative of strength and energy, and a countenance expressing strong character and manly beauty. ' ' His face, ' ' says David Paul Brown, ' ' was full of intellect and benevo- lence, and, of course, eminently handsome; his manners were remarkable for ■their simplicity, warmth, frankness and generosity. There never was a man more free from affectation or pretension of every sort. ' ' Until the day of his death, says Porter, ' ' although his bearing was mild and unostentatious, so striking was his personal appearance that few persons to whom he was unknown could have passed him by in the street without re- mark." Upon the death of Judge Brackenridge in 1816, Judge Gibson was ap- pointed by Gov. 'Snyder Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, where, as it has been said, if TUghman was the Nestor, Gibson became the Ulysses of ihe bench. This appointment of Gibson to the bench of the supreme court seems first to have awakened his intellect and stimulated his ambition. He partly with- drew himself from his former associates, and was thus delivered from numer- ous temptations to indolence and dissipation. He became more devoted to study, and for the first time perhaps in his life he seems to have formed a 162 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. resolution to make himself master of the law as a science. Coke particularly seems to have been his favorite author, and his quaint, forcible and condensed style, together with the severity of his logic seem to have had no small in- fluence in the development of Gibson' s mind, and in implanting there the seeds of that love for the English common law, which was afterward every- where so conspicuous in his writings. It is pertinent here to remark that Judge Gibson, like Coke and Blackstone, seems never to have had any fondness for the civil law. Whether this was on account of the purely Anglo-Saxon of his mind, or on account of a want of opportunity in the means through which to become thoroughly acquainted with the most beautiful and symmetrical system of law which the world has ever known, we can not say, but certain it is that he seems to have cast ever and anon a suspicious glance at the efforts of a judge story, and writers of that school to infuse its principles in a still greater degree into our common law. We need but refer to the opinions delivered in Dyle vs. Eichards, 9 Sergeant and Eawle, 322, and in Logan vs. Mason, 6 Watts and Sergeant 9, in proof of the existence of these views in the mind of their author. In an old number of the "American Law Register" there is a review of Mr. Troubat' s work on limited partnership by Gibson. It was the last essay he ever wrote, and in it he says : ' ' The writer of this article is not a champion of the civil law; nor does he profess to have more than a superficial knowledge of it. He was bred in the school of Littleton and Coke, and he would be sorry to see any but common law doctrines taught in it. " But here Gibson is speaking of the English law of real property, and he afterward says ' ' The English law merchant, an imperishable monument to Lord Mansfield's fam^e, shows what a magnificent structure may be raised upon it where the ground is not preoccupied. ' ' Hitherto the bench of the supreme court had consisted of but three judges, but under the act of April 8, 1826, the number was increased to five. But little more than one yeai' elapsed before the death of Chief Justice Tilghman. Gib- son was his successor. He received his commission on the 18th of May, 1827, and from this time forward the gradual and uniform progress of his mind, says Col. Porter, " may be traced in his opinions with a certainty and satisfac- tion which are perhaps not offered in the case of any other judge known to our annals. His original style, compared to that in which he now began to write, was like the sinews of a growing lad compared to the well-knit muscles of a man. No one who has carefully studied his opinions can have failed to re- mark the increased power and pith which distinguished them from this time forward. ' ' In the language of Hon. Thaddeus Stevens ' ' he lived to an advanced age, his knowledge increasing with increasing years, while his great intellect remained unimpaired." From 1827 he remained as the chief upon the bench, until 1851, when by a change in the constitution the judiciary became elective, and was elected the same year an associate justice of the court, being the only one of the for- mer incumbents returned. But although ' ' nominally superseded by another as the head of the court, his great learning, venerable character and over shad- owing reputation still made him," in the language of his successor. Judge Black, ' ' the only chief whom the hearts of the people would know. ' ' His accomplishments were very extraordinary. He was born a musician, and the natural talent was highly cultivated. He was a connoisseur in paint- ing and sculpture. The whole round of English literature was familiar to him. * He was at home among the ancient classics. * * * Hq *He was well read, we have seen it stated, ia the Britisb classics, fond of English drama, and familiar with the dramatists of the Kestoration. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 165 had studied medicine in his youth and understood it well. His mind absorbed all kinds of knowledge with scarcely an effort."* In regard to his mental habits, he was a deep student, but not a close student ; he worked most effectively, but he worked reluctantly. The concur- rent testimony of all who knew him is that he seldom or never wrote, except when under the pressure of necessity, but when he once brought the powers of his mind to a focus and took up the pen, he wrote continuously and with- out erasure. When he once began to write an opinion he very rarely laid it aside until it was completed. This, with the broad grasp with which he took hold of his subject, has given to his opinions a consistency and unity otherwise difficult to have attained. He saw a case in all its varied relations, and the principles by which it was governed, rather by the intuitive insight of genius, than as the result of labor. These opinions very seldom give a history of decided cases, but invariably put the decision upon some leading principle of law — referring to but few cases, by way of illusftation, or to show exceptions to the rule. He was emi- nently self-reliant. He appeared at a time when the law of our common- wealth was in process of formation, and in its development his formulating power has been felt. Of his style much has been said. Said Stevens " I do not know by whom it has been surpassed." It is a judicial style, at once compact, technical and exact. His writing can be made to convey just what he means to express and nothing more. His meaning is not always upon the surface, but when it is perceived it is certain and without ambiguity. [It may be interesting ta state that Chief Justice Gibson often thought out his opinions while he was playing upon the violin. When a thought came to him he would lay down his instrument and vsrite. As to his accuracy of language, he was in the habit of carrying with him a book of synonyms. These facts have been told to the writer by his son. Col. George Gibson, of the United States Army.] It has been said that one ' ' could pick out his opinions from others like gold coin from among copper." He was, for more than half hjs life, a chief or associate justice on the bench, and his opinions extend through no less than seventy volumes of our reports f — an imperishable monument to his memory. Chief Justice Gibson died in Philadelphia May 3, 1853, in the seventy- third year of his age. He was buried two days afterward in Carlisle. In the old grave-yard, upon the tall marble shaft which was erected over his tomb, we read the following beautiful inscription from the pen of Chief Justice Jeremiah S. Black : In the various knowledge Which forms the perfect SCHOLAR He had no superior. Independent, upright and able, He had all the highest qualities of a great JUDGE. In the difficult science of Jurisprudence, He mastered every Department, Discussed almost every question, and Touched no subject which he did not adorn. He won in early manhood, And retained to the close of a long life. The AFFECTION of his brethren on the Bench, The EESPECT of the Bar And the confidence of the people. Hon. John Kennedy, who had studied under the elder Hamilton and had been admitted to our bar under Riddle in 1798, was appointed to the bench •Judge Black's Eulogy ,on Gibson. tFrom 2 Sergeant and Eawle to 7 Harris. 166 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. of the Bupreme court in 1830. He was born in Cumberland County in June, 1774; graduated at Dickinson College in 1795, and after his admission to the bar, removed to a northern circuit, where he became the compeer of men like James Ross, John Lyon, Parker Campbell, and others scarcely less dis- tinguished. He afterward removed to Pittsburgh, where his high reputation as a lawyer at once introduced him to a lucrative practice. From 1830 he remained upon the bench until his death, August 26, 1846. His opinions, extending through twenty-seven volumes of reports, are distinguished by lucid argumentation and laborious research. Judge Gibson, who had known him from boyhood, and who sat with him upon the bench for a period of over fifteen years, said: "His judicial labors were his recreations. He clung to the com- mon law as a child to its nurse, and how much he drew from it may be seen in his opinions, which, by their elaborate minuteness, remind us of the over- fullness of Lord Coke. Patient in investigation and slow in judgment, he seldom changed his opinion. A cooler head and a warmer heart never met together in the same person; and it is barely just to sSy that he has not left behind a more learned lawyer or a more upright man." In David Paul Brown' s ' ' Forum ' ' we find the following : " It is recorded that Sergeant Maynard had such a relish for the old Year Books, that he carried one in his coach to divert his time in travel, and said he preferred it to a comedy. The late Judge Kennedy, of the supreme court, who was the most enthusiastic lover of the law we ever new, used to say that his greatest amusement consisted in reading the law; and indeed, he seemed to take almost equal pleasure in writing his legal opinions, in some of which, Eeed vs. Patterson, for instance, he certainly combined the attractions of law and romance." He is buried in the old grave-yard at Carlisle. Hon. Samuel Hepburn (seventh president judge), the successor of Judge Heed, first appears upon the bench in April, 1839. Judge Hepburn was born in 1807 in Williamsport, Penn., at which place he began the study of law under James Armstrong, who was afterward a judge on "the supreme bench. He completed his legal studies at Dickinson CoUege under Eeed, and was admitted to the bar of Cumberland County in November, 1834. He was, at the time of his admission appointed adjunct professor of law in the Moot court of Dickinson College by Judge Reed. Before he had been at the bar five years, he was appointed by Gov. Porter, president judge of the Ninth Judicial District, then embracing Cumberland, Perry and Juniata, and he presided at times also, during his term in the civil courts of Dauphin. He was at this time the youngest judge in Pennsylvania to whom a president judge's commission had been ever offered. Among the important cases the McClintock trial took place while he was upon the bench. After the expiration of his term he resumed the practice of law in Carlisle, where he still resides. The degree of LL. D. was conferred upon Judge Hepburn by Washington College, Penn. The most prominent practitioners admitted under Judge Hepburn were J. Ellis Bonham, Lemuel Todd, William H. Miller, Benjamin F. Junkin, Will- iam M. Penrose and Alexander Brady Sharpe. J. Ellis Bonham, Esq., was among the ablest lawyers admitted under Judge Hepbixrn. He was born in Hunterdon County, N. J. , March 31, 1816, graduated at Jefferson College, Penn. , studied law in Dickinson CoUege under Eeed, and was admitted to the bar in August, 1889. ' ' He had no kindred here nor family influence. His pecuniary gains were small during the first few years of his professional career, and he had little or no aid outside of them, as his father was in moderate circumstances." He HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 167 had not been long, however, at the bar before he was appointed deputy attor- ney-general for the county — a position which he filled with conspicious ability. He had a taste for literature and his library was large and choice. He had little fondness for the drudgery of his profession, but he had political ambition, and his political reading and knowledge were extensive. He wrote for the leading political journals of his party articles on many of the prominent ques- tions of the day. " During his term in the Legislature he was the acknowl- edged leader of the House, as the Hon. Charles B. Buckalew was of the Sen- ate; and they were not unlike in mental characteristics, and somewhat alike in personal appearance. They were decidedly the weakest men physically and the strongest mentally in either House. ' ' After the expiration of his term he was nominated for Congress, and although he was in a district largely Democratic, eminently fitted for the posi- tion, and had, himself, great influence in the political organization, he was de- feated by the sudden birth of a new party. He died shortly afterward of congestion of the lungs, March 19, 1855. In personal appearance Mr. Bonham was rather under than above the me- dium height, delicately formed, with light hair and complexion. He was of nervous temperament. His countenance was handsome and refined. As an advocate he was eminently a graceful and polished speaker, attractive in his manner, with a poetic imagination and chaste and polished diction. His speeches, although they at times bore traces of laborious preparation, were ef- fective, and on one occasion, we are told, many persons in the court were moved to tears. He died before his talents had reached their prime, after having been at the bar for fifteen years and before he had attained the age of forty. Hon. Lemuel Todd was born in Carlisle July 29, 1817. He graduated at Dickinson College in 1839, read law under Gen. Samuel Alexander and was admitted to practice in August, 1841. He was a partner of Gen. Alexander until the time of his death in 1843. He was elected to Congress from the Eighteenth District in 1854 on the Know-nothing ticket as against J. Ellis Bonham on the Democratic, and was elected congressman at large in 1875. He presided over the State conventions of the Eepublican party at Harrisburg that nominated David Wilmot for governor; at Pittsburgh that nominated Gov. Curtin; and at Philadelphia that advocated for President Gen. Grant. Gen. Todd has practiced continuously at the bar except for a period during the late war, a portion of which time he acted as inspector-general of Penn- sylvania troops under Gov. Curtin. William H. MiUer, for more than a quarter of a century, was an act- ive practitioner at the bar of our county. He was a student of Judge Eeed, and was admitted to the bar in August, 1842; William M. Biddle, S. Dunla,p Adair and J. Ellis Bonham, Esqs. , being his committee of examination. His initiate was difficult, but by perseverance and talent he succeeded in winning a large practice and an honorable position at the bar. As a speaker he was deliberate and dignified; as a man refined and amiable ; scholarly in both his taste and in his appearance. As a lawyer he was cool and self-possessed, and with deliberate logic and tact he ' won, as a rule, the implicit confidence of a jury. He died suddenly of congestion of the brain in June, 1877. William McFunn Penrose, was admitted vmder Hepburn. He was bom in Carlisle March 29, 1825; graduated with honor at Dickinson College in 1844, and was admitted to the bar in November, 1846. He was the eldest son of Hon. Charles B. Penrose. As a lavryer he was eminently successful, learned, quick and accurate in his perceptions, cogent in argument, fluent but terse as / 168 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. a Bpeaker, he seldom failed to convince a jury. He had a keen perception of distinctions in the cases, and of the principles which underlie them, and in all questions of practice was particularly at home. He served for a time as colonel of the Sixth Regiment at the beginning of the war. He died Septem- ber 2, 1872, in the prime of life and in the midst of usefulness. Hon. Eobert M. Henderson, born near Carlisle March 11, 1827. Gradu- ated at Dickinson College in 1845. Read law under Judge Reed, and was ad- mitted to the bar in August, 1847. He was elected, by the Whig party, to the Legislature in 1851 and 1852. He served, by appointment in April, 1874, as additional judge of the Twelfth Judicial District, and was elected to that office in the same year. He became president judge of this district in January, 1882, resigned his position in March of the same year, and returned to his practice in Carlisle. He served as a colonel in the late war. Alexander Brady Sharpe was born in Newton Township, Cumberland County, August 12, 1827. He graduated with honor at Jefferson College, Pennsylvania, in 1846. He read law under Robert M. Bard, Esq. , of Cham- bersburg, and subsequently with Hon. Frederick Watts, of Carlisle. He was admitted to the bar in November 1848, since which time he has practiced, ex- cept during the period of the war, when he was in the service of his country, a portion of the time serving upon the staff of Gen. Ord. Hon. Frederick Watts became judge of our courts in 1849. He was the son of David Watts, a distinguished member of the early bar, and was born in Carlisle May 9, 1801. He graduated at Dickinson College in 1819. Two years later he entered the office of Andrew Carothers, and was admitted to practice in August, 1824. He remained for a time in partnership with his pre- ceptor and acquired a lucrative practice. During a period of foi-ty-two years from the October term, 1827, to May term, 1869, in the Supreme Court, there is no volume of reports containing cases from the middle district (except for the three years when he was upon the bench) in which his name is not found. For fifteen vears he was the reporter of the decisions of that court, from 1829; three volumes, " Watts & Penrose," ten volumes "Watts Reports," and nine "Watts & Sergeant." On March 9, 1849, he was commissioned by Gov. Johnston, president judge of the Ninth Judicial District, containing the counties of Cumberland, Perry and Juniata. He retired in 1852, when the judiciary became elective, and resumed his practice, from which after a long and honorable career, he gradually withdrew in about 1860-69. In August, 1871, he was appointed and served as commissioner of agriculture mider Hayes. As a man he had great force of character, sterling integrity, and, as a lawyer, ability, dignity and confidence. He had great power with a jury from their implicit confidence in him. He was always firm, self-reliant, despised quirks and quibbles, and was a model of fairness in the trial of a cause. He is still living in honorable retirement in Carlisle at an advanced age, being now the oldest surviving member of the bar. We have now brought the history of our bar with sketches, some of them dealing with living members, down to the time when Judge Graham appears upon the bench, which is within the recollection of the youngest lawyer. For the future we must for obvious reasons satisfy ourself with briefer mention. Hon. James H. Graham, born September 10, 1807, in West Pennsborough Township, graduated at Dickinson College in 1827, studied law under Andrew Carothers, Esq. , admitted to the bar in November, 1829. In 1839, after the election of Gov. Porter, he was appointed deputy attorney-general for Cum- berland County, a position which he filled ably for six years. After the amend- ment of the Constitution making the judiciary elective, he received the nom- HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 169 ination (Democratic) and was elected in October, 1851, president judge of the Ninth Judicial District, comprising the counties of Cumberland, Perry and Juniata. At the expiration of his term he was re-elected in 1861, serving another full term of ten years. After his retirement from the bench he re- turned again to the practice of law. He died in the fall of 1882. In 1862 his alma mater conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. Perhaps the highest eulogy we can pay is to say that for more than half a century at the bar or on the bench, there was never, in the language of Judge Watts, a breath of im- putation against his character as a lawyer, or upon his honor as a judge. " Hon. Benjamin F. Junkin was admitted to the bar in August, 1844. He lived in Bloomfield and became, with the younger Mclntyre, a leader of the bar of Perry County. In 1871, he was elected the tenth president judge of the Ninth Judicial District— then including the counties of Cum- berland, Perry and Juniata. He was the last of the perambulatory judges. On the redisti-ibution of the district under the constitution of 1874, he chose Perry and Juniata, and therefore, from that period, ceased to preside over the courts in Cumberland County. Hon. Martin C. Herman, who succeeded Hon. Benjamin Junkin as the eleventh judge of our Judicial District, was born in Silver Spring Township, Cumberland County, February 14, 1841. He graduated at Dickinson College in 1862. He had registered as a student of law previous to this time with B . Mclntyre & Son, Bloomfield, then with William H. Miller, of Carlisle, under whom he completed his studies. He was admitted to the bar in January, 1864. He was elected by the Democratic party president judge of the Ninth Judicial District, in 1874, taking the bench on the first Monday of January in the succeeding year, and serving for full term of ten years, and was nominated by acclamation in August, 1884. Hon. Wilbur F. Sadler, twelfth and last judge, was born October 14, 1840; read law under Mi-. Morrison at Williamsport, and afterward in Carlisle; was admitted to the Carlisle bar in 1864, and acquired a large clientage; was elected district attorney in 1871, and, in 1884, president judge of the Ninth Judicial District of Pennsylvania. The present members of the bar, with the dates of their admission, are as follows : J. E. Barnitz, August, 1877; Bennett Bellman, April, 1874; Hon. F. E. Beltzhoover, April, 1864; Edward W. Biddle, April, 1873; Theodore Corn- man, 1870; Duncan M. Graham, November, 1876; John Hays, 1859; Hon. Samuel Hepburn, November, 1834; Samuel Hepburn, Jr., January, 1863; Hon. Martin C. Herman, January, 1864; Christian P. Humrich, November, 1854; W. A. Kramer, August, 1883; John B. Landis. 1881; Stewart M. Leidieh, August, 1872; W. Penn Lloyd, April, 1865; John E. MUler, August, 1867; George Miller, January, 1873; Henry Newsham, April, 1859; Eichard M. Parker, November, 1876; A. Brady Sharpe, November, 1848; William J. Shearer, January, 1852; John T. Stuart, November, 1876; Silas Stuart, April, 1881; J. L. Shelley, August, 1875; Alexander Bache Smead; Hon. Lemuel Todd, April, 1841; William E. Trickett*, August, 1875; Joseph G. Vale, April, 1871; Hon. Frederick Watts (retired), 1829; Edward B. Watts, August, 1875; Hon. J. Marion Weakley, January, 1861; John W. Wetzel, April, 1874; Muh- lenburg Williams (Newville), November, 1860; Eobert McCachran (New- viUe), 1857. Among the early members of our bench and bar were men who fought ♦William E. Trickett, formerly professor of metaphysics In Dickinson College, and author of " Liens in Pennsylvania." 170 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. and were distinguished in the Indian wars and in the Revolution. No less than three who practiced in our courts were signers of the Declaration of Inde- pendence, and two were members of the colonial convention at its inception. Three sat upon the supreme bench, one as Chief Justice, who has been justly- called, in a legal sense, the " great glory of his native State. ' ' Since then many- have become distinguished, in their day, on the bench, in the halls of legisla- tion, or at the bar. In its prestige the bar of Cumberland County has been equal to any in the State, and its reputation has been won in many a well con- tested battle for a period of now more than a century and a quarter, so that, whatever it may be to-day, it may well pride itself upon its past, and stand, among the younger bars of our sister commonwealths, like a Douglas bonneted, and bow down to none. CHAPTEK IX. Medical— Biographical— Physicians in Cumberland County Since 1879— Physicians in Cumberland County Kegistered in Office of Protho- NOTARY AT CARLISLE— CUMBERLAND COUNTY MeDICAL SOCIETY. THE genesis of medical science, like that of chemistry, astronomy or gov- ernment, is necessarily slow, and attended with much of empiricism. Observations, even if correctly made, are either imperfectly recorded or not recorded at all. The common people are destitute of scientific methods of in- vestigation. Even if they were so disposed, they lack both the opportunity and the ability to note, scientifically, the nature and symptoms of disease together with their proper remedial agents. It is not strange, therefore, that mothers and grandmothers of the olden time should insist, on applying, externally, skunk oil or goose fat for the curing of internal derangements. The day of herbs and salves . as panaceas was not far removed from the period when special luck was supposed to attach to first seeing the moon over the right shoulder ; when potatoes planted or shingles laid in the dark of the moon would fail to serve their purposes; when water- witches were deemed necessary to locate wells properly; and when bleeding the arm for the ailments of humanity was considered absolutely essential to health. The superstition which sought cures in miraculous interferences in these various tricks of sleight-of-hand" performances, and meaningless signs and tokens, would readily believe that the hair of the dog -will cure his own bite; that the carrying, around the neck, of a spider imprisoned in a thimble -will cause whooping-cough to disappear; that washing the face in water formed from the first snow of the season will remove frecHes ; that the weather of the first three days of December will presage the weather of the three following months; that the washing of the hands in stump water will cure warts; and that if the ground hog sees his shadow on the 2d day of February, he will re- tire to his den to endure a six weeks' cold siege. The transition from these simple superstitions of the olden times to the patent medicine cure-all remedies of the present day was an easy one. He who imagined that warts could be removed or pain alleviated by the sorcerer's pow-wow, or that skunk fat would cure pleurisy or consumption, would not be slow to believe in the curative properties of some thorougly advertised patent nos- HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 171 trum. The statements in patent medicine circulars would receive full credence by those suffering the ills to which humanity is subject, and unknown and per- haps absolutely worthless remedies would be used assiduously until the system was thoroughly deranged. From the ravages of these patent nostrums, as well as from the ignorance of the human system prevailing among the masses, the medical profession had to save their patients. Everywhere people were per- ishing from a lack of knowledge of the physical organization which they were expected to preserve, and suffering humanity, racked with the pains of real or imaginary ills, was ready to seek relief in any direction. Hence the diffi- culty of placing medical science on a substantial basis in which its advocates could practice intelligently and conscientiously, and yet receive a proper reward for their labors. No class of pioneer citizens made greater sacrifices for hu- manity, or deserve stronger marks of recognition, than the genuine medical practitioners of a country. With the impetus given to the SBsculapian art by their labors and sacrifices, it is safe to predict that the introduction of rudimen- tary science into the public schools, and especially the teaching of anatomy, physiology and hygiene, will finally usher in a period when the people shall obey the laws of their being, and physicians, instead of being migratory drug stores, shall be, as the term "doctor" literally implies, teachers of health principles. In this chapter brief sketches of most of the medical practitioners of Cum- berland County, more or less noted in their fields of labor, are given. CARLISLE. Among the early physicians who practiced in Carlisle before the Revolution was Dr. William Plunkett, but we know nothing more of him than that he re- sided in Carlisle and is spoken of as "a practitioner of physic in 1766." The most noted of all the pre-Revolutionary practitioners of medicine in Carlisle was Dr. William Irvine. He was born near Enniskillen, Ireland, in 1740; was educated at the University of Dublin, studied medicine and sur- gery, and was appointed a surgeon in the British Navy. In 1763, he immigrated to America and settled in Carlisle, where he soon acquired a high reputation and a large practice as a surgeon and physician. In 1774 he took a conspicu- ous part in the politics of Cumberland County and was appointed as a delegate to the Provincial Convention. He had a strong leaning toward a military life, and was commissioned by Congress colonel of the Sixth Batallion and was or- dered to Canada, where he was captured. He was afterward colonel of the Seventh Pennsylvania Batallion. In 1779 he was commissioned a brigadier- general and served under Wayne. In March, 1782, he was ordered to Fort Pitt, to which place he marched with a regiment to protect the northwestern frontier, then threatened with British and Indian invasion. He was engaged in allaying the trouble arising from disputed boundaries between Pennsylvania and Virginia. He was a member of the convention to form a constitution for the State of Pennsylvania, and was appointed commander-in-chief of the Pennsylvania troops to suppress the Whiskey Insurrection, and a commissioner to treat with the insurgents. Dr. Irvine married Anne Callender, the daughter of Robert Callender, of Middlssex, near Carlisle. He removed to Philadel- phia in 1801, and died in July, 1804, aged sixty -three years. He was presi- dent of the celebrated society of the Cincinnati until his death. Another pioneer physician was Dr. Samuel Allen McCoskry, who settled there in 1774. Others may have entered the valley in 1756, while in connec- tion with the army, but we have no record of their having been engaged in a. regular practice. 172 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Dr. McCoskry, born in 1751, where or in what month is not known; prac- ticed medicine in Carlisle until he had achieved eminence in his profession; and died September 4, 1818, and was buried in the old Borough Cemetery in Carlisle. From the inscription on a tombstone, we gather that his first wife, Ann Susannah McCoskry, died November 12, 1792, being thirty-eight .years old. Dr. McCoskry was afterward married to Alison Nisbett, daughter of the first president of Dickinson College. Dr. Lemuel Gustine, was born in Saybrook, Conn., in the year 1749; settled in the Wyoming Valley in 1769, or thereabouts; married the daughter of one Dr. Wm. Smith, to whom one daughter, Sarah, was born. , In the scenes attendant upon the Indian invasion and massacre in the Wyo - ming Valley, Dr. Gustine took a prominent part. He remained on the field of that bloody conflict until further resistance became useless, when, on the night following the capitulation of the "Forty Fort" to Maj. Butler, the commander of the Tory and Indian troops, with his daughter and a few friends as com- panions, he drifted down the Susquehanna to John Harris' Ferry (now Harris- burg), where he landed, and proceeded to Carlisle. Here he commenced the practice of medicine. He married Rebecca Parker soon afterward, and be- came the father of six children. He continued the practice of his profession to within a short time before his death, which occurred October 7, 1805. He was buried in the old cemetery in Carlisle. Dr. James Gustine, son of preceding, graduated at Dickinson College in 1798 ; studied medicine with his father, and afterward received the degree of M. D. from the University of Pennsylvania. He commenced practice in Natchez, Miss., returned to Carlisle ; and again went South, where he remained until his death. Dr. Samuel Gustine, second son of Lemuel, studied medicine with his fa- ther, and went South with his brother James. Dr. George Stevenson, son of Geo. Stevenson, LL.D. born in York, Penn., in 1759; attended classical academy at Carlisle; entered Patriot army in 1778, as first lieulenant of Chambers' regiment; served with distinction at Brandy- wine, and resigned commission to return 4,0 the aid of his family; studied medicine under Dr. McCoskry; re-entered the army as surgeon, and served un- til close, when he returned to his practice in Carlisle. He was commissioned captain of infantry in 1793; created major in following year; aided in sup- pression of famous Whiskey Insurrection in 1794, after settlement of which removed to Pittsburgh, where he commenced practice of medicine; commis- sioned major in Tenth United States Regiment, duriug the troubles with France; returned to practice in Pittsburgh, where he became distinguished for connection with many civil and political enterprises, in which he served in the following capacities: Trustee of Dickinson College; member first boar(J of trustees of the Western University of Pennsylvania, member first board of directors of Branch Bank of Pennsylvania; president of United States Bank, at Pittsburgh; first director of United States Bank, at Cincinnati; and for a long time president of the city council of Pittsburgh. Dr. S. declined the presidency of the United States Bank at Cincinnati, and in 1825 removed to Wilmington, Del., where he died in 1829. Dr. Samuel Fahnestook, a physician, practiced his profession in Carlisle, from 1800 to 1820, when he removed to Pittsburgh. Dr. George Delap Foulke, born near Carlisle, November 12, 1780; grad- uated at Dickinson College in 1800; studied medicine under Dr. Potter, med- ical professor in the University of Maryland; married Mary Steel, daughter of Ephraim Steel, of Carlisle; practiced in Bedford, Penn., and afterward in ,1 \ HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 175 Carlisle, where he died August 14, 1849, and was buried in the old cemetery. Dr. George Willis Foulke, son of preceding, born in Carlisle, October 8, 1822; graduated at Dickinson College in 1845; returned to commence prac- tice in Carlisle, but died suddenly on March 5, 1850, in the springtime of his life. Dr. Lewis W. Poulke, brother of preceding, born at Carlisle August 6, 1809; graduated at Dickinson College in 1829; studied medicine with his father, afterward receiving degree of M. D. from University of Maryland ; commenced practice with his father at Carlisle, but afterward removed to Chillicothe, Ohio, where he continued in his profession. Dr. James Armstrong, born at Carlisle in 1749 ; completed academic course at Nassau Hall, N. J. ; studied medicine with Dr. John Morgan, of Philadel- phia, afterward receiving the degree of M. D. from University of Pennsyl-. vania; commenced practice in Winchester, Va., but becoming discouraged, went to Europe, where he prosecuted the study of his profession in London; returned to Carlisle, where he married Mary Stevenson, daughter of a promi- nent settler; removed to Kishacoquillas Valley, from which place he was elected congressman of the Third District of Pennsylvania; held the offices of trustee of Dickinson College, trustee of the old Presbyterian Church at Carlisle, associate judge of Cumberland County, and others of trust, which he filled with credit. He returned to Carlisle to reside in the old family, mansion, in which he had been born, and from which he was called to rest in the year 1828. He was buried in the old cemetery at Carlisle. Dr. John Armstrong, son of preceding, born in 1799; educated in Dickin- son College and University of Pennsylvania; completed a medical course un- der his father's tuition; married in 1825; practiced in Dillsburg, Penn., and later returned to Cumberland; thence removed to Princeton, N. J., where he died in 1871. Dr. Ephraim M. Blaine, grandson of Col. Ephraim Blaine, of Revolution- ary renown, was born in Carlisle, September 24, 1796; graduated at Dickin- son College in the class of 1814; received the degree of M. D. from Univer- sity of Pennsylvania in 1827 ; practiced in Carlisle for a number of years, and finally entered the army as assistant surgeon, in which service he died March 13, 1835. Dr. Adam Hays, born in Cumberland County, Penn., in 1792; educated at Dickinson College; studied medicine with Dr. McCoskry and in the University of Pennsylvania, where he took the degree of M. D. ; practiced as surgeon in the army, at Chillicothe, Ohio, and at Carlisle; removed to Pittsburgh in 1829, where he died in 1857. Dr. William Chestnut Chambers, born near Harrisburg in 1790; educated at Dickinson College; prepared for his profession in the University of Penn- sylvania; practiced in Carlisle for a number of years, when he engaged in the iron and flour business; removed to Philadelphia in 1838, and died in 1857. Dr. Alfred Foster, born in Carlisle in 1790; graduated at Dickinson Col- lege; prepared for the practice of medicine in the ofSce of Dr. McCoskry; en- tered army, where he engaged in hospital work until the close of the war of 1812; returned to Carlisle, and commenced the duties of practitioner, in which labor he cbntinued until his death in 1847. He was buried in the old ceme- tery of Carlisle. Dr. John Creigh, born in Carlisle September 13, 1773 ; studied medicine un- der Dr. McCoskry and in the University of Pennsylvania, being also a graduate of Dickinson College; located as physician at Pittsburgh, but after changing his residence a number of times, finally settled at Carlisle, where he continued in 17 176 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. his profession until his death, which occurred November 7, 1848. Dr. C. was a prominent citizen, and took great interest in the afPairs of his county. He was buried in the old cemetery. Dr. John Steel Given, born in Carlisle January 3, 1796; educated and took degree of M. D. in the University of Pennsylvania; settled at Carlisle, and was killed by the bursting of a cannon on July 4, 1825. Dr. Theodore Myers, born in Baltimore, Md. , May 27, 1802; took degree of M. D. at University of Maryland in 1823; settled in Carlisle and engaged in the practice of his profession; married Sarah A. Irwin, a lady of distinction. Dr. M. died February 20, 1839, being in the prime of life. He was buried in the old cemetery. Dr. John Myers, brother of preceding, born in Baltimore January 23, 1806; graduated and received degree of M. D. in the University of Maryland j settled at Carlisle as druggist and physician; entered the army hospital service, and died in Winchester, Va. Dr. John Elliot, born in Carlisle in 1797; educated at Dickinson College; studied medicine under Dr. McCoskry and in the University of Pennsylvania, taking the degree of M. D. from the latter; settled at Newville; returned to Carlisle, where, after practicing a few years, was called by death June 12, 1829. Dr. David Nelson Mahon, born in Pittsburgh, Penn. ; graduated at Dick- inson College ; studied medicine under Dr. Gustine, of Carlisle, and afterward was created an M. D. by the University of Pennsylvania; entered the navy service as assistant surgeon in 1821 ; took leave of the sea after three years' experience, and engaged in the practice of his profession at Carlisle, where he died and was buried in the Ashland Cemetery in 1876. Dr. Jacob Johnston commenced to practice in Carlisle in 1825, and con- tinued untU his death in 1831. Dr. John Paxton, born in 1796; received degree of M. D. from University of Pennsylvania, after which he practiced in Carlisle until shortly before his death, which took place in 1840, while he was visiting in Adams County, Penn. Dr. William Boyd, a physician, settled in Carlisle in 1833, but removed after several years' residence. Dr. Charles Cooper practiced in Carlisle a number of years, but afterward went West. Dr. William Irvin, born in Centre County, Penn. ; graduated in the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania with degree of M. D. ; practiced in Carlisle until 1846, when he left for China. Dr. Stephen B. Kieffer, born in Franklin County, Penn. ; graduated at Marshall College in 1848; entered the office of Dr. R. Parker Little, and in 1851 received the degree of M. D. from the University of Pennsylvania; re- ceived the degree of M. A. at the same time from his alma mater, Marshall College; married Kate E., daughter of George Keller, Esq., of Carlisle, where Dr. K. began the practice of his profession. He is a member of the County Medical Society; was at one time president of the State Medical Society, and in the centennial year was a member of the International Medical Congress which met at Philadelphia. Dr. Kieffer was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Medicine in 1877. He still resides at Carlisle, where he has es- tablished a large and remunerative practice. Dr. R. Lowry Sibbet, now living and practicing medicine in Carlisle, was born near Shippensburg, Cumberland County, in the early half of the present century. His ancestry are of Scotch-Irish extraction. His grandfather, Sam- uel Sibbet, of Presbyterian and Republican proclivities, was deemed an unsafe man in his native country, Ireland, and hence a reward of 50 guineas was HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 177 placed upon his head. Advised by Masonic friends of this movement, he set sail secretly for the United States, landing in Baltimore in May, 1800. After the lapse of a few months he was joined by his faithful wife and their children, James, Robert and Thomas. The Cumberland Valley, with its Scotch-Irish settlements, having been heard of, the family proceeded at once to the head of Big Spring, where they were heartily welcomed by warm friends who had preceded them. To the family were added Samuel, Margaret, Lowry and Hugh Montgomery. Thomas, the third child, was born October 5, 1797. In due time he mar- ried Catherine Ryan, from which union sprang seven children, five of whom still remain, viz.: Rachel A., Robert L., Henry "W., William R. and Anna M. The parents and the two children are buried in the Spring Hill Cem- etery of Shippensburg. The subject of this sketch graduated in 1856 from Pennsylvania College with the degree of A. B. , and three years subsequent, obtained from his almor mater the degree of A. M. After several years teaching in a classical school, he studied medicine with Drs. Stewart and Holland, of Shippensburg. He- attended the usual course of medical lectures, and graduated from the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania in 1866. Having practiced for a time at Harrisburg and New Kingston, he visited Europe in 1870, spending some two years in it& universities and hospitals, distributed as follows: Seven months in Paris dur- ing the siege; two in Berlin; ten in Vienna; two in London, and the remain- der in Spain, Italy and Switzerland. After his return, the Doctor located at Carlisle, and began a series of correspondence, which resulted in the organiza- tion of the " American Academy of Medicine," — an associated corps of men who have been regularly graduated from reputable institutions of learning. As a member of this association, together with the county and State medical societies, his labors have been given for the advancement of reforms in his profession, notably the registration of all practitioners and the necessity of medical men having both literary and professional diplomas. He is one of those persons who never practically accepted the doctrine that it is not good for man to be alone. Dr. Alfred J. Herman, born in Montgomery County, Penn. , studied med- icine under Dr. Rutter, of Pottstown, Penn. , and also received the degree of M. D. from the University of Pennsylvania, in 1846. Dr. Herman settled in the Cumberland Valley soon afterward, and eventually removed to Carlisle, where he continued the practice of his chosen profession. Dr. William W. Dale was born in Lancaster, Penn. ; graduated from Jef- ferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1838 ; moved to Carlisle in 1847. Dr. Wm. H. Longsdorf was born in this county in 1834; graduated in 1856 from Jefferson Medical College, and, in 1857, from the Pennsylvania Dental School; first commenced practice in this county in 1857. Dr. William H. Cooke, born near York Sulphur Springs, Penn. ; educated in Chester County, Penn. ; entered the office of Dr. Hiram Metcalfe, and after- ward took the degree of M. D. from the Jefferson Medical College; engaged in public speaking in the Western country; returned in 1859 to Pennsylvania, and after marrying Elizabeth Richmond, settled at Carlisle, and commenced practicing his profession. Dr. Eugene A. Grove, born in Cumberland County, Penn., was a descendant of Hans Graf, a noted Switzer. Dr. Grove received an education in the public schools of Carlisle; studied medicine under Dr. S. B. Kieffer, and took the degree of M. D. from the University of Pennsylvania, in 1870. He is en- gaged in the practice of his profession in Carlisle. 178 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Dr. George Hemminger, born in Cumberland County, Penn. ; educated in the county schools, a select school at Plainfield, and was a sophomore in Penn- sylyania College when the war broke out, and he abandoned his studies to defend the Union. In 1862 he entered the One Hundred and Thirty-eighth Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers ; served with distinction in many severe engagements; was captured and confined in Libby prison in 1865; was ex- changed and rejoined his regiment, in which he served until the close of the war. Dr. Hemminger, after his return, entered the office of Dr. J. J. Gitzer, of Carlisle, and after studying some time, entered the Detroit Medical College, and graduated there in 1869, with the degree of M. D. He located first at Newville, Penn. , but afterward returned to Carlisle, where he is engaged in a large practice. Dr. Jacob S. Bender was bom in Bendersville, this county, in 1834; grad- uated from Pennsylvania Homoeopathic College of Medicine in 1862; com- menced the practice of medicine, after close of the war, between Omaha and the Rocky Mountains, and there continued for four years; then came to Car- lisle. Dr. Wm. F. Reily, a native of Carlisle, born in 1851, graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, in 1875; then located in Carlisle, where he has practiced ever since. Dr. J. Simpson Musgrave was born in Ireland; attended lectures at the Toland Medical College, in San Francisco, Cal. ; entered the University of Maryland, and finally graduated in the University Pennsylvania, with the degree M. D. Dr. Musgrave located in Carlisle in 1877, but remained only a short time. MECHANICSBTJKG. Dr. Asa Herring, born in New Jersey in 1792; moved to Mechanicsburg in 1815, where he engaged in the practice of medicine until 1828, when he re- moved to Elizabethtown, Penn. Dr. James B. Herring, son of preceding; born at Hamilton, Perm., March 4, 1829; graduated from University of Pennsylvania, in 1851, receiving the de- gree of M. D. ; commenced practice in Mechanicsburg; married Elizabeth Biegel; continued to practice, in partnership with Dr. Ira Day until his death, November 9, 1871. He was buried in Chestnut Hill Cemetery, near Mechan- icsburg. Dr. Jacob Weaver, practiced in Mechanicsburg between the years 1825 and Dr. James G. Oliver, born in Cumberland County, December 6, 1801; edu- cated at Dickinson College; graduated from Jefferson Medical College in 1828 with degree of M. D. ; practiced first at Oyster's Point, afterward at Mechan- icsburg, where he also owned a drug store ; married Jane Carothers, and be- came father of three children; continued his practice untU his death. May 31, 1836. He was buried in the Spring Hill Cemetery. Dr. Ira Day, born in Eoyalton, Vt., in 1799; educated in Eoyalton Academy; taught select school in Harrisburg, at the same time studying medi- cine under Dr. Luther; graduated as M. D. from University of Vermont, in 1823; continued practicing medicine in Mechanicsburg; engaged in State and County Medical Associations; was elected trustee of Dickinson College in 1833; continued his practice until his death, in November, 1868. He is buried in the cemetery near Mechanicsburg. Dr. George Fulmer, born in 1829, the oldest practicing physician in Me- chanicsburg, and one of the oldest in the county, is a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 179 Drs. A. H. Van Hoff, W. A. Steigleman and Philip H. Long were practi- tioners of medicine in Mechanicsbtirg some forty years ago. Dr. E. B. Brandt, born in Cumberland; educated in county schools; grad- uated from Jefferson Medical College in 1855 ; practiced in New Cumberland, Shiremanstown and Mechanicsburg ; married Margaret Mateer in 1856; and is stni engaged in his profession at Mechanicsburg. Dr. Robert Graham Young was born in Louther Manor, Penn. , December 6, 1809, and educated at Dickinson College. He studied medicine with Dr. John Paxton, and graduated at the University of Pennsylvania with the de- gree of M. D. He practiced in Louther Manor, Shiremanstown and Mechan- icsburg. He married Annetta Culbertson and became father of five children. Dr. Young was one of the public-spirited and exemplary citizens of the com- munity. Dr. Martin B. Mosser was born in Upper Paxton, Dauphin Co., Penn. He studied medicine in the office of Dr. E. H. Coover, in New Cumberland. He graduated from Jefferson Medical College in 1862, and entered the army as assistant surgeon of the Fourth United States Artillery; was assigned to duty in the United States general hospital at Philadelphia. He resigned in 1865, and commenced civil practice at Shiremanstown. He married Rebecca Rupp, and became the father of two children; removed to Mechanicsburg, where he practices his profession. Dr. Robert N. Short was bom in Kentucky in 1831 ; graduated from the Southern Medical College in 1853, and from Miami Medical College in 1871; moved to Centerville, this county, in 1861, and there practiced medicine and surgery till 1865, when he came ■ to Mechanicsburg, where he has ever since been in active practice. Dr. L. P. O'Neale was born in Virginia in 1838; came to Mechanicsburg from York County, Penn. , in 1870, and has here since been actively engaged in the practice of his profession. Dr. Levi H. Lenher, a native of Lancaster County, Penn., born in 1822; graduated at Pennsylvania College, Philadelphia, in 1843; came to Church- town, this county, in 1847, and there remained till 1872; then moved to Me- chanicsburg; thence to Iowa; thence to Harrisburg, Penn., and finally again to Mechanicsburg. Dr. Jacob H. Deardorff, born in Washington Township, York Co. , Penn. , in 1846; graduated from Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1876; located in Middletown, Penn., for two years and a half; then came to Mechan- icsburg, where he has practiced medicine ever since. OHURC&TOWN. Dr. Charles Harrison Gibson, born in Perry County, Penn., graduated from the Miami Medical College, with the usual degree of M. D. ; entered a Cincinnati hospital as resident physician; removed toChurchtown in 1875, and engaged in the duties of his profession. HOGBSTOWN. Dr. Isaac Wayne Snowden, born in Harrisburg, Penn., on the 5th of March, 1794, being descended from an illustrious ancestry. He was educated in an academy, prepared for the medical profession in the office of Dr. Nathan- iel Chapman, of Philadelphia; entered the army as assistant -surgeon in 1816; served in the Seminole war, being an intimate friend of Gen. Jackson; resigned his position in 1823, and commenced the practice of his profession in Mifflin County, Penn. ; married Margery B. Loudon, and removed to the lower part of 180 HISTOEY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Cumberland Valley ia 1832; established a practice here, in which he was en- gaged until his death, which took place in 1850. Dr. Joseph Grain, born in Lancaster, Penn. , December 25, 1803 ; educated at Dickinson College; studied medicine under Dr. Whiteside, of Harrisburg, and also graduated with the degree of M. D. at the University of Maryland; com- menced practice in Hogestown in 1830; married Rebecca Wells, and became father of four children; afterward married Ellen Chambers, by whom one son was born. Dr. Crain continued in practice until his death, which occurred April 18, 1876. He was buried in the Silver Spring Cemetery. LISBDBN. Dr. Lerew Lemer, born in Harrisburg, October 6, 1806; entered office of Dr. Luther Eeily, and in 1832 took degree of M. D. from Yale College; com- menced practice in New Cumberland; removed to Lisburn, where he lived until his death, in 1876. Dr. J. W. Trimmer, born in Adams County, Penn. , educated at Millersville Academy and Dickinson Seminary, studied medicine with Dr. A. D. Dill, of York Sulphur Springs; graduated from Rush Medical College in 1875; com- pleted third course of lectures at Bellevue Hospital Medical College in 1876; commenced practice in Lisburn, where he is still engaged in a large and grow- ing practice. SHIPPENSBDKG. Dr. John Simpson, a physician, commenced practice in Shippensburg about 1778, and continued until February 17, 1826, when he died. Dr. Robt. McCaU practiced healing in Shippensburg up to 1799, when his death is recorded. Dr. Alexander Stewart, born in Lancaster County, Penn. ; practiced medicine in Shippensburg from 1795 to 1830, when he died. Dr. John Ealy, born in Shippensburg in 1788 ; commenced practice there in 1809, and continued until his death, in 1831. Dr. Elijah Ealy, son of preceding, also practiced in Shippensburg, but afterward moved to Dayton, Ohio, where he died in 1851. Dr. William A. Pindlay practiced in Shippensburg for a number of years after 1815. He afterward moved to Chambersburg. Dr. William Rankin, born at Potter's Mills, Centre Co., Penn., in October, 1795; graduated at Washington College in 1814; studied medicine with Dr. Dean, of Chambersburg, Penn., and afterward, in 1819, received the degree of M. D. from University of Penn. ; practiced in Campbellstown, but, in 1821, removed to Shippensburg; married Caroline Nevin, and became father of five children; practiced until his death, July 15, 1872. Dr. David Nevin Rankin, son of preceding; born in Shippensburg; studied medicine with his father, and graduated with degree of M. D. from* Jefferson Medical College, in 1854; practiced in partnership with his father until the war, when he entered, as assistant surgeon; after long and ardu- ous service, settled at Allegheny City, where he still lives. Dr. Alexander Stewart was born in Maryland, in 1809; graduated from Washington Medical College, Baltimore, Md., in 1831; same year commenced practice in Shippensburg, where he has since resided. Dr. Thomas Greer and Dr. John N. Duncan practiced medicine in Ship- pensburg; the former from 1834 to 1839, when he died; the latter from 1841 to 1850, when he removed to Chambersburg. Dr. William M. Witherspoon, a native of Franklin County, Penn. , born in 1844; graduated from medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, in 1869, and has been in active practice in Shippensburg ever since. HISTORY OP CUMBEKLAND COUNTY. 181 SHIKEMANSTOWN. Dr. W. Scott Bruokliart, born in Lancaster Co. , Penn. ; graduated from Jefferson Medical College in 1870; practiced in Mountjoy Township, but re- moved to Shiremanstown in 1874, where he still practices. Dr. Jacob Black and Dr. William Mateer practiced medicine in Shire- manstown some time near 1853. NEWVILLE. Dr. John Geddes, born in Cumberland County, August 16, 1776, studied medicine with Dr. McCoskry, of Carlisle. He settled in Newville as a prac- titioner in 1797, and died December 5, 1840. Dr. John P. Geddes, son of the preceding, was born in Newville, October 10, 1799. He studied under his father, and graduated as M. D. from the University of New York; settled at Newville and practiced his prefession un- til his death in October, 1837. Dr. Willi&m M. Sharp, born at Green Spring, in 1798; graduated at Dick- inson College in 1815. He studied medicine under Dr. McCoskry, and re- ceived the degree of M. D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1819; practiced in Newville until his death August 20, 1835. Dr. Alexander Sharp, son of Wm. M. Sharp, born in Newville in 1826; graduated from Jefferson Medical College in 1850. He practiced in New- ville until he died December 13, 1860. Dr. William S. Rutger was born December 13, 1782, in Germany. He studied medicine and embarked for America, landing at Baltimore in Septem- ber, 1803 ; married Ann C. Afer in 1806, and practiced medicine in Baltimore, but removed to Newville in 1812, being known as the "Dutch Doctor." He removed to Illinois, where he died in 1847. Dr.' J. C. Claudy, grandson of the above, born in Cxunberland County; stud- ied medicine with Dr. David Ahl, of Newville, and afterward received degree of M. D. from Bellevue Hospital Medical College; entered army as assistant sur- geon; returned to Newville to practice his profession; married Lucinda Blean, and still continues in his practice. Dr. John Ahl, born in Bucks County, Penn. ; educated in Baltimore; prac- ticed medicine in Eockingham County, Va. ; removed to Newville, where he died April 9, 1844. Dr. John Alexander Ahl, son of preceding, was born in Strasburg, Penn. ; studied under his father, and took his degree, M. D. , from Washington Medical College, Baltimore; commenced practice in Centerville, Cumberland County; xemoved to Newville, where he engaged in various business enterprises, and from which place he was elected to the Thirty-fifth Congress. Died in 1882. Dr. David Ahl, bom in York County, Penn. ; entered West Point as cadet; resigned in 1850, and entered office of Dr. Smith, of York, Penn. ; graduated from University of Maryland as M. D. in 1853; moved to Newville, where, after practicing a number of years, he died April 8, 1878. Dr. Joseph Hannon, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, practiced in Newville from 1844 for about ten years. Dr. Mathew F. Robinson, born near Greencastle, Penn., April 26, 1820; studied medicine under Dr. J. K. Davidson, of Greencastle, and took degree of M. D. from Washington Medical College, of Baltimore, in 1847; practiced in Mercersburg and later at Newvillp, where he died January 7, 1874. Dr. John G. Barr, born in Newville in 1830; graduated at Washington, D. C, with degree of M. D., in 1858; practiced in Newville until the war, when he entered the army as surgeon, and died in 1865. 182 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Dr. Samuel H. Brehm, born in Cumberland County, Penn. ; received com- mon and classical education; received degree of M. D. from Jefferson Medical College, in 1866; commenced and still continues practice in Newville. NEWBUBG. Dr. David Smith was a resident practitioner of medicine in Nevrburg, where he resided about twenty-nine years. He died in 1863, and is buried in the cemetery near Newburg. Dr. Alexander A. Thomson was born in Franklin County, Penn., in 1841; graduated from JefPerson Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1864; practiced several years in Newburg, this county; now resides in Carlisle. NEW CUMBEELAND. Dr. John Mosser was born in Lancaster County, June 20, 1777 ; married Elizabeth Neff, with whom he had eight children. He purchased property in the vicinity of New Cumberland in 1815, and engaged in the practice of medicine until his death, June 10, 1826. He is buried in Mount Olivet Cem- etery, near New Cumberland. OAKVILLE. Dr. Israel Betz, born in Lancaster County, Penn. ; studied under Dr. W. B. Swiler, of York County, Penn. ; graduated with degree of M. D. from Uni- versity of Pennsylvania; settled at Oakville, where he still continues in his practice. BOILING SPEINGS. Dr. Jacob Sawyer, born in Wilmington, Mass., December 26, 1794, edu- cated in the village schools and also in Phillips Academy, Exeter, N. H. ; studied for the practice of medicine in the office of Dr. Hill, and in the medi- cal department of Howard University, where he attended lectures given by such distinguished physicians as Drs. Channing, Ingalls, and others; com- menced the practice of his profession in Dillsburg, Penn. , where he succeeded to the practice of his brother. Dr. Asa Sawyer; married Mary Ann McGowan, daughter of David McGowan, of Boiling Springs, in 1825; exchanged prac- tices with Dr. Thomas Cathcart, of Bloomfield, Perry County, in 1833; pur- chased a farm near Boiling Springs, where he soon established a large country practice; removed to Carlisle some time in 1857, where he was taken away by death two years later. Dr. Sawyer had lived an active and eventful life, hav- ing served as surgeon to the fifth division of State militia and as resident prac- titioner in various parts of the State. PLAINFIELD. Dr. Joshua E. Van Camp, born in Perry County, Penn. ; educated in Louis- ville Academy and Pennsylvania College; enlisted and served in One Hun- dred and Thirty -third Eegiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, in 1862; served until close of the war, having been promoted to sergeant; graduated from the University of Michigan in 1870, with degree of M. D. ; practiced in Markels- ville, and later in Plainfield, where he still resides. oyster's POINT. Dr. Peter Fahnestock practiced at what is now called Oyster's Point about the beginning of the nineteenth century. A|A4„i., <^^^^%^ 4/-^ HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 185 PHYSICIANS IN CUMBERLAND COUNTY SINCE ABOUT 1879. Grove, Dr. George, Big Spring, born in Chambersburg, Franklin County, in 1811; graduated from Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, with honors, in 1836. He is to-day the oldest practicing physician in the Cumberland Valley. Davis, Dr. J. C. , Mount Holly Springs, was born in this county in 1848 ; graduated from Jefferson Medical College, in 1875; has here an extensive practice. Koons, Philip E., born in Shippensburg; residence at Allen postoffice;, graduated at Jefferson Medical College, March 12, 1879. Smith, Jacob H., a native of Cumberland County; present residence Dick- inson Township; graduated at Jefferson Medical College, 1880. Leberknight, Dr. F. B., Newburg; graduated at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, about 1873, with honors; also at Bellevue Hospital Medical Col- lege, New York, in 1879, since which date his practice has. been uninterrupted in Newburg. Cramer, David C, born in Newburg, Cumberland County, where he is lo- cated in the practice; received his degree of M. D. from Jefferson Medical Col- lege, 1880. Fickel, James G. , a native of Adams County; resides in Carlisle; graduate- of Hahnemann Medical College, 1878. Koser, John J. , born in Shippensburg, where he resides ; graduated in the University of Pennsylvania, 1881. Marshall, J. Buchanan, a native of Adams County, resides in Shippensburg; graduated at Bellevue Hospital Medical College, N. Y., February, 1879. Prowell, Eobert S., a native of Cumberland County; resides in New Cum- berland; graduated at College Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore, March 3, 1880. Smith, S. McKee, born in Perry County; resides in Heberlig; graduated at College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore, 1880. Conlyn, Edward S., born in Carlisle, where he resides; graduated at Hahne- mann College, March, 1880; was in Ward's Island Hospital from April, 1880, to October, 1881. Longsdorf , Harold H. , born in Nebraska ; resides in Dickinson ; graduated at College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore, March 1, 1882 ; received the- degree of M. A. fi-om Dickinson College, June 27, 1879. Bowers, Moses K., a native of Mifflin, Penn.; resides in Boiling Springs; graduate of Jefferson Medical College, March 30, 1882. Deshler, Joseph J., born in Armstrong, Centre County; resides at Shippens- burg; graduated at College Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore, March 3, 1880. Polinger, Eobert B., a native of Cumberland County; residence Carlisle; graduated at Columbus Medical College (Ohio) March 1, 1883. Ayres, Wilmot, born in York County; resides in Middlesex; graduated at Baltimore Medical College, April 12, 1883. Orr, James P. , native of Westmoreland County; residence New Cumberland; graduated at Michigan University, March 6, 1879. Kauffman, John H., born in Martinsburg, West Virginia; residence New- burg; graduated at New York University, March 11, 1884. McGary, Eobt. M. , a native of Shiremanstown, where he resides; gradu- ated at Jefferson Medical College, March 29, 1884. Diven, S. L., born at Mount Holly Springs; residence Carlisle; graduated at University Pennsylvania May 1, 1884; received degree of A. B. and A. M., at Dickinson College, 1878-81, 186 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Hobaoh, John XJ., a native of Perry County; residence Mechaniosburg; graduated at the University of Pennsylvania, May 1, 1884. Bowman, Dr. John D., Camp Hill, v^as born in 1832; graduated from Jef- ferson Medical College, Philadelphia, about 1856, then commenced practice in Camp Hill, remaining over sixteen years; then removed to Harrisburg, and in 1885 returned to Camp Hill. Lauck, David A., a native of Cumberland County; residence Mechanics- burg; graduated at University, Baltimore, March 3, 1885. Rodgers, John R., born at Cumberland County; resides at Sterrett's Gap, graduated at Western Reserve University, February 25, 1885. Eckels, Geo. M. , born at Mechaniosburg, where he now resides ; graduated at Pennsylvania University, May 1, 1885. Casteel, D. T. , of Allen, Cumberland County; born in Garrett County, Md. ; graduated at University of Maryland, 1885. Stouffer, Alvin, P., of Shippensburg; born Goodville, Lancaster County; graduated at Pulte Medical College, Cincinnati, March 4, 1885. His diploma was endorsed by Hahnemann Medical College. Kasten, William J., of Boiling Springs; born in Baltimore; graduated at University of Maryland, March 17, 1886. Spangler, Jacob B., of Mechanicsburg; born in Greencastle, Penn. ; gradu- ated at Jefferson Medical College, April 2, 1886. PHYSICIANS IN THE COUNTY EEOI8TERED IN THE OFFICE OF THE PBOTHONOTABY AT CARLISLE. The following is a list of the physicians in Cumberland County, who, in compliance with law, have registered in the office of the prothonotary at Car- lisle, their names occuring in the order of registration: Isaac Young Reed, Leesburg. John L. Baeher, Leesburg. John A. Morrett, New Kingston. Robert Graham Young, Mechanicsburg. R. Lowry Sibbet, Carlisle. Thomas Stewart, Sr., Carlisle. Geo. W. Ziegler, Carlisle. Thomas Stewart, Jr., Carlisle. John C. Claudy, Newville. Wm. H. Lauman, Mount Holly Springs. Charles C. Hammel, Mechanicsburg. David C. Cramer, NewbHrg. L. H. Lenher, Mechanicsburg. Robt. W. Ross, Shepherdstown. Ephraim K. Mosser, Mechanicsburg. Matthew B. Rodgers, Middlesex Township. John W. Trimmer, Lisburn. Wm. A. English, Shippensburg. John W. Bowman, Camp Hill. Mrs. Susie A. English, Shippensburg. Levi Pulk, New Kingston. Austin Best, Shiremanstown. Eli B. Brandt, Mechanicsburg. Alvin I. Miller, Carlisle. Jacob W. Roop, New Cumberland. Theophilus L. NefE, Carlisle. George Grove, Big Spring. James G. Fickel, Carlisle. Philip R. Koons, Allen. Robt. N. Short, Mechanicsburg. R. M. Hays, Newville. Wm. B. Reynolds, Newville. Jno. H. Sherman, Mount Holly Springs. Jno. J. Koser, Shippensburg. Wm. W. Dale, Carlisle. Henry R. Williams, Hogestown. Saml. P. Zeigler, Carlisle. Robt. P. Long, Mechanicsburg. L. P. O'Neale, Mechanicsburg. George Fulmer, Mechanicsburg. H. D. Cooper, Newville. Chas. H. Hepburn, Carlisle. Adam B. Sechrist, Upper Allen Township. Geo. Hemminger, Carlisle. Jacob H. DeardorS, Mechanicsburg. Robt. 0. Stewart, Shippensburg. Thos. J. Stevens, Mechanicsburg. Jas. B. Marshall, Shippensburg. Z. D. Hartzell, Newburg. Alex. Stewart, Shippensburg. C. W. Krise, Carlisle. Wm. M. Witherspoon, Shippensburg. Jesse Laverty, Sr., East Pennsborough Tp. David D. Hayes, Shippensburg. A. A. Thomson, Carlisle. Wm. G. Stewart, Newville. Jacob H. Smith, Dickinson Township. Joshua B. Van Camp, Plainfield. W. F. Reily, Carlisle. Saml.Myers,West Pennsborough Township. Michael L. Hoover, Silver Spring Township. Saml. H. Brehm, Newville. Wm. H. Longsdorf, Carlisle. Robt. S. Prowell, New Cumberland. A. J. Herman, Carlisle. Saml. M. Smith, Heberlig. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 187 Bobt. C. Marshall. West Fairview. B. P. Backus, Philadelphia. 8. H. C. Bixler, Bloserville. Moses K. Bowers, Boiling Springs. M. M. Ritchie, Carlisle. J, K. Bowers, Reading. Henry W. Linebaugh, New Cumberland. J. J. Deshler, Shippensburg. Jesse H. Houck, Boiling Springs. Robt. B. PoUinger, Carlisle. Israel Betz, Oakville. Wilmot Ayres, Middlesex. F. B. Leberknight, Newburg. J. P. Orr, New Cumberland. Austin W. Nichols, Camp Hill. Max Von Slutterheim, Newville. J. L. Schoch, Shippensburg. Jno. C. McCoy, Harrisburg. David Coover, Upper Allen Township. C. M. Pager, West Fairview. D. W. Bashore, West Fairview. John Logan, Harrisburg. W. S. Bruckart, Shiremanstown. John H. KaufEman. Newburg. Wm. E. Cornog, Mount Holly Springs. Rgbt. M. McQary, Shiremanstown. Jacob 8. Bender, Carlisle. 8. L. Diven, Carlisle. Finley E. Rodgers, Mechanicsburg. John U. Hobach, Mechanicsburg. Charles A. Howland, Shippensburg. Jacob Peters, Heriry Clay. Jacob H. Boyer, Mechanicsburg. M. J. Jackson, New York City. Edward S. Conlyn, Carlisle. David A. Lauck, Mechanicsburg. Joseph T Hoover, Southampton Township. Jno. R. Rodgers, Sterrelt's Gap. Joseph H. Mowers, Shippensburg. Geo. M. Eckels, Mechanicsburg. Fred. Hartzell, Churchtown. C. J. Heckert, Wormleysburg. Jacob R. Bixler, Carlisle. D. T. E. Casteel, Allen. Saml. N. Eckee, Jacksonville. G. S. Comstock, Bloserville. Joseph C. Davis, Mount Holly Springs. A. P. StaufEer, Shippensburg. H. H. Longsdorf, Dickinson. W. J. Kasten, Boiling Springs. Stephen B. KiefEer, Carlisle. Jacob B. Spangler, Mechanicsburg. Levi Clay, West Pensborough Township. Eugene A. Grove, Carlisle. CDMBEHLAND COUNTY MEDICAL SOCIETY. On the 17tli of July, 1866, the Medical Society of Cumberland County was organized, by the following gentlemen: Drs. W. W. Dale, Saml. P. Zeigler, S. B. Keiffer, J. J. Zitner, A. D. Schel- ling, A. J. Herman, E, K. Demme, Carlisle; James B. Herring, E. N. Short, Eli B. Brandt, Mechanicsburg; Joseph Grain, Eichard M. Crain, Hogestown; M. B. Mosser, Shiremanstown; John D. Bowman, White Hall; E. H. Coover, New Cumberland; D. W. Bashore, West Fairview; E. C. Hays, W. W. Nevin, Shippensburg; W. G. Stewart, Middle Springs; W. H. Lowman, Mount Holly Springs; J. W. C. Cuddy, Mount Eock; David Ahl, M. F. Eobinson, G. W. Haldeman, Newville. The temporary ofiScers elected were Dr. J. Crain, president; Dr. G. W. Haldeman, secretary. A constitution and by-laws were adopted, consisting of fourteen articles in the former and seven in the latter. Article III of the constitution reads: " Any gentleman who is a resident of this county, having a good moral char ■ acter, and in regular standing with the profession, shall be eligible to member- ship. " The membership fee is fixed at $2. Meetings are held on first Tues- days of January, May and September of each year. As showing the nature of the topics discussed at regular meetings, the list of subjects for the meeting held at the Indian Industrial School on Thursday afternoon, June 24, 1886, is given: Obstetric Practice, Dr. Hiram Corson; Hospital Clinic, Dr. O. G. Given, Uterine Displacements; Dr. M. K. Bowers; Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Phthisis, Dr. S. H. Brehm; Luxations, Dr. E. E. Koons; Narcotics — Their Uses and Abuses, Dr. E. L. Sibbet. The present corps of officers embraces the following well-known gentlemen: Dr. Geo. W. Zeigler, president; Drs. W. F. Eeily and L. H. Lenher, vice- presidents; Dr. T. Stewart, Jr., recording secretary; Dr. E. L. Sibbet, cor- responding secretary; Dr. S. P. Zeigler, treasurer; Drs. E. N. Mosser, J. J. Koser, J. C. Claudy, J. W. Bowman and W. H. Longsdorf, censors. 188 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. CHAPTER X. The Press— Of Carlisle— Of Shippensb trRG — Of Mechanicsburg — Of New- viLLE— Of Mount Holly. THE corner-stones of modern civilization are the family, the school, the church and the State. Each of these has its functions to perform and its mission to till in the world's progress. In proportion as each one accom- plishes its work successfully, will the succeeding organization be better sup- plied with competent agents and preparation to move forward to the accomplishment of its destined mission. If the preparation — the preparatory training — -in each be made satisfactory, a race of men and women will ultimately be developed that will meet the demands of Holland's " Men for the Hour:" " God give us men! a time like this demands Strong minds, great hearts, true faith and ready hands; Men whom the lust of office does not kill; Men whom the spoils of office can not buy; Men who possess opinions and a will; Men who have honor — men who will not lie; Men who can stand before a demagogue And damn his treacherous flatteries without winking; Tall men, sun-crowned, who live above the fog In public duty and in private thinking." The public press supplies the mental and moral pabulum for these four cardinal organizations. It is a sort of general text-book for this educational quartet — an omnium gatherum of this world's sayings and doings — a witches' kettle into which are thrown more heterogeneous elements than Shakspeare ever dreamed of — a sheet, not always let down from heaven, but containing all manner of beasts and birds and creeping things, clean and unclean. Such is the modern newspaper — the power greater than the throne. Formerly, the public speaker enlightened the people upon the great political and other questions of the day. Now he finds that the press has preceded him, and has found an audience in every household of the land. It is the source of infor- mation — the means of forming public sentiment. He can arouse enthusiasm, perhaps, and direct forces, but he can not enlighten as before. The press of Cumberland County has exerted an important influence in its development. Regret is to be expressed that more complete files have not been preserved of the various papers issued, for they afford, when perfect, the fullest local history of a people to be had. Prom Dr. Wing' s excellent history, as well as from a variety of other sources, the following facts are gleaned: THE PRESS or CARLISLE. The Carlisle Weekly Gazette, a small four-paged sheet issued in July, 1785, on blue paper, by Kline and Reynolds, was the first publication of the kind in the county, and probably the first west of the Susquehanna. It continued till 1815, and files of it, more or less perfect, are still preserved. Its subscription price was 15 shillings ($2) per annum, or 6 cents per single copy. It advo- cated the doctrines of the Federalists. The Carlisle Eagle, according to one account, began in October, 1799, and was published by John P. Thompson, deputy postmaster, until 1802, when he HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 189 was succeeded by Archibald Loudon, who continued in that capacity for about two years, George Phillips acting as editor. In 1804, Capt. Wm. Alexander, afterward an officer in the war of 1812, assumed editorial management under the ownership of Mrs. Ann C. Phillips, and continued the same till about 1823-24, when the paper passed into the hands of Gen. B. M. Biddle and Geo. W. Hitner who changed the name to Carlisle Herald and Expositor. George Fleming, George M. Phillips, son of George Phillips, and Eobert M. Middleton were successively its editors. Middleton, who was an able news- paperman, was succeeded by Capt. E. Beatty, who edited the sheet from 1843 to 1857. After this period its name was changed again to Carlisle Herald, and it was edited successively by A. E. Eheem and James Dunbar. By process of time it passed into the hands of Weakley & Wallace; and subse- quently was published by a regular organization known as the " Carlisle Her- ald Publishing Company. " In March, 1881, a paper known as the Mirror was merged into into it; and for a time the Herald was issued semi-weekly under the name of Herald and Mirror. The editors under the company have been J. Marion Weakley, Esq., O. Haddock, Alfred H. Adams, William E. Trickell, Esq., and John Hays, Esq., present editor. It has been rigidly consistent in its political principles, being first Federal, then Whig, and ever since Eepublican. The Cumberland Register was a small paper published by Archibald Lou- don. The number dated June 22, 1814, is numbered No. 40, Vol. IX., showing that the paper must have been begun about 1804. The American Volunteer was started in 1814, during the progress of the war with Great Britain, by Wm. B. and James Underwood, brothers, by whom it was conducted conjointly till one of them died and the other conduct- ed it until 1836, when George Sanderson bought it for about $300. By San- derson it was carried on till 1845, when Messrs. Bratton & Boyer purchased it. Boyer after a time withdrew and established a new paper, called The American Democrat, rival, J. B. Bratton continuing the Volunteer. He edit- ed it in connection with his duties as postmaster during the administrations of Pierce and Buchanan, and up to 1865, when he associated Wm. B. Kennedy with him in the enterprise. Kennedy continued it till 1871, when he sold back to Bratton, who conducted the paper alone from 1871 to 1877. At that time (April, 1877) Mr. Bratton sold it to Hon. S. M. Wherry, a farmer in South- ampton Township, near Shippensburg, and an intelligent citizen, graduate of Princeton, who owned it twenty months and then sold it (December, 1878) to Jacob Zeamer, the present manager. The paper has been Democratic from its origin, and still maintains its position. In 1822, a paper known as the Carlisle Gazette jfraa started by John Mc- Cartney. He continued it for three years when John Wightman seized the editorial quill, and ran it for a time. Its subsequent career is wrapped in mystery. About the same time, religious journalism was represented by a weekly known as The Religious Miscellany. It was published on the press of Flem- ing & Geddes, and was announced as " containing information relative to the Church of Christ, together with interesting literary and political notices of events, -which occur in the world." After struggling "with its evil star " for several years, it peacefully departed for the "sweet by and by." In August, 1830, the Messenger of Useful Knowledge was issued from the same press, in pamphlet form, under the editorial control of Prof. Eogers, of Dickinson College. After one year's existence, it, too, quietly breathed its last and slept with its ancestors. 190 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. The Valley Sentinel (daily and weekly) was started April 22, 1861, in Shippensburg. The gathering clouds of the great civil war, the mustering squadrons, the response to the country' s call to arms of the fathers and sons of the country were taking away from home so many of our people, that the citizens of this rich and beautiful valley felt that they must have a newspaper to bring them frequent and correct reports from the army of those who had gone away and left at home so many aching hearts. A meeting of prominent citizens was had, and a stock company organized, and twenty-eight sub- scribers to the stock secured $1, 100 to purchase the material for the office. The material secured, William Kennedy, of Chambersburg, was placed in charge. The first issue was April 22, 1861, published weekly. Democratic in politics; and in this style was published until 1865, nearly 1,000 subscribers being on its books. In 1865 Mr. Kennedy retired from the Sentinel, and in partnership with Mr. J. B. Bratton commenced the publication of the American Volunteer, in Car- lisle, and the Valley Sentinel was put in charge of Joseph T. Eippey, a young man, a practical printer from Baltimore. Mr. Eippey, tired of the enter- prise, left it November 3, 1866, closing the office and stopping the publi- cation. November 26, 1866, a meeting of the stockholders tendered the editor- ial charge to E. J. Coffey, of Cleversburg, who was then teaching school in Sidetown. After a suspension of one month Mr. Coffey revived the publica- tion December 5, 1866. Within the next year it was twice enlarged, the old Washington hand-press replaced by a Cotterell & Babcock power-press, and steam-power introduced, new type, and it became a thirty-two column paper and flourished greatly. Mr. Coffey had in the meantime become chief owner of the stock, so that on and after July 4, 1869, he became sole proprietor and editor. President Johnson appointed Mr. Coffey United States revenue asses- sor. In April, 1869, the greater portion of the Sentinel office was destroyed by fire, and again in 1870 it had another fire visitation, but, phoenix-like, it quickly arose from the ashes, each time with equal or greater facilities added. In 1871 Mr. Coffey sold the office and good-will of the Valley Sentinel to Mr. T. F. Singiser, of Mechanicsburg, for the sum of 14,372, reserving the collection of all outstanding dues to the office. At this time the circulation had reached 1, 538 copies. Six months after the sale Mr. Coffey purchased back the paper, and published it until March 10, 1872, when the concern was forced into the bankrupt courts, and Mr. Coffey's connection with the paper ceased. By order of the United States Court it was sold in May, 1872, and George Bobb, A. H. Brinks, H. Manning and H. K. Peffer became the pur- chasers. Under the new management the publication was resumed May 30, 1872, Mr. Peffer in editorial charge. January 16, 1873, the firm becam Pef- fer, Brinks & Co., Mr. Manning retiring. In January, 1873, the Sentinel proprietors purchased the entire material of the Democratic Safeguard, a de- funct newspaper that had a brief and troubled career in Shippensburg. May 22, 1874, the office of the Valley Sentinel passed to the hands of the present owner, H. K. Peffer, and the office at once removed to its present home — Carlisle. Only missing one issue it appeared as an eight-page, forty- eight columns, and much improved every way. Sparkling, bright and newsy it then started upon a new career. Its prosperity was unexampled ; in the spring of 1881 Eheem's Hall was purchased, and at once converted into a most com- modious and elegant home for the newly arrived paper, where it now issues daily and weekly editions to its constituency of eager readers. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 191 Deaember 13, 1881, the proprietors made the bold venture of issuing a daily paper, commencing as a five-column folio. It was welcomed by many friends, but some feared it could not sustain itself. It has, though. Indeed, so popular and prosperous was the daily that it has not only sustained itself, but has been enlarged three times, the last improvement occurring August 17, 1886. It commenced a modest five column paper, and now it is a seven column, every inch of its space crowded with the latest news, vigorous editor- ials, choice literary and mioellaneous matter and paying advertisements. It must not be supposed that the foregoing list exhausts the products of the Carlisle press. In both the temporary and permanent form, publications have issued " thick as autumnal leaves in the valley of Vallambrosa. " Some of the books issued were works of considerable merit. THE PEESS OF SHIPPENSBUKG. For a brief period, during the early part of the present century, John Mc- Farland, a politician of the Jacksonian school, published at Shippensburg a small paper, the name of which is not recalled. April 10, 1833, the Shippensburg Free Press made its appearance under the watchful care of Augustus Fromm. On the 19th of the ensuing Septem- ber David D. Clark and James Culbertson commenced the publication of a rival paper called The Intelligencer. November 14, of the same year, the two papers were consolidated under the title of Free Press, Fromm having sold his establishment to his rivals. After a brief existence the Free Press was permitted to die for the want of "the sinews of war." . In May, 1837, the first number of the Shippensburg Herald was launched by John E. Weishampel, and its existence guaranteed for about two years. After Weishampel's exit from the editorial tripod, Henry Claridge revived the Her- ald for a few weeks, and then allowed it "to sleep the sleep that knows no waking." On the 1st of April, 1840, the Cumberland and Franklin GazeWe, under the supervision of William M. Baxter, did obeisance to a patronizing public, and continued on the stage for more than a year, and then took an affectionate but final farewell. Toward the close of 1841 The Cumberland Valley, directed by William A. Kinsloe, made its bid for public favor. On the 2d of November, 1842, its ownership was transferred by sale to Robert Koontz and John McCurdy. After about six months Mr. Koontz became sole owner. This relation continued for a short time, when Mr. Kinsloe secured the paper a second time. By him it was permitted to "depart in peace." The Weekly News was born April 26, 1844, under the parentage of John L. Baker, by whom it was sold, in a few years, to Jacob Bomberger. In 1851 T>. K. Wagner formed a partnership with Mr. Bomberger, and in 1856 sold out his interest. Mr. Bomberger sold his interest to Edward W. Curriden, who published it till 1863, when he disposed of it to Daniel W. Thrush, Esq. In 1867 it passed into the hands of D. K. and J. G. Wagner, its present owners. In 1845-46 Messrs. Cooper & Dechert established a Democratic paper called The Valley Spirit, which they removed, in a year or two, to Chambers- burg. It is now the Democratic organ of Franklin County. The Shippensburg Chronicle was established on the 4th of February, 1875, by B. K. Goodyear and Samuel R. Murray; and was conducted by them until January, 1879, when Mr. D. A. Orr, now of the Chambersburg Valley Spirit became editor and proprietor. It remained in his possession until Au- gust, 15, 1879, when Messrs. Sanderson & Bro. became proprietors. These 192 HiaXORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. gentlemen conducted it until May 9, 1882, when it passed into the hands of "Wolfe & McClelland, the former assuming editorial charge. Prof. Wolfe had been a teacher for several years, and resigned his position in the Cumberland Valley State Normal School to take full charge of the Chronicle. It is ably managed and circulates among a good, thrifty class of people. Valley Sentinel. — [See account of this newspaper under " Press of Car- lisle."] THE PEESS OF MECHANICSBUKG. The first newspaper published in Mechanicsburg was called The Microcosm. It began in 1835 under the foster-care of Dr. Jacob Weaver, but yielded up its small-world spirit in a short time. The School Visitor, published a short time afterward by A. F. Cox, soon shared a similar fate. In due course of time (1843 or 1844) The Independent Press appeared under the direction of Mr. Sprigman. Its spirit was independent but its body was dependent on bread and butter, and hence its early decease. In 1853 or 1854 the Mechanicsburg Oleaner was founded by John B. Flynn. It was issued with considerable regularity till 1856, when it was sold to Samuel Fernall, who, in turn, disposed of it, in 1858, to W. E. McLaughlin. He changed the name of the paper to Weekly Gazette. After a time he sold his interest to David J. Carmany, foreman of the office, who made some marked improvements, and changed the title to The Cumberland Valley Journal. He conducted it in the interest of the g. o. p. till January, 1871, when, owing to ill health, he sold the establishment to Joseph Eitner, grandson of the old governor of like name. In March, 1868, a paper was started by a joint-stock company, and called The Valley Democrat. Capt. T. F. Singiser was chosen editor and publisher. In December, 1870, the Democrat was purchased by E. H. Thomas and E. C. Gardner, the latter having a third interest and acting as local editor. By them the name was changed to The Valley Independent. In September, 1872, Mr. Thomas purchased the Cumberland Valley Journal and consolidated it with his paper, naming the product The Independent Journal, by which title it is still known, and under which it advocates non-partisan, independent senti- ments. In 1873 Mr. Thomas purchased of Mr. Gardner his interest in the news- paper business, and then sold an interest to Maj. H. C. Deming, of Harris- buig. In January, 1874, Messrs. Thomas and Deming established The Farmer's Friend and Grange Advocate, a paper devoted to the interests of the Patrons of Husbandry in the Middle States. It soon secured a large circulation, and is now the oldest grange paper in the United States. In 1878 Mr. Deming sold his interest to Mr. Thomas, who continued to be its editor and publisher. The Saturday JowrwaZ was established in October, 1878, byE. H. Thomas, Jr. It began and has continued as a Eepublican paper during political cam- paigns, but ordinarily is a newsy society paper. Journalism in Mechanicsburg has suffered many reverses, newspaper men having suffered the following losses, as shown by the' books: Mr. Flynn, 13,000; Messrs. Fernall and McLaughlin, $2,000; Mr. Singiser, 15,000; Mr. Car- many, $4,500; Mr. Eitner, 13,500; E. H. Thomas, before securing a good foot- hold $8,000. About 1873, a paper called The Republican was started, but six months' ter- restrial existence satisfied its desire for life. In June, 1877, J. J. Miller and J. N. Young, started the Semi-Weekly Ledger, a Eepublican journal. After the first year A. J. Houck was received as a partner, vice Young retired. The paper was changed to a weekly, but finally disappeared from the scene of earthly conflict. '^^^-^^^-r^^ HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTr. 195 Other ephemeral publications have issued from Mechanicsburg, but their names being legion, can not be recalled. At present the entire field is held by R. H. Thomas, proprietor of a mammoth publishing house, which has been developed by pluck and perseverance. THE PHESS OF NEWVILLE. The first efEort to establish a newspaper in Newville, was made by a Mr. Baxter in 1843, by the transfer of The Central Engine from Newburg. The experiment proving unsuccessful, the enterprise continued but a few modths. The next effort was made in 1858, when J. M. Miller began, in company with John 0. Wagner, the publication of The Star of the Valley, a non-partisan weekly, which January 1, 1885, J. C. Fosnot bought, his son, George B. McC, conducting same for one year, when Mr. Fosnot united it with the Enterprise, under name of Star and Enterprise, the double paper achieving a rare success. In December, 1874, the Fosnot Bros, brought from Oakville, where it had been established in May, 1871, a paper known as The Enterprise, commenced by J. C. Fosnot, which was amalgamated with The Star of the Valley. About 1858, The Weekly Native was started by J. J. Herron; but its fail- ure to secure a proper patronage gave it a permanent leave of absence from the field journalism. In May, 1882, John W. Strohm began the publication of the Plainfield Times, at Plainfield, this county, which, in November, 1885, he removed to Newville, and called The Newville Times, having a large circulation. In Au- gust, 1883, Mr. Strohm started a matrimonial paper, called Cupid's Corner, which has proved a profitable venture. THE PRESS OF MOUNT HOLLY. Mount Holly has a paper known as the Mountain Echo, R. M. Barley, editor, publisher and proprietor. CHAPTER XI. Edttcational— Legal Histoet— Early ScnooLS— Dickinson College— Mbtz- GAK Female Institute— Indian Industrial School— Cumberland Val- ley State Normal cjchool— Teacheus' Institute— County Superintend- ents. LEGAL history. THE history of education in Pennsylvania may be said to date from the beginning of Penn's colony on the banks of the Delaware. In the first plan of government drawn up by Penn, in 1682, provision was made for the ' ' governor and provincial council to erect and order all public schools, and reward the authors of useful sciences and laudable inventions in said provinces. " In the year following a school for the education of the young was founded by enactment of the provincial council; and, to further the design, it elected one Enoch Flower to conduct the school work. The branches taught were "reading, writing, and the casting of accounts." This was the first school established within the present boundaries of Pennsylvania. 196 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. In 1698 a school was organized by the Society of Friends in Philadelphia, in which all children and servants might be taught, and provision was made ' ' for the instruction of the poor, gratis. " Several charters were granted this school by Penn, the final one in 1711, extending the privileges and rights so as to form, in reality, a public school, the first in Pennsylvania. The work thus begun was aided by private contributions, and it was as late as April, 1776, that the first school law was adopted, which provided that a ' ' school or schools shall be established by the Legislature for the convenient instraiction of youth, with such salaries to the masters paid by the public as will enable them to instruct youth at low prices," and which set apart 60,000 acres of land as a permanent endowment for said schools, the income from said land to be invested, and the said schools to be conducted by the Legisla- ture as their discretion might dictate. Thus it will be seen that the educational interest was left wholly at the mercy of men who had little, if any, experience in educational matters, and who were occupied with weightier affairs than the fostering of a young school system. Even with State aid the schools were neglected, and had to be nourished by the bounty of benevolent persons who contributed to the support of the struggling interest. In 1788 a subscription of something near £40, signed by the leading citizens and containing the following agreement, was taken in Cumberland County: "Whereas, a number of children in the borough of Carlisle, from the extreme indigence of their parents, are brought up in the greatest ignorance; and, whereas, these people laboring under the unfortunate condition of slavery, are, from circumstances, generally debarred from acquir- ing a knowledge of the Holy Scriptures and the principles of morality; the subscribers being of the opinion that a free school and Sunday evening school, under proper regulations, would tend to the advancement of knowledge and of good order in society, agree to pay the sums annexed to their names for one year for the above benevolent purposes, ' ' etc. , which may serve as an illustra- tion of the dependence upon personal aid. But an advance was made by the Constitution of 1790, which stated that ' ' the Legislature should, as conveniently as might be, provide by law for the establishment of schools throughout the State, in such manner that the poor might be taught gratis. " The same provision occurred in the law of 1809, which required the assessors to obtain the names of all children residing in their districts, between the ages of five and twelve years, whose parents were too poor to pay for their schooling, and to furnish each teacher a list of these names. It then became the teacher's duty to instruct all such children as applied for instruction, and to present the county commissioners with his account for the tuition of these same children. This drawing of distinction between rich* and poor aroused violent opposition among the opponents of the measure, who termed it the "pauper system." The whole number of chil- dren entered in these schools during the year 1833, the last in which this law was in force, was only 17,467, and the expenditure, in their behalf, 148,466.25. In 1834 a free school system was introduced throughout the whole State, which continues, with certain modifications and amendments, to be the school law of Pennsylvania. There were many opponents to the law, and, as its ac- ceptance was made optional with each district, the first year in which the new law was in operation only ninety-three districts out of 900 were reported as having adopted it. The report of the State superintendent shows that in Cumberland County, in 1834, thirteen districts accef)ted, three rejected, and one not reported — certainly a good record, considering the general opposition where in the State. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 197 In Carlisle, however, during the following year, there was ' ' no school in operation — fund inadequate, and deemed prudent by the directors not to com- mence at present. " EAELY SCHOOLS. As the first school had been started under Quaker control, the Gei-man set- tlers who subsequently entered the valley were compelled to submit their edu- cational affairs largely to the schoolmaster who opened the private school. As a general rule, the school was conducted by the minister of the village church, and the building used was also devoted to religious worship. Many of the earliest schools were even conducted in barns, and very good schools they were thought, too. The early teachers in Shippensburg were Andrew Gibson, John .Chambers, Jacob Steinman, John Morrison, Michael Hubbley, Robert Mc- Kean and Dr. Kernan, the latter' s school being of a higher grade than the others. A select school was opened by two ladies named Mary Eussell and Elizabeth Anderson, in 1824, which became very popular, and which contin- ued, under the charge of Miss Eliza Eussell, untU the free school system was- introduced, when it was closed, the proprietors taking charge of the district school. In Carlisle Samuel Tate, Capt. Smith, Mrs. Shaw, and others not known of by the writer were the early teachers. About the year 1809 a Methodist minister by the name of Boden conducted a school in Silver Spring Tovwiship, but he was shortly succeeded by a young Hessian named Henry De Lipkey, who, having been bufFetted about by the fickle goddess, became soured on humanity, and dealt many a stroke upon the backs of refractory urchins. John Stevenson, Michael Boor, Arthur Moore, Adam Longsdorf and William Jameson, the latter said to have been a fine mathematician, were also known among the early teachers in the township. A church, erected by general contribution, was used as a school in AUen Township, and was presided over by a Mr. McGlaughlin, William Kline, John Foster, James Methlin and Solomon Tate. Other early teachers in the town- ship were Messrs. Bausman, Durborrow and Pittinger. According to ' ' Sypher' s History of Pennsylvania, ' ' the first school of a higher grade was a classical school opened in Carlisle about the year 1760. It was in charge of one Eobert McKinley, and continued until the war of the B evolution, when both principal and students enlisted in the patriot army. Another classical school was in operation in Carlisle iu the year 1781. It was at first a "grammar school," but was enlarged and chartered as an acad- emy. An institution known as the Carlisle Institute was opened in 1831, which acquired a large patronage. The date of its discontinuance is not known. In Newburg, Hopewell Township, a school called " Hopewell Academy " was opened in 1812 by Mr. John Cooper, a linguist of no mean reputation, and numbered among its patrons such eminent men as Dr. Alfred Nevin, H. M. Watts, once United States minister to Austria, the Rev. Dr. Samuel Mc- Coskry, and others of equal prominence. This institution was maintained un- til 1832, when the founder removed to Shippensburg. Two classical schools were opened in Newville — one in 1832, by Joseph Casey, and the other in 1843, by Mr. French. The latter changed owners many times, and was finally converted into Big Spring Academy, under the charge of W. E. Linn and Rev. Eobert McCachran, in whose hands it perished. About the year 1840 a select school was opened in Mechanicsburg by F. L. Gillelen, and was continued by him with much success until 1853, when it was 198 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. purchased by Rev. Joseph S. Loose, A. M. He immediately removed it to a better building, and termed it the Cumberland Valley Institute. This in- stitution existed until recently, its various owners having been Mr. I. D. Rupp, Messrs. Lippincott, MuUin & Reese, Rev. O. Ege, and his son, A. Ege, A. M. Irving Female College, at Irvington (East Mechanicsbnrg), w^as founded as a seminary for ladies by Solomon P. Gorgas, and was chartered as a col- lege in 1857. It was conducted by Rev. A. G. Marlatt until his death in 1865, when Rev. T. P. Ege was elected. It was located in a comely brick building, capable of accommodating forty boarding, in addition to the day pupils. Dr. R. Lowry Sibbet, a graduate of Pennsylvania College, commenced a private school in Centerville, Penn Township, in 1856. It was conducted by him for three sessions, during which he instructed in the Greek and Latin lan- guages, higher mathematics and natural sciences. Dr. Sibbet severed his con- nection with this school, and was succeeded by Rev. George Hays and Mr. E. M. Hays, after which the school was discontinued. Sometime about 1848 a classical school was opened in New Kingston by Mr. A. W. Lily, a graduate of Pennsylvania College. His successor, Rev. J. H. Cupp, did not continue long in the enterprise, and it was abandoned in 1850. An institution called White Hall Academy, was opened in East Penns- borough Township in 1851, by Mr. David Denlinger, under whose charge it was operated until 1867, when it was changed to a Soldiers' Orphan School. It was then purchased by Capt. J. A. Moore and Mr. F. S. Dunn, and was conducted without change until 1875, when Messrs. Amos Smith and John Dunn took charge. Capt. Moore is the present able and popular principal. In 1860 the Episcopal Church founded a seminary for young ladies, called the Mary Institute, in Carlisle. The principals have been Rev. Francis J. Clerc, Rev. William C. Leverett and Mary W. Dunbar. It has been dis- continued for some time. In 1858, the Sunny Side Female Seminary was opened in Newburg, with Mrs. Caroline Williams as principal. She married Rev. Daniel Will- iams, a few years after, and imder his charge the school perished. The Shippensburg Collegiate Institute, a reorganization of an old aca- demy, was opened in Shippensburg, with Rev. James Colder as principal. He was succeeded by Dr. R. L. Sibbet (who retired to engage in the study of medicine), Rev. J. Y. Brown, Vaughan and Miss McKeehan. DICKINSON COLLEGE. The difficulties experienced by the early settlers of the Cumberland Valley in securing a liberal education for their sons, who had formerly been sent either to England or to the academies located in Philadelphia and in more remote places, led them to contemplate the establishment of an institution to combine all the advantages of the existing schools with that of being of much easier ac- cess. With this end in view, the friends of the movement secured a charter for a college in the borough of Carlisle, in which it says that "in memory of the great and important services rendered to his country by His Excellency, John Dickinson, Esq. , president of the supreme executive council, and in com- memoration of his very liberal donation to the institution, the said college shall be forever hereafter called and known by the name of Dickinson College. ' ' It was placed under the control of a board composed of forty trustees. The sup- port was to be derived from the Presbyterian Church directly, and also from all friends of education who deemed fit to make donations. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 199 Prominent among the founders and first trustees, were John Dickinson, first governor of Pennsylvania and first president of the board of trustees, and Dr. Benjamin Eush, of Philadelphia. The first meeting of the board was held in 1783, and in the following year a faculty was chosen, consisting of Rev. Charles Nisbett, D. D., of Montrose, Scotland, as president, arjd James Eoss, author of the well-known Eoss Latin Grammar, as professor of the Greek and Latin languages. After much hesitation and correspondence. Dr. Nisbett was induced to ac- cept the position offered, and arrived at Carlisle on July 4, 1785, being wel- comed with the sound of cannon and bells. The following day saw the open- ing of the college in a small building, between Pomfret Street and Liberty Alley. With such a beginning, the school grew rapidly into prominence, and was only retarded by the insufficiency of the funds. Strenuous efforts to increase the income were made by the friends of the institution, and in 1791 they suc- ceeded in securing an appropriation from the Assembly of $7, 500, which, with an additional donation of $3,000 given in 1798, served to place it upon a firm basis. In 1802, when a new building had been completed on the new grounds purchased in 1798, and when everything was prepared for the reception of students, a spark carried by the wind from an ash pile far away, kindled a fire which destroyed nearly everything. Before the smoke had blown away, a new subscription list was in circulation, and on August 3, 1803, the first stone of the new building planned by the public architect at Washington, Mr. Latrobe, was laid. The college was inspired with a new vigor, and for a number of years con- tinued with increasing influence and prosperity. But troubles arose which led to a change in the controlling influence in 1833. The Baltimore Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, learning of the difficulties into which the in- stitution had entered, made proposals to a committee of the board of trustees, and a final agreement was made by which the college and all connected with it passed into the control of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Now the school revived. New departments were added, and the old ones strengthened, until Dickinson College was placed in the front rank of institu- tion for higher education. The following are the departments of study main- tained: (1) Moral science, (2) ancient languages and literature; (3) pure mathe- matics; (4) philosophy and English literature, including history and constitu- tional law, (5) physics and mixed mathematics, and the application of calculus to natural philosophy, astronomy and mechanics ; (6) chemistry, and its appli- cation to agriculture and the arts; (7) physical geography, natural history, mineralogy and geology; (8) modern languages; (9) civil and mining engineer- ing and metallurgy. Those who wish to obtain the collegiate degrees are required to devote the earlier part of their course to the study of the classics and the pure mathemat- ics, but during the latter half, the student is granted more freedom, and if he desires to complete any of the special courses provided, he has the liberty to do so, at the same time retaining his right to the degree of B. A. upon grad- uation equally with those who have remained in the regular classical course. The institution is well provided with all apparatus for the elucidation of the principles of physical science; the libraries number about 28,000 volumes, many of them very rare and valuable; the permanent endowment exceeds $170,- 000; and a valuable property, which is not productive at present, but which will add materially to the income of the school in the near future. 200 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Within the last few years the course has been opened to the ladies, so that now students of both sexes have equal privileges. The Tome Scientific Building, a long, handsome, fire-proof structure, of native limestone, with trimmings of gray stone, brought from the Cleveland quarries, facing on Louther Street, was finished in 1885, a donation of Col. Robert Tome, of Port Deposit, Md. , from whom it derives its name. The last and most beautiful building added to the college in the near past is the Bosler Memorial Hall, a pressed brick building, with handsomely carved brown stone ornamentation, meant principally to contain the college library; begun in 1885 and finished in the succeeding. year. It is a donation from the widow of the late James W. Bosler, of Carlisle. Among the graduates of Dickinson College many have held responsible and honorable positions. One has been President of the United States, one has been Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of United States, one Justice of the Supreme Court, one Governor of a State, two United States Senators, ten Rep- resentatives in Congress, two district judges, three justices of the State Supreme Court, eleven presidents and sixteen professors of colleges, one bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and sixty-eight ministers of the Gospel. The following is a table of the officers and presidents of Dickinson College, with the periods of their service: Presidents of Board of Trustees. — John Dickinson, LL.D., 1783-1808; Rev. John King, D.D., 1808-1808; James Armstrong, 1808-24; John B. Gibson, LL.D., 1824-29; Andrew Carothers, 1829-33. Since 1833, the president of the college has been, ex officio, president of the board of trustees. Secretaries.— Rev. William Linn, D.D., 1783-84; Thomas Duncan, 1784- 92; Thomas Creigh, 1792-96; James Duncan, 1796-1806; Alex. P. Lyon, 1806-08; Andrew Carothers, 1808-14; Isaac B. Parker, 1814-20; James Hamilton, 1820-24; Frederick Watts, LL.D., 1824-28; Rev. S. A. McCosk- ry, D.D., 1828-31; William Biddle, 1831-33; James W. Marshall, 1850-54; Rev. Otis H. Tiffany, D.D., 1854^57; James W. Marshall, 1857-58; Rev. William L. Boswell, 1858-65; John K. Stayman, 1865-68; Charles F. Himes, 1868—. Treasurers. — Samuel Laird, 1784-90; SamuelTostlethwaite, 1790-98; John Montgomery, 1798-1808; John Miller, 1808-21; And. McDowell, 1821-33; John J. Myers, M. D., 1833-41; William D. Seymour, 1841-54; James W. Marshall, 1854-61; Samuel D. Hellman, 1861-68; John K. Stayman, 1868; Charles F. Himes, 1868-82; J. W. Smiley, 1882-85; Henry C. Whitney, 1885-. Librarians.— James Ross, 1784-92; William Thomson, 1792-1804; John Borland, 1804-05; John Hays, 1805-09; Henry R. Wilson, 1809-13; Joseph Shaw, 1813-15; Gerard B. Stack, 1815-16; Joseph Spencer, 1822-30; Charles D. Cleveland, 1830-32; Robert Emory, 1834-40; John McClintock, 1840-48; James W. Marshall, 1848-60; William L. Boswell, 1860-65, John K. Stayman, 1865-70; Henry M. Harman, 1870—. College Presidents. — Charles Nisbett, D.D., 1785-1804; Robert Davidson, D.D., 1804-09; Jeremiah Atwater, D.D., 1809-15; John McKnight, D.D., 1815-16; John Mitchell Mason, D.D., 1821-24; William Neill, D.D., 1824- 29; Samuel Blanchard Howe, D.D., 1830-31; John Price Durbin, D.D., 1833-45; Robert Emory, D.D., 1845-48; Jesse Truesdell Peck, D.D., 1848- 52; Charles Collins, D.D., 1852-60; Herman Merrills Johnson, D.D., 1860- 68; Robert Lawrenson Dashiell, D.D., 1868-72; James Andrew McCauley, D.D., LL.D., the present efficient and scholarly president. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 201 MErZGAE FEMALE INSTITUTE. The Metzgar Female Insitute, occupying a beautiful and commodious brick structure, surrounded by pleasant shade trees and a rich variety of flowers, is one of the attractions of Carlisle, and reflects great honor upon the memory of the man -whose funds supplied it, Mr. Metzgar, an honored member of the Cumberland County bar. It has attained a position among the educational institutions of the county, as is shown by its constantly increasing attendance. It was erected some five or six years ago. INDIAN INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL. The Indian Industrial School, at Carlisle, under the management of Capt. B. H. Pratt, Tenth Cavalry, is one of the pioneer institutions of the United States to attempt the civilization of a savage race. By act of Congress dated June 17, 1879, the extensive grounds and build- ings known as the Carlisle Barracks were appropriated for the Indian school. Sometime in 1876, Capt. Pratt conceived the idea that Indians could be edu- cated and their labor and skill utilized. About that time, of the hundred pris- oners at Port Marion, Florida, captured from the Cheyennes, Arapahoes, Wichitas, etc. , a number were taken to Hampton, Va. , where they were organ- ized into a school, thus originating the system of Indian industrial education in this country. Carlisle was next to be developed. In addition to the extensive buildings secured from the Government at the time the school began, there have been erected, since, a chapel, 1879; hospi- tal, 1881; new dining hall and laundiy, 1885; and a new wing to old dining hall for printing office. The first pupils received (eighty-four in number) arrived October 5, 1879, irom the Rosebud and Pine Ridge agencies, Dakota. The fathers of those boys and girls were leaders in their tribes (the Sioux). On the 27th of Octo- ber, fifty more came from the Poncas, Pawnees, Kiowas, Comanches, Wichitas, Cheyennes and Arapahoes ; and on the 6th of November, eight children arrived from Green Bay agency, Wisconsin, and Sisseton agency, Minnesota. The board of managers consists, at present, of Capt. R. H. Pratt, Tenth Cavalry, superintendent; A. J. Standing, assistant superintendent; O. G. Given, M. D., physician; S. H. Gould, chief clerk; Miss A. S. Ely and W. C. Loudon, assistant clerks. From the sixth annual report of the superintendent, dated August 18, 1885, the following facts are gleaned: Number of tribes represented, 38; number of boys in school, 344; number of girls in school, 150. Total, 494. These children are classed in nine sections, properly graded, for school work, and study such subjects as are usually taught in public schools. Each section is under the guidance of a special teacher, whose whole time is given to its instruction and management. Every pupil is also given the choice of learn- ing some trade, and is required to spend a certain length of time each day in the mastery of his trade. On the whole, the Indian school is a successful in- stitution, and well merits careful study. This labor of the Indian School, even as early as the annual report of 1881, amounted to $6,333.46, as governed by the regular contract prices of the In- dian Department. The pupils are particularly apt in the ordinary English branches, while many display also a very considerable skill in the departments of practical mechanics. With such a record it is not surprising that this school should have attracted very considerable attention, and that representatives, both of the nobility and brains of England — the Duke of Sutherland and Ed- ward H. Freeman, the celebrated English historian — should have been among its visitors, soon after it was established. 202 HISTORY OF CUMBEULANU COUNTY. CUMBERLAND VALLEY STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. This institution, located at Shippensburg, is the State school for the Sev- enth District, comprising the counties of Adams, Bedford, Blair, Cumber- land, Fulton, Franklin and Huntington. Its history is briefly this: An act of the Legislature, passed April 1, 1850, authorized the board of school directors at Carlisle to establish a normal school in these terms : ' ' And said board also have power to establish a normal school of a superior grade in said district, provided no additional expense is thereby incurred over and above the necessary schools for said borough, and to admit scholars in said normal school from any part of the county, or else- where, on such terms and on such plans as said board may direct; and the board of directors in any other school district, in said county, may, if they think proper, make an agreement with the directors in Carlisle to contribute to the support of the same according to the number of scholars they may send to said normal school. ' ' On the 16th of 'the said month a county convention was called, at which a plan for a normal school was submitted. Of this convention Judge Watts was chairman. The Carlisle school board issued a call to the other districts for a meeting of delegates on May 7, to mature plans for said school, and an- nounced May 15 as the time for a three months' session to begin; tuition be- ing fixed at $8 per pupil. The attendance of delegates was not sufficiently large to warrant the establishment of the school. The previous agitation resulted, however, in a movement among the teach- ers at the county institute held at Newville December 23, 1856. The action was thus expressed: "Resolved, That a committee of one director from each township be appointed, to take into consideration the establishment of a nor- mal school in Cumberland County." The committee met at Carlisle, January 13, 1857, and determined its location at Newville, it having guaranteed the necessary buildings. The management was vested in a board, consisting of the county superintendent and one director from each school district. The board agreed upon the opening of the school, April 3, 1857, with the following faculty: Daniel Shelly, county superintendent, principal; W. E. Linn, S. B. Heiges and D. E. Kast, instructors. George Swartz was chosen principal of the Model School, and J. H. Hostetter and Miss Mary Shelly, instructors. A three months' term was held, with ninety-one pupils in the Normal School and 149 in the Model School. About $500 worth of school appa- ratus was provided by contributions from the citizens. The session of 1858 continued five months, but those of 1859 and 1860 only three months each, George Swartz being principal. The attempt to secure a State Normal School for the Seventh District began at Newville November 2, 1865, when, during the county institute, the directors of the county instructed the county superintendent, George Swartz, to address a circular to the various school boards in the district, asking them to appoint delegates to meet in a general convention at Chambersburg January 10, 1866, to hear reports and take general steps for the establishment of such a State school. No definite results accrued from this movement, but in the spring of 1870 the preparatory steps for the location of the school at Shippens- burg, its present site, were taken. A meeting was called and Hon. J. P. Wickersham, State superintendent, was invited to deliver an address. After • several meetings, an application to the court for a charter was granted in April, 1870. Subscriptions to the amount of $24,000 had been secured. On the first Monday of May the first election for trustees was held, resulting in the choice of the following gentlemen: J. "W. Craig, Dr. W. W. Nevin, C. L. Cx.Jc,J-^-''^^'^^K^ HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 205- Shade, John Grabill, John E. Maclay, E. C. Himes, Robt. C. Hays and A. G. Miller. The capital stock was subsequently increased from 130,000 to $100,000." The excavation for the foundation was begun in August, 1870, and the contract let for 174,000. The corner-stone was laid by the Masonic Order May 31, 1871. The entire cost of the structure, which is 225x170 feet, three stories high, together with grounds, heating apparatus, gas fixtures, etc. , was $125,000, and of the furnishing about $2r),000. The property was accepted as a State institution in February, 1873, and the first session of the school began April 15, 1873, under the principalship of George P. Beard, A. M. He continued in his position until July, 1875, when he resigned. His successors have been Rev. I. N. Hays, B. S. Patten, S. B. Heiges and J. F. McCreary, present incumbent. teachers' INSTITDTE. In no department of educational activity has so much improvement been shown as in the methods and philosophy of instruction. In the private schools, academies and colleges of the olden times, the great purpose was to secure the accumulation of facts — the storing of the mind with useful knowl- edge. In too many institutions is this false notion still entertained. The relationship between crude facts and the child' s mind was not dreamed of. The "what" of knowledge, or the subject-matter, was all that the teacher sought. The "how," or the method of reaching and classifying these facts, was reserved, in the natural order of things, for development at a later day. In due course of time the subject of methods or the best way of doing certain things, began to attract the attention of the more thoughtful; and still later in educational progress, the "why," or the reason for certain processes, demanded consideration of the professional instructor. All this is evidence that the world moves — that progress is not confined to the domain of the material world. In the securing of these progressive steps, the teachers' institute in its va- rious forms had much to do. In associations of those of like calling, friction of minds never fail to secure beneficial results. At the convention of teachers and other friends of education, held in the court house at Carlisle December 19, 1835, Dr. Isaac Snowden was chosen president. Important questions were discussed, and arrangements were made to hold semi-annual meetings in the future. In the program for the session to be held June 25, 1836, are to be found these important subjects, which show that even at that early date the leaven of educational improvement had commenced to work: " 1. What is the best mode of securing a competent number of well qual- ified teachers of common schools to meet the exigencies of the county ? 2. The influence of education on the character and stability of civil in- stitutions, and the direction and modification which it gives the political rela- tions. 3. The evils existing in our common schools, and appropriate remedies. 4. The influence of employing visible illustrations in imparting instruc- tion to children. 5. Best mode of governing children, and of exciting their interest in their studies. 6. Importance of a uniformity of text-books, etc. ' ' What was done at subsequent meetings does not appear, but the questions introduced at this session are living questions, and the impetus given to edu- cational work in the county was manifest. 206 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. From the interesting article in Wing's History of Cumberland County, written by D. E. Kast, we quote : "At the call of the county superintendent, the directors and teachers generally assembled in Education Hall, Carlisle, on Saturday, the 2d day of September, 1854, for the purpose of holding a school teachers' convention, for devising more favorable means for the promotion of education generally in the common schools of Cumberland County. Ex-Gov. Eitner presided at this meeting, and Mr. Dieffenbach, deputy superintendent of common schools in Pennsylvania, was in attendance. A committee, ap- pointed to prepare business for the meeting, reported a series of resolutions, the subject-matter of which engaged the attention of the assembly during its sessions. Provision was made for the permanent organization of a county in- stitute, by appointment of a committee to report a constitution for its govern- ment. ' ' On the 21st of the following December (1854), the "Cumberland County Teachers' Institute" was permanently organized, with ex-Gov. Ritner in the •chair and an attendance of 94 teachers out of 160 at its first session. Among those present on that occasion, were Hon. Thomas H. Burrowes, who aided in its deliberations, and Dr. Collins, president of Dickinson College, who lectured. The subject of methods of teaching was freely and profitably discussed. The sentiment of the institute was expressed in the following characteristic resolu- tion: " That as teachers and members of this institute we will cordially co- operate with our superintendent in his laudable efforts to elevate the standard of teaching and advance general education throughout the county. ' ' Annual sessions from that time to the present have been held at some point in the county, the time between the holidays being usually preferred. The benefits to the county have been quite marked, justifying the wisdom of those who inaugurated the agency of professional culture. COUNTY SUPERINTENDENTS. School systems, like other activities, need efficient supervision and execu- tion. The establishment of county superintendency met this want. At first it met with some opposition, as might be expected; but it has come to be ac- cepted as an indispensable feature of the school system. The names of the officials who have filled this position are as follows : Daniel Shelly, from 1854 to 1860, two terms. He was efficient in the per- formance of his duties, and succeeded in arousing general educational interest. D. K. Noel, a prominent teacher of the county was elected, in May, 1860, as his successor ; but ill health ensuing, he resigned in a few months, and was succeeded by Joseph Mifflin, who was appointed to fill his unexpired term. Mr. Mifflin was a teacher, but, prior and subsequent to his superintendency, had given attention to civil engineering. At the expiration of his term of of- fice, he was followed, in 1863, by George Swartz, a teacher who, by self -exertion and perseverance, had attained honorable distinction in his calling. He held the position for six years, and performed its duties creditably. In 1869, owing to some legal difflculties connected with the election, W. A. Lindsey was ap- pointed to the position, and continued to discharge its duties till 1872, when D. E. Kast was chosen to fill the place. He did this acceptably, and was re- elected in May, 1875, to serve the public three years longer, which he did till 1878, when Samuel B. Shearer was chosen for the position, and has satisfac- torily discharged its duties ever since. HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 207 CHAPTER XII. Religious— Presbyterian Chtjrch— Episcopal Church— Methodist Church —Roman Catholic Church— German Reformed Church— Lutheran Church— Church of God— German Baptists— United Brethren- The Mennonites— Evangelical Association. THE religious sentiment was strongly developed in the primitive inhabit- ants of the Cumberland Valley. Its settlers made early and adequate pro- vision for the preaching of the word of God. Family instruction in the in- spired record was supplemented by the public proclamation of the gospel at such times and places as the sparsely settled condition of the country war- ranted. The simplicity of that primitive worship secured a religious fervor not seen in these days of costly edifices and fashionable services. The sacri- fices made by both minister and people guaranteed a worship largely free from hypocrisy. The log meeting-house, with its humble appointments, was, perhaps, more thoroughly consecrated to the worship of Him, who ' ' prefers before all tem- ples the upright heart and pure " than the stately structures of modern times are. Says Dr. Wing : ' ' The period of religious indifference and unbelief had not yet arrived. In the countries from which the people had come, there were doubtless formalism and 'moderation,' but every family would have felt dis- honored had they been found without the forms of public worship. And now, when these wanderers into the wilderness were far away from any place of worship, a sense of special desolation was felt by every one. A large part of their social as well as religious life was gone. With but few books or periodi- cals, the most probable occasion of hearing from the great world and the peo- ple they had left was through the letters and arrivals of others. It was in the Sabbath assembly that the sweetest and best enjoyments of the week might be hoped for. The deepest and most urgent longings of their hearts were to- ward the weekly assembly and what they called the 'house of God.' No Booner, therefore, were they sheltered from the weather, than they began to inquire for a place of worship. " It would be interesting to have some account of the place where these ^odly men first met and sought the God of their fathers. We are not sure Siat we can make any near approach to the satisfaction [gratifying] of this de- sire. We have traced the settlements over a district of not less than twenty miles from east to west, and eight to ten from north to south. This could be traveled only on foot or on horses ; for carriages were, for some time, out of the question. The first meetings must have been at private houses, in barns, or in the open air, and were perhaps confined to no one place. ' ' PEESBTTERIAN CHUECH. The early settlers of the Cumberland Valley having been Scotch-Irish, were identified with the Presbyterian Church. This condition of things ex- isted for nearly thirty years, the first exception to this unity of church fellow- ship being the preparatory steps to establish an Episcopal congregation by Eev. William Thompson, an English missionary, as early as July, 1753. 208 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. All this region was, at first, under the spiritual watch care of the Presbj- tery of Donegal, which was organized about 1732, and whose limits extended as far west as did the boundaries of Lancaster County at that time. The nearest places for regular preaching at that early date were in Dauphin County, where several congregations enjoyed the pastoral care of Eev. Will- iam Bertram. On the 16th of October, 1734, it was "ordered that Alexander Craighead supply over the river two or three Sabbaths in November." Men- tal and moral light have always followed the direction of physical illumination. Though not regularly ordained to preach at that date, his ministrations were the only ones the ' ' settlements over the river ' ' (the region west of the ' 'Long, Crooked Eiver") enjoyed for a time. In April, 1735, however. Rev. John Thompson was appointed to aid Mr. Craighead in the instruction of " the peo- ple of Conodoguinet or beyond the Susquehanna," as the settlement near Car- lisle ' was known. The site of this preaching is supposed to have been about two miles northwest of Carlisle, and since known as ' ' Meeting House Springs. " Though it is claimed by some that " Silvers' Spring " was the site of this first preaching, it is quite certain that the Meeting House Springs was the first con- gregation established west of the Susquehanna. These two congregations, viz. : Meeting House Springs and Silvers' Spring, were subsequently known as ' ' Upper and Lower Pennsborough, ' ' and must have had an existence as early as 1734. The following year, 1735, the people of Hopewell Township, just formed, applied for permission to erect a house of worship at a place called Big Spring (now Newville), but their request was not granted for a time on account of its being but eight miles from Pennsbor- ough. Within a year or two, however, this place of worship was erected, and shortly after, if not simultaneous with it, another place of divine service was established about five miles north of the present site of Shippensburg, and known as the Middle Spring Congregation. Thus it will be seen that within eight or ten years after the first crossing of the Susquehanna (viz. : 1734 to 1744), some four regular congregations were established and supported within what is now Cumberland County, as follows: Meeting House Springs, Silvers^ Spring, Big Spring and Middle Spring. These congregations sought from the presbytery to which they belonged, only ministers of the gospel, pledging and furnishing houses of worship and adequate support. The first settled pastor was Eev. Thomas Craighead, father of Alexander, already mentioned. He was properly installed at Big Spring November 17, 1737, and preached also for Middle Spring. The second regular pastor waa Eev. Samuel Thompson, who began his charge of Meeting House Springs and Silvers' Spring (Upper and Lower Pennsborough) November 14, 1739. We shall present briefly the leading facts connected with these several congregations, commencing with' Silvers' Spring. — This was so called in honor of Mr. Silvers, one of the first settlers of that region. The first occasional preaching was by Eev. Alexander Craighead and then by Eevs. Bertram, Thomas Craighead and Goldston. The regular preachers and pastors were: Rev. Samuel Thompson from 1739' to 1745. His resignation was on account of "bodily illness." He waa recommended as "generous and industrious in preaching to the congrega- tion, either on Sabbath days or week-days, according to his convenience and their necessity." Eev. Samuel Caven, from 1745 to the time of his death, November 9, 1750, in the forty-ninth year of his age. Eev. John Steel, from 1764 to his death in 1779. He was employed at £150 per year. Silvers' Spring agreeing to pay half that sum. At first six men, and afterward forty- two men, signed a promissory note guaranteeing his pay. Eev. Samuel Waugh, HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTr. 209 1782 to 1808; Eev. John Hayes, 1808 to 1814; Eev. Henry E. Wilson, 1814 to 1823; Eev. James Williamson, 1824 to 1838; Eev. George Morris, 1839 to 1860; Eev. W. H. Dinsmore, 1861 to 1865; Eev. W. G. Hillman, 1866-67; Eev. W. B. MoKee, 1868 to 1870; Eev. E. P. Gibson, 1872 to 1875; Eev. T. J. Ferguson, 1878—. The church edifice at Silvers' Spring, a substantial stone building, 45x58 feet, was erected in 1783 under the pastorate of Eev. Waugh. The original house, predecessor of the present one, was a small log building. The congre- gation was regularly incorporated by an act of the Assembly September 25, 1786, the trustees named being Andrew Galbreath, Samuel Wallace, Daniel Boyd, John Wather, Hugh Laird, Samuel Waugh, William Mateer, Francis Silvers and David Hoge. Big Spring. — ^This congregation was originally known as "Hopewell." Its origin has already been given. The pastors in succession were: Eev. Thomas Craighead, 1737. He died in the act of pronouncing the benediction after a very eloquent discourse. As he enunciated the word "farewell" he sank to the floor and expired without a groan or a struggle. He was succeeded for a time by Eev. James Lyon, of Ireland. Eev. George Duffield, installed in 1759. He also gave a portion of his time to Carlisle. Eev. William Linn, successor, began probably about 1778, and continued till 1784, when he resigned to accept the principalship of Washington Academy, Som- erset County, Md. After a vacancy of two years Eev. Samuel Wilson became pastor, which position, till his death, March, 1799, he filled acceptably. His call, dated "Big Spring, Cumberland County, 21st of March, 1786," and signed by 204 pew-,holders, is an interesting document: "We, the subscribers of this paper, and members of the congregation of Big Spring, do .hereby bind and oblige ourselves annually to pay Mr. Samuel Wilson, preacher of the gospel, on his being ordained to be our minister, and for his discharge of the duties of said office, the sum of £150, Pennsylvania currency, in specie, and allow him the use of the dwelling-house, barn and all the clear land on the glebe possessed by our former minister; also plenty of timber for rails and fire-wood; likewise a sufficient security for the payment of the above mentioned sums during his incumbency." April 14, 1802, Eev. Joshua Williams was installed on an annual salary of £200. He was a graduate of Dickinson College of the class of 1795, and began to preach in 1798, having pursued theological studies under Dr. Eobert Cooper. With de- clining health he continued his labors at Big Spring till 1829, when he re- signed. Eev. Eobert McCachren, a native of Chester County, began his la- bors as pastor about 1830, and continued in such capacity till October, 1851, when he resigned. During his pastorate, 485 communicants were added to the congregation. Eev. J. S. Henderson, 1852 to 1862. Eev. P. Mowry, 1863 to 1868. Eev. E. Erskine, D. D. , 1869, the present incumbent. The first house of worship was built of logs about 1738, and stood in the southern part of the grave-yard. The present stone edifice was built about 1790, and remodeled in 1842. Middle Spring. — John the Harbinger, as we learn from the inspired record "preached at Enon, near to Saline, because there was much water there." In the early history of the Cumberland Valley churches were located near liv- ing springs, for the accomodation of the vast concourse of people who as- sembled on occasions of divine worship. Middle Spring, so called probably from its intermediate position between Big Spring and Eocky Spring, has rather an uncertain origin. The congregation began probably about 1740. Some of the early church records mention the names of Allen Killough, John 210 HISTOKY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. McKee, David Herron and John Eeynolds as elders in 1742; John Finley, William Anderson and Eobert McComb, 1744; and John Maolay, 1747. The names of its preachers can not be given with certainty. The following are some of them; Eev. Mr. Calls, of Ireland, and Eev. Mr. Clarke of Scot- land, both labored with the congregation for a time. The first regular pastor, however, was Eev. John Blair, whose time and labors were divided equally be- tween Eocky Spring, Middle Spring and Big Spring congregations from 1742 to 1749. He was a pious and learned man, and greatly endeared to his con- gregation. As proof of this witness the fact that he was presented with a deed for a farm of 250 acres lying near the church. When he resigned his position the farm was sold and he went to New York City. Erom 1750 to 1760 little is known of the internal history of the congrega- tion. In May, 1765, a call was extended to Eev. Eobert Cooper, who accepted the same in the following October, £100 currency being pledged to him. Dr. Cooper was a graduate of Princeton College. His first pastorate was that of Middle Spring, which he held from 1765 to the time of his resignation April 12, 1797. Eev. John Moodey, a graduate of Princeton College, succeeded to the pas- torate of Middle Spring, having been installed October 5, 1803. He continued his labors until 1854, a period of over half a century. In June, 1855, Rev. I. N. Hays began his pastoral services, and continued them fourteen years, when he removed to Chambersburg. He was succeeded in May, 1871, by Eev. D. K. Eichardson, who officiated for about eighteen months, when he was fol- lowed, June 11, 1872, by Eev. S. S. Wylie. The first house of worship was a log building thirty- five feet square, erected about the time of the organization of the congregation. This house proving insufficient for the increasing congregation, a second one, 48x58, was buUt in 1765. This was succeeded in 1781 by a stone structure, 58x68, two stories high. In 1847 a new brick structure was erected, which afterward was greatly remodeled and improved. The following officers and soldiers of the Eevolutionary war were members of this congregation, or attendants of this church: Colonels — Benjamin Blythe, Isaac Miller, Eobert Peebles, William Scott, Abraham Smith; major — James Herron; captains — William Eippey, Matthew Henderson, Matthew Scott, David McKnight, John McKee, William Strain, Joseph Brady, Eobert Quig- ley, Charles Leeper, Charles Maclay, Samuel Blythe, Samuel Walker, James Scott, Samuel McCune, Samuel Kearsley; lieutenant — Samuel Montgomery; soldiers — John Heap, Esq., Samuel Cox, Esq., Francis Campble, John Eey- nolds, Esq., Thomas McClelland, Joseph McKinney, James McKee, Eobert Donavin, William Turner, Thomas McCombs, William Sterritt, John Woods, Esq., Wm. Anderson, John Maclay, James Dunlop, Esq., James Lowry, Esq., William Barr, Archibald Cambridge, John Herron, David Herron, David Dun- can, John McKnight, James McCune, David Mahan, John Thompson, Jacob Porter, Isaac Jenkins, Samuel Dixon, John Grier. Meeting-House Spring. — What has been said in a previous part of this chapter concerning this congregation need not be repeated. Dr. Nevin, in his "Churches of the Valley," says: "About the year 1736 the Presbyterians erected a log church on Conodoguinet Creek, about two miles north of Car- lisle, or West Pennsborough, as it was then called, at a place known ever since as the ' Meeting-House Spring. ' No vestige of this building now re- mains, nor are there any of the oldest surviving residents of the neighborhood who are able to give anything like a satisfactory account of it. The members of the large congregation which worhiped within its walls have long ago dis- HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 211 appeared, and with them the memory of the venerable edifice, and the inter- esting incidents, which were doubtless associated with its history, have well- nigh perished. ' ' Carlisle. — The borough of Carlisle was founded in 1751. Shortly after this event a Presbyterian congregation was organized in it, and a house of worship erected. Relative to this edifice the following letter from John Arm- strong to Richard Peters will be of historic interest : Cablisle, 30 June, 1757. To-morrow we begin to haul stones forjthe building of a meeting-house on the north side of the Square; there was no other convenient place. I have avoided the place you once pitched for a church. The stones are raised out of Col. Stanwix's entrenchment. We will want help in this political, as well as religious, work. As a means of raising funds with which ." to enable them to build a decent house for the worship of God," the managers of the enterprise, about the year 1760, obtained from Gov. Hamilton a license to inaugurate a lottery scheme, which subserved its purpose, however objectionable. In 1759 Rev. George Duffield was called to take pastoral charge of the congregations at Carlisle and Big Spring, giving two-thirds of his time to the former. At the same time there seems to have been, probably as the result of a general division in the church throughout the synod, a rival Presbyterian Church in Carlisle. Says Rev. I. D. Rupp, in his History of Cumberland County: "A short time afterward (1761) the congregation in the country, then under the care of the Rev. Mr. Steel, constructed a two-story house of wor- ship in town ; and, some time before the Revolution, erected the present First Presbyterian Church, on the northwest corner of the Centre Square. Mr. Duffield' s congregation erected a gallery in Mr. Steel' s church, and the two parties worshiped separately. ' ' These two congregations, known as the ' ' Old' Lights" and "New Lights," were finally united, and in 1785 called Rev. Robert Davidson to be pastor. This relation continued till the time of his death, in 1812. He was assisted a portion of the time by Rev. Henry R. "Wilson, professor in Dickinson College. In 1816 Rev. George Duffield, a grandson of the first pastor, was called to Carlisle. His labors for many years were signally blessed. In 1832, how- ever, his work on " Regeneration" created much dissension, and resulted in a trial by the presbytery of his orthodoxy. The decision was briefly: " Re- solved, That presbytery at present do not censure him any further than warn him to guard against such speculations as may impugn the doctrines of cm- church, and that he study to maintain ' the unity of the spirit in the bond of peace.' " Dr. Duffield' s relation with the church was severed, at his own re- quest, in March, 1835. Contemporaneous with Dr. Duffield' s difficulties with the presbytery were serious troubles in the congregation. A petition, signed by Andrew Blair and seventy- seven others, sought a separation from the old organization and the formation of a new one. The request was granted, and the Second Presby- terian Church of Carlisle was organized in the town hall January 12, 1833, with the following officers taken from the old church : Elders — Andrew Blair, John McClure and Robert Clark; deacons— Peter B. Smith, Robert Irvine, John Proctor and Robert Giffin. Its pastors in succession have been Rev. Daniel McKinley, 1833-38; Dr. Alexander T. McGill, 1839-40; Dr. T. V. Moore, 1842-45; Rev. James Lillie, 1846-48; Rev. Mervin E. Johnston, 1849-54; Rev. W. W. Eels, 1854-62; Rev. John C. Bliss, 1862-67; and Rev. George Norcross, since 1869. The pastors of the First Church after Dr. Duffield have been: Rev. Will- iam T. Sprole, Rev. Ellis J. Newlin, Rev. Conway Phelps Wing and Rev. J. S. Vance, the present incumbent. 212 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. In Dickinson Township. — In 1810 application was made to presbytery by James Moore and Joseph Galbraith for preaching in Dickinson TownsAiip for a congregation known as Walnut Bottom. It was granted, and Rev. Henry E. Wilson, of Dickinson College, aided them. In 1823 a congregation was regularly organized by Rev. Messrs. Williams, Duffield and McClelland, with about twenty members. The early pastors in succession were Revs. Mc- Knight Williamson, Charles P. Cummins and Oliver 0. McLean. The build- ing, brick structure, 45x56 feet, was erected in 1829 on ground given by Will- iam L. Weakley, Esq. In Newville. — First United Presbyterian Church of Newville (formerly associate) was organized as early as 1760. Its pastors: John Rogers, 1772- 81; John Jamieson, 1784-92; John Craig, 1793-94; James McConnel, 1798- 1809; Alexander Sharp, D.D., 1824-57; Isaiah Faries, 1858-59; W. L. Wallace, 1861. In Carlisle. — About 1796, a lot of ground in Carlisle was transferred by Thomas and John Penn, in consideration of £6, ' ' to Wm. Blair, Wm. Moore, John Smith and John McCoy, as trustees of the Associate Presbyterian Con- gregation, adhering to the subordination of the Associate Presbytery of Penn- sylvania, of which the Rev. John Marshall and James Clarkson are members. " Two years later an organization was established, and in 1802 a building was erected upon the lot. Rev. Francis Pringle was called to be the pastor. Gradually its members, never numerous, were absorbed by other churches, and the house became the property of the Bethel Church. In Mechanicsburg.—lhe rapid growth of Mechanicsburg in consequence of the construction of the Cumberland Valley Railroad, rendered the erection of a house of worship at that place a necessity. This was consummated in 1858, and in October, 1860, a congregation was organized, deriving much of its strength from the Silvers' Spring congregation. Under the efficient adminis- tration of Rev. Samuel W. Reigart, who has been its pastor since 1868, this congregation has developed great power in the community and in the denomi- nation to which it belongs. EPISCOPAL CHURCH. Mention was made in the first part of this sketch of the effoi-ts of Rev. William Thompson, acting under the direction of an English missionary soci- ety, to preach the gospel and establish a congregation as early as 1753. In Carlisle. — The church of Carlisle worshiped in a stone building tUl about 1825, when a new structure was raised on the site of the present one. This structure underwent several remodelings until the present neat and com- modious one has been reached. Its vestry has always embraced men of prom- inence and worth in the community, embracing such individuals as Robert Callender, Francis West, George Croghan, Samuel Postlethwaite, David Watts, Stephen Foulke, Frederick Watts, John Baker, etc. The rectors in regular succession have been the following named scholarly gentlemen: Rev. Dr. John Campbell, 1793-1819; Rev. J. V.E. Thorn, 1819-21; Rev. George Woodruff, 1821-22; Rev. Joshua Spencer, professor in Dickinson College, 1823-29; Rev. George E. Hare, D. D., 1830-34; Rev. John Goodman, 1885-38; Rev. Patrick H. Greenleaf, 1838-40; Rev. Wm. H. Norris, 1840-50; Rev. Jacob B. Morss, 1851-60; Rev. Francis J. Clerc, 1860-66. Since 1866 Rev. Wm. Leverett has held the position. METHODIST CHUBCH. In Shippensburg. — The Hon. John McCurdy, in his historical sketch of Shippensburg, says: "In the year 1787 Methodism was introduced into this ' -^,'^if' '"^A^ .w ' .." ^^UyvaJ=. VrOdvL^ HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 215 part of the Cumberland Valley by Eev. Joha Hagerty and Nelson Eeed. Up to that time there was no organization of that denomination of people here, and the congregation thpn formed was, it is said, the only one in the valley. The first church was built about the year 1790, on the northwestern end of the lot upon which the old brick church now stands. It was built of logs, one- story in height, and was probably large enough to seat 200 persons. During its early years the congregation was small, but at the commencement of the present century it began to increase, and many of its members were amongst the most prominent men of the place. Among them were Rev. John Davis, John Scott, Esq., William Sturgis, William Brookins, Esq., William Devor, Esq., John Duncan, Robert Porter, Esq., William McKnight, Benjamin Hunt, Thomas and Caleb Atherton, with many others of equal standing and respect- bility.^ "Their first camp-meeting was held in either 1810 or 1811, on the farm about a mile northwest of Shippensburg;" the second, in 1813; a Sunday- school was organized in 1815, but, proving lifeless, was suspended till 1834, when it took on vigorous life. In 1825 a new brick church was erected, and, after being used for half a century, was sold to the Colored Methodists, and a new one built, in 1875, on King Street. In Carlisle. — The Methodist Church in Carlisle became a separate charge about 1823. A house of worship, the "old stone church," had been built, as early as 1802, on the corner of Pitt Street and Church Alley. In 1815, a sec- ond, a commodious brick structure, was erected on Church Alley. In course of time, a still larger and better one was erected on the corner of Pitt and High Streets, the site of the present house. After Dickinson College passed from the hands of the Presbyterians into the hands of the Methodists, an unusual impetus was given to the church in and around Carlisle. Dr. John Price Dorbin, president of Dickinson College from 1833 to 1845, was a popular pulpit orator, and drew large audiences at his monthly supplies of the Carlisle pulpit. He was ably supported by such ministers as the Eevs. Henry Kepler, 1835; Geo. D. CoQkman, 1836-37; T. C. Thornton, 1838-39; Henry Slicer, 1840-41; Henry Tarring, 1842-43; John Davis, 1844, and others. In Newville. — The first Methodist Church in Newville was constructed of brick in 1826, and the present one in 1846.' The first was erected largely through the agency of Nathan Reed and Robert McLaughlin. In Mechanicsburg. — Though preaching was conducted at Mechanicsburg as early as 1819 by Revs. James Riley and John Tanueyhill, the church was not organized till 1827, when Rev. Oliver Ege, the only member in that locality, formed a temporary class. Two years later, however, a permanent class was formed at the house of George Webbert, still an honored citizen of the town. This class, Henry Shrom, leader, had, at first, but eighteen or twenty mem- bers, but the number increased to 200. The pastors in charge at the time of its organization were Revs. Thomas Megee and Thos. H. W. Monroe. Preaching in the primitive times was conducted in private houses, then in the old Union Church on Main Street, next in the first edifice erected in 1830 and 1831 on the southeast corner of Arch and Locust Streets. The building is still standing and used for dwelling purposes. In 1853 a lot was procured and a new house erected on the corner of Main and Market Streets; this house was greatly improved by repairs in 1858 and 1885. Near the church is a com modious parsonage, the gift of Daniel Coffman, an honored member. The present membership of the churcli is 175; of the Sunday-school, under the supervision of Oliver Mordorf, 180. The following pastors have served the congregation, viz. : Revs. James 216 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Eeiley, John Boweu, Thomas Megee, John Donohue, Elisha Butler, William O. Lumsden, Thomas Myers, Andrew I. Megee, Samuel Kepler, John Ehoads, James Watts, J. E. Wheeler, James Sanks, William McMullin, T. H. W. Monroe, William Guin, Cambridge Graham, S. B. Dunlap, Thomas McCart- ney, J. Wesley Black, Job A. Price, J. C. Clark, John Stine, Thomas Dough- erty, J. H. MoGarrah, J. M. Lantz, William Eink, P. F. Eyer, A. S. Bow- man, John A. Woodcock, B. H, Mosser and B. F. Stevens, who is the pres- ent incumbent. Other congregations exist in the county, viz. : Mount Holly, New Cumber- land, West Fairview, Rehoboth, etc., which are of more recent origin, and whose history properly belongs to the townships in which they are located. These congregations are the aggressive ones of the county. BOMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. St. Patrick's Church, Carlisle, was for a time a supply station of the Jes- uits of Conowago, to whom it belonged. In 1807 the present brick structure was built, and somewhat enlarged in 1823. Its title became diocesan under the administration of Et. Eev. Bishop Connell, and Eev. Diven became its first priest. In 1858 the house was destroyed by fire, but was rebuilt in a short time through the agency of Eev. Maher, of Harrisburg. Subsequent to his de- parture it was a dependency, for a time, on Chambersburg and Harrisburg; but in 1877 its separate existence was restored, and Eev. Louis J. McKenna be- came its pastor. At present it is under the care of Eev. Father McKenny. &EBMAN KEFOBMED CHUECH. The Reformed Church, as it is now called in this country, had an early hold upon the people of Cumberland Valley, its accessions coming mainly from the large influx of German immigrants. For a time, meeting-houses were used con- jointly with the Lutherans, who shared with them in religious watch-care over the rapidly increasing German settlements. Without attempting to arrange these congregations chronologically, we refer briefly to a few of the leading ones. Some time prior to 1797 a congregation was formed in the lower part of the county, near Shiremanstown, known then as ' ' Prieden' s Kirche, " " Salem, or Peace Church, ' ' but latterly as ' ' The Old Stone Church, ' ' through the la- bors of Eev. Anthony Hautz. The first structure was wooden, and was used conjointly for church and school purposes. The subscription paper for this house, now used for school purposes exclu- sively, was dated April 4, 1797, and contained the following names and amounts, ' ' Fredrich Lang, £2 5s. ; Jonas Eupp, £2 5s. ; Johannes Schopp, £3; Johannes Schnevely, 15s.; George Wuermle, 15s.; George Wild, 7s. 6d. ; Coni'ad Weber, 7s. 6d. ; Martin Thomas, 3s. ; Johannes Schwartz, lis. 4d. ; Philip Heck, 7s. 6d. ; Adam Viehman, 7s. 6d. ; Jacob Colp, £1 10s. ; John Merkle, £3 ; Casper Swartz, 7s. 6d. ; Christian Swartz, 7s. 6d. ; Abraham Wolf, 7s. 6d. ; Frederich Schweitzer, 7s. 6d. ; Martin Hausser, £5; Johannes JEberly, £4 17s. 6d. ; Elizabeth Lang (Wittfrau), 15s." On the 26th of May, 1797, the congregation obtained deeds for the land connected wibh the schoolhouse from Henry Schnevely and Nicholas Kreutzer. In 1798 the stone church was erected, under the superintendence of the following building committee: Fred Lang, Jonas Eupp, Leonard Swartz and Eev. Anthony Hautz, the architects being Martin Eupp and Thomas Anderson. May 18, 1806, a half interest in this church and school property was sold to a neighboring Lutheran congregation, known as Poplar Church, for £405 17s. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 217 3d. The early pastors of this congregation were Revs. Anthony Hautz, J. G. Bacher, Thomas Apple, A. R. Kreamer, Fritchey and John Ault. On the 23d of June, 1866, this congregation held its last communion, most of its members uniting soon afterward with St. Paul's Reformed Church, of Me- chanicsburg. In Shippensburg. — A Reformed coi;gregation was organized at Shippens- burg about 1780. Somewhat later in the last century a lot for burial purposes was secured by the Reformed and Lutheran congregations on the southeast corner of Queen and Orange Streets. On this lot a log church edifice was erected, which was used till 1812. About the same time a brick edifice was built on the site of the present Reformed Church, and was used by the two congregations for a number of years. In 1823 Rev. John Habblestine becom- ing one of its pastors, preached doctrines not accordant with those of his peo- ple. The church doors were closed against him, when he withdrew, with cer- tain followers, and organized the Church of God. Subsequently these two churches separated, each building an edifice of its own. In Carlisle. — The Reformed Church in Carlisle was built in 1807. As a means of giving vitality to the cause in this portion of the State, a movement was inaugurated in 1817 to establish a theological seminary, a plan for the ex- ecution of which was not, however, developed tUl 1820. Some 130,000 were subscribed, conditionally, but never realized. Through the influence of the- Carlisle Church and Bickinsf n College the institution was located in Carlisle, and maintained a doubtful existence for four years, the subscriptions not prov- ing sound. In 1829 the seminary was removed to York, and in 1835 to Mer- cersburg. LUTHERAN CHURCH. Referring to the remarks made concerning the Reformed Church, it may be stated that the growth of this denomination has occurred largely during the present century. In East Pennsborough. — David F. Eyster, in his account of East Penns- borough Township, for Wing' s History, says : " The first church built in this end of the county is one mUe north of Camp Hill and is called ' Hickory Wood Church. ' It was built probably as early as 1765, by the Lutherans, of logs, and in two departments, the lower story being used for school pur- poses and the residence of the teacher, while the second story was kept ex- clusively for divine services. The old church has been removed and another one buUt, known as the 'Poplar Church.' " The pastors of this congregation were Revs. Frederick Sanno, Benjamin Keller, Augustus Lochman, Edmund Keller, Augustus Babb, N. J. Stroh, A. Hight, C. F. Stover, J. R. GrofP and H. N. Fegley. A new brick building, costing with bell included $9,104.91, was dedicated July 2, 1866. In Neuwille. — The first Lutheran Church in Newville was built of brick in 1832; the second of brick in 1862. Names of pastors: Revs. D. P. Rosen- muller, 1832-40; John Heck, 1841-45; E. Breidenbaugh, four years; Sidney L. Harkey, two years; Joshua Evans, 1852-60; H. Baker, 1861-67; Harry McKnight, 1867-71; H. Fleck, 1871-72; J. A. Clutz, 1872-73; H. J. Wat- kins, 1874—. In Shippensburg. — The church in Shippensburg is contemporaneous with that of the Reformed, dating back to the close of the last century. (See above. ) In Centerville. — The church in Centerville was built, in 1852, under the pastorate of Rev. Charles Klink. Its pastors: D. P. Rosenmuller, John Rosen- berg, Christian Kunkle, Charles Klink, S. S. Link, J. Wefley, A. Babb, S. L. Guss, S. W. Owen, G. M. Garhart, G. D. Keedy, J. Deitrich, D. Swope. 218 HISTORy OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. In Carlisle. — The church in Carlisle was early blessed with the labors of strong men, among whom may be mentioned Jacob Goehring, George Butler, F. D. Schaeffer, A. H. Meyer, John Herbst. Commencing with 1816, the reg- ular pastors were: Eevs. Benjamin Keller, 1816-28; C. F. Heyer, C. F. Schaeffer, John Ulrich, J. N- Hoffman, Jacob Fry, S. P. Sprecher, Joel Swartz, D. D. , C. S. Albert, — Freas, and H. B. Wile, the present incumbent. On the 11th of March, 1851, the house of worship was consumed by fire. Though it was not insured, a large structure was immediately erected. This has been enlarged several times since, to meet the demands of the increasing congregation. A number of other congregations exist in the county whose histories are referred to in their respective towns and townships. CH0ECH OF GOD. This organization began about 1830, under the leadership of Rev. John Winebrenner, of Harrisburg. The first effort to establish a congregation in Cumberland County was made at Shippensburg, Rev. John Habblestine taking advantage of some dissension in the Reformed and Lutheran Churches to form a new organization, to be known as the " Union Christian Church. " A consti- tution . was adopted October 24, 1828, with John Heck, Jacob Dewalt and John Blymire as elders; David "Wagner, Michael Ziegler, Henry Keefer and John Taughinbaugh as deacons, and Jacob Knisley and John Carey as trustees. They were subsequently under charge of Revs. Rebo, Dietrich Graves and James Mackey. About 1834 or 1885 the name was changed to the "Church of God." The first house of worship was built in 1828 ; the next, a two-story brick, was erected in 1870, at a cost of $17,000. Congregations were organized in all parts of the county, and suitable houses of worship, called " Bethels," sup- plied as follows: Milltown, 1833, by Elder Winebrenner; Walnut Grove Schoolhouse, 1835, by Elder J. Keller; Shiremanstown, 1838, by Rev. Keller; Newburg, 1834, by Elder James Mackey; Newville, 1837, by Elder David Kyle; Green Spring, 1852, by Elder Kyle; Plainfield, 1854, by Elder Peter Klippinger; Carlisle, 1864, a congregation of eighteen members. GERMAN BAPTISTS. This denomination, which occupies such a conspicuous position in country places, had, for a time, no other place of worship than private houses, barns and schoolhouses. Its congregations were served by an unpaid ministry. We subjoin a sketch from notes prepared in 1878 by Elder Moses Miller: Adam and Martin Brandt's, in Monroe Township; Daniel Basehoar's, in East Penns- borough Township, and John Cochlin's, in Allen Township, were the first meet- ing places, and the first communion meeting was held at Adam Brandt' s nearly eighty years ago. Adam Brandt was the first minister chosen, though he did not serve, and about 1820 John Zeigler and Michael Mishler were chosen, the former of whom removed to Ohio some years afterward. In 1823 Daniel Bol- linger, from Juniata County, became the first ordained elder in Cumberland County, and gave the church a regular organization. He served some twenty- five years, and died in 1855 at Lebanon, Ohio, whither he had removed in 1848. Adam Steinberger was chosen about 1829, and Rudolph Mohler in 1832. Rev. Christopher Johnson came to Dickinson Township from Maryland in 1828. Daniel HoUinger and Samuel Etter were chosen about 1835, and David Horst in 1841. About 1836 the church divided into two sections, knovm as "Upper Cum- HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 219 berland" and " Lower Cumberland, " respectively, Baltimore Turnpike and the Long's Gap road being the dividing line. The ministers of the " Lower " Church have been Moses Miller, chosen in 1849, Adam Beelman, in 1851; David Niesley and A. L. Bowman, in 1863; Jacob Hai-nish, in 1865; Cyrus Brindle, in 1868; B. H. Nickey, in 1871. Eev. J. B. Garver came from Huntingdon County in 1874 to within the limits of this congregation. The first minister and the first ordained elder of the ' ' Upper' ' Church was Christopher Johnson, and David Ecker, from Adams County, was (1836) the second elder. John Eby was chosen in 1841 ; Joseph Sollenberger, in 1843; Allen Mohler, in 1846; Daniel Hollinger removed to the "Upper" Church from the "Lower "one in 1848; Daniel Keller, chosen in 1851; George Hollinger, about 1858; Daniel Demuth, in 1860; Daniel Hollinger, in 1868; Caspar Hos- felt, in 1873. Until 1855 the Lower Congregation had no house of worship of its own, but had an allotment in union houses built in Mechanicsburg in 1825, at Shep- herdstown and at Cochlin' s, in some of which meetings are still held. In 1855 Baker' s Meeting-House was built on the Lisburn road, in Monroe Township; Miller's a mile from Sterrett's Gap, in 1858, and Mohler' s, in 1861, six miles southwest from Harrisburg, on the State road. In 1863 a good brick build- ing was erected near Huntsville, and a few years later a union church was built in Frankford Township, one-third of which the German Baptists own, and in 1875 a house of worship was put up by them exclusively at Boiling Springs. Four miles north of Shippensburg is the Fogelsanger Meeting-House. tmiTED BRETHREN. This aggressive denomination owes its organized form largely to the efforts of William Otterbein, " a pious and zealous preacher from Germany," and began about the opening of the present century. Its numbers have increased rapidly, and congregations may be found in all portions of the county. The following have been some of the members who have served as its preachers: Eevs. H. A. Schlichter, W. O. Quigley, A. H. Rice, W. H. Wagner, J. C. Wiedler, J. German, J. P. Anthony, J. R. Atchinson, B. G. Huber, D. R. Burkholder. In Mechanicsburg — The church in Mechanicsburg began, in 1846, in the labors of Rev. Jacob S. Kessler, who served three years. His successors in work were the following reverend gentlemen : Alexander Owen, J. C. Smith, Samuel Enterline, W. B. Wagner, William Owen, John Dickson, Daniel Eb- erly, W. B. Raber, J. Philip Bishop, S. A. Mowers, C. T. Stearnthen, H. A. Schlichter, J. T. Shaffer, J. B. Funk and J. R. Hutchinson, the present in- cumbent. From 1846 to 1857 the congregation occupied the old Union Church. In the latter year a house was built by the congregation, and it answered all nec- essary purposes till 1874, when the present brick structure was erected at a cost of $6,000. The membership of the congregation is 220, and the pastor's sal- ary $550. In Shippensburg. — The congregation in Shippensburg began in 1866. In June, 1869, a good house of worship was dedicated. The congregation has been growing rapidly in numbers and influence. THE MENNONITES. This religious body began to appear in Cumberland County at the opening of the present century {Cir. 1808). The first effort to establish a congregation was made at Slate Hill, a mile south of Shiremanstown, under the labors of 220 HISTOEY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. George Kupp, Sr., and Henry Martin. In 1818 was erected a large brick building, which was reconstructed and improved in 1876. The congregation increased quite rapidly, enjoying the labors of Jacob Mumma and Henry Eupp. About the same time preaching began about two miles east of Carlisle, resulting in the forming of a congregation which, in 1832, erected a building since knowa as the " Stone Church. " Some of the preachers were John Erb and Christian Herr, and latterly Henry Weaver and Jacob Herr. Under the direction of such ministers as Messrs Rupp, Mumma, Martin, Abram Burgert, Martin Whistler, and others whase names are not recalled, preaching has been supplied, in German or English, at a number of places in the county: Martin's Schoolhouse (1828), Union Church near Michael Cochlin's (1848), Union House, at Jacob Herr's, near Boiling Springs, Diller's Mill, Union Church in Mechan- icsburg. The Reformed Mennonites, who claim to hold, in greater reverence, the doctrines and usages of the primitive church than those from whom they sepa- rated, have a number of congregations: One at Winding Hill, two miles and a half from Mechanicsburg; One near Middlesex, and one at Plainfield. Some of the early settlers, about 1825 or 1830, were Samuel Bear, Dietrich Steiner, Peter Miller, Christian Genrich, Samuel Newcomer and others. Most of their preachings have been conducted by men living without the limits of the Cum- berland, George Keiser being a resident minister. EVANGELICAL ASSOCIATION. This society owes its commencement to Jacob Albright, who began to form societies about 1800. The first church organized in Cumberland County was in 1833, in the house of David Kutz, a mile or two east of Carlisle. Among the first members were John Kratzer, Christian Euhl and David Kutz. Eevs. J. Barber and J. Baumgartner were the first ministers. Letort Spring Church, where the first organization was made, is a building of no ordinary pretentions, and is attended by an influential congregation. There are several hundred communicants in the county, and there are church buildings at following named points: Carlisle, Cleversburg, Hickorytown, Leesburg, Letort Spring, McClure's Gap, Middlesex, Mifflin, Mount Holly, Mount Eock, New Kingston and Wagner' s. The Carlisle congregation had its inception in a class of some dozen persons, which was formed in 1866, and for a time they held meetings at the house of Eev. J. Boas; in 1867 the meetings were held in Eheem's Hall. May 15, 1870, St. Paul's Evangelical Church, a substantial brick building on Louther Street, was dedicated. This congregation has been served by Eevs. J. G. M. Swengel, J. H. Leas, H. B. Hartzler, J. M. Ettinger, J. M. Pines, H. A. Stoke, A. H. Irvine. The church is thriving and prosperous. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 221 CHAPTEK XIII. Political— Slavery in Cumbekland County, Etc. THEKE is little to say concerning the political leaning of the inhabitants of Cumberland County through the century and a quarter and more of its existence. We have followed its soldiery through several wars and learned how they fought and fell; we have seen that, with so few exceptions as hardly to be accounted, the people have been at all times arrayed on the side of home and country, and given of their means and of their life blood to attain their preservation. Where these motives are uppermost there is little need of ask- ing what is the political belief of the citizens, for they can not go far in the wrong in any event. For many years the majority of the voters in Cumber- land County have cast their ballots with the party of Jefferson and Jackson, the Democratic majority at the local election in the autumn of 1885 being over 1,000. At times, however, the popularity of candidates on the side of the Re- publican, or minority party, is sufScient to win for them responsible positions, as in the case of the present president judge, Wilbur F. Sadler. , SLAVERY IN CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Many of the early residents of Cumberland County owned slaves, and on the old assessment records we find property holders taxed often with one or more ' ' negroes, ' ' according to their position and means. One instance only is given, that of Carlisle, in 1768, when the following persons owned the num- ber of negroes set opposite their respective names: John Armstrong, Esq., two; Robert Gibson, one; John Kinkead, one; John Montgomery, Esq., two; Robert Miller, Esq., three; James Pollock, tavern-keeper, two; Charles Pattison, one; Rev. John Steel, two; Joseph Spear, two; Richard Tea, two — total, eighteen. Even ministers, it is seen from the foregoing, adopted the common custom of owning slaves, as well as the people, yet the public feeling in the Colony — or State — was never in favor of that form of bondage, especially among the Quakers, the Scotch and Irish settlers looking at it more favorably and having numbers of negroes, then not exceedingly valuable in market. It is said that ' ' slaves were generally allowed to share in all family and domestic comforts, from long residence in families they attained to much consideration and affec- tion, and seldom were made the subjects of cruelty. In many respects their position in the families to which they belonged was preferable to that which was awarded to hirelings for only brief terms of service. ' ' The attention of the Assembly was called to the subject of slavery by the Supreme Executive Council, James McLene* at the time representing Cumberland County, that body referring to the matter February 15, 1779, in the following language: " We would also again bring into your view a plan for the gradual abolition of slavery, so disgraceful to any people and more especially to those who have been contending in the great cause of liberty themselves, and upon whom Providence has bestowed such eminent marks of its favor and protection. We 'Kesided In Antrim Tovnsbip, now Franklin County, and died March 13, 1806. 222 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. think we are loudly called on to evince our gratitude in making our fellow-men joint heirs with us of the same inestimable blessings, under such restrictions and regulations as will not injure the community and will imperceptibly enable them to relish and improve the station to which they will be advanced. Hon- ored will that State be in the annals of history which shall abolish this viola- tion of the rights of mankind, and the memories of those will be held in grateful and everlasting rememberance who shall pass the law to restore and establish the rights of human nature in Pennsylvania. We feel ourselves so interested on this point as to go beyond what may be deemed by some the proper line of our daty, and acquaint you that we have reduced this plan to the form of a law, which if acceptable we shall in a few days communicate to you." The Assembly did not act upon the matter at that meeting, but through the exertions of George Bryan, the author of the proposed law in the council, who subsequently become a representative in the Assembly, the bill was passed March 1, 1780, by a vote of 34 to 21, and slavery was abolished in Pennsyl- vania. The act provided for the registration of every negro or mulatto slave or servant for life, before the 1st of November, 1780, and that " no man or woman of any color or nation, except the negroes or mulattoes, " so registered should thereafter, at any time, be held in the commonwealth other than as free. Exceptions were made in the servants of members of Congress, foreign min- isters, and people passing through or not stopping longer than six months in the State. In 1790 Cumberland County had 223 slaves; in 1800, 228; in 1810, 307; in 1820, 17; in 1830, 7; in 1840, 24; and in 1850, none, those registered as such by the act of 1780, and so continuing through life, having passed away. Negroes were often advertised for sale in the early newspapers of Carlisle, showing up their desirable qualities; and such notices appeared as late as 1830. During the exciting years last preceding the civil war of 1861-65 more than one fugitive from the terrors of slavery was assisted on his way to freedom and safety by sympathizing citizens of this county. The county was so near the border of a Slave State that it was an easy matter for kidnapers to make bold raids into it and carry ofE unsuspectingly colored persons over the border into slavery. One incident occurred in Dickinson Township worth mentioning: Some time in the spring of 1859 a mulatto named John Butler settled with his wife and child in a small house near Spruce Eun. The child attended the Farmers' Academy and the parents worked at such employment as they could find. On the night of June 10 following they disappeared suddenly, under circumstances which pointed to a case of kidnaping. Measures were taken to secure the perpetrators of the crime and punish them. Emanuel Myers, of Maryland, a noted negro catcher, was apprehended by the sherifF soon after, while in Pennsylvania, and placed in jail at Carlisle. The people in Maryland and South became angry over the matter, claiming he was decoyed into Penn- sylvania to be captured. The Northern papers united in demanding that Myers be tried and punished. His trial came off in August, the common- wealth being represented by A. Brady Sharpe, Esq. , and Hon. Predk. Watts, of Carlisle. Myers was found guilty, but promised to return Butler and his family if he himself might be set free. Sentence was suspended, he was re- leased on his own recognizance to appear at a subsequent session of court, and soon after the colored family returned to Dickinson Township. The common- wealth practically dropped the case then. The war soon followed, and slavery was ended in the entire country. J^/g^ HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 225 CHAPTER XIV. Ageicttltural — Cumberland County Agricultural Society— Grangers' Picnic- Exhibition. Williams' Grove. THE ad-vancement of science has beea seen in the improvements which characterize the culitivation of the soil, and the progress that has marked the introduction of agricultural implements. Farming, stock-raising, bee cul- ture and fruit-growing were, formerly, largely matters of chance. Inherited knowledge sufficed for the average husbandman. He plowed and sowed and reaped as his ancestors did. Drainage, fertilization, the improvement of stock, the use of improved implements of husbandry — these subjects did not agitate his mind. Not so the intelligent modern farmer. He keeps abreast of his age, and reads the latest and best literature bearing on his chosen field of labor. A knowledge of physiology, botany, mineralogy, geology and vege- table chemistry seems to be a necessity for him. He realzes that his occupa- tion affords a superior opportunity for making and recording observations that will be valuable, not only to him Ijut others similarly engaged. He rises above the narrow selfishness that too often characterizes his fellow-laborers, and be- comes a philanthropic scientist whom the future will rise up and call blessed. To this class belongs Hon. Frederick Watts of Carlisle, who, though engaged in the intricacies of the legal profession, always had both time and inclination to advance the true interests of the farming community. He was both a theo- retical and a practical farmer, and to him more than to any other man in the Cumberland Valley may be attributed the improvements in agriculture in that, region. In June, 1839, Judge Watts was driving a carriage, containing himself and wife, from New York to Philadelphia, no railroad at that time connecting the two cities. Near Trenton, N. J. , he was met on the road by Lieut. William Inman-, of the United States Navy, and asked, ' ' Watts, where are you going ? ' ' Being told, he took the Judge to his farm, on which was growing an excellent quality of wheat. It proved to be a Mediterranean variety, three bushels of which were brought by him a year or two previous from Italy, near Leghorn. He sent Judge Watts six barrels of the seed, which were sown on his farm near Carlisle. By these two men was introduced into the United States, and espec- ially into the Cumberland Valley, this popular variety of wheat. During the harvest qf 1840 the first McCormick reaper ever used in Penn- sylvania, was taken by Judge Watts iato a twelve- acre field that would yield about thirty-five bushels of wheat per acre. It was a trial of the machine. There were present from 500 to 1,000 spectators to witness "Watts' folly," as it was called. The cutting of the wheat was rapid and perfect, but the general verdict was, that "one man could not rake off the grain with sufficient rapidity." A well-dressed stranger came up, and gave some suggestions which aided the raker somewhat ; but even yet the team could not be driven more than ten or fifteen rods before a halt was called to ease up on the raker. Finally, the well-dressed gentleman stepped upon the machine, and raked off the wheat with perfect ease, compelling the spectators to reverse their some- what hasty decision and say, ' ' It can be done. ' ' The well-dressed man proved 226 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. to be Cyrus H. McCormick, the inventor of the American reaper. This little episode marks the introduction of the reaper into the Cumberland Valley, and relieves "Watts' folly" from the odium which first attached to it. Similar difficulties attended the introduction of the left-handed, steel mold-board plovr. Farmers had been accustomed to use a right-handed, wooden mold-board implement, clumsy and burdensome, and were loth to make a change. Repeated trials, however, brought the better class of imple- ments into favor, and thus introduced a higher order of agriculture into the county. The County Agricultural Society, an account of which is given below, was the legitimate outgrowth of these public exhibitions. Judge Frederick Watts was its founder, and for many long years its president and chief patron. What- ever of good it has accomplished for the farming interests of the county may be ascribed largely to the efficiency which he imparted to its management. CUMBERLAND COUNTY AOBICULTUBAL SOCIETY. This society was organized in 1854, through the instrumentality of Judge Watts. It has been a well managed and prosperous institution from its first existence to the present, holding its annual meetings (the only failures in this respect being one or two years during the late war), and the interest and good influences that have marked its career are plainly evidenced all over the county. The society purchased the first lot of ground, containing six acres and six perches, August, 1855, and have at different times made additional purchases, until they now have enclosed and in a high state of improvement twenty -two acres, a fine half-mile driving track, amphitheater, boarding houses, halls, booths, pens and all other necessary buildings of a substantial and commodious kind are on the grounds. In short, everything necessary to conduct a first- class county fair has been prepared in an unstinted manner. There are 200 life members, and the directors run the institute in a liberal and generous spirit, paying out on an average, each year, in premiums, from $2,000 to $2,500. The following is a list of the officers of the society: Firstcoi-ps of officers: President.Frederick Watts; vice-presidents. And. Fra- sier, Skiles Woodburn, Daniel Coble, Geo. H. Bucher, Thos. Bradley, W. M. Henderson; secretary, Richard Parker ; treasurer, Geo. W. Stouffer ; man- agers, Chas. Tetzel, Samuel Myers, Robert Laird, Geo. Brindle, John Paul, Jos. Calver, Wm. Schriver, Robert Bryan and Robert G. Young. 1855 — President, Geo. H. Bucher ; secretary, Robert Moore ; treasurer, George W. Sheaffer. 1856 — ^President, Thomas Paxton; secretary, Robert Moore; treasurer, Geo. W. Sheaffer. 1857 — President, Thomas Galbraith; secretary, Robert Moore; treasurer, Geo. W. Sheaffer. 1858 to 1866 (inclusive)— President, F. Watts; secretary, D. S. Croft, treasurer, Geo. W. Sheaffer. 1867 — President, Thomas Lee; secretary, W. F. Sadler; treasurer, Henry Saxton. 1868— Same as 1867. 1869 —President, John Stuart; secretary, John Hays; treasurer, Ephraim Cornmati. 1870 — President, F. Watts; secretaiy, Lewis F. Lyne; treasurer, Henry Saxton. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 227 1871— Same as 1870. 1872 — President, Charles H. Miller; secretary, Lewis F. Lyne; treasurer, Henry Saxton. 1872 to 1886 — The last-named officers have held their positions contin- uously, except Henry Saxton, who died in 1882, and was succeeded in 1883 by the present treasurer, Joshua P. Bixler. GKANflEE's PICNIC-EXHIBITION, WILLIAMs' GROVE. From the smallest beginnings in 1873, this has now became a National in- stitution. A few individuals, farmers mostly, were led to give this beneficent institution their favorable attention by the efforts of Mr. E. H. Thomas, pro- prietor of the JFarmer's Friend and Grange Advocate, of Mechanicsburg. Thirteen years ago the Patrons of Husbandry selected Williams' Grove as a place for holding social reunions, and held successful meetings at this point. Then others saw the possibilities that might be made to shape and grow out of these meetings; and with a view of bringing the farmer and manufacturer in closer relationship, the picnic of 1874 was appointed, and the manufacturers of the country were invited to bring the work of their shops and mills, and, with the farmers, side by side to display the products of the farm and factory. The beginning, of necessity, was small, because as wise as was its purposes it had to be advertised to the country. But it told its own story, its fame rap- idly extended throughout all the States, and soon it reached proportions that may be called National. In 1885, without entering into dry details, there were over 300 car loads of agricultural implements and machinery displayed upon the grounds, and the people in attendance estimated at 150,000. Farmers were present from twenty-nine States of the Union, and the manufacturers had •quite as extended a representation. Goods sold upon the grounds, and orders taken aggregated over 1300,000, and over $1,000,000 worth of machinery was on exhibition. E. H. Thomas, general manager, Mechanicsburg, opened the fair of 1886, on Monday August 30, with an unprecedented attendance and the widening interest evidently increasing and extending. The grounds occupied are called the Williams' Grove picnic grounds. There are forty acres in the inclosure. These are leased by the picnic exhibition management; a co-lease is held by the D. & M. Eailroad, and frequently the place under their management is used as picnic grounds. Two amphitheaters, a National Grange Hall, a two-story hotel, and quite a number of smaller build- ings used by exhibitors and visitors. Williams' Grove is on an island in the Yellow Breeches Creek, on the D. & M. Eailroad, thirteen miles southwest of Harrisburg. The constant addition of new improvements and spacious build- ings, etc., make this the most elegant grounds in the country for these pur- poses, and the spot is surpassingly beautiful and inviting. One admirable and attractive feature of this inter-State exhibition is that it is a free show — no admittance charge, and back of it are no grasping board of directors or stock- holders eager only to make money. It is run at a minimum of expense, and this is collected by a small fee from exhibitors, the booths and stands really paying the larger part of the expenses. Several of the large manufacturers are now about erecting permanent and spacious buildings upon the grounds, and still others are soon to follow this good example. A twenty acre field (wheat stubble) adjoining the grove has now been secured for trials of plows, harrows, rollers, drills, etc. The inter-State picnic institution is imique in its arrangement, having no predecessor, and its success phenomenal. Away from the great cities, in the 228 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. cool and grateful shades of the groves, in the quiet retreat of the rich and beautiful Cumberland Valley, here the real farmer and actual manufacturer meet and learn to know and appreciate each other, and certainly it is the be- ginning, already vast and extended in its proportions, of a happy fraternizing and of mutual benefits to these two most important classes of men in our Nation. CHAPTER XV. THE FOEMATION OF TOWNSHIPS. THE Cumberland (then known as the North) Valley was first divided into the townships of Pennsborough and Hopewell. This was in 1735, years before the formation of the county, which was then a portion of Lancaster. At this time the Indian title to the lands had not yet been extinguished, for it was in October of the following year that the Penns finally purchased their title. White settlers, by permission of the Indians, had come into the valley about the year 1730, but they were few in number, and Cumberland County was not formed until fifteen years after the formation of these two townships. The First Proprietary Manor. — A small portion in the lower part of the North Valley, and which was afterward a portion of Pennsborough Township, was surveyed at a still earlier period (1782) into a " Proprietary Manor on Conodoguinette, " the more effectually to keep off white settlers as opposed to the rights of the Indians,' which had not yet been satisfactorily purchased. This manor was also called ' ' Pastang " or " Paxton Manor, ' ' and after the formation of Cumberland County " Louther Manor, " in compliment to a noble- man of that name who had married a sister of William Penn. About sixty families of the Shawanese Indians, who had come from the south, settled there about 1698, by permission of the Susquehanna Indians, to which the first proprietory, William Penn, afterward agreed. In 1753, com- plaint is made ' ' that they had not been paid for the lands, part of which had been surveyed into the Proprietory Manor on Conodoguinette." This manor embraced all of what is now East Pennsborough, Lower Allen, and a corner of Hampden Townships. In other words, it was bounded on the east by the Susquehanna Eiver, opposite John Harris' ferry, and included all the land lying between the Conodoguinet and Yellow Breeches Creeks, past the Stone Church or Erieden' s Kirche, and immediately below Shiremanstown. It was surveyed by John Armstrong in 1765, and by John Lukens, Esq., sur- veyor-general under the Provincial Government, in 1767, at which time it was reported to contain 7, 551 acres. The two original townships, we have seen, were Pennsborough and Hope- well. Pennsborough, which lay on the east, at its formation included the whole of the territory which is now embraced in Cumberland County. Hope- well, which lay on the west, included most of the land which is now embraced in Franklin. Six years later (1741) the township of Hopewell was divided, and the western division was called Antrim, after the county in Ireland. This ter- ritory afterward became a portion or nearly the whole of what is now included in Franklin County. Soon after the formation of Pennsborough Township, portions of it began to be called North and South, East and West Pennsborough, and in 1745, tea BOROUGH OP CARLISLE. 229 years after its formation, and five years before the formation of the oqunty, it seems to have been definitely divided into East and West Pennsborough. In the years which have elapsed many townships have been formed, so that now one portion of this original township lies west of the center, and the other at the northeastern extremity of the county, separated by the many intervening townships which have been formed from them. One other township, Middleton, also originally part of Pennsborough, was just before or coincident in its birth with the formation of Cumberland County, so that when the county was formed, its map, including only that portion of it which was known by the name of "North Valley," would have embraced East and West Pennsborough, Hopewell, Antrim and Middleton Townships. That is the map of this portion of Ciunberland County at its formation in 1750. The date of the formation of the succeeding townships is as follows: Allen, 1766; Newton, 1767; Southampton, 1783; Shippensburg, 1784; Dickinson, 1785; Silvers' Spring, 1787; Frankford, 1795; Mifflin, 1797; North and South Middleton, 1810; Monroe, 1825; Newville, 1828; Hampden, 1845; Upper and Lower Allen, 1849; Middlesex, 1859; Penn, 1859; Cook, 1872. The organization of boroughs was as follows: Carlisle, 1782; Newville, 1817; Shippensburg, 1819; Mechanicsburg, 1828; New Cumberland, 1831; Newburg, 1861; Mount Holly Springs, 1873; Shiremanstown, 1874; Camp Hill, 1885. CHAPTER XVI. BOEOUGH OF CAELISLE. Its Inception— Survey — First Things— Meeting or Captives— Revoltition- ARY PERroD— War of 1812— Growth of the Town, Etc.— The Borough in 1846— McClintock Riot— War of the Rebellion- Situation, Public Buildings, Etc.— Churches— Cemeteries— Schools, Institutes and Col- lege—Newspapers—Manufacturing Establishments, Etc.— Gas and Water Company — Societies- Conclusion. THE town of Carlisle was laid out in pursuance of a letter of instruction issued by the proprietary government to Nicholas Scull in 1751. With the exception of Shippensburg and York, it is the oldest town in Pennsylvania west of the Susquehanna River. It derives its name from Carlisle, in the county of Cumberland, in England. That Carlisle, near the border of Scot- land, is the prototype of this. Like it, it is built with rectangular streets, from a center square, and is situated between two parallel ranges of lofty hills, which inclose the valley, watered by the Eden and the Calder, where it lies.* But, although the town of Carlisle was laid out according to the in- structions of the commissioners as early as 1751, there were, of coui'se, earlier settlers. One of these was James Le Tort, a French- Swiss, who was an In- dian interpreter, and who erected and lived in a log cabin, probably as early as 1720, at the head of the stream which bears his name, and which flows through the eastern portion of the town. At some unknown period, also, be- *Carlisle, In EDgland, was originally a Roman station, and its name is often used in the early border bal- lads. 230 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. fore the founding of Carlisle, the Colonial Government had erected a stockade fort, occupying ' ' two acres of ground square, with a block-house in each cor- ner," which, two years after the town of Carlisle was laid out, had become a ruin, and given place to another of curious construction within the precincts of the town, which was known as Fort Louther. It had loop-holes and swivel guns, and two years after (1755) a force of fifty men. It rendered important aid in defense of the earlier settlers against the Indians, whose savage cruel- ties and bloody massacres form such a striking feature in the early history of the Kittatinny Valley. The first letter of instructions for a survey of the town was issued by Gov. Hamilton April 1, 1751. It was again surveyed by Col., afterward Gen. John Armstrong in 1762. When the town was first located it extended no further than the present North, South, East and West Streets, all the other part now within the borough being known as commons. The courts of justice were first held, for one year, at Shippensburg, but in the succeeding year, after the formation of the county, they were removed to Carlisle. Thus, just twenty-five years before the Declaration of Independence, before the imbecile King, George III, whose stubborn policy provoked the colonies to assert their rights, had yet ascended the throne of England, Carlisle was founded, in the reign of George II, as the county seat. The first tax upon the citizens of Carlisle, of which we have any record, was laid in December, 1752, and amounted to £25 9s 6d. A very pretty pen picture of the infant town of Carlisle in the summer of 1753 is as follows. It was written to Gov. Hamilton by John O'Neal, who had been sent to repair the fortifications, and is dated the 27th of May, 1753. ' ' The Garrison here consists only of twelve men. The stockade originally occupied two acres of ground square, with a block- house in each corner. These buildings are now in ruin. Carlisle has been recently laid out and is the established seat of justice. It is the general opinion that a number of log cabins will be erected during the ensuing summer. The nmber of dwelling houses is five. The court is at present held in a temporary log building, on the northeast corner of the ceatre square. If the lots were clear of brush wood it would give a different aspect to the town. The situation, however, is handsome, in the centre of a valley with a mountain bounding it on the North and South at a distance of seven miles. The wood consists principally of oaks and hickory. The limestone will be of great advantage to the future set- lers, being in abundance. A lime kiln stands on the centre square, near what is called the deep quarry, from which is obtained good building stone. A large stream of water runs above two miles from the village, which may at a future period be rendered navigable. A fine spring runs to the east, called Le Tort, after the Indian interpreter who settled on its head about the year 1720. The Indian wigwams in the vicinity of Great Beaver Pond are to me an object of particular curiosity. A large number of the Delawares, Shaw- anese and Tuscaroras continue in this vicinity; the greater number have gone to the west." In October of this year, 1753, a treaty was held at Carlisle be- tween Benjamin Franklin and the other commissioners, and the chiefs of the Six Nations and their allies of other Western tribes. The pai-ty of chiefs sat upon the floor of the court house, smoking, as was the custom, during the- entire treaty. Conrad Weiser and Andrew Montour were interpreters. One complaint was that in exchange for their lands the white man had given them nothing but rum, and indictments at about this period are to be found in the old records of the court ' ' for illegal sale of liquor to the Indians who liv& BOROUGH OF CARLISLE. 231 outside of the inhabited portion of this province." * In passing, we may- mention that the whipping post and the pillory erected *in 1754 were then and afterward the usual methods of punishment, and that they stood upon that portion of the Public Square upon which the Episcopal Church now stands. Besides the stockade forts which we have mentioned, there were also, some- what later (about 1757), breastworks or intrenchments erected northeast of the town by Col. Stanwix, and in this year also the first weekly post was estab- lished between Philadelphia, then the largest city in the country, and Carlisle, the better to enable his honor the Governor and the Assembly to communicate- with his majesty's subjects on the frontier. In the history of the Indian wars at this period Carlisle holds a conspicuous place. In the autumn of 1755, particularly, the citizens were much alarmed in consequence of numerous mas- sacres by the Indians. The defeat of Gen. Braddock at Fort DuQuesne in this- year left the whole western frontier defenseless. In July of this year Gov. Morris, who had succeeded Gov. Hamilton (under whose instructions the town was laid out) came to Carlisle for the purpose of sending supplies to Gen. Braddock, and to encourage the people in the midst of their panic, and it was while he was there that he received the first tidings of the disastrous battle. It was then that Col. John Armstrong, of Carlisle (afterward a general in the Revolutionary Army and a friend of Gen. Washington) decided to take the aggressive and to attack the enemy in their own stronghold. It fell to the lot of the- infant town of Carlisle — then only five years old — to turn the tide and to stay the current which threatened to sweep everything away. Col. Arm- strong, with a party of 280 resolute men, started from that place, and by a rapid march of some 200 miles, over lofty and rugged mountains, discovered and destroyed the savages in their nest at Kittanning. For this gallant service medals and presents were voted to Col. Armstrong and his officers by the cor- poration of Philadelphia. The destruction of Kittanning by Col. Armstrong- was in September, 1756. Another Indian council was held at Carlisle on the 13th, 15th, 16th, 17th and 19th of January, 1756, preceding the Indian catastrophe at Kittanning, at which were present Hon. E. H. Morris, lieutenant-governor. Gov. James Hamilton and several other commissioners. It was held to arrive at an under- standing as to the action of the Shawanese and Delawares, who had been under the control of the Six Nations, but who had joined the French. At this meet- ing, where many belts of wampum, etc., as was the custom, were exchanged, Conrad Weiser and George Croghan were interpreters. In May of the suc- ceeding year (1757) a number of Cherokee warriors, who had come from the South, came to Carlisle to aid the English against the French and their savage allies. At this time it was often necessary that the farmers should be protected during the harvest, in order that they might gather their grain. August 20, 1756, Col. Armstrong writes: "Lyttleton, Shippensburg and Car- lisle (the last two not finished) are the only forts, now built, that will, in my opinion be serviceable to the public. The duties of the harvest have not per- mitted me to finish Carlisle Fort with the soldiers; it should be done, other- wise the soldiers can not be so well governed, and may be absent, or without the gates, at a time of the greatest necessity. " At this time (June 80, 1757) Col. Stanwix had begun and was continuing to build his entrenchments on the ' ' northeast part of this town and just adjoin- ing it." In a letter headed "Camp, near Carlisle, July 25, 1757," he writes "I am at work at my entrenchments, but as I send out such large and frequent parties, with other necessary duties, I can only spare about seventy working * The expenses of this treaty, including presents to the Indians, amounted to £1,400. 232 HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. men a day, and these have been very often interrupted by frequent violent gust8, so that we make but a email figure yet, and the first month was entirely taken up in clearing the ground, which was all full of monstrous stumps, etc." From these brief pictures, thus painted by contemporaries, we may foim some idea of Carlisle at this early date. Le Tort' s lonely cabin on the stream, if it still remained; the stockade fort which had given place to the one which was in ruins; the grass-grown streets; the number of dwelling houses (four years before) only five ; the temporary log court house on the northeast corner of the center square; the entrenchments near the town; the Indian wigwams which were an object of particular curiosity; the "monstrous stumps" which told of the primeval forest which was for the first time felled by the hand of man — all point to a period recent in history, but fabulous, seemingly, already, and as strange as can be found. In 1760 considerable excitement was caused by the murder of a friendly Delaware Indian, Dr. John and family, who had moved to Cumberland County in the winter of that year and lived in a log cabin on the Conodoguinet Creek, near Carlisle. News was immediately sent to Gov. Hamilton, and a reward of £100 was offered for the apprehension of the parties concerned. The excite- ment was intense, for it was feared that the Indians might seek to revenge the murder upon the settlers. Another panic occurred about two years afterward. At noon, on the 4th of July, 1763, one of "a party of horsemen rode rapidly into the town, and told of the capture of Presque Isle, Le Boeuf, and Venango by the French and In- dians. The greatest alarm spread among the citizens of the town and neigh- boring country. The roads were crowded in a little while with women and children hastening to Lancaster for safety. The pastor of the Episcopal Church headed his congregation, encouraging them on the way. Some retired to the breastworks. Col. Bouquet writes, asking aid from the people of York in building a post here, on the plea that they were protected by Cumberland. Truly these were stirring times. The seed was sown and the harvest reaped under the fear of the tomahawk and rifle. The early history of Cumberland County is fraught with items of the deepest interest to all who hold in grate- ful remembrance the trials and dangers of the first settlers of this beautiful portion of our State. We are now at about the close of the Indian war, but from the formation of Carlisle down until this period (1764), there was continued danger and depre- dations throughout the valley. THE MEETING OF CAPTIVES. In August of this year, Col. Bouquet, two regiments of royal troops, and one thousand provincials asirombled at Carlisle. The Indians, who by this time had been thoroughily conquered, were compelled to bring back all pris- oners whom they had captured. The incidents of the meeting of relatives who had been separated for year, which occurred upon the Public Square, has been graphically told. Some had forgotten their native tongue. Some had married with their captors, had grown to love their bondage, and refused to leave their lords. One German mother recognized her long lost child by sing- ing to her the familiar hymn "Alone, yet not alone am I, Though in this soli- tude so drear," which she had sung to it in childhood. This incident happened December 31, 1764. {HalKsche Nacht, 1033.)* One of the most vivid panoramic pictures might be drawn of a scene *Col. Bouqaet had advertised for those who had lost children to come to Carlisle, "and look for them." Sup. Eupp's Hist. 402; which accounts, we suppose, for seeming discrepancy of dates. / ■ V- ■> ' if ^ jj /a^nr^njtJ(^c>-^fJ^f BOROUGH OP CARLISLE. 235 which happened before the old jail in Carlisle, at about 10 o'clock on Friday morning, the 29th of January, 1768, when a large body of men, some of whom were armed with rifles and others with tomahawks, endeavored, against the earnest protests o£ Col. John Armstrong, Rev. John Steel, Robt. Miller, Will- iam Lyon and John Holmes, the sheriff, to rescue two prisoners, Frederick Stump and Hans Eisenhauer (known as " Ironcutter"), who were confessedly guilty of the brutal murder of several Indian families, from the jail, in order that the prisoners might not be sent for trial to Philadelphia; in which attempt at rescue the mob succeeded, much to the regret and alarm of the government, which was afraid it would awaken an outbreak of Indian retaliation. BBVOLUTIONAETf PEEIOD. We approach the period of the Revolution. The encroachments of the Crown upon the rights of the colonists found ready resentment from the hardy settlers of this frontier. In July, 1774, at a public meeting in Carlisle, resolu- tions were adopted severely condemning the act of the English Parliament in closing the port of Boston, and urging vigorous remedies to correct the wrong. They also advocated a general congress of the colonies; non-importation of British goods; pledged contributions for the relief of Boston; and urged that ' ' a committee be immediately appointed for this county, to correspond with the committee of this province upon the great objects of the public attention; and to co-operate in every measure conducing to the general welfare of British America." James Wilson, Robert Magaw, and William Irvine were appointed deputies to meet those from other counties of the province. The first was af- terward a signer of the Declaration, the second a colonel, and the third a gen- eral In the Revolutionary Army. After the battle of Lexington prompt and energetic action was taken; men were pledged, and in July following Col. Thompson's " battalion of riflemen " embraced the first companies south of the -Hudson to arrive in Boston, and in January, 1776, this command became the "First Regiment" of the United Colonies, commanded by Gen. George Washington. John Steel, the elder, and his son John Steel, Jr. , both led companies from Carlisle, the former acting as chaplain and the latter joining the army of Gen. Washington after he had crossed the Delaware. In short, fi-om the beginning to the end of the Revo- lution, Carlisle was a central point of patriotic devotion and influence. We may mention that the two most important facts connected with Carlisle at about this period was the building of the old barracks by the Hessians cap- tured at Trenton, in ,1777, and the founding of Dickinson College in 1783. One year previous to this latter event (April 13, 1782) Carlisle had been incorporated by an act of the Assembly. * Maj. Andre's Imprisonment. — The town, inconsequence of its being seated' on what was then the frontier and away from the theater of war, was used as a place of detention for military prisoners. Maj. Andre and Lieut. Despardt were confined here a portion of their time on parole of the town. While here, in 1776, they occupied a stone house on Lot No. 161, at the corner of South Hanover Street and Chapel Alley. They were on parole of honor of six miles, but were prohibited from going out of the town except in military dress. The Whiskey Insurrection. — In 1794 Gen. Washington, accompanied by Sec retary Hamilton, rendezvoused at Carlisle with his army of 4,000 men and six- •A new charter was granted March 4, 1814. , , „ j j „, j v j ... , tLieut. DeBpard was an Irish officer, afterward a colonel. He served under Nelson, and had a high reputa- tion for rash hravery. He carried back from America Democratic sentiments, and was executed lor treason in 180.3. Sir Walter Scott says: "Three dislineuished heroes of this class have arisen In my time: Lord Ed- ward Fitzgerald Col Despard and ('apt. Thistlewood, and, with the contempt and abhorrence of all men, they died the death of infamy and guilt." See Dr. Wing's History of Cumberland County, p. 93, note. 20 236 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. teen pieces of artillery, on his way to quell the whiskey insurrection. He was enthusiastically received. The old court house was illuminated with trans- parencies, speeches were made, and troop of light-horse and a company of in- fantry promptly offered their services, and marched to Fort Pitt. A Royal Exile. — In December, 1797, Louis Philippe, then twenty-four years of age, accompanied by his two brothers, the Duke of Montpensier and Count Beaujolais, passed through Carlisle on their way to New Orleans. An incident of their brief stay in that place is related in " Chambers' Miscellany." They arrived at Carlisle on Saturday, when the inhabitants of the neighboring country appeared to have entered the town for some purpose of business or pleasure, and drove up to a public house, near which was a trough for the re- ception of oats. The Duke of Montpensier sat in the wagon, when the horses became frightened and ran away, upsetting it and his highness, who was somewhat injured. Getting back to the tavern he there acted as his own sur- geon, and performed the operation of letting out some of his royal blood in the presence of a number of bucolic admirers, who, believing him to be a physician, proposed that he should remain at Carlisle and begin there his pro- fessional career. At this time (1795), by the Universal Gazetteer, published in London, we find that Carlisle contained "about 1,500 inhabitants and 300 stone houses, a college and a court house. ' ' WAR or 1812. In the war of 1812 four companies were raised in Carlisle; two of which, the "Carlisle Infantry," under Capt. William Alexander, and a "Rifle Com- pany, ' ' under Capt. George Hendel, served for a term of six months on the northern frontier. Another, the "Carlisle Guards," under Capt. Joseph Halbert, marched to Philadelphia, and the fourth, the "Patriotic Blues," under Capt. Jacob Squier, served for a time in the entrenchments at Balti- more. GROWTH OF THE TOWN, ETC. The town continued steadily to increase. Its population in 1830 was 3,708. Ten years later it was 4,350, of which 2,046 were white males, 1,989 white females, 138 colored males, and 177 colored females. The common schools first went into operation in Carlisle August 15, 1836. In 1837 the Cumberland Valley Railroad was built through High Street, at the request of some, though not without vigorous protest of other citizens of the town; and in the same year the old market-house, a low wooden structure in the form of the letter L, laid oat upon the southeast section of the Public Square, was also erected. It was the third building of the kind, and occu- pied the site of the original " deep quarry" of 1753, where the present com- modius brick structure now stands. Dr. Crooks, in his "Life of Rev. John McClintock," writing long after- ward, but thinking of these early days, gives the following, somewhat imagin- ative, picture of Carlisle in 1839 : ' ' The valley in the midst of which Carlisle stands has often been com- pared by the imaginative mind to the happy vale of Rasselas. Encircled lovingly on either side by the Blue Mountain ridge, and enveloped in an at- mosphere of crystal clearness, on which the play of light and shade produce every hour some new and stirring effect, it was in a measure withdrawn from the tumult of the world. The tumult might be heard in the distance, but did not come near enough to disturb the calm of studious pursuits. ' ' ' ' The town preserved the traditions of learned culture which has dis- tinguished it from the beginning of the present century. Its population was BOROUGH OF CARLISLE. 237 not enterprising; manufacturing was but little, if at all, known to it. The rich soil of the valley poured out every year abundant harvests, and the bor- ougti was no more than the center of exchange and the market for supplies. ' ' The steady pace and even pulse of agricultural life seemed here to tone down the feverish excitement which is the usual condition under which Amer- ican society exists." Early on the morning of Monday, March 24, 1845, the court house which had been erected originally upon that square in 1765-66, and afterward ex- tended ia 1802, was destroyed by fire. The old bell, which had been a much valued gift from the Penn family, gave forth its last sounds as it struck the hour of one, ere it sank to silence in the flames below. This bell, it is said, was originally sent from England as a present to the Episcopal Church or Chapel, but was used, by general consent, for the court house, on condition that it should be returned to the church at some future time. THE BOKOUGH IN 1846. The local statistics of the borough, January 1, 1846, are as follows: There are 3 printing offices and papers — the Herald and Expositor (weekly), edited by Mr. Beatty, and devoted to the cause of the Whigs; the American Volun- teer, edited by Messrs. Boyers and Bratton, Democratic; the Pennsylvania Statesman, by J. S. Gitt, a Democratic semi- weekly paper. The first paper established in this county was edited and published by Mr. Kline in 1782, and was called Kline's Carlisle Weekly Gazette. There are 10 churches, 48 stores, a number of shops, 4 WEirehouses, 12 physicians, 3 foundries, common schools sufficient, Dickinson College, under the superintendence of the Methodist Epis- copal Church; a new court house, 25 shoe establishments, 4 hatters, 18 tailors, 2 chandleries, 2 auction stores, 7 cabinet-makers, 16 carpenters, 2 coach- makers, 8 brick-makers, 20 bricklayers and masons, 2 bakeries, 5 cake bakers, 1 ropewalk, 1 grist-mill, 12 taverns, 3 distilleries, 5 tinners and coppersmiths, 5 tanners, 6 saddlers, 5 coopers, 2 breweries, 9 butchers, 6 painters, 3 chair- makers, 11 plasterers, 3 dyers, 5 weavers, 2 silver-platers, 1 locksmith, 2 gun- smiths, 1 lime burner, 3 wagon-makers, 3 stone-cutters, 14 blacksmiths, 5 watch-makers, 2 barbers, 3 dentists, 1 clock-maker, 3 jewelry shops, 1 mattrass- maker, 2 threshing-machine manufactories, 3 boeird-yards, 3 livery-stables, 2 bookbinderies, 2 spinning-wheel manufactories, 1 brush-maker, 2 pump- makers, 5 gardeners, 1 dairy, 1 stocking -weaver, 2 cigar-makers, 9 mantua- makers, 6 milliners, 1 bird-stuffing establishment, 5 music-teachers, 4 justices of the peace, 12 male school-teachers, 5 female school-teachers, a large market- house, 15 lawyers, with a sufficient number of physicians, professors, and min- isters of the gospel. At this time (1846) the appearance of Carlisle was, as might be expected, very diflFerent from what it is to-day. The present jail had not been built, the present court house had been erected that year; the old open market-house, with its low roof and pillars, stood upon the square; the Episcopal Church stood where it now stands, but with its gothic steeple built at its eastern ex- tremity, and with the square enclosed with iron chains, depending from heavy posts. To the west, upon the other square, was, of course, the venerable stone church, but without its modern tower; and beyond, where the house and grounds of Mrs. Robert Givin now are, the long, low line of buildings, the front one of which was used as a hotel. The pavements were of stone flags. The railroad, as we have mentioned, ran through the street, but the square was more open, and the town had a more rural and primitive appearance, more in keeping with the imaginative picture we have presented of it. 238 ■ HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. MOOLINTOCK EIOT. In June, 1847, oocurred in Carlisle what is known as the McClintock riot. It was caused by the resistance made to the capture of three runaway slaves, and resulted in the death of one of the men who had come for them, and in the trial of a great number of negroes and of Dr. McClintock, who was, how- ever, with some of the others, acquitted. * We have now brought the history of Carlisle down to a period within the recollection of many of its inhabitants. It is a history which is full of in- terest; which embraces the early Indian days, the " Provincial" and the "Rev- olutionary" periods, down to the present; during which time a great govern- ment has been founded, and a great nation has sprung into existence. To preserve that nation, Carlisle also did its duty. WAK or THE EEBELLION. During the late war Cumberland County was prompt in furnishing its quo- ta for the defense of the National Government. Six companies left Carlisle and participated bravely in a number of the most severely contested battles of the war. During a great part of the struggle the inhabitants of the valley were kept in a state of constant alarm by reason of frequent threatened invasions of the enemy, and stampedes often from an imaginary foe. There was almost, there- fore, a feeling of relief when the Confederate forces actually made their ap- pearance in the summer of 1863. The first alarm of the approach of the enemy was early in June, but the alarm subsided, and scarcely had the people begun to be lulled into a fatal se- curity, when the news was received that the entire Rebel army was advancing down the valley. Two New York Regiments, the Eighth and Seventy-first, which had been stationed at Shippensburg, retreated to this place, and began making active preparations for defense. Militia were organized, pickets were thrown out, and rude breastworks were hastily constructed about a mile west of the town. On Wednesday, June 24, the home companies proceeded to the scene of the expected action on the turnpike. During the afternoon the cav- alry pickets on the Shippensburg road were driven slowly in, and at evening reported the enemy to be within four miles of the town. A scene of excite- ment ensued, which lasted during the following day. College commencement was held at an early hour in the chapel, and the class graduated without much formality, troops were drawn up in the streets, and, altogether, the town wore quite a military and rather disturbed aspect. On Friday it was more than usually quiet, but on Saturday morning (June 27), the cavalry pickets fell back through the place and announced that the enemy was at hand. It was Jenkins' cavalry. They were met by several citizens and informed that the town was without troops and that no resistance would be made. Accordingly they advanced and entered the town quietly from the west, with their horses at a walk, but with their guns in position to be used at a moment's warning. A portion went to the garrison and the rest came back and stopped at the Mar- ket House Square. The hotels were filled with officers and the streets with soldiers. A requisition for 1,500 rations was made upon the town, and was immediately supplied by the citizens. At 5 o'clock in the afternoon the sound of music announced the arrival of Gen. Swell's corps, which came by the way of the Walnut Bottom road, its bands playing "Dixie" as it marched through the streets of Carlisle. They presented a sorry appearance. *A full account of this riot and the trial which followed can be found in Dr. Crook's Life of Rev. John McClintock. BOROUGH OF CARLISLE. 239 Many of them were shoeless or hatless, most of them were ragged and dirty, and all were wearied with their long march. A brigade encamped upon the college grounds and others at the United States Garrison; guards were posted, and strict orders to permit no violence or outrage were issued, and so well enforced that scarcely a trace of occupation by a hostile force was visible after their departure. Upon the failure of the aiithorilies to comply with an extravagant requisi- tion for supplies, squads of soldiers, accompanied by an officer, were com- manded to help themselves from the stores and warehouses. On Monday, 29th, the force showed symptoms of retiring, and before the dawn of the next day the rumbling of the wagon train announced the movement of the army. About 2 o'clock in the afternoon (Tuesday, June 30) some 400 of Col. Cochran's cavalry entered the town from the Dillsburg road, and were soon riding wildly through the streets, shouting, screaming and acting like madmen. During the night the entire force of the enemy left, after having destroyed the railroad bridge, and by Wednesday (July 1) the town was clear of the last band of rebels, when, amid the acclamations of the people, the Union troops entered with several batteries of artillery. * The most exciting scene in this little drama was yet to come. At about 7 o'clock in the evening of this day (July 1, 1863), a large body of cavalry (under Gen. Fitzhugh Lee) made its appearance at the junction of the Trindle Spring and York roads, and at first were supposed to be a portion of our own forces. Their boldness was well calculated to produce such an impression. They came within 200 yards of the town, sat in their saddles, gazing up the street at the stacked arms of the infantry. After a few shots had been exchanged, they commenced shelling the town. The citizens were upon the streets at the time. The utmost alarm prevailed. For more than half an hour the bombardment was kept up, when they begun raking the town with grape. At about dusk they ceased firing and dispatched a flag of truce with a demand for the surrender of the town. This was indignantly refused. The bombardment was renewed with greater violence than before. The scene which followed it would be difficult to describe. Many persons began fleeing from their homes, some to seek protection in the open country, and others to find a refuge from the shells in the cellars of their dwellings. At about 10 o'clock a great sheet of flame spread over the sky in the northeast, and the an- gry crackling of the fire, as it mounted heavenward, could be heard amid the roar of the artillery. They had fired the barracks. Just when the scene was grandest the artillery ceased, and, in the silence which succeeded, another flag of truce was sent into the town, and another demand was made for its uncon- ditional surrender. This was again refused. After shelling the town again, more feebly, however, than before, and destroying, in addition to the barracks, the gas works and some private property, the Confederate forces retired. 'Gen. Fitzhugh Lee withdrew with his forces that night over the mountains, and in the afternoon of that ever memorable 2d of July, the people in Carlisle could hear the heavy thunder of the guns at Gettysburg. In the light of subsequent events there is no doubt that Carlisle could have easily been captured, and that the shelling of the town was meant, in part at least, only to cover the retreat of these Confederate forces, who were already ■under the shadow of the great catastrophe which was to follow. SITUATION, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, ETC. The borough of Carlisle is situated in latitude 40^ 12' north, longitude 77° 10' west, eighteen miles west of Harrisburg, in the Cumberland Valley, bounded *At sunriae Col. Body's cavalry, and half past 6 o'clock Gen Smith, preceeded by three regiments. 240 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. upon either side by the long ranges of the Blue or Kittatinny Mountains. The town lies in the midst of a rolling country which is both beautiful and productive. The borough is laid out into wide and straight streets, rectangular, well macadamized, and with many trees which, particularly during the spring and summer months, add greatly to the beauty of the town. The two principal streets. High and Hanover, are eighty, and all the others sixty, feet in width. The Public Square in the center of the town, bisected by the two principal streets, is peculiarly attractive. It is handsomely laid out, ornamented with trees, and has the court house, market-house, First Presbyterian Church and St. John's Episcopal Church on its four corners. A monument erected to the memory and inscribed with the names of the officers and men who fell during the Rebellion, stands upon the southwestern portion of the square. The court house, also upon the southwest corner of the square, was erected in 1846, the one previously erected in 1766 and ex- tended in 1802, to which the cupola, containing a clock, was added in 1809, having been destroyed by fire. The present brick building has a massive por- tico somewhat after the Greek style, supported by heavy white pillars, and is surmounted by a cupola and clock for public uses. The commodious modem brick market-house, erected in 1878, occupies the whole of the southeastern section of the square. The county jail, on the corner of Main and Bedford Streets, is a large and imposing brown stone structure with high turreted front and round tower, and which might almost be mistaken for a Rhenish castle, if it stood on the green slopes of that romantic river. It was built in 1854, on the site of the old prison, which was erected just one century before, and which was enlarged in 1790. The county almshouse, beyond the eastern border of the town, is as large and commodious establishment, with farm attached. Be- yond it, looking toward the town, to the right, and only about half a mile away are the large lawns and long lines of yellow buildings, known heretofore as the Carlisle Barracks. They were built by the Hessians captured at Trenton, in 1777. They have been occupied by troops, cavalry, artillery and infantry, or have been used as a recruiting station during most of the time since the Revo- lution. They have also been the home, at different times, of many of the offi- cers, both Union and ex-Confederate, who were engaged in the late war. On the night of July 1, 1863, they were almost totally destroyed by the Confeder- ate forces under Gen. Fitzhugh Lee, but they have since been thoroughly re- built, extended and beautified, and for the last five years have been used as a training school for the education of Indians. CHTJBOHES. There are many churches in Carlisle, so that almost every religious denom- ination is represented in the structures which they have erected, in which each individual can worship God according to his conscience. Of these, for its solid architectural beauty and its age, the old First Presbyterian stone church, on the northwest corner of the square, is particularly worthy of mention. Al- though built before the Revolution, two Presbyterian Churches had preceded it. The first church edifice erected in Carlisle by what was then known as the " old side, " a two-story building, stood at the northeastern intersection of Hanover and Louther Streets, and was erected about 1758; and the church erected by the " new side " was at the southwestern intersection of Hanover and Pomfret Streets, and was probably erected about the same time. Rev. John Steel was pastor of the former, and George Duffield, D. D. , was ordained pastor of the latter in 1761. The next church edifice erected by the old side — which is the present First Presbyterian Church — was begun in 1769 and BOROUGH OF CARLISLE. 241 probably finished in 1772, at which time Dr. Dufleld removed to Philadelphia, and the two congregations were afterward, in May, 1786, united. The large additional stone tower was erected in 1873, but the main body of the build- ing, with its solid masonry of grey limestone with marble trimmings, stands as it was first constructed. St. John's Episcopal Church, on the northeast corner of the square, was built in 1825, near the site of its predecessor, erected about 1765, and is a very neat and tasteful Gothic building. The chapel was added in 1885. The Second Presbyterian Church, on the southeast corner of Hanover and Pomfret Streets, is a fine specimen of the usual modern gothic type, and was erected in 1872, on the site of the former erected in 1834. (In 1833 a por- tion of the Presbyterian congregation, by reason of a doctrinal dispute, or- ganized themselves into a separate congregation and worshiped in the county haU till 1834, when their first church was built.) Methodist Episcopal Church. — ^After the Revolution the Methodists met in the market place, then in the court house, and subsequently in a small frame huilding on Pomfret Street, in which place they formed a small class in 1792-93. A few years afterward, in 1802, they btiilt a small stone house on Lot 61, at the corner of Pitt Street and Church Alley, which was followed in 1815 by a more commodious building on Church Alley; and this, in turn, gave way to another of still larger proportions on the corner of Pitt and High Streets, where the present church now stands. This was taken down in 1876, and the present Centennial Church erected. In 1854 a portion of the members with- drew, and after worshiping for a time in the chapel of Dickinson College, erected the church edifice known as Emory Chapel, which, after the reunion of the congregations, was used as the preparatory department of the college. English Lutheran. — The German Beformed and Lutheran congregations worshiped on alternate Sabbaths in the same church (which stood upon the present German Reformed burying-ground) until 1807, when each congrega- tion erected a house of worship for its own use. The Lutherans built theirs near the corner of Louther and Bedford Streets, but it was burned down in the destructive fire of March, 1851.* It was immediately rebuilt. It is their present place of worship. The German Reformed Church (built in 1 807) was located on the lot afterward used as a preparatory school building of Dickinson College. Having sold it, they built, in 1827, a church at the corner of High and Pitt Streets, which they afterward sold -to the Methodist Episcopal congregation, and, in 1835, erected the one which they now occupy on Louther Street. During the year 1866 they remodeled the church, greatly enlarged the building, which they surmounted with a spire 127 feet in height. The style is gothic, with stained windows and interior frescoed. German Lutheran. — In 1853 the German portion of the Lutheran congre- gation separated from the finglish, and erected a neat church on the corner of Bedford and Pomfret Streets. The Raman Catholic Church, on Pomfret Street, is built in the figure of a cross. It was erected in 1807, and enlarged in 1823. The lot upon which it stands was owned at an early day by the Jesuits of Conowago, who had upon it a small log church, in which the Roman Catholic congregation worshiped until the present one was built. *0n a windy night, the 13th of March, 1851, occurred one of the largest fires that has ever devastated the town. Some forty-two buildingB were destroyed, and among these was the English Lutheran Church, near the corner of Bedford and Louther Streets. It was immediately rebuilt. On this occasion all the iomutes of what was then the old jail, were liberated, necessity compelling the jailor to give them temporary freedom. 242 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. An Associated Presbyterian congregation was organized in 1798. They had bought, two years previously, a lot from the Penns, and on it they erected a stone church, on South West Street, in 1802, which was purchased and remodeled in 1 806, and re-opened as the Church of God. It is now the Methodist Afri- can Zion Church. The Evangelical Association has a very creditable church upon Louther Street, built in 1869. Besides these which we have mentioned, there are sev- eral African churches in the town, and a very beautiful gothic mission chapel, built in 1884, in the northeastern portion of the town, a donation of Mrs. Mary Biddle, of Philadelphia. CEMETERIES. The two principal burial places of the borough are the beautiful Ashland Cemetery — with its winding walks overshadowed by green trees — which was dedicated as a place of burial, on Sabbath afternoon, October 8, 1865; and the Old Graveyard, coincident with the borough in its birth, which contains the monuments of very many old families and noted names. SCHOOLS, INSTITUTES AND COLLEGE. The public school buildings of the borough, eight in number, are ample in size and well adapted to their purpose. (The common school system went into operation in Carlisle August 15, 1836. There were then 16 schools and 928 scholars. In 1879 there were 20 schools and 1,003 scholars, 481 being males and 522 females). The schools, now 21 in number, are judiciously graded, and the high school will compare favorably in grade and thorough- ness of training with similar institutions elsewhere. The importance of education was fully appreciated by the earlier settlers, and the church and the school were inseparable companions. A classical academy was in existence in Carlisle prior to the Revolutionary war. An account of the " Metzgar Female Institute," "Indian Industrial School ' ' and ' ' Dickinson College ' ' will be found in the Educational Chapter XI., page 195. LIBEABIES. The libraries in the borough consist of the Law Library, in the court house building, which, containing not only the various State reports, but the English reports also, and many text-books, is as complete as can be found in any town in the State; the College Library, and the libraries of the two societies belonging to the College; and the Hamilton Historical Library, for which a separate build- ing, comparatively as yet without books, has been erected from funds left by its founder, James Hamilton, Esq. NEWSPAPERS. The first newspaper published in Carlisle was called The Carlisle Weekly Gazette, edited by Messrs. Kline & Eeynolds. It was a small four page paper, the first number of which was issued in July, 1785. The present papers in Carlisle are the Carlisle Herald, the American Volunteer and the daily and weekly Valley Sentinel. The Carlisle Eagle (Federal) was commenced as early as 1799, and was the progenitor in a straight line of descent, of the present (Eepublican) paper. The American Volunteer was born September 15, 1814, and has always been consistently, or inconsistently. Democratic. The Valley Sentinel (Democratic) was started in April, 1861, at Shippensburg. It was purchased by Mr. H. K. PefPer, its present proprietor, in May, 1874, and removed to Carlisle. The Daily Evening Sentinel was first issued in Decem- ber, 1881. BOROUGH OP CARLISLE. 245 MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS, ETC. ^ Carlisle is still, as it always has been, chiefly the county seat and center of a rich agricultural district, but of late years, with the more developed resources, and more extended railroad facilities of the Cumberland Valley, it has grown with its growth and awakened to the importance of the manufacturing indus- tries also. The most extensive industrial establishments are the shoe, car- riage and large car factories, the chain and spoke works, machine-shops and foundry. The new car- works are very extensive buildings, erected in 1882, lying within the eastern boundary of the borough. There is, of course, the us- ual, or more than the usual, number of various mercantile establishments, banks, etc. , of which the town seems always to have been well supplied. GAS AND WATER COMPANY. Carlisle is plentifully supplied with pure limestone water from the reser- voir on the Conodoguinet Creek, and the streets of the town are also lighted with gas, both reservoirs being under the control of an incorporated stock company, started in 1853. SOCIETIES. The Young Men's Christian Association, of Carlisle, was organized March 21, 1859, by a number of leading Christian men in the town, when Mr. Joseph C Hofifer was chosen president. The association opened a public reading^ room in Marion Hall on West High Street, on September 19, of the same year. They had a library of 405 volumes, the gift of the citizens, and in their rooms and upon their tables and files were found six daily newspapers, fifty weekly religious and secular papers, and magazines. The association also sustained a series of free lectures, which were largely attended, and it also maintained a union prayer meeting, which was held weekly under its auspices. The asso- ciation did a good work for the community by its free reading-room and relig- ious work. The records show 1,944 visits to the rooms from the 19th of Sep- tember, 1859, to March 21, 1860. After some time the rooms were closed, but the religious work of the association was sustained, when, on Friday evening, August 2, 1867, pursuant to a notice given at the young men's prayer meet- ing, which was held on Monday evening, previous, a committee, consisting of a number of leading church mem.berB, was appointed to take into consideration the practicability of reorganizing the Young Men' s Christian Association. The committee reporting favorably, the organization was at once effected, with Mr. Jacob C. Stock as president, who filled the office until January, 1868. Public reading-rooms were opened on the second floor of the Kramer building, on the corner of West High Street and Court House Avenue. A circulating library was again opened and six leading daily newspapers and eight monthly maga- zines were provided, besides a number of weekly papers. A daily morning meeting was instituted, cottage prayer meetings were carried on under the direction of the association, and monthly sermons were preached for the bene- fit of young men. Mr. H. K. PefPer was elected president for the year 1868. In the spring of 1869 the association vacated their rooms on West High Street, moving into the second-floor rooms, known as the " Halbert corner, " on the southeast corner of North Hanover and Louther Streets. In connection with the other religious services of the association, open air meetings were con- ducted in different parts of the town on the Sabbath evening during the sum- mer and early fall. Mr. John T. Green served the association as president during the years 1869 and 1870. In the spring of 1870 the young men va- cated their rooms, sustaining a religious work of the association and holding 246 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. their business meetings at the homes of members. Mr. J. 0. Stock was again elected president, serving from 1871 to 1873 inclusive. The association insti- tuted Sabbath afternoon meetings at the jail and also at the county almshouse, and a tract distributor was appointed for the town work. In the beginning of the year 1872, the association purchased the Mission Chapel located at the comer of Nortli and East Streets, known as Dickinson Mission Chapel, the amount paid being 1900. Mr. J. C. Stock was elected superintendent of the school, which numbered about thirty scholars. The State Convention of the Young Men' s Christian Association of Pennsylvania was held at Carlisle September 10 and 12, 1872, with 150 delegates in attendance. Mr. John H. Wolf was elected and served as president of the association for the year 1874. Mr. An- drew Blair was president during the year 1875, he was also elected by the as- sociation as superintendent of the Mission Sunday-school. Mr. Samuel Coyle was elected and served the association as its president from 1876 until his death which occurred August 23, 1879, when Rev. William Halbert was chosen president serving until within a short time of his death, in March, 1881. In October, 1879, the association again rented and furnished rooms in the Patton building, northwest corner of West High and North Pitt Streets. The Mis- sion Chapel was sold to Mr. Andrew Blair in December, 1880, for the sum of $500. In March, 1881, Mr. A. A. Line was elected president of the associa- tion, serving until January, 1883. In April, 1881, the association moved into the Given building, located on Church avenue, north of West High street. December 5, 1881, the following resolution was passed by the association: That Allan A. Line, president, Harry Wetzel, Levi Brenheman, Reuben Brubaker and Charles E. Eckels, members of the executive committee, and W. Scott Coyle, treasurer, and Mirvin McMillen, recording secretary, are hereby author- ized and directed to sign the application of the court of common pleas for a •charter of incorporation of this association under the corporate name of "The Young Men's Christian Association of Carlisle, Pennsylvania." The boys' work was established in the fall of 1882, when weekly entertainments were held for them, consisting of talks of travel, chemical experiments on scientific subjects, magic lantern entertainments, etc. In November, 1882, the association with the assistance of W. A. Bowen, assistant State secretary of Pennsylvania, raised a subscription of $1,000 to meet the current expenses of the association for the coming year, including the employment of a competent general secretary to have charge and oversight of the entire work of the asso- ciation, the maintaining of a free reading-room, and the general enlargement of the work. Mr. David R. Thompson was elected president of the associa- tion for 1883. Prof. J. A. McKnight of Pennsylvania, was chosen as general secretary to the association, at a salary of 150 per month. He took charge of the association January 25, 1883. The boys' branch was organized as a part of the association, which, in a short time, numbered forty members. Also the ladies' auxiliary society was organized as part of the association. August 13, 1883, the association moved into Marion Hall building, on West High street, using the parlors on the first floor for daily and evening reading-rooms, and having control of the halls and rooms on the second floor front, also the large back building and spacious yard. Mr. D. D. Thompson was elected president of the association for the year 1884. In November, 1884, Prof. J. A. McKnight, the general secretary, was called to the Allentown Association, when Mr. F. M. Welsh, of Philadel- phia, acted as general secretary for the Carlisle Association, untU July, 1885, when J. F. Mohler, of Carlisle, served as general secretary until the following October, when Mr. A. B. Paul, assistant secretary of Columbus (Ohio) Associa- BOROUGH OF CARLISLE. 247 tion,wa8 called to fill the position, and is general secretary at the present time. Mr. John C. Eckels, Jr., served as president of the association for the year 1885, when his successor, Dr. George Neidich, was called to the chair for the year 1886. The membership of the association has varied at different times throughout its history, numbering from thirty to sixty, while at the present writing it numbers 165, active, associate and sustaining. A decided step in advance was taken when the association employed a general secretary for the supervision of the work. Eeligious meetings are held for young men only on Sabbath afternoons, with an average attendance of thirty. A class for Bible study on Tuesday evenings. A meeting for boys semi-monthly on Friday evenings, when they are provided with practical talks, wonder lectures and entertainments. At stated times public receptions are held at the rooms for members and contributors, for clerks and mechanics, and during the winter of 1885-86 a course of lectures and entertainments was arranged for the public, which have given great satisfaction. The association, in its present appoint- ment, is meeting the demands needed for the work among the youth and young men of the community. {Communicated.) Temperance Societies. — The subject of temperance received early attention in Cumberland County. As early as 1829 a society, pledging its members to total abstinence from all intoxicating drinks, was formed in Carlisle, the first of the kind in the county. Distilleries were regarded then as legitimately necessary business enterprises, and the drinking of ardent spirits was not only approved by society, but a failure to do so was looked upon with disfavor. It may well be conjectured that moral heroism was required to join a total ab- stinence temperance organization at that time, when the Cumberland Valley had some eighty distilleries. But the cause of temperance grew, and with it a public conscience on the subject. Men of position finally gave it their sanction and influence. Organ- izations in various parts of the county sprang up, whose meetings were largely attended. On Christmas Day, 1835, the annual meeting of a county organiza- tion was held, at which such men as Rev. Dr. Durbin, of Dickinson College, and John Reed, president- judge of the court of common pleas, participated, and succeeded in passing the following resolution : ' ' Resolved, That the cause of temperance is the cause of humanity, of philanthropy and of religion; and that all laws licensing or in any way recognizing the traffic in, or sale of, ar- dent spirits, are erroneous in principle and injurious in practice. ' ' Temperance has an unceasing warfare to wage. The conflict between the stomach and the brain is a severe one; and with the unthinking, who seek pres- ent gratification at the expense of personal and society welfare, victory usually declares in favor of the stomach. Hence the beneficent results expected by temperance advocates have not always been fully realized. St. John's Commandery, No. 8, M. K. T. Number of present members, seventy -nine. Names of present officers : Rev. Jeremiah M. Carvell, E. C. ; Samuel R. Cloudy, Genlo. ; William R. Bailie, Capt. Gen. ; Joshua P. Bitler, Treas. ; John G. Bobb, Recorder. St. John's Chapter, No. 171, R. A. M., organized August, 1853. Charter members: Dr. Charles E. Blumenthal, John Hyer, Dr. George Z. Bretz, Dr. O. H. Tiffany, John Gutshall, James M. Allen, S. M. L. Consor, Ephriam ■Cornman, George Weise. Present number of members, sixty seven. Present •officers: Charles W. Strohm, M. E. H. P.; Rev. Jeremiah M. Carvell, K. ; Edward J. Gardner, S. ; John Hyer, Treasurer; John G. Bobb, Secretary. Cumberland Star Lodge, No. 197, F. &A. M., organized November 6, 1824. Charter members: Willis Foulk, George Patterson, Jr. , and John Lease. Pres- 248 HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. ent mombership, ninety. Present officers: Niles M. Fissel, W. M. ; E. J. Gardner, S. W. ; John Olliver, J. W. ; W. Vance, Treasurer; Theodore Corn- man, Secretary. St. John's Lodge, No. 260, F. & A. M. Organized April, 1852. Charter members: Dr. Blumenthal, John Hyer, Dr. Geo. L. Bretz, Dr. O. H. TifPany, R. K. Burns, Michael G. Ege, Rev. Herman M. Johnson, William J. CoUisshaw, H. J. Meek. Present number of members, eighty -two. Present officers: Chas. W. Strohm, W. M. ; John A. Means, S. W. ; Joseph L. Herman, J. W. ; William H. Bretz, Treasurer; John G. Bobb, Secretary. Carlisle Lodge, No. 91, 1. O. O. F. Instituted December 22, 1843. Char- ter members : Edward P. Lyons, N. G. ; Holmes Fernald, V. G. ; Thomas Con- lyn, Sec. ; John C Williams, Ass't Sec. ; Peter Monyer, Treas. Present num- ber of members, 119. Present officers: J. H. Gardner, N. G. ; Dr. I. M. Bentz, V. G. ; Theodore Cormnan, Sec. ; H. G. Beetem, Ass't Sec. ; Robert Sheaffer, Treas. Conodoguinet Tribe, No. 108, 1. O. R. M. Established September 27, 1868. Charter members: F. C. Kramer, C. C. Faber, Levi Leeds, John Yaiser, L. Leidig, John Liszman, H. Gotverth, Wm. Elmer, P. Liszman, Peter Miller, John Doner, A. More, H. Linekhul, Fred A. Chel. Number of present mem- bers, 55. Present officers: Harry G. Beetem, P.; Louis Klucker, S. ; J. R. Brown, S. S. ; Charles Faber, J. S. ; A. B. Ewing, K. of W. ; C. C. Faber, C. of R. Knights of the Golden Eagle, Carlisle Castle, No. 110. Instituted in July, 1886. Present membership, 75. Present officers: J. E. Barnitz, N. C. ; O. F. Conly, V. C. ; William Vance, P. C. ; — - Weltzel, H. P. Patriotic Order Sons of America, Washington Camp, No. 171, was chartered June 18, 1886, with 43 names. Sons of Veterans, Captain Beatty Camp, No. 35, was instituted January 80, 1883. There was also instituted, in October, 1885, for social and insurance bene- fits, the Improved Order of Heptasophs. CONCLUSION. We have given briefly, in the foregoing pages, a general outline of the his- tory of this old and historic borough. The town, until of late years, has been noted principally, not as a mercantile or manufacturing center, but as a place of homes. In it there are many handsome residences, built by those who have left the more busy scenes of active life, or those who have al- ways lived retired lives, withdrawn, in a measure, from the tumult of the world. Its capital has often been idle, and it has been conservative in its business interests. On the other hand, the beneficial influences of its in- stitutions of learning are clearly perceptible, while the social atmosphere of the place, although much changed since the days when it was a military post, makes it still a distinctive town in the Valley in this respect BOROUGH OF MEOHANICSBURG. 249 CHAPTER XVII. BOEOUGH OF MECHANICSBUEG. Its Beginning— Growth— William Armstrong — Population— Wae of the Rebellion— Schools and Educational Institutes— Churches— Newspa- pers— Public Hall and Market House— Banking Institutions— Gas and Water Company— Societies— Conclusion. MECHANICSBUEGr is the second towa in population and importance in the county. It lies almost midway between Carlisle and Harrisburg, on the Cumberland Valley Railroad, and almost midway between the mountains north and south, in a rich and productive portion of the valley. It dates its early history as a settlement, from nearly the beginning of the present century. In 1790 the woods or underbrush grew where the town now stands, and the deer and other animals could be seen. About this tim.e, or shortly afterward, there were two houses built at what are now opposite ends of the town; the lower one an inn, built by one Frankenberger, and the upper one by some one now unknown. Even as late as 1806 the greater part of the site of the town was covered with underbrush or woods. A ' ' few strag- ling houses were to be seen, ' ' of which only one or two remained in 1846. Considering the date of the formation of the county, the town is therefore of comparatively recent origin. Its beginning was unpretentious. The first brick house was not buUt until after the war of 1812. This was a house built about 1816, in the western portion of the town, by Lewis Zearing. For some time after the settlement, which had begun in 1805 or 1806, the place was known as Drytown, owing to the great scarcity, at times, of water, and as Stouff erstown after Henry Stouffer, who owned the land in what became after- ward, the central portion of the town. The houses which existed up to 1820, had been built before any lots were regularly laid out and we have no evidence to show that the place was known as Mechauicsburg prior to this time. TJp to this year, 1820, the number of houses, we are told, had increased to twenty-five or thirty; but about this time, or in the succeeding year, a number of lots were laid out in the eastern portion of what is now the town, upon which some six or eight houses were soon afterward erected. In 1828, Henry Stouffer laid out some lots upon his land in the central part of the town, and a number of dwellings were erected. In April (28th) of this year, it was incorporated as a borough, and a new impetus was given to the place. From this time it grew rapidly. Within the next three years some twenty or thirty houses were put up. In December, 1831, Maj. Henry Lease and David Brenizer bought eight or ten acres .of land, on the south side of Main Street, from George Stein - bring, which they laid out in lots. From that time forward, for the next fif- teen years, the town gradually increased, until in the year 1845, it had, accord- ing to the description given of it by "Eupp," 133 comfortable- dwellings, 41 of brick, 67 frame, 35 plastered; 4 churches: a Union, Methodist, Lutheran and Bethel; a commodious schoolhouse, in which three public schools were taught; 3 taverns; 3 warehouses on the railroad; a foundry and machine shop; a num- ber of mechanics' shops and of mercantile houses, and a population rising to 800. After its incorporation in 1828, a burgess and town council were elected. 250 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. This was on the 16th of May. Henry Ford was the first burgess and Lewis Zearing the first president of the town council. Nine years later (1837) the Cumberland Valley Railroad was finished through the town, and opened for travel and transportation, thus giving to it increased facilities for future growth. For a quarter of a century after its in- corporation the town steadily improved, and from 1853 to the breaking out of the Rebellion, its progress was still more marked, both in population and in material development. During this period several new churches were erected, Cumberland Valley Institute and Irving Female College were built, two or three forwarding houses, a new town hall and engine house, and a large num- ber of dwelling houses were put up, all adding greatly to the appearance and prosperity of the town. During the period of the war there was but little improvement, but after it was over the town started on what seemed to be an unexampled period of prosperity. Houses sprang up as if by magic, and the borough was extended. In one summer alone not less than 120 houses were erected, mostly by men of moderate means. Mechanics- burg threatened to outstrip her sister towns. But this period of rapid devel- opment was of short duration. She had grown too rapidly, and a reaction came. This, however, lasted only for a few years, since which time the town has continued steadily to improve. Within the last ten years new streets have been added, and many handsome residences and villas have been erected. Particularly is this true of the east and west ends, and the southern side of the tovm, where its rapid improvement has been most marked. The whole new portion of the town, south of Simpson Street, has been built up within the last quarter of a century, and many of the handsomest residences in Mechanics- burg have been erected within the last few years. POPULATION. The total population of Mechanicsburg, in the different years here given, was as follows: 1830, 554; 1840, 670; 1850, 882; 1^60, 1,939; 1870, 2,569; 1881, 3,018. In 1876 the population, in detail, was as follows: White male adults, 719; white female adults, 947; white male children, 645; white female children, 645; colored male adults, 29; colored female adults, 39; colored male chil- dren, 27; colored female children, 30. Total, 3,081. WILLIAM ARMSTRONG. In June, 1879, Mechanicsburg lost its oldest citizen in the death of Will- iam Armstrong. He was a native of the northern portion of Ireland, born April 6, 1779. When but three years of age his parents immigrated to this country, landing at Philadelphia, and taking up their residence at Harrisburg, in 1783, then but a small village. About the year 1792 Mr. Armstrong was indentixred to Robert Harris, a grandson of John Harris, the founder of Har- risburg, and with whom he lived until he was about nineteen years of age, when he took French leave and landed in Carlisle, where he was soon after- ward discovered by Mr. Harris, who used every effort to have him return with him to his old home, but without avail; so, for a valuable consideration, 140, Mr. Harris released the indentured lad, and ' ' Uncle Billy ' ' was a free man. Whilst in the service of Mr. Harris, Mr. Armstrong, in 1794, then but a lad of fifteen years, witnessed the father of his adopted country, George Washington, crossing the Susquehanna on his way to the western portion of the State, with a force of men to quell the Whiskey Insurrection that occurred in that year. Mr. Armstrong was married by the rector of the Protestant Episcopal Church of Carlisle, and soon after (1812} enlisted in the Carlisle Guards. He met BOROUGH OF MECHANICSBURG. 251 Kossuth, the Hungarian refugee, and heartily shook hands with the exiled patriot. In 1853 he came to Meohanicsburg and took up his residence with his nephew, Kobert Wilson, and with him continued to live till his death, which occurred June 20, 1879, at the patriarchal age of one hundred years, two months and fourteen days. The deceased was never sick during his century of years, his death being the restdt, not of disease but old age. He was buried in the Trindle Spring grave-yard with the honors of war. WAK or THE KEBELLION. Mechanicsburg contributed many brave soldiers to the war of the Eebellion, and was among the towns of the valley invaded by the Confederate forces in 1863. Some 1,200 or 1,500 of Jenkins' cavalry entered the town at about 9:30 o'clock on Sunday morning on the 28th of June. They came in with a flag of truce, which is explained by stating that they mistook Chestnut Hill, where the new cemetery had just been laid out, for a fortification, and that they supposed Union troops were near. They soon found to the contrary ; captured the flag that had been floating in the center of the town, which had been taken down and concealed; when they encamped below the town, the- General making his headquarters at the Railroad Hotel. They then demanded rations, which were granted, and after having remained for about three days as uninvited guests they departed, without having done any injury either to individuals or property. By Wednesday morning on the 1st of July, the town was clear of the last band of Confederate troops, who went thence to- Gettysburg. SCHOOLS AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTES. Mechanicsburg has twelve public schools, systematically graded, which are under the control of a competent body of directors. The schools are in build- ings comparatively new, and are well furnished with all modern appliances. Besides the public schools, Mechanicsburg had, until within a few years, two- other educational institutions — the Cumberland Valley Institute at the upper, and the Irving Female College at the lower end of the town. A brief history of them is as follows: Some time prior to 1853 a select school was opened by Mr. F. M. L. Gillelen, which passed into the hands of Eev. Joseph S. Loose, A. M. , who removed it, in 1853, to a building erected for that purpose, which has since been known as the Cumberland Valley Institute. In 1857 it passed into the hands of Prof. I. D. Kupp, of local historic fame, and in 1855 into the possession of Messrs. Lippincott, Mullen and Reese, who conducted it until 1860, when it was purchased by Rev. O. Ege, who, in connection with his son, Alexander Ege, and several adjunct professors, conducted it until 1875, since which time it has not been open for the reception of students. Irving Female College, situated at Irvington, a name given to the eastern end of the town, was founded by Solomon P. Gorgas, and incorporated as a college by an act of the Legislature in 1857. Its first principal was Rev. A. G. Marlatt, under whose management this institution for the education of young women attained considerable popularity and influence. At his death, in 1865, it passed into the hands of Rev. T. P. Ege, who conducted it until within the past few years, when, owing to the gradual diminution of patronage or want of financial support, the college was closed. CHUBCHES. The churches of Mechanicsburg, ten in number, are as follows: Methodist Episcopal, Presbyterian, Reformed, St. Luke's Lutheran, Trinity Lutheran, United Brethren, Bethel, African Methodist Episcopal Zion, the old Union Church and a handsome Episcopal Chapel in the new portion of the town. 252 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. NEWSPAPERS. There have been a number of newspapers published in Mechanicsburg, an account of which will be found elsewhere. " The Microcosm," started by Dr. Jacob Weaver, in 1835, was the first pa- per published in the town. The Independent Journal, which was treated by consolidation of The Valley Democrat and The Cumberland Valley Journal, by Eobt. H. Thomas, in October, 1872, is the paper still in existence, and still edited by Mr. Thomas, who has also since (January, 1873) established the Farmer's Friend. As Mr. Thomas is the Principal founder of the State Grange of Pennsylvania he has made this paper the mouth-piece of that prominent organization. The Saturday Evening Journal, a small local sheet, is also pub- lished in the Independent Journal office, and furnished gratuitously to the sub- scribers of the latter paper. PUBLIC HALL AND MARKET HOUSE. Franklin Hall and Market House, on the Public Square, at the corner of Market and Main Streets, is a three-story brick edifice, surmounted by a tower and town clock. The building was begun in 1866 and completed in 1867. The hall was formally dedicated by a soiree under the auspices of Irving Female College, on the evening of December 24, 1866. The third story of the main building is used as a Masonic Hall; the second floor is the hall proper, with a seating capacity for 600 persons; while the side and the two-story rear extension on Market Street, are occupied by stores and the commodious market house. The first market in this building was held on the 3d of November, 1866. BANKING INSTITUTIONS. The first bank in Mechanicsburg was started in 1859 by Levi Merkel, Jacob Mumma and others, transacting business under the title of Merkle, Mumma & Co. This institution was incorporated by the Legislature in 1861 as the "Mechanicsburg Bank," and, a few years later, when the National banking system was inaugurated, it applied for and obtained a charter, in March, 1864, as "The First National Bank," under which title it commenced business in May following, with a capital of 1100,000. Its first president was S. P. Gorgas; cashier, A. C. Brindle. It now occupies a handsome brick and brownstone building on West Main Street. The Second National Bank was organized under the United States banking law, February 20, 1863, with a capital of $50, 000. Thomas B. Bryson was its first president, and Levi Kauffman its first cashier. Both of the above banks have been successfully conducted and have been of great benefit to the business interests of the town. GAS AND WATER COMPANY. Mechanicsburg was first lighted with gas in September, 1868. The gas works are owned by an incorporated company, and are situated at the eastern limits of the borough. The town is also well supplied with water, from a res- ervoir located in Upper Allen Township. Both the gas and water are under the control of the same "Gas and Water Company," which was chartered in 1854. The water works were built in 1856. SOCIETIES. Eureka Chapter, No. 209, R. A. M., was organized July 8, 1866, with the following charter members: Robert H. Thomas, Samuel N. Eminger and George K. Mooney. Number of members, about thirty five. Present officers: Josiah P. Wilbar, H. P. ; J. Morris Miller, K. ; Robert H. Thomas, Jr., S. ; E. Eankin Huston, Treas. ; George Bobb, Sec. ^e^/e^t ^- BOROUGH OF MECHANICSBURG. 255 Eureka Lodge, No. 302, F. & A.M., had its charter granted June 16, 1856. First officers: John Palmer, W. M. ; Ira Day (now deceased), S. W. ; Jacob Dorsheimer (now deceased), J. W. Number of members about 106. Present officers: Levere G. Pirestine, W. M. ; A. J. Loudon, S. W. ; H. S. Mohler, J. W. ; J. 0. Miller, Sec. ; S. F. Houston, Treas. MeohaniGsburg Lodge, No. 215, L O. 0. F., was organized December 21, 1846. Its first officers were Isaac Kinsey, N. G. ; John Palmer, V. G. ; Henry Carns, S. ; John Emminger, A. S. ; Samuel Eckels, T. Number of members, ninety-eight. The present officers are Martin Milleisen, N. G. ; Thos. M. Mauk,V. N. G.; S. S. Diehl, T. ; R. Senseman, S. Wildey Encampment, No. 29, L O. 0. F. , was organized at Carlisle, and a new charter obtained July 11, 1878, Geo. Bobb, John Webbert, J. A. Sibbet, Jos. Totton, Reuben Senseman, S. B. King, Christian Swartz and Simon S. Diehl being petitioners. Number of members, twenty-nine. The present officers are John Webbert, C. P. ; W. H. Hench, H. P. ; W. B. Railing, S. W. ; J. N. Young, J. W. ; R. Senseman, S. ; S. S. Diehl, T. Melita Lodge, No. 83, K. of P. , obtained its charter June 4, 1868, charter members being, P. F. Singiser, William Matthews, J. S. Shopp, William Y. Johnson, J. R. West. D. H. Westfall, G. K. Mooney, George W. Titzell, and Henry F. Geyer. Has a membership of about seventy-five. Present officers are S. R. Miller, C. C. ; Samuel Landis, V. C. C. ; Samuel Kline, K. of R. & S. ; G. S. Markley, M. of F. ; Martin Arnold, M. of E. Washington Camp of Patriotic Sons of Ainerica, No. 164, was organized June 5, 1872, the first officers being P. P., A. Z. Hade; P., P. B. Grable; M. of F. & C, J. J. Miller; Sec, S. J. Mountz; Treas., George W. Singiser. Number of members September 17, 1886, 106. Present officers are P. P. , L. W. Pierce; P., W. M. Koller; V. P., H. R. Bowman; M. of F. & C, E. C. Rupp; Sec, E. C. Gardner; Treas., J. A. Hutton. (D. H. Barnhill of this camp is District President.) Order of U. A. Mechanics, Integrity Council, No. 197, was organized March 18, 1869. Number of members, about eighty-three. Officers: E. E. Mountz, S. exC. ; Daniel White, J. ex-C. ; Henry Schriver, Councilor; S. A. King, V. Coun- cilor; E. C. Gardner, Rec. Sec; F. P. Hall, F. Sec; S. M. Wagoner, Treas. Knights of the Oolden Eagle, Cumberland Valley Castle, No. 109, was or- ganized July 3, 1886; membership about lOL). Oifioers are H. H. Mercer, N. C. ; T. M. Mauk, V. N. C. ; Israel Flohr, P. C. ; W. H. Coover, K. of E. ; George HuUinger, C. of E. ; John Felker, M. of R. There have also been organized, for social and insurance benefits, Royal Arcanum and Improved Order of Heptasophs. Allen & East Pennsborough Society for the Recovery of Stolen Horses and Mules and the Detection of Thieves, was originally organized October 22, 1836; revised and adopted June 7, 1854, and again January 7, 1865, and again Feb- uary 22, 1873. and again February 22, 1886. Chartered November 14, 1870. To Dr. J. F. Stadiger belongs the credit of bringing together a number of the citizens of Allen and Bast Pennsborough Townships, at the public house of Frederick Kuster, in Shiremanstown, on the 24th day of September, 1836. The stealing of horses having become frequent, and the ordinary protection found insufficient, the community, impressed with these facts, met to form an association for mutual defense and assistance. Daniel Sherban was appointed president, and Levi Merkel, secretary of this meeting. A committee was ap- pointed to draft a constitution and bylaws, consisting of Dr. J. L. Stadiger, Levi Merkel and William R. Gorgas, met October 26, 1836, agreeable to ad- journment, at the house of Frederick Kuster, in Shiremanstown. Christian 21 256 HISTOKY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Stayman was appointed president, and Levi Merkel, secretary, when Dr. Stadi- ger, chairman of the committee, presented a constitution and by-laws. In 1837, Samuel Shoop' s horse was the first one reported stolen, and from that time up to the present, January 3, 1885, there have been only about forty stolen, less than one a year and all these recovered except six. Officers of the Society: Dr. E. B. Brandt, president; J. O. Saxton, vice- president; C. B. Neisley, secretary; H. "W. Pressel, assistant secretary; Martin Mumma, treasurer. Board of Managers: Henry Z. Zorger, 1 year; Jacob Kutz, 1 year; Martin Brinton, 1 year; John H. Bowman, 2 years; John Fought, 2 years; Samuel Mumper, 2 years. Past presidents, each elected for one year excepting where indicated: William E. Gorgas, October 22, 1836, to January 1837; Dr. J. F. Stadiger, elected January 1837; Jacob Shelly, 1838; William E. Gorgas, 1839; Michael Hoover, 1840; John Thompson, 1841 (2 years); Benjamin H. Mosser, 1843; George H. Bucher, 1844; Benjamin H. Mosser, 1845; Jacob Shelly, 1846; Christian Titzel, 1847; Benjamin H. Mosser, 1848; Lewis Hyer, 1849; Simon Oyster, 1850; Joseph Mosser, 1851; Jacob Shelly, 1852; Benjamin H. Mosser, 18D3; Dr. Ira Day, 1854; Dr. E. G. Young, 1855; Levi Merkel, 1856; John C. Dunlap, 1857; George Sherbahn, 1858; Eli Grabil, 1859; John G. Dunlap, 1860; Dr. E. B. Brandt, 1861 (2 years); H. G. Moser. 1863; James Orr, 1864; J. O. Saxton, 1865; Henry E. Mosser, 1866(2 years); William E. Gorgas, 1868; Dr. E. B. Brandt, 1869 (18 years). Library and Ldterary Association. — At Mechanicsburg, in the autumn of 1871, steps were taken for the organization of ' ' The Mechanicsburg Library and Literary Association;" and on April 4, 1872, a charter was obtained from the Legislature. Additions were made from time to time until several thou- sand choice volumes were secured, making it a well-spring of intellectual life to the community. CONCLUSION. Situated, as Mechanicsburg is, in the midst of a purely agricultural region, it is also one of the most enterprising industrial towns of its size in the State. It has become a productive center for certain kinds of mianufactured goods. Among its leading industries may be mentioned the manufacture of agricult- ural implements; of carriages, particularly by the long-established firm of Schroeder; the iron foundry of Houck & Comstock, the inception of which dates back to 1847 ; and three spoke and wheel works, for the manufacture of wheels, spokes, hubs, etc. , which has grown to be a distinctive industry of the town. One of these, that of Frederick Seidle, won medals at the Exposition at Philadelphia in 1876, at Paris in 1878, and at Atlanta in 1881, for superior work- manship and goods ; while the shipment of any of these firms is not limited to our own country, but extends to France, Germany, Eussia, England and Aus- tralia. Mechanicsburg has, besides these industries, which we have mentioned, a planing-mill, wagon and plow works, tannery, two horse-net factories, boot and shoe factory, a brick-yard, a grain-fan factory, and a number of other indus- tries of lesser note. It is a handsome town for residence, the center of a rich agricultural community, of growing importance as a manufacturing center,, and, in every way, one of the most prosperous towns of its size in the State. BOROUGH OF SHIPPENSBURG. 257 CHAPTER XVIIl. BOEOUGH OF SHIPPENSBURG. Its First Settlement — Early Reminiscences — List of Original Land Pur- chasers — Early Hotels in Shippensbxjrg — Churches — Cemeteries — Schools— Newspapers— Bank-Societies. SHIPPENSBURG is the oldest town in the valley and, with the exception of York, the oldest town in the State west of the Susquehanna River. The first settlement at this place is said to have been made by twelve families in June, 1730.* In May, 1733, there were eighteen cabins in the settlement, which had, as yet, no name. These cabins were mostly at the eastern end of the town, which was the first to present the appearance of a village. ' ' When the town was subsequently laid out by the proprietor, the point where Queen Street crosses King was selected as the centre. " The following letter, written in May, 1733, will serve to give some vivid idea of this settlement at that period: May 2l8t, 1733. Dear John: I wish you would see John Harris at the ferry and get him to write to the Governor to see if he can't get some guns for us; there's a good wheen of ingens about here, and I fear they intend to give us a good deal of troubbel and may do us a grate dale of harm. We was three days on our journey coming from Harrises ferry here. We could not make-much speed on account of the childer; they could not get on as fast as Jane and me. I think we will like this part of the country when we get our cabbin built. I put it on a level peese of groun, near the road or path in the woods at the fut of a hill. There is a fine stream of waiter that comes from a spring a half a mile south of where our cabbin is built. I would have put it near the waiter but the land is lo and wet. John Mc- Call. Alick Steen and John Rippey built there's near the stream. Hugh Rippey's daughter Mary [was] berried yesterday; this will be sad news to Andrew Simpson when he reaches Maguires bridge. He is to come over in the fall when they were to be married. Mary was a verry purty gerl; she died of a faver, and they berried her up on rising groun, north of the road or path where we made choice of a peese of groun for a graveyard. She was the furst lierriod there. Poor Hugh has none left now but his wife, Sam and little Isabel. There is plenty nf timber south of us. We have eighteen cabbins hilt here now, and it looks [like] a town, but we have no name for it. I'll send this with John Simpson when he goes back to paxtan. Come up soon, our cabbin will be ready to go into in a week and you can go in till you get wan bilt; we have planted some corn and potatoes. Dan McGee, John Sloan and Robert More was here and left last week. * * * Tell Billy Parker to come up soon and bring Nancy with him. I know he will like the coun- try. I forgot to tell you that Sally Brown was bit by a snaik, but she is out of danger. Come up soon. Yr. aft. brother James Magaw. In the year succeeding the Penn purchase of the land in the north valley, Edward Shippen obtained (in January and March, 1737) patents for two tracts of land, containing in all, 1,312 acres, onthefirst of which, west of the center and not far from the southeastern border stood the nucleus of the village, which thirteen years later, became, for a brief time, the county seat, and which, from that time until this has been known as Shippensburg. Edward Shippen, the founder and proprietor of Shippensburg, was born in Boston July 9, 1703. He moved to Philadelphia, where he married Miss Mary *Their names were Alexander Steen, John MoCall, Richard Morrovr, Gavin Morrow, John Culbertson Hueh Eipney John Rippey, John Strain, Alexander Askey, John McAllister, David Magaw, John Johnston Soon aiier, Benjamin Blyihe, John Campbell and Robert Caskey. 258 HlStORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Plumley, in September, 1725. His fourth son, Edward (born February 16, 1729), became chief justice, and, by the marriage of his daughter Margaret, he was the father-in-law of Benedict Arnold. The elder Shippen removed from Philadelphia and lived in Lancaster. He died in 1781. For some time after the buying of the land by Mr. Shippen, the popula- tion of the town seems to have increased rapidly. Three years after (1740) the first fort was built. The whites, seeing that the Indians were becoming alarmed at the rapid increase of population, met at the public house of the Widow Piper, and determined to erect a fort. A time was fixed, the people assembled, cut the logs, and erected the building on the northeastern side of the town. This was in the spring, and in the autumn of that year Gov. Thomas sent a garrison of twenty-two men to supply the fort. A well was af- terward dug by soldiers and citizens within the outward inclosure of the fort, the traces of which are still visible on Burd Street, just outside of what is known as the "Fort Field." This log structure was named "Fort Frank- lin," probably in 1755, to distinguish it from Fort Morris, which was then in process of construction. As early as 1740 or 1741 a log flouring-mill was built by William Leeper (then of Shippensburg) on the west bank of the stream, south of the town. In this year, 1740, the Campbells, Culbertsons, Duncans, Reynoldses, Eippeys, Mc- Calls, 'Dunlaps, Pipers and Lowerys were among the leading families of the place. * It is not certain when the town was first laid out, but it seems to have been as early as 1749. From the time of the Shippen purchase until February, 1763, the first inhabitants held their lots upon grants or permits issued by Mr. Shippen. In the above mentioned year deeds, or leases as they were then called, were issued by him, with the reservation of an annual quit-rent (of $1.66§)'on each lot of sixty-four feet four inches in breadth. After his death, in 1781, when the property descended to his sons, the quit-rent upon the re- maining unsold lots was $4. When the county of Cumberland was formed in January, 1 750, the first coTirts of justice were held in Shippensburg. This was, indeed, ' ' the only town in the valley, ' ' and, although it had not regularly been so appointed, it was regarded as the county seat. There were but four terms of court held in Shippensburg; the first on the 24th day of July, 1750, and the last April 24, 1751. f In this latter year the courts were removed to Carlisle (Letort's Spring), which had been chosen by the proprietors as the county seat, which action on their part caused great excitement and called forth a vigorous pro- test from the inhabitants of the upper end of the county. In what house the courts were held, in Shippensburg, is not known; there was, however, a pub- lic whipping post, which is said to have stood at or near the intersection of King and Queen Streets. For some time after this period the growth of Shippensburg was slow. This was not owing to the removal of the courts, but to that terrible period of Indian depredation, which began in 1753, and ended in 1764. Among the Indian depredations in 1757, near Shippensburg, are the fol- lowing: "On the 6th of June, 1757, two men were murdered, and five taken *Francls Campbell was a raan of culture, a ready aod forcible writer, and one of tbe first raercbants in Shippensburg. He died in 1790. Daniel OunC'tn built a stone house on Lot 62, In which he kept a store and tavern. His son Stephen represented the county in the Colonial Legislature, and was at onetime the heaviest tax-payer in the place The others were names uf prumine uce, but there is not a male descendant of any on© remaining in Shippensburg to-d*y. See sketch by late Hon. John McCurdy. ■fThis date is, by an error in the reiiords, marked 1750, which make the four terms at Shippensburg stand thus: July 24, 1750; October 23, 1750; January 22, 1750; April 24, 175U. But those of July and October are the first on the records, besides which the next regular term in Carlisle, July 23, 1751, follows naturally, if we cor- rect the error. BOROUGH OF SHIPPENSBURG. 259 prisoners, by a party of Indians, a short distance east of where Burd's Eiin crosses the road leading from Shippensburg to Middle Spring. The names of the killed were John MoKean and John Agnew, and those of the captured, Hugh Black, William Carson, Andrew Brown, James Ellis and Alexander Mc- Bride. All but Ellis, it appears, made their escape. These escaped prisoners stated that Ellis was the only one who remained, as a white girl, whom this band had captured in Maryland, previously becoming exhausted, had been killed and scalped by them on the evening before they made their escape. On the 18th of July, 1757, a band of savages surprised a party who were harvest- ing in John Cessna's field, about a mile east of Shippensburg. They ap- proached the field from the east through the woods, which bounded it on that side, and, when within short range, fired, killing Dennis O' Neiden and John Kirkpatrick; then rushing forward they captured Mr. Cessna, his two grand- sons, and a son of John Kirkpatrick, and made their escape with their prison- ers. There were other hands in the field at that time, but a thicket which stood between them and the Indians concealed them from view. The next day, in a field belonging to Joseph Steenson, nine persons were killed and four taken prisoners." When the town was laid out, the old Indian path became the main road, and was chosen for the location of King Street. Three-fourths of the resi- dents of the town, in 1751, lived upon that portion of this street, which lies between Washington Street and the top of the hill west of the toll-gate. In the spring of 1755 the road-cutters were at work opening a road west. Braddock's army was in the field, and it was proposed to make Shippensburg the base of supplies. On June 14, 1755, Charles Swain writes to Gov. Morris from Shippens- burg: "I arrived at this place on Monday, and judge there are sufficient buildings for storing the provisions withoat erecting any; these will want but a small repair, except the fastings, and to be had on easy terms, as they are all left, to be possessed by any one who will inhabit them. The owners do not seem inclined to take any advantage of their being wanted on this occasion. I find not above two pastures here; these but mean as to grass, from drought; but there is a fine range of forage for upward of four miles in the woods, quite to the foot of the South Mountain; also a good run of water, that the cattle will be continually improving after they come here. I shall use the methods practiced here of keeping their beasts together; have a constant watch on them; daily see to them myself. I can find but little cellaring here for secur- ing the pork, but have pitched on a shady and dry spot in the woods for mak- ing a cellar for what I can not store in such cellars as are in the town. There are no bricks here, and little lime at present, so the making of ovens would be difficult, and, if made of clay, then there would be some iron wanting. The principal expense which seems to attend the magazine here will be the hire of some person or persons to attend the cattle, also to watch the stores and pork, etc. * * The coopers in these parts have plantations, and they but occasionally work at their trades * * The mills, also, here have no bolting cloths, so that they make only a coarse flour. ' ' In another letter, dated July, 4, 1755 (just five days before Braddock's defeat), Mr. Shippen says : "I shall give orders to Mr. Burd' s servant, a cooper, to take charge of some cattle, as Mr. Swain shall direct. The cattle are provided with a range of pasture. But the place which shall be agreed upon by the General (Brad- dook) for the magazine, ought to be protected by at least twenty or thirty sol- diers; and there should be a blockade built, otherwise they (the Indians) may easily destroy the cattle, for they can march through the woods, undiscovered, 260 HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. witliia tweuty miles of Shippeusburg, and they may come these twenty miles one way on a path, leaving Jacob Pyatt's near Tascarora Mountain, on the right hand and see but two houses till they are within two miles of my place." Within a few days after the writing of this letter Braddock was defeated, and the ominous danger-cloud which had threatened the inhabitants of the valley, burst. At Shippeusburg they began immediately to erect another fort. This fort was called Fort Morris, after the Governor of the province. In a letter written by Charles Swain to him, July 30, 1755, he says: "A defeat is, I believe, be- yond doubt. I suppose that the people will now come fast into these parts, and shall use all expedition in forwarding a fort. I have pitched on a piece of ground of Mr. Shippen's, and the timber about here is all his; therefore should be glad he was to write about it, if your Honor thought proper, that there may be no afterolaps on his part." On November 2, of this year (1755), James Burd writes to Edward Shippen, at Lancaster: "We are in great con- fusion here at present. * * * This town is full of people, they being all moving in with their families — five or six families in a house. We are in great want of ammunition; but with what we have we are determined to give the enemy as warm a reception as we can. Some of our people had been taken prisoners by this party, and have made their escape from them and come in to us this morning. * * * t^q have 100 men working at Fort Morris every day." He also wishes that they would send guns — "great guns, small arms and ammanition" — from Philadelphia. This fort seems to have been completed in 1756. "It stood," says Hon. John McCurdy, " on the rocky hill at the western end of the town. The brick schoolhouse now standing there, which was built some [forty-two] years ago, stands within the boundaries of the fort, the foun- dation of a part of which can still be traced. ' ' The walls were built of small stone, with mortar which became hard, and were about two feet in thickness. The roof and timbers of the building were removed before 1821, and the re- maining portion of the walls were torn down in 1836. * In the sudden unslaught of the Indians, and the panic which ensued, in 1763, there was, on the 25th of July, 1,384 of these fugitives in Shippeusburg, of whom 301 were men, 345 women, and 738 children, many of whom were obliged to lie in barns, cellars and sheds, the dwelling houses being all crowd- ed. Fort Franklin had, before this time, we are told, been enlarged with ad- ditions, and during the Indian troubles of this period the various sections were occupied by private families. It was afterward allowed to decay, and was torn down about 1790. At the time of these Indian troubles in 1763, and previous to it, various parties, and, among others, those living around Shippeusburg, sent piteous appeals to the Government for aid, but they seem often to have been power- less, or to have turned a deaf ear to the supplications of these border inhabi- tants. In February, 1763, Mr. Shippen began to issue the first deeds or leases to purchasers, and to those who had previously settled upon the lots. The list of the original purchasers, with the number of the lot is as follows: *0n the 19th of March, 1764, the Indians carried off five people iroiu within nine miles of Shippensburg, and shot one man through the body The enemv, supposed to be eleven in number, were pursued sueci'ssfully by about 100 provincials The houses of Jolin Siewari, AdaraSimms, James .McC.immoa. William Baird, James Kelley, Stephen Caldwell and John Boyd were burnt. These people lost all their grain, which they had threshed out with the intention to send it for saleiy further down among the inhabitants.— Oordon'i History of Pennsylvania, p. 624. BOROUGH OF SHIPPENSBURG. 261 1 Samuel Montgomery. 3 David Magaw. 3, 4 Francis Campble. 5 Peter Miller. 6, 7 William Piper. 8 John Cunningham. 9 Anthony Maule. 10, 11 Richard Long. 13, 13, 14 Francis Campble. 15 Alexander Sterrit. 16 William Cowan. 17 John Brady. 18 William Reynolds. 19, HO James McCall. 21 Robert Chambers. 32 John Cesna. 33 William Hendricks. 34 George Ross. 25 Andrew Wilkins. 26, 37 William Barr. 38 Andrew Wilkins. 29 Thomas Finley. 30 Humphrey Montgomery. 31 Thomas Finley. 32 Daniel Duncan. 33 Isaac Miller. 34 John Montgomery. 35, 36 Samuel Perry. 37 John Corbet. 38 Daniel Duncan. 39 Blank. 40 Daniel Duncan. 41 Archibald Flemming. 42 James Lowery. 43 Andrew Keith. 44 James McClintock. 45 William Leeper. 46 Blank. 47 David McKnight. 48 William Barr. 49 William Sutherland. 60, 51 John Miller. 52 Martin Holderbaum. 53 Samuel Tate. 54 William Brookins. 55 Samuel Duncan. 56 Matthew Adams. 67 William McConnel. 58 Blank. 59, 60 Meeting-house, graveyard. 61 Richard Long. 63 Henry Davis. 63, 64 Edward Lacey. 65 Archibald Mahan. 66 James McKeeny. 67 Jacob Kiser. 68 Blank. «9 Dr. Robert McCall. 70 Blank. 71 George Taylor. 72, 73 Andrew McLean. 74 Church lot— free. 75 Benjamin CoppenhefEer. 76 Robert Reed. 77 Joseph Campbell. 78 John Reynolds. 79 Jacob Milliron. 80 Valentine Haupt. 81 Simon Rice. 82 88 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100, 103 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112, 114 115 116 117, 119 130, 183 128 134 185 136 127 138 129, 183 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 149 150, 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 163, 164 165 Adam Carnahan. James Reynolds. Robert Peebles. Anthony Maule. James Dunlap. Gideon Miller. Andrew Boyd. Joseph Parks. Tristram Miller. John Redott. Anthony Maule. James Reynolds. George Ehley. William Duncan. Anthony Maule. John Mains. Robert Brown. John Heap. Meadow lot. 101 Samuel Rippey. Lucinda Piper. Samuel Rippey. Robert Peebles. John Smith. Anthony Maule. Johnson Smith. James Piper. Samuel Rippey. William Wilson. Margaret McDaniel. 118 Benjamin Kilgore. Blank. Anthony Maule. William Camphell. 118 James McCall. George McCandless. 121 Daniel Duncan. Blank. Blank. David Ellis. John Montgomery. James Russell. Blank. Joliu Montgomery. 130, 131 Blank. Thomas Atkinson. Blank. Robert Beatty. Samuel Perry. John Carnahan. Samuel Perry. John Cessna. Alexander Askey. John Mahan. to (and including) 148 Blank. Alexander Johnston. 151 John Dietriok. Abraham Beidleman. Anthony Maule. Jacob Lightner. John Gregory. George McCandless. Jacob Kiser. John Davenport. Joseph Mitchel. Thomas Moore. John Dietrick. 163 Frederick Shipley. John Stall. Christian Gish 262 HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 166 Andrew Patterson. 171 Christian Qish. 167, 168 Blank. 172 Frederick Blieval. 169 Casper Sallsgibber. 173 Walter Welsh. 170 David Duncan. The place in early days was sometimes spoken of as "Shippen's Farm." As a specimen of the deeds, an indenture made on the 13th of March, 1764, ' ' be- tween Edward Shippen of the Borough of Lancaster, of the one part, & Archibald Machan, of the other," conveys, subject to the quit rent "a certain lot of ground Scituate within a certain new town called Shippensburg, in the county of Cumberland, containing in breadth sixty-four feet four inches, & in length 457, 4 inches. No 65, Bounded on the South by King Street & on the west by Lot No 60 granted or intended to be granted to James Mackeney, & on the east by Lot No 64 Granted to Edward Lacey & on the north by a fourteen foot alley, &c. (Signed) Edward Shippen." In the Revolutionary war Shippensburg was prompt to respond to the call for men. Capt. Matthew Henderson, at the beginning of the war, raised a company of 104 men in Shippensburg, and another, but not a full one, was raised by Capt. Mathew Scott. It is said that at this time there ' ' was scarcely an able bodied man in the place who was not enrolled in one or the other of these organizations. " In December, 1775, Capt. William Eippey, of Shippensburg, enlisted a company, of which he was commissioned captain January 9, 1776, which be- came one of the companies of the Sixth Eegiment, commanded by Col. Irvine. With the brigade to which it shortly afterward belonged it was sent to Canada, where, at Trois Rivieres, Capt. Eippey with his colonel and most of the men were captured. Rippey made his escape, and after the war resum<^d keeping the Branch Hotel in Shippensburg — down to the time of his death in 1819. Until 1790 there was no postoffioe in Shippensburg. Previous to this time the people depended simply upon private carriers. But by an act of Con- gress in 1788, "posts" were established for the regular transportation of mails between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh by the route of Lancaster, York, Carlisle, Chamberstown and Bedford, from which mails were dispatched once in each fortnight. The first postmaster, at the establishment of the first "post" in Shippensburg, May 13, 1790, was Robert Peebles. During the " Whiskey Insurrection " of 1 794 Gen. Washington passed through Shippensburg, at which place he remained for some portion of the day. It is said the citizens gathered to pay him their respects, but others, a few days after his visit, in order to show their disapprobation of the use of a military force to suppress the insurrection, during the hours of night, erected a " liberty pole " on the corner where the council house now stands. This pole was afterward cut down at night by the opposite party — or by parties "to whom its presence was objectionable." Although Shippensburg is the oldest town in the valley, it was not incor- porated as a borough until January, 1819. The population of the place at various times was as follows: In 1800, it contained less than 800 inhabitants; in 1810, 1,159; in 1820, 1,410; in 1830, 1,308; in 1840, 1,473; and at present about 2,500. Although it has not increased rapidly in population, the town in other respects has improved greatly within the last quarter of a century. EARLY HOTELS IN SHIPPENSBUBG. The earliest public house in Shippensburg was, in all probability, that of ' ' The Widow Piper. ' ' It existed as early as 1735, when a number of persons living in the vicinity met to protest against the new road running through BOROUGH OF SHIPPENSBURG. 265 "the barrens."* Here, for many years, the public business was transacted, and in it, it is possible, the first courts were held, f "A brewery was started at a very early day in the building now known as the Black Bear Hotel. This building was erected for that purpose, and the business of brewing was carried on there for a number of years; at first by Adam Carnahan, and afterward by James Brown. This house was subse- quently converted into a tavern, and was first kept by a maa named John Saylor, who was succeeded by Jacob Eaum, he by John Snyder, and he, in 1821, by Jacob Hartzell. J We find that this hotel was known as the " Black Bear " as early or prior to 1792; for in the records of the court, August, 1792, there is a petition for a " road fi-om the sign of the Bear in King Street past Reynold's mill to Middle Spring Church," which was granted. And, among- public papers owned lately by the late Jason Eby, kindly furnished to us by Christian Humrich, Esq. , we find the original petition presented to the court in August, 1792, as follows: "The humble Petition of Jacob Eahm, of Ship- pensburg. Humbly Sheweth — That your Petitioner, having provided a Com- modious House & accomodations for Travellers in the Town of Shippensburg, Humbly prays your Honorable Coart to grant him a licence for the purpose of keeping a house of intertainment in the said town," etc. § There was also a hotel in Shippensburg prior to 1792, known by the name of the "Black Horse." For in another petition to this term of court (August, 1792) from Patrick Cochran, we find " that the petitioner hath lately rented and now occupies the commodious and long aceusto.med public house known by the name of the Black Horse, in Shippensburg, where he is well provided with liquor and all other necessaries for a public house, and also has had many repairs made for the better accommodation of travellers. ' ' There was also another hotel in Shippensburg, in and prior to 1792, know by the name of the ' ' King of Prussia. ' ' The application is by Conrad Beamer, presented at the same term of court (August, 1792), who prays that ' ' "Whereas your petitioner continues to keep the old accustomed and commodious tavern known by the name of the 'King of Prussia,' in Shippensburg," that the court will recom- mend him to his Excellency the Governor for license to continue a public house in the said place. One other petition is made, also August, 1792, by George McCandless, who ' ' hath kept a house of entertainment in the house where he now lives, the preceding year, and is desirious of continuing the same. ' ' And this is all we know of the ' ' taverns " of ye Town of Shippensburg, ' ' before the beginning of this century. Following the Indian moccasin, "when the days of the pack-horse had passed away, the Black Bear Hotel became the principal stopping place for wagons engaged in the transportation of merchandise to the West. ' ' Ship- pensburg was then lively with this traffic to and from Pittsburgh and Philadel- phia. But the Conestoga teams, with their noise and bustle, have passed away. They have ceased "to collect nightly in groups around the house," and the recollection of them, even, has grown dim. |j Sixty years ago there were six wagon-maker shops, each employing a num- ber of hands, and nine blacksmith shops all busily employed. * Historical Discourse rMiddle Spring) by Rev. S. S. Wylie. t There ia, in the records a bill of sale from Jannet Piper, of Shippensburg, idnkeeper, in 1755. i Hon. John McCurdy's sketch in Wing. gThe petitioner of this is recommended by John Heap, a handsome signature, Jacnb Blocher, James Cis- sire.(?) Samuel Quigley, James Moore, Patrick Cochran and Samuel Kippey; the latter by John Scott, Thomas Wilson, Robert (Jolwell, Samuel Colwell, Alexander Beatty. William Bell, John White, Samuel Peebles, K McCall, William Brookins, William Barr, John Heap and Samuel Mitchell, " residents of Shippensburg and pans adjacent." II Many of these wagons were made at Shippensburg and Loudon, and this was one of the most prominent industries of the place. 266 HISTOEY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. CHUBOHES. The Scotch Irish Presbyterians who settled at Shippensburg belonged to the church at Middle Spring, so that no church of that denomination was for some time erected. Mr. Shippen and his agents, and the Goverment employes at Forts Morris and Franklin, located at Shippensburg, were Episcopalians, and "an effort was made to establish an Episcopal Church. This scheme, how- ever, never promised to be successful, and when the agents withdrew, was ajjandoned. ' ' * In 1767 Lot 59 was conveyed by Mr. Shippen to Francis Oampble in trust, for a Presbyterian Church, ' ' with yearly rent of one penny sterling, ' ' and a log house was erected about 1768, but little used, and was turned into a fichoolhouse, neglected, and finally torn down. The adjoining Lot 60 had previously been set apart and used for the burial of the dead. There was early a Reformed Associate Presbyterian Church in Shippensburg. "Lot 216 on the village plot was, June 2, 1794, deeded by the Shippen brothers to this ■church, and a stone meeting-house was erected on it about 1797, which was subsequently enlarged," and is still standing. Its pastors were Kev. James "Walker, ordained September 4, 1799 (of congregations of Shippensburg and ■Chambersburg, giving to each half his time), resigned August 8, 1820. Rev. Thomas Strong, ordained (over the two churches) October 23, 1821, at which time a union was formed between his congregation in Shippensbiu-g and the members of the church at Middle Spring, who resided in or near the village. On February 18, 1824, Rev. Henry R. Wilson, D. D. , was installed and re- mained till October, 1839. He was born near Gettysburg in 1780; graduated at Dickinson College under Nesbit; was chosen professor of languages in that institution in 1806. He preached in the First Presbyterian Church at Car- lisle, as colleague with Dr. Davidson. In 1814 accepted call at SUver's Spring, from which place he went to Shippensburg. He died in Philadelphia March 22, 1849. He was followed by Rev. James Harper in 1840, who served till May 8, 1870, and was succeeded, in 1872, by Rev. W. W. Taylor, succeeded, in May, 1875, by Rev. W. A. McCarrell. In April, 1839, a suit was brought for the exclusive right to the church property by a few Associate Reform members still remaining in the town, which was successful. The little society gradually dwindled away, and the church building was leased to the borough for school purposes for ninety-nine years, for $1,000. When this case was decided, the Presbyterian Congrega- tion purchased a lot in another portion of the town and erected the neat brick «difice in which they worship. A new church is now being erected. Methodist Church. — The first church was built in 1790. It was a log struct- ure, one story high, and stood on the northwest end of the lot where the old brick church stands. At first the congregation was small, but it grew in strength and importance, and has included in its membership many of the most prom- inent residents of the town. In 1825, a new brick church was erected on the southwest end of the old lot. It was used about half a century. The present church, on King Street, was built in 1875. German Reformed and Lutheran. — Some time during the latter part of the last century a lot located on the southeast corner of Orange and Queen Streets was selected as a place of burial by the Lutheran and Reformed denomina- iions, and on it a log church was erected, which was used until about 1812. *UDtiI the (Presbyterian) organization was effected, the Episcopal element was, perhaps, dominant in the borough, through the influence of Mr. Shippen, the proprietor, who was connected with that denomination." — Nevm's Churches of the Valley, p. 155. BOROUGH OF SHIPPENSBDRG. 267 In about that year a brick church was erected, where the German Eeformed Church now stands, and was at first used as a place of worship by both con- gregations. After some time the two congregations separated, each erecting a church edifice of its own. A brick church was built by the denomination known as the Church of Ood about 1828, which was torn down in 1870, when the present one was erected. In 1868 the United Brethren built their present church on North Penn Street. CEMETEEIES. The burial places of Shippensburg having become full of the bodies of those who, during more than a century of its existence, had taken up their abode "in the dark house and narrow bed" in the various inclosures. A new burial place, known as the ' ' Spring Hill Cemetery, ' ' was incorporated Jan- uary 18, 1861, and twelve acres of land, which were purchased for that pur- pose, were laid out into lots. We may mention that the first burial in these grounds was that of Robert McFarland, who had contracted a fever in the army, and that of thirty-two soldiers who served in the late war are buried beneath its sod. SCHOOLS. There are nine public schools in Shippensburg, which are taught for eight months during the year; but the main educational institution is "The Cum- berland Valley State Normal School," which was chartered in 1870 and opened on April 15, 1873, with a registered list of 300 pupils. Its corner- stone was laid on May 31, 1871. The building, which is about one-fourth of a mUe north of town, is a handsome architectural design, and is situated on a commanding eminence, surrounded by beautiful and spacious grounds, taste- fully laid out. It was erected at a cost of over $125,000. NEWSPAPERS. There have been ten papers published in Shippensburg since the formation of the town. One, the ' ' Valley Spirit, ' ' was, about 1846, moved to Cham- bersburg, where it is still published. Another, the Valley Sentinel, was bought by Henry K. Peffer, Esq. , who moved it to Carlisle, where it is still pub- lished. The present papers in Shippensburg are the Shippensburg News, established in 1844, and the Shippensburg Chronicle, started in 1875. There is one National Bank in Shippensburg, which was established ^^nder the title "The First National Bank of Shippensburg," in 1866. SOCIETIES. Cumberland Valley Lodge, No. 315, F. & A. M., was instituted Febraary 18, 1858, with following named charter members : Rev. James Colder, Rev. F. A. Eupley, Henry Ruby, Sr. , Jacob Heck, John S. Blair, John Wunderlich, R J. Lawton and Rev. D. A. Laverty. Present membership, twenty-nine. Present officers: John Wolf, W. M. ; J. M. Gardner, S. W. ; S. M. Houston, J. W. ; S. C. Henderson, Treas. ; W. M. Geesaman, Sec. Lincoln Lodge, No. 38, A. Y. M. (colored), instituted in 1868 ; has about eighteen members. Present ofdcers are Henry Johnston, W. M. ; George A. Barnes, Jr. , S. W. ; Edward Arthur, J. W. ; William A. Barnett, Sec. ; Thomas Miller, Treas. Valley Encampment, No. 34, I. 0. O. F. , was chartered June 22, 1846, with charter members William F. Carey, John C. Altick, William B.- Cochran, 268 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. John Fisher, J. H. M. Peebles, John A. Olippinger and John Bender. Pres- ent membership thirty-eight. Present officers: G. F. Cressler, C. P.; G. S. Clark, H, P. ; Elmer B. Shelley, S. W. ; R. W. Hockersmith, J. W. ; J. K. L. Mackey, Scribe; W. J. Angle, Treas. Cumberland Lodge, No. 90, I. O. O. F. , was organized December 12, 1843, the charter members being William F. Carey, B. F. Irvin, William H. Hoo- ver, John MoOardy and John C. Altick. Present membership, seventy-two. Present officers: George W. Noftsker, N. G. ; J. E. Wolfe, V. G»; John A. Fleming, Treas. ; J. K. L. Mackey, Sec. Mount Alto Lodge, O. U. 0. F., No. 1941 (colored), was organized in 187& with about twenty members. Discontinued working in 1885. Royal Arcanum. — There was also organized, August 24, 1886, for social and insurance benefits, a council of the Boyal Arcanum. CHAPTER XIX. BOEOTJGtH OF SHIEEMANSTOWN. Locality — Origin of Name — Churches — Societies— Miscellaneous. SHIEEMANSTOWN is situated on the main road leading from Carlisle to New Cumberland, known as the Simpson Ferry Eoad, and within a short distance of the Cumberland Valley Eailroad in a fertile and highly improved portion of the county. It is twelve miles east of Carlisle and five miles west of Harrisburg. It derives its name from Daniel Shireman, one of the first residents and land- owners of most of the place upon which the town is built, and who kept a hotel there for a period of some years. The first house was built by John Davis about 1812 or 1814. It was afterward used as a hotel, and stiU later as a store, which was the earliest one kept in the town. Shiremanstown was incorporated as a borough in August, 1874. CHURCHES. There are three churches. The first was originally a frame building, one story high, erected as a union house of worship in 1838, but since enlarged and remodeled by the Church of God. United Brethren. — This society erected their church in 1854. It is two stories high, the lower portion being built of limestone, and the upper part of brick. Messiah's Church. — This is also two stories in height; was erected in 1867, and is the handsomest church edifice in the town. The seats and doors are made of polished chestnut. Its bell, cast in 1787, is the oldest one now in Cumberland County. societies. Irene Lodge, No. 425, K. of P. , instituted in March, 1874, has a member- ship of about fifty-seven. The officers are D. Y. Zimmerman, P. C. ; D. C. Eberly, C. C. ; William Welty, V. C. ; John G. Bentz, P. ; L. O Sheaffer, K. of E. and S. ; W. H. Zearing, M. of F. ; J. Morris Miller, M. of E. ; J. E. Straining, M. of A. COOK TOWNSHIP. 269 Beneficial Society of Shiremanstown was organized in 1841, with the follow- ing officers: William E. Gorgas, president; Dr. William Mateer, vice-presi- dent; Levi Merkel, treasurer; Daniel Shelley, secretary. Membership num- bers about seventy. Present officers are Dr. W. S. Bruckart, president; Christian Stoner, vice-president ; David C. Mohler, secretary; Joseph A. Willis, treasurer; A. H. Dill, financial secretary. MISCELLANEOUS. The borough, besides its warehouses, wagon shops and stores, has also a large, commodious, brick schoolhouse, built in 1868 by Lower Allen Township before the borough was incorporated. The Cumberland Valley Railroad passes through the borough from east to west, and does considerable business at this point. CHAPTER XX. COOK TOWNSHIP. COOK TOWNSHIP, at present the youngest township in Cumberland Coun- ty, was formed from the southern part of Pennsylvania in the year 1872. The whole of it is mountain land, well timbered, and containing at places large quantities of valuable iron ore. There are several streams in the township, the most important of which is the Mountain Creek, which, after being formed by the junction of two smaller streams near Pine Grove, flows in a slightly north- easterly direction through the mountainous portion of Dickinson Township; then almost north, through South Middleton, untU it empties into the Yellow Breeches Creek. The State road from Carlisle to Gettysburg passes through the wild and uncultivated mountain scenery of this township, as does also the Harrisburg & Gettysburg Railroad, which was originally built, in 1869-70, as the South Mountain Road, from Carlisle to Pine . Grove, by the South Mountain Iron Company, for the development of their extensive property at that place. In 1883, under the name of the Gettysburg & Harrisburg Railroad, it was ex- tended from Hunters Run, a station on the former road, to the celebrated "Round Top," on the battle-field, three miles beyond Gettysburg. It was opened for travel on April 21, 1884* J. C. Fuller was the first president and William H. Woodward the first general superintendent, secretary and treasurer, a position which he still holds. The road has established a popular and pleasant park near Pine Grove Furnace, in the midst of the wild moun- tains, and which is one of the most attractive places of its kind which is to be found in the county. The chief property, however, of the company, in the township, is the Pine Grove Furnace and the Laurel Forge, with about 25,000 acres of land, some small part of which, however, is in Adams County. These Pine Grove Iron Works are located on Mountain Creek about ten miles north of Mount Holly Springs. It is not known when the first furnace was erected at this place. The tract of about 150 acres was originally granted by Thomas and Richard * In August of this first year, over SO.OOO people were carried over the road In ten days to the encampment of the National Guards of Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 270 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Penn, in July, 1762, to Samuel Pope, and on the 7th of October of that year it was conveyed by him to George Stevenson, who was a partner at that time in the Carlisle Iron Works, at Boiling Springs. George Stevenson was born in Dublin in 1718, educated at Trinity College and came to America about the middle of the last century. He was a prominent man — a judge at one time of the counties of York and Cumberland by a commission in 1755 under the reign of George II. He was later a prominent lawyer at Carlisle. In con- nection with William Thompson (afterward a general), and George Ross, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, he became a large land-owner and manufacturer of iron, and erected, in 1764, a furnace and forge (known as Mary Ann Furnace) in York County. In 1769 he removed to Carlisle and en- gaged in the iron business at Mount Holly. He married Mary Cookson, the widow of Thomas Cookson, the deputy surveyor who laid out the town of Car- lisle. In 1772 George Stevenson conveyed this Pine Grove property to Find- lay McGrew, in which deed it is described ' ' as being the same tract as was surveyed by William Lyon, Esq. , and whereon the said Findlay McGrew hath lately erected a saw mill, ' ' etc. ; and in the year following, McGrew conveyed said tract to Jacob Simons, who, in December, 1782, conveyed it, together with another tract which he had improved, to Michael Ege and the two Thornbergs, Thomas and Joseph. It is in this deed that the property is called the Pine Grove Iron-works — a name by which it has been known ever since. Michael Ege continued to own this property until his death in 1815, after which it was confirmed, by proceedings in partition, to his son Peter Ege, since which time it has passed through various hands, until it came into the possession of the present owners. The only postofBce in the township is called Pine Grove Furnace, and the only iron way is the South Mountain Railroad, spoken of fully above. CHAPTER XXI. DICKINSON TOWNSHIP. DICKINSON TOWNSHIP was formed from a portion of West Pennsborough Township, April 17, 1785. At its formation it included the townships of Penn and Cook, and in all probability extended from South Middleton on the east to Newton on the west; and from the "great road leading from Harrisburg to Chambersburg on the north, ' ' to the Adams County line on the south. It is a rectangular township, now bounded by South Middleton (east), Penn (west). West Pennsborough (north), Adams County (south), and is about twelve miles long, north and south, and about five miles wide. The character of its soil is, in the north, undulating limestone land, which portion is covered with fine farms in a high state of cultivation. The southern portion, beginning at the Yellow Breeches Creek, is sand and gravel land, which industry has made productive; while the extreme southern section of the township is a mountain region, covered with a light growth of oak, chestnut and yellow pine. The Gettysburg & Harrisburg Railroad and the South Mountain branch, also the Mountain Creek pass through this southern section, while the Harrisburg & Potomac Railroad, running almost parallel with the Yellow Breeches Creek, passes through the center of the township. DICKINSON TOWNSHIP. 271 The original settlers of this township were Scotch-Irish. They seemed to have settled first upon the Yellow Breeches Creek, upon which stream they purchased from the Proprietaries large tracts of land. Many of the descend- ants of these original settlers still live upon those lands. One of the earliest land-owners in this section was Michael Ege, the elder, who came into Cumberland County at a very early period. He owned a tract which extended from somewhere about Boiling Springs, to what is now Hay's Station, on the Harrisburg & Potomac Railroad, a distance of about twelve miles. The bulk of this land lay between what is known as the first and sec- ond range of hills along the tJhe South Mountain, which, in Dickinson, extend down on the north side of the mountain a considerable distance into the valley, at some places as far north as the Yellow Breeches Creek. This property was distributed among his children, but, with the exception of the Carlisle Iron- works, the whole of it passed out of their hands in the first generation. A large portion of this Ege tract, perhaps all of that which went to Mrs. Wilson, a daughter of Michael Ege, a considerable time after her death, and after much of it had been improved and made into farms by the purchasers, was claimed by Mrs. Wilson's heirs. This claim gave rise to very protracted liti- gation. It involved the title to perhaps a hundred farms or pieces of property in what is now Penn Township. After various conflicting decisions it was finally decided in favor of the purchasers and against the Wilson heirs. Among the early settlers of the township were the Houcks, or two families of Houcks. They owned what was known as the Salome Forge. The Gal- breaths were an old family, as were also the Weakleys and the Lees. The Weakleys probably settled in this section as early as 1732, and owned large tracts of land four generations ago, including that now known as Barnitz Mill. Another branch of the Weakley family settled just above the Cumberland Furnace, and owned the land about Spring Mills, now called Huntsdale, and considerable farm land north, extending to the Dickinson Presbyterian Church, which is built upon land donated for that purpose by (William L. Weakley) one of the family. Three generations ago the Lees, *(four brothers, Warren, Thomas, Holiday and George), lived on the Walnut Bottom Road. The easternmost of these farms was afterwards owned by the late Sterritt Woods. These men were large, fine physical specimens of men, social, and who were fond ' ' of the chace dancing, fiddling and hospitality." Another old family were the Woods'. There was a large cluster of them in what is now the central por- tion of Dickinson Township. They owned large farms, probably in all about 1,000 acres. Of this family, within the recollection of men living, was Richard Woods, Squire, and Capt. Samuel Woods, who is said to have been the determined juror who was instrumental in acquitting Prof. McClintock when he was tried for inciting the riots in Carlisle. Capt. Woods was a large man, who weighed probably over 201) pounds, walked always with a stoop, was quiet, almost forbidding in his manner, but was in reality one of the most benevolent and kindest men that ever lived. Another, David Glenn, came from the north of Newville, and settled in this portion of the county in about 1825. He owned from the Walnut Bottom Road out to the Yellow Breeches Creek. He is described as a strict Covenanter. Gen. Thomas C. Miller came (about 1830) and remained in the township until his death. He was the father of William H. Miller, Esq. , a prominent *The Lee family, of Dickinson Township, acquired the title to their lands by the old English ceremony of livery of seiaen— or feudal investiture, the only instance of this kind which we know ot in Cumberland County. 272 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. lawyer, still well remembered, of Carlisle. He had been a volunteer officer in the war of 1812, fought at Lundy's Lane and along the Canada border, after which he settled in Adams County, when he was elected to the Senate in the days when Thaddeus Stevens was a member of that body. He then came to Cumberland County and bought the Cumberland Furnace property, quite close to Huntsdale, just on the eastern border of Penn Township. He was a tall, venerable, fine looking man, proud, a good talker, and possessed of unusual ability. During the days of slavery, the South Mountain afforded a hiding place for colored people who attempted to escape from bondage, and Dickin- son Township received its full share of these fugitives. In the year 1859, just before the breaking out of the Rebellion, occurred the last case of this kind. Three negroes, John Butler, wife and child, came in 1859 to reside in Dic'l 1767. It is of a wedge-like shape, and is bounded on the north by Mif- flin Township, the Conodoguinet Creek being the dividing line ; on the east by West Pennsborough, Penn, and Cook Townships; its extreme point south touching the line of Adams County, while on the west lie the townships of Southampton and Hopewell. In its southern portion, extending some two or three miles northward from the base of the South Mountains, are what are known as the pine lands, of a gravelly character, but which produce good crops of wheat. Then, through the center of the township, for the breadth of several miles, is the belt of the richer clay and limestone land, while to the north is found the slate formation which, under the improved methods of agriculture, has grown to produce yearly more abundant crops. There are a number of small springs or streams in the northern and south- ern portions of the township. In the south, among the mountains, rises the Yellow Breeches Creek, which is here, however, only a small stream, the name of which is more properly Pine Run. On its northeastern boundary is the Big Spring, which empties into the Conodoguinet Creek, and near its western the Green Spring, in the northern portion of the township. The lands known as the "Barrens" lay near Oakville, a small region devoid of streams. The road from Carlisle to Shippensburg passes through them. When the township was first settled, the southern portion of it was covered with a dense growth of yellow pine, with undergrowth of oak, hickory and chestnut. The center— 318 HISTOEY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. that known as the " Barrens " — was without timber; but about the middle of the last century, small pine trees began to make theJr appearance on these barren lands, until, about 1800, they were covered with a thriving growth of valuable timlaer. Within the last half century much of this timber has disap- peared and much of it has been needlessly destroyed. In the early days, before the white settlers, there was an Indian pack trail through the township, extending along the Green Spring, thence over to the head of the Big Spring, and thence toward Dillsburg and York. There was also, at a later day, a fort known as "Fort Carnahan," or as it was sometimes called, ' ' Fort Jack. ' ' It was built on the James Jack farm, now owned by James and Joseph Koons, situated in Newton Township near the Conodo- guinet Creek, opposite the William Carnahan tract in Mifflin Township, now owned by Parker Q. Ahl. There is no doubt about this being the fact, says our informant, himself a descendant of the Carnahans. ' ' The Camahans, ' ' says he, "spoke of its location with the greatest certainty." As late as 1840, evi- dences of its foundations remained, and the channel cut from the Green Spring to supply the fort with water even then could be traced. ' ' What a wonderful change has occurred since those days, seemingly so dis- tant, of the Indian trail, or the log fort, not only here, but throughout this whole universally admired region! As strange, they are in reality, as are the sudden changes in a dream. " Look now abroad — another race has filled These populous borders; wide the wood recedes, And towns shoot up, and fertile realms are tilled; The land is full of harvests and green meads." The earliest settlers in the township were, as everywhere in the county, the Scotch-Irish. Among them were the McCunes, Sharps, Sterritts, Fultons, Graceys, Mickeys, Scroggs, Kilgores, Beattys and others. Some of the descendants of these are still in the possession of the homes where' their ancestors settled. Much of the land in Newton Township had not been taken up at the time of its formation in 1767. A tract of 100 acres, partly in NeW- ton and partly in Mifflin Township, was taken up by Eobert McCoome in 1746; one was located, of 100 acres, by John Herman in 1752; James Kilgore and Samuel Williamson also each took up a tract this year; John and Hugh Laughlin took up tracts, of 200 acres each, in 1766, and George Thompson 100 acres, while in the following year, 1767, when the township was formed, tracts were taken up by Samuel Bratton, Matthew Boyd, William Carnahan, Joseph Eager, Eobert Mickey, William Nicholson and others. By far the largest amount of land, however, seems to have been taken up in 1794, during which year twenty-five tracts of 400 acres each, aggregating 10,000 acres, were taken up by the following twenty-five persons: William Auld, Horace and John Bratton, Samuel Dickenson, Thomas Heeling, Josiah Lewis, Atcheson and John Laughlin, Adam and George Logue, James Lam- berton, William and Henry Miller, James Moore, William McFarlan, Samuel McClintock, William MoCracken, Mark and William McCasland, Benjamin, David, George and Alexander McCune and George Wilson. David Eawlston also took up a tract of several hundred acres on the Big Pond during this year 1794. * Many tracts of land on the North Mountain, from Doubling Gap to Sterrett' s Gap, were taken up by various parties in 1794. Nearly all of the early inhabitants of Newton Township were Scotch- Irish Presbyterians, and among those who came at about or before this time *There were probably earlier warrants than we have mentioned, as of some known to have existed we can find no record. NEWTON TOWNSHIP. 319 was a minister, who settled at Big Spring, whose graindfather, John Brown, a pious carrier of Muir Kirk Parish, Scotland, was shot, in 1685, by Graham of Claverhouse. It was not until near the close of the last century that a few German families began to come into the lower portion of the township. They settled on the pine lands along the mountain. Before 1802 they had erected a small church, which was known as the Dutch Meeting-House. Among these were the Seavers, Thrushes, Frys, Brickers and others. Until after 1830 the German inhabitants of Newton constituted but a small portion of its population; to-day they own much of the most desirable land in the southern portion of the township. Among the families still represented in Cumberland County by numerous descendants, were the Sharps, who settled in Newton Township at an early period. The ancestor was Thomas Sharp, but the first who came to America was his son Robert. He came over at a very early age, and soon returned to the North of Ireland, where they had immigrated at some previous period from Scotland, and persuaded his father to bring his family over. This was not later than 1746. * Thomas Sharp, the father, had married Margaret Elder, the daughter of a Scottish laird, by whom he had five sons and five daughters. All of these owned lands afterward in Cumberland County, in the neighborhood of the Big Spring. These were Robert, Alexander, Andrew (killed by the In- dians), John and James. Of the daughters one married John McCune, an- other James Hemphill, another FuUerton, another John Smith of Lurgan Township, now Franklin but then Cumberland County, and another Harper, father of the late William Harper of Dickinson Township. All of these sons, except Andrew, and all the husbands of the daughters, lived and died in the neighborhood of the Big Spring. Their bones and those of their children, and many of their children' s chUdren are buried there, in the old grave-yard of the United Presbyterian Church at Newville. All of these sons of Thomas Sharp were, with the exception of Alexander, commissioned officers in the Indian war or the Revolution. Alexander went as a private. The chil- dren of Alexander, who married Margaret McDowell, were Andrew, Rev. Alex- ander Sharp, Dr. William M. Sharp, John, the father of Gen. Alexander Brady Sharpe, of Carlisle, known as "John Sharp of the Barrens;" Col. Thomas Sharp, elder, who died unmarried, aged nineteen, and Ellen, who married Samuel McCune. Rev. Alexander Sharp married Elizabeth Bryson, and his children were Dr. Alexander Sharp, who married Nelly Dent, a sister of the wife of Gen. Grant, and Andrew, who was the father of the late Hon. J. McDowell Sharp, bom in Newton Township, one of the ablest lawyers in Pennsylvania, and one of the most prominent members of the Constitutional Convention in 1872-73. Rev. Alexander Sharp lived on the Green Spring, and was pastor of the church at Newville (Big Spring), from 1824 until the time of his death in January, 1857. Alexander Sharp, the son of Thomas, the ancestor, was the largest land- owner in the township, his tract extending from near Newville to the turnpike above Stoughstown, a distance of about four miles in length and several miles in breadth, nearly all of which, variously divided, is in the hands of his de- scendants to this day. It bordered on the north on the headwaters of the Green Spring, the right to the watercourse of which stream was the cause of the long war between the Sharps and Kilgores. That litigation, after old Mr. Kilgore had been nearly impoverished by it, was brought to an end by the in- *Two tracts one of 200 acres another of 20, are found in the list of land warrants as taken up by Thomas Sharp in May 1746 James Sharp, a brother of Robert and son of Thomas, is one of the signers of a petition from Cumberland County to Gov. Hamilton for aid against the Indians July, 1754. See Rupp's History of Cum- berland County, etc., page 68. 320 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. tercession of Samuel MoCune (father of the wife of John Sharp of the Bar- rens) who was known in the community as the peacemaker. Alexander Sharp had a tannery, distillery, mills, etc. , and one of his apprentices at the tanning business, which he carried on extensively, was Robert Garrett, of Baltimore, father of John W. Garrett, former president of the Baltimore & Ohio Railv road, and grandfather of Robert M. Garrett, the present president of that road. He sent him, after his apprenticeship was over and before he was twenty years of age, to Baltimore, where he had never been, to begin life, secured for him a warehouse, turned much of the trade of the valley, then carried to Baltimore in wagons, to his place of business, and laid the founda- tion of the fortune of which he died possessed. Andrew Sharp, the son of Thomas Sharp, the ancestor, was killed by the Indians at what is now Sharpsburg, a town which was called after him. He went from this valley to Indiana County in 1785, and located on Crooked Creek, eight miles west of Indiana, on the famous Indian trail known as the Kittanning Path, and which Gen. Armstrong followed in his expedition against the Indians at Kittanning in 1756. He took with him his only child, Hannah, born in Cumberland County February 14, 1784 (married in 1803 to Robert Leason), from whom we take the following account of the killing of her father, Capt. Sharp, which was given by her in a letter vmtten to her grand-nephew, William Moorhead: "My father," says she, "was a mili- tia captain, and served under Gen. Washington in the Revolution. He was married to my mother, Ann Woods, in their native place, Cumberland County, in 1783, and with a family of one child moved to Crooked Creek, in what is now Indiana County, Penn. This being a new country, there was no chance for schooling his children. My father, after living there ten years, was de- termined on having them schooled. He swapt his place for one in Kentucky, where my mother' s friends lived. We started to move to Black Lick River, and got into our boat, but the water was low, and we had to land over a day and a night. We started the next. Father had a canoe tied to the side of the boat. It got loose. He went back for it. When he was away, there was a man came and told us the Indians were coming. By that time father got back. All the women and children were in the boat. The men went out to tie up their horses. The sun was an hour and a half high. Seven Indians fired upon them. They were hid behind a large tree that had fallen down. The first fire shot off my father's eyebrow. When he was cutting one end of the boat loose he got a wound in the left side. When he was cutting the other end loose they shot him in the other side, but he got the boat away before they could get in. He saw an Indian among the trees. He called for his gun. Mother gave it to him. He shot him dead. The boat got into a whirlpool, and went round and round for awhile, when the open side went toward land and the Indians fired at us. They followed us twelve miles down the river. They called to us to go out to them or they would fire again. Mrs. Leonner and her son wanted to go out to them. They said the men were all killed or wounded [i. e. , the seven who had gone ashore]. Father told him to desist or he would shoot him. The Indians shot him dead that minute. He fell across my mother's feet. There were two dead men and two wounded. One of them died the next morning. There was no woman or child hurt. There were twenty in all. They took my father' s horses. The others got theirs. My mother worked the boat, and we got to Pittsburgh again by daylight. One man went on before us and had doctors ready. When we got to Pittsburgh there were a great many kind neighbors came to see us when we landed. We lived awhile in the boat. We moved up to the city before father's death. He NEWTON TOWNSHIP. 321 lived forty days after he was wounded. There were three [wounds] in him, one on each side and one in his back. * He died the eighth day of July in the forty-second year of his age, in the year 1794. He was buried with hon- ors of war in Pittsburgh." His brother, Alexander Sharp, went from Cumberland County to see him, but Capt. Andrew Sharp had died before he arrived in Pittsburgh. " My un- file, " the writer continues, " stayed with us till there were wagons sent for. We went over the mountains to Cumberland County, where our friends lived, and stayed there three years, where we went to school, " when they moved back to their old home in Indiana County. " It was a party of twelve Indians that went to Pittsburgh to trade," we are further informed, "who killed Capt. Sharp. The people would not trade with them. They got angry and killed all they could that day. There were three men went down the river in a canoe before us, one of whom was shot dead; the other two were wounded. One of them died and the other got well. He lay in a room next to father's room. He could come to see father. This was the last war which was in that part of the country. It was in the year 1794 when all these things happened."! We have given the above vivid account, not only because it concerns one of the early pioneers belonging to one of the largest families, or cluster of families, in Newton Township, but also as illustrative of the times, and as one instance of the trials and tribulations of the early settlers, who, impelled by the restless spirit of adventure which was in their blood, moved still farther westward, and were driven back to Cumberland County by the remorseless cruelty of the Indians. Among the pioneers who settled at an early date in the upper portion of the county were the Moorheads, some of whom resided in that portion which is now Franklin. The name of John Moorhead is found in the tax list of 1750. One of the earliest of this family was Fergus Moorhead, who, impelled west- ward by the "Saxon hunger for land," left the county in 1769, the year in which the land o£B.ce was opened for the sale of lands in the northwestern and southwestern counties of Pennsylvania, and purchased, of the Penns, a large tract, known in the patent, after the English fashion, as ' ' Suffi.eld, ' ' two miles -west of the present town of Indiana, on the road to Kittanning. The smoke of Moorhead' s cabin was the first that arose from the chimney of a legal land- owner between the Conemaugh River and the old French fort at Le Boeuff. He, like his co-settlers in the Cumberland Valley, was a Scotch Presbyterian, who ' ' carried his Bible in one hand and his rifle in the other. ' ' Two of his brothers, Samuel and Joseph, accompanied him from their old home in Cumberland County, to help in bringing the wagons, live- stock and goods. On their trip they traveled partly on the road made by Gen. Arm- strong and his men some twelve years before, when he led his expedition against the Indians at Kittanning. Here he lived until the outbreak of the Revolutionary war, when the Indians became hostile to the English. In 1775 he undertook to conduct a man, by the name of Simpson, from his home to Fort Kittaning. Simpson was the bearer of dispatches from the government to the commander of the Fort, who was Moorhead's brother. Near the Fort they were waylaid by the Indians, Simpson was shot, and Moorhead taken prisoner, carried to Quebec and sold to the British. When his wife had be- come convinced that some misfortune had befallen him, she started through the wilderness for Cumberland County, with one child in front of her on the * It seems also from the letter that he was reooveriDg, but that the cannons fired on the 4th of July caused tit was in August of this year (1794) that Gen. Wayne gained his decisive victory over the Indians. 322 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. horse and one behind her. She went by way of Fort Ligonier, and reached the Cumberland Valley in safety. Just one year after being taken prisoner, Moorhead returned to his father's home in Cumberland County from Quebec, he having been exchanged as a prisoner. At Fort Shippen, in the Cumberland Valley, he and his brother Samuel (who also had gone away, built a grist-mill above Homer City, which was burned, and he driven back by the Indians) signed a petition to Gov. Penn, that means might be adopted to protect the frontier inhabitants. After the close of the war he returned again to his new home, near Indiana, which he found in ruins; but he soon built a stone house, which is still standing, and which has ever since been occupied by his descendants. It was said to have been built of memorial stones heaped by the Indians upon the graves of their dead. One son of Fergus Moorhead, Joseph, was wounded at St. Clair's de- feat; another, James, was killed at Perry's victory, on Lake Erie; another, Fergus Moorhead, Jr. , was the paternal grandfather of Silas M. Clark, of the Supreme Court.* VILLAGES. The township contains few villages. Jacksonville (Walnut Bottom P. O. ), before 1825, consisted of but six log houses. One, a two-story house on the hill, was kept as a tavern by an Irishman named John McCaslin. Some dis- tance east was another, known as the ' ' Bull Ring ' ' tavern, kept by Michael Hawk. The land on the north side of the road was the property of Peter Fry, and the village w^s at first called Frystown. It was afterward called Canada, and later Jacksonville. About 1820 the pine forest extended to the town. Stoughstown, on the turnpike in the eastern portion of the township, was ^ called after Col. John Stough, who kept a tavern there for many years, which tavern was also, prior to 1846, kept by his son. The town dates back to nearly the beginning of the century, and the tavern, for many years, was one of the most noted as a relay house for the teamsters and the stages on the road. Near Stoughstown is a large spring, from which a fine stream issues. Oakville is a small post- village west of the center of the township and a station on the Cumberland Valley Railroad. Prior to the building of this road it had no existence. MISCELLANEOUS. There are small beds of iron ore at places, particularly in the southern portion of the township. The Big Pond Furnace was built some three miles southeast of Leesburg, or Lee's Cross Roads, about forty years ago, near the Big Pond, a deep and somewhat stagnant pool, from which seemingly there is no outlet, made by a mountain stream, on which are Seever's mill, Buchanan's mill, and, after the Three Springs flows into it. Oyster's mill. This furnace, however, at the Big Pond, was long ago abandoned. The Cumberland Valley and the Harrisburg & Potomac are the two rail- roads which pass through Newton Township. The postoflices are Newville, Green Spring, Oakville, Big Spring, Stoughstown and Walnut Bottom. BOROUGH OF NEWVILLE. The borough of Newville is handsomely situated on the Big Spring, on the line of the Cumberland Valley Railroad, some twelve miles westward of *As to the Moorheads settlement in Indiana County, see also tlie sicetch of that county in Dr. Egle's His tory of Pennsylvania, p. 793. The date is there given as 1772, but as we have obtained our information from a. descendant, who gives the date as 1769, we prefer to let it stand. NEWTON TOWNSHIP. 323 Carlisle. It was first incorporated as a borough by an act of the Legislature on the 26th of February, 1817, but its inception as a settlement ante-dates the century, and carries us back to the days of our Colonial Goverament. In the earlier part of the last century there was something of a settlement in the country surrounding the Big Spring, as a Presbyterian congregation was in existence at that place prior to 1737. A warrant for a tract of about ninety acres of land was issued by the provincial authorities on March 2, 1744, to four persons, namely: William Lamond, James Walker, Alexander McClintock and David Killaugh, in trust for the Presbyterian congregation at Big Spring, which had previously, about 1738, erected a house of worship.* Upon this glebe the congregation built a parsonage, which was occupied until after 1786, but prior to 1790 it was abandoned as a parsonage, and in 1794 laid out into village lots. A plan of the new town was drawn, which consisted of one (Main) street, extending from the spring westward, with Cove and Glebe Alleys running parallel on the north and south, crossed by Corporation, High and West Streets, the former two extending northward to the boundary of the glebe. The first lots were laid out upon these streets, and the remain- ing portion of the tract was divided into larger parcels of from two to five acres, for pasture or tillage. The first sale of lots was September 9, 1790. Other sales occurred during the eight or ten years succeeding, until all were sold. They were not put up at auction, but were disposed of at fixed prices, most of them selling for |6 each, f The pasture lots were all sold April 9, 1795, at prices ranging from 124 to $27 per acre. About eight acres on the northeast corner of the glebe were reserved for a parsonage, and subsequently purchased by the pastor, Eev. S. Wilson. On all of these lots laid out for the new town, there was a reserved incumbrance, with an annual quit-rent of 6 per cent to the church, most of which annual quit-rents were extinguished in 1836. J FIKST HOTELS, STOKES, ETC. The first buildings were erected upon the eastern part of Main Street and on North Corporation. Robert Lusk was one of the earliest citizens, and is said to have been the first innkeeper in Newville. He built the third house from the spring on Main Street, in which he opened the first tavern. This was before 1792, for in the petition to the court for a license in August of that year he speaks of having kept ' ' a house of entertainment in the house where he now lives the preceding year, and is desirous of continuing the same." Samuel McCullough, having provided himself with a house for keeping a tavern in the town of Newville, also prays the court to recommend him to the Governor for a license this same year. John Dunbar shortly opened a hotel in the third house above Corporation Street, but at what exact date is to us unknown. The first store is said to have been opened on North Corporation Street, on the east side and north of Cove Alley. About 1797 Thomas Kennedy, father of the late Judge John Kennedy, of the supreme court of Pennsylvania, and of James Kennedy, for many years a justice of the peace in Newville, opened the second store upon the opposite side of Corporation Street, in what is known as the Woodburn row. ' ' Stephen Ryan then opened where Morrow' s brick house stands, and was succeeded by Christian Geese. Joseph Colbertson next •This same tract was confirmed to the church, by another patent, under the State authority, in 1794. +A few lots, on account of exceptional advantages, brought much higher prices; as Lot No I, on account of water privileges, S213, bought by William Laughlln, and one opposite, $50, bought by George McKeehan. tThe incumbrance on the front lots was $-i2:22 each, making the an'iual quit-rent 81.33; on the back lots $17.90 each, with quit-rent of $1.07; on outlets $13.33 per acre, with quit-rent of 80 cents. Owing to the annoy- ance of collecting these rents, the trustees of the church accepted, In 1836, the payment of the incumbrance on most of the lots, and granted to the owners titles in fee simple. 324 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. opened in the stone house on the southeast corner of Main and Corporation Streets, which Gen. Samuel Finley had bui.H in 1799. Joseph Showalter, Alexander Barr, William McCandlish, John Johnson, James Huston and oth- ers followed. ' ' These were the early merchants of the town. The first resi- dent physician was John Gedds. He came from Silver Spring, and settled in Newville about 1792, after having studied medicine with Dr. McCoskry, of Carlisle. Here he practiced until his death in 1840. The village must have improved with tolerable rapidity, for in 1799, nine years after the sale of the first lots, there were five tavern-keepers in Newville. These were James Woodburn, Joseph Shannon, Thomas Clark, Thomas Martin and Philip Beck. Two years later, 1801, James Woodburn built the Logan House, which is still standing. In the year 1800 the first posto£Sce was established. Before this time there were no offices nearer than Carlisle and Shippensburg. For about twenty years there was but one mail each way per week. Then there were two until the building of the railroad in 1838, when the daily mail and the daily papers first made their appearance. There is now Pullman cars and a variable number of daily mails each way. Coming down to about 1806 and after, we find that the appearance of the town is within the recollection of the living. James Woodburn kept the hotel on the corner of Main and Corporation Streets, tip two or three lots, John Dun- bar kept a hotel. The names of two of the sehotels were ' ' The Indian Queen' ' and ' ' The Eagle. ' ' Opposite was Samuel Crowell, on the corner of Main Street, not yet built up. Near the corner of Main and High, Philip Beck kept a tav- «rn. On the extreme upper end of Main Street Patrick Dunfee and WUliam MacMonagal had their inns. Besides these there were two on Corporation Street, Thomas Clark and Andrew Thompson. The area of these public houses embraced the extreme limits of the town. Few buildings had been erected west of High Street. Clusters of buildings afterward grew up on the western end of Main Street, and the two portions of the town gradually grew together. The original portion of the town, however, was that lying just north or slightly northwest of the old Presbyterian Church and cemetery. INCORPORATION, ETC. The town, which was first laid out in 1794, remained for more than twenty years a part of Newton Township. Dissatisfaction existed as to the propor- tionate assessments of property, and on application to the Legislature a bor- ough charter was granted February 26, 1817. The town, however, con- tinued to pay its proportion of road taxes to Newton Township until January sessions, 1828, when the borough was formed into a township by the court. To get rid of the inconvenience of two sets of officers — borough and township — a more comprehensive charter was granted by the court in 1869. Since the building of the railroad, the track of improvement has turned south toward the depot, and westward along the line of the road, giving to the plan of the town quite an irregular form. What was known as Newtown was laid out prior to the war by the McFar- lan brothers, John and William Gettys, and some buildings erected. Shortly after the Ahl brothers laid out an addition to the borough, extending south- westerly toward the railroad, on the Jerry McKibbon land, which two por- tions of the town were taken into the borough of Newville in 1874, and now constitute the South Ward. Until this time the boundaries of the old glebe farm, which had been originally granted to the church, constituted the limits of the borough. NEWTON TOWNSHIP. 325 Newville, in 1845, is described by Rupp as having abont 100 dwellings, several mills, taverns and churches (two Presbyterian and one Lutheran), and three public schools. Previous to this, in 1840, it is described as having six stores and three taverns. Its population at various periods has been : In 1830, 530; 1840, 564; 1850, 715; 1860, 885; 1870, 907; 1880, 1,650. The town was divided into the north and south wards by a decree of the court, confirmed July, 1874. AN HISTOHICAX CHARACTEB. One of the most interesting facts in connection with the history of the town of Newville, is that the artizan, William Denning, who succeeded in making the first wrought-iron cannon in America, lived, after the Revolution, in the neighborhood of Newville, and was buried in the grave-yard of the old Presby- terian Church at that place. No tombstone, however, marks the spot, although some of the older citizens claim to have located it. He died December 19, 1830. The following account is given of him in Hazard's Register, Vol. VII: ' ' The deceased was an artificer in the Revolution. He it was who, in the days of his country's need, made the only successful attempt ever made in the world to manufacture wrought-iron cannons, two of which he completed at Middle- sex, in this county, and commenced another and larger one at Mount Holly, but could get no one to assist him who could stand the heat, which is said to have been so great as to melt the buttons off his clothes. This unfinished piece, it is said, lies as he left it, at either Mount Holly or the Carlisle Bar- racks. One of those completed was taken by the British at the battle of Bran- dywine, and is now in the Tower of London. The British Government offered a large sum and a stated annuity to any person who would instruct them in the manufacture of that article, but the patriotic blacksmith preferred obscurity and poverty in his own beloved country to wealth and affluence in that of her oppressors, although that country for which he did so much kept her purse .closed from the veteran soldier till near the close of his long life, and it often required the whole weight of his well known character for honesty to keep him from the severest pangs of poverty. When such characters are neglected by a rich government, it is no wonder that some folks think Republics ungrateful." CHURCHES. The First Presbyterian Church at Newville was erected aboTit 1738. It was a log building, in the southern part of the grave-yard now used by the congre- gation. The present stone structure was built about 1790. It was a plain stone buUding, with three doors, and with the pulpit, on the north side. It iad pews with high, straight backs. In 1842 it was handsomely remodeled in modern style, and is now one of the handsomest churches in the valley. It is built in a delightful grove near which, in the language of Dr. Nevin, "rolls gently along the clear and lovely stream from which it has received its name, and which for ages has been flowing on, apparently the same, whilst the crowds that have been weekly gathering on its brink have, one after another, lain down vsdthin the sound of its murmurs" to their long, last sleep. Thomas Craighead was the first pastor, installed in 1738. He died in the pulpit after the close of an eloquent sermon, while its last words were still upon his lips. His remains were buried where the church now stands, the only monument of his memory. United Presbyterian Church. — This church, originally " Seceder," was built of logs, according to the inscription on it, in 1764. This was followed by a stone church about 1790, a brick 1826, a new brick in 1868. The present 326 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. liaudsome brick church edifice was built in 1882. It is upon an elevation in a beautiful grove, and with its grave-yard just back of it. Upon a tablet in the church building is engraved the dates which we have given: "United Pres- byterian Church. Founded A. D. 1764— Erected A. D. 1882." First Methodist Church. —This was built in 1826. It was of brick and stood on the back part of the present lot on Main Street. The present one, of brick, was built in 1846. First Lutheran, Church. — This was built in 1832 on North High Street, and the present one in 1862 on West Main Street. "Bethel'" Church.— A Bethel Church was built in 1830, which is now occu- pied by a colored congregation. The present Bethel Church on KaUroad Street was built in 1859. United Brethren Church. — This is located on Fairfield Street, and was built of brick in 1867. CEMETERY. Owing to the necessity for new burial ground, the Newville Cemetery was organized a few years ago. It is beautifully situated west of the town. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. For some years before and after the middle of the century, classical schools were established in Newville. In 1832, Joseph Casey, the father of Judge Casey, of the United States Court of Claims, opened a classical school, which lasted for a period of eight or ten years. He had received his education at Glasgow, and was a thorough Latinist. About 1843 another clasical school was opened, which included all the ordinary academic studies. This was established by R. D. French, who was succeeded, in 1846, by Mr. Kilburn; in 1849, by James Huston; in 1852, by W. R. Linn. Rev. R. McCachren erected an academy building at about this time, where he and others taught until 1857, when it was succeeded by a normal school. The Rebellion broke this up ; but even after the war a classical school was con- ducted by F. L. Gillelon, who was succeeded by Dr. Stayman and W. H. Thompson. At this time the academy building was used as a female school. Both succumbed, however, either to the growing favor for larger colleges or the public schools. There are eight public schools in Newville, with fit buildings, one of which,, a commodious brick structure with inclosed grounds, 'has been recently erected. NEWSPAPEHS. The first newspaper published in Newville was in 1843, but it was a small sheet and of brief duration. The Star of the Valley was started in 1858 by J. M. Miller. The Enterprise, which had been established at Oakville, in May, 1871, by the Fosnot Bros., was moved to Newville in December, 1874, and the two papers were consolidated as The Star and Enterprise, under the man- agement of J. C. Fosnot & Son, in January, 1886. It is an eight page weekly paper. Tlie Times, which was begun at Plainfield, and known as the Plain- field Times, in the winter of 1881, was moved to Newville in the winter of 1885; it is a neat eight-page weekly paper, conducted by J. W. Strohm. The first bank in Newville was the " Newville Saving Fund Society. " It was organized March 9, 1850 and dissolved March 31, 1858. A private bank- ing firm was started by Eea, Gracey & Co. , in 1857, and was reorganized un- der the United States charter in August of 1863, as the First National Bank of NEWTON TOWNSHIP. 327 Newville. It is in a handsome building on Railroad Street. Its capital is $100,000. PIKE DEJ>ABTMENT. Friendship Fire Company, No 1, meets in the Council Room, East Main Street, on the second Tuesday evening of each month. J. C. Fosnot, presi- dent; J. M. Eeed, secretary. Washington Fire Company meets on second Friday evenings of each month. D. N. Thomas, president; Geo. L. Gussman, secretary. SOCIETIES. Big Spring Lodge, No. 361, A. Y. M., was instituted June 1, 1866, with the following named charter members: J. A. Kunkel, Harry Manning, W. B. Shoemaker, Peter A. Ahl, David Ahl, A. Byers, Samuel Byers, William Bor- land, James Elliott, George M. Graham, D. H. Gilmore, J. S. Hays, H. S. Ferris, G. H. Hammer, S. I. Irvine, William Klink, E. R. McAchlan, C. T. McLaughlin, James McCandlish, J. P. Rhoads, Henry Snyder, S. A. SoUen- berger, J. A. Woodburn, M. Williams, S. C. Wagner. Number of members September 15, 1866, forty-four. Officers: Robert H. Stake, W. M. ; G. A. Rea, S. W. ; John E. Mickey, J. W. ; A. Byers, Treasurer; S. G. Glauser, Sec- retary. Conodoguinet Lodge, No. 173, I. 0. 0. F., was organized May 28, 1846, with the following named charter members: James F. Coxel, A. J. North, J. B. Myers, H. S. Ferris, Archibald Bricker, J. G. Kyle, Joseph Fry, Lewis Rhoads, George Blankney, E. E. Brady and John C. Kyser. Membership numbers sixty. Present officers are D. P. Sollenberger, N. G. ; J. H. Ployer, V. N. G. ; J. C. Fosnot, Secretary; B. F. Shulenberger, Treasurer. Big Spring Encampment, No. 92, I. O. O. F., instituted February 23, 1855, has a membership of nineteen. Present officers are George Murphy, C. P.; D. P. Sollenberger, S. W. ; G. B. Weast, J. W. ; J. G. Fosnot, Scribe; B. F. Shulenberger, Treasurer. Sawquehanna Tribe, No. 131, I. 0. B. M. , was instituted at Shippensburg June 21, 1870, with the following named charter members: J. Berr Reddig, William H. Lawrence, A. D. Rebok, O. M. Blair, Samuel S. Shryock and H. M. Ash. The tribe removed to Newville December 2, 1875. Its present mem- bership numbers about twenty, and its officers are Joseph JefPries, Sachem; Josephs. Tolhelm, Senior Sagamore; J. W. Taylor, Junior Sagamore; J. C. Fosnot, Chief of Records; D. N. Thomas, Keeper of Wampum. The "I. L. C," a social and literary club, meeting weekly, was organized June 24, 1884, with the following named members: W. B. Stewart, G. B. Landis and E. D. Glauser. Present membership numbers fourteen, and the officers are George Fosnot, President; George Landis, Vice-President; E. D. Glauser, Secretary; W. B. Stewart, Treasurer. This club has a library. 328 HISTORY OF CUMBEELAND COUNTY. CHAPTER XXXI. NORTH MIDDLETON TOWNSHIP. ~V]~ORTH MIDDLETON was originally a portion of Middleton until that XN township was divided into North and South Middleton, in 1810, when it became a separate township. It then embraced also Middlesex, which was formed from it subsequently. It lies just north of Carlisle, bounded on the north by the Blue Ridge or the North Mountains, on the east by Middlesex, on the south by South Mid- dleton, and on the west by West Pennsborough and Frankford Townships. The Conodoguinet Creek flows, with very abrupt and irregular curvatures, through the southern portion of the township, the land lying on the south side being the usual limestone, and on the north slate, formation. There are very many fine farms in the township, and particularly on the south side of the creek. EARLY SETTLERS. This township, like all or most of the others in Cumberland County, was originally settled by the Scotch-Irish, but at a later period many Germans came into it, so that, to-day, very few of the descendants of the original set- tlers are left. In this sense it stands in marked contrast with some other sec- tions of the county. One of the very earliest settlers, not only in this township, but among those who first pushed their way into the North Valley, was Richard Parker, many of whose descendants are still living. He, with Janet Martha, his wife, emi- grated from the Province of Ulster, Ireland, in 1725, and settled three miles from Carlisle, acquiring land by patent near the Presbyterian Glebe Meeting- House on the Conodoguinet Creek iti 1730. That the Parker family settled west of the Susquehanna in 1725 there is sufficient evidence in the land office, where, among the records, is the applica tion of Richard Parker in 1734 (the year his tract of land was surveyed to him), for a warrant for the land on which he had " resided ye ten years past," which would carry the date of his settlement on the Conodoguinet Creek, near Car- lisle, back to 1724. And indeed it is probable that even at this early period there were quite a number of settlers between this point and the Susquehanna. In 1729, when the county of Lancaster was organized, which then in- cluded Cumberland, there were " over Sasquehanna, " Hendricks, Macfarlane, Silvers, Parker and others, who claimed a residence of from five to ten years, and possibly some periods which were stUl further back, but which are now unknown. Emigrants did not wait for the purchase of the lands by the pro- prietories from the Indians, especially the aggressive Scotch-Irish, who were ' ' not wanted, ' ' where the lands had already been acquired, but were directed to push forward to the frontier. Thomas Parker, the son of Richard, was also born in Ireland, but came over with his father. He died in April, 1776. A number of the members of this family served in the Revolution; and the widow of one, Maj. Alexander Parker, who laid out the town of Parkersburg at the mouth of the Little Ka- NORTH MIDDLETON TOWNSHIP. 329 nawha, and who is buried at the Meeting House Springs, afterward married Charles McClure, near Carlisle, one of whose children, Charles, who was secre- tary of the commonwealth under Gov. Porter, married Margaretta Gibson, the daughter of Chief Justice Gibson, of Pennsylvania. Comparatively few of the names of the early Scotch-Irish settlers in this township are within the recollection of the living. At an early period Patrick and William Davidson, William GiHingham, James Kilgore, Joseph Clark, Peter Wilkie and John McClure owned land near the proposed site of Carlisle, and portions of it had to be bought back by the Proprietaries. "William Armstrong's Settlement," on the Conodoguinet, was just below the Meeting House Springs. David Williams, a wealthy land-owner and the earliest known elder of that church, James Young and Eobert Sanderson were probably in- cluded in that settlement. In following the creek, Thomas Wilson resided further to the east, near Henderson's mill, while adjoining him on the east was James Smith, and on the south Jonathan Holmes, by the spring and on the land now owned by Mrs. Parker. Turning westward again upon the creek, just one mile or more north of Carlisle, and just to the left of the "Cave" hUl, was the home of Col. Ephraim Blaine, * an officer in the Indian war, a patriot in the Eevolution, and the grandfather of the Hon. James G. Blaine, of Maine. Turning northeasterly from Carlisle, at some early period. Com. O' Brian owned a large tract of about 700 acres, including the tract up- on which the almshouse stands and several farms. Mr. Stiles afterward came into possession of about 300 acres of this tract, where the almshouse now stands, and erected his home, which was known as ' ' Clermont. ' ' It was after- ward purchased by the county for its present purpose. On the glebe belong- ing to the Meeting House Springs, was the Rev. Samuel Thompson (1798), near which were lands belonging to John Davis, Esq., who at one time (1777) commanded the Second Battalion of Cumberland County troops in the Revolu- tionary war. Still further up the creek were William Dunbar and Andrew Forbes, near which place a mill was afterward erected by William Thompson. Among the Scotch-Irish who, in the year 1793, lived in the surrounding neighborhood of the Meeting House Springs, were the following : James Doug- las, John Dunbar, Alexander Blaine, John Gregg (died 1808 or 1809), Rob- ert Sanderson, John Logan, James Milligan, Ross Mitchell, John Forbes; and at a still earlier period than this, Stuart Rowan, who died there. Other names we meet, with the dates, are as follows: William Parker and David William- son, 1794; William Templeton, 1795; Alexander Logan, 1797; Andrew Logan, 1798; William Douglas and William Dunbar, 1799; George Clark, 1803; John Reid, William Dinney, James Cameron, 1805; Samuel McKnight, 1807. t But there is a list of still older names of the " heads of families " in this section, for which we are indebted to a manuscript fragment, made by the Rev. Dr. Robert Davidson, who, in connection with Dr. Charles Nesbitt the first president of Dickinson College, was the first pastor over the United Pres- byterian congregations of Carlisle. The manuscript is dated November 26, 1816, and is headed, " Names of the Heads of Families belonging to the differ- ent districts of the Presbyterian Church in Carlisle."! '^^® ^i^^i which is possibly unfinished, is as follows: John Templeton, Andrew Logan, Matthew Agnew, Margaret Logan, David Parker, Andrew Gregg, John Forbes. *He lived alao In Carlisle, and, it is said, that it was at his house that Washiogton stopped during his brief visit at the time of the insurrection. The old stone homestead, just west of the Ciive hill, is still standing. fThese dates, taken from authentic documents, indicate that the parties lived in these years, but how much. earlier or later (often) we do not know. t All of these early Scotch-Irish were Presbyterians. 330 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. And these notes of a few families as they were then (1816) constituted: (1) John Templeton and Jane Templeton, May McKee and Sarah Kennedy. (2) Alexander Logan and Jane Logan, William, Alexander, John, Mary Jane and Elizabeth — three young children. (3) Margaret Logan, Margaret Davidson and Eleanor Logan, with black man Coesen. (4) Mathew Agnew and Re- becca Agnew — two small children. Families living north in the township, in 1793, in the neighborhood, including Orane's Gap, were as follows: Eichard Crane, William Clark, John Sanderson, John Templeton, Widow Stuart, Robert Chambers, Robert Patton, Widow Harper, William Fleming, Patrick Davidson, James Sanderson, Widow Randolph, Joseph Kennedy, William Davidson, Jr. , James Douglas. We meet the namefe with dates attached, as follows: Joseph Kennedy, 1795; Hugh McCormick, 1795; Thomas Guy, 1797; John Kincade, 1797; John Flem- ming, 1798 ; James Mooreland, 1799 ; James Flemming, 1801 ; John Stewart, David Williamson and Job Randolph, 1802; John Williamson and Robert Blaine, 1803; Davidson Williams,* 1804; Joseph Clark, 1805; John Goudy, 1805, Paul Randolph, 1806. Some of these families consisted, in December of the year 1816, as follows: (1) Patrick and Ann Davidson — George, Patrick, John, James, Sarah, Eliza and two small children. (2) Richard Grain, Sr. — Elizabeth Grain, WiUiam Grain, Abner Crain and Maria Dill. (3) Joseph Clark and Mary W. Clark — Mary Clark, Ralph Simson, George Grain, and servant girl, Margaret. (4) Thomas and Sarah Guy. (5) Samuel and Elizabeth Guy — two children. (6) Paul Randolph — William, John, Ann, Susan. (7) James and Margaret Flem- ming — William, John, Margaret and a girl. (8) Rebecca Sanderson — Mrs. Simkins, Miss Sanderson, Mr. and Mrs. McMichael. (9) Richard Crain, Jr., and Sarah — Jane, Eliza Ann, Sarah, Richard. (10) Job Randolph — William, Sarah, Eliza Ann, Fanny, Paul and Job. (11) R. Clark and Ann — Alexan- der Gregg, Widow Crain, Margaret Crain, John, Robert, Ann and Margaret. (12) John and Deborah Kincade — Jane and Susanah, and Francis Kelly. (13) William Manwell and wife — Sarah, Jane, Elizabeth and Mary.f THE CAVE. One of the greatest natural curiosities in the county is " The Cave." It is just one mile north of Carlisle, on the Conodoguinet Creek, in a large lime- stone bluff, which is covered with evergreen trees. The entrance to it is a symmetrical, semi-circular archway, about eight feet high and ten feet wide, from which there is, a nearly straight passage of about 270 feet to a point where it branches in three directions. The passage is high enough to admit the visitor erect until he reaches this point. The passage on the right is broad and low, but difficult of access on account of its humidity. It leads to a chamber of very considerable length, which is known as the Devil's Dining Room. The central one is narrow and tortuous, and can not be entered for more than a distance of thirty feet, when it terminates in a perpendicular precipice. The passage on the left, at a distance of three or four feet, turns suddenly to the right, and measures in length about ninety feet, with a suffi- cient opening to permit a small lad to creep along it, after which it becomes too narrow for further progress. About seven feet from the entrance are several small pools, probably caused by the drippings from the roof, which are called the Seven Springs. Apart from the picturesqueness of the spot, traditions and legends have been asso- *At this time deceased. tHere ends the manuscript of Dr. Davidson; for which we are indebted to the Eev. Dr. Joseph Vance, the present pastor of the First Presbyterian Church in Carlisle. NORTH MIDDLETON TOWNSHIP. 331 ciated with it. It has been stated that human bones have been found in it. It was a place of retreat for Lewis the robber, and probably for Indians at a still earlier period. Several examinations have been made of it, and organic remains of many species cf animals were found in it. Among the bones were found those of almost every species of mammals of the State, besides those of one or two species not now found in Pennsylvania, but known in regions not far remote. The bones seem to indicate that the size exceeded that of the same species of the present time. It is stated that, within the recollection of many living, the cave has grown smaller, probably on account of the accumulation of earth in it. MEETING HOUSE SPRINGS. About two miles northwest of Carlisle there is a beautiful spring of crystal water, which flows from under limestone rocks, at the bottom of a bluff on the south side of the Conodoguinet Creek. Near this spot, on the high ground, the Presbyterians, about the year 1736, erected a log church in "West Pennsboroagh," as it was then called, by rea- son of which the place has ever since been known as the ' ' Meeting House Springs. ' ' The church was one of the very earliest erected in the valley, and years before the formation of the county or the existence of Carlisle. No ves- tige of this building now remains, nor are there any of the oldest surviving inhabitants of the neighborhood who are able to give anything like a satisfac- tory aooouat of it. AH has passed away. The members of the large congre- gation which worshiped within its walls, have all, long ago, disappeared, and with them the memory of the venerable edifice aad the interesting incidents which were, doubtless, connected with its history. THE GEAVE-YARD AT MEETING HOUSE SPRINGS. The old grave-yard, however, still remains, with its dilapidated and neg- lected tombs, needing the chisel of some modern antiquary to make plain their almost illegible inscriptions. Some of them which are still decipherable are dated as far back as 1736. On some there are armorial bearings, which indi- cate the fondness of our fathers for the family distinctions of their transat- lantic home. Some families claim to know the spot where their ancestors are buried; such are the Agnews, Forbeses, Dunbars, Lairds, McAllisters, Grey- sons, Parkers, Yonngs and others; but, in many cases, the inscriptions do not tell us who are buried here. The place reminds us forcibly of the quaint words of an English writer: "Gravestones tell truths scarcely sixty years; generations pass while some trees stand, and old families last not three oaks. ' ' As a matter of interest we may state that not more than sixty years ago there was a woodland which began within, probably, half a mile northwest of Carlisle, and extended all the way to Meeting House Springs. This burial place is in a handsome grove of lofty trees, and is inclosed with a stone wall on the high ground of the almost precipitous limestone bluff which here rises above the creek. The tombstones are of an extraordinary character; one small one remaining, of dark slate, most of limestone or brown sandstone, with rude lettering, and some having upon them the rude sculpturing of animals, faces. Masonic emblems or coats of arms. Many are reclining, some lyino- down. In order that some who have lived and are baried here shall not wholly be forgotten, we have attempted, with considerable difficulty, to deci- pher some of the inscriptions. On a leaning granite one, which stands alone in the northeast corner, in large, rude letters some nine inches long, we read: "Here lys the Body of 332 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. John and Alexander McKehan." It has no date. Others are as follows: ' ' Here lys ye Body of Janet Thompson, wife of ye Eev. Samuel Thompson, who deceased Sep. ye 29, 1744, aged 33 years." "Alexander McCulloch,who deceased January ye 15, 1746, aged 50 yrs. " Another reads : "Here lies the body of James Young, seiner, who parted this life Feb. 22, 1747, aged 79 years." Another reads: "Here lys ye body of Mejrr donnel, who departed this life Oct. 15, 1747, aged 64 yrs." On a small, dark slate stone, on which is sculptured around, cherub face, we read in letters still distinct: "Thomas Witherspoon, who departed this life Mar. 22, 1759, aged 57." The flat tomb, which is without date, reads: "Sacred to the memory of Major Alexander Parker and his two children, Margaret and John. ' ' Others are as follows: "Ronald Chambers, -died Dec. 24, 1746, aged 60." "William Graham, died April 24, 1761, aged 67." "John Flemming, died Apr. 22, 1761, aged 39." "James McFarlan, born Dec. 24, 1685, died Oct. 31, 1770." "John Kinkead, died Aug. 4, 1772, aged 51." "Mary Kinkead [daughter], died Aug. 1758, aged 17." "James Weakly, died June 6, 1772, aged 68." "Jane Weakly [wife], died Nov. 30, 1768, aged 53." "James Weakly [infant son of Samuel and Hetty], died Sept. 4, 1777." Besides these, of later date, we find the names of Drenna, Saunderson, Crocket and others who were well known. The remains of an Indian, it is said, were discovered a few years ago in digging a grave near the stone wall in the western portion of this burial ground. Among those buried in this grave-yard in the present century is Samuel Laird, Esq., who died in September, 1806, in the seventy -fojirth year of his age. He was an associate justice in 1791, and one of the commissioners for the county to collect money which non-associators were expected to contribute in lieu of military service in 1778. Upon his tomb we read: "Of simple manners, pure, and heart upright. In mild, religious ways he took delight; As elder, magistrate or judge he still Studied obedience to his Maker^s will. A hushand kind, ^ friend to the distressed. He wished that all around him might be blessed: A patriot in the worst of times approved, By purest motives were his actions moved." MISCELLANEOUS. Col. Ephraim Blaine erected a mill, lately known as Henderson's mill, on the Conodoguinet Creek, about a mile north of Carlisle. Within the past year this mill has been taken down. On its corner-stone was the following mark: Er B 1772 which is construed to mean that it was erected by Ephraim Blaine, 1772. There are six schools in the township, several mills, four bridges (one iron) over the creek, many roads, some of them in good condition. There is no town or railroad within the township, Carlisle and the Cumberland Valley Eailroad lying just on its southern border; but there are fine farms every- where, even on the rolling lands which extend back to the North Mountains. There is a postoffice in the township named Grissinger. PENN TOWNSHIP. 333 CHAPTER XXXII. PENN TOWNSHIP. PENN TOWNSHIP was formed from the western portion of Dickinson in 1860. Cook Township has since been formed from the southern part of Penn, reducing it to its present limits, and inchiding nearly all of the mountain land which was formerly a portion of that township. It is bounded on the east by Dickinson Township, on the south by Cook Township, on the north by West Pennsborough Township, and on the west by Newton Township. Its physical features, as thus reduced, are the same as those of the upper portion of Dickinson: On the north side of the Yellow Breeches Creek heavy limestone land, very fertile, and which yields to the labor of the husbandman abundant harvests; on the south side a gravely or sand formation, but which, when well tilled, is also well adapted to agriculture. Many excellent farms, in a high state of cultivation, are to be found in almost every portion of the' township. This land is also well watered by numerous springs or streams, all of which empty into the Yellow Breeches Creek, which flows in an easterly direction through the township. Most of these have their source in the South Mountains; while, at a point where the Walnut Bottom road crosses the New- ton Township line, are what are known as the Three Springs, the water flow- ing from under the limestone rocks at a distance of a few rods apart. These springs are somewhat south of the Quany Hill — a sandstone ridge which extends in an easterly direction through Southampton, Newton, and the northern portion of Penn Townships. Of late years they sometimes run dry in the summer months, but it may be interesting to state that before the time when so much timber had, sometimes needlessly, been destroyed, they were much larger and more copioijs streams. This fact is within the recollection of some who are stUl living. The principal stream, however, is the Yellow Breeches Creek, which rises in the mountains and, small comparatively until it reaches this point, twice crosses the Walnut Bottom road — the second crossing being at the dividing line between Penn and Newton Townships. Its original Indian name was "Callipascink," meaning rapid or "horseshoe bends."* We find it was known as the ' ' Yellow Breeches, ' ' however, as early as 1740. How it derived this " uncouth appellation " is not now known. One explanation is that the words are a corruption of Yellow Beeches — a number of which once grew upon its banks. Another rather improbable account, but which has received some credit, is as follows: In speaking of the second crossing on the Walnut Bottom road, to which we have alluded, a resident of the township writes: "I was born and raised within 300 yards of that place, and from a boy have known the stream to be called Pine Eun down to this second crossing, and from there dovm Yellow Breeches Creek. I have been told time and again, in my boyhood days, tjiat the name was given to it because a family living at that place (known as "Three Springs "), on a washing day, *In" Trego's (ieography Geology, etc., of PenDsylvania," published 1843, he says (page 33) :"The present uncouth appeJIation given to this beautiful stream renders it very desirable that its original Indian name should be restored. This seems, however, now to be lost, for after the most diligent research we have been unable to dlBcover it." 334 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. hung out a pair of leather yellow breeches, which were stolen by a roving band of Indians, after which, in speaking of certain places, this one was known as the place or creek where the Indians had stolen the yellow breeches, from which the creek itself, in time, derived its name — but above this point it is still known as ' Pine Eun.' " We have thought it worthy to state this leg- end here, for, if it be true, then this stream derived its name from an inci- dent which happened in Penn Township. Iron ore, in detached quantities, is found in various portions of the township, while at Huntsville is the site of the. old Cumberland Furnace, built by Michael Ege, but which has long since been abandoned. Grist-mills and saw-mills are along the streams, but for local uses only, while many of the older ones have disappeared. The population of Penn is more dense than in Dickinson, but fewer of the descendants of the original settlers remain, and there is a larger infusion of the German element, which came into it at a later period. Michael Ege, at one time probably the most extensive land-owner and iron master in Pennsyl- vania, owned tnuch of the land on the south side of the creek, which descend- ed at his death to his daughter, Mrs. Wilson, and which extended also into Dickin- son Township, in the sketch of which we have given an account of its division af- ter protracted litigation. One of the Weakley families owned land in the neighborhood of the Dickinson Charch, and up toward CentervilJe, some gen- erations ago, and there were other family names which are the same as those which are found in Dickinson Township. As the pioneer settlers seemed always to have preferred the lands which lay adjacent to the springs or along the streams, there can be little doubt that such portions of this township as lay along the Yellow Breeches Creek or the Three Springs, were settled at a very early period. Among the older families are the McCuUoughs, and, as a matter of inter- est, we may mention that Alexander McCullough, who married Elizabeth Mc- Kinstry and was father of James, went to'California in 1855, and joined the famous Walker's expedition, where he lost his life. VILLAGES. Small vUlages are numerous in Penn Township. Along the Walnut Bot- tom and the Pine roads are clusters of houses which have as yet no name, but along the former are Cumminstown, called after Eev. Charles Cummins, the second pastor of Dickinson Church ; Centerville, so named, it is said, because it is midway between Carlisle and Shippensburg; and Hockersville, called after John Hooker, who owned a farm and tavern-stand some years ago at this place. On or near the Pine road are Huntsville, formerly Spring Mills, a station on the Harrisburg & Potomac Eailroad; Brushtown, trom the brush that surrounded it; and Milltown, a mile east, so called because of the num- ber of mills (a fulling-mill, grist-mill, saw-mill, plaster-mill, clover- seed- mill and a whisky distillery), which were once in that immediate vicinity. Cen- terville is described in 1845, by Eupp, as "a small village on the Walnut Bot- tom road in a well improved, fertile region of the country; it contains a store and tavern." It has now a church, schoolhouse, postoffice, shops, and about 200 inhabitants. CHUECnES. There are six churches within the limits of Penn Township. Of these the oldest is what is known as the Dickinson Church, belonging to the Presbyterian congregation. As early as 1810 an application was made, subscribed by James Moore and Joseph Galbraith, for a pastor to supply what was called the PENN TOWNSHIP. 335 "Presbyterian congregation of Walnut Bottom," but it was not until 1823 that a congregation was organized in Dickinson Township, and not until 1826 that a call was giyen to Rev. McKnight Williamson, their first pastor, who continued to serve until October, 1834. He was succeeded, in the following year, by Kev. Charles Cummins, who served for a period of ten years, and after whom, as we have seen, the small village derives its name. The place is still better known, however, as the Dickinson Church. At the close of Mr. Williamson's pastorate, the session consisted of Samuel Woods, John Ross, William Woods, Jr., George Davidson and David W^. McCullough; at the close of Mr. Cummins' , the elders were William Woods, Jr. , Robert Donald- son, William G. Davidson and Lewis Williams. At first the congregation worshiped alternately in the stone church belong- ing to the Covenanters and in the log church of the German Reformed and Lutheran congregations, both of which were in Dickinson Township. Since the formation of Penn, the Dickinson Church is included in that township, although its name was derived from the one in which it was erected in 1829. It stands on a slight eminence, at a point where the road leading from Mount Rock to Spring Mills crosses the Walnut Bottom road, eight miles west of Carlisle. The lot of ground upon which it is erected was given for that pur- pose by William L. Weakley. The situation is a beautiful one, and the build- ing itself, with its neat interior, does credit to the taste and liberality of the congregation. The Lutheran Church at Centerville is a handsome brick building, erected in 1852 ; while south of the Dickinson Church and near the creek is the church of the German Baptists — known as Dunkers — erected in 1863. The other churches of the township are smaller and have been more recently erected than those which we have mentioned. SCHOOLS. A private school or academy was begun at Centerville in 1856, by Robert Lowry Sibbet, a graduate of Pennsylvania College, in which were taught Greek, Latin, the natural sciences and higher mathematics. The school was for a time quite successful. Mr. Sibbet was succeeded by Rev. George P. Hays. After a few years, however, it ceased to exist. Of the students of this school two are ministers, one a missionary in Japan, three are lawyers living in Carlisle, one a physician, and several have been teachers. Of its teachers, Dr. Sibbet is now practicing medicine in Carlisle, and his successor was after- ward president of Washington and Jefferson College. At present there are ten public schools in the township, and although the school term is six months, in many of the districts they are kept open three months longer by subscription. The Harrisburg & Potomac Railroad traverses through the center of the township. The postoffices are Dickinson and Huntsdale. 336 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. CHAPTER XXXIII. SILVEE SPRING TOWNSHIP. SILVER SPRING TOWNSHIP was formed from East Pennsborough in 1757. It contains about thirty-five square miles, part slate and part lime- stone land, and is bounded on the north by the North Mountains, on the east by Hampden, on the south by Monroe Township and a small portion of tipper Allen and Mechanicsburg, and on the west by Middlesex Township. The town- ship is named after Silvers' Spring, a limpid body of water which rises in it, and which was called after James Silvers, who, with his wife Hannah, came into this valley about 1730 or 1781. He took out a warrant in October, 1735, for a tract of land, containing 532 acres, which adjoins the old Silvers' Spring Church, and extends into the loop of the Conodoguinet Creek, embracing land now owned by Mr. Kauffman, Mrs. Briggs, Mr. Bryson and Mr. Long. Here Mr. Silvers settled and lived. But, although the springs was called originally after James Silvers, common consent seems to have changed the name both of the spring and of the township to the more appropriate designation of ' ' Silver Spring. ' ' This spring is one of the most beautiful in the Cumberland Valley. It rises from out limestone rocks, spreads into a large and somewhat circular crystal sheet, and, after serving several mills, empties itself into the Conodog- uinet Creek. This Conodoguinet Creek flows just north of Hogestown, in such circui- tous loops or bends, that, although the general direction of the creek through the township ia east and west, it is often here more nearly north and south; and although the township is only five miles across, the course of the creek measures more than twice that distance. The windings of the creek enclose the farms of James McCormick, J. C. Sample and Samuel Senseman. This portion of the township adjoining Silver Spring and Hogestown was settled at a very early period. About 1730 John Hoge bought a large tract of land, including that on which Hogestown stands, and settled upon it. There were other settlers here in 1733, and the records show that the land between this and the river was, at least, partially occupied at this date. Most of these early settlers seem to have located on the slate land — on account of the spring, leaving the richer lands, called ' ' barrens, ' ' unoccupied. These early settlers were all Presbyterians. The old church was erected here at about this time. The congregation is spoken of as " over the river. ' ' No road had yet been built. It was not until November 4, 1735, that the court of Lan- caster County appointed a commission of six men, among whom was James Silvers, to lay out a road from Harris' Ferry toward the Potomac River. They reported February 3, 1736, but their view was opposed " by a considerable number of the inhabitants on the west side of the Susquehanna in those parts," and another commission of viewers was appointed, who reported May 4, 1736, that ' ' they had reviewed the easternmost part of said road and found it very crooked and hurtful to the inhabitants, and therefore altered it and marked it. From the ferry near to a southwest course about two miles, thence westerly course to James Silvers' , thence westward to John Hoge' s meadow, ' ' etc. This road was nearly identical with the turnpike, and as it passed James SILVER SPRING TOWNSHIP. 337 Silvers' place, it would locate his house on Mrs. Brigg' s f arm, aow occupied by George Messinger.* OKIGINAL SETTLERS. Of the early settlers of this portion of Silver Spring we have some interest- ing reminiscences. Two Loudon brothers, James and Mathew, came from Scotland; one settled in Sherman's Valley, but was driven out by the Indians. Mathew Loudon came to Silver Spring, married Elizabeth MoCormick about 1760, and settled on the tract now occupied by the Cathcart heirs. The Hogea lived upon their property, but not where the town now stands, and the McCor- micks, northeast of the town, on the Conodoguinet Creek. The Irwins also owned tracts just southwest of the present town. The McOormicks now own a large brick house, just east of town, which belonged to the Hoges. Of this latter family there were two brothers, David and Jonathan. David lived just across the spring south or southeast of the town; Jonathan, just across the run, northeast, along the pike. Of the Galbreaths there were also two broth- ers, Andrew and John. Andrew lived just below Bryson's (now Eberly's) farm, and John, up the creek, north of Bryson's farm. Mr. Oliver's family lived west of Hogestown, on the ridge, and were intermarried with the McOormicks. Wm. Walker owned two farms which joined the Oliver farms. He married Betsy Hoge. Reese also owned a farm beyond the ridge, joining the Loudon tract, which was purchased by Archibald Loudon in 1788. Imme- diately west of that was Mr. Christopher Herman's farm, while the Junkin tract (owned by Joseph and Benjamin) laid just south. The Irwins' lands near joined the Hermans', Loudons' and Armstrongs' tracts. There were four Irwin brothers, WUliam, Armstrong and John Irwin, all of whose tracts joined, and James, who owned the land which now belongs to Mr. Huston, where the mill is on the Conodoguinet Creek. An old mill stood where the iron bridge now spans the creek, known originally as Kreider' s mUl, the farm of Kreider' a brother was opposite, and the Coble tract, belonging to Daniel and David, lay just north of this latter. Below the iron bridge joining the Kreider farm was Ashleys, and just below it, down the creek, were the two Bell farms (David and Robert), now owned by Benjamin and Samuel Voglesong. Just north of Hogestown, on the road leading to Sterritt's (originally Croghan's) Gap, waa the Trimble farm, while recrossing the iron bridge, just joining the Douglas farm, was the old Carothers' farm, belonging to John Carothers, who, with iis wife and whole family, was poisoned by a jealous domestic, Sallie Clark, j" Of the four sons, John (who married Sallie Hoge) was afterward sherifp, and Andrew, who was crippled by the poisoning above mentioned, became one of the leading lawyers of Carlisle. Martin Herman, a native of Germany, landed in Philadelphia July 12, 1752, and settled in Cumberland County on the 15th of April, 1771, on a tract of land called St. Martins, in Silver Spring Township, which farm has been in the possession of that family for a period of 115 years. Besides the names of the early settlers whom we have mentioned, were the Walkers, Clendenins, Hustons, Trimbles, Semples, Fishers, Waughs, Math- ers, Barnhills, Beltzhoovers, Hendersons and McHoes, and on the south side of the creek were the Trimbles, Longsdorfs,, Kellers, Kp,stB, Kings, Slonechers, Junkins, Hoges and others. SOME EARLY EVENTS. During the Indian wars, from 1753 to 1758, there were many murders and depredations throughout the valley. In Rupp (p. 128) we find: "May 13, *See Rev T. J. Ferguson's Historical Discourse on Silver Spring Church. tThis incident was made the subject of a poetical effusion by Miss Isabella Olliver, a volume of whose poems was issued from the press of Archibald Loudon, of Carlisle, in 180IS. 338 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 1757, William Walker and another man were killed near McCormick's fort, at Conodoguinet. ' ' The following account, as it concerns Silver Spring, we take from a former sketch : ' ' The early settlers were much annoyed by Indians, and consequently settled in groups as much as possible for self -protection. One of these was at a place called Roaringtown, on the bank of the Conodoguinet, where there is a very fine spring. It is on the farm now owned by Samuel Adams, two miles west of Hogestown. Mr. John Armstrong, one of the old citizens, born about 1700, whose wife was a daughter of Jonathan Hoge, fre- quently told us that he could see from his house, near the Stony Ridge, groups of Indians prowling about through the barrens several miles distant; also wild animals, which were another source of annoyance to anxious mothers, whose children would stray from home. An uncle of Judge Clendenin, late of Hogestown, went, in company with two others from his father's residence, in the northeast part of the township, where Emanuel Neidich now resides, to watch a deer lick, some two 'miles up along the mountain foot, on the farm where Michael Garman now lives, and whilst waiting, in the dusk of evening, for the deer to come down from the mountain to drink, and lick the salt placed there to attract them, they were fired upon by Indians in ambush, who severe- ly wounded Clendenin. They fled for home, but his strength failing from loss of blood, his companions secreted him in the bushes and made their escape. He was found in the morning cold and lifeless." It was one of the members of the Bell family, mentioned elsewhere, of whom the following is told: "Among the many achievements," says Loudon, "against the Indians in our wars with them, few exceed that performed by Samuel Bell, formerly owner of the noted farm on the Stony Ridge, five miles below Carlisle, which was as follows: Sometime after Gen. Braddock's defeat, he and his brother, James Bell, agreed to go into Shearman' s Valley to hunt for deer, and were to meet at Croghan's, now Sterritt's, Gap, on the Blue Mountain. By some means or other they did not meet, and Samuel slept all night in a cabin belonging to Mr. Patton, on Shearman's Creek. In the morn- ing he had not traveled far before he spied three Indians, who at the same saw him. They all fired at each other; he wounded one of the Indians, but received no damage, except through his clothes by the balls. Several shots were fired on both sides, for each took a tree; he took out his tomahawk and stuck it into the tree, behind which he stood, so that, should they approach, he might be prepared. The tree was grazed with the Indians' balls, and he had thoughts of making his escape by flight, but, on reflection, had doubts of his being able to outrun them. "After some time the two Indians took the wounded one and put him over a fence, and one took one course, and the other another, taking a compass, so that Bell could no longer secure himself by the tree ; but by trying to ensnare him they had to expose themselves, by which means he had the good fortune to shoot one of them dead. The other ran and took the dead Indian on his back, one leg over each shoulder. By this time Bell's gun was again loaded; he then ran after the Indian until he came within about four yards from him, fired and shot through the dead Indian and lodged his ball in the other, who dropped the dead man and ran off. On his return, coming past the fence where the wounded Indian was, he dispatched him, but did not know he had killed the third Indian until his bones were found afterward." HOGESTOWN. This village is situated on a small stream known as " Hoge's Run," which rises at the Stony Ridge, and empties into the Conodoquinet Creek at a beauti- SILVER SPRING TOWNSHIP. 33& ful grove called "Sporting Green." It was called after John Hoge, who owned all the land on which the town is built and a large tract surrounding. The old stone tavern was for years the only house, and was owned by the Hoge family. The first house built after that was a small log one near the old road, and was erected about 1820. The McOormicks and the Hoges had a stockade at a very early date. John Hogue (or Hoge) married Guintheleum Bowen (said to have been a descendant of the royal family of Wales), who, after her marriage, still retained and was known by her maiden name. It ia stated that it was the money obtained from the sale of her jewels which pur- chased their lands. NEW KINGSTON. New Kingston is a post village in Silver Spring Township, on the pike, six and a half miles east of the county seat. The Cumberland Valley Kailroad runs within half a mile of the place. The first owner of the lands upon which the town is built was Joseph Junkin, Sr. He came from Counties Down and Antrim, Ireland (his lands lying on both sides of the line), about 1736 or 1740. At Oxford, Chester County, he met and married a Scotch girl, Elizabeth Wallace, and soon after crossed Harris' ferry, into the wilderness of Cumberland (then Lancaster) County. He took up a tract of 500 acres, which includes the siie upon which New Kingston is now built, and erected the stone house which still stands, east of the town, on what was afterward known as the Walker tract. He had a number of children, among whom were Joseph and Benjamin, who afterward owned a portion of this land. Joseph (born in 1750), built the house now owned and occupied by H. W. Kanaga, in 1775-77, in which he resided until he re- moved to Mercer County in 1806. He was a captain in the Revolutionary war, fought at Brandywine, and was wounded in a skirmish shortly after. The date of the original patent of this land to Joseph Junkin, Sr. , wa& about the year 1740, and, after his death it was divided into three parts. One tract was owned by- John Carothers, who in 1814 sold it to John King, In the spring of 1818 King laid out the village, which was called after him, Kingston, a name which it retained. A postoffice was established here in 1851, called New Kingstown. The three stone houses were built long before the town was laid out, but. in 1818 a number of dwellings were erected, probably six, by John Wynkoop, Henry Miller, George Williams, Thomas Ashley, Henry Monesmith and John Shoemaker, and possibly one other. These houses were all log buildings. The second tract was owned by Joseph Junkin, Jr., the son of the original patentee, who built the stone house above referred to, in the western portion of the town. The building of this, it is said, had been delayed on account of his absence as a captain in the Eevolutionary war daring the period of its erec- tion. This tract and property he sold in 1805 to Joseph Kanaga, Sr., after whose death it descended to his son, Joseph Kanaga, Jr. , who, after the town was laid out, built the first frame house for a store. It is now owned by Henry W. Kanaga, the grandson of the original purchaser. The brick house in Kanaga' s addition was built by H. W. Irvin. The third tract was owned by Benjamin Junkin, Jr., also a son of the orig- inal patentee, who is said to have built two other houses — the hotel, and the dwelling which he occupied until his death. Part of this tract came into the possession of John King, by whom it was conveyed (1830) to Peter Kissinger, who, in 1841, laid it out into the town lots which now compose the greater part, of New Kingston. The town is conveniently situated on the pike road which leads from Car- 340 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. lisle to Harrisburg, amid the cultivated farms of this beautiful portion of the valley, and is not distant from the railroad, which passes to the South. It has a hotel, postoffice, stores, three churches, schools and a population of between 300 and 400 inhabitants. Silver Spring Lodge, No. 598, 1. O. 0. F. , was organized April 20, 1867, with twenty charter members. Its present membership numbers about fifty, and the officers are now (September 15, 1886): E. E. Anderson, P. G. ; J. D. Bishop, N. G. ; H. W. Morrison, V. N. G. ; W. H. Humer, Sec. ; Jacob Ma- thias, Asst. Sec. ; J. A. Senseman, Treas. THE FIRST covenanters' COMMUNION IN AMEBICA. Nearly all of the early Scotch-Irish who came into this valley were Presby- terians, reared in connection with the synod of Ulster, but there were some Covenanters among them, even at the early date. They were not numerous at this time in Ireland, where some secession churches were then being es- tablished. In this valley there were only a few clusters of families scattered here and there in different in different localities, and at first without auy fixed place of worship. Sometimes, without an ordained minister, they met at each other's houses. They could not and did not fraternize with the Presbyterianism arouad them. At about this time two places of worship were established — one at Paxtang, east of the river, and the other on the Stony Eidge, in Silver Spring Township. When the weather allowed they met in their "tent," as it was termed, and, when it was not propitious, in their cabins. This "tent" was pitched in a shady grove, and consisted simply of an elevated platform for the minister, a board nailed against a black oak tree to support the Bible, a few rude benches for seats, and some boards overhead to protect the speaker from the sun and rain. Thus accommodated they worshiped for hours at a time, and their communion services sometimes lasted nine hours. Eev. John Cuthbert- son, a Scotchman by birth, from Ireland, preached for the first time in the val- ley on Wednesday, August 21, 1751 or 1752, at Walter Buchanan's, near the present New Kingston, midway between Carlisle and the river. His text was, Proverbs viii, 4 : " Unto you, O men, I call ; and my voice is to the sons of man. " He also baptized Joseph Glendenning, John M'Clelland and Jane Swansie, infant children of residents of that neighborhood. August 23, 1752, Mr. Cuth- bertson held his first communion in America. It was at Stony Eidge, or the Walter Buchanan or Junkin ' ' tent, ' ' in Cumberland County. The communi- cants came to the table singing the Twenty-fourth Psalm. About 250 persona communed, and this comprised very nearly all the Covenanters in this county, for the place was central, the season pleasant, and they gathered in from their different settlements, the Covenanters also of adjoining counties. This was the first time that the followers of Cameron and Cargill ever gathered at the communion table in the new world or outside the British isles. Their next pastor was Eev. Matthew Lind, of the Covenanter congregation at Aghadoe, near Coleraine. He came in December, 1773; locating at Pax- tang, and assumed the pastorate of that church and of the Stony Eidge. Wal- ter Buchanan was the only elder in Stony Eidge when Mr. Lind was installed. About that time Joseph Junkin was ordained. He lived upon the present Katiaga farm; built his present stone house, and had the "tent" upon it dur- ing his life time. Still later it was known as " Widow Junkin's tent." This little church was always a colony, surrounded by a population which had no sympathy with them. Later, when the Germans came in, they literally crowd- ed out the Irish, and in a few years both congregations were completely ex- SILVER SPRING TOWNSHIP. 341 terminated — so completely that there is scarcely a tradition of their existence left among the present inhabitants. The Bells, and the Swansies, and the Junkins attached themselves to the Big Spring congregation; but in time they, too, passed away, and not a single descendant of the original stock is now known to reside in the neighborhood. The late Dr. Robert Q. Young, of Mechanicsburg, in speaking, in a man- uscript note in our possession, of some account of this Covenanters' "tent," says: "The description of this tent is strictly correct, as handed down to us, but there is inaccuracy in the location. The writer of this note, now in his sixty-seventh year, during his boyhood and youth was familiar with its loca- tion, and his recollection is corroborated by that of an old citizen, formerly a resident of that vicinity. Oar statement is that 'Widow Junkin's tent' was about 300 yards from the turnpike road, near to the foot of the Stony Ridge, and almost directly opposite to an old stone house, at the time occupied and owned by Mr. Thomas Bell, in which he had for many years kept a hotel for the accommodation of the traveling public. The 'old citizen' above men- tioned says that this ' tent ' was an object of nearly every day observation while he resided in the vicinity of New Kingston, and that it disappeared about the year 1830. The recollection of the writer confirms his statement. My pater- nal grandfather attended divine services when held here, being a descendant of that branch of the Presbyterian Church familiarly called the Covenanters. ' ' THE SILVER SPRING CHtFBCH AND CEMETKEY. The church at Silvers' Spring, now known as the ' ' Silver Spring Presby - terian Church, ' ' was probably, in its inception, the first church established in the valley. The earliest mention made of this congregation, in which they are first spoken of as the "people over the Susquehanna," is in October, 1734. Later they are called "East Pennsborough, " and finally "Silvers' Spring." The. present stone church, which is built only a short distance from the spring, and is surrounded by a handsome grove of trees, was built in 1783. A wood- en one had been erected here, according to Rupp, forty years before. Its in- ception was at a time when no public road had yet been made through the valley, but when the thoroughfares were the bridle-paths of the Indians. It seems that there was a still earlier building, but not upon the site of the pres- ent ones, for Col. A.. Loudon Snowden states, in an address at the centennial anniversary, in 1883, that although the present church is now less than ' ' a mUe, in a direct line, from the creek, the original log structure in which our ancestors worshiped was much nearer the stream than the present building. * Indeed, the traditions which my father received from some of the old settlers, and gave me, make the location within a very short distance from the same, a little way above where Sample' s bridge now stands. ' ' The pastors of this church have been Revs, Samuel Thompson, 1739-45 ; Samuel Caven, 1749-50; John Steel, 1764-76; Samuel Waugh, 1782-1807; John Hayes, 1808-14; Henry R. Wilson, 1814-23; James Williamson, 1824-38; George Morris, 1838-60; Wm. H. Dinsmore, 1861-65; W. G. HiU- man, 1866-67; W. B. McKee, 1868-70; R. P. Gibson, 1872-75; T. J. Fer- guson, 1878. *We have already entered into a period of fabulous antiquity. " The church edifice which preceded the present one," says Dr. Nevin, in his history of " The Churches of the Valley " [published in 1852], " and which was the first meeting-house at Silvers' Spring, was, we have been informed by one who learned it from his grandparents, a small log building, near the place where the present house stands. No record of the building of that house, or of the organization of a church in it, can be found; and, as the members of the on^regation at that time are, of course, all dead and gone, it is Impossible to tell with certainty when these things were .done. It is, however, far more than probable, from the facts which we have already given, and from tne epi- taphs which are found in the cemetery, that the old log building, in which the first settlers in what is now the •eastern part of Cumberland County, with its beautiful landscapes and thriving villages, assembled for the wor- ship of God, was erected about one hundred and twenty years ago." [CSiwches of the Valley, p. 75.] 342 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. A bnrial place in the grove is connected with the church, and some of the inscriptions can be read with dates as early as 1747, if not earlier still. Within a few years past a handsome memorial gothic chapel has been erected in the grove by the McCormick family. The circular grove of trees in which these churches stand is one of the most beautiful which can be found in the valley, and we do not wonder that the beauty and the hallowed associations of this spot gave birth to the following poem, from the pen of an unknown author, which was published about thirty-five years ago in the Gazette, a paper published in Mechanicsburg: SILVER SPRING. 'Twas on a quiet Sabbath, One warm midsummer day, Wlien first, with childish eagerness, I trod Its moss-grown way; Yet paused with every footstep, Lest my coming might intrude On the spirit-haunted trysting-place Within its solitude. For, where the grass grew tallest In a myrtle-covered dell. And softest, deepest shadows From waving branches fell. Lay, in unbroken stillness, Old Scotland's exiled dead. O'er whose mysterious slumbers An hundred years had fled. No pompous, proud mausoleum Or sculptured marble tomb Threw round this spot a mockery Of dark, funereal gloom; But through the tangled walnut boughs, Half veiled, but not concealed, Like a sentinel on duty, An old church stood revealed. * A beaten, narrow, thread-like path Wound through the thick green wood. And, following where it seemed to lead, I, in a moment, stood Beside a rill so beautiful, Of coloring so rare, I surely thought the sunshine Had been imprisoned there. A ledge of gray, uneven rocks Rested against the hill; And from their veins the water gushed With such a gleeful trill — Such liquid, silver, soothing sounds — I almost held my breath, Lest e'en a whisper might disturb The harmony beneath. The quiet dead, the old stone church. And myrtle-covered dell. Each had its tale of thankfulness For living love to tell; What wonder, then, that pleasant Recollections always cling Around the sunny Sabbaths I spent at Silver Spring. SOUTHAMPTON TOWNSHIP. 343 MISCELLANEOUS. The Cumberland Valley Eailroad passes through the southern portion of the township, in a west by northerly direction from Mechanicsburg, till within a short distance of Middlesex Township line, when it takes a sudden south- westerly coarse. The postoffices in Silver Spring Township are 'New Kingstown and Hogestown. CHAPTER XXXIV. SOUTHAMPTON TOWNSHIP.* SOUTHAMPTON is the extreme southwestern township of the county, and is bounded on the north by Hopewell, on the east by Newton," and on the south and west by the lines of Adams and Franklin Counties. It was formed, originally, one year before the formation of Franklin County, from portions of Lurgan and Hopewell Townships, in October, 1783. At this session of the court a petition is presented praying the court to erect into one separate town- ship such parts of the said townships of Hopewell and Lurgan as are included in the description given, and that it "be called henceforth by the name of Southampton, ' ' which petition was confirmed by the court. In this petition complaint is made of the great length of the said town- ships — namely, Hopewell and Lurgan — "which at present extend from the North to the South Mountains at a distance of about fifteen miles." The cre- ation of Franklin County, in September, 1784, disturbed the boundary of this township, so that another petition of a number of the inhabitants of South- ampton Township is presented to the court in Jaauary, 1791, setting forth that the said township of Southampton was some years laid off from Hopewell and Lurgan Townships into a separate township by the name of Southampton; that, soon after, that, the "said township of Southampton was cut in two by a line dividing Franklin from Cumberland County, " etc., and states that at a meeting of the inhabitants of Hopewell and Southampton Townships it was agreed that ' ' the future boundary between Hopewell and Southampton Town- ships begin at Capt. William Strains' mill-dam; thence along the southeast side of the laid out road leading from said Strains' mill to James Irvin's mill until it intersects the line between Newton and Hopewell, ' ' etc. , and prays the court to grant relief by confirming the said boundary; which was done, so that "that part of the said township of Hopewell lying southeast of the road lead- ing from Strains' to Irwin' s mill shall be henceforth called Southampton. ' ' CHAEACTEE OF SOIL, ETC. The character of the soil in Southampton Township is, in the north, undu- lating limestone land, more or less rocky, but productive, and in which, at its settlement, was what was known as "barrens," a sort of prairie land where the Indians had burned the forests, which grew up afterward into brush; this limestone land containing oak, hickory, and several varieties of locust and walnut, while on the gravel land south there were large forests of yellow pine *For borough of Shippensburg, see page 2.57. 344 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. extending from the base of the mountains three miles into the valley. This description is true of the whole south side of the upper portion of the valley until it reaches almost the center of the county. This land is well watered by numerous streams. Some superior ore banks have been discovered in this township, and there- fore it was that, long ago, furnaces were established. The first of these, built by John Moore, of Carlisle, in 1824, on the stream near the foot of the Soath Mountain, was one known as Augusta. Another, on the same stream, in the forest below, was known as Mary Ann. A third, still later, about four miles east of the latter, was called Big Pond. They have all long since ceased to be in operation. Other mills, and for other purposes, have since been built in the neighborhood of Middle Spring. Deposits of superior hematite iron ore are to be found at different places in the township, while fine farms abound on the limestone land. One matter in connection with the township during the Bevolution is of in- terest. Two powder-mills were erected, one near the foot of South Mountain, and the other about a mile northwest of Shippensburg. The former was but a short distance on the run above where the Mary Ann Furnace was subse- quently built, and the other just below where the Zearfoss flouring-mill now stands. Both mills were blown up, at different times, and in both cases re- sulted in the death of the proprietors. EARLIEST SETTLEBS. The southwestern portion of this township was settled at a very early period. Large tracts of land, lying between the southeastern boundary of the first purchase made by Edward Shippen and the base of the South Mountains, were owned by John Reynolds, Benjamin Blythe, Col. James Dunlap, John Cesna and others. ' John Reynolds' tract joined that of Mr. Shippens on its southeastern side, while south of the latter lay that of Mr. Blythe. Just southeast of the Blythe tract lies the one which was purchased by Col. Dunlap in 1767. East of this tract is the Cesna farm, upon which Dennis O'Neiden and John Kirkpatrick were killed by the Indians July 18, 1757. This farm was one of the first occupied in the township, and remained in the possession of the descendants of Mr. Cesna until about the year 1827. On the north and northwest of the second purchase of Mr. Shippen, were the Brum- fields, Duncans, Wherrys, McCunes, Caldwells, Culbertsons, Morrows, Fin- leys, Montgomerys and others. These were among the earliest settlers in the valley, and most of them were men of intelligence and enterprise, constituting such a group of these hardy Scotch-Irish as will bear comparison with any which can be collected at the present day. * VILLAGES. There are three villages in the township, namely, Leesburg, Cleversburg and Middle Spring. Leesburg is situated on the Harrisburg & Potomac Railroad, on the Wal- nut Bottom road, four miles east of Shippensburg, and was originally settled by Scotch-Irish families, such as the Maxwells, Highlands, Chestnuts and others, who lived upon the lands upon which it is built, or just adjacent. It contains at present ' a postoffice, a church, three stores, graded schools, and a population of about 300 inhabitants. The town was called from George Lee, who kept a tavern in a log house which stood on the south side of the Walnut *The writer has to say that some of the above facts were obtained from the late Hon. John McCurdy who seems to have made a careful study of this portion of the county. SOUTHAMPTON TOWNSHIP. 345 Bottom road. This house, a farm house of Mr. Adam Keese, and a house which stood on the north side of the road below that of Mr. Eeese, were the only houses then standing within the present limits of Leesburg. The land to the south and west of Lee's house, we are informed, was then covered with heavy timber, consisting of yellow pine, white and black oak, and hickory, nor was there any cleared land on either side of the Walnut Bottom road from that point until within a mile of Shippensburg excepting two farms, the Beltz and Rebrick. Cleversburg is situated just south of the center of the township, about one mile from the South Mountains, on land which originally belonged to George Croft, but which was purchased afterward by George Clever. The town was begun about 1860. It was called after George Clever, and was laid out upon the lands of George Clever and Wm. Sibbet and others. Up to this time (1860) there were but two houses, and a grist or flour-mill which is still stand- ing. Clever owned the Gochenaur, or, originally. Croft, mill. The town contains a postoffice, a furnace, two churches, schools, a grist-mill, and a population of about 350. A branch railroad runs to the ore banks and furna- ces from Cleversburg. Middle Spring is located about two miles north of Shippensburg. It takes its name from the spring and the old church which stands there. There is here a store, postoffice, blacksmith's shop and a number of dwellings. MIDDLE SPRING CHDEOH AND GRAVE "YARD. For some reason all the old Presbyterian Churches of the Cumberland Val- ley were erected near a spring or stream of water, and from their location they derived their names. Of these Middle Spring is one. Of the exact date of the origin of this congregation no record has been preserved; neither can it be as- certained from any other source. A log church, thirty-five feet square, was erected here about 1738, not far from where the present Middle Spring Church now stands. In 1765 a new structure was erected, and enlarged from time to time, which was succeeded in 1781 by the stone structure, which gave place, in 1847, to the new brick church, which has since been remodeled and improved. Instead of, ourselves, attempting to describe these churches, we prefer to use, almost verbatim, the words of one who is more familiar with them. ' ' Those, ' ' says Dr. Nevin, ' ' who are familiar with this locality, remember well the green slope to the right on which the building stands; the grave -yard in the rear; the beautiful wood stretching back, with its refreshing shadows; the old miU-dam to the left; the fountain of fresh water bubbling up close by; the murmuring stream, which rolls on under thick hanging foliage; and the " Lower Grave-yard " a little to the north, along which the stream flows in its course, chanting its sweet requiem for the dead." It was in this grave -yard that the first church in this region was built. This was about 1738. It does not now stand. It was demolished, and another log one built upon the spot. This was considerably larger, being about forty-eight feet long and forty-eight wide. In a little while this was extended, by removing three sides of the building then in use, and embracing a little more space on either side, which was covered with a roof, something in the form of a shed. Up the sides of these additions to the main edifice, and over the roofs, were erected wooden steps, by which access was gained to the gallery. This arrangement was made for want of room in the interior of the building for the construction of a stair- way. About the year 1781, the old stone church was erected, whose site, as is well known, was just beside that of the present building. This was still larger than its predecessor, fifty-eight by sixty-eight feet, and at about this same 346 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. time the grave yard immediately in its rear was located. This was done, not only because the old one was already filled, but also because its soil was of a gravelly description, and its lower section, by reason of its nearness to the stream, was subject to frequent inundation. The present brick church at Middle Spring was built, but seemingly, at least, not without poetic protest, in 1747-48, as in the volume from which we have quoted, among others, there appears this verse: "That old stone church! Hid in these oaks apart, I hoped the newer world would ne'er invade. But only time, with its slow, hallowing art, Would touch il, year by year, with softer shade, And crack its walls no more, but. interlaid, Mend them with moss. Its ancient sombre cast Dearer to me is than all art displayed In modern churclies, which, bj' their contrast, Make this to stand forlorn, held in the solemn past."* Of the list of persons, to show the warlike mettle of these men, members or adherents of this church, who took part in the Revolution, we may mention Cols. Benjamin Blythe, Isaac Miller, Robt. Peebles, William Scott, Abraham Smith; Maj. James Herron; Oapts. William Rippey, Matthew Henderson, Matthew Scott, David McKnight, John McKee, William Strain, Joseph Brady, Robert Quigley, Charles Leeper (killed at Crooked Billet, May, 1778), Charles Maclay, Samuel Blythe, Samuel Walker, James Scott, Samuel McCune, Sam- uel Kearsley and Lieut. Samuel Montgomery (lost a leg at Crooked Billet); John Heap, Esq. , Samuel Cox, Esq. , Francis Campble, John Reynolds, Esq. , Thomas McClellan, Joseph McKenney, James McKee, Robert Donavin, Will- iam Turner. Thomas McCombs, William Sterritt, John Woods, Esq. , William Anderson, John Maclay, James Dunlap, Esq. , James Lowry, Esq. , John Mac • lay (mountain), William Barr, Archibald Cambridge, John Herron, David Her- ron, David Duncan, John McKnight, James McCune, David Mahan, John Thompson, Jacob Porter, Isaac Jenkins (one of five brothers who died in camp of contagious disease, all of whom are buried in the Lower Grave-yard), Samuel Dixon, John Grier. A number of the members of this church were present in the meeting held in the Presbyterian Church, in Carlisle, June 12, 1774, to protest against the closing of the port of Boston. MIDDLE SPRING CHUBCH LANDS. The history of the lands which belonged to the Middle Spring Church is thus given by Rev. S. Wylie, its present pastor: " On the 27th of May, 1767, there was surveyed and sold to Francis Campble, Robert Chambers, William Duncan and John Maclay, the tract of land in Hopewell Township, Cumberland County, called ' Mount Hope, ' very much in the form of a wedge, with the head extending along the Middle Spring, beyond the old grave-yard, and the sharp point reaching almost to Mean' s Run in the direction of Shippensburg, contain- ing 49 acres and 110 perches, for which they paid the State of Pennsylvania the sum. of £9 and I63. This land was patented by these men September 17, 1790, and in November, 1793, they deeded it to the trustees of the Middle Spring Church. On the 3d of December, 1818, there was sold of this land, at public auction, nine acres and nine perches, lying along and including the water-right of Middle Spring, to Samuel Cox, at $150 per acre. On the lOfch of May, 1823, of the remainder twenty-four acres and fifty-three perches were sold to Mr. George Diehl for the sum of $486.62. There thus remains some- thing above sixteen acres of these lands, whi^h still belong to the church. *From poem by Prof. W. M. Nevin : " The Guardian,'.' May, 1862. SOUTH MIDDLETON TOWNSHIP; 347 " The old grave-yard belonging to this church was used from its earliest his- tory. The oldest records now legible, however, only date back to 1770. The 'oldest names appear to be the Wrights and Johnsons. The present stone wall was built before 1805. It had a shingle comb-roof and was painted red. The upper or new yard was inclosed in 1842." MISOELLANEODS. Southampton Township is favored with two railroads, the Cumberland Val- ley and the Harrisburg & Potomac, the former running through the more north- erly part of the township, and the latter through the center portion. The postoffices are Shippensburg, Middle Spring, Cleversburg and Lee's Cross Boads. CHAPTER XXXV. SOUTH MIDDLETON TOWNSHIP AND BOEOUGH OF MOUNT HOLLY SPRINGS. SOUTH MIDDLETON TOWNSHIP was originally a portion of Middleton, which was created from Pennsborough in 1750, but divided into its north- ern and southern townships in November, 1810. It lies just south of Carlisle, bounded on the north by North Middleton and Middlesex; on the east by Mon- roe; on the south by the counties of York and Adams, and on the west by Dickinson and a small portion of West Pennsborough. The character of the soil is not the same in all portions of the township. In its southern extremity the South Mountains slope gradually, like a great wave, broken into cre- vasses and smaller valleys, until it reaches the rich limestone lands below. There is a great contrast. The former is scrub pine and forest mountain land, and was long ago described as "a wild and desert region covered with forests, which yield fuel for furnaces in them or on their borders; but off ering little at- traction to any except the woodcutter and the hunter, " while below the soil is of almost exceptional fertility, with highly cultivated farms, good buildings and large barns. If one reaches the South Mountains he finds that the rocks are of a differ- ent character from those of the level region. Lying along this range he meets with compact white sandstone, some portions timbered, some barren, others with laurel undergrowth and brush. At Pine Grove, on Mountain Creek, there is a detached bed of limestone land, with brown argillaceous earth and hematite iron ore, which had always furnished a plentiful supply to the fur- nace of that place. Among the numerous branches of the Cumberland Valley Eailroad the South Mountain, originally built to Pine Grove Furnace for the transportation of the iron ores and manufactured products of that region, but now extended to Gettysburg, is exceedingly interesting on account of the wildness of the scenery. The view- as you pass along over these mountains toward Gettys- burg is varied by intervals of forest, rude rocks, abrupt or broken declivities, deep chasms, over which the road is supported by trestle work, reminding one still of the unbroken and silent wilderness, but into which civilization is already 348 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. pushing its way. These remarks apply only to the southern or mountainous portion of the township, for the greater part, the northern and limestone land consists, as we have said, of fertile fields and farms. EOADS AND STREAMS. Of the numerous roads which lead in every direction, and many of which are well macadamized, we may mention particularly the old Carlisle and Han- over turnpike, which was for many years the principal route to Baltimore, and which was laid out principally by parties who lived in South Middleton Town- ship in 1812. The streams by which the township is well watered are the Yellow Breeches Greek, Letort Spring, Boiling Spring and Mountain Bun; the former flow- ing through nearly the center of the township, east and west, and the two lat- ter nearly north and south. * EARLY SETTLEMENTS. This portion of Cumberland County, which is now South Middleton Town- ship, was settled at a very early period. James Le Tort, a French- Swiss, and one of the old Indian interpreters, lived in the township at the head of the spring which bears his name, as early, it is said, as 1720. William Patterson afterward owned this farm at the head of the Letort, and Hugh Stuart, the grandfather of Jos. A. Stuart, also occupied this "Patterson tract." The earliest warrant of land which lay in what is now South Middleton, of which we have any knowledge, was one granted to George Brandon, in 1743, of a tract of land which lay on the York County line on the turnpike. The Craigheads were among the earliest settlers on the Yellow Breeches Creek. Most, if not all, of these earlier settlers were Scotch-Irish. Such were the Craigheads, Stuarts, Pattersons, Mahaffeys, Eges, Grahams, Moores, Saundersons, McClures, Dennys, Holmes, and others, all of which names date back to the formation of the county. Among other old families, besides those mentioned elsewhere, are the Burkholders, Gliems, Myers, Zugs, Weakleys, Bradleys, Givins, Ritners, Searights, Ahls, Flemmings, Kauffmans (whose descendants laid out Boiling Springs), Peters, Goodyears, McFeeleys, Eisen- haeurs, and others. The name ' ' Trent' ' is found at a very early period, and the gap now known as Mount Holly was originally called Trent's Gap. Of the present families who live upon the lands originally settled, James B. Weakley occupies part of the original tract taken up by his grandfather, James Weakley; William Moore and the Craigheads also occupy a portion of the lands first settled by their families. The only land in the vicinity of Boiling Springs which is still in possession of (maternal) descendants of first settlers of it is that now owned by A. M. Leidich. Andrew Holmes owned a large tract in the township, up- on a portion of which Mr. George W. Hilton now lives. The Pattersons were early settlers, and occupied a large tract on Letort. Stephen Foulk lived in the township, on a farm near the toll gate, now owned by Joseph Stuart. George A. Lyon, Esq., and James Hamilton, Esq., botli lawyers of Carlisle, owned large farms in the township. Above the Richard Peters' tract, west of Boiling Springs, large tracts were taken up at a very early period by Joseph Gaylie and Patrick Hasson. On the south side of the Yellow Breeches Creek large tracts, extending to the mountains, were taken up by Charles and Guian MahafFey; while to the east of *Letort Spring rises in tlie township, from a large fountain as its source, near Carlisle ; Boiling Sprine Sows but for a short distance; Mountain Creek flows down through the winding orgesofthe mountains^ and, at a point near Craighead's Station, empties into the Yellow Breeches Creek. SOUTH MIDDLETON TOWNSHIP. 349 Boiling Springs lands were taken up originally by James and Andrew Crock- ert. In the vicinity of Boiling Springs there are three tracts which are par- ticularly worthy of mention : The ore banks, a large tract adjacent, and the land upon which the town of Boiling Springs is built. The three ore banks seem to have been taken up at a very early period, and afterward the large tract surrounding them. This latter is described as ' ' one tract in Middleton [now South Middleton] Township, in the county of Cumberland, containing 1,644 acres, surveyed in the name of John Eigby & Co. on the 8th, 9th, 10th and 12th days of July, 1762," and which was returned in pursuance of certain warrants issued by the proprietaries of Pennsylvania, dated May 31, 1762, "to John Kigby, Francis Saunderson, and Joseph, Samuel and John Morris, Jr. " This tract was divided into sixteen equal parts. John Armstrong and wife owned two in 1764, but re-conveyed them to Michael Ege in 1792. Two parts belonged to Robert Thornburg, and the rest remaining in the original owners or their descendants, the whole tract passed, by various conveyances, to Michael Ege, the elder. The earliest mention in these various deeds or conveyances of the Carlisle Iron Works is in 1765, but they had been evidently, at this pe- riod, for a number of years in existence. The probabilities are that they were started when this original grant was given, in July, 1762, if not at a still ear- lier period. At these works, it is said, the earliest cannon manufactured in the tlnited States were made, one of which is said to have been captured dur- ing the Revolutionary war and removed to the Tower of London. The three ore banks were described as having about twenty acres each, but these tracts were embraced in an original sale of land made by William Penn to Adam Kroesen, then of Holland, by deed of 7th of March, 1682, the right whereof was afterward vested in Richard Peters, secretary in the land office in Phila- delphia, who, in April, 1761, conveyed to Jacob Yoner, of Lancaster, 1,000 acres of the said land; but Jacob Yoner, in pursuance of a warrant from the proprietaries, dated April 16, 1761, caused to be surveyed to him, instead of the 1,000 acres, the three ore banks above mentioned. By deed of Jacob Yoner, 6th of November, 1761, these banks, were conveyed to John Rigby and Nathaniel Giles, and a patent of confirmation was granted, and by various conveyances they became vested in the firm known as Rigby & Co. , which con- sisted of John Rigby, Francis Saunderson, and the Morrises, of Philadelphia. They afterward came into possession of Michael Ege, the elder, who was at this time one of the most prominent iron men in Pennsylvania, at one time owning the forges and furnaces at Pine Grove, at Mount Holly and at Boiling Springs. The third tract was the one upon which the Carlisle Iron Works and the town of Boiling Springs is built. It is described as "a tract of 398 acres, 132 perches, and all called Boiling Springs, situated on the Yellow Breeches Creek, granted by the proprietaries of Pennsylvania to Richard Peters, by pat- ent dated 13th of October, 1762." A portion of' this tract was granted to John Dickey, embracing the head of Boiling Springs; another portion to David Reed, embracing the upper or smaller spring, and about twenty-nine acres to Rigby & Co. for the Carlisle Iron Works. It was a portion of this tract of land, originally granted in Oc- tober, 1762, to Richard Peters, which, after being owned by John Dickey and his descendants, came into possession of Michael Ege, the elder, and afterward, by deed dated April 4, 1808, became the property of John and Abraham Kauff- man. SOME BAELT EEMINISCENCES. The following letter, written by Thomas Craighead, Jr., in 1845, is full of 350 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. interesting reminiscences : ' ' John Craighead settled at an early dat-e on the Yellow Breeches Creek, near Carlisle. * * * jjg married, spent the fortune, all but a few webs of linen, with which he purchased from the proprietor 500 acres of land on Yellow Breeches, which is now descended to the fifth generation by inheritance, and the sixth is born on it. * * * I have seen many a pack-horse loaded with nail-rods, at Ege's Forge, to carry out to Somerset County and the Forks of Youghiogheny and Red Stone Fort, to make nails for their log cabins, etc. I have known the farmers' teams to haul iron from the same forge to Virginia, load back corn for feed at the forge. All the grain in the county was not enough for its own consumption. I have known fodder so scarce that some farmers were obliged to feed the ' thatch ' that was on their barns to keep their cattle alive. James Lamb bought land in Sher- man's Valley, and he and his neighbors had to pack straw on horses across the mountains. He was on the top of the mountain waiting until those going over would get up, as they could not pass on the path. I saw the first mail that passed through Carlisle to Pittsburgh. * * * j happened, a short time ago, to visit a friend, Jacob Eitner, son of that great and good man, ex-Gov. Eitner, who now owns Capt. Denny's farm, who was killed during the Eevolutionary war. The house had been a tavern, and, in repairing it, Mr. Eitner found some books, etc. , which are a curiosity. Charge, breakfast, £20; dinner, horse feed, £30, and some charges still more extravagant; but we know it was paid with Congress money. So late as 1808 I hauled some materials to Oliver Evans' saw-mill at Pittsburgh. I was astonished to see a mill going without water. Mr. Evans satisfied my curiosity by shewing and explaining everything he could to me. He looked earnestly at me and said: 'You may live to see your wagons coming out here by steam. ' The words were so im- pressed on my mind that I have always remembered them. I have lived to see them go through Cumberland County, and it seems to me that I may see them go through to Pittsburgh; but I have seen Mr. Evans' prophecy fulfilled be- yond what I thought possible at that time; but things have progressed at a rate much faster than the most gigantic minds imagined, and we are onwards still." Think of it! the old wagons, the thatched bams, the narrow roads, and we may form some faint conception of those times. SCHOOLS. This township is among the most advanced in the matter of education. There are nineteen schools, some graded, and with the schoolhouses in good condition, supported for six months in the year by public and for three months additional by private funds. So, here, as in every portion of the county, some contemplative Jaques can see * * * "the whining school boy, with his satchel And shining morning face, creeping like snail Unwillingly to school." KAILEOADS AND POSTOFFICES. The South Mountain Railroad, from Carlisle to Pine Grove Furnace, was built in 1869 and 1870 by the South Mountain Iron Company. In 1883 it was extended to Gettysburg and organized under the name of the "Gettysburg & Harrisburg Eailroad." It now extends from its junction at Carlisle to Eound Top, beyond Gettysburg, which is one of the prominent points of that famous field. J. C. Fuller was the first president; William H. Woodward, first super- intendent, treasurer and secretary. SOUTH MIDDLETON TOWNSHIP. 351 The Harrisburg & Potomac Railroad, which runs east and west, passing through nearly the center of the township, was incorporated in May, 1869, as the "Meramar Iron Company." Its name was afterward changed to its present one. Work was begun on the road in October, 1871, and that part which extends between Mount Holly Springs and the Dillsburg branch of the Cumberland Valley Eoad was completed before 1875. Daniel V. Ahl was the first president. The Cumberland Valley Railroad runs partly along the northern border of the township, forming the greater part of the boundary line between it and North Middleton Township. The postoffioes in the township are Mount Holly Springs , Boiling Springs, Hatton and Hunter' s Run. BOILING SPKINGS. This place was laid out by Daniel Kauffman, son of Abraham KaufFman, who owned all the land upon which the town is built, during the year 1845. The first survey of the town was made in the fall of this year by A. M. Leidich, who also purchased the first two lots, Nos. 1 and 2, where he now resides and the one adjoining. At this time there were but two buildings, the stone tavern built by Philip, and the stone farm house opposite, built by Frederick Brech- bill. The village of Boiling Spring is beautifully situated in the rolling bluffs of rich land which lie almost at the foot of the South Mountain. The town is handsomely laid out, part of it fronting on the beautiful sheet of crystal water, from which the tract originally, and the town afterward, derives its name. Under this beautiful sheet of water there are subterranean springs, coming from cylindrical rocks, where the water is thrown perpendicularly upward from its rocky bed to the surface which it disturbs, at places, giving to them the appearance of water which is ' ' boiling, ' ' thus suggesting naturally the name by which it is known. The largest of these outlets is said to have a capacity of about twenty hogsheads per minute. The main body of the water, however, has an untroubled surface, and is deep and clear. Handsome shade trees near it also enhance the beauty of this spring, the water of which flows into the Yellow Breeches Creek near Island Grove, a beautiful spot not far distant from the village. The town itself is laid out in wide streets, on which there are a number of handsome residences: First, Second, Third and Fourth Streets running east and west, and Front, Walnut and Cherry north and south. The town has many shady trees and, situated as it is upon the beautiful spring from which it derives its name, and with exceptionally beautiful scenery surround- ing it, promises to become, if it is not already, as beautiful a town as can be found in the Cumberland Valley. It has postoffice, railroad, iron works and forge, three churches (one Lutheran, one Methodist and one Dunkard), one double and two single schoolhouses, many private dwellings, and a population of about 500. The furnace which stands near the spring came into the possession of C. W. and D. V. Ahl, in 1859, from the assignees of Peter F. Ege. It was op- erated successfully until 1882, when a large anthracite furnace was erected by 0. W. Ahl and son, which is still being operated imder the firm name of C. W. Ahl's Son. There are ore banks near the town, which were leased in 1873 to the Pennsylvania & Beading Railroad Company, under the management of • Asbury Derland, and other banks in the South Mountains, which are being successfully operated by J. C. Lehman, a citizen of Boiling Springs. 352 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. BOROUGH OF MOUNT HOLLY SPRINGS. Lying almost within the shadow of the South Mountains and at the entrance to the gap from which it derives its name, is the beautiful borough of Mount Holly Springs. The town lies partly in the mountain gorge called Holly Gap, and partly in the mountains called Upper Holly, through which flows Mountain Creek. Holly was the name originally given to the gap at a very early period, on account of a large holly tree which stood where Upper Holly now is. The borough now comprises what was formerly known as "Upper and Lower Holly," "Kidderminster" and "Papertown." In the original plan of the town, in 1815, it was also known as South Middleton. It appears that prior to the year 1812 there were not over one-half dozen houses between what is now called Upper Holly and the present paper-mills of William A. and A. Foster Mullin. As to who built the first house we have no record, but it is certain that the oldest house of any importance erected within the present borough limits was the old stone mansion of Mrs. Jane Thompson, which stands back in a yard nearly opposite the present Holly Inn, and which was erected as early as 1812 or 1817. There was also, at a very early date, an old log tavern-stand belonging to Mrs. Thompson, on the site of the pres- ent Holly Inn, which was replaced in 1822 by a stone structure, which was then an inn, and which still stands as a portion of the present hotel. Mrs. Thompson was the mother of Elizabeth Thompson, who married the Rev. Jas- per Bennett, who resided in the old stone mansion above mentioned till about 1857. Two small log schoolhouses occupied successively the lot where Mr. Simeon Fisk's residence now stands, which was buUt also for a schoolhouse in 1855, and afterward used as such until it was purchased by him and converted into a residence. A small story-and-a-half building stood near where the late Mr. Samuel Schriver's house now stands, and was purchased by him many years ago. It was then owned by Rev. Jasper Bennett, who owned all the land within the borough, from the present HoUy Inn to where the Methodist Church now stands, including that lot on the east side of Baltimore Avenue, and most of the land on the west side. The Carlisle and Hanover Turnpike was then what is now called Baltimore Avenue. A small log house stood where William A. Mullin' s house now stands, and another where Daniel Stees' house is erected, and these, with the old paper-mill of W. A. & A. F. Mullin, were the only buildings in the place in the year 1812. EAELY SETTLEMENT AND INDTTSTBIES. Tradition has it that Elizabeth McKinney, grandmother of Mary Smithi was the first settler in Holly Gap. Their house stood on the present site o^ the old stone house adjoining the residence occupied some years ago by A- Mansfield. They moved out of the fort at Shippensburg which the people had erected to protect themselves against the incursions of the French and Indians. The building occupied by the McKinneys was a log structure, and was torn down by Mr. Foulk preparatory to the erection of the present stone building. An early settlement of the lands around Mount Holly Springs was occa- sioned by reason of the large deposits of iron ore which were found in its vicin- ity. Furnaces were built there at a very early period, and the manufacturing of iron was for many years the sole employment of its inhabitants. The first furnace of which anjrthing definite is known was built by Stephen Foulk and WiUiam Cox, Jr. , about the year 1785. It was called the ' ' Holly Iron Works, " and was situated near the present site of the paper-mill at Upper Holly. It is quite probable that the first iron works were established at Mount Holly before SOUTH MIDDLETON TOWNSHIP. 353 the year ,1765, and that these early works were frequently remodeled and rebuilt. Tradition says that there was a furnace at Upper Holly before the furnace built by Foulk & Cox, but nothing authentic on this subject can now be definitely ascertained. In the year 1808 this furnace of Foulk & Cox was sold at sheriff's sale, and was purchased by Michael Ege. During the year 1812 George Ege, a son of Michael Ege, built a new furnace near the site of the former furnace erected by Foulk & Cox. It was known as the Mount Holly Furnace, and stood upon the site of the present paper-mills at Upper Holly. It is stated on good authority that prior to the erection of Holly Furnace, a forge for the manufacturing of cannon occupied the furnace site, that a mill for the boring of the barrels stood near the toll gate on the turnpike, and that the oldest cannon at present in the United States was manufactured at this forge. A former historian says : ' ' The lumber used in building the Carlisle Barracks was sawed upon a mill erected in Holly Gap. The parties were Englishmen." More probably they were Hessians, captured at Trenton, who built the Carlisle Barracks. At this time there was very little improved land between Mount Holly and Carlisle. In 1812 a paper-mill was erected by William Barber on or near the site of the mill now owned by the Mullin brothers. It was subsequently owned by Messrs. Barber & Samson Mullin, the grandfather of the owners of the present mill. It afterward passed into the hands of Messrs Knox and McClure, and was burned December 25, 1846. The present mill was then erected in the succeeding year by William B. Mullin, the father of the present owners. This earlier paper-mill was the first ever erected at Mount Holly Springs. Paper-making now became the chief industry of the place, so that the name Holly Iron Works was rarely applied to it, but it everywhere began to be known by the name of Papertown. About the year 1827 that portion of Mount Holly Springs in the vicinity of the brick mUls now owned by the Mount Holly Paper Company, was called Kidderminster, from a factory for the weaving of carpets there erected by Samuel Givin, near the present site of that paper-mill. It was a five-story brick building, and was afterward converted into a mill for the manufacture of paper by Eobert and Samuel Givin, for which purpose it was used until its destruction by fire in 1864. The present paper-mill in Lower Holly, belong- ing to the Mount Holly Paper Company, and which was buUt near the site of the old Kidderminster factory, was erected in 1866. The large mill at Upper Holly was built by the Mount Holly Paper Company at its organization in 1856. Its original incorporators were Samuel Kempton, of Baltimore, William B. Mullin, Sylvester Megargee, of Philadel- phia, and Eobert and Samuel Givin. There was another old paper-mill to the north of the town, which was destroyed by fixe, the ruins of which stiU stand. The land belonging to the Mount Holly Paper Company, with many other tracts sold to private individuals, belonged originally to Charles McClure, who took out a patent in 1772. Later the Eges owned much of the mountain land. The Givins came into their estate by deed dated 1827, Mr. James Givin, of Ireland, being the original settler and grantee. The handsome residence of Eobert Givin, which stood in the beautiful grove northwest of the brick mUl, ■ was consumed by fire in March, 1865. WAE OF THE REBELLION. Mount Holly Springs responded promptly to the proclamation of the Presi- dent for troops to put down the Eebellion, so that many of its citizens are 354 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. found in the various regiments. On the call for the State troops in 1862, one company (Company G, Twelfth Regiment), under the command of Capt. Charles H. Mullin, was raised entirely from the town. If, in this connection, we may for a moment drop the dignity of the his- torian, we would like to picture a panic — one of those little comedies in the real tragedy of war, which occurred here in this part of the great world-stage, in the first act, in the year 1861. The object of history is not only to pre- serve dry skeleton statistics, but to present to the reader also panoramic pic- tures of the past; and whether they make us laugh or cry does not much matter, in this world where the two are kin, and both are brief. Well, the report reached here that the Confederate Army was advancing; that they were marching toward Holly Gap from Hanover Junction, that the Carlisle Bar- racks was one of their objective points, and that they were spreading desola- tion without delay and consternation with ruthless hands. A company, quickly organized, under Capt. Robert McCartney, of Carlisle, marched to protect the village. "Upon reaching the town they took a fortified position in the Gap, ready to sweep like a besom of destruction upon the foe. To achieve this mighty victory (alas, the grandest scene of all the war was played within their hearing), and to immortalize themselves like those sturdy Spartans in a pass of old, they came with flint-lock muskets, many minus locks, and others armed with knives for closer conflict in the mountain passes. The company had come prepared to die in the last ditch, and many of the farmers joined to show "the mettle of their pasture;" but after holding peaceable possession of the Gap, they finally concluded that the reports which had disturbed them were untrue, and when the first rays of the morning sun had dispelled both the mists of the mountain and the fears of invasion, they departed, some of them, we have no doubt, reluctantly, to their homes, where some remained, hav- ing no doubt become unfitted to perform further military duty on account of disease contracted at the bloodless battle of Mount Holly Gap. The signs of the severer conflict were to follow. In 1863 Gen. EweU's corps passed through the town on their way to Gettysburg to reinforce Gen. Lee. Fitzhugh Lee's cavalry also passed through the town. Many of the Pennsylvania and New York militia marched through the streets on their way to Gettysburg. Taking the Confederate and Union soldiers together, not less than 40,000 men passed through Mount Holly Springs during the montiis of June and July, 1863. INCOHPOKATION, ETC. Mount Holly Springs was incorporated as a borough in 1873. It is a beautiful, clean town, with one long principal macadamized street, on which are a number of handsome residences. The place is not only noted for the manufacture of fine paper, but is an old and established summer resort, dating from a very early period. Its situation is delightful; protected by the moun- tains, cool in summer, particularly in summer evenings, it lies amid scenery which might afford an inspiration to an artist. The Mountain Creek, flowing rapidly down through the long gorge from its high recesses, here rests in wider crystal sheets, "where the green mountains bending hang their heads," and are reflected as in a mirror. These sheets, particularly the Upper Holly Dam, afford both boating and piscatorial sport, as well as ample motive power for the mills. From Upper Holly the stream runs in a deep bed beside the turnpike, and under the shade of many trees, and with the mountains on either hand. There are few more beautiful places in Pennsylvania; and it will, on account of its situation and scenery, its pure mountain air and summer climate, con- tinue to attract the weary who are longing for recreation or rest, and the lover of nature who seeks to live where she lavishes her beauties. SOUTH MIDDLETON TOWNSHIP. 355 The borough lies almost due north and south, and the longer streets, "Wal- nut, Chestnut, and Baltimore Avenue, run almost parallel with the creek, in this direction. The streets running east and west are Butler, Pine, Harman and Railroad." The principal street is Baltimore Avenue, which consists of all that portion of the turnpike road embraced within the borough limits. It is a wide, level street, a mile or more in length, sixty feet in width, beautifully- macadamized with fine gravel taken from the mountains. With the exception of our large cities, there can be found no finer street in the State. Mount Holly Springs lies twenty miles southwest from Harrisburg, the capital of the State, and six miles south of Carlisle, the county seat. It is connected with Carlisle and Harrisburg by two railroads. A daily line of stages runs to York Sulphur Springs, Carlisle, and other points, so that its mail facilities are equal to those of any like inland town elsewhere. It is now a thriving and prosperous town, and bids fair to become a still more beautiful and important one in the future. The various paper-mills afPord continual em- ployment to hundreds of operatives, who, in their turn, contribute to the de- velopment of its resources. CHUECHES, SCHOOLS AND NEWSPAPEB. The churches of the borough are the Evangelical Lutheran Church, on Bal- timore Avenue, and the Methodist Episcopal Church, a commodious structure, erected in 1860, also on Baltimore Avenue. There are five schools — four white and one colored — in the borough. The press is represented by the Mountain^ Echo, a weekly paper, established by E. Melvin Early in 1872. The hotels in the borough for the accommodation of the public will compare favorably with those of larger towns and cities, and of these the " Central " and the "Holly Inn," which was for many years known as the "Mullin Hotel," but which has been remodeled and refitted, and is now under the charge of a stock company, are particularly worthy of mention. SOCIETIES. Holly Gap Lodge, No. 277, K. of P. , was organized December 8, 1870, with the following named charter members : S. P. Goodyear, J. L. Wolf, Samuel G. Givin, T. J. Wolf, Jacob Hemminger, F. L. Goodyear, M. S. Goodyear, Chas. H Mullin, J. L. McAllister. Number of present members, seventy-five. Present officers: Dr. E. B. Pollinger, V. C. ; James A. Stees, P.; Lincoln Vinck, M. A. ; S. P. Goodyear, K. of E. and S. ; G. E. Klopp, M. of F. ; Thomas Haycock, M. of E. ; Thomas Wolf, P. C. Mount Holly Lodge, No. 650, I. O. O. F., was organized November 17, 1868, with the following charter members: John Humes, N. G. ; Chas. H. Miller, V. G. ; James L. McAllister, Sec. ; Henry Mullin, Asst. Sec. ; Jacob Hem- minger, Treas. Present officers are A. Simpson, N. G. ; John A. Bosler, V. G. ; S. P. Goodyear, Sec. ; Edward C. Beach, Asst. Sec. ; Thomas Wolf, Treas. Canada Post, No. 490, G. A. B. , was organized in August, 1885, with the following named charter members: Alexander Adams, W. H. Brinn, Jos. S. Early, N. J. Glass, John Goodyear, Geo. W. Kinter, John Cauffman, Jacob Hoffert, Wm. H. Hatz, A. Noffsinger, J. E. Mondorf, D. A. Nagle, A. T. Rich- wine, W. H. Ricker, Geo. Slusser, Milton Still, S. J. Sadler, Philip Snyder, James Snyder, Eli Toner, Silas Toner, Henry Wallet, John Ward, Moses Wag- ner, Benj. P. Wallet, Philip Harman, Augustus McGonigal. Present number 356 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTT. of members, sixty-one. Present officers: Rev. J. Wise Shannon, C. ; Augustus Miller, S. V. C. ; Samuel Sadler, J. V. C. ; Daniel Wallet, O. D. ; Milton Still, O. G. ; P. Herman, Q. M. ; James Snyder, Q. M. S. ; Wm. Goodyear, Adjt. ; Benj. Wallack, S. M. ; John Ward, Chaplain. There are also Patriotic Sons of America, Washington Camp, No. 181, a Building and Loan Association, a Literary Society, a Cornet Band, etc. CHAPTER XXXVI. UPPER ALLEN TOWNSHIP. ALLEN TOWNSHIP was formed from East Pennsborough in 1766. It then embraced what is now Monroe, Upper and Lower Allen Townships. Monroe was taken from Allen first in 1825, and in 1850 the remainder was di- vided into Upper and Lower Allen. Upper Allen is ■ bounded on the north by portions of Silver Spring and Hampden; on the east by Lower Allen; on the south, where the Yellow Breeches Creek is the dividing line, by York County ; and on the west by Mon- roe Township. EARLY SETTLERS, MILLS, MINES, ETC. The earliest settlers were Scotch-Irish, principally from Lancaster County, of which this, then, was the frontier, although the Germans began to come in- to this lower portion of the county about 1760. Among the earlier Scotch-Irish who settled here before the year 1762 were the Quigleys, Dunlaps, Rosebarys, Brysons, Triudles, McCues, Gregorys, and others. The names of other early settlers were the Hunters, Musselmans, Switzers, Taylors, Harknesses, Brysons, Longneckers, Brenizers, Mohlers, Shelleys, Bitners, Rupps, Hecks, the Gorgas family, Cochrans, Coovers, Beelmans, Eberlys, the Eckels famUy, Browns, Myers, Lambs, and others. The Pattersons were an old family, and lived on land since owned by Mosea C. Eberly. The Grahams settled where James Graham owns ; the Wertzes on the farm since owned by Milton Stayman; the Dunlaps on land since owned by Mrs. Coover, on the Lisburn road; and the Coovers, originally from Switzer- land, on a place in the possession of their descendants. The Mohlers, Daniel and his uncle. Christian Mohler, purchased their land in Cumberland County in 1800. The Cocklin farm, known as "Spring Dale," was purchased from the Penns in 1742 by Andrew Miller, who sold it in 1772 to Jacob Cocklin, who came in 1733 from the western part of Germany, and settled first in Lancas- ter, but afterward in Cumberland County. The Yellow Breeches Creek forms the southern boundary of the two Allen Townships. The first mill, it is said, was built of logs, and was owned by Richard Peters until 1746. It was torn down, and other mills (the last now owned, or lately owned, by Levi Lautz) have been successively erected upon its site. The farm on which this mill is located, 295 acres, including the mill, was once purchased by John Anderson from Richard Peters for £50. The Quigleys located close to what is now Bow- mansdale and built a mill there, which was known as Quigley's mill. This UPPER ALLEN TOWNSHIP. 357 ^as owned by Henry Quigley before 1818. The Bryson estate came in on the east, and on the west the Niesleys, who also erected a mill, now known as Hertzler's mill. About a mile and a half east of the Quigleys was the Swit. zers, and they also owned a mill on the site of what is now Gingrick's mill. The present one was erected in 1837. This mill (also known as Underwood's) was purchased from Richard Peters, between 1740 and 1750, by Frederick Switzer, who joined the army, and was absent during the Eevolutionary war, and bequeathed it to his son, from whom it has passed through various hands. Three prominent families which came into this section at a very early pe- riod were the Grahams, the Harknesses, and the Browns. The two latter es- tates reached almost from Mechanicsburg to the Yellow Breeches Creek. The Graham estate lay east of the Harknesses, and the Browns south. Of this Harkness family, as we have material from a sketch of one of the Lamberton family, and as it contains points of general interest, we will here give an account. William Harkness was born October 1, 1739, in the North of Ireland, and when quite a boy immigrated with his father, William Harkness, Sr., and settled among the Presbyterians of Donegal, in Lancaster. He married, in 1771, Priscilla Lytle, of the same Scotch-Irish stock, and living in the same settlement. After the close of the harassing Indian wars (by the treaty of Col. Bouquet) which ravaged the Cumberland Valley until 1764, William Hark- ness, Jr., bought of the proprietaries, on August 1, 1766, land now in Allen Township. The Indian titles having been extinguished, and the boundary diflSculties with Maryland adjusted, the proprietary advertised that the office for the sale of lands west of the Susquehanna would be opened on August 1, 1766, the settlers prior to that holding their lands under license certificates. Judge Huston says the number of applications issued on that day was 669. The application of William Harkness was number thirty-eight. The survey was on January 24, 1767, and patent issued subsequently. Prior to this he and his neighboring settlers were often engaged in defend- ing their homes against a savage enemy, and in the work of the harvest-fields there, and in the Sherman' s Valley, carried their rifles with them. They were armed agriculturists. The name of William Harkness is found on the list of taxables of Cumberland County as early as 1753. Later, in 1776, he entered the colonial service as an ensign, and together with Mr. Lytle, his brother-in- law, was amongst the conflicts at Brandywine and Germantovm. At the latter place Mr. Lytle was killed by his side. After the war Mr. Harkness, by purchase, added to his property until he possessed a large estate of some 700 or 800 acres. On it he erected a large stone dwelling house, among the first of that kind in the valley, and other buildings, and devoted himself to agriculture and other business pursuits. His house was famous for its hospitality. At this time there was slavery in Pennsylvania. In the registry of the last 297 slaves registered under the requirements of an act to explain and amend a former ' ' Act for the gradual abolition of slavery, etc. , in Pennsylvania, ' ' passed the 1st of March, 1780, among the records of Cumberland County we find the well-known names of Armstrong, Buchanan, Butler, Carothers, Craw- ford, Clarke, Craighead, Bryson, Duncan, Blaine, Dunlap, Irvine, Galbreath, Gibson and others, and that William Harkness returns those born on his estate. Some who desired it he afterward manumitted at the age of twenty-one, seven years before the time fixed by law, having previously sent them to school and in other ways given them preparation for self-dependence. Others lived long afterward on his estate — the children of some until the death of his son, Will- iam Harkness, in 1851. 358 HISTOKY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. William Harkness died May 4, 1822; Priscilla, his wife, October 31, 1831. Both are buried in the old grave-yard at Silver Spring. Their daughter, Mary, became the wife of Major Eobert Lamberton, of Carlisle. Another family, the McCues, dating back of 1762, lived a short distance south of the Graham estate, and between them lay the large estate of the Poormans. Another family who were large land-owners were the Gregorys — also dating beyond 1762, and the last of whom (so far as we know), Walter Gregory, was buried in the Silver Spring grave-yard in 1730. They owned the estate part of which is now owned by Harry McCormick, where the bridge crosses the Yellow Breeches Creek, on the line of the State road leading from Harrisburg to Gettysburg. One Rosebary (probably Eobert Eosebary) mar- ried one of the daughters, and built a mill, which for more than a century has been known as Eoseberry' s Mill. The bridge at that point was also known as Roseberry's Bridge. Another family who owned large landed estate was the Myers family, on the Trindle Spring, just above Mechanicsburg. Here, also, were the Trindles and the Lambs. The Trindles lived at Trindle Spring and, adjoining them on the southwest, the Lambs. Samuel Eckels settled in the township about 1809. He erected a house not far from what is known as Winding Hill, near the Mennonite Church, on the State road. Besides the mills which we have incidently mentioned there were a number of carding and fulling-mills, a number of which are stUl in existence, and the business of raising wool was once an extensive industry in the Allen Town- ships. The oldest buildings, according to an account given by Henry S. Mohler, are a log house and barn on the farm belonging to the Garrett heirs. They are supposed to be more than a hundred and thirty years old. On this farm, nearly sixty years ago, there were over 200 cherry trees, under which, in the season, used to be celebrated what was called ' ' cherry fairs, ' ' when ' ' cherry bounce ' ' circulated freely, and when the owner derived more profit from the sale of his fruit than from his crops of grain. The first stone house in the township was on the farm now owned by H. G. Mosser, but it has since been replaced by a more imposing brick structure. The first stone house which is still in existence, was built on the farm now owned by Joseph Bosler, near the close of the Revolutionary war. Another was built in 1790 on the farm of H. M. Cocklin. The first stone barn was built in 1801, on J. W. Byer's farm, and the first of brick was in 1812, on the farm of Jacob Gehr, near Lisburn, but was destroyed by lightning in 1837. Nearly half a century ago, a mine of hematite ore was discovered in Upper Allen Township, a short distance west of Shepherdstown, from which several thousand tons were taken, about 1848, for the iron works at Boiling Springs and for the Dauphin Furnace. Boulders containing iron ore have been found in other portions of the township. Eich deposits of magnetic ore were discov- ered in 1853, on several farms on the Yellow Breeches Creek south of Shep- herdstown, while men were digging the foundation for a barn. There is littie doubt that there are a number of places where iron ore can be found, and that they will be worked in the future, if the time arrives when it will prove remun- erative. There is also much lime burned in Upper Allen, sometimes as many as fifty kilns being kept in constant operation. The distilling of whisky was also, at one time, a prominent industry. When the railroads and canals were unknown most farmers converted their grain into this form, in order +hat it might be conveyed to market at the least possible expense. At this time such goods were sent to the large cities by means of the great Conestoga wagons, which traveled often in company and took a week or UPPER ALLLEN TOWNSHIP. 359 more to make their trip. At night the drivers would stop to rest and build their camp-fire on the road. Now that the reason has ceased, there is no distillery in operation in the township, although the remains of former ones can be seen at several places. VILLAGES. Of the villages in the township the first was known as Stumpstown, but it never had more than six houses, and, in 1810, a store, which has been aband- oned. Shepherdstoum, near the center of the township, is a post village of about 175 inhabitants, three miles south of Meohanicsburg, on the State road. It was called after William Shepherd. Kohlerstown. — In 1867 a small cluster of houses was built on the State road, half a mile from Mechanicsburg, which was called "Kohlerstown," af- ter the family by whom it was originally settled. Bowmansdale is another small village in the southern portion of the town- ship, called after Jacob Bovrman, a former sherifP of Cumberland County, and the principal proprietor. CHURCHES, BURIAL PLACES, ETC. The oldest church in the township, known as the ' ' Western Union Church , " on the Lisburn road, was erected in 1835, but the grave-yard connected with it has been used as a place of interment for more than a hundred years. An- other Union Church was built at the eastern end of Shepherdstown in 1844, which was also used for school purposes. The Reformed Mennonites have a church, erected in 1851, on Winding Hill, so called because of the road which winds around it. Near it are the water works which supply Mechanicsburg. The ' ' Mohler Meeting-House' ' is a large structure built by the German Bap- tists in 1861. On the farm of John Dunlap is a grove which has long been used for Methodist camp-meeting purposes, from 1820 until 1862, and twenty acres of which grove, at his death, were bequeathed to them for such purposes forever. The grounds are elevated, sloping toward the east. Of the grave- yards besides the one which we have mentioned, the oldest is on the farm of Henry Yost, and there are, at different points, three private ones, for the Zug, Lautz and Mohler families. The Chestnut HUl Cemetery, on a beautiful rounded elevation in this township, for the use of the people of Mechanics- burg and vicinity, is under the control of an association which was incorpo- rated in 1852. SCHOOLS. The first schools of which we have any knowledge were taught in private houses. The first building erected for school purposes was built at a date unknown, but before 1800, on the farm now owned by David Coover. It was of logs, covered with thatched straw, with slabs or three-legged stools for seats, and no desk, save for the teacher. In 1805 another was built upon the same farm; in 1809, another on the farm of John Beelman, near Shepherdstown; and two years later, another on the farm of the late Judge Moser. These were the earliest schools of which we have any record. For the following recollections of his school-boy days we are indebted to William Eckels, of Mechanicsburg, who was born in Upper Allen Township. It throws a gleam of light upon the primitive methods of education which were in vogue at the beginning of the century. ' ' Of the places remembered most distinctly," says he, "beyond the home domicile, are the two schoolhouses sit- uated about equal distance from the place of my birth and childhood days. 360 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. These structures were known as Bryson's and Taylor's schoolhouses. The former stood in a large piece of woodland, not far from the new barn recently erected by William M. Watts on the north side of his farm. It was a rude structure in every way, being lighted only by windows inserted between the logs on each side, ten inches high. But, with all its apparent discomforts, it served the double purpose of a place for preaching and school for many years, until accidentally burned down about fifty years ago. ' ' The other schoolhouse stood on the Taylor farm, now owned by Judge Moser, and is still standing and is used as a place of shelter for farming imple- ments. This house was considered quite modern in its day, with its pyramid roof and its two square windows in front, with twelve lights, 8x10. Its pres- ent dilapidated condition is a sad and forcible reminder of the flight of time to those who, long years ago, came there to enjoy the benefits of the rude system of education which then prevailed in the county, and who often made the sur- rounding forest ring with the boisterous play and the merry laugh of child- hood. Like the former, this, too, was a place for preaching, as well as for ' ' school ;' ' and of the ministers whom my earliest recollection recalls as being at the former place, was the eccentric Lorenzo Dow and the grave old Scotch- man, Dr. Pringle, who was pastor of the Seceder Church, of Carlisle. Many quaint stories were related of Lorenzo Dow, which interested children and kept him in their memory at an early age. Dr. Pringle was noted mainly for the gravity of his manner of conducting the services of the house of worship, and his severe dignity at all times. Perhaps no two men were more unlike, in the same calling, than were Dow and Pringle." To such worthies (whose names, to the older inhabitants, are still ' ' household words' ' ) these school boys, at the beginning of the present century, listened; characters whose severe earnestness and sinew — grit — made amends for culture, and was more fitting for the comparative wilderness in which they worked. There are at present nine school buildings in the township, of which eight are of brick or stone, and all more or less fitted, according to our modern ideas, for their purpose. MISCELLANEOUS. The Cumberland Valley Bailroad runs across the northern border of the township. The postoffices are Shepherdstown and Bowmansdale. CHAPTER XXXVII. WEST PENNSBOROUGH TOWNSHIP. PENNSBOROUGH was one of the two original townships which were formed in the North Valley as early as 1735. This was fifteen years before the for- mation of the county. For some few years after it was divided, for purposes of convenience, in the early tax-lists, into north, south, east and west parts of Pennsborough, until, in 1745, it seems to have been definitely divided into East and West. In the years which have intervened since its formation, West Pennsborough has been gradually reduced to its present limits. It first lost Nevrton, on the west, in 1767; then Dickinson, which included Penn, on the south, in 1785;. and Frankford, on the north, ten years later. WEST PENNSBORO0GH TOWNSHIP. 361 FIRST SETTLEMENTS, ETC. The names of the earliest settlers found on land warrants between the years 1743 and 1786, indicate that they were all of Irish or Scotch-Irish de- scent. Such are the names of Atcheson, McFarlane, Dunbar, McAllister, Dunning, Ross, Mitchell, Davidson, M'Keehan, and others. Not a single German name can be found until about 1790, when the German Mennonites began to move into Cumberland from Lancaster and Lebanon Counties. Some of these, as the Dillers and the Bears, not only purchased large tracts of land, but erected substantial stone dwelling houses and barns upon them, and began to improve their farms in such a manner as made them a worthy object of imi- tation to the earlier settlers. Some few of the Hessians captured by Wash- ington at Trenton in 1777 settled in this township, and were represented by such names as Washmond, whose descendants lived until 1840, or later, on the farm now owned by Levi Clay, and the Rhines, who owned the property now belonging to William Kerr. The earliest settlers here, as in other portions of the county, seem to have preferred the land upon the springs or along the streams in the various por- tions of the township. The lands, therefore, which lay upon the Big Spring on the west, the Conodoguinet on the north, the Mount Rock Spring on the south, or McAllister's Run, seem to be those which were first settled by the early pio- neers. ' ' The earliest settlement, ' ' says Hon. Peter Ritner, ' ' was made by a fam- ily named Atcheson at a place now owned by J. A. Laughlin, a descendant of the original settler, and at the ' Old Fort, ' on land now in the possession of WUliam Lehman, formerly of Abram Diller. This fort was built at an early day (perhaps 1733) to be a refuge from the Indians." It probably antedated the final purchase of Penn, for it was spoken of as " the Old Port " in the or- iginal warrant for the 200 acres upon which it stood, which was taken out by James McFarlane in 1743. " One of the grandparents of the present genera- tion of the Laughlin family was born in this fort. Abram Diller buUt an ad- dition of stone to the original structure, covered the log portion with weather- boards, and occupied the whole as a dwelling house. In 1856 the entire build- ing w as accidentally burned. Adjoining the original tract on the eastward was another containing 400 acres, which was also taken up in 1743 by James McFarlane, and has since been known as the "New Farm." Both tracts were sold by him, in 1790, to Abram and Peter Diller, whose descendants are still in possession of a portion of the New Farm. None of the houses built by the orig- inal settlers are now standing, the log cabins of the Atchesons and Laughlins having long since given place to substantial stone dwellings. The farm near Mount Rock which was purchased by ex- Gov. Ritner, and which is now the residence of his son, Peter Ritner, is on a tract for which a war- rant was taken out in 1732. John Davidson had land patented on Mount Rock Spring as early as 1745, and the name of McKeehan is found as early as 1751. A place several miles east of Mount Rock, on the turnpike, belonging to J. Z. Paul, was settled by John Rhoads July 22, 1762. The settlement commenced by James Chambers, whose residence was about three mUes southwest of Newville, was one of the most thickly populated in the valley. It was as early as 1738 able to form a religious congregation and to call a pastor — ^the eloquent and celebrated Thomas Craighead. In each direc- tion from the Big Spring the land was almost or entirely taken up before 1750, so that, says Dr. Wing, the people there presented strong claims to the county seat. Among the earliest of these settlers was David Ralston, on the road westward from the spring; Robert Patterson, on the Walnut Bottom road; 362 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. James McKeehan, who came from Lancaster County, for many years an elder in the church of Big Spring; John Carson, who lived on the property of Judge Montgomery; John Erwin, Richard Pulton, Samuel McCuUough and Samuel Boyd. In the ' ' reminiscences ' ' of Kev. Dr. Junkin, first president of Lafay- ette College, whose father, Joseph Junkin, was one of the earliest settlers in Silver Spring Township, we find the following: "In the summer of 1799, my father lived on a farm, which he owned, two miles east of Newville, having removed to it for the purpose of making improvements, having meanwhile leased the homestead at New Kingston. That summer I went to school to Will- iam McKean in a log schoolhouse, near to one Myers' house, a tenant of Mr. Leipers. Joseph Ritner was then Myers' hired boy. I saw him many years afterward in Harrisburg,when he was Governor of Pennsylvania. My parents belonged to the Associated Reformed Church at Newville, of which, at that time, the Rev. James McConnel, a ' United Irishman, ' was pastor." Joseph Ritner, the eighth and last Governor under the Constitution of 1790, was born in Berks County March 25, 1780. He was the son of John Ritner, who emigrated from Alsace on the Rhine. At the age of sixteen he came to Cumberland County, and was, for a time, a hired hand on the farm of Jacob Myers, which lay on the road leading to Mount Rock, one mile east of Newville. In the year 1800 he married Susannah Alter, of West Pennsborough Township. He then removed to Washington County, from which, in 1820, he was elected to the House of Representatives, and served six consecutive terms. In 1824 he was elected speaker of that body, and was re-elected the following year. In 1835 he was elected Governor of Pennsylvania. On the expiration of his term he purchased the farm now owned by his son, Peter Ritner, on Mount Rock Spring, where he resided untU his death in October, 1869. Gov. Ritner was a great friend of the common school system, and his bold and unhesitating condemnation of slavery brought forth, in his message of 1836, in admiration of that ' ' one voice ' ' that had spoken, a patriotic poem of praise from the pen of Whittier: " Thank God for the token! one lip is still free. One spirit untrammeled, unbending one knee! Like the oak of the mountain deep rooted and firm, Erect when the multitude bends to the storm." and in which, after using the name "Ritner," he pays a beautiful tribute to " That bold-hearted yeomanry, honest and true, Who, haters of fraud, give labor its due; Whose fathers of old sang In concert with chime On the banks of Swatara, the songs of the Rhine." Jacob Alter, whose daughter Susannah became the wife of Gov. Ritner, came from Lancaster County, and settled on the Conodoguinet Creek, at Alter' s mill, in 1790. His son, Jacob Alter, Jr., was elected to the Legislature in 1814, and was for quite a number of consecutive terms a member of that body. In the January Court, 1789, viewers were appointed to lay out a private road from John Moore's house to his farm on the "Rich Lands," and from thence to Mount Rock, etc. , in all a distance of two miles and 128 rods. The viewers were: George McKeehan, John Miller, James Heal, Joshua Murlin and Mathew Davidson. The road was confirmed. The oldest-burial place in the township is supposed to be the one on the tract which was known as the New Farm, near the Old Fort, in the center of which there is a plat with graves, but nothing left to tell who lie below. In the later extension of it, there are more recent graves, on the three sides of the old plat, and on some of the older grave-stones inscriptions in the German Ian- WEST PENNSBOROUGH TOWNSHIP. 363 guage. These, however, do not date beyond the century, but there are others where the inscriptions are entirely obliterated. The iirst flour-mill in the township of which we have any definite informa- tion, was built in 1770, and still stands at Newville on the old Atcheson tract. Piper's mill, on the Big Spring, also in the western portion of the township, was built in 1771. There was, however, an old mill built upon the Conodoguinet Creek at a very early date, which some claim to be the oldest in the township. It was once known as Alter' s mill. The warrant of the entire tract now owned by the heirs of William Alter was taken out by Richard and John Woods, in 1786, who sold the land to Landis and Bowman the same year in which their patent was granted. The mill was in existence at that date, and in 1798, it is spoken of as "the Landis' mill, formerly Woods'." The present mill was built by William Alter in 1832. Other mills in the township are as follows: On the Big Spring, Manning' s, above Piper's; Ahl' s, formerly Irvine's, between Piper' s and Laughlin' s ; and Lindsey' s, formerly Diller' s. On the Conodoguinet are King's, f ormerly'Shellabarger' s ; McCrea's, formerly Alter' s ; Greider's, for- merly Diller' s, and Lindsey' s, formerly Forbes'. Alter' s mill was at one time, also a local trading-post, where sugar, coffee, salt, etc. , were kept for the accom- modation of the people. There was also a saw-mill, a clover-mill and a distil- lery on his property, but the flour -mill alone remains. There was at one time quite a number of whisky distilleries in the town- ship, such as Alter' s, McFarlane's, one at Mount Rock, one at the spring where Peter Ritner lives, and another on the Weaver property, four and a half miles west of Carlisle. The first house of public entertainment is said to have been kept on the property of Henry Bear, about midway between Carlisle and New- ville. The land was patented by a man named Mitchell in 1786, and the place was named Mitchellsburg. The house was known as the ' ' Irish House, ' ' and was a place of extensive resort and drinking. It is said that a barrel of whisky was sometimes consumed in one day. No vestige of this house remains. Tav- erns were kept at a later day at Plainfield and on the main road leading from Carlisle. Philip Rhoads kept one three miles west of the latter place, and John Paul where John Z. Paul now lives. This last was a relay house, where the stages stopped. Mount Rook was a favorite stopping place, also, for the heavy wagons then in use. Palmstown had a tavern, and Jacob Palm kept a relay house on the now Myers' farm. Since the introduction of the ' ' iron horse," these teams and taverns are no longer on the turnpike; they have passed away with the necessities of the early days which gave them birth. VILLAGES. Small villages are numerous. On the Cumberland Valley Railroad, which runs through Pennsborough, the first station, seven miles west of Carlisle, was occupied in 1839 by. John and David Alter, and was called "Alterton. " It is now called ' ' Kerrsville. ' ' In 1856 John Greason laid out a station on his farm, now known as "Greason." The first house was built at this place some thirty-seven years ago, and the station has become the nucleus of a village. These are the only stations. The land on which Palmstown is located was surveyed in 1785, on a warrant granted to John Turner. In the patent it was called ' ' Mount Pleas- ant. ' ' In 1800 the land was purchased by Jacob Palm, who kept a tavern in the first house erected at that place. The building has since received addi- tions and is still standing, at present the property of Jacob Chiswell. The town has never been regularly laid out, but is simply a line of houses along the road. 27 364 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. The land where Springfield, at the Big Spring, stands, was patented to William McCracken and Samuel Finley at an early date, and the town was laid out probably as early as 1790. After building the first mill, Mr. McCrack- en sold out, in 1809, to Robert Peebles. The tract consisted of 130 acres ' ' deeded in fee, except the part on which Springfield stands, for which the said Robert Peebles was to receive quit-rents. ' ' These quit-rents were extinguished only about thirty years ago. At one time, before the turnpike was constructed, Springfield was a more important place, and where more business was transacted than at present, there being in operation a flour-mill, three taverns, four dis- tilleries, two stores, and the usual number of mechanic-shops. The first road laid out westward toward the Potomac crossed here at the Big Spring. There is now in the town two schools and a church belonging to the United Brethren. The situation is romantic, and the town has probably about 200 inhabitants. The western part of the land on which Plainfield stands was patented to Jacob Alter in 1793 ; the eastern, at an earlier date, to Richard Peters, the secre- tary, under the Provincial Government, in the land office in Philadelphia. In Alter' s patent the tract he purchased was called Plainfield. In 1794 forty- three acres of this tract were sold to Frederick Rhoadacker, who seems to have kept a hotel there, and to have made the first improvements. It was not, how- ever, until 1812 that several parties — viz. : Jacob Weigel, blacksmith; Henry Weige], wagon-maker; John Howenstein, cooper; and probably some others — purchased lots from the owners, and began to ply their respective trades. The place was then, or afterward, known as ' ' Smoketown, " because the black- smiths, manufacturing their own charcoal, kept the atmosphere surcharged with smoke. This name is used as late as 1845, when the town consisted "of a few houses. " When a postoffice was established at Plainfield its original name was restored. Mount Rock, on a slight eminence, evidently so called from the large lime- stone rocks which protrude from the surrounding hills, is beautifully situated, seven miles west of Carlisle, near a large spring which issues from a limestone rock, the water from which, after flowing for a short distance, sinks again into the earth, and, passing under a hill, re-appears on the north side, and pursues its course to the Conodoguinet. Here, some seventy years ago, were two Miller families, Presbyterians, in- termarried with the McCuUoughs and McFarlands. One, John, kept a hotel at Mount Rock. Here, also, were the McKeehans, who had lands adjacent to Mount Rock, and the Davidson family, who owned lands upon the spring — both descendants of the early pioneers who settled in this county. About a half a century ago the hotel at Mount Rock was the " Furgeson House," and among the families living there were the Millers, whose land lay principally in Dickinson, the Tregos, Bixlers, Spanglers, Zinns, and others. The township elections and the musterings and reviews of the old militia were also held there. Now, the old tavern has been turned into a private dwelling and the distillery into a warehouse. There is also a Union Church here, built sometime subse- quent to 1846. MISCELLANEOUS. About 1845 the Legislature passed an enactment meant to divide the town- ship, so that the eastern portion should be called ' ' West Pennsborough Town- ship," and the western "Big Spring Township." This, however, was op- posed by the inhabitants, and the act was repealed in the succeeding Legisla- ture. The postoffices in the township are Plainfield, Big Spring, Greason, Kerrs- ville and Mount Rock. The Cumberland Valley Railroad passes from east to west through the township, almost dividing it in two. ^am^ 6//^c <^Q, Mr. Cornman was married to Miss Lydia Miller, a native of York Couniy, and a daughter of Daniel and Eve Miller, old settlers of York County. Our subject and wife have had four children, viz.: George W., a tinner, who died in August, 1885, aged twenty-five years; Charles T., of the firm of Kissell & Corn- man, dry goods merchants of Carlisle; Sarah E., who died young; and Theodore, a clerk and telegraph operator. The mother died in October, 1878, a member of the Reformed Church. In December, 1880, Mr. Cornman married Miss Annie E. Green, a native of Cumberland County, and a daughter of Thomas and Nancy (Parks) Green, also natives of Cumberland County. Mr. and Mrs. Cornman are members of the Reformed Church. Mr. Cornman has passed all the chairs in Masonry and all the chairs in the I. O. O. F., and is a member of the I. O. H. In politics he has always been a Democrat. John Cornman, the father of our subject, was born in North Middleton Township, this county, in 1788, and died in 1861. He was reared on a farm, but subsequently moved to Carlisle, where for years he was engaged in the hotel business. His marriage with Anna M. Wonderlich, of Cumberland County, was blessed with ten children, five now living: Ephralm, Ellen (who married Robert Harris), Frederick, Theodore, Joseph; those deceased are Daniel, Margaret (intermarried with John H. Fredrick), John, Alexander and Franklin. The father was a member of the Reformed Church, and the mother of the Lutheran. The father, John Cornman, was a son of Valentine Cornman, a native of Germany, who set- tled in Cumberland County In an early day and engaged in farming. WILLIAM W. DALE, M. D., Carlisle, stands prominent among the city's public- spirited citizens. He was born in Lancaster, Penn., a son of Col. Samuel and Elizabeth (Gundaker) Dale, the former of whom (Judge Dale), was among the many worthy public men of that locality, having served with distinction (holding colonelcy) in the war of 1812; seven years as a member of the Legislature of Pennsylvania; for many years associate judge of Lancaster, and in other worthy local official positions. At his death he left five sons, who have borne important parts in the public, social, and industrial lives of their localities. They are Judge M. G. Dale, of Edwardsville, 111. ; Col. Samuel F. Dale, of Franklin; James Dale, druggist, who died in Mechanicsburg, Penn.; Charles, and the subject of our sketch, who completed a good literarj' training m Lancaster County Acad- emy and Franklin College, and was graduated from the Jefferson Medical College, of Phila- delphia, in 1838. He then came to this county, and, after spending same years at Me- chanicsburg, andlatterly at New Kingston, removedhere in 1847, where he has contributed, in no small degree, to the advancement of professional work and to the development of the social and industrial life of Carlisle. JAMES RAMSAY DIXON, sheriff-elect of Cumberland County, and a resident of Carlisle, was born in Mount Holly, April 11, 1834, a son of David and Christina (Young) Dixon, the former a son of Andrew Dixon, a machinist, and a native of Scotland, who set- tled in Cumberland County, and who left two sons, David and James R. The subject of this sketch left his father's business (blacksmithing) to engage in butchering, with which he has since been successfully connected at this place. He married Mary J., daughter of Samuel and Charlotte Allgeir, the union being blessed with one son and three daughters: Ellen (deceased), Andrew (associated in business with his father), Laura (wife of Charles Meek, a merchant) and Ella. Mr. Dixon is a strong supporter of the Democratic party, and until the last convention, at which he was nominated and subsequently creditably elected to the sheriffalty of his county, he has always refused public office. He is a worthy Mason and a member of the Royal Arcanum. DR. JAMES 6. FICKEL, physician and surgeon, of Carlisle, has been identified with the city all his life. He was born at Petersburg, Adams County, September 14, 1853, and when three months old was brought by his parents, Benjamin F. and Lucy A. (Bender) Fickel, natives of Adams County, to York County. His father was a farmer and a miller, and his grandfather, Henry Fickel. was born in England, and soon after came with his parents to Adams County, where he carried on farming. Benjamin F. Fickel moved to York County in 1853, and his death occurred in Adams County. He and his wife were members of the Lutheran Church. Four children — two sons and two daughters — were horn to them, viz.: Dr. James G., Isabella, (wife of William Leer, a farmer in Latimore Town- ship, Adams County), Henry F. (a farmer, who married Miss Christiann Shank, of York County, daughter of Jacob and Harriet (Ernst) Shank); Ann L. (wife of Louis Arnold, a farmer of York County.) Dr. James G. Fickel, the subject of this sketch, attended school BOROUGH OF CARLISLE. 373 in York County until fifteen years old, when he went to New Berlin, Union Co., Penn., where he attended the Union Seminary for two years. Then he went to Philadelphia and entered the Hahnemann Medical College, from wliich institution he graduated in 1878. He then returned to Carlisle, where he has since been actively engaged in the practice of the profession. September 5, 1878, the Doctorwas married to Miss Ella ArnoM, who was born in York County, a daughter of Dr. George P. and Sarah (l^aw) Arnold. Mrs. Fickel died February 22, 1884, the mother of one child, Almeda J., and July 21, 1885, Dr. Fickel married Miss Mary A. Sierer, a native of Monroe Township, Cumberland Co., and daughter of Adam and Elizabeth (Niesly) Sierer. She is a member of the Lutheran Church. From time to time the Doctor's practice has steadily increased, and, although a young man, he now enjoys an extensive practice, having more than he can really attend to, the reward of study and honorable treatment of the people in general. Hi' enjoys the confidence and esteem of the community at large, among whom he is gaining prominence as a physician. ANTHONY FISHBURN, retired farmer, Carlisle, is a great-grandson of Philip Fisch- born, born in Plannich der Churfatz, Hessen-Darmstadt, Germany, May 7, 1722 and whO' immigrated to America and settled in Derry Township, Dauphin Co., Penn., in 1749. He married Miss Catherine E. Bretz, whose birth occurred September 27, 1724, and to them five sons and four daughters were born: Margaretta, John Philip, Ludweg, Peter, Magda- lena, Anthony, Dietrich, Catherine and Anna Maria. John Philip Pishburn was born in Derry Township, Dauphin Co., Penn., November 15, 1754, and was twice married; first, August 14, 1780, to Miss Barbara Greiner, who bore him six children, as follows: Cather- ine E., Magdalena, John, Anthony, Margaret and Anthony (second), two of whom only lived to maturity — John and Anthony (second). The mother died June 19. 1790. John Philip married, December 25, 1792, for his second wife Miss Anna M. Hack, who was born June 9, 1771, and became the mother of twelve children, ten of whom lived to be grown: Eve, Barbara. Jacob, Michael. Elizabeth. Benjamin, Jonas, Sophia, Thomas and Joshua. John, son of John Philip and Barbara (Greiner) Fishburn, was born in Derry Township, Dauphin Co., Penn., December 12, 1784; married Miss Catherine Carmana November 26, 1809, and to them were born six sons and four daughters (nine of whom lived to be men and women): Philip, John, Anthony, Barbara, Hannah C, Helena, Rudolph, Adam, Reu- ben and Maria. The father died April 11, 1861, and the mother, who was born April 9, 1791, died March 15, 1874. Anthony Fishburn, their son, and the subject of this sketch, removed with his parents from Dauphin County to this county in 1832, and settled in Dickinson Township. He was occupied at farming with his father until his marriage, February 15, 1842, with Miss Salome Ann Le Fevre, when he settled on his farm in Dickin- inson Township. She was born June 12, 1824, in West Pennsborough Township, being a daughter of Lawrence and Salome (Line) Le Fevre, the former of whom was born near Wrightsville, York Co., Penn., a son of George and Anna Barbara (Slaymaker) Le Fevre (the Slaymakers being of German and the Le Fevres of Freneh descent). George Le Fevre was a grandson of Isaac Le Fevre. a French Huguenot, who immigrated to America to escape religious persecution. He landed in Boston in 1708. and settled in Lancaster County, Penn., in 1712, having been married in France to Miss Catherine Fierre, a daugh- ter of Daniel and Maria (Warrenbuer) Fierre. Isaac Le Fevre, with his sons, came to Chester, now Lancaster County, and located near Strasburg, where some of their descendants still reside. Philip, Isaac Le Pevre's second son. born March 16, 1710, in Boston, had eight- children: Isaac, George, Adam, Jacob, Catherine, Esther, Eve and Elizabeth. George married Anna Barbara Slaymaker, who bore him twelve childrenr Elizabeth, Lawrence, Isaac, Mary, Jacob, George, Adam, Peter, Anna Barbara, Samuel, John and Daniel. Lawrence was married twice; first to Miss Veronica Alter, in May, 1792, and they had the following named children : Margaret and George died young, Jacob, Elizabeth, John, Isaac, Fannie, Esther, David Alter and Joseph Ritner. The mother died October 15, 1817. Lawrence Le Fevre married for his second wife Miss Salome Line, Oc- tober 29, 1822, and they had one daughter, Salome Ann. wife of Anthony Fishburn. To- our subject and wife have been born three children: Philip H., born January 23, 1843, and died February 11, 1845; Anna Maria, born January 19, 1851, died March 8, 1855; and Louisa Elbe, born December 26, 1860, resides at home with her parents. Mr. Fishburn retired from the farm March 19, 1885, and built his present brick residence on the south- east corner of Pomfret and West Streets. He is one of the representative men of Cum- berland County, with whose interests he has been identified since he was sixteen years of age, and stands high in the estimation of all as an upright citizen and Christian gentle- man. He and his wife are members of the Lutheran Church. ADAM PISHBURN, retired farmer, Carlisle, is a son of .Tohn and Catherine (Car- many) Fishburn, natives, the former of Dauphin County, and the latter of Lebanon County, Penn. Our subject is the fifth son, and eighth in a family of ten children, nine of , whom lived to be men and women, and was born three milfs east of Hummelstown, Dauphin Co., Penn., March 6, 1826. The family, in 1832, moved to this county, and settled on the farm in Dickinson Township now owned by Adam. Our subject remained on the homestead, attending school in the winter seasons, and at his father's death inher- ited the farm, where he remained until 1883, when he purchased his present property on 374 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: West South Street, Carlisle, building the house. Mr. Fishburn was twice married; first, January 26, 1854, to Miss Ellen J. Kenyon, a native of Dickinson Township, a daughter of Samuel M. and Sarah Jane (Kinkaid) Kenyon, and to this union was born, December 19, 1854, one son, Samuel K., now a resident of Dickinson Township, and engaged in farming on the old homestead. His marriage occurred April 15, 1879, with Miss Annie M. Lee, a native of Dickinson Township, and a daughter of Thomas and Elizabeth (Myers) Lee. Both are members of tlie church; he of the Lutheran, and she of the Epis- copal. They have two children: Mary L. and Fred C. The wife of our subject died De- cember 28, 1854, and Mr. Fishburn December 8, 1859, married Miss Catherine E. Heflel- bower, a native of Newton Township, but reared in West Pennsborough Township, a daugh- ter of George and Catherine (Au) HefEelbower, natives of Cumberland County. Two children were born to this union, both dying in infancy. Mr. Fishburn is one of the en- terprising, representative farmers, business men and citizens of the county, and stands high in the estimation of all as an honest man and a Christian gentleman. Both he and his wife are members of the Lulheran Church. JAMES K. FOREMAN, farmer and stock-dealer, Carlisle, is a native of Cumberland County, Penn., born in Southampton Township January 29, 1837, a son of Jacob W. and Catherine A. (Bughman) Foreman. Jacob W. was born and reared in Maryland, a son of Peter and Catherine (Heck) Foreman, who, too, were natives of Maryland, and all of whom settled in Southampton Township. Cumberland County, about the year 1829. Mrs. Jacob W. Foreman was a daughter of Henry and Catherine (Russell) Bughman, her father being one of the first Methodists in Southampton Township, and who assisted in organizing the first Methodist Episcopal Church in that section. He was of German parentage, and a na- tive of Lancaster County. His wife, a native of Ireland, came to Cumberland County when a girl, with her brother, John Russell, and her sisters Polly and Martha. Jacob W. Foreman and wife had nine children: Catherine (deceased), married Benjamin Baxter; George Keyner, a farmer of Southampton Township; James Kelso; Rachael, wife of Ja- cob H. Rebuck; Samuel (deceased); Joseph W., who resides on the old homestead; Mar- tha (deceased wife of Henry Hoch); Isabelle, wife of Calvin B. Little, stock-dealer in Southampton Township; Gorilla, wife of Hiram Highlands, forwarding merchant and farm- er of Leesburg. Our subject learned the carpeuter's trade with his father, which he fol- lowed, contracting and building until 1870, when he was elected sheriff of Cumberland County, and moved to Carlisle. He performed the duties of his office three years, since which time he has been engaged in farming and dealing in stock. July 39, 1858. he was married to Miss Margaret Atlierton, a native of Shippensburg, and daughter of Henry and Mary (Culp) Atherton, and granddaughti-r of Jacob Gulp, and to them have been born eight children: Lilly, Nannie J., wife of Harry Spangler, an engineer in the United States Navy; Jacob H., a clerk in the Farmers Bank of Carlisle; Kattie, wife of Harry Hertz- ler, a liveryman of Carlisle; Vermont, M. Blanch, Frank (Miss) and Malon Sydney. Mr. Foreman is one of the representative citizens of Cumberland County, with whose inter- ests he has been identified a lifetime. FRANKLIN GARDNER, proprietor of the Letort Axle Works, Carlisle, was born in York County, Penn., December 11, 1830, a son of Martin and Mary (Thomas) Gardner, both of worthy German ancestry of York County. At the age of twenty Franklin came here, where he learned the business with which he has since been very worthily connect- ed. He married, here, Sarah Jane, daughter of Jacob and Mary (Hager) Abrahims, who came from Lancaster County here, the union being blessed with five sons and five daugh- ters: Carrie is the widow of William Maize, Esq., and has two sons and two daughters; Annie is the wife of H. L. Bowman, of Philadelphia, and has one son; Edward J. is su- perintendent of the Carlisle Manufacturing Company; Alice is the wife of Jacob R. Bee- tem, of Columbia, Penn. ; John H. is associated in business witb his father, and has a daughter; Laura, the youngest, is at home. They have buried William, Martin M., Sal- lie and Charles. Mr. Gardner has been a worthy member of the First Lutheran Church for over thirty-five years, and is at present a member of its vestry. He Is an Odd Fellow, in good standing; is a member of the board of directors of the Gas & Water Company, of Carlisle, as also of the Carlisle Manufacturing Company. He has always led an honora- ble life in his business, and has the pleasure of seeing his children worthy members of so- ciety and well associated in business. GEORGE GIBSON, third son of Chief Justice Gibson, of Pennsylvania, and grand- son of Col. George Gibson, of Revolutionary fame, who was killed at St. Clair's defeat, was born at Carlisle, Penn., April 4, 1826, and received his education at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Penn. April, 1853, saw him appointed a military storekeeper in the Quarter- master Department of the Army, which position he retained until May, 1867, rendering service in the Quartermaster General's office at Washington, also at Albuquerque, New Mexico, Schuylkill Arsenal, Philadelphia, when he was appointed a captain in the Eleventh Regular Infantry, and assigned temporarily to duty in Washington as approving officer of requisitions made upon the clothing, camp and garrison equipage by the troops congre- gated about that city. June, 1863, saw him serving with his regiment in the field (Army of the Potomac), being shortly afterward assigned to duty with Gen. Sykes as commissary BOROUGH OF CARLISLE. 375 of musters and inspector-general of the Fifth Corps. He also served as acting assistant inspector-general of the provisional brigade at Gen. Meade's headquarters, rejoining his regiment at Richmond at the conclusion of the war, upon its being assigned to the duty of garrisoning that city. Here he was placed in cliarge of all matters pertaining to the colored people of that city and the adjoining county of Henrico, and shortly afterward was made acting assistant inspector-general of the Department of Virginia, under Gen. Terry, and of the First Military District of Richmond, Va., under Gen. Schofleld. While serving in the latter capacity he was temporarily placed in command of the sub-district of Ft. Monroe, comprising that post, as well as Norfolli, Camp Hamilton and Yorlitown. January, 1868, he was promoted major of the First Infantry, and placed on duty, by orders of the Secretary of War, in the War Department, as recorder of a board of claims. June, 1869, saw him assigned to the Fifth Infantry and command of Ft. Hays, Kas., being shortly afterward placed on duty at Ft. Leavenworth, under Gen. Pope, as acting assistant inspector-general. Department of the Missouri. From this place he was transferred, by orders of the War Department, to Memphis, Tenn., as a disbursing officer, under direction of the adjutant-general of the army, where he continued until July, 1876, when he was gaced in command of the cantonment on Tongue River, M. T. (afterward Isnown as Ft. K!eogh), where he remained up until the time of his promotion as lieutenant-colonel of the Third Infantry (March 20, 1879), when he was assigned to the command of Ft. Missoula, M. T. Here he remained until his final promotion to the colonelcy of his old regiment, the Fifth Infantry, at Ft. Keogh, August 1, 1886, at which place he is now serving. ROBERT GiVIN (deceased), late banker and manufacturer of Carlisle, was a native of Cumberland County, born at Carlisle June 11, 1810, son of James and Amelia (Steele) Givin, former a native of Coleraine, Ireland, and the latter of Cumberland County, Penn, James Given was for many years a dry goods merchant of Carlisle. Our subject received his ed- ucation in his native village, and January 13, 1841, was married to Miss Sarah H. Gibson, at Romney, W. Va., the place of her birth. Her parents were David and Eliza (Armstrong) Gibson, natives, he of Winchester, W. Va., and she of the vicinity of Romney, W. Va. David Gibson was a merchant and farmer. After the marriage of our subject and wife they moved to Mount Holly Springs, in Cumberland Co., Penn., where Mr. Givin, with others, had established the Mount Holly Paper Mills, of which company he was I)resident from its organization until his death, which occurred February 9, 1879, at Car- lisle, to which point he had previously removed. At the organization of the Farmers Bank, Mr. Givin became its president, and remained as such until his death. The chil- dren born to Mr. and Mrs. Givin were David Gibson Givin, who died when a young man; James (deceased); Samuel G. (deceased), who married Miss Ella Mark; Robert H., and Amelia S., who resides with her mother. Mr. Givin was an active, energetic business man and citizen, always taking special interest in anything that promised progress to his coun- ty. He was a man of the highest honor, enjoying the confidence and respect of all. As a friend, neighbor and citizen he possessed all the noblest qualities. His widow lives in her elegant residence in the Farmers Bank building. She and her daughter are members of the Second Presbyterian Church. BENJAMIN K. GOODYEAR, deputy clerk and recorder, Carlisle, is a native of Cumberland County, born in Shippensburg December 25, 1836, a son of David and Anna (Kenower) Goodyear, both natives of South Middleton Township, Cumberland County; former a pump manufacturer, who, in 1840, moved to Adams County, where he opened a hotel at Graeffenburg Springs. Tliey had nine children: Mary A., wife of Oliver P. Mel- horn, an engineer, killed at Middletown by an expiosion in tube works; Regina C, mar- ried to G. E. W. Sharretts, a clerk in the treasury department at Washington, D. C, since 1856; Benjamin K. ; Naoma J., married Joseph S. Ewry, a business man of Lafayette, Ind. ; Corella E., widow of Jacob Weigle, who was a blacksmith and machinist; Cordelia R , wife of William Wormley, a merchant of Lafayette. Ind.; Eliza, deceased; Hadessa, wife of William Barber, a farmer near Martinsburg, W. Va. ; Henrietta F., unmarried, and residing at Shippensburg. Benjamin K., until sixteen years of age, attended school in Adams County and in the city of Lancaster; then spent two years in the preparatory department of Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster. He then began the study of law in the office of Stumbaugh & Carlisle, at Chambersburg, and was there admitted to the bar in 1861. That same year he went to Carlisle, was admitted to the courts of the county in November, and continued practice until August, 1862, when he enlisted as a pri- vate in Company A, One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry; was wounded at the battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 13, 1863, by a gunshot in the right shoulder, which caused a compound fracture of the clavicle. He was sent to Point Lookout Hospital, Maryland, where he remained three weeks, and was two months at Stanton Hospital, Washington, D. C. In April, 1863, he was mustered out of the service and returned to Cumberland County, where he engaged in teaching school until the spring of 1864. He then assisted in raising Company G of the Two Hundred and Second Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, in which he enlisted in August, 1864 {refusing to accept a commission), and remained in the service until the close of the war. After that he was for a time engaged in teaching school at Shippensburg, and for three 376 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: years acted as agent for the Adams Express Company at that place; then came to Carlisle, and was appointed deputy sherifE under James K. Foreman, serving as such until 1874. In that year he moved to Pine Grove Furnace, and tooli charge of the company's store for the South Mountain Iron Company, where lie remained until the works closed in Novem- ber of that year; then located in Sliippenaburg, and, in connection with his brother-in- law, Samuel R. Murray, established the Democratic CAroajWc, which they conducted until 1878, when Mr. Goodyear purchased Ins partner's interest, and some two months later dis- posed of the paper to Alonzo P. Orr. From January 1, 1877, until January 1, 1880, Mr. Good- year acted as deputy to D. H. Gill, then sherifE of the county; at the expiration of which time he took charge of the Antietam Iron Works near Sharpsburg, Md., serving in that capacity until April 1, 1884. He next took charge of the Codorous Flint Mill, in York County, until September 15, 1884, when the property changed hands, and he returned to Carlisle. January 5, 1885, he was appointed deputy clerk and recorder under John Zinn, which position he still holds. December 34, 1868, Mr. Goodyear was married to Cecelia F. Steinraau, of Shippensburg, a native of that place, and a daughter of Adolphus Stein- man. The children of our subject and wife are William A., Anna M. and Oro B. Mr. Goodyear is a member of Cumberland Lodge, No. 90, I. O. O. F., of Shippensburg, and a member of Capt. Colwell Post, No. 301, G. A. R. Mrs. Goodyear is a member of the German Reformed Church of Shippensburg. Our subject never identified himself with any Church. HON. WILLIAM RITTENHOUSE GORGAS, now of Harrisburg, is a native of Cumberland County, born on the homestead in Lower Allen Township, May 8, 1806, a son of Hon. Solomon Gorgas, a native of Bphratah, Lancaster Co., Penn., born January 23, 1764, the eldest of three sons and one daughter, viz.: Solomon, Jacob, Joseph, and Maria, who married Hon. Charles Gleim, of Lebanon County, Penn. The father of Hon. Solomon Gorgas was Jacob Gorgas, a native of Germantown, Philadelphia Co., Penn., whose father, John Gorgas, emigrated from Holland about the year 1700, and located at Germantown. John Gorgas was naturalized by an act of the Legislature in about 1708 or 1709. Jacob when a young man located at Ephratah^ where he married a Miss Mack, and to them were born the four children named above. He was a clock-maker and farmer. Solomon, his eldest son, who, too, was a watch and clock-maker, was married to Miss Catherine Fahnestock, a native of Chester County, Penn., and to them were born four sons and three daughters: Daniel F., born September 30, 1793. died January 17, 1848; Christina, born July 37, 1794, died September 31, 1804; Mary, born July 7, 1797. married to Peter Bernhart, and died June 17, 1875; Sally, born January 19, 1800, married to Sam- uel Bowman, and died in August, 1878; William R. ; Joseph M., born June 13. 1809, and died May 13, 18.53: and Solomon Perry, born August 31, 1815, now a resident of Mechan- icsburg. The father, in 1804, removed to Cumberland County, locating in Lower Allen Township, and kept the first tavern and store in that section of the country. He was a man of sound judgment, and was practical, being self-made and self-educated. In 1831- 23 he served as a member of the Legislature from Cumberland County, being a Democrat in politics. His death occurred September 21, 1838, and that of his widow August 9, 1853. Both were identified with the German Seventh-day Baptist Church. Our subject grew up on a farm and worked with his father until thelatter's death, obtaining such schooling as the neighborhood afforded, when he took charge of the farm. Beginning with the year 1836, he was three successive times elected a Democratic member of the Legislature from Cumberland County, being a member during the celebrated " Buck-shot war." In 1842 he was elected a member of the State Senate, and served for a period of three years, after which he returned to his farm. Mr. Gorgas was one of the original members and directors of the Merkel, Mumma & Co. Bank, which became a State Bank, and finally the present First National Bank of Mechanicsburg, of which he is still a director. Since 1845 he has been a director of the Harrisburg National Bank, and of the Harrisburg Bridge, Company. He is a director of the Harrisburg Market Company and the City Railway Company, and president of the Harrisburg Burial Case Company; and also presi- dent of the Allen and East Pennsborough Fire Insurance Company. In 1877 Mr. Gorgaa moved to Harrisburg, and in 1883 he received the Democratic nomination, by his party in that city, as their representative to the State Legislature, and, notwithstanding the city was Republican by a majority of 500, he was only defeated by eighty-eight votes. March 5, 1840, Mr. Gorgas was married to Miss Elizabeth Hummel, of Harrisburg, a native of that city, and a daughter of David and Susan (Kunljel) Hummel, and to this union have been born eight children: David H.,who died at the age of sixteen years; Kate F., unmar- ried; Susan K., who died at the age of five years; William L., now a clerk in the Harris burg National Bank; Mary E.. unmarried; Solomon R., a physician and surgeon, who gradu- ated at Jefferson Medical College, and was resident physician at the Philadelphia Hospi- tal eighteen months; Elizabath E., who died at the age of nine years; and George, a drug- gist, of Harrisburg, and a graduate of the College of Pharmacy, Philadelphia. JAMBS HUTCHINSON GRAHAM, LL.D. The subject of this sketch was of Scotch-Irish descent. He was born September 10, 1807, on the paternal domain granted his great-grandfather Jared Graham, by Thomas and Richard Penn, in 1734. James Gra- BOROUGH OF CARLISLE. 377 ham, the grandfather of James H., built the log house on the site of which the latter was born, and which was used as a refuge against the Indians by the early settlers. James Graham had five sous: Jared, Thomas, Arthur, Isaiah, (the father of James H.) and James. Isaiah G-raham was a man of very strong mind, a leading politician of tlie State, and for many years a ruling elder in Big Spring Church. He was elected to the Senate in 1811,and re-elected. He was appointed associate judge by Gov. Findlay in 1817, and filled the position until his death in 1835. James Hutcuinson Graham received •his preparatory training for college at Gettysburg Academy under Dr. McConaughy, en- tered Dickinson College as a member of the junior class and graduated with honor in 1827. He studied law with Andrew Carothers, Esq., then-the leader of the Carlisle bar, and was admitted to practice in November, 1839. He was a careful and laborious student, patient and painstaking in his investigation of questions, and he soon acquired a large and lucrative practice. In 1839 he was appointed deputy attorney -general for Cumberland County, a position he filled for six years, declining a reappointment. In 1850 he was elected, on the Democraiic ticl^et, president judge of the Ninth Judicial District composed of the counties of Cumberland, Perry and Juanita, and re-elected for a second term in 1860. His service on the bench during a period of great political excitement marked him as one of the foremost jurists of his State. In 1862 Dickinson College conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Laws, and he was chosen professor of law in that institution, a position he occupied at his death in 1882. Judge Graham was a very useful man in the community in which he lived. He was one of the earliest members of the Second Presbyterian Church of Carlisle, and was for many years president of its board of trustees. He was a director and president of the Carlisle Deposit Bank until his elevation to the bench, and filled many trusts with scrupulous fidelity and honor. The high esteem in which he was held by the bar is well expressed in the resolution presented by Hon. Lemuel Todd at the meeting of the bar on the occassion of his death: "That the purity and consistency of his life in all its relations, his firm and conscientious performance of all personal, pro- fessional and judicial obligations, and his modest and unpretentious conduet and deport- ment were so marked and real as to challenge and possess the respect and esteem of the bar and all who were associated with him." Judge Graham left a large family to sur- vive him, among whom are Lieut. Samuel L. Graham, United States Navy, Frank Gordon Graham of the Kansas City Times, and Duncan M. Graham, Esq., of the Car- lisle bar. MARTIN GUSWILER, Carlisle, collector of internal revenue for the Ninth District, Pennsylvania (residence Mechanicsburg), is a native of Cumberland County, born in Meohanicsburg, December 31, 1846, a descendant of two of the oldest families of Cumber- land County, and of the State. His great-grandfather, John Guswiler, immigrated to America from Germany at an early day and settled at Shiremanstown, and his son, John, a farmer, was born in Cumberland County; married a Miss Rupp, and settled near Shire- manstown. He had two sons, John and Martin, the latter of whom was a physician and married Miss Mary Eberly, to whom was born one son. Van, who married a daughter of Judge Fisher, of York County. John Guswiler, father of the subject of our sketch, was a coach-builder in Mechanicsburg, and established the present coach and carriage works of George Schroeder & Sons, of that place. His death occurred in California, in 1849 or 1850, while prospecting. His wife was Miss Elizabeth Singiser, of Mechanicsburg, daugh- ter of George and Mary (Halbert) Singiser. To them were born three sons, two of whom died young. After the death of Mr. Guswiler, the widow married Maj. Samuel B. King, of Mechanicsburg, late of the firm of Miller & King, manufacturers of sashes and doors. Our subject, who was about five years of age at the time of his father's death, was schooled in the piaoe'of his nativity, graduating at the high school when nineteen, and soon there- after was engaged in a cigar manufactory in the same place, wliich claimed his attention until 1863. In that year he enlisted as a private in Company D, One Hundred and Twen- tieth Regiment Pennsylvania Cavalry, under Capt. Singiser. He was made sergeant of the company, and served with the command until the expiration of his term of service in 1864 when he returned to Mechanicsburg and resumed his former business, which he fol- lowed until 1876, when he was elected register of deeds by the people of Cumberland County, carrying his town by over a hundred majority, notwithstanding he was a Demo- crat. This position he retained three years and returned to Mechanicsburg, where he was engaged in the wholesale tobacco business until January, 1882, when he became deputy sheriff of Cumberland County, under George B. Eyster, and served as such until July 4, 1885 when he was appointed collector of internal revenue for the Ninth District of Penn- sylvania, which position he still retains. Mr. Guswiler was three successive times elected to the office of chief burgess of Mechanicsburg, notwithstanding the fact that it is Repub- lican- he also held the offices of councilman and judge of elections. His marriage with Miss Eliza M. Allen took place al Mechanicsburg, in November, 1865. She was a native of Newberry, York County, a daughter of Michael and Margaret (Eply) Allen, natives of York County, and residents of Mechanicsburg (the father a retired shoe manufacturer). To our subject and wife five sons have been born: George M., John, Martin, Jr., Frank B. and Mervin. Mr. Guswiler is an active and energetic business man, and has the confl- S78 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES : dence and respect of the community at large. He has been a member of the Democratic standing committee of Mechanicburg since 1866, and was in 1879 and 1883 sent as a dele- gate to the State convention. JOHN" HAYS, president of the Carlisle Deposit Bank, and a prominent and successful member of the bar, is a descendant of ihe Hays and Blaine families, two of the oldest and most prominent in the State. His paternal great-grandfather, Adam Hays, was a descend- ant of a Holland family, who immigrated to America at an early day, and who became members of the Swedish settlement at New Castle on the Delaware. Adam Hays was born at New Castle, and immigrated to Cumberland County, Penn., and settled on the north bank of the Conodoguinet Creek, in Frankford Township, in 17.30. His sons, Adam and Joseph (the latter the grandfather of our subject), were born in Cumberland County. Joseph married and had three sons: Adam, John and Joseph. John was born in August, 1794; was a farmer in early life, and at thirty years of age engaged in the iron trade. He married twice: first, Misa Jane Pattieson, of Cumberland County. They had one daughter, Annie E. (She also married twice; her first husband was Lieut. Richard West, a nephew of United States Judge Taney; her second husband was Lieut.-Col. J. W. T. Garder.) Mrs. Jane (Pattieson) Hays died in 1823 or 1823, and Mr. Hays married Mrs. Eleanor B. Wheaton, a daughter of Robert Blaine. She was a grand-daughter of Col. Ephraim Blaine, of Cumberland County, who was born in Ireland, and came with his parents to Cumber- land Colinty in 1745, when he was but a year old. Col. Ephraim Blaine was a prominent man and served his county and country. He was a friend and confidant of Washington, and was sheriff of Cumberland County in 1771, and during the Revolution was deputy commissary-general with the rank of colonel. Mr. and Mrs. John Hays were members of the Presbyterian Church. He died April 29, 1854, and she January 9, 1839. They had two sons and one daughter: Robert Blaine Hays, Mary "Wheaton Hays ( who married Richard O. MuUikin, of Baltimore), and John Hays, the subject of our sketch. The last named graduated from old Dickinson College in the class of 1857, and that year entered the law office of Hon. R. M. Henderson, and was admitted to the bar of Cumberland County in August, 1859. In 1862 Mr. Hays entered Company A, One Hundred and Thir- ' tieth Volunteer Infantry; was promoted first lieutenant, then adjutant of the regiment, and then adjutant-general of a brigade. He was mustered out May 1, 1863. He was wounded in the right shoulder at Chancellorsville by a musket ball, and had seven other balls that cut his clothing and killed his horse under him. He was in the battles of An- tietam and Fredericksburg. The Second Corps, of which his regiment was a part, lost 5,500 men at Antietam. The entire regiment was commanded by the gallant Col. H. I. Zinn, as the regiment was not organized at the time and had no field or staff ofiBcers. At Fred- ericksburg Col. Zinn lost his life. After his regiment was mustered out. Mr. Hays re- turned to Carlisle and formed his present partnership with his preceptor, Hon. R. M. Hen- derson. Mr. Hays married Miss Jane Van Ness Smead, August 8, 1865. She was born in the city of New York, a daughter of Capt. R. C. Smead and Sarah (RadclifEe) Smead. Her father was a graduate of West Point, and captain in the Mexican war. He died of yellow fever while on his way home at the close of the war. Capt. John R. Smead, broth- er to Mrs. Hays, was in command of a battery in the battle of the second Bull Run, where he was killed Our subject and wife are members of the Presbyterian Church at Carlisle, and have two sons and three daughters: Anna A., Elizabeth S., George M., Raphael S. and Eleanor B. Mr. Hays is a prominent and successful business man. He is a Republican, and was a delegate to the National Convention in 1880. He was one of the original trus- tees and mainly instnimental in the management of the building of the Metzgar Institute of Carlisle, of which his uncle, George Metzgar, was the founder. Mr. Hays is a member of the board of directors of the Carlisle Gas & Water Company; vice-president and chair- man of the executive committee for the Carlisle Manufacturing Company. JACOB HEMMINGER, county treasurer, Carlisle, was born on the homestead farm in South Middleton Township, Cumberland County, July 1, 1838. His grandfather, John Hemminger, emigrated from Germany to Lancaster County, Penn., when a young man, and married Miss Barbara Rhemm, of that county, and to them were born three sons and one daughter: John, Jacob, Samuel and Nancy; the latter married to George Stubbs, of Cumberland County, in 1800. John, the eldest son of John and Barbara (Rhemm) Hem- minger, married Miss Eliza Heagy, and settled on the old farm two miles and a half west of Carlisle, where were born their twelve children, viz.: Jane A., wife of Lafayette Pfef- fer, of Dickinson Township; John a farmer near Waynesboro, Franklin County; Sarah (unmarried), of Carlisle; Samuel (deceased); Catherine, wife of J. E. B. Graham (they re- side near Lincoln, Neb.); William, who died in 1873 (his widow resides in Newville); Joseph, who died in 1883 (his widow resides in Dickinson Township); Mary, the wife of William McCullough, a resident of near Shippensburg, Cumberland County; Hettie, wife of Joseph Beetem, of Carlisle; Jacob, of Carlisle; George, M. D., of Carlisle; and Susan- nah (unmarried), of Carlisle. Jacob Hemminger, when a youth, worked on bis father's farm, and received such schooling as is generally given to farmers' sons. January 22, 1863, he was married to Miss Ellen Drawhaugh, a native of Cumberland County, and a daughter of George and Barbara (Bloser) Drawbaugh, old settlers of the same county. BOROUGH OF CARLISLE. 379' Our subject was engaged in farming until 1868, when lie opened a general store at Mount Holly Springs, and, in 1870, was elected auditor of Cumberland County. In 1872 he re- turned to his farm, and there remained, when he again removed to Carlisle, and engaged in merchant tailoring and general mercantile business, in connection with real estate and auctioneering; the mercantile business he closed out in 1881, and to the other department added fire insurance. In 1884 he was elected treasurer of Cumberland County. To Mr. and Mrs. Hemminger have been born four children: Sarah E., Wilmer A., Charles P. and John R. The parents are members of the Lutheran Church. Mr. Hemmina-er is a mem- ber of the K. of P. GEORGE HEMMINGER, M. D., physician and surgeon, Carlisle, is a native of Cum- berland County, Penn., born on his father's farm two and one-half miles west of Carlisle, September 8, 1840. His parents were John and Eliza (Heagy) Hemminger, the latter a daughter of John and Eliza Heagy. John Hemminger was also the name of the grand- father of the Doctor, and for his history, with that of his son John and family, the reader is referred to the sketch of Jacob Hemminger. Our subject grew up on the farm, and re- ceived the rudiments of an education in the neighborhood schools. In 1861 he entered Pennsylvania College as a freshman, and one year later passed examination for the sopho- more class. In August, 1862, he, in company with seven of his classmates, went to Har- risburg, where, on the 16th of that month, they enlisted in Company B, One Hundred - and Thirty-eighth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers. George was assigned to the Mid- dle Department with duty at the Relay House, Maryland, where he remained until June 16, 1863. He was in the Second Brigade, Third Division and Corps (in June), escorting stores to Washington, D. C. From the 1st to the 5th of July he was at Wapping Heights, Va. ; July 23, he was at Kelly's Ford; November 7, at Brandy Station; November 8, at Mine Run; from November 26 to December 2, at Locust Grove. In March, 1864, he was in th& Sixth Corps, same brigade and division; May 5 and 7 he was at the battle of the Wilderness; at Spottsylvania, from the 12th to the 19th of May; Cold Harbor, 1st to 3d of June; at the Trenches, Bermuda Hundred, June 17; destruction of the Weldon Rail- road June 32, 33; Monocacy, Md., July 9; February 17, 1865, in prison at Danville;^ next to Libby prison, Richmond, until March 25, when paroled and returned to the regi- ment April 10. He then marched to Danville, and thence with the army of Gen. Sher- man to Washington, D. C, where he was in the grand review June 8. 1865. Returning to Carlisle, he entered Dickinson College, where he pursued his studies one year; then read medicine under Dr. J. J. Gitzer; later he passed one term in the medical department of the University at Ann Arbor, Mich., and entered the College of Medicine at Detroit, Mich., from which institution he was graduated in 1869. After his graduation he located at Newville, and there practiced his profession six years. From there he went to the city of Baltimore, Md., and formed a partnership with his old preceptor, Dr. J. J. Gitzer, with whom he remained until the fall of 1875, when he returned to Carlisle, and has here since been actively engaged in the practice of medicine. February 11, 1871, the Doctor married Miss Annie Powell, a native of Maryland, a daughter of Col. Samuel R. and Mary A. (Kelly) Powell, of Baltimore. To Dr. Hemminger and wife one son, George R., was born at Newville, Cumberland Co., Penn., April 25,1873. Dr. Hemminger stands high as a physician and a citizen. He was a member of the Cumberland County Medical Society. He is a member of the A. F. & A. M. HON. ROBERT M. HENDERSON, was born March 11, 1827, in the same house where his father was born, on what is now known as the McDowell or Miller farm, one mile east of Carlisle, Penn. In 1882 his parents moved to the old farm on which his fa- ther still resides, a part of which is now in the borough of Carlisle. Our subject worked on his father's farm, and was one of the first to graduate in 1838 from the high school of Carlisle under the present common school system. In 1845 he graduated from Dickinson College, studied law with Hon. John Reed, and was admitted to the bar August 35, 1847, and at once began the practice of his profession in Carlisle. In 1851 he was elected, by the Whigs of Cumljerland County, a member of the Pennsylvania Legislature, and re- elected in 1852. He was appointed additional law judge of the Twelfth Judical District of Pennsylvania, in April, 1874, and was elected to the same office without opposition, in November of the same year. January 1, 1883, he became president judge of the dis- trict. In March, 1883. he resigned this position and resumed the practice of law in Car- lisle. At the outbreak of the Rebellion he raised Company A, Seventli Pennsylvania In- fantry Volunteer Reserves, and was elected and commissioned captain of this company, April 21, 1861. He served through the Peninsular Campaign, and was wounded in the left shoulder by a minie ball, at Charles City Cross Roads, Va., June 30, 1862. July 4, 1863 he was promoted lieutenant-colonel of the Seventh Regiment Pennsylvania Infantry Vol- unteer Reserves, and returned with his regiment from the Peninsula, when the reserves joined the Army of Northern Virginia under Gen. Pope. The regiment remained with that command, was engaged in the second battle of Bull Run,:and during the battle, on the eve of August 30, 1862, while making a charge. Col. Henderson was shot through the body with a minie ball, and carried from the field. He rejoined his command January 2, 1863, at Belle Plain, and remained with his regiment until May 1, 1863, when he was 380 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: appointed provost-marshal of the Nineteenth District of Pennsylvania, under an act of Congress, and lield that position until the close of llie war. March 13, I860, he was made brevet colonel and brevet brigadier-general for services and gallantry on the Peninsula dur- ing the seven dnys flglils and Ht the second Bull Run. Judge Henderson, as a soldier, judge and citizen always discharged the duties imposed upon him faithfully. He and his wife are members of the First Presbyterian Churcli, of which for many years he has been trustee. In 1871 he was elected ruling elder in the church, which position he still retains. Judge Henderson married June 7, 1853, at Baltimore, Md., Miss Margaret A. Webster, a native of Baltimore, a daughter of John S. and Elizabeth (Thornl)urg) Webster, natives of Maryland and of English descent. Mr. and Mrs. Henderson have five children: William M., a miller and merchant of Carlisle; John Webster, attorney and partner in the oflSce of Henderson & Hays; Margaret T.. residing at home with her parents; Elizabeth P., wife of H. C. McKnight, a wholesale merchant of Pitt-^l)urgh, and Rebecca, at home. William M. Henderson, father of the judge, was born May 28. 1795, and is still living at the advanced age of ninety-one years, possessed of ail his faculiies. He is a son of .Matthew and Margaret (Miller) Henderson, natives of Pennsylvania. Matthew Henderson moved to Perry County, where he died near Gibson's Rock. William M. Henderson worked at milling and farming all his life. He married Elizabeth Parker of Cumberland County, a daughter of Andrew and Margaret (Williams) Parker, Scotch Presbyterians and early settlers of CumberUind Countv. JUDGE MARTIN C. HERMAN, attorney at law. Carlisle, was born on the old family homestead near the village of New Kingston, Silver Spring Township, this county, February 14, 1841. This farm was purchased in 1771, by his great-grandfather, Martin Herman, who was born in Germany, and when a young man immigrated to America, land- ing in Philadelphia in 1754, where he remained a few years; then moved to Lancaster County, Penn., where he married Miss Anna Dorothea Boerst, and engaged in farming until 1771, when he purchased the old farm in Silver Spring Township, this county, where he died in 1804, aged seventy-two years. He and his wife, members of the Lutheran Church, had four sons and four daughters. The sons were Christian, John, Jacob and Martin. Christian was born in Lancaster County, Penn., Octolier 20, 1761, and died October 23, 1829. He was a farmer; a soldier in the war of the Revolution, he fought in the army under Washington at the battle of Germanlown, passed through the trials and suf- ferings at Valley Forge, and participated in the important engagements of this branch of the Continental Army up to the siege of Yorktown, being present at the surrenderor Corn- wallis. He married Miss Elizabeth Bowers, of York County, Penn., in 1793. They were members of the Lutheran Church; had a family of eleven children, eight of whom lived to be men and women and had families, the sons being: Joilin, Jacol). Martin, Christian and David; the daughters were Mary (married to Michael G. Beizhoover); Anna (married to Dr. Jacob Bosler, of Dayton, <.)hio), and Eliza (married to Abram Bosler, of this county). Martin Herman, by occupation a farmer, was born on the old farm in Silver Spring Township, this county, July 10, 1801, and inherited the farm by will from his father. Chris- tian Hi'rman, and died May 22, 1873. He married in February, 1827, Miss Elizabeth Wol- ford, who was born in 1803, in York County, Penn., a daughter of the Hon. Peter and Elizabeth (Albert) Wnlford, former of whom was a prominent man of York County, Penn., having represented that county in the Legisliiture. Mr. and Mrs. Martin Herman were members of the Lutheran Church. She died July 30, 18.53. They had six children: Margaret, wife of Ezra M. Myers, of Adams County, Penn. ; Margery 'A., wife of the Rev. A. W. Lilly, of York, York Co., Penn.; .Vlary J., wife of Crawford Fleming, of Carlisle; P. Wolford, a farmer, who owns and resides on the old farm in Silver Spring Township, this county; Martin C, our subject; and David B., born December 39, 1844, killed by hostile Indians on the North Platte River, Neb., May 30 1876, while he was in charge of a cattle ranch. He was a member of the Cumberland County bar, admitted in 1867. Judge Martin C. Herman, our subject, worked on the old farm with his father, and attended school during the winters, until the age of sixteen. He t len entered the academy at York, Penn., presided over by George W. Ruby, and remained there until the close of ther summer term of 1858. He then entered the freshman class of Dickinson College, in September, 1858. from which he graduated June 36, 1863. In his junior year at this insti- tution he took the silver medal for oratory at the junior prize contest, and on June 24, 1863, delivered the seventy-sixth anniversary address of the Belles-Lettres Society; but prior to this, in January, 1868, he registered "as a law student in the office of B. Mclntire <& Son. at Blootn eld, P rry Cnunty, Penn. In April, 1863, he transferred his registry as a student of law to William H. Miller, of Carlisle; studied law with him, and was admi' ted to the bar of Cumberland County, .fanuary 13, 1864; began the practice of law in Carlisle, and has been actively engaged in that profession ever since. He was elected by the people of Cumberland County president judge of the Ninth Judicial District, composed of the county of Cumberland, at the general election of 1874, at that time being not quite thirty- four years of age. He took the bench on the first Monday of January. 1875, and served for ten years until the first Monday of January, 1885. Was renominated by acclamation in August, 1884. He was married June 5, 1873, to Miss Josie Adair, a native of Cumberland BOROUGH OF CARLISLE. 381 County, Penn., and a dauehter of S. Dunlap Adair (deceaaed), at one time a brilliant and leading lawyer of the Cumberland County bar, and who married Miss Henrietta Gray, daughter of John Gray, of Carlisle. Mr. and Mrs. Herman have four children: Adiiir, Henrietta G., Joseph B. and Bessie H. Mrs. Herman is a member of St. John's Episcopal Church, and the Judge is one of the vestrymen,. He is not only a representa- tive of one of the oldest and best families of Cumberland County, with which he has been identified all his life, but is one of the self-made men, standing at the head of his profes- sion, and having the confidence and esteem of all. ALFRED J. HERMAN, M. D., physician and surgeon, Carlisle, was horn near Potts- town, Montgomery Co., Penn., in May, 1815, a son of Frederick L. and Mary (File) Her- man; former a native of Germany, latter of New Jersey. Frederick L., when a young man, was sent to America as a missionary of the Reformed Church, of which he was a minister. Eight sons and five daughters were born to Frederick L. and Mary Herman, Alfred J. being next to the youngest son. Our subject, until sixteen years of age, at- tended the college at Pottstown, which had been established by his father for the educa- tion of young men for the ministry; then began the study of medicine with Dr. David Rutter, of Pottstown, who, some two years and a half later, received a professorship at Chi- cago, and young Herman then accepted a partnership with Dr. 81emm,a physician of Kutz- town, Berks County, Penn., and in 1846 was graduated from the University of Medicine at Philadelphia. He practiced medicine in connection with his partner at Kutztown until the fall of 1846, when he settled in Middlesex, Cumberland County, where he remained some four years; then located at Sterrett's Gap with the intention of establishing a hydro- pathic institution, but was kept too busy with his patients. In 1852 he located in Carlisle, where he has since followed his profession. At the organization of the Cumberland County Medical Society, Dr. Herman took an active part, and has since taken a deep in- terest inits success. He has served as its resident physician, and otherwise officiated in its meetings. In January, 1886, he was elected an honorary member of the society. He is also a member of the State Medical Society of Pennsylvania, and a life member of the American Medical Association, to the latter of which he has been tliree times a delegate. Dr. Herman stands high as a physician, and has enjoyed an extensive practice. He is a member of the Reformed Church. CHRISTIAN PHILIP HUMRICH, attorney, Carlisle, was born in that place March 9, 1831, of parents John Adams and Mary Ann (Zeigler) Humrich. The former was born In Lancaster City, and the latter in Montgomery County, this State. .Tohn A. was a son Christian Humrich, a native of the Palatinate, in Germany, who came to America about 1800, and was naturalized in Lancaster County, Penn., on .Tune 14, 1802. He was a sad- dler by occupation. He married in Lancaster City, and moved to Cumberland County in 1807, where he opened a hotel (now the Pennsylvania Inn; then the "Black Bear"), which he kept over thirty years. His death occurred in Carlisle in 1842. at the age of ninety-four years. His children were Philip, Maria, John, Catharine and John Adams. The last, too, was a saddler and harness-maker by trade, and, later in life, farmed. He di(!d in February, 1880, aged eighty years. John Adams and wife had four sons: Christian Philip, John A., Samuel K. and William A. John died in 1863. All the rest are living in Carlisle. The parents were members of the Lutheran Church. Christian P. attended the first common school in Carlisle (opening August 13, 1836), and at the age of sixteen years attended Dickinson College, graduating in 1852. He then began the study of law with Judge Rob- ert M. Henderson, and was admitted to the bar November 14, 1854, since which time he has been actively engaged in the practice of law. He has been twice nominated district attorney by the Republican party, also received the nominatiori for Representative, but that party being in the minority, was defeated at the election. He has served as school director since 1857, and has been secretary of the school board since 1860. May 13, 1859, Mr. Humrich was married to Miss Amanda R. Zeigler, a native of Cumberland County, and a daughter of Jesse and Mary (A. PefEer) Zeigler, old settlers of that county. To our subject and wife have been born nine children, six of whom are living, namely: Charles P., insurance agent, Carlisle; Ellen K., Carrie A., Blanch Z., Mary A. and Christian P., Jr. The parents are members of the Lutheran Church. In politics Mr. Humrich was first an old-line Whig, and on the organization of the Republican parly, espoused its principles, and has ever since been one of its strong supporters. ADAM KELLER, cashier of the Carlisle Deposit Bank, Carlisle, was born in Phila- delphia, December 9, 1843, a son of Adam and Mary (LoUer) Keller, natives of Philadel- phia. He graduated from the Central High School of that city, in 1861. and entered as a clerk, in Philadelphia, in a notary's office, where he remained until the spring of 1863, when he engaged in mercantile trade at Harrisburg until 1865, in which year he entered the law ofBce of Col. William M. Penrose, at Carlisle, and w is admitted to the bar of Cumberland County. He engaged in the practice of law until 1869, when he was elected cashier of the Second National Bank at Mechanicsburg. In February, 1877, he was elected cashier of the Carlisle Deposit Bank, of Carlisle, which posi'ion he has filled and con- tinues to fill, to the present time, to the satisfaction of all. He married at Carlisle, Penn., December 9, 1869, Miss Katherine Wilkins Stevenson, who was born in Carlisle, a daugh- 28 382 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: ter of Dr. Thomas Collins and Eliza (DuncanlStevenson, Dr. Thomas Collins Stevenson, an able practicing physician, was a son of Dr. George Stevenson, a very learned and courteous gentleman, alone time president of the old United States Bank, at Pittsburgh. He married a Miss Maria Barker, of Delaware, a granddaughter of Gov. Thomas Collins, of that State, Mr. and Mrs. Adam Keller are members of St. John's Episcopal Church, of Carlisle. He is treasurer of the parish and a vestryman. He and his wife have had three children; two daughters (now deceased), Bi'ssie Duncan and Mary LoUer, and one son, Thomas Collins Stevenson Keller, born July 2, 1884, who is living. Mr, Keller stands high in the estimation of all as a strict businessman and an upright gentleman. STEPHEN BARNBTT KIEFFER, A. M., M. D., Carlisle, was born in Franklin Coun- ty, Penn., and spent the earlier part of his life on his father's farm. He comes of a line of ancestors dating back through five generations, descending from Abram Kieffer, a French Huguenot, from Strasburg. He entered Marsliall College as a student in 1844, and grad- uated with honor in 1848. He subsequently read medicine in Mercersburg, Penn., and graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1851, after which he immediately located, for the practice of his profession, in Carlisle. Since that time he has devoted all his en- ergies to his profession, in which he takes a sincere interest. In his professional life Dr. Kieffer combined both medicine and surgery, and as a surgeon he has made some of the most interesting and diflBcult operations in this portion of Pennsylvania. Dr. Kieffer was honored with the degree of A. M. by his alma mater in due course of time; was president of the Medical Society of the State of Pennsylvania; is a member of the American Medi- cal Association; and was a member of the International Medical Convention in 1876. Principally, in his life, he feels honored in having been largely instrumental together, especially, with Dr. R. L. Sihbet, in inaugurating the national movement, which ha^ re- sulted in the establishment of the American Academy of Medicine, the grandest medical association of the United States. Besides, Dr. Kieffer has contributed frequently to the leading medical journals, both in the interest of medicine and surgery. He has frequently delivered orations before various medical associations, and a few years ago was chosen by his alma mater to deliver the address before the alumni of Franklin and Marshall College, where, taking for his subject, "The Relations of Science and Faith," he made a masterly philosophical oration. Large-hearted, sympathetic with suffering, social in instinct, he is popular as a citizen, and is, undoubtedly, one of the real leaders of his profession in Pennsylvania. JOHN B. LANDIS, Carlisle.was born on his father's farm in Upper Allen Township, one mile south of Mechanicsburg, August 21, 1841. He worked on the farm and attended school until he was seventeen, when he began teaching, and taught in York and Cumber- land Counties five sessions; then entered the select school of Prof. S. B. Heiges, where he completed his studies. In April, 1860, he began the study of medicine with Dr. R. H. Long, of Mechanicsburg, with whom he remained until August, 1862, when he enlisted as a private in Company F, One Hundred and Thirtieth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, and was later made a corporal. He participated in the battles of Antietam and Fredericksburg, and in the latter received a shell wound in the neck and shoulder. He was sent to Point Lookout Hospital, Maryland, and on February 12, 1863, was discharged for disability, when he returned home. Subsequently he assisted in raising Company A, Two Hundred and Ninth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, of which company he was made captain in September, 1864, serving as such until the close of the war. From September 29 until November 24, 1864, he was in command of Redoubt Carpenter on the Bermuda Hundred front, on the south bank of the James River. His regiment was next stationed in front of Petersburg, at Meade Station. He participated in the battles of Fort Steadman March 25, 1865, and Petersburg April 2, 1865, besides various skirmishes, and was mustered out with his regiment May 31, 1865, and returned to his home in Mechanicsburg. In 1866 Capt. Landis was appointed military instructor for the White Hall Soldiers' Orphan School, andin April, ]867,received the appointmentof deputy collector of internal revenue for the Fifteenth District of Pennsylvania, which he resigned September 30, 1876, to enter the Carlisle Deposit Bank, accepting the position of cashier. This position he held until February, 1877, when he resigned on account of impaired health, and after a year's rest began the study of law in the office of John Hays, Esq. , of Carlisle. In 1881 he was admitted to the bar, and has since been actively engaged in the practice of his profession. The Captain was elected treasurer of the Carlisle Gas & Water Company July 1, 1882, and has been a member of the town council since the spring of 1881. On June 9, 1870, he was married to Miss Barbara H. Merkel, a daughter of Hon. Levi and Susannah (Martin) Merkel, former of whom was a banker of Mechanicsburg and the organizer of the present First National Bank there. To our subject and wife have been born four sons and two daughters: Victor (who died in infancy), Norman, Merkel, Naomi, Olive and Kenneth. Mr. and Mrs. Landis are members of the First Presbyterian Church, in which he is an elder and trustee. The father of Capt. Landis was Jacob Landis, a native of York County, a farmer and mill-wright, who married Miss Mary Moh- ler, of Cumberland County, a daughter of Daniel Mohler, of Lancaster County. Capt. Landis has the following brothers and sisters: Anna, wife of George Brindle, a retired. BOROUGH OP CARLISLE. 383 farmer of Franklin County; Daniel, minister and farmer of York Connty; Mary, the wife of John Senseman, farmer of Cumberland County; Leah, wife of John Knisely, farmer in Upper Allen Township; David, a coQtractor and builder of Huntington, Penn.; Philip, a farmer of Osborne, Kas., and Susan, wife of Andrew Knoderer, a farmer of Upper Allen Township. ALBERT ALLAN LINE, residence Carlisle, was born in Dickinson Township, this county, al)out five miles west of Carlisle, January 20, 1850, a son of Emanuel and Cathe- rine (Myers) Line, the former born in Dickinson Township, this county, and the latter at Rossville, York County, Penn. Emanuel Line was a son of Emanuel, Sr., and Elizabeth (Myers) Line, both natives of Cumberland County. Our subject is the youngest of three children, and the only surviving one. He married October 12, 1876, Miss Mary L. Johnson, a daughter of Samuel A. Johnson of Philadelphia, Penn. Mrs. Line died December 25, 1877. Mr. Line's family is of Swiss origin, having immigrated to America and settled in Lancaster County, Penn., at a very early date. He is superintendent of the First Luthe- ran Church Sunday-school at Carlisle, secretary of the Cumberland County Sunday-school Association, secretary of the Cumberland County Temperance Alliance, director of the Farmers' Bank, Carlisle and a member of the directors of the Carlisle School Board, in- structor at Mountain Lake Park, Maryland Summer School Amateur Photography. He is also a member of the board of managers for the Y. M. C. A., Carlisle, and chairman of committee on boys' work, Y. M. C. A. WILLIAM H. LONGSDORF, M. D., Carlisle, was born in Cumberland County, Penn., March 24, 18:i4. His grandfather, Henry Longsdorf, was a native of Germany, and in an early day came to Cumberland County, where he purchased land from William Penn, and located two miles west of Mechanicsburg. Adam, a son of Henry, was born on this land in Silver Spring Township, and was occupied as a farmer; served three years as sheriff of the county from 1844, and died the year following. He married Mary Sense- man, born in Cumberland County, her parents having removed thither from Lancaster County, and to this union were born four sons and three daughters, William H. being the fourth child and only one now living. Our subject lived on the old homestead until fif- teen years of age, saving a residence of about five years in Carlisle, during his father's term of service as sheriff. At the age of fifteen years he entered Dickinson College, where he pursued a course of study for three years; then read medicine with Dr. Dale, and, in 1856, graduated from Jefferson Medical College, and in the spring of 1857 from the Pennsylvania Dental School, at Philadelphia. He then located in the practice of medi- cine at Bellevue, Neb., where he remained until the faU of 1858, when he went to Denver, Col., then a place of four cabins and forty men. Here he prospected and practiced medi- cine one year, and in July, 1857, returned to Cumberland County, where he continued practicing until August, 1861, when he was commissioned first lieutenant of Company I, Ninth Pennsylvania Cavalry Volunteers. He was subsequently promoted major of the regiment, and discharged January 19, 1864, with both legs broken at the ankles. Dr. Longsdorf participated in some eighty engagements, among which were the battles of Perryville, Ky., Cliickamauga, Ga., Shelbyville, and siege of Knoxville, Tenn. The Doc- tor, on being discharged from the service returned to Cumberland County, and after a time resumed his practice, continuing until the fall of 1881, when he was elected treasurer of Cumberland Count}', the duties of which he performed for three years, when he again became engaged in the practice of his profession, at Carlisle. April 7, 1857, he was married to Miss Lydia R. Haverstickj a native of Cumberland County, daughter of Benjamin and Lydia (Mylin) Harverstick, old settlers of that county, now residents of Mechanicsburg. To Dr. Longsdorf and wife have been born two sons and four daughters: Harold H., born in Nebraska, a graduate of Dickinson College, also of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, of Baltimore, Md., now practicing medicine at Centerville; John E,, deceased at the age of twenty-one years; Zatae S., Hilda, Jessica, W. D., and Persis — the last five reside with their parents. Zatae and Hilda are attending Dickinson College, they being among the first female students admitted to the institution, and Zatae being the first fe- male student to contend for the Pearson Oratorical Prize and took the first prize, the parents are members of the Second Presbyterian Church. Dr. Longsdorf is a Mason, and has passed all the chairs in the Blue Lodge, Chapter and Commandery of Carlisle. He ranks among the leading physicians and surgeons of Cumberland County, and is an esteemed and respected citizen. He is among the original members of the Cumberland County Medical Society. JAMES ANDREW McCAULEY, D.D., LL.D., president of Dickinson College, was born near Elkton. Cecil Co., Md., October 7, 1833. His earliest educational advantages were had in the schools of the neighborhood; but the family removing to Baltimore, in his boyhood, his education was continued in the city. Quitting school at seventeen, he took a position in a business house, without, however, serious thought of adopting busi- ness as a life pursuit; for, thus early even, monitions of duty to preach had been, at times, distinctly heard. These monitions pervaded the years spent in business, acquiring, at length, a constancy and force, which, in the end, he came to feel it were a peril not to heed. Business was accordingly relinquished, and preparation for the ministry com- 384 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: menced. After a year of preparatory study he entered, in 1844, the freshman class at Dickinson, and. at the suggestion of the faculty, doubling work the second year, he grad- uated the second in schoiastic rank in the class of 1847. The two years succeeding gradu- ation were spent in teaching, as private tutor, in one of the old historic families of Mary- land. Admitted to the Baltimore Conference in 1850, and assigned a charge adjacent to the city, he was, midway the year, transferred to the principalship of the W esleyan Fe- male Institute, a school of high grade for ladies, located at Staunton, Va., whose patron- age the Conference had assumed. To the development of this new enterprise he gave un- sparing labor, with the result of conspicuous success. The cares and labors incident to or- ganization and constant supervision affected his liealth, and at the end of the third year, though in the midst of great prosperity, he was constrained to seek release. A period of rest and travel restired his health, and in the spring of 18.14 he resumed the work of the pastor- ate. Except two charges in Virginia — Front Royal and Fredericksburg — his ministry, till 1873, was chiefly exercised in Baltimore and in the District of Columbia; from 1869, as presiding elder of the Washington District. In the summer of 1872 he was elected presi- dent of Dickinson College, which position he has since continuously held. His term of service here has witnessed great improvement in all the interests of the college. Besides the addition to its endowment of more than $100,000, and the thorough repair of its old buildings, three new structureshave been erected, at an aggregate cost of $115,000. On two occasions — first in 1872, and again in 1884 — he was chosen to represent his conference in the general conference, the highest council of the church. In 1872 he was designated by this body its fraternal messenger to bear the greetings of the American Church to that of Great Britain. In 1874, in association with Bishop Harris, he performed this duty, vis- iting the Wesleyan Conference, at Cambourne, Cornwall. On completing this service, various parts of England and the continent were visited, including the Universities of Ox- ford and Heidelberg. In 1868 his alma mater conferred on him the degree of D.D., and, in 1883, Lafayette College the degree of LL.D. HON. CHARLES McCLURE (deceased) was a native of Cumberland County. His father, Charles McClure, was born in Cumberland County, 1739, and was the son of John McCIure, of Scotland, who died in Cumberland County October 9, 1757, aged sixty-one years. Charles McClure, the father, married Miss Mary Blair, who died without is- sue. He subsequently married Emelia Blair, cousin of his first wife, and by her had two children: John, a farmer and literary man, and Mary, who became the wife of Joseph Knox, a merchant of Carlisle. One daughter of John is now the widow of J. F. D. Lanier, who was a wealthy banker of Nesv York City. Of Mary's children two are now living: Qeorge, an attorney of Philadelphia, and Rebecca Steele, wife of a prom- inent lawyer of Chicago. Charles McClure, Sr., was the third time married, his last wife being Mrs. Rebecca Parker, widow of Gen. Parker, of the war of 1812, the result of which union was two sons and two daughters: Charlotte, who married Dr. Adam Hays, of Car- lisle; Rebecca, who married Elisha White, an attorney of Carlisle; Judge Wdliam Mc- Clure, of Pittsburgh, who married Miss Lydia Collins, and Charles McClure, the subject of this sketch. The latter was graduated from Dickinson College; read law in Carlisle, and was there admitted to the bar. He was elected a Represent>itive to the State Legislature in 1834, and subsequently served two terms in Congress. His death occurred in 1846, a} the age of forty-two years. His wife was Miss Margaretta Gibson, daughter of Chief Jus- tice John Bannister Gibson, one of the most prominent and learned men of the State; born in Perry County, Penn., a son of Col. George and Ann (West) Gibson; she an intelligent and highly-educated lady for her time, a daughter of Francis West, the first magistrate of Cumberland County. Col. George Gibson was a native of Lancaster County, commanded a regiment through the Revolutionary war, and was killed at St. Clair's defeat. Novem- ber 4, 1791. He was a great linguist and possessed much wit; was a splendid officer, and beloved by everyone for his jovial nature. His brother John, also an officer in the Revo- lution, was familiar with the customs of the Indians and their language, and it wa^ he wbo translated and published the famous speech of the Indian chief Logan. Col. George Gib- son and wife had four sons: Francis West, a farmer, who lived to be ninety years old; George, a commissary-general of the United States Army, who organized the commissary de- partment of the army, for which purpose he was sent to Washington. He was the intimate friend and adviser of Andrew Jackson while President of the United States, with whom he had served, as his quartermaster-general.in the war of 1813. and by whom he was called"hon- est George Gibson." Gen. Gibson was a very generous warm-hearted geutleman, always re- mained a bachelor, and died in his eighty-seventh year, at Washington in 1861, in full posses- sion of all his faculties. William, who died young, from yellow fever contracted in the West Indies; and Chief Justice John Bannister Gibson. The latter was a young child when his father died, and the mother being left in straitened circumstances, though possessing a farm in Perry County, inherited from her father, managed to keep her sous together and instructed them herself, to which training the Chief Justice said he was indebted for all that he was. Subsequently the mother moved to Carlisle, where John's education was furthered at Dickinson College through the efforts of his elder brother George. John read law with Judge Thomas Duncan, of Carlisle, who became one of the judges of the su- BOROUGH OF CARLISLE. 385 preme court of the State; and was admitted to the bar in Cumberland County; was later appointed one of the judges of the Supreme Court of the State, and served on the bench with his preceptor. At the death of Cliief Justice Tighlman, of Philadelphia, Judge Gib- son was appointed to the position. President Jaclison desired to appoint him to the su- preme bench of the United States, and promised him the first vacancy; but owing to great political claims of Judge Baldwin, Chief Justice Gibson yielded to his appointment. The wife of Chief Justice Gibson was Miss Sarah Qalbraith, of Cumberland County, and a daughter of Maj. Andrew Galbraith, an officer in the Revolutionary war, who was made a prisoner by the British. Chief Justice Gibson and wife had eight children, five of whom lived to be men and women: Mrs. McClure, widow of Charles McClure; Mrs. Roberts, wife of William Milnor Roberts, a distinguished civil-engineer, who died in Brazil, while acting as chief of the engineering works of Brazil; Sarah, wife of Capt. Richard H. Anderson, of the United States Army, of Charleston, S. C., afterward lieutenant-general in the Confederate Army; Col. George; and John Bannister, the latter a lieutenant in the United States Army, died from disease con tracted in the Mexican war. Of these, George Gib- son, colonel of the Fifth Infantry, United States Army, now stationed at Fort Keogh, M. T., and Mrs. Charles McClure are living. Our subject's widow has three sons: Charles, brevet-colonel, who served in the Union Army, during the war of the Rebellion, ascaptain, and until 1880 in the Regular Army, when he was appointed paymaster, with the rank of major, in the United States Army (married Miss Annie, daughter of Gen. George and Eliz- abeth (Graham) Getty; George Gibson, paymaster's clerk in the United States Army (he was for sixteen years in the Third National Bank of New York City); and William Mc- Clure, a banker and broker, New York City (married Miss Ella, daughter of Theo. Crane, a deceased merchant of New York City). Our subject was, and his widow now is, iden- tified with the Episcopal Church. LEWIS MA.SONHEIMER, prothonotary, Carlisle, was born in Waynesboro, Frank- lin Co., Penn., December .'5, 1840. When he was seven years old his parents moved to Carlisle, where he attended school until fourteen, when he learned the confectionery busi- ness, and later engaged in the same, remaining until early in the war of 1861-65, when in August, 1863, he enlisted as a private in Company A, One Hundred and Thirtieth Regi- ment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry. After ten months' service he was discharged and returned to Carlisle, and for three years was engaged in the livery business. He next carried on a meat market for three years, when he began clerking in a dry goods and gro- cery store, which position he held until 1874 or 1875, when he opened a grocery, which he carried on for seven years. In January, 1883, he was appointed deputy clerk for the county prothonotary, and in November, 1884, was elected to his present office by the peo- ple of Cumberland County, without opposition. May 5, 1864, Mr. Masonheimer was mar- ried to Miss Eliza Wetzel, a native of Cumberland County, and daughter of John and Cath- erine (Wise) Wetzel, of the same county. Five children have been born to this union: Harry L. (died at the age of eight months), Kate M. , John E. , Laura E. and Wilbur. Mr. and Mrs. Masonheimer are members of the Reformed Church; he is a member of True Friends Lodge No. 56, K. of P. Our subject is a son of John and Elizabeth (Dysert) Masonheimer— former a native of Maryland, and a shoe-maker by trade ; who was married in Adams County, Penn., and became the father of six children: George U., a boot and shoe-maker and dealer, in Boyle County, Ky. ; Mary, a resident of Carlisle; Kate, wife of William B. Crouse, of Waynesboro, Penn.; James M., a resident of Brooklyn, N. Y. ; John H., accident- ally killed in Carlisle, at the age of twelve years, and Lewis. The mother and father were identified with the Reformed Church. JACOB L. MELOY, grocer, Carlisle, is a native of Cumberland County, born one mile east of Carlisle October 15, 1843, a son of Samuel and Catherine (Haverstick) Meloy, also natives of Cumberland County; the former, by trade, a blacksmith. Thev wer' the parents of the following named children: George H. (now a farmer of Cumberland Coun-^ ty), Jacob L., William M. (now a cigar-maker of Greason, Penn.), and Miss Mary E., of Carlisle. When our subject was six years of age his parents moved to Harrisburg, and when only nine, his father died, and at that early age Jacob L. began earning his own living. He worked for farmers in Perry and Cumberland Counties until April 1, 1860, when he went to Carlisle and lived with James Hamilton (deceased), with whom he re- mained one year, when he entered the sash and door factory of Frank Gardner, with the intention of learning the trade; but, on the breaking out of the war of the Rebellion, he left his employment and enlisted in Company A, whicb was organized at Carlisle, and tendered its services to the Government April 19. 1861, but which was not accepted, on account of the already full quota, until June 8 of that year. However, in the meantime the company was maintained, drilled and kept ready for service, and mostly, too, at the individual expense of the members; and when discharged, the men were credited with en- listment from April 31, 1861. Mr. Meloy served throughout the war, and was mustered out March 23, 1865, having participated in the following engagements, and been confined in the prison' pens mentioned: The seven days' fight before Richmond; the battle of Charles City Cross Roads, where he was made a prisoner, June 30, 1862, and was confined at Richmond and Belle Isle, Va., until August 6, of the same year; battles of Gaines' Mill, 386 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Bull Run, South Mountain, Antietam, in the pursuit of Stuart's cavalry, battles of Freder- icksburg, the Wililerness, where he was taken prisoner and confined in the prisons at Lynchburg and Danville, Va., and at Andersonville, Qa., from May 23 to September 17, and at Florence. 8. C, from September 24 to December 8. 1864. At the close of the war he returned to Carlisle, and entered the j^rocery store of William Blair & Son, as a clerk, April 1, 1885, and with them he remained until January, 1871, when he opened a store of his own. on Pitt Street, in the 16x30 room formerly occupied by Peter Faust. He started in a small way, with a stock of only $300, but, by close application to business and fair dealing, he won the confidence of the people, and some five months later bouglit the southeast cor- ner lot, Pitt and South Streets, where he has his present store. His trade increased, from time to time, until he did a business of 138,000 a year. In 1879 he was appointed postmas- ter, which position he held nearly five years. In April, 1880, he sold his store to Mahon & Mundorf, but in 1886 repurchased. In 1832, at the organization of the Carlisle Manu- facturing Company, he became one of its directors, and in 1884 was elected secretary of the board. Mr. Meloy was one of the orisjinal members of the Cumberland County t'er- tilizing Company, and on its organization as a company was elected its pre.sident, and has since remained as such. He is a member of the G. A. R., and was the first senior vice com- mander of Capt. Colwell Post, No. 301, and subsequently was elected commander of the post. November 16, 1866, he was married to Miss Martha B. Zimmerman, of Carlisle she being a native of the vicinity of Carlisle, and a daughter of Abrah.im and Keziah (Copper- stone) Zimmerman; former of Schuylkill County, and latter of Adams County. Our sub- ject and wife had born to them four sons: Andrew D., Thomas M., Charles L. and Harry W. Mr. Meloy is one of the self-made and successful business men of Carlisle. He was a member of the town council two terms, and took an active part in the organization of the Carlisle Board of Trade, and was elected its first secretary; but at the end of two terms declined re-election, on account of other duties. He is a member of the State Firemen's Association, and secretary of the Carlisle Firemen's Union, and vice-president of the Car- lisle Live Stock Company, Wyoming Territory. CAPT. WILLIAM E. MILLER. Abraham Miller came to this country in 1788, and settled in Lebanon County, Penn. He laid out what was formerly Millerstown, but is now known as Annville. During his residence there he was engaged as an iron master. He came to Cumberland County about 1765. purchased lands in Allen "Township, along the Yellow Breeches Creek, where he built mills, and near which he resided. One of these, a fulling-mill, remains standing at the present day. He served as a soldier during the Rev- olutionary war. He married Rebecca Epwright, of Harrisburg, an English lady by birth, by whom he had six sons and one daughter. , His sixth son, Abraham, was born at and became possessor of the homestead. His wife was Elizabeth Boyer, a daughter of Fred- erick Augustus Boyer, a German by birth, who took degrees at Heidelberg, and who also served as a soldier during the revolution. Abraham, the younger, had five sous and two daughters. Andrew G., the father of the subject of this sketch, was born at the old homestead in 1811. He became a merchant. During the years 1869-71, he served his dis- trict (the eighteenth) in the Senate of the State. He married Eleanor Umberger, whose paternal ancestor, John Leonard Umberger, came to this country in the ship • 'Hope" in 1733. He had six children: William E., Mary, Jqhn R., Ellen, Henrietta M. and Andrew G. Mary, died in infancy; John R. and A. G., both graduated at Princeton, and are now prac- ticing lawyers at the Carlisle bar; Ellen, married H Lee Snyder, an officer of the United States Navy, by whom she had two children: Richard Henry Lee and George McKnight; Henrietta, married George Bridges, of Shippensburg, Penn., and has one son— John; John R., married Caroline O. Rankin, a daughter of Dr. William Rankin, of Shippensburg, Penn., and had one daughter, who died in infancy, and one son— Hugh Rankin; A. G., married Jane Kennedy, a daughter of Joseph Kennedy, of Shippensburg William E., the eldest son, was born at West Hill, Cumberland County, February 5. 1836. He was reared on the farm, and owing to the limited means of his parents and to the fact that his father was a great invalid for many years, he received but a limited common school edu- cation. Young Miller showed a fondness for military life In his youth, and at the age of sixteen joined a military horse company, known as the "Big Spring Adamantine Guards," which company was organized in 1814, and when the war of the Rebellion broke out was among the first to tender its services to the Government, through the Governor of the State, A. G. Curtin. Cavalry was not included in the three months' call, so that the serv- ices of this company were not accepted until the later call for three years' troops was made. August 8, 1861, this troop left Newville. Cumberland Countv, for Washington, D. p., where, on the seventeenth of the same month, it was sworn into the United States serv- ice, in the yard in front of the war office, by Lieut. EI wood, and became Company H, Third Pennsylvania Cavalry. Up to this time William E. Miller served as a private, but was mustered into service as a second lieutenant. Owing to our limited space it is impossible to give a full account of the achievements of this officer, and we will, therefore, relate but a few of the more important events in his military career. He was one of the few officers that survived the rigid discipline at the training school of Camp Marcey during the winter of 1861-62, under Col. W. W. Averill, a graduate of West Point. In the spring of 1862 he BOROUGH OF CAKLISLE. 387 accompanied his regiment to the Peninsula, and, upon the arrival of the army at Fortress Monroe, was assigned the advance to Yorktown, where he received his baptism of fire, on the same ground, where, nearly a century before, his great-grandfather closed bis military career under Gen. Washington. A singular coincidence that his great-grandson should draw his sword in defense of the same Union, and on the same ground, where, nearly a century before, the great-grandfather had concluded fighting for its establishment. After leaving Yorktown Lieut. Miller's regiment again led the advance to Williamsburg, where it par- ticipated in the fight on the left under Gen. Heintzelman. Torrents of rain fell during this battle, and the night following was the essence of darkness, rainy and muddy. During this night, Lieut. Miller was summoned to Gen. Heintzelman's headquarters, and handed a dispatch with the following sententious order: "This dispatch is for Gen. McClellan. You may find him at Yorktown, or you may find him on the road between this and York- town, or you may find him anywhere along the line of this army, but you must find him, and a reply must be at these headquarters before daylight to-morrow." The task was accomplished, and Lieut. Miller received the congratulations of both Gens. McClellan and Heintzelman. So much, indeed, was Gen. McClellan impressed witb this occurrence, that, though he never saw Miller until nineteen years afterward, he at once recognized him and recalled the circumstance. Lieut. Miller participated in all the sad scenes that followed on the Peninsula. He took an active part in the invasion of Maryland, and September 16, 1863, led Gen. Hooker's advance across Antietam Creek, and drew the first fire from the ■Confederate guns. During the 17th he was assigned an independent command, and acted under orders from Gen. Hooker direct. At a critical period in the battle, when Lieut. Thomas' battery was charged by Jackson's troops, Lieut. Miller came to the rescue and aided in saving the guns. For his gallantry on this occasion he was made captain, being promoted over all the first lieutenants of the regiment. In the campaign of 1863, Capt. Miller took a conspicuous part in the battles of Brandy Station, Aldie, Middleburg and TJpperville; and at Gettysburg, on the 3d of July, won distinctinu by a gallant and timely charge, made in violation of orders, on Wade Hampton's flank, which contributed largely to the defeat of Stuart in his attempt to gain the rear of the Federal right fiank. After participating in thirty-seven cavalry engagements, Capt. Miller, with his regiment, was mustered out of service August 24, 1864 In 1856 he was married to Elizabeth Ann Hooker, by whom he had two children: Caroline O. R. and Elizabeth. The latter died in the spring of 1863, while he was encamped in front of Yorktown, while the former grew to womanhood and married George K. McCormick, with whom she now lives at Knox- ville, Tenn. In 1859 Mrs. Miller took malignant typhoid fever, and died. June 85, 1868, Capt. Miller was again married, this time to Anna De Pui Bush, of Tioga County, Penn., a daughter of J. S. Bush, a wealthy and retired lumber merchant. This lady is possessed of considerable literary attainments and position, and is the author of a reference book, "Who and What," and many minor stories. Since the war Capt. Miller has been engaged in the hardware business at Carlisle, Cumberland Co., Penn. He is social, but retiring and modest, firm in his opinions, and unchangeable in his convictions. He is highly es- teemed by his neighbors and friends, as he was respected and admired by his comrades in arms. Some estimate may be formed of the man by the remarks made by his old com- mander. Gen. D. McM. Gregg, at the dedication of the cavalry shaft at Gettysburg, Octo- ber 15, 1884: "Of course everybody expects to hear from Capt. Miller, whose name is so inseparably and honorably connected with our shaft. Possibly having built so well, on the very ground on which he fought so well, he will try to escape talking, which he can do well also. How pointedly he can write you can all attest." Capt. Miller takes an ac- tive part in all public enterprises; has served two terms as chief burgess of his town; was the original commander of Post 301, G. A. R. ; is a member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, president of the Carlisle Board of Trade, and vestry- man of St. John's Episcopal Church. WILLIAM HENRY MILLER (deceased) was born near Millerstown, Adams Co., Penn., January 15, 1830. He attended the Pennsylvania College until about the age of eighteen, when his father moved to this county and bought the Cumberland Furnace, now .owned by the Crane Iron Company. He soon after entered the law office of Judge John Reed, and was admitted to the bar. He married. May 30, 1843. Miss Jane Rebecca McDowell, who was born in Carlisle, Penn., a daughter of Andrew and Rebecca (Wilson) McDowell. Mrs. Miller is a member of St. John's Episcopal Church, of Carlisle. Mr. McDowell was born near Pittsburgh, and clerked in Philadelphia when a young man. He married iu Perry County, Penn., and after that event came to this county. He was a son of Alexander and Nancy (Archer) McDowell, the former of whom was a civil engineer, and a son of Andrew McDowell, a Scotchman, who married, in Pennsylvana, Miss Sarah Shankland, of Port Lewis. Del. They settled in this county and became rich, owning iron works and a great many slaves. Rebecca Wilson, mother of Mrs. William Henry Miller, was a daughter of Maj. James Armstrong Wilson (a major in the Revolutionary war), a graduate of the Princeton College, who was admitted to the bar at Easton, Penn., where he afterward practiced. He was a large land owner and farmer of this county, where he was born. He married Miss Margaret Miller, a native of Carlisle, Penn., and a 388 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: daughter of Robert Miller, a rirh tanner. His wife was Elizabetli Calhoon, a native of Juniata County, Penn. Mr. William H. Miller died June 18, 1877, a member of the Sec- ond Presbyterian Church of Carlisle. "His place, in all the pomp that fills j The circuit of the Summer hills, Is that his grave is green." JOHNSTON MOORE, of Carlisle, is a descendant of James Moore, who came to America from Ireland in 1730, and purchased large tracts of land along the Yellow Breeches Creek. At the death of James Moore, which occurred about the close of the eighteenth centurj', he left four sons and three daughters. The third son, John, who was born August L>9, 1740, and died October 18, 1832, married Eleanor Thompson, who wag born in 1746 and died May 15, 1817. At their death they lefi five sons and two daughters. James Moore, Esq., the eldest son, born in 1765, was married January 28, 1808, to Nancy Jolmston, of Antrim Township, Franklin Co., Penn., a daughter of Col. Thomas Johnston, a distinguished ofiicer of the Revolution. (It may be mentioned here that these Johnstons are descendants of the celebrated Johnstons of Dumfrieshire, Scotland. James, the great- grandfather of Johnston Moore, came to America in 1735. They were also among the noted military families of Pennsylvania.) Dr. Robert, a brother of Col. Thomas Johnston, and who was an intimate friend of Washington and La Fayette and a member of the Society of the Cincinnati, joined the American forces before Boston, and continued with them until the surrender of Cornwallis, at Yorktown. James Moore, Esq., died in 1813, and his wife in 1823, leaving one son, Johnston .VIoore, born September 5, 1809. After the death of his parents he lived with his aunt, Elizabeth Johnston McLanahan, at her home, Prospect Hill, near Greencastle. He was educated a^ Dickinson College, Carlisle, and during this time lived with his guardian, Andrew Carothers, Esq. At the age of eighteen he took possession and management of his estate, including the original lands which had descended to him from his great-grandfather James, and which he still holds. On the 15th of July, 1836, he married Mary Veasey Parker, daughter of Isaac Brown Parker, of Carlisle. They had three sons and six daughters. All of these children are dead except three daughters. Johnston Moore's life has been passed quietly in the management of his estate and in pur- suit of his favorite sports, hunting and fishing. He owns one of the finest trout preserves in the State, " Bonny Brook," one mile and a half from his home. He is a vestryman of St. John's Church, and has lived since his marriage at his present residence in Carlisle. GEORGE MURRAY was born near Fort Pitt, western Pennsylvania, March 17, 1762, and was the only child of William and Susanna (Sly) Murray. He was left an orphan, and in early life settled in Carlisle, where he died May 6, 1855, in his ninety-fourth year. On the 31st of June, 1804, he was married, by the Rev. Dr. Davidson, to Mary Denny, daughter of William and Agnes (Parker) Denny, and sister of Maj. Ebenezer Denny, of Revolutionary fame, who was born in Carlisle March 5, 1778, and there died April 10, 1845, in her sixty-eighth year. Joseph Alexandek Murray, the youngest son of George and Mary (Denny) Murray, was born in Carlisle October 2, 1815. His preparatory education had been ob- tained in his native place and elsewhere, and in August, 1837, he graduated from the Western University of Pennsylvania at Pittsburgh. In the autumn of the same year he entered the Western Theological Seminary in Allegheny, Penn., and from it graduated in the autumn of 1840. In October of the same year he was licensed to preach the gospel by the Presbytery of Ohio, which then embraced the churches in and about Pittsburgh. Soon after he received invitations to visit vacant churches, and accepted one 1o preach at Marion, Ohio. This church he supplied for six months, from December, 1840, to May, 1841, inclusive, but finally declined a unanimous call to become its settled pastor. He then visited his native place, and in Oitober, 1841, received and accepted a call to the united congregations of Monaghan (Dillsburg) and Petersburg, and was ordained and installed pastor of the same by the Carlisle Presbytery in April, 1843. This relation hap- pily and usefully subsisted for about eighteen years. During his pastorate the present church edifice was erected at Dillsburg. For years he served there also as school di- rector, and was president of the board. During the same period he had received several invitations to churches at other places, which he declined. Finally, however, in conse- quence of impaired health, he resigned the charge. "The pastoral relation was dissolved in October, 1858, and he then retired to Carlisle, but he often afterward ministered to the chnrge in Dillsburg, and supplied for years the church at Petersburg. His health never again permitted him to undertake the active work and assume the responsibilities of a settled pastor, though he has often filled vacant pulpits and assisted his clerical friends. Of all the members who belonged to tlie venerable Presbytery of Carlisle in 1841, when he joined it, he is now the only one who is still in connection with it. The body now numbers forty-two ministers and three licentiates, but only two are before him on the presbytoria' roll, and because of their prior ordination, which was the basis for the recon- struction of the rolls in the union of the two branches of the church in 1870. On four different occasions he has been chosen by his presbytery as a commissioner to the Gen- eral Assembly— in 1844, 1861, 1865 and 1875. On the last occasion he had also been BOROUGH OF CARLISLE, 389 chosen by his synod, with the Hon. H. "W. Williams, to defend, if necessary, a decision of said body before the General Assembly, and in this highest church court he was ap- pointed one of the judicial committee. In 1876 he was chosen, by acclamation, modera- tor of the Synod at Harrisburg. In 1869 his alma mater conferred on him the honorary degree of D. D. In 1870 he was elected a corresponding member of the Numismalic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia. In 1873 he was elected a member of the Historical So- ciety of Pennsylvania. At a public meeting held in Carlisle in 1876 he was selected to pre- pare an historical address pertaining to Cumberland County, to be delivered on the 4th of July of said year, but circumstances prevented. In 1880 he was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society at Philadelphia. In 1886 he was elected a director of the Western Theological Seminary, in Allegheny City, Penn. In the same year lie was appointed to furnish biographical sketches for the centennial anniversary of the Carlisle Presbytery, but declined in favor of his alternate. He is president of the Cumberland County Bible Society, also secretary of the Hamilton Library and Historical Association of Carlisle. Several of his discourses and addresses have been published. He frequently contributes to some of the periodicals of our country^ literary, historical and religious, in which work he still continues, as well as preaches and ministerially officiates when de- sired, and is able to do so. But in no instance would he accept of any work or po.fi tion I hat would interfere with his high calling and character as a minister of the gospel of Jesus Christ. Dr. Murray has been twice married — first, April 25, 1843, to Miss Ann Hays Blair, of Carlisle, daughter of Mr. Andrew Blair, born May 6, 1819, and died September 14, 1875; secondly, October 8, 1879, to Miss Lydia Steele Foster, of Philadelphia, born March 9, 1836, In Carlisle, daughter of Mr. Crawford Foster, and niece of Dr. Alfred Fos- ter, all natives of Carlisle. By the first marriage he had one child, born February 11, 1848; graduated in 1866 from the Mary Institute, Carlisle, then under the presidency of the Rev. Dr. Francis J. Clere, and in January, 1868, married Prof. Charles F. Himes, Ph. D., who has been an honored member of the faculty of Dickinson College since 1865. GEORGE NORCROSS, D D., Carlisle, pastor of the Second Presbyterian Church, was born on his father's farm near Erie, Erie Co., Penn., April 8, 1838. His parents were Hiram and Elizabeth (McClelland) Norcross, the former of Erie County, and the latter of Crawford. George, our subject, is eldest in a family of five sons and one daughter: Will- iam C, an attorney, of Monmouth. 111.: H. Flemming, attorney, of Chicago, 111., Isaiah, a business man, of Monmouth; Thomas Rice, grain dealer. Liberty, Neb.; and Sarah, wife of Henry Beckwith, died in 1863, are the other children. The family removed from Erie County to Monmouth, 111., in 1844. George graduated at Monmouth College in 1861, and the fall of that year entered the Northwestern Theological Seminary at Chicago, where he remained one year. Returning to Monmouth he was elected to a professor- ship in Monmouth College, which he held for two years, and during that time i-tudied theology at the United Presbyterian Theological Seminary, Monmouth, and was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Warren, in April, 1863; preached at North Hen- derson, 111., where lie remained three years, and during one winter of that time, attended the Theological Seminary at Princeton, New Jersey. In the spring of 1866 he was cnlled to the Presbyterian Church at Galesburg, 111., and preached there until January, 1869, when, having been called to the Second Church of Carlisle, he moved hither. During his ministry here the manse and new church building, corner of Hanover and Pomfret streets have been erected. His labors in this church have been very successful ; from a mem riership of 230 it has grown to 400, and is entirely out of debt. He was married, in Monmouth, 111., October 1, 1863, to Miss Mary S. Tracy, who died March 2.i, 1865; and on April 2'i. 1867, Rev. Mr. Norcross married Mrs. Louisa Jackson Gale, widow of Maj . Josiah Gale, of Gales- burg. To this union five children were born (four now living): Delia Jackson, born in Galesburg; George born in Carlisle, where he died December 28, 1878, aged eight years; Bessie, Mary Jackson, and Louisa Jackson Norcross. In 1879 Princeton College conferred the degree of D. D. on Mr. Norcross. JOSEPH WHEELER PATTON (deceased) was born at Bellefontc, Penn., De- cember 23, 1803, the second child of three sons and two daughters, of Benjamin and Phcebe Patton. When a young man, Mr. Patton came to Harrisburg, and first clerked for Mr Haldeman, an iron merchant, and later for a Mr. Espy, a dry goods merchant. Sub- sequently he rented the Mary Ann Furnace, located near Shlppensburg with which he was identified >mtil 1835, when he became superintendent of the Lancaster Railway, a position he held for six months, when he went to Maria Furnace in Adams County, Penn., where he was engaged in clerking for a short time, when he received, at the hands of Gov. Ritner the appointment of superintendent of the Portage Railway, which be filled two years residing at Carlisle, where he subsequently kept the Mansion House; thereafter went to Mount Holly Furnace of which he was manager for Robert Givin. Later he and Mr Mullin bought the Mount Holly Springs Hotel, from which Mr. Patton retired in two years returned to Carlisle, and kept the Mansion House, with the exception of a short time, until the war. He was then appointed provost-marshal under Col, R. M. Hen- derson. He also served as collector of internal revenue for the Fifteenth District of Pennyslvania for three or four years, after which he retired from active life. His death 390 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: occurred October 30, 1880, and thereby the people of Cumberland County lost one of their prominent and useful citzens. Mr. Patton married, December 3, 1834, Miss Mary Noble, of Carlisle, who was born in the old Mansion House, Carlisle, March 12, 1814, a daughter of James Noble, who was born in Ireland, in December, 1775, and who at the age of twenty years came to America with his father, John Noble, who settled in Carlisle. James Noble marriid Miss Mary Cooper, of Carlisle. To the marriage of Joseph W. Pat- ton and Miiry Noble one child (deceased) was born. The widow is a member of St. John's Episcopal Church, of which Mr. Patton was treasurer for sixteen years, until his death. THOMAS PAXTON, retired, Carlisle, was born on his father's farm near Cumber- land, Allegany Co., Md., May 24, 1807. His father, Samuel Paxton, came from Scot- land when a young man, with his brothers, Joseph and James. Joseph located in the western part of Pennsylvania, James somewhere in Virginia, and Samuel, the eldest of the three, in Bedford County, Penn., but afterward moved to near Cumberland, Md. Samuel Paxton was possessed of means, which, however, he lost before the birth of his youngest son. He was a captain in the Revolution. He was twice married, his first wife being a Miss Bageley, of Bedford County, Penn., who bore him three children: Da- vid and Joseph, who removed to Kentucky, and Prudence, who died unmarried; and his second wife was Miss Elizabeth Lesher, of English birth, who bore him four sons and five daughters: Nancy, Racliael, Mary, John, Joseph, Ellen, William, Susan, and Thomas. The latter was but an infant when his father died. He attended school until he was fif- teen years of age, when he determined to become a business man. He secured employ- ment on the Potomac, as chief clerk for Mr. George Hobbleson, who owned a line of produce boats. About this time our subject's old friend, Gen. Thomas Dunn, was ap- pointed by Gen. Jackson superintendent of the Government works at Harpers Ferry, and young Paxton was employed as confidential clerk, in which capacity he remained until 1826, when Gen. Dunn was shot by an employe, whom he had discharged. Subsequent- ly Mr. Paxton became superintendent for Gen. Ridgley's iron works, at Piney Woods, five miles south of Baltimore, and as such served until the death of Gen. Ridgley, one year later. Soon after this (in 1828) Mr. Paxton received a proposition from Adam Hauk, of Cumberland County, to build a forge on Yellow Breeches Creek, in Dickinson Town- ship, which he complied with. April 80, 1838, he was married to Miss Galbraith, of Cum- berland County, daughter of Samuel and Nancy (Moore) Galbraith, and he, after his mar- riage, purchased and operated Moore's mill on the Yellow Breeches for about five years, when he sold out, and began to build railroads, first building some two miles of the Cum- berland Valley Railway, and graded six miles of the Baltimore & Ohio Road, between Marlinsburg and Cumberland, Va. He next performed work for the Pennsylvania Rail- way Company for four consecutive years, when he became employed on the North Penn- sylvania Railroad, grading up through the coal regions, remaining for two years, when he built the Mechanicsburg & Dillsburg road. Mr. Paxton owns a great deal of stock in various roads east and west. He, in company with Robert Givin, organized the Farmers Bank of Carlisle, and on the death of Mr. Givin, some years later, who was its president, Mr. Paxton was elected his successor, remaining president of the bank some years, when he resigned and retired from business. Mrs. Paxton died in 1848, the mother of two children: Ellen, who died at the age of nine years, and Annie M., widow of Park Moore, the eldest son of Johnson Moore, of Carlisle. October 18, 1859, Mr. Paxton was married to Mrs. Olivia Farnsley, of Evansville, Ind., who was born in that place January 23, 1834, daughter of John and Elvira (Riggs) Mitchell (a large property owner of Evansville, and for many years president of the Branch of the State Bank of Evansville, from its organ- ization until his death), and grand- daughter of Joseph Mitchell and Elizabeth Campbell, the latter.of whom was a direct descendant of the celebrated Rob Roy and also of the Laird of Glenfailoch. The first husband of Mrs. Paxton was Dr. David A. Farnsley, whom she married December 21, 1854, he being a native of near Louisville, Ky. ,son of David and Sarah (Merriweather) Farnsley. Dr. Farnsley died in April, 1855. Mrs. Farnsley had one daughter, Albertina Olivia, who was born October 2, 1855, now wife of Frank B. Bradner, attorney at law, Newark, N- J. To the last marriage of Mr. Paxton were born two children: Thomas, who died in infancy, and Josephine E., who resides with her parents. Mr. and Mrs. Paxton are members of St. John's Episcopal Church. H. K. PEFFER, editor and proprietor of the daily and weekly Sentinel, is a native of Cumberland County, Penn. His parents were Adam and Mary (Kerr) Peffer, also natives of the same county. Adam Peffer was of German parentage; MaryKerrof Scotch descent. He was born in South Middleton Township January 13, 1827; was raised on a farm; and at the age of twenty four immigrated, in 1853, to Warren County, 111., where for ten years he ■was engaged in farming. At the expiration of that time he took up his residence in Monmouth, 111., where he formed a law partnership with Col. James W. Davidson, which continued for three years. In 1863 he was elected to the Legislature as a represent- ative from Warren County, and at the expiration of his term received the unanimous nomination of his party for State senator. He was also, at the same time, named as one of the presidential electors on the McClellan ticket in 1864. In the fall of 1865 he removed BOROUGH OF CARLISLE. 391 ■with his family to Carlisle, Penn., where, after spending a year in Texas and the South- west, he permanently located. In 1871 he received the nomination of his party for State senator — the senatorial district then embracing Cumberland and Franklin Counties. In that year the Democracy was unsuccessful, the entire ticket, with one or two exceptions, being defeated. In 1873 he was admitted to the Carlisle bar, but shortly after took charge of the Valley Sentinel, which was then published at Shippensburg. In 1874 the Sentinel was removed to Carlisle, when he became sole owner of the paper. In 1881 the daily evening Sentinel was issued from the oflSce of the weekly, and was the first daily paper ever issued in Cumberland County. In 1848 Mr. Peffer was married to Jane Mary, daughter of Nathaniel Weakley. His family consists of following: Mary, William, Charles, Adam and Kitty, all of whom are residents of the county. WILLIAM GLANCY PEFFER, dealer in agricultural implements, Carlisle, and chief burgess of the city, was born in South Middletou Township, Cumberland County, No- vember 11, 1833, a son of Adam and Elizabeth (Glancy) Peffer, the former of whom was a son of Henry, and he a son of Philip Peffer, a native of Germany. Mrs. Elizabeth . B. Smead. The latter graduated in 1863 from the public schools of Carlisle, then studied until 1863 at the preparatory school of Dickinson College, and in 1864 entered that college, from which he graduated June 25, 1868, with the first honors. In the spring of that year he was nominated hy tlie President for a commission in the Regular Army, and passed an examination before a board of military officers convened for that purpose. On August 1, 1868, he was commissioned second lieutenant in the Third United States Cavalry. He was an officer of that regiment for over eleven years. He was stationed in Pennsylvania, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Nebraska, Wyoming, Dakota and Mon- tana; was much on active duty in the field and occasionally engaged in Indian hostilities. He was promoted first lieutenant in 1871, and regimental adjutant in 1878. In 1879 he resigned from the army for the purpose of practicing law, to the study of which he had devoted much attention in connection with his military duties. His legal studies were completed in Philadelphia, and he was admitted to the bar of that city as well as to that of Cumberland County. He then settled in his native place for the practice of his profession. Mr. Smead has spent ovi'r two years in European travel and study. He has long been a member of the Second Presbyterian Church, of which he is also a trustee. LEMUEL R. SPONG, register of wills, Carlisle, was born on a farm in East Penns- horougli Township, Cumberland County, Penn., May 81,1855, a son of Joseph and Caroline {Marsh) Spong, the former a native of the same county and township, and the latter of York County. Joseph Spong was a son of John Spong, also a native of East Pennsborough Township, and his (John's) father, John Leonard Spong, a native of Germany, who was married there, immigrated to America, and settled in East Pennsborough Township, this coun'y. John Spong, father of Joseph Spong, married Barbara Dewerton, of Dauphin County, Penn., and had ten children. To Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Spong were burn four chil- dren, all of whom are dead except Lemuel R. When our subject was six years of age his father moved to West Fairview, Cumberland County, where Lemuel attended school until he was thirteen years old, when he went to work for the Harrisburg Nail-works, with which he remained in the capacities of office hoy, clerk and shipping clerk until 1878, ■when, in connection with the position he was holding, he acted as agent for the Adams Express Company, and later became freight agent for the Northern Central Railroad. From 1874 until 1885, during the fall and winter seasons, he was engaged in buying and shipping all kinds of produce. Octolier 31, 1875, Mr. Spong was married to Miss Rosa Mann, a native of East Pennsborough Township, this county, and a daughter of George and Mary A. (Eslinger) Mann, both of this county. HUGH STUART was born in County Antrim, Ireland, June 28, 1758; came to America in 1784; and, in 1790, married Ruth Patterson and settled on the Patterson tract of land on the head of Letort Spring, in what is now South Middleton Township. Ruth Patterson was born in Scotland, in 1768. The children of this marriage were five sons: Hugh, William, John, James and Joseph. Hugh and William died in early life; John settled in this county; and James and Joseph went with their father to Bucyrus, Ohio, in 1831, where they were the fl,rst settlers. Hugh Stuart, 8r., died there in 1854, at the age of ninety-eight years. All of the family are now dead, except Joseph, who still lives in Bucyrus, now in his eighty-seventh year. John Stuart, the third son, was born at the head of the Letort. in October, 1794. January 4, 1816, he married Barbara Steen, a daughter of John and Elizabeth (Cairns) Steen, also of Couiity Antrim, Ireland. Ten children were born to this union, eight of whom lived to maturity, the sons being Hugh, John, Joseph A.. James T. and William P.; and the daughters: Amelia, married to Thomp- son Weakley; Elizabeth, married to William Wherry, and Martha A., married to George Searight. John Stuart, the father, after his marriage, lived in Carlisle, and was engaged in milling until 1837, when he moved to his farm in South Middleton. He was appointed associate judge of Cumberland County, under the Constitution, in 1835, for life. After the BOROUGH OF CARLISLE. 397 judiciary was made elective, he held the office by election until 1857. He died in 1870. His eldest son, Hugh, was born in the latter part of 1816; was a farmer; a member of the State Legislature during the two sessions of 1857 and 1858; in 1861 was elected associate judge, and held the office by re-election until 1871. He died in 1880. Joseph A., the only surviving son, was born in 1836, and still farms in South Middleton Township, this county. He was married, in 1850, to Mary A. McCune, whose grandfather, of Scotch- Irish parent- age, settled near Shippenaburg, on the farm where his descendants still live. Their chil- dren living are John T. and H. S. Stuart. JOHN T. STUART, prosecuting attorney of Cumberland County, and of the firm of Stuart & Stuart, attorneys at law, Carlisle, was born in South Middleton Township May 23, 1851, son of Joseph A. and Mary A. (McCune) Stuart, worthy people of a very long line of descent in this locality. Mr. Stuart spent two years in Susquehanna College, and, after a short time at West liTottingham Academy, Md., entered Princeton in 1870, from which institution he was graduated in 1874. He then entered upon the study of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1876, and in 1883 was elected to his present Incumbency, which he very creditably fills. REUBKN SWARTZ, the general proprietor of the "Thudium House," Carlisle is a native of Cumberland County, born three miles north of Hogestown, in Silver Spring Township, February 11, 1845, a son of Peter and Catherine (Burtner) Swartz, both na- tives of Silver Spring Township, and descendants of old families of Cumberland County. When nine years old he went to live with his uncle at Bridgeport, this county, and re- mained with him five years. He then learned the plasterer's trade at Mechanicsburg, where he remained three years; then went to Canton, Ohio, and worked at his trade two years, when he returned to Pennsylvania and located at Titusville four years. He formed a partnership with Francis Le Rew, and they conducted the " White Hall Hotel," at Harris- burg, Penn. Two years later, Mr. Swartz engaged in buying and selling horses and clerk- ing at the " White Hall Hotel." In the spring of 1878 he came to Carlisle and leased the " Thudium House," which he still conducts. In 1884 he formed a partnership with S. P. Jackson, and dealt in horses and general stock.' March 11, 1878, he married Miss Alice Simons. She was born and reared in Landisburg, Perry County, a daughter of George and Catherine J. (Parkinson) Simons. Her father was in the Mexican war as a drummer-boy; also served in the civil war. He was a son of George Simons, a soldier in the T\ar of 1813; both were blacksmiths. To Mr. and Mrs. Swartz two sons were born, one living, William L., born March 4, 1879. Mr. Swartz is a member of Cumberland Star Lodge, A. F. & A. M., Carlisle. He keeps a first-class house in every respect, neat and well furnished, and he and wife pay special attention to the comfort of their guests. They are justly popu- lar and have hosts of friends. During the civil war, in 1864, Mr. Swartz drove a Govern- ment wagon one year. FRANK E. THOMPSON, of the firm of Dale & Thompson, grain and coal merchants, Carlisle, was born in that place December 1, 1847, son of Joseph C. and Jane (Smith, Thompson, natives of Carlisle, where they now reside, respected citizens, latter a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Joseph C. Thompson is a printer by trade, having learned the business in the office of the American Volunteer and other papers of Carlisle, and for many years he was foreman in the oiflce of the Volunteer and Carlisle Herald. They had four sons and five daughters, of whom three sons and three daughters are living: Annie, wife of A. J. Hecker. a carpenter and contractor, of Carlisle; Sallie S., unmarried; Frank E. ; Harriet C.; J. Marlin, engaged in the transfer business, in Carlisle; John M., saddler of Carlisle, and Frank E. Our subject was educated at the schools of his native place, and at the age of seventeen years began clerking in a dry goods store for Leidich & Miller, of Carlisle, with whom he remained for a short time. He next worked for a brief period' at the carpenter's trade, when he went to Harrisburg; where he clerked for three years and later engaged as clerk with G. B. Hoffman, in the grocery business, with who'm he remained for a short time, when he was appointed agent at Carlisle for the Adams Express Company, which position he held for five years, when he resigned and bought the interest of Mr. A. Bosler, in the grain and coal house of A. Bosler & Dale, and the firm has since been Dale & Thompson. March 19, 1878, Mr. Thompson married Miss Annie S. Black, who was born in Carlisle, a daughter of Robert M. and S^rah (Barnhardt) Black, natives of Cumberland County, former an architect, contractor and builder, of Carlisle. Mr and Mrs. Thompson have two children: Laura A. and Nellie. Mrs. Thompson is a member of the Reformed Church, and Mr. Thompson is a member of St. John Lodge, No. 260 F & A M., St. John's Chapter, No. 171, R. A. M., K. T., St. John Commandery No. 8; is a member of Carlisle Lodge No. 91, I. O. O. F., and a member of the I. O. H. He is among the enterprising and representative men of Carlisle. ALEXANDER A. THOMSON, M. D., Carlisle, was born on the old family farm near Scotland, Franklin Co., Penn., February 11, 1841. His great-grandfather emigrated from Scotland to Franklin County, with his family of thirteen children,in 1777, and settled midway between Shippensburg and Chambersburg, at a point now called Scotland, in honor of his native place. His son, John, grandfather of our subject, married Hannah Rea and six daughters and two sons were born to them: Nancy, married to John Ren- ' 29 398 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: frew; Eliza, married to William Agnew; Margaret, married to a Mr. Lusk; Hannah, married to Robert McKee; Sarah, married to Adam Brown; Ann, married to Dr. D. 8. McQowan; Alexander, married to Margaret Kerr, and Samuel, the youngest, and father of subject, married to Miss Mary Kyner, a daughter of George and Christina (Nye) Kyner. Samuel and Mary (Kyner) Thomson were members of the Reformed Presbyterian Church, and had nine children, three sons and three daughters living: Elizabeth, wife of John Wilson, a farmer, of Chester County, Penn.; Agnes, wife of George Dice, a grocer, of Shippensburg; John R., a farmer, of Franklin County; Alexander A.; McLeod W., superintendent of " maintenance of way" on the Pennsylvania Railway, at Altoona, Penn., and Miss Mary A., who resides with Alexander A. When Alexander A. was twelve year» old his father moved to Payetteville and bought an Interest in the female seminary and the boys' academy, at Payetteville, and managed the boarding house for this seminary for four years. Our subject took a four years' course in the latter institution, at the com- pletion of which, in 1857, his father died, and Alexander A. was engaged the following winter in teaching school at Payetteville, and in the spring began farming with his eldest brother on the old homestead near Scotland. He followed agriculture three years; then began the study of medicine with Drs. Stuart and Howland, of Shippensburg. Eighteen months later he went to Ann Arbor, Mich., and there attended a course of lectures; then read one summer with Dr. A- Harvey Smith, an eminent surgeon of Detroit, Mich. In the fall of 1863 he entered Jefferson Medical College, of Philadelphia, Penn., from which Institution he was graduated in March, 1864, and the same spring located in the practice of medicine at Newburg, Cumberland County. Here he remained in practice several years and then moved to Cumberland, Md., where he, with his brothers, McLeod W., and Will- iam Paxton, built the Cumberland Steel Works, which they operated one year, when the Doctor sold out, and returned to Newburg and formed a partnership with .John C. Elliott, under the firm name of Elliott & Thomson, in general merchandising for three year* (until the fall of 1875). He was then nominated and elected, by the people of Cumberland County, Republican treasurer, which oflSce he held three years, and m the fall of 1879 was elected by the same party sheriff of tlie county, filling the incumbency three years. In the spring of 1883 he engaged in the cattle business in Wyoming Territory, and the year following' formed a partnership with James D. Greason in the same line. 'Two years later they formed the Carlisle Livestock Company, of Wyoming Territory, of which Dr. Thom- son was chosen president and manager, and he has since been engaged in this business. December 15, 1864, Dr. Thomson was married to Miss Susan Rosetta Frazer, a native of near Shippensburg and a daughter of Andrew and Annie (Wilson) Frazer, natives of Dauphin County, and who became a member of Middle Spring Presbyterian Church. Dr. and Mrs. Thomson have two children living: Frank Frazer, now attending Dickinson College, and Nellie E., attending school. Mrs. Thomson is a member of the Second Presbyterian Church, of Carlisle. The Doctor ranks among the leading successful busi- ness men of Carlisle, and, starting In life dependent on his own resources, he may be said to be a self-made man. As a public officer and business man, he has always had the con- fidence and resDect of all. JOHN R. Turner, architect, contractor and builder, Carlisle, has been identified with the place since 1833, and is, perhaps, the oldest in this line at Carlisle. He learned his profession with Jacob Spangler, with whom he served a regular apprenticeship, since which time he has been actively engaged In his business. He was born at Franklin (four miles southwest of Shippensburg) March 6, 1815, a sou of David Turner, who was born and reared near Mount Rock, Dickinson Township, this county, and of Irish parents, who settled in Cumberland County, and there died. When a young man David removed to Franklin County, where he was married to Miss Rebecca Rudisill, who was born in what is now Adams County, Penn., a daughter of Baltzer and Elizabeth (Schmidt) Rudisill. Mr. and Mrs. David Turner settled in West Pennsborough Township, Cumberland County, in 1823, and to them were born eleven children: Eliza (unmarried), Mary A. (married to- John Cresler, a farmer near Shippensburg), Rebecca (widow of James Davidson, of Peoria, 111.), John R., Susan (widow of John Keller), Jane (widow of Joseph Heister Gibson), Sarah (widow of Samuel Corl, of Bedford County). Lydia C. (wife Alpheus Hagan, resi- dent of Brandonville, Va.), Margaret (widow of John R. Natcher, a contractor and builder of Pittsburgh), Caroline (wife of George SuUufE, a contractor and builder of Alle- gheny City), and Agnes (wife of Thompson Walker, a farmer of Cumberland County). The parents were members of the Presbyterian Church. John R. received his schooling mainly in West Pennsborough Township, and in the spring of 1833 went to Carlisle, where, September 6, 1838, he was married to Miss Catherine Halbert, a native of Carlisle, and a daughter of Joseph and Elizabeth (Du Boise) Halbert, former of whom came from Eng- land, and latter a native of Carlisle. The grandfather of Mrs. Elizabeth Halbert (Abra- ham Du Boise) immigrated to Holland, from France, during the French Revolution, and subsequently to America, settling in Montgomery County, Penn. To our subject and wife have been born three daughters: Virginia (wife of William D. Sponsler, a retired merchant of Carlisle), Belle (residing at home), and Kitty (deceased, aged thirty-flve, and unmarried). The parents are members of the First Presbyterian Church. Mr. Turner is- BOROUGH OF CARLISLE. 399 identified with St. John Lodge, F. & A. M., Carlisle, and the I. O. O. P., Carlisle Lodge, No. 91. He has been the architect and builder of many of the buildings in Carlisle and elsewhere; was the architect and builder of the courthouse, Cumberland County, Stevens' Hall, Gettysburg; architect for the Farmers High School Building, near Belief onte. Penn. (now the Pennsylvania Farm School), architect of the market house in Carlisle, and was also architect and superintendent of the court house of Clarion County, Penn., and now, August, 1886, is engaged in superintending a first dwelling for H. Gould Beetem, having furnished the plans and specifications. Mr. Turner has longbeen one of the city's active and enterprising business men. REV. JOSEPH VANCE. D. D., pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, Carlisle, son of Samuel and Mary Vance, of South Strabane Township, Washington Co., Penn., was born October 8, 1837. In 1853 he entered Washington College, now Washington and Jefferson, and graduated in September, 1858. In the same month he entered the Western Theological Seminary at Allegheny, Penn. He was licensed to preach the gospel by the Presbytery of Washington in April, 1860, and graduated from the seminary in 1861. His first charge was the Assembly Church, Beaver Dam, Wis., where he began his work in July, 1861. In June, 1863, he was ordained by the Presbytery of Winnebago. In Janu- ary, 1865, he entered the work of the Christian Commission, and was sent to Vicksburg, Miss. In February he was appointed by Col. John Eaton , assistant superintendent of the schools of the Freedman's Department in the district of Vicksburg, and served in that capacity until the 1st of July. He was called to the Second Presbyterian Church of Vin- cennes, Ind., in September, 1865, and continued as its pastor until it was united with the First Presbyterian Church in April, 1873. Accepting a call to the church formed by the union, he remained until July, 1874. During his pastorage in Vincennes he was stated clerk of the presbytery, permanent clerk of the synod and a trustee of Hanover College.^ In April, 1866, he was married to Mary Hay Maddox, of Vincennes. She died in July,. 1871, leaving one child, Charles Thompson. During the summer of 1875 Dr. Vance sup- plied the pulpit of the First Presbyterian Church of Reading, Penn., in the absence of its pastor. The Rev. Dr. C. P. Wing having resigned the pastorate of the First Presbyterian. Church, Carlisle, in October, 1875, Mr. Vance was, in November of the same year, invited to supply the pulpit, and on the 30th of April, 1876, was installed pastor by a committee of Presbytery, consisting of Rev. Drs. C. P. Wing, J. A. Mun'ay and George Norcross, of Carlisle, and 'Thomas Creigh, of Mercersburg. In September, 1880, he was married to Sarah H. Maddox, of Vincennes, Ind. Miriam C. is their only child. In June, 1884, the degree of D. D. was conferred upon him by the Western University of Pennsylvania, and also by Washington and Jefferson College. HON. FREDERICK WATTS, retired lawyer. Carlisle. An eminent minister of the gospel once said: " The leading lawyer is always the most prominent member of the com- munity in which he lives." Whether this is always the case in large cities and commer- cial centers, or not, it is, no doubt, generally so in agricultural communities. That Judge Watts was the most prominent member of the community in which he lived for more than a quarter of a century is not questioned. As early as October, 1887, he prac- ticed in the supreme court of this State, and as late as the May term of 1869, and all through that period of forty-two years (except the three years he was on the_ bench), there is not a single volume of reports containing the cases from the middle district in which his name is not found; to which add the fact that for fifteen years he was reporter of the decisions of that court, and during that period, and before and after it, he was engaged in a large office business, and in the trial of nearly all the important cases in the courts below, in his own county and the county of Perry. But this did not satisfy his love for labor. He was, during this period, president of the Cumberland Valley Railroad, and continued in that oflice for twenty-six years. To his professional duties, and those con- nected with the railroad, he added constant activity in agricultural pursuits, not only in managing his farms, but as president of the Cumberland County Agricultural Society, and an active projector of the Agricultural College of Pennsylvania, furthering the general agricultural interests of his county and State. Judge Watts was born in Carlisle, this county. May 9, 1801, and is a son of David Watts, one of the most distinguished lawyers of his day, and whose practice extended through all the middle counties of the State. His mother was a daughter of Gen. Miller, of Revolutionary fame, who afterward com- ' manded the United States troops at Baltimore during the war of 1812. His grandfather, Frederick Watts, was a member of the executive council of Pennsylvania before the Rev- olution, and was one of the prominent men of the province and subsequent State. Our subject,' having been duly prepared, entered Dickinson College, from which he was grad- uated in 1819. He passed the two subsequent years with his uncle, William Miles, in Erie County, where he cultivated his taste for agricultural pursuits. In 1831 he returned to Carlisle, and entered the office of Andrew Carothers, as a law student; was admitted to the bar inAugust, 1884, and soon acquired a lucrative practice. In 1845 he became presi- dent of the Cumberland Valley Railroad. It is to his energy and able management that the people of the valley are indebted for a road which, when he took hold of it, was in debt, out of repair, unproductive, and in a dilapidated condition, but which, through his ener- 400 BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES: getic and economical management, has been brought up to a high state of prosperity, having paid all of its indebtedness and been made to yield handsome returns. March 9, 1849. Mr. Watts was commissioned by Gov. Johnston president judge of the Ninth Judi- cial District, composed of the counties of Cumberland, Perry and Juniata. He retained the office until 1853. In 1854 he was elected president of the board of trustees of the Agri- cultural College of Pennsylvania, in which capacity he still acts. During the year 1854 he projected the erection of gas and water works for Carlisle, and, having formed a com- pany, was elected its president. He is a man of great force of character and abiding self- confldence. Whatever he has undertaken he has done with all bis might, and whatever be his belief he believed implicitly. He never sat down at the counsel table to try a case that he did not impress the court and jury that he had perfect confidence that he would gain it. His temper was completely within his control; his equanimity was perfect, and he was ever ready to avail himself of any slip of his adversary. He had great powers of concentration, and always prepared his law points at the counsel table as soon as the evi- dence was closed. This he did with great facility, always directing them to the main points of the case. His power with the jury was very great. He was known by every man in the counties in which he practiced, and was regarded as a man of large intellect, sterling integrity, and unblemished honor. To these he added the impression of perfect belief in the justice of his cause, and this was effected by a manner that was always dig- nified, and in speech that was clear, strong, convincing, and never tedious. He despised quirks and quibbles; was a model of fairness in the trial of a cause, and always encouraged and treated kindly younger members of the bar that he saw struggling honorably for prominence, and when he closed his professional career he left the bar with the profound respect of all its members. In 1871 he was tendered the appointment of commissioner of agriculture, which he declined. The' offer was renewed, and he finally accepted the ap- pointment, and entered upon its duties August 1, 1871. An admirable system pervaded this department, and the three divisions were so arranged that the most detailed and accurate information could be obtained with the greatest facility. The country had not in its employ a more industrious, honest, faithful and large-hearted servant. He has ever since devoted himself assiduously to the practical development of the agricultural resources of the country. EDWARD BIDDLE WATTS, attorney, Carlisle, son of Hon. Frederick and Henrietta (Ege) Watts, was born in Carlisle, September 13, 1851. In 1865 he entered Dr. Lyons' private school at West Haverford, ten miles west of Philadelphia, where he remained un- til 1868, when he went to Cheshire, and entered the Episcopal Academy of the State, and here pursued his studies until 1869, when, at the request of Dr. Horton, the principal of that institute, he accompanied him upon a tour in Europe. Immediately upon his return he entered Trinity College at Hartford, Conn., from which institution he was graduated in 1873. He returned to Carlisle and read law with John Hays, an attorney of the place, and was admitted to the bar of Pennsylvania, in 1875, and at once entered on the practice of his profession, at which he has since been engaged in his native town. In 1885 he was appointed attorney for the county commissioners of Cumberland County. Although a young man, Mr. Watts ranks high in his profession, in which he has thus far made a suc- cess. He is a member of the Eighth Regiment, National Guards of Pennsylvania, having served as captain of Company G (Gobin Guards) 'since February, 1885. He is identified with St. John's Episcopal Church. HON. JOHN WISE WETZEL, lawyer, Carlisle, was born at that place, April 20, 1850, a son of George and Sarah E. (Shade) Wetzel. The subject of our sketch completed a good common school education, and took a preparatory course of study in Prof. Robert Sterrett's Academy here, and graduated from Dickinson College, in 1874. Meantime he had entered the study of law in the office of the late C E. Maglaughlin, Esq., and was admitted to the bar a short time before receiving , his decree from Dickinson College. Af- ter his admission he located in practice here, and has since been deservedly successful. He has always been an ardent Democrat, and has taken considerable interest in the placing of able men before the people for office. In 1876 he was elected as a representa- tive to the Democratic State Convention from Cumberland County; in 1882 he was elected to preside as chairman of the county executive committee of his party for Cumberland County; and in 1881 was elected district attorney for the county. He married Lizzie, youngest daughter of John and Elizabeth Wolf, the union being blessed with a son. Prank. Mr. Wetzel has succeeded through life by his own exertions, being a self-made man. He gives liberally to all worthy objects, and is one of the active workers in the development of the social and industrial interests of Carlisle. He is a member of the Belles Letters, and Omega Chapter of the Chi Phi Fraternity of Dickinson College; is a member of the board of trustees of Franklin and Marshall College; solicitor for the Board of Trade and Building & Loan Association of Carlisle; solicitor for the Harrisburg & Potomac Railroad, etc., etc. He is a worthy Mason and a member of the K. of P. Mr. and Mrs. Wetzel are regular attendants of the services of the Reformed Church of the United States. BARRENS SYLVESTER WILDER (deceased), late proprietor of the "Mansion BOROUGH OF CARLISLE. 401 House," Carlisle, was a native of Ohio. He was born December 18, 1883, and was a son of Dwight and Harriet (Barrens) Wilder, the former a native of Massachusetts, and by occu- pation a farmer. To Mr. and Mrs. Dwight Wilder three sons and one daughter were born, of whom Barrens S., the subject of this sketch, was the second son and child, and when but a small boy his parents moved to this county, and settled on a farm, where Barrens grew up, attending school during the winters. December 30, 1859, he was married to Miss Elizabeth Gurtner, who was born in York County, Penn., July 22, 1843, a daughter of John and Susan (Wise) Gurtner, the former of whom was a blacksmith, a native of Germany, and who came to this country when a child, and whose father, George Gurtner, settled in York County, Penn. John and Susan (Wise) Gurtner were the parents of one son and three daughters: Mary, who married Hezekiah Williams; John; Harriet, who married Johu Barnet, and Elizabeth, the wife of our subject. Mr. and Mrs. Barrens S. Wilder soon after marriage engaged in the hotel business, taking charge of the " Railroad House," at New Cumberland, which they conducted for four years; then took the hotel at Bridgeport, Cumberland County, with which they were id,entified until 1876, when they removed to Carlisle, and took charge of the "Mansion House," where Mr. Wilder died March 17, 1884. He was prominently connected with Masonry, having passed all the chairs in the various degrees of the order to the thirty-second degree, and was also a prominent member of the I. O. O. F. He was a member of the town council of Carlisle for three years, and stood high in the estimation of all as an upright, honest citizen. To Mr. and Mrs. Wilder five children were born, of whom the following named are living: Clara, wife of John Klink, resident of Harrisburg, a telegraph operator by profession, but at present employed as a clerk and book-keeper for Cumberland Valley Railroad Company; Susie, Arabella and Robert A. All the children were born at New Cumberland, Cumber- land County, and the youngest three reside with their mother. CONWAY PHELPS WING, D. D., Carlisle, belongs to a family traceable through five preceding generations to a progenitor who came from England in 1632 and settled finally in Sandwich, Mass. He is the son of Enoch and Mary (Oliver) Wing, who went from Conway, Hampshire Co., Mass., to Ohio in 1796, and settled on the right bank of the Muskingum, twelve miles above Marietta. He was born there February 12, 1809, but re- moved with his father in 1813, to Phelps, Ontario Co., N. Y. At a very early age he left home to pursue study preparatory to his collegiate course in the neighboring town of Geneva, at an Episcopal academy, which soon afterward became Hobart College. After two years there he entered the sophomore class in Hamilton College, where he graduated in 1828. Nearly a year after this he entered a theological seminary at Auburn, where he enjoyed the instruction of Dr. James Richards and graduated in 1881. He was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Geneva, February 3, 1831, just before entering his twenty- first year, and commenced preaching at once in Sodus, Wayne Co., N. Y., where he was ordained and installed September 27, 1832. During the extraordinary revivals of religion which prevailed in that region about that period, he was one of its active and successful promoters. In 1836 he removed to Ogden, Monroe Co., N. Y., and in 1838 to the city of Monroe, Mich., where his vigorous health gave way under his protracted labors, and he was obliged to seek its restoration, first by a year's residence in St. Croix, West Indies, and then by a more protracted sojourn in the Southern States. For a year and a half he preached in Columbia, Tenn., and vicinity, and finding, on experiment, that he could not safely venture upon a settlement in the North, reluctantly yielded to the solicitations of his new friends in the South, and became pastor of a congregation in Huntsville, Ala. Though he frankly informed that people that he was opposed to slavery and should do all in his power wisely to abolish it they persevered in calling and sustaining him, believing that his prejudices would soon be removed. He continued in his pastorate there with great acceptance and usefulness untiljApril, 1848. He twice represented his presbytery there in the general assembly of the Presbyterian Church, and earnestly resisted the attemjDts of a party in that body to withdraw all Christian fellowship from the Southern churches. He was the author of a long and elaborate report, adopted by the synod of Tennessee, in Oc- tober, 1847, in reply to the objections of this party, and maintaining that, while humanity and religion might require that some, under favorable circumstances, should emancipate their slaves, many masters were so situated that such a course would be utterly inexpedi- ent and unjust, and they were bound to retain them, and treat them with kindness and love. After two or three years of experience, however, he found that public opinion would not permit him to act up to his convictions of duty in the enforcement of church discipline, against those who were guilty of immoralities against their slaves, and that he was likely to be involved in complications which would be perilous. Though he urged upon the slaves the apostolic duties of ordinary forbearance and submission, instances sometimes came to his knowledge, in which a different course seemed to him quite justifi- able, and where he^could not withhold his views. Such expressions of opinion, though tolerated when uttered by native citizens, were not relished by those who were suspected of Northern proclivities. He, therefore, became satisfied that it was his duty to give up his pastoral relation, and although his own congregation expressed their unanimous reso- lution to sustain him, and offered him extraordinary inducements to continue with them, 402 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: he saw no way of compliance consistent with a good conscience. Just as he had reached this conclusion, a call reached him from the First Presbyterian Church of Carlisle, which he immediately accepted. That people had heard him while on a visit nortii, in 1843, and now, on becoming destitute of a pastor, they invited him to settle among them. He arrived at Carlisle and commenced his ministrations there April 28, 1848, but was not installed until October 15, of the same year. His congregation, tliough not in ecclesiasti- cal sympathy with the great majority of the Presbyterian Church in this region, grew in numbers and prosperity during his entire pastorate of more than twenty-eight years. He toolt a higb ranlj as preacher in the synod of Pennsylvania, was more tban once a candi- date for tlie moderator's chair in the general assembly, and has served with acceptance on moat of its important committees. He has been a member of eight general assem- blies (besides two adjourned meetings), and has declined several invitations to prominent churches. He was especially active in efforts for the reunion of the two great branches of the Presbyterian Church, being a member of the convention of Presbyterians in Phila- delphia in 1867, and of the assembly of reunion which met in New York and Pittsburgh in 1867. He was also a member of the joint committee of reconstruction for the organiza- tion of the synods and presbyteries of the reunited church. In addition to the ordinary worli of a pastor, from the duties of which he has always been scrupulously careful that nothing should divert him, he has generally had in his. hands such literary engagements as were consistent with it. He reads with a good degree of facility in seven aifferent languages. In 1849, at the request of the faculty and students of Diclsinson College, he supplied for one year the place made vacant by tue transfer of William H. Allen, LL. D., to the presidency of Girard College, and in 1856, he, in connection with Prof. Charles E. Blumenthal, published a translation of Hase's History of the Christian Church (D. Apple- ton &Co., New York, pp. 730), in the composition of which he bore the largest share. For some years he contributed one article annually to the Presbyterian Quarterly Review, among which the most noted were two on "Abelard." two on the " Historical Develop- ment of the Doctrine of the Atonement," and one on the 'Permanent in Christianity," and one article, in the Methodist Quarterly on "Miracles and the order of Nature." About a dozen sermons and discourses have been published by his people and his friends, as they were preached on special occasions. He was also the writer of two elaborate articles on "Federal Theology," and "Gnostics and Gnosticism," in McClintock & Strong's Encyclo- pedia, and in 1867 he contributed to Dr. Schaff's American edition of Lang's Commentary on the Bible, a translation with large additions of Kling's Commentary on Second Cor- inthians. Notwithstanding these engagements, Dr. Wing's health became so completely re- stored that, during his long pastorate, he lost on account of illness not more than six Sab- baths. In 1869, however, his congregation perceived such tokens of impaired energy, that they allowed him a suspension of labor for six months, during which time they employed an assistant for the performance of his work. On two dififereut occasions after this, as he found his strength giving way, he requested either an entire or partial dissolution of his pastorate, but could not obtain the acquiescence of his people. It was not until July 18, 1875, that, after a laborious service as a commissioner to the general assembly, his congregation consented that he might henceforth take the place of Pastor Emeritus; but after some consultation and experience he repeated his request for a complete disso- lution of the pastoral relation. This was finally acquiesced in by the people, October 17, 1875, and was complied with by the presbytery, October 33, 1875, though for some years a partial salary was continued to him. A severe illness in the autumn of that year proved that this action had been taken none too soon; but on his recovery his health began to improve, until, finally, he has been restored nearly to his earlier vigor. His subsequent life has been almost as active as at any other period. On the Sabbath he ordinarily preaches in some of the neighboring congregations, or in his former pulpit. He enters with ardor into most of the theological discussions and practical measures of the day, in which he almost uniformly advocates the side of real progress. He is especially fond of exegetical and historical investigations. He has in manuscript extended comments upon almost the entire Greek Testament, and has become thoroughly familiar with the " History of Cumberland Valley." In 1879 he contriliuted the principal part of the "History of Cumberland County " (published by J. D. Scott, Philadelphia, quarto, pp. 283), and re- cently he has published two editions of a historical and genealogical register of the Wing family in America. (Carlisle and New York, 8vo and quarto, pp. 333 and 500.) CHARLES R. WOODWARD, of the firm of Woodward, Graybill & Co., mill- ers, Carlisle, is a native of Pennsylvania, born in York, York County, December 8, 1844, a son of Capt. Robert C. and Sarah E. (Spangler) Woodward, the former a native of Newburyport, Mass., and a son of Capt. Salem Woodward, of that place, a sea-cap- tain, who ran a line of ships from Cliarleston, S. C, to Liverpool, England. Robert C. Woodward sailed with his father for a number of years as a sea captain and as captain on the Mississippi River from New Orleans to Cincinnati. He located in York County, where he married Miss Sarah B. Spangler, and engaged in the grocery business at York until 1850, excepting three years spent in California, prospecting, just prior to 1850, when he came to Carlisle and formed the company of Woodward & Schmidt, forwarding and BOROUGH OF CARLISLE. 403 commission agents, and erected the building now occupied by his son, Charles R. Rob- ert O. died at Carlisle in August, 1877, and his widow in November, 1885. Their five children were George (deceased), Ellen (deceased), Charles R., Robert 8. (deceased); and Florence W., wife of the Rev. J. Hepbron Hargis, of Philadelphia. The par- ents were identified with the First Presbyterian Church.^ Charles R. was but six years old when his parents came from York. He attended the high school and Dickinson Col- lege, of Carlisle, assisting his father as clerk until 1864, when he became a partner of his father, with whom he remained until 1876, when he purchased his father's interest, and became associated with John G. Bobb, as a partner of the firm of "Woodward & Bobb. This firm continued until 1883, when Mr. John Graybill became a partner in the business, and one year later the present firm was established (Mr. Bobb's interest being purchased by Woodward, Graybill & Co.). In April, 1870, Mr. Woodward married Miss Jessie V. EUiott, who was born in Wyoming Territory (the first white child born in that Territory), a daughter of Gen. W. L. and Hattie (Jones) Elliott, of Cincinnati, now living in San Francisco. To Mr. and Mrs. Woodward five children were born: Florence V., Jessie E., Robert C, Sarah E. and William G. The mother is a member of the Episcopal Church. Mr. Woodward is a member of Carlisle Council, No. 502, Royal Arcanum. He is a director of the Carlisle Deposit Bank, treasurer of the Carlisle Land Association, and is one of the enterprising business men of Carlisle. In 1883 he and his partner built the Carlisle roller flouring-mill, a three-story brick building, in which are fourteen pairs of rollers, being otherwise fully equipped. WILLIAM H. WOODWARD, general superintendent of the Gettysburg & Harris- burg Railway, and treasurer of the South Mountain Railway & Mining Company, and of the South Mountain Iron & Mining Company, office at Pine Grove Furnace, and residence at Carlisle, is a native of Chester County, Penn. Soon after his birth the famijy moved to the city of Philadelphia, where he attended the public schools until thirteen years of age, when he began clerking in a drug store, in which he remained until fifteen; at that early age, September 3, 1861, he enlisted in Company A, Sixty-seventh Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry; served through entire war, and was mustered out July 15, 1865, as sergeant-major of the regiment. The regiment to which he belonged was attached to the Second Brigade, Second Division. Sixteenth Army Corps of the command, rnost of the time. He was taken prisoner at Winchester, Va., June 15, 1865, from which time until August following he spent in Libby and Belle Isle prisons, when he was paroled and sent to Annapolis, Md., and soon after joined his regiment, this being his only absence from the regiment during the war. He was mustered out of the service at the close of the war, and returned to Philadelphia; then went to Plymouth, Luzerne County, where he became employed as book-keeper and paymaster for J. C. Puller, of the Shawnee Coal Mines, which position he held until 1871, when he was elected treasurer, and subsequently, in 1877, general superintendent of the Gettysburg & Harrisburg Railway. In 1870 Mr. Woodward was married to Miss Emma McGee, of Philadelphia, who died in 1881, and to them were born one son and three daughters: Dora F., Bessie A., Harry P. and Emma E. B. In February, 1883, he then married Miss Annie M. Bixler, of Carlisle, a daughter of Joshua P. and Julia (Beetem) Bixler, former of the firm of Saxon & Bixler. Mrs. Woodward is a member of the Lutheran Church. Mr. Woodward is Past Master of Cumberland and Star Lodge, No. 97, Carlisle; Past High Priest of St. John's Chapter and St. John's Commandery, No. 8, Carlisle;. is also a member of Capt. Colwell Post, G. A. R., of Carlisle. JOHN ZINN, county clerk and recorder, Carlisle, is a native of Lancaster County, Penn. ; was born in what is now Rhineholtz Station, February 36, 1830, a son of Isaac and Catherine (Spotz) Zinn, former born in Lancaster County, and latter born just across the county line in Berks County. Isaac Zinn in early life worked at coopering; in April, 1834, he, with his family, came to Cumberland County and settled on a farm near Barnitz Mill, in Dickinson Township. They were the parents of six children: John, the eldest; Eliza, wife of Jacob Hess, a resident of Penn Township; Hannah, deceased at the age of three years; Catherine, wife of William W. Spandler, a farmer of Mifflin Townsbip; William, who married Jane Fickes, and resides in Cumberland County; and George, who married Lucy Straw, and resides on a farm near Centerville. John worked on the farm, attending and teaching school until his marriage, September 16, 1858, with Miss Mary R. Spangler, who was born at Mount Hope, Cumberland County, a daughter of William and Nancy (SheafEer) Spangler. Mr. Zinn, after his marriage, settled on his father's farm in Penn Township, and engaged in agriculture for three years; then for four years was oc- cupied in teaching school after which, for thirteen years, he was engaged as a farmer in Cumberland County. During two years he drove stage from Carlisle to Shippensburg, residing at Centerville. Subsequently, and until he was elected clerk and recorder of Cumberland County, in November, 1884, he was occupied in keeping a warehouse at Longsdorf Station one year and a half, farming four years, and carrying on a general store at Hockersville. To his marriage with Miss Spangler eight children were born: AnnaM. C, wife of Parker H. Trego, of Carlisle; George B. McClellan, who married Al- ice Coover, and resides in Cumberland County; Philip S., who married Miss Sarah Bar- 404 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: rick, and is a resident of Cumberland County; William I. N. ; Thomas E. E ; John W., ■who died young; Harry 0. S. and Edward C. S. The Zinns have been identified with this section of the county for many years. Jabob, the great-grandfather of John, was born in Lancaster County. His eldest son, Peter, married a Miss Swigert, and was the father of four sons and three daughters, of whom Isaac, the father of John, was one. Our subject in 1867 was elected a justice of the peace of Penn Township; was re-elected in 1873, and again in 1877, holding the office over thirteen years. He has discharged the duties of his present office with credit to himself, and to the satisfaction of his constitu- ents. Mr. Zinn is a member of the Lutheran Church. Mrs. Zinn died September 6, 1885, a member of the Lutheran Church. JACOB ZUG (deceased) was born near Elizabethtown, Lancaster Co., Penn., in 1793, and died March 25, 1877, aged eighty-four years, one month and thirteen days. He was a son of John and Margaret (Mohler) Zug, both of Lancaster County. Penn., and was a freat-grandson of Ulric Zug, who, with his own and other Swiss families, immigrated to 'ennsylvania from the Palatinate of the Lower Rhine, on the invitation of Queen Anne, renewed by George I, and encouraged by William Penn by the pledge of freedom of con- science, his ancestors having, at an early day, left Switzerland for the Palatinate on ac- count of religious persecutions. He landed at Philadelphia September 27, 1727, and im- mediately settled in the northwest part of Lancaster County, in the township of War- wick, now called Penn. There he located, by warrant from the proprietary government, nearly 400 acres of land, where he and a number of his descendants lived and died. On this homestead was born, in 1731, John Zug, the fourth child of Ulric and the grand- father of Jacob Zug, the subject of this sketch. This John Zug died in 1831, aged ninety years. He was seventy-two years a member, fifty-two years a minister, and forty-one years an elder or bishop in the Church of the Brethren, properly styled the German Bap- tist, and was one of the most faithful, devoted and honored ministers, a worthy man,highly esteemed by all who knew him. The father of Jacob Zug was the second son of the aforesaid John Zug, and was also called John. He was born on the same old homestead in Lancas- ter County in 1763, and died one mile east of Carlisle in 1824. In 1806 Jacob Zug came with his father to near what is now Mechanicsburg. at which time there were but three houses within the village. In 1814 they sold their farm and removed to the junction of Cedar Spring with Yellow Breeches Creek, where his father purchased a farm and mill, which property they exchanged for a farm one mile east of Carlisle. Here Jacob Zug started in life for himself, and in 1823 removed to Carlisle, where he lived until his death. He took a deep interest in politics, but was never from choice a candidate for office. In 1835, at the urgent request of some of his friends he was induced to accept the nomina- tion for the office of county commissioner, to which he was elected at a time when his po- litical associates were in the minority. Subsequently he was called by his fellow-citizens at different times to serve them as chief burgess and councilman. He was a man who made many warm friends, and was loved and respected by all for his manly qualities. He married Miss Elizabeth Kimmel, of Cumberland County, and to them were born five sons and one daughter, who lived to manhood and womanhood: Samuel, who resides in De- troit, Mich.; John, an attorney (deceased); Ephraim (deceased), late a merchant of Me- chanicsburg; Elizabeth, now living in Carlisle; Augustus (deceased), aged twenty-seven years; Jacob T., who was a lieutenant in the Seventh Regiment Pennsylvania Reserves, and lost his right arm in the battle of Fredericksburg. The latter married Miss Annie E. Eberly, of Mechanicsburg, and to them the following children were born: Frank D., Augusta and Ray, who reside in Carlisle. RECEIVED TOO LATE FOR INSERTION IN PROPER PLACE. AMERICUS R. ALLEN, M. D., Carlisle, is a graduate of the University of Pennsyl- vania. He was born at Lee's Cross Roads, Cumberland Co., Penn., January 13, 1861, and is the eldest son of Wm. H. and Anna (Clark) Allen, who had a family of five sons and four daughters. Americus R. Allen worked at farming, and attended the common schools and the Normal, at Shippensburg, Penn., until twenty-one years of age, when he was em- ployed by the Bosler Cattle Company, and remained with this company, in Nebraska, one year. lie then began the study of medicine, in the office of S. B. Keefer, A. M., M. D., Carlisle. After graduating at the university, he located in Carlisle, where he has since e ngaged in the practice of medicine, and enjoys the confidence and respect of all. BOROUGH OF MECHANICSBURG. 40& CHAPTER XXXIX. BOROUGH OF MECHANICSBURG. REV. AUGUSTUS BABB, retired clergyman, has been pastor of the Evangelical Lu- theran Church, Mechanicsburg, for the past fifty-three years. His great-grandfather was born in Germany and came with his wife to America, settling in Berks County; they had four sons and three daughters, who lived to be men and women; his son, Mathias Babb, was the first to enlist in Gen. Heister's company (afterward govei'nor of Pennsylvania). During the war of the Revolution he was a coppersmith and tinsmith; married Miss Rosanna Bierley, and had three sons and five daughters. John, the eldest, born in Read- ing, Penn., was also a coppersmith and tinsmith; married Miss Barbara Ann Henritze, a native of Reading, Penn. He was a member of the Lutheran, and she of the German Reformed Church. They had a family of three sons and four daughters: John, Mary, Barbara, Augustus, Sarah, Mathias and Roseanna, all born in Reading, Penn. Augustus, the subject of our sketch, was born January 19, 1810, and, when fourteen, was appren- ticed to learn the cabinet-maker's trade until he was nineteen, when he entered the man- ual labor school at Germantown, Penn. Some fourteen months later he entered Gettys- burg Gymnasium, which became a theological seminary; there he finished a regular course, and in May, 1833, was licensed to preach in Pendleton County, Va., and began his minis- trations in Augusta County, Va. Pour years later he came to Mechanicsburg, and two years later was appointed, by the West Pennsylvania Synod, missionary for Clearfield, Jefferson, Armstrong, Clarion and Venango Counties, holding that position four or five months, when, owing to a fall and subsequent ill health, he was appointed pastor of Blairsville, Indiana County, Church, where here mained until 1845; then returned to Me- chanicsburg Church, remaining here until 1851, when he became agent for the Pennsyl- vania College at Gettysburg; a year later he resigned to accept the pastorship of Somer- set Church, Somerset County, where he had four churches in charge. In 1856 he re- turned to this county and took charge of the church at Centerville until 1860, when h& went to Turbotville, Northumberland Co., Penn., to preach in German and English. During a Thanksgiving sermon, after Lincoln's election, he gave offense to the Demo- cratic brethren by saying that our form of government was a Republican form of gov- ernment; so, in 1863, after the battle of Gettysburg, he took charge of his farm in Hock- ersville; this county, where he farmed, and preached at different places, until 1870, when he took charge of Blairsville, until 1875, when he returned to his farm, and two year& later came to Mechanicsburg, where he has since resided. He married, June 27, 1833, Miss Mary A. Hoffman, a native of Franklin County, Penn., daughter of James Hoffman, a teacher. Mrs. Babb died August 11, 1838. Our subject was married, on the second occasion August 6, 1840, to Jane Logue, born in Carlisle, daughter of Joseph and Nancy Ann (Jumper) Logue, former of whom died at Fort Niagara in the United States service, Sep- tember 19, 1818. Mrs. Babb died June 30, 1872. Our subject is one of the oldest min- isters living. His life has always been one of activity, and through his efforts many have been brought to Christ; and his name will be handed down to posterity as one who did his duty as a Christian, a minister for the cause of Christ, and worshiper of God "who so loved the world that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believed in Him should not perish but have everlasting life." GEORGE BOBB, grocer, member of the firm of George Bobb & Son, Mechanicsburg, was born in Mechanicsburg, Penn., November 8, 1819, son of John and Margaret (Longs- dorff) Bobb, old settlers of this place, where the former followed the trade of harness and saddle-making. They had eight children, four living. When George, the second child and eldest son, was thirteen years old, his father died, and his mother subsequently mar- ried Peter Baker, of Carlisle, Penn. Our subject worked during the summers, attending school winters, until he was sixteen, when he began to learn the stove and tinware trade with Jacob Rupley. Six years later he bought the tin and stove store of Robert Wilson, which he sold out in 1861 and opened a hardware store. In 1879 he sold out again and opened his present grocery. In September, 1843, Mr. Bobb was married to Miss Margaret Giffln, born in Middlesex Township, Cumberland County, daughter of Hon. James Giffln, ex-member of the Pennsylvania Legislature from this county. Mrs. Bobb died May 13, 1884, the mother of two sons, one living, James G., born in Mechanicsburg, this county, November 10 1844, a partner with his father in the grocery store; was married to Miss- Mary C Quigley February 26, 1867, who was born May 21, 1848, in Beach Creek, Clinton 406 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Co., Penn., daughter of Hon. Cline, ex-associate judge of Clinton County, Penn., and Agnes (Tliompson) Quigley, old settlers of Clinton County, Penn. Mr. and Mrs. James Q. Bobb have bad six children, five living: Agnes Q., George W., Mary C, James G., Jr., and Anna M. The subject of our sketch was married on second occasion, November 16, 1884, to Mrs. O. Grace Scliock, bora in Knox County, 111., in 1834, daughter of Dr. Charles and Eliza (Morris) Hansford, natives of "Virginia. Mr. George Bobb was elected county treasurer by the people of Cumberland County in 1871 for one term. He has held various local oflBces of trust in Mechanicsburg. He and his son are members of Eureka lodge. No. 302, A. F. & A. M., Samuel C. Perkins Chapter, No. 309, and St. John's Commandery, No. 8, Carlisle; Mechanicsburg Lodge, No. 315, I. O. O. P.; and George Bobb is a member of Wildey Encampment, No. 39, Mechanicsburg. They are representative business men of this city, and carry a full and complete stock of fine groceries, glass, queensware and woodenware. ELI B. BRANDT, physician and majror, Mechanicsburg, was born on the old home- stead farm of his father and grandfather in Monroe Township, five miles south of Me- chanicsburg, April 16, 1829, son of George and Barbara (Beelman) Brandt, the former of whom was born on the old home farm in Monroe Township, and died in 1875, aged eighty -four; and the latter, born in Upper Allen Township, this county, died in 1835, a member of the Lutheran Church. They had a family of four sons and three daughters, of whiim Eli B. is the youngest. Our subject worked on his father's farm, attending and teaching school during winters until he was twenty-one, when he began the study of medicine with Dr. L. H. Lenher, of Churchtown, Monroe Township, and graduated from the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Penn., in 1855. He located first at New Cumberland, this county, thence went to Shiremanstown and to Mechanicsburg in 1868, where he has since engaged in the practice of his profession. Dr. Brandt married at Har- risburg, Penn., February 13, 1856, Miss Margaret C. Mateer, who was born in Lower Allen Township, this county, daughter of William and Mary (Porter) Mateer, both born and raised in Cumberland County, Penn. Dr. and Mrs. Brandt have had seven children, two now living: Mary, wife of Oliver Yohn, dealer in pianos, organs and other musical instruments; and Arthur D., unmarried and remaining with his parents. Dr. Brandt en- listed as surgeon of the Thirty-first Pennsylvania Volunteers May 39, 1863, and was mus- tered out in August, 1864. He was elected president, in 1861, of the Allen and East Pennsborough Society for the recovery of stolen horses and mules and the detection of thieves; re-elected in 1869, and has held the office ever since. He is a member of the Cumberland County Medical Society, of which he has been president and secretary, and is also a member of the State Medical Society, and of the American Medical Association. He has lived to see Cumberland County and towns undergo many interesting and im- portant changes. His grandfather, John Brandt, was among the earliest settlers of Cumberland County. The family is of German descent. The Doctor stands high in the estimation of all who know him. He was elected mayor in 1878-79-80, and again in 1884 and 1885. He was a delegate to the national convention at Chicago in 1868, and a dele- gate to Philadelphia in 1873. He was nominated Republican State senator of the Twen- tieth Senatorial District in 1874. LEWIS BRICKER, retired farmer, Mechanicsburg, was born in Newville, this county, August 6, 1813, a grandson of David Bricker, a native of Lancaster County, Penn., who married a Miss Erbe and moved to Newville in 1806, where he kept a hotel and died. He had five children: Jacob; Elizabeth, wife of Henry Gebler; David; Mary, wife of Peter Dock; and John. Jacob, the eldest, was born in Cocalico Township, Lancaster Co., Penn., December 25, 1781, and married Miss Mary, daughter of Martin and Mary (Cap) Fry. He was a miller at Newville, and afterward built the Silver Spring mills, in Silver Spring Township; he died April 3, 1868; his wife was a member of the Lutheran Church. To this couple were born five children, one now living, Lewis. Lewis Bricker, the sub- ject of this sketch, moved with his parents to Silver Spring Township, this county, when nearly a year old, and, when he was old enough, worked on his father's farm and in the mill here until his marriage with his first cousm. Miss Elizabeth Fry, who was born Janu- ary 1, 1815, in Cocalico Township, Lancaster County, daughter of Peter and Sarah . (Hauck) Fry. After his marriage, Lewis Bricker settled on his farm in Hampden Town- ship, this county. Mrs. Bricker was a member of the Lutheran Church. Of the twelve children born to this union nine are living: Sarah, wife of John Smith, a baker and grocer of Princeton, 111. ; Martin, married to Miss Martha Mosser, resides on a farm near Camp Hill, this county; Mary, wife of George Martin, resides on a farm near Don Cameron, Perry Co., Penn.; Elizabeth, wife of Andrew Clark, on a farm in Silver Spring Township, this county; Jacob, married to Miss Susan Long (they reside on the old family farm in Hampden 'Township, this county); Theresa, wife of Franklin Fry, who works in the bessemer steel works at Steelton, Penn.; Clara, wife of Dr. John Sibert, of Steelton, Penn.; Ida, wife of Thomas L. Long, a brick manufacturer at Oskaloosa, Iowa; and Re- becca, wife of John Becker, dentist, Steelton, Penn. Mrs. Bricker died November 2, 1874, and Mr. Bricker then married for his second wife Mrs. Emeline Smick, widow of George Smick, a farmer, who died March 7, 1866, Mr. and Mrs. Smick had two children: one BOEOUGH OF MECHANICSBURG. 407 son, John W., born December 16,1853. is a miller in Adams County, married to Miss Hannah H., daughter of Absalom and Sarah (Plank) Asper. Mr. and Mrs. Briclcer are members of the Lutheran Church. He is one of the few old settlers remaining, and has lived to see this county undergo many interesting and important changes. He stands high in the estimation of all, and is a descendant of one of the oldest families in Pennsylvania. ABNER C. BRINDLE, cashier of the First National Bank, Mechanicsburg, is a descendant of one of the oldest families of Cumberland County and Pennsylvania. His gi'andfather, George Brindle, who was born in Lancaster County, Penn., came to this county when a young man, and was married here to Miss Elizabeth Bricker. They had six children: Susan. John, George, Peter, Elizabeth and Solomon. John, the second born, married Miss Mary Baker. He and his wife were members of the Dunkard Church. They had a family of twelve children, eleven now living : John, Daniel (deceased), George, Elizabeth, Peter, Elias, Jesse, Mary, Leah, Rebecca, Susan and Abner C. The subject of our sketch, the youngest in the family, was born six miles southwest of Mechanicsburg, in Monroe Township, September 17, 1837. He worked on his father's farm, attending and teaching school, and acting as clerk in a store until 1863, when he was employed as clerk in a wholesale tobacco house in Philadelphia, remaining in the tobacco house and as clerk in a dry goods store until February, 1864, when he was appointed teller in the First National Bank at Carlisle, Penn., and in February, 1865, was elected teller of the First National Bank of Mechanicsburg. In No- vember, 1868, he was elected cashier and he has held that position ever since. In 1862 he responded to a call from the governor of Pennsylvania, as a member of the Pennsylvania State Militia, and in 1863 enlisted in the Forty-ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania State Mil- itia, under Col. John Murphy, and was mustered out at the expiration of the company's term of enlistment, at Philadelphia, in September, 1863. Mr. Brindle married, December 5, 1868, Miss Mary E. Egbert, born in Perry County. Penn., daughter of I. R. and Sarah (Carver) Egbert, the former a retired merchant, of Carlisle, both natives of Montgomery County, Penn. To our subject and wife have been born two children, one living, Charles E., born in Mechanicsburg September 30, 1870. Mrs. Brindle is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Our subject is a great-grandson of Peter Bricker. born in Lancaster County, Penn., in 1735, and married to Miss Mary Barr; settled in Cumberland'County, Penn., in an early day; he was a son of Peter Bricker, who came to this country from Switzerland in the early part of the eighteenth century. JOHN COOVER (deceased) as one of the early settlers deserves more than a passing notice. Prominent in church, society and business, he and his descendants have always been people of note. He was one of the founders of Mechanicsburg, and was descended from the German family named "Kobar"— afterward changed to Coover — who immigrated to this country as early as 1760. Soon after this date his grandfather, Gideon Coover, bought a large tract of land, being of the "Manor on Conodoguinet," situated by the Cedar Spring, south of Shiremanstown, Cumberland Co., Penn. One of his sons, Hon. George Coover, was married October 22, 1764, to Elizabeth Mohler, by Rev. Nicholas Hornell, of York, minister of the High German Lutheran Church, of which both were members. They lived on the plantation at Cedar Spring, and had five sons and four daughters: George, Jr., Henry, Elizabeth, Susannah, Catherine, Anne, Michael, Jacob and John. The subject of this sketch was born February 33, 1787. His early life was spent on his father's farm, where he attended such schools as his day afforded. About 1816 or 1817 he came to Mechanicsburg, and, with Adam Reigel as partner (which partnership was subsequently dissolved), opened the first import- ant store in that place, becoming thereafter a successful merchant; continuing therein ■engaged until 1849, when he disposed of his stock and retired from active business life, always, however, taking a keen and decided interest in the public affairs of the borough, State and Nation. Some years previous to this time he purchased a large tract of land, lying immediately south of the borough of Mechanicsburg— bounded by the middle of Simpson Street— which since his decease has been incorporated into the borough, and laid out b3[ l^'s heirs, into town lots, with fine wide streets, and being slightly- elevated, is being rapidly- built up, and bids fair to become the most beautiful part of the town. On February 4, 1819, he was married to Miss Salome Keller, who was born September 13, 1792, and was the daughter of Martin Keller, who landed in Baltimore, Md., in 1786, emi- grating from the Canton of Basle, Switzerland. About 1800 he removed to Cumber- land County and purchased a large tract of land in Silver Spring Township, known as "Barbaoe," situated one-half mile north of Mechanicsburg, which is still owned by his descendants. The children of John Coover were six in number— one son, who died in infancy and five daughters: Susan K. (widow of Philip H. Long), Sarah (married to Ephraim Zug, who died in May, 1862, afterward married to William H. Oswald, who died in January, 1884), Mariamne (wife of Richard T. Hummel, Huramelstown, Dauphin Co., Penn • A Elizabeth (married to Levi Kauffman, now deceased) and J. Emeline (widow ■of Daniel Coover). John Coover died May 13, 1862, and his widow January 3, 1883, and they were both buried in the old family grave-yard at Barbace, by the side of Martin Keller and Martin Keller's wife and mother. The old homstead built by John Coover, 408 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: situated on the northeast corner of Main and Fredericlc Streets, Mechanicsburg, and in ■which he and his wife lived to the date of their death, is still occupied by one of his daughters Mr. Coover was a quiet, unassuming man, one who made many friends, and of wide influence in his church and society. He was a great reader, and had a fine mind and tenacious memory. His name was a synonym for honesty and integrity, and from time to time ho filled the various municipal offices; was for many years justice of the peace; and so great was the confidence reposed in him that he was constantly sought after to act as executor and administrator in settling the estates of decedents, and many were the children to whom he was guardian — as many as 100, it is believed. A consistent and leading member of the German Baptist or Dunkard Church, he was good to the poor, a kind husband and indulgent father. Generous to a fault, kind-hearted and true, he was beloved by all who knew him, and his memory is deeply cherished for his sterling worth and Christian character, of which his descendants may well be proud. JACOB H. DEARDORFF, physician, Mechanicsburg, was born on his father's farm in Washington Township, York Co., Penn., February 4, 1B46; son of Joseph F. and Lovinia (Hoover) Deardorff; the former, a farmer, born in Adams County; the latter a native of York County, Penn. ; they were members of the Lutheran Church. Of their eight children (five sons and three daughters) Jacob H. is the youngest. He attended school during winter and worked on his father's farm in summer until he was eighteen, when he began teaching and at the same time attending school. He graduated from Fairbanks Business College and the Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia. March 9, 1876, he located in Middletown, Dauphin Co., Penn., and after two years and a half he came to Mechanicsburg, where he has practiced medicine ever since. The Doctor was united in marriage, December 26, 1867, with Miss Mary A. Stouffer, born near Andersontown, York Co., Penn., daughter of Washington and Sarah (Kline) Stouffer. The Doctor and wife have three children: Clarence M., born in York County, Penn.; Raymond P., bom in Lisburn, this county; Gertrude F., born in Slatington, Lehigh Co., Penn. Dr. Deardorff is a member of the A. O. of M., Mechanicsburg. He has a first-class practice, and stands high in the estimation and confidence of all who know him. His success as a physician since he located in Mechanicsburg, has been most satisfactory to himself and his patients. The Doctor's great-grandfather and grandmother came from Germany to Pennsylvania. His father is still living at the advanced age of eighty-one and resides near East Berlin, Adams Co., Penn. LEVI F. EBERLY, of Levi F. Eberly & Sons, wholesale and retail dealers in all kinds of lumber, sash, doors, blinds, etc., corner of High Street and the railroad, Mechanics- burg, was born on the old family farm in Upper Allen Township, Cumberland Co., Penn., May 6, 1818, son of David and Catharine (Prankenberger) Eberly, the former born in Lan- caster County, Penn., November 9, 1781, and died in 1861; the latter born in this county in 1791, and died in 1869; both members of the Mennonite Church. They had three sons and six daughters who lived to be men and women. Levi F., the eldest son and fourth child, assisted his father on the farm until his marriage, October 24, 1839, with Miss Eliza Shuey, who was born in Lebanon County, Penn., daughter of Christian and Magdalena (Miley) Shuey, natives of that county. After his marriage Mr. Eberly engaged in farm- ing in Lebanon County for five years, when he sold out and purchased a farm in Upper Allen Township, this county. In 1859 he came to Mechanicsburg, and in 1861 established his present business. Mr. and Mrs. Eberly are members of the United Brethren Church. "They have four sons: W. Harrison, David H., Edward M. and Ira S. Of these, W. Har- rison, born near Mechanicsburg November 16, 1840, at sixteen began teaching school, and two years later entered the Cumberland Valley Institute; remained here, and in the Otter- bein University, at Westerville, Ohio, for two years; was then appointed teller of the Merkel, Mumma & Co. Bank, holding this position through the various changes of this bank until 1864, when he was appointed clerk in the quartermaster's department for the Government until the close of the war. In 1876 he was one of the projectors of the West End Railway, which owned and operated the narrow gauge railroad that ran outside of the Centennial grounds, so familiar to all visitors to that exposition. At the close of the Centennial, he and others established the "Dime Express" in Philadelphia, and in 1878 he sold out and engaged in his present business with his father and brothers. W. Harri- son Eberly was married. May 25, 1863, to Mary C. Power, born in Perry County, Penn., daughter of John and Elizabeth (Barns) Power. David H. Eberly was born October 14, 1843; married Miss Kate A. Waidley, born in Cumberland County, Penn. Edward M., born April 1, 1845, married Miss Margaret Zacharias, also a native of this county. Ira S., born December 8, 1847, married Miss Laura Maloy. Levi F. Eberly & Sons do an average yearly business of $40,000. Our subject was one of the original members that organized what is now the First National Bank of Mechanicsburg, and is a director in the same. The family is of German descent, and came to Pennsylvania at a very early date. SAMUEL EBERLY, retired lumber merchant, director of the First National Bank, Mechanicsburg, is a representative of one of the oldest families in Cumberland County. He was born on the old family farm in Monroe Township, February 24, 1822, son of Sam- uel and Elizabeth (Hocker) Eberly, former born on the same farm in Monroe Township, BOROUGH OF MECHANICSBURG. 409 and latter born in Harrisburg, Penn. ; she was a granddauffhter of Andrew ShoU, who emigrated from Germany in 1745, and settled near Richland Station, in what is now Leb- anon County, but was then (1745) Lancaster County. Samuel Eberly, Sr., father of our subject, was a farmer in early life, but later became a machinist and helped build the first Potter threshing machine in the year 1838 or 1829. He died in 1845, aged fifty-seven years; his widow died in 1861, aged seventy-five, a member of the German Reformed Church. They had eight children, four daughters and three sons living to be men and women. Samuel, who is the eldest son, attended school until he was twelve years old, when he en- gaged in farming until he was seventeen, when he came to Mechauicsburg and learned the carpenter trade, which he worked at here three years, afterward assisted his father in the manufacture of threshing machines until 1846, when he formed a partnership with Abraham Staufer and built a foundry. He engaged in that business until 1854, when he sold out to his partner and erected asaw-mill, soon after adding a planing-mill, forming a partnership with Frederick Seidle and Benjamin Haverstick, of Mechanicsburg. In 1863 he closed out the mill. Mr. Eberly then served in the army bridge corps as a carpenter in the Army of the Potomac for three months; then returned to Mechanicsburg and bought and sold old iron until 1870, when he and Samuel Hinkle engaged in the lumber business at Rowlesburg, W. Va. Five years later they bought a saw-mill at Rowlesburg, and took into partnership John M. Senseman, under the firm name of Eberly, Hinkle & Co., and this business they continued until November, 1884, when Mr. Eberly sold out his interest to Hinkle, Senseman and his nephew, John A. Hosteller. January 24, 1850, our subject married Miss Rebecca Brown, born in Adams County, Penn., but who moved to North Middleton Township, this county, with her parents, John and Susannah (Krysher) Brown. Mr. and Mrs. Eberly are members of the Church of God. They had one son, Albert, who died in infancy. Mr. Eberly ia a member of the I. O. O. F., No. 315 Mechan- icsburg Lodge. He has lived to see this county undergo many interesting and important changes; for when he came to Mechanicsburg, it was but a small place, and his foundry was the first manufactory here. He is purely a self-made man, learning early in life to depend on his own resources. His success has been the result of a long life of untiring energy and pluck, combined with strict integrity and honor. AUSTIN G. EBERLY, of Eberly & Orris, manufacturers of wheels and wheel mate- rial, and all kinds of hardwood lumber, Mechanicsburg, is a native of this county, born in Hampden Township, three miles north of Mechanicsburg, February 1, 1850, sou of John and Barbara (Shelly) Eberly, both natives of this county. John Eberly, a farmer, a mem- ber of the Methodist Church, died in 1883, aged seventy-one years; his widow, a member of Messiah Church, is still living; they were the parents of six children, five living: Ben- jamin, a traveling salesman, with headquarters at Mechanicsburg; Daniel W., a grocer of Mechanicsburg; Anna B., widow of Jacob T. Zug, residing at Carlisle, Penn.; Austin G., Lizzie B., wife of John B. Uhrich, died in 1880; John M., treasurer of the Columbus Wheel and Bending Works, Ohio. Austin G. Eberly remained on the farm, attending school winters, until he was sixteen, when he clerked for four years in the grocery store of his brother in Mechanicsburg, and then bought his brother out and conducted the busi- ness alone until 1880, when he formed a partnership with another brother, John M., in the wheel and wheel material manufactory; his brother sold out to Adam Orris in 1884, and the firm has since been Eberly & Orris. Austin G. Eberly married, October 5, 1876, Miss Lizzie A. Coover, a native of Dunkirk, N. T., daughter of Jacob H. and Jane (Sarvent) Coover, the former a native of this county, the latter of Piermont, Rockland Co., N. Y. To this union have been born five children: Paul C, Austin C, Richard C, Olive C. and Ira C. Paul C, Richard C. and Olive C. died of scarlet fever in the winter of 1884r85. Mr. Eberly is a member of Eureka Lodge, No. 302, A. F. & A. M., Samuel C. Perkins Chapter, No. 309, R. A. M., St. John's Comniandery, K. T., No. 8, at Carlisle. He has passed the chairs in both the Blue Lodge and Chapter. Mr. and Mrs. Eberly are members of the Church of God, Mechanicsburg. He is one of the enterprising representative busi- ness men of the place, and one of the leading manufacturers in the valley. His grand- father, Benjamin Eberly, a farmer, married Elizabeth Kauffman. They were of German descent, and early settlers of Pennsylvania. WILLIAM ECKELS, retired postmaster, Mechanicsburg. The Eckels family is one of the earliest of those sturdy pioneer Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, who, driven by religious persecution from the North of Ireland, were among the first to seek new homes and free- dom for religious worship in this valley. Francis Eckels, Sr., came at a very early date to this country, and settled in western Pennsylvania. Francis Eckels, Jr. , his son, was born it is said, at sea, during the passage over. He married Mabel Flemming, of Cumberland County, and died in August, 1814, at the age of sixty-five. Samuel Eckels, his son, and father of our subject, settled in Allen Township, about three miles south of Mechanics- burg. He was twice married: first to Agnes Monasmith, by whom four children were born: Mary and Martha (twins), James and William. By his second wife, nee Mary Cooper, there were Robert, William, Nancy, Elizabeth, Samuel and Margareta. Willaim Eckels,' the subject of this sketch, was born on his father's farm, in what is now Upper Allen Township, January 15, 1817. He learned the trade of cooper, and at twenty-flve 410 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: located at Cedar Springs, now Milltown, where he took charge of the cooper shops of George Heck, distiller and miller. In the spring of 1846 he came to Mechanicsburg. In 1853 he was appointed postmaster by President Pierce, which position he hpld for a period of five years. lie afterward erected a number of houses in Mechanicsburg, where he is now living in retirement and comfort. December 34, 1846. he married Miss Sarah A. Proctor, born in Carlisle, this county, November 4. 1830, daughter of John and Marv H. (Officer) Proctor. Mr. and Mrs. Eckels had six children, three of whom are living: John P., married to Miss Anna Hurst, now in the hardware business in Decatur, 111.; George Morris, physician, engaged with his brother, Walter L. (the youngest son) in the drug business in Mechanicsburg. George Morris Eckels, M. D., was born in Mechanicsburg, Penn., April 39, 1857. He graduated at the College of Pharmacy, in Philadelphia, in March, 1879; then returned to Mechanicsburg, where, in connection with his brother, Wallef L., he purchased the drug store of hi.s old employer, Mr. Bridgeford, and estab- lished the present firm of the Eckels Bros. In January. 1883, Dr. Eckels was elected transcribing clerk of the House of Representatives at Harrisburg, which position he held during the session. In September of that year he entered the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia, from which he graduated Mayl, 1885, and afterward commenced the praclice of his profession at Mechanicsburg. GEORGE MAFFLIN DALLAS ECKELS, teacher, Mechanicsburg, a member of the Pennsylvania Legislature, is a native of Cumberland County, born near New Kingston, December 33, 1844, son of Nathaniel H. and Margaret (Williams) Eckels, natives of this county and members of New Kingston Lutheran Church. Nathaniel H. Eckels, a farmer by occupation, taught school when a young man; served as county commissioner of this county, 1859-61. He is a son of Hon. Francis L. and Isabella (Clendenin) Eckels, the former of whom was elected, by tlie people of Cumberland County, representative to the Legislature in 1840; he was also a farmer and justice of the peace, and a descendant of the hardy Scotch-Irish Presbyterians who, driven from the North of Ireland by religious per- secutions, sought homes in America and settled in Pennsylvania. The subject of our sketch is the second son and child in the family of five girls and two boys that lived to be men and women. His life, until sixteen, was passed on the farm, and in attending school, winters; he then entered Millersville Normal School, where he remained three terms; then taught school in this county for two winters, and was subsequently principal of the Wick- ersham Academy at Marietta, Penn., for a year, when he returned to Mechanicsburg, and taught in the public school here. In 1878 he formed a partnership with W. H. Humer, in a general store at New Kingston, but sold out his interest to his partner in 1883. He was elected Democratic representative to the Legislature by the people of Cumberland County- March, 1883, re-elected in 1884, and is the present incumbent. He served on the commit- tees of ways and means, general judiciary, education, constitutional reform, agriculture and elections. He has taught two terms in the Cumberland Valley State Normal School, located at Shippensburg, Penn., and at present holds the chair of pedagogics and general history in that institution. Mr. Eckels was married, June 6, 1871, to Miss Anna Humer, born in Silver Spring Township, this county, daughter of Daniel and Jane (Brown- awell) Humer, also natives of Cumberland County. To this union have been born three children: Minnie G., George H. and Nathaniel O. Mr. Eckels and wife are members of the Lutheran Church, of the Sunday-school of which he has been superintendent for ten years. WILLIAM H. ECKELS. Jr., proprietor of a general grocery and provision store on West Main Street, Mechanicsburg, was born on his father's farm, on the State road leading to Harrisburg, Silver Spring Township, this county, January 5, 1830. His grandfather, Nathaniel Eckels, a son of Francis Eckels, was born on the sea while his parents were coming to America; they were Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, who, on account of religious oppression, were driven out of the North of Ireland, and were among those hardy pio- neers who sought homes in America; they landed at Baltimore. Md., and settled in west- ern Pennsylvania. Nathaniel Eckels was born in 1744, and died in 1830, in the eighty- sixth year of his age; he had two sons: William and Francis, born near Carlisle, this county. William first married Miss Rebecca Huston, born in Silver Spring Township, this county, daughter of Jonathan and Margaret Huston, of Silver Spring Township, members of the old Silver Spring Church. Mrs. Eckels died in 1830, one hour after the birth of her son, William H., and she is buried on the Pine Hill, that being connected with Silver Spring. Mrs. Eckels, her father and mother have been taken to the Silver Spring grave-yard, where they now peacefully repose. Mr. and Mrs. William Eckels were members of the old Silver Spring Presbyterian Church; they had five children — three sons and two daughters — William H. being the only one living. Mrs. William Eckels, Sr., dying in 1820, aged thirty-three, Mr. Eckels then married Miss Jane Starr, by wliom he had four cliildren, one now living, James S., an attorney in Princeton, 111. William Eckels, Sr., married on third occasion Miss Hannah Starr, by whom he had three children, one now living, John S., residing near New Kingston, this county. The subject of this sketch remained with his father, engaged in farming until his marriage, in January, 1844, with Miss Elizabeth Adams, a native of Hampden Township, this county, BOROUGH OF MEOHANJCSBURG. 411 a daughter of Isaac and Jane (Anderson) Adams. Some two years after his marriage he engaged in mercantile business at Sporting Hill, Hampden Township, where he remained until 1862, when he opened a general store in Hogestown. His wife died in 1866, the mother of three children, one living: A^es, wife of Samuel Sample, employed in steel works in Steel ton, Dauphin Co., Penn. He and wife were raised in Silver Spring Town- ship; the former was born in Hampden Township. Mr. William H. Eckels, after the death of his wife, retired from business and settled on a farm near Hogestown, now owned by Mrs. Gibble. He resumed business in Hogestown, three years later, with L. B. Ewalt, and also had a branch store, two miles north of Huston's mills in Silver Spring Township. In April, 1881, Mr. Eckels came to Mechanicsburg and formed his late partnership with Andrew O. Sample and established the business. This partnership was- dissolved by mutual agreement, Mr. Sample taking the entire stock, and Mr. Eckels open- ing his present place of business, where he has succeeded in building up a fair trade. Mr. Eckels married, in June, 1881, Mrs. Jennie Armstrong, born in Silver Spring Township, this county, daughter of William and Rebecca Hershman, and to this union have been born three children: Minnie, Blanch and Olive. (Mrs. Eckels had two children by her first husband: Charles S., clerking for our subject, and Clara.) Mrs. Eckels is a member of the Evangelical Church. Mr. Eckels is an enterprising, representative business man and citizen. He has J)een a member of the board of trustees of the Presbyterian Church of Silver Spring Township for twenty-five years. JOSEPH ELCOCK, retired merchant, Mechanicsburg, has been identified with Me- chanicsburg since the fall of 1866. He was born on the old homestead farm of his father near the " Half Way House." in Warrington Township, York Co., Penn., November 13, 1813; son of Richard and Mary (Wagoner) Elcock. Richard Elcock was born in Ireland and came alone to America when nineteen years old, settling in York County, Penn. ; was a weaver by trade, but followed farming in York County, where he was married, and lived to be seventy-two years old; his widow lived to be about seventy-four; they were Presby- terians. Tney had five sons and two daughters. Joseph, the youngest, attended school and worked on his father's farm until he was sixteen, when he went to what is now Frank- lingtown, York Co., Penn., where he learned the tailor's trade. Three years later he started West on foot, and was gone twenty weeks. Settlements were few and far between, and Mr. Elcock went as far as Oberlin, which was then a town three years old. To give some idea of his pluck as a boy, he cleared $9 a month while gone by working at his trade, buying and selling watches, etc. He returned home and worked at his trade in York and Cumberland Counties, but subsequently managed his father's farm until the spring of 1838, when he took charge of the "Half Way House," owned by his father, which stood on the old York road between York and Carlisle. Our subject was married here, Octo- ber 10, 1838, to Miss Elizabeth Stroninger, who was born in York County, Penn., daughter of Daniel Stroninger. Mr. and Mrs. Elcock left the hotel in 1840, and moved to their farm near Mount Pleasant, where Mrs. Elcock died September 9, 1850. To this union were born six children: Mary A., wife of David Biddle, a merchant of Mechanicsburg, a member of the firm of T. J. Elcock & Biddle; Jacob R., who resides in Kansas, married ta Miss Christianna, daughter of Daniel Kahm; John, engaged in the manufactory at Be- ment, 111., married to Miss Ferrins; Theodore, unmarried, traveling in the West; Thomas J., of T. J. Elcock & Biddle, merchants, Mechanicsburg; Eliza J., wife of David Myers, a farmer residing near Mount Pleasant, York Co., Penn. On January 1, 1852, Joseph Elcock, our subject, married Miss Mary Branamon, born near Bowmansdale, Cumberland Co., Penn., daughter of Jacob and Mary (Ginter) Branamon. Mr. Branamon was a miller and farmer, and he and his wife were old settlers of York County, Penn., members of the Church of God. Mr. and Mrs. Elcock have had four children, two living: Lillie, wife of Samuel Hauck. a hardware merchant and manufacturer, a member of the firm of Seefert & Hauck, Mechanicsburg, Penn. ; Samantha Lizzie, born February 20, 1854, died August 13, 1879; Sarah Ellen, born September 4, 18.58, died March 29, 1881; and Anna F , residmg at home with her parents. Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Elcock have been members of the Church of God for the past forty-four years. Our subject remained on his farm in York County, engaged in pottery manufacturing and farming until 1855, when he opened a store in Mount Pleasant, and ran this in connection with his farm and pottery until 1866, when he came to Mechanicsburg and engaged in mercantile trade. From 1875 to 1878 he conducted a furniture store. He engaged in the plow manufacturing business in 1878, and patented the Cumberland Valley Plow, and also the " Self-sharpening Cumberland Valley Plow," which business he continued until June, 1883, when he sold out to the present manufac- turer Robert Shapley. Mr. Elcock helped organize the Second National Bank of Mechan- icsburg, and is still a director of this bank. He is purely a self-made, practical man, full of activity and life. He never used tobacco in any form, and was never under the mfluence of liquor When a boy he drove teams from his father's farm, in York County, to Balti- more Md., hauling flour to merchants in that city (this was before the railroads were built). Mr. Elcock is of Irish and German descent; his mother's people came from Ger- many to America in an early day. ,-. ■ Tn- v JAC'OB EMMINGER, retired farmer, Mechanicsburg, was born near C^uincy, Wash- 412 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: inKton Township, Franklin Co., Penn., October 21, 1816, son of David and Magdalena (Miller) Emminger, natives of Silver Spring Township, this county, and Washington Township, PranMin Co. Penn., respectively, and parents of ten children. Jacob, the sec- ond son and third child, was ten years old w^hen he came with hisparents to Silver Spring Township, this county, where he worked on his father's farm, attending school during winters. He was married on the old farm, January 2, 1840, to Miss Sarah Lehn, a native of Silver Spring Township, this county, daughter of David and Christina (Barnhart) Lehn. After his marriage Mr. Emminger farmed in Silver Spring Township until 1861, when he bought his present place in Upper Allen Township, where he remained until 1869 and then moved to Mechanicsburg and purchased his home on the corner of Market and Green Streets. To Mr. and Mrs. Emminger were born six children, four now living: Susannah E. (wife of Jacob D. RafEensberger, a music dealer in Mechanicsburg), Mary C. (wife of John C. Bowman, justice of the peace and merchant in Mechanicsburg), Naomi J. (wife of Henry Hertzler, a farmer in Upper Allen Township), Martin L. (who resides at Yonkers, N. Y., a grocer and merchant, married to Miss Mary J., daughter of Dr. Ring- land). Mrs. Emminger died in March, 1874, a member of the Lutheran Church. Our sub- ject is not only a representative of one of the oldest families of Cumberland County, but is one of the enterprising farmers and citizens. He stands high in the estimation of all who know him as an upright Christian gentleman. He is a member of the Lutheran Church. SAMUEL N. EMINGER, ex-clerk to the county commissioners, Mechanicsburg, is a native of Cumberland County, born in Silver Spring Township, February 19, 1889. His grandfather, Andrew Eminger, born in Germany, but who came to this country at a very early date, was a soldier in the Revolutionary war; he married Miss Christiana Bruner and settled in Silver Spring Township, this county. Our subject's father, David Eminger, married Magdalena Miller, born in Franklin County, Penn., and had a family of seven boys and four girls. He was elected director of the poor in 1888, and afterward ran as a Masonic candidate for the Legislature, but was defeated in the anti-Masonic raid by twelve votes. Samuel N. attended the schools of Mechanicsburg and afterward at Eminger's schoolhouse, Silver Spring "Township, and was one of the students in the first Cumberland Valley Institute, under Mr. Franklin Gillan, when it was opened on the Van Huff prop- erty, now opposite Eckel's drug store. He attended two years. In 1844 he learned the trade of coach-maker under his brother-in-law, George Hauck, and from 1849 to 1851 traveled in Virginia and the Carolinas, Tennessee and Florida. He returned to Mechan- icsburg and bought the first patent and brought the first wire tooth sulky rake into Cum- berland County about 1852, and started to manufacture them in company with George W. Miller, but subsequently sold his interest to Frederick Seidle who had then a factory in Mechanicsburg. In 1855 Mr. Eminger was nominated deputysheriff under Sheriff Bow- man. He resigned in the fall of 1856 and was elected register of wills in the fall of 1857, serving three years. He was appointed by Judge Graham jury commissioner, and served three years. In 1864 he was appointed special agent of the Treasury Department under Andrew Johnson. He resigned on the 1st of March, 1868, and his resignation was accepted in June following. From this time till 1873 he was with D. M. Osburn & Co., who were engaged in manufacturing reapers. From that time (1873) on, he was in the sheriff's ofBce till 1877; served as deputy register under Martin Guswiler, and after, until elected clerk to the county commissioners in 1879, which office he filled until 1885. He married, September 4, 1856, Rachel, daughter of George and Mary (Halbert) Singheiser, by whom he had four children, three living: Arabella (married to D. A. Ulrich, of Upper Allen Township, this county); H. Foster, and Luella (a graduate of the high school). During the war Mr. Eminger enlisted in Company F, First Pennsylvania Volunteer In- fantry, when they were called temporarily for the defense of Pennsylvania; was elected lieutenant and promoted to quartermaster. The company served only for a short time. Mr. Eminger is a member of Eureka Lodge, A. Y. M., Past Master by service, and also of the I. O. O. F., No. 215. In politics Mr. Eminger is a Democrat, and has for many years been strongly identified with the politics of the county. He has twice been chairman of the Democratic County Committee, and has been a delegate to manj' of the State conven- tions. In 1878 he was elected councilman of the North Ward and served three years, not- withstanding that this was a Republican ward. DR. PEO. FULMBR, born October 14, 1829, son of Christian and Sarah (Pifer) Ful- mer, and the oldest practicing physician in Mechanicsburg, having located here as a physi- cian in 1853, is a graduate of Jefferson College, Philadelphia. Christian Fulmer, a stone- cutter by trade, died in 1841 aged fifty-three, and his widow in 1860 aged seventy-two. They had a family of three sons and two daughters, two living: Christian and George. The sub- ject of our sketch attended school in Mechanicsburg, under Prof. John Hinkle, until he was sixteen years old, when he began teaching in this county, continuing in the profession until he was nineteen; then read medicine with Dr. P. H. Long, and in 1858 graduatedfrom Jef- ferson Medical College, Philadelphia, after which he formed a partnership with his preceptor, Dr. Long, and continued that partnership until 1860. when they dissolved, since which time Dr. Fulmer has practiced alone. In 1861 he passed an examination at the BOROUGH OF MECHANICSBURG. 413 State capital, Harrisburg, and received a certificate of examination from Surgeon-General Phellips, signed by Andrew G. Curtin, governor, and registered to hold liimself in readi- ness for duty, and, in 1861, was assigned to a regimeat, Chattanooga, Tenn., but on account of his practice and his family, he did not accept the commission. Dr. Fulmer was mar- ried, February 18, 1854, to Miss Susan Long, sister of Dr. P. H. Long and daughter of Philip and Elizabeth (Springer) Long. To this union have been born five children, three now living: Emma M. graduate of the Irving Female College, married to Dr. M. K. Bow- ers, Harrisburg, Penn.; Robert B. born in Mechanicsburg, Penn., September 18, 1865; and Bertie M., residing at home with her parents. Dr. Fulmer is a member of the Lutheran Church. He is one of the oldest practitioners of medicine in Cumberland County. EUGENE C. GARDNER, editor and book-keeper for the "Thomas Printing House," and insurance agent, Mechanicsburg, was born at York Springs, Adams Co., Penn., July 16, 1847, son of Benjamin F. and Sabina (Moul) Gardner, old settlers of York Springs. The family consisted of four children, of whom Eugene C. is the only one living. Our subject was but ten years old when his father died. His mother resided with her father, Conrad Moul, proprietor of "York Springs Summer Resort" until 1858, when she located in Mechanicsburg. Eugene C. Gardner attended the common schools and the Cumberland Valley Institute. In 1865 he was employed as a "typo" on the Cumberland Valley Jour- nal. In 1867 he was appointed local editor of the Valley Domocrat. owned by Hon. T. F. Singiser. In February, 1871, Mr. Gardner, with R. H. Thomas and A. H. Brinks, purchased the VaUey Democrat and changed the name to the Valley Independent, and a year later they purchased the Cumberland Valley Jotirnal and consolidated the two papers into the present Independent Journal. In 1874 Mr. Gardner sold out his interest to H. C. Demming, of Harrisburg, Penn., and has since been engaged in the fire and life insurance business. In 1878 he accepted his present position as local editor of the Independent Journal. Our subject was united in marriage. June 5, 1871, with Miss Sue A., daughter of Robert and Sarah (Schock) Wilson. Mrs. Gardner is a member of the Lutheran Church. To this union have been born four children: Earl "W., Pauline S., Bertha E. and S. Grace. Mr. Gardner is secretary of Integrity Council, No. 197, O. U. A. M. ; secretary of W. C, No. 164, P. O. S. of A. ; and is president of the Washington Fire Company, Mechanicsburg. In politics he is a strong supporter of the Republican party. SOLOMON PERRY GORGAS, banker, Mechanicsburg, is one of the pioneer chil- dren of Cumberland County, born August 31, 1815, on the old homestead farm, in Lower Allen Township, the youngest in the family of four sons and three daughters of Solomon and Catharine (Fahnestock) Gorgas, natives of Pennsylvania, who were married in Lan- caster County, Penn., and came to this county about 1803, settling on the old farm now owned by their son, William R., in Lower Allen Township. Solomon Gorgas, Sr., was a prominent man of his day; was elected by the people of this county to the Legislature two terms; he opened a store and hotel on his farm in Lower Allen Township (the only store and hotel in that part of the county for many years), and died here September 31, 1838, aged seventy-four years, seven months and four days. His widow died August 9, 1853, aged seventy-nine years, five months and six days. Both were members of the Sev- en Day Baptist Church. Solomon P. Gorgas married, May 8, 1845, Miss Elizabeth Eber- ly, born in Hampden Township, this county. March 31, 1823, daughter of Benjamin and Barbara (Kauffman) Eberly, natives of this county. Our subject farmed in Fairview Township. York Co., Penn., until 1850, when he came to Mechanicsburg, this county, and in 1855 purchased fifty -six acres of what is now a part of the east side of the city. In 1859 Mr. Gorgas, in company with Levi Merkel, Jacob Mumraa. Jacob, Levi F. and Samuel Eberly, William R. Gorgas, John Nisley and John Brandt, formed a banking company, under" the firm name of Merkel, Mumma & Co., witii John Brandt, president, and Levi Kauflman, cashier. In 1861 the bank became the Mechanicsburg Bank, chartered under the State law, Levi Merkel, president. In February, 1864, the bank was chartered as the First National Bank, with Solomon P. Gorgas, president, and re-chartered in February, 1883. To our subject and wife have been born nine children, of whom one son and three daughters are living: Kate E., wife of Dr. J. Nelson Clark, of Harrisburg, Penn.; Will- iam P., formerly connected with the First National Bank, in Mechanicsburg, now resid- ing in St. Louis, Mo.; Anna B., wife of Jacob H. Kohler, a member of the firm of J. B. Koh- ler & Co., manufacturers, Mechanicsburg, Penn.; and Mary E., wife of William C. Hicks, proprietor of the "Peoples Tea Store," at Harrisburg, Penn. Mr. Gorgas has been identi- fied with this couiity for the past seventy years. He built the Irving Female College, of Mechanicsburg. He and his wife stand high in the estimation ot all who know them. They reside in the house in which they were married forty years ago. Mrs. Gorgas is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Our subject is not only one of our old set- tlers, but one of the honest, upright, solid business men. He has held various local offices of trust in his town, and has lived to see Mechanicsburg and Cumberland County undergo many interesting and important changes. - . GEORGE HAUCK, county commissioner, member of the firm of Hauck & Comstock, machinists, etc., Mechanicsburg, is a representative of one of the old families of Cumber- land County, born on the old homestead of his father and grandfather, in Meadow Valley, 414 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Lancaster Co., Penn., July 6, 1823. His parents, George and Hannah (Senseman) Hauck, were born In Meadow Valley, Penn. His father, who was a farmer, was a son of George Hauck, who came from Germany and settled in Meadow Valley, Lancaster Co., Penn., in 1760. He was a shoemaker by trade, but followed farming. George Hauck was the fifth child and third son in a family of nine children, six of whom attained maturity. Our subject was but two years old when he came with his parents to Silver Spring Township, settling on a farm four miles northwest of Mechanicsburg, where George remained, attending school winters until he was seventeen years of age, when he began to learn viragon-making at New Kingston, this county. In 1843 he came to Mechan- icsburg and finished his trade in the coach-making establishment of his brothers, and in 1845 bought a half interest in the business. His brother Adam dying in 1855, George Hauck bought out his interest, and later he and his brother Samuel bought out the half interest that their deceased brother owned in what is now the Hauck & Comstock foundry. In I860 George Hauck sold out his coach-making establishment and that same year he and his Ijrothers bought out the partner's (Jeremiah Senseman's) interest and ran under the firm name of S. & Q. Hauck until 1880, when they sold a half interest to George 8. Com- stock, the business then being under the firm name of Hauck & Comstock. Mr. George Hauck has always been an active business man. He was elected county commissioner of Cumberland County in November, 1884; in September, 1885, he was elected director of the Allen and East Pennsborough Fire Insurance Company, and treasurer in October, 1885. Mr. Hauck has been director of the First National Bank since 1863, and has served as president and director of the Mechanicsburg Gas and Water Company since 1856. He is a self-made man, having learned early in life to depend upon his own resources, and stands high in the estimation of all as an honest citizen and gentleman. Although a commissioner of the county he is not a politician. Mr. Hauck is a Universalist in belief; his wife is a member of the Lutheran Church. They have ten children, four living: Sarah E. (wife of John A. Eberly, a land agent residing at McPherson, Kas.); David A. (married to Miss Mary Singiser, who died in 1884), is a foreman in the machine shops of Hauck & Corn- stock; Abner J. (married to Miss Anna Henry) is car accountant in the car department of the New York, Philadelphia & Norfolk Railway at Cape Charles, Va. ; Susan A. (wife of John A. Keesberry, chief clerk, car accountant's office of the Pennsylvania Railroad at Philadelphia). The Hauck family is of German descent. GEORGE W. HAUCK, dealer in stoves, tinware and hardware, Mechanicsburg, was born in Mechanicsburg, Penn., May 6, 1841, son of Adam and Susannah (Wonderly) Hauck. Adam Hauck was an iron manufacturer and at one time a partner of Jeremiah Senseman, with whom he did business under the firm name of Senseman & Hauck, which afterward became S. & G. Hauck and is now Hauck & Comstock. Adam and Susannah Hauck had four children. George W., the second child and son, attended the common schools and Cumberland Valley Institute until he was nineteen. He began to learn the tinner's trade at the age of fifteen, and from nineteen until twenty-six worlced at his trade in Cincinnati (Ohio), Rochester, Wabash (Indiana), Harrisburg and other places. In 1867 he formed a partnership with his uncle, F. Wonderly, and engaged in the stove and tinware business until 1869, when Mr. Haucli bought out Mr. Wonderly, and soon after formed a partnership with his brother S. F. Hauck, which continued until August, 1878, when he bought out his brother's interest and has since conducted the business alone. He and his brother, S. F. Hauck, and J. K. Seifert and S. H. Coover organized the Huston Net Com- pany, afterward purchasing Mr.Coover's interest, and the net industry is now owned and conducted solely by G. W. and S. F. Hauck, doing business under the name of Huston Net Company. George W. Hauck, married, January 5,1869,Miss Alice Starr, of Quaker descent, born in Lisburn, this county, daughter of Reuben T. and Elizabeth (Lloyd) Starr. Mrs. Hauck is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. To this union have been born three children, two now living: Walter L., born August 6, 1875, and E. Starr, born March 19, 1877. Mr. Hauck has one of the finest and most modern houses in the county, on South Market Street, where he and his family reside. He is one of the enterprising, responsible citizens and business men of Cumberland County. His family is of German descent, his ancestors having settled in Pennsylvania in a very early day. Mr. Hauck is a charter member of K. of P. Lodge and O. U. A. M., Mechanicsburg. SAMUEL P. HAUCK, of Seiferl & Hauck, wholesale and retail hardware merchants and fly-net manufacturers, Mechanicsburg, was born in Mechanicsburg, Cumberland Co., Penn., August 30, 1850; son of Adam and Susan M. (Wonderly) Hauck, also natives of this county, and who had three sons and one daughter. Samuel F., the youngest, at- tended school until he was sixteen, when, he went to Harrisburg, Penn., and clerked for U. R. Buck & Bro., grocers; worked for them and at the tinner's trade until 1869, when he formed a partnership with his brother, George W., and opened a tin and stove store in Me- chanicsburg. In 187.3 he, in company with others, formed the Hauck Bros. & Co. Patent Faucet Company. In 1879 he sold out his interest in the stove and tinware business, formed his present partnership, and established his hardware trade. In 1881 he engaged in the leather fly-net manufacture under the present firm name of "The Huston Net Company." Mr. Hauck was married in December, 1870, to Miss Ella Hertzler, a native of near Shepherds- BOROUGH OF MECHANICSBURG. 415 town, this county, daughter of C. D. Hertzler. To this union was born one son, Ralph S., who died aged eight months. Mrs. Hauck died in September, 1875, and November 4, 1880, Mr. Hauck married Miss Lou E. Elcock, born in Siddonsburg, York Co., Peun., daughter of Joseph and Mary (Breneman) Elcock, Mechanicsburg. Mrs. Hauck is a member of the Church of God. Mr. Hauck has a beautiful brick residence fitted up in the most modern style, where he and his family reside. He is a member of Eureka Lodge, No. 303, A. Y. M. ; I. O. O. F. and I. O. O. H., Mechanicsburg. He is one of the leading enterprising represen- tative citizens of Cumberland County, where he has been identified all his life. He has the confidence and respect of all and is known as an honest, upright business gentleman. BENJAMIN HAVERSTICK, retired farmer, Mechanicsburg, was born on the Co- nostogo River within three miles of Lancaster City, Lancaster Co., Penn., March 3, 1801, son of Michael and Eve (Bender) Haverslick, natives of Lancaster County. Their par- ents came from Germany. They were members of the German Reformed Church. They had five children — three sons and two daughters: Michael, George, Maria (wife of Socra- tes Myers), Nancy (wife of Adam Kindig) and Benjamin. The subject of our sketch, the youngest, remained on the farm with his father until his marriage, November 38, 1824, with Miss Lydia Meylin, who was born four miles south of Lancaster, Penn., March 8, 1807, daughter of Abraham and Anna (Shank) Meylin, also natives of Lancaster County, and members of the old Mennonite Church. After marriage Mr. and Mrs. Haverstick moved to Cocalico Township, Lancaster Co., Penn., and engaged in farming until April, 1834, when they settled on a farm one mile west of Mechanicsburg, in Silver Spring Township, this county, and there followed agricultural pursuits until 1875, when the farm was rented. They have since resided in Mechanicsburg. They are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Of the ten children born to this couple, six survive: AnnaM., born November 3, 1835, was married, December 29, 1846, to John A. Hensel, since deceased; Hiram A., born November 10, 1828, was married July 4, 1855, to Miss Nancy J. Johnson, and is a farmer in Marion County, Ind. ; Benjamin, who married Mary L. Suavely, was a member of a Pennsylvania volunteer regiment under Col. Rush, was wounded and captured by the rebels, and died June 15, 1868, from exposure while in serv- ice; Martin M., married Miss Sarah Jane Wonderly, and residing on a farm in Vernon County, Mo.; Lydia R.. married, April 7, 1857, to Dr. William H. Longsdorf, ex-county treasurer, and major of a Pennsylvania cavalry regiment from Cumberland County; Bar- bara Eve, born June 83, 1838, died December 30, 1839; Levi M., married to Miss Emma E. Frantz January 4, 1870, was captain of an infantry company under Col. H. J. Zinn, and was wounded at the battle of Antietam and at Fredericksburg, where his colonel was killed— his widow resides at Rock Island, 111.; Mary E., married November 38, 1866, to John A. Longsdorf, resides in Mechanicsburg, Penn.; Fannie and Carrie (twins), the for- mer, married to Edward Weibly, died September 80, 1883, aged thirty-six years, four months and four days; the latter, married to William Williamson October 14, 1869, re- sides in Mechanicsburg, Penn. Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Haverstick have been married sixty-one years, and enjoy good health. They stand high in the estimation of all, and are among the few old settlers who have lived to see this county undergo so many in- teresting changes. . JESSE C. HAYS, retired merchant, Mechanicsburg, was born m Newberrytown, York Co., Penn., Julv 34, 1818. His grandfather, Jesse Hays, was born in Wales, and came alone to America when a young man, settling in Chester County, Penn., but after- ward moved to York County, same State, and took up large tracts of land in Fishing Creek "Valley. He married Miss Margarey Mills. Though Jesse Hays and his wife were at first Methodists, they subsequently became Quakers; their family consisted of three daughters and one son: Lydia, wife of Joseph Willett; Susan, married first to a Mr. Clark and then to a Mr. Carskaddon; Hannah, a maiden lady, and Mills. Mills Hays, the last-named, was born in Newberrytown, York Co., Penn., and in early life fol- lowed coopering, but afterward taught school; served as justice of the peace for eighteen years and was elected, later, to the office of associate judge of York County, Penn., fill- ing this position for five years. He died in 1858, aged seventy-two years; he married Miss Eve CruU, of York County, and had two sons and three daughters, who lived to be men and women, and of whom two daughters and one son are now living: Sidney, widow of William Epley, resides in Newberrytown; Jesse C. and Jane, wife of Samuel P. Har- mon- they reside in Newberrvtown, York Co., Penn. Our subject attended school in Newberrytown until he was eighteen, when he began teaching, and after following this profession eight winters engaged in mercantile trade with his father. In 1848 he bought out his father's interest and engaged in business for himself until 1865, when he sold out He was elected justice of the peace of Newberry Township m 1863, and held that oflace five years; was also postmaster eight years. In 1869 he came to Mechanicsburg, where he has since resided. Mr. Hays was married, May 13, 1853, to Miss Mary Miller, born in Newberry Township, »York Co., Penn., February 15, 1837, daughter of Sam- uel and Mary (Reeser) Miller, old settlers of York County, and Whose parents came from Germany. Mr. Hays attends the Presbyterian Church; Mrs. Hays is a member of the United Brethren Church. To them have been born two children: Mills M., born in New- 416 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES; berrytown, York Co., Penn., married to Mis8 Clara Bowers, is a cigar maiuifacturer, and Mame, at present attending Miss Woodward's school at Harrisburg. Mr. Hays is an enterprising business man and representative citizen of Meclianicsburg, wliere he has been a resident since 1869. He has a nice residence on West Main Street, where he and his family reside. In politics he is a Democrat. SAMUEL F. HOUSTON, harness-raalier, at present engaged in fly net manufacture, Mechanicsburg, was born September 13, 1833, in Silver Spring Township, this county, on his grandfather's (Michael Saxton's) farm; is a son of James (a farmer) and Mary (Saxton) Houston, also natives of this county, attendants of the Silver Spring Presbyterian Church. They had three sons and one daughter, Samuel F. being the second son and third child. His father dying when our subject was but four years of age, the latter was raised by Henry W. Irwin in Silver Spring Township until he was twelve years old, when he was apprenticed to Samuel Fisher to learn the harness-maker's trade, at New Kingston, where he served four years; then traveled west in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa and Missouri; then returned to New Kingston and carried on a shop of his ow^n six years (until 1859), when he located in Mechanicsburg, and engaged in the same business here until 1863; then acted as salesman for George De B. Keim, ex-sheriff of Philadelphia, in the hardware business until 1864; then clerked in a dry goods store at Harrisburg until 1866; then formed a part- nership with George Beelman and engaged in the grocery business until the spring of 1871, when he sold out to his partner, and opened a grocery store in Mechanicsburg, con- tinuing this till 1881. In 1883 he established his present net manufacture, where he em- ploys from eight to ten hands, and manufactures over forty different kinds of leather nets. Mr. Houston owns the store building (occupied, the first floor by M. H. Spahr and John A. Kauffiman; the second floor by Mechanicsburg Library and Literary Association, John L. Shelly and J. N. Young; the third being lodge rooms of P. S. A. and K. of G. E., respectively), some building lots and his house on Main Street, where he and his family reside. Our subject was married, December 26, 1865, to Miss Sallie A. Beelman, born in Monroe Township, this county, daughter of John and Susan (Coover) Beelman. To this union have been born three sons: J. Milton, born July 2, 1867; Glen R., born June 26, 1871, and George B., born November 26, 1874. Mr. Houston is a member and treasurer of Eureka Lodge, No. 302, F. & A. M., also a member of Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, and member of Samuel C. Perkins Chapter, No. 215, R. A. M., and member of Grand Chapter of Pennsylvania. He has held various offices of trust in Mechanicsburg; was councilman one term, burgess three terms, and was treasurer of Mechanicsburg Loan and Building Association for nine years. 'The family of Houston is of Scotch-Irish descent, and our subject's ancestors were among the hardy Scotch-Irish people driven out of Ireland on account of their religion, seeking homes in America and settling in Pennsylvania. GEORGE HUMMEL, grain and coal merchant, Mechanicsburg. EDWIN W. HURST, leading merchant tailor of Mechanicsburg, was born in Phila- delphia, Penn., December 31, 1829, son of Jacob Bricker and Susan (Hershfeldt) Hurst. Jacob B. Hurst was born near Dillsburg, Y'ork Co., Penn., son of John and Catharine (Cocklin) Hurst, who were the parents of three sons and four daughters: Edwin W., the eldest; Jacob, a merchant, of Mechanicsburg, Penn.; Lydia, wife of William Spahr, superintendent of the city railway stables, Harrisburg, Penn. ; Ellen, wife of William Nel- son, a farmer near Dillsburg, York Co., Penn.; Kate, wife of Robert Mateer, hardware merchant, Harrisburg, Penn.; Templeton B., who married Miss Jennie Lyman, a daugh- ter of Col. Lyman, attorney at Lock Haven, Penn. (he, Templeton B., served all through the war of the Rebellion); Mellie, wife of George W. Hackett, a hardware merchant at Sunbury, Penn. Our subject, when an Infant, was brought by his parents to Dillsburg, Penn., where his father engaged in the tailoring and merchant tailoring and was post- master and who later opened a general store. Edwin W. assisted his father, learning the tailoring of him. He was married in August, 1851, in Newville, Penn., to Miss Sarah Mil- ler, born in Fishing Creek Valley, York Co., Penn., daughter of Henry and Catharine (Roth) Miller; former a son of John Miller. In 1855 our subject went to Philadelphia, Penn., and worked at his trade some ten years, then came to Mechanicsburg and did the merchant tailoring for his father who had opened a dry goods store here. In 1872 he established his present business here. He and his wife are members of the Presbyterian Church. They have six children: Annie C, wife of John P. Eckels, of Decatur, 111., a traveling salesman for Morehouse, Wells & Co., wholesale hardware dealers, Decatur, 111.; J. Harry, born in Dillsburg, York Co., Penn., February 31, 1854, married December 23, 1879, to Miss Sarah A. Eberly, born in Upper Allen Township, daughter of Jacob and Mary (Hertzler) Eberly, (he, J. Harry, is a tailor of Mechanicsburg, has had two children, one now living: Hattie Maude Hurst) ; Ida, who died aged two years; Charles M., hard- ware merchant, junior partner in firm of Morehouse, Wells & Co., and who married Miss Rella Shockley, and resides at Decatur, 111.; Maude, who died aged eight years; Robert T., born in Mechanicsburg, Penn., died in 1876, aged three years. Our subject is a member of Humane Lodge, 343, I. 0. O. F., York County, Penn., and a member of the American Mechanics, and Knights of the Golden Eagle, and Commandery, and a member the G. A. R., Capt. Zinn Post, No. 415. He is an enterprising representative businessman, and stands high in the estimation of all who know him. BOROUGH OF MECHANICSBURG. 417 JACOB HURST (originally spelled Horsh), dry good merchant, Mechanicsburg, is a native of Yorls County, Penn., born at Dillsburg August 13, 1832, son of Jacob B. and Susan (Herobfeldt) Hurst, former of whom born near Dillsburg York Co. Penn., January 7, 1808, was a son of John (who was a farmer) and Catharine (Cocltlin) Hurst, who were the parents of four sons and three daughters, who lived to be men and women. Jacob B. was raised on a farm until he was fifteen, when he began to learn the tailor's trade with William Gilbethorp; four years later he went to Harrisburg and Philadelphia, and after working at his trade a number of years returned to Dillsburg and opened a tailor shop on his own account in 1831. He afterward (in 1855) opened a general store, and in the spring of 1866 came to Mechanicsburg and established the dry goods liouse of J. B. Hurst & Son. He was a director of the First National Bank and a man of high honor and sterling worth. He and his wife were earnest Christians and members of the Presbyterian Church, in which he was elder for a number of years. Jacob B. Hurst stood high in the estima- tion of all as an upright, honest Christian gentleman. He departed this life November 18, 1875; his widow is living in Mechanicsburg. This couple had seven children, three sons and four daughters: Edwin W., a merchant tailor of Mechanicsburg; Jacob, our subject; Lydia B., wife of William A. Spahr, a stock-dealer, residing in Harrisburg; Mary E., wife of William B. Nelson, resides on a farm near, Dillsburg, Penn.; Templeton B., of East Saginaw, Mich,, an ex-soldier from Company H Seventh Regiment Pennsylvania Reserves; Kate M., wife of Robert B. Mateer, ahardware merchant ofHarrlsburg, Penn.; Melizena M., wife of George W. Hackett, a hardware merchant of Sunbuiy, Penn. The subject of our sketch attended school until he was fifteen, then assisted his father in the merchant tailoiing and general store at Dillsburg until the fall of 1865, when he came with his father to Mechanicsburg and formed a partnership with him, under the firm name of J. B. Hurst & Son. Three months after his father's death he purchased the entire stock and has since conducted the business alone; he now carries a full line of dry goods and notions, carpets, etc., valued at |17,000. September 5, 1872, Mr. Hurst married Julia Wilson, born in Carlisle, Penn., daughter of Robert and Sarah (Shock) Wilson. To Mr. and Mrs. Hurst have been born two children: Wilson and Corliss. Mrs. Hurst is a mem- ber of the Lutheran Church. Our subject is one of the leading business men of Cumber- laud County, and stands high in the estimation of all as an upright business man. The family is of German descent, and is one of the oldest In Pennsylvania. E. RANKIN HUSTON, the leading painter of the eastern portion of Cumberland County, is a son of William Huston, who was a most excellent farmer and worthy citizen, and on his mother's side a direct descendant of the historic Enders family of Dauphin County. Samuel Huston, the paternal great-grandfather, emigrated from Scotland in the early part of the eighteenth century; was a farmer and settled in what was tlien East Pennsborough Township, but which is now included in the township of Silver Spring. The tract of land on which the original house was built has been known since as the Huston homestead, and occupies a pleasant site some three miles north of the village of Hoges- town. His maternal great-grandmother was Isabella Sharon. Samuel Huston died in 1800, and his widow, Isabella, in 1804. Both are buried in the Pine Hill burying-ground. They had two sons: John and Jonathan. His paternal grandfather was Jonathan Hus- ton, a farmer, whose wife was Margaret Rankin Mclntire, a native of Ireland. They had eleven children: Rebecca Eckels, John, John, Samuel, Samuel, Isabella, Isabell (Shafer- Klng), William, Jane C. Talbert, Mary Swiler and Margaret Eckels. The father of this family died November 10, 1830, aged seventy years, and the mother, August 24, 1846, aged seventy-six years, and both are buried at Silver Spring. William Huston, the father of our subject, was born on the old homestead, on the original settlement, December 19, 1799. He spent his youth on the farm; learned the carpenter's trade, and for a number of years enjoyed quite a reputation as a bridge-builder in the western part of this State. March 29, 1838, he married Mary Ann, daughter of Peter and Catherine Phillips, nee En- ders. William Huston was not only a model farmer and ingenious mechanic, but a gen- tleman of sterling character and great physical endurance. He was a descendant of that class of Scotch-Irish settlers who came into the Cumberland Valley from the eastward, and who have left everywhere the unmistakeable evidence of thrift and enterprise. Per- haps to them more than any other class this portion of the Cumberland Valley owes its su- periority its fine sense of right and high standard of moral excellence. He died April 29, 1883 and his remains repose by the side of his parents, in Silver Spring. Mary A., his wife was born September 32, 1817. She was a member of Trindle Spring Lutheran Church and her life bore the testimony of the sincerity of her profession. Gifted by na- ture with qualites which were rare and desirable, she was appreciated by all who knew her She was amiable and kind, and in the consistency of her life an ornament to Chris- tianity She died October 7, 1881, and was buried at Silver Spring. They had one daugh- ter who died in infancy, and one son, E. Rankin Huston, who was born September 28, 1848 at the old homestead, and spent his earlier years on a small farm, one-half mile north of Mechanicsburg. During the winter season he attended the public school of the district until he had mastered all the branches embraced in its curriculum. He subse- quently entered the Pennsylvania College of Trade and Finance, from which he gradual- 418 BIOQEAPHICAL SKETCHES: ed in the class of 1867. Afterward he gave himself up to the study of painting and dec- oration, and his marked success evidences the wisdom of his choice. December 4, 1873, he married Mary B., youngest daughter of Daniel and Margaret (Wcibley) Walters, who was born January 33, 1850. Two children are the results of this union; Carrie I., born September 11, 187-1, and Mary E., born August 10, 1878. Mr. Huston has resided in Me- chanicsburg since 1873, and is held in deservedly high esteem by his fellow-townsmen. He is a member of Eureka Lodge, No. 302, F. & A. M. ; treasurer of Samuel C. Perkins Chapter, No. 209, R. A. M., of Mechanicsburg; St. John's Commandery, No. 8, K. T., of Carlisle; Grand H. R. A. Chapter of Pennsylvania; Mechanicsburg Lodge, No. 315, I. O. O. F. His great-grandparents on his maternal side were Jacob and Mary Phillips, who were born in Germany and immigrated to Pennsylvania. Jacob Phillips was a soldier in the Revolutionary war three years; was wounded in the head and face, and died in 1783. Mary, his widow, died in 1807, and both are buried in the Catholic cemetery at Carlisle. Peter Phillips, his grandfather, was born in Cumberland County May 8, 1781. In his younger days he learned the carpenter's trade. He enlisted as a private in the war of 1812. His eminent qualities as a soldier were fitly recognized in his rapid promotion, having become, soon after entering the service, first lieutenant. He participated in the battles of Chippewa, Lundy's Lane, and various other engagements with the English and their Indian allies, narrowly escaping on several occasions from falling in the hands of the savage foe. He was wounded by Indians lying in ambush. Returning to his home in the fall of 1814, he again resumed his trade. April 6. 1806, he married Catharine, daughter of Philip C. and Anna Enders. She was born March 18, 1783, in Lancaster County, and died November 38, 1844, and is buried near Belleville, Ohio, leaving behind her tender memories of her liindness of heart arid graces of character. Peter Phillips died October 5, 1860, and was buried atTrindle Spring Church. The Enders family, of which our subject is a lineal descendant, was quite distinguished in the part of Germany in which it resided. Philip C. Enders, the great-grandfather of E. Rankin Huston, was ifiorn July 23, 1740, in Braunsigweilen, Germany. After completing his education he entered the military serv- ice of his sovereign, and participated in numerous battles of the seven years' war. For gallantry and other soldierly qualities he was promoted to a captaincy in the royal cavalry. He resigned his commission, and on May 13, 1764, married Anna, a daughter of Conrad Degen, and a few months later came to America. His first settlement was in Philadel- phia, and later he moved to Lancaster County. In 1788 he purchased a tract of over 1,300 acres in Upper Paxton, Dauphin County, and moved there with his family, where he con- tinued to reside until his death, February 36, 1810. Anna, his wife, died in 1796. He was in many respects a remarkable man, and has left his mark on the subsequent history of Dauphin County. He was the founder of FetterhofE's Church, erected the first saw- mill in the valley, organized and taught the first school in that section of country, and was the leading spirit in all public enterprises. It is thus seen the family of which E. Rankin Huston is a representative, is one of the original and leading families of this part of the State, and closely identified with all movements of its general prosperity. JAMES S. HUSTON, inventor, farmer and manufacturer, Mechanicsburg, is a great- grandson of Samuel Huston, who was born in Ireland, and came to America when a young man, settling in Pennsylvania, where he married. His son, Samuel, born in Cumberland County, Penn., in 1776, married Miss Nancy Clendenin, and had five sons: Samuel, Robert, William, John and James (twins). They were members of the old Presbyterian Church at Silver Spring. Of their children James was born in Silver Spring 'Township, this county, became a farmer, and in the course of time married Miss Mary Saxton, who bore him four children — three sons and one daughter: John, Sarah, Samuel F. and James S. The subject of our sketch, who is the youngest, was but two years old when his father died; he then went to live with his uncle, William Saxton, and remained with him work- ing on the farm and attending school until he was sixteen, when he was apprenticed to the harness-making trade at New Kingston, this county, for three years; thence went to Hoges- town, but after one year returned to New Kingstown, and two years later moved to Woos- ter, Ohio, but in a short time came to Mechanicsburg and opened a harness shop. In 1869 he invented the Huston fly net used by the Huston Fly Net Company of Mechanicsburg, and also invented the Huston Net No. 3, used by I. 0. Deihl, of Shippensburg, Penn. He then engaged in the manufacture of fly nets until 1881. when he sold out and embarked in farming and milling, purchasing the Boucher Millat Hogestown, which was burned in September, 1885. June 15, 1856, Mr. Huston married Miss Sarah Huntsburger, born in Lower Allen Township, this county, daughter of Jonas and Leah (Tyson) Huntsburger, and to this union have been born four children, 'one living— Arthur J. — born in Mechan- icsburg May 35, 1865. They are members of the Presbyterian Church. Mr. Huston is an enterprising business man; starting in life without a cent he deserves much credit for his success. His grandfather, Samuel Houston (or Huston) and Samuel Houston, the founder of Houston, Tex., were cousins. LEVI KAUFFMAN, deceased (see portrait). Prominent among the honored dead of Cumberland County there is none more worthy of representation than the subject of this sketch.. His family have, from a very early date, been closely BOKOaGH OF MECHANICSBURG. 419 identified with the history of Pennsylvania. Christian KaufEman, his great-grand- father, immigrated to America from Germany about 1730, and settled in Manor Township, Lancaster Co., Penn., where he died March 1, 1799. He was married to Bar- bara Bear, whose death occurred January 18, 1801. They had six children, of whom Isaac, the second son and grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was born in Manor Township, Lancaster Co., Penn. , in 1763, and died January 4, 1836. In the year 1786 he mar- ried Catharine Baughman, who died July 9, 1833. Their youngest son, the Hon. Andrew I. KaufEman, father of Levi KaufEman, was born August 24, 1803, at the old homestead in Manor Township, Lancaster County, and spent the greater part of his life in that town- ship. He represented Lancaster County in the House of Representatives In the State Legislature, and was closely associated with Hon. Thaddeus Stevens and Hon. Thomas H. Burrows, In the establishment of our justly prized common school system. In 1850 he became a resident of Cumberland County, and in 1853 removed to Mechanlcsburg, where he engaged In mercantile pursuits, and continued therein until his death, which occurred December 14, 1861. Andrew I. KaufEman was married, March 24, 1835, to Catharine Shu- man, who was born July 16, 1806, and was the only daughter of Christian Shuman, of Manor Township, Lancaster Co., Penu. She died at Mechanlcsburg May 18, 1875. Levi Kauflman, their fourth son, the subject of this sketch, was born at Little Wash- ington, Lancaster Co., Penn., September 13, 1833. At the age of thirteen he left home and entered the drug store of Dr. George Ross, at Elizabethtown, as an apprentice. At the end of four years he received, from Dr. Ross, a strong testimonial of his ability as a druggist, for aptness, intelligence and Integrity of character. Mr. KaufEman remained In the drugbusiness in Elizabethtown until April, 1854, when he removed to Mechanlcsburg, and opened a new drug store In that place. A year or two later, In connection with his father, Hon. Andrew I. KaufEman and Henry G. Rupp, he entered the hardware bus- iness, connecting the drug store therewith, and continued therein until 1859, when he accepted the position of cashier In the banking house of Merkel, Mumma & Co., subse- quently chartered as the First National Bank, of Mechanlcsburg, Penn. This position he resigned in 1863, when he was appointed by President Lincoln collector of internal rev- enue for the Fifteenth District of Pennsylvania, comprising the counties of Cumberland, York and Perry. He held that position until September, 1866, when he resigned rather than endorse the odious policy, known as "My Policy," of President Johnson. His letter of resignation, published in the Philadelphia Preaa of that date, gave clear evidence of his sterling patriotism. Early in 1864 Mr. KaufEman assisted in organizing and became cash- ier of the Second National Bank of Mechanlcsburg, and held that position until he resigned in the latter part of 1869. The State Guard, a daily newspaper, started at the State capital during 1867, was a project of Mr. KaufEman, and one in which he invested a large sum of money; not proving a financial success he abandoned its publication in 1869. From 1870 until the time of his death, which occurred February 10, 1883, Mr. KaufE- man was engaged in the fire insurance business, having the State central agency of sev- eral large companies, his principal ofBce being at Harrisburg, Penn. Mr. KaufEman never hesitated to perform any duty imposed upon him by his fellow citizens, his church or society. As burgess, town councilman, school director, and member of the Ijoard of trustees of Irving Female College, he was always on hand to take his full share of work and responsibility. He was noted for his public spirit and local pride In the town of his adoption, and many of the public and private improvements erected In Mechanlcsburg were due to his foresight and energy. He was liberal to a fault. For more than thirty years he was a member of the Church of God, and faithfully filled the oflSces of superin- tendent of the Sabbath-school, deacon and elder. He frequently represented his church in the annual eldership of east Pennsylvania, and on several occasions was a lay dele- gate to the triennial sessions of the general eldership of the church. Mr. KaufEman was a man of strong will, great energy, dauntless courage. Inflexible In the right, and afraid of nothing but of being wrong. Fond of the sports of his children, as they were of playing and being with him. While abounding in anecdote, jovial at table, with pleasant voice, it was In harmony with the nature and power of Mr. KaufEman, who was a hero In action in every condition of life, and possessed of a will and energy that fitted him to be a leader in €very party to which he belonged. Politically Mr. KaufEman, like the others members of his family, was a Republican, and assisted in the organization of that party In Pennsylva- nia He took a keen interest and active part in the primary and general elections, fre- quently participating as a delegate in the party conventions. In 1864 he was a delegate to the National Republican Convention at Baltimore, and assisted in the nommation of Lin- coln and Johnson. His eldest brother, Hon. C. S. KaufEman, oE Columbia, Penn., rep- resented Lancaster County in the State Senate from 1878 to 1882. Lieut. Isaac B. KaufE- man his second brother, served faithfully in the war of the Rebellion in the Ninth Reg- iment of Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry, and died June 7, 1863, from disease contracted in the service His brother, Andrew J. KaufEman, Esq., a member of the bar of Lancas- ter County, was appointed, by President Arthur In 1883, collector of internal revenue for the Ninth District of Pennsylvania. ^ ,„„ » .„,. ^ .^ ^ j Mr. KaufEman was married, February 5, 1856, to A. Elizabeth Coover, daughter of the 420 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: late John Coover, Esq., of Meclianicsburg. (See page 407.) Mr. and Mrs. Kauffmanhad five children, two of whom — Harvey and Willie — died in infancy. Their eldest son, Per- cival C, was born in Mcchanicsburg August 13, 1857. He is a graduate of the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia; studied law in the office of Hon. Wayne Mac Veagh; was admitted to the bar in Juno, 1879, and is now the junior member of the firm of Trout- man & Kauffman, attorneys at law, at Hazlcton, Luzerne Co., Penn., representing, as counsel, many of the largest individual coal operators and companies in tlie anthracite region. Their second son, Walter Lee, was born in Mechanicsburg August 9, 1860. He attended Dickinson College, Carlisle, Penn., for several sessions, and is now assistant to the superintendent of the American Tube & Iron Co., and has charge of the offices of the company at Youngstown, Ohio. Miss Edith B. Kauffman, their only daughter, resides with her mother, at their residence on West Main Street. This family ranks among the first families in the county. COL. DAVID H. KIMMEL, proprietor of restaurant and private boarding house, Mechanicsburg, is one of the pioneer children of Cumberland County and is a represen- tative of one of its oldest families. His grandfather, Valentine Kimmel, born in Lan- caster County, Penn., came to Cumberland County, Penn., when a young men. His fa- ther was a native of Germany and one of the earliest settlers of Lancaster County, Penn. Col. D. H. Kimmel, was born in Shippensburg, this county, March 1.5, 1835, the second son and seventh child in the family of two sons and seven daughters, of George and Mary fSwiler) Kimmel, natives of this county, members of the Church of God, in which the former was an elder and a deacon for forty-five years; he was a farmer by occupation. Our subject attended school winters and worked on his father's farm until he was seven- teen, when he came to Mechanicsburg, and learned the tinner's trade with George Bobb and Robert Wilson. He worked at the trade seven years, then formed a partnership in the boot and shoe business with D. A. Holmes, under firm name of Kimmel & Holmes, for three years; then engaged at the tinner's trade until the breaking out of the Rebellion, when he was one of the first to shoulder a musket and enlist his services in defense of his country. He raised Company H, Sixteenth Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, com- manded by Col. Ziegle, the first company organized for three years' service in the State of Pennsylvania. He was mustered out, by an order from the War Department, for the purpose of raising Company H, of the Ninth Pennsylvania Cavalry, and was elected cap- tain, and subsequently major, then lieutenant-colonel, and latterly colonel, remaining until close of the war, his regiment being one of the last mustered out. He was in 104 bat- tles, besides skirmishes; was with Sherman in his celebrated march to the sea. Col. Kimmel and his regiment composed of Cumberland, Dauphin, Perry, Lancaster and Schuykill County boys, made one of the grandest charges on record. This was at the battle of Reedyville, 'Tenn., September 6, 1864, when they charged Gen. Debarell, who had 1,800 men and Col. Kimmel 240. The Colonel charged the General eight miles, pass- ing clear through the enemy's lines, capturing 400 horses and 300 men; of the Confederates there were 33 killed and wounded, while the loss in the Colonel's regiment was but 7 killed and wounded. A few days afterward Gen. Debarell sent Col. Kimmel word if he would meet him on an open field he thought that he (Debarell) and his 1,800 men could whip the Colonel and his regiment. The Colonel sent back word that he and his boys would meet him anywhere, and for him to appoint a place and date. (The Colonel's regiment rode gray horses, and was known as the " Gray Horse.'') Strange as it may seem, the Colonel, though a large man, weighing 300 pounds, never received a wound, though he had a horse killed under him at Raleigh, N. C, when charging John- ston's rear. Of the original company of 106 men raised in Cumberland County, three- fourths were killed. The Colonel has complimentary letters from Gen. W. H. Sherman, Gen. Stanley, Gen. Kilpatrick, Gen. Gordon Granger, Gen. Jackson, and others. At the close of the war our subject returned to Mechanicsburg and formed a partnership with George Bobb, under firm name of Bobb & Kimmel, and engaged in the hardware business for three years; then opened his present hotel and restaurant. November 36, 1857, he married Miss Kate Hoover, a native of Mechanicsburg, Penn., daughter of John and Mary (Martin) Hoover, old settlers of Cumberland County. To this union have been born the following named children: Frank H., born March 3, 1859. a traveling salesman for PoweU & Co., wholesale grocers, Harrisburg, married to Miss Mary Welzel, of Carlisle; Minnie E., residing at home with her parents; John G., born March 3, 1868, assists his father in business; Sarah B., residing at home. The Colonel is a member of Col. H. I. Zinn Post, No. 415, G. A. R. He has in his possession a Confederate flag, captured at the battle of Milledgeville, Ga. In his charge there he captured thirty-four guidons or small flags. The colonel stands high in the estimation of all, as a brave soldier, honest business man, and good citizen. JONAS KOLLER, farmer, P. O, Mechanicsburg, was born in Shrewsbury Township, York Co., Penn., November 15, 1831, a son of Jacob and Elizabeth (Miller) Koller, also natives of York County, the former of whom, a mill-wright and farmer by occupation, died at the age of seventy-seven years and seven months, and the latter when aged seven- ty-one years. They were members of the Lutheran Church. They had five sons and BOROUGH OF MECHANICSBURG. 421 four daughters. Jacob Koller had been previously married to a Miss Peterman, by whom he had two sous and two daughters. Jonas Koller, the subject of this sketch, is the youngest son and eighth child by the second marriage, and was but thirteen years old when his parents came to Cumberland County and settled near Oysters Point in East Pennsborough Township. In 1848 they moved to their farm near Shepherdstown, in Upper Allen Township, where Jonas attended school during the winters and worked at farming and the trade of wagon-making, until his marriage with Miss Catherine Bingaman, March 9, 1856. She was born in Shepherdstown, this county, October 26, 1831, a daughter of Charles and Susan (Keiper) Bingaman, natives of Lancaster County, Penn., who settled in Shepherdstown soon after their marriage. They were members of the Reformed Church, and had six daughters who grew up. Charles Bingaman, who was a contractor and builder, died in 1876, aged seventy-four years. After his marriage, Mr. Jonas Koller settled at KoUerstown one-half mile south of Mechaniosburg, where he and his father built the first of two houses and the town was named for them. In 1873, our subject moved to his present farm of fifty-flve acres in the eastern part of Mechanicsburg, where he has a beautiful residence. Mr. and Mrs. Koller have had five children, four now liv- ing: James B., Mary H., Jacob H. and William M. The boys comprise the firm of J. B. Koller & Co., proprietors of the Cumberland Valley Spoke Bending, and Wheel Works. Mrs. Jonas Koller is a member of the Lutheran Church. Mr. Koller became a Mason in early life, and later a Knight Templar and a member of St. John's Commandery, No. 8, at Carlisle. He and his family stand high in the estimation of all. The family are of Ger- man descent, our subject's great grandfather having come from Germany and settled in York County, Pennsylvania, at a very early date. ALFRED C. KOSER, proprietor of "Koser's City Market," near corner Main and Market Square, Mechanicsburg, a representative of one of the oldest families of Cumber- land County, was born on Main Street, Mechanicsburg, Penn., May 13, 1847, son of John and Sarah (Rockafellow) Koser. John Koser, born in Mechanicsburg, Penn., was a butcher by trade. At the breaking out of the Rebellion, he was one of the first to shoul- der a musket in the defense of his country, enlisting, in the spring of 1861, in Capt. Dor- shelmer's company of infantry for three months; returned home and re-enlisted, as ser- geant of Company C, Ninth Pennsylvania Cavalry, and was among the killed or missing at the battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn., in the summer of 1863. He and his wife had four children. Alfred C, the only son and eldest in the family, was but fifteen when his father was killed, but at that early age he enlisted in Company A, Twentieth Pennsylva- nia Cavalry. He weighed 160 pounds and claimed he was eighteen, passed and was pro- moted to corporal, thence to commissary-sergeant, and remained with this company six months; re-enlisting, he served to the close of the war. War reports as follows: "Private Company C, "Twentieth Pennsylvania Cavalry, One Hundred and Eighty-first Pennsylva- nia Volunteers; enlisted second lieutenant, January 88, 1864; enlisted at the age of fifteen years, transferred to Company A, promoted to corporal and commissary-sergeant. Service — ^Assigned to First Brigade, Second Division, Eighth Corps, March 30, 1864; engagement at Newmarket. Va., May 15; Harrisonburg, June 4; Piedmont, June 5; Buffalo Gap, June 6; Staunton, June 10; Midway, June 11; Rose Mills, June 13; Cedar Creek, June 12; Lex- ington, June 13; New Glasgow, June 14; Otter Creek, June 16; Quaker Church, June 17r Lynchburg, June 18 and 19; Liberty, June 30; Salem, June 31. Detailed to service in charge of orderlies at Harper's Ferry, July 3 and 18; Ashby's Gap, July 19 and 31; Win- chester, July 20; Kernstown, July 28 and 24; Martinsburg, July 35 and 26. Second Brig- ade. First Cavalry Division— August 7; Berryville Pike, August 10; Fisher's Hill, August 15; Front Royal, August 16; Berryville, August 21, September 3 and 4; Smithfield, August 25, 36 and 29; Winchester, September 19; Fisher's Hill, September 23; Luray Valley, Sep- tember 24; Brown Gap, September 96; Waynesboro, October 3; Tom's Brook, October 8^ and 9; Cedar Creek, October 19; Nineveh, November 13; Roods Hill, November 23; Som- erset, December 31; Gordonsville, December 33; Jack's Shop, December 33; Waynes- boro, February 28, 1865; White House, March 27; Stony Creek, March 80; Dinwiddle Court House, March SI; Hatcher's Run, March 31; Five Forks, April 1; South Side Rail- road, April 3 and 3; White Oak Road, April 4 and 5; Harper's Farm, April 6; Amelia Court House, April 6; Sailors Creek, April 7; Appomattox Station, April 8; Appomattox Court House, April 9. Mustered out, June 10, 1865. Had two horses shot under him —one killed at the battle of Lynchburg, Va., and the other had most of his neck shot away at Five Forks, Va." At the close of the war, July 1, 1865, he returned home and established his present business. Mr. Koser was married at Mechanicsburg, in December, 1868 to Miss Annie M. Markley, who was born at Shiremanstown, this county, daugh- ter of Henry and Susan (Raudenbaugh) Markley, natives, respectively, of Cumberland and Lancaster Counties, Penn. Mr. and Mrs. Koser have one daughter: Grace Ella, born in Mechanicsburg October 11, 1869, now attending school at Mechanicsburg. Mrs. Koser is a member of the Church of God. Our subject is a junior vice-commander of Col. H. I. ZinnPost No. 415, G. A. R., Mechanicsburg. He has held various local offices of trust; was elected city councilman by the people of his ward for three years. In politics he is- a Republican. His people are of German descent. 422 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: JOSEPH LEAS, justice of the peace, Mechanicsburg, was born on his father's farm in Greenwood Township, Perry Co., Penn., January 27, 1832, son of Benjamin and Jane (Mathews) Leas. Benjamin Leas, born October 21, 1759, was twice married; on first ■occasion to Miss Susannah Bowers, by whom he had thirteen children, seven sons and three daughters living to be men and women. His first wife died March 14, 1814, and he then married Mrs. Jane (Mathews) Purcell, who bore him three children — two sons and one daughter: George, who resides in Shirleysburg, Huntingdon Co., Penn.; Joseph, our subject, and Susannah, widow of Daniel Eshelman, residing in Greenwood Township, Perry Co., Penn. Benjamin Leas died February 31, 1828, and Jane, his second wife, died February 2.'5, 1857. Joseph Leas began clerking in Millerstown in the spring of 1838. In 1841 he clerked in Frankstown, Blair Co., Penn., one year; then followed same occupa- tion at Dillsburg, York County, two years. In 1844 he went to West Hill, Cumberland County, returning in 1845 to Dillsburg, and in October, 1847, he came to Mechanicsburg and clerked for his brother, a merchant and postmaster. In 1854 Mr. Leas was elected justice of the peace, and has held that office ever since. In May, 1865, he was elected borough treasurer, and has held the office ever since, except one year (1879). He is presi- dent of the Mechanicsburg Gas & Water Company, and is a director in the Second National Bank. He was married, in 1853, to Miss Sarah Shurr, born in York County, Penn., and who died, leaving one daughter, Laura R., who resides at home with her father. Mr. Leas married Miss Emmaline H. Gould, a native of this county, daughter of Henry and Elizabetli (Rice) Gould, and to this union were. born three children: Harry G. (deceased), Fannie G. and Charles W. Mr. and Mrs. Leas are members of the Presbyterian Church. Our subject owns a house on North Market Street, where he and his family reside, and other property in Mechanicsburg. He was but six years old when his father died, and early started to earn his own way in life. At fourteen he drove horses on the canal line between Hollidaysburg and Philadelphia. His brother, Hon. George Leas, was elected a representative to the Legislature from Huntingdon County, Penn., and his half-brother, William B., was elected associate judge of Huntingdon County, Penn. The Leas are of German descent. LEVI H. LENHER, physician, Mechanicsburg, is a native of Pennsylvania, born near Ephratah, Lancaster County, October 19, 1833, son of John and Mary (Hauck) Len- der, natives of Lancaster County, Penn., who had four sons and two daughters, who lived to be men and women. John Lenher, a machinist, was a member of the firm of Lenher & Pennel, Lancaster Locomotive and Machine Works, and built the first locomotive west of Philadelphia, called the "Hugh Keys." Levi H., the second child and eldest son, when fourteen years of age, entered the Franklin and Marshall Academy, at Lancaster. At six- teen he began to read medicine with Dr. John L. Atlee, and graduated at the Pennsyl- vania College, Philadelphia, in 1843. He then located at Ephratah, Lancaster Co., Penn., where he remained until October, 1847, when he moved to Church town, this county, where he resided until 1873, when he came to Mechanicsburg; went thence to Belmont, Wright Co., Iowa, where he remained three years; then to Harrisburg, Penn., for three and a half years; when he returned to Mechanicsburg and has here since resided. The Doctor was married September 25, 1845, to Miss Mary A. Martin, born in Lancaster •County, Penn., daughter of William and Jane Martin. Mrs. Lenher died April 38, 1867, the mother of two children: J. W. Clarence, a clerk in the Pennsylvania Railway recorder's office at Philadelphia, and Mary, who resides at home with her father. Janu- ary 28, 1869, the Doctor married Mrs. Susan Burnette, born nearLititz, Lancaster Co., Penn., and to this union have been born two children: Elsie Hortense and Victor. Dr. Lenher is a member of the K. P. Lodge, Churchtown, the I. O. O. F. and F. & A. M. He and his wife are members of the Presbyterian Church. The Lenher family is of •German origin, and early settlers of Lancaster County, Penn. Dr. Lenher stands high in the estimation of all who know him as a physician and Christian gentleman. He is a member of the State Medical Society of Pennsylvania and the Cumberland County Medi- cal Society. WILLIAM PENN LLOYD, attorney at law, ex-United States collector of internal revenue, etc., Mechanicsburg, was born in Lisburn, Cumberland County, Penn., Septem- ber 1, 1837, only son of William and Amanda (Anderson) Lloyd, both of Cumberland County, former of whom learned the trade of cabinet-maker, engaged in the drug busi- ness, and was postmaster of Lisburn for thirty years. William P. Lloyd worked on a farm and at cabinet-making, with his father, until his eighteenth year. He attended the ipublic schools, Dickinson Seminary, Cumberland County Normal School, and Whitehall Academy — a single session at each of the last three-named institutions, amounting in aU to about one year of academic Instruction— teaching in the winter and attending school in the summer. At the age of eighteen he began teaching, and at twenty he began the study of law under Col. William M. Penrose, then a prominent lawyer at Carlisle, and continued teaching and studying until the outbreak of the Rebellion, when he raised a company for the three months' service, but the quota of the State being filled before it was ready to be mustered in, it was disbanded, and in August, 1861, he enlisted in Company G, First Penn- sylvania Reserve Cavalry. He served sixteen months as a private, was promoted to hoa- BOROUGH OF MECHANICSBURG. 423 pital steward of the regiment, then to first lieutenant of Company E, and next to adjutant ■of regiment, acting as assistant adjutant-general of brigade. In this capacity he served until September 9, 1864, when the regiment was mustered out at expiration of its three years' term of service. He was engaged in the battles of Drainsville, Harrisonburg, Cedar Mountain, Gainesville, Second Bull Run (both days), Fredericksburg, Brandy Station, Aldie, Gettysburgfsecond and third days), Shepherdstown, New Hope Church, Todd's Tav- ern, Childsberg, Richmond Heights and Meadow Bridge, Haws Shop, Cold Harbor, Bar- ker's Mill, Trevillian Station, White House, St. Mary's Church, and a score or more of skirmishes. Col. Lloyd returned home to Lisburn, and on the organization of the State Guards, under Gen. Hartranft, was appointed inspector-general, with rank of lieutenant- colonel. He resumed teaching and the study of law until April 18, 1865, when he was admitted to the bar of Cumberland County. He has since been admitted to practice in the courts of Dauphin, York and Perry Counties, the supreme court of Pennsylvania, and district court of the United States. September 16, 1866, he was appointed collector of internal revenue for the Fifteenth Congressional District of Pennsylvania, comprising the counties of York, Cumberland and Perry. The important and responsible duties of the position were discharged by Collector Lloyd in such a manner as to win the unqualified ap- proval of the General Government, and was made the subject of highly commendatory remarks by Gen. Cameron in the United States Senate. He resigned the coUectorship August 1, 1869, to accept a position in the Dauphin Deposit Bank at Harrisburg, remaining nearly fifteen years, and until January, 1884, when he quit the bank and went to work on his farm near Mechanicsburg. A year later, regaining his health, which had suffered from confinement in the bank, he opened his present law office (January 1, 1885). He is one of the executors and trustees of the estate of the late Hon. Henry G. Moser, a director of Harrisburg Bridge Company, and of the Mechanicsburg & Dillsburg Railroad Com- pany. He has been commander of Col. H. I. Zinn Post, No. 415, G. A. R., since its or- eanization, March 4, 1884. He is the author of the "History of the First Pennsylvania Reserve Cavalry," a very complete work, giving a graphic history of the three years' aervlce of this regiment during the late Rebellion, etc. Mr. Lloyd was married. May 33, 1865, to Miss Anna H., daughter of Israel L. and Margaret (Moser) Bover, and their fam- ily consists of three children: Weir B., Mary E. and George E. Col. Lloyd is a Mason, a member of Eureka Lodge of Mechanicsburg, and a Knight Templar, St. John's Com- mandery. No. 8, Carlisle. His family is Welsh and English on the father's side, and Scotch-Irish on the mother's side. He himself Is known extensively as a prompt and capable business man and a genial and affable gentleman. THOMAS H. MAUK, undertaker, Mechanicsburg, was born within eight miles of Stuttgart, at Lauffen, on the River Nager,Wurtemberg, Germany, December 23, 1833, a son of Gottleib and Gottleiben (Metzler) Mauk. The former was a cabinet-maker and undertaker, and the father of two girls and two boys: Gottleiben, Dorothea C, Thomas H. and Jacob. The last named resides at Broken Bow, Custer Co., Neb. Dorothea C. is the widow of Christian Metzgar, and resides in Philadelphia. Gottleiben resides in Ger- many. Thomas H. was but seven years old when his father died. He attended the com- mon schools until fourteen; he then learned the cabinet and undertaking trade until he was seventeen at Lauffen; then went to Stuttgart and worked until 1852; when he came with his brother Jacob to America, landing in New York after a voyage of eight weeks. Later he came to Philadelphia, where Thomas worked at his trade two years; then moved to Churchtown and remained eight months, after which he came to Mechanicsburg and worked for Samuel Worst, cabinet-maker and undertaker, three years. He then went to Shiremanstown and opened a shop of his own, and while there was married to Miss Eliza- beth Houmburg, May 3, 1856. She was born in Hessen-Cassel, a daughter of Beltzer and Charlotte (Holts) Houmburg. In 1859 Mr. Mauk came to Mechanicsburg and worked for Samuel Worst until 1865, and in 1866 formed a partnership with William S. Diehl in the furniture and undertaking business. In 1882 Mr. Mauk sold his interest in furniture but retained the undertaking business, which he has since continued. He has the leading es- tablishment of the kind in this part of the country. He is a member of Shiremanstown Beneficial Society. He and his wife are members of the Bethel Church. They have had ten children, viz. : John J. married Miss Malinda Myers, and is engaged in the undertak- ing, cabinet and furniture business at Mechanicsburg, Ohio; Thomas M. married Miss Louisa Walker, of Bendersville, Adams County, and is engaged in the cabinet and furni- ture business at Mechanicsburg, Penn.; Charles H. is engaged in the undertaking and cabinet business at York Springs, Adams Co., Penn.-; Kate S. resides with her parents, as do Mary E., Edward G., Samuel T. and Elizabeth C. JAMES McAllister RALSTON, retired, Mechanicsburg, is a descendant of the Ralstons and McAllisters, two of the oldest families of Cumberland County and Pennsyl- Tania. Among those hardy Scotch-Irish Presbyterians who, on account of religious op- pression, sought homes in western Pennsylvania, was Andrew Ralston, who located at Big Spring, near Newville, this county, as early as 1728. He was a native of County Ar- magh, Ireland, and came over to America at the outset of the Scotch emigration. Shortly after the opening of the land office he applied for a warrant, stating that he had 424 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: occupied the land "ye past eight years." A license was directed to be issued, and below is ijiven a verbatim copy, as in the original, in this connection: "Lancaster Co 8 8, by order of the proprietary — these are to license and allow Andrew Ralston to continue to improve and dwell on a tract of 200 acres of land on the Great 8pring, a branch of the Conedogwainet, joyning to the upper side of a tract granted to Randel Chambers for the use of his son James Chambers, to be hereafter surveyed to the s'd Ralston on tbe common terms other lands in those parts are sold, provided tlie same has not been already granted to any other person, and so can be had without prejudice to other tracts before granted. Given under my hand this third day of January Ano: Dom: 1V36-7 — SA: Blunston. Pen- slvania, S. 8. "Endorsed:'' License to Andrew Ralston — 200 acres — this land was subse- quently surveyed to him by the surveyor of Lancaster Count}', Samuel Blunston." There is no date of the death of Andrew Ralston. He left three daughters and two sons. One of his daughters married one Hayes, another married one Mickey. David Ralston, the eldest son, remained at Big Spring on his father's farm. He was twice married, first to a Miss Scott, secondly to a Miss McClintock; both wives died at Big Spring. He removed to Westmoreland County, Penn., in 1806, and died there, in 1810, near Greensburg. By his first wife David Ralston had the following named children: Elizabeth, married to Thomas Jacob; Jane first married to a Mr. Donald and second time to Mr. "Taylor; Eleanor, married to Mr. Miller; James, married to Ruth Carson; Andrew, married to Miss Kirkpatrick. By his second wife David Ralston had the following named children: Agnes, married to Mr. AUsworth; Margaret, married to Mr. Moorhead; Ann, married to Mr. Banks; Mary, unmarried; Sarah, unmarried, and David, Jr. His son, David Ralston, was born at Big Spring, near Newville, this county, September 26, 1784; married Miss Lacey McAllister; he and his wife were members of the Presbyterian Church; they had four children: James McAllister, born near Newville, this county, January 14, 1823; David, Andrew, Mary E., wife of David Line. The father of these children died March 8, 1849, and the mother in 1863 in her seventy-third year. James McAllister Ralston, the eldest child, was raised on a farm, and when in his seventeenth year (in 1839) moved with his parents to the old farm (now owned by him) four miles west of Carlisle, and which was located by his great-grandfather, Archibald McAllister, 1728, who purchased over 1,000 acres of land on both sides of McAllister Spring from William Penn. The old foundation of the second mill built west of the Susquehanna River 120 years ago is on the above tract. He, Archibald McAllister, married Miss Jean MoClure, near Carlisle, and their children were as follows: Daniel, who settled in West Virginia; John and James, who went to Sa- vannah, Ga., and settled where Fort McAllister now stands; Richard, who laid out the town of Hanover, York Co., Penn., which was called McAllister until changed to Han- over, about 1825; Archibald, settled at Fort Hunter above Harrisburg, in Dauphin Countv, now called Rockville about 1750; Mary, married to Mr. McKnight; Jean, married to Mi. Ormsby, and settled in what is now Pittsburgh; and another married Mr. Williamson, and Andrew. The last named, Andrew McAllister, was born in the old McAllister farm in 1731. He married Miss Margaret Young, a daughter of James Young, and both husband and wife died in 1804, aged seventy-three and sixty-one, respectively. The children of An- drew and Margaret (Young) McAllister were: Elizabeth, wife of James Parker and who moved to Lexington, Ky., in 1800; Jean, married to Joseph Pierce, they settled in this county; Mary, married to Thomas Mclntire; Archibald, unmarried; Margaret, who went with her eldest sister to Lexington, Ky., and married a Mr. Calhoun; James, unmarried, who resided on the old farm; Sarah, who died unmarried; Eleanor, unriiarried: Lydia, married to Joseph Jacob; and Lacey, the youngest, who, as above stated, married David Ralston, the father of James McAllister Ralston, the subject of this sketch. During the last three days of June, 1863, Johnston's division of Gen. Ewell's corps of the Rebel Army encamped on the McAllister (now J. Mc. Ralston' s) farm, and was then ordered to proceed directly twenty-five miles south, to participate in the battle of Gettysburg. Ewell's divis- ion contained the "Louisiana Tigers," and also the Virginia artillery. LEVI MERKEL (deceased) founder of the First National Bank, Mechanicsburg, is deserving of more than a passing notice in this work, as a man of noble principles, one who stood high in the estimation of all, a good neighbor and friend, and an upright, hon- est business man and Christian gentleman. He held many important trusts during life, and was the financial counselor of the widow and orphan. "The inexperienced sought his advice, for he was kind-hearted and true, and had the entire confidence and respect of all. Upon the organization of the common school system he became its warm friend, and held the position of school director for many years. In the constitutional convention of 1838 he voted against the use of the word "white" in the constitution, for which he was much censured at the time, but lived to see the signature of the President of the United States appended to the emancipation proclamation. In the same convention the resolu- tion restraining the power of the banks was fought step by step by the adherents and tools of the United States Bank, which had become a Pennsylvania State Institution, and they left no stone unturned to secure its defeat or postponement. It passed by the decid- ing vote of Mr. Merkel, who voted against his own political nartisans— principle with him was everything, policy nothing. The wisdom of this vote was soon demonstrated in the BOROUGH OF MECHANICSBURG. 425 history of the bank. Among his effects is a boolt containing the signatures of every mem- ber of the convention, with marginal notes, showing the age and birthplace of each, his business or occupation, etc. His prominent characteristic was his rigid adherence to principle and to his convictions of what was right. On this ground he judged men, on it he made his friends. Deception was not in his nature, in business he was exact; in judg- ment clear and sound, in language always chaste, in habits frugal, in affection strong but undemonstrative, in religion firm in faith in an all-ruling Providence. He wrote fre- quentlv for publicatiou in religious papers, and his articles were full of strong argument and beautiful thoughts. He was born near Bphrata, Lancaster Co., Penn., May 2, 1803, the only child of Jacob and Mary (Carpenter) Merkel, natives of Lancaster County, Penn., descendants of two of the oldest families of that county, and died at Carlisle, Penn., on September 20, 1876. He was but four years of age when the family moved to what is now Lower Allen Township, where he remained on the farm, attending school and teaching until his marriage, on November 27, 1838, with Miss Susanna Martin, who was born on October 13. 1810, on her father's farm near Shiremanstown (which adjoined that of her husband's father). She was the daughter of David and Barbara (Hessin) Mar- tin. They remained on the farm until the spring of 1858, when they moved to Mechan- icsburg. To this union were born five sons and four daughters, of whom five children are living: David R., a professor of music (at present engaged in farming on the old home- stead farm in Lower Allen Township), married to Miss Sarah Eberly; Mary C, wife of C. B. Niesley, a produce and grain merchant, Mechanicsburg; Barbara H., wife of John B. Landis, Esq., at Carlisle; Naomi 8., who resides at the home of her mother; James Weir, a banker, married to Miss Lilla A. Irvine, of Elmira, N. Y. The daughters are all mem- bers of the Presbyterian Church. JOSEPH MILLEISEN, coal and lumber dealer, Mechanicsburg, was born in Lower Paxton Township, four miles east of,;Harrisburg, Dauphin Co., Penn., September 19, 1813, on the old homestead of his father, where he remained until his marriage, in Feb- ruary, 1844, with Miss Barbara, daughter of Christian and Mary (Brookhart) Martin, of Cumberland County. Mr. Milleisen, in February. 1845, came to Mechanicsburg, where he engaged in the grain and produce trade until 1859, when he established his present coal and lumber business. Our subject has been actively identified with the best interests of Mechanicsburg. He, with Dr. Ira Day, Jacob Mumma, S. P. Gorgas, John Brandt and George Bilner organized the water and gas company which supplies the town. He was elected and served as treasurer of the Gas and Water Company for three years, when, retiring, his son, John, was elected in his stead. He has also held other local offices of trust in Mechanicsburg, and is a director of the Mechanicsburg & Dillsburg Railroad. The Milleisens are, as the name indicates, of German descent, and are members of the Re- formed Church at Mechanicsburg. To our subject and wife were born seven children, four of whom are living, and all were born in Mechanicsburg: George C, John J., Alfred W. and Martin. George C, born January 24, 1847, married Miss Mary, daughter of John and Prances (Bowman) Baker, who was born near Churchtown, this county, and to this union were born two children: Fanny and Joseph. George C. lost his first wife by death in 1872, and November 29, 1874, he married Miss Emma, daughter of Conrad Kime, of Cumberland County. He is now in partnership with his father in the lumber and coal business, under the firm name of Milleisen & Son. He is a member of the I. O. O. F., Mechanicsburg Lodge, No. 815, Wildey Encampment, No. 39, and a member of the Im- proved Order of Heptasophs, J. H. Conclave. No. 105 Mechanicsburg. John J., second son of our subject, learned the druggist business, but was afterward appointed station agent at Mechanicsburg for the Cumberland Valley R. R., which position he filled for three years, when, after a short time passed in Shippensburg, he engaged in mercantile business at Topeka, Kas., and in 1881 was persuaded by Mr. Talmadge, general manager of the Wa- bash & St. Louis Railroad, to accept a position on this road, with headquarters at Jack- sonville, 111. ; he married Miss Jennie, daughter of John Thompson. Alfred W., of the firm of Milleisen & Keefer, is engaged in the hardware business here; is a mason and mem- ber of the I. O. O. F. andHeptasoph societies; he married Miss Ida, daughter of Henry G. Rupp, of Mechanicsburg. Martin is first teller in the Second National Bank of Mechan- icsburg. Joseph Milleisen is one of the active and energetic business men of Cumberland County, with which he has been identified for a period of nearly half a century. In poli- tics he was first a Whig, but on the rise of the Republican party became a Republican, and has since given that party his support. His brother Jacob is still living (the third gener- ation of this family) on the old homestead in Paxton Township, Dauphin Co., Penn. DAVID MILLER, grain and coal merchant, Mechanicsburg, was born May 14, 1825, on the old homestead farm of his father in Windsor Township, fourteen miles north of Reading, Berks Co., Penn. His parents, George and Mollie (Raver) Miller, natives of Berks County, were members of the Lutheran Church; they had a family of eight chil- dren — five sons and three daughters. David, the second son and child, worked on his father's farm, attending school during the winters, until he was seventeen, when he went to Leespbrt, Berks Co., Penn., and began to learn the trade of miller. After remaining here three years and three months he attended school at Reading six months. He then 426 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: rented a water-mill on Maiden Creek, Maiden Creek Township, Berks Co. (before he was twenty-one), and operated the mill three years; then he returned to Leesport and here formed a partnership with William Major and bought the steam-mill (in which Mr. Mil- ler learned his trade) some twelve months later. Mr. Miller sold his interest to his part- ner, and in the fall of 1853 came to Mechiinicsburg, this county, and built the steam flouring-mill now owned by the Cumberland Valley Railroad Company, and used as a warehouse. Mr. Miller operated this mill some seven years, in partnership with E. Zook two years; then Mr. Zook sold his interest to Moses Eberly, and in 1861 Mr. Bberly pur- chased Mr. Miller's interest. Our subject then engaged in the grain business, and some four years later began to handle coal in connection with same. Mr. Miller was married, October 18, 1853, to Miss Leali Forney, born in Berks County, Penn., daughter of John and Lydia (Hartzler) Forney, natives of Pennsylvania. Mr. and Mrs. Miller are members of the Lutheran Church. They have had seven children, three now living: Samuel F., clerking for his father, married to Miss Sallie Landers; Lillie, residing with her parents; Annie M., wife of John Planck, dry goods merchant of Carlisle. Mr. Miller is a member of Eureka Lodge, No. 302, F. & A. M. ; is one of the directors of the Second Na- tional Bank, and is one of Mechanicsburg's enterprising representative business men, and stands high in the estimation of all who know him as an honorable citizen and Christian gentleman. He is of Scotch and German descent; his great-grandfather came from Scotland. Mr. Miller now owns and runs a flour-mill two miles south of Shermanstown, York County (it is a mill of fifty barrels per day capacity), and a farm of fifty acres — the mill stands in the center of the farm — and a dwelling-house in Mechanicsburg, and a warehouse for handling grain. DAVID R. MILLER, proprietor of Miller's Sash, Door and Blind Factory, Mechanics- burg, was born on the old family farm in Silver Spring Township, this county, July 15, 1829, son of Abraham and Elizabeth (Shupe) Miller, natives of Silver Spiing Township, this county, and Dauphin Couilty, Penn., respectively. Abraham Miller, who was a farmer and distiller, a son of John Miller, was born in Germany, and came to Lancaster County, Penn., and afterward to Silver Spring Township, this county. He and his wife were members of the Lutheran Church. They had five sons. David R., the eldest, re- mained on the farm and attended schood during the winters until he was apprenticed three years to learn the carpenter's trade, and contracting and building, in which he con- tinued until 1848, when he began to work in the sash, door and blind factory of Seidle & Eberly. Soon afterward he became foreman, and remained with this company until 1853. He then worked at his trade in Franklin, Cumberland and Dauphin Counties until 1863, when he, with F. Seidle, Samuel Eberly and others commenced bridge-building for the Government. Then he worked in George FruUinger's factory, Harrisburg, and at carpen- tering in Mechanicsburg until 1867, when he, with three others, built a sash, door and blind factory. A short time after, Mr. Miller and S. B. King formed a partnership, pur- chased the factory, and continued doing business under the firm name of Miller & King until March, 1884, when James Pulton purchased Mr. King's interest, and soon after Mr. Miller purchased Mr. Fulton's interest, and has since conducted the business alone. In May, 1852, Mr. Miller married Miss Frances Brownewell, a native of Roxbury, Silver Spring Township, this county, daughter of Henry and Barbara (Baker) Brownewell, natives of Silver Spring Township, this county, and Adams County, respectively. Mr. and Mrs. Miller are members, the former of the Lutheran and the latter of the Reformed Church. They have three children: John H., assisting his father in the factory; Barbara E., at home with her parents; and David J. L. Mr. Miller has been elected councilman by the people of Mechanicsburg two terms. He is a member of the Mechanicsburg Lodge, No. 315, I. O. O. F. He is a self-made man, and learned early to depend on his own resources for a living. He started without a cent, but went bravely to work, and by hard work, honest dealing and close application to business has made life a success. JEREMIAH H. MORRET, proprietor of the "National Hotel," Mechanicsburg, is a native of Cumberland Cou'nty, born in Churchtown, Monroe Township, June 20, 1837, and is a descendant of one of the oldest families in Pennsylvania. His grandfather, Michael Morret, born in this county, was a blacksmith of Newburg, where he died; he was the parent of four sons and three daughters: William, the third son, was born in Newburg, learned the blacksmith trade and when a young man moved to Cliurchtown and opened a shop there; he married Miss Sarah A., daughter of Adam and Polly Diller, and had two sons and three daughters: Alfrida A., wife of Jacob Beisiline, a farmer at Oaks' Point, this county; Jeremiah H.; Hezekiah, married to Angeline Harmon, lives in Frank- lin County, Penn.; Lucilla, widow of Edward Westhaver, is a milliner at Mechanicsburg; Mary J., wife of John Slonaker, an employe of the Cumberland Valley R. R. Company. Mr. and Mrs. William Morret were members of the Lutheran Church, when Jeremiah H. Morret was but three years old he moved with his parents to a mile north of Locust Point, where he learned blacksmithing of his father, and there remained until November, 1863, when he became a member of Company A, One Hundred and Fifty-eighth Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry. Ten months later he was mustered out and then returned to his home near Locust Point. In the spring of 1863 he went to New Kingston and there BOROUGH OF MECHANICSBURG. 427 learned the painter's trade; three years later he moved to Carlisle, Penn., and clerked in the"Thudium House" until December, 1867, when he clerked for John J. Ringwalt in the "American House" until March 1, 1868, when he went to New Kingston and ran a hotel, eating-house and livery stable. Five years later he came to Mechanicsburg and here clerked for Mr. Ringwalt in the "American House," untilJuly, 1884, when he opened his present hotel, on Main Street, a three-story brick building containing twenty-six rooms, fine large drawing-room, parlor and sample rooms. Mr. Morret was married.March 16, 1874, to Miss Rachael Daugherty, born in Upper Allen Township, this county, daughter of George and Mary (Stallsmith) Daugherty. To this union have 'been born two sons and one daughter: Jennie, William and Herman. Mr. Morret is a member of H. 1. Zinn Post, G. A. R., No. 415, Mechanicsburg. Politically he is a Democrat. He is a perfect gentleman and an admirable host. His hotel is a model of neatness. HON. HENRY G. MOSER (deceased), late member of the Legislature, and associate judge of Cumberland County, and whose portrait appears in this volume, was born in Berks County, Penn., February 22, 1813. His family was one of the oldest and most prominent in Berks County. His father, Jacob Moser, born in that county, a farmer by occupation, married Miss Elizabeth Gresh, of Berks County, a daughter of George Gresh. Jacob and Elizabeth (Gresh) Moser were of German descent, members of the Lutheran Church. Their family consisted of four sons and seven daughters, Hon. Henry Q. being the eldest. Our subject worked at farming, attending school in the winter in Amity Township, Berks County, and it is said that his desire for knowledge was so great that he- would carry a slate and pencil to the field, and there sit on his plow, while resting, and would figure out some difficult problems. In this manner he obtained his education, and at the age of seventeen or eighteen he began teaching school in Berks County, a profes- sion he followed until 1835, when he became manager and clerk for the Glasgow Iron Works (consisting of forge, furnace, mill and farm, near Pottstown, Montgomery Co., Penn.,) continuing there until 1837, when he came to this county and took charge of the Iron Works, known as Liberty Forge, near Lisburn, and was one of those who purchased the works. In 1846 he became sole owner of this property. In 1852 he sold a half interest to I. L. Boyer, his brother-in-law, and in 1853 sold out his interest to Mr. Boyer; but in 1858 he became a partner with him, continuing in that relationship until 1864, when he again sold out to Mr. Boyer, and retired from business. In 1865 he removed to Mechan- icsburg, where he died May 20, 1884. In 1853 Mr. Moser was nominated and elected a Democratic representative to the Legislature by the people of Cumberland County; was also elected and served as associate judge of this county five years, and was the last asso- ciate judge of the county under the Constitution of 1837. He held various other offices of trust. He was for a number of years a director of the HarrisburgBridge Company; a di- rector of the First National Bank of Mechanicsburg, tlie Gas & Water Company, and the Mechanicsburg & Dillsburg Railway Company; was also president and treasurer of the Allen and East Pennsborough Society for the Recovery of Stolen Horses and Mules, and the Detection of Thieves. He was a recognized leader, and his judgment at all times was fair and impartial. A man of great natural ability and force of character,, he had the confi- dence and respect of all and his opinion was greatly sought and much valued; he was practical, self-reliant, cautious and slow at arriving at conclusions, but prompt and ener- getic in the execution of his designs. Mr. Moser came to this county a young man with very limited means, but at his death was one of the wealthiest men in his county, having accumulated a fortune, not by speculation, but by' careful business habits, wise invest- ments and strict economy. While he was an active and successful business man, he did not permit these relations to crowd out his duties as a citizen and a Christian. He was warmly attached to the Lutheran Church, as were his ancestors, and to it he was a liberal and generous contributor both of his means and influence, as well as to such other relig- ions and social movements as met with his approval. Our subject was married twice; first, November 6, 1838, to Miss Ester Ann Lorah, of Amity Township. Berks Co., Penn., a most estimable, Christian lady, to whom, as a helpmate, Mr. Moser attributed much of his success in life. She died February 10, 1876, having had no children. His second mar- riage was June 13, 1878, with Miss Margaret J. Urich, who was born in Upper Allen Town- ship, this county, daughter of Jacob B. and Sarah (Ayers) Urich, old settlers of Cumber- land County. Mr. and Mrs. Moser had two children : Ruth, born October 13, 1879, and Margaret, born November 13, 1881. They reside with their mother in Mechanicsburg. Mrs. Moser is a member of the Presbyterian Church of Dillsburg. JACOB MUMMA, retired farmer, Mechanicsburg, was born six miles east of Hams- burg, in Swatara Township, Dauphin Co., Penn., September 14, 1809. His parents, John and Elizabeth (Frantz) Mumma, were natives of Pennsylvania, and members of the Men- nonite Church. They had a family of four sons and two daughters. Jacob, the second son and third child, remained on the farm with his father until his marriage, January 19, 1832 with Miss Elizabeth Nissley, born in Dauphin County, Penn., daughter of Martin and Elizabeth (Kreider) Nissley. Mr. and Mrs. Mumma moved to Lancaster County, Penn., in 1835, and engaged in farming until 1839, and there Mrs. Mumma died March 30, 1836. ' The family consisted of two sons and one danghter: Martin, who resides on the 428 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES : old homestead farm of his father, one-half mile north of MechanicsbuTg; John, who re- sides on a farm a mile south of Mechanicsburg, and Anna, wife of Levi Musselmim, re- sides on a farm three miles southeast of Mechanicsburg. In the spring of 1839 Jacob Mumma came to Cumberland County and bought a farm in Monroe Township, afterward purchasing the old homestead farm in Silver Spring Township. Our subject was married on second occasion December 1, 1836, to Mrs. Catharine Rupp, born in Cumberland County, daughter of John and Anna (Snavely) Eberly, and who died May 1, 1861, the mother of six children, four living: Jacob E., farmer and stock dealer; Amos, a miller in Upper Allen Township; Eli, farmer in Upper Allen Township; Eliza, wife of Christian Hertzler, a farmer in Hampden Township. Mr. Mumma married September 35, 1862. His present wife, Mrs. Mary Hertzler was born in Lancaster County, Penn., daughter of Henry and Elizabeth (KauEEman) Schoph. To this union has been born one daugliter, Emma, who resides with her parents. Mr. and Mrs. Mumma are members of the Mennonite Church at State Hill. Mr. Mumma is one of the founders of what is now the First Na- tional Bank of Mechanicsburg (the others are Levi Merkel, deceased, who had established a private bank, John Brandt, John Sadler, Levi Eberly, Samuel Eberly, Jacob Eberly, John Niesley, Solomon P. and William R. Qorgas). Mr. Mumma is one of the solid re- tired business men whose life has been one of interest and success, and has been identified with the county smce 1839. He is of German descent and his ancestors were among the earliest pioneers of Pennsylvania, his great-great-grandfather having come from Switzer- land to this country to settle in Lancaster County, Penn., as early as 1731. CHRISTIAN B. NIESLEY, wholesale and retail coal and produce merchant, Me- chanicsburg, engaged in agricultural and horticultural pursuits, was born on the old fam- ily farm in Middlesex Township, Cumberland Co., Penn., August 15, 1834. He attended school and assisted his father on the farm until he was seventeen, when he taught school winters and studied with a private tutor, and one year in the academy of Juniata County, Penn. At twenty-one he went to Osborn, Ohio, and taught school there one year; then engaged as manager and salesman for the Neff & Carson Nursery Company, of Dayton, Ohio, one year; then took charge of the nursery business himself for several years, extend- ing his trade into the Southern States. Having been successful he returned to Cumberland C'lunty, purchased the farm his father had selected for him, and soon after settled in Me- chanicsburg. He was married here, November 12, 1861, to Miss Mary C. Merkel, born in Lower Allen Township, this county, daughter of Levi and Susan (Martin) Merkel. Mr. Merkel, who was one of the first bankers in Mechanicsburg, organized what is now the First National Banli. Since his marriage,Mr. Niesley has been engaged in commercial, agricultural and horticultural pursuits. Mr. and Mrs. Niesley are active members of the Presbyterian Church. He was sent as commissioner to the last General Assembly at Min- neapolis. They had two children, one son living — Charles Merkel, born in Mechanics- burg August 9, 1865, graduate of Lafayette College, Pennsylvania, class of 1886. Mr. Niesley takes a lively interest in common schools, and has been director for many years; is chairman of the Pennsylvania State Sabbath-school Association, and he was one of the organizers of the Cumberland County Sabbath-school Association, organized at Carlisle, September 13, 1873; was elected chairman of the executive committee; then president, serving three successive years, and has been associated with it officially ever since; and, seeing the great need of better preparation by the Sunday-school teachers for their re- sponsible position, he was one of the leading spirits in establishing and conducting the Cumberland Valley Sunday-school Assembly at Williams' Grove, where some of the best normal and primary instruction was given and some of the most noted lecturers of the age were heard. Our subject is a son of Jacob and Mary (Miller) Niesley, natives of Lan- caster County, Penn., the former of whom was born in Donegal Township November 8, 1797, and died March 13, 1869; the latter, born July 21, 1803, died August 8, 1877; they were members of the Mennonite Church; bad four sons and two daughters, of whom Christian B. is the youngest. Our subject's great-grandfather, Christian Niesley, came from Switzerland, during the religious persecutions, with two brothers, and settled In Lancaster County, Penn. Christian B. Niesley's maternal grandfather came to Lancaster County, Penn., from Switzerland. The subject of our sketch is one of the enterprising husiness men and representative citizens, and stands high in the estimation of all as an upright, honest. Christian gentleman. He has one of the most beautiful residences in Mechanicsburg, situated on Main Street, where he and his family reside. LINDSAY PITTS O'NEALE, physician, Mechanicsburg, was born on his father's plantation, in Essex County, Va., October 11, 1838. His parents, Albert G. and Anna (Wearring^O'Neale, were both born in Essex County. Albert G. O'Neale was a captain in the war of 1812, and his father, Thomas O'Neale, who was born in Dublin, Ireland, was a merchant in that city until he joined the rebellion against England, and after it was ■quelled he immigrated to Essex County, Va., where he was married to Miss Elizabeth Pitts, of English descent, and to this union were born two sons and three daughters: Albert G., Elizabeth, Mary, Johnson and Emeline. Albert G. married Anna Wearring, and had two sons: Thomas J. and Lindsay Pitts. During the late war of the Rebellion the father lost all of his property. At the age of sixteen Lindsay P. O'Neale struck out BOROUGH OF MECHANICSBURG. 429 for himself; went to Baltimore, Md., and clerked in a grocery and drug store until 1858; he then ran a stitching machine in his brother's boot and shoe factory, studying medicine in the iheantime, until the fall of 1860, when he entered the York Academy, and here re- mained until the spring of 1861, studying medicine until the fall of 1861, when he entered the medical department of the United States Army. In 1864 he entered Washington Medical College, of Baltimore, and studied and attended lectures until March, 1865, when he located in York, York Co., Penn., where he practiced medicine until 1870, when he settled in Mechanicsburg, Cumberland Co., Penn., and here he has since been actively en- gaged in the practice of his profession. Dr. O'Neale was married here November 36, 1868, to Miss MargarettaW. Eckels, who was born near Mechanicsburg, Penn.,daughterof Sam- uel and Mary (Cooper) Eckels. Mrs. O'Neale is a member of the Presbyterian Church. Dr. O'Neale is a charter member of the Eclectic Association of the State of Pennsylvania, and was president of this association two terms. He is also a member of the National Ec- lectic Medical Association of the United States. ADAM ORRIS, of Eberly & Orris, manufacturers of patent and wood-hub wheels, etc., Mechanicsburg, is a representative of one of the oldest and best families of Cum- berland County. He was born on the old homestead of his father, in Silver Spring Town- ship, this county, two miles north of Mechanicsburg, March 31, 1838. His father, David Orris, was of English descent, born in this county; first married Miss Susan Eichelberger, also a native of this county, daughter of Adam Eichelberger, who was of German descent, and by this union had eight children, of whom three are living: John, a retired carpenter and hotel proprietor, residing in Mechanicsburg; Susan M., wife of William E. Beistline, a boot and shoe manufacturer, of New Kingston, this county, and Adam. Mrs. Susan Orris died in 1840, a member of the Lutheran Church. David Orris married, for his sec- ond wife. Miss Susan Senseman, and by her had ten children, of whom the following sur- vive: Elizabeth, Catharine, wife of Eli Dunkelberger; David; Samuel; Jennetta, wife of Samuel Kast, and Levan H. David Orris died i-n 1869. The mother is still living. She and her husband were always members of the Lutheran Church. Adam Orris, subject of our sketch, attended school during winters, working on his father's farm in summer time until he was sixteen, when he clerked in a general store at Hogestown until he was twenty. He then clerked at New Kingston until 1862, when he entered the army, serving as ser- geant-major of the One Hundred and Ffty-eighth Regiment Pennsylvania Infantry. At the expiration of his term of service he was mustered out and returned to New Kingston, where he bought a half interest in the store of David Strohn, and one year later purchased his partner's interest and conducted the business alone some two years, when H. H. Lamb was admitted as a partner. In 1870 Orris & Lamb sold out to J. A. Heagy, and Orris formed a partnership with Capt. Samuel J. Shoop. Tliey purchased 3,000 acres of timber land in Franklin County, Penn., erected saw-mills and engaged very extensively in the manufacture of lumber, etc. In May, 1885, Mr. Orris formed his present partnership with A. G. Eberly. Our subject was united in marriage, March 1, 1864, with Miss M. Isabella Fought, born in Silver Spring Township, this county, daughter of Peter and Margaret (Armstrong) Fought, natives of Cumberland County. Mr. and Mrs. Orris are members of the Lutheran Church. "They have two children; Talbert D., the eldest, attended the high schools of Mechanicsburg, Ohambersburg Academy, and graduated from the Harrisburg Business College in 1888. In March, 1884, he went to Philadelphia, and was employed as salesman in the wholesale wall paper house of Elder & Bentley until July, 1885, when, at his father's request, he became assistant and traveling salesman for Eberly & Orris. Miss Maggie M. Orris resides at home with her parents. Adam Orris is one of the energetic, en- terprising men and leading manufacturers of Mechanicsburg, and stands high in the esti- mation of all as an upright, representative citizen and Christian gentleman. FREDERICK K. PLOYER, bank cashier, Mechanicsburg, of German-American de- scent, was born at Jackson Hall, near Ohambersburg, Franklin Co., Penn., December 31, 1844, son of Jacob and Sophia (Kissell) Ployer, natives of Pennsylvania, who moved to Cumberland County about the year 1856, and settled on a farm near Newville. They were members of the German Reformed Church. Of their family of seven children, Frederick K., the eldest of six sons, remained on the farm with his father, attending school during the winters until he was eighteen, when he began teaching in Cumberland County, con- tinuing in the profession until the breaking out of the late war of the Rebellion, when he, with his father and brother John H., enlisted their services. Frederick K., the subject of this sketch, enlisted in Company D, One Hundred and Eighty-seventh Regiment of Penn- sylvania Volunteers February 4, 1864, and served with his regiment in the field from May, 1864, to October, 1864, participating in the battle of New Cold Harbor, and all en- gagements of the Fifth Army Corps at and during the siege of Petersburg in the summer of 1864, most important of which were at Petersburg & Norfolk Railway, June 18 and 19; Jerusalem Plank Road, June 30; Weldon Railroad, August 18, 19 and 30. His regiment having been ordered to Philadelphia for duty, Private Ployer was detailed for special duty at headquarters Department of the Susquehanna, and was ordered to report to Capt. Francis H. Wessels, judge-advocate of the department of Harrisburg, Penn., where he was engaged in clerical work with the military commission in the trial of the Columbia 31 430 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: County conspirators. From the conclusion of this work until the muster out of his regi- ment at the close of the war, he continued as record clerk in the judge-advocate's office, headquarters District of Pennsylvania. In August, 1865, Mr. Ployer returned to New ville this county, and tauglit school until June, 1869, when he was appointed assistant as- sessor of internal revenue of the Fifteenth Congressional District of Pennsylvania and con- tinued in that position for four years; then located in Altoona, Blair Co., Penn., where he was employed as assistant shop clerk of the Altoona machine shops of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and continued there until February 1, 1878, when he was appointed teller of the Second National Bank of Mechanicsburg, Penn., and January 1. 1880, was appomted to his present position as cashier. Mr. Ployer was married, January 18, 1870, to Miss Sarah R. Lloyd, of Welsh descent on her father's and Scotch-Irish on her mother's side born November 16, 1844, at Lisburn, this county, daughter of William and Amanda Lloyd Mr. and Mrs. Ployer have one daughter, Nellie M., born December 13, 1872, now attending school at Mechanicsburg. Mr. and Mrs. Ployer are members of the Presbyte- rian Church. Mr. Ployer is a member of Big Springs Lodge, No. 361, F. & A. M., at Newville; St. John's Chapter R. A. M., at Carlisle, Penn.; and is a Past Commander of St. John's Commandery, No. 8, K. T., Carlisle; is also a member of Col. H. I. Zinn Post No. 415, G. A. R., Mechanicsburg. He is one of the leading business men and is a repre- sentative citizen of Mechanicsburg and Cumberland County. REV. SAMUEL W. REIQART, pastor First Presbyterian Church, Mechanicsburg (called from the church of Sunbury, Penn.), entered upon his pastoral duties October 25, 1868, although, at his own request, his formal installation by the presbytery was deferred until June 15, 1869. He was born at Lancaster, Lancaster Co., Penn., July 29, 1837; son of John Franklin and Caroline (White) Reieart, natives of Pennsylvania. J. Franklin Reigart held various public appointments in Lancaster, Penn., including State offices. He and his wife were members of the Presbyterian Church; they had three, sons and two- daughters. Samuel W., the eldest, graduated at the Lancaster High School and afterward at "Franklin and Marshall College, in 1859, and took the second honor in his class; was appointed principal of Lancaster High School in 1860, and held the position five years. While teaching he read theology, under the direction of the Rev. Walter Powell; received his degree of A. M. in 1863, and was licensed to preach the gospel by the presbytery of Donegal (now Westminster) October 4, 1864, and the next year was called to the pastorate of the church of Sunbury, and was oi'dained and installed as pastor of the church by the presbytery of Northumberland, Penn., October 17, 1865, which position he held until 1868, when he was called to the church at Mechanicsburg, and here preached his intro- ductory sermon October 25, 1868. He was married, December 31, 1860, to Miss Anna E. Hodgson, born in Columbia, Lancaster Co., Penn., daughter of the Rev. Francis- Hodgson, D. D., and Agnes (Long) Hodgson, the former of whom was for many years a prominent minister and residing elder in the Methodist Episcopal Church, his field of labor being principally in Philadelphia and New York. "To Mr. and Mrs. Samuel W. Reigart have been born five children, four now living: John Franklin, Agnes H., Caro- line W. and Mary H. Our subject's labors have been very successful building up a strong church from a weak one and increasing its membership over 300 souls. Mr. Reigart is a descendant of one of the oldest families in the State, who settled in Lancaster County, coming from Germany, more than 100 years ago. JOHN RIEGEL, retired merchant, secretary of Allen and East Pennsborough Mutual Fire Insurance Company, member of the Mechanicsburg Gas and Water Company, Me- chanicsburg, la the oldest native born resident of Mechanicsburg, where he first saw the light of the day, August 14, 1818. His parents, John Adam and Esther (Brandt) Riegel, were born and raised in what is now Dauphin County, Penn. John Adam Riegel cam& to Mechanicsburg, this county, in 1816, formed a partnership with John Coover, and opened a dry goods and general store, the first one of any importance in the town. Mr. Riegel was elected city burgess by the people of Mechanicsburg and held other offices of trust, including that of trustee of the Union Church. He died January 11, 1851, aged fifty-six years and some months. His wife was a member of the Dunkard Church. They had three sons and five daughters, of whom two sons and four daughters are now living: Levi; John; Margaret, wife of Daniel Ulrich; Sarah, wife of John Stine, a retired Meth- odist Episcopal minister of Mechanicsburg; Eliza, widow of Dr. J. B. Herring; Mary, wife of George Zacharias, residing in Mechanicsburg. Catharine, wife of Christian Brandt, died in 1878. John, the second son and child, attended the schools of Mechanicsburg, and clerked for his father until 1848, when he engaged in business for himself, and, at the death of his father, succeeded him. In 1867 he closed out his business, retaining the property which included the building occupied by the Second National Bank and his residence, adjoining which is the old homestead once owned by Adam Riegel (deceased). Mr. Riegel married at Lebanon, Lebanon Co., Penn., September 5, 1843, Miss Susan Arlams Ingol, who was born in Baltimore, Md., April 28, 1826, only daughter of Samuel and Susannah (Moulton) Ingol, natives of England and Newburyport, Mass., respectively; they were members of the Congregational Church. Mr. and Mrs. Riegel are members of the Lutheran Church (general council). They have had two children: Sarah Gertrude,. BOROUGH OF MECHANICSBURG. 431 •wife of Eev. Johnson R. GrofE, a Lutheran minister of Danville, Penn., and Nellie, horn in 1847, first wife of Maj. Azor H. Nickerson and who died, in 1867, at Fort Boise^, Idaho. Mr. Riegel is one of the pioneers of Cumberland County, and stands high in the estimation of all as an upright business man and Christian gentleman. He held an office in the school board twenty-one years. He has lived to see the borough undergo many interesting and important changes and can remember when there were but twelve houses, of which but one is now standing — the building on the northeast corner of Federal and Main Streets, where he was born. Mr. Riegel is a grandson of John Adam Riegel, who came with his brothers, Abraham and Samuel Riegel, from Germany and settled near Hummehtown, Dauphin Co., Penn. JESSE W. RINGROSE, proprietor of the Ringrose Fly-Net and Collar Manufactory, Mechanicsburg, was born on the old homestead farm of the family, two miles northeast of Berwick, in Luzerne County, Penn., August 30, 1847. E. Aaron Ringrose, his father, was born in Northamptonshire, England, but came to this country while still a young man, and settled in Luzerne County, where he engaged in buying and selling stock. He married Miss Catharine, daughter of William B. Fowler, one of the old settlers of Colum- bia County, Penn. The family consisted of eight children, of whom four sons and three daughters are still living, of whom Jesse W. is the youngest. Our subject attended school until he was fourteen years of age, when he began clerking in a grocery at Lock Haven, which position he continued to hold until he was twenty, when he entered Andalusia Col- lege, Andalusia, Penn., where he remained three years; he next engaged in a flour, bread and cracker manufactory, in which business he remained for a period of about fifteen months. He then sold out his interest in that business, and entered the Pennsylvania, University of Medicine, at Philadelphia, where he remained for a period of two years, until, his health failing, he went south to Martinsburg, W. Va., and opened a general OTOcery store, in which business he continued until the death of his father-in-law, Henry W. Irvine, in 1877, when he came to Mechanicsburg, and soon after invented a leather net. Mr. Ringrose was married, January 28, 1875, to Miss Dessie A. Irvine, a daughter of CoL Henry W. and Mary (Kanaga) Irvine, and born at New Kingston, this county, where both the Irvine and Kanaga families are well known. Mr. Ringrose is a successful business man. He first established his fly-net and collar factory at Mechanicsburg in 1881, since which time his business has continually increased, and his facilities have been greatly enlarged, until, to-day, he has one of the largest manufacturing establishments of this kind in the United States. Mr. Ringrose is the patentee of most of the improved machinery used in the manufacture of his nets, and which he will not sell or lease, it giving him an immense advantage over other manufacturing establishments of the same kind. To give some idea of the rapid growth of this business: Mr. Ringrose starting unaided (or with the help at first of only one man); now uses steam-power, gives direct, permanent employment to from 75 to 100 workmen, and employs three traveling salesmen. From a small beginning the business amounted last year to $60,000, and has extended from a small field to a terri- tory which covers nearly the whole of the United States. JOHN J. RINGWALT, Mechanicsburg. The jolly, large-hearted, whole-souled pro- prietor of the "American House" was born near Carlisle, this county, March 21, 1838; son of Cyrus and Anna (Shaffer) Ringwalt, who were born in Lancaster County, Penn., and came to Cumberland Countv, settling near Carlisle; both were members of the Epis- copal Church; they had a family of ten children, eight of whom are living: George, Kate, Mary, John J.. Lydia, Cyrus, Emma and Lew. Our subject remained with his father on the farm until 1868, when he took charge of the "Locust Point Hotel" between Mechan- icsburg and Carlisle. One year later he took charge of the "American House," and three years later of the "Bentz (now the "Florence") House," and in the spring of 1881 be- came proprietor of the "American House" in Mechanicsburg. Our subject was married here August 25, 1884, to Miss Maezey Wilson, born at Bridgeport, Cumberland Co., . Penn., daughter of Robert and Sarah (Schock) Wilson, old settlers of this county. Mr. Wilson is ex-associate judge and clerk of Cumberland County courts. Lew Ringwalt, brother of John J., was born in Monroe Township, this county, April 8, 1851, and is now serving as clerk for his brother at the "American House," Me- chanicsburg.' He was united in marriage with Miss Faunie, daughter of Theodore Chew, a farmer near Barnesboro Station, N. J., and to this union was born a son who died in in- fancy. Mrs. Lew Ringwalt died in New Jersey, in 1873, a member of the Methodist Epis- copal Church. „ T,r , . , . ,. ^ „ , JOHN L. SADLER, lumber manufacturer, Mechanicsburg, is a native of Cumber- land County, Penn., born on the old family farm near Cummingstown, Penn Township, this county' November 16, 1842. His grandfather, Richard Sadler, had moved from Adams County to Centre County, Penn., when twenty-one years old; married Miss Re- becca Lewis of Centre County, by whom he had five sons and three daughters. Joshua, the second son of this couple, born in Centre County, married Miss Harriet Staley, of . Adams County, and in 1841 moved to the old farm adjoining Cummingstown, and settled in the woods where he cleared a farm and died in December, 1863, aged sixty-two years; his widow died in January, 1868, aged fifty-two. They were members of the Methodist 432 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Episcopal Church, parents of three sons and one daughter, 'two sons living: Wilbur P., president judge of Cumberland County, and John L. In 1866 Mrs. Sadler moved to Car- lisle. Our subject early went to Martinsburg, Va., and engaged in the manufacture of lumber, and has followed this industry ever since at Hagerstown, Md., and New Cumber- land, this county. He moved to Mechanicsburg in the spring of 1880. He was married, Novemtjer 7, 1873, at Hagerstown, Md., to Miss Louisa F. Smith, daughter of John L. and Magdalena (Hershey) Smith. Mr. Smith, a retired merchant, was elected associate judge of the orphans' court of Washington County, Md., serving for three terms. To Mr. and Mrs. Sadler have been born one son and one daughter: John and Harriet. Our subject is a P. & A. M. and a member of the I. O. O. F. and K. of P. He started in life with limited means, conducting the farm for his mother four jears after his father's death, and at twenty-two struck out for himself. He has made life a success, and stands high in the estimation of all as an upright, honest business man. He is of Scotch-Irish descent on his father's side, and German on his mother's side, her family having settled in Lan- caster County, Penn., at an early day. JOHN O. 8AXT0N, retired farmer, of Silver Spring Township, Mechanicsburg, Is a representative of one of the oldest familes in Cumberland County, born Julj 3, 1833, on the old homestead farm, in Silver Spring Township, near the town of New Kingston, son of John and Nancy (Saxton) Saxton. John Saxton was born in Silver Spring "Township, this county, and in early life engaged in farming, which he continued until his death; he died in 1843, aged thirty-six years; his widow is still living in Mechanicsburg, with her daughter, Miss Mary E. Saxton. Mr. and Mrs. John Saxton had three children. John O., the eldest in the family and only son, worlsed on his father's farm, attending the com- mon schools until he entered Dickinson College, where he remained three years; then taught school four years in Harrisburg, Penn. ; then engaged in farming in Silver Spring Township. November 15, 1866, he married Miss Ellen Dunlap, born in Lower Allen Township, this county, daughter of James and Margaret (Mateer) Dunlap one of the old- est families of Cumberland County. After this marriage Mr. and Mrs. Saxton moved to Mechanicsburg. To this' union were born six children, one son and two daughters living: Carrie S., born October 3, 1873; Lynn M., born December 4, 1874. and Maggie D.. born October 13, 1878. John O. Saxton is president of school board of directors, was in town council several terms, and has held various local offices of trust. In 1880 he was a Dem- ocratic elector for president from the Nineteenth Congressional District of Pennsylvania. He is one of the board of managers for the Cumberland County Agricultural Society; Is past high priest of Mechanicsburg Chapter R. A. M. past officer of the I. O. O. P. Lodge and Encampment, and has been district deputy grand master for Cumberland County two terms. Has been treasurer of the Mechanicsburg Bible and Tract Society, since its organization in 1871. He owns a farm in Silver Spring Township, this county, of 145 acres; and Mrs. Saxton is owner of a farm in Lower Allen Township, this county, of over 800 acres, besides a fine residence on corner Main and York Streets, Mechanicsburg. Mr. and Mrs. Saxton are members of the Presbyterian Church, in which he has served as secretary of the board of trustees. Mr. Saxton's family is of English and his wife's people are of Scotch-Irish lineage, and they are among the oldest families in the county. Gov. Pattison appointed him a delegate from the Nineteenth Congressional District to the Farmers' National Congress held at St. Paul, Minn., in August, 1886. JNO. SCHERICH, a justice of the peace, fire and life insurance agent, Mechanics- burg, born near Lisburn, this county, April 7, 1812, is a representative of one of the old families of Cumberland County, Penn. He is the only son of Christian arid Anna (Spitzer) Scherich, natives of Lancaster County Penn., the former of whom, a farmer, came with liis father. Christian Scherich, to this county, when he was young. Jno. Scherich, the eldest of four children, worked on his father's farm near Lisburn until he was sixteen, when he was apprenticed to the carpenter's, cabinet-maker's and painter's trades, at New Cumberland and Shepherdstown, and at twenty years of age had learned his trade; having aptness and energy soon became one of the first mechanics of his day. He then located near Lisburn, where he carried on his trade. He superintended one section of the first railroad bridge across the river at Harrisburg. He quit his trade about 1850, bought a tract of land west of Lisburn, erected commodious brick buildings, and soon became one of the first farmers of the county. In connection with farming he extensively carried on the brick-making business for many years. In 1875 he came to Mechanicsburg and continued in the insurance business, in which he had been engaged for more than forty years. He was married, November 30, 1832, to Miss Rachael Millard, born near Lewisburg, York County, March 14, 1814, daughter of Jonathan and Phcebe (Thornburg) Millard, old set- tlers of York County. Mr. and Mrs. Scherich have been members of the United Brethren Church for the past forty years. While at Lisburn their home was the home for all Christian workers, always active in the cause of morals and religion. They have seven children living: Christian, a carpenter, but engaged in the agency business at Lisburn, married to Miss Eliza A. Floyd; Ann .Jane, wife of Elias Rhiver, apuddler at West Pair- view; Jno. Andrew, a farmer near Lisburn, married to Miss Margret J. Hickernell; Phoebe Samantha, wife of Geo. Forry, a farmer near Mechanicsburg; Jonathan H. Clay (mar- BOROUGH OF MECHANICSBURG. 433 ried to Rebecca Kerr), a farmer residing in Claj County, Nebraska; Rachael Ellen, wife of Geo. Levingston, carpenter and farmer, at West Fairview; Winfield Q. (married to Miss Mary A. McClure), a farmer near Cburchtown. Mr. Jno. Soherich's great-grandfather. Christian, came from Switzerland and settled in Lancaster County, Penn.; he had two brothers, one of whom settled in Canada, and from these come all the Scherichs in the United States and Canada. The subject of this slcetch died March 37, 1886, at the age of seventy-four years, and it can be justly said, that, for enterprise, energy and ability, he was unsurpassed. Not only being a practical mechanic and farmer, but also a close Scripture student, and notwithstanding his great asthmatic affliction, his place was seldom vacant at church or Sabbath-school. He took an active part in the politics of the day, and, with his great memory, could give statistics and could refer to most of the important actions Congress and of the State Legislature for the past fifty years. GEORGE SCHROEDER, carriage manufacturer, flim of G. Schroeder Sons & Co., Mechanicsburg, has been identified with this county since May 1, 1833. He was born at East Berlin, Adams Co., Penn., January 33, 1816, son of Henry and Elizabeth (Bowers) Schroe- der, the latter a sister of Judge Mart Harmon Bowers, and a descendant of the Harmons, one of the oldest families of Cumberland County. Henry Schroeder, a tailor by trade, was born near Berlin, Germany, and came to America and alone to Pennsylvania when eighteen years old. He located in East Berlin, Adams Co., Penn., where he married Miss Malon, who died some four years after without issue. He was married on the second occa- sion to Miss Elizabeth Bowers, of Adams Coanty. He and his wife were members of the Lutheran Church. They had a family of three sons and two daughters, of whom two sons and one daughter survive. When George, the second son and child, was about twelve years old, his parents purchased a farm near Conowago Creek, four miles north of Gettys- burg, and here our subject remained until he was seventeen, when he came to Mechanics- burg and worked in Henry Kimmel's blacksmith shop one year; then bought out Thomas Harris and carried on a blacksmith shop and engaged in coach-making, plating, etc. In 1845 he established his present business which he has increased from time to time until now he has the largest carriage and buggy manufactory in the valley, giving employment to from twenty-five to thirty men. Hehas over $45,000 invested in this business. Mr. Schroeder was married at Lititz, Lancaster Co., Penn., September 13, 1834, to Annie Buch, daughter of Henry Buch, a weaver by trade. To this union were born five children :Luzetta (wife of James Irvin, a coach-maker, member of the firm), Harry B. (also a member of the firm; married to Miss Susan Wicks, of Brockport, N. Y.), William (also a member of the firm; married to Miss Mary Gesamon, and after her demise to Miss Laura Wise, of Mechanicsburg, tliis county), Mary (widow of Simon Bowman; is a clerk in the Treasury Department, Wash- ington, D. C). Ellen (wife of Theodore Singeiser, member of Congress from Idaho Terri- tory). Mrs. Schroeder died in March, 1865, a member of Bethel Church. In 1867 Mr. Schroeder married Mrs. Martha Leas, born in this county, daughter of Robert Galbreath a descendant of James Galbreath, Jr., the founder of the family in Pennsylvania, and who was of Scotch-Irish stock, having immigrated to Pennsylvania, settling in 1713, at Done- gal, in what is now Lancaster County, where he bought large tracts of land from William Penn. He married, in 1735, Elizabeth Bertram, who, with- her father. Rev. William Bert- ram, came from Edinburgh, Scotland — all these people were Presbyterians. James Gal- breath, Jr., was elected sherifE of Lancaster County in 1743 and judge of common pleas in 1745, and for many years served as justice of the peace. He removed to Cumberland County in 1760, and in 1763 was appointed judge of Cumberland County. He took an active part in the French and Indian war of 1755-56, and during the Revolution, in 1777, was appointed a colonel in this county, being at that time seventy-three years of age. Mrs. Schroeder died in November, 1881, a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church (she was the mother of two children by her first marriage, one living, Dr. Harry Leas, of Mechanicsburg). Mr. George Schroeder is not only one of the old settlers, but is an enter- prising representative business man, standing high in the estimation of all who know him. He is a purely self-made, self-educated man. Early learning to depend on his own' re- sources, he went bravely to work, and by close application to business, honest dealing and hard work, has made life a success. He owns six houses and lots, besides his own residence and shops. Mr. Schroeder has three grandsons and two grand-daughters, chil- dren of his son, Harry B. FREDERICK SEIDLE, proprietor of P. Seidle's Wheel, Spoke and Bending Works, Mechanicsburg, was born in Philadelphia, Penn., October 16, 1835, son of Frederick and Magdalena (Bergner) Seidle, natives of Wurtemberg, Germany, who came to Philadel- phia in 1825. Frederick Seidle, Sr., engaged in the produce business in Philadelphia and Lancaster until 1836, when he purchased the old farm in Silver Spring Township, Cum- berland Co., Penn. He and his wife were members of the Mennonite Church; they had two sons and four daughters. Frederick. Jr., the eldest son and second child, remained on the fanu until he was eighteen, when he came to Mechanicsburg and served an appren- ticeship at the carpenter's and cabinet-maker's trade. He was married, in November, 1850, to Miss Elizabeth Stevenson, born in this county, near Harrisburg, daughter of David and Leah (Shriner) Stevenson, natives of Pennsylvania. Mr. and Mrs. Seidle attend 434 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: the Presbyterian Church. They had three children, two living: Albert E., married to Miss Marie Rogi^rs, and William D. They assist their father in the management of his business. Mr. Frederick Seidle's life has been one of activity and toil. He started with a very small capital, but by hard woric good management and honest dealing has made life a success. He attended the Paris Exposition, receiving the Paris medal, and traveled over France, Germany, England, Belgium, Holland, Switzerland, visiting many carriage manufacturing establishments, and tools enough orders to keep his manufactory running over a year. In partnerKhip with Mr. Samuel Eberly he engaged in the building business with all its kindred brandies and established the spoke and bending business, where he also carries on the manufacture of the Seidle & Eberly hay rake, invented and patented by himself, and which has a large sale throughout the entire West. In 1860 they closed their business and engaged as bridge builders for the Government. After a year Mr. Seidle returned to Mechanicsburg and resumed the hay-rake business until 1865, when he reentered the spoke and bending industry, which has since grown to its present great proportions. RUFUS E. SHAPLEY, Jeweler, Mechanicsburg, was born in Hummelstown, Dauphin Co., Penn., December 33, 1840, son of Edmunds and Eliza (McElrath) Shapley, whose family consisted of eight children, four sons and four daughters. Edmunds Shapley, a cabinet-maker by trade, lived for a time in Carlisle, and died in Mechanicsburg in May, 1876, in the sixty-fifth year of his age. Rufus E., the eldest son, attended school in Hum- melstown until, when twelve or thirteen years of age, he moved with his parents to Uniontown, Carroll Co., Md., where he attended school until he was eighteen, when he began to learn the trade of cabinet-maker with his father. This was of brief duration, however, as he commenced an apprenticeship to the jeweler's and watch-maker's craft in Uniontown in 1859, at which he remained until, while on a visit to Hummelstown, he enlisted in Company C, One Hundred and Twenty-seventh Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, in 1862. While a volunteer in Pennsylvania he was also drafted in Maryland, and although himself a soldier and not able to be in two places at the same time, was compelled to pay $300 commutation on account of the Maryland draft. After ten months' service, on the disbandment of his company, he was mustered out, receiving honorable discharge, and in 1863 located in Shippensburg, where he first engaged in the jewelry business upon his own account. Two years afterward he came to Mechanicsburg, and here, after a brief partner- ship of two years with the late J. W. Swartz, an old resident jeweler of the place, he established his present business in April, 1867. Our subject was married February 14, 1864, to Emma E. Landis, born in Cambridge, Lancaster Co., Penn., daughter of Isaac and Catharine (Wademan) Landis, both of Pennsylvania. To this union were born two chil- dren: Laura C, born May 8, 1865, and Edith R., born January 8, 1874. Mr. Shapley is a member of Eureka Lodge, No. 315, F. & A. M., Lodge Ko. 815, I. O. O. F., Col. H. L Zinn Post, No. 415, G. A. R., Mechanicsburg. He is one of the enterprising representative citizens of Mechanicsburg. The family, of English and Irish descent, is among the oldest of the early settlers of the county. ROBERT N. SHORT, physician, Mechanicsburg, was born on the Cumberland River, Pulaski Co., Ky., September 6, 1831, the eldest son in the family of eight children of Mil- ton and Mary (Tate) Short. When our subject was seven years of age his parents removed to Lawrence County, Ind., where he worked on the farm, ati ending school during win- ters. This and two years at Spring Creek Academy, and private tutorship under Prof. E. F. Eaton, constituted his school advantages. In 1850 he began the study of medicine, graduating from the Southern Medical College in 1853. He then attended a full course of lectures at St. Louis University Medical Department, session of 1858-54, and subsequently £raduated from Miami Medical College in 1871; practiced medicine in Jefferson Parish, la., about two years; went thence to Palestine, Crawford Co., 111., two years; later to Springville, Lawrence Co., Ind., in partnership with his brother, Wesley Short, M. D.. in 1861; moved to Centreville, this county, in October, 1861, devoting his time to the prac- tice of medicine and surgery until October, 1865, when he located at Mechanicsburg, Penn., where he has since been actively engaged in the practice of his profession. Dr. Short married, April 13, 1860. Miss Anna B.. daughter of Robert and Sarah (Schock) Wil- son, and to this union were born the following named children: Sarah T., born December 11, 1861, died August 7, 1882; Robert W., born September 23, 1863 (a graduate of Mechan- icsburg High School, at present attending the Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg., Dr. Short is a member of Eureka Lodge, No. 303, F. & A. M., Samuel C. Perkins Chapter, No. 309, R. A. M., and St. John's Commandery, No. 8, K. T., and Mechanicsburg Lodge, No. 315, I. O. O. F. ; has been a member of Cumberland County Medical Society since its organization (1866), and was its presidont from 1876 to 1877. He has been a member of the State Medical Society since 1867, and of American Medical Association since 1880. He was appointed United States Examining Surgeon July 81, 1885. JAMES A. SIBBBTT, eX-prothonotary, auctioneer, Mechanicsburg, is a representa- tive of one of the old families of Cumberland County, Penn. His grandfather, John Sib- bett, born near the city of Armagh, County Armagh, Ireland, was a shoe-maker by trade; he and his brother Robert were the only sons of their father. Robert Sibbett was one of BOROUGH OF MECHANICSBURG. 435 the " united men " in the rebellion against England, but did not come to America; his brother, John, when a young man, came to America and settled in Chester County, Penn., in 1788; was married here to Miss Bridget Montague, and came to Cumberland County, Penn., in the spring of 1833 or 1824, locating at Churchtowu; a short time thereafter he moved to Mount Holly Springs; he was a member of the first Presbyte'rian Church of Car- lisle. To Mr. and Mrs. John Sibbett were born three daughters and seven sons: John and James (twins), Robert, Samuel, Andrew, Thomas, Aaron, Molly, Jane and Elizabeth. John, the eldest, born near West Obester, Chester Co., Penn., in 1792, married Miss Annie Lightfoot, who was born in Maryland in 1801, and who moved with her parents to this county aboutl807; he came to this county about 1817, and, being a shoe-maker, made the first pegged shoes in Cumberland County, making his own pegs. He died August 7, 1832. His widow died February 4, 1857. They had seven children, two living: Elizabeth, born August 20, 1820, residing in Mechanicsburg, is a member of the Church of God, and James A., the youngest, born in what is now Jacksonville, Cumberland Co., Penn., March 7, 1832. He worked on the farm, attending school winters, until he was eighteen, when he began to learn the tailor's trade at Churchtown; was married. May 29, 1856, in Mechan- icsburg, to Mrs. Jane Stroop, who was born in New Bloomfield, Perry County, May 20, 1834, daughter of Conrad and Sophia (Shober) Roth, old settlers of Perry County. Mr. and Mrs. James A. Sibbett are members of the Church of God. They have had six chil- dren: Robert B., an employe of the Cumberland Valley Railroad at Bridgeport, Penn.; ■Charles L., who died, aged twelve months; Curtis A., a painter of Mechanicsburg, married to Mrs. Mary Koser; Harry L., Kate A. and Lizzie. At the breaking out of the late war of the Rebellion our subject became a member of Company A, One Hundred and Fifty- eighth Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, and remained in the army until honorably dis- charged in October, 1863, when he returned home, and in the spring of 1864 came to Mechanicsburg, soon after being employed in the quartermaster's department at Harris- burg, under Maj. Richenboch until the close of the war. He then engaged with W. Y. Johnson & Bro., forwarding agent, who owned individual cars, for two years: then resumed his trade of tailor until 1880, when he was appointed census enumerator for the Third "Ward of Mechanicsburg, by Hon. J. Simpson Africa. In 1881 Mr. Sibbett was nom- inated and elected, by the people of Cumberland County, prothonotary of the county for three years, since which time he has been engaged as auctioneer. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. and the Encampment; a member of Capt. Colwell Post, No. 201, G. A. R., Carlisle. In politics he is a Democrat. He has a nice residence on North Market Street, Mechanicsburg, where he and his family reside. PETER SIPE, cooper, proprietor of flour and feed store, corner of Chestnut and Simpson Streets, Mechanicsburg, was born in Franklin Township, York County, in Sep- tember, 1829; son of Martin (a cooper) and Mary (Freisinger) Sipe, also natives of York ■County, and parents of twelve children, of whom Sarah, Jake, JLydia, Peter, Leah and Maria are now living. Mr. and Mrs. Martin Sipe, were members of the Lutheran Clmrch. The subject of this sketch, who is the third child, was but eight or ten years old when his father died, and at that early age started out to make his own way in life. He went to live with Peter Wolford, who is now a capitalist in Minneapolis, Minn., and worked with him at farming in York and Franklin Counties until he was fourteen years old, when he came to Churchtown, this county, and worked on a farm for Henry Lutz, four years; then went to work for Hon. William R. Gorgas, in Lower Allen Township, and while farming for him was married. February 29, 1848, to Miss Caroline Wilson, born in New Cumberland, this county, daughter of Jacob and Sarah (Warts) Wilson. After his mar- riage, Mr. Sipe learned the cooper's trade, under George Chapman, at Eberly's Mills, Mill- town, Lower Allen Township, and there remained until 1865, when he moved to Harris- burg, where he worked at his trade two or three years, and then removed to Wheeling, W. Va. One year later he went to New Orleans, but after a short time returned to Har- xisburg, and six months later came to Bryson's Mills. Silver Spring Township, this county, and there remained until 1879, when he moved to Mechanicsburg, where he has since re- sided. He and his wife have had seven children, six now living: Mary, wife of Charles Murdock, a machinist, Mechanicsburg; Sarah, wife of John Strasbauch, a butcher, Me- chanicsburg; Clara, wife of Joseph Bricker, a retired farmer; Barbara, wife of Sterling Glace, of Mechanicsburg; Ella, wife of Peter Stone, a tailor, of Mechanicsburg; and David L., a cooper, residing with his parents. Wm. Henry Sipe, the oldest son, was killed at Fort Harrison, in the late war, in 1863. Mr. Sipe is a representative of one of the oldest families in the State. FRANCIS H. STRICKER, founder and rector of St. Luke's Episcopal Church, Me- chanicsburg, is a native of Germany, born in Rothenfelde, near Osnabruck, Province of Hanover, November 24, 1845; son of Frederick W. and Charlotta (NoUmann) Strieker, the former a merchant and manufacturer, of Rothenfelde; they were members of the Lu- theran Church; they had four sons and four daughters. Francis H., the second son and third child, was educated in Germany until he was eighteen years old, when he came to New York City, and, in June, 1864, entered the Classical Institution at Gambler, Ohio, for two years; thence went to the Divinity School in Philadelphia, until 1871, when he 436 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: entered the General Theological Seminary of the Episcopal Church, in New York City, ■whence he gniiluatcd in 1873. and the same year was ordained by Bishop Horatio Potter, and went as a missionary to Hankow, China, where he remained two years, learning the language in six months, so that he could read the service, and subsequently learned the language suflBciently to preach to the people. At the close of his labors at Hankow he traveled in China, visiting Shanghai and Hong Kong: from here, in February, 1876, he went to Saigon, Anam; thence to Singapore; thence to Ceylon; thence across the Indian Ocean to Aden, Arabia; thence up the lied Sea to Suez, and through tlie Sue^ Canal, to Port Said, where he remained a short time; then crossed the Mediterranean to Naples, where he also remained a short time; then went to Marseilles, France, traveling overland through France to Lj'ons and Belford. where he visited the celebrated fortifications; thence to Strasburg. Germany; thence to Mainz; thence to Coblentz and Cologne; remained in Germany visiting Munster and Osnahruck. (It was in these two cities the peace of Westphalia was negotiated.) He traveled over Germany, France and Switzerland, visit- ing many of the important and historical cities. In August, 1876, he came to the Cen- tennial at Philadelphia, Penn., and in October, same year, was given charge of St. David's Mission Church, under Bishop Stevens, at that city, remaining there until July, 1878. when he came to Mechanicsburg, and founded his present church. There was no church when Mr. Strieker came here and only eighteen members.but he went bravely to work, and with the assistance of these members, he has built up his present congregation, and in 1880 they erected their elegant stone church.'corner of Keller and Market Streets. The church has a fine organ, presented by Mrs. William Watts, of Mechanicsburg. The edifice was opened in October, 1880, and consecrated free of debt, in April, 1881. It is not only out of debt but has a surplus in the treasury of several hundred dollars. Much credit is due Mr. Strieker for his untiring energy and suc- cessful labor. JOSEPH STROCK, retired, Mechanicsburg, was born near Churchtown, this county, September 15, 1805, son of Jacob and Elizabeth (Wise) Strock, natives of this county; they were members of the Reformed Church first, and latterly joined the Church of God. Jacob Strock, who was a farmer, was accidently killed when aged seventy -three; his widow lived to be nearly eighty years. They had five sons and four daughters, all of whom attained maturity, and three sons and two daughters are now living: Mary, wife of John Zimmer- man, a farmer and justice of the peace, Smithville, Wayne Co., Ohio; Joseph; George, a retired farmer, Churchtown, Penn. ; Rachael, wife of Jacob Coover, residing on a farm near Shepherdstown, this county; and David, a farmer in Clarke County, Ohio. Joseph, who is the eldest son, worked on his father's farm, attending the old log schoolhouse in Church- town until he was eighteen years of age, when he began the trade of cabinet-maker in New Cumberland, and there remained two years. He then worked in Carlisle, New Cumberland, Baltimore, Md., York, York Co., Penn., and Harrisburg, Penn., until the fall of 1829, when he came to Mechanicsburg. He was married December 34, 1829, to Miss Margaret Neagley, born in Silver Spring Township, Cumberland Co., Penn., daughter of Daniel and Eliza- beth (Stoner) Neagley, natives of Lancaster County, Penn. After his marriage Mr. Strock worked at his trade in Mechanicsburg two years, then moved to Trindle Spring, where he purchased a farm. He came to Mechanicsburg in 1871 or 1872, and purchased his present home property. Mr. and Mrs. Strock had niije children, seven now living: Daniel N., born November 18, 1830, married to Miss Mary Rathburn, they reside in Princeton, 111., where he and his brother have a planing mill; Ann E., born November 20, 1832, married first to Dr. Samuel Long, second to P. Vanest, of Ohio, and third to John Mumper, her present husband (they reside on a farm in York County, Penn.); Mary A., born April 28, 1835, wife of William J. Shearer, a lawyer of Carlisle; William B., born November 16, 1836, unmarried, resides in Jackson County, Miss.; Sarah R.,' born July 26, 1838, married John C. Reeser, of Monroe Township; Jacob N., bom June 13, 1841, married Miss Hettie Brandt, and after her death Miss Sarah Gihler, they reside on the farm of his father at Trindle Spring; Joseph H., born August 9, 1844, married first to Miss Etta Glime, and after her death to Miss Lizzie B. Mumert, they reside in Princeton 111. The mother of these chil- dren died May 29, 1852, she was a member of the Church of God. Mr. Strock married March 1, 1859, for his second wife. Mrs. Eliza Bigley, born in North Middleton Township, daughter of Frederick and Catharine (Snyder) Wonderly. Mr. Strock and wife are mem- bers of the Church of God. Mr. Strock is one of the old settlers and enterprising citizens of Mechanicsburg. R. H. THOMAS was born in the city of Philadelphia January 28, 1834. His ances try on his father's side descended from the Welsh-English, and on his mother's side from the Scotch-Irish. He was educated in the public schools of Lancaster City, where his father Rev. E. H. Tliomas had the pastoral charge of a large congregation. At the age of fourteen years he apprenticed himself to the business of house and sign painting, and wall decorating, which he followed during the summer months for some years, teaching school during the winter season. Impaired health caused him to relinquish this occupa- tion and turn bis attention to mercantile pursuits. In 1851 he took up his residence in Mechanicsburg, Cumberland County, and, in 1854 was united in marriage with Miss Annetta, BOROUGH OF MECHANICSBURG. 437 daughter of Henry Kimmel, Esq., one of the old and prominent families of the Cumber- landValley. Two children: R. H. Thomas, Jr., editor of the Saturday Journal, and Miss Estelle Thomas, a prolific and entertaining writer, are the results of this union. In 1859 he became a Freemason, a member of the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, in 1863, and an officer of the same in 1864, serving for thirteen consecutive years as district deputy grand master. In 1862 he was appointed deputy collector of internal revenue for the Fifteenth District of Pennsylvania, and continued in that office until 1866. During the civil war he served, on several occasions, in difierent emergency regiments, resuming his duties at home as soon as the exigency which called him to the flelrl had subsided. On Monday, June 30, 1863, he was appointed a special aid-de-camp by Gov. Curtin, with the rank of colonel, and assigned to duty in the depai-tment commanded by Gen. Smith, who, at that time had his headquarters at Fort "Washington, near Harrisburg. When the Con- federate forces were driven south of the Potomac, and peace again reigned in Pennsyl- vania, he retired from military duty and entered upon business pursuits. In 1870, he pur^ chased the Valley Democrat,! and changed the name of the paper to the Valley Independent. In 1873 he bought the Cumberland Valley Journal, a rival newspaper, and consolidated the offices and papers under the name of the Independent Journal. In the fall of 1873, he es- poused the cause of the Patrons of Husbandry, an order then coming into prominence in this state, and during the following summer organized a large number of subordinate granges. Upon the organization of the State Grange, at Reading, in 1873, he was elected secretary, and has acceptably filled that position ever since. On January 1, >1874, he be- gan the publication of the Farmers' Friend and Orange Advocate, the organ of the Patrons of Husbandry, and an agricultural journal of high charcter, extended circulation, and great influence. Impressed with the idea that there ought to be a better understandings between the farmers and the manufacturers of the country, he in 1874 originated and or- ganized the Inter-State Picnic Exhibition, at Williams' Grove, Cumberland Co., Penn., which has, from the date of its inception, steadily grown in magnitude and importance until it stands almost unrivaled in the history of agricultural exhibitions in this country. The subject of this sketch filled the office of president of the State Editorial Association, and is now, and has been for several years past, its secretary and treasurer. He is also one of the officers of the International Editorial Association. He was the commissioner from Pennsylvania to the World's Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition, held at New Orleans during 1884 and 1885, and was likewise appointed a commissioner to the American Exposition to be held in London, England, in May, 1887. In all the varied positions he has been called upon to fill, R. H. Thomas has retained the full confidence of the general public, and esteem and respect of all with whom his official duties brought him into rela- tionship. CHRISTIAN H. TITZEL, furniture dealer and undertaker, Mechanicsburg. Promi- nent among the leading business men of Cumberland County is the esteemed citizen. Christian H. "Titzel, who was born on the old family farm in Upper Allen Township, one mile east of Mechanicsburg, July 7, 1845, a descendant of two of the oldest families of Pennsylvania. 'The name is of German origin and his ancestors were among the first to immigrate to Pennsylvania. Christian H. is a son of Christian and Polly (Rupp) Titzel, the latter of whom subsequently married John Wonderlich and had eleven children. Christian Titzel, father of our subject, was born in Tyrone Township, now in Perry County, Penn., July 28, 1800, the only child born to John and Mary Magdalene (Hecken- dorn) Titzel. He was a skillful mechanic, and for many years pursued his trade of house carpentering and bridge building; in 1837 he began merchandising, and in 1835 purchased a farm one mile east of Mechanicsburg; he served his fellow-citizens in various capacities, settling up estates, and acting as guardian for children; was county commissioner of Cumberland County from 1843 to 1846; he took a great interest in educational matters and in everything pertaining to his church (Reformed); he died on the old farm December 85, 1861 ; his widow died October 1, 1883, a member of the Reformed Church. To this couple were born seven children — four sons and three daughters: John Martin Titzel, D. D., born at Mechanicsburg, Penn., March 19, 1833, is pastor of the Reformed Church at Lancaster, Penn. (he is a graduate of Franklin College, Lancaster, Penn., and in 1857 received from the theological seminary at Mercer, Penn., the degree of A. M. from his alma mater); Benja- min, born October 13, 1833, is a farmer in Silver Spring Township, this county; Anna; Mary Elizabeth resides in Mechanicsburg; George W., born October 11, 1842. died August 1880; Christian Heckendorn and Salome Frances. Christian H. Titzel's early life was spent on the farm with his father and in attending school winters until he was eighteen years old, when ITe served a two and a half years' apprenticeship with Samuel Werst. He then purchased a shop in company with his brother and carried on business under the firm name of Titzel & Bro. for three years, when he bought his brother's (George H.'s) interest, and has since conducted the business alone. Our subject commenced with small capital, but by hard work, close application and honest dealing has increased his business until he now has the largest and most complete stock of domestic and imported furniture, etc.. In Mechanicsburg. He also, in connection with the furniture business, established aa undertaker's establishment, and stands at the head of his profession in this line. Mr. 438 BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES: Titzel married, November 9, 1860, Miss Clarissa M. Comfort, a native of Adams County, Penn., daugliter of Daniel and Elizabetli (Brugli) Comfort. Mr. Comfort was a dry goods merchant of Mechanicsburg for many years. Mr. and Mrs. Titzel have one son, Daniel Comfort, born August 29, 1867, now attending the high school in Mechanicsburg; he is possessed of a fine talent for music, which he cultivates; he assists his father in business. Mr. C. H. Titzel is a grandson of Martin Rupp, born in Lancaster (now Lebanon) County, Penn., September 15, 1769, married in 1797 to Anna Schnebele; he died July 18, 1843. Mr. ^nd Mrs. Titzel are members of the Reformed Church. COL. JOSEPH TOTTON, proprietor of the oldest and most reliable livery, feed and sale stables, Mechanicsburg, one of the representative men of Cumberland County, was born in Dillsburg, York Co., Penn., July 8, 1833, son of John and Hattie (McClure) Tot- ton. John Totton, by trade a shoe-maker, was born in Portadown, Ireland; enlisted in the English Army and had served nine years (during the French war) when he was brought to America in the war of 1818, but refused to flght the Americans and became a citizen, settling in Dillsburg, York Co., Penn., where he was married. He died in Dillsburg in 1847, aged sixty years, and his widow died in 1849, aged fifty-eight, a member of the Pres- byterian Church. The family consisted of six children — two sons and four daughters. Joseph, who is the eldest, acquired an education in a little school house in Dillsburg, and then learned shoe-making, and remained in his native town until 1854; then wenttoShip- pensburg, but in 1857 located in Mechanicsburg. where he engaged in the manufacture of boots and shoes until the breaking out of the late war of the Rebellion, when he raised the Cumberland Guards, which became Company H, Seventh Pennsylvania Reserves, and Mr. Totton was elected captain, and subsequently lieutenant-colonel. He remained with the regiment one year, when, being compelled to resign owing to impaired health, he re- ceived an honorable discharge. He came home, and a year later opened a livery stable and established his present business. In 1873 he was elected sheriff of Cumberland Coun- ty, and resided in Carlisle three years during his term of office, since which time he has resided in Mechanicsburg. Mr. Totton married at Dillsburg, June 8, 1848, Miss Lydia Wagoner, who was born in East Berlin, Adams Co., Penn., daughter of Samuel and Lydia ■(Oiler) Wagoner, the former a blacksmith, born in Adams County, and the latter born in Hanover, York Co., Penn. Mr. and Mrs. Totton have had eleven children, nine now liv- ing: David B., born in Dillsburg, York Co., Penn., October 30, 1849; James M., born in Monroe Township, this county, September 25, 1851 (he assists his father in the livery busi- ness^; George B., born in Dillsburg, York Co., Penn. (is a farmer in Silver Spring Town- ship); Ellen, born in Shippensburg, Penn. (is the wife of Talbot Crain, and resides in Hogestown. this county); Anna M. (resides with her parents); Maggie (with her parents); Joseph, Jr. (book-keeper for C. N. Owen, Mechanicsburg); John and Frank (who both as- sist their father in the business). Mrs. Totton is a member of the Presbyterian Church. Mr. Totton is a member of Mecanicsburg Lodge, No. 215, I. O. O. P., and of Wildey Encampment, Mechanicsburg, and is the oldest member of the I. O. O. F. in the town, laving been connected therewith forty-one years; is a member of the G. A. R., Carlisle Post, No. 301. Mr. Totton is one of the leading business men of the place. He is of Irish descent on his father's side, and Scotch on his mother's side. ALEXANDER UNDERWOOD, retired, Mechanicsburg, proprietor of Mount Hope Magnet Ore Mine, near Dillsburg, York Co. Penn., was born on his father's farm in Wash- ington Township, August 16, 1813, son of Amos and Lydia (Bales) Underwood, natives of York County, and who had a family of eight children— six sons. Alexander, the second born, when nine years old, went to live with a friend of his father, James S. Mitchell, ex-congressman from Pennsylvania, and remained with him, attending school, until he -was sixteen, when he was apprenticed to learn the saddle and harness-maker's trade with Stephen Packer at York Springs, Adams County. Three years later he returned home, and assisted his father (who was a farmer) until his marriage, November 30, 1837, with Miss Matilda Mumper, who was born in Carroll Township, York Co., Penn., daughter of Abra- ham and Mary (Lerew) Mumper, natives of York County. After marriage, Mr. Under- wood worked at his trade in York Springs, Adams County for three years, then located on «,farm fourteen miles west of Baltimore,'"Md., where he remained five years; then returned to York, York Co., Penn., and engaged at his trade until 1868, when he bought 215 acres in Carroll Township, York County, where he has his mine. He employs from twenty -five to thirty men. He also has a mine which he leases to Augustus Longenecker. Mr. Under- wood located in Mechanicsburg in 1871. He owns a fine two-story brick building on Main Street, where he resides; a two-story frame residence and store on Main, near corner of High; a two-story brick house on Main Street, near the female college; three building lots on the corner of Market and Keller Streets; 340 acres farm land in Russell County Kas., and 640 acres in Ida County, Iowa. Mr. Underwood started without the aid of any one. l)ut by hard work, close .application to business and honest dealing, has made life a success. His great-grandfather, Alexander Underwood, a Quaker preacher, came from England and settled in York County, Penn. Mr, Underwood has in his possession a cannon ball, a relic of the Revolution. He and his wife are members of the Lutheran Church. GEORGE WAGONER, of George Wagoner & Sons, leading dry goods merchants, BOROUGH OF MECHANICSBURG. 439 Mechanicsburg, was born near East Berlin, Adams Co. Penn., July 17, 1818. His great- grandfather, Mathias Wagoner, a native of Ruthesheime, Hohenzollern, Prussia, had two sons who came to America: Jacob, who settled in Virginia, and Peter, who settled in "What is now York County, Penn. The latter's son, Peter, a farmer and hotel keeper, married Miss Mary Arnold, and had six sons and seven daughters. Of these children, Samuel, born in York County, Penn., a blacksmith by trade, married Miss Lydia Oiler, of York County, and had three daughters and three sons, of whom George is the eldest. They were members of the Lutheran Church. Our subject, when some seven years of age, went with his father to East Berlin, Adams Co., Penn., and there learned blackstnith- ing of his father. December 24, 1839, he married Miss Ann Smith, born near East Berlin Adams County, daughter of Martin B. (a miller), and Mary (Swigert) Smith. Her grand- lather, Abraham Swigert, was born in Alsace, France 'now Germany), April 13, 1748, and died February 84, 1813, son of Jacob Swigert, one of the old French Huguenots. Mrs. Wagoner's grandmother, Eleanor Housel, born April 31, 1764, died August 14, 1838. After marriage, George Wagoner moved to York Springs, Adams Co., and worked at his trade oneyear; then located between Dillsburg and Petersburg, York County, where he worked at his trade one year; then located at Dillsburg, where he remained engaged at his trade and in merchandising, until 1873, when he moved to Mechanicsburg, and here he has since resided. He and his wife had five sons, two living, Samuel M. and Edward S. Samuel M., born in Dillsburg, York Co., Penn., November 15, 1844, married, April 9, 1871; Miss Anna Shriver, of Adams County, Penn., daughter of Benjamin and Maria (Forry) Shriver(have two daughters: Cora M. and Florence K.). Samuel Wagoner, one of the firm of George Wagoner & Sons, is a member of Mechanicsburg Lodge, No 315. 1. O. O. F. ; Wildey Encampment, No. 89, Mechanicsburg; Treasury Integrity Council,No. 197, O. U. A. M., of Mechanicsburg. Edward Wagoner, born in Dillsburg, York Co. Penn,, in July, 1847; married Mrs. Maria H. S. Dyson, a native of Dillsburg, York Co., Penn., daugh- ter of Dr. George L. and Eliza (Eichelberger) Shearer (have one daughter, Maria S). Mrs. Edward Wagoner is a direct descendant of John Daniel Duenkle, chief justice of the courts of Strasburg, Germany. Edward Wagoner is a member of the Lutheran General Synod, and his wife of the Presbyterian Church. He is a member of the firm of George Wagoner & Sons and is also passenger agent for the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company. George Wagoner, subject of our sketch, is a member of Humane Lodge, No. 343, I. O. 0. F., York County, Penn., and Berlin Beneficial Society, East Berlin. He and his sons are ■enterprising, representative citizens of Mechanicsburg. They carry a stock of $15,000, and stand high in the estimation of all as upright business men. HON. WILLIAM MILES WATTS (deceased) was born in Carlisle, Cumberland Co., Penn., August 1, 1809, and received his elementary education at Dickinson College, Car- lisle. Before maturing he immigrated to Meadville, Crawford Co., Penn., and studied medicine under Dr. Beemus. Finding this profession unsuited to his taste, he entered the office of John S. Riddle, Esq., a distinguished lawyer of Meadville, and was there admit- ted to the bar. He commenced the practice of law in Erie City, Erie Co., Penn., and was elected district attorney of that county; was a member of the State Consti- tutional Convention of 1837, and also represented the county of Erie in that body. In 1888 he was elected to the Legislature by the people of that county as their representative. The session of the Legislature, during the winter of 1838 and 1839, was made memorable by the extraordinary political excitement throughout the borders of Pennsylvania, by the outgoing of the Ritner administration and the incoming of the Democrats. There was an angry and vehement contest in both the Senate and House of Representatives for the • political control, and it was boldly asserted by the Democrats that gross frauds had been perpetrated by the Whigs in the elections to the Senate and the House. Charles B. Pen- rose, Jesse Borden, Thomas Cunningham and others, who had been elected to the Senate by the Democrats, had, in consequence of their support of the recharter of the Bank of United States, and the improvement and educational law, been drawn from their party into the ranks of the opposition, and encountered its fierce displeasure. Thaddeus Ste- vens the reporter and advocate of the obnoxious bill, William B. Reed, George Sharswood, Henry Spackman, Joseph Fisher, George W. Tyson and others, representatives from Philadelphia, were alike offensive, and thus originated the Buckshot war, which the Gov- ernor was induced to resist by calling out the militia force of the State. At this fearful crisis, Mr. Watts, being of athletic frame, undoubted courage and patriotic impulses, was selected to prevent the forcible demonstration of Henry Spackman, who had been ■chosen speaker of the House by the Whigs. He encountered vigorous attacks, and firmly defeated all efforts to remove the speaker. His personal and political affiliations were with such intellectual and reliable men as Joseph Clarkson, William B. Reed, Edward Olmstead, Joseph Fisher, George Sharswood, Frederick Praley, Jacob Gratz, Henry Carey, Joseph Mcllwaine and others, who laid the foundation of the Pennsylvania system of in- ternal improvements, of finance and the higher departments of collegiate and common schools To the intellectual force and earnest efforts of such Philadelphians, and other ■conspicuous citizens of the State, are we indebted for our present prosperity and State prominence. Mr. Watts, after relinquishing his official connection with the State, re- 440 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: turned to his birth-place and purchased one of the oldest iron-works in the State, belong- ing to the family of Peter Ege, on the southern boundary of Cumberland County, called "Pine Grove," and containing 80,000 acres. Here for many years he operated a forge, furnace, grist-mill, and carried on otlier industrial pursuits. During the civil war, this domain, lyiiis; northeast of South Mountain, between Carlisle and- Gettysburg, became the track of the armies of the North and South, and was thus desolated by both. Mr. Watts cheerfully surrendered the contents of his mill, the provisions and shelter of his house to the Northern Government, and never chiimed, or allowed others to claim any compensa- tion from either the Federal or Slate Governments for the large losses he sustained. Dur- ing the administrations of Gov. W. F. Johnston and A. G. Curtin, Mr. Watts was an inti- mate friend of both, and enjoyed their implicit confidence and affection. Each relied much upon the political sagacity of Mr. Watts, and many things which led to important results were advised by him. He was unswerving in his attachment to men whom he be- lieved to be lovers of the country, and firm adherents of its Republican institutions and the true policy of Pennsylvania, and was never remiss 'in his extraordinary influence to define them against an assailant. Mr. Watts married Miss Anna M. Reed, at Carlisle, June 28, 1847. She was born at Carlisle May 30, 1836, a daughter of Judge John and Sarah A. (McDowell) Reed. The former was born at Millerstown, Adams County, thia State, in June, 1786, and was appointed judge, under Gov. Findlay, of Cumberland, Frank- lin and Adams Counties, and held that office for many years. He died Janiiary 19, 1850, at Carlisle. His wife was born at Fort Harmer, May 21, 1787, a daughter of Dr. John and Margaret Sanderson (Lukens) McDowell. Dr. McDowell was a surgeon in the Revolu- tionary war. Mr. and Mrs. Watts had two sons and two daughters, viz.: Sarah R., wife of William J. Rose, of Harrisburg; Julia, wife of George 8. Oomstock of Hauck & Com- stock, manufacturers, Mechanicsburg; David Watts, engaged in iron at Harrisburg, Penn., married to M. B. Cameron; and Reed Watts, who died at the age of eleven years. Hon. William Miles Watts was more than ordinary, both mentally and physically. His mind was cultured by extensive reading and reflection, and his heart endued with all the graces of affection and charity. ALEXANDER WENTZ, postmaster, Mechanicsburg, was born in Jefferson, York Co., Penn., only son and youngest child of Jacob B. and Catharine (Troxel) Wentz, the former a native of Pennsylvania and the latter of Maryland, who died at the age of ninety- one. Jacob B. Wentz was a merchant, farmer and miller in the towns of York and Jef- ferson, York Co., Penn., and for some time in the city of Baltimore, Md. He was a member of the Masonic lodge at York, where he resided until his death. He died at the age of seventy -five years, his widow at the age of ninety-one. Alexander Wentz, the sub- ject of this sketch, remained with his father in York County, Penn., for some years and was there elected county treasurer. In 1882 he opened a general store at Dillsburg, but soon after located at Shepherdstown, this county. In April, 1868, he moved to Mechan- icsburg, where he still resides. He was employed in the internal revenue office for. two years, and on the 1st of July, 1885, was appointed postmaster of Mechanicsburg, which position he now holds. Mr. Wentz has held various local offices of trust in Mechanics- burg, all of which he has discharged faithfully and to the satisfaction of the public. He aided in forming Mechanicsburg Lodge, I. O. O. F., and is a member of York Lodge, F. & A. M . at York, Penn. He married Miss Isabella, daughter of David Stuart, of Maryland, and to them were born two sons, one living, Annan, born July 14, 1877. Mr. and Mrs. Wentz are members of the Presbyterian Church. He has been long known and highly esteemed as an honest citizen and business man. ROBERT WILSON, retired, Mechanicsburg, who has been identified with Mechan- icsburg since the fall of 1830, was born in Baltimore, Md., November 29, 1810, only child of Robert and Susan (Armstrong) Wilson. When our subject was but three years of age his father (a native of Maryland) died, and after his death Robert, with his mother, moved to Harrisburg, Penn., where she subsequently married John Wright, a tinner by occupa- tion, by whom she had one son and two daughters. Robert Wilson learned the tinner's trade with his stepfather. In the fall of 1830 he came to Mechanicsburg and opened a tin and stove store. He was married here, December 22, 1831, to Miss Sarah Schock. Mrs. Wilson still enjoys good health and is as lively as many young ladies are; she was born in Berks County, Penn., August 6, 1811. To this union were born eight children, seven living: George W. (married to Miss Susan Hoover, they reside in Mechanicsburg), Elizabeth (wife of Dr. Robert N. Short, Mechanicsburg), William H. (baggage master on the Cumberland Valley Railroad), Julia (wife of Jacob Hurst, a merchant here), Mary (wife of John Ringwalt, proprietor of the "American House," Mechanicsburg), Ida (who resides with her parents), and Susan (wife of Eugene Gardner, local editor of the Zrede- pendent Journal. yiechSLuicaburg). Robert Wilson is a self-made, self-educated man; his- life has been full of activity and enterprise. He was elected by the people of this county, in 1842, county recorder and clerk of the courts for three years, discharging his duties faithfully and to the entire satisfaction of all. He has filled various local offices of trust in Mechanicsburg, and at one time was postmaster. In 1847 he, with Peter Ritner (son of ex-Gov. Ritner, of Pennsylvania), were appointed collectors and general agents for the BOROUGH OF MECHANICSBURG. 441 Cumberland Valley Railroad. At that time business on this road was conducted in a very different manner than now, there being no station agents, and Messrs. Wilson and Ritner were both freight and passenger agents, collecting, as conductors, for passengers and freight. In 1869 Mr. Wilson retired from active business life, since which time he has been acting as administrator for various estates. He has lived to see this county un- dergo many interesting and important changes, and his life is an example to our young men, who know but little of the difficulties and trials that the pioneers of this county had to contend with. Mr. Wilson was a Whig in his younger days, but since the organization of the Republican party has been one of its strong supporters. He and his wife are mem- bers of Trinity Lutheran Church. FREDERICK WONDERLICH, dealer in stoves and tin-ware, Mechanicsburg, was born four miles nortlieast of Carlisle, Cumberland Co., Penn., July 13, 1828, son of Fred- erick (a farmer) and Catharine (Snyder) Wonderlich, also natives of this county, and members of the Lutheran Church; they had a family of three sons and three daughters, of wlvom Frederick and William (twins) are the youngest. When Frederick was two years old his parents moved to Carlisle and kept hotel, and two years later (1833) came to Mechanicsburg and opened a hotel. Our subject attended school and assisted his father in the hotel until he was seventeen, when he began to learn his trade with George Bobb, and two years later worked as journeyman at Carlisle, Churchtown; Landisburg, Perry Co.; Petersburg, Adams Co.; Columbus, Lancaster Co.; Allentown, Lehigh Co.; Cata- sauqua, Lehigh Co.j Penn.; Staunton, Va.; then returned to Mechanicsburg, in 1853, and that year formed a partnership with his brother, William, and engaged in the stove and tinware business until 1860, when he sold out to his brother and went to Mount Pleasant, Iowa; four months later he went to Rochester, Fulton Co., Ind., where he purchased a farm and engaged in agriculture until 1865, when he returned to Mechanicsburg, but that summer worked at his trade in Harrisburg, Penn. In 1868 Mr. Wonderlich formed a part- nership with George Hauck in the tinware and stove business, but at the expiration of two years sold out and formed a partnership in the same business with his brother George, who died in August, 1885. Mr. Wonderlich was married, in 1852, to Miss Catha- rine Hartman (who died in 1858), a daughter of John and Susannah (Messinger) Hartman. To this union were born two children: Harry H., married to Miss Amelia Gross (is a butcher at Liberty Mills, Ind.); and George A., who died, aged four months. In 1860 our subject married, for his second wife. Miss Jane Hartman, sister of his first wife, and they have two daughters: Susan I., wife of George A. Bdleblut, a painter, of Mechanicsburg; and Dora C, wife of James Koller, a manufacturer, member of the firm of J. B. KoUer & Co. Mr. Wonderlich is a member of the American Mechanics Association and Shire- manstown Benefit Association; his wife is a member of the United Brethren Church. He is an enterprising business man and stands high in the estimation of all who know him. His family is of German descent, his ancestors coming from Germany and settling in what was then Lancaster County, Penn., at an early date. CAPT. EDWARD P. ZINN, dentist, Mechanicsburg, was born in Bast Berlin, Adams Co., Penn., August 3, 1827, son of John and Anna Mary (Beitzel) Zinn, the former of whom, born near Dover, York County, a miller, shoe-maker and butcher by occupation, was a son of Jacob Zinn, of York County, Penn. John and Anna Mary Zinn had thirteen chil- dren — seven sons and six daughters — two sons and three daughters now living, Edward P. being the fifth son and ninth child. Our subject was some five years old when his parents moved to a farm near Dover, York County, and in 1840 he c^ime to the vicinity of Church- town, this county, where he farmed until 1843; then moved to Churchtown, and worked at shoe-making until 1846, in which year he went to New Bloomfield, Perry Co., Penn., where he opened a shop of his own. He was there married, January 1, 1848, to Miss Caro- line Sophia Klinepeter, who was born in New Bloomfield, Perry Co., Penn., daughter of Samuel Klinepeter. She died January 1, 1852, the mother of two children: One daughter, who died in infancy, and one son, William B., who died aged thirty-one years. In 1853 Mr. Zinn went to Philadelphia, New York, and Savannah, Ga., traveling until the fall of 1853, when he located at Newburg, and worked at dentistry two years; then began prac- ticing in Churchtown, where he remained iintilthe fall of 1855, when he l.>cated in Me- chanicsburg. Mr. Zinn was here married, January 1, 1856, to Miss Margaret J. Pisle, a native of Hopewell Township, this county, a daughter of Peter and Elizabeth (Lesher) Pisle. Mr. and Mrs. Zinn have had five children (four now living): Anson B., born in Mechanicsburg, December 5, 1856, now proprietor of Zinn's bakery and confectionery; Ida E., born in Mechanicsburg November 18, 1860; Annie M., born in Mechanicsburg June 8, 1864, died June 5, 1874; Harry I., born in Mechanicsburg October 10, 1866, at present engaged in the bakery business; Minnie B., born in Mechanicsburg February 16, 1871. Anson B. and his brother, Harry I.,, are members of P. O. S. of Washington Camp, No. 164. Mechanicsburg. Edward P. Zinn is a member of Eureka Lodge, No. 303, A. yT M., and Post No. 58, G. A. R., of Harrisburg, Penn. In politics he is a Republican. Mrs. Zinn and her daughter, Ida B., are members of the Lutheran Church. HENKY ZINN, manufacturer of and dealer in boots and shoes, Mechanicsburg, was born in York County, Penn., April 35, 1828, son of Jacob and Lydia (Newman) Zinn, na- 442 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES : tives of York County, Penn., parents of nine children, seven living: George, David, Henry (our subject), Lydia, Mary, William and Daniel. They were members of the Evangelical Church. The mother dying, the father then married Mrs. Mary Greenwalt, by whom he had one child, now living. Our subject remained on the farm in his native county until he was eighteen, when he was apprenticed to learn to shoe-maker's trade at Manchester; thence came to Mechanicsburg, in 1853, and established his present business. Mr. Zinn was married here in December, 1853, to Miss Sarah Leidig born in Mechanicsburg, Penn. , daughter of Jacob and Catharine (Ritner) Leidig, natives of this county. Mr. and Mrs. Zinn are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. They have had six children, three now living: Laura, wife of Samuel Coover, a stock-dealer of La Cygne, Kas., and Emma and Joseph, both attending school. Our subject is a grandson of Jacob Zinn, who was born in Lancaster County, Penn., and settled in York County, Penn., at an early day. The family is one of the oldest in Pennsylvania. His father's people are German, and his mother's English. Mr. Zinn is not only one of our leading business men, but is also an honest, Christian gentleman, who enjoys the confidence and respect of all. CHAPTER XL. BOROUGH OF SHIPPENSBURG. J. C. ALTICK, druggist, Shippensburg, was born in Shippensburg, Penn., Novem- ber 18, 1833, son of John and Elizabeth (Byerley) Altick, natives of this county, former of whom was a manufacturer of wagons, plows and farming implements, in which branch of industry he was engaged in Shippensburg for many years; he died in 1882. J. C. Altick, the fourth In a f amfly of ten children, grew to manhood in Shippensburg, chose the drug business for his occupation, and has been engaged in that line in Shippensburg for over forty years. He is a Republican in politics, and has been burgess for two terms. He is a prominent member of the I. O. O. F. ; is also a Master Mason. JOHN L. EARNER, Shippensburg, was born in Juniata County, Penn., July 16, 1844, son of George and Lydia (Lehr) Barner, natives of Pennsylvania, and of German descent. His maternal grandfather, Peter Lehr, was a soldier in the War of 1812, and his paternal grandfather, Henry Barner, was a farmer. George Barner was a carpenter in early life, and in later life was justice of the peace in Juniata County, Penn., in which ca- pacity he served for thirty years. He was a prominent and influential citizen. Of his nine children, John L. is the youngest. Our subject was reared in Juniata County, Penn., and attended the common school. At the age of twenty-three years he came to Shippens- burg, this county, and engaged as clerk in the dry goods store of George H. Stewart, where he remained for nearly two years, when Mr. Stewart sold the store. Mr. Barner then accepted a clerkship in the Cumberland Valley freight office of J. B. Hurs & Co., re- maining with them nearly two years; was then appointed freight and ticket agent for the Cumberland Valley Railroad Company, which position he filled until August, 1881, since which time he has been engaged in settling the estate of Ira Long (deceased), and also do- ing business for his father-in-law, C. Long, a wealthy citizen of Shippensburg. Mr. Ear- ner was married, in 1871, to Mary Ella, daughter of Christian and Hannah Ellen (Atkin- son) Long, and to them was born, October 6, 1878, one son — George Stewart, named in honor of our subject's first employer in Sliippensburg. Mr. and Mrs Earner are members- of the German Reformed Church. He has served four years as justice of the peace in Shippensburg. In politics he is a Democrat. J. D. EASHORB, dentist, Shippensburg, was born in Franklin County, Penn., Octo- ber 25, 1859, son of Emanuel and Elizabetli (Rebuck) Bashore, natives of Pennsylvania, and of German descent. Emanuel Bashore was a tanner by occupation for nearly forty years, and still resides in Franklin County, Penn. Of his five children Dr. J. D. is the- youngest. Our subject was reared on the farm, and received his schooling in Franklin County, Penn. At the age of nineteen years he commenced the study of dentistry, and afterward attended the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, where he graduated in 1880, and the same year he commenced the practice of his profession in Shippensburg, where he has met with marked success. He was married, in 1883, to Madge L. Hartley, and they have one child, B. Gorgas. The Doctor and wife are members of the Reformed Church in Shippensburg, of the Sunday-school of which he is treasurer. . CAPT. WILLIAM EAUGHMAN, grain dealer, P. O. Shippensburg, was born in this county May 23, 1829, son of William and Mary E. (Fosnaughet) Eaughman, natives of BOROUGH OF SHIPPENSBCRG. 443 this county, and of German descent. Of their family of six children, the subject of this sketch is the fifth. Capt. William Baughman was reared on the farm, and acquired his education in the common schools. He followed agricultural pursuits until the breaking out of the war of the Rebellion; then enlisted, in August, 1861, in Company H, Third Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry, and was elected first lieutenant. After the battle of Fredericksburg he was appointed captain of Company E, and served in that capacity until the expiration of his term of service in 1864. At the close of the war Capt. Baughman re- turned to Shippensburg, embarked in the grain business, and has remained here since. The Captain was united in marriage, in 1852, with Mary C, daughter of Frederick Hep- fer, and of German descent. Their children now living are Mary Irene, wife of W. J. Angle; Ida Ann, widow of Walter F. Singmaster; Lilly May, wife of Edward Fenster- macher, and Cora Burd, wife of William Miiflin. Capt. Baugliman and wife are mem- bers of the Church of God. In politics he is a Republican. He has been assistant bur- gess, and has also served as chief burgess of Shippensburg for two years. He is a mem- ber of the orderof K. of P.; is also a F. & A. M.., and a member of the G. A. R. B. D. BIGGS, produce dealer, Shippensburg, was born in Frederick County, Md., May 7, 1830, son of Benjamin and Delila (Groff) Biggs, natives of MaryJand, of German and English descent. Of their family of ten children B. D. is the fifth. Benjamin Biggs was a farmer all his life. Our subject was reared on the farm, and followed agricultural pursuits for some years with success. He was married, in 1854, in Adams County, Penn., to Charlotte A. Chamberlin, daughter of David Chamberlin, and of German and English descent. They have one child, Milton, now a young man, still at home. Mr. Biggs has resided in Shippensburg since 1855, and for several years has been engaged in dealing in produce. He is a liberal buyer and has met with success in his business. Mr. and Mrs. Biggs are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Shippensburg. He has held most of the church offices; has been Sabbath-school superintendent, and is an earnest Christian worker. In politics he is a Republican. O. M. BLAIR, general agent and dealer in agricultural implements, also plumber and insurance agent, Shippensburg, was born in York County, Penn., March 1, 1848, son of Thomas P. and Rebecca (Ferree) Blair, natives of Pennsylvania, former of Scotch-Irish descent, and latter a descendant of the Huguenot stock. Thomas P. Blair was a farmer by occupation, and a dealer in grain. He was a prominent man, and at one time served as associate judge of Cumberland County, Penn. He died in Washington County, Md., in 1877, where he had resided only two years. His family consisted of six sons, four of whom are still living, O. M. being fifth iij the family. Our subject was reared on the farm and received a common school education in Cumberland County, Penn. At the early age of fourteen years he took charge of his father's farm and followed agricultural pursuits for ten years. In 1867 Mr. Blair accepted an agency for agricultural imple- ments, and continued that in connection with his farming until 1873, when he engaged in his present business. He was married, in 1873, to Nannie Gish, daughter of John Gish, and of German descent. Mr. and Mrs. Blair are members of^the Presbyterian Church. In politics he is a Democrat. REV. W. B. CRAIG, Shippensburg, was born in Dauphin County, Penn., June 23, 1837, son of Hugh and Rachel (Boyd) Craig., natives of Pennsylvania and of Scotch-Irish descent, former of whom was a successful farmer. Of their two sons our subject is the elder. Rev. W. B. Craig was reared on the farm, but had the advantage of a regular college curriculum; he graduated at Jefferson College in 1853, and in 1856 graduated at the Western Theological Seminary, Allegheny City, Penn. He then accepted a united call from the churches of New Bloomfield, Sherman's Creek and Mouth of Juniata, Perry County, Penn., remaining in his first charge nearly eleven years; he was then transferred to Congruity, Westmoreland Co., Penn., where he remained five years; and in 1880 came to Shippensburg, Penn., and here he has passed the early years of his life, where his parents had resided for many years. He was married, in 1859. to Catherine H. Singer, a lady of German descent. Of their five children four are now living: Hugh, reading law in Pitts- burgh, Penn.; Samuel, attending school in Philadelphia, Penn.; Catherine and Rachel, attending the State Normal School at Shippensburg. Penn. Mrs. Craig is a lady of cul- ture, a member of the Presbyterian Church. In politics Rev. W. B. Craig is a Republi- can, and during the late civil war was untiring in his devotion to the Constitution, the Union and Freedom. • _ . . . WILLIAM FEN8TERMA0HER, carriage manufacturer, Shippensburg, is a native of Pennsylvania, born in 1834 in Schuylkill County, son of John and Elizabeth (Kutz) Fenstermacher, natives of Pennsylvania, former a farmer by occupation. Of their fifteen children, thirteen of whom grew to maturity, William is the ninth child. Our subject was reared on the farm until eighteen years of age; then commenced learning the coach- maker's trade, which he has followed for over forty years. He makes the manufacture of coaches and buggies a specialty, and, since 1866, has also conducted a livery stable. Mr. Fenstermacher'was married, in 1847, to Maria Kreider. Of their ten children four are now living: Cyrus, a coach-maker; Elizabeth, wife of George Finston; Edmon S. and Emma. Mrs. Fenstermacher is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Our subject is a Republican in politics, and has been a member of the town council two terms. 444 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: JOHN J. GETTEL, merchant, Shippensburg, was born in Franklin County, Penn., June 19, 1857, son of Miley and Mary (Wengert) Qettel, natives of Pennsylvania, of Ger- man descent. Miley Gettel was a carpenter in early life, but later became a farmer. Of his family of six clilldren, five of whom are now living. Jolin J. is the fourth. Our sub- ject was reared on the farm, and acquired a common school education. He worked on the farm until he was sixteen years of age; then cleiked in a slore for about three years, all of which were spent in Shippensburg, and in 1876 he embarked in business, in Shippensburg, as a general merchant. He has met wilh marked success, and carries an extensive stock for a town of the size. Mr. Qettel was married, in 1879. to Zora L. Hollar, daughter of Henry Hollar. They have three children: Raymond, Velva and Harold. Mr. and Mrs. Gettel are members of the Church of God, in which he is deacon and also assistant super- intendent of Sabbath-school. In politics he is a Republican; has been assessor for two years. 0. R. HARGLEROAD, butcher, Shippensburg, was born in Franklin County. Penn., November 14. 1847, son of Jacob and Elizabeth (Retler) Hargleroad, natives of Franklin County, Penn., former of German and latter of English descent. Our subject's grand- father, John Hargleroad, a cooper by trade, was also born in Franklin County, Penn. Jacob Hargleroad, father of our subject, in early life followed milling; at present he is the proprietor of the National Hotel at Shippensburg. Of his ten children C. R. is the third. Our subject was reared on the farm, and attended the common school, and also academy. He assisted in his father's mill, learning the milling trad'', and operated the mill for eight years. In 1875 he purchased the Clifton Flouring Mill in Franklin County, Penn., and after running it for three years, sold it and came to Shippensburg. and here dealt in horses. In 1880 he imported horses from Canada (it is said that these were the first horses ever brought from Canada to the Cumberland Valley), and continued in this business for two years; was also engaged in importing sheep, which branch of business he still continues. His plan of operating is to import sheep and allow the farmers here to raise them on shares, and in this way he has done much to improve the stock of sheep in this vicinity. Since 1883 he has also done an extensive butchering business. Mr. Hargle- road has been successful, flnancially. ever since starting in business for himself. He was married, in 1865, to Julia, daughter of Benjamin Kyle, and of German descent. Their children are John A., Bernice, Nellie. Bruce and Clara. Mrs. Hargleroad and the eldest child are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. In politics Mr. Hargleroad is a Republican. He is a member of the town council of Shippensburg. JOHN J. KOSER, M. D., Shippensburg, was born in Franklin County, Penn., June 5, 1857, son of Jacob and Elizabeth (Wingert) Koser, natives of Pennsylvania, former of French and German and t he latter of German descent. Originally the Kosers descended from the Huguenots. Jacob Koseris a retired farmer and now resides in Shippensburg, this county. Of his two children our subject is the eldest. The Doctor was reared on the farm, and attended the common and State normal schools. His medical education was obtained in the University of Pennsylvania, where he graduated with the degree of M. D., in 1881, and the same year he commenced the practice of his chosen profession in Ship- pensburg, this county, and has met with more than average success. Dr. Koseris amem- ber of Cumberland County Medical Society, also of the State Medical Association, and is greatly attached to his profession. WILLIAM A. LUTZ, Shippensburg, traveling salesman for Lewis Kraemer & Co., manufacturers of cotton and woolen goods, Reading, Penn., was born in this county Octo- ber 1, 1857, son of David and Elizabeth (Brant) Lutz, natives of Pennsylvania, of Ger- man descent. David Lutz, who was a farmer all his life, died in 1877; his father, John Lutz, was also born in Franklin County, Penn., and his grandfather. Bernard Lutz (great- grandfather of our subject), a native of Germany, came to America, being among the early settlers of Lancaster County, Penn., William A. Lutz, the subject of this sketch, is the eldest of a family of seven children, six of whom are still living, three boys and three girls. He resided on the farm in Southhampton Township, this county, until he was eighteen years of age, and acquired his education in the common schools. Not liking farm-ljfe. however, he olitained a position as clerk in a dry goods store in Carlisle, Penn., in 1875, where he remained two years, and since then has been engaged as traveling sales- man. He has been successful in business, and at present is the owner of three houses and lots in Shippensburg, He was married, December 5, 1883, to Miss Laura A., daughter of Henry C. and Caiherine Beidle, and of German descent. Mr. and Mrs. Lutz are mem- bers of the United Brethren Church, of which he is trustee. In politics he is a Repub- lican. REV. WILLIAM A. McCARRELL, pjistor of the Presbyterian Church in Shippens- burg. was born in Greene Cimnty, Penn., Auirust 20, 1846, son of Rev. Dr. Alexander and Martha (McLain) McCarrell, natives of Wa.fhington County, Penn., of Scotch-Irish de- scent. 'The Rev. Alexander McCarrell, D. D., wa.'* pastor of the Presbyterian Church at Claysville, Washington Co., Penn.. for thirty-flve years. His children now living are: S. J. M.. an attorney at law; Rev. J. J., a Presbyterian minister; Rev. Widiara A.; and Thomas C, a Presbyterian minister. The subject of this sketch acquired his education at Washington and Jefferson College, where he graduated in 1868. He then accepted a position BOROUGH OF SHIPPENSBURG. 445 at Harlem Springs (Ohio), in Harlem Springs College, as professor of Greek and Latin, and mental and moral science. Remaiaing there one yecr, he then entered the Theo- logical Seminary at Allegheny City, Penn., from which he graduated in 1871, and in the same year accepted a call to the churches of Gravel Run and Cambridge, Crawford Co., Penn., where he remained until 1875, whea he accepted a call from the Presbyterian Church in Shippensburg. In 1876 he wroie a very creditable history of the Presbyterian Church of Shippensburg. which has since been published. He is a frequent contributor to the newspapers of articles on religious and moral topics. He was married, in 1871, to Martha, daughter of Benjamin Means, and a native of Washington County, Penn., of Scotch-Irish descent. Their children are Martha E., William Alexander, Margaret and Ella R. JOAB MARTIN, dealer in grain, coal and fertilizers, Shippensburg, was born in Ship- pensburg, Penn., November 17, 1828, son of Paul Martin and Mary Fry Martin. Paul Martin was the son of Thomas Martin, Thomas Martin was the son of Paul Martin, one of eight brothers wlio came to this country from the North of Ireland in the year 1735, and settled in Delaware County, Penn. ; in 1730, a part of the family of eight brotliers moved into Cumberland Valley. Four of the eight brothers were Presbyterian ministers, and in about the year 1727 left Delaware County, Penn., and settled in North and South Carolina, where they were inter-married with the Preston family. Our subject's great- grandfather, Paul Murtin, and his grandfather. Col. Thomas Martin, were both soldiers in the Revolutionary war; and his father, Paul Martin, was a soldier in the war of 1813. Joab Martin was married to Lucinda O. Hostetter, of Lancaster County, Penn., in 1863, and they have six children: One son, Thomas Paul, studying medicine at the College of Phvsicians and Surgeons, of Baltimore, and live daughters, of whom Mary O. is a graduate of the State Normal School and his other four attend tlie borough schools. In politics, Mr. Martin is a Republican. Mr. and Mrs. Martin and their two eldest daughters are members of the Presbyterian Church of this place. JAMES B. MARSHALL, physician, Shippensburg, was born near Fairfield, Adams Co., Penn., January 1, 1856, son of Thomas and Jane Ann (Kyner) Marshall, natives of Pennsylvania, and of Scotch-Irish descent! Thomas Marshall was a farmer all his lite, and was also a prominent Democratic politician. Dr. James B. Marshall is the fourth in a family of five children. He acquired liis education in the common schools and in the Normal School at Shippensburg, this county, and at the age of eighteen years he com- menced the study of medicine in the ofiBce of Dr. Alexander Stewart & Son. In 1877 he entered Bellevue Medical College, New York, where he graduated with the degree of M. D. in 1879, and the same year commenced practice in Shippensbur=?, this county, where he still continues. The Doctor is a member of Cumberland County Medical Society. In politics he is a Republican. DR. ALEXANDEK STEWART, retired physician. Shippensburg, Penn., was born in Frederick County, Md., September 28, 1809, sou of John ami Rosana (Sheeler) Stewart, natives of Maryland, of Scotch-Irisli descent. He is the eldest of a family of nine chil- dren — only two of whom survive — and bears tbe name of his grandfather, Alexander Stewart, who emigrated from the County Antrim, Ireland, in 1773, and settled in Fred- erick County, Md. His father, John Stewart, was an only son and became a successful business man and farmer. Through a long life he enjoyed the respect and esteem of his community. Himself a man of more than ordinary acquirements, he gave to his children whatever educaiional advantages he could command. Dr. Stewart was educated at Mount St. Mary's College, and at the age of nineteen years commenced the study of med- icine at Emmittsburg. His professional course was completed at Washington Medical College, Baltimore, Md., from which institution he was graduated in 1831. The same.year he began the practice of his profession in Shippensburg, where he has continued to reside uninterruptedly until the present time. His skill as a physician was early recognized and appreciated and he soon acquired an extensive practice. For nearly half a century he de- voted himself untiringly, or, to a large degree, unselfishly, to the most exacting of all pro- fessions. During all these years, his was a familiar and welcome presence in most of the homes in Shippensburg and the surrounding country, in many cases through several suc- cessive generations. It was only when impaired vision interfered with the active discharge of his professional duties, that he ceased from his labors. To his medical skill he added a personal character which made him conspicuous and beloved, and now in the retirement of a serene old age he enjoys the afEectionaie regard of his fellow-men. Dr. Stewart was married, in 1833, to Miss Margaret Grabill. of Frederick County, Md., who died in May, 1835, without issue; he then married in 1836, Elizabeth Hamill, daughter of Capt. George Hamill, of Shippensburg. She died April 34, 1853. By this marriage there were seven children, six of whom survive: George H. (who resides in Shippensburg and- is engaged in business as a grain merchant), John (an attorney at law, residing in Chambersburg), Alexander (farmer and grain dealer of Scotland, in Franklin County), Robert C. (a prac- ticing physician in Shippensburg), Mary Augusta (wife of James B. McLean of Ship- pensburg), and Charlotte Louisa (wife of John H. Craig, of Reading, Penn). In 1858, Dr. Stewart was married to Miss Eunice G. Wilson, of Vermont, his present wife. Because 32 446 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: of advanced age he has renounced all business cares and responsibilities except the presi- dency of the First National Bank of Shippensburg, which position he has held for twenty- one years, being the first and only president. GEORGE H. STEWART, dealer in grain and real'estate, Shippensburg, was born in Shippensburg, Penn., December 29, 1837, eldest son of Dr. Alexander Stewart, of same town. George H. attended the schools in his native town, and also Millinwood Acad- emy, Shade Gap, Huntingdon Co., Penn. From boyhood he had a strong desire to be- come a business man. His first important business venture was in 1857, when he embarked in the dry goods business, and met with more than average success. He also became in- terested in tanning and in buying and selling real estate. His business outside of the store grew so rapidly that in 1868 he sold his store, and devoted his time to dealing in real estate and to the leather trade. In 1869 he became interested in the warehouse and grain trade at Shippensburg, since which time he has done a large grain business, and dealt ex- tensively in real estate. His residence stands on the site of the old Stone Tower Hotel, near the Branch, where Gen. Washington stopped when passing through Shippensburg, during the whisky insurrection of 1794. Mr. Stewart is a thorough business man, a gen- erous and courteous gentleman, and is a liberal contributor to moral and Christian enter- prises. He married, in 1863, Mary C, daughter of William McLean, of Shippensburg, Penn. She died in 1884, a faithful member of the Presbyterian Church. DAVID KNIGHT WAGNER, of the firm of D. K. & John C. Wagner, publishers, Ship- pensburg, was born in Shippensburg, this CQunty, February 6, 1833, son of David and Cathar- ine Elizabeth (Gessner) W agner, former a native of Cumberland County, of German descent; latter born in Hanover, Germany. David Wagner was a wagon-maker, and carried on this business extensively in Shippensburg for many years, but after the Cumberland Val- ley Railroad was built to this place he embarked in the grain and produce business, own- ing his own cars. He was twice married, and had eleven children; he died here in No- vember, 1845. Our subject (child by second wife) received his education in the public schools of his native town, and early in life was employed as salesman; subsequently learned the printing trade, and, in 1851, formed a partnership with J. Bomberger in the publication of the Shippensburg News, but in 1856 he sold his interest, and, until 1861, was employed a part of the time as traveling salesman. In the fall of 1861 he enlisted in the Seventh Pennsylvania Reserves as a member of the regimental cornet band, and served until it was honorably mustered out of service, in 1863. He then worked at printing in Bedford County, Penn., until 1866, when he purchased the Fulton Republican at McCon- nellsburg, Penn., which he sold out in 1867, and the same year the present firm was formed, and purchased and are publishing the Shippensburg Mews. They established the News, book and stationery store in Shippensburg. Mr. Wagner was married, in 1869_, to Susan, daughter of Mr. John Gish, late postmaster at Shippensburg. Mr. Wagner is a Republican in politics. He served as member of the school board for several terms, and is its late secretary. He is a member of Colwell Post, No. 201, G. A. R. ; of the Grand Lodge of Odd Fellows of Pennsylvania, and also of the Masonic order. JOHN CAREY WAGNER, of the firm of D. K. & John C. Wagner, and brother of D. K. , was born July 31, 1838, in Shippensburg, this county, and is the youngest member of the family. He received his education in the public schools and academy in Shippensburg, and in 1853 learned the printing trade. In the fall of 1856 he went to Knoxvllle, Tenn., and worked in the office of The Knoxville Whig (the editor at that time being Parson Brownlow), remaining there until 1860, when he went to Newville, and engaged in publish- ing The 8tar, in company with James M. Miller. In 1861 he enlisted in Company H, Third Pennsylvania Cavalry, serving as sergeant until discharged at the expiration of his term of enlistment. In 1864 he was detailed into the United States Telegraph Corps (having learned telegraphy before he enlisted), and served in that capacity until 1866, when he took charge of the Bankers' and Brokers' Telegraph Line, at Somerville, N. J., where he remained until 1868, when he returned to Shippensburg and took his present posi- tion. He was married, December 29, 1869, to Miss Emma, daughter of John S. and Ra- chael (Talbott) Morrow, of Newville, this county, of Scotch-Irish descent. They have five daughters living: Ella F., Mary T., Blanche G., Isabella M. and Katharine A. Mr. Wagner is a member of Conedoguinet Lodge, No. 173, and Valley Encampment, No. 34, I. O. O. F., and of the Grand Lodge and Encampment of I. O. O. F. of Pennsylvania; also a member of Colwell Post, No. 301, G. A. R. In politics he is a Republican. WILLIAM M. WITHERSPOON, physician and surgeon, Shippensburg, was born in Franklin County, Penn., October 17, 1844. son of William Noble and Mary Ann (Lytle) Witherspoon, natives of Pennsylvania, former a farmer of Scotch descent, latter of Irish descent; their family consisted of seven children, four of whom are now living, William M. being the third. Our subject was reared on the farm and attended the common school, also the academy at Chambersburg, Penn., and afterward taught school for one term. He commenced the study of medicine, in Chambersburg, Penn., under the eminent physician Dr. J. L. Suesserott, remaining with him one year and a half, and then entered the medi- cal department of the University of Pennsylvania, from which he graduated in 1869, and has been in active practice in Shippensburg ever since. He was married, in 1881, to BOROUGH OF NEWVILLE. 447 riora, daughter of John Bridges, a lady of Scotch descent. The Doctor and wife are members of the Presbyterian Church. He is a member of Cumberland County Medical Society. In politics he is a Republican. CHAPTER XLI. BOROUGH OF NEWVILLE. JOHN ALEXANDER AHL, M. D. (deceased), was a gi-andson of John Peter Ahl, who came to this country about the beginning of the Revolutionary war, and soon entered the Continental Army as surgeon; at its close he began practicing in Rockingham County, Va., hut some years later was ordained in the Lutheran Church, preaching in it up to the time of his death, which occurred in Baltimore at the advanced age of ninety-six years. John. Peter Ahl had four sons and two daughters, his son John being father of Dr. John A. Ahl. He was also a physician in Rockingham, where he married Nancy Ellen Vaughan, and re- moved to Franklin County, Penn. Ten years later he came to Shippensburg, this county, staying hut a few months; thence moved to Newville, where he practiced until his death, which occurred April 9, 1844. He had five sons. John Alexander Ahl was born in Stras- hurg, Franklin Co., Penn., August 13, 1813, and subsequently determined to follow his father's profession, reading in his father's office and attending lectures in the University of Maryland and in Washington Medical College in Baltimore, obtaining his degree theifi in 1838. He practiced in Centreville, Penn., for ten years, then moved to Churchtown, same State, where he obtained a lucrative practice, thence he went to Brandtville, Penn., practicing and milling and grain-dealing for about six years, when he came to Newville, this county, engaging in paper manufacturing, and shortly thereafter associating with him in the business his sons John S. and Q. P. Ahl. He was also extensively engaged in for- warding business and in real estate with his brothers. A stanch Democrat, not having held office before, he, in 1856, was elected to Congress by 1,561 majority over Gen. Lemuel Todd, who had carried the district two years before by a large majority. He served his constituents admirably, and on his return devoted himself with characteristic energy to his large business interests, in which he was eminently successful, acquiring a large estate. He was a presidential elector in 1860. On April 23, 1845, he was married to Elizabeth, daughter of James Williams, by whom he had eight children: John Sherrod, Q. Parker, Abram Williams, Elizabeth W., Laura Bell, Emma Louisa, Frank Woodard and Augusta Vaun. Q. Parker, the second son and only child living, was born July 19, 1847; is unmar- ried and lives with his mother in Newville. Dr. John Alexander Ahl died April 25, 1883. An energetic and upright man, who often helped the deserving, he was a credit to his family and name, and when he died left to his widow and son the priceless heritage of a good name. PETER AUGUSTUS AHL and DANIEL "VAUGHN AHL. The paternal ancestors of these gentlemen were originally from Berlin, Prussia. The grandfather. Dr. John Peter Ahl, came to America about the opening of the Revolution and settled in Bucks County, Penn. He entered Washington's army as surgeon, and remained as such until the close of the war. After the restoration of peace, he settled in Rockingham County, "Va., where he practiced medicine for a number of years. Abandoning medicine, however, he was or- dained a minister of the Lutheran Church, his field of labor being Baltimore, where he remained in pastoral work until the time of his death, at an advanced age. He had four sons and three daughters. John, one of the sons, adopted medicine as a profession, and graduated from the schools of Baltimore; began his practice in Rockingham County, Va., where his father had practiced before him. There he married Miss Nancy Ellen "Vaughn, and shortly after removed to Strasburg, Franklin .County, this State. He remained here about ten years, and then removed to Shippensburg, and thence to Newville, Penn., fol- lowing his profession in each of these places. He died at Newville in 1844, and his re- mains rest in the old church-yard of the Presbyterians at that place. He left five sons and three daughters: Samuel Snyder, Carey "Watkins, John Alexander, Peter Augustus, Daniel Vaughn, Catharine Washington (married Rev. Jacob Newman, a minister of the Lutheran Church), Martha Jefferson and Mary Etta, all of whom were reared and educated in Newville. Samuel followed the occupation of hatter, and carried on the manufacture of hats largely and profitably in his native place until his death. Carey engaged in school-teaching, subsequently following the mercantile business, besides dealing in real estate, and finally became a well known and successful iron master. John adopted medi- cine as his profession, practicing successfully in Centreville, Churchtown and Newville. 448 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: He was also interested in the manufacture of flour and iron. Engaging in politics, he represented the interests of the Democratic party of the congressional district composed of the counties of York, Cumberland and Perry, during the administration of President James Buchanan. Peter Augustus, one of the subjects of this sketch, was born in Stras- burg, Franklin County, this State. He secured a good education, and chose the occupa- tion of druggist. At an early age he entered upon his studies under the direction of Sam- uel Elliott, a practicing druggist of Carlisle, remaining with him about two years. He then abandoned the profession and engaged in mercantile pursuits. Daniel Vaughn, the other subject of our sketch, and the youngest of the family, was born in Strasburg. He early evinced a natural business talent and a speculative turn of mind, and at the age of fifteen he was employed as clerk in the store of his brothers, Carey and Peter, at Church- town, remaining several years as salesman in their stores in Churchtown, Shepherdstown and Shiremanstown, in their native county. In this business he continued until the death of Ills brother, Samuel, who requested that his brother Peter and himself return to New- ville and reside with their mother and sisters, Martha and Mary. They complied with his request, made their home with them, and cared for them during their lives. Prom this time tlie history of the two brothers is identical. Together they remained, being unmar- ried, and together they engaged in a great many large, varied and successful enterprises, which gained for them a celebrity throughout the State. Originally without capital and entirely self-made, they were characterized by a boldness in their financial undertakings and a public spiritedness in their enterprises which won for them a wide reputation for daring, energetic and successful speculators, railroad and iron men. Daniel, the younger of the two, early displayed an inclination for stock-dealing and speculating in venture- some enterprises. Their first large and successful dealings in stock was in connection with Charles Beltzhoover, of Boiling Springs, Penn., with whom they carried on an ex- tensive business as dealers and shippers of horses and mules. They continued the busi- ness themselves, after the retirement of Mr. Beltzhoover, their retail sales of mules alone amounting to as many as 600 head annually. Their stock was principally purchased in the States of Kentucky, Missouri, Indiana and Illinois. In 1856, at the outbreak of the Mormon war, they secured a contract from the Government for the delivery, at Fort Leav- enworth, Kans., of 1,500 head of broken mules, for the transportation of the troops from that place to Salt Lake City. These mules were nearly all purchased in the State of Pennsylvania, and delivered at the required point, a distance of nearly 3.000 miles, in sixty days. This was their first Government contract. They also, during the same year, furnished 300 head of mules at Pike's Peak, for the Pike's Peak Overland Stage Company. They continued in the mule trade until the breaking out of the civil war, amassing a considerable fortune, having, in the meantime, entered into the iron trade, by the purchase of the "Carlisle Iron Works," and acquiring, besides, a large amount of real estate, con- sisting of mills, farms and mineral lands. The Carlisle Iron Works property comprised some 10,000 acres of valuable timber and mineral lands. The furnace had fallen into dis- use before their purchase of it from Peter F. Ege, its former owner. They rebuilt the works, in connection with their brother, Carey, who held an interest in the property, and the man- ufacture of iron was carried on by them largely and profitably for many years. They also purchased the abandoned " Big Pond Furnace " property in Cumberland County, rebuilt it and established the manufacture of charcoal iron at that place, anil continued its manu- facture until the sale of the property, with their developed ore lands adjoining, to the Phila- delphia & Reading Coal & Iron Company. Daniel also held, at this time, an interest, in connection with Hon. Thaddeus Stevens, in the Caledonia Iron Works, Franklin County, and rebuilt it, after its destruction by Gen. Lee's army, during the memorable invasion of 1863. The Mount Pleasant Iron Works, located at Richmond, Penn., now known as the Richmond Furnaces, and the Beaver forges and furnaces, located at Fort Loudon, in the same county, were purchased and rebuilt by them. After developing large quantities of iron ore on these properties in connection with these works, they agitated and, with other capitalists, carried to completion the construction of the Southern Pennsylvania Railroad, having its terminus at Mount Pleasant, near Cowan's Gap, and connecting with the Cumberland Valley Railroad at Ohambersburg. This short line was a link of the great route projected by them through the southern portion of the State, from Harrisburg westwardly, connecting with the Connellsville Road, and its western terminus beingPltts- burgh. It was originally known as the Miramar Railroad & Iron Company, with Daniel as its president. "The undertaking was abandoned, on account of the antagonism of its rival, the powerful Pennsylvania. The abandoned line had been well chosen, as it was practically the same route adopted and located by the present South Pennsylvania or Van- derbilt Trunk Line. At these places they were large manufacturers of iron for a number of years, but they finally disposed of the works, with a large amount of ore lands, to the Southern Pennsylvania Railroad & Iron Company, Dailiel being one of its officers. They also acquired and rebuilt the old Gov. Porter Furnace, in the city of Harrisburg, now owned by the car manufacturing company of that city. The Antietam Furnaces, in Mary- land, formerly known as the " Brinn " Iron Works, were purchased and rebuilt by them during the war, and were profitably operated for a number of years. They also acquired BOROUGH OF NEWVILLE. 449 large holdings of valuable ore lands adjoining these works in the States of Maryland and Virginia, which they operated in connection with the mineral lands purchased of the United States Government, at Harper's Ferry, the whole comprising about 2,500 acres. The " Mammoth " Ore Banks, at Cleversburg, and ma,ny other rich and valuable lands were owned and controlled by them during their active operations in tlie iron trade in that locality, the development of which led to the organization of the Caledonia Iron Land & Railroad Company, and subsequently merged into the Harrisburg & Potomac. Daniel was its principal projector and its president, while to Peter belongs the honor of. its construction, the road being practically owned and controlled by them. Upon the completion of the railroad, their various ore lands in its vicinity became very valuable, and large quantities were disposed of to the Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Com- pany, and to the Crane Iron Company, of Catasauqua, Penn. The road was eventually absorbed by the Philadelphia & Reading, and is now owned and operated by that com- pany, with Daniel as one of its directors. In connection with railroads they have also the honor of being the projectors of the York Springs Railroad, and of exerting a considera- ble influence in the location and construction of the Western Maryland extension into the Cumberland Valley, which adds so materially to the manufacturing interests of Waynes- boro and the prosperity of the other towns and the valley through which it passes. During the war they furnished large supplies of various kinds to the Government, and, in connection with William Calder.of Harrisburg, large numbers of horses and mules, at one time furnishing a number of horses to Gen. Averill's command, while engaged in active operations on the field at Culpeper C. H., Va. This achievement gained for Daniel the title of colonel, by which he was ever after familiarly known. During the darkest days of the Rebellion, when the integrity and financial condition of the Government was in doubt, and when other prominent and leading contractors refused, they undertook and furnished the army 1,000 horses and 1,000 mules in less than thirty days' time. Being of a speculative nature, possessing unusual sagacity, shrewdness and foresightedness in their enterprising projects, they secured and controlled large quantities of real estate in the counties of Cumberland, Franklin, Adams, York, Huntingdon, Clinton, Fulton and Perry, and the adjoining States of Maryland and Virginia, also valuable lands in Minne- sota. They were extensively engaged in the manufacture of straw board paper, and pos- sessed large milling interests in various parts of the country. The "Tyboyne Tannery," in Perry County, is owned and was operated by them a number of years quite profitably. The famous Doubling Gap, White Sulphur and Chalybeate Springs in Cumberland Coun- ty, owned by them, is a popular summer resort, largely patronized on account of the nat- ural beauty of the surroundings and its healthy and delightful location. They also have obtained control of the Cumberland Valley Friiit Farm adjoining, which has been beauti- fied, the buildings repaired and is a valuable acquisition and desirable annex to these springs. Newville, the place of their early home, their residence now and during their re- markable business career, has not escaped their enterprising spirit. The old hotel prop- erty at the railroad station, with the land adjoining, was purchased by Peter. He rebuilt, remodeled and enlarged it, and made it as commodious as any in the valley. The lands between the station and the town were laid out in lots; and a beautiful street, with shade trees planted along its sides, and adorned by large and spacious mansions and the neat and attractive residences of the town business men and a stately church edifice. This most beautiful town now takes the place of what was before broken hills and pasture lands. Warehouses and dwellings were erected by them around the railroad station, and their numerous farms surrounding the town were all handsomely improved by the remod- eling and construction of elegant residences and large and commodious barns. Their en- terprising spirit yet manifests itself, for, having attained to that age that they should cease their labors and rest upon the fruits of their achievements, yet their active minds wiU allow of no rest, and even now they are engaged in projecting a railroad from Perry Coun- ty, via Doubling Gap Springs, to connect with the Cumberland Valley, Western Maryland and the South Pennsylvania Railroads. Notwithstanding the occupation of their minds in so many worldly enterprises, gigantic in their nature and wonderful in their results, and the continued strain upon them in these undertakings, a reflection on their mortality has not escaped them nor been forgotten. A large, beautiful and costly monument, of elaborate design, surmounted by a figure of Faith, pointing heavenward, has been erected by them in the old Presbyterian church-yard, underneath which lie the remains of their beloved parents, a loving brother and two affectionate sisters, and where, in due course of time, they also hope to repose in peace beneath it, a fitting monument to their genius and ability and a commemorative history of the lives of these two enterprising and re- markable men. . „ .„ „, ,. ^, .^, . JOHN BLAIR DAVIDSON, bank cashier, Newville. The great grandfather of this gentleman, John Davidson, was one of the first to take up land in West Pennsborough Township this county. His farm is still in possession of a descendant, James A. David- son He was born in 1743 and died in 1833. His son, John, was born in 1772; was mar- ried to Elizabeth Young, and died in 1810, his widow dying in 1823; they had five chil- 450 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: dren : Eleanor, John Young, Samuel, Nancy and William. Of these, Samuel was born April 20, 1804, and after getting such education as the schools of that day afforded he went to Carlisle, learning the trade of a tanner with Andrew Blair. Mastering the trade he came to Newville, and worked in a tannery, which he soon bought, and ran for a number of years. An upright, generous man he often helped others to his own detriment. October 19, 1830, Samuel Davidson married Catherine Leckey, born May 21, 1807, daughter of Alexander Leckey, of West Pennaborough Township, this countv. To this union were born three children: Alexander Leckejr (deceased in 1832); John Blair; and Elizabeth A. (residing in Newville). Mr. Davidson died in August, 1880, his wife in April of the same year. For forty-four years he was an elder In the Big Spring Presbyterian Church. John Blair Davidson was born December 34, 1833, in Newville, Penn. He completed his education at Jefferson College, Washington County, Penn., graduating in 1852, and taught school for ten years, at the end of which time he went into the quartermaster department, at Washington, for five and a half years, where he learned those methodical habits which have done so much to make him successful. In 1869 he returned to Newville, and entered the First National Bank, and in 1882 was promoted to the responsible position of cashier. In October, 1857, he married Margaret Ellen, daughter of William Burnside, of Centre County, Penn., one of which family, Thomas, was judge of the Supreme Court of Penn- sylvania. They have one son, Samuel A., born m October, 1860, who lives with his parents. The family are all members of Big Spring Presbyterian Church. Mr. David- son is characterized by straightforward, unremitting attention to his responsible duties, which he discharges in a manner eminently satisfactory to the directors and to all with whom he is brought into contact. WILLIAM M. DAVIDSON (deceased) was a descendant of the Davidson family who settled in West Pennsborough Township, this county, where they took up a tract of land in 1750, still owned by A. Davidson. John, grandfather of William M., was born in 1743 and died in 1823. He married, when quite young, a Miss Graham, who died, leaving four children. His second wife was Mrs. Lacey Sterrett, who had been a Miss Laughlin, of an old and widely known family. They had five children, one of whom, named William, was the father of the subject of this sketch. William Davidson was horn December 23, 1788; was married November 3, 1814, to Miss Mary iJIiller, born November 19, 1791, and had the following children: John Laughlin, born November 10, 1816, died February 8, 1837: Elea- nor, born September 27, 1818, died September 2, 1838; Mary Jane, born May 9, 1823, died in June, 1845; William Miller, born November 19, 1820, died March 8, la63. William Miller Davidson was married October 28, 1845, to Miss Margaret Eleanor, daughter of Dr. William M. [see sketch of Alexander Brady Sharpe, page 394] and Jane (Wilson) Sharp, the latter a daughter of Rev. Samuel Wilson, pastor of Big Spring Church, Newville, for fifteen years, and who died, while pastor, March 4, 1799. Dr. William M. Sharp was born July 23, 1798, died August 20, 1835; his widow was born December 3, 1794, and died June 27, 1876. Besides Margaret Eleanor Air. and Mrs. Sharp had three sons: Samuel Wilson, born March 27, 1822, died December 6, 1877; Alexander Elder, born March 27, , died December 13, 1860; Joshua Williams, born May 24, 1831, died in Jaffa, Palestine, April 7, 1881, and was buried in the Protestant Cemetery there. William M. Davidson and wife had three children, all now living: Jane Wdson and Mary Miller, who live with their mother in Newville, and Oliver Cromwell, who was born January 27, 1856, married in November, 1879, to Miss Mary C, daughter of William Mills Glenn (have one child), and live in West Pennsborough Township, just east of Newville. After her husband's death Mrs. William M. Davidson continued to live on her farm until 1880, when, with her two daughters, she came to Newville. J. C. FOSNOT, editor Star and Enterprise, Newville, is a son of Jacob and Mary Fosnot, natives of Cumberland County, and who had twelve children: William C, J. C., Peter T., Joshua V., Edward W., Lewis C, Henry J., Elizabeth A., Mary Jane, Margaret E., Sarah C. and Martha M. Our subject was born October 3, 1831; learned the trade of a weaver, and later clerked in his uncle's store in Newburg. In 1856 he bought the Oak- ville store, which he kept for eighteen years, at the same time— three years, from 1866 to 1869 — being engaged in business in Baliimore. In May, 1871, in order to give employ- ment to two brothers, he started the Oakville Enterprise, which, in December, 1874, he re- moved to Newville, and has since then devoted himself assiduously to it with gratifying results. Instead of a six-column, four-page, it is now a seven-column, eight-page paper, the largest in the whole Cumberland Valley. January 1, 1885, he bought the Star of the Valley, which his son George B. McC. conducted for one year, when Mr. Fosnot united it with the Enterprise under the name of the Star and Enterprise. The double paper is achieving a rare success. Odtober 5, 1855, Mr. Fosnot was married to Elizabeth Ferguson, who has borne him six children: Laura Belle, Maggie R., Lou Ella, George B. McC. and William J., and another daughter who died when six years old. Lou Ella is the wife of Abraham J. Myers, farmer of Mifflin Township, this county. The rest are single, and liv- ing with their parents, respected by the community among whom they live. JOHN GRAHAM, tanner, Newville. This gentleman is of Scotch-Irish descent, his great-great-grandfather, Jared Graham, having emigrated from the North of Ireland in the BOROUGH OF NEYPVILLE. 451 eigliteenth century, locating in Lancaster County, Penn. His descendants have in their possession a deed from "Thomas and Richard Penn, proprietaries of the Province of Pennsylvania," dated March 13, 1734, to Jared Graham, of Salisbury Township, Lancaster County, for a tract of land in the Manor of Maske, West Pennsborough Township, Cum- berland Co., Penn., on the south side of the Conodoguinet Creek. He never lived on this land, but continued to reside in Lancaster County, where he died. About 1745 his son James removed to this tract, at that time called the baolt woods, which was conveyed to him in 1763. His cabin was about thirty miles west of the Susquehanna. He died in 1807, aged eighty-two, leaving five sons: Jared, Thomas, Arthur, Isaiah and James. Thomas was the grandfather of our subject. On the death of his father Jared removed to Ohio. James was educated at Dickinson College, Carlisle, where he graduated, and, having stud- ied theology under the learned Dr. Cooper, was licensed as a Presbyterian minister, and received a call from the congregation of Beulah, eight miles east of Pittsburgh, where he remained thirty-eight years, until his death in 1844. On the death of his father the land was divided between Thomas, Arthur and Isaiah. The two latter resided on the land, and Arthur's portion is yet held by his descendant, Robert Graham. Isaiah's descendants are represented by Duncan M. Graham, Carlisle. Thomas was married to Mary McKeehan, who was born in December, 1778, and died January 23, 1843. They had but one child — George, father of John Graham— who was born December 34, 1803, a short time before the death of his father. He inherited the farm, on which he lived until 1866, when he removed to Newville, having sold the farm. He died March 30, 1870. February 3, 1830, he was married to Miss Eliza Alter, who was born January 16, 1805, and died February 26, 1870. They had nine children, three of whom, Laura, George and Jane, died in infancy, and two, Lizzie and Mary, when nearing maturity. The others were George W., born December 6, 1840, who enlisted in his brother's Company P, Thirteenth Pennsyl- vania Cavalry, and was killed at Ashby's Gap, Va., May 16, 1863; Thomas J. was born November 35, 1830, and has been living in Colorado for twenty-six years past; Jacob A., born September 30, 1833. went into the army from Kansas, and afterward was captain of the company of which George W. was a member when killed. John, the subject of our sketch, was born August 4, 1843, on the homestead, attended district schools, and received a commercial education at Eastman's College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. After a few months spent in the West he returned to Newville, this county, bougiit a store, which he sold two years later, to become book-keeper in the First National Bank in 1870, and resigned in 1876 when, in company with Joseph B. Hurst, he bought the Big Spring tannery, which ,they still own, and is also engaged in other business enterprises. November 10, 1870, he married Miss Harriet McKee, of Newville, who died eleven months later. June 13, 1878, he was married to Miss Isabella Sterrett, an amiable and accomplished lady, daughter of Brice Innis Sterrett, of West Pennsborough Township, this county. In 1883 Mr. Graham was elected to the Pennsylvania Legislature, and re-elected in 1884. He is now serving his second term with eminent satisfaction to his constituents. The people among whom his life has been spent speak of him in terms of highest praise, and none grudge him tlie honorable position he has achieved. He and his wife are members of Big Spring Presby- terian Church, of which he was trustee. In politics he is a Democrat. JOHN HURSH, grain dealer and forwarder, Newville, is a grandson of Henry Hursh, who was a farmer in Lancaster County, Penn., afterward living in York County some time before the Revolutionary war; he died in 1837. His wife was Susanna Rudesil. They had three sons: John, Joseph and Henry. Joseph, married to Mary Fisher, retained the homestead, in which he died in 1849. Henry took a farm a few miles off, on which he died in 1840. John was born in York County, Penn., in 1799, and lived on the farm until his marriage with Barbara Bruckhart; he died in 1880, his wife two years before. They had nine children: Henry, Susan, Daniel, Mary, John. Joseph B., Elizabeth, Abraham and David. Susan, 'Daniel and Mary are deceased. Henry is married to Cassandra Dietz, and lives in Hopewell Township; Elizabeth is the widow of Christian Rupp, and lives in Mechanicsburg; Abraham is married to Fanny Prantz, and lives in Steelton; David is married to Catharine Hale, and lives in Newville. John was born January 19, 1834, on the farm in York County, where he lived until twenty-four years old, at which time he went to Manchester, York Co., Penn., and engaged in dry goods business with his brother, Joseph B., and when the latter went to' Virginia he took the business alone. In 1854 he removed to Mechanicsburg, Penn., and January 1, 1856. to Newville, where he has since resided, engaged in forwarding and dealing in grain, flour, salt, fish, coal, lumber, etc., etc Until 1870 he was in company with Joseph B., but since then has been alone. At that time they had an interest in the flouring-mill of D. Shipp & Co., of Tamaqua, which in the division his brother assumed, John retaining the business here, including the mill- ing business on Big Spring. He and Joseph own together one-half interest in the Mount Vei-non Mill on the Conodoguinet. In 1850 Mr. Hursh was married to Miss Sarah A., daughter of George Livingston, of York County. Penn., and born in 1833. They had five children one of whom. John, born May 10, 1857, died young. Those living are Daniel G., born June 24, 1851, who was married December 17, 1874, to Annie C. Bert, of Newville, and is his father's book-keeper; Susan, born October 17, 1852, is the wife of W. B. Oyler, 452 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: of Newville; Sarah, born August 3, 1855, is the wife of Erwin C. Glover, of Detroit, Mich., and .James, born Julj' 23, 1860, is married to Annie C. Kratzer, of Newville. Mr. Hursh lias held many township offices, and is now and has been, for several years, treas- urer of Newville Cemetery. He and Mh wife arid son Daniel, and daughter, Susan, are members of the United Brethren Church, and in all the relations of life he has ever shown himself to be a man of probity. ROBERT McCACI-lRAN, attorney at law, Newville, is a representative of an old Scoleh family, who came to this country early in the last century, at which time his great- great-grandf'atlier emigrated, with hU wife, three sons and one daughter. His son, James, married Mary Ralston, whom lie had known in the old country, and they had three sons: James, John and Robert. In 1790 they purchased a farm on the Brandywine from the Penns, and here they lived until, on the death of his wife, the father, having made other arrangements for his youngest son, divided the farm between James and John, with whom he lived until his death, Septemlier 23, 1822, aged eighty-seven. John, the grandfather of Robert McCachran, was liorn about 1763, and in 1794 or 1795, was married to Isabella, daughter of John Cunningham, who enlisted in the Revolutionary war, and was never again heard of. John McCncliran died February 8, 1808, aged about forty-five, leaving five children. His widow died February 12, 1851, at the residence of her son John, near Newville, aged eighty-six. Their children were James, Elizabeth, Robert, John and Isa- bella. Robert, father of our subject, was born in 1798. He had an ardent desire for a liberal education, which he procured under great difBculiies in various places, finally com- pleting the three years' course at the Theological Seminary at Princeton, N. J. He was licensed to preach in 1827 and given a charge at Middleton, Penn., also attending to the religious wants of the community for miles around. He was ordained May 19, 1829. In 1880 he took a journey in search of health, and in Newville was invited to preach in the Big Spring Church, then without a pastor. This resulted in his becoming pastor of that church in which he labored for twenty-one years, resigning in 1851. In 1834, he married Jane, daughter of Atcheson Laughlin, head of one of the oldest and most widely known and respected families of this region. She was born in 1799. They had two children: Robert, born October 6, 1835, and Mary born in 1837 (wife of James Oliver); she died in 1875. Robert McCachran, Sr., died at Newville, February, 15, 1885. aged eighty -five years; his wife died in 1872. Until 1853, young Robert attended a classical school taught by his father. He then went to Jefferson College, and graduated from Lafayette College, Easton, Penn., the following year. He engaged in teaching and read law in the office of Judge Frederick Watts, of "Carlisle, and was admitted in 1857, but did not practice for some years, having the management of his father's property. Having prepared himself for the profession, he, in 1870, became civil engineer on the Harrishurg & Potomac Road, and, in 1872, took a similar position on the Pennsylvania Railroad, resigning in 1875, to look after his father's interests. In 1883 he began practicing as an attorney. In Decem- ber, 1874, he married Martha McCandish, born in 1847, daughter of Thomas McCandish, of an old Scotch family, who have been in this neightjorhood since early in the last cen- tury. To this union were born six children: Thomas, born February 16, 1876; Mary, born September 11, 1877; Jane, born October 28, 1878; Margaret, born December 21, 1879; Robert, born November 28, 1881 (deceased) and Russell Atcheson. born March 1, 1886. Mr. McCachran was a member of the Legislature four years, elected in 1878, and again in 1880, and is attorney for the borough. He is a K. T. He is a man of unswerving honesty and is in every way trustworthy. J. NORRtS and THOMAS E. MYERS, merchants, Newville, are grandchildren of John Myers, an old and respected citizen of Georgetown, D. C. who died there in 18.53. He, John Myers, had seven children: John H., a prominent citizen of Lexington, Va., where he died; Charles, a merchant of Georgetown, where he lived all his lifetime; Thomas, the father of our subjects; Edward and William E., who were in business as partners in Georgetown for several years (the former died recently in Brooklyn, N. Y., and the latter, some years ago at sea, while on a health trip); Louisa (deceased in 1873), was the wife of Joseph Libbey. a prominent and wealthy merchant of Georgetown, and Catharine S., unmarried, lives in Georgetown. Thomas Myers was born in 1818; in 1835 he entered the Baltimore Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church; in 1843 and 1844, was stationed on the Carlisle Circuit and lived in Mechanicsburg, where he is well remem- bered. In March, 1885, lie-preached by special request, before the Conference, his semi-cen- tennial sermon, in the Butaw Street Church, Baltimore.Md. He has.for the jjast three years, been stationed at Woodberry, Md., and is now agent of the Maryland Bible Society, at Baltimore, Md. His remarkable tact and business ability have caused his being sent on sev- eral occasions to struggling parishes to build new churches and parsonages, in which he has always succeeded. Now, in his seventy-fourth year, he is as hale and vigorous as many men of twenty years his junior. His deceased children are Lottie, a young lady, who died in 1876, and two other children who died in infancy. The living are J. Norris, Mary L., Thomas E. and James R. Mary L. is the wife of John J. Frick, teller in First National Bank, York, Penn. James R. is married to Laura V. Murray, and is in commission business in Baltimore, Md. J. Norris was born in Lewistown, Penn., November 17, 1842. He at- BOROUGH OF NEWVILLE. 453 tended the grammar school at St. John's College, Annapolis, Md., and completed his edu- cation In Newton University, Baltimore. In 1858, he went into the hardware store of Duer, Norris & Co., in that citjr, which he left, in 1866, to engage in business under the firm name of Ullrich & Myers, giving up, severnl years after, on account of his health and engaging as a commercial traveler. In 1879, with his brother, Thomas E., he came to Newvllle, this county, and established the firm of Myers & Bro., which was dissolved in 1882, when he returned to Baltimore. While confidential clerk for a large importing house, his health was impaired by overwork, and by his physician's advice he removed to the country, and in February. 1886, the firm of Myers & Bro. was revived by his pur- chase of the inteiest of his brother's partner. In 1876 he was married to Laura V., daugh- ter of William M. Starr, of Baltimore, a man of brilliant attainments, who has occupied many positions of honor and trust. He was a son of the wealthy Wesley Starr, who built the Starr Methodist Protestant Church in that city and endowed its parsonage. Mr. and Mrs. Myers have three children: William Starr. John Norris and Thomas Miller. Mr. Myers is welcomed back to Newville by all who know him. He and his wife are com- municants of the Methodist Episcopal Church and command universal respect. Thomas E. Myers, our other subject, was born in Cumberland, Md., in 1850, and was educated mainly in Baltimore. In 1866 he went into his brother's store there, and remained until 1872, when he became book-keeper in the largest retail hardware store in Baltimore, re- maining until 1878. In 1879 he came to Newville, as stated above, and on tbe dissolution of the firm, in 1882, formed a partnership with John M. McCaudlish, which was dissolved the following year in consequence of the failing health of his partner, who went West. He then formed a partnership with James S. Brattan, under style of Myers & Braltan, which continued until the purchase of his partner's interest by his brother, J. Norris. He was married, in 1883, to Miss Emma J., daughter of Rev. Thomas M. Keese, one of the oldest members and a leading one of the Central Pennsylvania Methodist Episcopal Con- ference, who died in March, 1883. To this union two children have been born: Lottie Reese and Elizabeth Parrish. He and his wife are members of tbe Methodist Episcopal Church, and, as an upright Christian business man, he bears an enviable reputation. ROBERT S. RANDALL, bank teller, Newville, is a grandson of George and Mar- garet (Steinbeck) Randall, natives of Philadelphia, Penn., whose parents came from Ger- many. George Randall died in 1813 or 1813, and his widow in 1856; they had thirteen children, five of whom died young. The others were John, David, George, Joseph S., Lawrence H., Sarah, Catharine and Mary. Lawrence H. Randall was born October 14, 1810, learned the trade of a tailor, and came to Newville, this county, in 1833, where he carried on the business until 1875. He is a director of the First National Bank, of which he was an incorporator. In 1833 he was married to Miss Mary Jane Dunlap, of Harris- burg, and on October 14, 1883, they celebrated their golden wedding, in company with twenty six of their descendants and a large number of other friends, receiving many expressions of esteem and good-will. They had twelve children: Margaret, Scott, and William, deceased; and Mary, wife of W. R. Tittler, of Newville; Sarah A., wife of Al- bert H.Newman, of Catasauqua, Penn.; Edmund, married to Maria E. Williams and living in Catasauqua; William L., living in Altoona; Laura, Marian J., Eva K., and Jo- seph S., living with their parents; and Robert S., who was born June 81, 1840, and learned his father's trade, and lived with his parents until 1862, when he enlisted at Chambershurg, in Company A, One Hundred and Twenty sixth Pennsylvania Volunteers, for nine months. He was in the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. where he was captured and taken to. Belle Isle, at Richmond. He was one of the 5,000 pj-isoners paroled by the rebels, who were afterward exchanged and were sent to Camp Parole, at Annapolis, Md., thence to Halrrisburg, where he was honorably discharged with his regiment in May, 1863. On his return he entered a commercial college in Philadelphia to acquire a business edu- cation, and then was in business with his father for ten years. In 1875, he went to Cata- sauqua, Penn., where, with his brother Edmund, he published The Catasauqua Dispatch, still conducted by his brother. Two years later he returned to Newville. this county, and bought the Lewis Sumac and Bark Mill, which he ran for three years, when he aicepted the position of teller of the First National Bank, which he retains. In 1868, he was mar- ried to Florence, daughter of George Bricker, Sr., of Newville, who died in 1871, her two children having preceded her to the grave. Mr. Randall re-married in 1882; his wife is Maimee, a daughter of Maj. Edmund Hawkins, of Catasauqua, Penn. They have two children: Ernest H., born October J8, 1888, and Lawrence E.. born June 12, 1885. Mr. Randall belongs to Colwell Post, No. 201, G. A. R. ; has once been councilman, and is now school director. He and his wife are members of the United Presbyterian Church. As a man of character and probity he has no superior in the community in whicli he lives. JOHN W. 8TR0HM, editor Times, Newville, was born in this county December 6, 1855, son of George and Eliza Strohm, of Plainfield, Penn. George Strohm was one of four brothers who came to this county from Lebanon County prior to 1838, in which year he was married. He engaged in wagon and cabinet-making, and amassed a comforfcible competence. He has had nine children: Beniamin F., married to Annie Grove; Mary A., ■widow of Dr. Wilmer James, a prominent homoeopathic physician; Sarah J., wedded 454 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: to Robert E. Myers, living in Oliio; J. Silas, married to Catherine Bear; George W., married to Cathrine Faust, of Carlisle; David E. married Sadie E. Paul; Horace L. married Clara Jacoby: Lizzie G. is the wife of John Paul, and John W., our subject, was married, March 23, 1880, to Alice, daughter of David and Rachael Sanderson, of this county. One son, Orie Curtis, has blessed this union. Prior to his marriage, John W. Strohm was engaged in mercantile business at Plainfield, this county, where, on May 11, 1882, he began the publication of the Plainfield Times, purchasing a complete outfit, in- cluding steam press, and has made the paper a pronounced success, its popularity grow- ing with each issue. In November, 1885, he removed it to Newville, and called it The Neimille Times. It has a large circulation. In August, 1883, he started a matrimonial paper called Cupid's Corner, which has proven a profitable venture. Mr. Strohm has evmced his ability, and is a man of rank in journalism. JOHN WAGNER, bank president, Newville, is the representative of the Wagner family, from whom Wagner's Gap, in the Blue Ridge, took its name. His great-grandfather immigrated in 1740, and his grandfather, Jacob Wagner, whose father and mother both died on the ocean while on their way from Switzerland, first settled in Rock Hill Township, Bucks County, J'enn., afterward removing to this county, where he took up a tract of 700 acres on what is known as Wagner's Road, leading from Carlisle to the Gap. He died there in 1809. The farm is still owned by members of the family. His wife was Mary Cathrine Bauer. They had nine children: John, Jacob, George, Abraham, Philip, Cath- erine, Mary, Margaret and Henry. Jacob, father of John Wagner was born in 1760, and on his father's death inherited half of the land where he lived all his days. In 1806 he married Christiana, daughter of Nicholas Ferdig, of North Middleton Township, Cumber- land County. They had four children: John, .Jacob, George and Elizabeth. Of these Jacob, who succeeded to the mansion farm, married Ann, daughter of John Lane, Esq., and died near Carlisle in 1884; George married Sarah Strohm, and lived near Carlisle, where he died in 1880, his widow is still living; Elizabeth (deceased in 1853) was the wife of Peter Lane, a brother of Ann Lane (Mrs. Jacob Wagner); John, the only survivor, was born April 30, 1808, in North Middleton Township, Cumberland County, Penn., and when eighteen years old he went to Perry County, Penn., to learn the tanner's trade; thence to Buffalo, N. Y., for a year, and then back to the farm. The following year he worked in a tannery, which he subsequently bought in 1850, and ran until 1878, since which time he has leased it. In January, 1871, he was elected president of the First National Bank of Newville, an office which his associates have since insisted on his retaining. In 1836 he mar- ried Jane, daughter of George Klink, of Newville. They celebrated their golden wedding June 2, 1886. To this union nine children have been born. The deceased are Mary Ellen, who became wife of John Cum, of California, and died in 1877; Jacob A. and Eva F. died after reaching their majority. The living are John P., a contractor living in Iowa; Samuel C. of whom a sketch appears below; Annie E., wife of S. I. Irvine, now living in Sioux City, Iowa; Sarah J., wife of Thomas N. Henderson, merchant of Germantown, Md. ; and Lydia, wife of Joseph S. Henderson, a farmer near Germantown (the Hender- sons are sons of the former pastor of Big Spring Presbyterian Church in Newville); Re- becca K. lives with her parents. Mr. Wagner has on many occasions held the office of burgess, town councilor, and was school director for nearly forty years. He and his wife are members of Big Spring Presbyterian Church, of which he is an elder, and for thirty years he was superintendent of the Union Sabbath-school. He and his wife are now en- joying the fruits of a long unblemished life, with all the comforts that ample means can procure and with the good-will of every member of the community. SAMUEL C. WAGNER, grain and flour dealer, and State Senator, representing the Cumherland and Adams District, Newville, a son of John and Jane (BHink) Wagner, was born August 9, 1843. and was educated at schools and academies in the county, afterward getting a business education at the Iron City Commercial College, Pittsburgh, Penn. In 1859 he kept books in a wholesale dry goods house in Leavenworth, Kas., for a few months, wlien he returned to Newville, this county, and worked in the tannery of his father until August 8, 1861; when, just eighteen, he enlisted in Young's Kentucky Cav- alry, afterward the Third Pennsylvania Cavalry. He has a most brilliant record as a sol- dier. Six months after his enlistment the young man was promoted to regimental com- missary sergeant, and in a few months more was promoted again to second lieutenant of Company I. In a short time he was again promoted to first lieutenant and regimental commissary. On the reorganization of the cavalry, under Gen. Pleasanton, he was as- signed to the staff of Gen. J. B. Mcintosh, commanding the First Brigade of Gregg's di- vision of the Cavalry Corps of the Army of the Potomac. He was afterward assigned to fill a vacancy caused by the disability of Capt. Pollard, of Gen. Gregg's staff, at Warren- ton, Va., in the winter of 1863. In the spring of 1864, when Gen. Grant began his move- ment toward Richmond, he was ordered to report to Gen. Patrick, provost-marshal-gen- eral of the Army of the Potomac, as commissary to prisoners, in which he remained until mustered out in the fall of 1864, in front of Petersburg, where he was brevetted captain for gallant services. He took part in the battles of Savage Station, White Oak Swamp, Charles City Cross Roads, Malvern Hill (where he was one of the last officers to leave the BOROUGH OF NEWVILLE. 455 Hill), Antletam, Kelly's Ford, Stoneman's cavalry raid in rear of Lee's army, the cavalry fight at Culpeper, where he had a narrow escape. He was on the left of the skirmish line, when he was ordered by Col. Horace Binney Sargent, in command, to give report to two officers on a hill, a short distance away, whom he supposed to he Gens. Gregg and Mcintosh. Young Wagner told the colonel they were rebel officers, but was not believed, the colonel sending his own orderly after him. On reaching and saluting the group he found his suspicions verified, and was ordered to dismount, but instead he struck spurs to his horse, threw himself flat on the animal's back, and galloped back amid a shower of bullets. The orderly, who was behind him, sat erect, and was literally riddled with bullets. The next fight he was in was at Sulphur Springs; then Auburn, Bristow Station, Salem, Upper- ■ville, and in all the cavalry skirmishes on the march to Gettysburg, at which place he was wounded by a piece of rebel shell while fighting the rebel cavalry under Wade Hampton and Fitzhugh Lee. On recovering he rejoined his command, near the Rappahannock, and was in the advance when Grant crossed the Rapidan, and then took part in all the fights in the Wilderness, at Spottsylvania, North Anna River, Cold Harbor, and the differ- ent skirmishes in front of Petersburg. He was with the Army of the Potomac until mus- tered out, as stated, by expiration of term, when he returned home, a veteran, barely twenty-one years of age, having seen more service than fell to the lot of many a soldier. He was then elected book-keeper of the First National Bank of Newville, which he re- signed July 1, 1868, to engage in the grain and lumber business. This he disposed of in July, 1884, when he bought the " Keller Mill," at the head of Big Spring, which he remod- eled, making it one of the most complete roller flour-mills in the State. This he is still •engaged in. In 1883 he was a candidate for nomination for State Senator in the district composed of Cumberland and Adams Counties, under the Crawford County system, against two veteran journalists of the county, when he received 600 more votes than botli combined, and was elected after a memorable contest over James W. Bosler. His term will expire January 1, 1887. In 1866 Mr. Wagner married Laura E., daughter of John M. Woodburn, of Newville. They have eight children: Charles W., Jennie B., Annie L., Sallie G., George B., Walter E., Samuel C, Jr., and Thomas H., in ages from eighteen to four years. Mr. Wagner is a Knight Templar, belonging. to St. John's Commandery of Carlisle, and to Big Springs Lodge, No. 361, of Newville. He is also a member of Cavalry Post, No. 35, G. A. R., of Philadelphia. A gallant soldier, a pure politician, and an upright business man, he deserves the honors put upon him by his neighbors. In politics he is a Democrat. MUHLENBERG WILLIAMS, attorney, Newville, is a son of John Williams, who was born in Middlesex Township (then North Middleton) in May, 1808, and who was a son of Henry Williams, of Lebanon County, but who removed to North Middleton some years after his marriage. He had ten children, viz.: Henry, who was married to Elizabeth Zook, and who died in North Middleton, leaving no issue; David, who lived all his life on part of the old homestead, married and died there; Frederick, who was a farmer, inherit- ed a part of the old farm, married Susan Rheem, and died, leaving a son, Thomas, who is farming the same place; Rudolph, who is now a druggist in Columbia, Penn. ; Jacob, who was a cripple, was never married, and died on the farm; Thomas, who died before attain- ing his majority; Samuel, who lived on the old homestead, which he afterward sold, and then removed to North Middleton, where he died in 1885; Catherine, widow of Michael Wise, of North Middleton, and now living in Carlisle; Elizabeth, wife of George Hetrich, of Franklin County, wfeere she died; and John, the youngest of the family and father of our subject, who learned the drug trade and went into business at Newville, where he con- tinued a number of years. He afterward gave this up, and bought a farm close to the borough, on which he has since lived. In 1883 he was married to Susan R., daughter of George Wise, farmer of North Middleton Township, whose connection is very large. They had twelve children, viz. : David W., who is married to Miss Adeline Knettle; Muhlenberg, our subject; Eleanor, unmarried and living with her parents; John, who died in infancy; Mary, wife of Jonas D. Huntzberger, of Newville; Catherine, wife of George Lehman, of West Pennsborough Township; Susan R., wife of Samuel E. Heberlig, of West Pennsbor- ough Township; Jennie, wife of John D. Brehm, living in Newton Township; Martha, wife of David S. De Haven, living in Newville; Rudolph, married to Charlotte S. Faber, and living in Newville; Lucretia, unmarried, living with her parents; Maggie N.. wife of J. Hess, residing in Osborne, Mo. In his youth, Muhlenberg worked on his father's farm in summer, going to school during winter, until twenty-one years of age, and the last two winters he attended the academy in Newville, of which Rev. Robert McCachran was princi- pal. He then taught school three sessions, and studied law in the office of William H. Miller Esq., of Carlisle, where he was admitted to the bar November 14, 1860, being ex- amined and 'recommended by Hon. Frederick W. Watts, Lemuel Todd and A. B. Sharpe, Esqs. After he was admitted he began the practice of his profession at Newville, where he has remained. May 23, 1873, he was married to Miss Lydia E.. daughter of William M. Scouller, of Mifflin Township, and has five children, viz. : John, Nellie, William Scouller, Lydia Belle and May. Mr. Williams has been identified largely with the politics of his township, borough and county. He has been school director of the township three years. 456 . BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: and of the borough nine years; auditor three years. In 1866 he was appointed assistant assessor of Division No. 10, of the Fifteenth Collection District of Pennsylvania, which of- fice he held during the Johnson administration, and was elected to the Legislature in 1873. He bears the reputation of being a skillful, adroit practitioner, who has the interest of his clients very much at heart. Pie is rated as one of the ablest members of the bar of Cum- berland County. CHAPTER XLIl. BOROUGH OF SHIREMANSTOWN. JOHN R. BAKER, carriage-maker, Shiremanstown, was born October 30, 1845, and is a son of John 8. Baker, now living near Shepherdstown, Upper Allen Township, where John R. was born. The elder Baker was born in York County, Penn., in 1813, where he lived with his parents, until he came to this county, over forty years, settling on the place where he now lives. The family consists of the father (the mottier is but a few months deceased), three sons and two daughters. John R., who is the second son, lived at home until he was ten years of age, when he went to his grandfather's for three years. There he was hired out until he joined the Union Army in the spring of 1863, when but sixteen years of age, a volunteer in the Eighty-seventh Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, in the Army of the Potomac, in which he saw a great deal of service. He participated in the battle of Winchester, the battles in the Wilderness, Mine Run, Spottsyl- vania Court House, Cold Harbor, the capture of the Weldon Railroad, the battles of Cedar Creek and Monocacy River, the siege and capture of Petersburg and the final fight at Appomattox. His time had expired a few days before this last event, but he preferred to stay and see the war out. Though but a boy he became a veteran, and in spite of the many battles in which he participated, beside skirmishes innumerable, he never received a wound. On the field of Appomattox he got his well-earned honorable discharge, and afterward, with the rest of his comrades of the historic Army of the Potomac, was mus- tered out of the service at Washington. On his return home he apprenticed himself to John Palmer, of Mechanicsburg, to learn carriage painting. In 1873 he and his brother Henry established a carriage factory at Camp Hill, in East Pennsborough Township. Here they remained for eight years, when John R. bought Henry's interest, and after staying there one year more, removed to Shiremanstown, where he has been engaged in the business ever since, building up a large and constantly increasing trade by honest work. He was mar- ried, in 1867, to Annie, daughter of Simon Dean, of Mechanicsburg, and they have seven children— two boys and five girls. Mr. Baker is a member of the Winding Hill Reformed Mennonite Church, and among his fellow-men bears a well-deserved reputation as a man of probity whose word can always be relied upon, for what he promises he will perform. Yet a young man, a long and honorable career lies before him. DR. W. SCOTT BRUCKHART, Shiremanstown, was born March 10, 1848, near Colum- bia, Lancaster Co., Penn. His father was born on the same farm, and his grandfather in the same neighborhood. His great-grandfather was one of a colony which came to this country from Switzerland early in the last century, coming directly to Philadelphia, Penn. From there the party went to Virginia, but shortly after returned to York and Lancaster Coun- ties, where many of their descendants are yet to be found; here he engaged in farming, as did his son, the father of our subject, latter acquiring a competence by his industry. Our subject's father and mother still live on the original farm; he is also interested in mining enterprises in Chestnut Hill District; his wife was Catherine Habecker, of the same place; they have seven boys living, of whom the Doctor is the eldest. Our subject stayed on the farm until he was sixteen years of age, then taught school for three winter terms, at- tending the normal school at Millersville in the summers. In 1868 he began the study of medicine with Dr. A. K. Rohrer, of Mountville, one of the most prominent physicians in that part of the State, regarded as high authority on the treatment of typhoid fever. Here Dr. Bruckhart stayed for two or three years, taking at the same time a full course of lec- tures in the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, where he graduated in March, 1870, at the early age of twenty-two years. The following month he removed to Mount Joy, Lancaster County, and commenced the practice of his profession. In February, 1874, he came to Shiremanstown, where he has ever since devoted himself to the practice of his profession. During this time several other physicians have located in the borough, at dif ferent times, but all have retired from the field in turn, leaving Dr. Bruckhart the sole BOROUGH OF SHIREMANSTOWN. 457 practitioner in the neighborhood, in which he has, by his skill and knowledge of his pro- fession, as well as by his other good qualities, acquired the confidence and esteem of his neighbors. In December, 1872, he married Attilla, daughter of John Strickler, of Mount Joy, a retired farmer. They had three children, of whom only one, Paul Holmes, sur- vives. The Doctor is a member of Columbia Lodge, No. 286, V. & A. M., and Corinthian Chapter and Cyrene Commandery, No. 34, all of Columbia. He is also a member of Irene Lodge, No. 425, K. of P., of Shiremanstown, and is likewise president of the Beneficial Society of Shiremanstown, an incorporation of residents of the vicinity for mutual aid. Dr. Bruckhart has held the office of school trustee ever since the second year of his resi- dence in the borough, and has during all that time been secretary of the board. He also served two years as burgess, and, as will be seen by the above, is one of the most active members of society in this part of the county. He has, in a very marked degree, the con- fidence and esteem of his neighbors, who will probably call upon him to serve them in a higher capacity. He is well qualified to adorn any position for which he may be chosen. CHRISTIAN HESS, retired farmer, Shiremanstown, a son of Christian and Elizabeth (Martin) Hess, natives of Lancaster County, who were man-ied in 1808, and in 1811 re- moved to Pairview Township, York Co., Penn., to a farm owned by the Rev. Samuel Hess, his father. Christian Hess was born November 28, 1779, in Elizabethtown, Lan- caster Co., Penn. They reared eight children: Samuel, the eldest son, born ia Lancaster County, died at the age of fifteen; the other children, Nancy, Barbara, George, Christian, Elizabeth, Henry and Susannah were born in York County. Our subject was married, in 1840, to Judith, daughter of Peter and Esther (Martin) Zimmerman, Rev. John Mumma performing the ceremony. After marriage Christian Hess assumed charge of his father's farm, working it on shares until 1857, when he purchased the homestead, paying for it in installments. The children, eight in number, were all born ou the homestead in York County, viz. : Elizabeth, Peter, Hetty (the two latter twins), Barbara, Mary, Rebecca, Samuel and Catharine. Of these, Samuel is a minister of the Mennonite faith, and served a con- gregation at State Hill, Lower Allen Township; Peter married Lydia Brechbill, of Lan- caster County; Hetty married Jacob M. Zimmerman, of the same county; Barbara, Eliza- beth and Mary are housekeepers for their parents, and Rebecca, wife of George F. Um- berger, died a few years ago. The Rev. Samuel Hess, above mentioned, wedded Annie Metzler, of Lancaster County, Penn. In 1875 Mr. and Mrs. Christian Hess removed to State Hill, where a nice farm was purchased, and which will probably be their home in the future. The church near by makes it convenient for these aged Christians who, for more than half a century, have gone hand in hand to the house of God, setting noble ex- amples for their children, who, without exception, follow in their footsteps. DAVID R. ME REEL, farmer (son of Levi Merkel, whose sketch see), P. O. Shire- manstown, was born in the year 1835, on the farm on which he now lives, and which was purchased and occupied by his grandfather, Jacob Merkel, in 1804, and has been in the family ever since. Jacob Merkel built a house on the opposite side of the road to that on which D. R. Merkel's new residence stands, and in 1813 built a stone barn, which is still in use and in perfect condition. With the exception of the time spent in school, D. R. Merkel lived on this farm until 186t), at which time he removed to the borough of York, Penn., where he was professor of music in the Cottage Hill Female College for five years. His health failing he returned to the farm, remaining three years. He then went to Elmira, N. Y., and engaged in music-teaching for the succeeding six years, after which he returned to the farm, which he now owns, and which he is making a model place. He is a progressive gentleman, quick to adopt the best methods of obtaining desirable results, and his success is evidenced by his surroundings. He was married, in 1857, to Miss Sarah J., daughter of Samuel Eberlv, formerly of Hampden Township, this county. They have one child, Romaine, married to M. W. Jacobs, Esq., attorney and counselor, of Harris- burg, Penn. D. R. Merkel has never held any office except that of school director, which was forced upon him. His whole time and attention is given to agricultural pursuits, for which he has a genuine love. In personal character Mr. Merkel stands high, and shows himself a worthy son of his illustrious father. HENRY S. RUPP, nurseryman, Shiremanstown, was born in Lower Allen Town- ship, this county, in 1826, and is the son of George Rupp, a native of Lancaster County, Penn., where his father settled about 1790, when he emigrated from Germany. Henry S. lived on his father's farm, in Lower Allen Township, until he was twenty-f(mr years old, when he removed to where he now lives, buying the farm in 1855. He married, in 1852, Nancy, daughter of Joseph Hursh, of York County, Penn. They have a family of four sons and two daughters, one, Lizzie, being married to Amos Landis, of Upper Allen Township; the others are unmarried. Henry S. Rupp gave his attention to farming until 1865, when he embarked in the nursery and florist business. He has at present over 5,000 square feet under glass, and forty acres of his farm of 100 acres are devoted to this busi- ness, in which his sales are constantly increasing. His flowers and plants go all over the country; his trees are sold mainly in southern Pennsylvania and Maryland. A special feature of his business is the growing of primrose seed for the trade, of which seed he is the largest grower in the country, most of the seed hitherto used having been imported. 458 BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES: He has now many customers for this seed among the florists, and the demand for it is rapidly increasing. Two of his sons are associated with him in the nursery business: John P. and David C. Mr. Rupp has never given much attention to politics, and could hardly he induced to hold office of any kind. His neighbors speak of him as a man of strictest probity in all his dealings. JOHN K. TAYLOR, dealer in sundries, Shiremanstown. Since March, 1846, J. K. Taylor has been a resident of Cumberland County, and during the intervening years has been one of the representative business men. He was born in Newberry Township, York Co., Penn., in 1826, a son of Libni and Mary (Krieger) Taylor, who, for nearly fifty years, lived on the farm which was improved by them. He comes from English ancestry, of the Puritanical type, on the paternal side, a-nd his maternal ancestors were natives of Germany. Libni and Mary Taylor reared a family of seven children, of whom three sons are living: Jacob K., John K. and Benjamin K. Upon arrival in Allen Township, in 1846, John K. Taylor became an apprentice to and learned the trade of blacksmith with, Ezekial Worley, whose shop stood near the present site of Mr. Taylor's smithy. After completing his trade our subject went to Milltown, and engaged for nine years in smith- ing. He then purchased his Slate Hill property, and since that time has conducted a shop, and has also engaged largely in dealing in meats, etc. In 1850 he was married to Elizabeth Arter, of York County, Penn. They have no children, but their home is made happy by their affection for each other, and the comforts which are always found in the home of the prosperous man. John K. Taylor, who has always been a representative man in his township, by dint of energy and shrewd business qualifications has accumulated consid- erable property. He is one of the self-made men of Cumberland Valley, and has filled nearly every official position in the township with honor. CHAPTER XLIII. COOK TOWNSHIP. DANIEL KING, superintendent of South Mountain Mining & Iron Company, P. O. Pine Grove Furnace, was horn in Queen's County, Ireland, January 1, 1844. His parents, William and Catherine King, immigrated to Pennsylvania in 1841, but returned, in 18^, to Ireland, where they still reside. Daniel King, after receiving a classical education in Ireland, came to America in the early part of 1862, and in August of that year enlisted in the One Hundred and Sixteenth Pennsylvania Volunteers. He was honorably dis- charged in 1863, on account of disabilities incurred in the line of duty. After recovery, in the same year, he re-enlisted and served sixty days in the Fifty-second Pennsylvania Militia (raised during Lee's invasion) and on the disbandment of same again entered the service of his adopted country, this time in the Naval branch, and served until 1865 in the North Atlantic blockading squadron. After leaving the public service Mr. King engaged in the study and practice of mechanical engineering at Paterson, N. J., Baltimore, Md., and Jersey City, N. J. In April, 1871, he located at Pine Grove Furnace, in this county, as assistant superintendent of the South Mountain Iron Company, where he remained until 1873, when he entered the service of McCormick & Co., of Harrisburg, Penn., as furnace and mine superintendent, a situation he held until 1876, during which time he developed and operated several valuable mining properties in this and the adjoining counties of York and Adams. From that time until 1879 he was exclusively engaged in mining iron and copper ores in Sussex County, N. J., and Carroll County. Md. In October, 1879, he again accepted the superintendency of the South Mountain Mining & Iron Company, which position he has continuously held since. Our subject is a gentleman, studious and active, conversant with all the details of his calling, and is recognized among the business men of his acquaintance as a skillful metallurgical chemist and scientific and practical mining engineer. In 1865, Mr. King was married to Miss Alice Fuller, of Paterson, N. J. They have one son living — Charles King. DANIEL LEEPER, superintendent of the wood and coal department of the South Mountain Mining & Iron Company, was horn in Dickinson (now Penn) Tovroship, this county, July 24, 1819. His father, James Leeper, of Lancaster County, Penn., came to this county about the year 1812, and here married Eliza Fort, who was born in New Jer- sey, and came as far as this county with her parents, on their way to Ohio. Her mother took sick on the way and died at Centreville, and her father remained here some years,, and finally returned to New Jersey. After living in this part of the State for a time, DICKINSON TOWNSHIP. 459 James Leeper and wife finally located near Mount Union, Huntington Co.,'Penn., where they passed the remainder of their lives, and now lie buried at Mapleton. Daniel Leeper has made his home principally at Pine Grove since 1839, and has followed tlie occupation of charcoal-maker during most of these years. In 1870 he was appointed superintendent of the wood and coal department of the South Mountain Mining & Iron Company, which responsible position he has ever since held. March 21, 1844, he married Nancy Warren, a native of Adams County, Penn., but a resident of this county at the time of her marriage. Their children are Mrs. Anna Eliza Helm, John, Mrs. Mary E. Sheatter, Amanda, Mrs. Susan Hewitt, Daniel, Mrs. Sallie Danner, David and U. S. Grant Leeper. Our subject enlisted, October 16, 1863, in the One Hundred and Sixty-fifth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, and was assigned to the Army of the Potomac. He was in many en- gagements around Suffolk, Va., and received an honorable discharge July 28, 1863. Mr. Leeper is a stanch and life-long Republican, and takes a deep interest in public affairs. He and his worthy wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He has been a class-leader for many years, and an exhorter. He is one of the old pioneers of this lo- cality, a worthy and upright citizen, highly respected by the entire community. COL. J. D. NORTH, merchant, P. O. Pine Grove Furnace, is a native of Ontario County, N. Y. In early manhood he engaged in the wholesale dry goods business in New York City, and, after spending two years in Caliiornia, re-engaged in the same enterprise. He located at Hastings, Minn., in 1855, in merchandising and in the grain and commis- sion business, and while there he built the largest grain elevator, at that time, in the State. In 1863 he sold out, and embarked with his brother in the wholesale glove and mitten trade. In 1869 he became largely interested in farming lands in North Carolina, where he resided, as a planter and fruit culturist, until 1878. In that year he accepted an invitation from the South Mountain Iron Company to locate with them. He has entire charge of their extensive farms and mill, and also carries on the store in their building. He also holds the appointment of postmaster of Pine Grove Furnace. Col. North first married Miss Henrietta E. Claflin, of Buffalo, N. Y., and, she dying a short time there- after, he subsequently married Miss Elizabeth B. Mulford, of New York City, who died at Pine Grove Furnace January 9, 1881, leaving one daughter, Henrietta E., now attend- ing school at Canandaigua, Ontario Co., N. Y. CHAPTER XLIV. DICKINSON TOWNSHIP. DAN HENRY AMES, farmer, P. O. Mooredale, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, May 11, 1860. His father. Dr. Fisher W. Ames, was a native of Cincinnati and a graduate of Ohio Medical College, and was for many years a very successful medical practitioner in Cincinnati. Dr. Ames rendered valuable services to the Government, as surgeon of the Sixth Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry, during the war of the Rebellion. During Pres- ident Grant's administration, the Doctor held the position of United States Consul at St. Domingo, for about six years, and then resigned on account of ill health; he died in 1876. His wife, Catherine (Hendricks) Fisher, died in 1872. Dan Henry Ames, after attending the Cincinnati High School, completed his education at Buchtel College, Akron. Ohio. He pur- chased a farm near Abilene, Kas., where he located in 1879, and while there he married, December 9, 1880, Cyprianna Hutchison, a native of Dickinson Township, this county^ Her parents', William A. and Elizabeth Hutchison, now reside in Huntsdale, this county. In March, 1881, Mr. and Mrs. Ames came to this county and located permanently in Dick- inson Township, where they have a fine farm of 100 acres of land, on which they have erected an elegant brick residence and substantial farm buildings; they also own another- farm of 97 acres in same township. To Mr. and Mrs. Ames has been born one son, Kenneth Fisher Ames. In politics Mr. Ames is a Republican. He is a gentleman of up- right character and of modest demeanor, a man of excellent influence in the community. RUDOLPH FISHBURN, P. O. Greason or Carlisle, was born in Dauphin County, Penn, April 3, 1824. His parents, John and Catherine (Carmany) Fishburn, natives of Pennsylvania,' settled in Dickinson Township, this county, in 1832. Their children were: Philip (deceased), John, Anthony, Mrs. Barbara Myers, Mrs. Helena Myers, Rudolph, Adam, Reuben and Mrs. Maria Lee. The parents of these children acquired a fine estate of over 500 acres of land in this county. The father died in April, 1861, aged seventy- seven years, and the mother in April, 1875, aged eighty-three years. They were upright- 460 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: pioneer people, and their memory •will long be cherished by those who knew them. Ru- dolph Fishburn, the subject of tliis sicetcli, married, November 17, 1857. Mary Magdalena Leiiman, a native of South Middleton Township, this county, born near Mount Holly Springs. Hi'V father, Adam Lehman, a native of Tolpenhoclcen, Berlcs Co., Penn., came to tbis county when a you g man, and married here Ivliss Magdalena liurlsholder, a native of Soulh Middleton Township, this county, and tbey lived long and active lives in tiiat township, until his death, May 25, 1845. His widow passed her last days with her daugh- ter, Mrs. Fishburn. dying March 31, 1871, in her eightieth year. She and her husband were members of the Lutheran Church at Carlisle. They acquired an estate of three farms, and were among the prosperous and influenlial residents of this county. Of their ten chil- dren six are living: Daniel, David, Mrs. Fisbiiurn, Mrs. Sarah Snner, Mrs. Margaret Wolf and Samuel. Those deceased are John, Elizabeth. Adam and William. Since their mar- riage Mr. and Mrs. Fishburn have resided on their present farm in Dicliinson Township, where they have 110 acres of fine land, well improved, on which is an elegant stone resi- dence. Mr. Fishburn is a member of the Lutheran Church. He is a man of franli and generous nature, anil has many friends. In politics he is a Republican. SAMUEL 6ALBRA1TH (deceased), of Scotch descent, was born in County Antrim, Ireland, in 1767, and came to the United States while quite a young man. There were four brothers — Robert, Samuel, Joseph and J^hn. The subject of this sketch was a contractor on public works, and as such was closely connected with the early development of the country. In 1794 he settled in Cumberland County, buying, with his brother Robert, a tract of land in Dickinson Township, to which he moved when he retired to private life. He married a daughter of Squire Moore (John Moore), who died in 1813, leaving six children — John, Eleanor, Samuel, Maria, Matthew and Thompson Moore. He died in January, 1851. THOMPSON MOORE QALBRAITH (deceased), youngest son of Samuel Galbraith, was born November 10, 1813. He left school at fifteen years of age and at once commenced work on his own account. Like his father, his first ventures, even before reaching manhood, were on public works, being engaged at various times on the Erie Canal, Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, Cumberland Valley Railroad (the heavy cut at Newvllle), the Pennsylvania Railroad, at Perrysville, Mifflin, Huntington and Greensburgh, and the North Pennsyl- vania Railroad. He returned to the Cumberland Valley, and commenced farming at the old homesiead in the spring of 1854. where he remained until the time of his death, De- cember 28, 1863. A modest, gentle, generous, unassuming, able man, he made many friends, and had few, if any. enemies. The soul of honor himself, his charity and gener- osity were at all times being exercised in behalf of his fellow-men. He was married, Oc- tober 10, 1848, to Elizabeth Woods, of Salem, Ohio, a daughter of Robert H. Woods, a Scotch-Irish Presbyterian, who came to America in 1818. Four children survived him— William W., Emma W., Lois C. and Annie M., the eldest child, a son. dying in infancy. Of these, Emma W. died March 25, 1871, as she was verging on womanhood; Annie M. chose the study of medicine, and graduated with great credit at the Woman's Medical College of Philadelphia, taking a post-graduate course, lasting two years, under some of the most eminent specialists of Vienna and Munich; whilst Lois C. more modestly sought happiness in the beaten paths. WILLIAM WATTS GALBRAITH was born September 30, 1851, in Dickinson Town- ship, this county. After receiving a common school education hewent totlie Pennsylvania State College, graduating in the scientific course. In 1871 he commenced farming at the old homestead, but quit in 1873 to go "to West Point. Graduating there in 1877, he was was appointed second lieutenant in the Fifth Artillery, and served successively in Charles- ton, S. C, Atlanta, Ga., and Port Schuyler, N. Y., until May, 1882, when he was ordered to the artillery school, where he graduated in April, 1884, and was ordered to Governor's Island, N. T. In July of that year he was detaileil professor of military science and tac- tics—serving also as professor of mathematics— at the Pennsylvania Military Academy, from which he was relieved, at his own request, July 1, 1885. Being again ordered to Goveriior's Island, he was detailed togo with his battery loMount McGregor at the time of Gen. Grant's death, and served with the Guard of Honor from July 28 until the inter- ment, August 8. Promoted to a first lieutenancy in the same regiment, and ordered to Fort Hamilton September 23, he served wiih the guard at Grant's tomb from December 15, 1885, to February 15, 1886. Serving, August 26, 1886, at Fort Hamilton, N. Y., in command of Battery M, Fifth Artillery. HARRY HANCE. mill.r. P. O. Huntsdale. was born in Frederick County, Md., February 26, 1849. His parents, John and Sarah (Elcholtz) Hanoe, were natives of York County, Penn., and removed to Maryland, where they remained until their death; he died July 10, 1867, and his widow May 9. 1872. Of their ten children our subject is the third. At the age of sixteen years Harry Hance came to this county, and began learning the mil- ling business at Bridgeport, which he has since followed at various places on the Yellow Breeches Creek, with the exception of two years (from 1879 to 1881) spent at Wilson, Ells- worth County. Kas. He located at Huntsdale, this county, in the spring of 1882, and here he is interested in the production of the Cumberland Mills (formerly known as Chambers' DICKINSON TOWNSHIP. 461 Mill). Harry Hance, who is sole manager and operator, is a skillful and scientific miller, and his products have a first-class reputation among his patrons. He married, December 27, 1874, Jennie E. Swigert, of Mount Holly, this county, and to them have been born four children, Nora Edi.h, Theodore, Blanche and an infant (deceased). Our subject is a life- long Republican, and is now serving his township as school director. He is an upright and worthy citizen and an enterprising and successful business man. REV. JACOB H0LLIN6ER, minister and retired farmer, P. O. Mooredale, was born in Monroe Township, this county, August 33, 1827. His great-grandfather came from Switzerland to America in a very early day, and his grandfather, Jacob HoUinger, was born in America. Daniel HoUinger (father of our subject), a native of York County, Penn., married Catherine Dillinger, also a native of York County. Immediately after mar- riage they settled in Monroe Township, this county. Of their eleven children nine grew to maturity and six are now living: Daniel, in Plympton, Kas. ; Jacob; John, in Russell, Kas.; Mrs. Elizabeth Hutchison; Mrs. Catherine Eckert; and Mrs Rebecca Martin. The father of these children departed this life in 1859, and his widow survived until 1872. He was a life-long minister of the German Baptist Church, and five of his sons, following in their father's footsteps, became ministers of the gospel. He was an upright pioneer, and his memory is cherished and honored by all who knew him. Rev. Jacob HoUinger, the subject of this sketch, was married, October 4, 1849, to Mary A. Sheaffer, a native of Mon- roe Township, this county, where her parents, Jacob and Elizabeth Sheaffer resided until their death. After their marriage. Rev. Jacob HoUinger and his wife settled in Dickinson Township, this county, and in 1852 they moved to South Middleton Township, where they resided until 1861, then returned to Dickinson Township, and have since resided here. By industry and good management they have acquired a fine farm of 130 acres of well improved farm land, and also own thirty-five acres of timbered land on South Mountain. To them tiave been born eleven children, seven of whom are now living: John Edward, George William, Mrs. Florence Hertzler, Mrs. Elizabeth Myers, Jacob S., Mrs. Anna Mary Cooper, and Alice Eva. Our subject united with the German Baptist Church in 1854, and was chosen a minister in the church in 1869, which relation he has sustained ever since. He is a man of firm principles and strict integrity, a worthy citizen, highly respected by the entire community. ABRAM L. LINE, farmer, P. O. Moored ale, was born in Dickinson Township, this county, March 2, 1841. George Line, great-grandfather of our subject, emigrated from Switzerland to America with his parents, about 1710, when a young boy; they settled in Pennsylvania, where he grew to manhood, and married, in Lancaster County, Salome Zimmerman; and in 1778 they came to Dickinson Township, this county, and purchased land. Of their children, David remained in Lancaster County; John, William, Abraham, Elizabeth, Susanna and Salome settled in this county. John married Anna B. Le Fevre, and they remained on the family homestead until their death; their children were John, George L., Mrs. Catherine Tritt, Mrs. Mary Coulter and Salome. George L. married Maria Line, and succeeded his parents on the family homestead, and to him and his wife were born four children: Mrs. Elizabeth Hemminger, John A., Emanuel C, and Abram L. George L. Line was a very prominent man in public affairs, and was colonel of a regi- ment in the old State militia; he died in 1885; his wife departed this life in 1869. Their son Abram L. Line, the subject of this sketch, married, October 21, 1863, Sarah H. McMath, a native of Carlisle, and daughter of the well-known merchant, James McMath, of Scotch- Irish descent. Since their marriage, Mr. and Mrs. Line have resided on their present farm, which descended to him from his mother's branch of the Line family, and has been in the possession of the family for the last fifty years; it is a fine property of 120 acres of fertile and weU improved land, and includes one of the finest picnic grounds in the county. To our subject and wife have been born two children: George L. and Laura Augusta. Mr- Line enlisted, in July, 1863, in Company A, One Hundred and Thirtieth Regiment Penn- sylvania Volunteer Infantry. He was assigned to the Army of the Potomac, and served in the historic campaigns in Virginia and Maryland; he took part in the hard-fought battles of South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg and ChancellorsviUe; he received a slight wound at Antietam, and was honorably discharged in May, 1863, after having risen, by promotion, to the rank of fourth sergeant. Mr, Line was for many years a Republican in politics, but is now an earnest Nationalist. He takes great interest in public affairs, es- pecially in the cause of education, and has been called upon to serve his township as school director. He is a man of genial, social disposition, an upright and worthy citizen, highly respected by the community in which he lives. DAVID LINE, farmer, P. O. Carlisle, was born in Dickinson Township, this county. May 4, 1830, son of David, who was a son of William, who was a son of George Line, the founder of the Line family in this county. Our subject attended the schools of the home district, and completed his education by a course in Burns Academy at Good Hope, Penn. Seven years of his early manhood were spent principally in Washington County Iowa, during which time he returned home to attend school for one winter. He married, November 30, 1864, Mary E. Ralston, a native of this county, a daughter of David and Lacey (McAllister) Ralston, and soon after marriage they located where he now 462 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: resides, in Dicliinson Township, where he has a fine farm of 173 acres, being part of the homesteads of both families. On this farm David Line has erected a handsome bricls res- idence and very complete and substantial farm buildings. To our subject and wife were born five childien: James Edwin, William D., Samuel A., Marion Myers, and Sarah Ella. Mrs. Line died November 13, 1876. She was a sincere Christian, a devoted wife and mother, and her death was mourned by a large circle of friends. She was a member of the Presbyterian Church. Mr. Line and all his sons are members of the First Presbyterian Church at Carlisle, Penn. Our subject devotes a great deal of attention to the education of his children, and takes a deep interest in all enterprises for the mental and moral im- provement of the community. In politics he is a Republican. EMANUEL C. LINE, farmer, P. O. Carlisle, was born on the farm where he now re- sides, in Dickinson Township, this couniy. May 8, 1837. His father, Geo. L. Line, was a son of John Line, and a grandson of George Line, the original founder of the family in this county. Jolin Line married Barbara Ann Le Pevre, and to them were born five children, viz.: George L., John (deceased), Salome (deceased), Mrs. Catherine Tritt (de- ceased), and Mrs. Mary Ann Coulter. George L. Line married his second cousin. Miss Maria Line (daughter of Emanuel Line, and granddaughter of William Line), and they set- tled on the family homestead, which was purchased, in 1778, by George Line (grandfather of George L.) from Gen. John Armstrong, and has been in the possession of the family for four generations. The old mansion residence, built of stone, was erected by Gen. Arm- strong, in 1768, and is still occupied. Here Mr. and Mrs, George L. Line resided until, their death. Their children are as follows: Mrs. Elizabeth M. Hemminger, John A., Emanuel C. and Abram L. Mrs. George L. Line died November 37, 1869, and Mr. Line died November 5, 1885, aged eighty years, ten months and ten days. He was a useful and highly respected citizen, and the memory of this couple is cherished by a large circle of relatives and friends. Emanuel C. Line remained on the mansion farm, and took care of his parents in their old age. He now owns here a fine property of 101 acres of well- improved land. JACOB ZITZER LINE, farmer, P. O. Carlisle, was born in Dickinson Township, this county, September 33, 1854. His father, George Line, a son of Abraham and grand- son of George, was born March 5, 1801, and married Miss Rebecca Myers, daughter of Ja- cob and Susan Myers, and to them were born, Abram (deceased), George (deceased), Mrs. Rebecca Long (Rebecca's twin sister died in infancy), Jacob Zitzer, Mrs. Anne Lindsey, William, Mrs. Agnes Allen, and Mollie (deceased). The father of these children died Sep- tember 9, 1877, and the mother now resides in Carlisle, Penn. Jacob Zitzer Line married, December 38, 1876, Jane Margaret Lindsey, a native of West Pennsborough Township, this county, and a daughter of John F. and Rachel (Woodburn) Lindsey, and after their marriage they settled on their present farm, where they have 108 acres of fertile and well improved land. To them have been born the following children: Mervin Lindsey, George- Valentine and Leroy Zitzer. Mr. Line is a member of the Evangelical Association, his wife being a member of the First Presbyterian Church at Carlisle. He is earnestly de- voted to the cause of literature and education, and is a member of the ' ' Pansy " class of the Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle. In politics he is a Republican, with strong temperance principles. JAMES V. LINE, farmer, P. O. Carlisle, was born on the farm where be now re- sides, in Dickinson Township, this county, February 14, 1851. His grandfather, Abra- ham, son of the well-known pioneer George Line, married Christina Eby, and their chil- dren were as follows: Abram, William, Gabriel, George, Henry, Mrs. Ann Carothers, Mrs. Sarah Kurtz, Mrs. Susan Tritt and Mrs, Betsy Le Fevre. William became the founder of Linesville, Crawford Co., Penn., Henry married Francis Donor, and reared a family of four children; Mrs. Frances Peffer, Mrs. Jane Myers, James V. and Laura; his wife died April 19, 1875, and he followed her May 19, 1879, Henry Line was an influential citizen; he acquired an estate of 532 acres of land, in four farms, James V. Line, the subject of this sketch, married, January 30, 1874, Catherine Spotts, a native of Dickinson Township, this county; her parents, Abram and Mary Spotts, now reside at Battle Creek, Ida Co., Iowa, Since their marriage Mr, and Mrs. Line have resided on the old homestead of his father, and here he has a tine farm of 150 acres of fertile and well improved land. To our subject and wife have been born two children: James Harvey and Millicent May. Mrs. Lme is a member of the Lutheran Church, Mr, Line is a life-long Republican, He is an enterprising and successful farmer, and enjoys the respect of the entire community, SAMUEL C, LINE, farmer, P, O, Carlisle, was born in Dickinson Township, this county, October 3, 1840, His great-grandfather, George Line, a native of Switzerland, came to this county from Lancaster County, Penn,, in 1778, and purchased 540 acres of land from Gen, John Armstrong, and resided here until his death. His sons and daugh- ters were: William, David, Abraham, John, Mrs, Elizabeth McFeely, Mrs, Sarah Houk and Mrs. Susanna Smith, William, a soldier in the Revolutionary war, mairried a Miss. Bear, and they ended their lives in Dickinson Township, this county; their children were: George, Nancy Musselman, Catherine Eby, Mary Spangler, Emanuel, Sally Tritt, Rachel Snyder, Susanna Myers, David, Rebecca Givler, and Lydia Myers. David was bora DICKINSON TOWNSHIP. 463 August 30, 1792; he married Miss Sarah Myers, and they located on the family homestead, where they erected the present commodious mansion, and reared a family of eight chil- dren: Mrs. Mary Ann Greason (deceased). Dr. William Line, George, Mrs. Matilda Huston (deceased), David, Mrs. Sarah Jane Huston, Frances K. (deceased), and Samuel C. The subject of this sketch, after attending the district school, completed his education at Burns Academy, Good Hope, this county. He married, February 23, 1871, Miss Emma Myers, who was born in Carlisle, Penn., while her father, John Myers, was holding the office of sheriff of this county. John Myers came from Lancaster County, Penn., to Dick- inson Township, this county, with his parents, when he was four years of age; married Miss Elizabeth Fishburn, and to them were born thirteen children, eleven of whom grew to maturitj^, Emma (wife of our subject) being the youngest. Mr. Myers located, with his family, in McCulchenville, Wyandot County, Ohio, in 1845; there purchased the hotel- stand, and remained during the remainder of his life; many of his descendants now reside in that locality. Mr. and Mrs. Samuel C. Line are now residing on the mansion farm, which has been in the possession of the family for four generations. He has here a fine place of 140 acres of fertile and well improved land. He is a life-long Republican in politics. His wife is a membei of the First Presbyterian Church at Carlisle. JOHN MORRISON, retired farmer, P. O. Barnitz, was born in Dickinson Township, this county, July 1, 1818. His father, William Morrison (a native of Ireland) immigrated to America, when a boy, with his parents, and came to this county when a youth, where he was engaged for many years as door-keeper at the jail in Carlisle. About 1805 Will- iam located in Dickinson Township, he being then twenty-one years of age, and here he married Sarah Wolf, a native of this county; her father, William Wolf immigrated to this country from Germany, when seven years of age, and resided in this county until his death; both he and wife are buried at Boiling Springs. William Morrison died in 1834p his widow survived him many years, and resided with her son John until her death; she died February 20, 1872, aged eighty years; her children were Margaret, Mrs. Ann Knopp (deceased), John, William (deceased), Samuel, and James (deceased). John Morrison, the subject of this sketch, passed his early life on the farm in this county. He married, February 24, 1843, Jane Lockhart, daughter of Samuel and Catherine Lockhart, natives of this county, latter of whom died in 1876 at the advanced age of ninety years. Mr. and Mrs. Morrison have resided in Dickinson Township, this county, ever since their marriage, and located on their present farm in 1853; they own here a fine place of 130 acres of well improved land, besides a tract of fifty acres of timbered land on South Mountain. They have reared nine children: Mrs. Grizelle Hollinger (deceased), Winfield Scott, Mrs. Caro- line Stouffer, William H., Mrs. Sarah Catherine Martin, Mrs. Anna Mary Martin, Frank G., John S. and Martin L. WiNFiBLD Scott Morkison was born May 12, 1844. He enlisted, August 11, 1862, in the One Hundred and Thirtieth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, and after taking part in the battles of Antietam, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, received bis discharge May 28, 1863, and afterward enlisted in the one-hundred days' service. He mar- ried in December, 1865, Delia Frehn, and to them were born Harry Grant, Charles Monroe, Stella Blanche, and Arthur Ray. Winfield Scott now holds the position of school director. On the premises now occupied by him stands a willow tree, said to measure nine feet in circumference, which sprang from a switch that was stuck in the ground by his sister Sarah in 1863. John Morrison, the subject of this sketch.is a life-long Republican. He and Ids wife and five of their children are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Personally, John Morrison is a man of robust physique, and has a very social disposition. He is an upright and worthy citizen, enjoying the respect and esteem of the entire community. JACOB MYERS, farmer, P. O. Greason, was born in Dickinson Township, this county. May 13, 1823. His grandparents, George and Maria Myers, located in this county, coming from one of the lower counties, in very early times, and resided here until their death; their son Jacob was reared here and married Susanna Line, daughter of William Line, the fruits of which marriage were as follows: Mrs. Maria Line, David (deceased), Mrs. Rebecca Line and Jacob. The father of these children was accidently killed by a wagon running over him, while making a trip to Baltimore, Md., in 1824. His widow survived him until February 9, 1873, when she died in her eighty-fourth year. The sub- ject of this sketch, Jacob Myers, resided with his widowed mother until he reached man- hood. He married June 4, 1846, Eliza B. Worley, a native of Adams County, Penn., born in March, 1825; her father, George Worley, died in Adams County, Penn., and her mother afterwaj-d married John Paxton, and located in this county, where she resided un- til her death. Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Myers located on the present family homestead in 1847, and here, by industry and good management, have acquired a fine farm of ninety-one acres of fertile and well improved land, on which they have erected a fine residence and made other valuable improvements. They own another farm of eighty-six acres, also in Dickinson Township. To Mr. and Mrs. Myers have been born nine children: John T., Benjamin P., George M., Jacob F. (accidently killed by the caving in of an ore bank, November 11, 1871), Washington Emorv, David H. (deceased August 7, 1878), William L., Ida B. and Jennie E. Mrs. Myers died February 7, 1881. She was a devoted wife 464 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: and mother, an earnest Christian, and her death was mourned by a large circle of friends. Mr. Myers now resides on the homestead with his daughters. He is a member of the Ger- man Baptist Church. He has devoted a great deal of attention to the education of his children; his son David was for many years before his death a very successful and much loved teacher in this county. Jacob Myers is a useful and worthy citizen, universally re- spected wherever he is known. He filled the office of school director for many years. In politics he is a Democrat. GEORGE W. PAXTON, postmaster of Hunters Run, was born in Carroll County, Md., in 1849. Being abandoned by his mother when he was an infant, he was brought to Hunters Run, in this county, when he was nine months old, and was reared in the family of Godfrey Fenner, one of the first residents of this part of the county. Our subject spent his boyhood on a farm, cutting wood and doing the general work of a farmer's boy in this mountain community. He attended the primitive schools of those times, and has since acquired a good education by private reading and study. From his twelftn to his twen- tieth year he worked with Mr. Philip G. Howe. In 1873 he engaged in merchandising at Gardiner's store. South Mountain, locating in 1876 in Myerstown in his own building, which he had erected for that purpose in the spring of that year. In addition to this en- terprise he opened another store, in 1880, at Hunters Run Station, and also dealt in coal and grain, and acted as freight agent for the South Mountain Railroad Company, and also for the Adams Express Company. From 1873 till 1883 he was extensively engaged in the manufacture of charcoal, selling to the South Mountain Mining and Iron Company, at Pine Grove Furnace, Cumberland Co., Penn., and to C. W. Ahl & Son, of Boiling Springs, Cumberland County, the contract for coal running as high as 150,000 bushels per year, giving employment at certain times to 100 men in cutting cordwood, coaling, hauling, etc. The amount paid for labor, for four years, ranged from $5,000 to $7,000 annually, the most extensive work done and the greatest number of laborers employed having been during the four years mentioned, the year 1882 representing the maximum. In 1881 he sold his store at Myerstown, but still retained ownership of the building, and continued business at Hunters Run untd March, 1885. He began the manufacture of lumber, near Hunters Run, in 1873 and continued it until 1885, when he sold the mill, which has since been removed. In addition to all these business enterprises Mr. Paxton has done a very extensive business in real estate, handling more real estate than any other ten men in his vicinity. Mr. Paxton married, July 1, 1875, Anna M. Myers, a native of this county and daughter of David and Julia Myers, and to them have been born four children: Ellis M., Morris T., Jessie Armeda and Irvine (latter deceased). Mr. Paxton is a Democrat in poli- tics. He was appointed postmaster at Hunters Run January 38, 1883, which office he still holds. He took a very active and energetic part in the encouragement and construction of the Gettysburg & Harrisburg Railroad, from Hunters Run to Gettysburg, which was built and formally opened for travel in the early part of 1884. Our subject has led a very active and successful business life, and has acquired a handsome estate. He and wife are members of the Lutheran Church. DR. J. H. SMITH, physician and surgeon, Mooredale, Penn., was born in Middlesex Township, this county, October 26, 1854. His parents, George O. and Susan (Stickle) Smith, moved to near Plainfield, West Pennsborough Township, this county, when he was but two months old, and there our subject was reared on his father's farm, and attended school. The Doctor early engaged in teaching, and taught for four terms. He completed his literary education in the State Normal School, at Shippensburg, this county, and in the fall of 1875 he took up the study of medicine, under Dr. A. J. Harmon, of Carlisle. He entei-ed Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1877, and graduated therefrom March 18, 1880. Kovember 13, 1 880, he began the practice of his chosen profession at Whitehouse (now Mooredale), Dickinson Township, this county, where he has built up an extensive practice. Dr. Smith married, September 19, 1884, Miss Ella M. Zeigler of East Berlin; Adams County, Penn. The Doctor is recognized as a skillful and scientific physician, and enjoys the confidence and esteem of the entire community. In politics he is a Republi- can. JOHN SOURS, farmer, P. 0. Barnitz, was born September 28, 1828, son 'of Samuel and Sarah Sours. March 6, 1863, he married Agnes Caroline Donaldson, a native of Frank- lin County, Penn., born in 1828; she came to Dickinson Township, this county, in 1830, with her parents, Robert and Jane (Huston) Donaldson. Her father died February 12, 1867, aged eighty-seven years, and her mother departed this life July 30, 1872, aged eighty-eight years. Mr. and Mrs. John Sours have resided in this neighborhood ever since their marriage. They now own the family homestead of 104 acres of well im- proved land. They are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. Sours is a man widely known for his wonderful memory of local historical events; he retains in his memory, the exact day of most events which have taken place within his lifetime. He is a worthy descendant of one of the oldest pioneers of this county. In politics he is a Democrat. WALTER STUART, farmer, P. O. Mooredale, was born in Dickinson Township, this county, January 27, 1834. His gi-andfather, Samuel Stuart, one of the sturdy Scotch- EAST PENNSBOROUGH TOWNSHIP. 465 Iriaii race, a native of Donegal, Ireland, came to America when a young man, and mar- ried Miss Margaret Reed of this county. They located in the then village of Carlisle, and there conducted a tavern for several years, and afterward retired to a farm in Dickinson Township, this county where they resided until their death. Their children were: Samuel (father of our subject), James, Walter, Mrs. Polly Greer, Ann, and Margaret. Samuel married Nancy Donaldson, a native of Dickinson Township, this county, and they re- sided on a farm in this township, until their death; she died June 32, 1866, and he died May 3. 1873, in his eighty-fifth year. Their children were: Samuel (deceased), Mrs. Eliza Jane Hays, and Walter. The subject of this sketch remained with his parents during their life and took care of them in their old age. He married, February 18, 1869, Julia Ann Spangler, and they lived on the old homestead until 1879, when they moved to the farm on which they now reside; they have here a property of 180 acres of fertile and well im- proved land, besides the old homestead farm, and a tract of thirteen acres of timbered land on South Mountain. To them have been born nine children: Samuel, Walter, Anna May, Hays (deceased), Nancy Jane, Margaret Ramsey, John Knox, Ella M. and George Spangler. Our subject has been a Rejjublican ever since President Lincoln's second term. He takes a deep interest in public affairs, especially in the cause of education. He and his worthy wife are members of the Presbjrterian Church at Dickinson. He is a worthv descendant of one of the oldest pioneer families of this county, an upright citizen, enjoy- ing the respect and esteem of his fellow-townsmen. JOHN L. WILLIAMS, merchant and postmaster of Mooredale. this county, was born in Leesburg, this county, February 18, 1847, son of the well-known and successful merchant, Joseph Williams. Our subject received his education in the schools of the home district, and, having been engaged in his father's store from childhood, he was employed, at fourteen years of age, for William H. Allen, as clerk, until 1864. He next clerked for Peter Garber, at Centreville, for one year, and after that he clerked for five years at Chambersburg. In March, 1873, he established a general store at Mooredale, which he still continues, under the firm name of Williams & Co. ; they keep a very com- plete line of dry goods, groceries and provisions, boots and shoes, hats and caps, clothing, hardware, queensware, notions, and an assortment of such other articles as are needed to supply the wants of a country community. Mr. Williams has, by courtesy and strict busi- ness principles, built up a large and prosperous trade, and has made himself popular with all classes. He married, November 13, 1868, Susan Garber, daughter of Peter Garber. They have four children: Harry J., Samuel G., Sarah B. and Catherine E. Mr. Williams was appointed postmaster of White House in 1873 (the name of the office was changed to "Mooredale" April 1, 1885),' and he still holds the office by re-appointment. He and hia worthy wife are consistent members of the German Baptist Church. He is a man of strict integrity, and an upright citizen, respected by the entire community. In politics he is a Republican. CHAPTER XLV. EAST PENNSBOROUGH TOWNSHIP AND BOROUGH OF CAMP HILL. ROBERT C. BAMPORD, heater, P. O. West Fairview, is a native of Wheeling, W. Va., born November 4, 1849. His father, Henry A. Bamford, was born at Antietam, Md., and his grandfather, also named Henry, emigrated from Belfast, Ireland, when sixteen years old. The father of Robert C. was a horseman in Antietam, afterward removing to Birmingham, Allegheny Co., Penn., and later to Sharpsburg, returning to Antietam. He entered the Union Army, and was wounded at Harper's Ferry; recovered at Sandy Hook Hospital, and was di-scharged for disability in 1863; then rejoined his family, who had re- moved to West Fairview, this county, after the battle at Antietam, their house having been used as a hospital, and when one morning nineteen Union soldiers were found dead in their house, they left it. Henry A. Bamford was married to Maria Williams, a native of Wales, and they had the following named children; William S., Robert C, Henry A., George B., Annie, Ann, Virginia (living), and Sarah and Ann Sophrona (deceased). Robert C. Bam- ford was thirteen years old when his parents removed to West Fairview, this county, and he at once went to work in the nail-mill here, where he is now a heater. In 1873 he was -united in marriage with Mary J., daughter of George B. Brown, of Baltimore, Md. They 466 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: have four children living: Robert C, Mary Bessie, Qeoree Coleman and Alvah. Five are deceased: Edwin A., Clarence B., Walter, Millie 8. and Millie Maria. Mr. Bamford is one of the crack shots of the. county, having taken part in contests with Bogardus and other well-known shots. He is a member of tlie I. O. O. F. His wife is a member of the Meth- odist Episcopal Church and is known as a Christian lady. HENRY BENDER, plate-roller, "West Fairview, who has resided here since 1851, was born in Lancaster County, Penn.. March 6. 1844. where his fatner and grandfather lived, the former having a farm near Elizabethtown, Penn. In 1851 Leonard Bender, the father, went on a farm in East Pennsborough Township, this county, where he died in 1858, his wife and son dying the same year. At tbis time Henry, our subject, was seven years old. For five years he lived with Joseph Huntsberger, of this township, going to school. After he left here he worked in a number of places, at various occupations, until 1864, when he was employed in the plate-mill in West Fairview, where he has since re- mained. In 1871 he was married to Sarah, daughter of George Mann, of this township; she died in 1876 without issue, and in 1878 Mr. Bender married Miss Annie M., daughter of William H. Rice, then of Mechanicsburgh, Penn. She was born at Bendersville, Adams Co., Penn., in 1868, whence, on the death of her mother, she went to live with her aunt in Franklin County, Penn., staying ten years, attending school. Prom there she came to Mechanicshurg, where her father was living. Shortly after the family removed to near West Fairview, where she was married. They have had twin girls, who died in infancy. Mr. and Mrs. Bender are members of the Lutheran Church. She is an accom- plished lady, highly respected by all, while Mr. Bender stands as high in the estimation of the community as any person in it — a result due to his uniform good principles. JOHN D. BOWMAN, M. D., Camp Hill, is a son of .lohn Bowman, and was born, in 1832, in the house where his father and brother, H. N Bowman, now live. With the ex- ception of the time spent in school and in Jefferson Medical College at Philadelphia, Penn., of which he is a graduate, our subject remained at home until his marriage, in 1858, with Elizabeth B., daughter of David G. Eyster. of Camp Hill. They had seven children, only two of whom were alive when their mother died in 1870. One is Florence E., wife of J. W. Baxter, of Harrisburg; the other is Joanna, attending Metzgar Insti- tute, at Carlisle, Penn. In 1871 the Doctor married Martraret A. Kisecker, of Franklin Coun- ty, Penn., and they have one son and four daughters, all quite young. After his graduation, in 1856, Dr. Bowman established himself in practice at Camp Hill, remaining over sixteen years, and in 1872 removed to Harrisburg, where he built up a large practice, which he kept up until, his health failing, he removed, in August, 1885, to his old home, where he is rapidly recuperating, and where he expects to agam resume his profession. In 1863 he was elected to the House of Representatives, and cast a vote to give soldiers in the army the right to vote. In 1864 he was re-elected, and served his constituents faithfully, when he abandoned politics and devoted himself to his profession. He is prominent in Masonic circles, a member of Eureka Lodge, No. 302, and Samuel C. Perkins Chapter, No. 209, of Mechanicsburg, and of Pilgrim Commandery, No. 11, of Harrisburg. He and his wife are members of the Church of God. He is yet in the prime of life, and has plenty of time to add to his already honorable career. His old friends and neighbors hope that now he has returned to them, he will spend the rest of his days among them. H. N. BOWMAN, justice of the peace. Camp Hill, is a native of Camp Hill, born in 1840. His father, John Bowman, now eighty-one years old, lives with him in the house in which he was himself born in 1805 — probably the only person of his age in the county living in the house in which he first saw the light. He is in perfect possession of all his faculties, andean narrate many interesting reminiscences of the place, in which he has lived all his life. H. N. Bowman lived at home until his marriage, in 1866, with Miss Jennie M. Kline, of Lower Allen Township, this county. A year after that, in company with Peter Nicholas, he built and stocked a general store at Camp Hill, which he subse- quently owned and conducted alone for two years, when he sold it to Sadler & Bowman. Our subject is a Democrat, the town being strongly Republican, but in 1880 he was elected justice of the peace by a majority of twenty-eight, and re-elected in 1885 by seventv-one, showing the estimation in which he is held by his neighbors. In 1883 he was a candidate for nomination to the Legislature, receiving 1,630 votes to 1,800 for G. M. D. Eckels, the successful man in the race (in which were seven candidates, Mr. Bowman being second). In 1862 he enlisted in the First City Troop of Harrisburg, taking part in the battle of An- tietam and minor engagements. He is a member of Post No. 58. G. A. R. In 1878 he be- came connected, as one of the proprietors, witli the White Hall Soldiers' Orphans School, acknowledged the best of the many admirable schools sustained by the State for the. edu- cation and care of the orphans of her soldiers. Mr. and Mrs. Bowman have buried two daughters, and have three sons and one daughter living: Harry. Allie. Jessie and Addison M. He and his wife are members of the Church of God, at Camp Hill. He is also promi- nent in the Masonic fraternity, being connected with Eureka Lodge, No. 303, and Samuel C. Perkins Chapter, No. 209, of Mechanicsburg, and Pilgrim Commandery, No. 11, of Harrisburg. He takes a leading part in all enterprises tending to the advancement of his native place, where he bears, deservedly, a very high character as an honorable man and good citizen, in the first rank among the best men in the community in which he lives. EAST PENNSBOROUGH TOWNSHIP. 467 SAMUEL C. CRAWFORD, painter, Camp Hill, has lived eight years in Camp Hill, East Pennsborough Township, carrying on the business of house painting. He was born in Lancaster County, Penn., in 1838. His father, William Crawford, a farmtr, and his mother, Elizabeth (Cunningham) Crawford, were also natives of Lancaster. His grand- father, Thomas Crawford, immigrated to this country from Cork, Ireland, many years ago, and bought a farm in Lancaster County, near Good Hope Furnace, where his family were all born, and where he himself died. They were John, James, Robert, Thomas, William, David, Jane, Eliza and Maggie. William, father of Samuel C. Crawford, lived on the farm, which he managed until his death; he died in 1840, aged thirty -seven. His widow still survives him. They had three sons: Jeremiah, William, and Samuel C., the oply sur- vivor. He was less than two years of age when his father died, but he continued to live on another farm, with strangers, until he was fourteen, when he went to Lancaster, Penn., to learn the trade of a painter. He served three years and removed to Columbia, where he worked until 1856; thence he went to Cross Creek and remained a year; then to West Middleton, and later to New Orleans. At the outbreak of the Rebellion he was in Nash- ville, Tenn., where he enlisted in the Union Army, and served until the close of the war, when he returned to Pennsylvania, arriving in Harrisburg in August, 1865, and there he stayed nine years. In September, 1870, he was married to Miss Sarah A., daughter of John StoufEer, of Oysters' Point. They have had four children: Maggie W. (deceased), Albert B., Philip S. and Saidee'E. Mr. and Mrs. Crawford are members of the Church of God, in Camp Hill. He is an intelligent gentleman, whose travels have enlarged his ideas, and he bears, among all who know him, an admirable reputation. MRS. ANNIE E. ESHELMAN, Camp Hill. This ladyis the widow of John Eshelman, who was a farmer, and one of the best-known residents of this part of the county. He was a son of Samuel Eshelman, who died in the old homestead, near Camp Hill, twenty years ago. Samuel Eshelman had five daughters and one son — John, born, in 1821, on the farm on which he spent his eiltire active life. The latter, when twenty-flve, married Susanna Wolfl, who died in 1881, leaving no children. January 9, 1883, he was married to Mrs. Annie Grissinger, and died October 6, 1885, leaving no issue. Some years prior to his death he rented his farm and bought a fine brick residence in Camp Hill, where his widow now lives. He left behind him an honorable reputation. His widow, born July 14, 1842, is a daughter of Jbsiah and Elizabeth Nelson, of Upper Allen Township, this county, where they still live. She lived with her parents until 1865, when she was married to Jacob H. Grissinger, of Upper Allen Township, a farmer, justice of the peace and surveyor, an honored citizen, who died December 3, 1881, leaving three children: Homer Nelson, born in 1871; Bertha N., born in 1878; Bessie N., born in 1876, living with their mother. One died young. After her husband's death Mrs. Grissinger went with her children to live with her relative, Mr. Robert Cornman, of Silver Spring Township. A year later she mar- ried Mr.Eshelman and removed to her present residence. With ample means and a family of affectionate children, she is happily situated. She is a member of the Presbyterian Church. As a conscientious. Christian lady she well deserves the esteem in which she is held. DAVID G. EYSTER, farmer, Camp Hill, is a great-great-grandson of George Byster, who immigrated to this country in the seventeenth century, locating in Berks County, Penn., where he prospered. One of his sons married there, and was the father of Jacob, who became the husband of Magdalene Burkhouse, and they were the grandparents of David G. They lived in Abbottstown, York Co., Penn., and had three sons and one daughter. His wife having died, Jacob Eyster, about the year 1780, leaving his oldest son (who was a hatter) and his daughter in Abbottstown, took his two young boys to relatives at Adams- town, Lancaster County, and started for Virginia to buy a farm, intending to return for the boys and his girl, but was never after heard of. At this time a man was robbed and killed on the Baltimore road, on which he was traveling, and his family supposed him to be the murdered man. The boys stayed at Abbottstown for awhile, Abraham learning the trade of a tailor, and George (father of David G.) going to his grandfather Eyster, in Berks County, and afterward to Wolferts Mills. As soon as he was able he took up the occupation of driving team on the Pittsburgh and Harrisburg road, which he followed for eight years. He then went for four years into the milling business, during which time he was married to Elizabeth, daughter of Nicholas Keisicker, of Berks County, Penn. Sub- sequently he bought the farm of 350 acres in East Pennsborough Township, which is still owned by David G., who is an only child. George Eyster died in 1846, and his widow a few years later. David G. Eyster, who was born in 1808 at Milltown, Allen Township, Cumberland County, three miles from Harrisburg, spent all his life as a farmer until, in 1859, he retired from active duties, renting his farm and building the house in Camp Hill, in which he lives. In 1838 he married Miss Hannah Bechtel, who lived near Reading. To this union seven children were born, three of whom are now living. The eldest, George B is sheriff of Cumberland County; David is on a cattle ranch in Texas, and the daugh- ter, Magdalene, lives with her father. The mother died in 1875. Mr. Eyster is liked in the' community for his strong upright character, which commands universal respect. H. M. GLESSNER, merchant. West Fairview, is.son of John Glessner, who emigrated 468 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: mained in Philadelphia three years, working as a shoemaker; then- he went to Lancaster City.where he was married, inMay, 1841,to Margaret Berg,a native of Darmstadt, Germany. In October, 1844, John Qlessner removed to vVest Ftiirview, Cumberland Co., Penn., where he carried on his business until 1861, when he established the grocery business in the building, corner of the square, which has been carried on by his son, H. M., since 1874. At one time he held the position of postmaster. He accumulated considerable means, buying the store property and another near the river. After his retirement he was in ill health, and died of apoplexy, August 36, 1876, aged fifty-nine years. His widow still lives in their old home with her two youngest children. They had nine children: H. M., born Febru- ary 7, 1847; William, born May 6, 1856, living with his mother; Jennetta, born March 7, 1842, wife of P. G. Sparrow, of Sharpsburg, Md.; Elizabeth, born February 28, 1844, wife of Georpe Rowan, of Bellefonte; Elonora, born August 20, 1853, wife of C. C. Montelle, of Nornstown, Penn., and Margaret, born February 16, 1861, single. Those deceased are: John, Reuben B. and Margretta. H. M. Glessner attended school until 1861, when he went into the nail factory, working as a feeder until the burning of the mill, when he worked on the premises until March, 1867, when for five months he attended the business college at Harrisburg; then clerked for his father until he succeeded him. In 1879 he failed in business and compromised with his creditors for 40 per cent, but has since, like an honorable man, paid every dollar of his indebtedness in full. This indicates, his sturdy integrity, and is a record he and his family may justly be proud of. In 1871 he married Margery Armstrong, of Mechanicsburg, this county, who died in 1873, leaving a son, John A., now fourteen years old, and in 1877 Mr. Glessner married Emma L. Eck- man, of Columbia, Lancaster Co., Penn., and they have had five children, two of whom died within a few days of each other. The living are Thomas C, born in 1878; Milton F., born in 1882, and an infant daughter. Mr. Glessner well merits the regard shown him by his neighbors. He is a member of the United Brethren Church. JOHN B. HECK, surveyor, P. O. Wormleysburg, is son of John K. Heck, who was born in Lower Allen Township, this county, in 1799, and who married Miss Sarah Bechtel, born near Reading, Penn., in 1811, a descendant of the Adams family, who are so num- erous and influential in Berks and Lancaster Counties, Penn. For twenty-two years John K. Heck followed distilling, when he inherited a farm near Oyster's mills, in Bast Pennsborough Township, this county, to which he removed and on which he lived until his death, in 1877. He had an extraordinary strong constitution, but had a stroke of pa- ralysis in 1852, and numerous others, until one finally terminated his life. His widow is still living. They had three sons and four daughters. The living are John B., Bella, Sarah, wife of D. W. Sheetz, M. D., of Northumberland; Hannah, wife of Wilson Miller, of Shiremanstown, and William H., a practicing physician in Philadelphia. John B. Heck was born at his grandfather's, near Oyster's mills, this county, April 3, 1840. When but twelve yearsof age he took theoversight of both his father's farms; when thirteen hewent alone to Bloomfield, paid the taxes on some unseated lands, and redeemed them. Because of disease in his joints, in his fourteenth year he gave up school, but received private instruc- tion at home, and obtained his higher education at Mount Pleasant College, Westmore- land County. In 1855 he studied surveying, and the following year did some public work in Perry County, and has continued the profession to the present time. The same winter and for six consecutive years he taught school, at the same time overseeing his father's farms. In 1869 he married Miss Sarah J., daughter of William P. Martin, of Fairview Township, this county. They have one son, John F. , thirteen years old, and one daughter, Elizabeth Helen, aged ten. Mr. Heck was twice a candidate for the nomination to the Legislature, but, running solely on his merits, he was defeated by corrupt combinations. In 1869, in a total vote of over 4,000 he was barely defeated by twelve votes. In 1875, _a combination on the judicial nomination again defeated him. For several years after his father's death he carried on the farm (which belongs to the estate still) together with doing some surveying. He also has charge of the Bridgeport warehouse. He is a member of Eureka Lodge, F. & A. M., and of Samuel C. Perkins' Chapter, of Mechanisburg, and of St. John's Commandery, of Carlisle. An incident of his career is especially worthy of mention. His father and neighbors felt the need of a bridge across the Conodoguinet, and got a grant for one from the court, but for twenty years the commissioners refused to build it. Our subject went quietly to work, and by his energy and shrewdness got it built in 1868. It is known as Heck's bridge. But for him, it is safe to say this great public convenience would not yet be built. He is public spirited and enterprising, and has the respect and confidence of his fellow-citizens, and deserves the success he has achieved. Mrs. Heck is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. JACOB L. HEYD, farmer, P. O. Camp Hill, was born in 1832 in Upper Allen Town- ship, this county, son of George Heyd, who died in Mechanicsburg in 1876, aged eighty- two. His mother was Leah, daughter of Jacob Grass, of Adams County, Penn. His paternal grandfather, George Heyd, emigrated from Germany in 1760, settling in Lancas- ter County, afterward moving to York County, Penn., and subsequently to Cumberland County, where he died, and is buried not far from where his grandson lives. The father EAST PENNSBOROUGH TOWNSHIP. 469 of Jacob L. was born in Lancastev County, and went with his parents to York County, staying there six years, when he came to Cumberland County, and here lived more than fifty years. Our subject lived with his father until, at the age of twenty-three, he was married to Miss Catharine, daughter of Jacob Coover, who lived near Dillsburg, York County, Penn. -His father gave up the farm to him, and he cultivated it for three years, when he removed to his father-in-law's farm, in York County, and there lived three years; then bought a small farm in Upper Allen Township, this county, which he owned for fifteen years, selling it in 1877 and buying the fine 100-acre farm on which he now lives. He has taken great pains to beautify his place and make it a comfortable home, as is evinced by its surroundings, which are greatly superior to those usually found on a farm. He has two sons living: Clinton G., twenty-two years old, book-keeper for a wholesale hardware house in Harrisburg, and Coover W. fourteen years of age, attending school. Mr. Heyd has three brothers and three sisters living: H. G., of Philadelphia; George W., belonging to the Baltimore Conference, and E. D., who lives in Dakota. Of his three sisters, Elizabeth is a widow of Henry Krell; Bebecca is wife of Michael Myers, of Car- lisle, and Mary is wife of Jacob Brant, of Upper Allen Township. Mr. Heyd was justice of the peace in Upper Allen Township; he is now school director. He takes a warm in- terest in educational matters, and was prominent in the movement to have Camp Hill made a borough, to give its people increased school facilities. He and his wife are communi- cants of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Mechanicsburg. In all the relations of life he is known as a man of sterling character, whose uprightness and probity are well spoken of by every person to whom he is known. HENRY HOLLER, farmer, P. O. Camp Hill, is a grandson of Francis Holler, who was born on the Atlantic Ocean in 1777. His parents settled in Lancaster County, Penn., on a farm, where ihey lived for some time, afterward removing to Manchester Township, York Co., Penn., where Francis was married and lived until his death in 1861. He had two sons and five daughters. One of his sons, Philip, removed to Huntingdon County, and died there. The other, Francis, lived at home until about 1855, when he removed tO' a farm in Fairview, York County, where he is still living, aged seventy-seven. He, Fran- cis, married Annie Cook, and had a family of thirteen children, of whom eleven are still living: Sarah, wife of Jacob Bardhardt; Jacob, married to Susan Coleman: Samuel Ma- nassas, married to Rebecca Rawhouser; Francis; Annie, wife of Henry Mesias; and Will- iam (all of whom live in York County); Catharine, wife of David Strine, of WlUiamsport, Penn.; Charles, and Leah, wife of John Yetter (both of whom live in Dauphin County); and Henry, the subject of our sketch, who was born on the homestead in Manchester Township, York Co., Penn., in October, 1833, and lived there until his marriage, in 1864, with Miss Mary, daughter of Daniel Drejer, of Fairview, York County. He then began housekeeping, but worked on his father's farm for another year. For a year following he farmed for John Horn, and then rented a farm in Silver Spring Township, this county, where he stayed four years, and thence, in the spring of 1865, moved to the farm on which he now lives. He has five children living (one died young), viz. : William, married to Jennie, daughter of Stephen Simmons, of Hampden Township (he farms in East Penns- borough); Ellen, A. Lincoln, Charles and Daniel living at home. Mr. Holler was drafted for nine months, in 1863, but sent a substitute for three years. He has been a school di- rector for six years, but never held any other office. He and his wife are members of the United Brethren Church. He has proved himself a good citizen and a man of upright- ness and honor. WILLIAM L. LANTZ, merchant, P. O. West Fairview, Is a son of Philip Lantz, whose father came from Germany and settled in the vicinity of West Fairview, Cumber- land Co., Penn., many years ago. Philip Lanlz was born in East Pennsborough Township and lived there all his lifetime. His father had six children: Jacob, a farmer in East Pennsborough Township, this county; Catharine, wife of Jacob Bretz, of Hampden Township, this county; Mary, unmarried, living in West Fairview, and Philip and two daughters, deceased. Of these. Philip was born on the farm in 1830, and lived there until his death in 1854; he married Catharine Sheetz, by whom he had five children; Jesse, Catharine, William L., Joseph and one daughter, who died young. Philip Lantz's widow lives in West Fairview. William L., our subject, was born April SO, 1850, and went to school in West Fairview, this county, until he was eleven years old, when he was ap- pointed a page in the State Legislature, holding the place seven years, attending school in the intervals of the sessions. During the summer of 1865 he was a messenger in the Quar- termaster Department at Washington. In 1868 and 1869 he was in the office of Jay Cooke & Co., New York, and in 1870 returned to West Fairview, this county, and built the store he now occupies, a dwelling opposite, and, with his mother, the residence in which he now lives. In 1874 he married Henrietta, daughter of Henry Glessner, then re- siding in Lancaster County, Penn., where she was born March 10, 1852. They have five children: Harper, William, Harry, Carrie and Charles. Mr. and Mrs. Lantz are members of the Lutheran Church. His practical experiences peculiarly fit him for business, in Tyhich he has been eminently successful. GEORGE B. LONGENECKER, postmaster. West Fairview, was born in this town- 470 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: ship, near West Fairview, and is a great-great-grandson of Abraham Longenecker, who came here from Lancaster County in 1773. He located near the mountain, on the farm now owned by John Roth. He paid $8.50 an acre for his land, while that in Mechanics- burg and Shiremanstown could be bought for $1.85. When he moved in, the huts, for- merly owned by the Indians, were still standing on the banks of the -small stream on which he located. His son, Isaac, was the great-grandfather of our subject. He was born in 1788, and on the death of his father, in 1819, he with a younger brother inherited the farm. Isaac purchased his brother's interest, and worked the farm until shortly before his death in 1840. Jacob, grandfather of George B., was born and lived here until he was twenty-three years of age, when he married Miss Christiana Kuntz. They had five chil- dren, viz.: George W., Benjamin F., Jacob, Catherine and Maria. The last three died when quite young. Benjamin F., by trade a carpenter, is a resident of Marysville, Perry County. George W., a farmer by occupation, is the father of George B.; he was born November 19, 1834, and always lived in the vicinity of West Fairview until the spring of 1885, when he removed to Marysville, from which place he went to Illinois in the spring of 1886. February 11, 1863, he married Miss Elizabeth Brenner. To this union five children were born, viz.: Laura E., Lilly D., Alice M. and Bora C, who are with their parents in Illinois. George B. is the eldest in the family. He was born May 4, 1863, in this township, and when only three years of age was taken by his grandparents, with whom he continued to live until the death of his grandmother in May, 1885. He at- tended common schools, and when sixteen years old began working in the nail factory in his native town, where he remained until November, 1885, when he was commissioned postmaster of West Fairview. Mr. Longenecker is an ambitious young man and a fine penman. He is one who has the confidence and esteem of all who know him, and is looked upon as one of the rising young men of the place. Of irreproachable character and habits, he deserves the success he is achieving. FRANKLIN MARTIN, contractor. West Fairview, is of the Scotch-Irish race who settled the western part of the county. His grandfather, John Martin, who came to this country many years ago, married, in 1800, Elizabeth Mencough, and settled near Gettys- burg, Penn., where they lived many years, afterward removing to Dauphin County, and later to East Pennsborough Township, this county, settling near West Fairview in about 18i0. John Martin died in 1841, aged sixty-two; his wife died in 1839, aged fifty-eight. They had three sons and two daughters: Robert, born November 30, 1808, died November 1, 1830; Sarah, bom February 33, 1810, wife of Henry A. Gross, of Buck Lock, Daiiphin County, Penn. ; Nancy, born September 14, 1811, died January 11, 1881; John, born Octo- ber 5. 1814, died December 9, 1885; and William, born June 33, 1817, died August 33, 1877. Of these, William had only three months' regular schooling, but so well improved his spare moments that he became one of the best informed men in the region, assisted by a remarkably tenacious memory. He learned his trade in a nail factory, and in February. 1844, was married to Miss Elizabeth Starr, of near Lewisberry, York Co., Penn., having the year previous built and furnished the house on Main Street, West Fairview, where he lived until his death in 1877. His wife was born December 39, 1831, and died February 30, 1884. They had seven children: Franklin, born in the house where he now lives, No- vember 8, 1843; Jane M. and John A. (twins), born April 7, 1847, both of whom died in infancj'; Sarah J., born September 5, 1848, wife of John B. Heck, of Wormleysburg, this county; Elizabeth A., born April 33, 1851, wife of Silas W. Gleim, of Harrisburg, Penn.; Sylvania, born September 33, 1858, died December 6, 1877; Susan A., born October 33, 1858, died January 13, 1868. Franklin attended public schools until 1860, when he went to White Hall Academy, at Camp Hill, this county. In September, 1863, he enlisted in the " Emergency Men," and was in the battle of Antietam. Returning a few days later,here- «nlisted, before he was eighteen years old, for three years, or during the war, in the Third Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery. While garrisoning Fortress Monroe he was promoted to second lieutenant, and later to first lieutenant, in which rank he served until mustered out at Philadelphia, November 9, 1865. Although a veteran he was not yet twenty-one years old, and he again went to White Hall Academy for a term, subsequently teaching for three years. In April, 1867. he married Laura C, daughter of John Bowman, of New Buffalo, Perry Co., Penn. They had seven children: Sarah Alice, born June 13, 1868; Martha Bowman, born August 4, 1870, died August 11, 1873: William F., born October 6, 1873; John B. F., born June 4, 1875, died May 30, 1881; Elizabeth Sylvania, born July 16, 1878; George Warren, born April 6, 1880, and an infant but a few months old. In 1868 Mr. Mar- tin engaged in lumber business in West Fairview, Penn., with H. M. Rupley. Their mill burned in December, 1868, but ihey continued dealing in lumber, and rebuilt in 1869. Our subject sold his interest to his partner in 1870, and for three years was cashier of a bank in West Fairview, and subsequently superintendent of Isaac Frazier's two mills and planing-mill at Goldsboro. He returned to West Fairview at the end of three years, and bought the business from his former partner, running it until September, 1881, when he sold the mill to the Harrisburg Nail Works, and entered into contract with them to fur- nish their kegs, operating the mill here as well as another owned by them in Perry Coun- ty. He is also engaged in the business of fire insurance. He and his wife and eldest EAST PENNSBOKOUGH TOWNSHIP. 471 daughter are communicants of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and he deservedly stands high in tlie community. DANIEL G. MAY, contractor. West Fairview, is a grandson of Joseph Gingrich, who lived near Middletown, Dauphin Co., Penn., in the latter part of the eighteenth century, and later removed to near Mifflin, in Juniata County, Penn. Joseph Gingrich was twice married, having four children by his first wife and six by his second. One of the first ■wife's daughters, Magdalena, married, in 1820, Frederick May, of Middletown, Dauphin Co. Penn., a farmer, born in that county. They had nine children: Joseph, Daniel G., Cath- arine, Elizabeth, John, Jacob, Frederick, David and Barbara. They removed to Lancas- ter County, and later to West Fairview, this county, where Mr. May built the house in which our subject now lives, buying a farm of nearly one hundred acres, a large part of which is now occupied as town lots. Besides farming he engaged in cabinet-making, following tliese occupations until his death in 1856. His widow died in 1870, aged seventy- three years. At this time but four of their children were living: Joseph, in Philadelphia, Penn; Catharine, wife of Samuel Butner, of East Pennsborough Township, this county; Jacob, in West Fairview, and Daniel G. The latter was born, February 3, 1835, in Lancas- ter County, Penn. John Frederick, Barbara and Elizabeth are dead. Another son, David, was captain of Company K, Seventh Pennsylvania Cavalry, and was killed while leading a charge at the battle of Chickamauga, in October, 1863. His men were greatly attached to him, and, making three successive charges, recovered his body, which is interred in the National Cemetery, at Chattanooga. Daniel G. worked for his father until he was twenty-one, when he married Mary, daughter of John Rupley, of East Pennsborough Township, this county. To this union five children were born: Luther, accidentally killed in his twelfth year; Joseph, Harry, Susan and Rebecca, who died in infancy. In 1858 Mr. May married — Eshelman, by whom he has two daughters, Ellen E. and Fanny, living in Fairview, Penn. After his first marriage he moved to a farm owned by his wife, but in 1863 came back to the homestead, which he took at the appraisement, and has lived there since. At various times he was engaged in brick-making, lumber-dealing, and in grocery business, but subsequently adopted carpentering, which he now follows exclusively. He is a self-made man. Without the advantages of school education he has raised himself to an honorable position, and is high-minded and honorable — a man who was never known to violate his promise. THEODORE M. MOLTZ, merchant. West Fairview, is a native of Cumberland County, as was his father, who was a son of Jacob Moltz, who was born in Manor Town- ship, Lancaster Coiinty, March 4, 1784, and died of paralysis in West Fairview, this county, in 1838. Jacob Moltz was a son of George Moltz, who emigrated from near Wur- temberg, Germany, and settled in Lancaster County, Penn. Jacob Moltz removed to East Pennsborough Township, this county, where he married Catharine Olewine. George, their son, was born here in 1809, and in 1831 was married to Catharine Gehr, of Lisburn, Penn., born April 30, 1811. For some years after marriage George Moltz lived at various places, and in 1836 moved to what is known as the Haldeman farm. While on the old homestead two children were born: Theodore M., born August 19, 1833, and Cyrus, born February 3, 1834, died, in 1865, from disease contracted while in the army. On the Hal- deman farm three more children were born: Ann Eliza, born January 1, 1837, died young; Margaret Jane, born July 16, 1840, died in infancy, and George, born October 8, 1843, now auditor of the United Pipe Line Company, at Oil City, Penn. July 23, 1855. George Moltz, the father, was accidentally drowned in the Conestoga Canal, in Lancaster County, Penn. His wife died August 17, 1850. Theodore M. lived with his grandfather until the latter's death, when he returned to his father's farm until 1844, when his parents removed to West Fairview, this county. The following summer he went to work in the nail fac- tory, going to school three winters. At the age of sixteen he became a feeder and nailer, which occupation he followed for twentv-five years. March 6, 1862, he married Florinda Susan, daughter of Thomas McClune. They have two sons: George Thomas, born De- cember 8, 1863, and Gouverneur Warren, born February 6, 1864. George Thomas, after getting a common school education, went in 1878 to Millersville State Normal School for two and a half years, and then for eighteen months to the Central State Normal School, at Lock Haven, where he gi-aduated in July, 1883. On his return he was made teacher in one of the six schools in West Fairview, and January 1, 1885, was appointed to tlie rs- sponsible position of principal over all. For so young a man this is a high testunonial to his worth and ability, and shows the estimation in which he is held by those who have known him from childhood. In addition, he gives lessons to pupils on the piano and -organ, in which he acquired proficiency while in the normal schools. Gouverneur War- ren attended comip'on school until he was eighteen, when he went for a year to Seller's Academy, at Harrisburg, after which he undertook the practice of photography, under the teaching of Hon. D. C. Burnite, of Harrisburg, where he is now living with his parents. In January. 1869, Mr. Moltz established his grocery and notion store on Main Street. In May, 1869, he was made postmaster under Grant's administration, holding the position until December, 1885. In addition to the performance of these varied duties, he studied the art of photography, which he still carries on. It was here his son, G. Warren, got his 472 BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES: first lessons in tlie art. Mr. Moltz has also for twenty years been extensively engaged in bee culture, and in all his undertakings has won that success which is assured by in- dustry and intelligent application. He is a member of Eureka Lodge, No. 303, P. & A. M., of Mechanicstiurg. He is a member of the Lutheran Church, in which he has been chorister for nearly twenty years. His wife and younger son are also members, the son being one of the deacons. A strictly trustworthy Christian, he will leave to his family the priceless heritage of a good name. JOSEPH ADDISON MOORE, late principal "White Hall Soldier's Orphan School, Camp Hill, is deserving of more than a passing notice. He is a descendant of Robert and Margaret Moore, who emigrated from the north of Ireland early in the seventeenth cen- tury. One of Robert Moore's sons, William, with his sister Ann, the noted Quaker preacher of that day, settled at Ringgold Manor in Maryland. In consequence of religious persecution, after the settlement of that country by Lord Baltimore's colony, they aban- doned their claim rather than violate their principles by litigating it. Another son of Robert Moore, named James, married Jane Caughran, and settled in Adams County, Penn., at a place now known as Bendersville. He gave his life for his country, being killed at the battle of Brandywine. He left a son, who became Maj. John Moore, born in February, 1761, who married Rebecca Curran, and lived in Juniata County, Penn. He also was a Revolutionary soldier. He died in 1853 at the advanced age of ninety-two years. His son, James, born in 1789, in Juniata County, Penn., was the father of ourpresent sub- ject. He lived on the farm until he was twenty years old. when he began to read medi- cine with Dr. McDonald, of Thompsontown, Juniata Co., Penn., and Dr. Cunningham, of Concord, Franklin Co., Penn. In 1813 he began practicing in Shirleysburg, Huntingdon Co., Penn., where he continued over thirty years at his profession, having a large practice and acquiring the reputatiofi of a very skillful physician. In 1816 he was married to Harriet Barton. He afterward removed to Wells Valley, Fulton Co., Penn., where he continued to practice his profession until within eight years of his death, which occurred March 27, 1873. His wife died in September, 1864, while all of her eight sons were in the Union Army. The family is an extraordinary one, comprising eight sons and three daugh- ters, all now living. They are Klmber A., residing in Nebraska; Rebecca A., wife of J. B. Alexander, of Pulton County, Penn.; John C, living at Camp Hill, Penn.; Charles W., who is a practicing physician in Sterling, Neb.; Julia A., wife of William A. Gray, of Adams, Neb.; Harriet L., of Sterling, Neb.; Joseph Addison, our subject; and James M., B. Frank, William H. and Curran E., all of whom are residents of Nebraska. Joseph Addison Moobb was born in Shirleysburg, Penn., August 26, 1833. As said above, the eight sons were all in the Union Army at the same time, two of them being seriously wounded. Their record is not surpassed by that of any other family m the country, and is one of which they and their children may be justly proud. This remark- able family was represented in nearly all the great battles of the war, and the fact that all are alive and well to-day is very remarkable. Immediately after the firing on Fort Sumter, our subject enlisted in Company D, Fifth Pennsylvania Infantry for three months, and was made first sergeant. At the expiration of his time, he raised Company O, Twenty-eiglit Pennsylvania Infantry, and in August, 1861, took the field as first lieutenant under colonel (afterward general and governor), John W. Geary, under whom- he served all through the war, at one time for seven months on his staff as division commissary. At Antietam, while as first lieutenant, in com- mand of his company, two of his men captured two rebel flags. Here his command suffered severely, one-third of his company being killed and wounded. Pour color-bearers belonging to his company were shot. His company was shortly after transferred to Com- pany B, One Hundred and Forty-seventh Pennsylvania Infantry, and in February, 1863, he was commissioned captain, commanding at Cedar Mountain, Chancellorsville apd Get- tysburg in the East, and at Lookout Mountain, Mission Ridge, Taylor's Ridge, Wauhatchie, Chattanooga, Cassville, Rocky Pace Ridge, Dug Gap, Resaca and New Hope Church in the Southwest. He was severely wounded at New Hope, and in consequence was inca- pacitated for further active service, and was transferred to the barracks at Madison, Wis., until the end of his term of service. October 28, 1864. He was later brevetted major for gallant and meritorious service. At the close of the war he resumed mercantile pursuits m Pittsburgh, Penn., but in 1867 he was called by his old commander, then governor of the State, to take charge of the White Hall Soldiers' Orphan School at Camp Hill, which under his management became the leading school of the State, reflecting great credit on his ability as a manager. He continued in charge of the school until September 1, 1886, when, having leased the same, he retired from the responsible position which he had so long and faitlifully filled. In 1869 he was married to Miss Lizzie, . daughter of Jacob Kline, of Lower Allen Township, this county. They have one son, Joy Addison L., now nine years old. Maj. Moore enjoys the unbounded respect of every one who knows him, and in the community of which he is a leading member, no man stands higher in charac- ter or is more deservedly respected. HENRY D. MUSSER, merchant, WestPairview, was born near New Cumberland, in York Co., Penn., December 30, 1828. His grandfather. Dr. John Musser, anative of Lancas- EAST PENNSBOROUGH TOWNSHIP. 473 ter County, Penn., where he practiced medicine, but who later removed to York County, where he bought a farm, was a noted physician and acquired a reputation for the treat- ment of white swellings and kindred disorders; his wife was Elizabeth NefE, of Lancaster County, Penn. Their children were Benjamin, Henry, John, Elizabeth, Mary, Susan, Martha and Nancy, now the wife of Joseph Bowman, of Lancaster County, Penn. Ben- jamin Musser, father of Henry D., born February 23, 1801, married Frances Snavely, of Hampden Township, this county, who bore him thirteen children; Elizabeth, John S., Henry D., Catharine, Annie, Joseph R. and Josiah, living; and Benjamin, David, Jacob, Levi, Daniel and Sarah, deceased. Benjamin Musser had charge of the farm until his father's death, when it was sold to Mr. Garner, father of the present occupant. He then removed to Hampden Township, Cumberland County, staying there three years, when he went West to prospect, but returned and bought a farm and mill properly near Millers- burg, in Dauphin County, Penn., where he lived seventeen years, when lie sold out and returned to Cumberland County, to the farm now occupied by John N. Musser, staj^ed a year, and then removed to near Fairview, Penn., where he died in 1854. His widow died a few years later at White Hall, Penn. Heni-y D. attended common school, and qualified for teaching at White Hall Academy. At eighteen years of age he began teaching, and taught for six terms. On his father's death he took charge of the farm for a year, when, his mother selling out, he began farming for himself in 1856, continuing until 1865, when he and his brother Joseph engaged in mercantile business, in Fairview, for a year and a half, during which time he also held the position of postmaster. He then retired until 1873, in which year he again engaged in business where he now is. May 16, 1855, he married Mary E. Rupley, born December 19, 1833, daughter of George and Magdalena Rupley, of East Pennsborough Township, this county, and who on the death of her parents became pos- sessed of one-half of their farm, which she and her husband still hold. They have two children living: Charles Emery, born November 30, 1859, and Harry Clinton, born August 14, 1861. Three are dead: George, Whitfield and an infant daughter. Mr. and Mrs. Musser are prominent members of the United Brethren Church. Mrs. Musser is president of the Mite Society, and her husband has been superintendent of the Sunday-school for twenty years. They are known as sincere Christians, whose character commands the respect of the community. AUSTIN TAYLOR PALM, teacher of mathematics. Camp Hill, is a son of Peter and Maria Palm, natives of Cumberland County, and now residents of Chicago, 111. (Mrs, Palm's maiden name was also Palm, but she is no blood relative of her husband's family), five of whose children are deceased. Those living are Austin T. ; Warren, married and liv- ing in Chicago; Sharon, married and living in Goldsboro, Penn.; Milton, married and liv- ing in Springfield, Ohio; Eudora E. and Carondelet B. living with their parents. Austin T. was born in West Pennsborough Township, this county, in June, 1835. He remained at home working for his father, as a carpenter, until twenty years of age, when he began teaching district school, for which vocation he had qualified himself by study and attend- ing normal school. He continued in this profession until 1876, during a part of which time he was principal of the high school at Mechanicsburg, and was also principal of pub- lic schools of Columbia, Lancaster Co., Penn. In 1876 he was elected professor of math- ematics in the State Normal School at Shippensburg, Penn. In 1883 he taught in normal school in Morris, 111., and in the fall of that year went into the public schools of Harris- burg but resigned in 1885 to take the position of professor of mathematics and of music in the White Hall Soldiers' Orphan School, at Camp Hill. Mr. Palm was married, in 1859, to Miss Maggie A. Machlin, of York County, who died in November, 1885, leaving no fam- ily, her five children having preceded her to the grave. Mr. Pajm is known as a gentle- nian of spotless integrity, frank and outspoken, and has an excellent reputation as a teacher, excelling in discipline and in the gift of being able to impart what he knows. HENRY M. RUPLEY, merchant. West Fairview, is a great-grandson of Johann Jacob Ruplev, who emigrated from Unter Waslingen, Germany, in 1743, bought 600 acres of land in East Pennsborough Township, this county, near what is now West Fairview and died June 13, 1793. Jacob, son of Johann J. Rupley, married Anna Maria Rupp, and died in 1806- she in 1837. They had four sons and two daughters. Of these, George was born February 6, 1803, and lived all his life on the farm, dealing largely in stock. In 1830 he married Magdalena Musser, of Marsh Run, York Co., Penn., and died December 36, 1842 leaving one son and one daughter. His widow is still living in West Fairview. He was 'school director, constable and supervisor, and many stories are yet told of his remark- able marksmanship. His daughter, Mary Ellen, married Henry D. Musser of East Penns- borouffh Township, this county. His son, Henry M., was born Dec;ember 7, 18d8, and November 31 1861, married Mary M., daughter of John K. Heck, of East Pennsborough Township this county. She was born September 30, 1843, and died September 13, 1864, leaving a 'son George H., born September 1, 1863, who, after going through the common school went to Selinsgrove for two years, and then to Ann Arbor (Mich.) Academy, sub- sea uentlv serving a time in the Harrisburg Machine Shops; he is now a draughtsman in the Carlisle Manufacturing Works, and is a young man of excellent character and prospects. December 5 1867 Henry M. Rupley was married again; this time to Miss Phcebe A., 474 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES : daughter of Qeorgd W. and Elizabeth Ringwalt, of near Carlisle. She was born April 20, 1845. They have three children living: Arthur R., born November 13, 1868; Lucy Ellen, born August 36, 1872, and Mary Magdalena, born December 12, 1882. One son. Max Roland, born July 14, 1877, is dead. Arthur Rupley attends the normal school at Ship- pensburg; the rest are at home. Until he was seventeen years old our subject attended school winters, working on the farm other seasons. At that age he went to White Hall Academy, Camp Hill, for two years. In January, 1865, he rented his farm and came to West Fairview, buying, in 1867, a half-interest in the steam sawmill there, which was burned a few months later, and rebuilt in 1869. On first coming to West Fairview he was engaged in furnishing men for the last draft of the war; after that in a grocery, which he gave up for the mill, and was in the lumber business until 1881, selling his interest In the mill in 1882, on account of ill health. In 1868 he sold his farm. In 1884 he built his present residence and place of business, where he conducts a general store. He has been township auditor, judge of election, inspector, school director, constable, and is now serv- ing his second term as justice of the peace. He is prominent in town affairs, and is uni- versally esteemed. WILLIAM SADLER, farmer, P. O. Camp Hill, is a grandson of Jacob Sadler, who came to this country many years ago, and settled in York County, Penn., near the Mary- land line, where he married, and had a family of eight sons and five daughters. He died near Pittsburgh. Our subject's paternal ancestors were among the first settlers west of the Susquehanna River. William Sadler died in 1765; he was one of three brothers who came from England prior to 1750, and settled in that part of York County which is now included in Adams County, near York Springs. William Sadler had a son, Jacob Sadler, who, in his early life, resided in York County, near the borough of Little York. Jacob Sadler had thirteen children — eight sons and five daughters — one of whom was Joseph Sadler. Joseph, the father of our subject, was bom in York County in 1782, and when he was quite young his parents removed to Allegheny County, Penn., where he stayed until twenty years old; then he went to Lancaster County, and in two years after to East Pennsborough Township, this county, where, in 1807, he was married to Mary Gabel, of the same place. He then entered into farming and distilling, and had also what is known as the "Pitt" wagons, carrying goods to Pittsburgh, Baltimore and Philadel- phia. He accumulated property, part of which was the farm afterward the property of his son William. His family consisted of six sons and two daughters: Jacob, John, Sam- uel, Joseph, William, George, Susan and Mary. The three survivors, Jacob, William and George, all live on the turnpike, at Camp Hill, within a quarter of a mile of each other. William Sadler was born October 6, 1824, and worked on the home farm until he was of age, when he was married to Mary, daughter of George Beidelman, of East Pennsborough Township. He then hired his father's farm until the latter's death, in the summer of 1858, when he bought it from the estate. In 1882 he sold the farm and moved to Camp Hill, where he stayed two years; then he bought the property known as " Oyster's Point" and a small farm adjoining. Mr. and Mrs. Sadler have had the following named children: Jacob, George and Austin, the two latter dying young, and Jacob, in 1880, at age of thirty- three years, up to which time he had lived at home, except a short period spent in business in New Cumberland; one daughter, Ellen, likewise died young. The living are Laura B., wife of Jacob Worst, of Upper Allen Township; Alice C, married to James E. Martin, of Hampden Township; Annetta; Emma M. and Bffle M., who live at home. Mr. Sadler has been county commissioner, school director for twenty-one consecutive years, assessor, supervisor, judge and inspector of elections, and has discharged all the duties intrusted to his care with a fidelity which has elicited the commendation of his fellow-citizens. He and his family have the entire respect of all who know them. WILLIAM H. SHAULL, carpenter and contractor, P. O. West Fairview, was born in Hamden Township, this county, in 1838. His father, Henry Shaull, a native of Lebanon County, born about the year 1811, was a son of John Shaull, who lived and died in York County, leaving seven children. On his father's death Henry Shaull was bound out to John Benson, of Colebrook Furnace, to learn blacksmithing, working there until after he became of age. At twenty-three he was married to Catharine, daughter of John Garrett, of Lebanon County, Penn., and for five subsequent years worked at Colebrook Furnace, when he removed to Hampden Township, Cumberland County, and engaged in business on his own account. Here he remained until his death; he died in 1877, at the age of six- ty-six, leaving a family of five sons and two daughters: William H.; Sarah, wife of Sam- uel Shaumberger; Levi; George F. ; Elizabeth, wife of John Basehore, of Hampden Town- ship; Charles H. ; and Martha E. now deceased. William H. worked two years at his father's trade, but at the age of eighteen went to Sterrett's Gap to learn carpentering. When his. time was up he moved to Hogestown to work, but in August of the same year (1862) he enlisted in the One Hundred and Thirtieth Pennsylvania Regiment for nine months, and a few weeks after was in the battle of South Mountain, and then in Antietam, where he was struck in the head by a glancing bullet, which, fortunately did not penetrate the skull. His regiment was removed to Harper's Ferry, and afterward sent up the Shen- andoah Valley to Warrington Junction and thence to Fredericksburg to take part in the- EAST PENNSBOKOUGH TOWNSHIP. 47& fight there, in which they lost their commander, Col. Zinn. From Fredericksburg they went to Chancellorsville, in which three day's fight they bore an active part. Thence they were sent to Acquia Creek, and home to Harrisburg, where they were mustered out, after an active campaign. Mr. ShauU re-enlisted in the Two Hundred and First Pennsylvania Regiment for one year, but the regiment was most of the time employed guarding rail- roads, supplies, etc., and at the end of the term was mustered out at Harrisburg. After this Mr. Shaull worked at his trade for six years, when he established himself in his pres- ent business as carpenter and contractor, at "West Fairview. He was married, in 1863, to Miss Mary E. Bowers, of East Pennsborough. They have six boys and two girls: Martha E. is married to George H. ShaefEer, of Baltimore; Harry, aged eighteen, works with his father; William, Tillie. Franklin, Albert, Ira and Nelson are at home. Mr. Shaull is a member of Post No. 58, 6. A. R. He and his wife belong to the United Brethren Church, and he is held in esteem by aU who have been in any manner associated with him as a man of honesty and worth. LESLIE H. SINGISER, hotel-keeper, P. O. Wormleysburg, is a grandson of George Singiser, for many years a forwarder in Mechanicsburg, Penn., and one of the first con- tractors on the Cumberland Valley Railroad. George Singiser was well known and much liked, beloved and respected for his probity and generous impulses. An enl erpri.ting man, he took part in every movement calculated to advance the interests of the valley. He died in 1854. His wife was Mary Halbert, of Carlisle, a Christian lady and fit companion for such a man. She died in 1884, at Altoona. They had four sons and five daughters. One of the sons, Andrew, succeeded his father, in 1863, and later engaged in the grocery business in Mechanicsburg. He is a straightforward man, and is always willing to help the struggling, which he has often done to his own detriment. Andrew Singiser married Miss Annie Wyle, of Mechanicsburg, Penn., who wears woman's highest crown of a good wife and mother. They have four sons and one daughter: George, Leslie H., Harry, Willie L. and Alberta. Leslie H. was born in 1852. He lived with his parents until his twenty -first year, when he was married to Miss Sallie, daughter of George Winemiller, of Upper Allen Township, this county. He then carried on the green-grocery and general dealing busi- ness for six years, when he gave it up to take position in the Cumberland Valley Railroad office, which he held for three years, relinquishing it to engage in the livery, and after- ward in a restaurant business, which he sold in November, 1884; in April following he rented the hotel at the end of the bridge from Harrisburg to Bridgeport, where he is doing a good business, as such a kind friend and generous man must. He is ably assisted by his wife, who takes charge of the interior management. She is a prominent member of the Reformed Church. They have two sons: George Alfred, aged eleven, and Murray, nine years old. All who know this worthy couple are pleased with their success and wish them long life and continued prosperity. WILSON P. WALTERS, farmer, Camp Hill, is the grandson of John Walters, a na- tive of the county, whose father settled here after his immigration from Germany. His- farm was in what is now Hampden Township, near the mountain. His son John inher- ited the farm, on which he died. He had four sons: John, Daniel, Joseph Henry and Ja- cob. Daniel Walters, the father of our subject, was married to Margaret Weibby, of Car- lisle. He took the home farm, but some years after sold it, and bought another near Me- chanicsburg, where he died about 1873, in his seventy-seventh year; his widow died in 1876 aged seventy-five. Their children were Levi, Jacob, Margaret, Wilson P., John H., David, Mary and Sarah and Ephraim, who both died young. Levi died in Hampden Township in 1885; Jacob died in 1858; Margaret is the wife of Jacob A. Basehore, of Hampden Township; John H. is married to Miss Jennie Ziegler, and is now burgess of Mechanicsburg. Wilson P., was born September 8, 1836. He worked at carpentering for seven years, when he hired the Simon Oyster farm, which he worked for nineteen years, at which time he bought from his father-in-law, Jacob Sadler, the one on which he now re- sides. November 17. 1859, he married Miss Mary Sadler, who was born on the farm they now own Thev have two children, Julia A., born January 18, 1861, now the wife of A. O Sample, merchant of Mechanicsburg; and William Franklin, born December 2, 1863, who is single and living with his parents. Mr. Walters has never held oflBce, but gives his entire time and attention to his farm. He is a member of Eureka Lodge, No. 303, A. Y M of Mechanicsburg, and bears a high character for honesty and uprightness. CHARLES F WILBAR, mail-carrier, West Fairview, was born in Wareham, Mass., October 3 1833 His father, Charles Wilbar, was born in that State, and there lived until 1837 when he came to West Fairview, this county, to take charge of the nail factory of J. Pratt & Son the senior member of which firm was a brother of Mrs Wilbar. On the sale of the works to James McCormick, Mr. Wilbar retired from active life. He died m 1865. He was twice married; first to Miss Lydia Pratt, by whom he had one daughter, Jane P., who died in Boston in 1883. His second wife was a sister of his first, Agatha B. Pratt, who died in Fairview in 1880. They had seven children, of whom one son and one daugh- ter are deceased. Those living are Lydia Ann, wife of Rev. S. Dasher, of Harrisburg, Penn • Charles F • Elizabeth, wife of Solomon A. Alexander, of York, Penn.; Josiah P., book-keeper at the nail factory, and Bethiah, wife of George Schutt, of Fairview. Charles- 476 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES : F. Wilbar was educated in the public schools, and at eighteen began working in the keg shops attached to the nail works, of wliich he was afterward foreman for twenty-three years, retiring in 1881. Since July 1, 1885, he has carried the mail between Fairview and Harrisburg. In 186J he married Eliza, born in 1834, daughter of John Holtz, of Fairview, Penn. To this union the following-named children have been born: Charles Edward, born November 7, 1865, now teaching in the village; Emma Loretta, born August 18, 1868; Lily Viola, born January 30, 1872 — all living at home; and Harry F., who died September 29, 1864. Mr. and Mrs. Wilbar, son and eldest daughter are members of the LutUeran Church. An estimable couple, with a flue family, a pleasant residence and the respect of their neighbors, they are happily situated. HENRY K. WITMAJST, contractor, Wormleysburg. John Witmau, the grandfather of our subject, was a native of Lancaster County, Penn. Although a farmer, he carried on the business of weaving, operating four looms. He married Mary Yontz, also of Lan- caster County, and had eight children: Elizabeth, Mary, Catharine, Anthony, John, Jo- seph, Jacob and PhuI. Of these, John was born in 1799, and came, in 1809, to London- derry Township, Dauphin Co., Penn., with his parents, who had purchased a farm there, upon wliich they resided until they died. John Witman learned the trade of weaving, which he followed for many years. His wife was Mary Irwin, by whom he had eleven children: Henry K., Jolin, William, Paul, Joseph. Catharine, Lydia, Mary, Elizabeth, Sarah and Phianna — all born and reared on the homestead. Henry K. Witman, the only one of the family residing in Cumberland County, acquired a practical education early in life, and when twenty-two years old was made foreman by a contractor grading the Leb- anon Valley Railroad through Dauphin County. He afterward superintended the grad- ing of the Northern Central in Northumberland County, and the Huntingdon & Broad Top Railroad, in Huntingdon County, Penn. January 1, 1860, he superintended a "floating gang "on the North Central. In this year he was married to Mary J. McCanna, of Chester County, Penn., and began housekeeping in Bridgeport, Penn. He became foreman on the North Central Railroad, holding that position until 1879, when he opened a stone quarry on the McCormick estate, which he still works. In a wreck on the road, in 1863, he lost his right arm, but with indomitable will kept his position and made a success in life. In 1864 he purchased a residence In Wormleysburg, Penn., which he sold in 1875, engaging in mercantile business in Bridgeport until 1881, when he bought his present home. No more desirable place could be had. It overlooks the broad Susquehanna and the flourish- ing city of Harrisburg. He has four children: John, Harry, Lydia and Naomi, who may feel a just pride in bearing a name that knows no stain. A competence, honorably ac- quired, and a good income, enables him to surround his fam ly with all the comforts of life. Books, music, etc., make cheerful their happy home, and he well deserves the esteem accorded him by his neighbors. CHAPTER XL VI. FRANKFORD TOWNSHIP. M. F. ANTHONY, farmer, P. O. Bloserville, is a grandson of John Anthony, who was brought to this country an infant, about 130 years ago. from Germany. His parents settled in Adams County, near Hanover, where he lived until his death He married Margaret HuflEman, aud they had six children: Michael, Elizabeth, Margaret, Catherine, Lena and John. Of these, John, the sole survivor, married Margaret Shaefler, of North Middleton Township, and lives a few miles from Carlisle Michael, father of our sutiject, was born June 83, 1791, and died October 5, 1859. His wife was Eva Doyhl, who was born June 1, 1792, and died January 15, 1864. They had six children, one dying in infancy. The others were: Catliarine, wife of Henry Nefl!. of Newville; Margaret, wife of John Fen- ton, of Newville; Sarah, wife of Joseph McDerraond, of Mifflin Township; John, who died when fifteen years old, and Michael F., who was born January 2, 1826, two miles from Carlisle, in North Middleton Township. He worked as a weaver for fifteen years, when he began farming, first in Mifflin Township, for two years, then in Newton Town- ship ei-ht years; lived a year in Newville, and then returned to North Middleton, where he resided eight years, when he came to the farm whicii he and his wife own in Frank- ford Township. In 1854 he married Miss Sarah Asper, who was born April 15, 1831, and died January 15, 1864, the mother of one child, who died young. January 9, 1872, Mr. Anthony married Mrs. Mary Ann Allen, widow of George Allen, who was a Miss Barley. FRANKFORD TOWNSHIP. 477 They have two childrsn: Sarah Catharine, born August 3, 1873, and David Edward, born March 1, 1880. Mr. Anthony is a member of the Lutheran Church, a man of high char- acter and probity. MRS. NANCY DRAWBAUGH, Bloserville, Is descended from one of the old fami- lies of the county, as was her husband, John Drawbaugh, whose grandfather came from York County a great many years ago and settled in what is now Lower Allen Township. One of his sons, George, was the father of John, the husband of Nancy. George was born in 1801 and died March 10, 1866. He was married, in 18 J3, to Barbara Bloser, of North Middleton Township, where he was then living. She died in June, 1885. He was a wagon-maker and a farmer in Frankford Township, but sold out and moved to another place, which he owned, in South Middleton, near Carlisle. By careful management and industry he acquired a competence. He was enabled to give his later children a start in life, and at his death left a fine estate. He had seven children: John (husband of our subject), born November 26, 1833; William, married to Margaret Bbright,who died, leaving six children, and he then married Mrs. Maria Elliott, who has one child — they live in this township; Elizabeth, wife of John Bowman, who lived with her father until his death; Alexander Cornman, married to Emma Roberts, living in West Virginia; George B., mar- ried to Eliza Basehore, living in West Pennsborough Township; David Porter, who died unmarried; and Ellen, wife of David Hemminger, county treasurer. In early life John worked on his father's farm, and three years after his marriage moved to a farm in West Pennsborough Township, where they lived eleven years, when he bought a farm in North Middleton Township. Here they lived four years, and selling this property removed to a farm owned by his father, in West Pennsborough Township, where they lived three years, and then bought and removed to the farm, where he died. October 7, 1883, and where his widow and surviving children now reside. He was an honest hard-working man, who provided well for his family, and lived and died with the respect of the entire community. January 35, 1844, he married Miss Nancy Ziegler, born July 15, 1819, a daughter of Will- iam and Margaret (Adams) Ziegler, of this township and MiflSin. They were an old and well-known family, many of whom are to be found all over the county. Mr. and Mrs. Drawbaugh had nine children: Ezemiah C, born June 35, 1845, the wife of Solomon W. Lehn, living in North Middleton Township, this county; Anna Maria, born August 15, 1847, living with her mother; Catherine Agnes, born October 38, 1849, and died December €, 1864; Samuel Wilson, born December 18, 1852, married to Sarah Barrick, and died Oc- tober 9, 1883; Marearet Grizel, born December 9, 1853. wife of Martin Foos, and living in Harrisburg; William Edgar, born November 3, 1855, and married to Isabel Sharp, and living in Newton Township; George Albert, born July 3, 1857, and died November 6, 1883; John Freeman, born February 13, 1860. and died October 4, 1882; and David Porter, born August 33, 1862, unmarried and living with his mother (he teaches the school at Bloserville, and is a young man of exemplary habits and character.) The history of this family contains a sad record of the ravages of death; the father, John, the sons, John Freeman and Samuel Wilson, dying within one week, and another son, George A., follow- ing them to the grave in less than a month. The widow lives in retirement with her un- married son and daughter in a new house on a part of the farm, which she has rented, and in the evening of her days is enjoying a well-earned rest from active cares. She is a mem- ber of the Lutheran Church. JOHN JACOB ERFORD, farmer, P. O. Carlisle, is a grandson of John Erford, who emigrated from Germany, and took up a large tract of land in Bast Pennsborough Town- ship. He had seven children— three sons, John, Jacob and Benjamin, and four daughters. Jacob, father of our subject, was born in 1806, and lived on the home farm, where he died in 1855. His wife was Susanna, daughter of John Hoover, of South Middleton Town- ship, who died in 1858. They had five children: Julia Ann, born February 8, 1837 (she became the wife of John Givler, who was killed in the army, and after his death married John Kiehl), and died in 1881; John Jacob, our subject, born July 5, 1839; Elizabeth, born December 3, 1843, is the wife of John Myers, and lives in West Fairview; Mary Ma- tilda, born November 4, 1845, is the wife of David Wolf, of this township; Sarah Sophia, born' August 30, 1849, is the widow of Joseph Hess, and lives in East Pennsborough. John Jacob worked on his father's farm until eighteen years of age, when he attended the nor- mal school in Newville, and afterward taught for two winters. He then returned to farming. In 1863 he was enrolled as a soldier, serving over ten months, and was then honorably discharged, when he again returned to farming, also raising and dealing in poultry, in which he is yet engaged. In 1867 he removed to West Pennsborough Town- ship, where he stayed five years. He has since made several changes, but for five years past'has lived on his father-in-law's farm in this township, renting his own farm. Janu- ary 1 1861 he married Rebecca, daughter of John Darr, who died on the farm now occu- pied by Mr Erford. They have had ten children, one of whom, John Wesley, died in infancy Mary Elizabeth is the wife of Elias E. Hoover, of this township. The rest are living at home and are named as follows: Sarah Ann, born October 8, 1861; Emma Catherine born February 35. 1866; Joseph Sylvester, born October 34, 1869; William Francis born March 6, 1873: Ida Jane, born January 16, 1874; Clara Eleanora, born Feb- 478 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: ruary SI, 1879; Ella May, born May 27, 1881, and Martha Blanche^born January 17, 1885. Mr. Erford has been a justice of the peace for nine years; is assistant assessor of the township, and is justly held in high esteem as a man whose word is as good as any man's bond. FRANCIS MENTZER, lumberman, Bloserville, one of the enterprising citizens of the township, who has done much to develop the resources of the section in which he lives, was born in the township he has lived in all his life. His ancestors on the paternal side came from Hungary, and on the maternal from Germany, before the Revolution. His great-grandfather, Jolin, was twice married. This branch of the family is descended from the second wife, whose name was Christiana Wasineer. One of their sons, also named John, grandfather of Francis, was born in Lancaster County December 15, 1780, and died in this township February 5, 1861, aged eighty-one years. His wife was Eliza- beth Ernst, a daughter of John Ernst, who came from Germany when eighteen years old. She was born March 14, 1793, and died July 6, 1880, aged eighty-seven years. They had nine children; Frederick, father of our subject; John, born November 12, 1818, married Eliza Seitz, and after her death Eva Householder, and died in 1879; Henry, born July 29, 1820, married Polly Lemon, of West Pennsborough Township, where they are living; Simon, born October 2, 1829, married Barbara Radabaugh, of this township, and lives here; David, born November 24, 1832, married Ann Fi^, and lives in West Pennsborough Township; George, born February 27, 1835, married Harriet Oiler, and lives on theBloser mansion farm; Barbara is the wife of John D. Snyder of this township; Catherine was the wife of William Kost, and both are deceased; and Sarah, who is unmarried, lives with her brother George. Frederick, father of Francis, was born August 31, 1813. He lived on his father's farm until after his marriage, when, after many changes, he bought the Laied farm, now owned by his son, Francis. In 1864, he retired and bought a small place south of Bloserville, removing to the village two years later, and died July 7, 1874. Be was a thorough-going man, pretty sure to accomplish whatever he undertook, and enjoyed the confidence of his fellow-citizens, and was several times elected to responsible township offices. He was a religious man, a member of the Lutheran Church. January 26, 1837, he married Martha Bowman, of this township, whose father was born December 11, 1788, and died April 21, 1846. Her mother, Martha, also was a widow, a Mrs. Messner, and originally a Miss Bloser, who died January 26, 1856, at the advanced age of ninety- seven years. They had six children: William, born July 15. 1838, married EUen De Sanno, and died February 28, 1865 (his widow, now the wife of William Lucas, resides in Peoria, 111.); William was a practicing physician in Carlisle, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, and had visited the medical schools of the principal European cities; John was born May 29, 1842, married Annie Keck, of Perry County, and was accidently drowned in the Oorsodoguinet Creel?, (his widow and family still reside on his farm in West Pennsborough Township); Abraham, born July 14, 1844, married Sarah, daughter of Hezekiah Koch, of Mifflin, and is now living on Francis' farm; David, born April 4, 1847, married Mina Chronister, of Adams County, and is living on the homestead farm, also owned by our subject; Mary Elizabeth, born July 8, 1849, is the wife of A. P. Schimp, and is living in South Middleton. Francis, who is the second son, was born February 4, 1845. He lived at home until his marriage, when he began farming on two or three farms, finally removing to Mount Rock, Penn Township, where he stayed seven years, and in 1870 came back to the old farm which he had bought from his father two years before. Here he remained six years, then in Bloserville eighteen months, during which time he went West; on his return he went back to the farm and remained there until the spring of 1885, when he removed to the place where he now resides. In 1884 he had bought an interest in the business now carried on under the name of Stambaugh & Mentzer. which he sold in the spring of 1886 to his son Frederick. November 22, 1860, he married Mary, daughter of William Drawbaugh, of this township; she was born February 28, 1840, and died November 11, 1881, accidentally burned to death by her clothing taking fire from an exploded lamp. They had following named children: Abner D., born September 13, 1862; Frederick, born March 18, 1865, who has taught school and now suc- ceeds his father in mercantile business at Bloserville; Martha E., born May 14, 1867; William H., born May 21, 1870, and died July 15, 1870; Harvey, born December 17, 1871;^ Francis, born December 31, 1873; and Minnie Catherina, born September 30, 1876, all living at home. December 21, 1882, Mr. Mentzer married Kate D. Mentzer, a cousin, a daughter of John Mentzer, and born February 8, 1851. They had one child, Mamie, born May 19, 1884, who died May 4, 1885. Mr. Mentzer has always been an active man. He has built many houses and barns, is now engaged in the lumber business with his brother- in-law, Joseph Drawbaugh, in Mifflin Township, has taken an active part in the affairs of the townships, and has held several offices. He and his wife and several members of the family are members of the Evangelical Association. Mr. Mentzer is universally esteemed as an upright, trustworthy man and a consistent Christian. WILLIAM JACKSON WALLACE, farmer, P. O. Newville. The grandfather of our subject settled in this township some time after his immigration from Ireland, on land of which the farm of William J. was a part. He was married here and reared a HAMPDEN TOWNSHIP. 479 family. Those who arrived at maturity were: James, who was married to Susan McCrea, and lived on the homestead, where he died; Thomas, who went to Ohio when young, married a Miss "Watt, and died there; John, who lived on a farm adjoining the home- stead, married a Miss Mary Thompson, removed to Newville, and died there in 1876; Jane, who married a Mr. Shoemaker, went to Monmouth, 111., where he died; Margaret, who died unmarried; Nancy, the wife of Thompson Mathers, of Mifflin Township, this county, where she died; William, the youngest son, who was born in 1800, and lived on the farm, until a few years before his death, at Newville, in 1874. He married Miss Mary Wherry, of Hopewell Township, and had nine children: John W., who died at home unmarried, aged about twenty-two; James M., who also died single; Margaret, the eldest of the girls, who died young; Agnes S., living in Newville; Lizzie E., liilled by a train at Harrisburg; Anna Mary, who died after reaching maturity; Ida X. and Laura M., twin sisters (the former died when a young lady, the latter is living at Newville), and William Jackson, the youngest of the sons. Our subject was bornMarch 20, 1839, and worked on the farm until his marriage, when he moved to the farm, which he had previously purchased. The homestead became his on his father's death. December 37, 1870, he married Miss Mary G., daughter of Rev. James Shields, of Juniata County, who was born, September 11, 1843. Mr. and Mrs. Wallace had one son, James Shields, who was born September 8, 1873, died July 11, 1886. He had been school director for nine years, and was justice of the peace for the five years previous to his death. He was a member of and ruling elder in the United Presbyterian Church at Newville. He had the reputation, in his commu- nity, of being a conscientious man, and a good citizen. His widow is a member of the United Presbyterian Church at Newville. CHAPTEK XL VII. HAMPDEN TOWNSHIP.* ABRAM A. BOWMAN, farmer, P. O. Mechanicsburg, is a son of Abram Bowman, now of Upper Allen Township, formerly of Fairview, York Co., Penn., where our sub- ject was born November 37, 1851, and where he lived until 1878, when he removed to a farm owned by Samuel Eberly, nearly adjoining his present residence. In 1881 Abram A. and his father purchased a fine farm, on the road known as "Brandy Lane," from the heirs of J. Best, and in 1884 the former bought the old Barnhart mansion fai-m, and now farms both places, living on the first mentioned property. In January, 1875, he married Elizabeth, daughter of Samuel Eberly (one of the best known residents of Hampden Town- ship), and they have one son, Samuel A. Although Mr. Bowman is still quite a young man, yet he has already achieved a good measure of success. What property he has ac- quired has been by his own unaided exertions, and, should his life be spared, the energy and business capacity he has already exhibited, will undoubtedly place him in the front rank of the citizens of this county. DAVID DIETZ, farmer, P. 0. Shiremanstown, is ai native of York County, Penn., born in 1836, son of Daniel and Lydia (Sloner) Dietz. His grandfather was George Dietz. His father and his grandfather were born on the same farm, making two generations born on the same property. In 1837, when David was eleven years of age, his parents re- moved to East Pennsborough Township, this county, buying the place known as the "Carothers' farm," which has been in the possession of the Carothers family for one hundred years. Here the father, Daniel Deitz, died in 1860, aged sixty years; his widow died in 1866. David worked on his father's farm until his marriage, in 1850, with Caro- line, daughter of Christian Sheely, of Hampden Township. A year later his father gave the management of the farm to him, and he lived there until 1869, when he bought the place on which he now resides, in Hampden Township, about one mile north of Shire- manstown. He, however, still owns the old homestead, which is farmed by his son, Dan- iel. David Dietz has had nine children, two of whom are deceased. Daniel is the eldest living, and is married to Susan, daughter of William Mechling, and carries on his father's farm; Simon, his second sou, is married to Barbara, daughter of Jacob Eberly, and car- ries on farming. Three daughters are married: Mary Ellen, wife of John H. Smith, of Mechanicsburg, Penn.; Annetta, wife of Jonas C. Rupp, of Monroe Township, and Car- rie M., who married Frank S. Hertzler, of Lower Allen Township: the two younger daughters are at home. Mr. Dietz was elected county commissioner in 1869, serving his * See also borongh of Shiremanstown, page 456. 480 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: term of three years to the great satisfaction of his fellow-citizens. He has been school director also for many years, the last three as secretary of the board. He has also been assessor several times, besides filling several minor offices. In every position to which he has been called he has discharged its duties with credit to himself and satisfaction of his constituents. He and his wife are prominent members of 8t. John's Lutheran Church. David Dietz is universally esteemed by all who know him, and bears a well-deserved repu- tation as a man of uprietit character and the most unblemished integrity. CHRISTIAN DIETZ, farmer, P. O. Good Hope, is the younger son of Daniel and Lydia (Stoner) Dietz, and was born in York County, Penn., on the same farm where his father and grandfather were born. He is flfty-three years of age, having been born in October, 1833. His parents came to this county in 1837, buying the well-known " Caroth- ers' farm," which had been owned by that family for 150 years. Here Christian lived until the spring of 1851, when his father turned the farm over to his elder son David, himself and family removing to a house he had built on that part of his own farm lying in the then new township of Hampden. Here Christian lived until his marriage, in 1856, with Elizabeth, daughter of John Wilt of East Pennsborough Township, he then removed to a farm bought by his father, in 1852, from Anderson and William Orr. Here he stayed until the spring of 1882, when he removed to a new house which he built at the lower end of his farm, to which he had added fifty acres bought from James Orr, and this, with the original Orr Farm of 160 acres, which he got from his father's estate, and ninety-five acres which he purchased from Susan Sierer, gives him a fine farm of 305 acres in one tract, making him about the largest land-owner in Hampden Township, and one of its heaviest taxpayers. He has five children: George W., married to Lillie C., daughter of Eli.C. Shuman (he farms his father's upper farm); Alice J., wedded to Frederick Mum- ma, grocer, of Mechanicsburg; Rebecca E., Milton C, and Katie N., who are unmarried and live at home. Mr. Dietz has held several township offices, and has been school di- rector for eighteen years, assessor two terms, county auditor, and held several minor offices. He has worthily discharged the duties of every position, and should his fellow-citizens call him to a still higher post of honor, which seems probable, his life and charater, which are open and known to all men, are a guarantee that he will faithfully discharge the trust committed to his care. SAMUEL EBERLY, retired farmer, P. O. Shiremanstown, is a native of this county^, born near Mechanicsburg in 1830, son of John Bberly who came to Hampden Township from Lancaster County, with his father, when a young boy. John Eberly's father bought a farm of 388 acres of land (a part of which is now owned by the subject of this sketch), where he lived, and on his death his son John inherited that part of the land, which, on his (John's) death, was inherited by Samuel, and on which the latter has since resided. In 1843 Samuel Eberly married Susan, daughter of Christian Garver. She died in 1851, leaving one son and three daughters, of whom one has since died. The following year Samuel Eberly married Prances, a sister of his first wife, and in this year he retired from active larm labors, which he has never resumed. He built for himself, in 1877, a substan- tial and commodious brick residence on the Pittsburgh & Harrlsburg 'Turnpike, which in- tersects his farm. The house denotes that he is a man of taste and refinement, being much ■superior in appearance and internal arrangement to the majority of the houses in the •valley. His family consists of his wife; his son, Simon, now forty years of age, who married Ellen, daughter of Samuel Bashore, an old settler and near neighbor; Sarah A., wife of John Strong, residing on a farm in Silver Spring Township, owned by Mr. Eberly; Mary, wife of Benj. P. Zimmerman, who also lives on a farm, owned by her father, in Hamp- den Tp. ; these are the children by his first wife, as was also Frances, who married J. B. Lindeman (he built a house immediately adjoining Mr. Eberly's, and they had just moved into it when Mrs. Lindeman died). By his second wife, who died February 33, 1886, Mr. Eberly has five daughters: Elizabeth, wife of Abram A. Bowman of Hampden 'Township; Kate, wedded to Jacob S. Miley, of Silver Spring Township; and Ellen, Emma, and Ida, living at home. Mr. Eberly has accumulated large means. He owns five farms: The one on which he lives contains 176 acres, for which he gave $12,000 to his father's estate; one in Silver Spring Township, 136 acres, which cost $10,775; one of 138 acres in Hampden Townsliip, for which he gave $14,000; one of 105 acres, in Silver Spring township, cost him $13,573; and another in Silver Spring Township, costing $18,000. Besides these, Jje bought, in 1869, a farm on the turnpike, of 132 acres, which cost him, including improve- ments, over $30,000 (this latter farm he subsequently deeded to his son Simon, for much less consideration). He has also property of other kinds. Since 1851 he has been largely engaged in the business of settling estates, having been administrator, executor, trustee, guardian, or agent for no less than fifty-two estates, few of which are now unsettled. He has also written twenty-nine wills, his neighbors knowing his sterling worth, good judgment, and strong common sense, insisting on him acting for them. He has written, since 1861, 1,763 letters, of which he keeps a record. Mr. Eberly is practically a self-made man. Starting in life with scarcely any education, he is a bright example of what may be accomplished by rigid adherence to truth, justice and right, backed by industry. First, a poor and comparatively uneducated lad, to-day no man in the community stands higher HAMPDEN TOWNSHIP. 481 among all classes of people. That he may long be spared to his family, and for the benefit of the people who depend so largely upon his family, is the sincere wish of all who know him. BENJAMIN ERB, farmer, P. O. Mechaniosburg, is the youngest son of Benjamin and and Susan (Sadler) Erb, born in 1843, on his father's farm, a part of which he now owns and lives upon; it embraces most of the land between two bends of the Conodoguinet Creels, which bounds it on three sides. After his father's death Ben,iamin'8 elder brother, Joseph, bought the farm from the estate, and two years later sold seventy-seven acres on the point to Benjamin. Here Benjamin erected a new brick house and barns. His father was a native of East Pennsborough Township, this county, and lived in Wormleysburg; he bought a farm in that township, which he afterward sold. He then removed to the farm now occupied by his sons. Benjamin, the subject of this sketch, lived at home until he was twenty-six years of age, when he married Mary, daughter of Amos Hicks, of Mechanicsburg, Penn. ; she died in 1876, leaving a son, Benjamin, Jr., now fifteen years old. In 1881 our subject was again married, this time to Miami, daughter of Peter Plank, of Mechanicsburg, Penn. They have one child, Charles, now three years old. After the death of his father, Mr. Erb farmed his father's farm for two years, and then removed to Shiremanstown; two years later he came back to his farm, and, after remaining here two years, he removed to Mechanicsburg, where he resided for six years. After his marriage with Miss Plank he came back to his farm and has since resided here. He is justly proud of his farm, as well as of his fine stock. Mr. Erb has never held office, and could scarcely be induced to accept any, but his neighbors may not be disposed always to acquiesce in that decision. Should he be induced to accept a public position, his character is sufficient guarantee that he will worthily fill it. CHRISTIAN HERTZLER, farmer, P. O. Mechanicsburg, was born April 30, 1833, near Millersville, Lancaster Co., Penn. His father, likewise named Christian, was also born in Lancaster County, where he lived until our subject was four years old, when he removed to Monroe Township, this county, where he resided until his death, about twelve years since. On this farm young Christian worked until he was twenty-four years of age, at which time he married Eliza, daughter of Jacob Mumma, of Mechanicsburg, and took a farm of his father's, which he worked successfully for nine years, when he resold it to his father and bought his present farm of 110 acres, adding largely to the buildings and making it one of the best in the township, showing every evidence of thrift and comfort. To Christian Hertzler, Jr., and wife have been born nine children, who are now living, and two who died while quite young. The names and ages of those living are Anna Mary, twenty-five, wife of Elias Shelley, of Upper Allen Township; Martin Wilmer, twenty-three; Alice Jane, twenty-two; Ira Mumma, twenty; Cora May, fifteen; Christian Elmer, thirteen; Ella Eliza, eleven; Jacob Ray, nine; and Ada Grace, four. "The last named five attend the Pike School. Mr. Hertzler has not been an office seeker, and has never held an office, except that of school trustee. In politics he is, like all the Hertzlers, a stanch Republican. He and his wife are members of the Slate Hill Mennon- ite Church, near Shiremanstown, and live up to their professions of religion, enjoying the confidence and esteem of all who know them. JOHN LININGER, farmer, P. O. Good Hope, was born near where he now lives, in 1837, a son of Jacob and Eliza (Monasmith) Lininger, both natives of this county. His frandfather was born in Franklin County, whence he came to this county, where his son, acob, was born and reared, but about thirty-five years ago he removed to Iowa, where he still lives. At the age of four years John was adopted by John Basehore, who owned the farm where Mr. Lininger lives. John worked for his foster father until 1854, when he went to Mechanicsburg to learn the trade of carpenter. At this he worked for four years, when he married Miss Mary Jane Basehore, a niece of his foster father. John then took charge of the farm until Mr. Basehore's death, in 1870, when the farm was be- queathed him for a consideration. He has had three children, of whom one is now living: John B., now (1886) twenty-six years of age, who is married to Susan, daughter of Henry O. Booser, of East Pennsborough Township. Mr. Lininger has, for the past twenty years, had to contend against the misfortune, which then happened to him, of losing his right hand in a threshing machine. Five years ago Mr. Lininger was duly elected and ordained a minister of the River Brethren, and is also actively engaged in the manage- ment of his farm; on Sundays officiating in his ministerial capacity wherever services are held, the Brethren having no church edifice in the district, services being mainly held in the residences of members, and sometimes in edifices owned by other denominations. Mr. Lininger is regarded, not only by members of his own church, but by all who know him, as a man of strictest probity and integrity. WILLIAM B. LOGAN, farmer, P. O. Good Hope, was born near where he now lives, in 1845, son of William Logan, a native of Lebanon County, Penn., who came to this county in 1843, and died in 1878. His grandfather, likewise a native of Lebanon, named William, died during the war of 1812. Our subject lived on the home farm until 1867, when he married Mary J., daughter of Christian C. Rupp, of Silver Spring Township, this county. They have seven children: Abner C, Dessie Kate, John R., Frances, Lizzie 482 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Blanche, Ira N. and Mary. Two other children died in infancy. Mr. Logan taught school from 1861 until 1883. On the death of his father, in 1878, he purchased his pres- ent farm from the estate, remodeling the dwelling, building a new barn, etc., and then rented it until 1883, when he occupied it himself, comliining farming with school-teach- ing. In 1884 he was elected county auditor, which position he now holds. He and his wife are communicants of Salem Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. Logan is still a young man, with every prospect of a useful and honorable career before him, and is universally esteemed. He will fill, with credit to himself and satisfaction to his constituents, any po- sition to which he may be chosen. In politics he is a Democrat. JAMES B. MARTIN, farmer, P. O. Good Hope, lives on the farm on which he was born in October, 1851, on the banks of the Couodoguinet Creek, near Lindeman's mill. His father, James Martin, is also a native of this county, and formerly cultivated the farm on which his son James B. now lives, but retired in 1871, and now lives with his daugh- ter, Elizabeth, wife of William Sherbaa, in Mechanicsburg, Penn. Our subject's mother was Caroline, daughter of Peter Fessler, of Harrisburg, Penn. James E. Martin lived with his father until the latter gave up the farm; then our subject went to live with Mr. Sherban, at Oyster's Point. In 1881 Mr. Martin married Miss Alice, daughter of William Sadler, of Camp Hill, Bast Pennsborough Township, this county, and they have one child, Willie, a particularly bright little boy of three years. After their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Martin removed to the farm. Mr. Martin has, besides Mrs. Sherban, another sister, Jennie, wife of John Funk, of Springfield, Ohio. Mrs. Martin has four sisters: Nettie, Laura, Emma and BfiBe. Laura is wedded to Jacob Worst, of Upper Allen Township, this county. The others are unmarried and live at home. Mr. Martin, it will be seen, is quite a young man, who, it is to be hoped, has a long and useful career before him. He is in- dustrious and careful, and a gentleman of excellent character, and deserves success. JOHN M. RUPP, farmer, P. O. Mechanicsburg, is one of the descendants of John Jonas Rupp, who came to this county from Reihen, Grand Duchy of Baden, in 1751, and first located in Lancaster County, or what is now known as Lebanon County. He was the progenitor of the numerous family of Rupps which are found scattered all over this part of the country. From Lebanon he came to Cumberland County, and built the stone house now occupied by the subject of this sketch, and lived there until his death. One of his sons was Martin, grandfather of John M., who lived for a time on a farm near the stone church, of which he was one of the principal builders. He afterward removed to the Samuel Eberly farm, where John, father of our subject, was born January 17, 1801. The following April John Jonas Rupp died, and Martin took possession of the house, and at his death, in 1843, left it to his son John, who had married; in 1840, Anna, daughter of John Markley, who kept the old Trendle Spring tavern. Mr. and Mrs. John Rupp had a family of three sons and four daughters, all of whom died young, except Mary, wife of Charles Hertzler, and John M. The subject of this sketch was born in March, 1844. He and his sisters inherited the house and farm on the death of their father in 1872. Mr. Rupp is thus the direct representative of the original founder of the family in this county. In October, 1873, he married Ellen, daughter of Jacob Spidle, of Hampden Township, and they .have two boys and two girls: John M., Jr., Jacob S., Maggie E. and Naomi; all at- tending school. In early life Mr. Rupp dealt in patent rights; was also engaged in mining enterprises, but now gives his attention and entire time to his farm, which affords him ample occupation. His farm comprises 117 acres, and is one of the most fertile in the val- ley. He is a member of the Allen & Bast Pennsborough Society for the Recovery of Stolen Horses and Mules, and the Detection of Thieves. He is also a life member of the Horticultural Fair Company of Mechanicsburg, where he makes yearly exhibits. Among other curiosities which he has shown there is some soap made by his great-grandfather, and a specimen of the first apple-butter ever made in the county. He is a member of the Dunkard Church in Upper Allen Township, and is a man of excellent report among his neighbors. JOHN SHABPFBR, farmer, P. O. Good Hope, is a native of Hampden Township, this county, born on the old Shaeffer farm, at the foot of the Blue Mountains, in 1829. His father, John Shaeffer, was born on the same place, which his grandfather bought shortly after arriving in this country from Germany. This property is still held by the family, being now in the hands of John and his two brothers. At the age of twenty-one years John Shaeffer went West, but returned two years later, and engaged in the profession of school-teaching for the ensuing twelve years, farming in the summers. In 1862 he married Elizabeth A., daughter of Christian C. Rupp, of Silver Spring Township, this county. In 1864 he gave up school-teaching and gave his whole time to farm work. In 1871 he again began teaching, and taught for three years in Hampden, and one year in Hogestown. Then he again farmed for two years in Silver Spring Township, and while a resident of New Kingston, in that township, he was elected clerk of the courts and recorder, which position he filled for three years. On the expiration of his term of oflBce, he bought the farm on which he lives, and now gives his attention exclusively to it. He has three daughters: Flora Jane, Bertha Frances and Alta Mary, who live with their parents. In his oiflcial position Mr. Shaeffer made many friends by the thorough and conscientious HAMPDEN TOWNSHIP. 483 manner in which lie performed his duties, and should he again be called to serve his fel- low-citizens, which is likely, he will bring to the discharge of his duties tlie same sterling qualities which have distinguished his past career. He is one of the citizens of the county who must inevitably talie a leading part in the administration of its affairs. He and his wife and two elder daughters are communicants of Salem Methodist Episcopal Church in Hampden Township. ANDREW SHEELY, farmer, P. O. Mechanicsburg, is one of the oldest residents of the county, having been born near where he now lives, March 16, 1806. His father, John Sheely, was also born on the same farm, and died before the war of the Rebellion. Our subject's mother died while the Confederate forces were at Chambersburg, and, as Andrew Sheely says, was buried somewhat hastily for fear of a raid. Our subject's grandfatlier, also a' resident of this county, when a young man went to Germany in search of a fortune said to have been left to him, but returned without it, and settled down to farming, in which he was successful, owning four farms at the time of his death. Andrew Sheely has seven children living — four daughters and three sons. His eldest son, William, in 1861, at the age of twenty-one years, enlisted in the Twentieth Regiment Pennsylvania "Volunteer Infantry, and three months afterward, while carrying dispatches, attempted to ford the Potomac River on horseback, at a place known as "Sir John's Run," and was drowned; his body was recovered by his comrades, was sent home and was buried in the cemetery attached to St. John's Lutheran Church, near by. He was one of the first of Cumberland County's heroes to give up his life for his country. One daughter of our subject ^s also deceased — Fanny, wife of Martin Wise. The children now living are Catherine (wed- ded to Solomon Beck, farmer, of Hampden Township), Elizabeth (wife of William Koser of Mechanicsburg), Susan (wife of John Blair, of East Pennsborough Township), Samuel {married to Margaret Bosley), Mary Ann (keeping house for her father), John (residing in Shiremanstown and married to Becky, daughter of Benjamin Spong), Levi (married to Sarah, daughter of David Sheaffer). Until he was about twenty-five years of age, Andrew Sheely lived with his father. He then married Fanny, daughter of John Eichelberger, of Lower Allen Township, and moved to the farm he now occupies, and on which he has ever since resided. His wife died in 1884. Although in his eightieth year, Mr. Sheely carries on his farm himself, and is hale and hearty. He is a consistent member of the Lutheran Church and enjoys the respect and esteem of the entire community. JOHN SHOPP, retired farmer, near Shiremanstown, was born July 6, 1794, on the place where he now resides. His farm is one of the original tracts, called " Manington," for which a warrant was granted May 17, 1767, by Thomas and John Penn. After but two intermediate transfers, it was purchased, September 30, 1774, by Ulrich Shopp, grand- father of our subject, and has continued in the ownership of the family ever since. Ulrich Shopp left, inter alia, a son John, who married a Miss Annie Hershey, and they had eleven children: Elizabeth, Magdalena, Christian, John (our subject), Sarah, Samuel, Ja- cob, Annie, Fannie, Catharine and David. They were a long-lived family. Magdalena died when a child, David in his seventieth year, and the others at ages ranging from eighty to eighty-nine years. John is the sole survivor. He was born in the small log schoolhouse which now stands near St. John's Church, one-fourth mile from his farm, but which at that time was near the site of his present residence. He followed farming until about twenty years ago, when he retired, and has since been engaged in no special active business. He has long been an active member of the United Brethren Church, the first edifice belonging to that denomination in the neighborhood having been built on land which he gave for that purpose, together with sufficient ground for a grave-yard. In January, 1841, he married Nancv, daughter of Martin and Fannie Nissley, of Dauphin County. She died July 7, 1841. March 16, 1843, he married Louisa, daughter of Rev. John Crider, who was born October 11, 1806, near Chambersburg, Penn. They had two sons, one of whom died in infancy; the other is J. H. Shopp, Esq., of Harrisburg, who was born January 30, 1850. He was educated at Dickinson College, from which lie was ffraduated in 1878. Afterward he read law, and was admitted to the bar of Dauphia County, February 9, 1878. In 1881 he entered into partnership in the practice of law with Hon. David Mumma, one of the prominent citizens of that place. April 8, 1884, Mr. Shopp married Alice M., daughter of George Cunkle (deceased), formeily of Harrrisburg. The elder Mr. Shopp has a singularly bright recollection of matters pertaining to the early history of this section of Cumberland County, covering the greater part of the present century, and communicates his recollections in a clear and entertaining manner. Through- out his long life he has ever borne the reputation of a man of unblemished character, and has had in a large degree the esteem and respect of his neighbors, who hope to see him live to the full measure of a century. , „ ELI C. SHUMAN, farmer, P. O. Good Hope, is a native of Manor Township, Lancas- ter Co., Penn., born January 1, 1830; his father, Jacob B. Shuman, and his grandfather, Christian Shuman, were also natives of Lancaster County, as were also his mother and grandmother. His mother's maiden name was Fanny Urban, and his grandmother's name was Anna Brenneman. In 1854 he married Elizabeth, daughter of Bernard Mann, of the same place, and continued to live on his father's farm until 1860, when his father bought 484 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: the farm in Hampden Township, where they still live. He has a family of seven daugh- ters and two sons. His daughter Laura is married to Jacob Bretz, son of Jacob Bretz, Sr., a farmer, of the same township; Elizabeth is the wife of George Dietz, son of Chrn. Dietz, of the same township; Catharine is the wife of David V. Kapp, son of Wm. Kapp. of Silver Spring Township, this county; the other children are unmarried, their names are Maggie, Harriet, Ida, Fannie B., B. Prank and Albert N. Mr. Shuman devotes liis whole time to farming. He and his wife and two of the daughters are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, at Salem. GEORGE W. SHUMBERGER, teacher and merchant, P. 0. Good Hope, is a well known young man in Hampden Township, this county, where he was born and raised. Both his parents are natives of this county and live in Hampden Township, where his father carries on the tailoring business. George W. was born in 1855; remained at home working for his father on a farm he was cultivating, until twenty years of age, when he engaged in the profession of teaching, for which he had qualified himself by persistent study, having attended normal school but one term. In 1878 he married Sallie, daughter of John Simmons, of Silver Spring Township This union has been blessed with four daughters. Our subject continued teaching until 1883, when he purchased the general store at Good Hope, this county (formerly conducted by Samuel McGaw), and the same year he was appointed postmaster. The following year he resumed teaching, which he still continues, his wife assisting him in his other business. Mr. Shumberger has been twice ejected justice of the peace, but would not serve; he has been township clerk and auditor,and inspector of elections, the duties of which positions he performed with fidelity and care. He is emphatically a self-taught and self-made man, universally esteemed for his exemplary conduct and character. Both he and his wife are consistent members of the United Brethren Church, of which he is an elder. AMOS C. WERTZ, fence builder, P. O. Good Hope, is a native of this county, born in Monroe Township in 1840. His father, Samuel Wertz, still lives, aged eighty years. His mother, nee Elizabeth Fry. died six years ago. Both parents were natives of York County, Penn. The father of Samuel Wertz was a native of Baltimore, Md., and died in York County, Penn., when Samuel was but six years old. Samuel learned the trade of shoe-making, and, notwithstanding his advanced age, still carries it on in Silver Spring Township, his son Adam doing the more active part of the work. Amos C. Wertz, when eleven years old, hired out on a farm until he was eighteen years of age, when he went to Ohio, where he stayed four years, and from there enlisted, in 1863, in the Ninety-fourth Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Six weeks later he was captured and sent to the Confederate prison at Versailles, Ky., where he was soon paroled, and, after experiencing many hardships, made his way to Columbus, Ohio. He soon re-enlisted in the general mounted service of the Regular Army, and his record is a brilliant one. In August, 1865, he received his discharge (as sergeant), and on the back of it the officer mustering him out has put a list of the battles and skirmishes in which our subject took part, numbering thirty-five. This splendid record is one to which he can point with just pride. He received several wounds, but fortunately has not been permanently disabled, although he will always feel their effects. In 1869 Mr. Wertz was married to Rebecca, daughter of William Miller, of Hampden Township, this county; they have no children. Mr. Wertz has been school director and secretary of the board for four years, auditor six years and collector two years. In every position to which he has been chosen he has faithfully dis- charged its duties. An intelligent and upright man, a brave soldier and a good citizen, he has always borne himself with honor, and has acquired the respect of all who know him. GEORGE WILT, farmer, P. O. Good Hope, is a native of East Pennsborough Town- ship, this county, as was also his father, John Wilt. His grandfather came from Gtermany many years ago. Our subject was born in 1823, and ten years later his father died on the farm where our subject now resides, to which he had removed two years previously (it belonged at that time to the estate of George Mann). At his death he left four children: George; Catherine, wife of Samuel Newcomer, of Mechanicsburg; Mary, who died a few years after the death of her father; and Elizabeth, wife of Christian Dietz. After the death of his father George continued to live on the farm, which was rented to Frederick Muma, who farmed it for seven years. About four years after her husband's death. Mrs. Wilt bought the farm at an appraised valuation, and at the time specified took charge of it her- self, and with the aid of her son conducted it for twenty-nine years; she then rented the farm until her death in 1874. George bought his sister's interest in the farm, and became sole owner. He has never married, is no politician, and has never held any office, except that of school director, his farm of 156 acres demanding his whole time and attention. He is spoken of by all who know him as a man of the highest character. • HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP. 485 CHAPTER XLVIII. HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP AND BOROUGH OF NEWBURG. ZACHA.RIAS BASEHORE, farmer, P. O. Newburg. Of the remote ancestry of this^ branch of the Basebore family but little data can be obtained, but It is probable that tifiey were natives of Lebanon County, Penn.. as William, the father of our subject, came from that county. He was married in Cumberland County, Penn., to Susannah Orris, about 1837, and had probably been a resident here as early as 1830. By trade he was a shoe-maker, and soon after marriage settled in Lizertsburg, North Middleton Township. His wife was born in this county, a daughter of Christopher and Margaret (Bistline) Orris, who for many years were residents of Cumberland Valley. Zacharias, the eldest son, was born in 1840, and later other children followed, viz. : Isaac, Maria, and one that died in infancy. In 1849 the death of the father occurred, and in 1854 the mother was laid to rest in the village cemetery. The children were thus separated — Isaac was talien care of by Will- iam Lutman, of Perry County; Maria resided with Alexander Corman, of North Middle- ^ ton Township, with whom she found a comfortable home until her marriage with George Drawbaugh, a member of one of the old families of this county. Our subject had to earn his own living from the age of nine. He was first put in charge of an uncle, Christopher Orris, and two years later was indentured to Jacob B. Hoover, who was to find him suit- able clothing in return for his work, and to give him a good freedom suit at the age of fourteen. When our hero arrived at that age he found himself a lusty lad with a suit worth 75 cents on his back, not a dollar in his pocket, hut with the world before him. His first venture was an engagement to Jacob Nickey for $6 per month; that winter he also attended school, and he had previously managed to pick up a fair education. From this date he received better wages, and after his marriage commenced farming on his own account. August 15, 1860, he was wedded to Sarah, daughter of Jacob and Julia Chrisilieb, and a member of one of the most important families in Mifflin Township, this county. Their domestic life was commenced on the John Ahl farm, in Mifflin Township, and four years later Mr. Basehore sold his stock and engaged in difiEerent lines of trade, rapidly accumulating money until his purchase of his present farm in 1879. The children born to Mr. and Mrs. Basehore are Mina J , George B. Mc. , Sarah E., Laura J., John C, Jacob C, Carrie M., Elizabeth and William. Mina J. is the wife of Daniel Mowery, and Sarah E. is the wife of George Lsiughlin. The others still remain under the paternal roof. Our subject is a self-made made, and is not only one of the wealthy and influential men of the township, but is allied to a family which for more than a century ha^ been of note and importance in the business and political world. ADAM HEBERLIG, farmer, Newburg, is a great-grandson of Rudolph Heberlig, who came from Switzerland before the Revolutionary war and settled in Berks County, between Reading and Adamstown, Penn. He was twice married, and by the first wife had four children: John and Rudy, and two daughters whose names are unknown. Of these, John was married in Berks County, Penn., to Martha Schoenhour, and had six sons:. Rudy, John, Jacob, Samuel, Benjamin, Joseph, and two daughters, Mary and Elizabeth. In 1811 the family immigrated to this county and settled at Glenn's mill, near Newville, ■where they both resided until their death. John Heberlig, the father of our subject, was married to Barbara Failor, December 30, 1821, who bore him four children: Jane John, Joseph and Christopher. She died December 11, 1827. and January 29, 1829, he was again married, this time to Margaret Failor, a sister of his first wife, and to this union were born seven children: Adam, Benjamin, Margaret, Elizabeth, William, Mary J. and Benjamin F. (the first son bearing the name dying in infancy). John Heberlig purchased 314 acres^ of land in Hopewell Township, this county, in 1829, and in 1854 he bought the farm now owned by his sons Adam and Benjamin F., and in 1864 the farm where he now resides. He has been noted during his long life for energy and perseverance, and, perhaps, no man has done more for the improvement of this township— purchasing tract after tract of land, making substantial improvements and erecting fine residences on each. His second wife' died December 17, 1867, since when he has resided with his daughter, Elizabeth, widow of Benjamin Hefflefinger. He was born February 23, 1795, has been a farmer all his life, and when the writer called was shoveling snow with the ease of a man fifty year* of age.' Of his immediate family only himself and one sister, Elizabeth Lehman, now a widow of eighty-seven years, are living. Adam, eldest son of John Heberlig by second wife was born October 16, 1829. He was reared on the homestead farm, and his educa- 486 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES : tion was obtained in tlio common schools of this township, and until his marriage he re- mained with his lather. In 1854 he engaged with his brother Joseph in farming. April 17, 1856, he was united in marriage, by Rev. David Hefflefinger, with Elizabeth, daughter of John and Jane (Beatty) Sohulenbarger, of Mifflin Township, this county. In October of that year he brought his young wife to the pleasant home they now occupy, and here were born their children: Margaret J., Mary A., Martha E., George B. Mc, Myra B., William M. and Annie L., all living except the eldest, who died November 19, 1861. Our subject has been one of the most successful farmers of his township. He is known as a leader in politics in his neighborhood. His well-known business qualifications were early recognized by the people, and, in 1861, he was elected assessor, and with but short inter- vals has been an official to date. In 1883 he was elected director of the poor, which office he still holds. He has filled every office within the gift of the people of his township, except three minor otfioes, which of itself is proof of his popularity. JOSEPH F. HEBERLIG, farmer,P.O. Newburg, is tlie second son of John and Barbara (Failor) Heberlig; was born October 12, 1825 in the old stone house near Glenn's mill in New- ton Township, this county, on tUe place his father first settled after coming to Cumber- land County. Until he was twenty-three years of age our subject worked for and made his home with his father. His first business experience for himself was in 1852, when he farmed the homestead on shares, and the next year in partnership with his brother Adam. December 7, 1853, he was united in marriage with Catharine A., daughter of Peter and Margaret Myers, of Adams County. Their married life was begun in the house which he purchased in 1858, and there his children were born: John C, Margaret J. (married to Samuel G. Lehuer, December 18, 1877), Peter H. (deceased) Andrew R. (married Emma Spangler, December 36, 1882), Jeremiah H. (deceased) and Mary A. (deceased). Mr. Heberlig has been quite a prominent man in the township from the beginning of his busi- ness life. In recognition of his capabilities and worth he has been repeatedly elected to office, and several terms has served as inspector, school director, judge of election, and two terms as supervisor. As an enterprising agriculturist his farm gives the best evidence. As a man the voice of his neighbors tell the story; as an official his re-election verifies all that has been said. BENJAMIN F. HEBERLIG, farmer, P. O. Newburg, is the youngest son of John Heberlig; was born in 1844 on the ancestral farm. He remained with his father until his marriage, in 1868, with Miss Harriet L., daughter of Henry and Catherine Holby, at that time residents of Hopewell Township, this county. The ashes of both now mingle with the silent dust, their demise occurring at the home of Mr. Heberlig. The home life of the young couple was begun on the farm which is now their residence, and which was a part of the third . tract purchased by his father. Seven children have blessed their union, of whom Albert E., Anna J., Charles F., John W. and Bessie May, are living. In 1880 Mr. and Mrs. Heberlig removed to Hedgesville, W. Va., remaining there four years, and while a resident there Mr. Herberlig was honored by being elected mayor, and since his return to Pennsylvania he has served as judge of election. While in Virginia Mr. Heberlig was engaged in the lumber business, of which he made a success. He owns and operates a saw-mill near his present residence and within a few rods of the old site of a mill built by his father in 1853. In 1869 he purchased his present Jf arm, and which will probably be his home for years. DAVID HEFFLEFINGER, cooper, Newburg.- It can positively be asserted that Philip Hefflefinger was a resident of Cumberland County as early as 1780, and prior to coming here, was a resident of Lebanon County; Penn., where he was married to Cath- arine Eichholtz. He was a fifer during the Revolutionary war and participated in the battles fought in that struggle. It is stated that on one occasion after his return home he asked his mother to bake some cakes, such as soldiers made by cooking their dough in the ashes. " Hunger is the bestcook, my son," said his kind old mother, " but I will bake you some." After Philip Heffieflnger came to Hopewell Township, this county, he purchased a farm, which for many years has been known as "Sodom," in consequence of two distilleries and a tannery located there. On this farm Philip and his wife reared the following chil- dren: Philip, Jacob, Samuel, John, William, David, Thomas, Mary, Elizabeth and Cath- arine, of whom William is the only one now living. Thomas, the youngest son, the fa- ther of our subject, was a farmer, but devoted part of his time to getting out coopers' sup- plies and lumber of all kinds, from the fine timber which then abounded here. He was born in 1804; was married in 1827, to Agnes Watson, born August 31, 1803, daughter of William and Susannah (Weicklein) Watson, residents of Newton Township, where some of the descendants yet reside. Thomas Hefflefinger purchased a small farm, half a mile east of the paternal homestead, and in 1840 bought the Boyd farm in the same vicinity, and on this farm lived until his death. His first wife died in 1868, and January 18, 1870, he wedded Mrs. Martha Dougherty, of Roxbury, the ceremony being performed by Rev. William Krouse. Mrs. Martha Hefflefinger's maiden name was Shoemaker, and she was descended from old Roxbury ancestry. On the first farm were born William, David, Thomas, Alexander, Joseph, John and a daughter (deceased). On the Boyd farm were born Benjamin, Ann E., Agnes, Sarah J., Philip (deceased) and Adahzillah. The father HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP. 487 died in 1878 and his widow in 1880. David, our subject, was born September 5, 1839. His boyliood was passed on tlie farm and his education was gained in the common schools. He remained at home until of age, and in 1851 went to Orrstown, Franklin Co., Penn., and there learned brick-making. In the autumn of the same year he commenced the cooper's trade in Greenwood. He was married, in 1855, to Elizabeth J., daughter of Cor- nelius and Mary (Mumper) Baker, of Perry County, Penn. Henry Mum per was a prominent distiller and farmer, wagoned on the road and so on to Baltimore, residing near German- town, Penn. Of the ten children born to this union seven are living: Mary E. A., Sarah A., William A., Annie L., John C, Thomas M., and Elice E. Frank H., an infant, and David C, are deceased. Mary E. A. is the wife of George H. McCoy; Sarah A. wedded Jacob A. Burkholder, and William A. married Emma Clippinger. In 1856 our subject established a shop in Mifflin Township, this county, and also made bricks at the same time in Perry, Franklin and Cumberland Counties. In 1860 he came to Newburg, and has continued brick-making and coopering in the village to date. In all his undertakings he has been successful and has accumulated a competence. JOHN HENSEL, retired, Newburg, was born July 38, 1831, in this county, on a farm {now his property) which has been in possession of the Hensel family for sixty-seven years. Christian Hensel, his father, was born January 15, 1794, and came from Saxony, set- tled there in 1816, and was married in 1830 to Mary Shoemaker, born March 17, 1785, He had nothing when he came to this county; was a baker in Saxony and learned to still in America, and before his marriage had saved $300, which he invested in 300 acres of land. He built a distillery on the farm and for many years worked at his trade. John, his eldest son, relates that when a small boy he attended the still sometimes during the afternoons, and although a man sixty-five yeai-s of age has never tasted a drop of liquor, has never used tobacco, and has never sworn an oath in his life. The land was very poor at that time, but it has been brought up to a high state of cultivation and now brings large returns. To Christian Hensel and his wife were born three children, of whom John, born in 1881, and Elizabeth, born in 1833, reached adult age. The mother died in 1851 and the father in 1867. John Hensel was one of the few children anxious for the welfare of their parents, and remained with his father until he died, and was forty-five years of age before celebrating his marriage, October 33, 1874, with Sophia Nicholas, who secured a husband noted alike for his honesty and kindness. This union has been blessed with two sons: Charles C. and John H. ; the former born October 4, 1875, and the latter April 38, 1879. Mrs. Hensel is thirty-eight years of age, and perhaps no better mated couple can be found in the township. She was a daughter of Charles Nicholas, who is now in the West. John Hensel succeeded to his father's estate, to which he has added by good man- agement. The Hensels have ever been noted for their liberality, and many poor people of Hopewell have cause to remember their many acts of kindness. HENRY HURSH, hotel proprietor, Newburg. Henry Hursh, grandfather of our subject, was born in Pennsylvania 143 years ago, jand from the most authentic informa- tion to be obtained was a resident, from the time of his birth, of Fairview Township, York County. His father had three children: Abraham, Henry and Susan, each of whom inherited large farms in that neighborhood. Henry was married as early as 1793, but to whom can not be learned, and three children were born: John, Joseph and Henry. Of these, John, the eldest, was born in 1794; married Barbara Brookart about 1817, and com- menced married life on a part of the grandfather's homestead, to which was added, by sub- sequent purchase, the Asten farm; and on this land were born nine children; Henry, our subject; John, married to Sarah Livingston; Joseph, married to — Hogan; Abraham, married to— Frank; Elizabeth, widow of George Rupp, and David, married to — Hale, are residents of Cumberland County. The deceased are Daniel, Susan and Mary. Our subject was born May 17, 1819, and remained with his father until his marriage, in 1841, with Catharine, daughter of Henry Deitz, of York County, Penn. His father owned a distillery, which Henry managed from the time he was old enough to attend to the busi- ness until after his marriage, when he tried farming on his own account. In 1843 he and his brother purchased the farm now owned by the Westhafer heirs. Farming was too dull for Henry Hursh, however, and he erected on this farm a hotel, which was known as the " Bulls Head," and was a great resort for cattle drovers, then very numerous in this county; he was a popular landlord, and made money in the business. In 1853 he left the "Bulls Head," and became proprietor of the "Big Springs Hotel," where he established a fine reputation for the hostelry. This place had been a losing investment for its former proprietors, but the cordiality and good business qualifications of the new host brought its usual reward, and he reaped a golden harvest. He also engaged in the stock business about the year 1855, with Col. Grticy and John Brown as partners. Later he purchased the " Black Horse" hotel in Shippensburg, which he conducted for a number of years, and then engaged in selling farming implements and cattle. Nothing proved so congenial to him however, as hotel life, and again he took possession of the "Big Spring Hotel," and later the "Union Hotel," in Shippensburg. The next year he engaged in the whole- sale and retail liquor business, in which he continued till the local option law was passed, when he removed to Hagerstown, Md. After the repeal of that law he returned to Ship- . 488 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: pensburg, where he carried on the same business two years more. Again the hotel business was an inducement to hira, and for the third time he became proprietor of the " Big Spring Hotel;" and after his two years' lease had expired he took charge of a new hotel at Shippensburg, Penn., and three years later ho took charge of the "Exchange," at Newburg. and he has lost none of his popularity as caterer to the tastes of the public. Three children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Hursh: Adaline (deceased), Daniel and Ann, who is housekeeper for her father. FREDERICK B. LEBERKNIGHT. physician, Newburg. The great-gi-andfather, Leberknight, came from Germany; his son, Frederick, resided in Lighlersburg. Md., and was the father of seven children, of whom Daniel (the father of our subject) was by trade a weaver, an occupation he followed in the village of Green Castle for forty years. He was sober and industrious, and was not married until the age of forty, when he won the affections of Mrs. Susan (Kuhn) Reymer, a widow, and at that time the mother of seven children. To this union were born the following children: Daniel C. Frednrick B., John and Adam. John died when twenty years of age. The father concluded to rear his large family on a farm, and, after a few moves, settled on the Wilson farm, at Back Creek, on the Loudon road, Franklin County, Penn., and there all were taught to work and were given a practical education at the common schools. The mother of these chil- dren died in 1854, and Mr. Leberknight married Mrs. Elizabeth Holland, who had at that time one son — Koser. The fruit of this union was James G., Maggie, Martha, Sarah, and Susan. In this large family, comprising four sets of children, the utmost harmony pre- vailed. The last wife died in 1885, and the aged father is still living at Cheesetown, eighty-one years old. Of the four sons by the first marriage, three were graduates of Jefferson Medical College, of Philadelphia, Penn.; Adam K., is practicing at Orrstown, Penn.; Daniel, at Lemaster's, Franklin County: and Frederick B., atNewburg. Oursubject, prior to his graduation, taught school, and afterward studied medicine with Drs. Richards & Montgomery, of Chambersburg. He entered Jefferson College in 1871, and after taking two full courses, went to Lathrop, Mo., where he practiced one year. Returning in 1873. he completed his course and graduated with honor. He then located in Newburg. this township. In 1874 he was married to Sarah, daughter of Andrew and Charlotte A. Elder, of Chambersburg, Penn. After a four years' practice at Newburg he went to Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York, and graduated there in 1879. Since that date his prac- tice has been an uninterrupted one in this village. The Doctor and his wife have had two children: Bessie, born six years after their marriage, died six weeks after birth, and Vernon B.. born in 1883. The Doctor was the preceptor of all his brothers, and in connection with his fine literary attainments, is a graduate of two of the best .Eastern medical col- leges. His popularity is only equaled by his success as a physician. JOSEPH McELWAIN, retired, P. O. Newburg. The remote ancestry of this family in this country dates back much more than a century, for Ebenezer (father of subject) was born to Joseph McElwain, near Eckhard's mill, about 1717. His parents had resided in this country prior to that date. Although the territory on this side of Conodoguinet Creek then belonged to the Indians, a number of whites were living on it, and sometimes when a quarrel would arise the settlers would fly for safety across the creek, which was- considered the boundary line. A building was burned near the residence of the McElwains about 1730, and the occupants (Mr. White and family) were all murdered, except a little child, who was rescued. Jean, a daughter, was born in 1802 (to Joseph McElwain), followed by Mary, Joseph, Andrew, William, Elizabeth and Ebenezer. Ebenezer McElwain was married, September 84. 1801, to Elizabeth Crow and after their marriage they settled near '"Three Square Hollow," and there their children were born. Our subject learned the trade of miller, and for many years operated a saw and grist mill erected by his father in an early day. He was married, in May, 1848, to Elizabeth, daughter of James and Elizabeth Cook, of Perry County, Penn. This union has been blessed with nine children, six living: Sarah J., wife of John Mowery; Amanda, wife of Thomas Diven; Margaret, wife of Ira Fylar; Mary, wife of Allen Kuhn; Joseph A. and Laura B. All were born on the homestead, near the mill, where so many of their name have been born and reared. Jo- seph McElwain has always been an exceptionally prosperous man, and during the years spent in the Hollow amassed a nice competency. In 1875 he disposed of the mill and pur- chased the fine farm on which he now resides. The log house was erected more than a century ago, but it contains a family who have long been noted as among the best in the land. Four generations have been born in Cumberland County bearing the name of Mc- Elwain. WINFIELD SCOTT McGAW, liveryman, Newburg, was born in the family home- stead in Mifllin Township, this county, October 13, 1837, son of Samuel and Elizabpth McGaw. His father was, undoubtedly, the most popular man of his day, in MifiBin Township, and was elected county commissioner by an immense majority, and at the expiration of his term (so well were his duties discharged) his constituents were almost a unit in favor of his re-election. It had been an axiom, however, with the Democratic party that a man should only serve in this position one official term, and the dissatisfac- tion ensuing by putting forth another candidate caused a disruption of the party which HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP. 489 ■was not healed for many years. Finely educated, possessed of a brilliant mind and unquestionable honesty, Samuel McGaw was intrusted with the settlement of more estates than any other man in the history of his township. In fact he allowed his own business to sufler in consequence of his faithfulness to the interests of others. Too much can not be said in his praise, or in that of his son George, who, as mentioned elsewhere, was a brave soldier, and enacted the story of Damon and Pythias, for, in attempting to make the last moments of a dying soldier (David Carl) comfortable, he was taken prisoner, when by leaving him to die alone he could easily have escaped^ but true to the vow they had made to each other before leaving home, his life paid the forfeit, for he starved to death in Libby Prison, leaving a record of honor and courage. Our subject was educated in the public schools, and remained with his father until the spring of 1861, when he took a lengthy trip through the Western States. Returning in the autumn of the same year, he made arrangements for commencing business. February 13, 1863, he was married to Sadie A., daughter of Samuel and Barbara (liear) Stevick, of this county. Their married life was commenced on the J. V. Bowman farm, in Whisky Run District. To this union have been born six children: David S., Minnie B., Frank L., Joseph C, Mable G. (living) and Thomas E. (deceased). Our subject continued agricultural pursuits, in Mifflin and West Pennsborough Townships, until 1873, when he removed to the pleasant village of Newburg, and for eight consecutive years carried the United States mail from Newburg to Newville, since which time he has had the passenger route between Newburg and Shippensburg. He is the only liveryman in Newburg, and Is as full of enterprise as were his ancestors in the early days of this county's history. Perhaps no sketch will give greater interest to this section of the county than that of the- McGaw family, who, from first to last, have been among the most honorable and enterprising men. JOHN and SAMUEL H. MITCHELL, farmers, Newburg. John Mitchell, the grandfather, came from County Antrim, Ireland, about 1760, and settled on the faiin, now the property of our subjects. At that time the lands in this neighborhood were nearly all subject to pre-emption, and he received a warrant for about 300 acres. At that date his uncle, Samuel Mitchell, resided on the tract now owned by Joseph Heberlig, but just when Samuel Mitchell came to this country can not be ascertained. John Mitchell was married, after locating his land, to Miss Mary Irwin, about 1773. The young couple went to work with a will, and ere long a log house and log barn were erected, both of which are yet standing, in a good state of preservation, and in the barn loft is still hay and straw which were placed there before the Revolutionary war. The historian learns of no buildings ante-dating them in the county that are still serviceable. The land was then in its primitive state, but with combined energy and muscle John Mitchell soon had a few acres cleared and ready for the plow. With prosperity came also a number of children to gladden their home in the wilderness: Margaret, William, Mary, Martha, Jennette and Elizabeth. Through his wife (Mary Irwin) John Mitchell acquired quite a considerable fortune, as the Irwins were a wealthy and noted family of Scotch origin, who resided near Middle Springs, Franklin (then known as Lancaster) County. Of John Mitchell's children the only son, William (father of our subjects), was born September 2, 1777. He was reared and educated under the old roof tree. During his younger days he was a lieutenant in the militia formed to protect the State and county from invaders; he was one of the most lithe and active men of his times, and enjoyed a great reputation as a runner, and he was as fearless as he was fleet. He was married, about 1817, to Letty McCune, being at that time about forty years of age. Her death occurred as early as 1819, and in 1833 he was married to Mary Hanna. The deatli of John Mitchell occurred prior to the second marriage of his son, his widow having preceded him a number of years. William Mitchell purchased his sister's interest in their father's estate, and with his last wife began a happy domestic life under the roof which had sheltered the family so many years. Aside from his home duties William was quite a noted politician and swayed a power in his neighborhood, and he was courted alike by Democratic and Republican friends, for as " Billy " voted so voted a majority of his neighbors, and numerous candi- dates for office owed their election to his earnest support. Of the children born to this good man six are deceased and five living: Elsie J., widow of John Gilmore; John; Mary; Samuel; Elizabeth, wife of John Swartz. Samuel was married, in 1866, to Margaret, daughter of Abraham and Elizabeth Wingert, and on the ancestral farm their married life commenced, and there were born their children: Minerva J., Elizabeth M., Annie M. and William W. (the latter was born in September, 1877, and his grandfather, William Mitchell, in whose honor he was named, in September, 1777). John and Mary Mitchell have never married, and make their home with their brother Samuel and his pleasant family, who revere the spot where for more than a century the family have lived and where their father and grandfather died. ANDREW MOWERY, farmer, P. O. Newburg, was born in 1839. His grandfather, Andrew Mowery, came from Germany, and settled more than a century ago at the foot of the North Mountain, where Philip Miller now owns land. Prior to coming to this county he located in York County, and there was married to Kath ina Bander. He was a wid- ower at this time, and by his first wife had three sons: Michael, John and Peter; the lat- 490 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: ter, who was a soldier, was killed in the war of 1812. His second wife bore him the fol- lowing named children: Andrew, Jacob, Adam, Solomon, Elizabeth, Magdalena and Catharine. By trade Andrew Mowery was a shoe-maker, and many a pair of shoes did he make for the Indians. At the time he was living in York County the Indians became very troublesome, and killed a number of white settlers, among whom were several women and children. Andrew Mowery was one of a party of wliites who undertook to punish the murderers, made a raid into an Indian camp and killed a number of savages. He died in 1806, and his widow in 1826. Solomon Mowery, the father of our subject, was married to Catharine Carper in 1813, and commenced domestic life In Hopewell Township, where his half-brother Michael had a distillery. He was employed at this business for a num- ber of years. To Solomon Mowery and wife were born these children: Mary, John, Elizabeth, Adam. Sarah, Margaret, Catharine, Andrew, Samuel C, David C. ; the first death in the family being that of John in 1885. The father died in 1870, and the mother in 1871. Our subject worked for his father until twenty-three years of age, then rented the farm where he now resides, and a year later moved to a farm near Newburg. In 1859 he purchased the farm on which his first money was earned after he began business. Un- til 1875 his sister Mary was his housekeeper. June 14, 1875, he was united in marriage with Annie M. C. Dunlap, of Mifflin Township, this county. Her parents, James and Elizabeth (High) Dunlap, were married in Cumberland County in 1858, and still reside in Mifiiin Township. To this union were born David B., James F., Harry E. M. and John C. In 1858 Andrew Mowery was elected supervisor, and he has also served as an official of the public schools. His acts, both in public and private, have been heartily indorsed by those who know him. His aged sister, Mary, makes her home with the family, and she surely could not find one more suited to her domestic tastes. SAMUEL DALLAS MOWREY, justice of the peace, Newburg. The original Mowrey in this coimty, came from Berks County, Penn., and settled in Hopewell Township, near the foot of the Blue Ridge Mountains; his name is supposed to have been Andrew, and his youngest son, Adam, was the grandfather of our subject. Adam Mowrey was reared and received his education in this township. He enlisted in the war of 1813, under Col. Fenton, the regiment being armed with rifle, scalping knife and tomahawk, and adopted nearly the same tactics employed by the Indians. He was in several noted battles: Fort Niagara, Chippewa, Lundy's Lane and Fort Erie. After the war was over Adam Mowrey returned here, and was soon afterward married to Mary Horting, of Berks County, Penn. He brought his young bride to Hopewell Township, this county, and remained here dur- ing the balance of his life. Three children were born and reared here: David, Christian and Lavinia, wife of Mr. Givler. Christian was accidentally killed in a gold mine in California in 1854. David married and reared a family in his native place. Adam Mow- rey was twice married; on second occasion to Mary Finkenbinder. He died in January, 1874, and his widow in 1882. Samuel D. was born in Newburg, this county, in 1849, and was reared and educated by his grandparents. At the age of fifteen he enlisted in Capt. Lambert's company of Independent Scouts, in the 100-days' service, and after his return learned the harness trade, but later engaged in teaching school in Newburg and adjoining townships. Abandoning the profession, m 1879, he was elected justice of the peace, and re-elected in the spring of 1884. November 27, 1879, he established a weekly publication, known as The Telephone, and until January 1, 1884, was editor and proprietor. Then purchased the business, and continues its publication. Mr. Mowrey has mastered the science of civil engineering, which might now be appropriately termed his busi- ness. For three years he was in the employ of the South Pennsylvania Railroad as assistant "right of way" agent of the second, third and fourth divisions, and his field of operation was from Newville to the Allegheny Tunnel. In 1869 he married Melissa Jane, daughter of J. A. and Elizabeth Rea, of Cumberland County. Three children have blessed this union: Archie B., Carrie E. and Moss M. In a home made bright with books, music, and surrounded by the comforts which come to the energetic business man, and under the care of highly educated parents, these children will surely do honor to the family name which for so many years has been well known and honored^ among the old families of Hopewell Township. FERDINAND REINHARDT, tanner, Newburg, was born in Strehla, Saxony, in 1826. and is the only one of the family bearing the name residing in the country. He emigrated from Hamburg to America in 1854, coming in, a sailing vessel. He had served eight years as a soldier, and one year was yet due the crown, but he was allowed to depart unmolested. His father was a tanner, and taught his son the business. The children of that country are obliged to attend school eight years, consequently he obtained a compar- atively good education prior to learning his trade. The father of our subject, John Gott- fried Reinhardt, was first married to Christiana S. Pfltzer, of Strehla, and of the children born to this union, Christiana, now the widow of Ernst Schuettze, resides with her brother, coming from Saxony in 1876 (her husband for nearly fifty years was a school teacher in Qer- inany). The first wife of John Reinhardt died in 1833, and the next year he wedded Chris- tiana S. Hensel, by whom he had six children: Harriets., Ferdinand C, Amelia, Au^sta, Ernst E. and Wilhelmina, all of whom came to Cumberland County, Penn. Ferdmand HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP. 491 landed in New York City April 14, 1854, and his uncle. Christian Hansel, residing near Newburg, procured him a situation in the tannery at that village, and in April, 1856, in partnership with his brother Edward, leased the tannery and embarked in business for themselves. In 1859 they purchased the tannery where our subject now does business. In 1871 the death of Edward occurred, and Ferdinand secured his interest. In 1873 our subject was married to Mary J., youngest daughter of John Heberlig. They have three children: Minnie S., John E. and Mary E., a bright and interesting trio. The business of Mr. Reinhardt has been a prosperous one during his residence in America, for he had not a dollar in his pocket when he landed at Newburg. His well known business qualifica- tions and unswerving integrity have made him a man of mark in the community. GEORGE H. RlfSSELL,editor,merchant, farmer,inventor and author, Newburg, Penn. Was born April 27, 1835, at Laughlinstown.WestmorelandCo., Penn. His father. Dr. Alex- ander H. Russell, was a distinguished physician of Westmoreland and Cumberland Coun- ties. On his father's side his ancestry was Irish, and on his mother's it was German. Our subject's education was not higher than that obtained at an academy. While going to a select school in Newville, taught by John Kilbourn; the scholars played a trick on their teacher with his (Russell's) dog. The teacher took the school to an account about it; and they all denied it except "the boy," G. H. Russell, and instead of a whipping he got a Washington monument; printed in acrostic form of letters, to commemorate him as a sec- ond Washington for truthfulness. The acrostic was copyrighted. In 1857, 1858 and 1859 Mr. Russell engaged in the ice trade in Baltimore. While in this business he was the first man in the United States to introduce the "new idea" of delivering ice on Saturday even- ing for use over Sunday. The idea became popular, and was adopted in other cities and towns. In the year 1860 he removed to Cumberland County, and engaged at country store-keeping at Huntsdale, and subsequently in farming at North Newton. While en- gaged in farming in the year of 1871, he called several meetings of the 'farmers at Oak- ville, and lectured upon the necessity of farmers organizing against the encroachments of monopolies and middlemen. These advanced ideas were printed in The Enterprise, pub- lished at Oakville, and reprinted in other papers. It is alleged by some that these ideas took sliape and action in the organization of the Grange, or Patrons of Husbandry. In 1875 Mr. Russell engaged in tanning leather at Newburg. In 1883 he called the attention of the craft, through their trade organ, the S. and L. Reporter, to a new method in leach- ing and steaming bark; upsetting old theories and producing great savings. These ideas were hooted at, but subsequent tests proved Mr. Russell to be correct; and some of the leading factories adopted his plans; which will no doubt become universal. Mr. Russell's political views were reformatory and independent, and of the common sense kind. Not a communist — he took sides for labor, and was identified with the Greenback Labor Party from its first inception, and was always a member of its State Committee. In 1859 he in- vented and patented a fire-place heater, among the first of its class. He subsequently oljtained patents for a fruit can, a washer; and stove drum. In 1884 he became the editor and proprietor of the Nenjoburg Telephone, and became noted as a writer of force and wit. In 1882 he wrote his new discoveries in physiology on the "Functions of the Spleen." In 1883 he wrote his new discoveries in physiology on the "Ductless Organs and Their Func- tions." In these works he claims to have discovered the functions of these organs, which had previously been unknown. He claims, as his discovery; that the functions of these organs are to regulate the circulation of the blood; and that they are the cause of sus- pended animation of life; and that they act as a positive and negative for the purpose of electrifying the blood, producing human electricity; besides many other ideas that are new in physiology. Colleges, physicians and schools of medicine have received these ideas and theories in astonishment; and while none have yet been able to controvert them, some have admitted to him that pathological tests and observation proves his theory to be true; and that they must stand until proven false. He says he desires to be the "chosen vessel," to make these discoveries for the use of mankind, and esteems them to be "the crown," the glory and the honor of his life! In a later work on physiology he explains the cause of fever heat, which had previously been unknown. He takes ai deep interest in common and Sunday-schools. In religion he holds that those Christians who settle disputes by fighting are frauds, and that baptism, as taught by most churches, is idol- atrous. ENOCH STAVER, wagon-maker, Newburg. John Staver, the grandfather of our subject, emigrated from Germany as early as 1795, in company with two brothers, and all settled in Lancaster County, Penn. One was a minister, another a lawyer, and the third. John, was a farmer. He was married probably a few years after his arrival, for his son John was born in 1797 and Samuel in 1799, following whom came Solomon, Emanuel and two others. Of these, Samuel married Elizabeth Rudy, in 1821, by whom he had ten children: Matilda, Lydia, Sophia, Lucy, Nancy, Fanny, Rudy, Enoch, Samuel and John, all of whom were born and reared in Lancaster County, Penn. In 1841, Samuel Staver sold his farm and came with the most of his family to Cumberland County, settling near the line of Franklin County, on the farm now owned by Andrew Gross. Later he dis- posed of that tract and moved to Newburg, remaining there until his death in 1883, his 492 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: wife preceding him four years. Enoch, son of Samuel Staver, was born in 1831; learned the wheelwright's trade in Orrstown, Penn., with Solomon Bashore, commencing in 1847. He was married to Susannah, daughter of Adam Hamshoer, of Franklin County. Their married life was commenced in the village of Newburg, and continues to this date in the same social manner as when their troth was plighted. They have had six children: Alonzo, James, Harvey, Cora and Charles are living, and Mary died in childhood. Alonzo mar- ried Bertie Baucher, James married Fanny Qlosser, Harvey married Sallie Lautsabaugh. For thirty-three years Mr. Staver has been a coach and wagon maker in Newburg, his brother Felix being a blacksmith next door. He has in his possession a brass kettle which had been the property of his grandmother, and has been an heirloom in the family for 153 years. Our subject has been several times elected to official positions in the village and township, in all of which he has well discharged his duties. CHAPTER XLIX. LOWER ALLEN TOWNSHIP AND BOROUGH OF NEW CUMBERLAND.* JACOB BARBER, farmer, P. O. Lisburn. The many reminiscences of the early days in the history of the various townships are replete with interest, and none more so than that of the Barber family, which, since 1790, has been well known in this and adjacent counties. The father of George C. Barber resided at Boiling Springs, Monroe Township, before George was born, which event occurred in 1794. There were eight children in his family: George C, Joseph, David, James, William, Mary, Elizabeth and Margaret. ■George C, the father of our subject, left home at the age of eighteen and went to York County, the next year was married to Barbara Rinehart, of that county, and in 1839 re- moved to New Cumberland, and in 1840 purchased the farm on which his son now resides. To George C. and Barbara Barber were born nine children: William, Jacob, John, Nancy, Martha, Elizabeth, Barbara, Susan and Sarah (the last named is the only one who was born in Cumberland County). George C. Barber, by trade a mason, con- tinued in that calling until 1840 and scores of buildings remain as monuments to his skill in this and Dauphin Counties. In 1870 he died at the ripe age of seventy-six years, having had the satisfaction of seeing his children grown to be useful men and women. Jacob Barber was born in 1828; at the age of twenty-one he went to California, sailing from Balti- more on the clipper "Plying Cloud." the journey taking one year and nine months. When he arrived at Fiddletown, near Sacramento City, Cal., he purchased the necessary tools and commenced digging for gold, and from the first was quite successful. Having formed an attachment for Miss Elizabeth HofE, of York County, Penn., prior to his Western trip, Mr. Barber returned to his native State in 1857, and in December of the same year the marriage ceremony was performed by Rev. Mooney, of Harrisburg. They commenced home life on the Barber homestead, and have reared a family of four children: Mary E., Harry, George C. and Charley. The well-known business qualifications of Mr. Barber early brought him forward as a candidate for official honors and he was first elected supervisor, which position he filled for three terms; three years he served as an official in the public schools, a«id in 1873 he was elected county commissioner, re-elected in 1875, and again in 1878, for a term of three years. During all these years of public service Mr. Barber was never known to do a thing that would detract from his good name. COSMUS S. CLENDENIN, postmaster, Eberly's Mills, was born in Lebanon County, Penn., in 1833, son of William and Mary (Snoke) Clendenin, who had three children: William, Cosmus S. and Mary A. Our subject learned the trade of shoe-making with his father, and continued in the business for a number of years. In 1856, he was married to Lucinda W. Fox, and worked at his trade in his native county for twelve years before removal to York County, Penn., where a farm was purchased and trade discontinued. Mr. and Mrs. Clendenin have six children living: Clara A.. Emma M., William H., John M., Lizzie M. and Ellen G. James O. died in infancy. All the children, except James O. were born in Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Penn. Our sutiject has been a successful business man and has given his children the benefit of a liberal education. William H., a merchant of Milltown, having the only store in the village, married Hattie, daughter of Eli and Elizabeth Coxen, of York County; Clara is the wife of H. W. Zimmerman; Emma *For borough of Shiremanstown, see page 456. LOWER ALLEN TOWNSHIP. 493 is the wife of Wilson B. KaufEman; John M. married Phoebe Womer. In 1878 Mr. Clen- denin disposed of his farm and came to Milltown and, in 1880, estal)lished himself in mer- cantile business. The same year he was appointed postmaster, a position he h>is since held. The mercantile business was transferred to his son, W. H., January 1, 1888. and Mr. Clendenin will hereafter live a retired life, having no need to care for aught but the duties of the postofflce. He was a member of the German Reformed Church for twenty- six years, and then united with the United Brethren denomination. Politically he has trained with the Republican party from its organization, but has no aspirations for offi- cial honors. DANIEL DRAWBAUGH, machinist, Bberly's Mills. From a German ancestry on both sides has emanated a man whose name will not only become famous throughout the civilized world, but from the obscurity in which his talent had been for so many years hidden it comes with an intensity which brightens the pages of Cumhei land County rec- ords and forever perpetuates the name of one of her most talented sons, who was born and reared in Lower Allen Township. He is a son of John and Leigh (Blozier) Draw- baugh, and was born July 14, 1828. His father was a blacksmith and also engaged in the manufacture of edge tools and gun barrels. Daniel Drawbaugh was put to work at an early age, for boys then were supposed to be worth only what they could earn— education was a secondary thought, and his father paid no attention to matters of this kind. The genius of his son was developed at an early age, and he became quite expert with a jack- knife, fashioning a clock, etc., and many inventions made in his younger days were never patented. At seventeen he learned coach-making with his brother, J. B. Drawbiiugh, and while thus engaged largely improved the machinery used in that work. At fifteen he had made a steam engine, which he disposed of only a few years ago. He also displayed great talent for drawing from nature, and his portfolio is full of fine skutclies. He also improved the methods of photographing on paper m an early day, but only engaged in that business experimentally; wood engraving was also one his fortes. January 1, 1854, he was married to Elsetta J., daughter of John and Mary (Thompson) Thompson. Mr. Thompson was for several terms a member of the State Legislature, and was also com- mander of a company of men during the Buckshot war. Daniel Drawbaugh and his young wife commenced housekeeping in the house where he was born. They had eleven chil- dren, of whom BmmaC, Laura V., lola O., Bella B., Maude C. and Charles H. are living, and Dovan T., Naomi E., Emma C, Ida M. and Harry W. 8., are deceased. The long and useful life of Mr. Drawbaugh promises to become of especial interest. Naturally of an inventive turn of mind, he has perfected and had patented more than fifty useful appli- ances and instruments. His crowning success in life was the invention of the telephone, which has been claimed and for a time awarded to A. G. Bell, but a suit at law will deter- mine his right to such invention. There is no doubt but that the principles of that me- dium were first put in operation in the little workshop in the hamlet of Milltown. Should this suit be decided in his favor, Mr. Drawbaugh at once becomes the most noted man in Cumberland County; should the decision be adverse he is none the less a talented gentle- man and has ea;-ned for himself a high place iu the inventive fraternity. Our subject employs a number of men and operates quite a large factory in which electrical and other apparatus form the basis of experimentation. His family has been reared in a style of modern elegance and their education carefully looked after. JOSEPH PEEMAN, retired. New Cumberland. In 1790, Adam Feeman. the grand- father of Joseph Feeman came from Lancaster County, Penn., and purchased the farm now the property of John Feeman, and here reared a family of four children: Valentine, the youngest son, born in 1783 and died in 1843, married Margaret Shafir, by whom he had eight children, of whom six reached adult -age; Jolin, Adam. Elizabeth. Joseph, Val- entine and Susan. Of these, John, who has remained a bachelor, owns, the homestead; Adam married Nancy Kirk; Elizabeth is the wife of Rudolph Martin; Joseph married, in 1840, Eliza Prowell, who bore him six children, only one now living— Susan, wife of Charles Hoot, and a resident of Harrisburg (Mrs. Joseph Feeman died in 1880, after forty years of happy domestic life); Valentine married Matilda Lutz, of Harrisburg, Penn., and Susan is the wife of James Eckels, of this county. The old homestead has been made a beautiful farm by three generations of Feemans, who have converted it from a dense woodland into a fertile tract of land. The old house, which was erected prior to the pur- chase by Adam Feeman, has undergone extensive repairs; beneath its hcipitable roof three generations have been born and reared. Comparatively few of the race now remain who can hand down a name that for 136 years has been familiar in the history of the town- ship. The two brothers, John and Joseph, live a retired life in the village of New Cum- berland, and are both easy in a financial way, having lived an economical and unostenta- tious life. , , T . , OWEN JAMES, retired, P. O. New Cumberland. It was with the greatest reluctance that Mr. James allowed this brief sketch to appear. His modesty and good deeds are so proverbial, however, that common report would furnish a voluminous history, did he not seriously object. He was born in Lower Allen Township, on the old Peter Zimmerman farm, March 15, 1815. His parents, Thomas and Hannah James, moved to the old home- 3S 494 BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES: stead, in Fairview Township, York County, two weeks after his birth, and from that date Owen James resided there until he was twenty-two years of age. There were ten chil- dren in the family: Lewis, Jane, Owen, Mary A., Eliza, William, Hannah, Thomas, Sarah and Harriet. Their grandfather, Owen James, was a soldier in the war of 1813, serving until the close of that campaign, and, upon his return home, in 1815, he was taken sick, and died at Painted Post, N. Y. Thomas and Hannah James then took charge of the two frandmothers, and with their ten children resided on the farm until the death of Thomas ames in 1843. In 18.')8 Mrs. James left the farm and came to New Cumberland, all the children having married, and made her home until death, in 1876, at the ripe age of eighty- six years, with a sister, Mrs. Hannah Lee. Owen James for a time worked with his father on the farm. In 1830 he was driving a team freighted with iron and nails between New Cumberland and Duncannon. In 1833 he carted stone for the turnpike between York Haven and Harrisburg. The next year he hauled lumber from York Haven for the Cum- berland Valley Railroad bridge at Harrisburg. In 1837 Owen James left his home, and without a dollar engaged as mason's helper at 50 cents per day. He engaged later in the stock business, on a small scale, in which he prospered until 1840, when, aided by Messrs. B. H. Mosser and George Crist, he engaged in the butcher's trade. From this time he prospered, everything he touched seemingly turning to gold. In 1843 he was married to Esther Prowell, of York County, Penn., daughter of James and Rebecca Prowell. Their housekeeping was commenced across the street from their present residence in New Cum- berland. In 1849 Mr. James formed a partnership with B. H. Mosser & Son. continuing in same until 1864, when ill health caused his retirement. Since then, with the exception of four years (1867 to 1871), Mr. James has done no active business, confining himself to settling estates and managing farms for other parties. He still owns the farm which belonged to his grandfather, the deed bearing the date 1783 for 100 acres and allowances. Mr. and Mrs. James have never had any children, but their good and kindly acts have endeared them to all who know them. Mr. James is the last of his name in this State, but his fame as a man, a neighbor and a Christian are proverbial. He and his wife have, for nearly half a century, been members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. They have had the pleasure of seeing the borough transformed from a stage of comparative vice to one of the most moral places in the valley, made so by the continuous vigilance on the part of the Christian people among whom they are numbered. From the first half-dollar earned by the sweat of his brow Mr. James has accumulated a handsome fortune, not one dollar 01 which was dishonestly earned, nor to increase his gains was the poor man ever oppressed. He is one of the few men in Cumberland County who has seen six 'generations come here, and is still hale and hearty, although his locks are as white as the driven snow. HENRY R. MOSSER, dealer in lumber, P. O. New Cumberland. From a line of ancestry that came from Switzerland as early 1734 and settled in Lancaster County, Penn., comes the subject of our sketch. The most reliable information obtainable of this-f amily begins with Dr. Benjamin Mosser, who purchased a large tract of land in Fairview Town- ship, York Co., Penn., upon which three sons and a married daughter subsequently set- ^ed. The sons, John, Henry and Christian, were all prominent men in the neighbor- hood. The eldest, John, practiced medicine for many years in the village of Newmar- ket, and his descendants are numerous in Cumberland County at the present time. The daughter, Barbara, above referred to, married Michael Kauffman, and they, too, have many descendants in Cumberland and York Counties. Henry, one of the three sons, married Susannah Neff, an orphan, reared and educated by William and Deborah Wright, of Columbia. The Wrights were Quakers, and gave Susannah an education far superior to that of the women of her day. Her father owned the Wrightsville ferry when Wash- ington's army encamped at Valley Forge;' and when Congress assembled at York, Susan- nah was six years of age, and Washington stopped at the Wrights' for breakfast. While waiting for the repast the General lifted her upon his lap and entertained her with some of his droll stories, and, although so young, she well remembered the circumstance, and was fond of relating it to her grandchildren, of whom Henry R. was the second born. Henry and Susannah (NefE) Mosser had a family of five children: Benjamin H., father of our subject; Dr. Daniel Mosser, who for many years was bishop in the Reformed Men- nonite Church in the United States and Canada, the author of most of the religious works of that denomination; Rev. Joseph Mosser, of Salem, 111., for many years traveling agent for the Illinois Bible Society; John N., a farmer in Cumberland County; Magdalena, now the widow of George Rupley. Benjamin H. Mosser was married to Elizabeth Rupley, of Cumberland County, Penn., daughter of John and Barbara (Stine) Rupley, of Berks County, Penn. John Rupley, Esq., was quite a prominent man in his time, and was not only a noted justice of the peace, but also served as sheriff of this county. 'There were two- children born to BenjaminH. andhis wife, viz. : Susannah.wife of Dr. Augustus H.VanhofE, a noted physician of Mechanicsburg, and also an honored representative from this county to the State Legislature. Henry Rupley Mosser, the only son, was born in York County in 1828, and until twelve years old remained on the farm, obtaining the rudiments of a prac- tical education in the common schools. Later, he attended the Strasburg Academy, m Lancaster County, and the old York County Academy, from which he went, in 1848, to take- LOWER ALLEN TOWNSHIP. 495 charge of the books and business of his father, in the village of Kew Cumberland, who had established a lumber trade in that place in 1839. In 1850 Henry E. Mosser was ad- mitted as partner in the lumber and grain business, Owen James being also asssociated, and from that date the firm was known as B. H. Mosser & Co. In 1857 the senior mem- ber of the firm retired, and in 1864 Mr. James also retired, leaving Henry R. Mosser sole proprietor. The firm is now Mosser & Sadler, the latter being Judge Sadler, of Carlisle, Penn. With the exception of a few years, Mr, Mosser has always been connected with the lumber trade of Dauphin and Cumberland Counties, but has also a large saw-mill and lumber establishment in Tioga County, in which he has associated with him Julius B. Kauffman, who for many years was his confidential clerk and book-keeper. The firm of Mosser & Sadler employ forty men, and their business is the leading enterprise in the village. Henry R. Mosser was married to Margaret A. Yocum, in 1853, a daughter of Jacob and Henrietta (Duncan) Yocum, of York, York Co., Penn. To this union were born two children: Nettie E. and Rev. Benjamin H. Mosser, of Mechanicsburg. In 1859 Mrs. Mosser died, and in 1863 Mr. Mosser married R. Jennie Miller, of New Cumberland, this county, by whom he has two children: Annie, a graduate of Dickinson Seminary, Williamsport, and John C, who is preparing for college under the tutelage of Prof. Seller, of Hamsburg, Penn. Mr. Mosser has lived a long and useful life, and perhaps no' man living in the village has done more to advance its interests. For many jrears he has been an active Republican politician in State and National affairs. In theological matters he stands very high, and for more than twenty years has been superintendent of the Meth- odist Episcopal Sabbath-school, and for six years president of the famous Cumberland Sabbath-school Assembly, now a part of the Chautauqua system, located atMountain Lake Park, on the summit of the Alleghenies, Maryland. He has been president of Cumber7 land Valley Camp Meeting Association, and represented the Central Pennsylvania Con- ference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, at Baltimore, in 1876, and also at the Cen- tennial Conference, at Baltimore, in 1884, and which was the most noted Conference ever held by that body, in which all the branches of the church and Sabbath-school work were represented. For more than a quarter of a century he has ofiiciated as trustee, steward and class-leader of the Methodist Episcopal Church in New Cumberland, and was the first president of the Y. M. C- A. of this village. He is also treasurer of the Confer- ence Education Society, in which capacity he has served since the organization of this commendable enterprise to assist young men to obtain an education. GEORGE W. MUMPER, farmer, P. O. New Cumberland, was born in Carroll Town- ship, York Co., Penn., in 1828, son of John and Jane (Beelman) Mumper, who were the parents of twelve children, nine of whom are living: Elizabeth, widow of Jacob Heiges, of Dillsburg; Christina, widow of Daniel Bailey, Esq.; Michael, married to Eliza A. Coover; Maria, widow of Maj. Jacob Dorsheimer; Margaret, widow of Col. S. M. Bailey, a noted man in the military and civil history of Pennsylvania; John; Catharine residing with her brother John; Samuel married to Mary King, of York County; George W.; Ann (deceased); Mrs. Lydia Porter (deceased). November 2, 1854, our subject married Miss Mary J. Mateer of Dillsburg, a daughter of William and Mary A. Mateer, who were the parents of three daughters: Ann E., residing with Mr. Mumper; Margaret C, wife of Dr. E. B. Brandt, of Mechanicsburg, and Mary J. Her parents were among the early settlers in Lower Allen Township, and all the daughters were born on the farm now owned by Mr. Mumper; this property has been in possession of the Mateers for more than sixty years, and has been the home of Mr. and Mrs. Mumper since their marriage, he at that time purchasing the in- terest of the other heirs. To Mr. and Mrs. Mumper have been born six children: The two eldest are deceased; Lulu B. (as was her mother before her) is a graduate at Lititz; George B. is a graduate of Dickinson College; Samuel completed his course at Collegiate Institute at York, and Mary A. graduated from Wilson College at Chambeisburg. Mr. Mumper is prominent in political circles, both National and local, and was one of the first Represen- tatives elected under the new Constitution in the county of Cumberland. He has for eigh- teen years served on the school board, of which he has continuously been president, and has taken a prominent part in everything that advances the business, social moral and ed- ucational interests of his chosen county. LEVI MTJSSELMAN, farmer, P. O. Shiremanstown, is the only representative of this family in this county, and which came originally from Germany, but at what date the first one settled in Lancaster County nothing is known. Christian Mussselman was born in Lancaster County in 1796; came to Cumberland County in 1820, and took service with Christian Hurst on the farm now owned by Mrs. Musselman. After the death of Mr. Hurst Mr. Musselman married his widow, and by her had three children — two sons and one daughter: One son died in infancy; Levi, andElizabeth, now the wife of Peter Musselman, of Adams County, Penn. Levi Musselman was born, in 1827. on the Hurst farm, and has always followed the occupation of farming. In 1849 he was married to Annie, daughter of Jacob and Elizabeth (Nisley) Mumma, whosefamily history forms an important record. Their married lijfe was commenced on the farm, now the homestead, and there John the eldest son was born. A few years later Mr. Musselman moved to the Hurst farm, and there Elizabeth and Fanny were born. Of the other children, Kate was born on the Chris- 496 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES : tian Mumma farm, and Samuel, Jacob, Christian, Martin, Harry and Edward on the Mus- selman homestead. Kate and Elizabeth are deceased, the former in her seventeenth and the latter in her twenty-fourth year. John married Annie Zimmerman; Samuel married An- nie Hess; Jacob married Grace Hartman; Fanny is the wife of Jacob Bucher. The mar- ried life of Mr. and Mrs. Levi Museleman has been an unexceptionally pleasant one. They have prospered financially, and have educated their children in that practical manner which makes the men and women of Cumberland County famous. QEOKQE N. RUPP, gentleman, P. O. Shiremanstown, is a grandson of George Rupp, who was born in Lancaster County, Penn , May 21, 1772. May 6, 1800, he married Christina, daughter of Daniel and Annie M. (Wolff) Boeshor, and in 1802 came to Cum- berland County, and with his brother, Martin, purchased the farm now owned by John M. Rupp. The children reared were George (father of qur subject), Daniel, Jonas, Mary, Elizabeth, Jacob G., Martin G., John G., Jane, David G., Henry G. and Francis. George Rupp, the eldest son, was born in 1802, and in the course of time married Mrs. Catharine (Schopp) Neidig, who was born December 9, 1803. Previous to his marriage George Rupp was a teacher in this county, and having a fine education became one of the most useful men in the neighborhood, settling many estates, collecting taxes and other business of importance was done by him in a manner which gained for him the greatest respect and confidence of all who knew him; he died May 29, 1849. Our subject, the only child born to his parents, inherited his grandfather's patronymic, and might be termed George the Third; he was born March 1, 1847. His education was acquired in the schools of his na- tive county, and from his youth he has been a practical farmer and successful business man. February 28, 1871, he married Elenora G. Sadler, born December 13, 1850, daughter of Joseph and Annie (Grove) Sadler, of New Kingston. By this union are two children: George 8., born March 31, 1872, and Joseph P., born February 7, 1875. The married life of Mr. Rupp was commenced on the farm, so many years the Rupp homestead, and which was his by inheritance in 1868. Their circumstances from the first were auspicious, the farm being one of the finest, the buildings the most commodious, and the situation unsurpassed by any in the valley. To this was added the enterprise of the young couple, both having received a practical training, and they have followed in the footsteps of their ancestors — financially, socially and morally. JOHN SHEELY, farmer, P. O. Shiremanstown. The grandparents of our subject were Andrew and Barbara (Barnhort) Sheely, the former born August 11, 1752, the latter November' 6, 1753, and were married August 31, 1777. Andrew Sheely was a soldier in the Revolutionary war, and helped to fight the battles which gained the American people their independence. Their children were Adam, John, Andrew, Ann M., Michael, Christian, Frederick, Barbara, and another son Frederick (both of the name died during boyhood). Of this honored family a number yet represent the name in this county. On our subject's maternal grandparents' side was John P. Cromlich, born in 1797, and his wife, Margaret Sipe, born in 1807, who had ten children: John, Frederick, Susannah, May, David, Catharine, Elizabeth, William H., Jacob and Samuel. The father of our subject, John Sheely, was born on the farm now owned by David Oyster in 1781. He was married to Elizabeth Cromlich, probably in 1804, as the first child, Andrew, was born in 1806; the other children were Frederick, Barbara, Elizabeth, John, Benjamin, Samuel, Susan, Annie and Catharine. About the time of his marriage John Sheely's father, Andrew Sheely, pur- chased and presented him with the fine farm on which his grandson now resides, and on w^hich all his brothers and sisters were born. The Sheelys were all men of herculean frame, and have been noted agriculturists from the date of their coming, and have been Tery prosperous, each of the brothers now residing in the county counting their wealth by the thousands. John, Jr., has remained a bachelor, not from lack of personal charms, "but because he was so wedded to his agricultural pursuits that matrimony was forgotten until his habits were so firmly fixed that he had no wish to become a benedict. The home iarm is owned in partnership by himself, Benjamin and the heirs of Samuel Sheely, whose widow, Mary (Cromlich) Sheely, and sister-in-law, Catharine, are housekeepers, the farming being managed by John Sheely and the two sons of his brother, John H. and Jacob M. The finest steer in Cumberland County is now their property, and special atten- tion is given to the breeding of fine stock and poultry. The Sheelys are noted as money- makers and savers, and are withal men of the strictest integrity and uprightness. JOHN UMBERGER, farmer, P.O.Lisburn. As early as 1770 the name TJmbergerwas known m this county, and, though the family is really of Scotch and Irish nativity, the name is unquestionably Qeiinan. Leonard was the first one of the family to come to Lan- caster County, Penn., which then included this territory. In Rupp's Efistory mention is made of Leonard Umberger purchasing Rupp's great-grandfather at public sale, the cus- tom in those days, the vessel owners having the right to dispose of tlieir passengers, in this way to obtain their passage money. Leonard Umberger was the great-CTandf ather of our subject, as he begat Adam who begat David, the father of John. Adam Umberger settled In "Path Valley," now in Franklin County, in 1770, and by his wife, Catharine, had three children: David; Elizabeth, married to Mr. Heckart of Dauphin County; John who en- gaged in mercantile business in Harrisburg, but died while a young man. Adam Umber- fi LOWER ALLEN TOWNSHIP. 497 ;er, who was a millwright, was preparing to build a mill near his home when he died; his amily then returned to Dauphin County and settled near Linglestown. David, the eldest soil, was born in 1775, and was indentured to Mr. Berry, in 1791, to learn the blacksmith's trade (his motlier aboui that time married Michael Umberger, a brother of her first hus- band, and moved to York County, near Lisburn). About 1796 David Umberger came to Lisburn, purchased property and established himself in the blacksmith's trade. In 1798 he married Dorothy Maish, of York County, Penn., by whom he had a large family, the oldest child, Mary, was born in Lisburn in 1799, and a few years later David Umberger (in 1809) sold his Lisburn property, moved to Warrington Township, York County, and there purchased a farm and carried on an extensive smithy. On this farm were born Ann, Elizabeth, Catbarine, David and Rebecca (twins) and Sarah. About 1813 he purchased the Daniel Kabm farm, near Lisburn (where he resided until his death), alnd here were born Ellen, John, Jane, George and Esther. John Umberger, our subject, was born in 1816; in 1841, he married Susan Miller, of York County, Penn., daughter of Jacob and Susan Miller, and they commenced married life on the paternal homestead, and their two children were born: David M., in 1843, and Eliza J., in 1845. In the spring of 1846, our sub- ject, *with his family, came to this county, purchasing the farm, now his homestead, and which has been made beautiful by his own industry; every fence, the handsome stone house, commodious outbuildings, etc., were erected since the purchase, and the nice or- chard was planted by the hands of himself and wife, and they have lived to see their la- bors crowned by beautiful harvests, which have filled their purse. Rachael E., John, Jr., Agnes J., George F., Lewis C, William M., Franklin P., Lilly E., Charles E. and Clar- ence S. were born on this farm. Always popular among the people. Mi'. Umberger has been foremost in promoting every important feature of educational and social life. A life- long Democrat, he has lived to see the rise and decline of numerous political parties, and today hails with delight the supremacy his chosen party occupies. For nearly half a cen- tury he and his wife have belonged to the Church of God, and have reared their family in that faith. Rich in experience, ripe in years, they remain as they have lived, beloved by all who know them. GEORGE WALKER, retired, Lisburn. More than a century ago Benjamin Walker, and his wife, Sarah (Morris) Walker, came from Wales to Chester County, Penn. ; later re- moved to York County, finally settling near Rossville, and there purchased a farm and erected commodious buildings. They were members of the society known as "Friends;" and the church now standing, although more than a hundred years old, was the house in which they worshiped, and from its sacred desk William Penn has preached to the pioneer Chrisiians. On the farm their family of seven children was reared; Isaac, the youngest son, married Mary Cramer, and their home was made during the early years of wedded life at the mansion of his father. The subject of this sketchwas born in York County, Penn., another son, John, and a daughter, Mary A., now the wife of SamueJ Gehr, of Camp Hill, were born ia Cumberland County, after the removal of their parents to this county in 1825. Isaac Walker (father of our subj ect) died in 1839, and his widow in 1864. Lewis, an elder brother of Isaac Walker, worked for forty years in Harrisburg, married Mary A. Hull, of Lisburn, in 1845, and had two children: Clara and Jacob M. In 1884, an unfortunate accident caused the death of Mrs. Walker, since which time Lewis Walker has made his home with his brother George. Our subject was one of the most enterprising young men in this county. Choosing in early life the trade of shoe-making, he established himself at Lisburn. His mother, younger brother and sister lived together until the marriage of the sister, in 1858, with Samuel Gehr, by whom she has two children: Geo. W. and John A. His aged mother made her home with him until her death. With untiring energy he persevered in his work until a handsome competence was accumulated, consisting of a fine farm and the best residence property in the village. In 1866 Mr. Walker was married to Elizabeth ReifE, of York County, and two children were born, who died in infancy. After ten years of pleasant married life Mr. Walker was left a childless widower, and, in company with his brother Lewis, his days are passed in the quiet home at Lisburn. But for an accident, in 1885, Mr. Walker would be as hale and active as a man of fifty. In forty years he has not experienced an attack of sickness. He has a cheery home, surrounded by all the comforts wealth brings to intellectual minds, and has a record without a stain. EMANUEL ZIMMERMAN, retired, P. O. Eberly's Mills, the only son of Peter Zim- merman, now living in Cumberland County, was born on the homestead, in this county, December 8, 1818. His father was born in 1776, in Lancaster County, Penn., and there married Esther Martin, also born in the same year. When the Zimmerman family came to Cumberland County there was no bridge across the Susquehanna, and trains were forded, and goods carried over in boats. The land now owned by the family was then un- improved, and the fine houses and barns, with the exception of Henry Zimmerman's stone house, have been erected since their coming. Of their twelve children, Emanuel is the youngest and the second one born in this county. October 32, 1844, he was married to Susannah, daughter of Christian and Elizabeth Hess, born in York County, Penn., March 4, 1825. They commenced housekeeping on State Hill, in an old tenant house, now the property of J. C. Comfort. In 1859 Emanuel Zimmerman made his first purchase of land. 498 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: and every thing In the way of improvements has been done by him. The fine house and extensive barns were erected in 1860, and are models of architecture. Mr. and Mrs. Zim- merman are parents of five sons and four daughters: Joseph, George, Elizabeth, Anna, Jonas, Mary, Rebecca, Levi and Isaac. Joseph Zimmerman married Mary J. Blair, George married Adaline Crisinger, Elizabeth is the wife of Rudolph Hartzler, Annie is the wife of John Musselman, Jonas wedded Susanna Shoop, Mary is the wife of David C. Blair, and Isaac married Agnes Huston. Nearly half a century ago Mr. and Mrs. Zim- merman were made members of the Mennonite Church; that was before their marriage, and their love for their Creator has never been dimmed nor their family circle broken by death. They have now seventeen grandchildren and a family of whom any parents may feel proud. HENRY W. ZIMMERMAN, farmer, P. O. Eberly's >Iill. The history of the Zim- mermans in this county dates back more than a century. The grandfather of our subject, Peter Zimmerman, came from Lancaster County, Penn., in 1814, and purchased the farm now the property of Emanuel, Henry, Solomon and brothers. The original tract com- prised 300 acres, on which was a stone house, now the residence of Henry Zimmerman, and which was built in 1781 by the Meisch family. Peter Zimmerman married Es'ther Martin, by whom he had twelve children: Christian, Henry, Peter, Samuel, Martin, Emanuel, Esther, Mary, Barbara, Annie, Julia and Elizabeth. This large family was reared on the the farm, and all the sons adopted agriculture as their vocations. Peter Zimmerman, Jr., married Magdalena, daughter of Henry and Magdalena Weaver. Mr. Weaver built the stone mill now owned by Calvin Etter, and which will no doubt remain a monument to his enterprise for many years to come. Peter Zimmerman and his wife commenced their married life in York County, opposite the homestead, and when that place was sold he purchased it, and his son Henry and sister Magdalena have managed the farm since. Peter Zimmerman, Jr., and wife had six children: Esther, Moses, Mary, Henry, Peter and Magdalena. The loving wife and mother died in 1840, and four years later Mr. Zimmerman was married to Barbara Hess, by whom he had six children: Sam- uel, Christian, Amos, David, Benjamin and Elizabeth. The death of the father of this large family occurred in 1874. Henry W. Zimmerman worked for his father until he was thirty-five years years old. In 1875 he was married to Clara A., daughter of Cosmus and Lucinda Clendenin. In 1875 our subject purchased the ancestral home, where his grand- father had reared a family of noble sons and daughters, and who rank among the leading farmers in Lower Allen Township. Henry W. and Clara A. Zimmerman have had four children born to them: Cosmus (deceased), Harry, Elmer and Howard. In a comfortable home, and encouraged by fond parents, they will no doubt do honor to the family name. CHAPTER L. MIDDLESEX TOWNSHIP. WILMOT AYRE8, M. D., is a descendant of English and Scotch-Irish ancestry, and was born in York County, Penn., September 25, 1847. His father, Samuel A. Ayres, mar- ried Emily Robinson, of Baltimore. He entered the army during the civil war, and died while being a second time a prisoner in the hands of the Confederates. Wilmot is the eldest son, and graduated April 12, 1883. He immediately began the practice of medicine in Middlesex and surrounding country. He succeeded no one, but built up an independ- ent practice of his own, and has been highly successful as a practitioner. He is a mem- ber of Cumberland County Medical Society. HENRY C. BABBLE, proprietor of the Carlisle Springs, P.O. Carlisle Springs, was born in York County, Penn., May 15, 1829. In 1837 he moved to Cumberland County, and hired out on a farm until 1850, when he began to learn the tanner's trade, at which he remained three years. He then married, March 16, 1853, Phoebe Worts, who bore him ten children, nine now living: Emma L., Margaret J., Mary A., Sarah C, Clara E., Susie E., William H.J Samuel C. and Tolbert Mc. After marriage he came to Middlesex Township, this county, and worked four years on a farm. In 1857 he bought an old tannery at Sports- burg, Silver Spring Township, this county, and conducted it for twenty-six years. Octo- ber 3, 1882, he moved to Carlisle Springs, and bought the tannery from Samuel Sample, which he has since conducted. He tore down all the old buildings and erected new ones. He also runs a chopping-mill, and corn and rye mill in connection, the machinery being all operated by steam power, the engine being an eight horse-power of the Qeiser man- MIDDLESEX TOWNSHIP. 499 ufacture. He also owns the building in which he resides, a large two-story frame struct- ure. His first wife died October 36, 1873, and March 3, 1876, he married Elizabeth Swartz. Mr. Babble made his star^, in life by gathering chincapins, a small nut growing like chest- nuts, when a boy in York County, and selling them in Dover. He owns seventeen acres in Silver Spring Township, and thirty-six acres (and ten unseated) where he lives at Carlisle Springs. He has labored hard, and can now boast of having as much as the average man. He and his wife are members of the Reformed Cburch. Mr. Babble also owns two residences in the village of Carlisle Springs. He turns out of his tannery, on an average.each year 1,300 hides, which are shipped in the rough, principally to Philadelphia and Boston. The tannery is 36x51 feet, two stories in height, with an L 30x14 feet; the bark-shed is 24x50 and the mill-room 34x33, and the engine-room 16x18 feet; leach-room, 16x34; new bank barn, 36x50, 16 feet 3 inches in the square; scale-house, 16x22 feet. DA.VID P. BRINDLB, farmer, P. O. Carlisle Springs, was born on his father's farm September 30, 1833. George, his father, settled upon this farm at an early date, and married Elizabeth Dewey, daughter of Peter Dewey, a Revolutionary soldier, who died in the old house which is still standing on the farm. George was the father of six children, three of whom are living, viz. : Capt. Peter Brindle, of Carlisle, Margaret and David P. The last named married Sarah Barr, of Middlesex Township, Cumberland County, December 13, 1856, and by her has three children, viz. : Amelia, Samuel and George W. William Drennan originally took a large tract of land in this northern portion of what is now Middlesex Township, but was then North Middleton, which included a part of the whole of the farm now owned by Mr. Brindle. But that family, with the other eatly Scotch-Irish settlers of this northern part of Middlesex, are extinct, and it has been the later German settlers who, by their toil, have made the border of our valley " blossom like the rose." CHARLES CLBNDENIN, merchant, Carlisle Springs, was born in New York City May 30, 1858, and is a son of James and Barbara (KeifEer) Clendenin, natives of Pennsyl- vania and of English descent. James Clendenin was in the patent-right business in his younger days, and later engaged in the tanning business, at Hogestown, Penn., for sev- eral years. He then moved to Cumberland County and engaged in the same business, erected all the buildings necessary for a tan-yard, and followed the trade until 1878, when he sold out to Samuel Sample, and then engaged in mercantile business, at Carlisle Springs, until the time of his death, November 19, 1885. He was the father of three chil- dren, viz.: Ida C, wife of "W. E. Reddig, of the firm of J. & J. B. Reddig & Sons, of Shippensburg; Charles, a merchant of Carlisle Springs, and James B., who resides in Carlisle Springs. His brother John was elected judge of the county, but died before taking his seat. James Clendenin owned a large tract of land at the time of his death. He was a Democrat and took a great interest in politics, being the leader in his vicinity. He was a member of the I. O. O. F. lodge, at New Kingston. Charles, our subject, was reared to the tanning trade and was in the business with his father until the latter's death, after which he bought the store and has since been engaged in commerce at Carlisle V Springs. He carries a general line of merchandise, s\ich as will supply the country trade, his stock being valued at $3,000, which is fully insured. March 24. 1881, Mr. Clendenin married Julia F., daughter of John and Elizabeth Cameron. Our subject and wife are the parents of two children: William and Elsie Clendenin. His wife is a member of the Lu- theran Church. James R., our subject's brother, went to Shippensburg, in 1878, where he engaged in merchandising for three years, and then went west, to Holden, Mo., a,nd spent five years in the same occupation. Mr. Clendenin is also postmaster at Carlisle Springs, having been appointed under the present administration. His father was also postmaster for a number of years before his death. CHRI8TIA:ff R. GLADFELTER, miller, was born in York County in 1838. He moved first to Silver Spring Township, this county, and later to Middlesex Township, and when a boy attended the schools of the time. He afterward followed farming until three years ago, when his father, Moses, purchased the grist-mill at the confluence of the Letort and Conodoguinet Creeks. Moses Gladfelter is descended from men of Revolutionary fame. Three brothers came from Germany, two of whom served in the Revolutionary- war. Moses is the son of George, and marrigd Miss Ruhl, of Cumberland County. To them two sons and one daughter were born, of whom Christian is the eldest. The mill which Christian now operates is of historic interest. In 1756 it was conveyed by John Chambers to his sons, Randle and William. Just prior to the Revolution it was sold to Robert Callender, an Indian trader, and a man of education and influence in those times. • In 1793 it passed into the hands of Ephraim Blaine, grandfather of Hon. James G. Blaine, of Maine, from whom it has descended down, through various parties and by various con- veyances' to the present owners, who have remodeled and greatly enlarged it, so that it is now one of the largest and most successful roller-mills in the county. Mr. Gladfelter also purchased the handsome residence adjoining. GEORGE W. JACOBS, farmer, was born on his father's homestead, on the northern border of Middlesex Township, October 39, 1832. Jacob Jacobs, the grandfather, came from Genaany and settled first in York, then in Perry County, Penn. Henry, his son. 500 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: and the falher of George W., moved into Cumberland County, and was the first of the family to seltle on the farm in Middlesex. Goorge W. Jacobs married Phoebe Wetzel, of Cumberland County, December 25, ISW, by wliich marriage there were eight children, six of whom (ire si ill iivinir on llie homestead farm. DAVID MILLER, farmer, was horn in Lancaster County, September 18, 1825. He is the third son of David, Sr., and Mary (Eshelman) Miller, who moved to Cumberland County from Lancaster in 1833. He uttended the country schools of the day, followed faiming with his father, and engaged foj many years in the nursery business on the large farm at tlie Middlesex Station. He married Elizabeth Stouffer, a lady of refinement, and the daughter of Jacob Slouller, of Franklin County, Penn. About the same time, Mr. Stouffer purchased the Middlesex esmte Irom ihe lilaine and Penrose heirs. He was for a time in parlnership with Mr. Stouffer in operaling the old paper-mill at that place, and in tlie lime-burning and coal business. Mr. Stouffer's son Benjamin had supervision of the flour-mill. A financial reverse crippled this estate; some branches of its business were closed, while the rest passed into other hands. Mr. Miller is a man of large reading and judgment, and fond of books, but wilh little time to cultivate his taste in that direction. His family consisis of two sons and three daughters. He is now living on and has charge of the "Indian Farm" for the training in agriculture of the Indian youths at the training school, Carlisle. The farm lies just at the edge of the village of Middlesex. ROBERT S. WITMER, farmer, P. O. Carlisle, was born near Shippensburg, Cum- berland County, Penn., Dereml)er 9, 1850, and is a son of Jacob and Hannah (Senseman) Witmer, natives of Cumberland County, Penn., and of German descent. His grandfather Joseph was born in Lancaster County, but came to Cumberland County when a boy, and was one of the early settlers of the county. He settled near Middlesex Station, where he lived until his death, in about 18.54. He was a farmer, and owned a large tract of land. Jacob, subject's father, was burn on the homestead in 1814; was a farmer, and a consistent member of the Lutheran Church. He died, in 1874, on the farm now occu- pied by Robert S. Our subject was reared on a farm, and remained with his father until his death. Mr. Witmer is one of the substantial and successful farmers of the county. He owns 163 acres of good land. His mother is now in her sixty-eighth year, is yet living, and resides with him. She is a consistent member of the Lutheran Church. Mr. Witmer is a member of the I. O. O. F. Lodge, No. 91. Carlisle. He is a prominent man, intelligent and enterprising; politically he is a Republican. SAMUEL WITMER,' farmer, P. O. Middlesex, was born in Cumberland Coun- ty March 4, 1825, and is a son of Joseph and Catharine (Eberly) Witmer, natives of Lancaster County, Penn., and of German descent. His grandparents came to Cumberland County in 1791, and settled in Middleton (now Middlesex) Township, where they owned a good tract of land, and the house, erected by the grandfather when he first came to the county, Is still standing. The grandfather was at one time quite wealthy, but his wealth was considerably reduced on account of the excise tax, which he was obliged to pay on whisky in which he dealt at that time. He lived on the old homestead until his death. Joseph Witmer was born in 1785, and died in 1853. He was one of the successful farmers of the day, made_ his own way in the world, and at his death owned 315 acres of valua- ble land. He was a member of the Mennonite Church, the father of nine children, three of whom are living: Mrs. Elizabeth Givler, Samuel and Mrs. Daniel Kutz. Samuel was reared on the farm, and when twenty-nine years of age started in life for himself. In partnership with his brother, Abraham, he farmed the homestead for fourteen years, and in 1868 sold out his interest to his brother, and bought 94 acres of land, where he now lives. His farm is well improved with good buildings, and he now owns 460 acres, also a house at Middlesex Station, which was erected in 1874. It is a large, two-story brick grain warehouse, and affords a commodious store-room and a good shipping point for the vicinity. Mr. Witmer is ticket agent, freight agent and postmaster of the station, the postofiice of which was established in 1878. Novembers, 1863, he married Clarissa, daughter of Samuel and Catherine (Waggoner) Williams, and to them six children were born, three of whom are living: Annie M.. Joseph and Abram. Mrs. Witmer is a member of the German Reformed Church of Carlisle. Politically Mr. Witmer is a Republican. His mother was one of twelve children, all of whom lived to be married and have families. JOHN WOLF, farmer, P. O. Middlesex, was born on the farm where he now resides July 6, 1834, and is a son of David and Anna (Corman) Wolf, natives of Pennsylvania and of German descent. His grandfather John was reared in this county, and in 1803 bought the farm where our subject now lives, consisting of 160 acres, on which he made all the' improvemenls. He built abarn 100 feet long, which was destroyed by fire in 1819, and the same year he erected the stone one. 72x45 feet, which is still standing. He also operated a distillery for a number of years on lliis farm, and hauled the whisky to Baltimore. His wife was a very strong, healihy woman, being able to lift the barrels onto the wagon. He was very successful In life. He died in 1823. David Wolf, his son, was reared on the homestead, and later bought two farms. He owned 376 acres in this county, and 48 acres in Perry County. He served as lieutenant of a rifle military company for many years; also MIDDLESEX TOWNSHIP. 501 Leld the office of director of the poor of the county for nine years; was also school director for a number of years; was in politics a Democrat. He died in 1878. Our subject was reared on the farm, and remained at home until twehty-tbrce years of aj);e. January 8, 1857, be married Margaretta Wert, by whom he had one child — Joseph P. — who died at the age of ten years. Mrs. Wolf died October 15, 1863. After his first marriage he settled on the farm now occupied by his brother Joseph. Here his wife died, and after her death he went baclt to the homestetid and remained some three years, when, November 10, 1864, he married Catherine Wetzel, who bore him six children: David H., Uaymond S., Anna C, Mary E., Charles H. and Cora E. After his second marriage Mr. Wolf located in Silver Spring Township, where he farmed three years; then moved to his father's farm in West Pennsborough Township, and remained four years. In 1873 he bought the old homestead, where he has since lived. In 1878 his house was totally destroyed by fire, and in the same year he built a large two-story brick residence, at a cost of over |3,0b0. Il has a 14-inch wall, and contains 67,000 brick. It is a beautiful structure, and kept in neat order. Mr. and Mrs. Wolf are members of the Reformed Church. He has held the office of school director; is a member of the I. O. O. F. Lodge, No. 598, of Silver Spring; has held all the offices in his lodge.and is now filling the chaplain's chair. At present be owns 125 acres. On his farm there is a sand bank which yields very fine sand. JACOB SWILER ZEARING, county commissioner, P. O. Middlesex, is a native of Cumberland County, born in Shiremanstown, January 18, 1843. He attended school and clerked in a general store until eighteen years of age, when he began clerking in the drug store of Dr. C. W. Reiley, president of the Harrisburg Bank. For 8 years he was located in Mechanicsburg, engaged in the drug business for himself. His present fine farm of 100 acres, beautifully situated in Middlesex TOwnsliip, he purcha'^ed in 1875. Mr. Zearing was elected auditor, by the people of Cumberland County, in November, 1882, which office ue held three years, when he was elected to his present office of county commissioner. Mr. Zear- ing is a son of Jacob and Eliza (Swiler) Zearing, both natives of Cumberland County. The old gentleman died December 25, 1885, but his widow is still living, a member of the Bethel Church. Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Zearing had two sons: Jacob S., and Henry M.,who resides at Shiremanstown. Our subject married, January 16, 1878, Miss Kale Witmer, daughter of Jacob and Hannah (Senseman) Wilmer, l)Oth natives of this county, and to this union were born two children: Robert W. and Katie H. The mother died February 2, 1881, a member of the Lutheran Church. Mr. Zearing is one of our leading represent- ative citizens, and stands high in the estimation of the people of Cumberland County, among whom he has lived all his life. ABRAM J. ZEIQLER, farmer, was born on the old Zeigler homestead, November 5, 1842. His father, Abram Zeigler, Sr., was born in Montgomery County, and came ta Cumberland County in 1801. He settled on the farm not far from the North Mountains, in Middlesex Township, now occupied by our subject. The father married Elizabeth Horner, of Cumberland County, and the son, in 1867, married Barbara Rebbert, of the same county. The family consists of five children, ail of whom are Jiving on the home- stead. This farm was onc^ a portion of a tract owned by one Kenney, an earl/ Scotch- Irish pioneer. From him it (descended to tlie Zeigler family, the representatives of which now own a number of fine farms in the northern portion of Middlesex Township. HENRY H. ZEIGLER, farmer, is a representative of one of the old German fami- lies which, at an early date, settled among the slate hills which extend for some miles in from the North. Mountain. He was born on the old homestead, in this portion of Cum- berland County, in 1843, Philip Zeigler, the grandfather, was the first pioneer. He set- tled on the farm where Abram Zeigler now resides. Samuel, the fiither of Henry H, was born there, and the old log building, part of which was built by David Elliott, with its large chimney in the center, its small, one-pane window, and loop-holes through the logs for rifles, is still standing. Philip Zeigler had a large family. Samuel, his son. was the father of eight children, of whom four, two boys and two girls, are living. Of these, Henry, our subject, is the eldest' of the boys. Henry H. married the daughter of Jacob Wagner, of North Middleton Township, Cumberland County, in 1870. His family con- sists of two sons and three daughters, all of whom are living on the homestead. The farm where our subject resides was originally the property of David BUio-.t, a man of wealth, and the owner of slaves in the early days. It was also subsequently owned by th& Saundersons, who were connected with the Elliotts, Both of these families are now ex- tinct, but their large tract has been but little subdivided. ■502 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: CHAPTER LI. MIFFLIN TOWNSHIP. ALFRED CARL, farmer, P. O. Newville. George'Carl and his wife (who was a Heck- a,dorn) came from Berks County, and settled near the Canigagig Ridge, in Perry County, prior to 1809. They reared a family of children: George, Christian and Isaiah (twins), John, Adam, Daniel, Eliza, Rachael and Fanny. Of this family, George learned the blacksmith's trade, came to this county about the year 1834, and was married the same year to Margaret Kulp, a native of Columbia, Lancaster Co., Penn., but who was a resi- dent of White Hill when the nuptials were performed; she, as well as Mr. Carl, is of Ger- man descent, her parents coming from Germany. The married life of the young couple was commenced near the village of Loysville, Perry County, but they moved to White Hill later, and in 1843 came to Mifflin Township, this county,lecating at the McCormick Mill, in Doubling Gap, where George Carl built and conducted a smithy for twenty-one years. Of his children, Alfred, Mary A., Elizabeth E., and Margaretta, were born at White Hill; David R. was born on the MicCalister farm, and Francis E. and Julia A. on the homestead near the mill. Of these, Alfred Carl was born in 1834, learned the trade with his father, and October 14,1856, was married to Elizabeth L., daughter of John and Catharine Oiler, Rev. Hefflefinger, of Newville, performing the ceremony. Andrew and Susannah (Sweetwood) Oiler, grandparents of Mrs. Carl, were residents in this county from 1793; reared a family of twelve children: William, Andrew, John, George, Daniel, James, Margaret, Maria, Cath- arine, Elizabeth, Susannah and Letitia. Of these, John (father of Mrs. Carl) for many years was a teacher in Prankford and Mifflin Townships. He married Catharine Heffle- finger in April, 1834, and this union was blessed with six children, all born in this county: Elizabeth, John, Catharine, William, George and Mary B. Alfred Carl and his wife com- menced married life at West Hill, West Pennsborough Township, where he engaged in blacksmithing. From there they removed to Plainfield, thence to Newville, and, in 1864, to the mills in Mifflin Township, where he purchased the smithy of his father, who bought himself a nice farm near by. For twenty-one years our subject carried on business there, earning his money by the sweat of his brow. In 1885, he purchased his father's farm, and now resides on it. To Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Carl have been born eleven children: Mary E. (wife of Henry H. Hoover), Kate B., Margaret L., Lizzie D., Lottie T., George, Clara A., Albert I., Charles T., Millie A. and Morris R. This large family, with the exception ^f Letitia, Lottie and Morris R., who are deceased, are now residing beneath the paternal roof. Especial attention has been paid to their education, and all will surely follow the good example showed them by their parents. SAMUEL CHRISTLIEB, retired, Newville. In the year 1765 Frederick Carl Christ- lieb (grandfather of Samuel) emigrated, with his wife, sons Frederick Carl and Jacob and step-son George Buck, from Durkheim, Rhenish Bavaria, to America, landing at Baltimore, Md. The sons, who were in their minority, located near the boundary line between Pennsylvania and Maryland and close to the Susquehanna River, where they re- mained for several years. The parents, soon after their arrival in Baltimore, found their way to Newville, this county, and were among the earliest German settlers in this locality. The mother died in a few years, and her remains were interred in the Big Spring burial- grounds. A few years later the father died while en route to a physician's home in Vir- ginia, where he hoped to get relief from the disease which caused his death. The family did not become permanently settled for several years after their arrival in America. Charles Christlieb and his step-brother George Buck came to Mifflin Township, and their brother Jacob settled in Virginia. Charles Christlieb was born in Germany in 1750. After his marriage with Catharine Umberger, of Lebanon, Penn., about 1780, he settled in Mifflin Township, this county. To this union were born six sons and one daughter: John, Charles, Solomon, George, Sarah (married to a Mr. Koutz), Isaac and Jacob (twins), who were born in 1791. Charles Christlieb died in 1837, aged eighty-seven, and his widow a few months later, aged ninety-three. Jacob, the father of our subject, was married, April 13, 1824, to Julia Ann Morritt, by whom he had ten children: Samuel, Mary J., Ann, Elizabeth, Nancy, Sarah, David, Lavina, Levi and Ellen (twins). Jacob Christlieb was a quiet but enterprising farmer, and was noted for his liberality and Christian spirit. He was for almost three-quarters of a century a communing member of the Lutheran Church, and from 1833 he was a member of Zion Church at Newville. He died at the residence of his son Samuel, May, 9, 1884, aged ninety-three years, one month and MIFFLIN TOWNSHIP. 503 twenty-one days. His funeral sermon was preached by the Bev. S. A. Diehl, from a text selected by himself, viz.: " Daughters of Jerusalem, weep not for me, but weep for your- selves, and for your children." Luke xxiii, 38. He came "to the grave in a full age, like as a shock of corn cometh in its season." Three sons, seven daughters, forty-eight grandchildren and sixteen great-grandchildren yet remain to do honor to his good name. Our subject was born on the homestead October 10, 1836. In 1851 he married Matilda Hershey , of Mifflin Township, and their wedded life was commenced on her father's farm, where they remained twelve years. Their children, Bsemiah C, Ida M. and William A., were born on that farm; thence Mr. Christlieb moved to a farm near Ne wburg, remainin g there two years, when he returned to his father's homestead, where he remained until 1883, when he purchased a neighboring farm and erected an imposing residence, a large barn and commodious out-buildings, taking possession the same year. The eldest daughter is the wife Of Henry J. Whistler; the other children reside at home with their parents. Mr. and Mrs. Christlieb are a model couple and are reverenced in their neighborhood. ALBERT S. GILLESPIE, farmer, P. O. Newville, born September 13, 1846, in Frankford Township, this county, is a great-grandson of William Gillespie, a native of Scotland, who immigrated to America about the year 1700, and settled in Cecil County, Md., where he lived until the year 1766. He then sold his plantation there and purchased a large tract of land in what is now known as Frankford and Mifflin Townships, Cumber- land County. His family consisted of ten children: Robert, Margaret, Samuel, Eloner, James, Nathaniel, George (who died in infancy), Ann, William and George. Of these, the youngest son, George, married Sarah Young, of Cumberland County, and they reared a family of ten children, all of whom were born in Frankford Township this county. Their names are William, Elizabeth, Eloner, Mary. Nelly, Margaret, Ann, James, Samuel and George. Of these the youngest son, George, the only one living, married Lucinda B. Stewart, by whom he had eight children: Sarah B., Thomas G., Robert, Albert S. (our subject), James, Elizabeth J., Samuel B. and Mary E. This large family was reared on the farm, still George Gillespie's property, though a few years since he moved to Newville, "where he lives a retired life. His wife died in 1875, having lived to see her children com- fortably settled and the beautiful Cumberland Valley transformed into a miniature paradise. Albert 8., our subject, was married September 19, 1878, to Amelia, daughter of James T. and Martha Stuart, of this county. Rev. Erskine, a Presbyterian divine, performing the ceremony. The housekeeping of the newly wedded couple was com- menced on the farm since purchased by them, and which is now one of the most attractive in the valley. The neat brick residence, fine barn and commodious out-buildings are situated within a valley flanked on three sides by the Blue Mountains, which is picturesque either in summer or midwinter. Their children, three in number are Joseph S., M. Jane 8. and George Y. Mr. and Mrs. Gillespie are members of the Presbyterian Church, having remained true to the faith of their ancestors. He has refused to fill official positions in the township, which, by reason of good judgment and a practical education, he is eminently qualified for, but always lends his influence toward the advancement of the business, social and educational interests of the township. The Gillespies were among the first settlers in this part of the county. JACOB HEMMINGER, retired, Newville, was born in Mifflin Township, this county, March 16, 1810. His parents, Jacob and Susan (Ramp) Hemminger, were both born in Berks County, Penn., and with their two children, Jolin and Elizabeth, came to Cumber- land County in 1804, remaining the first year with Mr. Hemminger's brother near Carlisle, Penn. About 1806 he purchased the farm where our subject now resides and on which he was born. Two children, Mary and Catharine, were born on this farm prior to Jacob, and Benjamin was born afterward. Catharine married Jacob Bowman and, with her brother (of whom we write), represents the entire Hemminger family of the original stock. The house now owned by our subject was built prior to the purchase of the farm by his father, but has since been repaired and is yet a handsome substantial dwelling. Jacob Hem- minger, Sr., was a prominent man in the Lutheran Church; he cared little for politics. He was a tailor by trade, which occupation he followed in the winter, devoting the summer to farming. He died in 1830 and his widow in 1863. Jacob Hemminger, Jr., purchased the homestead in 1838, and in 1844 wedded Mary, daughter of Henry and Elizabeth (Sensabaugh) Brehm, of this township. Rev. John Heck performing the ceremony. On the farm where he was born and reared, Jacob and his young wife com- menced their domestic life, and there were born their six children; John D., Samuel H., Susan M., Elizabeth, Mary and Annie M. John D. married Maria Fry, and, after her death, Mrs. Elizabeth Green; Samuel H. wedded Martha J. Lenny; Susan M. and Eliza- beth reside with their father; Annie M. is the wife of Samuel J. Zeigler; Mary married John E. Lehman. Our subject learned the wheelwright's trade of John Albert, who, in 1830, had a shop near Conodoguinet Creek. A few years later Mr. Hemminger established a shop on his own farm, and has carried on the business steadily for more than half a ■century. He has been a successful business man, and has reared a family who do credit to the old name they bear. The death of Mrs. Hemminger occurred in 1857, since which time the daughters mentioned above have been housekeepers for their father. Our sub- 504 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: ject voted for Gen. Jackson and Martin Van Buren, but after that time was a Whig, and since the formation of the party has been an ardent Republican. He is one of the oldest living residents of Mifflin Township, and bears a reputation for honesty and uprightness. Eight grandchildren look up to the venerable man, and it is hoped that his last days will be pleasantly spent on the ancestral manor amid peace, comfort and plenty. W. H. McCREA, teacher, Newville, is a grandson of William McCrea, who left County Tyrone, Ireland, for this country, in June, 1790, bringing with him his wife, Mar- garet (Ballentine), daughter, Sarah, and an infant son, Walter,who died on shipboard and found a grave in the broad Atlantic. They settled the same year near Newville, in West Pennsborough Township, tliis county, and after residing tliere several years moved to the vicinity of Bloaerville, in Frankford Township. William McCrea was a weaver by trade and followed this occupation until his death. To him and his wife were born eight chil- dren, all natives of this country but the two already mentioned: Sarah, wife of James Wallace; Walter (deceased); Martha, wife of Alexander Logan; Catharine, wife of Robert Giffln; Margaret, wife of James Hume; Jane, wife of Robert Fenton; William, married to Mary, daughter of Henry and Elizabeth (Mentzer) Snyder, and John. Of these John was born May 28, 1803, and followed the occupation of farmer until his flfty-first year. June 15, 1854, he married Barbara M. Snyder (sister of his brother William's wife), the Rev. Joshua Evans, a Lutheran divine, performing the ceremony. Several years prior to his marriage, John McCrea had purchased the mill property and farm formerly owned by Samuel J. McCormick, at sheriff's sale. Mr. McCormick was a noted man in the valley in his day, his ancestors being among the first settlers of Doubling Gap. For a quarter of a century the mills were operated under the supervision of Mr. McCrea, who disposed of the property, in 1868, to Maj. Henry Snyder, but it is still known as the McCrea Mills. Two children were born to John McCrea and wife: W. H. and Mattie E., who became the wife of H. M. Koser, in 1882. John McCrea died March 19, 1879, at the ripe age of seventy- six. He was born and reared amid the privations attending a pioneer's life, but in his last years witnessed the substantial development of his beloved county. His first ballot was cast in 1824 for Gen. Jackson, and from that date he never swerved from the Demo- cratic party, in fifty-flve years never missing an election, either special or general. W. H. McCrea, his son, was born January 13, 1856, in Mifflin Township. From his early childhood he showed a fondness for books, and at an early age was sent to the brick schoolhouse near the mill, and William M. Hamilton, who was for a number of years an able instructor, gave him his first start. As our subject increased in years and knowledge a desire came to him to impart his information to others, and he taught his first term in the Blean Schoolhouse, Mifflin Township. The following year he received a course of in- struction at the normal school in Shippensburg, after which, for five consecutive terms, he taught in the Blean School, He accepted a position in the grammar school at New- ville ^n 1880, and two years later was promoted to the position of principal, in which he has since continued. As a practical educator he has but few equals and no superiors in the county. Courteous, social, talented, and coming from ancestors noted in this county as honest and practical men, the people of Mifllin "Township have reason to be proud of W. H. McCrea who was born, bred, reared and educated in their midst, and here has de- veloped into one of the most widely-known educators in the county. LEWIS C. MEGAW, farmer, P. O. Newville, is a grandson of James and Sarah (Murrell) McGaw, who were married in West Chester, Chester Co., Penn., November 27, 1804. James McGaw was a native of Belfast, Ireland, whence he emigrated in conse- quence of participating in a rebellion against the crown of England. In 1817 he came to Mifflin Township, Cumberland Co., Penn., with his wife and one son, Samuel, settling on the John Cutshall farm. He also owned the farm, now the property of John Hurst, which remained in the McGaw family from 1817 to 1883. He was in his day a prominent local Democratic politician, and, although not a member, he was an ardent supporter of the Presbyterian Church, contributing largely to the Big Spring Church. His son Sam- uel was born April 17, 1807; was married about 1826 to Elizabeth Gurrell, who was born in Newville, Penn., and whose entire life was passed in Cumberland County. Their domestic life was commenced on his father's farm, where their children — Sarah, James, Belle, Jane, Mary and Scott — were born. When Samuel McGaw came to the farm where our subject now lives, he was accompanied by his mother, who made her home with him until her death. On this farm were born the other children of Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Mc- Gaw: John, George, Lewis C. and Ellen. All of the ten children reached adult age. George enlisted in Company P, Seventeenth Pennsylvania Cavalry, in 1861 : was captured at Brandy Station in 1868, and confined in Libby Prison, from whence, a few months later, the gallant soldier was carried an emaciated corpse. Lewis C. Megaw. our subject, was born February 24, 1845. Leaving home in 1870 he began lumbering in Clinton and Potter Counties, Penn. , and Allegany, N. Y. Returning to this county in 1876 he was married to Miss Julia, daughter of George and Margaret (Kulp) Carl. Mr. Megaw and his young wife commenced housekeeping on the farm where he was born and reared, and here four children were born to them: Samuel, George, Florence and Grace. Mr. Megaw has been an enterprising and prosperous farmer, and, like his ancestors before him, has taken MIFFLIN TOWNSHIP. 505 an active part in local politics. He has been elected an oflBcial of the township several terms, which of itself is sufficient proof that he has served his constituents faithfully and well. Coming from a family of the highest respectability and having a wife belonging to a family that for more than a century has been identified with the growth and prosperity of Cumberland County, it is with pleasure that a place is given them in the history. The name was McGaw originally, but the children have by common consent changed it to Megaw, but it still shines as brightly now as did that of James McGaw, who had to flee for his life from the isle of Erin. JOSEPH MINNICH, farmer, P. O. Newville, is a son of Daniel Minnioh, who came with his parents from Perry to Berks County, Penn., in 1808. There were a number of sturdy sons and daughters, and a farm was purchased, on which not only the grandparents but also the parents of our subject lived and died. Daniel Minnich (son of George Minnich) was married to Mary Kozer, in 1823, and about that date purchased the homestead in this county. Their children were as follows: Jeremiah, John, Eliza, Daniel, William, Joseph, David, George, Andrew and Columbus. Of these, Eliza is the wife of Daniel M. Derr, and she and our subject reside in this county; William was a soldier during the late war of the Rebellion, the others remaining on the farm. Joseph Minnich was married. May 18, 1865, to Catharine A., daughter of Samuel and Mary Collor, of Perry County, Penn., the ceremony being performed by the Rev. Peter Song, a Lutheran divine. They commenced house-keeping, in 1869, on the Westhafer farm, near Green Spring. The first years of wedded life were spent on the farm with his parents, and there Ida B. and Annie M. were born. The only son, Daniel, was born on the Woodburn farm near Newville. In 1880 Mr. Minnich purchased a nice farm near the pleasant village of Newville, and he is con- sidered one of the prosperous farmers of Mifflin Township, ranking high in the estimation of the public as a good business manager. The home is made pleasant by the comforts which come to those who make their money honestly, and by the good taste of mother and daughters. The parents are worthy members of the Lutheran Church and have reared their children in that faith. MICHAEL SHAMBAUGH, farmer, P. O. Newville. It is safe to say that George Shambaugh, the grandfather of Michael, came to Cumberland County prior to the year 1790. His parents, of whom no history can be obtained, had two sons and several daugh- ters, but only the sons, George and Philip, can be located, both of whom settled in Prank- ford Township, this county, and George's youngest son, John, born in this township, and now ninety-two years of age, resides in Harrison County, Ohio. His sons were named Jacob, George, John and Philip, and there was one daughter, Catharine, who married Ja- cob Holtz, of Richland County, Ohio. Philip, the youngest son, married Elizabeth, daughter of Adam and Mary Kessler, of Perry County, who was born in Frankford Town- ship, this county, in 1798. At the time of his marriage Philip Shambaugh resided in Perry County, and he commenced housekeeping in Toboyne Township, where he afterward purchased a farm. To him and his wife were born seven children, of whom John, Sarah, Mary and Michael are living. Michael, the last named, was married, in the autumn of 1851, to Mary A., daughter of Daniel and Esther Cutshall, of Toboyne Township. Perry Co., Penn. They commenced wedded life on the paternal homestead with but little of this world's goods ($80), but they went to work with a will, and he soon purchased an in- terest of one of the heirs^ and when the place was sold, after the death of his father, he owned half the proceeds. Four children were born on the homestead — the first died in in- fancy, then came Lavina J., Josiah and Isaac. Josiah married Bessie Kremer, Isaac married Rebecca Dewalt. and Lavina is the wife of John Hoover. All have done well, and Mr. and Mrs. Shambaugh may congratulate themselves on having such representa- tives. In 1866 our subject and his family came to Mifflin Township, this county, and af- ter renting his farm for one year, purchased it, and has since, by economical habits and industry, earned enough to pay for the splendid tract, and on this farm the youngest son, John F.,'was born. For an upright, conscientious man Mr. Shambaugh ranks high in the estimation of his neighbors, and those who know him best testify to his mental and moral worth. He has a fine farm and comfortable home, and has never made a dollar dishonestly. 506 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: CHAPTER LII. MONROE TOWNSHIP- GEORGE BELTZHOOVER, farmer, Boiling Springs. The grandfather of the sub- ject of this sketch, George Beltzhoover, the first of this name of whom we find any record, served in the war of 1812; moved from York County to this county, and here bought land. He was the father of eight children by liis first wife: Catharine, Michael, George, Elizabeth, Jacob, John, Rachael and Sarah; by his second marriage with a Mrs. Gross he had one son, Daniel, who lived to be over seventeen years of age. His son, John, was born in York County, Penn., in 1798, came to this county with his father when a boy, and became a farmer. He married Margaret Smith, in 1822, and had three chil- dren: George, Anne and Mahala. Mr. and Mrs. John Beltzhoover were members of the Lutheran Church; in politics he was a Republican. He was a land-holder (part of the es- tate is still in the family), and lived on his farm near Boiling Springs over fifty years. His house was the scene of one of the most cowardly and brutal robberies ever per- petrated. At the time (July 29, 1878), his household consisted of his aged wife, over seventy-six years of age, a female servant, sixty years old, and himself, about eighty. The old gentleman and lady slept down stairs and were awake at the time the robbers ef- fected an entrance, who bound him and his servant with a cord from the bed, after beat- ing Mr. Beltzhoover with a club until his head was cut open. The old lady, though treated roughly, was not injured severely, and was forced to act as their guide. Bureau drawers were ransacked and were " thrown on her feet so that the nails came off her toes," and their contents scattered on the floor; the house was thoroughly searched for about two hours and over |100 in silver coin and greenbacks secured. The alarm was given by the servant, who worked herself loose and made her escape while the robbers were in the house, and saved the house from Are and probably the lives of the aged couple, by bringing timely assistance. Word was sent to all the different places In the county and a reward of $100 offered for their arrest. Constables Johnston and AJtland, of Dills- burg, got on their trail the morning after the robbery and tracked them to a barn about six miles below Dillsburg, where they were secreted in a hay-mow. On going in one en- tered on his toes and the other on his heels. In the morning the constables searched the hay-mow but failed to find them, but in the evening the barn was again visited, and on hearing a slight noise in the mow they proceeded to the spot and probed with a pitch- fork, when one of them said he would come out. Two rough looking men crawled from their hiding place, and were immediately taken before Mr. and Mrs. Beltzhoover, who identified them as being the party who twenty-four hours before had disturbed their ciuiet home by cowardly ill-treating and robbing them. J. C. Lehman, Esq., of Boiling Springs, before whom they were next taken, then committed them to j ail. One of the men came from Pottsville and the other from Harrisburg, and their names were John Lemon and John Myers, both of whom were recognized by the jail officials as tramps, both being young men not over twenty-one years of age, heavy set, but not tall. On being searched the money taken from Mrs. Beltzhoover was recovered, also a watch and chain, two re- volvers and a razor. The money was equally divided between them. Mr. Beltzhoover paid the reward at once. The prisoners were sent to the penitentiary. Mr. Beltzhoover lived to be nearly eighty -four years of age, considered one of the best citizens of the county, and always contributed largely of his means to build up the township. George Beltz- hoover, son of the above, was born in Monroe Township, this county, in 1823, on his grandfather's farm. He married, in 1846, Miss Maria C. Niesley, of this county, daughter of Jacob Niesley, and this union was blessed with six children: Mary E., John A., Mar- garet A., Maria C, Clara E. and Monroe C. Mr. and Mrs. George Beltzhoover are mem- bers of the Lutheran Church. In politics he is a Republican. JOSEPH BERKHEIMER, farmer, P. O. Mechanicsburg, was born in York County, Penn., July 14, 1833. His grandfather, Valentine Berkheimer, was born in same county, and was a fuller by trade. He married Elizabeth Lauchs, of York County, and had eight children: John, Samuel, Henry, George, Andrew, Elizabeth, Catharine and Leah. He was a member of the Lutheran Church; in politics, a strong Democrat. John Berkheimer, our subject's father, a shoemaker by trade, was also born in York County in 1803; wag married to Miss Lydia, daughter of John and Elizabeth (Sifert) Sloth ower. To this union were born the following children: Joseph, Henry, Catharine, Susan, Elizabeth, Leah and Rebecca. He was a member of the Lutheran Church; in politics, a Democrat. He MONROE TOWNSHIP. 507 ■was honest and industrious, a kind father and husband, and died in his seventy-sixth year. Our subject, who learned carpentering, came in 1851 to this oounty, and followed his trade. In 1853 he married Miss Catharine, daughter of Jacob and Fannie (Musserl Eckert. This union has been blessed with seven children : John, Agnes, Alice, Joseph, Mar- garet, Jacob and George. Subject and wife are members of the German Reformed Church. In 1883 he moved with his family to his present residence. Politically, like his father, Mr. Berkheimer is a Democrat. In 1864 he enlisted at Carlisle in Company F, Two Hundred and Ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, for one year; went with his company to Baltimore; and thence to City Point; from there to Point of Rocks, where a severe battle was fought; thirteen were killed or taken prisoners from Company F alone. Mr. Berkheimer was in another battle at Mead's Station, where the regiment suffered severely. Company F losing fourteen men — seven killed and seven taken prisoners — includ- ing Henry Lee, of Carlisle, who was badly wounded. The war closing, Mr. Berkheimer returned to Harrisburg, where he was mustered out in 1865. When he went to war Mr. Berkheimer left a family consisting of his wife and five small children, who may now point with pride to their father's record as a soldier. Mrs. Berkheimer's great-grand- father Eckert came from Germany when a young man, and settled in York County, Penn., over a hundred years ago, and followed the business of a real estate dealer, but subse- quently moved to Lancaster County, Penn., and there died. Of his four children, two were sons: Michael and Philip. Michael was born in York County, a wagonmaker by trade; married Catharine Young, of York County, and had the following named children: Henry, John, Jacob (father of Mrs. Berkheimer), George, Henry, Mary and Elizabeth. Michael Eckert was a member of the German Reformed Church, a sober, industrious man, always attentive .to his business. Jacob Eckert was born in York County in 1803; learned wagon-making; married Miss Fanny Mercer, of York County, and had a family of six children: Michael, John, Joseph, Catharine (Mrs. Berkheimer), Susan and Fannie. In, 1838 Mr. Eckert moved to this county, and in 1878 to his present farm, and is now a ven- erable gentleman, who has lived an honorable and valuable life. GEORGE M. BRANDT, manufacturer and postmaster, Brandtsville. Martain Brandt, the great-grandfather, who emigrated from Hummelstown, Dauphin Co., Penn., to Cum- berland County, Penn., in 1773, built a stone house in 1776, a barn in 1777, and a large man- sion in 1779. " The two houses are in good condition to-day, and are now owned by Henry Hesey. He was a large land-holder, owning about 1,000 acres of land. He had six children: Catherine, Martain, Betzy, Adam, David and Henrietta. Martain Brandt, Sr., departed this life March 26, 1835, aged eighty-five years, five months and fifteen days. Barbra Brandt, wife of Martain Brandt, departed this life February 26, 1855, aged seventy- nine years, eleven months and sixteen days. Martain Brandt, Jr., grandfather of Geo. M. Brandt, was born on the homestead, in this township, inherited from his father and which has been in the family since 1773. He was also a manufacturer, and built a saw-mill and a clover-mill. He married Miss Catherine Beltzhoover, of this county, October 16, 1810, who bore him six children; Rachel, Michael G., Samuel, George, Henry and Sarah. He met his death by an accident, caused by a runaway team, and died July 24, 1833, in his forty-ninth year. His widow lived to be eighty-four, and was remarkably well and active up to her last day. Michael G., the oldest son of this couple, born in the old homestead August 23, 1816, was a farmer and manufacturer, carrying on the business of his father. He married, April 5, 1846, Miss Eleanor, daughter of Jacob Emmett, of York, York Co., Penn., and to this union were born seven children: Henrietta E., George M., Jennie M., Jacob E., Samuel H., Lydia E. and Annie K. He erected the homestead, workhouse, and, in fact, most of the buildings on the property. He manufactured both red and yellow ocher and lumber. He was a very prominent man, and did a large busi- ness in iron ore and other enterprises, among which was buying and selling" stock. He and his wife were members of the Lutheran Church. In politics he was a Republican. He was a liberal man and did a great deal for the poor, and some of the neighbors depended on him for any aid they might require, and he acted as bondsman for many men. When the railroad was built through Brandtsville, he assisted the enterprise in every way. He is well remembered for his mild and pleasant ways and honorable dealings. George M. Brandt, our subject, was born on the old homestead July 3, 1848, and passed his early days assisting his father. June 20, 1873, he married Miss Mary C. Lehman, of this county and to this union were born seven children: Bertha G., Ellen E., Eva R., Laura E., Mary C, Michael E. and Marcy G. Mr. Brandt lives with his large family on the old homestead, and on land which has been in the family for 113 years. He carries on the manufacture of lumber and red and yellow ocher, and conducts a coal yard and ware- house besides two farms. He is postmaster of Brandtsville. In politics he is a Republican. He is a man of most excellent reputation and standing as a business man. DAVID L. CLARK, farmer, P. O. Mechanicsburg, Penn. The family originated in England. John Clark, the grandfather of David L., was born there in 1727, and came to America when a young man; he married in this county, and became the father of seven children four sons: John, Thomas, James and William, and three daughters. John Clark Sr. entered 300 acres of land, and built the first flouring-mill in this county on the- 508 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Yellow Breeches Creek; lived to be nearly seventy-nine years old, and was greatly re- spected for his sterliiiff worth. William Clarli, the father of our subject, was born in Cumberland County, Penn., October 13, 1768; married Sarah Lamb, March 5, 1798, and had eleven children — nine sons and two dauo;hters. He inherited half of his father's prop- erty (150 acres of land and the mill), and was a prominent man in the community, serving as justice of the peace for more than twenty years. One of his sons, Richey Claris, or Dillsburg, Penn., inherited 72 acres of the original tract, and which has thus remained in the Clark family for more than 140 years. David L. Clark, the present representative of the family in this county, was born June 13, 1808. on the banks of the Yellow Breeches Creek, at Clark's mill, this county. He married Elizabi-th Mumper May 1, 1828, and to this union were born four sous and four daughters: William, John, Andrew A., David R., Sarah A., Margaret J., Hannah C. and Mary E. — all living but one that died in infancy. Our subject lived one year at the mill after marriage, and then began farming on his father's farm, near Mechanicsburg, where hhe famous Huguenots who fled from religious persecution to find a refuge in the New World. The line from him down is Philip, George, Lawrence, John and David. Lawrence moved from York County, Penn., to this county, with his father, in 1785, aud resided here until his death. His wife was Veronica Alter, of the well-known Alter fam- ily. (Shewassisterof thewifeof Gov. Joseph Ritner.) Theirson John married Miss Rebec- ca Rine. He was a farmer by occupation, but took an active part in public affairs. Be- ing one of the few native citizens who could speak the German language fluently, he was appointed associate judge by Gov. Ritner about 1835, and, after rendering distinguished services, he retired from the position with honor. He was a man of very correct and methodical habits and kept an accurate diary for forty years. He was converted at the age of forty years, and at once rode 51 miles to Beaver Creek, Washington Co., Md., to be immersed. He did active duty in the Christian Church, as a preacher, until his death, which occurred September 13, 1864. His widow died in December, 1875. Rev. David Lefever is the eldest of their seven children, of whom he and Mrs. Maria Myers, of Adams County, Penn., are the sole survivors. Our subject married, December 29, 1847, Miss Ma- tilda Cunningham, a niece of Gov. Ritner, and they at once settled in Penn Township, this county, and began to develop a home. They continued in a successful course until they acquired 3 fine farms, comprising 875 acres of fertile and well improved valley land, besides a tract of 115 acres of timber land on South Mountain. Mr. Lefever bought a foundry, on the edge of Shippensburg, Penn., in 1870, which he still owns. He carried it on for several years, residing in Shippensburg from 1876 to 1878. Mr. Lefever's wife de- parted this life January 8, 1885. She was a devoted wife, the mother of nine children, seven of whom are now living: Henry Rine, David Landis, Joseph C, Mrs. Margaret Smith, Matilda, Mrs. Clarinda Eyster, and Fannie. Our subject united with the Chris- tian Church at the age of nineteen years; was chosen elder in 1855; began preaching in 1864, and has continued in the work of the gospel ever since. He built, almost entirely unaided, a handsome stone church on his land, and deeded it to the congregation. He has been a Republican most of his life. In 1885 he espoused the cause of the Prohibition par- ty, and has devoted himself actively during the campaign, delivering lectures on the sub- ject of temperance. He is a speaker of great force and energy, and wields a great influ- ence for good among a large circle of friends and acquaintances. MICHAEL LONG, farmer, P. O. Walnut Bottom, was born February 7, 1881, in Lan- caster County, Penn. His father, John Long, died in that county, and his mother, Mary Long, came to Franklin County, Penn., whiere she remained until her death. Michael Long married Miss Rebecca Geesaman, of Franklin County, Penn., February 1, 1854, and they moved to Penn Township, this county, in the spring of 1857. locating at once on the place they at present occupy, in the valley of Yellow Breeches Creek; here they have a farm of 91 acres of valley land and 37 of timbered land on South Mountain. Their children are Alfred Claton, William Joseph, Daniel Abram, Aaron Albion, Franklin Clarence and Anna Belle. Mr. Long and his son established a store at Centre Valley in 1880, and moved it to Bendersville in 1883, where it is at present located. They do a general mer- chandising business, and are building up a prosperous trade. Our suliject and wife and all their children, except the youngest, belong to the United Brethren Church. Mr. Long is very active in his devotion to the interest of the Church, and has been a class-leader for PENN TOWNSHIP. 531 many years. He is a man of generous impulses, a liberal patron of public enterprises, and is one of the leading citizens of Cumberland County. WILLIAM ALEXANDER McCULLOUGH, farmer, P. O. Newville, was born De- cember 2, 1834, in West Pennsborough Township, this county, and is a son of Alexandef and Elizabeth McCullough. December 27, 1866, subject married Miss Martha L. Clark, and they located where they now reside in 1874. Here they have a fine farm of 121 acres of land, also have a farm of 91 acres in Southampton Township, and a tract of 8 acres of timber on South Mountain. Their children are James Clark, Berdie and John Bruce. Our subject is a life-long Republican. He and his wife are members of Big Spring Piesbyterian Church. JOHN THEODORE McCUNE, retired farmer, P. O. Dickinson, was born April 9, 1844. in Southampton Township, this county, third child of Samuel and Mary Eleanor His mother's first husband, Mr. Rupp, a farmer, died soon after the birth of her third child, when she became the second wife of Jacob Mumma, and bore him the following children; Eli, Jacob, Amos, Fanny, Eliza and Samuel — all of whom were born in Cumber- land County, and living at this time, except Samuel and Fanny. Amos Mumma was mar- ried, November 17, 1868, to Marion E., daughter of Ciiristian and Lydia (Miley) Herman, also of this county. The Hermans were among the first settlers near New Kingston, com- ing in 1771, and the representatives of this family celebrated their centennial in 1871, children of the sixth generation being present on that occasion. The original farm is now owned by Wolf ord Herman, and the land has been in possession of the name since the- UPPER ALLEN TOWNSHIP. 571 first purchase by the great-grandfather. Of the immediate family of Christian Herman are three children: Jacob, John and Marion. Amos Mumma and his wife liave four chil- dren: Herman J., Alberta J., Levi H. and Lydia H. These children, as they grow older, can read with pride the history of their lineage, which extends back from both branches more than a century. Mr. Mumma has always been one of the most energetic and impul- sive of men, brave and intrepid. He twice tried to enlist in the army during the late war of the Rebellion, but his youth prevented the accomplishment of his intention. As a man, a neighbor, and a citizen, Mr. Mumma has no superior, and is in all respects worthy to bear the name of his illustrious ancestors. JOHN MUMMA, farmer, P. O. Mechanicsburg, the second son of Jacob Mumma, was born in Lancaster County, Penn., in 1836, and resided with his father until 1863, when he commenced business for himself on a farm near Mechanicsburg. Nine years later he was united in marriage with Miss Elizabeth, daughter of Rudolph and Mary (Schopf) Hertzler, old residents of Cumberland County, but natives of Lancaster County, iPenn. To Mr. and Mrs. John Mumma have been born six children — all living: Charles H., Mary A., Grace E., Blanche V., Jacob R. and John L Our subject first purchased land in 1865, which he still owns. He bought the present homestead fifteen years later. This farm is very attractive, and its comfortable surroundings and fine improvements, make it indeed an elegant home. Mr. Mumma, one of the representative men of the town- ship, is a member of one of its oldest families, and merits the greatest confidence reposed in him by the public. ELI MUMMA, farmer, P. O. Mechanicsburg. was born, in 1850, on the old homestead in Silver Spring Township, this county. His father, Jacob Mumma, has been so liberal' with his money and enterprising in spirit that he has stood at the head of the business industries and substantial improvements for fully half a century. Eli Mumma, the young- est son of Jacob and Catharine Mumma, received a practical education in the common schools, and has thus far passed his life on the farm, preferring agricultural pursuits to either a trade or profession. November 25, 1873, he was married to Annie B., daughter of Joseph and Sarah E. (Fritchey) Eberly, of Hampden Township, this county. To this- union were born two sons and five daughters: Thomas C, Wilbur A., Annie B., Mary E., Martha F., Sarah E. and Emma J. — all of .whom reside in the county. The death of Joseph Eberly, the father of Mrs. Mumma, occurred April 5, 1885, at the age of sixty-five- years and seven months. The married life of Eli Mumma and his young wife was com- menced on his father's farm under the same favorable auspices which have continued to this day. In 1875 they moved to the farm on which they now reside. One child — Joseph E. — was born on the grandfather's homestead; Mabel G. and Harry H. were born on their father's farm in this township. Politically and socially Mr. Mumma is of that liberal class whose object is to further the business and social interests in the community. Pos- sessed of abundant means, a fine farm and happy family, he is surrounded by everything to make him happy. H. O. SHELLEY, miner, P. O. Shepherdstown, was born in Lancaster, Penn., but later went to Dauphin 'County, where he owned a farm. In 1869 he commenced mining iron ore in York County, Penn., where he continued until 1878, opening a mine on Dan Lan- dis' farm in 1874, and which he sold in 1875, but in 1883 again leased and has operated since. An analysis of the ore from this mine, in 1874, gave sixty-two per cent in the fur- naces. The analysis made in 1884 showed fifty two per cent of the mixed oxides. In 1855 H. O. Shelley was married to Fanny Nisley, daughter of Henry and Mary Nisley, and who was born on the island bearing that name in the Susquehanna below Middle- town. In 1867, our subject came to Upper Allen Township, this county, and purchased a farm, on which he moved in 1868, and which he has since operated in connection with mining. The children of Mr. and Mrs. H. O. Shelley are five in number: Samuel mar- ried Ella Coover, a daughter of one of York County's first families; Elias wedded Annie, daughter of Christian Hertzler, of this county; David, Lizzie, wife of William Nisley, of Mechanicsburg, and Annie. Mr. Shelley has repeatedly been solicited to become a candidate for official positions, but has always declined, preferring to manage his own busi- ness afEairs and thus keep aloof from such annoyances as small offices provoke. He is one of the most highly respected men in his neighborhood, and lives in a style becoming a man of education and refinement. JACOB F. STAUFFER, contractor and builder, Shepherdstown, was born in York Colinty, Penn., in 1841, son of Frederick and Maria (Orry) StaufEer, who were probably married in 1830, and were the parents of nine children, of whom Jacob F. is the eldest son; then followed Susan, Moses, David, Samuel, Joseph, Maria, Frederick and Lydia. Our subject learned his trade in his native county and followed the business for twelve years previous to coming to Cumberland County. He was married December 3, 1860, to Sarah, who was the youngest of the ten children of Michael and Lydia Shellenberger, old residents of York County. The children ,of Mr. and Mrs. Jacob F. Stauffer are David; Ellen, wife of George Cromlich; Melinda, wife of Calvin Weaver; Lilly and Sally (born in York County), and Harry, Benjamin F., Walter, Maggie, Birdie and Lydia who were born in this township. In 1871 Mr. and Mrs. StaufEer came to this township and the 572 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES ; farm where they now reside was purchased. Since coming here, however, our subject has given but little attention to farming, devoting all of his time to his trade. He built several large edifices, which will stand for years, monuments to his skill and industry, notably the Mennonite Church on Slate Hill; a fine residence for 8amuel Bberly, also one for Daniel Bbersole; a residence for George Hummel, and has recently completed a nice church for the Mennonito congregation at Churchtowri. By strict attention to business Mr. Staufler has prospered financially, and is recorded as one of the substantial men of the Cumberland Valley. JOHN 8WAHTZ, tailor, Shepherdstown, was born in Silver Spring Township, this county, and from the age of fourteen years has been a resident of Shepnerdstown. His parents, John and Nancy (Mohler) Swartz, lived near the tan-yard in Silver Spring Town- ship. John Swartz, Sr., learned the carpenter's trade of John Snavely (who died in 1849) early in life, and worked on the State House at Harrisburg. John Swartz, Sr., was born in this county in May, 1791, and died in August. 1866. His wife, Nancy Mohler, was born in September, 1799, and died in December, 1846. They had seven children, of whom John, Jr., is the fifth born. At the age of fourteen our subject came to Shepherdstown and became an apprentice to his uncle, Michael Hoover, who carried on a tailor shop in that xjllage. When his trade was completed, in 1848, John Swartz, Jr., assumed control of the shop, and from that day to this has conducted business for himself. February 8, 1855, our subject married Magdalena Hetrich, born in East Hanover Township, Lebanon •Co., Penn., June 25, 1834, daughter of Isaac and Sarah (Urich) Hetrich. Mr. and Mrs. Swartz commenced house-keeping where they now reside and there their children were born, viz.; Sarah A., born September 14, 1856; Albert H., born June 17, 1859; William 8., born April 8, 1864, died October 30, 1864; and Harry C, born September 9, 1867. The children received liberal educations and Albert has chosen the profession of teaching. Harry follows in the footsteps of his father and is a tailor; Sarah, is the wife of A. H. Mohler, doing business at Shepherdstown. Mr. Swartz was drafted during the late war •of the Eebellion, but furnished money to procure a substitute, as he was a man of peace and not in favor of war. He has filled numerous township oflSces with credit; has been a member of No. 215, I. O. O. F., since 1851. During a residence of forty-three years Mr. Swartz has not been absent from Shepherdstown for two weeks at one time. His business, his family and his home are located there, and no man in the valley is more con- tented. HIRAM WATTS, farmer, Shepherdstown, is the only one "of his immediate relatives who came to this county, but his name is well known in this and adjacent counties. He was born in York County, Fenn., January 21, 1824, and is second son of Andrew and Eliz- abeth Watts, who resided on a farm in Newberry Towaship, that county, and were the parents of two sons and seven daughters. Our subject came to Upper Allen Township, this county, in 1846, engaging with George Nebenger to work on a farm. December 3, 1848, he was married to Sarah A., daughter of Charles and Susan (Keiper) Bingaman, for- merly of Lancaster County, but who came as early as 1820 to Shepherdstown (then known as Jennystown). Of the two sons and six daughters of Mr. and Mrs. Bingaman, Mrs. Eliza A. Morrett, Mrs. Catharine Kohler, Mrs. Rebecca Blosser and Mrs. Watts are still living. The year after their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Watts commenced housekeeping near Shepherdstown, and afterward built tbemselves a cottage in the village. For eleven years he worked at the carpenter's trade, earning the money which gave him a start in the business world, and in 1855 commenced farming. He prospered, and, in 1876, pur- chased the nice farm on which he now resides, and there were born his children: Lewis, Charles, Lizzie, Ira and Clara. Lewis married Mary Miller, and resides at Dillsburg; he is engaged in the drug trade. Charles is employed m the office of the Cumberland val- ley Railroad at the same place. All the children are finely educated, and well fitted to at- tend to any business or grace any position in society. The parents live on the farm, sur- rounded by their children, and enjoy the comforts which come to those who have lived long, useful lives. When it is taken into consideration that Mr. Watts left the parental roof at the age of eight years, made a living, accumulated a fine property, and, besides, has maintained and educated a family that ranks second to none in the land, he certainly deserves great credit. He was judge of elections in 1857, and for many years served in an official capacity on the school board. WILLIAM WE8THAFER farmer, P. 0. Mechanicsburg, is of German ancestry. His grandfather, Abram Westhafer, who settled in Lancaster County about 1792, was married to Catharine Eschleman, and reared a family: George, Jacob, Peter, Susannah and Rebecca. Peter Westhafer married Maria Baker, a resident of York County, Penn. per year for his services, he furnishing his own clothes. He worked the next year for his brother .lacob, for $3 per month, nearly all of which he saved, and then for five years worked in Newville, saving during that time enough money to establish himself in business. Having won the affection of Elizabeth H. Hoover, they were married, February 17, 1848, and in the spring moved to Mifflin Township, this coun- ty, where Mr. Landis worked four years at his trade, and then purchased the farm now owned by George Hosier. Full of enterprise, he rapidly improved his farm, for which he )aid $1,S00, and a few years later sold it for $6,000. Since then he has purchased other arms, and now owns not only his fine homestead in this township, but another farm in Mifflin Township. Nine children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Landis, eight now liv- ing: Margaret E., widow of John Lay; Eliza J., wife of P. A. Ployer; Levi F., married to Mary A. Brehm; William H., married to Elizabeth Brehm; George A., married to Ella Strohm; John M.; Harvey and Samuel (the last three named are still single). The success of Mr. Landis has been phenomenal. He still does his own smithing, has followed the trade in all forty-seven years, and is one of the oldest blacksmiths in the county. JOSEPH A. LINDSAY, miller, P. O. Newville, is a great-grandson of Samuel Lind- say, of Scotch origin, who early settled in this township and married Jane Martin, about 1766, and Ijy her had five children: William, Robert, Jane, Margaret and Nancy. Robert Lindsay, who was a noted teacher in this county, married Elizabeth Conley, February 21, 1797, and was father of the following named children: Nancy, Joseph C., Samuel and Lacy. Of these children Joseph C. (father of our subject), was born in West Pennsbor- ough Township, this county, in 1802; learned the miller's trade at the Shellabarger Mills (with the owners of that mill), and during his lite-time followed that occupation and at the time of his death liad engaged forty years continuously in the business. He (Joseph C.) was married December 34, 1829, to Elizabeth Shellabarger. born September 15, 1809, by whom he had five children: Ann M., John, Lacy. Mary J. and Robert (the latter was burned to death in the Hays Mill in Frankfort 'Township, this county, March 2, 1849). The death of Joseph C. Lindsay's first wife occurred February 19, 1841, and September 20, 1845, he married Mrs. Barbara (Bear) Stevick (who by her first husband was the mother of David B. and Sarah A . wife of W. Scott McGaw; David B. Stevick married Ellen Black and resides in Carlisle). Mr. Lindsay's second marriage was blessed with one child: Joseph A., born June 27, 1846. The second wife died in 1885. Our subject learned his trade with his father and, after the death of the latter, purchased the mill, in 1880. He was married, in 1867, to Clara, daughter of John and Rebecca Rhodes, residents near Middle Spring, Franklin Co., Penn. Of the five children born to this union two are liv- ing: Ralph and Laura. GEORGE LINE, farmer. P. O. Greason, was born July 6, 1836, in Dickinson Town- ship, tliis count}', son of David Line and grandson of William and great-grandson of Oeorge Line, which William Line served as a minute man in the Revolutionary war. He was in the service at the time of the Trenton and Princeton battles, and to his lot it fell to take some of the Hessian prisoners as lal)orers on the farm. His sword is still held as a relic of the family. William Line married Maria Bear, and their children were Emanuel, George, David, Mrs Mary Spangler, Mrs. Catherine Eby, Mrs. Nancy Musselman, Mrs. Sarah Tritt, Mrs. Susan Myers, Mrs. Rebecca Givler, Mrs. Lydia Myers and Mrs. Rachel Snyder. David, sou of William Line, married Miss Sarah Myers, who bore him the fol- lowing children: John (deceased). Dr. William Line (of Nebraska City, Neb.), George, David. Samuel C, Mrs. Mary A. Greason (deceased), Mrs. Matilda Huston, Mrs. Sarah Jane Huston and Frances (deceased). David Line died January 31, 1864; his widow fol- lowed him June 1, 1882, aged eighty-one years. George, the son of David and Sarah (Mvers) Line, married, November, 18cil, Mrs. Isabella W., daughter of Jonathan and Amy (Spear) Huston, the former of whom, a native of this county, was a son of John and Mar- garet (Huston) Huston; the latter, a native of Maine, came here with her mother and step- father, Mr. Wheeler, who went the next year to Morgan County, Ohio. After living in South Middleton Township, this county, until 1872, Mr. and Mrs. George Line settled per- manently in West Pennsborough Township, this county, where they now reside and have a fine farm of 136 acres, besides 100 acres in South Middleton Township, which 100 acres is a part of the tract pnrcha>.ed from Gen. John Armstrong in 1778. Their living chil- dren are Arthur Wing and Dionysius Page; four died of diphtheria within two weeks, in October. 1862. Mr. Line has lived a long and useful life in this county; is a Repub- lican in politics with strong temperance principles; is an upright, useful citizen. JOHN A. LINE, farmer, P. O. Greason, was born April 9, 1834, on the homestead farm, Dickinson Township, this county. During the time when the French Huguenots were settling in Switzerland, George Line, a native of Switzerland, sailed, with liis wife and son, for America, but died on ship-board, and his widow located in Lancaster County, WEST PENNSBOROUGH TOWNSHIP. 583 Penn., where tlie young lad George grew up, and in course of time married Salome Zim- merman. He was for many years proprietor of the famous Green Gardens, in Lancaster County, purchasing the property of Gen. Jolm Armstrong, in Dickinson Township, this county, and settling here in 1778. He paid £9,000 Continental currency for the farm. Of George and Salome Line's sons, George L. died November 5, 1885, David died in Lancaster County, and William, Abraham and John lived in Diclcinson Townsliip, this county. John married Miss Anna Barbara Le Pevre, and had three daughters: Salome (deceased), Mrs. Catharine Tritt (deceased), and Mrs. Mary Coulter, now living in Vermillion, Mar- shall County, Kas. ; and three sons: George L., Daniel, burned to death in childhood, and John, who settled in Warren County, 111. George L. Line married Miss Maria Line, daughter of Emanuel Line and granddaughter of William Line, and to this union were born four children: Mrs. Elizabeth M. Hemminger, John A., Emanuel C. and Abraham L. Mrs. Line died November 37, 1869. John A., the eldest son, completed his education by takinga short course at Good Hope Academy and in White Hall Academy, near Harris- burg, Penn. He married, December 29, 1868, Miss Mary B. Bowman, and March 30, 1869, they settled where they now reside, in West Pennsborough Townsliip, this county, and have a fine farm of 83 acres of fertile and well-improved land. Their children are Miriam (deceased), Herman Bowman, Charles Eugene and John Raymond. Mrs. Line is a consistent member of the Lutheran Church. Mr. Line, formerly a Republican in politics, is now a Prohibitionist. He has served his township in various official positions. He took a thorough course in civil engineering and does a large business as surveyor in this county. JOHN K. LONQNBCKER, farmer, P. O. Plainfield, was born September 39, 1839, in West Pennsborough Township, this county. His father, Benjamin Longnecker, a son of Isaac Longnecker, a native of Lancaster County, Penn., and an early settler in the lower part of Cumberland County, was born near Fairview, this county, and there married Miss Mary Reif, a native of Middleton. Dauphin Co., Penn., and settled permanently in Plain- field in 1833, where they died — Mr. Longnecker March 11, 1869, and his widow in 1885, aged eighty -five years. They reared nine of their eleven children: Mrs. Nancy Howen- stine, of IJecatur, 111.; Mrs. Mary Bear, of Wichita, Kas.; Mrs. Catharine Bear; Mrs. Eliza Strohm; Mrs. Susan James (deceased); Mrs. Rebecca Carl (deceased); Sarah; Ben- jamin P., of Decatur. 111. ; and John K. At nineteen our subject engaged in teaching, and after following the profession four years, completed his education in the State Nor- mal School, at Millersvillc; then continued teaching at Plainfield seven years, making eleven years in all in the place. He enlisted Octobi^r 16, 1863, in the One Hundred and Fiftieth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry; served under Gen. Poster, at Mid- dlebury, N. C., I being detailed as clerk in the quartermaster's department during the en- tire term of service. He married Miss Sarah Belle PefEer, of Dickinson Township, this county, January 5, 1865, and then settled where he now resides, on the old family home- stead. 'They own here a farm of 70 acres, with handsome residence and buildings, all of which they have acquired by their own industry. To them have been born four children: Benjamin H., Mary R., Myrtle B. and Willie P. (deceased). Mr. Longnecker is a Repub- lican in politics. He has served as school director five years and takes a deep interest in the cause of education. BENJAMIN McKEEHAN, farmer, P. O. Kerrsville, Is a grandson of Benjamin Mc- Keehan, a native of County Antrim, Ireland, whose first settlement in Cumberland County, Penn., was near the Conodoguinet, in what is now West Pennsborough Town- ship. At that time he was only eleven years of age, but three brothers came with him: John, James and Alexander; they were the possessors of plenty of ready money, for an immense tract of land was purchased, extending from within a half mile from Newville to Mount Rock. Benjamin McKeehan was a Revolutionary soldier, and after the close of the war returned to this township; a few years later he married Margaret Wilson, and their first daughter. Mary, was born June 15, 1783, followed by the birth of Chrissy in 1784, Jane in 1787, John in 1789, William in 1793, and Margaret in 1797. This pioneer couple died, the father October 33, 1814, and the mother April 34, 1839. The youngest son (father of our subject) was married, in 1833, to Rebecca, daughter of James McManes, who came from Ireland when a young man, and settled near Plainfield; was married to Ann Holtsoppel, and had the following children: Irvin, Esther, Rebecca and John. To William McKeehan and wife six children were born: Margaret, Benjamin, Thaddeus S., Orizzell, Reheoca C. and Jane M. Thaddeus S. was a volunteer in Company E, One Hundred and Thirtieth Regiment Pennsylvania Infantry, and fell in the memorable bat- tle of Antietam, upon which bloody field he was buried. William McKeehan lived a long and useful life, and died in April, 1871. His good widow finds a pleasant home with her son and daughter in the old mansion where her married life has been spent, and has passed her eighty-first birthday, having lived to see Cumberland Valley transformed from a forest into elegant farms, dotted with fine residences and prosperous villages. The children are of that intelligent class that may be expected from those who carry in their veins the blood of a Revolutionary soldier. JOHN D. MAINS, farmer, Newville, was born in 1853, at Shippensburg, within a short distance of the Cumberland County line. His great-grandfather, Marshall M. 584 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Mains, came with his family from BucIjb County, Penn., almost a century ago, and of his children Marshall M. (grandfather of subject) married, and had the following children: Marshall M.,. William, Qriselda and Sarah; of these William and Marshall inherited the large farm near the then village of Shippensburg. The elder son married Sarah M. Bell, by whom he had five sons and two daughters: Thomas B. (enlisted in the Second New York Cavalry, and, for bravery, was promoted first lieutenant of a colored regiment, and met his death while gallantly fighting in the battle of the Wilderness), William J., James M., John D. (ovir subject), Robert K., Jane M. and Margaret S. On the maternal side Mrs. Mains was a direct descendant of the Dunlaps, who for more than a century lived in West Pennsborough Township, and in their day were a numerous and influential family. John D. was in hia third year when his mother died, and he then came to reside with John, Sarah, Nancy and Mary Dunlap, who lived in Mr. Mains' present residence, and here he was reared and educated. Sarah Dunlap, who was born in the old log house that stands near by, in 1792, died at the patriarchal age of ninety-three. John D. Mains became heir in part to the original Dunlap estate. Our subject chose farming; was mar- ried, December 1, 1875, to Emma J., daughter of David G. and Griselda (Linn) Duncan. Their married life has been passed on the fine farm previously mentioned, and their chil- dren—Glenn D., Sarah G., Robert M. and Thomas B.— were the first born in a house that for three-quarters of a century has been occupied by a renowned family. ALEXANDER S. MONTGOMERY, farmer, P. O. Newville, is a grandson of James Montgomery, who was married, April 30, 1813, to Elizabeth, daughter of Alexander and Sarah Scroggs, who, at that date, owned all the land on both sides of the spring in the neighborhood where our subject resides. Alexander Scroggs, who, in an early day, always carried his trusty rifle on his back while plowing, one day discovered what he thought to be a painted savage following him while at work. The sharp crack of the rifle announced the shot that laid the marauder low, and after washing ofi the paint, Mr. Scroggs found that a white man instead of an Indian had attempted to murder him. On this farm bushels of arrow-heads have been unearthed, which were probably made and hidden by the Indians in an early day. Alexander Scroggs died in 1836, aged nearly sev- enty-seven years; his wife died in 1804. They reared a numerous family, the descendants of whom are all now deceased but our subject, who is also the last of the Montgomery family. James Montgomery and wife had two children: Robert and Sarah J. (married to A. L. Irvin in 1839). Robert was born September 13, 1814, and married, in 1847, Rachael Thompson, who was born in 1813, and to this union were born Elizabeth, Alexander S. and Jane. The eldest daughter is the wife of S. M. Skinner, with whom Jane resides. All were born in the ancestral Scroggs mansion, which, in an early day. was used as a fort in which the family were frequently sheltered from the Indians. Robert Montgomery, the father, died April 11, 1879, and his wife October 30, 1862. Alexander 8.. the only son of this couple, was born March 17, 1851; was married November 14, 1877, to Clara, daughter of John and Maria Elliott, residents at that time of Plainfield, this county. The union of this young couple was blessed with three children: Sarah J., Rachael M. and Clara E., all of whom were born on the homestead, where four generations of the family have been born, and of which Mr. Montgomery is sole heir, who, no doubt, vrill, in his turn, transmit it to his children. In 1873 Robert Montgomery was elected associate judge, serving out his term with distinction. As a man and jurist he occupied the high- est place in the estimation of the public, for his oflBclal life was characterized by many acts of kindness and public spirit. MRS. EMILY W. MYERS, P. O. Newville, was born near Big Spring, Cumberland County, Penn., July 12, 1849, youngest daughter of Joseph and Mary S. (Woodburn) McKee, and was married, July 31, 1872, to John B. Myers, son of John B. and Eve (Bower) Myers, and born October 31, 1834. The original John B. Myers was of German descent; came to this county from Lancaster County, Penn., more than a century ago. He was the father of the following named children: John B., William A., Samuel, Catharine, Anna, Elizabeth, Maria, Sarah and Agnes. He purchased a farm (a part of the original Schuyler tract), and was one of the few who were able to withstand the terrible financial depression following the Revolutionary war, when the Continental money became worth- less, and men holding thousands of dollars were reduced to poverty by the depreciation of this currency. Full of enterprise Mr. Myers pushed bravely on, and instilled in his son the same enthusiasm characteristic of his race and name, and succeeded in holding the property and becoming quite wealthy. After the marriage of John B. Myers, Jr., and wife, they commenced their domestic life on the pleasant homestead where the widow still resides. Up to the age of forty-five years he had long resisted the match-making mammas, but the many charms of Miss McKee won him from the ranks of batchelordom, and to the time of his death occasion never arose for regret that he had formed this alliance with a daughter of one of the oldest and most noted families in Cumberland Valley. Mr. Myers was a successful farmer. He and his wife, devout members of the United Pres- byterian denomination, were prominent in church work. Retiring in manner Mr. Myers had great love for home, his wife and his children — Mary E., Harriet J., Joseph Mc, John B., Sarah J. and Maggie Y., all living but John B. and Maggie. March 21, 1884, the death of the kind husband and father occurred, since which time Mrs. Myers has man- WEST PENNSBOROUGH TOWNSHIP. 585 aged the farm, her husband having such confidence In her ability that she was left sole executor, and well does she preform her trust. Her home is neat, cheery and attractive, and the bright children evince a careful training. In connection with this sketch Mrs. Myers says: "I consider it very important in writing the biography of the lives of different persons to linow f or what purpose they have lived, whether the life of each has been a success or a failure, a blessing or a curse. In writing my own history, I would, in the spirit of meekness and deep hum ility, say that my object in life has not been to accumulate riches, neither have I coveted the hon- ors and emoluments of this world, nor was it any good in me but through the free grace and loving kindness of our Heavenly Father. I was led in very early life to accept the Savior, and ever since my heart's desire and prayer have been that I might be instrumental in leading precious souls to Christ, independent of rank or station, color or nation. Much of my time and means has been employed in devising ways by which the cause of mis- sions might be more rapidly advanced, thereby bringing glory to God and so rescue the perishing. And last, not least does my soul go out to the glorious temperance cause, and oh! how I long to be helpful in emancipating the millions of precious souls who are held captive under the terrible curse of the rum traflBc, and which is sweeping over our beloved land like a mighty flood; the sin, if not being repented, will bring down the vengeance of an offended Deity, and cause this great Nation to be obliterated from the face of the earth. I would add, in conclusion, when we were married my husband was not a Christian. I officiated as priest at the family altar and at the family board, and, having grace admin- istered to discharge my duty faithfully, I soon had the sweet consciousness of being the feeble instrument in my husband's conversion, and had his dying testimony as I saw his spirit leave the clay tabernacle to that ' house not made with hands, eternal in the heavens.' These few facts I have hastily penned, in the hope they may be productive of good as a stimulus and encouragement to some devoted wife who has an unregenerate hus- band, and as a legacy to my children to follow in my footsteps only in as far as I have fol- lowed Christ, and my earnest desire has been that each of tbeir lives may be one constant sacrifice to labor for the Savior who has bought them at such an immense cost, even the shedding of His own precious blood." BENJAMIN MYERS, retired, P. O. Big Spring, was born April 8, 1816, on the home- stead owned by John Armstrong. Rev. Abraham Myers was the first of the Myers fam- ily to come to this county, probably in 1760, and was the first minister of the United Brethren faith in this locality. He subsequently married a Miss Baker, who bore him tliree sons: Abraham, Benjamin and John. The reverend gentleman not only engaged in farming, but for many years rode over a large territory while preaching, and his own house was one of the regular appointments. He died about 1835. Abraham, the eldest son, was born in 1789 on the farm now owned by Mrs. James Greason. He was married to Nancy Myers, whose parents were also early settlers in the valley. Mr. and Mrs. Abraham Myers settled on the farm now owned by John Armstrong, and there reared a family of seven children: Samuel, James, Benjamin, Abraham, William G., Mary A. and Elizabeth. Of this family, William G., an M. D., practiced medicine for many years in this county, and now resides near Carlisle with his daughter, Mrs. Joseph Hosier. The other sons were farmers, but Benjamin is the only one residing in this township. In 1847 our subject married Mary, daughter of Jacob and Rebecca Raber, of York County, Penn. (both now deceased), and to this union were born Samuel, George, Alfred, Joseph, John, Benjamin, Abraham, James, Ellen, Annie, Concordia W. and Flora. Mr. Myers' married life was begun on his father's homestead, but three years later he purchased an adjacent farm, and in 1855 bought his present home, wliere for so many years he has lived and prospered. Some of the children are in the West, doing well, and those remaining with the parents make joynus the old home hallowed by so many pleasant memories. LEVON H. ORRIS, farmer, Newville, was born October 10, 1834, in Lizertzburg. His great-grandparents, with their children, were forced to fly from Ireland, leaving be- hind them a large estate. When Christopher Orris (grandfather of subject) was a mere lad he came to North Middleton Township, this county, and remained in the employment of Abraham Wagner until his marriage with Anna M. Bistllne. John, the eldest son, was born in August, 1S09, followed by Elizabeth, Margaret, Maria, Christopher, Sarah A., Catharine, Susan, George B. and Zacharias. When the war of 1812 broke out Christopher Orris started to Carlisle, intending to volunteer, but the tears and entreaties of his wife and young children caused him to relinquish the idea. He was a good man and reared his family in the Lutheran faith, of which church he was a member. John Orris was married October 10, 1833, to Elizabeth Koser, whose people were among the first settlers in the neighborhood, and many of the relationship are yet residents of Cumberland County. Levon H., Margaret and Rebecca were born prior to their parents' removal to Frankford Township, near the Lutheran Church, where the other children were born: John, Eliza J. and Sylvester, all now deceased, Sylvester dying in defense of his country at Alexan- dria, Va., during the late Rebellion. Levon H. Orris learned the tailor's trade with his father, working for him until 1855, when he married Nancy A., daughter of Moses and Maria'(Sullenborger) Whistler, when he began farming in Mifflin Township on his wife's land. In 1859 he purchased a nice farm in Frankford Township, this county, residing 586 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: there twenty-one years, during which time John 8., Harvey H,, Levon H. and Nannie M. were born (the birth of the first child occurring ten years after marriage). Mr. Orris has not only been a very enterprising man, but a liberal one, and many have liad cause to re- member him with gratitude. Mr. Orris lias filled many ofiBces of trust, and was chosen to represent the Democratic parly as treasurer from a list of twenty-two candidates, was elected by a good majority in iy73. and served his official term with credit. In 1881 he purchased his present farm near Newville, and pays attention entirely to agriculture and stock-raising. MERViN LIND8EY RALSTON, farmer, P. O. Carlisle, was born in West Penns- borough Township, tliis county, February 1.5, 1857. His futlier. Andrew Ralston, a son of David and Lucy (McAllister) Ralston, was born in MifHin Township, this county, Oc- tober 6, 1827, and was married February 26, 1852, to Jane E. Lindsey, a native of West Pennsborough Township, this county, and daughter of James Lindsey. She died Feb- ruary 36, 1857. Of their children, Mervin L., the subjectof this sketch, is the only sur- vivor. After the death of his first wife, Andrew Ralston married Miss Anna B. Mc- Elwaine, who died, leaving three ehildren: Joseph B., Ella N. and Harry M. Andrew Ralston departed this life July 1, 1885. After the death of his mother Mervin L. Ralston was reared in tlie family of his uncle, James M. Ralston, in Dickinson Township, this county, until he was nine years of age; since then he has resided on his father's old farm, which he now owns, having purchased the other heirs' interest in the same. He has here a line farm of 102 acres of fertile and well improved land. March 15, 1883, Mr. Ralston married Josephine DuflEy and they have one daughter: Florence L Our subject is an en- terprising, successful young farmer, an upright and useful citizen, highly respected by the community in which he lives. JOSEPH RITNER (deceased), ex-governor of Pennsylvania, was born where the city of Reading, Berks Co., Penn., now stands, March 25, 1780. His grandfather, John Ritner, a descendant of one of the notile families of Silesia, located for some time in Alsace, then a part of France, but afterward came to America and settled in Berks County, Penn.; his son, Michael, who was a soldier of distinction in the Revolution, serving until its close, swam Long Island Sound, being one of the very few that escaped by that route, and he was in the service at the time of the birth of his illustrious son. He followed the trade of weaver, locating in turn at Lancaster, Carlisle and York, where he died. Our subject, at twelve years of age, was hired out by his father to Jacob Myers, a farmer near Churchtown, this county, but who afterward moved to near Newville, and there Joseph Ritner lived until his marriage. May 26, 1801, wi'h Miss Susan, daughter of Jacob Alter. In 1803 they moved to Westmoreland County, Penn., with her father, of whom Mr. Ritner bought a tract of land in Washington County (about six miles west of Washington and three north of Taylorstown), and there devoted himself to the development of his estate; he served under Qen. Harrison in the war of 1813; was nominated to the Legislature, with- out his knowledge, in 1831, on the Democratic ticket, and triumphantly elected. He was re-elected six consecutive terms, serving as speaker three terms, lieing unanimously elected the last time — the only instance on record in this State. He was a candidate of the Dem- ocratic Anti-Masonic party for governor in 1839, 1833 and 1835, being elected the last time. The acts of his administration were in the highest degree beneficial to the people of Pennsylvania. It was during this time (in 1836) that the present efficient school law was finally enacted and the State debts reduced over $100,000, a striking contrast to the administration immediately preceding and succeeding. He took a decided stand against the formation of monopolies in coal, land and railroads; opposed re-chartering State banks, then making application, and pointed out the evils that would result if they were successful. His veto was disregarded, and the evils he predicted speedily followed, causing general financial distress throughout the State. The great statesman, Thaddeus Stevens, was his intimate friend, and the plans marked out by Gov. Ritner were generally followed by Mr. Stevens. Of the circumstances of his last race, in 1838, it is sufficient to say that had there been a more fair and honest election the State might have been spared the unfortu- nate administration of Gov. Porter. At the close of his term Mr. Ritner purchased the bank farm, formerly owned by Gen. Foster, at Mount Rock, West Pen nsborough Town- ship, this county, where he resided the remainder of his life. He was an intimate friend of Gen. Harrison, who favored him whenever the opportunity offered. He devoted his attention to managing his estate until his retirement in 1848, continuing to take an active interest in public affairs. He lived a temperate and regular life, enjoying robust health. Personally he was of medium stature and portly build, weighing about 240 pounds during the latter half of his life. Pie passed away painlessly, through natural decaj', ending his eventful and useful life October 19, 1869, in his ninetieth year. Gov. Ritner was a man of clear, quick perceptions, strong and persevering will, and of unimpeachable honesty, ever interested in the welfare of the people. He was opposed to the institution of slavery, a foe to secession, and at the decline of the Whig party became a Repul)lican. During his service in the Legislature he was cotemporary with Dr. Jesse R. Burden, William M. Meredith, Joel B. Sutherland, Jonathan Roberts, James L. Gillelen and other illustrious men, from among whom he was chosen to the highest positions and received the most dis- tinguished honors. Gov. Ritner's beloved wife died in 1853. They reared nine children, WEST PENNSBOROUGH TOWNSHIP. 587 all of whom reared families but one— Josepli, a graduate of the Uniled States Military Academy at West Point, but who resigned from the army, married, and took a professor- ship in Washington College; afterward received a commission as first lieutenant in the army, but died at home, in 1833, before assuming his duties; he hart served with great dis- tinction in the Black Hawk war. Abraham, a conductor on the Cumberland Valley Rail- road, died at Chambei-sburg, Penn., in 1853; Henry was killed by a railroad accident at Bur- lington, Iowa, in 1863; Michael died in Bloomtield, N.J. , in 1873, was a civd engineer on the Morris & Essex Railroad; Jacob, a farmer, died in South MiddletonTp., this county, in 1871; Mrs. Susan Kreichbaum died in 1854; Emma died in 1876; Mrs. Margaret Alter is now liv- ing at Kirkwood, Mo. ; and Peter, the only surviving son, and who was born September 13, 1818, in Washington County, Penn., completed his education under Prof. Alfred Armstrong, of Harrisburg, Penn., came to West Pennsborough Township, this county, with his father, in 1839, and here cast his first vote for Gen. Harrison in 1840, and has supported the Whig and Republican parties ever since. He remained on this farm with his father, which place he purchased in 1856, and still owns, having here a fine farm of 156 acres. He married, February 16, 1843, Miss Mary Jane, daughter of William Davidson, and who died June 5, 1845, leaving one son, William D., now a clerk in the Treasury Department at Washington, D. C. Mr. Ritner married, in 1848, Miss Amelia Jane, daughter of Alex- ander Davidson, and she died October 18, 1870, leaving four children: Anna M., Mary D., Walter Clark and Joseph Alexander, having lost three in infancy. Mr. Ritner subse- quently married, November, 1873, Mrs. Jane Mary McKeehan. Mr. and Mrs. Ritner and daughters are members of the Presbyterian Church. He is a worthy descendant of a noble father, a man of education and wide influence. JACOB G. SHAW, farmer, P. O. Newville, was born in Penn Township, this county, July 10, 1838. His grandfather came to Cumberland County in 1793, emigrating from Ire- land, was married to Hannah Rippet in 1803, and had the following children: John F., Isabella, Mary A., James R., Alexander, Joseph and Benjamin. (The last named was killed by Indians while trading between Fort Leavenworth and Santa Fe.) James R., subject's father, a native of Penn Township, this county, married Catharine Goodheart, after attaining his majority, and had four children: Hannah A., Mary M., Jacob G. and Joseph A. (he was one of 'the brave soldiers who fell during the civil war; he enlisted in 1862, and after his term had expired re-enlisted for three years in Company D, One Hundred and Eighty-seventh Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, and in 1864 met his death at the battle of Weldon Railroad, Va.) Jacob G. was reared on a farm, attended the pub- lic schools, completing his education in the normal school, and for twelve years engaged in teaching in this county. December 21, 1871, he was united in marriage with Miss Jane M., daughter of William and Rebecca McKeehan, of West Pennsborough Tp., this county, and who were among the most prominent of the pioneer families' in Cumberland Valley. To this union have been born the following named children: Ira E., Ralph Mc. and Jesse H. One term of school was taught after Jacob G. Shaw's marriage, when his inclination turned to agriculture, and he purchased the handsome farm on which he resides, and in 1872 donned the habiliments of a grander, and with the energy characteristic of his people has made this business a success. He is now serving his third term as an official in the public schools of this township. „, . „ ISAAC D. STEINBR, farmer, P. O. Plainfield, was born July 26, 1845, m Upper Allen Township, this county, son of Dietrich and Mary (Kaufman) Steiner, natives of York County, Penn., who located in Upper Allen Township, this county, about 1830, and here resided nntil their death, Mr. Steiner dying in 1863, and his widow in 1864; they reared seven of their eleven children. Our subject, the next to the youngest, was brought up on his father's farm and attended the schools of the home district. He followed lumbering six years in Cameron, Elk and Clearfield Counties, Penn., and one year in northern Michi- gan. Returning to Cumberland County, he married.'December 28, 1875, Miss Rebecca Jane Waggoner, of North Middleton Township, this county, daughter of the well-known Jacob Waggoner. Since their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Steiner have resided in Middlesex Township six years and in West Pennsborough Township eight years. Their children are Anna Mary, Robert W. and Clara Blanche. Mr. Steiner is a Republican in politics and takes a deep interest in public affairs. He has served his township in various offices of trust. GEORGE STROHM, manufacturer, Plainfield, was born September 18, 1815, in Leb- anon County Penn., son of George and Mary (Nipe) Strohm, natives of the same county, and who settled in Frankford Township, this county, in 1819, where they spent the active part of their lives but afterward moved to North Middleton Township, where George Strohm Sr died January 6, 1864, in his eighty-second year, and his widow February 5, 1866 in'her'seventy-flfth year. They were the parents of the following named children: Mrs.' Susan Shaw (deceased), George, Mrs. Mary Wagner, William, Mrs. Sarah Wagner, Mrs Eliza Wagner Mrs. Anna Wetzel. John (died at Decatur, 111.), Mrs. Catharine Priest (deceased) Mrs. Leah Barnetts(of Decatur, 111.). Mrs. Rebecca McKeehan (deceased) and David (died at Decatur, 111.). Our subject was united in marriage, February 1,1838, with Miss Eliza Longnecker, and resided on the farm until 1848, when he followed fence-mak- ing for several years. About 1854 Mr. Strohm began wagon-making at West Hill, this township gradually enlarging his business (by making buggies, sleighs, carriages, etc.)^ 588 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: and in 1860 established his present coach shop at Plainfleld, this county, purchasing a farm, adjoining, of 36 acres, to which he has since added 37 acres more. His trade has steadily increased, so that he is now occupying three buildings and employing from eigtit to ten hands. He has admitted into partnership his son, David, who has worked in the establishment for twenty-one years, since he was twelve years old. They do a large busi- ness, making carriages, buggies, spring wagons and sleighs, and keep a complete line of light vehicles. Their goods have an excellent reputation for first-class material and supe- rior workmanship, and they supply a large domestic trade for Cumberland. Perry and Adams Counties, besides shipping to the Bast and West. To Mr. and Mrs. Strohm were born nine children: Mrs. Mary Ann James, Benjamin (of Battle Creek, Iowa), Mrs. Sarah Jane Myers (of Carey, Ohio), Joseph Silas, George (of Battle Creek, Iowa), David E., John W., Horace L. (of Anthony, iKas.) and Mrs. Lizzie G. Paul (of Wellington, Kas.). Mr. and Mrs. Strohm are members of the Church of God. He is an upright, useful citizen, and enjoys the respect and esteem of the community. JOSHUA E. VAN CAMP, physician and surgeon, Plainfleld, was born February 32, 1844, in Perry County, Penn., son of William and Melvina (Huffman) Van Camp, natives of the same county. Amongthe Holland settlers in Delaware was a family of Van Camps. Three of the sons, William, Maj. Moses and Jacobus, were farmers, and were among the Indian fighters of the early colonial wars and also of the Revolution. Their history is very fully depicted in Dr. Egle's History of Pennsylvania. William, above men- tioned, was the great-grandfather of our subject through his son Andrew and grandson William, who all lived in Perry County, Penn., and the original estate is still in posses- sion of the family. The property is on the Juniata, within four miles of Newport. There our subject was brought up among the wild beauties of one of nature's most charming spots. After completing the course the schools of the home district afforded him, he took a literary course at the Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg. He took up the study of med- icine in the spring of 1867, under Dr. J. E. Singer, of Newport, and graduated from the Michigan University, with the degree of M. D., March 30, 1870. After practicing two years in Markelsville, Perry Co., Penn., he located in Plainfleld, this county, in 1873, and practiced his chosen profession. He has made a fine reputation as a skillful and scien- tific physician, and has built up a large and influential practice. In the fall of 1880, the Doctor established a drug and grocery store, which he still carries on. He was married, November 8, 1870, to Miss Rachael M., daughter of David Keiser, of Middlesex Township, this county, and to this union have been born three children: David W., Anna M. and Rosa Alberta. During the late war, Dr. Van Camp enlisted, in August, 1863, in Company H, One Hundred and Thirty-third Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, and parti- cipated in the battles of Fredericksburg and Cliancellorsville; re-enlisted in September, 1864, in Company E, Two Hundred and Eighth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infan- try, and took part in the battles of Hatcher's Run, Fort Steadman, Black Water and the final charge on Petersburg. He was honorably discharged at the close of the war, with rank of sergeant. RICHET WOODS, the first of this name to locate in this neighborhood, came from Scotland, more than a century ago, and took up the lands on which the family still resides. Richey Woods remained a bachelor; his nephew, Nathan Woods, married Jean Means and reared five children: Nathan J. Ramsey, Richard C, Joseph McCord, Martha J. and Margaret R. Of these Nathan J. Ramsey married Charlotte H., daughter of Jonathan and Eliza Holmes, of this county, and granddaughter of Commodore Richard O'Brien, a man, the merits of whose public services were acknowledged by four successive Presidents. He died February 16, 18:24. Nathan J. Ramsey Woods engaged in teaching school at Huntingdon, Penn., but after his marriage came to the ancestral home of his father and engaged in farming. On the manor farm have been four generations of the Woods, the last being the children of our subject: Nalhan, Holmes. Elizabeth, Jennie, James, O'Brien and Lottie, of whom James, O'Brien and Lottie survive. Nathan J. Ramsey Woods was an ardent Democrat, a Presbyterian by faith, and a practical business man. He died January 28, 1866. The massive stone structure in which the family reside was completed in 1813, and in all possibility will remain a landmark and as a monument to uncle Richey for a cen- tury to come. ANDREW YOUNG, farmer, P. 0. Plainfleld, is a native of York County, where he resided until 1853. His father, Abraham Young, who resided in York County during the war of 1813, married Miss Elizabeth Glessing and reared six children, five of whom are living: Mrs. Lydia Yinger, J )lin, Joshua, Andrew and Mrs. Catherme Ward. Mr. and Mrs. Young located in West Pennsborouah 'Township, this county, in 1853, and here resided until their death, the former dying in IS"?!, and the latter in .Tune, 1878, «ach about eighty years of age. Our subject remained on the family homestead, taking care of his aged parents. In the fall of 1867 he was united in marriage with Miss Matilda Warner, of this county, who died February 14, 1871, leaving three children: Charles Edwin (deceased), an infant son and Arldie Jusiina. Mr. Young'was again married. March 19, 1878, tills time to Miss Eliza Jane, daughter of George C. Carothers. The children born to this union are Pearlie Catharine and an infant, latter deceased. Mr. Young owns the homestead farm consisting of seventy acres of well improved land. He is a life-long Republican. Mrs. Young is a member of the Evangelical Association. PART III. HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. lA History of Adams County, CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTOEY. I. THE interest excited among the good people of Adams County in the year of the Nation's Centennial, by the action of Congress and the President of the United States, was most timely fortunate in arousing the attention of those citizens who could rescue from a fast coming total obliyion many of the im- portant facts and dates of the early settlement and times of this portion of the State. The history harvest had grown over-ripe, an'd already the golden grains had begun to fall to the ground and waste, before the Centennial reaper and gleaner came. Nearly a century and a half had been reeled off into Time' s swift flying shuttle. Generations had been born, grew to lusty, struggling life, and then joined the silent multitude. The busy, ceaseless loom of the universe had beaten and interlaced as one the webb and woof of history, the record of living man, that strange eventful story that historians are always telling and that is never told. But for this action of the Centennial year, the best efforts now of the histo- rians would have been but shreds and patches of history of the eventful times of the earliest settlers ; an incoherent story, mostly, ' ' without form, and void, ' ' so swiftly does Time cover with impenetrable oblivion the flitting ages. Innumerable details of the first half century had already been irretrievably lost; details that the annalist of a hundred years ago would have deemed tedious or trifling, and probably passed by in silence; but the very abun- dance of these details now would be the richest materials to the hands of the his- torian, of absorbing interest, ' and laden with instruction to the people of this generation. Among others the Hon. Edward McPherson, H. J. Stable, D. S. Buehler, John A. Eenshaw (of Pittsburgh), Hon. John K. Longwell, of Westminster, Md. , Eev. J. K. Demarest, Eev. W. S. Van Cleve and J. S. Gitt have gathered and at times have had published in the Gettysburg Compiler, and in the Star and Sentinel, many valuable facts, from ancient family papers, documents and the oldest records in this county, and in York County, and the recollections of themselves and the many descendants of the early pioneers, now 4 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. growing to be tremulous, veneraljle and white haired men. Their publications in the local papers created a wide-spread interest among all classes of people, and ancient Bibles, old account books and yellowed manuscripts, that had lain in darkness and untouched for generations, were eagerly overhauled, and valuable facts brought to light; old grave -yards were visited and the fast fading inscrip- tions upon the crumbling stones above the dead were closly scanned and many dates and facts here secured for the historian, that the rust of a decade more of years would have blotted out forever. There are many others than those named above to whose intelligent researches and recollections of the olden times these pages are deeply indebted, and to whom we here return generous thanks; many of these the reader will find in the credits given to them on the pages where facts furnished are given. To the leading citizens of the county every- where are due lasting obligations for the valuable and willing aid and the cor- dial reception given the corps of laborers engaged in the preparation of the work. II. We have attempted in this work to do more than to merely give in the order the annals of the people, commencing with the earliest settlers and bringing the account to the present time — we present the varied pictures of that pan- orama of the generations, and then assign events and their results, and draw truthful deductions, and trace actions to that large and broad field that adds something to real history, the molding and influencing the human mind, that subtle power that has slowly but surely laid the foundations and built thereon the present and the coming civilization that is sun-lit with man's best future hopes and aspirations, and whose distant murmurs are music to the true phi- losopher's soul, like unto the " multitudinous laughter of the sea waves." The difficulties in the pathway of the annalist, or the historian, are great and varied. He shoiild be a stranger to all the prejudices, passions, loves and hates, idols and the despised of those of whom he writes. He must accept no conclusions of the greatness or meanness of the contemporaries, as the interested and prejudiced judgments of men of the times of which he writes. He must hear all sides patiently and then form his conclusions without a trace of the bias of those who bring him the account. He must keenly distinguish between real greatness and noisy notoriety, and, hence, he must not be a man-worshiper. He must absorb all the facts and reject the coloring that comes of precon- ceived prejudices. To these he must add the power to picture to his readers the people as they actually lived, dressed, worked, played, loved and hated, moved and acted, publicly and privately, and this picture should be like the impression of the picture upon your mind of the friend from whom you have just parted on the street. When this has been done, there then comes the most difficult part of all; namely, to apply effects to causes, and trace these subtle and far-reaching in- fluences and correctly join them together, interpret them to demonstrations about which there can be no more future field for argument and disputation than there is about a demonstration in a problem in mathematics. The historian cannot stop with the relation of the mere facts as he finds them in tradition and in the annals as written by eye witnesses of occurring events. He must interpret all afresh, and properly divine causes and tenden- HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 5 cies. _ So immeasurably large is the field before him that he cannot institute new inquiries as to facts, but must accept these as they come to him, though he may well know how uncertain the most of them are. He sits in the high court of last appeal, recasting the characters of the men and women who lived and acted in the periods of which he investigates, condemning and praising, and telling why they acted as they did, and what has come to their fellow-man as the results of their existence here upon the earth. III. It is impossible to form a just judgment of these men if we confine our investigations and circumscribe our view to the day they are found in this new, wild country. Such a study would fill us with error, and we would rise from the perusal of such a history with grotesque and irrelevant conclusions, and that would be unjust to the memories of our forefathers and a wrong to our- selves and future generations. There must be some general comprehension of that age — the bent of the world's controlling peoples, and the mighty religious struggles that were at that time culminating in drama, tragedy, blood and revolutions, and in the end liberty for all mankind. When William Penn was traveling through the Old World hunting for recruits for his province, it must be remembered that the "flaming sword" was uplifted high; a religious frenzy had seized the people; the soldiers marched the public streets and drove the people to attendance upon divine worship ; turmoil and frenzy reigned supreme, and the wildest insanity was turned loose. There was no separation between theory and practice, between private and public life, between the spiritual and temporal. Inspired corporals in the army clambered into the pulpits and launched the thunders of God's wrath at the heads of their superior officers. The historian Neal, in speaking of England, says : ' ' They wished to apply Scripture to establish the kingdom of heaven upon earth ; to institute not only a Christian Church, but a Christian society; to change the law into a guardian of morals, to compel men to piety and virtue ; and for a while they succeeded in it. " * * Then the discipline of the church was at an end. There was nevertheless an uncommon spirit of devotion among all people; the Lord's Day was observed with re- markable strictness; the churches were crowded three and four times a day; there was no traveling on the roads or walking in the fields. Religious exercises were set up in private families; family prayers, repeat- ing sermons, reading the Scripttires and singing psalms were so universal that these were the only sounds you could hear in. the city on the Lord's Day. Theaters were razed and actors whipped at the cart's tail. Parliament set apart one day of each week to the consideration of the progress of religion, and the species of speeches delivered the moment this subject was entered upon were wild, incoherent, ranting and savage denunciations of real and imaginary sins against subtle and curious dogmas; and bills of attainder and the penalties of the stocks, whipping post, burning holes in the tongue with hot irons, slitting the ear and nose, throwing into dungeons, and banishment and death for the most trivial offenses of speech or acts were the daily and hourly transactions everywhere. In order to reach crime more surely they punished pleasure. Human ingenuity was exhausted in the hunt for victims to consign to the mo.st shocking punishments. But they were unlike all other religious fanatics who had yet appeared, for HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. while tbey were austere against others, they were equally so against them- selves, and they practiced the virtues they exacted. Two thousand ministers, after the Restoration, resigned their cures and faced certain starvation for themselves and families rather than conform to the new liturgy. In turn the persecutions heaped upon them were shocking and cruel. And from here came the people to this country, of whom Taine, the historian of ' ' English Lit- erature ' ' says : ' ' But others, exiles in America, pushed to the extreme this great religious and stoic spirit, with its weakness and its power, with its vices and its virtues. Their determination, intensified by a fervent faith, employed in political and practical pursuits, invented the science of emigration, made exile tolerable, drove back the Indians, fertilized the desert, raised a rigid morality into a civil law, founded and armed a church, and on the Bible as a basis built up a new State. ' ' The English, the Dutch, the Scotch-Irish, the Germans, the Welsh, Swiss, Danes and French came together here to be welded by the logic of fate into one people. The Anglo-Saxon, most fortunately, dominated all and shaped the ideas that controlled and influenced this heterogeneous mixture of opposites. All brought with them their variety of religious sects, their hates and jealous- ies of each, their intense prejudices of races and religions, their gloomy fanati- cism and severe morals. But the supreme force in welding into one this mass was the love of liberty among all, and the vivid recollection of the persecutions that had exiled them to this new world. Here were some of the controling conditions antecedent that have resulted in the glories of this great age. This was the alembic which distilled the new spiritual life, the new race, the new civilization, the epoch and age that, like the genial rays of the spring sun, has circled the globe and made vocal with joy where all was icy despair and dreariness. Bearing these great antecedent facts in mind, we can proceed with the story. ^j>sA3— >s HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. CHAPTEK II. The Indians— Febnch and Indian Wak— Mary Jamison, The Indian Queen — Hanoe Hamilton— McCokd's Fort— Associated Companies in York County in 1756. THE discoverers of America found the Indians in possession, in the Indian's way, of this Continent, or to that portion of it that was known to them. Their ideas of possession of the land, personally, were nearly as vague as that of the wild animals that would use certain districts, when unmolested, for breed- ing purposes, and other portions as feeding grounds, to which they would mi- grate with the seasons. In their natures they were wUd and roving, and their round of life was simply one of ignorant savages breeding ignorant savages. Hunt for something to eat and war for fun and glory was the measure of his type and race. They seemed to possess nothing that could advance them even toward the light of civilized beings. They were lazy, cowardly, filthy and densely ignorant, and every evidence we now possess of them leaves the inev- itable conclusion that, had this country remained unknown and unoccupied by the white man through all ages, the Indians would have continued stationary, and persistently non-progressive. The French and Indian war upon the English settlements commenced in 1755. The particulars of that bloody struggle and much of the story of the terrible sufPerings of the border settlements are given in the preceding part of this work, in the history of Cumberland County. The people of what is now the territory of Adams County were fortunately spared the terrible ex- periences of all the other border settlements. The invaders came from the north, and the South Mountains seemed to have placed bounds to a great ex- tent to their savage visitations, and there were but few of the roving bands, in small squads, that made stealthy raids upon the helpless people. We, there- fore, content ourselves with a short account of what transpired here, so far as can now be gleaned fi'om the different historians of those days. Hazzard, in Vol. V, Penn. Reg. says: "In 1775, the country, west of the Susquehanna, possessed three thousand men fit to bear arms, and in 1756, ex- clusive of the provincial forces, there were not one hundred; fear having driv- en the greater part into the interior. ' ' This plainly indicates how the terror- stricken people were compelled to abandon their homes and every thing, and flee for their lives. Louden' s Narrative, after reciting a long list of captures and massacres, says: "May 29, 1759, one Dunwiddie and Crawford, shot by two Indians, in Carroll's tract, York County." These were Adams County men, whose names figure prominently in the records of the first settlers here. How briefly is the murderous story told ! There is something blood curdling in its very brevity. Prom that we can judge that such reports were flying over the country in ap- palling iteration. On the same page in the same paragraph is this entry: "April 5, 1758, one man killed and ten taken, near Black's Gap on the South Mountain. April 13, (same year) one man killed and nine taken near Archi- bald Bard's, South Mountain." The chronicler, it seems, was making a fu- tile endeavor to enumerate the killed and captured and scalped, and names of 8 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. the victims were lost in the multitude, something like the glory- of a soldier whose grave is marked "unknown." Again, "July 27, 1757, one McKisson was wounded, and his son taken from the South Mountain. ' ' "August 17, 1757, William Waugh's barn burnt in the Tract (the Manor), York (Adams) County, by the Indians. ' ' April 13, 1758, the house of Richard Baird (Bard), who owned a fai-m and resided on the southeast side of South Mountain, near the mill now known as Myer' s mill, on Middle Creek, about one and one half miles from Fairfield, was sun'ounded by nineteen Delaware Indians, and the occupants of the house made prisoners, as follows: Richard Bard, his wife and babe six months old; a bound boy; a little girl named Hannah McBride; Thomas Potter, nephew of Bard's; together with Samuel Hunter and Daniel McManimy, who were at the time working in a field; and also a lad, "W^illiam White, who was coming to the mill. Having secured their prisoners the savages plundered the house and fired it and the mill. July 3, 1754, a battle was fought at Ft. Necessity, or Great Meadows, about fifty miles west of Camberton, Md. The French and Indians won a sig- nal victory over the English. Immediately after this battle the situation became very alarming to the set- tlers. The borderers in what is now Adams County erected a block-house near the present village of Arendtsville. Mary Jamison — The Indian Queen. — The strange story of Mary Jamison is a tragedy and romance in strong colors and remarkable contrasts. It could only have happened upon the borders in the early times. One of the earliest settlers in the southwest of Adams County, near the source of Marsh Creek, was Thomas Jamison (his wife was Jane Erwin). The first of the Scotch-Irish in that part of the county came in 1735-36, while Jami- son and wife came in 1742 or 1743. When they sailed from Ireland they had three children — two sons and a daughter. During the voyage on the ship an- other daughter, whom they named Mary, was born, and whose birth upon the storm-tossed ocean foreshadowed the terrible and sad experiences of her life. Thomas Jamison was a thrifty, industrious man and an excellent and greatly respected citizen, and he soon had a fine large farm and was com- fortable in this world's goods. Two more sons were born to the family after reaching this country. In 1754 he moved his residence upon another part of his land and this brought him into the Buchanan Valley. One of his closest neighbors was James Bleakney, who survived and lived until 1821, and died at the age of ninety-eight years. And it was Bleakney' s granddaughter, Mrs. Robert Bleakney, who lived to a great age, from whom was learned by the present generation the important facts of the Jamison family. She gave the facts to Mr. H. J. Stahle and informed him that she had heard her grand- father often tell all the details, and the year the terrible tragedy was visited upon them. She pointed out the farm and the place where the Jamisons had lived, and the two trees under which the man murdered by the Indians had been buried. Of her capture Mary Jamison said: " Our family as usual, was busily em- ployed about their common business. Father was shaving an axe-helve at the side of the house; mother was making preparations for breakfast; my two eld- est brothers were at work near the barn; the little ones, with myself, and the woman with her three children, were in the house. Breakfast was not yet ready when we were alarmed by the discharge of a number of guns that seemed to be near. Mother and the woman before mentioned almost fainted ■n^i hy S.BffaII A Sons 62 TunanSt HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 11 at the report, and every one trembled with fear. On opening the door the man and horse lay dead near the house, having just been shot by the Indians. They first secured my father, then rushed into the house and made prisoners of my mother, m.y two younger brothers, my sister, the woman and her three children, and myself, and then commenced plundering the house. The party that took us consisted of four Frenchmen and six Shawanee Indians. They took what they considered most valuable, consisting principaliy of bread, meal and meat. Having taken as much provision as they could carry, they set out with their prisoners in great haste, for fear of detection, and soon entered the woods. " The two eldest boys, Thomas and John,* fortunately escaped. They were at the bam when~i;he band attacked, and hid in a hollow log and were not discovered. Eventually they went to Virginia, to their maternal grand- father. The captors with their ten captives rapidly traveled westward. They would lash the children cruelly to make them keep up, and all day and all night they gave them no water or food. Toward noon of the next day they passed a fort, now Chambersburg, and the evening of the second day reached the border of a " dark and dismal swamp, ' ' into which they were conducted a short distance to camp. In some way the savages ascertained that they were pursued. A deter- mined band of Jamison's neighbors, headed by a Mr. Fields, had started in pur- suit and were gaining on the fugitives. Fearing to be overtaken if they continued to encumber themselves with so many prisoners, the savages (white and red) massacred and scalped eight of them, viz. : Thomas Jamison, his wife, their daughter Betsey, their two sons, Robert and Matthew, Mrs. Buck and two of her children. Mary Jamison and the little son of Mrs. Buck were spared. The naked and mangled bodies of the slaughtered victims were found in that dismal swamp by the parties that had gone in pursuit. Mary was taken by the two Indian squaws in a small canoe down the Ohio Eiver to a small Seneca Indian town called "She-nan-jee." There she was ar- rayed in a suit of Indian clothing, was formally adopted as a member of the family, and received the name of ' ' Dick-e-wa-mis, ' ' which, being interpreted, means ' 'a pretty girl. ' ' The Six Nations gave to Mary Jamison a lai'ge tract of land, known as the Garden Tract, and this grant was confirmed afterward by the Legislature of New York. On the 19th day of September, 1833, life' s long nightmare dream was over, and Mary Jamison peacefully sank into that dreamless and eternal sleep. She was buried in the grave-yard of the Seneca M^sion Church, and a marble slab erected over her grave. WhUe these acts were being perpetrated by the Indians, the white men of now Adams County were not mere idle spectators, or terror-stricken fugitives from their homes. During this French and Indian war Capt. Hance Hamilton raised and commanded in person 200 men, who were his neighbors, and many of whose descendants are now here. On the 4th of March, 1756, McCord' s f ort, on the Conococheague, was burned by the Indians, and twenty- seven persons were killed and captured. Pursuit was made and the enemy overtaken at Sideling Hill where a stubborn battle was fought. The losses in Capt. Hamilton's command were — killed Daniel McCoy, James Robinson, James Peace, John Blair, Hemy Jones, John McCarty, John Kelly and James Lowder, and five others (names not given) were wounded. In the Penn. Archives is given by Richard Peters, then Secretary of the col- ony, a "list of the associated companies in York County in 1756." In all 12 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. there were at that time eight companies, and four of these were Adams County men, certainly commanded by Adams County men who had recruited the com- panies, and at that time men were cautious to enlist, only under men they per- sonally knew. The following were the companies : One, Hugh Dun woody, captain; Charles McMullen, Lieutenant; James Smith, ensign; 66 privates. Two, James ■Agnew, captain; John Miller, lieutenant; Sam Withrow, ensign; 60 privates. Three, David Hunter, captain; John Correy, lieutenant; John Barnes, ensign; 100 privates. Four, Samuel Gordon,* captain; William Smiley, lieutenant; John Little, ensign; 100 privates. Thus there were at that early time 326 men fi-om what was this sparsely settled territory. In a list of officers published in the Province, say in 1756, with date of com- missions, we find the following in the Second Battalion: "Capt. Hance Hamilton, commission dated January 16, 1756, Lieut. James Hays, commission. May 22, 1756, ensign John Prentice, commission, May 22, 1756." CHAPTER III. The Mason and Dixon Line— German, ScoTcn-lKiSH and Jesuit Imjiigkation IN 1734 — Lord Baltimore and William Penn— Border Troubles— Tem- porary DI^'IDING Line- Mason and Dixon— Their Survey— Thomas ' Cresap— " DiGGEs' Choice" — Zachary Butcher. AS stated elsewhere the proprietary of the province was compelled to send settlers west of the Susquehanna, at an earlier period than was intended, in order to head ofP the encroachments that began to be made by those claim- ing from Lord Baltimore. The Germans came into what is now Adams County, in 1734, led by Andrew Shriver. The Scotch-Irish came about the same time under the lead of Hance Hamilton. The Catholics (Jesuits) simul- taneously (possibly before) came into the southern portion of the country from Maryland. They were (that is their priests, when traveling over the country of south Pennsylvania and portions of Virginia and Maryland, over a century and a-half ago) subjected to many persecutions and often outrageous assaults, more than once mobbed and beaten, and the writer has an account of •one who, pursued by a mob, mounted his horse and swam the river as the bullets were flying thick about him. Two hundred years ago it seems nearly all men were illiberal in their religion, and believed in ghosts and witches. They would persecute all of opposing sects, and then persecute themselves with the fantastic antics of imaginary witches. They had active imaginations. They wrangled, argued, discussed and fought savagely about the wildest and silliest mysticisms. The most of them had been driven to the wilderness, by the cruelest persecutions, to a land of liberty — to enforce with an iron hand their own incomprehensible dogmas. Fortunately, beyond all else, Lord Baltimore, a Catholic, and William Penn, a Quaker, became the proprietors of the adjoining provinces of Maryland and Pennsylvania. In the history of many centuries of the world, here were two of the finest types of great and humanitarian statesmen — two men of peace, guided in their religious and temporal affairs by the lofty conceptions of that higher religion of the common brotherhood of man that is so incompar- ably superior to those impassable lines of divisions of sects into mere names and church formulas. HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 13 Under the control of the average ruler or statesman of that day, the dis- pute in regard to the true line dividing the tvro provinces virould have rushed swiftly to a bloody issue. So indefinite were the grants to Penn and Calvert from the English king that each was honest in claiming ground that the other be- lieved to be his own. Then on each side of the line of contention were peoples of different religious denominations, and the difference was the serious and highly inflanmiable one of Catholic and Protestant, each of which could point to their martyrs, horrid persecutions, long, implacable and bloody wars of faith against faith. Here was every element, every circumstance to lead to a terri- ble calamity to the people of the two young provinces, to the country and to mankind. Sectional lines and hates first arose among the people in reference to the dividing line between Pennsylvania and Maryland. Long before States were formed, long before our Union was dreamed of, here was the little cloud no larger than your hand that was the true type of sectional contention that eventually culminated in the bloodiest civil war of history. The border troubles commenced in 1683 and raged with stubborn obstinacy for nearly a centuiy — the Catholics of Maryland with the battle cry "Hey for Ste. Marie!" and the Puritan shouting as he fought, "In the name of God, fallonr S S . In 1739 Thomas and Richard Penn, grandsons of William Penn, and Fred- erick, Lord Baltimore (great-grandson of Cecelius Calvert), jointly organized the first commission to run a temporary dividing line between the provinces. The commission never completed its labors. Consultations and negotiations between the proprietaries continued at intervals. Partial surveys would be made, but these were unsatisfactory to each party, and then steps would be ta- ken for an additional survey. On the 4th day of August, 1763, the Penns and Lord Baltimore employed, in England, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, two eminent mathematicians and suTi'eyors, to take charge of the work. They arrived in Philadelphia and received their instructions in December, 1763. Early in 1764 they commenced their labors, and the work in the field was completed in 1767, and finally marked in 1768. In the autumn of 1764 they had completed the preliminary surveys neces sary to get their proper point, and ran the parallel of latitude line west to the Susquehanna, thus commencing the famous line which bears their name and which is now the dividing line between Pennsylvania and Maryland. The actual work of Mason & Dixon extended 244 miles from the Delaware, and within thirty-six miles of the whole distance to be run. At this point, in the bottom of a valley marked on their map ' ' Dunkard' s Creek, ' ' they came to an Indian war-path, and here their Indian escort informed them that the Six Nations said they must stop. The remainder of the line was run by other surveyors in 1782, 'and marked in 1784. A stone, marked on one side with the arms of the Penns and on the other side with those of Baltimore, was set every five miles. The stones had all been prepared and sent from England. The amount paid by the Penns alone under these proceedings, from 1760 to 1768, was £34,200, Pennsylvania currency. The border troubles at first were solely between the peoples of the Penns and Baltimore. The noted champion of Maryland was the famous Capt. Thomas Cresap, a squatter at Wright's Ferry, on the west bank of the Susque- hanna. A serious fight of himself and son (afterward Capt. Michael Cresap, the slayer of Logan, the Mingo chief) with the Pennsylvanians in 1739, in which Thomas Cresap was captured and led, a fettered but defiant captive, in triumphal procession to Lancaster, where he was held a prisoner, and indicted 14 HISTORY OP ADAMS COUNTY. and threatened with trial for murdor, and this finally led to a settlement be- tween the provinces and arbitration of all questions in dispute, and the releas© of Capt. Cresap. The troubles among the people changed about this somewhat in form. Cresap had told the Dutch not to pay taxes to the Penns, and Maryland felt too doubtful of her title to bo very exact in collecting her taxes. In time there became a fixed belief amonw the people that they occupied a neu- tral and independent strip of land, and they began to feel that they owed alle- giance to no one. They trespassed on "Digges' Choice," who held his grant from Baltimore, and they resisted Penn' s authority on the Manor of Maske. In 1757, at a place on "Digges' Choice" near what is now Jacob Ballinger's Mills, in Conowago Township, in a dispute about the land titles, in which there were warlike demonstrations on both sides, Dudley Digges was fatally wounded by Martin Kitzmiller. Fortunately for Kitzmiller the Pennsylvania authorities first secured possession of him as prisoner, and the Maryland authorities were thwarted in their afforts to secure him as their prisoner, and he was taken to York and tried. He was acquitted, as it was claimed by the prisoner and be- lieved by the jury, that the killing was accidental. Such were the sectional prejudices a century and a half ago, that Kitzmiller' s friends would have been loth to have trusted his fate to a Maryland jury. In ] 741 Zachary Butcher, deputy surveyor of Conowago, was ordered by the governor to do some surveying on the ' ' Manor of Maske. ' ' This ' 'manor' ' had been established by Penn in 1740. The land title disputes are well por- trayed by a quaint letter to the governor from the surveyor, from which the following extracts show the temper of the people : * * * " the Inhabi- tants are got into such Terms, That it is as much as a man' s Life is worth to go amongst them, for they gathered together in Conferences, and go in Arms every Time they Expect I am anywhere near there about, with full resolution to kill or cripple me, or any other person, who shall attempt to Lay out a Mannor there. ' ' The settlers threatened personal violence to Pean's surveyors, and would break the surveyor's chain and drive him off. These manor disputes were all settled by compromises in 1765, the boundaries of the different manors marked off, and the names of the settlers on these tracts of land designated, and the long continued border troubles were happily ended. CHAPTER IV. First Settler, Andrew Shriyer— Extracts from Hon. Abraham Shri- ver's Memoir— Early Settlers— French Huguenots— Their Settle- ment IN Pennsylvania. THE border troubles about the dividing line between Penn and Lord Bal- timore were the real cause of the first adventurous pioneers coming into what is now Adams County. Lord Baltimore, as he construed his grant from the crown, extended his possessions several miles north of what is now the dividing line between the two States, and Penn claimed that his grant extended to the south, and covered even a fa-action more territory than is now within the State limits to the south. This rivalry of contention was the real stimulating cause of the first settlers coming at the time they did. The particulars of these proprietary grants are given in detail in preceding chapters, and in this HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 15 chapter we will only inquire as to who it was that first opened, the way here to his fellow white men. Mr. John A. Benshaw, of Pittsburgh, in a communication to the Star and Sentinel, dated March, 1876, makes the claim upon what seems to be docu- mentary testimony, which, so far, bears the best evidence yet found on this question, that Andrew Shriver (ancient spelling, Schreiber), was the first actual settler in the county. Mr. Eenshaw says: "The memoir from which these facts are gathered was prepared by Hon. Abraham Shriver, now deceased, for many years resident judge of the County Court of Frederick City, Md. , being the result of his researches from various sources within his reach, and covers a period from the year 1673 to the year 1829, the latter being the date of the original manuscript . " The memoir states that Andrew Schreiber (Schriver or Shriver) and fam- ily were natives of Alstenbarn in the Electorate Palatine, Germany, and immi- grated to this country in the year 1721, landing at Philadelphia, afterward removed into the country in the neighborhood of Gashehoppen, near the Trappe, on the Schuylkill, where they made their home for some years. The father, Andrew Schreiber, died here, and one of his sons, ' ' Andrew, then learned the trades of tanner and shoe-maker, and, having completed his ap- prenticeship in the year 1732, continued to work at his trade for one year, in which time he earned £18. In the spring of 1733, being then twenty-one years of age, he married Ann Maria Keiser, and the following spring (1734) moved with his wife to Conowago, then in Lancaster, now Adams County, where, after paying for sundry articles wherewith to begin the world, he had ten shillings left. " In moving to Conewago, Andrew Schreiber' s step-brother, David Jung (Young), came with him and helped to clear three acres of land which they planted in corn, and Young then retm'ned home. During this clearing (about three weeks), they lived under Young's wagon cover, after which Andrew Shriver pealed elm bark, and made a temporary hut to keep off the weather, and by fall prepared a cabin. The wagon that brought him to this place passed through what is now called Will' s bottom, and in the grass, which was as high as the wagon, left marks of its passage which were visible for several years. There was no opportunity of obtaining supplies for the first year short of Steamer's mill, near the town of Lancaster," He purchased 100 acres of land, where he stopped, of John Digges, and the agreed price for this land was "one hundred pairs of negro shoes." And this debt was paid according to contract to Digges, and afterward Shriver bought more land of the same party and paid the money therefor. The nearest neighbor at the time he settled here was a family of the name of Far- ney, living where the town of Hanover now stands. The public road coming from the south was made and passed by Shriver' s improvement. The memoir says : "At the time of his settlement here the Indians lived near him in every direction. " And then follows this historical item: "At this period (1734-35), and for several years thereafter, the Delawares and Ca- tawba tribes were at war, and each spring many warriors passed by, when they would display in triumph the scalps hooped, painted and suspended from a pole, which they had been able to obtain from their enemy, and they would require the accommodation of free quarters, to which, as there could be no re- sistance, of course none was attempted. The consequence was they were very social, and smoked around the pipe of peace and friendship, without any at- tempt at wanton injury." The land first occupied by Andrew Shriver became the homestead of George 16 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. Basehoar. It lies about three miles east of Littlestown, and five miles north- west of Hanover, near Christ Reformed Church. In the ancient grave-yard of this old church rests the dust of many of the early pioneers of this county. Unfortunately the paper does not give the dates of the coming of those who followed Andrew Shriver. The first to come were Ludwig Shriver, a brother, David Young, mentioned above, Middlekauf, "Wills and a few others that, in the words of the memoir, "followed in a few years," and made settlements near him. Among the early settlers in this region, who followed the Shrivers, and with whose families they intermarried, were the Ferrees and LeFevres, of the Hu- guenots, who had been driven from the towers of Linden, France, in the year 1685, by the cruel persecutions of Louis XIV, and took refuge in Germany, when hearing of the province of Pennsylvania, then under the great and good WiUiam Penn, they made their way to London, and there embarked for Amer- ica and settled in Pequea, Lancaster County, and afterwards came to Conowago, where their descendants still occupy some of the farms in this rich valley. Here then was the first little fringe of civilization planted deep in the dark old forests of Adams County, sheltered under the wagon cover of Shriver' s and Young' s wagon, the avant couriers of the increasing sweep of that grand race of men who created the greatest empire in the tide of time; fertilizing its seed with the spirit of independence and liberty that was to leven the human race aU over the world and yield the rich blessings of mental and physical freedom that we now enjoj'. Shriver was a typical representative of the American pioneer, the most admirable, the greatest race of men and women that have appeared upon the earth in nineteen hundred years. The just judgment of the great men of the world is the full measure of the results that flow out from their actions. This is the sole criterion by which the last final and irrevocable judgments are to be made, and, by this standard, there is nothing to raise a question when intelli- gent men come to hunt out their real heroes — their truly great — in awarding the world's meed of praise to the pioneer. These lowly, silent, obscure men of the wilderness and the solitudes — full of gloomy religion, quaking with supersti- tious fears, stern, inflexible and often grotesque in their ideas of moral tenets, illiterate generally, illiberal, nearly always, reading only their old family Bibles, and laboriously spelling out from this good book, precepts upon precepts, that to them and their families were literally "the law and the gospel," that were administered upon those in their care and themselves with rods of iron; rude in dress and manners, crude in thought and practice, with coarse, scanty fare, . generally wretchedly served in brush and pole tents and cabins on dirt floors, unwashed, unkempt, without books, without papers, without a polite literature, without information and without culture mostly; they had been long yet will- ing sufferers of cruel persecutions for conscience sake; they had been beaten with many stripes, imprisoned, starved, branded with hot irons — naked fugi- tives from their native land, in sorest poverty, seeking a refuge in the unknown world, among the red savages and the wild beasts of the forests. What a school ! What a grand race of men it bred ! Men of iron and action. No braver men ever lived. They were brave physically and morally. They absolutely knew no fear of anything mortal. Their hard school had su- perbly developed their minds and bodies for the great work they had sought out to do. They were men of large bone and muscle and brain, and knew nothing of the enervating influences of wealth and idleness. The spirit of re- ligious persecutions pervaded the old world, and no class ©f men in civilized or semi-civilized people are so pitilessly cruel as the religious fanatic and bigot; and their scourged and banished victims were the seed of that civiliza- tion that has overthrown the bloody tyrants and liberated a long suffering world. HISTORY OP ADAMS COUNTY. 17 Behold the magnitude of the results, and the paucity of means. In the world's history of great social or political movements, there is nothing at all comparable to that of the fruits and labor of the pioneers as we have the results to-day. Their only school was the world's saddest travail, and, in their direst suffering, no murmur escaped their tongues, in the darkest hour of their long gloomy night, no cry for succor found breath in their lips. They walked with God. They knew no anger, because they knew no fear. CHAPTEK V. Second Arrivals— Penn's Purchase— " Mange of Maske "—Survey— Ob- structions— CoMPRomSE—" Carroll's Delight "—List of Early Settlers ON the Manor, and Warrantees — " Old Hill " Church- Presbyterian Congregation in Cumberland Township. IN the year 1736 William Penn purchased all the region lying west of the - Lower Susquehanna from the Indians. There is strong evidence that as soon as the purchase became known to the borderers east of the river, they began to move across to these rich and beautiful lands. Prior to that time, doubtless, some of them had, in friendly visits to the Indians here in their hunting and trapping expeditions, looked from many of those elevations about us over the enchanting sweep of valleys, the gently rolling hills, and drank of the cool crystal waters that went rippling down nearly every hill side. They had described what they saw to their friends and a few of the most adventurous came across. There is no record or tradition now to tell exactly who they were or when they first came. In 1739-40, as the Dutch then were rapidly coming, Penn laid out, in what is now Adams county, a reservation for himself and family, and called it the ' ' Manor of Masque, ' ' after the title of an old English estate belonging to some of his distant relatives. He had laid out ' ' manors ' ' before this in the eastern part of the State. * He, Perm, sent surveyors to run out the ' ' Manor of Masque ' ' and the order for the survey, bearing date June 18, 1741, is as follows: PENNSYLVANIA S. •j SEAL. [ By the Propribtabibs. These are to autliorize and require thee to survey or cause to be surveyed a tract of land on the Branches of Marsh Creek on the West side of the River Susquehannah in the County of Lancaster containing about thirty thousand acres for our own proper use and Behoof and the same to return under the name and style of our Manor of Maske in the County of Lancaster aforesaid into our Secretary's office, and for so doing this shall be thy sufficient warrant. Given under my hand and the seal of our Land office at Philadelphia this eighteenth dav of June in the year of our Lord one Thousand Seven Hundred and Forty-one. THOS. PENN. To Bkbtj. a. Eastbuhn, Surveyor- Oeneral. But the matter must have been determined upon at an earlier date than the issue of the order, for in the'archives of Pennsylvania is a letter dated June 17, 1741, from Zachary Butcher, a deputy surveyor, in which he alludes to his effort, two weeks prior to that, to m ake the survey. The whole letter has ♦Extracts from notes by Hod. Edward McPherson, who has a collection of old records and family papers which is now largely the only insight into the history ot the early settlers, extant. 18 HISTOKY OF ADAMS COUNTY. interest for the descendants and the successors of the ' ' unreasonable Creatures ' ' who then inhabited this region, and it is as follows: Sin:— I was designed about two weeks ago to have Laid out the Manner at Marsh Creeli:, but the Inhabitants are got into such Terms, That it is as much as man's Life is worth to go amongst them, for they gathered together in Conferences, and go in Arms every Time they Expect I am anywhere near there about, with full resolution to kill or cripple me, or any other person, who shall attempt to Lay out a Manner there. Yet, if the Honble Proprietor shall think fit to order such assistance as shall with- stand such unreasonable Creatures, I shall be ready and willing to prosecute the same with my utmost Endeavor, as soon as I come back from "Virginia. I am going there on an urgent occasion. '' I am yours to serve, CONEWAQO, June 17, 1741. Zach. Butchek, Dpt. Below is a list, as printed at the time, of the settlers on Marsh Creek, who obstructed the survey, 1743 : 1 Wm. McLelan, John Eddy, Jos. Farris, 8 John Eddy, Jr., Hugh McCain, 9 Edw'd Hall, 3 Matw. Black, 10 Wm. Eddy, 3 Jam. McMichill, 11 James Wilson, 4 Robt. McFarson,' IS James Agnew, Wm. Black, John Steen, John Fletcher, Jr., John Johnson, 5 Jas. Agnew (cooper), John Hamilton, Henry McDonaih, 13 Hugh Logan, John Alexander, John McWharten (says he shall move soon), <5 Moses Jenkins, Hugh Swainey, 7 Rich'd Hall, Titus Darby, Richard Fossett, Thomas Hooswick. Adam Hall, Declares yt If ye chain be spread again he would stop it, and then took ye Compass from ye Surveyor-Gen. ' ' The first thing which strikes me, ' ' says Mr. McPherson, ' ' is the number of persons in this list of 'settlers,' whose names do not appiear on the only authentic records yet found of the settlement. Of the twenty-nine persons named, nearly one-third represent families of whose settlement there is now no trace; and there are some mistakes in names. 'McLelan' stands for McClel- lan; 'McCain' for McKean; 'McFarson' for McPherson; 'Swainey' for Sweeney; 'Hooswick ' for Hosack; ' Eddy ' for Eddie. " No further steps were taken in the direction of a survey of the manor until 1765. A compromise was effected early in that year through the agency of James Agnew and Robert McPherson, who acted as a committee for the settlers, and who secured the concession that the lands taken up prior to 1741 should be subject to the "common terms," and that the others should be liberally treated. The boundaries of the manor were thereupon marked in 1766, and were made to include 43,500 acres instead of 30,000 as originally ordered. ' A list of names of the first settlers, with the date of their settlement, was returned to the land ofBce, to prove the incipiency of their title. After the resistance of 1741 and 1743 no warrants whatever for land in the manor were granted by Penn's agents. But in April, 1765, thirty-seven were granted; in May, nine; in June, three, and in other months of that year twelve, making seventy-one warrants in all. The manor is separated by a narrow strip from Carroll's tract, or " Carroll's Delight," as it was named. This was surveyed under Maryland April 3, 1732, and patented August 8, 1735, to Charles, Mary and Elinor Carroll. It was sold to some extent and warrants given by Carroll's agents, they supposing it lay in Frederick County, Maryland, and to be a part of Lord Baltimore' s grant from the King. The Carroll tract contained about 5,000 acres. HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 21 The early settlers upon the Manor of Maske located on Marsh Creek. A paper published in the Compiler, January 16, 1876, gives an interesting account of an old record paper found in the possession of the county surveyor. It is a report to Penn' s agent of a list of settlers on the manor who had filed their claims upon lands, and included those who had taken out warrants as well as those who had not. To this valuable list of early settlers are added the names of those who took out warrants between 1765 and 1775, as appears on the records of the Department of Internal Affairs at Harrisburg. Agnew, James and Thomas Dsuglas, in trust for Presbyterian meeting-house in forks of Plum Run, 5 acres, April 17, 1765. Agnew, James, September, 1739. Agnew, James, 500 acres, April 15, 1765. Agnew, James, Jr., 250 acres, April 16,1765. Agnew, Samuel, May, 1741. Agnew, Samuel. 135 acres, April 16, 1765, Anan, Rev. Robt., May, 1741. Armstrong, John, April, 1740. Armstrong, Quintin, April, 1740. Armstrong, Q. (Mount Airy), 300 acres, Oc- tober 7. 1765. Baird, W. (surveyed to Robert McPherson, 300 acres), October 7, 1765. Beard, John, heirs of, September, 1740. Biddle, James, May, 1740. Bigham, Robert, 50 acres, October 8, 1774. Block, Robt., heirs of, March, 1738. Block, Robt., May, 1740. Block, Robt., 400 acres, June 23, 1773. Block, Robt., heirs, 300 acres. May 18, 1765. Boyd, John, March, 1740. Boyd, John, 130 acres, October 7, 1765. Boyd, Thomas, heirs, March, 1741. Boyd, Williaiii, 300 acres. May 15, 1765. Brown, John, May, 1741. Brown, Samuel, May, 1741. Bruufleld, Robert, September, 1739. Buchanan, John, 400 acres. May 15, 1765. Buchanan, John, May, 1740. Buchanan, Margaret (widow). May, 1740. Buchanan, Walter, September, 1739. Carson, John, April, 1741. Catecart, William, 300 acres, April 30, 1773. Catton, Henry, April, 1741'. Catton, Henry, 200 acres, October 3, 1765. Cishinger, John, April, 1741. Clugston, Joseph, April, 1741. Craig, James, May, 1741. Craig, John, heirs, April, 1739. Creighton, Robert, June, 1739. Darby, John, heirs of, April, 1739. Davis, Hugh, April, 1739. Davis, Hugh, 60 acres, October 7, 1765. Dean, Mathew, May, 1740. Douglas, Thomas, 300 acres, April 17, 1765. Douglas, Thomas, May, 1740. Douglas, Thomas, 300 acres, April 16, 1765. Dunwoody, David, April, 1741. Dunwoody, David, 400 acres, April 16, 1765. Dunwoody, Hugh, April, 1741. Dunwoody, Hugh, 400 acres, April 16, 1765. Edie, Samuel, May, 1741. Brwin, James, September, 1789. Erwin, William, September, 1739. Evans, Duncan, October, 1736. Ferguson, James, September, 1741. Ferguson, Hugh, September, 1741. Fletcher, John, June, 1739. Fletcher, John, 800 acres, April 16, 1765. Fletcher, Robert, May, 1741. Fraziev, David, March, 1738. Gettys, Samuel, May, 1740. Gettys, Saml., on Middle Creek, May, 1741. Gettys, Saml., 250 acres, June 17, 1765. Gibson, Jean, May, 1741. Gibson, Jane, 100 acres, April 16, 1765. Gibson, Robt. and William, October, 1736. Gibson, Samuel, October, 1736. Gilmore, Jennett, 20G acres, August 27, 1765. Hall, Edward, March, 1741. Hall, James. April, 1741. Hamilton, Hance, April, 1741. Herron, Andrew, Apfil, 1740. Hosack, John, March, 1740. Hosack, John, March, 1740. Hosack, John, 150 acres, April 33, 1765. Hosack, Thomas, 300 acres, April 33, 1765. Innis, James, May, 1740. Jenkins, Moses, May, 1740. Jenkins, Moses, 200 acres, October 7, 1765. Johnston, Ephraim and Isaac Robinson, William McClean, James Stevenson, Stephen McCorkle, Samuel Knox, 150 acres, April 22, 1765. Johnston, Robert, April, 1741. Johnston, Robt., 150 acres, April 16, 1765. Karr, George, 350 acres, April 16, 1765. Kerr, George, October, 1740. Kerr, John, April, 1741. Leard, John, September, 1739. Latta, Thomas, May, 1740. Latta, Thomas, 300 acres, April 16, 1765. Latta, Thomas, 350 acres, October 7, 1774. Latta, Thomas (called Rapho), April 16, 1765. Levenston, Andrew, May, 1740. Livingston, Andrew, 100 acres, September 16, 1765. Linn, Adam, May, 1741. Linn, John, April, 1740. Linn, Robt., April, 1740. Linn, Robt., 150 acres, April 13, 1767. Little, John, May, 1741. Long, Bobt., September, 1739. Long, Robert, 200 acres, April 16, 1765. Lesley, Hannah, April, 1741. Martin, Thomas, May, 1741. Miller, John, April, 1741. Moore, David, March, 1741. Moore, Joseph, March, 1740. Morrow, John, 300 acres, April 16, 1765. Murphy, James, 300 acres, May 31, 1765. Morrison, Archibald, May, 1740. 2A 22 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. Morrison, Archibald, lieirs, 200 acres, April 19, 1775. Morrison, John, 800 acres, Sept. 11, 1765. Morrison, Joseph, 200 acres June 27, 1765. Morrison, Robert, 200 acres, June 4, 1765. Murphy, John, April, 1741. Murphy, John, 160 acres, August 13, 1767. McAdams, Quintin, April, 1741. McAllister, Gabriel, April, 1741. McCarley, Moses, April, 1739. McCarley, Moses, 200 acres, May 15, 1765. McCleary, Thomas, May, 1740. McClelland, David, 300 acres, Aprill6, 1765. McClelland, Jacob, May, 1740. McClelland, William, May, 1740. McClelland, William, 300 acres, August 30, 1767. McCluer, James, in right of William Davi- son, September 26, 1740. McColcock, Samuel, May, 1741. McConaughy, David, Hans Hamilton, Rob- ert McPherson, Samuel Edie, John Buchanan, in trust for Presbyterian Church, in Cumberland Township, 100 acres. May 25, 1765. McCormick, Benjamin. October, 1736. McCracken, Thomas, September, 1740. McCracken, Thomas, 300 acres, Oct. 7, 1765. McOreary, William, April, 1740. McCreary, William, 300 acres, April 39, 1774. McCuUoch, Samuel, 160 acres, April 16, 1765. McDonald, Duncan, April, 1740. McDonald, Duncan, assignee, 120 acres, September 15, 1766. McDonogh, heirs, April, 1739. McDowell, John, April, 1741. McFarlan^ John, October, 1738. McFerran, John, May, 1741. McFerran, William, May, 1741. McGalvey, John, 450 acres, April 16, 1765. McGaughy, John, April, 1741. McGaughy, James, April, 1740. McKean, James, 12 acres, April 33, 1775. McKean, Alexander, March, 1738. McKean, John, heirs of, March, 1738. McKeeman , September, 1740. McKinley, William, April, 1741. McKinney, Robert, May, 1740. McMuUen, Charles, May, 1740. McMullen, Mary, May, 1741. McNair, Alex., April, 1741. McNair, Alex., 150 acres, October30, 1772. McNair, Alex., 350 acres, October30, 1773. McNaught, James, May, 1740. McNaught, James, 100 acres, Jan. 16, 1767. McNea, John, April, 1741. McNeil, Robert, April, 1740. McNiel, John. March, 1740. McNutt, John, fifty acres. May 18, 1765. McPherson, Robert, 233 acres, Oct. 9, 1738. McPherson, Robert, 300 acres, Oct. 17, 1765. McPherson, Robert and Samuel Edie, in trust for heirs of Thomas Boyd, 150 acres, January 16, 1767. McPherson, Robert and David Grier, 317 acres, October 17, 1767. Nealson, Thomas, March, 1741. Orr, James, May, 1739. Parke, David, March, 1741. Parke, John, March, 1741. Paxton, John, March, 1741. Paxton, John, 140 acres. May 28, 1765.. Paxton, Samuel, 8r., March, 1741. Paxton, Samuel, Jr., March, 1741. Paxton, Thomas, March, 1741 . Pearson, Henry, April, 1741. Peden, Samuel, May, 1741. Poe, Alexander, May, 1741. Poe, Alexander, 200 acres, April 16, 1765. Quiel, William, Sr., April, 1741. Quiel, William, Jr., April, 1741. Ramsey, William, May, 1740. Reed, James, August, 1738. Reed, John, November, 1740. Reed, John, 200 acres, September 16, 1766. Reed, Mary, September, 1740. Riddle, James, 300 acres, January 16, 1767^ Rowan, Henry, June, 1739. Rowan, Henry, 200 acres, Aprill7, 1765. Russell, James, May, 1740. Russell, John, May, 1740. Scott, Hugh, September, 1740. Scott, Hugh, 180 acres, April 16, 1765. Scott, John, May, 1740. Scott, John, 125 acres, April 16, 1765. Scott, William, April, 1741. Scott, William, 300 acres, April 17, 1765. Shannon, Thomas, September, 1740. Shannon, Thomas, 300 acres, April 36, 1765. Sipes. George, 130 acres, April 16, 1765. Simple, John, May, 1740. Slemons, Rev. John, Hugh Ferguson, Amos McGinley and John Alexander, in trust for use of Middle Presbyterian Church, in Hamiltonban Township, joining lands of said Slemons and James Kimberlin, 10 acres, August 13, 1767. Slemons, Rev. John (choice) 314 acres, Au- gust 13, 1767. Slemons, Thomas, 165 acres, Aug. 12, 1765. Smith, Robert, April, 1741. Smith, William, April, 1739. Smith, William Boyd B., March, 1740. Spear, Robert, 192 acres, (part in manor). Steele, John (part in manor), Sept., 1740. Steel, John (part in manor), 240 acres, Aprili 16, 1765. Stevenson, Samuel, May, 1741. Stevenson, William, May, 1741. Stewart, Robert. 100 acres. May 30, 1765. Stuart, Alexander, April, 1741. Stuart, John, April, 1741. Stuart, John, 350 acres, April 16, 1765. Stuart, John (Marsh Creek), March, 1741. Sweeny, Myles, March, 1741. Sypes, George, April, 1741. Tedford, James, May, 1740. Thompson, Andrew, May, 1741, Thompson, Andrew, 125 acres, April 16,. 1765. Thompson, James, May, 1741. Thompson, James, 260 acres, Oct. 7, 1765. Vance, Charles, 300 acres, April 16, 1765. Walker, Alexander, April, 1740. Walker, James, May, 1740. HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTy. 23 Watt, George, 186 acres, December 3, 1773. Wilson, Joseph, 200 acres, Jan. 16, 1767. White, James, 150 acres (part in manor), Wilson, Thomas, 300 acres, June 21, 1763. April 16, 1765. Winchester, Wlloughby, November 38, 1740. Wilson, James, 600 acres, April 16, 1765. Woods, Hugh, March, 1741. Wilson, James, 538 acres, Feb. 33, 1767. Work, Robert, 400 acres, April 15, 1773. Wilson, Joseph, March, 1738. Young, James, 200 acres, April 16, 1765. Wilson, Thomas, 418 acres, June, 1764, and Young, Margaret, April, 1741. October, 1765. The churoli referred to as in the "forks of Plum Run," is now the "Old Hill' ' Church, in Freedom Township, which, to this day, has its ' 'five acres. ' ' The Manor line, when finally run out, passed through these five acres. The tract given to the ' 'Presbyterian Congregation in Cumberland Town- ship" in 1775, became, in 1785, the "Upper Presbyterian Congregation of Marsh Creek," as is fully told in the chapter concerning that church. CHAPTER VI. The " Little CoNEWAGO " Settlement— "Digges' Choice"— Land Purchases IN 1734, 1738 AND 1742— Records of 1753. THE settlement made by Andrew Shriver was in the proprietary tract, "Digges' Choice." John Digges, an Englishman, had received a grant from Lord Baltimore, whose conflicting claim with Penn' s claims under his grant was the "disputed lands." Digges took out his warrant in 1727 and had it surveyed in 1732. It was the oldest land title and the earliest survey in the strip of dis- puted lands. The tract as surveyed contained 6,822 acres and was described as lying on "Little Conewago." It principally lay in what is now Adams County, but passed into York County. In this county it comprised the present limits of Germany and Conowago Townships. Littlestown is on the south- western extremity of this tract. As stated in a preceding chapter, the earliest settlement in this county was made by purchasers under Digges. Soon there came others who had pur- chased rights from Penn, and thus the conflict between Penn and Baltimore soon passed to the settlers, and turmoils and lawlessness, and at times violent acts with bloodshed, were for years continued, with many circumstances to make the lives of the settlers miserable. Digges commenced selling to settlers as early as 1731. In public documents relating to affairs of the earliest land transactions here are found as purchasers in 1734 — the year Andrew Shriver came — the names of Martin Kitzmiller, William Logstone, Martin Ungef ar and Valentine Eyler. We give these dates from the records, not as positively indicating the year the purchasers came; because we can readily understand that ordinarily the settlers would be in the country some time before purchasing land, and in other cases they purchased before they actually moved onto the ground. In the order of dates are found, in 1738, purchasers Jacob Youngblood and (on a branch of Codorus Creek) Derrick Youngblood, Peter Eysher, Peter Shultz, John Martin Inyfoss, Martin Brin, Abraham Sellers and Henry Sellers. In the same year, Nicholas and his son Mathias UUery, Mathias 24 HISTORY OF AUAMS COUNTY. Marker, George Shriver, Conrad Ulric and his sou Mathias, Peter Ensminger; 1742, William Oler, Jacob Banker, Herman UpdegrafFe, In 17-")'2 the records show there were forty persons living on tracts sold under Maiyland rights, in York County, the majority of whom were in what is now Adams County, as follows: Martin Buyers, Michael Behler, Casper Berkhamer, John Counts, Adam Cook, George CofPman, John Digges, Conrad Eckron, Nicholas Farney, George Frush, Peter Gerson, Andrew Hainer, Phillip Kinspoor, Henry Cone, Cornelius McGean, Peter Middlecauf, John Morningstar, Joseph Moor, Henry Null, Eobert Owings, Jacob Ports, Jacob Pinkhart, Anthony Sill, Andrew Shriver, George Shriver, Frederick Sheets, Philip Lower, Ludwic Shriver, Christian Stoner, Peter Shults, John Shreder, Mathias Ullery, Martin Ungefar, Stephen Ullery, William Wapplesplace, Robert Whitehead, Michael Will, David Young. The next point of settlement made was on the "Manor of Maske," as re- lated in the chapter on that subject elsewhere. CHAPTEK VII. Early Mabriage'<— PiET. Alexander Dobbin— His Son, Jajies— Record of Marriages During Rev. Alex. Dobbin's Entire Pastorate, 1774 to 1808. EXTENDED accounts of Eev. Alexander Dobbin are to be found in other chapters. He was a native of Londonderry, Ireland, born February 27, 1742 (O. S.), corresponding with March 7, 1743, 'and died at his home near Gettysburg, June 1, 1809. He was educated in Glasgow, and ordained by the Reformed Presbytery of Ireland and sent as a missionary to this country, coming direct to what is now Adams County, and took charge of the ' ' Rock Creek ' ' congregation that had ' ' called ' ' for him. He first preached in the old log church, a mile north of Gettysburg, near what became the site of Blocher's iron and wood works. The church stood on what is Mr. HoUinger's farm; in that day was owned by Minor Reed, as Blocher' s was then owned by John Pat- terson. The exact date of the building of the "log church" cannot be now known, but it was prior to 1773. The road passing by this place to Gettysburg had not then been laid out, but there was a connecting road between the old Carlisle and the Mummasburg road, which struck the latter at a point just west of the Gate-house, now occupied by S. Kitzmiller. The old church did good service for over thirty years, when it was torn down and the materials carried away, but the foundation marks were visible for many years. As related else- where the congregation moved to town and built a brick church, the first of the kind in Gettysburg. Mr. Dobbin was a most exemplary and excellent man. He took an active part in the union of the Associate and Reformed Churches, which was effected in 1782. The United Church was known as the Associate Reformed Church of North America. When Rev. John Murray, pastor of the ' ' Old Hill ' ' Church, near the border of CaiToir s tract left, Mr. Dobbin became the pastor of that church also, dividing his time between the two congregations. Mr. Dobbin was a man of superior mind and education. He was deeply interested in the temporal as well as spiritual welfare of the people. He opened HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 25 a school in his own house — the Dobbin property — the large old stone house standing near the forks of the Taneytown and Emmittsburg road in Gettysburg. This was the first classical school west of the Susquehanna. Among the chil- dren of this pioneer alma mater are well remembered Eev. H. E. Wilson and John Boreland, formerly professor of Dickinson College; Rev. M. Hays, au- thor of a poem entitled "The Seasons;" Eev. Dr. McCanaughy, for many years president of Washington College; and the Eev. Dr. Proudfit, many years pro- fessor of languages in Union College; Judge Eeed, of Carlisle, professor in Dickinson Law School; Judge Blythe, who became Secretary of the Common- wealth; J. H. Miller, M. D., professor in the Medical College in Baltimore. These and others who became eminent in the world and who had been so hap- pily started along life's pathway by their loved and venerated teacher, Eev. Mr. Dobbin, were natives of this county. A large proportion of his pupils be- came eminent in the varied walks of life — a greater number in proportion to the whole than have ever come from any other high school perhaps in the State. The remains of Eev. Dobbin lie buried in Lower Marsh Creek buiying ground, where he, his two wives and several of his children are buried. The above facts were chiefly furnished by Eev. Jameson, pastor of the United Presbyterian Church. The second son of Mr. Dobbin, James, was a member of the bar of Adams County, and is well remembered for his many eccentricities of character. He was bom January 14, 1777; died October 6, 1852. During the latter part of his life he had desk room in the office of A. E. Stevenson, Esq., who, from this circimastance, came into the possession of Kev. Mr. Dobbin's record of mar- riages during his entire pastorate; a most valuable paper, indeed, as it is a recovery of valuable information that otherwise could never have been gath- ered. There are 216 marriages recorded of the generation that has passed away. The large number shows, conclusively, that for this sacred office there was no one so sought after, far and wide, as the Eev. Mr. Dobbin. We give them as they were transcribed from his record, preserving the spelling and the order of the entry; giving the names, dates of the ceremonies and the residences of the parties : Bait. Kilpatrick and Agnis Patterson, March 24, 1774, Drummore . . . John Wade and Jennett Brownlie, April 19, 1774, Anti-item (this is Antie- tam, evidently) .... James Finney and Martha Crunely, April 20. 1774, Cani- gagig. . . .Ephraim Wallace and Jennet McCullough, April 25, 1774, Caniga- gig. . . .John McBride and Eliz. Gillmore, May 12, 1774, Cumberland Town- ship .... Samuel Wilson and Eliz. Mori'ow, June 2, 1774, Hamilton's Bann. James Wilson and Isabel Mitchel, August 30, 1774, Eocky Spring .... Ebenezer Mitchel and Jene Eichey, December 12, 1774, Canniwago .... James McCormick and Mary Eidic, December 14. 1774, Cumberland. Alexander Blackburn and Sarah McNaughton, March 1, 1775, Canniwago. . . . .Joseph Anderson and Agnes McMurry, March 16, 1775, Cumberland. . . . Joseph Clark and Margaret Finly, April 13, 1775, Cumberland John Dre- nan and Mary Eobertson, August 8, 1775, Cumberland Eobert Walker and Mary Marshal, October 16, 1775, Westmoreland .... Alexander Ewing and Jene Anderson, November 28, 1^75, Hamilton William Fulton and Maiy Ker, December 14, 1775, Mountpleasant .... Hugh Bond and Ann Anderson, December 26, 1775, Hamilton. John Celler and Susanna Cruncleton, January '2, 177(), Antrim Samuel Scot and Elizabeth Wilson, February 14, 1776, Antrim Samuel Scat and Elizabeth Wilson, February 14, 1776, Cove Joshua Morlin and Agnis Mc- Cullough, March 25, 1876, Canigagig .... John Mitchell and Jene Wilson, 26 HISTORY OP ADAMS COUNTY. March 27, 1776, Marsh Creek .... William Robison and Margery MoNought, March 28, 1776, Canniwago John Cochran and Sarah Mitchel, April 9, 1776, Rocky Spring. . . .James Clark and Jene Cochren, April 10, 1776, Anti-item. . . . .Alexander McCibben and Sarah Peden, April 16,1776, Philadelphia. . . . James Dinsmore and Rebecca Walker, September 4, 1770, Tom's Creek. .. . John Johnson and Elizabeth Cithcart, September 17, 1776, Cumberland Town- ship .... William Marshal and Sarah Marshal, October 21, 1776, Toghland Township .... John Renken and Mary Muaray, November 15, 1776, Hamil- ton' s Bann. Robt. Jamison and Jene Wilson, February 25, 1777, Cove .... Samuel Moore and Annie McFerran, March 31, 1777, Cumberland .... Hugh Bockley and Sarah McCullough, June 19, 1777, Cannigagig .... James McFerran and Susanna McFerran, September 16, 1777, Cumberland .... John Ewing and Elizabeth Gray, November 25, 1777, Berwick. David Dunwoody and Susannah Patterson, January 27, 1778, Mt. Pleasant. . . . .Thomas Porter and Mary Gibson, April 14, 1778, Cumberland Township. .... William McClelland and Anderson, June 16, 1778, Cumberland Town- ship .... James Blakely and Agnis McDowell, June 30, 1778, Cumberland Township .... James Stewart and Mary \Valker, September 14, 1778, Hamil- ton' s Bann. . . .William Moore and Jene McFerran, September 30, 1778, Cum- berland .... Mathew Richey and Rachel Wallace, October 13, 1778, Antrim. .... Alexander McFerson and Mary Brounlee, November 16, 1778, Maryland. . . . .Alexander Stewart and Mary Shannon, December 1, 1778, Cumberland. ....Hugh Murphy and Jennet Thompson, December 3, 1778, Cumberland. .... William Galbraith and Sarah Ker, December 29, 1778, Mountpleasant. John Forest and Agnis Hurt, January 27, 1779, Antrim .... Christopher McMichel and Martha Findly, March 1, 1779, Antrim William Stewart and Elizabeth Leeper, March 7, 1779, Hamilton .... Joseph Junkin and Elinor Cochren, May 24, 1779, Antrim .... Isaac Walker and Mary Stewart, Septem- ber 14, 1779, Marsh Creek John Murphy and Ann Guthory, November 4, 1779, Hamilton's Bann Archibald Findly and Mary Poe, November 9, 1779, Cumberland .... John Renfrew and Sarah Ray, November 9, 1779, Cumber- land. . . .David Erwine and Susanna Wilson, December 7, 1779, Cove. Moses Blackburn and Margaret McKnight, January 6, 1780, Canniwago. .... John McCaul and Jane Stewart, February 15, 1780, Cumberland Jo- siah Ker and Sarah Reynolds, February 17, 1780, Cumberland .... Samuel Findly and Mary Graham, February 22, 1780, Cumberland William Rey- nolds and Sarah Wilson, March 28, 1780, Cumberland .... James Nicol and Isabel Richey, March 30, 1780, Canniwago .... William Thompson and Jena Mitchel, April 3, 1780, Letter Kenny. . . .James Kilpatrick and Jene Findly, April 25, 1780, Cumberland. '. . .Robt. Love and Jean Gibson, May 22, 1780, Hamilton's Bann. . . .Alex. McCutchen and Sarah Crunleton, June 27, 1780, Antrim .... Charles Hart and Jennet Dale, July 6, 1780, Peters James Burns and Jene Gebby, November 7, 1780, Maryland. Robert Campbell and Martha Paxton, April 16, 1781, Letter Kenny Thomas Patterson and Elizabeth Brown, May 1, 1781, Midleton .... James Dickson and Margaret Robinson, May 14,1781, Cumberland. . . .William Finny and Anne Morton, November 2, 1781, Westmoreland .... James McClelland and Agnis Sinclair, November 13, 1781, Cove. James Kirkland and Anne Colter, March 28, 1782, Cumberland Rob- ert Crunkleton and Anne Morhead, June 25, 1782, Washington David Danton and Jene McEwen, August 20,1782, Menellan. . . .Samuel Cross and Sarah Dunwoody, August 20, 1782, Cumberland. HISTORY 'OF ADAMS COUNTY. 27 William Hall and Miriam Brandon, May 6, 1783, Huntington .... John Monteith and Jennet Leat, June 24, 1783, Cumberland .... Thos. Oveond and Margaret Po, July 15, 1783, Cumberland. . . .Benjamin Fowler and Deborah Fowler, July 28, 1783, Cumberland .... Thomas McCleland and Agnis Fergus, August 19, 1783, Cumberland. . . .John Bell and Isabel Eussel, September 9, 1783, Eastrover .... David Dunwoddy and Elizabeth Ker, November 2, 1783, Hamilton' s Bann Thomas Dunlap and Martha Eamsey, November 25, 1783, Cumberland .... Hugh Lind and Margret Kane, December 18, 1783, Cumber- land .... Arthur Chamberlain and Margret Hodge, December 23, 1783, Read- ing.... James Moore and Margaret Young, November 11, 1783, Hamilton's Bann. Joseph Thompson and Jane Hunter, November 23, 1784, Cumberland. James Douglas and Elinor Orr, January 20, 1785, Mountjoy .... John Fergus and Elizabeth Douglass, February 1, 1785. Cumberland. . . .Alexander Patterson and Jenney Porter, March 10, 1785, Mountjoy .... Eobert Taylor and Nancy Kerr, May 3, 1785, Hamilton's Bann .... William Vance and Sarah Moore, September 20, 1785, Menallen. Hugh Burns and Elinor Ramsy, January 22, 1786, Cumberland .... Sam- uel Maxwell and Jennet Eamsy, March 7, 1786, Cumberland. . . .Thomas Doug- las and , March 28, 1786, Pipe Creek John Krail and Elizabeth McCann, April 14, 1786, Menallen William Donaldson and Isabel Gibson, July 4, 1786, Cumberland .... Thomas Coehren and Margaret Knox, October 17, 1786, HamUton's Bann. Samiiel Fergus and Mary Paxton, Februaiy 13, 1787, Mountpleasant John Young and Eachel D. Fus, March 26, 1787, Mountpleasant .... Robert Townsley and Nancy McCleland, August 7, 1787, Hamilton's Bann Will- iam Bogle and Rebecca Peden, December 15, 1787, Hamilton's Bann. . . .Sam- uel Smith and Jane Caldwell, October 16, 1787, Gettiatown. James Blakely and Branwood, August 28, 1788, Franklin John Swock and Anney Vanausdale, October 22, 1788, Mountjoy. Albert Demoro and Mary Vantind, February 24, 1784, Mountpleasant. John Stewart and Jane Stewart, March 5, 1789, Cumberland George Kirker and Jane Gilmore, June 23, 1789, Hamilton's Bann William Speer and Catarine Blakely, July 9, 1789, Menallen Thomas Patterson and Agnis Blakely, July 9, 1789, Menallen Samuel Knox and Rebecca Hodge, August 13, 1789, Reading. William McCreery and Agnis Speer, January 5, 1790, Hamilton' s Bann. . . . .Hugh Fergus and Sarah Gibson, January 4, 1790, Mountjoy Joseph Walker and Elizabeth Stewart, January 14, 1790, Cumberland James White and Peden, May, 1790, Hamilton's Bann John Young and Margaret Clugston, December 7, 1790, Hamilton's Bann. James Wilson and Mary Young, March 17, 1791, Mount Pleasant John Reynolds and Hanna McWilliams, March 29, 1791, Mount Pleasant David Breden and Jane Coulter, May 5, 1791, Mountjoy William Butler and Mary Bann, December 20, 1791, Hamilton's Bann John Watson and Jenny Torrens, December 22, 1791, Mountpleasant .... Thomas Jorden and Mary Bamwood, December 27, 1791, Franklin. John Fleming and Anna Agnew, January 23, 1792, Hamilton's Bann Hugh Dunwooddy and Martha Findly, April 12, 1792, Hamilton's Bann Jolm Ewing and Jane Bogle, May 14, 1792, Strabane Samuel Cross and Littice Brandon, July 12, J 792, Huntington William Baldridge and Re- becca Agnew, July 17, 1792, Pipe Creek. . .^Hagh Dunwoody and Margaret Morrow, November 22, 1792, Hamilton's Bann. 28 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. John Speer and Sally McCallan, March 1, 1794, Cumberland .... Richard McLagleu and Elizabeth Hatch, July lo, 1794, Emmittsborough. Alex Young and Jennet McCreary, January 20, 1795, .... Alex Horner and Jenny McCalen, February 12, 1795, Cumberland. . . .James Crooks and Anne Ambros, June 31, 1795, Cumberland. David Brines and Elizabeth Stewart, March 29, 1796, Gettistown Will- iam Stewart and Jennet White, April 19, 1796, Tyrone . . . .Henry Ferguson and Susanna Coulter, May 19, 1796, Strabane. Samuel Hays and Polly Yanst, June 29, 1797, Strabane "WiUiam Pat- terson and Elenor Porter, September 19, 1797, Hamilton's Bann .... James Patterson and Betsey Withrow, October 26, 1797, Hamilton's Bann. George Ker and Nelly Wilson, March 11, 1798, Gettistown .... Robert Taylor and Ruth Hunter, March 29, 1798, Cumlberland .... James Crooks and Sarah Dunwoody, April 5, 1798, Cumberland. . . . David Hart and Sally Paxton, April 12, 1798, Hamilton' s Bann .... Daniel Murphy and Margaret Livingston April 23, 1798, Cumberland .... John Hetzer and Elizabeth Geyer, June 26, 1798, Gettistown. . . .Charles Golden and Assina Filson, December 18, 1798, Cumberland. Samuel McKnight and Ehster Logan, May 9, 1799, Strabane .... Joseph Walker and Mary Ann McMaster, July 2, 1799, Strabane .... James Stewart and Elizabeth McCarter, July 18, 1799, Cumberland .... Samuel Cooper and Jene Campbel, November 5, 1 799, Baltimore .... Mathew Longwool and EKz- abeth Thomson, November 14, 1799, Hamilton's Bann .... Alexander Cald- well and Dolly Agnew, December 3, 1799, Hamilton's Bann. . . .Robert Morri- son and Jenne Findly, December 12, 1799, Hamilton's Bann. Mathew Steen andMargret Campbell, February 11, 1800, Hamilton's Bann. .... John Crooks and Elizabeth Jenkins, February 13, 1800, Franklin .... WiU- iam McFarland and Margery Beatty, March 25, 1800, Mountpleasant .... John Magoffin and Kitty Casset, March 25, 1800, Mountpleasant .... Thomas Breden and Jane Neely, April 80, 1800, Conowago .... John McCay and Polly Ackrey, June 12, 1800, Hamilton's Bann. . . .Thomas Carson and Mary Wilson, Octo- ber 16, 1800, Hamilton' s Bann .... Alexander McGaughy and Rebecca Tor- rence, October 21, 1800, Mountpleasant .... James Young and Jenney Orr, December 25, 1800, Hamilton's Bann. John Kelly and Lydia Teat, March 31, 1801, Strabane .... Hugh Garvin and Sally Stewart, April 6, 1801, Hamilton's Bann .... Samuel Holdsworth and Ruth Caldwell, September 15, 1801, Mountpleasant. John Keys and Kitty Slasher, March 23, 1802, Cumberland .... Robert Hays and Rebecca Agnew, June 21, 1802, Cumberland. Samuel Cobean and Betsey Cuningham, June 9, 1803. ,Eli Bradford and Mary McEn Nay, February 7, 1804, Liberty James Wilson and Mary Wilson, February 6, 1804, Cxmiberland .... Samuel Carter and Nancy Cowan, April 24, 1804, Franklin .... John Quigly and Agnes Paton, September 6, 1804, Mountpleasant .... William Johnson and Mary King, No- vember 12, 1804, Chansf ord . . . ; John Adair and Libi Ewing, December 6, 1804, Cumberland. William Withrow and Sarah Cooper, March 7, 1805, Maryland .... David Cuningham and Polly Stuart, March 14, 1805, Cumberland .... James Stewart and Susanna Peden, March 27, 1805, Liberty .... John Deyernord and Jenny Gwin, April 4, 1805, Ciimberlaiud .... Jacob Smith and Hanna Kip, May 23, 1805, Cumberland William Cochren and Bekey Moitow, May 23, 1805, Liberty William Wilson and Betty Dunwooddy, August 20, 1805, Cum- berland .... Samuel Reid and Mary Agnew, September 30, 1805, Cumberland. <::^c'yri.u^ P^. {^^jw^^^u^ . HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 31 Isaac Hulic and Sally Commongore, January 21, 1806, Mountpleasant .... John McCammon and Polly Proudfoot, March 25, 1806, Hopewell John McClereghan and Rebecca McClereghan, March 25, 1806, Amtrim. Thomas Reed and Sarah Peden, March 10, 1807, Strabane .... John Mc- Alister and Jene Work, April 7, 1807, Cumberland .... Hugh Bingham and Esther Baily, October 13, 1807, Cumberland. John Calter and Sally Heagy, February 23, 1808, Mountjoy Alex Mc- Keelop and Sarah Slents, March 29, 1808, Mountpleasant .... Henry Fergu- son and Rebecca White, April 12, 1808, Reading .... John Gourdly and Martha Caldwell, April 28, 1808, Mountpleasant William Hizlit and Eliza- beth Steele, September 29, 1808, Cumberland. . . .John Agnew and Jane Wil- son, October 27, 1808, Cumberland. Here is a wide range for tracing family ties and the social and marriage relations of a great many of the early settlers. If we only had a similarly complete record from the other early ministers, what an invaluable record it would be! The descendants of those named above form a large part of the present population of Adams County, as well as having representatives in many of the States of the Union, especially the States west of this. They were the children of pioneers, and many of them took up the western march where their fathers stopped, and aided greatly in bearing our empire to the Pacific shores. CHAPTER VIII. The Eevolution— Adams (York) County in the Steuggle— First Cojipany FROM Pennsylvania— The Independent Light Infantry Company- Flying Camp— Roster of Officers, Adams (York) County. IN a preceding chapter, in giving some account of the Indians, there is told the story of the participation pi what is now Adams County (then a part of York), in the French and Indian war of 1755. This was the first taste of real organized war of the American people; it was a fitting training school of the people, gathering together the varied and somewhat discordant elements of nationality and religious sects and local prejudices, and molding and cement- ing the whole into one common element — educating the people for the distant but coming Revolution, and to recast the history of all mankind. It is now twenty-one years since the close of the late civil war. The long- est lapse of time since the first war of no intervening struggles. Commencing with that of 1755, there has been a succeeding war on an average of every six- teen years. The French-Indian troubles, the Revolution, the war of 1812-15; the Blackhawk war; Mexican war and the late civil war, and at various times the Seminole and other Indian outbreaks of only minor importance. These wars and raids and minor skirmishes were all waged in behalf of the final peaceable and permanent possession of the country — the unity of our government. In short, they were fought out in behalf of the first great prin- ciple of self -protection, and the perpetuation of a government by the people and for the people. They have already tended to develop and more closely knit together the once somewhat discordant races of men who originally came here to harden the muscles and quicken the brains of a nation originally active, resolute, brave and jealous of the slightest invasion of their rights or liberties. 32 HISTORY OP ADAMS COUNTY. True, the histories of the world's bloody and cruel wars with their attendant suflferings, agony and woe is a hideous mental feast to set before the young minds of this enlightened age, and, save for the moral that they furnish — the key they give the mind strong enough to study out the obscure and otherwise undiscoverable secrets of the active influences in shaping and building the slow growths of our civilization — their glowing history had better nevef have been written. Our two great wars were the Eevolution and the late civil war. Each, it now seems, forever settled great principles of the profoundest interest to humanity — indeed, not only for all mankind, but for all coming time, at least, as we are now encouraged to hope. The history of Adams County in these two great wars is but an inseparable portion of the history of our country during these eventful periods, and to give the county history in detail in either — the facts and results in the country' s camps, hospitals, marches, sieges and battle-fields, would be nothing less, nor «an it be detached from the voluminous general history of our common country.. The heroic efforts, the failures, the defeats, the triumphs and the tremendous results of the great armies in wars of a nation, cannot be written in detached piece-meal. You had as well try to doctor small-pox by commencing to dig about and cure the innumerable separate pits. Hence, here we shall attempt nothing more than the briefest skeleton outline of what occurred locally within the limits of Adams County. When the Revolution was fought out Adams was a part of York County. This was then the remote backwoods point where even the important news of the day could but slowly reach. But in the very first movements in 1772, when the people of the country were stirred with sympathy for the suffering Bos-. tonian, the spirit of the freemen was manifested here as soon as in any other portion of the country, and soon spread abroad the names and fames of men who moved the people to war for "liberty or death" — names in the country that are honorably borne by the worthy descendants of these truly illustrious sires. We seriously question if there is a spot in any portion of our Union where there is an equal number of names of historic interest that is to be found among the people of Adams County to-day, that is, in proportion to the population. The people here, as early as 1765, began to show unmistakable signs of distrust of the acts of the British Government. In fact, as early as 1760, dis- content was openly spoken at public gatherings. April 13, 1775, the people of the county met and by resolutions in behalf of the troubles of the people of Boston felt ' 'feelingly for them. ' ' A committee was appointed to receive dona- tions for Bostonians, and Heidelberg Township sent £36 17s. 5d. ; Germany Township, £16 2s. ; Manheim, by the hands of Adam Eichelberger, £5 15s. 6d. , and by the hands of Michael Karl £5 9s. 9d. ; by the hands of David Newman £3 16s. 3d. The entire county sent £246 8s. lOd. , and the committee sent an open letter of sympathy to the people of Boston. This letter was signed by James Smith, president; George Eichelberger, Michael l)oudle, David Grier, Michael Swope, Peter Reel, Thomas Hartley, George Purvin, James Donaldson, Michael Smyser, Balzer Spangler, John Hay. June 21, 1774, a meeting was held of which Michael Swope was president. An election was held in the county July 4, 1774, to obtain the sense of the people on the state of affairs. December 16, of this year, an election for assemblymen was held, and a county committee was also elected. Of the committee elected were Henry Slagle, George Eichelberger, John Hay, Archibald McClean, David Greer, Baltzer Spangler, Nicholas Bittinger, William McClellan, Joseph Donaldson, HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 33 George Irwin, David Kenedy, Thomas Fisher, John Kean, John Houston, George Kuntz, Simon KopenhefPer, Joseph Jeffries, Eobert McCosley, Michael Hahn, Daniel Mefferly, Michael Davis, Jacob Dahtel, Fredrick Fischel, James Dickson, all familiar names in Adams County. Then there were Patrick Scott, Michael Dautel, Michael Bard, Casper Eeinaker, Henry Leib- hard, John Maxwell, George Oge, John O'Blenes and Andrew Finley on this • committee. They were not aware of it, but it was really organizing for war with the mother country. July 1, 1775, the first company of soldiers marched from Pennsylvania to Boston. November 3, 1775, a county committee of correspondence was appointed. For all of Yortt County there were elected twenty-six committee men. At the head of this committee stands the name of Michael Swope; then there is James Smith, Thomas Hartley, John Hay, David Grier, George Eich- elberger, Baltzer Spangler, John Huston, Thomas Armor, Christopher Slagle, Peter Wolfe, Zachariah Shugart, John Herbach, John Spangler, Francis Cre- zart, George Brinkerhoff, John Semple, Eobert McPherson, Samuel Edie, William McClellan, John Agnew, David Kenedy, George Kerr, Abraham Banta, John Mickle, Jr., Samuel McCanaughy, Eichard McAllister, Christian Grsef , Henry Slagle, John Hamilton, Thomas Lilley, Patrick McSherry, James Leeper, Baltzer Keurtzer and others. The committee gave notice that parties purchasing sheep to kill or sell to butchers, or attempting to drive through the county sheep under four years old, would be arrested and treated as public enemies. The Independent Light Infantry Company was formed in December, 1775. Officers: James Smith, colonel; Thomas Hartley, lieutenant-colonel; Joseph Donaldson, Michael Swope, majors; George Irwin, captain; John Hay, first lieutenant; William Bailey, second lieutenant; Christopher Lawman, ensign; Paul Metzgar, Hem-y Walter, Jacob Gardner and John Shultz, sergeants; William Scott, clerk. There were 100 privates. Eecruiting throughout the county n,ow went on rapidly. Five companies had been formed by the early spring of 1776. Another was organized in May. The first and second companies had dissolved and joined other companies. In 1776 York and Cumberland Counties were required to each raise four companies. The men made a regiment, of which William Irvine was first colonel. Moses McClean was captain of one of the companies of York County, and Archibald McAllister was captain of the Third Company. In May, 1776, Capt. William McPherson and Lieut. Jacob Stake marched with a rifle company to Philadelphia. The celebrated Flying Camp was organized in July, 1776, and marched to New Jersey. To this command York County furnished two battalions; five battalions had been sent, two were accepted into the Flying Camp and the others returned home. It is said the reason why so many more were called for than were accepted, was that the authorities wanted to test the spirit of the people. The history of the Flying Camp briefly is as follows: June 3, 1776, Con- gress resolved that a Flying Camp be established in the middle colonies, to consist of 10,000 men, Pennsylvania to furnish 6,000 men and Maryland and Delaware the remainder. They were to enlist for six months. York County was required to furnish as its quota 400 men. The State convention resolved to add four additional battalions to the Flying Camp, York to thus furnish 515 men. The quotas were promptly filled and consisted of three brigades; James Ewing was brigadier-general of the first brigade, consisting of three battalions, the first of which was commanded by Col. Michael Swope. There were eight companies in the last named battalion. 34 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. First Company. — Michael SmyKw (Schmeiser), captain; Zachariah Shugart, first lieutenant; Andrew Robinson, second lieutenant; William Wayne, ensign. Second Company. — Gorhart Grroff, captain; Kauffman, lieutenant. Third Company. — Jacob Dritt, captain; Baymiller, first lieutenant; Clay- ton, second lieutenant; Jacob Meyer, ensign. Fourth Company. — Christian Stake, captain; Cornelius Sheriff, first lieu- tenant; Jacob Holzinger, second lieutenant; Jacob Barnitz, ensign. Fifth Company. — John McDonald, captain; William Scott, first lieutenant^ Robert Patton, second lieutenant; Howe, ensign. Sixth Company. — John Ewing, captain; John Paysley, ensign. Seventh Company. — William Nelson, captain; Todd, first lieutenant; Joseph Welsh, second lieutenant; Nesbit, ensign. Eighth Company. — Williams, captain. Nicholas Bittinger was captain in the second battalion. Col. Swope's battalion suffered as severely as any during the war. Capt. Gerhart Grseff's company was captured at the battle of Long Island; only eighteen men ever returned to the regiment. At Fort Washington, near New York, the soldiers fit-om this section suf- fered severely. Nearly the entire command of Col. Swope was either killed or taken prisoners. In the list of prisoners were Col. Swope, Maj. William Bailey, Surg. FuUerton, Capt. Michael Smyser (spelled then Schmeiser),Capt. David Dritt, Capt. Christian Stake, Capt. John McDonald, Lieut. Zachariah Shugart, Lieut. John Hotzinger, Lieut. Andrew Robinson, Lieut. Robert Patten, Lieut. Joseph Welsh, Ensign Jacob Barnitz, Ensign-Adjt. Howe and Ensign Jacob Meyer. Of Capt. Stake's company, in addition to the 'officers named, we have the names of Serj. Peter Haak, Serj. John Dicks, Serj. Henry Counselman, Corp. John Adlum, David Parker, James Dobbins, Hugh Dob- bins, Henry Miller (afterward removed to Virginia), John Strohman, Christian Strohman, James Berry, Joseph Bay, Henry Hof, Joseph Updegraffe, Daniel Miller, Henry Shultz and a mulatto. Bill Lukins. Capt. McCarter was shot through the breast, and died the fifth day after. Jacob Barnitz was wounded in both legs, and lay a prisoner for fifteen months. Years afterward one of his legs had to be amputated. Congress fled from Philadelphia and met at Lancaster, September 27, 1777, the day Philadelphia was taken by the enemy, but Lancaster was deemed unsafe, and, September 30, Congress assembled at York, where it continued nine months. The commander-in-chief's guard, organized by Gen. Washington in 1776, consisted of 180 men, and among these were John Dother, of Marsh Creek, and William Karnahan, of York. William McPherson was second lieutenant of Capt. Albright's company. McPherson was captured, August 27, 1776, at Long Island, and exchanged April 20, 1778. He died at Gettysburg, August 2, 1832, and was buried in Evergreen Cemetery. In the memoirs of Gen. Wilkinson is graphically described the gallantry of Col. Hand and Maj. Miller in checking the pursuit of the enemy in our army's memorable retreat across New Jersey. Capt. John McClelland was promoted from lieutenant in the First Pennsyl- vania October 1, 1779. His company left York, under Gen. Wayne, in 1781, for the Southern service. He retired from service January 1, 1783, and resided on Marsh Creek in 1791. August 18, 1781, Brig. -Gen. Irvine represented to the Council that "a number of spirited inhabitants, west of the Susquehanna, signified their inten- tion of equipping themselves to act as light horse and volunteers." A com- HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 35 pany was raised, half at Hanover and the rest at Marsh Creek. The officers were "William MoPherson, captain; Robert Morrison, lieutenant; James Get- tys, cornet. Capt. Joseph McClellan's journal of date May 26, 1781, says: "Marched from York at 9 A. M. , under command of Gen. Wayne, and encamped eleven miles on the road to Fredricktown (with 800 effective men). ' ' May 27, the general beat at daylight and the troops took up the line of march at sunrise, and halted near Peter Little' s Town, it being fourteen miles ; ' ' from there they continued their march through Taneytown, to the Monococy and ' ' passed through Fredricktown about eight, where was a number of British oflficers, prisoners, who took a view of us as we passed through the town. ' ' The Pennsylvania regiments, in January, 1781, were reduced to six, and re- enlisted. Robert McMordie (spelled in the list McMurdie), of Marsh Creek, became brigade-chaplain July, l779. He is fully mentioned elsewhere in the church history. Serg. John Knox was from this county, in the Sixth Pennsylvania, also Corp. James Lawson, of Berwick, and Felix Mcllhenny, James Hamilton, taken prisoners June 8, 1776; captured at same time was Edward Hickenbottom, of Cumberland Township. The following names are found in Capt. Joseph McClellan's journal, as men of his company ; James Allison, Phillip Breulls, John Davis, John Farmer, Nicholas Howe, Samuel Lecount, Valentine Miller, Daniel Netherhouse, James Sedgwick, Mathew Turney. There are other names, but they were citizens of York County. Mathew Farney (or Forney), of Marsh Creek, was in the Thirteenth Penn- sylvania. Capt. Moses McClean's first lieutenant was Barnet Eichelberger, who resigned, and John B die succeeded; JohnHoge, second lieutenant, and Robert Hopes, ensign. Lieut. Edie was taken prisoner June 8, 1776, and exchanged April 10, 1778. He afterward became Gen. Edie. Ensign Hopes was rapidly promoted. He was killed at the battle of Brandywine. Peter O'Neal enlisted from Cumberland Township. Joseph Russell en- tered the army at the age of nineteen years. Joseph Wilson same age. Lieut. Irvine received seventeen bayonet wounds. A night attack was made at Paoli by the enemy, the command of Capt. Moses McClean suffered ten-ibly. Of it Maj. Hay wrote: " The annals of the age cannot produce such a scene of butchery. All was confusion. The en- emy amongst us, and your regiment (the Seventh) the most exposed, as the enemy came on the left wing. The enemy rushed on with fixed bayonets, and made use of them as they intended. * * Our loss : Col. Grier, Capt. Wilson and Lieut. Irvine, and sixty-one non-commissioned officers and privates killed just half the men we had. * * I went to see the wounded. The scene was shocking. The poor men groaning under then- wounds, which were all by stabs of bayonets and cuts of light horsemen's swords." In the First Battalion, the Seventh Company, were captain, Francis Bonar; fitrst lieutenant, George Robinet; second, John Shroeder; ensign, William Beatty; 120 men. Eighth Company, Second Battalion, captain, Yost Har- baugh;' first lieutenant, Peter Sholtz; second lieutenant, Jacob Rudisil; en- sign, Micheal Ettinger; 56 men. First Company, Third Battalion, captain, Jacob Beaver; first lieutenant, Nicholas Baker; second, John Bare; ensign, George LeFevre. Fourth Company, captain, Chris Lauman; first lieutenant, Ephraim Pennington; second, John Fishel; ensign, Charles Barnitz. Fourth 36 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. Battalion, First Company, first lieutenant, William Hamilton; second, Joseph Pollock; ensign, Adam Heaver. Third Company, captain, William Gilliland; first lieutenant, Mathew Mitchell; second, William Helmery; ensign, Nicholas Glasgow. Fifth Company, captain, John McElvain; first lieutenant, John Eange; second, Francis Claysaddle; ensign, James Geary. Seventh Company, captain, Samuel Erwin; first lieutenant, William Haughtelin; second, Henry Forney; ensign, William Eeed. Eighth Company, captain, Thomas Stockton; first lieutenant, Jacob Cassat; second, Daniel Monteith; ensign, Andrew Pat- terson. Sixth Company, captain, William Miller; first lieutenant, James Por- ter; second, ; ensign, Barabas McSherry. Seventh Company, cap- tain, Thomas Orbison; first lieutenant, Robert Mcllhenny; second, Joseph Hunter; ensign, Robert Wilson. Sixth Battalion, Fourth Company, captain, Fred Hurtz; first lieutenant, Mathew Baugher. Eighth Company, captain, Abraham Sell; first lieutenant, Jacob Kitzmiller. Seventh Battalion, James Agnew, lieiitenant- colonel; John Weams, major. First Company, captain, Thomas Latta; first lieutenant, Robert Fletcher; second lieutenant, Samuel Cobean. Eighth Battalion, colonel, Henry Slagle; major, Joseph Lilly. Eighth Company, captain, Thomas McNery. On the army returns of 1778, the whole number of men in the YorkCoanty Militia was 4,621. Of the three brigades in the Flying Camp, the First Brigade was com- manded by Gen, James Ewing; it consisted x)f three battalions, Col. Swope commanding the first. The two battalions, formed out of the five York County battalions, they inarched to New Jersey, and endured the severest fate of war. Michael Smyser (Schmeiser) was captain of the First Company, with Zachariah Shugart, first lieutenant; Andrew Robinson, second; William Wayne, ensign. Gerhart GrsefP, captain of the Second Company; Kauffman, lieuten- ant; Jacob Dritt, captain of Third; Baymiller, first lieutenant; Clayton, second; Jacob Mayer, ensign. Nicholas Bittinger was captain in the Second Battalion. In 1775 York County was required to form five companies of minute men; the territory that is now Adams County, the companies of Cumberland, Hamiltonban, Strabane, Menallen, Mount Joy and Tyrone Townships to form the Second Battalion; and Heidelberg, Berwick, Mount Pleasant, Manheim and Germany, with other townships in what is now York County, to furnish the Third Battalion. CHAPTER IX. Erection of County— Date of its Creation— Boundary Line, Area and Population — James Gettys — Selection of County Seat — Taxes Levied —County Buildings. WHEN a question of greatest importance locally to the people of what was then this portion of York County came up, namely, the erection of a new county, then again to a slight extent became visible the race prejudice that had not wholly been eradicated by long companionship of misery that vis- ited all the people of this country during the Revolution. Toward the close of the eighteenth century, as early as 1790, it became evident that there must be a new county formed. A large and rapidly increasing population had already found prosperous and happy homes in this southwestern portion of HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 37 York County, and they were without mails, courts, or marts for traffic, ex- cept to go all the way to the town of York. The question was started for discussion, and while all could see the imperious necessity for a change in this respect, yet many did not desire to risk the plunge from the sphere of the known evils into the regions of the unknown. The movement to form a county origi- nated with the Scotch-Irish, who largely held possession of the northern por- tion of the territory out of which the new county was to be formed, and the southern part of this territory was in the possession t)f the Dutch, with a very light sprinkling of Germans and a very few Scotch-Irish. The Dutch did not desire to be stricken off into a new county with the Scotch-Irish ; they believed they would be outnumbered, outvoted, and in the end, from foretastes in elections in former times in York County, they were apparently justified in their apprehensions. The leaders of the Scotch-Irish were strong, active and aggressive men ; at least they were never noted for great diffidence in laying claims to their plain and just rights. The leaders of the Dutch were slow, solid and, upon even slight pretexts, stubborn as the granite hills about them. But these incongruities were eventually overcome by the commanding necessities of the time, and a new county was created, called in honor of the then President of the United States — Adams County. The act of the Legislature creating Adams County is of date January 22, 1800. And it goes without the saying that, with the division among the people, it was carried through the Legislature successfully by what in modern times has come to be called "log-rolling;" that is, by combinations among parties in the Legislature. In numerous other parts of the State where new counties were wanted, or other wants were pressing upon the constituents of members, all these parties would join and vote in turn for each other's measures. In this case, at least, "log-rolling" was a beneficent thing in the end for our people, and gave the great commonwealth one of her most prolific agricultural municipalities, almost literally a community of farmers with no great individ- ual fortunes, and almost without a trace of extreme poverty and suffering. For, after all, the farm is the great alma mater of all — the factory, the rail- roads, commerce and the comforts and joys of our best civilization coming from that one common source. The commissioners appointed to run the boundary line of the new county were Jacob Spangler, deputy surveyor of York County; Samuel Sloan, dep- uty surveyor of Adams County, and William Waugh, and they fixed upon the following boundary lines : ' ' Beginning at the line of Cumberland County where the road from Carlisle to Baltimore leads through Trent's Gap; then following said road to Binders; thence on a straight line to Conowago Creek, opposite the mouth of Abbott's Eun; thence along the line of Manheim and Berwick Townships westwardly, until it strikes the road leading from Oxford to Hanovertown; and from thence a due south course until it strikes the Mary- land line; thence along the Maryland line to the line of Franklin County thence along the line of Franklin and Cumberland Counties to the place of beginning." It contains 531 square miles in an area of twenty-four by twen- ty-seven miles. The total acreage is 339,183 acres, originally all timber land; in faiTus and other improvements, the timber area has been reduced to 50,000 acres. When the county was formed there was a population, as given by the United States census of that year, of 13,172, including, as the tax-books show, nine negro slaves. The owners of these slaves were James Gettys, two women; Widow MoPherson, one man; William McClellan, one man; Alexander Eussell, one woman; Eeynolds Eamsey, one woman; James Scott, a man and a woman; William McPherson, two men. The highest assessed value of any ;iS HISTORY OP ADAMS COUNTY. slave was $150. The assessor's books for 1801 show that this year there was added to the slave owners James Scott, "one negro man;" and the next year Alexander Cobean was assessed "one negro woman, $100," and Conrad Hoke ' ' negro woman fifty years old, ' ' no value given. Slaves were now freely introduced and in considerable numbers, and some of the quaintest documents in the spelling and structure of sentences that we remember to have come across, are the few original bills of sale of slaves that have been preserved among old papers and documents. The total number of ' ' taxables ' ' in Adams County in the year 1800 was 2, 563, and the next year the total number of negro slaves was ninety-four. In addition to the negro slaves (these people all then called their farms ' ' plantations "), there were the indentured or bonded white men — men who had given so many years, as agreed upon where the capitalist made both sides of the bargain, of their labor, for money or sustenance, generally claimed to have been furnished to convey the servant to this country. These servants, or they and their time, were matters of transfer as any other property. There are no records by which the number of this class of people here can now be ascer- tained. But when a newspaper commenced to be published in Gettysburg it was a frequent occurrence to see advertisements offering rewards from 1 cent to §10 for the recapture of these runaways. They would grow tired of their cruel bargain and " go West to grow up with the country " — not even tak- ing with them Greeley' s historical half-dollar or perfected Hoe printing press. The new county was about to be formed and its municipal machinery to be piit in operation. The contention over the subject was of the deepest interest. The preponderance of population was along the east side of the county, with the Scotch-Irish in possession of the north and the Dutch of the south. Here were distinct interests, each determined to do the very best they could in secur- ing an advantageous location of the county seat. It was a tempting morsel, and a field-day to sections of the county, contending communities, and even to nearly every individual who owned a tract of land, on which he had a shanty and a truck patch cleared, that did not he on the extreme borders of the county. Many of these excited owners of " plantations " no doubt saw his shanty and small clearing blown in a night into embryo county capitals, and could almost see the future great city, with its teeming population, factories, grand avenues, palatial residences,baronial castles, its towers and minarets gleaming in the early morning sun, and chink in his pockets the fabulous prices per front foot the incoming rush of humanity would thrust upon him . Like other elections or selections all could not realize their fond dreams. James Gettys, a man of brains, force of character and resources, had opened a farm, a very large farm for that time, where the borough of Gettys- burg now stands. The improvement included nearly all of the present town limits. He had built a small shanty near a spring — of which there were many in the locality — on the north side of the hill, some distance north of where the McClellan house now stands, or a little northeast of the triangle. And as soon as he had fairly got his farm opened the talk commenced about forming a new county, to include substantially the present county boundaries, and thi early suggestion, or perhaps even earlier than this, the natural location of the place and the settlements north and south and around it suggested to Gettys to lay out a town on his land. It cannot now be ascertained what was the true date of the commencement to build a town here. He put up a spacious two story log house, the first real residence built here, which, with the kitchen and out- buildings standing upon the elevation, made quite a show. This house stood a short distance north of where the "Globe Inn" now is — northeast of the triangle. ^' '.V HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 41 He opened this as a hotel. The house stood as he built it until a few years ago (1880) when it was burned; a remarkable fact being that it stood for a century, the first house put up, and was the first residence in the place consumed by fire. To return a little, by way of explanation, it is necessary here to say that in 1790 the subject of forming a new county progressed so far as to appoint three commissioners to select a county seat, and James Cunningham, Jonathan Hoge and James Johnston had been chosen commissioners to make the selection. They selected a tract belonging to Garret Van Orsdel, in Strabane Township, "between the two roads leading from Hunters and Gettystown to the brick house, including part of said road." Then in 1791 the subject was again put in mo tion, and Rev. Alexander Dobbin and David Moore were chosen to select the county seat location. The matter ran along with nothing further done until 1799, when Gettys, in order to be in apt time, deeded to Dobbin and Moore, for the use of the new county, 200 lots, with the quit rents, and also a lot for a " gaol " and a court house lot. James Gettys purchased the land now occupied by the borough in 1790, and it is probable, though no of&cial or other evidence as to dates are now to be found, he soon after conceived the idea of making the future county seat, and so announced to the world, and offered inducements for people to come here and settle. One of the conditions in his deed to the trustees was the ' ' enhanced value of the remainder of the property from the location of the town seat here. ' ' The ground rent upon each of the lots donated to the county was 78. 6d. The long document is signed by James and Mary Gettys. In the mieantime other parties were as busy as was Gettys in the effort to secure the future county town. The most formidable rival was Hunterstown. The strong champions of this place were Dickson, Brinkerhoff, Shriver and others. It was then very near the center of population of the county, while Gettystown was very near the geographical center. The latter was championed by such strong men as the McPhersons, McOleans, McSherrys, Horners, Cob- ean, Crawford, Dunwoody and many others of nearly equal force of character. The commissioners, Alexander Dobbin and David Moore, as early as re- quired by the act, had fixed upon Gettysburg, and on the 23d of February of that year they deeded the lots and property conveyed to them by Gettys to the county in the name of the three county commissions, Robert Mcllhermy, Jacob Grenamire and David Edie. In Gettys' deed he gives the name of the place as "Gettystown." On further examination of the act creating the county it seems that the friends of "Gettystown" managed this part of their work as shrewdly as they had that of forming the county. They had the Legislature fix the county seat at this place; and the tempting inducement to do this was a bond shown the members of the Legislature, signed by prominent men, offer- ing to pay a large sum toward erecting the county buildings. The act authorized the county commissioners to levy a tax of $3,000 for public buildings on the county, and it was agreed that the additional 17,000 for that purpose should be contributed by private subscriptions. The act re- cites the essence of the bond, which is signed by Henry Hoke, James Scott, William McClellan, George Kerr, William McPherson, Alexander Cobean, Alexander Irwin, Alexander Russell, Walter Smith, William Hamilton, John Myers, Emanuel Zeigler and Samuel Sloan, and was for the sum of 17,000, to be paid one-third in six months after the passage of the bill, and the two-thirds in equal annual payments thereafter. Then for the first time in this act of the Legislature it is called "Gettysburg." This strong and effective bond, effective in making this the county seat, was in the hand- 42 HISTOKY OF ADAMS COUNTY. writing of Alexander Russell. The venerable document is without date, and was long ago marked across its face "Cancelled." It had been paid accord- ing to its tenor. The people, moved by a generous public sentiment, and as many had pledged, no doubt, the signers of the $7,000 bond, started subscrip- tion papers. Five papers were circulated, and the following receipt explains fully the result of this movement: Received January 6, 1801, of Reynolds Ramsey, Henry Hoke, Alexander Russell, Alexander Cobean, Matliew Smith, Alexander Irwin, George Kerr and James Scett, five subscription papers, wherein a number of the inhabitants of Gettysburg and its vicinity had subscribed certain sums of money supposed to be eight thousand eight hundred and ninety-seven dollars and thirty-three cents, for the purpose of erecting publicly buildingg in a county proposed to be struck off the county of York. From whom I am directed to collect the sums set opposite the respective names of the aforesaid subscribers. [Signed] Robt. Hates. There is no doubt there was a mistake of a year in the date of this instru- ment. This is made plain by the sentence "in a county proposed to be struck off." Robert Hayes, then, was then commissioner to collect subscriptions and the county fund, and make the payments on the public buildings — court house and jail. Like all general subscription papers this was a hard work to perform, and all the time he was giving notices to "pay up" — threatening suits against delinquents, etc. , etc. The most of them paid by labor and materials furnished. William McClellan, Henry Hoke and William Hamilton were appointed by law commissioners to contract and superintend the erection of the county build, ings. February 29, 1804, the commissioners made a statement, in which they charge themselves with $3,000 received from the county, and $7,000 from Robert Hayes; total, $10,000. They are then credited with $9, 802. 70, money paid for labor and materials on the court house and jail. This would indicate the cost of these buildings. Walter Smith, Henry Hull and Michael Slagle were the commissioners of the county who, on January 28, 1804, certified to the correctness of this report. The largest single item in the list of payments is $3,913. 12 J, paid Alexander Cobean for building the jail. The court house was constructed after the one style of all such buildings of that day — of brick, with stone foundation, and square. The lower floor was the court room, a door in the north and south, the south door only being used, as the judge's bench was placed against the north door. The house stood in the center of the public square. On each side of the south door was a stairway leading to the galleries, the left stairway also leading to the three rooms on the up- per floor, grand and petit jurors' rooms. About one-third of the space in the main court room was given to juries, on the right and left of the judge, and the attorneys sat in front of the judge. Two great wood stoves heated the room. This was the court house room and accommodations that served well for over fifty years. The building, now the store of Weaver & Co. , on the northeast corner of the square, was occupied by the county officers, clerks, etc. When the business of the courts and county officers, and the needs of the inhabitants had long outgrown the accommodations of the old court house, the people began to importune the grand jury to put up a new and suitable build- ing. All the leading citizens saw the urgent necessity for this, and yet they dreaded the great expense. The Democrats had only fairly got in power in the county, and shrewd party leaders were nervous when they thought of a heavy tax upon the people for even the best of purposes. But the people pre- vailed, and in March, 1858, the new court house, as it now stands, was contracted HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 43 for, and in 1859 it was completed and ready for occupancy. The building is a credit to the county — ample in proportions, strong and solidly built from foun- dation stone to turret, commodious and well appointed in its court room and of- fices, with strong fire-proof vaults, and crowned with steeple containing bell and town clock. It is a perpetual testimony to the good judgment and integrity of the authorities under whose auspices it was built, especially when it is known that, in its 'completion, the whole cost was less than $20,000. There are many counties in the country that have paid from $40,000 to $120,000 for their court houses, that in every respecf were not superior to the Adams County Court House. A great improvement to the town was tearing down the old court house in the public square, and throwing these grounds open to the public use. The jail, after a fashion, held the few criminals committed to its keep- ing; that is, like all jails, held some, while others escaped. In 1832, "when the stars fell, " there was a murderer in the jail, and it is supposed this awful display of heavenly fixe -works frightened the poor fellow so that he broke out, went to the blacksmith shop, filed oil his shackles and fled to the woods, and, as he forgot to come back and give himself up to be hanged, it may be inferred he is still fleeing from the ' 'stars' ' that do not pursue. On the night of January 7, 1850, there was discovered a bright fire burning in the jail. The discovery was made by a young man of Gettysburg who had been out late interviewing his sweetheart, and he gave the alarm; but it was too late to save the building, and it burned to the ground. Two men. Toner and Musselman, who were de- mented to some extent, were confined in the building, and one had in some way started the fire, as it had commenced in his cell, and Musselman' s body was almost wholly consumed. Toner was suffocated. 'The jail, as it now stands, was built in 1851. The county hospital originally built in 1817-18. The building stands a few rods northeast of Gettysburg. 'Ihe new part was built in 1878, and this and the other building that had been previously constructed at different times, give ample accommodation and comfort to the county' s poor unfortunates. These are the county buildings. The economy and honesty exercised in their con- struction and management are well attested to by the assessor' s books calling upon the people to pay the bills. Then, in addition to these county buildings, the county is most abundantly supplied with stone and iron bridges and free turnpike roads. And to all this we can add no word of commendation to the two generations of men who have controlled and performed all these splendid and durable public improvements, than to call the attention of the reader to the light county tax — a little less on the average than three mills — that is lev- ied on the people. In these respects no county in the Union has been more fortunate. Literally, no stealing from the public has so far blurred the fair name of Adams County. 44 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. CHAPTER X. by aakon siieelt, a. m. Natural History of Adajis County— Geology — Mineralogy — The South Mountain — The "Barrens"— Destruction of Forests— Streams—Ele- vations—Scenery— Trees AND Shrubs— Fish— Birds. geologt. THE geology of Adams County is its physical history, and has for its object the investigation of the causes which have produced the phenomena ex- hibited both by its exterior and interior rock formations. This history is writ- ten in the layers and masses of mineral matter which constitute the crust of the earth comprised within the limits of the county, and becomes intelligible in the investigation of the successive changes to which this portion of the earth has been subjected. The first geological survey of any portion of the county under govern- mental direction was made in pursuance of an act of Legislature dated March 29, 1836, by the eminent geologist, Prof. Henry D. Eogers, with the aid of a corps of competent assistants. The field work of the first season was sufficient to determine with certainty the order of the rocks of middle and southern Pennsylvania, and to establish the fact that the South Mountain range belongs to the great Laui-entian sys- tem, the oldest known to geologists. It also established the fact that Adams County belongs to the mesozoic or medieval time of the earth' s history, com- prising a single age only — the reptilian, and that the strata or beds lying eastward of the South Mountain are sedimentary, that they occur in long narrow strips parallel with the mountains and coast-line, occupying synclinal valleys formed in the course of the folding of the Appalachians, and that the twisted and disturbed condition of the beds is due to this folding. The results of this survey to the State, as well as to the cause of geological science, were most important, and served to cori'ect several erroneous theories concerning the geology of this part of the State. It may with truth be as- serted that this survey gave birth to the science of American structural geology. The act of the Legislature ordering the second geological survey of Penn- sylvania was passed May 14, 1874. Prof. Persifer Frazer, Jr., of Philadelphia, was the geologist in charge of the York and Adams district, assisted by Prof. A. E. Lehman, of Lebanon, Penn. These' gentlemen promptly commenced work in their district, visiting mines and important exposures, tracing lines of outcrop, collecting specimens of rocks and minerals, and, after properly arranging and marking the same, forwarding them to headquarters at Harris- burg for examination and study, running lines and making measurements in every direction, gathering much valuable information concerning the geology and mineralogy of the district, and sending carefully prepared reports from time to time of their operations. These surveys by Prof. Frazer and his assistants have been very elaborately and faithfully made, at least so far as Adams County is concerned. There are few if any localities that have not been thoroughly examined and accurately HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 45 reported. Whilst it is to Prof. Rogers that we owe the discovery of the clue to the general law of the earth's structure prevailing in this section, it is to Prof. Frazer that we are indebted for the successful working out of the clue. Very full reports of the second geological survey have been published by the State, but the facts and data contained in them, being scattered through a large number of volumes, which seem to be running through the press indefin- itely, are for the most part so detached and fragmentary as to impair seriously their usefulness for practical purposes. It is to be hoped that the valuable infor- mation embraced in these voluminous reports may, without unnecessary delay, be so condensed, arranged and published as to make it of interest and use to the general reader. According to Prof . Frazer, "two-thirds of the county consists of mesozoic soft sandstone or shale, traversed by extensive trap-dykes. Its western town- ships rise upon the South Mountain azoic rocks, resembling the Huronian se- ries in Canada, very siliceous and porphyritic, carrying some copper ores as yet unproductive. The York Coimty limestone belt of the Codorus Valley spreads over Conowago, as also parts of Oxford and Union Townships, and is bordered on the southeast by the mica schist belt. The chlorite schist just enters the southeast corner of the county. Extensive outcrop fragments of quartzite indicate the presence of the Potsdam sandstone in Berwick Township along the continuation of the Pigeon Hills of York County, and several thou- sand feet of rocks assignable to the Potsdam make up the mountain ridges of Menallen and Franklin Townships north of the Chambersburg pike." The South Mountain forms, as has been stated, a broken range of the old- est protozoic or Laurentian formation. This consists chiefly of layers of met- amorphic or semi-crystalline sandrock called gneiss. The principal minerals of importance are iron and copper ore. The outcrops of these may be seen in the vicinity of Gettysburg. The soil is principally of three kinds, partaking of the character of the rock formations of the county. These are for the most part limestone, red shale, and trap or syenite, the disintegrating and wearing away of which has formed the soil, the abundant presence of iron giving the prevailing red color to it. The area of the county is 530 square miles. MINEEALOGV. Iron. — There is in the county a great outspread of gneissoid sandrock and mica slates containing beds of magnetic iron ore, each traceable for many miles. To determine whether or not these constitute a separate system requires further observation and study. Some of the ore beds have become decom- posed along their outcrops, affording extensive surface mines of brown hema- tite. The great ore beds of the South Mountain seem to be buried at consider- able depths beneath the surface. They will probably at some distant day, as the needs and demands of the country increase, become sources of wealth to the county. Iron ore of various kinds and qualities has for many years been sought and mined in different parts of the county. A few of these mining operations will be briefly described: About ten years ago an opening was made on the farm of Mr. George How- ell, near Belmont, some two miles northwest of Gettysburg, in the hope of finding iron ore, but only grayish shale and sandstone, with fragments of trap, were found. There is nothing at this time about the excavation to show the, presence of iron. In 1873 some good specimens of ore were found on the farm of Mr. George Cole, in Buchanan Valley, about a mile and a half from Newman's, on the Chambersburg pike. An opening was subsequently made and some ore of good quality taken out, but it has not been worked to any great extent. The 46 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. ore is a pure, crystalized, micaceous, specular variety occurring in white quartz and orthofelsite. The Peter Comfort mine, once extensively worked, is on Big Marsh Creek, in Franklin Township, about a mile east of Oashtown, and is one of the most imjiortant in the county. The first opening was made by the Wrightsville Iron Company in 1807, the company taking a twenty -five year lease at 30 cents roy- alty per ton. A number of extensive excavations have been made, but no work has been done for twelve years. The ore is a good quality of magnetic. The ore was hauled by teams to Gettysburg at 81.65 to $1.85 per ton. The works have long been neglected and are in bad condition. The Minter mine is on the farm of Adam Minter, a few hundred yards northwest of the Comfort mine, ore of good quality and in considerable quantity being found scattered over the fields in the vicinity. McCormick & Co. , of Harrisburg, opened a trial shaft here in 1874. The tests being satis- factory, the company opened a mine and introduced suitable machinery for operating it, including a fifteen horse-power engine for hoisting and pumping. The miners were paid 11.20 per day of ten working hours, the engineer receiv- ing §1.60 per day, and the boss $75 per month. The ore in this mine occurs in irregular beds, and the levels at which it was taken out were forty-seven feet from drifts and 132 feet on the slope. The mine was worked about a year, during which time about 2. 500 tons of ore were taken out and shipped to Harrisburg. being hauled by teams to Gettysburg. Iron has been found on several farms in the vicinity of Rhodes' Mill, in » Freedom Township, but thus far not in quantities to pay. In 1875 Martin, Barbenheim & Kappes, of Gettysburg, leased about ten acres of ground a few hundred yards east of the reservoir on Cemetery Hill, and commenced excavating for iron. They continued work for about a year, expending fully $500, without realizing any profit either for them- selves or the owner of the land. A considerable quantity of a kind of magnetic ore was taken out, but none of it was ever sold. Prof. Leslie says it may well be questioned whether the large percentage of magnetic ox- ide frequently found in those specular ores is not mainly, if not entirely, de- rived from the disintegration of the trap rocks common in the vicinity. Iron ore in large quantities was mined in the neighborhood of Idaville many years ago, but the supply has not been exhausted. If surface indications are to be relied on there are yet vast beds and veins of this metal awaiting development in this locality. Matthew & Duncan, who operated the Whitestown furnace about forty years ago, opened a number of these beds, taking immense quan- tities of ore from them. The largest of these openings is on the "Brough Farm," and covers about half an acre. The furnace in the vicinity, which years ago produced large quantities of iron, has long since been aban- doned. The buildings and works are rapidly falling into decay. Ore of good quality has been found on the ' 'Peter Dalhammer' ' property close by, a trial shaft revealing large quantities of it. The average daily yield of the Albert ore bank, about a mile southeast of Idaville, was ten tons. It was magnetic and of good quality. The iron made from this ore was of a puperior character, being used for boiler plate, as also for other purposes for which great strength was required. In 1864 magnetic ore of good quality was found on several farms near Center Mills, in Butler Township, but the beds being below the water level they could not be worked advantageously on account of the intrusion of water, the deposits of ore not being deemed sufficient to warrant the introduction of steam -{Jumping apparatus. Much ore of good quality has at various times been mined in the south- HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 47 eastern part of the county, in Conowago and Union Townships, along the Lit- tlestown and Hanover road. Extensive mines have at different times during the last fifteen or eighteen years been opened on the Enoch Lefeyre farm, as also on the Wills & McSherry farm, and operated with great profit. The works have been idle for several years, owing to depression in the iron trade. Considerable other exploiting for ores has been done in this same section of the county with but moderate success. On the farms of Hon. E. Myers, G. Kun- kle, G. Baer and Mr. Willet trial shafts have been sunk, developing only fer- ruginous chlorite slates, poor in iron. A good deal of iron was mined many years ago along the foot of the moun- tain in the neighborhood of Maria furnace, in Hamiltonban Township, a few miles west of Fairfield. This furnace was then owned and operated by Hon. Thaddeus Stevens and Col. James D. Paxton. Some of the ore used at this furnace was hauled in wagons from what is now the Minter farm near Cash- town, the ore found in the locality not being of suitable quality. Explorations for iron have been made at different times in various other localities throughout the county. Some of these must have been made many years ago if the size of the trees growing in and around the excavations thus made proves anything. Among the oldest and most extensive, as well as most interesting, of these ancient excavations are those in Franklin Township, on the road leading from Willow Spring Tavern to Bigham' s, and about two miles south of the Chambersburg pike, but why, when, or by whom made, no one seems to know with any degree of certainty. Copper. — Copper is widely distributed throughout the county, and much time and capital have been expended in efforts to find it in paying quantities, but thus far with little success. About the year 1850 a Mr. George Proctor opened what is known as the "Old Copper Mine" on the lot at present owned and occupied by Mr. John Hennig, on High Street, Gettysburg, but after working it for a year or less abandoned it temporarily. Afterwards organizing a company known as the "North American Mining Company," with the avowed object of operating the mine more vigorously, and after disposing of considerable of the stock of the concern, work was resumed in 1852 and pushed with vigor for about a year, eight men being employed in the mine. These were divided into two gangs, each gang of four working twelve hours consecutively. The main shaft was 105 feet in depth, with drifts ten and seventeen feet in length respectively. A small quantity of good ore was taken out, as were also some fine specimens of native copper, but the ore deposit being limited the enterprise failed. No ore from the mine was ever sold, the men losing a considerable portion of their wages. The mine is now a well, with an inexhaustible supply of good soft water. A young workman employed in the mine, Charles Heilecker, lost his life by falling to the bottom of the shaft in 1852. About the year 1845 a copper mine was opened at "Stone Jug," on the Gettysburg and Harrisburg road, seven miles from Gettysburg, and worked actively for several years, during which time large quantities of good ore were taken out and sold, Maj. Eobert Bell hauling the first load, three tons gross weight, to Baltimore in 1846. Work was discontinued soon after the latter date, the men being transferred to certain mines in the Lake Superior copper region under the management of the same company. At various times subse- quently, up to within a year, operations were resumed at this mine under dif- ferent auspices, to be as often discontinued, nearly all of the ventures proving disastrous to the stockholders. Copper mines have at different times been opened in various localities in the South Mountain, Hamiltonban Township, on the Russell farm, on the Mus- 48 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTy. selman tract, as also at a point some distance west of Fountain Dale, but in no case with pecuniary succesB. Some remarkably fine specimens of native copper have been found in the vicinity of the Musselman mine. Copper ore of considerable richness was a few years ago diBcovered near Bonneauville, but it was soon found that the vein was too thin to pay for working it. The lessons of the past seem to afford little encouragement to successful copper mining in the future in this county. Limestone. — A belt of limestone enters the county at its southeast corner, near the Pigeon Hills, and extends in a southerly direction to Littlestown, a distance of about seven miles, being overlapped in many places by red shale and sandstone. This limestone is of a bluish color, comparatively pure, and when burned yields a superior quality of quicklime for agricultural and building purposes. Vast quantities of this lime are annually manufactured, affording employment to large numbers of persons, and contributing materially to the resources of the county. In the upper portion of the red shale formation, near the base of the South Mountain, is a belt of calcareous conglomerate resembling the famous variegated Potomac marble, and presenting, when finely polished, a most beautiful appear- ance. This rock, when burned, produces an impure but strong kind of lime, more suitable as a fertilizer than for making mortar. There are also isolated outcrops of limestone in Huntington and Latimore Townships, near York Springs; in Franklin Township, near Hilltown and Cash- town, as also at a point about midway between Arendtsville and Mummasburg; in Hamiltonban Township, near Fairfield: at all of which places quarries have been worked for many years. Granite. — Among the crystalline rocks of economic value, such as constitute a large part of the geological formation of this county, granite, or syenite, as it may be more correctly called, is perhaps the most useful. Wolf's Hill, Culp's Hill, Big Round Top, Little Eound Top, and Houek' s Ridge, of which Devil' s Den forms a projecting spur, furnish a supply of this rock that is practically inex- haustible. This rock, however massive and unbroken it may appear, has a ten- dency to divide more easily in certain directions than in others, and is traversed by parallel seams, separating readily into blocks more or less symmetrical. It is a rock of great durability — hard and compact, and the finer varieties of it are susceptible of a good polish. It is easily split into blocks of any size by a very simple process. These blocks, thus quarried or split out, are conveyed to the granite yards, of which there are three in Gettysburg, where they are dressed and otherwise prepared for the manifold uses to which they may be put. Besides being used largely for building purposes, native granite is much used for monuments and tablets to mark positions on the battle-field. Mr. Solomon Powers, who died in Gettysburg in 1883, opened the first gran- ite quarry and dressed the first granite in this section some time during the year 1838. About his first work was to build one of the durable granite bridges on the ' ' Tapeworm' ' Railroad. Granite is found in other localities in the county besides those mentioned, but the bowlders are generally too small to be worked to advantage. Sand. — The disintegration and decomposition of the syenitic rocks in the vicinity of Gettysburg have produced immense deposits of an excellent quality of yellow sand much used for building purposes. This disintegration has been re- ferred for its cause to sulphurous acid vapors, supposed to be produced by decomposition of the pyritous ores which the rock often contains. The action of water and air may be sufficient to remove the potash of the feldspar, and thus cause the rock to disintegrate. ^t-i>r^GL^J^^ O HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 51 THE SOUTH MOUNTAIN. This mountain, which forms the western boundary of the county, separa- ting it from Franklin and Cumberland Counties, is a range beautiful in all its wonderful variety of outlines and magnificent scenery, as also in all its drear monotony and desolation. This mountain range, once covered with a rich and dense growth of forest trees, is now largely denuded of its primeval treasures of timber. This denudation of mountain forests is due, in a measure, to the wholesale and often wanton destruction of timber by the woodman's ax; but in a much larger measure this ' ' abomination of desolation ' ' is caused by the great fires that periodically sweep over the mountains, leaving hideous scars behind them, to mark the track of the devastating fiend. Sometimes one sees, for miles and miles, the ground covered with the charred and prostrate trunks of once lordly trees. Great lofty pines and oaks, whose stems are blackened from the roots upward as high as the fire has reached — huge, distorted and disfigured, stand gloomily above their moldering brethren, their black skeletons extending their dead and broken arms, in mute testimony of lost grace and * beauty. Nothing could be more desolate than these ' ' burnings, ' ' as they are called. They present an aspect of such utter, hopeless dreariness, and such complete and painful solitude, as one might imagine to exist only within the fro?en circle of the Arctic. The forest incendiary ought to be universally regarded as a common enemy, like the poisoner of a spring or well, recklessly destroying that which it is to the interest of all to preserve. THE ' 'barkens. ' ' It is a matter of pretty well authenticated tradition that when the eastern portion of the county, known as the "Barrens," was first settled by whites, about the year 1729, the ground was almost entirely destitute of large timber. Only dwarf trees and low underbrush could be seen for miles. This treeless condition of the country was caused, it is said, by the burning of the timber and undergrowth every few years, to facilitate the hunting operations of the Indians. In consequence this treeless waste received the name "Barrens," which name it has ever since retained. After white settlers occupied the soil these conflagrations ceased, the open country becoming in the course of time well timbered, magnificent forests of oak, hickory and chestnut standing where formerly there was only barrenness. The same is said to be true concerning a large scope of country lying north- ward of Gettysburg. It is claimed by the Gilliland family that when their ancestors first settled near Opossum Creek, that whole country was covered vrith luxuriant, wild low-tree growths. It is said that from the ridge on the Cobean farms north of Gettysburg, deer were frequently seen to jump over the low brush growing between the point of observation and Rock Creek. If the tra- dition is well founded most of the magnificent forests now to be seen in that region must have grown since. DESTRUCTION OF FOEESTS. The fact has been pretty well established that the destruction of forests and the clearing of land, which have been going on rapidly in the county dur- ing the last fifty years or more, have affected the rainfall and climate unfavor- ably. It is maintained that air and earth undergo considerable change when land is cleared of its timber: first, from the ground being exposed to the sun's rays, which cause the waters to evaporate more rapidly; second, by lessening the quantity and duration of snow; and third, by introducing warm winds through the openings made. That the size of most if not all the streams in the county 52 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. has greatly diminished within that length of time admits of no doubt. There are people now living who remember when the average volume of water in them was twice what it is now. There is also abundant evidence to be found along the water-courses to demonstrate the fact. Many springs, too, have per- ceptibly weakened within the memory of persons not very old, and some have disappeared altogether. To the patriotic the lesson is obvious. All efforts to stay the needless destruction of timber, and which have for their object the restoration, either by natural or artificial means, of the forest growth of lands thus denuded should receive due encouragement. The largest stream in the county is the Conowago, which has its source in the South Mountain, near the line dividing Adams from Franklin. It drains a large extent of country. Its principal tributaries are Opossum Creek, Plum Eun and Miley's Eun from the north; and Beaver Dam Eun, Swift Eun, Lit- tle Conowago, Pine Eun, Deep Eun and Beaver Creek from the south. The spring from which it takes its rise is near the southern end of Buchanan Valley, flowing just to the northeast, then to the southeast through the ' ' Narrows' ' west of Arendtsville; thence its general course is eastward until it reaches a point where Eeading, Mountpleasant and Hamilton Townships meet, and where it is joined by the Little Conowago, when it courses to the northeast, entering York County at East Berlin. Marsh Creek, the second stream in size and importance, rises near the base of Green Eidge, in Franklin Township, about two miles south of the Cham- bersburg pike. Its general course is southward to the Maryland line where, after being joined by North Branch, Mummas burg Eun, Stable's Eun, Little Marsh Creek, Willoughby's Eun, besides other smaller streams, it unites with Eock Creek and forms the Monocacy. North Branch, or Lost Creek, is a most interesting stream. It rises in the mountains some three miles northwest of Cashtown, and after flowing a short distance it disappears from view for more than a mile, during which distance its course can be easily traced by the gurg- ling and rushing of the water below the surface. Willoughby's Eun rises near Goldenville, in Butler Township, and is interesting becaiise of its historic asso- ciations in connection with the battle of Gettysburg. Eock Creek rises in the vicinity of Hunterstown and, after pursuing a tortuous course and receiving many tributaries, unites with Marsh Creek at the Maryland line. It also played an important part in the great battle. Middle Creek rises along the eastern slopes of Green Eidge, in Hamiltonban Township, about two miles east of Caledonia Springs. It flows southeast, passes near Fairfield, after which it courses to the south. One of its principal affluents is Muddy Eun, which also has its source in the South Mountain eastward of the headwaters of Middle Creek. White Eun rises in the neighborhood of Bonneauville, and after being joined by Plum Eun, unites with Eock Creek about a mile south of the Balti- more pike, in Mountjoy Township. Little' s Eun has its beginning in the fields and woods east of Bonneauville, and finds its way into Eock Creek near Black's lower grave-yard. The Bermudian rises in Cumberland County, near the boundary line, and flows through Tyrone, Huntington and Latimore Town- ships into York County near Bragtown. Latimore Creek also rises in Ciimber- land County, flowing in a southerly direction, and finds its way into the Ber- mudian near Bragtown. Opossum Creek rises near the northern boundary of the county in Menal- len Township, and empties into the Conowago in Butler Township. Little Conowago rises in the ' 'Barrens, ' ' about five miles east of Littlestown, pursu- ing a winding course, and flowing into the Big Conowago a couple of miles HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 53 ■west of New Oxford. Little Marsh Creek rises near the foot of Green Eidge, in Hamiltonban Township, about three miles east of Caledonia Springs, flows in a southeasterly direction, emptying into Big Marsh Creek near Hammer's factory, in the northeastern part of Highland Township. Miley' s Eun rises in Eeading Township, flows south a few miles, and empties into the Conowago west of East Berlin. Swift Eun rises in Mountpleasant, and in its course re- ceives Brush Eun, flowing into Big Conowago. Deep Eun rises in Berwick Township and also finds its way into the Conowago. Beaver Creek takes its rise in the Pigeon Hills, -flowing northward, and discharging its waters into Big Conowago near East Berlin. AUoway' s Creek rises in Germany Township and flows in a southwesterly direction into Maryland. Tom's Creek has its source in the mountains in the southwestern corner of Hamiltonban Township, and crosses the State line into Maryland about two miles west of Emmittsburg, receiving Miney Creek as an alHuent near Grayson's, in Liberty Township. The Antietam, a large stream in Maryland, along the banks of which a great battle was fought between McClellan and Lee in 1862, takes its rise at "Caledonia Springs," two iine springs of very cool, fresh water, in the western part of Hamiltonban Township. ELEVATIONS. For the following data we are indebted to the gentlemen of the s'econd geological survey, as embraced in their report. The figures are taken from a map prepared by Prof. A. E. Lehman, assistant geologist, and show the eleva- tions in feet above the sea level: Cashtown, 800; Eock Top, 1,210; highest point on Chambersburg pike, east of Newman's, 1,440; Newman's, 1,355; GraefPenburg, 1,020; Widow Brough's, 845; Hilltovm, 780; Francis Cole's, 890; Arendt's Mill, 780; James Bigham's, on Caledonia Springs road, 1,320; Caledonia Springs, 1,450; high- est point on Caledonia Springs road, three-fourths of a mUe east of Springs, 1,770; highest point on Green Eidge, two miles south of Chambersburg pike, 2,000; highest point on Gettysburg and Shippensburg road, near county line, 2,100; highest point on South Mountain, near Caledonia Springs, 2,110. Center Square, in Gettysburg, is 535 feet above the level of the sea. Adams County has much to boast in the matter of beautiful scenery. No natural panorama in the world surpasses that which the spectator beholds when, standing on the crest of Cemetery Hill, he looks down upon the broad expanse of field, meadow and woodland, dotted with farm-houses and barns, the deep red of the newly turned-up soil in strong contrast with the verdure of growing crops and magnificent groves, and the whole landscape bounded by the outside mountain wall as far as the eye can reach. Scarcely less picturesque and grand is the view to be had from the summit of a lofty mountain about a mile east of Caledonia Springs, in Hamiltonban Township. The prospect which here spreads out before the eye in every di- rection is truly sublime. From several elevated points in the Pigeon Hills •extensive and beautiful views may also be had. TBEES AND SHEDBS. The forests of the county are noted for the variety, beauty and value of their trees. Among the most common may be mentioned the oak, hickory, chestnut, walnut, elm, gum, birch, beech, pine, sycamore, poplar, hemlock, tulip, cedar, maple, dog-wood, iron-wood and many others. Some of these trees bear conspicuous flowers. One of the finest of these is the tulip-tree, r)4 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. belonging;; to the magnolia family. It grows ordinarily to the height of eighty feet, with a perfectly straight and round trunk, often three feet in diameter at its base, gracefully tapering to tlio top. Its heaves are dark green in color and smooth to the touch, and look as though the tips had been cut off with a sharp knife. It blossoms in May and June, and bears many brilliant flowers, green- ish-yellow without and orange within. The flowers are similar in shape to that of the garden tulip. Another flowering tree is the dog-wood. It grows to the height of ten or twelve feet, and is attractive only when in bloom. Its large, beautiful white flowers with dark veins give the tree a very fine appearance. Still another beautiful flowering tree sometimes met with in the woods is the red-bud, or Judas-tree, so called because of an old tradition to the effect that Judas, the betrayer of the Saviour, hung himself on one of these. There are also a number of flowering shrubs to be met with in the woods, especially in the mountains. Among the most beautiful of these is the laurel. This shrub grows to the height of from two to twelve feet, and when in bloom, in May and June, presents a singularly attractive appearance. The rhododen- dron is also a flowering shrub, a little taller and stems more crooked than the laurel, though bearing a close resemblance to it. It flowers in July and Au- gust, and when in full bloom is very pretty. FISH. The number of varieties of fish found in the streams is not large. Among the most important may be mentioned black bass, German carp, fall-fish, mul- let, pike, black or spotted sucker, white sucker, cat-fish, eel, sun-fish, brook trout, chub, horn-fish, minnow and stone-roller. Black bass, brook trout, lake trout and California salmon were introduced into Conowago and Marsh Creeks some eight or ten years ago under State auspices, but with the exception of black bass the experiment was not successful. Lake trout and California sal- mon seem to have disappeared entirely. Not a single specimen of either is known to have been caught at any time. Brook trout are yet occasionally to be found in. som.e of the mountain streams. Black bass have increased very rapidly in numbers, and now the two streams into which they were introduced are well stocked with them. Fine specimens weighing from three to five pounds are frequently taken with hook and line, the only mode of fishing allowable under existing laws. The number of fish is steadily decreasing notvyithstand- ing the legislation designed for their protection. This is owing probably to the gradual drying up of the streams, to the high temperature of the water during the heats of summer caused by the disappearance of shade along the banks, and the scarcity of shelter. A private fish pond owned by Mr. Joseph Wolf, of Abbottstown, was a few years ago stocked with German cferp, and the enterprise promises to be successful. Mr. William Wible, of Cumberland Township, also has a private fish pond containing some fine specimens of Ger- man carp. BIRDS. The birds of the county are not very numerous. The following is a list: Wild Turkey.— Black Eagle, Gray Eagle, Bald Eagle.— Hawks (6 varieties), Great Northern Shrike, Tur- key Buzzard, Turkey Crow. — Owls (6 varieties, including Snow Owl). — Pheasant, Partridge, Woodcock, English Snipe, Upland Plover, Golden Plover Bull Plover, Rail (2 varieties), Reed Bird, Wild Pigeon, Turtle Dove.— Large Blue Crane, Heron, Willet, Yellow Shanks, American Bittern, Sand Piper, King Fisher. — Wild Goose. — Red Head Duck, Mallard Duck, Blue Winer Teal, Spoonbill, Sprig Tail, Wood Duck, Summer Duck, Loon (2 varieties). — Wren, Chippen, Tom Tit, English Sparrow, Indigo, Pee Weet, Martin, Bee Martin, Blue Bird, Chimney Swallow, Bam Swallow, Bank Swallow, Cow or Redwinged Black, Crow Black Bird, Bell Bird, Rain Bird. — Mocking Bird, Cat Bird, Thrush. Robin, Meadow Lark, Goldfinch, Golden Robin or Baltimore Oriole, Bull-finch, Cardinal or Gros Beak, Yellow or Salad Bird. — Whippoorwill, Bull Bat, Common Bat. — Woodchuck, Wood Pecker, Yellow Hammer or Flicker, Sap Sucker (3 varieties). HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 55 CHAPTER XI. Roads— Turnpikes— Railroads— Baltimore & Hanover Railroad- Gettys- burg & Harrisburg Road— The Old "Tape Worm" Line. FOR many years there were no roads for transportation or travel, except a species of paths and ways through the forests and across the unbridged streams used for the trains of pack-horses, on which all transportation to Balti- more and other markets was then carried on. There were men who had their regular train of horses, each horse carrying about 250 pounds weight; the head horse was belled, and one man riding in front and one in the rear controlled the caravan. These early freighters violently opposed the building of roads, as it would destroy their business. The first road opened in Adams County was in 1742, when two petitions were sent up by the citizens of Marsh Creek settlement (Gettysburg) and vicinity. William Euddock, Richard Proctor, John Sharp,- Benjamin Cham- bers and James Ruddock were appointed to view and lay out a road from the settlement to York and Lancaster. It was opened and corresponded very- nearly to the route of the Gettysburg & York Pike. It was yet to be more than half a century before there would be any mails carried to this portion of the country. In 1683 the colonial governors began to establish post routes in this State, Penn paying employes a commission there- for. Letters to this part of the world, however, were carried by travelers and chance traders. But a more complete account of these matters will be found in the chapter on "postoffices." Turnpikes. — The Gettysburg & Petersburg Turnpike road was chartered March 7, 1807. An organization was effected, with Alexander Cobean, president.' The managers were Alexander Russell, Walter Smith, Peter Saunders, Thomas Sweeny, Philip Bishop, Andrew Shriver; treasurer, Alex Dobbin. In Sep- tember, 1808, notice for bids to construct the road were published. The Gettysburg & Black's Tavern Turnpike was chartered and organized, in 1811. The first commissioners were John Edie, William Hamilton, Will- iam McPherson, Samuel Sloan, Mathew Longwell, James Black. The meet- ing to elect officers was held in Gettysburg May 28, 1811. In June, 1809, Ralph Lashells started a hack line from Gettysburg to York Sulphur Springs, leaving Gettysburg Monday and returning Wednesday. The turnpike from Galluchas' saw-mUl in this county to Chambersburg was chartered in 1809, and the company was organized in May following. The Gettysburg & York Pike road was organized 1804. At first it was the York & Susquehanna road, and in 1811 the provisions of the act were extended to the York & Gettysburg road. Jacob Cassat, Jacob Hahn and Jacob Metzger were the commissioners to report concerning the building of it. The road was only completed December 15, 1819. May 2, 1818, an election of the first officers was held in Abottstown; president, Alexander Cobean; treasurer, George Upp; secretary, Alexander Russell; managers, William McPherson, George Hassler, John Hersh, Fredrick Baugher, Jacob Smyser (tanner), Jacob Smyser (farmer), Thomas Eichelberger, Henry Wolf, 50 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. Henry King, Peter Butt, George Dashiells and John Murphy. Jacob Spangler mado the survey. There wore two toll-gates in York and two in Adams County. Railroads. — The first survey of the Hanover & Littlestown Eailroad was mad& by Civil Engineer J. S. Gitt, in November, 1855. A charter was soon after re- ceived. On the 4th of July, 1857, the work of construction was begun at Littles- town. A speech was made by William McSherry, the president of the rail- road, and two bands discoursed tine music. After a bounteous repast in a grove, near by, other speeches were made and the work started. The completion of the road was celebrated just one year from the time of beginning. It joined the Hanover Branch at Hanover, and the first trains were run on July 1, 1858. This road was operated for a number of years after its completion by the Hanover Branch Railroad until its lease by the Pennsylvania Eailroad. It now forms a part of the Frederick Division of that railroad. Baltimore & Hanover Railroad. — The company, which controls and oper- ates this road was organized in the year 1877. It connects the Western Mary- land Railroad at Emory Grove with the Bachman Valley Railroad near Black Rock Station, in York County, and these constitute, with the Hanover Junc- tion, Hanover & Gettysburg Railroad, a continuous line from Baltimore to- Gettysburg. These lines of roads pass through a well cultivated, rich and productive agricultural country. After leaving Emory Grove on the line of the Western Maryland Eailroad, seventeen miles from Baltimore, the road grad- ually ascends, running parallel . with and in close proximity to the Hanover & Baltimore Tiurnpike. One great point gained to the southwestern end of York County by the building of the Baltimore & Hanover and the Bachman Valley Railroads, was that they opened up a section of country in which the soil is susceptible of being highly improved by the application of fertilizers, especially lime and phosphates. The facilities thus offered for their introduction at a moderate cost were promptly availed of by the industrious and enterprising farmers, the results of which are now shown in crops which compare favorably with those raised in limestone land. A short line taps this road at Red Hill, running north by east through Abbottstown and terminating at East Berlin. Gettysburg & Harrisburg Road. — This now elegant railroad from Gettys- burg to Harrisburg was completed in April, 1884. It had been built some years previously to the southern part of Cumberland County, and was originally intended to run only to the Pine Grove Mines, but the growing importance and the needs of Adams County soon made it a necessity to extend it to this place. The opening was duly celebrated July 4, 1884, by an ox-roast and picnic at Round Top Park, under the auspices of Col. John H. McClellan, who contrib- uted the fatted ox, and provided for the multitude. Dr. Kiefer was the orator of the day. The Old "Tape Worm" Line was commenced to be built in 1835, under the State auspices. The era of internal improvements then ran all over our coun- try, and nearly bankrupted many States. It was originally intended as a road to start at Gettysburg, and bearing southwest to somewhere strike the Baltimore & Ohio Road. Thaddeus Stevens stood as godfather a long time to this enter- prise, as it was to run to his furnaces in Franklin County. The State made appropriations and work commenced all along the line in this county and beyond. Cuts were made and embankments thrown up. The State stopped appropriations, and practically to this day the work on the road stopped. Two years ago it passed into the hands of the Hanover road, and they have now com- pleted it to eight miles west from Gettysburg, and will soon extend it on an inter- section of the western Maryland Railroad. This will add greatly to the ship- ping facilities of Adams County. HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 57 CHAPTER XII. Ctjstoms and Manners — Distinct Streams of Immigrants— Industry and Eeligion— Getting a Start— Their Commeroe—Receptions— Improve- ments. ALKEADY we have traced settlements in this county as far back as 1734. It was the merest chance that threw in our way the authentic records of this date and who it was that came that year. Possibly there may have been set- tlers here before thatj a short time, but there is not in the world, so far as we can learn, a trace of evidence of this fact, and now there is no tradition. This much is history. There came here four separate and distinct streams of immigrants, and each one pushed its separate way into the wilderness about the same time. They were as distinct upon their first coming as it was possible for communities well to be. The Irish, the Dutch, the Germans and the English, are the three broad divisions that mark these separate people. The Dutch and Irish were Calvinists in religion, and this was largely the only bond of affinity between them. The Quakers were the English, and such odds and ends of nationalities as existed here at the first. Then there were the Cath- olics, coming up from Maryland. Although the Penns were Quakers, yet they seem to have been wholly impartial in the bestowal of lands and rights upon people of any and all faiths and creeds. They had been just and liberal to the Indians, and they seem to have carried out this broad catholic spirit toward all mankind that sought the shelter of their protecting wings. Considering the religious spirit of the age, the universal intolerance and bigotry that prevailed, we cannot too much admire the generous greatness of the action of these pro- prietaries of the province. They must have acted without precedent in the face of settled conclusions by the world' s rulers at that time, and yet their con- duct is a model that may still be closely followed, and it is a pity that the bloom and glory of the present great century, that is so rapidly closing, have not yet reached, to our common humanity's misfortune, the high level of liberality that here marked an age that we have taught ourselves to regard as only half emerging, in many respects, from the dark and gloomy days of semi-barbarism. There was apparently no connecting link in the coming here of these sep- arate streams. Each had been moved by its own volition, and pursued in par- allel routes what then must have been a dark and devious way. The Quakers came sparingly only into what is now the northeast part of the county. The Irish and Dutch, and that scattering class that made up the remainder of the first settlers, had behind them a stronger propelling power, and they soon over- ran the county. As early as 1749, while this was still a part of Lancaster County, we find people in all portions of what is now Adams County. To indicate beyond all doubt the nationality in each part of the county, we give the following names of representative men. These are the names of men who were known to the authorities at Lancaster. We gather this official information from the archives at the capital. They were appointed, upon the formation of York County, as the overseers of the poor, as follows: Tyrone, Eobert MoHvain and Finley McGrew; Strabane, David Turner and James Stevenson; Menallen, John Gilli- 58 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. land and John Lawrence; Cumberland, John McFarren and David Porter; Hamiltonban, James Agnew and William Waugh; Mountjoy, James Hunter and William Gibson; Germany, Jacob Koontz and Peter Little; Mountpleasant, William Black and Alexander McCarter ; Heidelberg, Peter Schultz and Andrew Shriver (Schreiber) ; Berwick, Casper Weiser and George Baker. The records show that these townships were formed as early as 1750, and at that time the York County authorities made these appointments. They were, all classes, a distinct and marked race of men. They nearly all were fugitives from religious persecution in the Old World. They had been hunted across the face of the earth with a relentless ferocity. Their progeni- tors were, in nearly every instance, a race of men that was ever ready for martyrdom for conscience sake, and the warring elements in which they had been born and nurtui-ed had fully developed their natures into the fiercest elements of heart and brain. For the slightest shade of a religious opinion they were ever ready to defy the powers of man, and, if necessary, without a cringe offer up their lives, go to the rack, the dungeon, the pillory, the stake or the block. Mostly, the immigrants who came here were of such a race as we have described. Then when we reflect that the children born of such a parentage had met in their native homes such an agony of cruelties, such shocking and destructive persecutions, it is to us almost inconceivable how prolonged and cruel it must have been to drive them to this new, strange world. Thus equipped for the great work before them, here they came. They came seeking peace and quiet, freedom of person, and, most important of all, freedom to worship God ex- actly as they pleased. As a rule they were very poor in purse, and, among the Dutch and Germans especially, many of them, who had started with enough to bring them in comfort to our shores, had been cruelly robbed by dishonest agents and assumed friends. Often to such extent was this the case that upon landing upon our shores the poor creatures found themselves in the clutches of cormorants, and had to indenture themselves, and become almost literally slaves to work out the outrageous claims made upon them. This must have been quite common, as we judge from the great numbers of indentured servants that may yet be found traces of in the early records. We are aware that it is true that some of these had agreed to thus dispose of themselves before they had left the Old World to come to the New, as this was the only possible resource left them whereby they could reach this promised haven. Hence, while at the first coming all were poor, yet we find some who were, just as we find people in these days of so-called plenty, incomparably poorer than their neighbors. They not only had nothing literally, but there was a mortgage on their labor for about all that part of their working lives that could be made to yield any- thing. Circumstances drove those speaking a foreign language into closer colonies than necessarily it did the English speaking people. The Dutch especially were driven closely within themselves. In a neighborhood there would be a very few that could speak a few words of broken English, and this was all. These immigrants landed on our shores, and with hardly a halt began to push their way to where they could find imoccupied lands. This was their first subject of consideration, and here they stopped as soon as they found it. Li the intensity of their new found joys of freedom and land — land that they could hope to own, and thus fill the once Utopian dream of their lives of being real land owners — it is hoped they forgot the repelling features, the dangers and gloom that otherwise would have settled upon them at the end of their long journeys, and the first realizations of their arrival in the wilderness. Industry and Religion, — These were the strong marks of all the early settlers. -?c«ii HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 61 without regard to race. They woiild land, sometimes, one wagon to several families, and, in some instances, there was wagon room enough to sleep the women and children, and where this was the case, the arrangement was regarded as very comfortable indeed. When there was no wagon a brush tent was made, and here the entire family housed until the first rude cabin could be put up. The clapboard cabin once up and the elated family moved in, then, floorlesp and doorless as it was, there was real, solid family rejoicing. It was the first feel- Lag of triumphant victory over their long days of doubt and sore trial. In- deed, it was much more — it was home. It was their world, conquered and won by their own strong arms and brave hearts, and in this struggle father, mother and all the children had partaken. The father was the commanding captain, but he commanded as loyal a squad as was ever mustered upon this earth. Bless these honest, brave, simple folk! They gave a new meaning, almost a new name, to that sweetest of words in our language — Home. The descendants of these brave old pioneers who are so fortunate as to pos- sess, to this day, one of these spots where the smoke of the first cabin of their ancestors rose upon the unvexed air, may well regard it as hallowed ground. Once housed, the work of their simple lives commenced. Here every tod- dler even contributed all he could. The men felled the trees, the women and children gathered and burned the brush, and to this general outdoor work there was but slight variation in the way of time used by the women in cook- ing. If they had a little black bread and cold meat, their dinner was sumptu- ous indeed. They attacked their simple fare with enormous appetites. Their outdoor lives gave them health and a vigorous digestion. In the midst of this work-a-day life there was no time when their family worship was neglected. Their Bible and prayer-book were the sum of their books to read. The old board-bound Bibles were thumbed and dog-eared by horny hands, and the religious precepts were often slowly spelled out, and the most carping critic, had he witnessed the honest sincerity, would have forgot- ten at once the fearful mispronunciations that must have passed from sire to sou as distinguishing family marks. Without ever stopping to rest a moment, as soon as there were half a dozen families that could call each other neighbors, they commenced the effort of a church and schoolhouse. In those days these were always one. When the first passing preacher would visit them and hold service, it constituted a great event, a gala day. They called him blest, and lifted up their hearts in joy. In their cheerless log meeting-houses the sermon could not be long enough for these long-fasting people. It could not be too dry and dogmatical. They wanted this and the severest morals that could be proclaimed from the pulpit. To them the Bible was the literal word of God and without the figure of speech in it. They believed with all their heart and soul, and believed literally, and then at their hard, daily toil they treasured up the long sermon and its divisions, and when people conversed it was about what the dear preacher, that God had sent them, had said on this point of doctrine and on that. The sum total of their ambition was to be good citizens and live in the hope of heaven. The parental authority was unbending, and in the few simple arrangements of their lives it was nearly supreme. This was but another manifestation of their full to overflowing religious sentiments. And when they read in their Bibles: "Children, be obedient to your parents, " they became the old patri- archs, and thus the command was not only a filial duty, but it was a stern religious obligation. They were without other diversions and amusements except their unremit- 4A 62 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. ting labors in the field, or their rare opportunities for attendance upon church worship. They were wholly satisfied, it seems, with these. By the second season the increase of house room would be noticed. Out-buildings would be put up, the little stock they possessed housed, and nearly as well housed as the family. A porch, or rather a wide covered shed, would appear in front of the cabin for purposes of storage, and in good weather here the family met, worked, conversed, and passed much of their time, as well as received their neighbors' visits, now growing to be an important feature in their routine lives. At long intervals some one in the colony would perhaps get a letter from the old home, and upon its most trifling words the people would listen open- mouthed, with bated breaths. This thrift continued, and soon a more pretentious log house was reared adjoining the first small cabin. This in rare cases had two rooms, and, whether one or two rooms, there would be a spacious "loft." A ladder reached this upper story — generally the boudoir of the big girls — the store- house of richest treasures. Here would be long strings of peppers, dried pumpkins, apples, bunches of sage, precious strings of garlic decocrating the walls, and hanging in festoons from the rafters, flanked by dresses, dimity, and home made furbelows, such only as could be appreciated or understood by those daughters of the pioneers — the good and sainted great-grandmothers of this generation. Many and many a comfortable mansion of those days had not so much iron in all its structure as a naU. Then the saying: "My latch- string is always open to yoa," was full of meaning, and a welcoming invitation to come, pull the latch-string, open the door, and, without ceremony, walk in. The agriculture of the farmers was of the most primitive character, their implements being few and of the clumsiest construction. One small, inferior pony was a whole family pride, when once possessed. A yoke of oxen, some- times a cow yoked with an ox, or a yoke of cows, a wooden plow lined at the base with a strip of iron, a home-made wagon — the melodious old truck — with its solid wheels cut from a large tree, made round, and a hole in the center for the axle-tree, and greased with soft soap, and when this began to wear out its call for more would ring over the hUls and far away like the dying yells of a fabled monster — all these were wealth to them. The people of to-day cannot appreciate the amount of misdirected efPort there was among these people — labor thrown away, because they had to exper- iment and learn all only by experiment. They understood slowly the necessi- ties and qualities of the new world in which they were, and we can gain only a faint idea of this by reflecting that, to this day, men are experimenting and still improving in planting, both as to the kind of seed to plant and the best mode of putting it in the ground. The very first consideration always with a settler in a new country is water. And in this respect it is not hazarding much in saying that, for domestic pur- poses, Adams County is the best watered spot on the globe. Certainly there can be none superior to it. Springs bubble up their sparkling waters everywhere; the silvery, cool, sweet mountain streams ripple; the clear valley brooks winding their way in the deep shade and the bright sunshine are upon every side, all of clear, pure granite water, with no trace of the limestone; and by drilling through the upper granite, as is found in the Gettysburg water-works, great and inexhaustible lakes of the same pure, cold, sweet water are to hand. Hence, everywhere in the county is inexhaustable water, and under the test of the microscope there is found less of animal matter in it than in any other known water. To these springs and clear streams the women went to do the family wash- HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 63 ing, where the clothes were paddled clean with a heavy paddle'made for the purpose, after the method of their ancestors from time immemorial. Every- where the spining-wheel was in use, and the females always greatly prided themselves on the dexterous handling of this stay of the family. It was the only musical instrument these good dames ever had, — the peculiar whirr and hum of the wheel, rising and falling, dying away to the faintest sounds only to com- mence again and again; and there was no child of that day in its hollow log cradle but remembered all his life this eternal lullaby — a sweet, sweet song now lost forever. Then followed the bang, bang of the busy loom, where warp and woof were beaten together, where the clothing was made for all the family, the bed clothing, too, the articles of general use about the house, the ornamental hangings as well — linsey-wolsey and linen and tow. The white goods were then bleached until they vied with the driven snow in whiteness, and the greatest pride of the good housewife was here found in the perfection of the goods that came from her deft hands. The writer has been shown a piece of ootton-linen, made by the grandmother and great aunt of the proud possessor. The seed of the cotton and flax were planted, grown and pulled by them, and every process to the perfected cloth was by their hands alone, and no more perfect piece of cloth ever came from the loom. What a rich inheritance this piece of goods is ? What a history it possesses to even the veriest stranger. A mere look at it and one can almost revivify the nimble fingers, and feel the warm life breath again that wrought here so deftly, so long, so long ago. A hundred years have sped away since last they looked upon it, and its associations rewarmed their hearts ; yet this long chasm of time is bridged, the moldered hands again are warm and nimble, the beam of wistful eyes, the holy smile of love shines down through these long, long corridors of time. Thus by such simple trifles we live on and on, and forever renew those lives that did not live in vain. The earliest pioneers in the deep, wild woods were a silent and gloomy race of men. Their lives were too earnest to be frivolous. They prayed more than they laughed. Their thoughts and conversations were divided between bread in this world and heaven in the next. What men now call sport, and is a great recreation to some, was to these pioneers but a portion of their serious, silent labors. They pursued the chase and had to capture their meat or go to bed supperless. From the game they supplied their tables until such times as they could begin to raise their own pork. A wedding then , as ifc always has been, was a great event, but both court- ing and wedding must have partaken somewhat of the general serious business habits of the people. A young man courted a neighbor's daughter a little af- ter the style of a business trip to buy of him a calf. He would hardly have the te- merity to venture up to her at church and ask to be her company home. This would have shocked the old folks of all the congregation. It woidd have been a case of dano-erous rashness. It was hardly the proper thing to go visiting on Sun- day, and during the week he would have been missed from his regular work. And thus many a poor fellow must have worked and pined in painful silence. But love conquers all things, and in the end he would put on all the grim courage he could command and go, week day or Sunday, just as it happened when he reached the acting climax. The lovers had never spoken the soft words of first love together, but they had looked the language of the heart, and when in clean bibber he unexpectedly presented himself, even if there were half a dozen girls there, the particular one he wanted to see somehow managed to understand she was wanted, although the blushing swain would be unable probably to call for any one. After making herself " smart," in the greatest of flurries, putting on a clean 64 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. gown perhaps, she would appear, and, upon the first sight of her, John would commence mumbling his errand. Perhaps in the bluntest language he could use, he told his mission, and as blunt a "yes," if it was all agreeable, would be the reply. The family would tht^n be called in, the matter talked over, the old man would give his blunt consent and silently go to field to his work again, leaving all the small details for the family to discuss. In a few days Would come the wedding, without a single invitation, unless the ceremony would be at the church, which was often the case, when all acquaintances were considered invited. In the course of time these grew to be more ceremonious, and then there would be a day of merry feasting at the house of the bride, continued the next day at the home of the groom, and this last would be known as the ' 'inf air, " eating and drinking on both occasions. The Quakers were always, when pos- sible, married in their church, the entire congregation signing the contract of marriage, as witnesses. The Catholics also repaired, when possible, to their church, because to them, too, the marriage ceremony was purely a religious ceremony, a solemn church rite that could only end in death. In none of them was there a mental reservation in their altar vows — none. None expected to rue, and but few ever rued, their bargain. And people had been living here nearly fifty years before we hear of an elopement from ' 'bed and board, ' ' or before there was a divorce suit on the court records. These things came only with the innovations of time. The average of education was low. Some could not send their children to school and were not able to teach them the first rudiments at home. The church schools were mostly for drilling in the catechism, whose meaningless words must have added confusion or nothing to the young minds. We can well un- derstand what a great general advance it was when the night or Saturday spell- ing school was eventually introduced. It brought the young people together in a slight social life, without those iron restraints that had previously surround- ed them. It stimulated greatly the first acquirement in their education. The best speller was a hero — no, generally a heroine, because girls can naturally outstrip the boys in learning to spell. It was no small accomplishment, and then very soon the children could begin to correct the reading and pronunciation of their par- ents in the daily Bible lessons. The men continued to dress in the plainest homespun, and the girls — girls they were then as they always will be, bless them — also dressed in homespun; but they had found, in the barks of trees and in herbs, coloring matter, and here the dear creatures rivaled each other, badgered their heated brains for beautiful designs and color combinations; and then a bright ribbon from the tramping pedlar, and the real woman began to bloom again before the dazzled eyes of men. Their hair, the solitary cheap ribbon, the bright colors in their frocks, were their implements of gratification to their own hearts and for invasion to the strong citadel of man' s afPections. The preachers were greatly alarmed, shocked — to put it mildly. They har- angued, they raved, and thundered anathemas at the sacrilegious ribbons, gim- cracks and awful furbelows; but, bless the dear, brave girls, they stood their ground heroically. As a rule they confessed their crime and promised amend- ment and put away the ribbon and tied up their curls. This satisfied the preachers and the cruel war was over; but it is now well known that as soon as the preachers' backs were turned, they redecked themselves a little gayer than ever, and employed their lovers to look out for the preacher, so as they could snap ofP the finery at his approach. At first wind-mills were put upon the high hills to grind their cereals, then in a little while the plenteous streams over the country invited the erection of HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 65 water-mills. One was not greatly more reliable to do the work the year round than the other. In the winter the waters would be frozen and in the winter and summer alike, the winds would not always work the clumsy wind-mills. But soon, between the two, the people did not have to carry on pack horses to Baltimore or Chester their milling. A simple, pastoral people, leading a hard life, was and is the summing up of their existence. The home and surroundings were of the rudest and plainest. Of what is DOW esteemed a luxury they had not one. It was all the bare neces- sities of life, won only by the most patient and tireless industry. The economy they had been forced to learn was severe and pinching. Thus they had expe- rienced, before they came to the country, great trials, but they had to plant and grow here for some time before they ceased or were not often compelled to add experience to those severe lessons of the Old World. Getting a Start. — This was the most trying ordeal to all the first comers. They didn't even find the Indian here with his simple culture of Indian corn and the very few simples that the squaws sometimes planted to the east and north of this. With little to do with, he had to commence from the very begin- ning. A few grains of corn or wheat, the seeds of an apple or peach, or a po- tato, and so on, were the only chance to get a start in the seeds that must furnish his family bread. Soon the country, as have been all new countries, was full of malaria, and malarial fever and chills added their quota to the already hard lot of the people. They were without medicines, or the ability to procure them at any reasonable sacrifice or effort. A great want for health was a variety of food, and as a consequence they probably ate too much meat for the other food they could obtain. In the woods they could get a great abundance of meat, and here too they found the crab apple, the plum and the grape, and sometimes the paw-paw, as well as the many and delicious nuts that abounded plentifully. These were all life-giving to these poor people, and it is highly probable that they prevented the appearance of some dreadful epidemic — such as som.etimes visited the large colonies in the great western prairies of Illinois, where people died to the extent sometimes of literally depopulating good sized settlements. Children wandered into the woods and gathered crab apples, grapes, nuts, and in the spring the wild onion, and certain vegetables that had acid in them, and these they ate freely. Except for this they must have all suffered from scurvy, because soon their almost constant diet was black bread and salt pork. But the limpid, sweet waters, the bracing mountain air and the variety they could find existing in the country, gave them rather vigorous health, and strong and hardy constitutions. Their Commerce. — Nothing could have been more simple than this among these people. Their first dry goods stores were itinerant — pack pedlars. It was some time before the people had anything to sell and therefore they had but little to buy with. The pedlar and his pack was one of the valued and really valuable institutions of the country. His visits were few and far be- tween at first, and at the rate of a visit a year he could easily supply the de- mands upon his assortment, the chief of which, at one time, wag an assortment of combs. And it was but seldom that you could not find somewhere a tuft of hail" fi-om a horse's tail, fastened with a pin in an auger hole, for the purpose of cleaning the combs. Where this work of civilization could not be found, you might take it for granted the family had been too poor to patronize, to that ex- tent, the pedlar. This itinerant merchant peddled his wares and retailed the news of the outside world. He was both merchant and newspaper. The elders of the family often detested him and his visits ; they knew each visit meant some small purchase, but the younger members of the family looked to his 66 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. coming with bright anticipations, and as a rule, these young people only spent their own small change — money they had made by their own labor and saved. Such was the family economy. In the course of time the pedlar came with a pack horse, and then he could take small lots of farm produce in exchange for his wares. This opened wide the doors of trade and traffic to the farmer's family. And then began to come the first stores and locate at points where towns had probably been started, or at the cross-roads, or by the blacksmith and wag- on-makers' shops. This of itself was enough to at once start a town, and it was given a name; and to the young people, the children at least of the sur- rounding country, who heard of it and had never seen a town or a store, per- haps not even a smith' s shop, did it become the Mecca of their dreams and hopes. They hoped to live to make the trip to see it. They would besiege father and mother to go with them on some of their rare visits ' 'to town". Of course eventually their dreams became reality, though many of them were nearly grown men and women first, and behold them in the town, open mouthed, wide eyed and generally clinging closely to father's or mother's hands, or mother' s apron, their hearts beating wildly as they look for the first time upon this new, strange world. The family wagon would probably stop first at the smithy, to have a plow sharpened, and here the young novice saw the most astounding, the most incredible and indescribable things. The din, the flam- ing, blowing forge, the red hot iron, the flying sparks, that would certainly burn any one else in a moment' s time, the brawny blacksmith and his great leathern apron, the strange sulphurous smell, all combined, made an impression upon the virgin mind that was never erased. It was crowding a lifetime into a moment. From thence to the one store of the place, and here again what expansive wonders break upon the senses. Their eyes were bewildered— here was everything in the world -that was good and beautiful. The peculiar smell of molasses, sugar, pelts, game, shoes, calico. Whisky, cheap spices, new leather, tobacco, eggs in every stage and other odds and ends of the small trading and trafficking of the room, made as distinct and lasting an impression, as had already been made upon the eyes. Amazement and awe were running a race in the young mind. How blind had been their dreams of all this wonderland. They would not have laid even the weight of a finger upon the rough counter for worlds. They could no more have sat down on the ends of some of the boxes that were the only seats in the place, than they could have comfortably seated themselves upon the curling smoke. They preferred to stand up, and vigorously bite the ends of the fing- ers and gaze and gaze in an ecstasy of awe and wonder. It was all they could do. It was their first lesson in the great voyage, the quick and stormful voy- age across the face of the earth — from the unknown to the unknown. Receptions. — The primitive "reception days" by the most distinguished families were the ' 'house raisings. ' ' What splendid times, what gay and dis- tinguished frolics were these! No Jenkins was there to describe the splendor of the toilets, or tell who leaned upon whose arm as they filed into the 8 P. M. dinner. Some new neighbor had arrived, or some new married couple wanted to go to housekeeping, and word was sent to all the neighbors and from near and far they came — all came; and even sometimes the women came, and while the men worked at the new house, and worked like heroes on a wager, too, the women put in a quilt and also worked the live-long day. The women' s work was not so violent as the men' s, but they made ample amends for this in the talk and gossip that ran like the swollen waters when they break away an ob- structing dam. The new house and the quilt would be completed about the same time — all racing with the setting sun. HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 67 Improvements. — When we reflect on the cheapness of the land at that time, the land claims and the improvements were not large to the average family domains. Probably an average would have been 100 acres. But these people after once here were driven by circumstances to regard small holdings as the safest and best, and their highest ambition was to rear their families respecta- bly, give them some little education, and a fair start in the world, and the lands continuing cheap they could easily acquire all they wanted or needed for themselves. This was the average, from which of course there were many ex- ceptions. They fully succeeded in their laudable ambitions. It was very rarely they contracted debts, and year by year, even if little or no ready money came to them, they saw their possessions grow in value. Their children were being trained in economy and industry, growing up to take their places and cany on the work when old age should take them from the active duties of life. All over the Old World, especially in England and on the continent, the habits of the people generally had been for centuries to eat enormous quanti- ties of meat, and drink heavily of the coarsest and strongest liquors they could obtain. In 1684 gin was discovered, and a generation of English people were the vilest of sots. Signs were put up at the gin shops to ' 'come and get drunk for a penny, ' ' and ' 'for two pence you can become very drunk, ' ' and ' 'free straw will be furnished in the oeUar to sleep it oil. ' ' In the great London riot, when the drunken mob held the city for three days and nights, the mob rolled the gin barrels to the front doors and knocked in the heads, and the gutters were running with the liquid. Women and children drank from the gutters, many gorging themselves and dying on the streets; many more reeled and fell and lay in stupor and were burned by the falling and burning buildings where they helplessly lay. The average farmers' choicest pastimes were drinking bouts, where they drank to insensibility. In many a fashionable city circle, the boast was how many had attended the gatherings at different families, and how much they drank, and how many fell under the table. In the course of a few years some of the people who prospered most, be- came wealthy enough to purchase and bring here their negro slaves. A few immigrants brought their negroes with them when they came. Slavery con- tinued here in full force and effect until 1828. With the introduction here of slaves, came, what some writer has designated "the most venomous worm" — the worm of the still. And these small hand stills were erected on many of the farms. In fact among the earliest publication of notice of sale of a farm it was not uncommon to state, as a special inducement to purchasers, that there were "two stills of good capacity on the elegant plantation." They made whisky of corn and wheat and rye, apple-jack of apples, and brandy of their seedling peaches. It was all pure, fiery and strong. They could get, for instance, only a little over a gallon of whisky from a bushel of com (now they make over four gallons) ; yet everything was so cheap that they could manu- facture it at prices that would seem incredil le to the present generation. Drinking was allowe I to every one; they drank in quantities that now would swiftly bring death and destruction. Yet drunkenness was sternly frowned upon. Among the Quakers, especially, it was not permitted, and to this day on their old church records are written out and signed and witnessed the con- fessions of members who humbly acknowledged their grevious sin, giving the day and date and place where they had thoughtlessly swallowed too much, and promising earnestly to sin no more. And occasionally some preacher would be arraigned for habitual drunkenness, and, while the evidence would sometimes be clear and positive, we find no instance of a conviction and deg- radation for the offense. To explain this a little, there was one case in the 68 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. county where the synod convicted and sentenced the offender to dismissal, but the plucky congregation would not so have it, and in the face of the orders of the authorities they retained their preacher. The general habits of the peo- ple, the heavy diet of salt pork and black bread of which they eat so heartily, enabled them to drink great quantities of the liquor made at their own stills without serious bad effects, and in the long monotony of their lives is the ample excuse for their doing so. Let us believe, what was probably true, that they actually needed this stimulant of which they partook in great quantities, but nearly always at stated and regular times of the day. They were not physi- cally debauched by any indulgence they partook of. They were left possessed of sound minds and strong and vigorous bodies, and they transmitted to their children sound constitutions. They generally attained great age, and to this day a strong mark of their descendants is a springing vitality that does and will carry them to more than the three score and ten years of active life. Many of the first and second generations of women took their places beside the men in the hard work of the field. Here they delved and toiled until often their hands became too stiff and horny to handle the needle at all. They could bake the bread on Saturday for the coming week, and then fry the meat and sometimes make a pot of black coffee, and this was the sum of the cooking. Dishes were a few pewter plates, often the head of the family being the only one honored with a plate, while the others ate with their bare hands mostly; therefore the dish washing was a small affair in clearing away the table after a meal. The growth and change from these simple habits of the early day were very slow indeed. The young people accepted their manners and customs from the parents and as unimpaired as possible, transmitted them in turn to their chil- dren. The long war of the Revolution forced upon them many of the first changes in their modes of life. It compelled the people to band more gen- erally together; they met on serious matters of life and death in larger bodies, and men extended their acquaintance greatly with their fellow-men. Young men who had never been ten miles from the farm where they had first settled, joined the army and started out to fight for liberty, and in their travels they saw something of the outside world. In these hard and cruel marches they learned much of their own country, and in the march, the encampment, the prisons, the battle-fields, the bivouacs of those days that tried men' s souls, they learned rapidly of their fellow-men. They came in contact with men of different ideas, manners and customs. They newly tested themselves and tested others, and each one brought many new ideas back to his old home when the war was over. It was a wonderful discipline and school for these simple children of the woods. A feeble nation struggling in distress and poverty, fighting a rich and powerful enemy, and wresting victory in the end from the foe, are not apt to come out of the severe ordeal with that general demoralization that is so often the doleful afterpiece of war. This happy exemption was the great distinguishing mark of our forefathers of the Revolution. They returned from the army, resumed their places on their farms and were only better citizens than before. What they had seen and heard, and the hard experiences they had passed, only made them that much better citizens, and there were enough of these men scattered through every community to bear up the civilization of the day and push it along — advance it in every line. To a large extent, too, that war broke up the exclu- sive clanishness that had before marked different communities, especially those who spoke different languages. The impetuous Scotch-Irishman learned that the phlegmatic Dutchman would fight and fight all day and all night if necessary, sturdily giving or receiving blows to the death. And, wee versa, the German, f^. ^a-^c/yj HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 71 learned to love his Irish messmate for his many good qualities in moments of great trial and danger. The Macs and the Vons came back from the war, and they would visit each other; their families became acquainted. The young folks would fall in love, of course, and marry, and hence to this day you need not, when you meet a Mr. McSomething, commence your Irish blarney upon him, because as likely as not it will turn out he is a German by descent. And this is quite as true of the Vons as the Macs. This was a happy solution of the once Ul-conditioned question of nationality that prevailed in this county. CHAPTER XIII. Sketches and Etchings— The McCleans— The McPhek sons— Gen. Eeed— Dr. Ceawfobd— Col. Stagle— Col. Grier— Victor King— Judge Black— Thaddetjs Stevens— Patrick MoSherry- Col. Hanoe Hamilton— The Gulps- William McClellan— Capt. Bettinger— James Cooper. THE McCLEANS. — Among the earliest settlers in this portion of Pennsyl- vania, 1733, was William McClean, a Scotchman. Prom this man hap come a long race of eminent and influential men. In Illinois is the rich and populous county of McLean, and in the southern portion of the same State is the town of McLeansboro, and from the Atlantic at least west to the Missis- sippi are to be found evidences of the McClean family in the lineal and latteral lines in nearly every State. The name is spelled McClean mostly, as used by the family of Pennsylvania, but frequently the capital " C" is dropped, as we find it in Illinois. The original William McClean settled in Montgomery County, and in two years removed to York County. He had nine children. His first was Archibald and second Moses, and as these two and their families are a part of the history of York and Adams County, we confine our record to them. Archibald was born October 26, 1736. The other sons, younger brothers of Archibald and Moses, were William, Samuel, John, James and Alexander, all surveyors, and all at" one time or another assistants to the eldest, Archibald, in the survey of what is now Mason and Dixon' s line. Archibald and Moses became deputy surveyors of York Coun- ty, Abraham in the east part of the county, and Moses in what is now Adams County. They laid out "Carroll's Delight," and Archibald, Moses and Will- iam, three brothers, secured fine farms in this tract. All the McCleans were early and distinguished defenders of their country in the days of the Revolu- tion. Archibald was a member of the Pennsylvania Legislature in 1776. He was president of a revolutionary meeting in York for ' ' taking effectual meas- ures for putting a stop to forestalling, extortion and the depreciation of the continental currency." This was June 18, 1779. No men in the country were more active and prominent in these terrible times than the McCleans. Ar- chibald lost nearly all his property by the depreciation of the continental money. Moses McClean was born January 10, 1737, in what is now Adams County. He died September 10, 1810. Col. Moses McClean was one of the distinguished citizens and soldiers of the Revolution, being one of the first captains mustered into the service in Col. Hartley's Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania line. In 1780-83 he was a member of the Pennsylvania Legislature. The eldest 72 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. of Moses McClean's children was William, who was born in York (Adams) County in 1777,. in Carroll's Tract, and died December 23, 1846, aged sixty-, nine years. His first-born was Moses, born in 1804, on his father's farm in Car- roll's Tract. He died September 30, 1870. William's first-bom was Moses, the father of Hon. William McClean, the present (1886) president judge of the court in this district. The last above mentioned Moses McClean was bom in this county in 1804; died in Gettysburg September 30, 1870. He was a mem- ber of Congress in the twenty-ninth session — 1845-47. In 1855, the time of the Know-nothing party excitement, he was induced by the conservative element to become a candidate and serve a term in the State Legislature. He was a member of Congress when war was declared against Mexico. Ensign Jacob Barnitz, of Col. Swope's regiment in the Revolution, married Miss McClean, a sister of Archibald and Moses McClean. Barnitz and Moses McClean were prisoners, and suffered greatly at the hands of the British. Bar- nitz was severely wounded and lost a leg. The old hero, Moses McClean, re- moved to Chillicothe, Ohio, where he gained new honors and the trust and love of the people, and here he died September 10, 1810. The McPhersons is another of the early and distinguished families which were here among the first, and for more than 150 years they have an unbroken line of leading and important citizens, each succeeding generation adding lus- ter to the original. (For full particulars of the family genealogy see Hon. Edward McPherson's biography.) Gen. William Reed was an officer in the Third Battalion of York County Militia during the Revolution. He was chosen a member of the convention which framed the second constitution of Pennsylvania in 1790; became brigade inspector of York County Militia, April 25, 1800, and member of the State Senate from 1800 to 1804; appointed adjutant- general of the State of Pennsyl- vania August 4, 1811; took sick and suddenly died June 15, 1813, at New Alexandria, Westmoreland Co., Penn., while organizing the State militia during the war of 1812-15. His remains were interred near Millerstown (now Fairfield), Adams County. Hon. William Crawford, M. D., was bom in Paisley, Scotland, in 1760, received a classical education, studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh, 'Scotland, and received. his degree in 1791; emigrated to York County (now Adams County), and located near the present site of Gettysburg, purchased a farm on Marsh Creek in 1795, and spent the remainder of his life there practicing medicine among his friends, with the exception of intervals in which he was elected to office. He was an associate judge, and was elected to represent York district in the Eleventh Congress, in 1808, as a Democrat or Republican, as the name was then generally termed. He was re-elected to the Twelfth Congress to represent York District and to the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Con- gresses to represent a new district formed, of which Adams County was a part, serving continuously from 1809 to 1817, after which he resumed the practice of medicine. He died in 1823. Mrs. Edward McPherson is a grand- daughter of Dr. Crawford. Col. Henry Slagle (original spelling of this name was Schlegel) was bom in Lancaster County, in 1735, a son of Christopher Slagle of Saxony, who came to this county in 1713, and put up a mill, one of the first, on Con- estoga Creek. He was a soldier of the Revolution, commanding a battalion of Associators in 1779; a member of the Provincial Conference and of the Con- vention of July, 1776 ; was appointed to take subscriptions for the Continental loan; was a member of the Assemby 1777-79; a member of the Constitutional Convention 1789-90, and associate judge in 1791. He represented Adams HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 73 County in the Legislature of 1801-02. An ardent patriot, faithful officer and an upright citizen. Col. David Grier was born in Mount Pleasant, Adams (York) County, in 1742. Studied law and became a lawyer in 1771. Become a captain in Col. William Irvine's regiment for the war of independence. His commission dated January 9, 1776, and he was promoted major October 25, 1776. He then was made lieutenant-colonel of the Seventh Pennsylvania, and commanded the regiment after Col. Irvine became a prisoner. Victor King had nine children : Jean, born November 16, 1746; Hugh, born January 19, 1750; James, born September 22, 1753; Agnes, born March 10, 1756; Victor, born July 30, 1758. The dates of the births of Martha, Susana, William and Louisa MofPet King are illegible. The brothers of Victor King, Sr. , were JamesKing, died in 1799, aged eighty-five ; William King, died in 1794, aged eighty -two years. The three brothers, Victor, James and William, were the first settlers on the upper Great Conowago, tradition fixing the date of their coming as 1735. Hugh King married Miss Vorhees in 1780. This family brought the first foot-stove that was ever in the county. The Kings, Bells and Vorhees families intermarried, and their representatives have been pioneers, treading closely upon the heels of the savages to the Mississippi, and their descendants are found among the most prominent people of Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. The settlement of the Kings was called Tyrone and here were the early strong and characteristic men of the county found — Hance Hamilton, the McGrews, Mcllhennys, Rosses and others. Judge Jeremiah S. Black's ancestors were Scotch-Irish and German. The Blacks settled in what is now the southwestern part of Adams County, where James Black was married to Jane McDonough. The brothers, Mat thew, James and John Black, came from the north of Ireland about 1730, and landed in Philadelphia, where Matthew remained, but James and John pushed west across the Susquehanna to Marsh Creek, now in Adams County, James be- came a prosperous farmer, and from him Black's Gap took its name. John did not succeed financially as well as James. One of his sons was named James, after his uncle. . This James was the grandfather of Jeremiah S. Black. He had the common education of the farmer's boy of that day. About the year 1770, he became engaged to Jane McDonough, and shortly afterward concluded to "go West" into the then dangerous wilderness of the AUeghenies. He set- tled between what was afterward Stony Creek and Somerset, and cleared the land, and with the hard labor of his own hands prepared a home ready for Jane McDonough. He then returned and married her, and the young couple went to their' new home. His wife soon persuaded him he had made a poor selection of ground and they moved to the farm called Stony Creek. Here James Black prospered and had a tannery, several farms and, in time, a tavern. He was a justice of the peace, and was himself indicted twice during his term of office; once for tearing up a paper which he had been deceived into sign- ing his name to, and once for heading a riot which cleared away some workmen who were building a bridge and not giving satisfaction to the community. A son of this James Black, Henry, was the father of Jeremiah S. Black. And James' wife, Jane McDonough, was a sister of the bachelor million- aire McDonough, who died in New Orleans and gave so largely to New Or- leans and Baltimore. The Blacks and McDonoughs were each large families. Eobert Black now resides at Black's Gap in Franklin County. A. B. Black is living at Table Eock in this county. It is greatly to be regretted that we cannot gather a complete genealogy of Judge Black's ancestors and family, because we hold that no proper biogra- 74 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. phy of a man can be written, more especially that of a man whose make-up presents such bold and striking characteristics of mind as are found in him, without first having a pretty full knowledge of the line of ancestors from whom he sprung. This is true of the individual as it is of communities and nations. A great people or a great man is the gradual development of the preceding centuries — the strongest lines perhaps transmitted by heredity, modified, changed and directed by climate, soil, and a dry or humid atmosphere. To these fundamental factors are the innumerable others of lesser force of times and circumstances. In Jeremiah S. Black we have the finest type of the perfected outgrowth in America of the mingling of the strains of Scotch and German pioneers who founded this nation and reared the enduring structure of our Government. The Dutch, stubborn tenacity and sluggish blood — the shrewd and rugged Scotch, traced with the impulsive and fiery Irish and all the descendants of re- ligious heroes and martyrs — Protestants in their very blood and bones — ^the only one thing in its entirety they held in common. From sire to son for gen- erations had passed the strongest religious vein, producing Christian warriors, severe of conscience, disputatious and eager for disciples, who, in order that no sin might escape, punished the most innocent pleasures. Physically as rugged and strong as they were mentally, they were a long- lived race of men, whose literature, whose investigations of the sciences, were squared rigidly to their interpretations of the Bible. When we know some- thing of these remarkable ancestors of Judge Black we have the key to many of the otherwise wonderful marks of the man himself. From the humblest walks of backwoods farmers' life he rose by his own inherent powers to be- come, and so he will go into history, as the best type of the great American descended from our Revolutionary fathers. Judge Black was a sincere, eager churchman, who read his Bible daily, and regularly betook himself to the closet of prayer. His every nature drew him toward the strong, argumentative, combative and eloquent Alexander Campbell, and he was therefore a member of the Christian Church. He was the great layman to the Protestant Church, and when he set his lance and low- ered his visor in the tilt at the infidel IngersoU, he best described his position in the church as the ' ' church' s policeman, ' ' who was ready to receive orders from his superiors in command, but eager to fight the devil himself single- handed in a combat where no quarters were to be asked. He took up the glove of the infidel, and unhorsed the "plumed knight," and was the first man in two centuries to tell the learned theologians of the world how to defend the faith in an age where reason and not the dungeon and burning stake are the implements of church war. The ' ' policeman' ' was the great captain, in fact, to the church militant; esteeming himself the humblest, he was the cen- tral and pre-eminent figure. Let the churches of America inscribe upon his monument his dying prayer— nothing so full of trusting piety, so eloquent and touching has come back to us from the border land of that other world. A lawyer, judge, politician, statesman and orator, vyriter and scholar, he adorned all alike. The greatest advocate in his day, his decisions upon the bench became the fundamental law of the land ; his speeches are models of great thoughts in the most vigorous English to be found in our language. His biography should be fully written. The world cannot afford to lose the lesson it will teach. The story will interest, instruct and benefit all, and it will be the just tribute to the forefathers, the pioneers — Scotch-Irish and Dutch and Germans who were the immigrants to this portion of our country. If Adams County is pictured to the mind as a dining table, then wherever HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 75 Hon. Thaddeus Stevens sat was the head of the table. The son of a Vermont shoe-maker, born April 4, 1792, commenced life as a school teacher in York, came to Gettysburg immediately after he had been admitted to practice law in Maryland in 1816, and opened an office in the east end of the McCleUan House, now occupied by Col. John H. McClellan. He at once be- came a leader at the bar, was several years a town councilman, a member of the Legislature, where he became the father of the Pennsylvania free schools. He removed to Lancaster in 1841. He entered Congress in 1849 and served two terms, then remained in private life and again entered Congress in 1859, where he remained until his death, August 11, 1868. He was the chairman of the ways and means committee in Congress at the commencement of the war, and was the one man great enough to rule Congress, the Senate and the Presi- dent, and who comprehended the full import of the civil war at its commence- ment. He proved himself the greatest parliamentary leader this country has had, not even excepting Henry Clay. Indeed, Thaddeus Stevens was a won- derful man, whose history is a part of the history of our country during its most turbulent and trying times — such times only develop such men as was Stevens, where he won the distinguishing sobriquet of the Great Commoner. Mentally and physically a strange compound of opposites, if they were not con- tradictions. Physically, defective in one of his feet; intellectually a trained athlete; a knight errant riding the whirlwind of the dark passions of mankind and delivering the blasting thunderbolts of his matchless invective against the oppressor of his fellow-man; his nature deeply charitable, lifting up the lowly, aiding the worthy, spending his last dollar when on his way to Baltimore with his carefully garnered gains to buy his first law library and he saw a slave parent and child being sold to be separated; he spent all he had and purchased the slaves and returned to Gettysburg with these instead of his promised books, and at the same time implacable against that portion of his fellow countrymen bom to the ownership of slaves. He loved children tenderly, and the highest praise that can be said of him is the love and respect his name ever conjures in the hearts of the men and women of Gettysburg who were children when this was his home. A diligent student of men and books he was a lover of field sports and games; of Puritan birth probably, he was of the broadest and most liberal in faith and practice. An extreme Federalist in the larger sense of the term, a Democrat by nature, a political revolutionist, who was intensely patriotic in his love of his government. A criminal lawyer with few equals and no superiors, as a constitutional lawyer he was blinded by seething political passions. His broad charity that carried a purse that had no strings, and his deep seated rad- icalism that would "organize a hell " for treason, were the strong lines in his nature. Charitable and combative his mastery of men made him a party destroyer and a party leader. Here he was born to fight and command. When he had carried the old Federal party long enough he crushed it and reared the Anti-Masonic party; tossing this aside when it had subserved his purposes, he became quiet politically for a time, until upon the ruins of old parties rose the Republican party, and here again was Stevens the master architect. We know nothing of his ancestors and have no antecedent facts upon which we can see why he was the strange, strong and extraordinary compound he was. We only know he rescued his name from deepest obscurity and wrote it in bright letters across the scroll of fame. When his flaming sword fell from his nerveless grasp it passed to no lineal descendant's hand. He was the first and last of his name and race known to history. Among the earliest settlers in what is now known as Adams County 76 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. was Patrick McSherry, who was tl^e progenitor of a long line of families of that name, where noble and honored sires were followed by worthy and illustrious sons. Patrick McSherry was the father of James McSherry, the latter born July 29, 1776, near Littlestown, and died in the immediate neighborhood of where he was born, Febuary 3, 1849, in the seventy-third year of his age. James McSherry was the father of James McSherry, Jr., of Frederick City, Md. , the historian who wrote the history of that State — a writer of great abil- ity, and his literary productions rank among the best of American histories, and also father of Hon. William McSherry, of the vicinity of Littlestown, and the grandfather of William McSherry, attorney of Gettysburg. Patrick Mc- Sherry' s name is perpetuated in the town of McSherrystown. It was laid out as early as 1765 by him. His son James was the most successful political leader the county ever produced. If the reader will turn to the chapter, giving the county officials, he will find the name of James McSherry of more frequent occurrence than that of any other man; commencing almost immediately after the formation of the county as a member of the Legislature to which he was elected for so many succeeding terms, and he always ran ahead of any other candidate on the ticket. From the lower house, he went to the State Senate, and from the Senate to the Congi-ess of the United States — in the XVII Congress, 1821 to 1823. He has been described to us as a man above the average in stature, quiet, dignified and of commanding presence, whenever possessed the arts of the demagogue, who never intrigued for his own nomination, in fact hardly ever attended a convention in his life, and who when nominated, maintained his self respect. All that was necessary to the voters who had known him all his life was for them to know that he was a candidate, and bitter as were the poli- tics of that day, no party shackles could restrain great numbers of the opposite party from voting for him. He understoogl his constituents, and devoted his political life to their true interests. Without being noisy, he had the courage of his convictions; without bluster, he was brave and resolute for the right. His integrity was never questioned, and to his old neighbors and friends, re- gardless of party lines, the envenomed shafts of political malice, fell harmless at his feet. His long political life is a demonstration that an office holder may live a clean, upright and entirely honorable life. The well known name of Col. Hance Hamilton is inseparably con- nected with the early history of York and Adams Counties. He was the Napo- leon of the immigrants who settled the country immediately west of the Susque- hanna. He was a born leader of men, with that genius that founds empires, organizes States, and wields boundless control over great communities. He was born in 1721 , and died February 2, 1772, aged fifty-one years. The executors of his will were John Hamilton, Robert McPherson and Samuel Edie. His re- mains were first interred in Black' s grave-yard, on Upper Marsh Creek, where they reposed for eighty years, and were disinterred and placed in Evergreen Cemetery, Gettysburg. The quaint lettered stone slab that was placed over his first burial lies prone upon the ground, and soon it will have faded away. The county owes to its self-respect to put this grave in order and place over the ashes of the illustrious dead a suitable monument. He was the first sherifP, elected in 1749, of York County. As this officer was then elected annually, in the 1750 election a riot ensued between the supporters of Hance Hamilton and those of Richard McAllister — the former the Scotch-Irish and the latter the Dutch candidate for sherifP. There was then but one poll in the county, at York, and in M6Allister Hamilton had an able rival. Thus from the far backwoods of the outskirts of the county, came these two men as the HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 77 strong men of York County. McAllister could rally tlie most votes, but Ham- ilton could out-general him and was always triumphant. In 1751 Hamilton was again elected sheriff. At the end of this term he was appointed Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of the county. In 1756 he was captain of Pro- vincial troops in the French and Indian war. Was at Fort Littleton (Ful- ton County) from where he described in a letter the capture by the Indians of McCord's Fort. He was at this fort again in 1757; was in Armstrong's ex- pedition against Kittanning, where a bloody and important victory was won over the Indians. May 31, 1758, he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel. First Battalion Pennsylvania Eegiment of foot soWiers of the Province. His will bore the date of January 27, 1772, four days before his death. His estate amounted to over £3, 000. Nothing is now definitely known of his children. The children mentioned in his will are Thomas, Edward, Harriett, Sarah (married Alexander McKean), Mary (married Hugh McKean), Hance Garvin, George, John William and James. None of his descendants are now living in this part of the country. Hance Hamilton was a typical frontiersman, of great abilities and force of character. He was but twenty- eight years old when first chosen sheriff, and died suddenly when only fifty-one years old. Thus in twenty-three years he impressed his name upon the history of the country. He was of pure Scotch blood. Among the roll of ' ' the forty-nine officers of Scotland in 1649 " was Sir Hance Hamilton, who obtained adjudicated lands in the Province to the amount of 1,000 acres. Culp, a name found in our ancient records, written in German and called then Kalb, but now goes into history as a part of the immortal story of the battle of Gettysburg — Gulp's Hill being one of the first points after Cemetery Hill for the tourist to look for. The head of this family in this country was Christophel Culp, the father of Peter Culp, who was the father of Henry Culp, after whom Gulp's Hill is named. The first Culp named above came to this country in 1787. He had four sons: Christophel, Mathias, Peter and Christian. The first died without issue. To the others are born large families. William McClellan (third) was the father of our present John H. McClellan, and was born June 21, 1763 ; married Magdalen Spangler, January, 1788, and died July 27, 1831. He was the son of William McClellan (second), born in Coleraine, Ireland, in 1735, and brought to Marsh Creek in 1739. His second wife (Mary Eeynolds) died in 1796. William (third) had twelve children, of whom Col. John H. is now the only survivor. He was sheriff of York County, elected and re-elected at a time when men of personal force contested earnestly for this office. For 150 years the family name of McClellan has been a familiar one to the people of this part of Pennsylvania, and as widely re- spected and honored. Capt. Nicholas Bittinger died in Adams County in 1804, aged seventy- eight. He was one of the first who took up arms in the war of the Eevolution. He was taken prisoner at the head of his column at Fort Washington. He en- dured a long and hard captivity, which induced the disease that terminated his. life. He was a son of Adam Bittinger (Bedinger or Beedinger, as the name was at first spelled) who came to this country in 1736. The father and son were members of the Committee of Safety for York County in 1775. The Bit- tingers resided on Great Conowago, Menallen Township. Hon. James Cooper was born near Emmittsburg, Md., August, 1809, re- ceived a collegiate education and entered the law office as a student of Thad- deus Stevens, in Gettysburg, in April, 1832, and was licensed a lawyer April 28, 1834, and at once opened an office in Gettysburg. 78 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. He served a number of terms in the Legislature and was speaker of that body; was attorney- general of the State; two terms in Congress, and six years a United States Senator. He was an active and earnest Whig in politics. In 1857 he re- moved to Frederick City, where he renewed the practice of law successfully untU 1861, when he was commissioned a brigadier-general in the United States Vol- unteers and went into the active service in command of a brigade; but not being in robust health, from the exposures and fatigues of army life, he con- tracted a severe attack of pneumonia and died at Columbus, Ohio, in March, 1863, aged fifty-two years. Mr. Cooper was a man of plgasing manners, about six feet two inches in height, a fine Grecian face, a fluent speaker and a brilliant and successful politician. In 1837 he married Jane Miller, of Carlisle, who is still living. They had two sons and one daughter. One oC the sons died in the army, the other, Mathew, is living in West Virginia. The daughter is the wife of Dr. Page, deputy surgeon in the United States Army at Fort Leavenworth. CHAPTER XIV. War of 1812— Adams County Regiments— The Fedeealists and Democrats — "Friends of Peace" Meetings — Toasts— Close of War. IN the early part of the year 1811 war rumors, vague and indefinite at first, began to pass around among the people of Adams County. Men talked and thought about the matter as long as these rumors were but indefinite, much as they were Federalists or Democratic Republicans. The Federalists said the Democratic administration would not fight; that there was a "diminutive crea- ture, even as contemptible as had been President Jefferson, at the helm of State, ' ' and our Nation would crawl in humiliation and swallow all the possi- ble insults that the ' 'efiFete and rotten' ' despotisms could heap upon us. They, good souls, felt gloomy, and hated Jefferson, Tom Paine and James Madison most cordially. The Democratic Eep'iblicans had no organ, and largely their mouthpiece was Dr. William Crawford, who published long addresses to his constituents, wrote private letters home from WashingtoUji and, upon occasions, made flowery speeches, when he could find suitable opportunities, to his old neighbors and admirers. His own faith in Jeffersonian Democracy was earn- est and sincere, but he always failed to infuse his own enthusiasm into a large majority of the voters of the county. The Government declared war June 18, 1812, and the United States Mil- itia had been greatly increased in all the States, and reorganized. The fol- lowing company ofBcers of the Adams County regiments held frequent musters, and June 3, 1812, a military order from Washington commanded them to hold themselves in readiness to march with their commands at a moment's notice. Of the Ninth Regiment Light Infantry — Captain, Samuel Shriver; lieutenant, Paul Eider; ensign, John Stine. Militia — Captain, Sturgeon; lieutenant, John Noll; ensign, George Parr. Twentieth Regiment — Captain, John McMillan; lieutenant, Jacob Bushey; ensign, Jacob Peasacker. Fortieth Regiment — Captain, William Bort; lieutenant, Amos Underwood; ensign, Adam Spangler. HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 81 Ninety-third Eegiment — Captain, Victor Mcllhenny; lieutenant, Peter Slosser; ensign, George Slaybaugh. Capt. Ealph Lashells sent out notices to his command, the "Federal Troops," to meet for parade in Gettysburg, Wednesday, June 10, 1812. He said: "Business of importance to each member will be transacted." May 30, 1812, John Randolph, of Roanoke, issued a flaming appeal to the country, and in the latter part of the following June this was read by the peo- ple of Adams County. Then they wheeled about, and, with Randolph, the Federalists opposed a war with England. Randolph pronounced such a war as ' 'neither with the interests nor honor of the American people, but as an idolatrous sacrifice of both on the altar of French rapacity, perfidy and am- bition." Congress was now sitting with closed doors. Constant messages and doc- uments were being submitted by President Adams ; the public excitement ran high all over the country. A mob in Baltimore "headed," in the language of the Federal papers of that day, ' ' by foreigners, " assembled in the early part of July, 1812, and demolished the Federal Republican printing office, aud orders to march began to reach the militia in New York and other States ; drafting men and forming armies were, in July, the work of the country, and ' 'grim visaged war' ' was upon the nation — upon the Federalists and Democratic Re- publicans alike. The Federalists at first growled a little, and said it was a bad war, brought about by the Democrats to gobble up Canada and ruin thereby the whole world, but the first drum beat heard in the land acted on these good, honest patriots like the fiddle on the grim old preacher, who upon hearing it — knowing full well, too, that the devil was in the fiddle — could not, for his life, refrain from dancing to it with all his might; and they fell into line, forgot their political enmities, laid aside their politics, eager and confident of whip- ping all creation, and abandoned all political discussions until "this cruel war is over;" but this united enthusiasm was short lived. In August, 1812, Gen. James Gettys appointed James McSherry brig- ade major, and Micheal Newman brigade quartermaster of the Second Brig- ade, Fifth Division, Pennsylvania Militia. A government recruiting station was organized in Gettysburg in the fall of 1812, with Lieut. Dominick Cornyn, of the Twenty-second Regular United States Infantry, in command. Edward McAuliff deserted from this State in October, 1812. He was a New Yorker by birth. Gen. William Reed was adjutant-general of the State and the efficient officer in organizing the soldiery of Pennsylvania in the war of 1812. The war had been in active progress for eighteen months with scarcely a word of news in the paper about the war or any of the battles, until in the issue of October 20, 1813, it announced in half a column the capture of Detroit and all Michigan, and the capture of Gen. Proctor and his army. Not a word of the details are given, or even the death of Tecumseh stated. The people of Gettysburg all rejoiced over Harrison's great victory. The bells were rung and the town illuminated, and for two hours muskets were were fired and the people paraded and huzzahed their joy upon the streets. Harper is constrained to say that on this occcasion all people heartily joined to- gether and laid politics aside. A new quota for militia had been levied on the county, and in May, 1814, these new levies safely arrived at Erie. In 1814 the Legislature passed an elaborate act reorganizing the State militia. The State was divided into fifteen districts. The fifth division was composed of Adams and York Counties, with the First Brigade in York and the Second in Adams County. The act also specified there should be in each regi- 5A 82 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. ment ten companies of 108 men in each company. This new arrangement of companies, regiments and brigades, and the number and rank of officers were nearly the same as we have it now in the army. The state of political feeling wrought out in the county during the war may be gleaned from the celebrations of July 4, 1814, in Gettysburg. A short time before that day a call appeared in the paper for a "peace meeting," and inviting all who favored peace to meet and honor the memory of Washington and his compeers. So warm had politics now become that on that day each political party held separate meetings of celebration. Of the first the paper says : ' 'A numerous and respectable meeting of the ' Friends of Peace ' took place in Lashell's long room July 4, 1814. John Edie was chairman and Will- iam McPherson vice-president. A sumptuous dinner was prepared and the American flag draped the hall. " Among the regular toasts we give a few as indicating the spirit prevalent: Toast 3 — ' ' The imperishable memory of Washington — first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen." . . . .Toast 4 — " James Mad- ison — pusilanimous in war, visionary in peace, and last in promoting the inter- ests of his countrymen. ".... Toast 9 — "The present Army of the United States — a quick and safe 'backing out,' the only relief for a rash and wrong beginning." . . . .Toast 12 — "The American Plenipotentiaries to Guttenberg — may they negotiate a speedy and honorable peace with Great Britain. ' ' Among numerous voluntary toasts by the vice-president, Alexander Cobean, Maj. Will- iam Miller, Jacob Cassat, William McClean, John McCanaughy and Alexan- der Eussell, we give that offered by Mr. Cassat as follows : ' ' May the copart- nership of Democracy, folly and corruption be dissolved, and the debts and credits of the firm placed to the account of James Madison. ' ' The other meeting was at the house of Frederick Rupley; the day was ushered in by firing a field piece; the flag of the Twentieth Regiment sus- pended from the window. Dr. Crawford and James Duncan were chosen presidents of the meeting; the Declaration of Independence was read. Among the regular toasts we extract No. 11 : " Peace with honor and safety, or exter- minating war; death is preferable to dishonor or slavery. "....Toast 16 — ' ' The patriots of the present war — glorious in their deeds on land and water. ' ' ....Toast 6. — "James Madison, President — the enlightened friend of the country." . . . .Toast 5. — " Thomas Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of Independence — his practice in power proved the sincerity of his friendships and professions." Among the voluntary toasts by the president, vice-president, and James Gilliland, Mr. Cassady, Workman, Col. Eyster, Bell, Col. Kerr, A. M. Worts, Jackson, McGrew, Walter, Capt. Hoover and others, we select one or two. By the McGrew brothers, ' ' just returned from the lines, beg leave to offer the toast, ' Their fellow soldiers at Buffalo. ' ' ' By Mr. Jackson, ' ' May the flag of the United States, undisturbed and prosperous, wave over the uni- verse. ' ' By James Gilliland, ' ' The American heroes who have shed their blood so nobly in the present contest with our common enemy on sea and on land; let their names be recorded on the page of history, never to be blotted out." The evening gun was fired and the people peacefully retired. The Federals thought the war not only cruel but unjust and a great crime, and in every possible way showed their violent condemnation of it and its supporters. An old cast-iron cannon is planted on Baltimore Street, as a hitching post, that has a history of those times in its own history. At the Fourth of July celebration, or rather at the joyous celebration of Perry's victory, and Gen. Harrison's capture of Detroit and Proctor's army, and the reclamation of all Michigan from the English, the anti-war men would not allow the court house HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 83 bell to ring out the joy of the people. So this old cannon was hastily brought here, and in lieu of the bell it sent its rebounding echoes among the surrounding hills, and defiantly thundered forth the deep and long pent feelings of those who were eager to fight ' ' all creation, ' ' if said creation only dared to touch the chip on their shoulder. The Federals hated Napoleon, the Jacobins, Jefferson, Tom Paine and Madison and the war. They were in politics of the Hamilton school, and wanted the nation strong and central after the English govern- ment. They proudly designated themselves a ' ' peace party. ' ' So uncalled" for and dishonorable was the war that they could see no glory in our most brOliant victories, and, hence, we find Mr. Harper' s paper sedulously voicing the sentiments of his party, by as nearly as possible remaining wholly silent on the movements of our armies, and as to the soldiers from A.dams County and the part they took in the war, their organization and departure, the battles in which they took part, the noble lives they sacrified on their country' s altar, even their return to thei]^ homes after the war, of all of which there is not a line nor a word in the Centinel. Not the slightest allusion, not a name meur tioned, not a deed or sacrifice described in the weekly issues of the paper for the three long years of the war. It affords us a strange and suggestive chapter in the history of politics and war. When America had conquered a glorious peace, and the splendid achieve- ments df the war were about to be realized, achievements second only to the Revolution itself, President Madison issued a proclamation to his counlrymen containing the tidings. A daring Gettysburg preacher (we greatly regret we cannot ascertain his name) had the audacity to read the proclamation at the regular Sunday services following its reception. Then did communications, denouncing this blasphemous deed, pour into the columns of the Centinelfiom. outraged laymen. Oh horror! " The Bible lay nailed to the pulpit, " exclaimed one, ' ' and the preacher has put away the word of God and taken up the awful slanders, falsehoods and blasphemies of that little creature, James Madison. ' ' During all the war they cried " peace," and now peace had been conquered they were only the more completely miserable, politically. In war or in peace they would have it that the country was plunging headlong to ruin and deep disgrace. We believe some sage once said something about history repeating itself. If he did not, the intelligent reader, who puts this and that carefully together, may conclude that he should have made some remarks, squinting a little in that direction. Gov. Snyder, on July 4, 1814, made full appointments in the reor- ganized militia of the State. He appointed William Gilliland, of this county, a major-general of the Fourth Division, and Jacob Eyster a brigadier-general in the same division, and George Welsh a brigade inspector. In September, 1814, the people of Adams County began to feel the critical condition of the country from the advances of the invacjers, and a long address was issued, urging all men to lay aside all differences and dissentions on po- litical questions, and a general meeting of all patriots was called to convene in Gettysburg on October 3, 1814, ' ' to consider what further steps to take to re- lieve our distressed country and the sufferings of the people. ' ' August 18, 1814, Gen. Winder, commanding the Tenth Military District of Maryland, wrote from Washington City to Gov. Snyder this: "Inconse- quence of the arrival of large reinforcements to the enemy at the mouth of the Potomac, I am authorized and directed by the President to require from you, immediately, the whole number of the militia of Pennsylvania designed for this district, out of the requisition of the 4th of July last, to- wit: 5,0(10 men." Washington City was, as is well known, captured by the enemy and many 84 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. of our public buildings destroyed. The enemy was invading the country by way of the Potomac, and all this portion of the country was seriously menaced. All men might well become alarmed, as they did. At the approach of the enemy there was no more security for the Federalists than for the most rabid war men — all were or would be in "the same boat." Military headquarters of this district were at York, and at that point was in rendezvous a number of soldiers. These were hastily formed into a company and marched to Baltimore, which point they reached in time to be of good service. This company started from York on August 29, 1814. On the 12th of the following month they en- gaged the enemy and at one time were in the most important part of the com- mand and suffered severely, but conducted themselves with unexampled gal- lantry for raw recruits. The captain was Michael H. Spangler ; first lieuten- ant, Jacob Barnitz; second lieutenant, John McCurdy. On the 29th of November, 1815, the troops from this portion of Pennsyl- vania were under the command of Gen. Watson, when Gen. Scott ordered them to rendezvous at York, to receive their pay and be mustered out. These were the troops under the command of Gens. Foster and Adams. Gen.. Scott thanked the men and officers for their general good conduct, and concluded: ' ' The men had borne the severity of the wet and inclement season in their tents with patience and forbearance." CHAPTER XV. ■ Civil Wak— Receuiting in Adams County — The Military Companies and THEiB Regiments— Corp. Skelly Post, No. 9, G. A. R. THE echoes of firing upon Fort Sumter had hardly died away when re- cruiting soldiers to go to war commenced in Adams County. The pub- lic was moved by an unparalleled excitement; all minor issues were instantly buried; politics were happily forgotten; the people came together; great meet- ings assembled in all the towns; patriotic and sometimes eloquent speeches still more deeply aroused the already excited populace; flags were displayed from all public buildings and often from private houses; the shrill fife and drum filled the air with martial music. Adams County stands proudly in the front ranks of counties in the number of and quality of heroes that she sent to war. Upon every battle-field they con- tributed their full share of stalwart heroes, ready to do and die for their country. With a population of not much over 23,000, she sent over 3,000 soldiers to the different services and commands during the war. The first re- cruits were Company E — three months' men, becoming a part of Second Pennsylvania Eegiment. This company left the county April 19, just one week after Fort Sumter was fired on, and was mustered into the service April 20. Captain, Charles H. Buehler; first lieutenant, Ed. G. Fahnestock; second lieutenant, John Culp ; number of men, 78. Next company recruited was Company K, First Pennsylvania Reserves; three years' service; mus- tered in June 8, 1861; Captain, Edward McPherson; first lieutenants, John F. Bailey (killed); W. Warren Stewart (promoted lieutenant-colonel); Henry N. Minnich (afterward made major); first lieutenant, John D. Sadler (killed at South Mountain); George E. Kitzmiller (brevet captain); second HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 85 lieuteaant, J. J. Herron; number of men, 112. Gen. Stewart was brevet brigadier-general, the only man from the county to reach this position. There was next in order an Adams County company that joined Cole's Independent Maryland Battalion (cavalry), in the three years' service; captains, John Hor- ner and A. M. Hunter; first lieutenants, W. H. Horner and William Mcllhenny; second lieutenant, O. D. McMillan; major, H. S. McNair; from Adams County, 68 men. The next was a detachment of drafted men in the Forty- ninth Pennsylvania; estimated 20 men. Then Company G, in the Seventy- fourth Pennsylvania; one year's service; first lieutenant, Jacob Lohr; esti- mated 40 men, from this county. Then Company D, in the Seventy-sixth Pennsylvania, in the three years' service, was a detachment of ten or twelve Adams County men. Companies F and I, in theEighty-seventh Pennsylvania, were three years' men. Of Company F, the captains were C. H. Buehler (promoted major), Willian J. Martin, and James Adair; first lieutenant, Theodore Morris; quartermaster, William H Culp; second lieutenant, William F. Baker. Ofiicers and men in Company F, 112. Company I, captains, Thaddeus S. PfeifPer (killed at Cold Harbor, June 1, 1864), W. H. Laumies ; first lieutenant, Anthony W. Martin, (who was made adjutant, was killed at Monocacy), and Edward F. Cole; sec- ond lieutenants, James Hersh (promoted regimental quartermaster), Eobert K. Slagle; in this company, 99 men. In the Ninety-first Pennsylvania were 32 drafted men. In the One Hundred and First Pennsylvania, three years men; captains, Heniy K. Chritzman and Henry S. Benner; second lieutenant, Thaddeus Welty. In this company, 55 Adams County men. Company G, same regiment, recruited in March, 1865; captain, T. C. Morris; first lieutenant, Robert George; second lieutenant, Sam- uel A. Jong, enlisted for one year; 98 men. One Hundred and Third Regiment Pennsylvania, reorganized. Company A, first lieutenant, George C. Corson; second lieutenant, Samuel Eiholtz; 85 men. One Hundred and Twenty-seventh Regiment, nine months' service. Com- pany I; captains, I. E. Shipley, Christian A. Missley; first lieutenants, James S. Shoemaker, Jerome W.Henry; second lieutenant, William W. Reed; 84 men. One Hundred and Thirty-eighth Regiment, two companies from this county in three years' service. Company B, captains, John F. McCreary, George A. Earnshaw; first lieutenants, Jacob W. Cress (promoted adjutant), H. C. Grossman; second lieutenants, Harvey W. McKnight, J. C. Livelsberger, Da- vid M. McKnight; 116 men. Company G, captains, James H. Walter, George W. Mullen; first lieutenant, George W. Wilson; 86 men. One Hundred and Fifty- second Regiment, Third Artillery; captain, James B. King; a detachment of 30 men; in three years' service. One Hundi'ed and Sixtieth Regiment, Fifteenth Cavalry; captains, James Lashells, George W. Hildebrand; first lieutenant, John K. Marshall; three years, detachment of Adams County men, 40. One Hundred and Sixty-fifth Regiment, drafted, nine months' men. Offi- cers from this county: colonel, Charles H. Buehler; lieutenant-colonel, Ed. G. Fahnesiock; major, Nash G. Camp; adjutant, J. Harvey White; quartermas- ter, Evan T. Rinehart. Company C; captain, Ebenezer McGinley; first lieu- tenant, Charles J. Sefton; second lieutenant, W. H. Lowe. Company D; captain, Jacob H. Plank; first lieutenant, J. S. Stonesifer; second lieutenant, John Q, Swartz. Company E; captain, George W. Shull; first lieutenant, W. J. Bart; second lieutenant, George K. Duttera. CompanyF; captain, John F. Gilliland; first lieutenant, Jacob C. Pittenturf; second lieutenant. 86 HISTORY OF AUAMS COUNTY. "William N. Sauaders. Company G; captain, Jacob E. Miller; first lieuten- ant, George Y. Hoffman; second lieutenant, W. C. Beck. Company H, cap- tain, W. H. Brogunnier; first lieutenant, Franklin J. Martin; second lieuten- ant, Alfred Helsel. Company I; captains, Nash G. Camp, Edward M. Warren; first lieutenant, Noah D. Snyder; second lieutenant, Isaac Miller. Company K; captain, William H. Webb; first lieutenant, John S. Chronister; second lieutenant, David Day; 800 men, One Hundred and Eighty-second Regiment, Cavalry, six months' service, Company B; captain, Robert Bell; first lieutenant, James Mickley; second lieutenant, Harry G. Scott; 80 men. This company was, at the end of its serv- ice, reorganized in February, 1864, and entered the three years' service. On its reorganization, Capt. Robert Bell (promoted major) was succeeded as cap- tain by James Mickley; first lieutenants, Henry G. Lott (killed), Isaac Bueh- ler; second lieutenant, John Q. A. Young; 131 men. In this regiment there were in various companies detachments of Adams County men in all 40. One Hundred and Eighty-fourth Regiment, one year's service, Company I; captain, W. H. Adams; first lieutenants, John N. Boger, Philip L. Houck; second lieutenant, AdamB. Black; 82 men. Two Hundred and Second Regiment, one year' s service. Company C; captain, John Q. Pfeiffer; first lieutenant, John T. Blair; second lieutenant, John J. McKinney; 102 men. Two Hundred and Fifth Regiment, one year. Company I; captain, I. R. Shipley; about 50 men. Two Hundred and Ninth Regiment, one year, Company G ; captains, George W. Fredrick (promoted lieutenant-colonel), Charles F. Hinkle; first lieuten- ants, W. T. King, Calvin R. Snyder; second lieutenant, J. Howard Wert; 100 men. Two Hundred and Tenth Regiment, one year. Company I; captain. Perry J. Tate; first lieutenants, Charles J. Sefton, J. C. Martin; about 40 men. Independent Battery B, second lieutenant, Clarence M. Camp; about 25 men. In detachments assigned to different regiments there were 50 Adams County colored men. In the signal service there were about 15 men. In the emergency service, men recruited to repel invasion, there were four Adams County com- panies; Capt. Edward M. Warren's Independent Company, Cavalry, three months' service; first lieutenant, Cyrenus H. Fulwiler; second lieutenant, Sam- uel N. Ecker; 100 men. Company A, Twenty-Sixth Regiment; captain, Fredrick Kleinfelter; first lieutenant, William F. Hinkle; second lieutenant, Luther M. Slater; 90 men. Same Regiment, Company I; captain, John S. Forrest; first lieutenant, John Q. Pfeiffer; second lieutenant, A. T. Barnes; 50 men. In 1862, Capt. A. H. McCreaiy's Company; first lieutenant, Robert Bell; second lieutenant, Isaiah W. Orr; 60 men. There were three drafts in the county. In the first draft the quota was filled by the 800 men in the regiments given above. Corporal Skelly Post, No. 9, G. A. R. — This Gettysburg Post was named in honor of Corp. Skelly, of this county, who was wounded at Carter's Woods in the Millroy fight, and died in Winchester; he was brought to Gettysburg and buried in Evergreen Cemetery. The post was first organized in 1865; reorganized in June, 1872. The charter members were Theodore C. NoitIs, William McCartney, J. W. Gil- bert, John F. McCreary, W. D. Holtzwbrth, William E. Culp, J. A. Kitzmil- ler, John M. Krauth, George A. Earnshaw, J. Jeff. Meyers, George W. Wikert, HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 87 J. "W. Cress, Peter Wan-en, S. S. Palmer, A. M. Hunter, A. W. Fleming, George W. Myers, D. J. Benner, Jesse B. Young, W. T. Zeigler. Officers: A. M. Detriok, Commander; H.W. Lightner, S. V. C. ; J. G. Frey, J. V. C; N. G. Wilson, Q. M. ; H. W. McKnight, chaplain; William T. Zeigler, O. D. ; H. S. Buehler, O. G. ; Thaddeus L. Welty, adjutant; W. H. Eupp, S. M. ; J. E.Wible, Q. M. S,; John H. Sheads, O. S. The Post pur- chased the old Methodist Church and have it nicely fitted up for a hall. CHAPTER XVI. Members of Conqeess— Senators and Assemblymen— County Officials. ADAMS COUNTY is now just eighty-six years old. In 1856 Mr. Stahle in his paper, the Compiler, published a list of county officers. This chap- ter -will complete that list to date. CONGRESS. (District — York and Adams Counties.) 1800— John Stewart. 1808— WUliam Crawford. 1802— John Stewart. 1810— WiUiam Crawford. 1804— James KeUy. (District — Adams, Franklin and Cumberland Counties.) 1812— Eobert WhitehiU, William Crawford. 1814^-William Crawford, William McClay. 1816— Andrew Boden, William McClay. 1818 — ^David Fullerton, Andrew Boden. (District— Adams, Franklin, Cumberland and Perry Counties.) 1820 — James McSherry, James Duncan, Thomas G. McCullough. 1821— John Finley. 1822 — John Finley, James Wilson. 1824 — John Finley, James Wilson. 1826 — James Wilson, William Bamsey. 1828— T. H. Crawford, William Eamsey. 1830— William Eamsey, T. H. Crawford. (District — Adams and Franklin Counties.) 1832 — George Chambers. 1838 — James Cooper. 1834 — George Chambers. 1840 — James Cooper. 1836— Daniel Sheffer. (District — Adams and York Counties.) 1842 — Henry Nes. 1846— Henry Nes. 1844— Moses McClean. 1848— Henry Nes. 1850— William H. Kurtz, Joel B. Danner. (District — Adams, Franklin, Bedford, Fulton and Juniata Counties.) 1852— Samuel L. Eussell. 1858— Edward McPherson. 1854 — David F. Eobinson. 1860— Edward McPherson. 1856— Wilson EeUly. 88 HISTORY OP ADAMS COUNTY. (District — Adams, Franltlin, Pulton, Bedford and Somerset Counties.) 1862— A. H. Coffarth. 1868— John Cessna. 1864— W. H. Koontz. 1870— Benjamin F. Meyers. 1866— William H. Koontz. 1872— John Cessna. (District — Adams, Cumberland and Yorli Counties.) 1874— Levi Maish, re-elected 1876. 1878— Frank E. Belzhoover. 1882— William A. Duncan. 1884 — Duncan was re-elected, and died before being qualified. At a special election December 25, 1884, Dr. John A. Swope was elected to fill the vacancy. 1885— Dr. John A. Swope. STATE SENATORS. (District — Yorli and Adams Counties.) 1801— William Eeed. 1823— WiUiam McHvaine. 1803 — Eudolph Spangler. 1824 — Zepheniah Herbert. 1805— William Miller. 1825— Zepheniah Herbert. 1811 — John Stroman. 1826 — Henry Logan. 1813— James McSherry. 1827 — Henry Logan. 1815— Charles A. Barnitz. 1829— Ezra Blythe. 1817— William Gilliland. 1831— Henry Smyser. 1819— Fred. Eichelberger, George 1833— David Middlecoff. Eyster. 1835 — James McConkey. 1821— George Eyster. (District — Adams, Franklin and Cumberland Counties.) 1837 — Charles B. Penrose, Jacob Cassat. 1841 — J. X. McLanahan, W. K. Gorgas. (District — Adams and Franklin Counties.) 1844 — Thomas Carson. 1853 — David Mellinger. 1847— WUliam E. Sadler. 1856— George W. Brewer. 1850— Thomas Carson. 1859— A. K. McClure. (District — Adams, Franklin and Fulton Counties.) 1862— William McSherry. (District — Adams and Franklin Counties.) 1865 — (Contest between C. M. Duncan and David McCanaughy; the latter admitted to the seat. ) 1868— C. M. Duncan. (District — Adams and York Counties.) 1871— William McSherry. (District — Adams and Cumberland Counties.) 1874 — James Chesnut. 1878 — Isaac Hereter. 1882— Samuel C. Wagner. ASSEMBLY. 1800— Thomas Thombaugh, Henry Slagle. 1801 — Henry Slagle, Thomas Thornbaugh. 1802— Henry Slagle, William Miller. 1803 — ^Andrew Shriver, William Miller. 1804 — William Miller, Andrew Shriver. HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 91 1805 — Walter Smith, Andrew Shriver. 1806 — ^Andrew Shriver, Walter Smith. 1807 — James McSherry, James Gettys. 1808 — James McSherry, James Gettys. 1809 — James McSherry, James Gettys. 1810 — James McSherry, James Eobinette. 1811 — James McSherry, James Eobinette. 1812 — James McSherry, James Eobinette. 1813 — James Eobinette, William Miller. 1814 — James Eobinette, William Miller. 1815 — William Miller, James Eobinette. 1816 — Michael Slagle, Samuel Withrow. 1817 — Michael Slagle, Samuel Withrow. 1818 — Samuel Withrow, William Thompson. 1819— William Miller, William Thompson. 1820 — Jacob Cassat, Isaac Weirman. 1821 — Jacob Cassat, Isaac Weirman. 1822 — Jacob Cassat, Isaac Weirman. 1823 — Jacob Cassat, Isaac Weirman. 1824 — -James McSherry, George Deardorff. 1825 — James McSherry, George DeardorfP. 1826 — James McSherry, Thompson T. Bonner. 1827— Thompson T. Bonner, Ezra Blythe. 1828— James McSherry, Thomas Stevens. 1829— James McSherry, D. Middlecauf. 1830 — James McSherry, Andrew Marshall. 1831 — Christian Picking, Andrew Marshall. 1832 — James Potters, WiUiam Eenshaw. 1833 — James Patterson, Thaddeus Stevens. 1834 — James McSherry, Thaddeus Stevens. 1835 — James McSherry, Thaddeus Stevens. 1836— William McCurdy, Christian Picking. 1837— Thaddeus Stevens, Charles KettleweU. 1838— Thaddeus Stevens, Charles KettleweU. 1839— Daniel M. Smyser, William Albright. 1840 — Daniel M. Smyser, George L. Fauss. 1841 — Thaddeus Stevens, George L. Fauss. 1842 — John Marshall, Henry Myers. 1843 — James Cooper. 1844 — James Cooper. 1845 — John Brough. 1846 — James Cooper. 1847— WUliam McSherry. 1848 — James Cooper. 1849— William McSherry. 1849 — Daniel Smyser. 1850— William McSherry. 1851— David Mellinger. 1852— David Mellinger. 1853— John C. Ellis. 1854— Moses McClean. 1855 — Isaac Eobinson. 1856 — John Musselman. 92 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 1857— Charles Will. 1858 — Samuel Durborrow. 1859 — Samuel Durborrow. 1860— Henry J. Myers. 1861— John Bushey. 1862— Henry J. Myers. 1863— James H. Marshall. 1864— James H. Marshall. 1865— P. L. Houck. 1866— Nicholas Heltzel. * 1867— Nicholas Heltzel. 1868— A. B. Dill. 1869— A. B. DiU. 1870 — Isaac Hereter. 1871 — Isaac Hereter. 1872— WiUiam S. Hildebrand. 1873— William S. Hildebrand. 1874— E. W. Stahle, Daniel Geiselman. 1874— W. A. Martin, William J. McClure. 1878— W. Boss White, J. E. Smith. 1880— J. Upton Neely, Albert W. Storm. 1882— E. W. Bream, Prank G. Smeringer. 1884— S. S. Stockslager, Ephraim Myers. PKESIDENT JUDGES. 1800-05 — Hon. John Joseph Henry. 1805-19 — Hon. James Hamilton. 1819-20— Hon. Charles Smith. 1820-35— Hon John Eeed. 1835-46— Hon. Daniel Durkee. 1846-49— Hon. William N. Irvine. 1849-51— Hon. William N. Durkee. 1851-73— Hon. E. J. Fisher. 1873-74— Hon. David Wills. 1874 — Hon. William M. McClean, (present judge). ASSOCIATE JUDGES. Of the associate judges appointed prior to any records of these officials, we find the names of the following who had been appointed by the governor: Will- iam Gilliland, John Agnew, William Scott, William Crawford, Daniel Sheffer, William McClean, George Will, George Smyser, James McDevitt. 1851 — John McGinley and S. E. Eussell, elected. 1856 — David Zeigler and Dr. David Homer, elected. 1858 — Isaac Weirman, appointed. 1858 — Isaac Weirman, elected. 1861— David Zeigler. 1863 — Isaac Weirman. ' 1866 — Isaac Eobinson. 1868— J. J. Kuhn. 1869— Eobert McCurdy. 1873— J. J. Kuhn. 1880— A. F. White, William Gulden. PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS. William Maxwell, George Metzgar, Samuel Eamsey, George Sweeny, Eobert HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 93 S. King, Willet C. Oglely, Andrew G. Miller, William N. Irvine, Daniel M, Smyser, Robert P. McCanaughy, Moses McClean, C. G. French, Edward B. Buehler, James G. Reed, William B. McClellan, William A. Duncan. A. J. Caver, J. C. Neely, E. S. ReiUy, D. M. Wilson, S. McSwope.— 1877, Edward S. Reilly; 1881, Samuel McSwope; 1882, Samuel McSwope; 1885, John M. Krauts. SHBEIFFS. 1800- 1803- 1806- 1809- 1812- 1815- 1818- 1821- 1824- 1827- 1830- 1833- 1836- 1839- 1842- 1800- 1803- 1806- 1809- 1812- 1815- 1818- 1821- 1824- 1827- 1830- 1833- 1836- 1839- 1842- 1845- 1848- 1851- -George Lashells. -James Gettys. -Jacob Winrott. -James Horner. -John Murphy. -Samuel GaUoway. -John Arendt. -Bernard Gilbert. -Thomas C. MUler. -Philip Heagy. -William Cobean. -James Bell. - William Taughinbaugh. -George W. McClellan. -Francis Bream. COBONEHS. -(missing. No trace found here or at -John Arendt. 1854 -Henry Hoke. 1857- -Thomas Cochran. 1858- -Samuel Galloway. 1861- -John F. McFarlane. 1862- -John GaUoway. 1863- -James A. Thompson. 1866 -Dr. David Homer, Jr. 1869 —John Houck. 1871- -S. S. Forney. 1873 —Dr. George L. Fouss. 1875- -John Ash. 1877 -A. B. Kurtz. 1878 -Dr. David Horner. 1881 -Dr. Joseph N. Smith. 1883 -Dr. Charles Horner. 1884 -Dr. H. W. Kaufman. PBOTHONOTAEIES. 1800 to 1821-James Duncan, appointed. 1854 1845 — Benjamin Shriver. 1848— William Fickes. 1851~John Scott. 1854 — Henry Thomas. 1857 — Isaac Lightner. 1860— Samuel Wolf. 1863— Adam Rebert. 1866— Philip Hann. 1869— Jacob Klunk. 1872 — James Hersh. 1875^Joseph Spangler. 1878— A. J. Bowers. 1881— J. H. Plank. 1884— Samuel Eaholtz. Harrisburg. ) -Dr. J. W. Hendrix. -Dr. 0. E. Goldsborough. -Dr. E. W. Mumma. -Dr. A. B. Dill. -Dr. H. A. Lilly. -Dr. T. O. Kinzer. -Dr. W. J. McClure. —Dr. M. L. Gates. -Dr. J. L. Baehr. —Dr. A. Holtz. Dr. H. W. LeFevre. — Dr. A. P. Beaver. Geo. L. Rice. Dr. Geo. L. Rice. Dr. O. W. Thomas. Dr. H. L. Diehl. 1821— William McClellan. 1824— George Welsh. 1832— George Zeigler. 1835— Bernard Gilbert. 1839— Joel B. Danner. 1839— A. McGinley, elected. 1842— Joel B. Danner. 1845— Anthony B. Kurtz. 1848— John Picking. 1851— W. W. Paxton. 1857- 1860- 1862- 1865- 1868- 1871- 1874- 1877- 1880- 1883- -John Picking. -Jacob Bushey. -J. F. Bailey. -Jacob Bushey. -J. A. KitzmDler. -Jacob Melhcrn. -Thomas G. Neely. -Thomas G. Neely. -Daniel Chronister. -Robert McCurdy. -S. A. Smith. 94 HISTORY OF ADAMS CODNTY. 1800- 1821- 1823- 1824- 1830- 1835- 1836- 1839- 1839- 1842- 1845- 1848- EEGISTEES -James Duncan, to 1821. -J. Wini'ott. -William McClellan. -George Zeigler. -John B. Clark. -Thomas C. Miller. -James A. Thompson. -Jacob Le Fevre. -William King, elected -Witlian King. -Robert Cobean. -W. W. Hammersly. AND HEC0KDEB8.* 1851— Daniel Plank. 1854— William F. Walter. 1857 — Zachariah Myers. 1860— Charles X. Martin. 1863— Samuel Lilly. 1866— William D. Holtzworth. 1869— Samuel A. Swope. 1872— Jacob C. Shriver. 1875— Nathaniel Miller. 1878— Samuel B. Horner. 1881 — Jeremiah Slaybaugh. 1885—1. S. Stonesifer. CLERKS OF 1800 to 1821— James Duncan. 1821— WiUiam McClellan. 1824— George Welsh. . 1832— John Picking. 1835— Thomas Dickey. 1839— Joel B. Danner. 1839— S. E. Russell, elected. 1842— D. C. Brinkerhoff. 1845— W. S. Hamilton. 1848— Hugh Dunwiddie. 1851— Eden Norris. THE COURTS 1854— 1857— 1860- 1863— 1866 1869 1872— 1875 1878—; 1881 1884—1 J. J. Baldwin. H, G. Wolf. John Eiholtz. James J. Fink. Adam W. Maiter. Henry G. Wolf. Robert McCleaf. Abraham King. J. C. Pittenturf. F. M. Timmins. C. W. Stoner. 1801- 1805- 1807- 1809- 1812- 1815- 1818- 1821- 1825- 1828- 1831- 1834- 1835- 1836- 1837- 1838- 1841- 1843- 1845- COUNTT TEEASDRERS.f 1847— James Scott. Samuel Agnew. 1849 Mathew Longwell. 1851 Walter Smith. 1853— John McCanaughy. 1855 William McClean. 1857—, ■Walter Smith. 1859- ■Robert Smith. 1861- ■John B. McPherson. 1863- ■William S. Cobean. 1865- •Robert Smith. 1867- ■William Laub. 1869- •Jesse Gilbert. 1871- ■Bernard Gilbert. 1873- ■Jesse Gilbert. 1875- ■John H. McClellan. 1878- -James A. Thompson, elected. 1881- ■JohnH. McClellan. 1884- ■David McCreary. Robert G. Harper. John Fahnestock. Thomas Warren. George Arnold. J. L. Shick. J. B. Danner. Waybright Zeigler. ■H. B. Danner. Jacob Troxel. -Jacob Sheads. H. D. Wattles. W. J. Martin. ■R. D. Armor. ■W. K. Gallagher. -Charles Zeigler. -Franklin S. Ramer. -Samuel K. Folk. -George E. Stock. COUNTY COMMISSIONERS. 1800 — Walter Smith, Henry Hull and Michael Slagle were elected first commissioners. Each succeeding year one was elected. To simplify the mat- ter we number them and they correspond exactly with the years; as No 1, ♦Were appointed by the governor to 1839, fWere appointed by tiie commisBionera until 1841. HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 95 "Walter Smith was elected in 1801. No. 2, Henry Hull; No. 3, Michael Slagle; No. 4, Moses McClean; No. 5, Jacob Cassat; No. 6, John Bounce; No. 7. John Arendt; No. 8, Joseph Swearinger; No. 9, Samuel Withrow; No. 9, Peter Mack (one year); No. 10, Henry Brinkerhoff; No. 11, Peter Mack; No. 12, Eobert Hays; No. 13, John Stewart; No. 13, Alex EusseU (two years); No. 14, Henry Smyser;No. 14 David Stewart (two years); No. 15, Amos McGinley; No. 16, Michael Newman; No. 17, James Horner; No. 18, William Patterson; No. 19, Joseph Swearinger ;No. 20, Archibald Boyd; No. 21, Alexander Mack; No. 22, Harmon Weirman; No. 23, John Shorb; No. 24, James Paxton; No. 25, John F. McFarlane; No. 26, Samuel B. Wright; No. 27, Jacob Fickes; No. 28, James Mcllhenny; No. 29, Thomas Ehrehart; No. 30, Jacob Cover; No. 31, John L. Gubernator; No. 32, Eobert Mcllhenny; No. 33, John Brough; No. 34, John Musselman, No. 35, George Will; No. 36, John Wolford; No. 37, William Eex; No. 37, James Eenshaw (one year) ; No. 38, Daniel Diehl; No. 39, Joseph J. Kuhn; No. 40, William Douglas; No. 41, George Basehoar; No. 42, James Patterson; No. 43, Peter Diehl; No. 44, James Cunningham ; No. 45, James Funk; No, 46, Andrew Heintzelman; No. 47, Jacob King; No. 48, John G. Morningstar; No. 49, John Musselman, Jr. ; No. 50, Jacob Griest; No. 51, Abraham Eeaser; No. 52, JohnMickley;No. 53, James S. Wills; No. 54, George Myers; No. 55, Henry A. .Picking; No. 56, Josiah Benner; No. 57, Jacob Eaffensperger; No. 58, Daniel Geiselman; No. 59, James H. Marshall; No. 60, William B. Gardiner; No. 61, Ephraim Myers; No. 62, Jacob Epple- man; No. 63, Samuel March; No, 64, Abraham Krise; No. 65, Samuel Wolf, No. 66, Nicholas Wierman; No. 67, Jacob Lott; No. 68, Moses Hartman; No. 69, Emanuel Neidich; No. 70, Francis Will; No. 71, J. E. Smith; No. 72, John H. Meyers; No. 73, John Herbst; No. 74, H. W. Schwartz; No. 75, John Nunemaker; No. 75, J. E. Leas; No. 75, Isaac D. Worley; No. 78, Henry Culp, Jacob Hainish; 1884, Abraham Sheely, Emanuel D. Keller, Jeremiah T. Hartzell. Commissioners' Clerks in their order were as follows: John Andrews, Alexander McHhenny, James Brown, William McClean, Alexander Eussell, David Homer, WUliam King, Henry J. Schreiner, Eobert G. Harper, Jacob Auginbaugh, J. M. Walter and J. Jeff Myers. DIEECTOES OP THE POOR. In 1817 the county first took steps to provide for its unfortunate and help- less poor. That year Charles F. Keener, James Eobinette, Fredrick Baugher, Thomas C. Miller and Henry Brinkerhoff were elected commissioners of the poorhouse site. During this year William McPherson, WUliam McGaughy and John Murphy, Sr., were elected the first directors of the poor. Then followed in the order elected: 1818— William McPherson. 1829— James McKnight. 1819 — Fredrick Boyer. 1830 — Garret Brinkerhoff. 1820 — William McGaughy. 1831 — James A. Thompson. 1821— Daniel Funk. 1832— WUliam Eex. 1822 — Eobert McMurdie. 1833 — James Cunningham. 1823— David Horner, Sr. (1 year). 1834— Jacob Will. 1823 — George Horner (1 year). 1835 — Quintin Armstrong. 1824^-John Duffield. 1836— Baltzer Snyder. . 1825 — Hugh Jackson. ' 1837— George Irwin. 1826— Daniel Mickley, Sr. 1837— Peter Trostle. 1827— William McCurdy. 1839— Jacob Sterner. 1828— Peter Diehl. 1840— Henry Lott. 96 HISTORY OP ADAMS COUNTY. 1841 — William Morrison. 1842— Garret Brinkerhoff. 1843— William White. 1844 — David Hollinger. 1845 — John Hostetler, Jr. 1846— John Houck. 1847— Thomas McClory. 1848— Henry Brinkerhoff. 1849 — James D. Newman. 1850 — Nicholas Bushey. 1851 — James Bigham. 1852— Peter Smith. 1852 — Joseph Bailey. 1853 — Joseph Bailey. 1854 — John Horner. 1855— Garret Brinkerhoff. 1856— Fredrick Wolf. 1857— Andrew White. 1858 — Abraham Spangler. 1859 — C. Musselman. I860— Jacob Miller. 1860 — Isaac Pfoutz (2 years). 1862— J. M. Bolinger. 1863— George Mackley. 1864r— John N. Graft. 1865 — Abraham Krise. 1866— John Rohn. 1867— Martin Getz. 1868— Benj. Deardorff. 1869— Levi Schwartz. 1870— Jacob B. Millar. 1871 — Jacob Saunders. 1872— Michael Fiscel. 1878 — Jesse Bucher. 1874 — George Guise. 1875 — Joseph Gelbach, Samuel Oren- dorf and Newton M. Horner. 1877— John Boblitz. 1879 — George Lough and Henry Hartzell. 1880 — James Reaver and John B. Wink. 1881 — Peter Mackley and Detrich. 1882— Henry L. Stock and William Gulden. 1861— John Eckenrode. Clerks to Directors. — Robert Smith, John Garvin, W. W. Paxton, J. J. Baldwin, Robert Paxton, D. C. Brinkerhoff, Zachariah Myers, H. G. Wolf and H. A. Picking. Stewards. — Michael Newman, Peter Auginbaugh, Quintin Armstrcng, Henry Welty, Samuel Cobean, John Scott, Jacob Gulp, Jonas Johns and John Eiholtz. Treasurers. — John B. McPherson, Samuel Hutchinson, David Horner, Sr.,^ Thomas J. Cooper, Samuel Withrow, James Major, Alexander Cobean, J. B. Danner, Jacob Sheads, C. Daugherty and Jacob Benner. Physicians. — Dr. C. N. Berluchy, Dr. D. Horner, Drs. C. & R. Homer, Dr. J. A. Swope, Dr. H. S. Huber, Dr. A. W. Dorsey, Dr. J. W. C. O'Neal, Dr. Walter H. O'Neal. 1809- 1810- 1811- 1812- 1818- 1814- 1815- 1816- 1817- 1818- 1819- 1820- 1821- 1822- 1823- 1823- COUNTY AUDITORS. Thomas Pearson, John Stewart, Jr. , Alexander Cobean. -John Dickson, Amos McGinley, Andrew Will. John Dickson, Amos McGinley, John Stewart. John Dickson, Alexander Cobean, Andrew Will. Alexander Cobean, John King, John Shorb. William Thompson, John Dickson, Andrew Will. John King. Allen Robinette. Isaac Wierman. Peter Mark. James Cunningham. John Duffield. Samuel Fahnestock. George Will. John Kerr. C. F. Keener (two years). 1824— Moses Funk. 1825— David Wills. 1826— Robert Mcllhenny. 1827— Robert Smith. 1828— William Patterson. 1829— John Lilly. 1830— Charles Kettelwell. 1881— John M. Kesson. 1832 — Joseph Baugher. 1833— Joseph Fink. HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 97 1834^Sainuel Diehl. 1835 — Allen Eobinette. 1836— Fredrick Diehl. 1837— John L. Noel. 1838 — John G. Morningstar. 1839 — Samuel Durborow. 1840 — James Russell. 1841— Daniel Comfort. 1842 — Martin Newman. 1843— William E. Sadler. 1844 — Jacob Dellone. 1844 — Eli E. A. More (one year). 1845— Adam J. Walter. 1846— John C. Ellis. 1847— A. W. McGinley. 1848 — Samuel Durborow. 1849— John Elder. 1850— F. G. Hoffman. 1851 — Andrew Marshall. 1852 — John Dickson, Jr. 1853— Edmund F. Shorb. 1854— Abel T. Wright. 1855 — John Haupton. 1856— C. Cashman. 1857 — Isaac Hereter. 1858— John Brinkerhoff. 1859 — ^Amos Le Feyre. I860— Henry Dysert. 1861— Peter Dick. 1862—1. H. Sherman. 1863— John Elder. 1864 — Joseph Burkee (three years). 1864 — Jacob Hall (two years). 1865— J. C. Pittenturf. 1866 — Henry L. Bream. 1867— Martin E. Ballinger. 1868— E. G. Heagy. 1869— David Ehodes, Jr. 1870— Eaphael Sherfy. 1871 — Isaac Bender. 1872— John U. Euff. 1873 — George W. Hartman. 1874— F. H. Ebert. 1875 — Jacob F. Bream. 1875— W. Howard Dicks. 1875— A. M. Hunter. 1878— Francis Steffy, S. H. Eiholtz. 1881— John F. Klingle, Solomon Pow - ers, Charles Shaner. COUNTY SURVEYORS. Moses McClean was appointed by the governor the first county surveyor. His politics not suiting the governor' a notions he was turned out, and Moses only became the firmer in his political faith. UntU 1850 this office was known as "deputy surveyor," and by law became "county surveyor," and elective in 1850. James Boyd, Samuel Sloan and others, of which we can find no rec- ords, filled the position by appointment. 1850— Jacob Diehl. 1865— J. S. Withi-ow. 1853— George B. Hewitt. 1868— Jesse D. Keller. 1856— Edward Mclntyre. 1871— Jesse D. Keller. 1859— John G. Brinkerhoff. 1874— John G. Brinkerhoff, and is 1862 — John G. Brinkerhoff. thepresent incumbent (1886). COUNTY SCHOOL SUPEBINTENDENTS. David Wills, the first, was elected in 1854. Eeuben Hill, appointed 1856 ; W. L. Campbell, elected, 1857; J. K. Mcllhenny, appointed, 1858; John C. Ellis, appointed, 1859; J. C. Ellis, elected, 1860; Aaron Sheely, elected 1863 and re-elected, 1866; J. H. Wert, elected 1869; P. D. W. Hankey, appointed, 1871; Aaron Sheely, elected 1872 and re-elected every regular election since, and is the present efficient incumbent. JURY COMMISSIONERS. 1867, Henry J. Kuhn; 1867, Cornelius Lott; 1870, Henry Mayer, declined to qualify and the court appointed Philip Donohue; 1870, John D. Becker; 1873, Samuel Swartz and B. W. Reilly; the latter declined and the court ap- pointed Maj. Robert Bell. 98 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. CHAPTER XVII. Lawyers— First Court—" Circuit Eiders "—Visiting Attorneys— Jonathan F. Haight, First Resident Attorney— Lawyers from 1801 to 1885. THE judges and officers of the courts are given in another chapter. The first court held in the county was in June, 1800, and this brought the first nimble limbs of the law that ever met in Gettysburg to ply their arduous voca- tion. None of these were residents of the new county; they were simply fol- lowing the courts and attending to the business of such clients as chose to em- ploy them, as there was not a home attorney j'et in the county. In the West- ern States, whUe the country was still new and sparsely settled, these traveling lawyers have gone into history as the ' ' circuit riders, ' ' who rode at one time in the wide range of large counties over half of the State in which they prac- ticed. The judge and attorney, making quite a cavalcade, and hard life, in storms and cold, swimming rivers and fording swollen streams, and in hotels of but three rooms, and all the country around coming to town "to court, ' ' and the rough roystering and sometimes fighting and ' 'stag-dancing, ' ' and general ' 'whoo-o-oping up, ' ' as the slang expressed it, was much of the school where such men as Ed Baker, Douglas, Lincoln, Judge Breese and many others of the em- inent men of the country received their baptism into the experiences of real and practical life. The following were the visiting attorneys, who attended the first court in Gettysburg: Ralph Bowie, John Clark, James Kelly, David Cassat, William Ross, William Barber, William Maxwell, George Smith, Robert Hayes, Rich- ard Brook; these were all admitted to the practice on the first day of court. The next day shows Andrew Dunlop, James Orbison, John Shippen and James Brotherton. August 25 William M. Brown was admitted. The new attor- neys at the November term of the court were Ralph Marlin and Jonathan F. Haight. The latter, it seems, came to stay, and he rented an office and swung out his newly painted sign, and became Adams County' s first resident attorney. He had hunted up the new county to grow up with the country, but after two years faithful seeking for clients, he probably found he had made the palpable mistake of trying to make a living in a county where there was but one attor- ney. If there are two attorneys then business may prosper, but never where there is only one, and so Haight folded his tent and departed to greener fields. At the May court, 1801, James Dobbin was admitted to practice; May term, 1802, Samuel Riddle; August 25, same year, Francis S. Key, author of "Star Spangled Banner, " appeared; in August, 1804, William Montgomery; May, 1805, George Metzgar and James Riddle; January, 1806, William Reed, Jr. ; February, John McCanaughy; November, Moses McClean; April, 1807, Will- iam N. Irvine; November, Andrew Carothers and James M. Russell; 1808, Upton S. Reed, David Snively, Thomas S. McCullough and John Reed; 1809, Thomas Hartley Crawford; 1810, James Gilliland; 1811, Alexander Mahon, Charles A. Barnitz and John Lashells; 1812, Mathew S. Clark; 1814, Isaac Brown Parker; 1815, Samson S. King, Nathaniel Dearbon, Stephen Duncan, George Chambers and Samuel Bacon; 1816, William M. McDowell, Samuel Ramsey, who had read law in James Gilliland' s office. The examining com- mittee in his case were Ralph Bowie, David Cassat and William Ross. HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 101 In 1817 there were admitted to practice in the courts in this county James Hamilton, Jr., Calvin Blythe and Gr. AV. King; the latter read in the office of John McConaughy; examining committee, James Kelly, David Cassat and James Dobbin. This year James Dunlap was admitted. In 1819 — John D. Mahon. At the same time James G. McNeely, who read with John McConaughy; committee, David Cassat, Samuel Alexander, Thad- deus Stevens. 1820— William H. Brown. 1821 — John Gardner, Walter S. Franklin and Daniel Durkee. Judge Durkee, a native of Vermont, a hatter by trade, subsequently read law, re- moved to Lebanon, Penn. , and commenced the practice, and removed to York in 1820. He served two terms as president judge of the York and Adams Court. 1822^ — James Dixon and'W. V. Eandall. This year James Buchanan, af- terward President of the United States, was admitted to practice in the Adams County Circuit Court. 1823 — X. H. Cushman, who had read with Thaddeus Stevens; committee, James Dobbin, John McConaughy and Samuel Ramsey. Also admitted, Samuel E. KusseU, William Miller, Jr., and John S. Crawford. 1824 — Calvin Mason, John Evans, Charles B. Penrose, John L. Fuller, Edward Burnham and Samuel Hughes. 1825 — William D. Ramsey, Robert S. King, Fredrick Watts, Henry H. Cassat and Hugh Gallagher. 1826 — Moses McClean, read with John McConaughy, but applied for li- cense in Franklin, Venango County, in 1825, and was admitted. Returned to Gettysburg where he was in active practice for forty-five years. He was much in public life — in the county offices, Legislature and Congress. A man of vigorous intellect and dauntless courage in the pursuit of his convictions. In going patiently over the early records of the leaders among the grand race of men who wrested the wilderness from the savage and made it this fair gar- den of civilization, we confess we found no character to which we could give unmixed admiration beyond what has come down to us with the memory of Moses McClean. This year also William Ramsey and Andrew G. Miller. The latter served as United States Judge in the Territory and State of Wis- consin. 1827 — Thomas Kelly, Morgan Ash and Willett C. Oglesby. 1829— Thomas Craighead. 1831 — William Price, Daniel M. Smyser, who had read vnth Thad. Stev- ens. Smyser was elected president judge of Bucks and Montgomery Dis- trict in 1851 where he served with eminent ability ten years. He served in the Legislature and filled other positions. This year was admitted also Will- iam Maxwell. 1832— William Frazier. 1833 — John Williamson, James Devor. 1834 — James Cooper and Joseph Chambers. Mr. Cooper read in Stevens' office. Committee, Charles B. Penrose, Andrew G. MUler, Fredrick Watts. He was an able lawyer and brilliant politician; in the Legislature a number of times; a member of Congress, and when serving a term in the Legislature was elected United States Senator. 1835 Andrew P. Wilson, Thomas C. Hambley, Joseph M. Palmer. Rob- ert J. Fisher, Albert C. Ramsey, Robert F. McConaughy, William Carothers, Samuel Hepburn. Judge Fisher read law with his father in Harrisburg, and was licensed in August, 1828 ; removed to York the same year and there made his permanent home. OA 102 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 1839 — Gottleib S. Orth, Conrad Baker, A. E. Stevenson. Orfch and Baker both went to Indiana and became leaders in the Republican party. Baker was lieutenant-governor and governor of that State. Orth served in Congress and was the Republican candidate for governor, but defeated. 1840 — James X. McLanahan, James McSherry, Jr. 1841 — Jacob F. "Welsh, who had read with D. M. Smyser. 1842— William Baker, John Withrow, William McSherry. The latter is now the senior practicing member of the bar in the county. He has served ably and well the people of the county in both houses of the Legislature. 1843— Isaac H. MeCauley, William H. Miller. 1844 — ^William E. Barber read with James Cooper; Samuel Baird, Ed- ward B. Buehler, Robert G. McCreary, William B. McClellan, Cyrus G. French. 1845 — Andrew Neil, Henry Reed, Thomas McCreary: David McConaughy read with Moses McClean; James Malcom. 1846 — L. G. Brandenburg, John P. Blaine, Thomas C. Cochran, Carson C. Moore, Thomas J. McKaig, Benjamin Herr. 1847 — James H. Hauke, James J. E. Naille, Henry Y. Slaymaker, James G. Reed. 1850— Henry L. Fisher. 1851 — H. B. Woods, student of Moses MeClean; James S. Ross. 1852 — William H. Stevenson, Wilson Reilly, John A. Marshall, Thomas P. Potts. 1853 — David Wills read with Thaddeus Stevens. Judge Wills was ap- pointed president judge in 1874, and served to the end of the term in that year. 1854 — Jacob S. Stable; William McClean read in Moses McClean' s office. He was appointed president judge in 1874, and is the present incmnbent, and has just heen unanimously re-elected. 1855 — J. Alexander Simpson. 1856 — D. A. Buehler read with E. B. Buehler and James Cooper. 1857 — Nesbitt Baugher read with D. McConaughy. 1858 — J. Charles King read with D. McConaughy; James McElroy. 1859 — Andrew D. Hill; J. 0. Neely read with D. McConaughy; William A. Duncan, A. J. Clover; two latter read with R. G. McCreary. James Kerr Mcllhenny read with Judge D. Wills. 1860 — S. J. Vandersloot read with D. A. Buehler. Arthur N. Green, William Adams, William Hay, J. J. Herron. [Writing of the bench and bar of Bureau County, 111. , a short time ago, I became acquainted with the history of an attorney, J. J. Herron, who died a few years ago in Princeton, 111. His career there had been remarkable and brilliant, and I learned he was regarded at the time of his death as the ablest attorney in that part of Illinois. He died before reaching the fullness of his great promise. I am strongly inclined to the belief this is the same man. — En.] 1861 — William A. Sponsler. 1862— J. Frank Siess, Calvin D. Whitney. 1863— J. Q. A. Pfeiffer, read with R. G. McCreary. 1864— J. Harvey White. 1866--J. McDowell Shorpe. 1867— John M. Krauth read with D. McConaughy. 1868 — John M. Young read with Judge D. Wills; Joseph H. Le Fevre, read with D. McConaughy. 1869 —William R. Eyster. 1870— Rudolph M. Shick read with Judge Wills. HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 103 1871 — John Hay Brown, student of D. A. Buehler; J. A. Kitzmiller, stu- dent with Judge Wills; Hart Gilbert read in office of R. G. McCreary; M. W. Jacobs, also with McCreary; Robert E. Wright. 1872 — Joseph Douglas, Edward S. Reilly, William S. Stenger; Robert Agnew read with Judge" Agnew. 1873 — W. Hamilton Bailey read with Ju&ge Wills; George J. Bond, M. C. Herman; the latter served as president judge of the Cumberland District. 1874^H. C. Dean, John A. Kuhn, Joseph R. Kuhn, H. E. Sheaffer, John Cornman. 1875 — Stewart M. Leidich. 1876— S. McSwope read with Judge Wills; W. C. Stover read with D. McConaughy; John L. Kendlehart, student of Judge Wills; John L. Hill, Jr. read in office of R. J. McCreary. 1877 — Charles M. Wolf, now in Hanover; Edward J. Cox read with K G. McCreary; D. McC. Wilson, with D. McConaughy. 1878— William McSherry, Jr., student of E. S. Reilly (deceased) and Will- iam McSherry, Sr. ; Charles E. Fink; David Horner (deceased) read with Da- vid Wills. 1879— Benton Dully, W. A. Scott, with Judge Wills. 1880— Calvin F. O. Fames, with R. G. McCreary. 1881 — George J. Benner, with R. G. McCreary. 1882 — A. W. Fleming, Jr. (deceased) read with J. C. Neely. 1885 — Charles S. Duncan read in Philadelphia; William Arch. McCleaa read with his father. Judge William McClean; E. A. Weaver read with Mc- Creary & Duncan; George W. Walter, student of Judge David Wills. CHAPTER XVIII. Political — The Revolution— Party Spirit— Jefferson and Hamiltov— First County Convention— Republican-Democrats and Federal.s— Hon. William McSherry— Political Factions— Elections— Federalists AND Republicans ("Democrats") — A "Cockade" Row — Federal— Repub- licans and Democrats— The "Centinel"— Elections to 1814. IT was many years after the first settlement before the people had the great luxury of anything like our present American politics. For a half century or more after the first settlement they simply had none at all. They were aH British subjects and the very first question looking toward even political ideas came as a suggestion from the acting governor of the Province, in which he gave notice that a great many Germans were coming into the country, without any special permission to do so, and, without reporting to the authorities who they were or where they were from or why they came, were proceeding to the in- terior and had commenced opening farms and making settlements. This all sounds strangely' enough now, but was natural enough then. The country was English territory, and loyalty to the King was the predominant question among the deputy rulers of the country. In a few years after the first settlement in Adams County, as early, in fact, as 1760, commenced to gather here the storm that eventually broke upon the 104 HISTORV OF ADAMS COUNTY. country and its three millions of scattered people — the Revolution. Then had there been former political dissensions they would have melted away. There had been local and neighborhood quarrels plenty enough, but they were all questions, or nearly all, of nativity. The Scotch-Irish were of a high- ly nervous organization, not irrascible, by any means, but generally good-na- tured and rolicksome, overflowing with animal spirits. His German neigh- bor was the total opposite of this. Phlegmatic, persistent, slow, untiring, peaceful and industrious. He wanted only peace and to be let alone. They were all Protestants in religion and were on this substantially agreed. At first they could find nothing else to disagree about, and so we find the Germans de- manding of the proprietaries that they sell no more lands to the Irish, and it is a fact that at one time many, who otherwise would have been glad to locate in this county, were forced by circumstances to become permanent and good and worthy citizens of Cumberland County. But the French-Indian war came in 1755, and this was the first thing, like all common dangers, to banish something of the rancorous feelings of divided people. They forgot all else and rushed together, and this very fact itself would rub off many a sharp point of prejudice. The Indians were ready to kill all that they found defenseless; they were indiscriminate in their ferocity, and the tendency of a common defense and protection of each other tended to a like indiscrimination. The war gone, however, and new people constantly coming in, the old feelings were again manifesting themselves. Just then, however, came the first rumblings of the Revolution. Early in 1760 a meeting of the people was held, and here was the first visible sign of that common and indissoluble bond of brotherhood, one of the most remarkable in the history of mankind, that was required, that so tested men in the long seven years of war that was crowned with our liberties. Indeed that was the planting of the Tree of Liberty that has since spread its protecting shade more or less over the world. The Revolution fought out, our liberties obtained, then came the question — really for the first time presented to man — of commencing at the very foun- dations, and constructing, without models, without a guiding precedent, gov- ernment for free men — government where every man had an equal power. The first great question to the people was to repair the extreme poverty, the suffering poverty, in which they found themselves after the long and heroic sacrifices. This work engaged their every energy for some years. In fact this lasted wholly through the two presidential terms of Washington and the one term of Adams, or down to 1801. Toward the end of the first Adams term, or with the dawn of this century, there began discussions upon govern- ment policies. Looking back over these discussions we can at first and for a few years see only the one main point for any differences, or sides on which it was possible to form parties. The first discoverable streak across the sky was the charge first made, by the Adams party (this merely to designate), that all those (these afterward turned out to be the Jefferson men) who did not think as they did were, by their acts, tending to destroy the Constitution. On the Other hand, there were those who seemed to sincerely believe that Adams had been a good man, but, surrounded during his administration by bad advis- ers. Jefferson began to loom up as the next possible candidate. Then every hour and every da^j^he lines began to be formed more distinctly. The Jeffer- son men were soon taunted as Jacobins. Two distinct parties were at once formed, each calling itself by the name Republican, but one occasionally call- ing itself Federal Republican, and, in the course of time, the other was some- times called Democratic Republican. HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 105 Consulting the early party records among the good people of Adams it is rather amusing to notice how difficult (in many cases where parties aspired to office), apparently, it was for them to make up their minds which party they be- longed to. In a few instances they would be candidates on the ticket of one party one year, and the next year on the ticket of the opposite party. But this never, it seems, occurred only in the case of defeated candidates. Where a candidate got in that seemed to fix his future politics unalterably. Just a little bit more than like results invariably do nowadays. Early in 1800 the Pennsylvania State Senate held an important and exciting meeting on the subject of appointing presidential electors. The Senate con- eludes it will only vote as a separate body from the House, and very solemnly resolves that to meet in joint convention would be to virtually abandon having two houses of the Legislature. This seems to have presented a serious and ex- citing question at that time. In November, 1800, there appeared a communication of nearly two columns in the Adams Centinel, signed ' ' An American, ' ' and, so far as we can now learn, it was a fair and well written article, attempting to show the status in the county of political affaii's, as to who was who. The writer says there has been great misimderstanding in the country on the division of political parties, and that they are not, as is often asserted, divided into "Monarchists and Re- publicans," but says the people who brought about the formation of the present Government are Federal Republicans. "A party exists," he saya, ' 'that originated in a dislike to the Constitution and Government, and is com- posed of men who have and may justly be called Anti-Federalists." This is not a very satisfactory explanation of exactly the state of politics-, at least it would not be so considered now. But is it ? It is too short for any understanding of our present politics, but it was clearly a complete expose of that day' s political doings. ' 'A dislike to the Government and Constitution, " in the eyes of our good old Federal fathers, was no small political offense. It was a political crime not to be forgiven in the next world and to be shown no kind of mercy in this. Here was the first page in the story of those two great statesmen, JefPerson and Hamilton. The latter was a great man, one of the largest minded men this country has produced. He was a born leader of men. He believed in a strong, central government, patterned as closely as possible after the English Government, so as to have the greatest security to all, really the greatest freedom and the permanency of our Federal institutions. Following the leadership of Hamilton, there is now no question of the fact, were the majority of the wealthy, the educated and the aristocracy (we only use this word to draw a distinction more clearly). Jefferson was the opposite of Hamilton in every one of his political ideas. He would place all possible power in the hands of the people. Hence he held the States were supreme, except only where the Constitution, in express words, reserved to the General Government certain powers specified; that the Gen- eral Government could go thus far in its acts and no farther. Here was the starting point — the rise — of all the political parties that have existed in this country for the past three-quarters of a century. It matters not what names they may have been known by, nor what issues have arisep out of party struggles for power, what this party has accomplished or that party failed to accomplish, their respective roots were in the brains and thoughts of Hamilton and Jefferson. It is not to be wondered at that the people at first flush did not fully un- derstand these great political qu93tion3, and that intelligent men often were for some years in honest doubt as to where their political standing was. As an 100 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. evidence of the fact that men just then were more conceraed in bread and but- ter than in politics, one nead only recite the following anecdote: John Bender was elected one of the justices of the peace for this county. From this fact it may be inferred he was a man of more than average intelli- gence. Being elected he supposed he had to qualify and serve. He did so; but in the course of time he took counsel, in which he had confidence, and found that he could resign and not serve longer if he so wished. In joy he resigned, and not only resigned, but went to the expense of publishing the fact in the county paper, and in his publication says, '• I will no longer act as jus- tice of the peace, since I have been credibly informed I would not be fined for refusing to act. ' ' On September 23, 1800, was held the first county convention in Gettys- burg. The delegates were: Cumberland, David Moore, Henry Hoke, John Murphy; Mountjoy, Charles Wilson; Huntington, John Bonner, William Thompson; Berwick, Frederick Baugher, John Hersh; Strabane, George Hass- ler, John Dickson; Franklin, Moses McClean, Thomas Ewing; Liberty, James Thompson, David Agnew; Germany, Jacob A^'inrott, William Burher; Mount- pleasant, Moses Lockhart, James Horner; Reading, Henry Hull, William Hodge; Tyrone, John King; Hamiltonban, Samuel Knox, Jacob McClellan; Conowago, Joseph Lilly; Menallen, Thomas Cochran, Benjamin Wright. The following ticket was nominated: For Senate, William Miller. For Assembly, Heniy Slagel, Thomas Thornburg. Commissioner, Walter Srqith. This was the ticket of the Federal party. The Republicans had a meeting and nominated a ticket as follows: For Senate. William Reed. For Assembly, Walter Smith and John O'Brien. Commissioner, Emanuel Zeigler. The delegates to this convention were J. Agnew, chairman; J. Duncan, secretary; and Jacob Hostetter, Fredrick Eich- elberger, Henry Miller, Valentine Emig, Leonard Eichelberger, Casper Hake, AVilliam Gilliland, John Miley, Samuel Smith, Jacob Wirtz, Lewis Wempler, John Ruby, Martin Gartner, John Stewart, Peter Hake, Jacob Kline, William Crawford, William Maxwell, Tobias Kepner, Peter Wolf ord. The Republican party then was soon known as the Democratic party, and the Federalists became the Whigs. It will be noticed Walter Smith' s name is on each ticket, but for different offices. At the election. Reed was elected sen- ator. He was 456 votes behind in Adams County, but York gave him nearly 700 majority. On the ticket in Adams County the vote stood: Thornburg, 829; Slagle, 796; Mcllwain, 401; O'Blenis, 355. For Commissioner, Smith, 762; Zeigler, 411. Adams County, when parties were once crystalized into form, became Fed- eral in politics and so remained for years. This party for eighteen years had the only newspaper in the county. The Republican-Democrats were the poor men, compared to the founders and leaders of the Federals. In the Federal ranks were the bank officers, the owners and presidents, and we believe the officers of all the turnpikes then being organized. It is not very singular, when we learn something of the personal strength of the Federal leaders or members in its ranks, that they could not be easily dislodged. The county would invariably go Federal; but the district, senatorial and congressional, would almost as certainly be carried by the opposing party. We can now recall but one instance when the senatorial district went Fed- .eral, and that was in the year 1813, when Hon. William McSherry was elected by seventeen votes. He was the most popular man, politically, ever in the- county. He was kept continuously in the Legislature for many years. And what is quite remarkable the year he wrested the senatorial district from the HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 107 opposite party, was the year of almost annihilation to that party in the balance of the State. The Federals lost about everything else, but they gained Mc- Sherry, and this wEis their all-sufficient consolation. The triumphant election of Mr. Jefferson in political parties fairly ' ' let slip the dogs of war. ' ' The ruling element in this county, in fact, all our people, were of different races of men and severe in their judgments. In the local paper began to appear savage and denunciatory political articles. In the Centi- nel of September, 1802, appears an article five columns in length signed, ' 'An American. " It is No. 4 of a series by the same writer. The people, all sub- scribers to the paper, read these long articles, and probably filed them away for future reference. The Federalists described the election of Jefferson as a revolution backward; an overturning and destroying of all the work of Wash- ington and his fellow patriots. On both sides were the most dogmatic asser- tions and wholesale denunciations of all who were not of their opinion. The hustings were fashioned after the pulpit. It was intense, earnest and positive, and knew no charity for error of judgment. The people sat in their churches shivering and freezing with cold, listening eagerly to the long and dull sermons about dogmas, and they were physically and mentally trained to read the in- terminable screeds on politics and work themselves into a frenzy of hate amd fear of any party that was not their particular party. In their politics, as in their religion, they were austere, uncharitable and honest, and they could not compromise with wrong and error. Dr. Crawford swore ' ' seven profane oaths, ' ' and was convicted and pun- ished because he swore in the presence of several gentlemen. But in the newspaper discussion where there were printed words, written in hot anger, that were not only obscene but slanderous, the public were not shocked nor the law invoked to punish the hotspur-. This was all a necessary tutelage to the public to mold and fashion the com- mon mind to its new civic surroundings. It was severe, and to look at it now, without some understanding of the surroundings of that time, it appears hard and cruel, but it was not. It is quite evident Dr. Crawford struck back at his political enemies not only in the paper, but in every way he could command. In October, 1802, he published a notice to Alexander Eussell, brigade inspector, to appear, under penalty, at the house of Martin Markley, Gettysburg, and render to William Crawford, ' ' appointed agent to investigate and ascertain the accuracy of your returns and accounts. " In the same paper are notices "to Messrs. Brown, Wat- son, Hornor, Montgomery, Lecky, Scott, McHhenny, Schmyzer and Olzer, cap- tains of the Third Eegiment for the years 1794, 1795, 1796, 1797 and 1798; and also to Finley, Wilson, Meredith, McKee, Cross, Shannon, Charles Wil- son, Kerr and Rowan, captains of the Fourth Regiment, ' ' to attend and bring all accounts and papers and returns made, ' ' etc. August 4, 1802, Mr. Harper had a political article, slashing the Jefferson Republicans for celebrating their victory in a meeting, but he signs the article "Editor." In the election, October, 1802, for Congress, John Edie had 946 votes; John Stewart, 641 votes. For Assembly, William Miller, 972 votes; Henry Slagle, 928 votes; A. Mcllvain, 633 votes, and P. Wickart, 522 votes. For commissioners — Henry Hull, 951 votes; S. Fahnestock, 649 votes. Edie ran ahead of Stewart in this county, but the remainder of the district elected Stewart. In 1808 there were two well-defined parties, and they were growing simply furious in their party discussions — the Federalists and the Republicans. The latter now began to be called " Democrats" — never spelled at that time with 108 HISTORY OP ADAMS COUNTY. a capital by the FederalistB. It Beems to have been at first used as a term of reproach, and was substituted for the epithet of ' 'Jacobin. ' ' In the election, October, 1803, in Adams County, the vote ■was as follows: For senator — Godfrey Lenhart, 775; Eudolph Spangler, 775; Fredrick Eich- elberger, 400. York gave a majority for Spangler, and he was elected. For Assembly— Shriver, 1,927; Miller, 1,170; Mcllwaine, 792. SherifP Kuhn, 784; Gilliland, 299; Gettys, 1,131; Horner, 1,111. Amt was elected coroner, defeating AVelsh, Marshall and Smyser. Slagle was elected commissioner over Blythe by 342 majority. These show about the division by the people politically in the county between Federalists and Eepublicans (Democrats, as they now began to be sometimes called). In 1805 there was still some confusion in men's minds about how to get at just what they wanted in the way of party nominations and similar matters. At the June term of the court the Grand Jury took the matter in hand and issued a proclamation. In this day such would be a rather startling proceed- ings, but we must remember this was done in a day of experiments. Very properly the jury proceeds to deplore the violence of party spirit abroad in the land, and winds up by recommending voters to support in the coming election Thomas McKean for governor. The document is signed by William Miller, foreman; Eobert Slemmons, Peter "Wolford, Samuel Kussell, George Kerr, Joshua Eussell, Walter Jenkins, Eobert Mcllhenny, Philip Bishop, John Winrott, John Young, John McCreary, Barnabas McSherry, John Slagle. This jury manifesto was published one week, and the interest it excited is noted well in the fact that a counter blast from citizens came the next week. The reply was over three columns long; was signed by Patrick Hayes, David Wilson, Alexander Eussell, Michael Neuman, James McGaughey, Walter Smith, Alexander Cobean, James Scott, John Murphy, Eobert Hayes, Isaiah Harr, Henry Schmeiser, Stephen Hendricks, John Edie, George Kerr, William McPherson, Samuel McCullough, Samuel Lilly, William McClellan, Thomas Ewing, William Weirman, James White, Caleb BaUes, Eoger Wales, William Garvin, James Brown, John Troxell, Jacob Sell, Sr. , George Sheakley, John Galloway. They say they ' ' read with equal regret and astonishment the paper of the jury," and then they proceed in no mincing way to answer the address. In the early part of 1805 Gov. McKean issued an order to the militia to wear red and blue cockades instead of black, as had been worn. This liter- ally raised a furor in Gettysburg. The Federalists regarded it as verging on treason, and Capt. Alexander Cobean brought out his company on the next parade day, and they wore the new cockades while in the line of duty, but hurrahed for the black cockade. As quick as the company was dismissed the captain tore off his blue cockade and trampled it under foot, and the men all put on black cockades, and with cheers thus paraded the streets. Cobean was court-martialed for this, and the trial was one of the exciting events of the early times. He was convicted and degraded from his command, and then he sought the columns of the Centinel and scored those neighbors who had aided the prosecution without mercy. The Captain could use terse and vigorous English, and he evidently had become thoroughly aroused, and his black cockade waved in the face of his foes as he charged their lines whenever they might appear. The Federal-Eepublicans, as they styled themselves, published a notice of a ' 'deputy meeting' ' in Gettysburg, September 16, 1805, to nominate a county ticket for the approaching election. The delegates to this convention were: Cumberland, Alexander Cobean, James Sweeny, Eobert Thompson; Ber- -'^?^x:"'" ^-^^ijL-d^Le/lj^r^^i^^ HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. Ill wick, John Hersh, Jacob Baker, Francis Marshall; Huntington, A. Eobin- ette, John Bonner; Menallen, Eobert Alexander, Christian Bender; Mount- pleasant, William Torrence, Moses Lockhart; Strabane, William King, Jacob Caasat; Franklin, Moses McClean, Capt. Samuel Eussell; Hamiltonban, John McGinley, WiUiam McMillan; Mountjoy, Samuel Smith; Liberty, John Mor- row, John Agnew; Germany, William Beher, Capt. Jacob Winrott; Tyrone, James MeKnight; Conowago, Henry Barnherst; Reading, James Chamberlain. The convention nominated for governor Thomas McKean; William Miller for senator; Andrew Shriver and Walter Smith, Assembly, and Jacob Cassat, county commissioner. The Democrats held a convention soon after this and nominated for gov- ernor, Simon Snyder; senator, William Reed; Assembly, Walter Smith and William Cooper; commissioner, John Bonner. Then Alexander Cobean, John McGinley, Moses McClean, Robert Harper, James Duncan, Dr. William Craw- ford, Jacob Cassat, and others, "rushed into print, " and paper bullets of the brain fairly sung and whistled in the air — sulphurous political lightning all around the sky. At the election in October following (1805), the vote in the county stood — McKean, 852; Snyder, 264; William MHler, 1,069; William Reed, 183; Will- iam Smith, 1,240; A. Shriver, 1,076; William Cooper, 176; Jacob Cassat, 632 ; John Bonner, 624. The success of the Federal ticket was overwhelming. The curious part of it was they supported Gov. McKean, while but a short time before they violently opposed him. It seems they did not hesitate to pre- fer him to Snyder. The Federal-Republicans held a convention to nominate a county ticket, September 15, 1806; John Morrow as chairman and James McSherry, secre- tary. The delegates were: Cumberland, William McPherson, William Mc- Curdy; Liberty, John Morrow, Thomas McKee; Hamiltonban, James McCleary, David Hart; Mountjoy, William Hooghtalin; Franklin, Peter Mark, William McClean; Strabane, Richard Brown, John McGuffin; Menallen, Robert Alex- ander, George Blankney; Conowago, Nicholas Ginter; Huntington, Thomas Pearson, James Robinette; Berwick, Fredrick Baugher, Sebastian Heafer; Mountpleasant, Andrew Johnston, Ninian Chamberlain; Borough (Gettys- burg), John Galloway; and nominated for Assembly Walter Smith, Andrew Shriver; commissioner, John Bonner. Two coroners, Henry Hoke, Jacob Rider. The Democrats held a convention and put up the following: Assembly, Henry Hoke, William Cooper; coroners, Emanuel Zeigler, Jacob Middlekauf ; com- missioner, John Miley. At the election following the vote stood: James Kelly, for Congress (no op- position), 1,708 votes. Assembly, Walter Smith, 1,592 votes; Andrew Shriver, 1,577; Henry Hoke, 146; William Cooper, 135. For coroner, Henry Hoke, 1,474; Jacob Rider, 1,468; Emanuel Zeigler, 255; J. Middlekauf, 218. Sher- iff, J. Winrott, 811 votes; James Horner, 539; John Murphy, 499; John Arndt, 362; William McClellan, 186; James Cox, 9. Commissioner, John Bonner, 1,368; John Miley, 380. September 21, 1807, a county convention met and nominated the following ticket: Assembly, John Edie, James McSherry; commissioner, John Arnt; and appointed Moses Lockhart, David Slagle and John Dickson to meet the York County delegates and nominate a candidate for senator. The deputies, at the convention were: Gettysburg, John McConaughy; Cumberland, Hugh Dunwoody, David Horner; Liberty, John Morrow, Peter Carpenter; Hamil- tonban, Amos Maginly, William McMillan; Mountjoy, Wilhelmes Hooghta- lin; Franklin, Nathaniel Paxton, David Neuman; Strabane, John Dickson, 112 IIISTOKY OF ADAMS COUNTY. A\'illiam King; Menallen, Thomas Cochran; Conowago, Henry Bernhart; Hunt- ington, Daniol Funk, Daniel Shaffer; Latimore, John Bonner, James Robin- ette; Berwick, Sebastian Hafer, David Slagle, Henry Lilly; Tyrone, James Neely; Germany, Fredrick Keefer, Samuel Beher; Mountpleasant, James Horner, Moses Lockhart. The vote at the following October election stood: For senator, Thomas Campbell, 706 votes; George Spangler, 185: Assembly, James McSherry, 899; James Gettys, 577; John Edie, 322. Commissioner, JohnArnt, 558; William Kuhns, 355. January 23, 1808, "a meeting of the Democratic citizens of this county" was called, to be held at the house of Ralph Lashells, in Gettysburg, for the purpose of, for the first time, selecting delegates to a State Democratic Convention to nominate State officers and electors. At this meeting John Agnew was chair- man, and Dr. Daniel Sheffer, secretary; Dr. 'William Crawford and Gen. Will- iam Reed were chosen delegates to attend the convention in Lancaster. They were instructed to use their influence for Simon Snyder for governor. A com- mittee was appointed to draft resolutions and to act as a general committee of correspondence on the critical situation of public affairs; committee. Dr. Crawford, Gen. Reed, Samuel Smyth, John Weikert, Dr. Daniel Sheffer. ' ' A large and respectable meeting of Federal-Republicans " was held in the court house, Monday, March 21, 1808; Alexander Russell, chairman; James Dobbins, secretary. "Resolved, That the nomination of a candidate for the office of governor by a caucus of legislators is inconsistent with the principles of a free government and calculated to deprive the people of a free choice of randidates for that important office. ' ' This explains why it was that the Fed- eralists had to choose between McKean and Snyder for governor in the previous election. The legislators had caucused and nominated candidates. This meeting resolved in favor of James Ross, of Pittsburgh, for governor. By another resolution Jacob Cassat, Michael Slagle, Daniel Funk, James Cham- berlain, Samuel Withrow, Peter Zimmerman, Robert Mcllhenny, Jacob Win- rott, John Edie, John Arnt, James Dobbin and George Hosier "were ap- pointed a committee to correspond with the Federal and Constitutional Re- publicans," and by all honorable means promote the election of James Ross for governor. Another meeting was held in Bedford March 12, of which Gen. Terrence Campbell was chairman, Dr. George D. Foulke, secretary, at which James Robs was endorsed for governor. About this time thirty-eight members of the State Senate and House held a caucus and styled themselves ' 'constitutional members, ' ' and nominated James Madison for President, and George Clinton for Vice-President. June 22, 1808, a committee of Democrats published in the Centinel a call to the people to meet at the house of George Lashells, Strabane Township, on July 4, of that year, to adf ise and take counsel together upon the ' 'momentuous and vital question of the day, " and to look after the Democratic prospects in the approaching presidential election. In pursuance of this call a respectable meeting of the Democrats of Adams County convened at the time and place appointed. John Agnew was appointed chairman, and Dr. Daniel Sheffer, secretary. Dr. William Crawford explained the objects of the meeting, and made a short address and offered a series of resolutions. The first resolution says : ' ' That until Constitutional provision shall be made for the manner in which the nomination of suitable characters and candidates for the Presidency and Vice-Presidency of the United States shall emanate from the people, we consider the nomination by our representatives in Congress, of all other modes HISTORY OP ADAMS COUNTY. il3 Uhat which is least liable to exceptions. " Then by resolution the meeting heartily endorses the nomination that Congress had made of James Madison and George Clinton. The meeting endorsed Simon Snyder as the Democratic candidate for governor. The Federalists held a county meeting and endorsed James Ross, of Pitts- burg, for governor. At the election following Snyder was elected governor, and he continued to hold the office until 1817. The Centinel of September 14, 1808, is filled for the first time on the first page with original matter, mostly of a political nature. The leading article is devoted to demonstrating that the Democrats of the county are a French party; and then follows several columns in disproof of the charge against James Eoss, that he is a deist. There is then a lengthy address to the Federalists of the county, urging James Eoss for governor. This is signed by John Edie, James Chamberlain, Daniel Funk, John Arndt, George Hassler, Peter Zimmerman, Samuel Withrow, Eobert Mcllhenny, Jacob Winrott, Michael Slagle, Jacob Cassat, James Dobbins. At the meeting of deputies in September, 1808, the townships were repre- sented as follows: Gettysburg, Michael Neuman; Cumberland, Hugh Dun- woody, David Horner; Liberty, John Morrow, David Eckert; Hamiltonban, Samuel Withrow, William McMillan; Mountjoy, James Mcllhenny; Franklin, David Neuman, Peter Mark; Strabane, John Dixon, George Haffler; Menallen, Thomas Cochran, George Hartzel, Jr. ; Conowago, Henry Gitt; Huntington, Daniel Funk, Eleazar Brandon; Latimore, William Wireman, Isaac Everett; Berwick, John Hersh, Francis Marshall, Michael Slagle; Eeading, Alexander Dung; Tyrone, Henry Schmyser; Germany, Jacob Winrott, Andrew Will; Mountpleasant, Samuel Lilly, James Horner. The convention resolved in favor of James Eoss for governor; James Gettys and James McSherry for As- sembly; Joseph Swearinger for commissioner. Federalist ticket, 1808: For governor, James Boss; Congress, James Kelly; Assembly, James Gettys, James McSherry; commissioner, Joseph Swearinger. Democratic ticket: Governor, Jacob Snyder; Congress, William Crawford; Assembly, George Lashells, Henry Hoke; commissioner, William Kuhns. Adams County went Federalist by a vote of over 600 at the election of 1808, while in nearly all the other portions of the State the Democratic party was victorious, and gained largely on its former votes. Adams had started out with a small Federalist majority in 1803, and this was more than doubled in 1808. From 1803 to 1808 the Democrats could not poll 300 votes in the county. The vote stood at the fall election of 1808 as follows : James Eoss, 1, 372 ; S. Sny- der, 795. For congressman, J. Kelly, 1,404; Dr. William Crawford, 690. Assembly, Gettys, 1,466; McSherry, 1,451; Hoke, 711; Lashells, 698. Com- missioner, Swearinger, 1,390; Kuhns, 778. Dr. Crawford had a majority in York County of 1,092 votes, and was elect- ed to Congress. This election was held in October, and the Presidential elec- tion in the following November. The vote in the county for senator and sheriff at the election in October, 1809, was as follows: Senator, William Miller, 1199 votes; William Gilliland, 596. For sheriff: James Horner, 732 votes; John Murphy, 544; Jacob Eyster, 539; John Arndt, 379; Eobert Harper, 182; John Gilliland, 176. In 1809 the Legislature passed an act granting |2,000 to Adams County to establish an academy school in Gettysburg. In 1810 the school was opened for the education of youths in the English and other lan- guages. The trustees were Dr. William Crawford, then a member of Con- gress, and William Gilliland. 114 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. In 1810 the two tickets were published as follows: "Federal Ticket," for Congress, David Cassat; Assembly, James McSherry; commissioner, Henry Brinkerhoff; auditors, John Dickson, Amos Maginly and Andrew Will; trustees of Gettysburg Academy, William McPherson and Eobert Hayes. ' 'Republican Ticket' ' (Democrats really) ; for Congress, William Crawford ; Assembly, Samuel Sloan and Daniel Sheffer ; commissioner, George Kerr; au- ditors, Jacob Eyster, James Wilson and John Miley; trustees of Gettysburg Academy, William Gilliland and Michael Slagle. At the October election, 1810, the vote stood in Adams County: Cassat, 664 votes; William Crawford, 279; James McSherry, 681; James Eobinette, 655; Daniel Sheffer, 282; Samuel Sloan, 265; Henry Brinkerhoff, 653; George Kerr, 296; John Dickson, 642; Amos Maginley, 643; Andrew Will, 645; Ja- cob Eyster, 804; James Wilson, 301; John Miley, 296; William McPherson, 640; Robert Hayes, 687; William Gilliland, 302; Michael Slagle, 299. Craw- ford had a majority in York County over Cassat, the vote being 2, 053 to 1, 126. County receipts and expenditures for the year January, 1810, to January, 1811, were $9,448.33, as reported by county commissioners Joseph Swearinger, Samuel Withrow, Henry Brinkerhoff and clerk, William McClean. At the October election, 1812, the congressional district was composed of Adams, Cumberland and Franklin Counties, and two congressmen were elected from the district. The Democratic nominees were William Crawford and Rob- ert Whitehill. At the election the vote in this county stood: Edward Crawford, 1,560; James Duncan, 1,581; Robert Whitehill, 581; William Crawford, 482. Cumberland and Franklin Coim.ties voted overwhelmingly democratic and elected William Crawford and Robert Whitehill over the Federal candidates Edward Crawford and James Duncan, who ran so largely ahead of their op- ponents in Adams County. The vote on the remainder of the ticket was: As- sembly, James McSherry, 2, 054 ; James Robinette, 1,551, John Fickes (Dem.), 541. Commissioner; Robert Hayes, 1,503; Henry Hoke, 553. Sheriff, John Murphy, 969; John Arndt, 915; John Ewing, 439. Coroner, Samuel Gallo- way, 1,437; JohnTroxell, Jr., 1,437; Bernhart Gilbert, 550; John Shorb, 574. There was a tie vote between Galloway and Troxell. Auditors, John Dickson, 1,497; Alexander Cobean, 1,483; Andrew Will, 1,500; Andrew Marshall, 554; George Smyser, 567; George McKeehan, 554. Trustees, John Edie, 1,493; Samuel Withrow, 1,493; John Robinson, 554; Jacob Eyster, 553. At the November presidential election of this year the Clinton and Inger- soll electors for President and Vice-President received 745 votes, and the Madi- son and Gerry electors received 410 votes. It will be noticed the vote was much lighter than the vote of the previous October. At the October election, 1813, James McSherry was the Federal candidate for State senator and William Gilliland the Democratic candidate. The dis- trict was Adams and York Counties. The vote stood in this county, McSherry, 1,246; Gilliland, 473. This was politically a -disastrous year to the Federal party, that had through their papers denounced the war, and in the language of Patrick Henry, cried ' ' Peace ! peace ! when there is no peace. ' ' This year every county in the State was carried by the Democrats, except Delaware, Lancaster and Adams. The official vote for senator elected McSherry by fif- teen majority, and he was the solitary gain for the Federals in the State that year. This says a great deal for the popularity of Mr. McSherry, and the power of himself and the other Federalists' leaders in the county to hold their voters in line when there was such a popular tidal wave against them. Mi-. Gilliland' s majority (not official) in York was 762, which elected McSherry by eleven votes. The vote on the remainder of the ticket was the usual triumph of the Federalists. HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 115 At the October election, 1814, the vote in the county stood: Governor, Isaac Wayne (Fed.) 1,230; Simon Snyder, 447. Congress, Alexander Cobean, 1,360; Edward Crawford, 1,341; ■William Maclay, 302; William Crawford, 286. Assembly, William Miller 1,243, James Eobinette 1,669; Jacob Eyster 404. Commissioners, David Stewart, 1,312; Henry Smyser, 1,310; Andrew Walker, 373; George Lashells, 372. Auditors, John Dickson, 1,303; Andrew Will, 1,304; William Thompson, 1,303; John Duncan, 371; Samuel Fahnestock, 371; John Eobinson, 370. Trustees, William McPherson, 1,301; James H. Miller, 1,293; James GUlUand, 370; Samuel Withrow, 374. The congressional district was Adams, Cumberland and Franklin Counties. William Crawford and Maclay were elected to Congress. We have given the details of the formation of parties here and all the promi- nent actors, and the parts they took in that broad field of work. It makes a very complete reference hand-book for the present generation to study the political actions and influence of a worthy ancestry now passed away. Their children -^grandchildren mostly — are now in their way and fashion carryipg on the work that had to be taken up by others, when the busy hands of the fathers were crossed upon their breasts in that endless sleep,, in that great silent city where contentions and controversies never go — where there is nothing except complete and tiniversal equality. In another chapter we give the list of county officials, taking up the story where this account ends, not deeming it essential to the preservation of all the parties acting and contending in the elections to a later date — that is, not ab- solutely essential to the future historian. It is deemed sufficient here to say that the Federal party was eventually the Whig party, and in all its names and changes it held its power and mas- tery in the county until 1856, when that remarkable political episode, Know- nothingism, swept over the country. That contest sealed the fate of the Whig party in Adams county, and gave the ascendancy to the Democracy, which it has maintained to this day. 116 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. CHAPTER XIX. PosTOFFiCES— Petition to Postmaster General in 1795— Postmasters in County, Past and Present. IN 1795, when there were probably 10,000 people in wha^ is now Adams County, there was sent a petition to the Postmaster General that is now an important chapter in the county's history, as follows: Whereas a post has been appointed to ride betwixt York Town and Haggerstown in the State of Maryland, and through said town of Gettysburg, we apprehend it would be a great advantage to the people of this town and county adjacent if a postoflBce was estab- lished with us, and we beg leave to inform you that the town of Gettysburg is thirty miles distant from York, which is at present our nearest postofflce, and thirty-three miles from Haggerstown, which renders the conveyance of our letters by post very inconvenient, to the great detriment of our trade. We flatter ourselves from the rapid growth of our vil- lage, and as we are situate in the center of a wealthy settlement, that a complyance with our petition will be no loss to the revenue arising from the postoffice, as a postmaster can be obtained at a moderate expense. (Signed) Alexander Dobbin, George Kerr, Danibi, McAlistbr, Henry Hoke, Arch'd Dickey, John Sweny, William Garvin, Jambs Smith, Emanuel Zigler, Jno. Agnew, Thos. Low, Ebenezer Finley, James Qettys, Alexander Irvine. The writer of this examined the Blue Books in the Congressional Library. The first issue of these probably was commenced in 1802; at all events, this was the oldest one found. Then there was a break in the numbers to 1817. The names of the postmasters in these books occur only in giving their reports, and not in the dates of the appointment. Hence, here we give any date where we could find the different postmasters' first reports, and then, without naming their years of continuance, pass along to the date of the first report of their successor. The reader will therefore understand, in each case, the date we give is within a few months of the time of the appointment, and that each one con- tinued in ofiice to within a few months of the date of the first report of his successor. Gettysburg. — James Scott (first postmaster), appointed July 1, 1798; sal- ary $34. 38. These names appear here as furnished by the Blue Books and the officials at Washington; but as the Blue Books extend back only to 1802, and the records are imperfect, we are satisfied that James Brice was postmaster in 1801, as we have seen a list of letters published in the Gettysburg postoffice of that date and signed by James Brice, postmaster. Upon this authority alone we add the name of Mr. Brice to the list, and name him as postmaster during the year 1801. Samuel Huey, July 1, 1802; William B. Underwood, January 1, 1805; James Douglas, April 1, 1807; George Welsh, October 1, 1810; William Meredith, March 11, 1819; John Hersh, January 18, 1823 (office receipts, 1213.18); William W. Bell, June 30, 1829; Hezekiah Van Orsdel, May 18, 1841; Charles W. Berluchy, June 2, 1845; Alexander D. Buehler, May 9, 1849; William Gillespie, June 6, 1853; George Geyer, Jrne 8, 1857; David A. Buehler, March 25, 1861; J. A. Kitzmiller, April 8, 1669^ J. M. Krauth, 1877; H. S. Benner (present poslmaster), June, 1885. HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 117 Abbottstown. — The first officer we find here was Samuel Fahnestock, 1817; salary, |16. 16 a year. In 1833 Jacob Fahnestock was acting ; 1837, George Ickes ; 1841, H. Mayer, succeeded in 1831 by William Berlin, who held office until April, 1842; George Ickes again in office 1842; then William Bittinger to 1845; Nicholas Corns to March 3, 1849; Henry Kobler, 1851; George Ickes again succeeded to June, 1853 (salary now increased to 166.33); then George Gordy, succeeded by Louisa Wolf, who kept the office to April, 1857. Emma Wolf then took it till April, 1861; then B. H. Stable succeeded. In 1883 the salary had grown to 1169.65. Arendtsville. — In 1845 Jacob Keckler was postmaster; succeeded in 1855 by Peter Eyster to 1861; then G. G. Plank, April 25, 1861; C. B. Hawes ap- pointed, 1865; G. G. Plank again; same year, Jesse P. Brenneman appointed; in 1881, Michael Snyder. In 1851 the salary was 121.48; in 1883, 1191.05. Aspers. — (On the G. & H. Eailroad, in Menallen Township). Bendersville. — Abel T. Wright in 1851; William B. Wilson appointed May, 1853; W. Overdeer, October, 1855; in 1863, Jacob Pitzer; 1883, A. H. Sto- ver. First salary, $58. 38 ; in 1883, salary $265. 05. In 1886, John Berkholder. Bermudian. — 1827, Jacob Smith; 1829, Gideon Griest; 1835, Joseph E. Temple; 1889, Isaac Walker; December 31, 1840, Mahlon Griest; 1845, David Newcomer; 1853, M. Smith, and in December of that year H. B, Smith; 1860, Solomon Larew, one year; then Daniel Larew two years; 1863, T. M. Bren- neman; 1871, Jesse Larew; 1873, Mary A. Kroll; 1875, Abner Griest; 1877, E. H. Troupe. In 1827 the salary was $4.12; in 1883, $64.09. Berlin. — 1819, Christian Picking; 1833, John Fletcher. Bigler. —18?)9, John A. H. Either; 1861, George W. Eex; 1867, John A. H. Either; 1885, S. E. Bream. Bonneauville. — Eecently established. Cashtown.—18S5, Adam S. E. Duncan; 1841, A Scott; 1845, Mary Dun- can. Abraham Scott succeeded and held the office until 1855; Jacob Mark appointed; 1860, H. M. Mickley; 1861, Israel Shank; 1861, John McCleary; 1865, John McCleary; same year, Susan Norris; then James A. Eebert to 1873; David A. Mickley, 1883. First salary, $15.96; 1883, salary, $112.14; H. L. Bream. Centennial— ISlb, Miss J. M. O'Neal. East Berlin. — 1835, William Hildebrand; 1839, D. Grumbine; 1841, Emanuel Kuhn; December 9, 1845, William Wolf; 1847, Eobert M. Hutch- inson; 1853, William Wolf, succeeded by J. Woods; 1861, Francis Hildebrand. Fairfield. — (Originally called Miller's) 1817, Ezra Blythe, on a salary of $18.16; 1829, Asa Olmstead; 1833, William Johnston; 1839, Michael Larner; 1841, John McCleary; 1845, J. Brinkerhoff; 1847, Hugh D. Heagy; 1851, John B. Paxton; 1855, Jacob Brinkerhoff; 1859, C. M. Eobinson; 1861, John' B. Paxton; 1867, J. W. Sutherland; 1869, John W. Sullivan; 1871, John M. Musselman, Upton J. Neely. Flora Date.— 1865, Elijah Wright; 1879, M. A. Wright. Fountain Dale. — 1837, Joseph Braugher; May 14, 1845, Eeuben Steen. The office was discontinued in 1849 for a time and then reopened. Goldensville. — Eecently established. Graeffenburg. — 1851, David Goodyear, on a Salary of $19.48; 1863, Ben- jamin Shriver; 1865, Maria Shriver; 1865, Abraham Hostetter; 1867, Daniel Miller; 1868, Samuel Secrist; 1869, Martin Shoemaker; 1873, William A. Eemer; 1883, Miss J. Eiggeal. Granite Hill. — 1857, Philip Hand; 1863, Daniel Gulden; 1871, Abraham. Hoke. 118 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. Green Moimi.— 1841, John Weikert; 1859, J. A. Harper; 1865, H. P. Bigham. Guernsey. — Eecently established. Hampton. — April 18, 1835, Charles Blish; 1845, Christian Cashman; 185.1, Jacob Aulbaugh; 1853, Jacob C. Shriver; 1861, Solomon Chronister; 1863, Daniel Albert; 1865, Ephraim Howard; 1867, David W. Howard; 1873, Henry Meyers. Heidlersburg. — 1841, Leonard Delap (held the office twenty years) ; 1861, Peter Yeatts; 1873, John F. Houck. Hunterstown. — 1825, George Armor; 1835, Susan S. Cassat; 1845, Hugh King; 1847, W. F. Walter; 1852, J. King; 1853, Simon Melhom; 1859, Elizabeth M. Feltz; 1863, Eliza Heinard; 1865, Jane King. The latter, judging from the long term, either has or has not been an "offensive partisan" — just as happens to be the reader's politics. Irishtown. — Established in 1886. Idaville. — 1863, Jesse Savryers, on a salary of $13.25; 1863, D. H Mark- ley; 1867, Jacob J. Diehl; 1869, Joseph H. Klein; 1869, Andrew Crist; 1883, J. H. Cline; in the latter year the salary was $105.30. Kingsdale.—181d, A. F. Kleinfelter; 1877, G. F. King; 1879, G. P. Krug. Latimore. — 1875, A. Larew. Littlestoivn. — (Called originally Peter' s Town, Peter Little' s Town, Kleine- town, etc.) 1837, Francis Leas (salary 1117.44); 1839, John Mcllvain; June 21, 1841, John A. Davis; 1845, Thomas Barnett; 1847, Joseph Dysert; 1851, Ephraim Myers; 1853, Matilda Jones; 1865, A. F. Barker; 1877, D. Bolin- ger; 1881, "William Fount. McKnightstmmi.—lS&Q, Martin A. Miller; 1871, J. M. Michley; 1875, C. T. Lower; 1885, W. F. Kittase. McSherrystawn.—lM'b, Henry Hening; 1849, Elizabeth Will (Hill). This name is printed alternately "Will" and "Hill." The proper name is Will, however, and esto perpetua her position. Menallen. — 1835, Daniel Waugh; 1845, Jesse Houck; 1855, J. Eppleman; 1861, Edward Staley; 1867, Jacob Eppleman; 1869, Edward Staley; 1875, Hannah Staley; 1881, J. H. Bushey. Munimasburgh.—184Q, H. J. Brinkerhoff; 1855, Samuel Hart; 1861, C.H. Fulwiler-, 1865, Henry W. Witmore. New Chester. — 1835, Nicholas Faugenbaugh; 1851, Faugenbaugh; 1859, Eliza Heinard; same year, P. A. Meyers; 1863, John A. Snowden; 1867, P. A. Meyers; 1871, Daniel Wolf; 1875, E. Mcllhenny; 1877, A. Winand. New Oxford.— 18S?>, Francis Hildt; 1837, Mary Melsheimer; 1851, John Blair; 1865, Israel Blair; 1871, Fabius W. Wagner; 1873, John F. Blair; 1885, W. J. Metzkr. Plainview.— 1811, E. W. Mcllhenny. Red Land. — September 1, 1867, William A. MeSherry; 1881, J. A. Grimes; 1883, J. J. Parr. Round Hill— 18?>?>, Adam S. Meyers; 1859, Ira E. Shipley; 1865, Sarah E. Taylor; 1867, Adam S. Meyers. Seven Stars. — 1860, Alexander Miller; 1861, A. Heintzelman; 1867, Israel Little; 1883, E. J. Little. Table Rock. — 1855, Samuel Faber, Jr.; he got a salary of $7.94; total in- come of the office was $5.41. Catherine Thomas succeeded; 1861, C. A. Lower; 1875, H. L. Harris; 1883, Y. Z. Lower. Two Taverns.— 1851, Jacob Little; 1867, Baltzer Snyder; 1879, A. J. Col- lins; 1883, J. Sherman. ■1 /iyo^^> cnyi^t^ HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 121 Trust. — George Cole appointed to first postoffice in Buclianan Valley, estab- lished June 19, 1886. Unity.— 188d, M. Bebert. Wewfcs.— 1873, Miss Sue Cart; 1877, R. S. Little; 1879, W. S. Cart. York Sulphur Springs. — 1825, Herman Weirman; 1845, Anna Godfrey; 1849, Isaac D. Worley; 1851, Isaac W. Pearson; 1853, William Reed; 1855, Jonas Johns; 1863, B. Borius, succeeded by W. Zeigler; 1885, A. C. Gardear. CHAPTER XX. by aaron sheblt, a. m. ' Edttcation— Pioneer Schools— Pioneer Teachers— Pioneer Schoolhouses— Christ Church School— East Berlin School— Gettysburg Classical School— Gettysburg Industrial School— English School in Gettys- burg—Gettysburg Academy— Gettysburg Female Institute— Gettys- burg Female A cademy — Theological Seminary— Gettysburg Gymnasi- um — Pennsylvania College— New Oxford College and Medical Institute— Hunterstown English and Classical Academy— Catholic Schools — The Free School System — The County Superintendency— Educational Meetings— Conclusion— Tabular Statements. PIONEER schools. THE American people were the first in history to found a nation on popular education. The sturdy German and Scotch-Irish pioneers carried with them to their new homes among these hills and valleys a firm conviction that a peo- ple to be truly prosperous and happy must be educated. It was their care, therefore, from the first, to provide in the best manner possible for the educa- tion of their children. But the physical wants of the early settlers, of course, claimed their first attention. Before they could patronize schools they were obliged to seek means to satisfy their bodily needs. Not until means of temporary shelter and subsistence had been secured could the claims of education receive mucji con- sideration. The condition of the country and the occupation of the people in rural districts were also unfavorable to the maintenance of schools except those of a rudimentary character and for short terms. A sparse population scattered over a wide extent of country mainly covered with dense forests and undergrowth, and destitute of roads and bridges, opposed serious obstacles to the establishment of schools. The preparation of the ground for tillage nec- essarily consumed much time and labor. Farm machinery, except the rudest, being then unknown, agricultural operations were slow and tedious, leaving but little time for literary pursuits. The threshing and marketing of a crop which can now be easily performed within a week was then a task requiring the united labor of the farmer and his sons during the winter for its accom- plishment. The sons of a»farmer in moderate circumstances therefore consid- ered themselves fortunate if they obtained one or two months of schooling dur- ing the year. With the farmer's daughters the case was even worse. The operations of the spinning-wheel, loom, needle and dairy, besides the manifold other duties of the household, to say nothing of help frequently given in the fields during 7A 122 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. busy seasons, occupied so much time that their education was seldom pursued beyond the merest rudiments. Distance to school was also a great hindrance to attendance — three, four, and even five miles being nothing uncommon. PIONEER TEACHERS. The teachers in the early and sparsely settled districts were for the most part ignorant adventurers, whose success lay in their ability to deceive parents and flog their children. Many of them were intemperate and tyrannical, and unfit, in public estimation, for any business except school teaching. It was nothing uncommon for the pedagogue of those days to be habitually profane. . Nor was it an unusual thing for him to draw frequent and copious inspirations from a bottle of whisky secreted somewhere about the schoolhouse. As a rule he was uncouth in appearance, ungainly in manner, and- filthy in his habits. Not being expected to know or teach anything beyond the conventional three ■' ' R' s, '■ the question of competency was seldom raised. His equanimity was never disturbed by perplexing questions to test the profundity of his Imowl- edge or his ability to impart instruction. Proficiency in writing copies, skill in making and mending quill pens, and physical vigor to use the rod without stint on the backs of real or supposed delinquents, were the qualifications that commended him to his patrons. PIONEER SCH00LH0USE8. In early times schools were usually kept in a spare room in some dwelling house; but as population increased and the need of better accommodations was felt the citizens of a neighborhood met, and, by their joint labor, put up a schoolhouse. The architecture of the pioneer schoolhouse was extremely rude and simple. It was usually a plain cabin, built of unhewn logs, with a log or stone chimney at one end, well plastered with mud. No attention was given to the proper lighting of the room. Its ventilation was all that the most ardent advocate of pure air could desire. The numerous openings afforded abundant means for the admission of pure air, while the wide chimney and open fire- place permitted the free escape of vitiated air. The articles of furniture were few and simple, consisting of one row of desks ranged around and facing the walls for the use of the larger scholars, and two or three slab benches in the middle of the room for the smaller ones. CHRIST CHURCH SCHOOL. The first school of which there is any record was established at Kreutz Kirche, now Christ Church, in what is now Union Township, about the year 1747. Rev. Michael Schlatter, a German Reformed minister, a fine scholar and an accomplished teacher, sent to America as a missionary at the expense of the Synod of Amsterdam, in 1746, organized the school. It was his mission to labor among the people in the German settlements, to form them into religious societies, and to establish schools among them wherever practicable. Mr. Schlatter was a man of eminent piety and extraordinary zeal and in- dustry in the work to which he had devoted himself. He preached in Phila- delphia and took joui-neys to the country on horseback at different times, trav- eling hundreds of miles, preaching the gospel, establishing schools, and at- tending to his other missionary work. The parish school which he established here existed in a feeble way prior to his first visit to the place; for he says in his journal that on the day of his arrival. May 4, 1747, he preached in a schoolhouse. Among the baptisms recorded by Mr. Schlatter, May 6, 1747, was a child of the schoolmaster, John Henry Kreutz, who taught the school at that time, and after whom the church and settlement were probably named. HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 123 During Eev. Jacob Wiestling's pastorate at this place, whicli commenced in 1813, and for some time thereafter, the school was kept up in a schoolhouse owned by the church and situated on the church property. The school was continued, with more or less regularity, during a period of nearly one hundred years. Between 1813 and 1820 a man by the name of William Slider was in charge of the school. A Dutch teacher, named David Von Souberin, was engaged by the church in 1820, but it appears he was not successful in his management of the school; for, in a few lines in German on the last page of the baptismal record, he says ' 'he was engaged by Kreutz Kirche as schoolmaster and moved here October 12, 1820; but that, to his great joy, he moved away again April 1, 1824." This school being in a German settlement the instruction was wholly in the German language. EAST BERLIN SCHOOL. The first English school at East Berlin was opened in 1769 by Robert John Chester, an Englishman. This experiment of an English school in a German community, at this early day, was not successful, and the enterprising Eng- lishman was soon obliged to give up the undertaking. He afterward turned his attention to tavern keeping in the village, an occupation which, if not more congenial to his taste, is said to have proved much more lucrative. GETTYSBUEG CLASSICAL SCHOOL. The first classical school within the present limits of the county, and the first one, it is claimed, west of the Susquehanna, was established in Gettys- burg by Eev. Alexander Dobbin, who came to this country from one of the northern counties of Ireland about the year 1773, and soon after established his school. This worthy parson owned considerable land in and around the south- ern part of the borough, known as the "Dobbin Farm." On this tract -he erected the spacious stone building, still standing, within the angle formed by the intersection of Washington Street and the Emmittsburg road. In this building he established a classical and boarding school which gained a wide reputation for thoroughness of instruction and excellence of management. Many distinguished men of the last generation, in this and surrounding coun- ties, received their education in this school. It was still in existence in 1801, but was discontinued soon after that date. GETTTSBUKG INDUSTEIAL SCHOOL. On the 4th of May, 1801, a lady by the name of Anne Corry opened an in- dustrial school in Gettysburg, in which were taught, according to the prospectus, "sewing, flowering, etc." The prospectus further stated that in the conduct of the school the utmost attention would be given to accuracy and expedition in the progress of pupils. Beyond these meager facts nothing is known concern- ing the school. ENGLISH SCHOOL IN GETTYSBUEG. In 1803 an English school of considerable importance and usefulness was established in Gettysburg through the united efforts of many of the leading citizens. The number of names on the subscription list was forty -three, and the number of scholars subscribed reached sixty^four, notwithstanding the fact that the school was at first limited to fifty scholars. The first teacher was Rob- ert Horner, elected by a majority of ten votes over William Campbell, who re- ceived four votes. The tuition fee was $6 a year. The building in which the school was kept was of log, small, poorly furnished and uncomfortable. 124 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. GETTYSBURG ACADEMT. March 19, 1801, the Legislature of Pennsylvania appropriated the sum of $2,000 to aid in establishing an institution under the name and title of the Gettysburg Academy. The act provided that one-half of this sum should be applied to the erection of a suitable building and to the purchase of books ; the other half to be applied, in connection with other resources, to pay for the gratuitous instruction of such number of indigent children, not exceeding four, as should from time to time apply for admission. The act further pro- vided for the care of the school property and for the management of the school. A spacious two- story brick building, containing two large rooms on each floor, was accordingly erected on the southeast corner of Washington and High Streets and the school established. Mr. Samuel Eamsay, a graduate of Dick; inson College, is supposed to have been the first teacher. Among other teachers in the Academy about this time were Henry Wells, a New Englander, Cornelius Davis, a graduate of a New England College, and Charles Davis, who is represented as a teacher of superior ability. About the year 1820 Eev. David McConaughy, D. D. , assumed charge of the school and continued it for some years. June 25, 1827, a classical school was opened in the building by Eev. David Jacobs, A. M. , as a preparatory department of the Lutheran Theo- logical Seminary, established the previous year. Two years later a scientific department was added, and Michael Jacobs, A. M. , was placed in charge. In 1829 the academy was sold for debt, Prof. S. S. Schmucker becoming the pur- chaser at 11,150. This closed the career of the Gettysburg Academy. Prior to 1834 a number of other academies were scattered throughout the county, but as their existence was generally brief, and as no records of them seem to have been preserved, it has been found impossible to trace their his- tory. GETTYSBDKG FEMALE INSTITUTE. After the removal of Pennsylvania College from the academy building on High Street, in 1837, and for nineteen years thereafter, the property was used for school purposes under various names and titles by Eev. J. H. Marsden, Mrs. Wallace and daughter, and others. In 1856 Eev. David Eyster, A. M., purchased the property, and with the assistance of his wife, a lady of culture and administrative ability, established therein the Gettysburg Female Insti- tute, which was continued by them for a period of fifteen years; and which, at first under the management of Mr. Eyster himself, and, after his death, under the direction of Mrs. Eyster, attained great popularity and usefulness. The building is not at present used for school purposes. GETTYSBURG FEMALE ACADEMY. About the year 1830 a one-story brick building was erected on East High Street, Gettysburg, adjoining the lot of ground occupied by the county prison, and a school established known as the Gettysburg Female Academy. The ground for the purpose was donated by two benevolent ladies of Gettysburg, Mary and Catharine Lackey. The money for the erection of the building, as also for the furnishing of the room, was raised by subscription among the friends of the school. The first teacher in the school was Eev. J. H. Marsden, who a year or two later became professor of mineralogy and botany in Penn- sylvania College. The building is at present occupied by Miss Mary D. McClellan with a flourishing select school. THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. A theological seminary for the special training and preparation of the Lu- HISTOEY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 125 tliGran ministry was established in Gettysburg in 1826. In 1831 the corner- stone of the present seminary building was laid, and the next year it was opened for the reception of students. It has in a large measure realized the ex- pectations of its founders, having sent forth over 600 ministers, besides furnish- ing presidents and professors for nearly all the colleges and theological schools within the botmds of the General Synod, as also for many outside of it. It has furnished a large proportion of the missionaries representing the Lutheran Church of this country in the foreign field, and is at present specially imbued with the missionary spirit. The real estate of the institution, consisting of a four-story brick seminary building, 100 feet long by 40 feet wide, and three professors' houses, also of brick, with some twenty acres of ground, is valued at about $75,000, besides vested funds amounting to about $91,000. The li- brary is valuable, mostly theological, and numbers over 11,000 volumes. The seminary is in a flourishing condition, forty-three students being in attendance. The present faculty consists of Rev. M. Valentine, D.D., professor of di- dactic theology and homiletios, and chairman of the faculty; Rev. C. A. Hay, D.D., professor of Hebrew and Old Testament exegesis, German language and literature, and pastoral theology; Rev. E. J. Wolf, D.D., professor of Bib- lical and ecclesiastical history and New Testament exegesis; and Rev. J. G. Morris, D. D. , LL. D. , lecturer on pulpit elocution and the relations of science and revelation. GETTTSBUBG GYMNASIUM. At the time the Lutheran Theological Seminary was opened, in 1826, there was no classical or scientific school at Gettysburg that could furnish suitable preparatory training to its students. The directors, therefore, made provision, May 16, 1827, for a school to supply this want. Rev. S. S. Schmuoker and Rev. J. Herbst were appointed a committee to select a teacher and open the school. Rev. David Jacobs, A. M. , was the first teacher, and in June of the same year the school was opened in the academy building on High Street as a preparatory department of the seminary. In September, 1829, the buUding in which the school was kept was sold by the sheriff, and was pur- chased by Rev. S. S. Sohmucker for $1,150, who divided the price of the pur- chase into shares of $50 each, which were disposed of to prominent members of the church. Certain articles of agreement gave to the stockholders the man- agement of the fiscal affairs of the school, and to the directors and faculty of the seminary the selection of teachers and the regulation of the course of study and discipline, and giving to the school the title of "Gettysburg Gymnasium." The number of students increased very rapidly under the new management. Rev. David Jacobs died in 1830, and was succeeded the following year by Rev. H. L. Bangher, A. M. , who took charge of the classical department. The school continuing to grow, measures were adopted a few years later by which a charter was obtained from the Legislature April 7, 1832, incorporat- ing the institution under the name of PENNSYLVANIA COLLEGE. Pennsylvania College was founded in 1832. It had its origin in the wants of the community and the church, and has developed from small beginnings to its present position of commanding influence and importance among higher insti- tutions of learning. The buildings and grounds are located a few hundred yards north of the central part of the town, and are among the most beautiful and attractive of the many objects of interest in and around Gettysburg. The organization of the college under the charter was effected July 4, 126 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 1832, the board of trustees the same day appointing professors in the difPerent departments, and making other necessary arrangements for opening the college. The preliminary arrangements completed, the formal opening took place November 7 of the same year. But it soon became evident that additional funds must be secured to enable the college to perform the work and achieve the success expected of it. At this juncture Hon. Thaddeus Stevens, who, at this time (1833), was one of the members of the Legislature from this county, managed to secure an appropri- ation of $18,000 by the State on certain conditions. This appropriation was most opportune, and helped to place the youthful, struggling institution on a respectable foundation. Thus encouraged the trustees soon after enlarged the •faculty and gave form and strength to the college by the election of Rev. C. P. Krauth, D.D., president, April 15, 1834. Pennsylvania College now entered upon a career of great prosperity and usefulness. Its growth henceforward was rapid, everything considered. The first great need of the college after its reorganization was a larger and more suitable building, the old academy soon proving entirely inadequate. Vigorous efforts were therefore made to collect the necessary funds with which to erect a suitable building, and by April 23, 1835, the required amount was secured. A plan for the proposed building was soon after adopted, and the contract for its erection awarded. The building was commenced in 1836 and completed in 1838. The college proper consists of a center building and two wings, with end projections, the whole length being 150 feet. The building is four stories high, surmounted by an octagonal cupola 17 feet in diameter and 24 feet in height, with observatory. The entire front of the center building is oc- cupied by a portico consisting of four fluted columns, 22f feet high, rest- ing on abutments raised to the height of the second story. It is of brick, and the whole exterior is painted white. It contains recitation rooms, chapel, halls of literary societies, libraries, reading rooms, as also a large number of rooms for the occupancy of students, the whole costing originally about $24,000. The college edifice, a chaste specimen of the Doric order of architecture, stands on gently rising ground at the edge of a magnificent grove of stately trees, the most of which were planted many years ago by willing hands of professors and students. The grounds, known as the "Campus," are well sodded and tastefully laid out in beautiful avenues, walks and flower-beds, the general eifect during the spring and summer months being very pleasing. Embraced within the grounds, and a few rods west of the college building, is Linnaean Hall, a fine two-story brick structure, the first floor being used for laboratory and class recitation purposes, and the second story containing a large and valuable collection of prepared zoological specimens, minerals, fos- sils, coins, relics and other curiosities. The botanical collection is large and well arranged, and contains a full representation of American flora. Few col- leges possess a more complete cabinet of minerals, the collection having re- cently received valuable additions. A president's house, professors' houses, a fraternity hall, and a janitor's house, have also been erected on the grounds. A large gynxnasium was built about ten years ago and supplied with necessary apparatus, affording stu- dents opportunity for exercise, recreation, and general physical culture. Through the liberality of some of the friends of the college an observatory was erected some years ago, and furnished with a complete equipment of astronomical and meteorological instruments. A fine telescope has been mounted, a transit instrument, an astronomical clock and a chronograph have been secured, and are freely used for the general purposes of class instruction. HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 127 In 1850 Dr. Krautli resigned the presidency, having filled it most worthily for a period of sixteen years. He was succeeded in September of the same year by Eev. H. L. Baugher, D. D. , who remained at the helm until the time of his death, which occurred in the spring of 1868, during which period the college continued to prosper. The vacancy caused by the death of Dr. Baugher was filled by the election of Eev. M. Valentine, D. D. , who thus became the third president of the col- lege. With marked ability Dr. Valentine watched ^ver the interests of the college until 1884, a period of sixteen years, when, having resigned, he was followed by Eev. H. W. McKnight, D. D. , the present incumbent. Dr. Mc- Knight is a graduate of the college class of 1865, and a native of the county. The present faculty and instructors are as follows: H. W. McKnight, D. D., president, and professor of intellectual and moral science; L. H. Croll, A. M., vice president, and professor of mathematics and astronomy ; Eev. A. Martin, A. M., professor of the German language and literature, and instructor in Prench ; J. A. Himes, A. M. , GraefE professor of the English language and lit- erature; Eev. P. M. Bikl6, Ph. D., Pearson professor of the Latin language and literature; E. S. Breidenbaugh, A. M., Ockerhausen professor of chemis- try and the natural sciences, and H. Louis Baugher, D. D. , Franklin profes- sor of the Greek language and literature. The total number of students in the college department according to the latest catalogue was ninety-four. Preparatory Department. — A preparatory department under the general care and supervision of the faculty has been connected with the college from the beginning. The primary object of the school is the preparation of students of either sex for the freshman class in college. While this is the main purpose of the school, those who wish to prepare for teaching, or for mechanical or business pursuits, are permitted to select such studies as will best fit them for their special pursuits. The present preparatory building, located on a slight eminence a few steps north of town, has been named Stevens' Hall in honor of Hon. Thaddeus Stevens, a life-long friend of the college, who gave $500 to aid in its erection. The first teacher was Mr. P. Frederici, appointed Sep- tember 26, 1832. The present principal is Eev. J. B. Focht, A. M. , assisted by two tutors, George W. Baughman, A. B. , and Frederick L. Bergstresser, A. B. Number of students in preparatory department, as per latest catalogue, is forty-five. College Library. — The college library numbers about 9,000 volumes, exclus- ive of a German library of 400 volumes and a collection of books owned by the Linnaean Association numbering some 300. Open every Saturday at 10 A. M. , and free to students under certain regulations. Literary Societies. — There are two literary societies connected with the col- lege; the Phrenakosmian and Philomathean. The object of these is practice in oratory, literary composition, reading and debate, the last named exercise taking a high rank from the first. The history of these societies being almost identical, they may with propriety be sketched conjointly. The students of the Gettysburg Gymnasium assembled in the old acad- emy, on High Street, February 4, 1831, to take measures for the formation of literary societies. After several addresses the roll of students was divided as evenly as possible into two sections, the first section, numbering eighteen, becoming the founders of the Phrenakosmian, and the second section, muster- ing seventeen, becoming the progenitors of the Philomathean. These divisions at once retired to separate apartments for organization. Prof. J. H. Marsden presiding for the former, and Prof. M. Jacobs wielding the gavel for the lat- ter. The initiation fee of each was fixed at 50 cents. This was afterward 128 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. raised to |2. 50 and ultimately to $5. Fines ranged from 6J cents to 50 cents. The regular meetings were held on Friday evenings until 1840, when the time was changed to Wednesday afternoons. The Phrenakosmian library seems to have been founded in 1831 by the purchase of "Harper's Library" as a nu- cleus, while on January 27, 1832, is recorded the first purchase of a work for the Philomathean libraiy — "BufFon's Natural History." Enlargements of both library rooms were made from time to time as books accumulated. Both have raised and invested considerable funds, the income from which is annually expended in the purchase of books. Each library numbers about 6, 500 vol- umes. A reading room under the management of each society, well supplied with suitable periodicals, has been established for the use of its members. NEW OXFOED COLLEGE AND MEDICAL IN8TIT0TE. About the year 1840 an institution of learning was established at New Oxford under the above title. Its founder was M. D. G. Pfeiffer, M. D., a German scholar and thinker, a learned and skillful physician, an ardent friend of popular and liberal education, and a man of enlarged and advanced views. One of the primary objects in the establishment of this institution of learning was to afford its founder an opportunity of illustrating and inculcating his peculiar theories in regard to human development — moral, mental and phys- ical. Although the college had for several years a considerable number of stu- dents, it never received public support and patronage commensurate vrith the efforts put forth in its behalf, and the enterprise has long since been abandoned as a failure. The college building, much neglected and weather-worn, and painfully suggestive of uni'ealized expectations, is still standing just at the edge of town on the York pike. HUNTEESTOWN ENGLISH AND CLASSICAL ACADEMY. A school of great usefulness in the central part of the county, as well as of much local popularity, was the ' 'Hunterstown English and Classical Acad- emy. " It was established in 1851 by Eev. I. N. Hays, who was at that time serving the Presbyterian congregation at Hunterstown as their pastor. Mr. Hays, clearly perceiving the urgent need of better educational advantages than those afforded by the public schools of the neighborhood, set to work with great energy and zeal to raise the funds necessary for the erection of a suitable building. In a comparatively short time the required amount was secured, and in due time a fine two-story brick building, with one room on each floor, was put up. The rooms were plainly but comfortably furnished. The first session of the school was opened November 3, 1852, with John H. Clarke as principal. Although the school, as an academy, has been discontinued for some years, its good influence is still felt throughout the county. CATHOLIC SCHOOLS. Nearly all the populous Catholic communities in the county have estab- lished separate schools for Catholic children. In these, besides the common branches of study, some attention is usually given to religious instruction. The first of these schools, of which we have any knowledge, was organized and taught at Conowago Cha])el about the year 1800 by Rev. F. X. Brosius, who came to this country some eight years before. For many years subsequently a school was kept here, sometimes conducted by the clergy and sometimes by lay teachers. In 1870 E. S. Eeily, Esq., had charge of a classical school here. In 1868 a large brick building was erected by the Catholics at Irishtown, HISTORY OP ADAMS COUNTY. 131 in Oxford Townsliip, for clmrch and school purposes, the clergy from Cono- ■wago attending to the religious instruction of the children. The school is now public and known as Union Independent. The large parochial school at Mount Kock, in Mountpleasant Township, was started about twenty years ago, with Miss J. M. O'NeUl as the first teacher. It is now in charge of Sisters from McSherrystown. There is a flourishing institution at McSherrystown under the direction of the Sisters of Charity, established in 1834. In 1854 it was incorporated under the title of the McSherrystown Novitiate and Academy of St. Joseph. The property is now very large and valuable. Among the be- nevolent objects of the institution are the education of the young, visiting the sick, caring for orphans and dispensing charity. The Catholic school at Littlestown was established by Rev. F. X. Deneckere. in 1867, Miss Mary Wilson being the first teacher. The same priest started a school in connection with the Catholic congregation at New Oxford, in 1862, the school now num- bering over 100 pupils. The school was originally held in the church, a Mrs. Trayer being the first teacher, but in 1877 a suitable school building was erected. The school at Bonneauville was started by Eev. Pope in 1873, two Sisters of Charity being the first teachers. A large and flourishing parochial school was established in Gettysburg by Eev. J. A. Boll, in 1877. The school building is a comfortable frame structure in rear of the pastoral residence, and cost, with its outfit, about $1, 300. Mr. Boll himself, with the aid of suitable assistance, conducted the school for a period of two years and a half, when it passed into the hands of Mr. M. F. Power, the present teacher. Enrollment about 100. THE FREE SCHOOL SYSTEM. The free school system, established by act of Assembly in 1884, was at first unpopular in certain portions of the county. It was a subject of exciting in- terest to all classes of persons. Considerable feeling was manifested in oppo- sition to the common school law, the result of ignorance and prejudice. All sorts of foolish and extravagant notions were entertained in regard to its pro- visions. Many were honestly of the opinion that, by promoting general intel- ligence, it would encourage idleness and crime, that it would oppress tax-pay- ers, and that it would prove subversive of the rights and liberties of the peo- ple. But gradually, as people learned to understand the true object and pur- pose of the law, and as the advantages of general education became apparent to them, this feeling of opposition gave place to one of confidence and approval. At the first joint convention of county commissioners and school directors, held in Gettysburg November, 1834, it was found that of the seventeen school dis- tricts then in the county, the following had voted to accept the free schotl sys- tem: Berwick, Franklin, Gettysburg, Hamiltonban, Huntington, Menallen and Straban, — 7; non-accepting: Oonowago, Germany, Hamilton, Latimore, Lib- erty, Mountjoy, Mountpleasant, Beading and Tyrone — 9. Cumberland was not represented. The convention resolved to recommend the levying of a school tax in each accepting district equal to double the amount of State ap- propriation to such district. At the second convention of county commissioners and school delegates held in Gettysburg, May 4, 1835, it was found that fourteen districts were repre- sented. Of these, Berwick, Cumberland, Franklin, Gettysburg, Hamiltonban, Huntington, Menallen and Straban, 8, voted as accepting; and Hamilton, Lib- erty, Mountpleasant, Mountjoy, Beading and Tyrone, 6, voted as non-accept- ing. A local school tax of 2 mills was voted to be levied in each of the ac- cepting districts. At the third and last joint convention of the county commissioners and 132 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTr. school delegates, held in Gettysburg, May 2, 1836, it was ascertained that all the districts in the county had voted to accept the law, except Oonowago, Hamilton, Latimore, Mountpleasant and Reading — 5. Mountpleasant ac- cepted in 1838, Hamilton in 1839, Conowago in 1842, and Latimore and Read- ing wheeled into line a year or two later. THE COUNTY SUPEEINTENDENCY. The office of county superintendent, created by the law of 1854, met with considerable opposition in some quarters. In the rural districts, especially, public feeling was against it. The free school system itself was bad, in the opinion of many; but the ingrafting of a feature upon it so utterly unneces- sary as the county superintendency was atrocious. Through blind prejudice ■alone the office, which has been not inaptly styled the right arm of the com- mon school system, was condemned without a trial. People were amazingly slow to understand and appreciate the need of intelligent supervision over the interests of common school education. The first county superintendent was David Wills, elected June 5, 1854, at a salary of $300 per annum. He served a little more than two years and then resigned. His successor was Eev. Reuben Hill, who was appointed Septem- ber 1, 1856, for the unexpired term. W. L. Campbell was elected May 4, 1857, the salary being fixed at $400. He resigned at the end of fifteen months. J. Kerr Mcllhenny became his successor by appointment September 1, 1858, but died of typhoid fever in August, 1859. He was succeeded by John C. Ellis, who was commissioned in October of the same year. Mr. El- lis was elected in May, 1860, at a salary of $500, and served the full term of three years. In May, 1863, Aaron Sheely was elected at the triennial con- vention, the salary remaining the same. At a special convention of school di- rectors held in November, 1864, the salary was increased to $800. He was re-elected in May, 1866, at the same salary. J. Howard West was elected in 1869, the salary being continued at the same figure. He resigned after serv- ing about two. years and a half, and was followed by P. D. W. Hankey for the unexpired term. In 1872 Aaron Sheely, the present incumbent, was again elected at a salary of $800 and re-elected in 1875, the salary being fixed at $1,000. Re-elected in 1878, 1881 and 1884, the salary remaining the same. EDtrCATIONAL MEETINGS. The Gettysburg papers of November 18, 1834, contained a call for a meet- ing of the ' Teachers' Association of Adams County' ' to be held in Pennsylva- nia College on the 20th of the same month. The call was signed by Frederick Ashbaugh, as secretary. Prom the form of the call it would seem that at least one similar meeting was held prior to the one referred to, making it one of the earliest teachers' meetings held in the State. Unfortunately, however, the local press did not, as now, publish the proceedings of these meetings, and no minutes of them are known to exist. The first teachers' educational meeting in the county, after the county superintendency went into operation, convened at the call of Superintendent Wills, November 11, 1854, remaining in session one day. One of the resolu- tions adopted at this meeting favored the holding of semi-annual meetings. Fifty teachers responded to their names. The second meeting of the associa- tion was held in Gettysburg, beginning February 1, 1855, and remained in session two days. The third meeting was held in Gettysburg, October 2, 3 and 4, of the same year. The fourth meeting convened in Christ Church, Gettysburg, February 7, 1856, and was well attended, the exercises being (Continued at page 135.) Q000C00Ot3OC»000000000000000000000000C»CO000000Q0Q0QO00Q0[»CX>CO00 . - - -1 -a -J -I — J -4 — I OS o> OJ Ci oj oi OS OS O) OS cji w tn en Oi Oi O»Wt**-Ci3Mi-'O«D00-J0>CnfrC0t0l-»OS0Q0— JOJWrffc ?iffiSSK^"lH;s¥' Year ending June. Whole number of districts. Whole number of achools. t^k-OttOCOOaOSCO-vlOOOJ^^OO No. of schools yet required. ci>cncnotC7ioiOicncnoicnc7'i^»fk)fk.ip.ri^rf>.i^i^)l^cn k)fbtb.i:oCOCOCOiJ:^tOObOCOOObO«D-4~4-^ H-i w ^ 1-1 )-i i-i (_i 1-J M i_» .-1 i-i hJ M HI hJ fc-* >-" (-H-* i_n_i)_ii_iOi-'oo«otoeoeotoeoooooeo(00(oooi-ii-'toi-'i-otOMi>3i-' Oi-'O(»t0t0tD0000W0ll-'l0i-'l-'e0r~*0>»^l-'WWaJQ000fc0Ul0>00rfi.CnW Number of male teachers. JCOOOMCO»;k.OlOOlCJ Number of female teachers. (OCOCDOO-4COWO)- Average salaries of males. ^0iOI>0SO0iVlO^t0OOOt0>^»^>;^h'if>.»{:ki~ -•cnoiwciooooorf^)- tO Qi coo CO I Siixeor^iuobaoi^f^oiocoi-itorf^ooH-'aoith-oco-^if^i-iwo Average salaries of females. W_OS_COjtfc_M_&3^&3 C0J»_CO W CO WW M WW W CO »^ W *» ifi.tU.(^,^C0O5W*ihl^W tD"QD"'»"o '«d"*-4"CO 'cd'cd'oo '^'oi'oi Vl Oo "oj '^"Vl''{o"o'*eO '►-' "o''i-t''o"*0"5D Oo'eo''o"cn"'o3 coviowtf>>coco2e:oi0'-'wd«jo^K>toi-.co Number of male scholars. W WW W W ZOCOja W W^W W CO CO W W W CC^ W WWCOWWWWWWWWbO 'zn'tf^ nk oi o« rf« CO t**"*** w w ^^"''-'''l-'"V"'■-l"o'o'^o co"Vo"'j^ w w'*i-»'i-'"»-i"'— "Va'''-'''oi"'coi-i»(!i.tp.(ii.Kjroi»o»h- toi-'oeooo ...„ .. --Wi-'^WWlJiWI-'WeD -'C}103t50tSi-'C7ICOI:{)C Number of female scholars. Number learning German. ^oo*--oo6Dootobicif-jbabo^bobj^eDOO(»bit»J^It^--ieDow «DO-4WCOb30COOOOv^O~JOStS»-^tO-100^9rf^WOOOQ<0»-l-iCO»Fk>t^ oawos-^cnOl-'V1tP>■^JC»coowoc;lWoocotsCJrl-t)(^cOM^-J-400>-'^3W Average number of scholars attending school. J tt^ 131 to ~J fO f Cost of teaching each scholar per month. ^Sl-jcncjboOl-;■ta^scorf^&^oSii--'h-QD^J^ClOC)taos^^.flOOtoo'l■ >^b9WC0rf^iCk«0(DCSOCCW00CCiOt>30)>^W>- Total amount of school and building tax levied. oo-j-)-JCO^osoooooooi>F*.*..WWWJi 03 00 03 ooja OS oaca to bs 19 bSbs to ">|k"oj"'Gs'm'OT"*>-'OT"'>--'"o%''w'oo'*. "'(»'*(» "co'o")--' wlo O"-''-' — '^Wi-'— l-'--l-' tnoo-Jt^3co~^-JK)oo•^otoc«:o1Coook;^o»t^o^aoc:oooocococ■30ocs COC«D— JtO*.-OOOClWtO*^OCCO-J-JOtOOP-0>t)i(Oe0001t*'tfi-QOOO-^ — 4a»C7t^^aiH^-40-JOiOlOTO<001>-ib3COCaCSOSOOlOih^tOO i>->oot5»fkOb»(^oc90o^r^ooKitstaoai(xi)^bso30oowooooif^ Amount received from State appropriation. ^cowwuawt^wwk^tCkCococet^rf^ti^iCLW OoeOOoOlOSOSOOJOObBOOOeO "JJ^j^j*^ P*^ 1>3tj"os"'-j'o"oi'w"f(^"oi'h^'^'w"a)"V w"*»t "*-*»■ r""^ ^ m O eO O W ^^ GO "^ *J "^ O CJI ^^ ^ ^ ^ tC ^^ tt* ""^ ^ ^ "■ '^'J ^^^ '^ ^' vv rr* ^ *.C»i»'WQO-^'-'bOOTCOOiOOMh- — OSOOOtrfii-lWOil-*CO-Ji£itCi^J*JOTOi !^(OCn-JtO»— -J-JCi30iO>e»000»-a500iW-4i-'Wt«COtfkMCOeDOOrfi.l-' atop'Vf M to Cn''w"i-i'oo"C'"o'cji''— ' O — "-j'ot I^COOOO'-'COlOtOOOtl-'^J Amount received from col- lector of school tax. mcSai*^coM*'^oioidiwn:fl-J cnj^ to — js coj~3_cnj:7rjinj^^cn *. w p mm »"Oo"o"w"ot"cs'Vo'c;i"cO w"'w"'-J'oc"'m'o 50CnCSC0J:»tp.OCflb0(DO2; -atffcWOi-'-Jcn-a 0OOOI-'l-'l000t00it0OJ^»^<0^-'WWCi(DWO0) nocno-^oi'-'tt^a'iJ^cjioocn-JOWbOOUiWObO Cost of instruction. oi'4i.'ia.'eo'*w'ffl1»"*."eo"'o"'H'''M cn"*-"'o'l»"*H''ii^"cji"M"'-^^ oo ^"""3 Tj S i^S **^. 55 SS ™iSc5f»S£^Sb3SiowoomciH>co~Jiot»-4a)-'C»C0(DtOi— '— 'CO !^«l&iI&So?OM2!wwSSwOC»OOh-^0)OWOM)-j.^>p.^^O> (cooo«)0>kt^«>rf^o»«>'*»-u' cnj'ij-'7^j-^i»Pj~'J~'P'J**'J^J*i^J^i^,"J" oo w Hi. O ^J CO CO -J o; to ... - . O (O 05 --iO w m 00 Ot -a K.1 lo Vl aa p-i OitOOSCOOOi-'^WCnWOOCTtOi-'WtO^-CS h— OOOOOXDCnOOi-^tOOlOCTr^-H'OO-JCJlWttOUII-Jl^iJi- l^tOH"OCOoK>tO«TC»OOOCOtO*. — Olt0H--JCOWO>^Ol***^ IOt0^h-'h^>--'l-JMtOtOMbOh^J^JP-|P'W*^WWp«^J-'W^|^^^W!WFO 3 i-ie;! e-o o -tnCOMtOWMMWWtOtOtOCCtOWl-'W*'^ (133) Fuel and contingencies. Cost of schoolhouses; pur- chasing, building, rent- ing, repairing, etc. Number of mills on dollar for school purposes. Number of mills on dollar for building purposes. Total amount expended for school purposes. 1-3 O O H a 5a •ssmiiqun: E 1 lO o 9 8 ii s CD 1 ^ ■ t- OS ■ J-So 3!S ■* m r- i-i -H u t- >0 O 00 lo o 00 tq I— r-r~OU?iO(MOOiMaOinr->COOOQU5r-INiO (0i-11^i0'I-^coiO'4-'cnt-ocofNW«coocor-cooocir*coop5c»t»iot-t-'iocooo meet— mrHr- U5t-CitOt-e^(MCOiOaOOOOOCSCOeoeOf-Oi-ii-iu5io«'-iwmQO'*tHOb t-l-l^OCO^tDOSO'-ot^coor-eQ(Mio=-'i>OJcar •noii^BudojddB a^jB^s tDI:^eOr-iiOCD(DCOI-Tf(COMOQpr-i-iCOM«iM«r*(M«t-coi— ^coosT-"i~iom(Oi-"e'D OThi-«o^cc-^eoMr-iocooQOi-'"*i:^cot-t^O'tft-r--*(N b-'^ooeoeoi— 'i-'(DCi(0**w2too505(NooeQ030se*< ■q^noui J9d ^so^ •9oaBpa3i -^BJO ^090 J9d a9'BJ9AV ■jooqoB Snipna'; -%-e jgqrann 93BJ9Ay -iCOCilOOiOCOOlOllOCCOO^tO^OOOt— ffl ■^ooeociojocq-fj' i-co'-nrocoNt-ooocOiSi •saiBraaj jo jgqran^g: ■S9iBni JO J9qainj!t r»010- ■qittotniad saiBin JO jfjBi^s aSBjaAy •qiuora lad h9ibui -ej JO ^JBiBS a3Bj:9Ay q(MTfi- •saiBmaj JO Jaqnin^ | ■99IBm JO jaqran^ Cotniocou3CD>aas>o>o>oio>o>n-''^t-ioo>o>oTf1i-ir-IC0O00i0'*rHTtit-i- H O H £ tH M f H Q) 03 C H i c« at i O O t S d ! o o : 0(JC a . o ■o S 5g. l|illl|1liiill^iJ^NJJ^ -"(NlMNy^tNiMOJCNC^IMCOCOCO (134) HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 135 interesting throughout. It does not appear that any meetings of the associa- tion were held during the next two years, but on the 10th and 11th of February, 1859, at the call of Superintendent Mcllhenny, an interesting session of two days was held in the public school building in Gettysburg. From this time until 1867, when the present law establishing the County Institute and pro viding for its maintenance went into operation, meetings were held as follows New Oxford, December 8 to 10, 1859; New Oxford, January 14 to 17, 1862 York Springs, October 29 to 31, 1862; Fairfield, December 29 to 31, 1863 Bendersville, December 28 to 30, 1864; Gettysburg, October 25 to 27, 1865. and Littlestown November 21 to 23, 1866. In 1867, commencing November 25, a five days' session was held at New Oxford, in accordance with the pro- visions of the county institute law of April 9, of the same year. The atten- dance at this meeting was unprecedentedly large, about 125 teachers being present. Since that time the institute has met regularly, once a year, in Get- tysburg, with large attendance of teachers and others, and with most gratifying results. The Pennsylvania State Teachers' Association held a three days' session in Gettysburg in August, 1866. CONCLUSION. The education of the county, which has been a matter of steady growth and progress, has here been sketched with as much completeness as was pos- sible within the limited space allowed. As a fitting conclusion a comparative tabular statement is appended showing the condition and working of the com- mon school system in the county since 1854, and also one showing the oper- ations for the year ending June 1, 1885. CHAPTER XXI. Debating Societies— The Gettysburg Sentimental Society— Poluglassic Society— The Gettysbxikg Debating and Sentimental Society. IN studying a people who have passed away there is nothing that so readily gives us an insight into their intellectual life — and, after all, this is the only part of the history of the human race that is both interesting and instruct- ive — as the papers they wrote and the discussions they had. It is here we reach the regions of mind growth; how and what they concerned themselves about as thinking and reflecting beings. The questions discussed in the ancient style of debating societies tell much of the people. These societies, in their original style, have mostly passed away. Then the whole male population of the village, attended with interest all their meetings. A question for the next week would be proposed, and two leaders named, and they would choose every one in the room, alternately, and even the boys would taper off the end of the many debaters. A president chosen, and, after listening to all the speeches, decide the question. They were valuable schools for old and young. Here were often fostered and devel- oped the orators who were destined ' 'to hold Senates spell-bound. " ' 'The Gettysburg Sentimental Society" was the first debating club organized in the county. Its first meeting was on the night of October 2, 1807. Wilf- 136 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. iam Eeed was secretary. Question: "Are our senses fallacious?" Th© question was argued long and fairly, it seems, by volunteer speakers, and the decision, by a vote of the house, was unanimously in the affirmative. But dis- putants had become excited, especially those who did not agree with the decision, and they poured long communications into the columns of Harper's paper. They finally forced a re-argument in, but were again voted down; and for years afterward discussions on the vexed question were to be heard by those who regularly occupied seats on store boxes in front of the store in all good weather. The next question was more practical, but did not elicit such earnest dis- putants. It was ' ' Should a Kepresentative be guided by the will of his constituents instead of his own ? ' ' The question as the reader will see, was loosely stated, but closely and ably argued. The next: "Should banknotes be made legal tender?" These old-fashioned statesmen decided this in the negative. At the next meeting John Edie became secretary, and the question discussed was " Is female timidity constitutional or acquired?" This called out a torrent of the latent eloquence of the village. The bald heads and gray beards in eloquent measui-es said it was "acquired;" the callow brood of young Demosthenes vowed it was the most "constitutional" thing in the world. And thus back and forth they plied each other with pelting quibs and quillets of the brain, but when the momentous hour arrived, late at night, for a vote as to which side had the best of the discussion, it was over- whelmingly voted in favor of ' 'acquired. " A. M. Mcllhenny was now elected secretary. Question: "Are theatrical performances injurious to society ? " As there was no immediate prospect of any of the cheap humbug troupes that now so frequently inflict their pres- ence upon the town, this question did not elicit such intense interest as the girl question. Then in its order the society discussed the subject "Is duelling a mark of courage?" This was decided in the negative. Then came the tremendous question "Idomeneus, king of Crete, made a vow to Neptune, to sacrifice the first he should meet on his return from Troy. He met his own son. Was he in the right to fulfill his engagement, or not?" This was a ponderous and intricate problem of life. It had a classical twang, and a spice of mythology, fable and moral duty about it that set it to bump- ing around in the brain of every classical mind in the community. These people were the immediate descendants of an age of intolerance; when men were prone to discussions on the most nebulous subjects which they did not at all understand; an age when everyone had to profess to believe, without the ability or the effort to understand, what the generality believed, or be looked upon as a proper subject for extermination. These people were then just building the American head upon the Old World German trunk, with its Anglo-Saxon mask. They were the sons of the men of such an age and of such blood as we have described, and, therefore, they could find in this question a field for endless disputation. This question at all events seemed to fill out the remainder of the season and the ' 'Sentimental Society' ' adjourned sine die. It was revived again the next winter, but it was in an enfeebled condition. The last winter' s question pr.obably had overtaxed it ; at any rate it now seems to have gone into a dormant state that lasted some years. In 1809 another debating society was formed in the town, called the "Pol- uglassic Society;" heavens, what names! This club met at the house of Na- thaniel Paxton. The first question discussed was ' 'Whether is the prodigal or jniser the worst member of society?" We are not informed how it was de- cided. Did the good people of those primitive days have either misers or prodigals ? HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 137 A communication from J. Howard Wert, of Harrisburg, who has his fa- ther's papers, gives the particulars of the revival of the Sentimental Society. Mr. Wert wrote under the impression that this was the original organization of the club, and was not aware of the previous history of the society as given above. He says: "December 9, 1813, there was organized in the schoolhouse of Kobert Hor- ner, Gettysburg, a society styled ' The Gettysburg Debating and Sentimental Society.' The schoolhouse stood on the corner where the school property now is, and the teacher was the grandfather of the present Dr. Horner. ' 'The society appears to have been flourishing for a time, but to have gone down about September, 1816. I have the records now in my possession, and the last meeting recorded was August 81 of that year. There were on that occasion but five members present, when the meeting commenced ; one expelled member was readmitted by a vote of three to two, and another member pre- sented himself and took his seat before adjournment. ' 'The last record i p the book is in the handwriting of Adam Wert, recently de- ceased, and the records have been in his care ever since that time. About ten years ago Judge Zeigler visited father for the purpose of seeing these old rec- ords. ' As far as he knew there were at that time one or two survivors besides father and himself. ' ' The first member to die was George W. Spencer (the first signer of the constitution), killed at the battle of Bridgewater, in Upper Canada, July 25, 1814. To the best of my knowledge father was the last survivor, dying No- vember 17, 1885, more than seventy-one years after Spencer. * The book con- tains the resolutions adopted at the reception of the intelligence of Spencer's death ; also a copy of the same printed in the office of the Centinel. "The original members numbered thirteen; the added members thirty-one; total, forty-four. I append the list. Some are quite familiar names to a majority of your citizens, but many are but dimly recollected even by the oldest inhabitants. ' ' OBIGINAL MEMBERS. George W. Spencer, David Middlekauf, Henry Welsh, Isaac E. Smith, Adam Wert, Bichard Abbott, John Agnew, David Horner, James Galloway, Thomas J. Cooper, James McFarland, George McKnitt, R. G. Harper. David Garvin, John M. Duncan, David Brown, Alfred Crawford, Philip Varnum, Hugh MrKalip, Samuel McFarland, Clement McKnitt, John Horner, David Zeigler, Samuel Cobean, ADMITTED MEMBERS. John Scott, William Miller, James B. McCreary, Horatio Wales, Jacob Middlekauf, Evan Walking, David Sweeney, T. Lloyd, Daniel Ogden, Solomon Hetser, Simon Shoppy, Matthew Geean, James Cornelius, Thomas Durborow, Alexander Mcllvain, Henry H. Owings, William Scott, Alexander Cobean, James Gettys, James Rowan. *A mistake. Jamea McCreary is no^r living in Great Bend, PenD., aged eighty-seven years. A younger- brother, Henry McCreary, though not a member of lociety, is living near Pittsburgh. — Ed. 138 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. CHATER XXII. Newspapers— The Centinel— Interesting Items^Necrology— The Star AND Sentinel— The Compiler— The Century— York Springs Comet- Weekly Visitor — Weekly Ledger — Crystal Palace— Littlestown Press- Littlbstown News — The Courier— Littlestown Era — New Ox- ford Item-Intelligencer- WocHENBLATT— Yellow Jacket Record. THE story of the coming of the first newspaper to the county, and its strug- gles for existence, as well as those of the enterprising publishers who fol- lowed in the course of time, is the interesting chapter of a county's history. Here only can the historian find the imperishable traces of the ancestors of those now here — the true mirror of their daily lives that is so eloquent in its simplicity. On Wednesday, November 12, 1800, Eobert Harper issued the first paper published in the county. The Centinel, a four column paper, long and slim in appearance, and, as was the style at that time, without either general or local editorials. The greater portion of its space was given to foreign news. The advertisements (a subject of great interest in old newspapers) were the printers offering for sale at the office, " Three Sermons, Proving the New Testament," " A short and easy Method with the Deists" and tbe " Christian Prompter." In the profane line the "ads" were: "Wanted — To Bent a Store," and "Old Bags Bought at This (printing) Office, ' ' and a notice for sale of a book ' 'Con- taining all the Eulogies, Elegiac Poetry and ' Masterly Orations ' on the Death of Washington. ' * The next issue has a communication from Moses McClean, of ' ' Carroll' s Delight." He had failed to vote, it seems, for governor elQct, and was dis- missed as deputy surveyor for this county. He snaps his fingers at the gover- nor ; tells him to go too. ' 'I have my compass in good order and am still the same honest man I ever was, and I intend to continue surveying in the pri- vate way." November 26, Conrad Laub, of York, gives notive to the distillers of Adams County to pay duties to Walter Smith of Gettysburg at once. With the third issue the paper suspends for want of support, but is re- vived January 7, 1801. On this date George Morton advertises for an appren- tice in his ' ' spinning-wheel and chair factory. " Bobert Bingham advertises his plantation for sale, "seven miles from Gettysburg." William Hamilton, executor of estate of John Gaudy, gives notice. In the number January 28 Samuel Cobean, William Gilliland and Alexan- der Eussell, trustees, give notice of sale or lease of a ' 'Tavern Seat' ' in Frank- lin Township, ' 'the property of James Black, a lunatic. ' ' This property was at the intersection of the York and Chambersburg and the Baltimore and Ship- pensburg roads. The paper of February 11, 1801, has for sale the lands of Eobert Mc- Canaughy, deceased, by John McCanaughy and Robert Hays, administrators. The premises were situated three miles from Gettysburg. A good dwelling, double log barn and a good still are on it. James Marsden advertises an estray steer, and Ignatius Shorter offers 1 10 reward for his wife, "eloped on the 14th of January." HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 141 Of date February 18 is an advertisement ol "Dickinson's Five Lectures on Eternal Election [no reference to Ohio, it is presumed], Original Sin, Jus- tification by Faith," etc. Another notice is by John and Hugh Patterson, giving notice that ' ' Thomas Patterson, deceased, gave unto Samuel Scott, late of Hamiltonban, but now of Kentucky, a bond, dated October 21, 1793," etc., and warning people against buying the same. February 25 announced the election of Thomas Jefferson. The news was sent by express to Baltimore, and in eight days it was known to the readers of the Centinel. In the issue of March 4, is this, the total editorial or original matter in the paper: "We received no Philadelphia papers by this week's mail." Mary Warren and Edward Warren, executors of Frederick Warren, of Menallen, give notice. The next issue announces that the governor has ap- pointed Hon. William GillUand a major-general of militia, and Dr. William Crawford fourth associate judge of Adams County. March 4 there was a meeting in Gettysburg to rejoice and jollify over the election of Jefferson. The meeting was held in Col. Gettys' inn. Dr. William Crawford made the address. A committee reported ringing resolutions, and then all sat down to feast, and toasts were given. From the number of toasts we select the f oiu'th : "John Adams; to the right about, face — a lesson to all future presidents, that an honest man maybe duped by bad ministers." The seventh: "A speedy repeal of the naturalization laws. ' ' The resolutions were drawn by Dr Will- iam Crawford, William Reid and William MaxweU. John Bender announces that he will not act longer as justice of the peace, since he had learned he ' ' would not be fined for refusing to act. ' ' March 18 issue has letter list. James Brice, P. M. The letters are to ' ' John Craw- ford, South Mountain, care Robert Scott, inn-keeper, Nicholson's Gap; Moses Davis, Francis Hill, Isaac Mott, Robert Simpson." Matthew Longwell offers his frame house and lot in Gettysburg for sale. James Gettys, lieuten- ant-colonel of Twentieth Regiment, gives notice to officers. March 27 Commis- sioners R. Mcllhenny and Jacob Grenemeyer give notice to pay ground rent for lots in Gettysburg to John Murphy. April 15 Dr. Samuel Agnew's card as a physician appears, and James Cobean had just rented and opened to the public Gettys' Inn. August 19, 1801, the four columns of the first page are filled with a communication signed "Old Maid," discussing celibacy. Then follows an address of two columns "To the Republicans of Adams County," by ' ' Edomite. ' ' Then the third communication follows, a little over a col- umn. There are yet no editorials in the paper. The paper reached its Vol. II, No. 1, December 2, 1801. The total of its "ads" for this issue are: James Duncan, register; Samuel Brown and WUl- iam Gilliland, executors for Alexander Brown (deceased), and James McCreary and John Agnew, executors for James Agnew (deceased), of Liberty Township; David Moore, administrator of Margaret Douglass, of Cumberland, and Michael Neuman (Newman), " Tanning & Currying" in Benjamin Beubach's tannery. In running over the first two years of the files of the Centinel the modern newspaper man, or reader, would be impressed with the absence of editorial or local matter, and the many communications, political, religious and personal, and the extreme length of the communications. The editor invited everybody to say their say in his paper, and everybody, it seems, responded at length. When the paper had been going about six months these communications poured in, and even the editor, who took a lively hand, especially with Dr. William Crawford, wrote as a contributoi: under an assumed title for some time. Mr. 8A 142 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. Harper' b paper evidently was responsive to the public wants and sentiments of his day; that is in its make up and matter. The editor himself was a Feder- alist, and he hated Jefferson cordially, and this dislike grew as did Jefferson become more and more the idol of the Republican Democrats. Thus we are furnished with a splendid view of the people of that day, because the people wrote and exploited themselves in their county paper. The majority of Har- per's and Dr. Crawford's papers, fired at each other, were simply bitter per- sonal attacks, in which the private lives and morals were exposed ad nauseam, when at the same time the law of the commonwealth was very severe against Sabbath breaking and profanity. In the issue of September 9, 1802, A. Russell has a communication contrib- uted to the Harper-Crawford controversy, in which is the following: "Dr. William Crawford (now a junior judge) did in my presence and in the presence of many other gentlemen, on the 28th of March, 1793, swear seven profane oaths by the name of God, for which a conviction and adjudication stands on my Docquet. ' ' The total amount of revenue collected in 1800 was $4,466.34. April 18, 1804, is a communication from Dr. Samuel Agnew about cow- pox. It ably combats the public prejudice against vaccination. In May, 1805, the paper was changed to magazine form with a title page, and for the first time a large display German text letter head. In this issue John Clark advertises a valuable grist-mill, three miles from Gettysburg. William McPherson offers $20 reward for an escaped slave. Davis advertises his chair factory, and ' ' Pay up, ' ' says William Merritt, as " I am going to remove from the county." A letter dated January 29, 1806, answers certain questions as to the price of farm lands in this part of Pennsylvania, and says ' ' lands are worth from $2ito $12 per acre." The county commissioners made their annual statement from the 3d day of February, 1805, to the 31st of January, 1806. The total revenue of the county was $7,095.49. This included $1,769.62, balance on hand; $1,626, outstanding tax collected, and $199, ground rent for town lots. An entire change in the State judiciary by the Legislature, in 1806, was the cause of adjourning the Adams County courts from February to April. November, 1806, John Adair advertises for sale a tract of land in the South Moimtain, ' ' at the forks of the road leading to Baltimore. ' ' Henry Weaver, a stray cow. Proclamation for an oyer and terminer and jail delivery court, William Gilliland, John Agnew, William Scott and William Crawford, judges, is made by Sheriff Jacob Winrott. Stephen Snodgrass offers for sale a valu- able plantation in Mountpleasant Township. James Brown, clerk, advertises for wood for the court house and jail. By this time R. Harper is keeping quite a bookstore at his printing office, and his list of books for sale is an interesting and instructive study. It covers nearly two pages of the paper, and nearly every one is a work on religion, com- mencing with "Addison's Evidences of the Christian Religion;" "Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress;" "Blair's Sermons;" " The Death of Legal Hope ;" "The Life of Evangelical Obedience;" "Brown's Shorter Catechism;" "Beauties of Hervey;" "Devout Exercises;" " Navigation Spiritualized, or a New Com- pass for Seamen, Consisting of thirty-two points of Pleasant Observation of Profitable Applications, and of Serious Reflections, all Concluded with so many Spiritual Poems;" "Life of Joseph, the Son of Israel, in Eight Books; Chiefly Designed to Allure Young Minds to a Love of the Sacred Scriptures;" ' ' Temple of Truth, or a Vindication of various Passages and Doctrines of the . HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 143 Holy Scriptures; Lately Impeached in a Deistical Publication, Printed in Philadelphia ; together with a Reply to two Theological Lectures Delivered in Baltimore;" "The Sinners' Guide" [the ungodly in these days call it "steer- ing in grangers"]; " Instructions of Youth in Christian Piety;" "Watt's Mis- cellany;" " The Immortal Mentor, " etc., etc., etc. In addition to these libraries of religious books, Mr. Harper commenced the reprint of books of sermons, which he sold from his office by subscription. These were the books all people who read at all then purchased and placed in their family libraries, and diligently read and meditated upon the future, God, heaven and the burning lake. This was to their intensely religious natures joyful mental food. They reveled in death dirges; they poured forth their solemn chanting songs over a dead world — dead in sin and iniquity. Their ears were closed to the joyous spring-time and the carolings to heaven of the mounting birds in their upward flights, and they saw only the windowless grave, the worms, and festering decay, and the entire background to this ter- rible picture was an angry, inappeasable God, who was ever creating to etern- ally punish. Their lives, their religion, their literature, their best enjoyment, was this gloomy, solemn, silent, dogmatic and austere existence that was natural to them, was ingrained into their blood and very bones. It had come to them by inheritance, by education, by the bent of the age, by their own and their ancestors' surroundings. They were as severe and illiberal in their politics as in their morals and dogmas. But, like their fathers, there was in all of them the saving qualities of a manly self-reliance, and a deep seated, all- conquering love of liberty. In the Centinel of May 6, 1807, James Duncan, register, gives notice to Elizabeth Dehl, of the estate of Sally Dehl; and Esther McGrew and William McGrew, of the estate of WiUiam McGrew; and Shem Greybel and Joel Grey- bel, of the estate of Joseph Greybel; Walter Smith and John Adgy, estate of Jonathan Adgy; John Stoner and Martin Hoover, estate of Abraham Stoner; Anna Maria Diffendall and Jacob Eider, estate of Samuel DifPendall; Michael Bushey and Christian Bushey, estate of John Bushey; Daniel Swigart, estate of Jacob Swigart, of Berwick Township; Barnet and Peter Augenbaugh, of the estate of John Augenbaugh. September 8, 1807, is advertised for sale, by James Black, a valuable plan- tation, 130 acres, the property of the estate of James Black (deceased), in Franklin Township, adjoining the lands of Matthew Black, Joseph Wilson, Samuel Russell and Peter Comfort, ' ' then the well known stand called the Cross Keys." Another sale of lands of about four acres in Franklin Town- ship, adjoining John Kerbaugh, Frederick Booher and Peter Morritz. On same day Sheriff Winrott offers for sale a tract in Liberty Township, adjoin- John Bingham and John Speers. The tract belonged to Solomon Kephart. Alexander Cobean and James Dobbins, executors of the estate of John Forster, of Franklin Township, gave notice to debtors. Necrology. — William Bailey of Mountpleasant Township, died November 5, 1806, aged fifty- seven years Mrs. Abigail King, wife of Hugh King, of Tyrone, died Saturday, April 18, 1807 Mrs. Isabel Ewing, wife of John Ewing, died April 15, 1807. . . .April 17, 1807, Alexander McAllister died, in the seventy -third year of his age Henry Weaver, aged seventy-six years, died in Gettysburg, September 1, 1807 Thomas Ewing, aged forty-one years, died September 20, 1807 Mrs. Margaret Agnew, consort of John Agnew, died April 13, 1808 ; was buried in Lower Marsh Creek grave-yard .... Died, in Hamiltonban, October 8, 1807, in the eighty-eighth year of his age, Henry Rowan. . . .July 13, 1808, John Sweeny, aged sixty -three years, died in 144 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. Gettysburg .... Rev. Alexander Dobbin died in Gettysburg, June 2, 1809 .... Judge John Joseph Henry, the first president of the court in the county died in Lancaster, April 15, 1811, aged fifty- three .... James Brown treasurer of the borough, died in 1810. . . .Hon. John Agnew, who had resigned his office of commissioner from the infirmities of old age and sickness, died on. his farm in Hamiltonban June 6, 1814, aged eighty years, full of years and unsullied honors. His loss was deeply deplored and his memory widely respected for his many good qualities of head and heart . . . .November 23, 1814, James Edie died in Gettysburg, aged fifty-six years .... James Barr, of Mountjoy, died November 19, 1814. The same year Adams County was separately organized Robert Harper established in Gettysburg his newspaper, the Centinel. He died in 1817, and his son, Robert G. Harper, took charge of the (paper and continued its sole proprietor until 1867, when it was consolidated with the Star, and became what is now The Star and Sentinel. The Star was established in 1828, and was published regularly until it became consolidated as above stated. It had been conducted by Mr. John T. Mcllhenny for many years, ably and successfully, and upon his death it was purchased by Hon. Edward McPherson and A. D. Buehler, and consolidated with the Sentinel, !the firm being Harper, McPher- son & Buehler. On the death of Mr. Harper his interests passed to the other proprietors, and now A. D. Buehler & Co. are proprietors. The paper was Federal, Whig and Republican in politics, always battling bravely for its cause; always able anil consistent. The Compiler was started September 16, 1818, by Jacob LeFevre. He continued the publisher until 1839, when his son, Isaac, took it and conducted it successfully until February, 1843, when he sold it toE. W. Stable, who was succeeded by his son, H. J. Stable, the present proprietor. It commenced a small five- column paper, and its coming supplied a long felt want to the lone some Democratic minority in the county. It has been enlarged four times, and is now a nine-column paper, full of vigorous and interesting matter for its readers. The Star and Sentinel and The Compiler, with their neat pages and crowd- ing advertisements, are a credit to the county and bear evidence that the peo- ple duly appreciate the enterprise and public spirit of the publishers. The Century was published in Gettysburg for some years. On April 4, 1877, it was removed to York Springs; A. L. Heikes was then publisher. He sold to I. W. Pearson, and he changed the name to York Springs Comet. The Weekly Visitor was the first paper started in Littlestown, in 1847, by W. C. Gould and W. Barst — neutral in politics. Then followed the Weekly Ledger, by Henry J. Miller; then the Crystal Palace and the lAttlestown Press, by Mr. Miller. In 1874 Preston O. Good started the Littlestown News. When he retired A. F. Barker was publisher and H. J. MiUer, editor. Mr. MUler was the writer and chief director of all the m.any publications in the town. He was a grandson of the founder of the first paper. In 1875 Barton H. Knode became proprietor of the News. It suspended in 1878, Mr. Knode purchasing the Hanover Citizen, the Democratic journal of Hanover. The press and office of the Littlestown paper was purchased and taken to Emmettsburg, Md. In 1879 L. Huber started a paper in Littlestown — The Courier. It was very short in its career. In August, 1880, appeared the Littlestown Era, A. E. Keeport, proprietor; suspended a few months ago. The New Oxford Item was started in April, 1879, by Miller & Smith. It soon passed into the hands of H. I. Smith. A German newspaper, the Intelligencer, was established in Abbottstown as HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 145 eaxly as 1833 and published until 1848 by F. W. KoeMer. It was changed to the Wochenblatt, and ran until 1850, when it was discontinued. The same publisher published the Yellow Jacket, a Whig campaign paper, in 1840. Record of East Berlin is a new paper just issued upon its venture in the field, a sprightly and promising journal. CHAPTEE XXIII. Old Time Reminiscences— Citizens in Gettysburg between 1817 and 1829— Inteeesting Items. HON. J. K. LONGWELL, bom in Gettysburg, and for many years a citizen of Westminster, Md. , some years ago wrote a comjnunication to the Star and Sentinal, of Gettysburg, and gave the names from memory of those who were citizens here between the years 1817 and 1829, together with a long list of happenings that he remembered. It is, we are told, singularly accurate in all its statements, and we regard it not only as a valuable historic document, but as a most remarkable evidence of a strength and clearness of memory that is rarely to be found. He thus furnishes a nearly complete list of those who were here in the years indicated above. He says, ' ' many of them died or moved away during those years, and others grew up to be men or removed there during that period." The following are the names in the order he gave them : Alexander Cobean. William S. Cobean. Samuel Cobean. Alexander Cobean, Jr Andrew Polley, Sr. and Jr. William McPherson. George Smyser. George Swope. Robert Wilson. William Lamb. William McClean. Moses McCleac. Oliver O. McClean. David M. McPherson. Robert A. McPherson. Christian Culp. Jacob Potzer. John Stollsmith. Adam Wertz. Alexander Russell. Henry Hoke. Dr. C. N. Berluchy. Emanuel Zeigler. Emanuel Zeigler, Jr. WilliamMeredith, P. M. James Agnew. Henry Wampler. John Kerr. Samuel Galloway. John Brown. Rev. John Runkle. William G. McPherson. William McClellan. Daniel Comfort. Leonard Dill. David McElroy. Gen. Jacob Eyster. Peter Fahnestock. Ephraim Martin. Robert Smith. Walter A. Smith. Ralph Lashells. Zepheniah Herbert. Thaddeus Stevens. Robert Hunter. William Russell. Adam' Swope. Samuel Hutchinson. Jacob Zeigler. Bernhart Gilbert. Michael Kitzmiller. Dr. John ParshaU. George Wampler. Thomas Kerr. David McCreary. Thomas J. Cooper. Philip Heagy. John L. Puller. George W. McClellan. Sampson S. King. John Troxell. James Duncan. Joshua Ackerman. Levi Fahnestock. Robert Martin. Isaac R. Smith. Samuel H. Buehler. John Cline. Dr. James H. Miller. James Scanlan. John Gilbert. Samuel R. Russell. Dr. David Horner. Robert Hutchinson, of S. David Zeigler. Dr. David Gilbert. Peter Beitsel. Joseph Whorf e. George Kerr. John Galloway. Washington Chamberlain. Samuel C. Cooper. John R. McPherson. John Hersh, Sr. John H. McClellan. Robert S. King. J. L. Kendlehart. Peter Sheets. David Middlekauf. John M. Stevenson. Walter Smith. y Samuel B. Smith. George E. Buehler. Jacob Winrott, Sr. Dr. Alexander Speer. John Garvin. William Garvin. Gen. John Edie. Philip Slentz. James A. Thompson. David Heagy. George Geyer, Jr. 146 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. Dr. John Paxton. 8. 8. McCreary. Micbael Brobst. George Sweeny. Robert Taylor. George 8hryock. John F. Macfarlane. Rev. Charles Q. McLean. Mathew Dobbin. Samuel S. Forney. David Eicker. David Sweeny. David Dunwoody. James Gallagher. William W. Bell. David Little. Henry Little. Biddy Addy. George Armour. John Murphy, Jr. J. Richter. John Edie, Jr. John Slentz. Robert Keech. Adam Walter. Christian Chritzman (the old fisherman). Michael C. Clarkson. William Paxton. David Edie. Andrew G. Miller. Dr. John Runkle. Jacob Norbeck. William McClean. James Dobbin. Henry Wasmus. Hugh Scott. Thomas McKellip. John Adair. George Welsh. Jacob LeFevre. John Bingham. George Little. Moses Degroft. Peter Stewart. Thomas McCreary. William Murphy. Rev. John Bear. John R. Edie. Ezekiel Buckingham. Charles A. Ditterline. George Geyer, Sr. John Agnew. John Hennessy. John McConaughy. Mathew Longwell. Roger Claxton. Rev. John Herbst. Henry Degroft. James Pierce. Alexander Dobbin. John Houck. Robert Hayes. John Cress. Hugh Dunwoody. Rev. D. McConaughy. H. C. Neinstedt. William B. Camp. Samuel Little. Michael Degroft. David McCann. John Murphy, Sr. James Gourley. James Hall. Robert G. Harper. John B. Clark. Col. Richard Brown. James A. McCreary. George Newman. William Gillespie. Rev. S. S. Schmucker. Samuel Ramsey. Henry Ferry. John Hersh, Jr. Michael Gallagher. Fred Summercamp. Gen. Thomas C. Miller. James Cooper. George Arnold. H. D. Wattles. John Jenkins. William D. Ramsey, Joel R. Danner. Thomas C. Reid. Garret Van Orsdel. William H. Miller. Michael Newman. Moses Jenkins. Jacob Sanders. George Gilbert. Samuel Miller. The letter accompanying this list of names had these very interesting items : "My recollections of Gettysburg from about 1817 to December, 1828, when I left the place, are very strong, as I think will be manifest when you examine the list of male citizens of that day. It was no trouble to me to go again in memory to every house then standing. The only difficulty was to keep up with the various changes, by removal and otherwise. * * * * Many of these names run down to 1800, including Gettys, Dobbin, Robert Harper, Samuel Galloway and others." Then among other things he says he remembers ' ' The erection of the Cobean house in place of a one-story stone house. "...." The erection of the McConaughy house and the attempt made, which failed, to roll the two-story log, weather-boarded building to the site it now occupies on Middle Street. It was afterward occupied by William Mere- dith, postmaster. "...." The execution of Hunter for the murder of Heagy, and the disagreeable day." .... "The introduction of water into the town through the hill in Baltimore Street. "...." The manufacture and placing of the town clock in the court house by George Welsh. "...." The marshaling of the guards, Capt. George Zeigler, and afterward resuscitated under command of Gen. T. C. Miller, as well as the gallant dash of the 'troop' under command of Capt. William McCurdy." .... " The old Academy, with Judge McClean and Eobert Hayes in the English branches, and Dr. McConaughy in the languages, and the time when it was converted into a Lutheran theological seminary, mainly through the exertions of that unfortunate man, Kev. John Herbst." . . . . " The great pedestrian feat of Garret Van Orsdel, in traveling from Chambersburg to Gettysburg in three hours and forty-three minutes." .... "The dramatic per- formance of Dr. McConaughy' 8 pupils in the court house, which led to the formation of a Thespian Society, and the objections, etc. "...." I can not HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 147 omit the esquestrian performance of my old friend, George McClellan (which occurred after I left Gettysburg), in carrying the President's message from Baltimore to Gettysburg in four hours." In a postscript he adds : "I remember the gubernatorial contest between Shultz and Gregg. Mr. Bell was a Methodist and therefore could not bet, but he procured a $30 gold watch, which he offered to his old friend E. G. H. , if the latter would give him a cent for every vote Shultz would have over Gregg. H. exhibited the cheap watch to all his friends. The majority being 27,000, of course the watch was very dear at $270." Of these there had removed to other localities Oliver O. McClean, of Lewis- town, Penn. , a Presbyterian minister and D.D. ; William Russell became a banker in Lewistown, Penn. ; David Middlekauf, a State senator from 1833 to 1835, on his farm near Shippensburg; JohnR. Edie, of Somerset, thirty years ago a member of Congress from that district and afterward an of5.cer in the volunteer and regular army; Washington Chamberlain removed to New Or- leans; H. C. Neinstedt, a printer in Philadelphia; Jacob Zeigler, of Butler, Penn. , a member of the State Assembly and a number of times clerk of that body; John B. Clark, register from 1830 to 1835, who has lived in Missouri for many years, a member of the State Senate during the Rebellion; William H. Miller, a leading lawyer in Carlisle. In the list of the dead are Alexander Cobean, who had been a member of the Legislature in 1799-1800, and at one time president of the Gettysburg Bank; William S. Cobean was sheriff from 1830 to 1833, after being county treasurer from 1828 to 1830. He removed to Cumberland County to serve as cashier of a bank, and was the Whig candidate of that county for treasurer; William McPherson, the great-grandson of Robert McPherson; the latter was one of the earliest settlers in this part of the State, where lineal descendants are a long line of leading, influential citizens, who were ever first in war, first in peace and first in the respect and confidence of their fellow-citizens ; William McPherson was lieutenant in the Revolutionary war, was captured at the battle of Long Island, and held by the British a prisoner of war 622 days. Eight years he was a member of the Assembly, and was a leading, active mem- ber in securing the passage of the bill for the creation of Adams County. He was one of the first board of directors of the poor, elected in 1818. George Smyser was one of the associate judges of the county, and at one time was president of the bank. Daniel M. Smyser was for several sessions a member of the State Assembly; the Whig candidate for Congress. in York and Adams in 1857; was elected president judje of the Bucks and Montgomery Dis- trict, and in 1855 was the candidate of his party for the supreme bench. William Laub was county treasurer in 1834. William McClean, county treas- urer from 1815 to 1817 ; then was associate judge ; afterward held a clerkship in the auditor-general' s office, in Harrisburg, where he died. Moses McClean was elected to Congress in 1844, and died in Gettysburg in the early seventies; in early life he was district attorney. Alexander Russell was a captain in the Revolutionary Army, afterward brigade inspector; was county commissioner in 1813, and a justice of the peace for many years up to his death. Henry Hoke was coroner in 1808-09, and afterward a justice of the peace. Dr. David Hor- ner was coroner from 1824 to 1827, and died one of the associate judges; he was the Whig candidate for Congress in 1844. Dr. Berluchy was postmaster under Polk, 1845-49. Philip Heagy, sheriff from 1827 to 1830. John L. Fuller was a lawyer and died in the full practice. John B. McPherson was the first cashier of the old bank of Gettysburg, and served in this capacity over forty years. He held several other posts of trust in the meantime, among 148 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. ■which was county treasurer from 1825 to 1827. William McClelland was pro- thonotary from 1839 to 1842. Sampson S. King was many years a justice of the peace. He died in Gettysburg. His son, Robert S. , died in Perry County. David McElroy was widely noted for many years as the court crier; perched on his high chair in the old court house, his sharp-snapping voice, looking as stern as fate, his picture lingered long in the minds of all who ever saw him. James Duncan was the first prothonotary of the county. Gen. Jacob Eyster was an active militia officer, serving through the various grades ; a candidate for sherifif, afterward State senator and then for fifteen years chief clerk in the surveyor- general's office in Harrisburg, where he died. Ephraim Martin died a notary public, as did his son, Robert. Walter Smith was county commis- sioner in 1800 and 1801, and county treasurer in 1809-11, again in 1818-20, and his son Robert was twice county treasurer, 1821-24 and in 1831-33, and for years president of the old bank of Gettysburg. The Whigs, about 1847, voted for him in the Legislature for State treasurer. His brother, Isaac R. Smith, died at his home in Philadelphia. Jacob Winrott, Sr. , was sheriff from 1806 to 1809, and register from 1821 to 1823. Zepheniah Herbert was State senator 1824-25. Dr. J. H. Miller was a leading physician prior to his remov- ing to Baltimore, where he died. Thaddeus Stevens became the most noted congressman of his day. John Garvin was many years justice of the peace and an influential citizen. James A. Thompson was a leading member of society; was coroner in 1821-24, director of the poor in 1831, clerk of the courts in 1836- 39 and county treasurer in 1841. John Edie was one of the foremost of our grand old Revolutionary sires; was sheriff of York County from 1786 to 1789; was one of the first editors and proprietors of the York Herald, which issued its first number January 7, 1789, and was changed to the Recorder January 29, 1800; he was elected brigadier- general of the Adams County militia June 5, 1807. George Geyer, Jr. , was postmaster in Gettysburg under Buchanan. Michael C. Clarkson died in 1874 at the home of his son, Robert, the Protestant Epis- copal Bishop of Nebraska. William W. Paxton removed to Franklin County, where he became an associate judge. John McConaughy died in the full prac- tice of his profession; he was county treasurer in 1812-14, and for some years president of the Bank of Gettysburg. Mathew Longwell was county treasurer in 1807-08. George Sweeny removed to Ohio and was twice elected to Con- gress, 1839 and 1843. Andrew G. Miller was prosecuting attorney one term; was appointed by President Van Buren judge in the Territory of Wisconsin, and afterward, by President Polk, was made a United States judge of that State. George Zeigler was register from 1824 to 1830, and prothonotary from 1832 to 1835; Bernhart Gilbert was sheriff from 1821 to 1824 and prothono- tary from 1835 to 1839. Jesse Gilbert was county treasurer in 1835, 1836 and 1837. Dr. David Gilbert removed to Philadelphia and became professor in the Pennsylvania Medical College; he died while in an extensive practice in Philadelphia. Dr. Porshall removed to Tennesee. George Kerr was a cap- tain in the Revolution; he was a merchant in Gettysburg as early as 1784. Samuel Galloway went to Ohio and was a member of Congress from the Colum- bus District from 1855 to 1857. John F. Macfarlane was elected county com- missioner in 1825; was the Whig candidate for Stale Senate, in the district of Adams, Cumberland and Franklin Counties. Rev. Charles G. McClean re- moved to Indianapolis, where he established a school ; he died there. Alex- ander Dobbin and family are fully noticed in another chapter, and also the MePherson family. Robert Hayes was county commissioner in 1812, and was a teacher in the Gettysburg Academy. George Welsh was prothonotary and clerk of the courts from 1824 to 1832; he was also postmaster. f^,^^^%^^ HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 151 Kev. David MoConaugliy became president of Washington (Penn.) College; he died there in 1852. The McConaughy family are more fully noticed in another chapter. Jacob LePevre was register in 1839. He published the Gettysburg Compiler; died in Cumberland County, his home. William W. Bell was postmaster for twelve years. He was succeeded in that office, in 1841, by Hezekiah Van Orsdel, who afterward lived in Baltimore. William B. Camp was drowned in Lake Erie — the boat on which he was a passenger was destroyed. Robert Wilson and Thomas McCreary were each employed for several years in the prothonotary' s office. John Hersh was postmaster 1825-29 ; he removed to Ohio, and became cashier of the Bank of Gaines- ville, where he died. Robert G. Harper published the Adams Centinel through a long and eventful period; he was at one time county treasurer, then United States assessor, and then associate judge. Gen. Thomas C. Miller was sheriff from 1824 to 1827, and afterward State senator; he removed to Cumberland County, where he engaged in business as an iron manufacturer, where he died. James Cooper was twice elected to Congress ; he was several years a member of the Assembly, of which body he served one term as speaker; at one time he was attorney-general of the State, then a United States senator, and died a brigadier-general in the United States Army. Michael Newman was county commissioner in 1816. William Gillespie was postmaster under Pierce from 1853 to 1857. Rev. Dr. Schmucker, after retiring from the pro- fessorship in the theological seminary, devoted the remainder of his life to literary pursuits. John Slentz was director of the poor in 1827. He was bom in Adams County (then part of York) June 22, 1792, and died in Gettysburg November 22, 1870, aged eighty-seven years and five months. His wife was Anna Maria Troxell, daughter of John Troxell. She was born in Gettysburg May 11, 1794; died August 9, 1881, aged eighty years. At the time of her death she was the oldest resident of the town. Her father, John Troxell, was born May 3, 1760, and died October 2, 1855, aged ninety-five years. He was a cotemporary here with James Gettys, and built one of the first houses in the town. A deed, dated December 26, 1794, by James Gettys and his wife, Mary, to John Troxell, for Lot No. 77, Chambers Street (Minnich & Scott property), is witnessed by Alexander L'vine and Henry Hoke, and ac- knowledged before Alexander RusseU, Esq. , is the evidence of his purchase. The older people of the county remember Mr. Troxell with great affection. He was noted for a remarkable memory, and his love of going back in his old age over the reminiscences of nearly a century before. He knew well the minutest details of the early history of the town, and was fond of telling them. On one occasion, we are told, he gave an interesting account of the building of two log-houses on what is now Baltimore Street, one where the Duncan property now stands, and the other at the corner of Baltimore and High Streets. The hill was then covered with timber; the logs were cut on the grounds, put in green and rough, and the two buildings run up two stories without partitions, and as they were racing in the construction of the two, the capping of the chimneys was to be the test of completion. Doors were tem- porarily made of sheets or blankets, and bed-spreads were used for partitions, and in this way they were finished and the families moved in. 162 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 3tap or the GETTYSBURG JBAT J LEFJELD allDSPJTALS :/iil\^lasr!s«n' * Jhhnaan4f.lHr- \