CORNELL UNIVERSnV LIBRARY 3 1924 077 730 640 Cornell University Library The original of tinis book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924077730640 In compliance with current cop3aight law, Cornell University Library produced this replacement volume on paper that meets the ANSI Standard Z39.48-1992 to replace the irreparably deteriorated original. 1996 '9" .<7 Harpers' Popular CYCLOPiEDiA OF UNITED STATES HISTOEY FROM THE ABORIGINAL PERIOD CONTAINING BRIEF SKETCHES OF IMPORTANT EVENTS AND CONSPICUOUS ACTORS BY BENSON J. LOSSING, LL.D. ILLUSTRATED BY OVER ONE THOUSAND ENGRAVINGS IN TWO VOLUMES Vol. n. REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITION NEW YORK HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS FRANKLIN SQUARE 1888 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1881, by HAEPER & BKOTHERS, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. Copyright, 1887, by Harper & Brothers. LINCOLN MEDALS ' Lincoln Medals. Andrew C. Zabriskie, of New York, au earnest student of uumismatics, printed, for private circulation, a descriptive catalogue of one liuudred aud eighty-niue med- 795 LINCOLN'S, PEESIDENT, EE-ELECTiON pie ; a fifth proposing to commit the business of " reconstruction " to the people, aud a sixth en- joining the duty of confiscating the property of rebels aud giving it to the Uuii/u soldiers and UBDAL FROM THE FRENCH DEMOCRATS. (ScC p. 794. ) als struck in honor of Abraham Lincoln. No other public man in the Uuited States except- iug Washiugton has been so houoied in this way. Lincoln, President, ix Richmond. The Pres- ident had been at City Point and vicinity sev- eral days before the fall of Eichmond, and ou that day (April 4, 1865) he went np to that city with Admiral Porter ou the Malvern. Captain Eallih Chandler, with the Sangamon, several tugs, aud thirty small boats, had fished up the torpedoes with which the river was strewn. At Eiclimond the President was cheered by a vast coueourse of emancipated sla"ves, who were told that the tall man was their liberator. He re- turned the same day, and ou the 6th he again visited Eithmond, when he authorized General Weitzel to allow the assembling of the Virginia Legislature, which he had been assured by lead- ing members would work faithfully in the inter- ests of peace and the restoratiiin of the Union. Their promise was not kept, aud the President revoked his order to Weitzel. Lincohi, President, Re-election of. In the Administration party were men who depre- cated the cautions policy of Mr. Lincoln and were opposed to his re-election. They held a nominating convention at Cleveland, Ohio, May 31, 1864. It wjjs composed of about three huu- dred aud fifty persons, very few of whom were regularly choseu delegates. They were called " the radical men of the naitioti." They adopt- ed a "platform of principles," consisting of thirteeu resolutions, among which was one proposing au amendment to the Constitution to prevent the re-establishment of slavery ; an- other declaring the wisdom of the "Monroe Doctrine" (which see); a third asserting the policy of restricting the incumbency of the presi- dential office to one term ; a fourth recommeud- iug the election of President directly by the peo- actnal settlers. They nominated General John C. Fremont fur President, and General John Cochrane for Vice-President. They afterwards withdrew. The Union National Convention as- sembled at Baltimore June 7, 1864, wherein all the stat«s aud territories were represented by choseu delegates, excepting those in which in- surrection existed. Their " platforrii of princi- ples" was equally strong in support of nation- al honor, nati- sie, whence, at the close of the war, he returned to New York. He was held in high esteem by his denomination ; and in 1807 he was cho.sen President of Queen's (now Rutgers) College, at New Brunswick, N. J., which position he held until his death. Livingston Manor. Robert Livingston, a native of Ancrara, Teviotdale, Roxburghshire, Scotland, where he was born iu 1634, emigrated to America in 1674. He possessed a bold, ad- venturous spirit, and was soon in public em- ployment at Albany, where, iu 1683, he married Alida, widow of Rev. Nicholas van Rensselaer, and daughter of Philip Pietersen van Schuyler. She brought him cousiderable wealth, with which he purchased a large landed estate on the east bank of the Hudson. Its bouudary commenced about five miles south of the site of the city of Hudson, and extended twelve miles along the river, and eastward to the line between the states of New York and Massachu- setts. The area widened as it extended east- ward, so that, on its eastern boundary, the tract was nearly twenty miles in width. In 1686 Thomas _Dong.an, Governor of New York, grant- ed Livingston a patent for this domain, which comprised over one hundred and twenty thou- sand acres. It was the largest landed estate in the province, excepting fliat of Van Rensse- laer. Five or six thousand acres of it were purchased for the use of the Palatines who came over with Governor Huuter iu 1700, which tract still bears the name of Germantown, given to it at that time. In 1715 the grant of the Livingston Manor, given by Dongan, was con- firmed by royal authority, and full manorial privileges were given to the proprietor. The lord of the manor exercised moderate judicial functions within his domain, and had the priv- ilege of electing a representative to the Gener- al Assembly of the colony and two constables. This manor occupied a portion of Columbia and Duchess counties. Livingston, Philip, a signer of the Declara- tion of Independence, was born in Albany, N.Y., Jan. 15, 1716 ; died in York, Penn., Jan. 12, 1778. He graduated at Yale College in 1737; became a prominent merchant in the city of New York ; was an alderman there from 1754 to 1758; and a member of tbe Provincial Assembly iu 1759, in which he was one of the committee of corre- spondence with the colonial agent in England, Edmund Burke. Livingston opposed the taxa- tion schemes of Parliament, and was unseated by a Tory majority in 1769, when the contro- versy between Great Britain and her colonies ran high. He was a member of the First Con- gress (1774), and held a seat in that body until his death in 1778, when their session was held at York, the British having possession of Phila- delphia. Mr. Liviugstou was associated with Lee and Jay iu the preparation of two of tbe state papers put forth by the First Congress. He was very active on the most important com- mittees in Congress. Mr. Livingston founded the Professorship of Divinity at Yale College in 1746, and was one of the founders of the New York Society Library. He also aided material- ly in the establishment of King's (now Colum- bia) College. He patriotically sold a part of his property to sustain the public credit with its proceeds just before his death. Livingston, Robert R., LL.D., first chancel- lor of the State of New York, was born in tbe city of New York, Nov. 27, 1747; died Feb. 26, 1813. He graduated at King's (imw Columbia) College in 1765. He practised law successfully in New York, and was made recorder of the city in 1773. Of this office he was deprived early iu 1775, because of bis espousal of the patriot cause. He was elected to the Continental Congress in 1775, and was one of the committee appointed to draft a declaration of independence, but his necessary absence from Congiess prevented his signing it. On the organization of the State of New York under a constitution, he was appoint- ed chancellor, and held that position luitil 1801. In 1780 he was again a member of Congress, and was Secretary for Foreign Aflairs from 1781 to 1783. Mr. Livingston was a member of the con- vention of New York which adopted the nation- al Constitution, and voted for it^ Minister-pleni- potentiary to France (from 1801 to 1804), he se- cured the cessiou of Louisiana to the United LIVINGSTON 802 LOANS AND THE PEACE FACTION States fiom Bonaparte. (See Lou'mana.) He was the coadjutor of Fultou in perfecting the system of steam navigation. (See Sham iSart- gatioti.) ROBERT R. LIVIXGSTOS. Livingston, William, LL.D., waslmrn in tlie province of New York in November, 1723; died at Elizabetlitown, N. J., July 25, 1790. He was an eminent member of the bar of liotli New York and New Jersey- Witli William Smitli. be imb- li.sbed the first Digest of the Colonial Laxcs.in 1752. For a wliile, in that decade of the century, he published the Independent Heflector. Thoroughly educated at Yale College, he possessed many sol- id as well as brilliant attainments in law and literature, and was an elegant and facile writer. Behind the mask of anonymity, Mr. Livingston ■WTLtlAM LITIKGSTOK. dfalt heavy blows iu favor of Presbyterianisn\, and against Episcopacy, in his weekly periodi- cal, tirst published late iu 1752. (See Independent Itejlector.) In 1757 lie puldished, in defence of Governor Sliirley, a Eevieic of the Militarff Opera- tions in Xorih America from V7b'i to April 14,1756, in a Letter to a Kobleman. The following year he was elected a member of the New York Assem- bly. Having purchased land, in Elizabethtown, N. J., he built a line numsiou there, which he called. "Liberty Hall," and renuixed there in 1773. Mr. Livingston early espoused the cause of the oppressed colonies, and w as a representa- tive of New Jersey in tlio tirst Continental Con- gress (1774). He was again a delegate to that body in 1775, but was soon called (Jinie 5) to connnand the militia of New Jersey, with the <-' ALEXANDER IXtGAS. ■was in the Illinois Legislature, and iu Congress fiom 1859 to 1862. He was a private iu a Mich- igan regiment at the battle of Bull's Run (July, 1861) ; returned to lUiuois and raised a regi- ment, of wliicU he was colonel ; was wounded at Fort Donelson, and the following mouth (March, 1862) w;is made a brigadier -general. In April of the same year he was promoted to raajorTgeu- eral, and commanded a division in the Vicks- burg and Atlanta campaigns (1863-64). He was one of the most successful of the generals of volunteers iu the war. Iu 1867 he was again sent to Congress, where he was distinguished as a fluent and vigorous speaker. He was one of the " managers " of the impeachmeut of Presi- dent Johuson (which see). Logan's Speech. James Logan, William Peuu's provincial secretary, was a friend of the Indians, and Sliikellimus, a converted Cayuga chief, gave to his son Ta-ga-jute the name of Logan. The latter became a chief among the Miiigoes. A greater portion of his family were murdered by the white people ou the banks of the Ohio iu 1774. Eeveuge was fearfully arous- ed iu his bosom, and on the war-path he gath- ered many scalps of white people as trophies of his valor and vengeance. He was invit«d to a couference with Lord Duumore on the Scioto. He refused to have any friendly intercourse with a white man, but sent by the messenger (Colonel John Gibson, who married his sister) the follow- ing remarkable si>eech to the council: "I ap- peal to any white man to say if he ever entered Logan's cabin hungry and he gave him no meat ; if he ever came cold and naked and he clothed him not. During the course of the last long and bloody war, Logan remained idle iu his cabin, an advocate for peace. Sucli was my love for the whites, that my countrymen pointed as they passed and said, ' Logan is the friend of the white man.' I had even thought to have lived wii h you bnt for the injuries of one man. Colonel Cresap, the last spring, iu cold blood and unprovoked, murdered all the relations of Logan, not even sparing my women and children. This called ou me for revenge. I have sought it. I have killed many. I have fully glutted my ven- geance. For my country, I nyoice at the beams of peace. But do not harbor the thought that mine is the joy of fear. Logan never felt fear. He will not turn ou his heel to save his life. Who is there to mourn for Logan? Not one!" Logan was mistaken ; it was not Cresap who led the baud of assassins. He was not then iu that region. The speech was translated into English, and was pronounced inimitable for elo- quence and pathos. London's Address to the King ( 1775 ). The continued news of the kiTidliug of civil war iu America excited the sympathies of the people aud authorities of the city of London iu favor of the long-snifering and long-forbearing colonists, and the citizens voted an address to the king, desiring him to consider the English people, " who had nothing to expect from America but gazettes of blood and unnatural lists of their slaughtered fellow-snlijects," aud prayed for a dissolution of the Parliament, and a dismission of the present ministers. The king refused to receive the address, but it was entered on the records of the city and published by authority. London Company. Twenty years after Ra- leigh's first attempt to establish a colony in America, Richard Hakluyt, prebendary of West- minster (see Hakluyt, Richard), incited several gentlemen, some of them personal friends of Ra- leigh, to petition King James I. to graut them a patent for planting colonies in North America. Raleigh's giant was made void by his attainder. (See SaJeigh.) There was not an Englishman to be found in America then, and there was only one permanent settlement north of Mexico, that of St. Augustine. The petition was gladly re- ceived by the king, for reasons elsewhere stated (see Virginia, Colony q/), and on the lOthof Api-il, 1606, James issued letters-patent to Sir Thouias Gates, Sir George Somers, Richard Hakluyt, Edward Maria Wiugfield, aud others, granting to them a territory extending from latitude 34° to 45° north, together with all the islands iu the ocean within one hundred miles of the coast. The object of the patent was "to make habita- tions and plautations," and to form colonies by sending English people into tlia t portion of Amer- ica "con\nionly called Virginia with the hope of Christianizing aud civilizing the pagans there." The territory was divided into two districts, called, respectively. North and South Virginia. A supreme government of the domain was vested in a council, resident in England, to be named by the king; to be governed by laws which he should prescribe; and subordinate jurisdiction was committed to a council resident in Virginia. All the rights of citizenship were to be guaran- teed to the colonists; besides this they would possess no political rights. Homage and rent were the prime conditions of the charter — reut in the form of one fifth of the net profits arising LONDON COMPANY 805 LONDON COMPANY from mines of precious metals. TLe cliarter bad not the feature of a free goverunieut ; for, to the emigrants, uot a single elective franchise, or a right to self-government, was conceded. Tliey were to be governed by a commercial cor- j>oiati<)U, of which they were not allowed to be members, and even in matters of divine wor- ship they had no choice. The doctrine and ritual of the Chnrch of England were to be the established theology and mode of worship in the American colonies, and no dissent was allowed. Tbe colonists were permitted to coin money for their own use, to import necessaries from England free of dnty for seven years, and to take measnres for repelling enemies. The pro- prietors of each section were invested with the right of property in the lands extending along the coast tifty miles each way from the point first settled respectively, and back one hnndved miles from the coast. To an association of" no- blemen, gentlemen, and merchants," chiefly re- siding in London, w;is granted a charter for the settlement of Sonth Virginia. This was known as the "London Company." A similar charter was granted to "knight.s, gentlemen, and mer- chants," of Plymouth, Bristol, and other places in the west of England, and this was known as the "Plymouth Compauj'." The king prepared a code of laws for the colonists, in which kind- ness to the Indians, regular preaching of the Gospel, and teaching religion to tlie pagans were enjoined; also providing for the well-ordering asses to gain the rear of the Americans. Put- nam had neglected to gnard the hitter pass. AVlien, at eight o'clock, the invaders had reach- ed those passes, not more than 4000 men were out of the lines at Brooklyn; and, instead of ordering Stirling to fall hack fiom almost cer- tain destruction, he allowed Sullivan to go out with a few troops and take command at the pass helow (now in Prospect Park), not nearly so important. The consequence was that, while Sullivan was fighting the Germans, Clinton had gained his rear and fell upon him. It was a surprise. Sullivan was driven hack upon the Germans. After a severe hand-to-hand fight, and seeing no chance for success or an orderly retreat, Sullivan ordered his men to sbift for themselves. Some fought through the attack- ing lines; some tied to tlie woods; and many Tvere made prisoners; while Sullivan, hidden in a field of corn, was captured. Stirling and his party were now the only unbroken body of Americans in the field, aud tliey fought with spirit four hours. Then, hopeless of receiving reinforcements, and seeing a strong body of the British approaching his flank and rear, he or- dered a retreat. The bridge across Gowauus Creek (on the border of which he was fighting, near where the old mill stood in 1850) was in BBOWER^S MUX IS 1850. flames, and his troops were compelled to wade tbe water and the oozy morass. Even that pas- sage was about to be cut off by the enemy, led by Cornwallis. Quickly ordering the Delaware and Maryland troops to ford the creek and mo- rass with some German prisoners, he, with the remainder, fought Cornwallis desiierately until all the others had crossed excepting seven, who were drowned. No longer able to resist the pressure, Stirling and his men were made pris- oners. The loss of the Americans did not ex- ceed 1000, of whom one half were prisoners. Howe did not follow up his advantage, hut al- lowed the American array on Long Island to re- treat in safety to New York. (See JtelreatJ'rom Long Island.) Long ParUameiiti The. Charles I. of Eng- land, who attempted to rule that realm without a parliament, was compelled,in 1G40, to call one, which became a long-existing body, and one of the most remarkable in the history of England. It fii-st met Nov. 3, 1640, and wa§ dissolved by Cromwell April 20, 1653. A large inimber of its memhera were Puritans, aud almost all of them were opposed to the tyrannous measures of the king. They entered at once on the redress of grievances, and in the course of eighteen months assumed the entire jiolitical control and author- ity of the kingdom. Among their earlier acts was a resolution that the English-Americau col- onists should enjoy all their liberties according to their patent.s. Exercising equal liberality towards English subjects at home caused al- most a total cessiition of emigration to Amer- ica. About twenty-five thousand British emi- grants had then been received in America, and east of the Hudson River were then twelve in- dependent communities, comimsing not less than fifty towns or distinct settlements. Long, Pierce, was born at Portsmouth, N. H., in 1739; died there, April 3, 1789. He was a member of the Provincial Congress of New Hampshire in 1775, and became colonel of a regiment, which he commanded in the retreat fiarc, Fn-(?i?iia.) White went back to England for supplies, and was de- tained a long time. Wlieu lie returned to Ro- anoke Island, the colony he had left there had disappeared. With nineteen men, in two boats, he went in search of them. The colonists had agreed with White, when he left for England, to write or carve on the trees or posts of the doors the name of the place to which they had emi- grated, if they should leave, for they were then preparing to go to a place fifty miles into the mainland. It was also agreed, in case they should be iu distress, thac they should carve a cross over the letters. As White and his friends ascended the bank at the site of the settlement, they found carved upon the trunk of a tree, in . fair Roman letters, Croatan, but, to their great I comfort, they saw no sign of distress. The houses had been taken down, and the place strongly palisaded. They determined to sail I for Croatan the next morning. A tempest arose, LOST PEINCE, THE 811 LOUISBURG the ship parted her cables, their provisions and fresh -water were scanty, and they concluded to sail to the West Indies, remain there through the winter, aud go to Croatan in the spring. But they were compelled to return to England. The colony was never heard of afterwards. It is asserted that some of the Hatteras Indians, of a subsequent generation, had light complex- ions, and their faces resembled the English type, and it is supposed the colony became amalga- mated with the Hatteras tribe on the eastern coast of North Carolina. Lost Prince, The. (See Williams, Eleazar.) Loudoun (Lord) and the Mayor of New- York. According to his instructions, the Earl of Loudoun (which see) demanded of the authorities of New Yoi-k city free quarters for himself, his officers, aud one thousand men. " Your demand is contrary to the laws of Euglaud aud the lib- erties of America," said the mayor of the city. " Free quarters are everywhere usual. I assert it on my honor, which is the highest evidence you can require," answered the haughty earl. The mayor was fii-m, aud Loudoun determined to make New York an example for the rest of the continent. When the citizens, by the lips of the mayor, pleaded their rights as Englishmen, his lordship, with a vulgar oath, said to the magistrate, "If you don't billet my officers upon free quarters this day, I'll order here all the troops under my command, aud billet them my- self upon the city." A subscription for the pur- pose was raised, the officers were billeted on the city, and there Loudoun won his first victory. A similar contest, with a similar result, occurred in Philadelphia, aud there Loudoun won his sec- ond and last victory in America. Loudoun (John Campbell), Foprth Earl op, was born iu Scotland in 1705 ; died April 27, 1782. In 1756 he was appointed governor of Virginia aud commauder-iu-chief of the British forces iu America. Leaving his lieutenant, Dinwiddie, to govern the province, he paid attention to military affairs, in which his indolence, inde- cision, and general inefficiency were most con- spicuons, and worked disasters. Franklin said of him, " He is like little St. George on the sign- boards, always on horseback, but never goes forward." He was recalled in 1757, and returned to England. In 175She was made lieutenant-gen- eral, aud in 1770 general. Loudoun's Plantation. (See Masmchnsetts, First Eotjal Charter for.) Louis XVI., of France, was born iu Ver- sailles, Aug. 23, 1754; was beheaded in Paris, Jan. 21, 1793. He was a grandson of Louis XV. and of a daughter of Frederick Augustus, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony. His father dy- ing in 1765, be became heir presuniptive to the throne of France, which he ascended on the 10th of May, 1774, with the beautiful Marie Antoi- nette, Archduchess of Austria, wliom he mar- ried in May, 1770, as his queen. Louis was ami- able, fond of simple enjoyments, and was be- loved by his i)eople- Through bad advisers and the wickedness of demagogues, he was placed in seeming opposition to the people when his heart was really with them, aud the madmen of France, who ruled the realm during the Reign of TeiTor, brought both Lcmis aud his beautiful queen to the scaffold. They went through the farce of a trial after arraigning the king on a charge of treason, found him guilty, of course, and beheaded him by the guillotine, with ac- companiments of vulgar cruelty. His death was seriously mourned. He was weak, but not wicked. His frieuds dared not make any pub- lic demonstrations of grief, or even of attach- ment, at the time. A small commemorative medal of brass was struck, and secretly circu- UEMORIAL UEDAL. lated. These were cherished by the loyalists with great affection. Upon this medal — over a funeral urn from which a crown and sceptre had fallen — were the significant words, " SOL EEGNI abut" — "The sun of the kingdom h.is de- parted." King Louis was closely identified with the Americans in their struggle for indepen- dence, consenting, through the influence of his chief minister, Vergennes, to give material aid, and make a treaty of friendship and alliance with them. Personally, he despised republi- cans, and coiild never hear with patience Dr. Franklin spoken of in words of praise, whUe his queen was a great admirer of the philosopher aud 8tat«smau. Louisburg. The fortress of Lonisburg, on the Island of Cape Breton, was built by the French soon after the Treaty of Utrecht, in 1713. Its cost was great, its strength enormous, and so long as the French held it it would be a source of annoyance to Ne-w England and of support to Canada. When, in 1746, France declared war LOUISBUEG 812 LOUISIAJfA agaiust Great Britain (see King Georgia War), Goveruov Shirley, of Massaclinsetts, perceived the great importance of driving the French from it. He proposed to the Massachusetts Legislature the bold project of attempting its captnre, and after some hesitation a colonial expedition for tlie purpose was authorized (Jan. 25, 1745) by a vote of a niiijority of one. A cir- cular letter, soliciting aid, was sent to all the colonies as far south as Pennsylvania. The lat- ter voted £4000 currency, to purchase provi- sions. New Jersey furnished £2000 towards the expedition, but declined to furuish any men. The New York Asssembly contributed £3000 cur- rency, but Governor Clinton sent, besides, a quiftitity of provisions purchased by private subscription and ten 18-pounders from the pub- lic magazine. Connecticut voted 500 men, led by Roger Wolcott (afterwards governor), who was appointed second in command of the expe- dition. Rhode Island and New Hampshire each raised a regiment of 300 men. As was to be ex- pected, the cliief burden of the expedition was borne by Massachusetts. Much interest was manifested everywhere. In seven weeks au army of 3250 men was enlisted, transports were procured, and au ample quantity of bills of credit issued to pay the expense. Massachu- setts provided ten armed vessela The chief command of the expedition was given to Will- iam Pepperell, of Maine. Whitefield, who was then making his third preaching tour through- out the colonies, successfully advocated the ex- pedition, and suggested the motto of the New Hampshire regimental flag — "Nildesperaxdum Christo duce " — " Nothing is to be despaired of with Christ for a leader." It assumed the char- acter of au anti-papist crusade. One of the chap- lains, a disciple of Whitefield, canied a hatchet, provided to hew down all images in the French churches. "Lonisburg must be subdued," was the thought of the Xew-Englauders. Commo- dore Warren, in the West ludies, refused to co- operate with his fleet until he received express orders to do so. The expedition sailed from Boston April 4, 1745, and at Canseau they were nupxpectedly joined by Warren on the 9th of May. The combined forces (4000 troops) land- ed (April 30) at Gabarus Baj-, not far from Lonis- burg, and their sudden appearance there was the first intimation the Freuch had of the near approach of danger. Consternation prevailed in the fortress and town. The cannons on shore, commanded by Richard Gridley, were dragged, with provisions, on sledges, over a morass ; trenches were dug, batteries were erected, and a regular siege was commenced on the 1st of May (N. S.). Commodore Warren captured a French man-of-war of 64 guns, with over 500 men and a large quantity of stores for the gar- rison. Other Euglish vessels of war arrived, and the fleet and army prepared to make a final and combined assault. The French, despairing of receiving any aid from France, surrendered the fortress and town of Louisburg and the Isl- and of Cape Breton to the English on the 17th of June, after a siege of forty-eight days. The Island of St. John was also surrendered. The capitulation included 650 soldiei-s of the garri- son and 1300 inhabitants of the town of Louis- burg, all of whom were to be shipped to France. (See King Georges War.) The British govern- ment reimbursed the expenses of the expedition incurred by Massachusetts. Louisburg, Capture of (1758). The zeal of the New-Englanders in raisi ng a force to capture Louisburg was intense. Massachusetts voted 7000 men, besides 600 maintained for frontier defence. The advances made by the province during that year were not less than $1,000,000. The tax on real estate amounted to two thirds of its value. Connecticut voted 5000 men, and New Hampshire and Rhode Island furnished 1000 more between them. The people were alive with enthusiasm, and the New England prov- inces raised 15,000 men. Boscawen arrived at Halifax early in May with about forty armed vessels, bearing a land force of over 12,000 men, under General Amherst as chief, and General Wolfe as his lieutenant. The armament left Halifax May 28, and the troops landed on the shores of Gabarus Bay (June 8) without much opposition, within a short distance of the fort. Alarmed by this unexpected and powerful dis- play, the French almost immediately deserted their outposts, and retired within the fortress and the town. They made a vigorous resistance to the besiegers for almost fifty days. When all the shipjjing in the harbor was lost to the French, they surrendered the town, the fort, the islands of Cape Breton and St. John (now Prince Edward), and their dependencies (July 26, 1758). The garrison became prisoners of war. The spoils of victory were more than 5000 prisoners and a large amount of munitions of war. The garrison lost about 1500 men, and the town was made a ruin. So ended the attempts of the French to settle iu and near the Gulf of St. Lawrence. That region passed into the per- manent possession of the English. With the fall of Louisburg the power of France in Amer- ica began to wane, and its decline was rapid. Louisburg, Expedition against (1757). The capture of Louisburg was Lord Loudoun's first care in the campaign of 1757. (See French and Indian War.) He found himself at the head of 6000 provincials on the 1st of June. He sailed from New York on the 20th, and amved at Hal- ifax on the 30tli, where he was joined by Admi- ral H(dborue, with a powerful naval armament and 5000 troops from England. The combined forces were about to sail for Louisburg when informatiou readied Loudoun that 6000 troops were in the fortress there, and that a French fleet, larger than that of the English, was lying in that harbor. The latter had gained this po- sition while the indolent Loudoun was moving with his accustomed slowness. The enterprise was abandoned, and Loudoun returned to New- York (Aug. 31) with intelligence that had met him on the way of defeat and disgrace to the English arms in the north. Louisiana was first visited by La Salle (which see), who discovered the mouth of the Missis- sippi (1691), and took possession of the country LOUISIANA 813 LOUISIANA DELIVERED TO SPAIN in the name of Lonis, King of France. Settle- ments weie 80011 afterwards formed. (See Iber- ril/e, Pierre.) lu 1712 Lonis XIV. named the region Louisiana, in honor of himself, and grant- ed it to M. Crozat. (See Ciozat and Louisiana.) The territory was granted to "The Western Company" (which see) in 1717. (See also j/js- sissippi Omipany and Law's Bubble.) The French remained in possession nntil 1762, when they ceded it to Spain. In 1800 it was retroceded to France, and in 1803 it was bonght from the latter by the United States for |15,000,000 (see Louisiana, Purchase of), and the American flag was first raised in New Oilcans on the 20th of December, 1803. In 1804 the tei ritory was di- vided into two governments — namely, "Teri-ito- ry of Oileans" and "District of Louisiana." The former entered the Union as the State of Louis- iana April 8, 1812, and the name of the latter was changed (June 4, 1812) to Missouri. At the (■lose of 1814 Louisiana was invaded by British troops, but they were speedily driven away. (See •New Orleans, Battles near.) So soon as the elec- tion of Mr. Lincoln was known tlie Governor of Louisiana took measures looking to the seces- sion of the state from the Union. A convention assembled Jan. 8, 1861, and on the 26th passed au ordinance i River and its tributa- ries by all friendly states bordering thereon ;" also " the right of egress and ingress of the mouths of the Mississippi by all friendly states and powers." A motion to submit the ordinauoe to the people for consideration was lost. Louisiana, PaKCHASB of. After the retro- cession by Spain of Louisiana to France, and the closing of the agreement for the Americans to have New Orleans as a place of deposit for mer- ,chandise, nothing remained for the United States government to do but to negotiate for the pur- chase of territory there. Such negotiatious were speedily made by Mr. Livingston, American min- ister at Paris, assisted by Mr. Monroe. Their in- strncfions asked for the cession of the island of New Orleans and the Floridas, and that the Mis- sissippi should be divided by a line that should put the city of New Orleans within the territo- ry of the United States, thus securing the free navigation of that river. To the surprise of the American minister, it was announced by Mar- bois, Bonaparte's representative, that he would treat for the sale of the wlwle of Louisiana. Bo- naparte had already experienced serious difB- culties in the way of securing French colonial dominion, especially in the West Indies. (See Sauto Domingo and Guadeloupe.) He also needed troops at home aud money to carry on the war with England, rather thau far-oif territory held by a doubtful tenure. " Irresolution and delib- eration," said the First Consul to Marbois, " are no longer in season. 1 renounce Louisiana. It is not only New Orleans that I will cede ; it is LOUISIANA, STATE OF 816 LOWELL ■ the whole colony, without any reservation. I know the price of what I abandon, and I have snfficiently proved the importance that I attach to this province, since niy fii-st diplomatic act with Spain had for its object the recovery of it. I renounce it with the great<>st regret. To at- tempt to retain it would be folly. I direct you to negotiate this aflfair with the envoys of the United States." In less than a fortnight after the beginning of negotiations in France, a trea- ty waa signed (April 30, 1803) by Robert E. Liv- ingston and James Monroe on the part of the United Stat-es, and Barb6 Marbois on the part of France, by which the United States came into possession of a vast, and to some extent unde- fined, domain, containing a mixed free popnlation of 85,000 white jieople and 40,000 negro slaves, for the sum of $15,000,000. Livingston and Marbois had been personal acquaintances (see MarboU) for about a quarter of a centnry. "We have lived long," said Livingston to Marbois, as he arose after signing the treatv, "but this is the noblest work of our whole lives. The treaty which we have just signed has not been obtain- ed by art or force; equally advantageous to the two contracting parties, it will change vast sol- itudes into flourishing districts. From this day the United States take their place among the powers of the first rank ; the English lose all exclusive influence in the affairs of America." With equally prophetic vision Bonaparte said to Marbois, a few days after the negotiation was signed, " I would that France should enjoy this unexpected capital [60,000,000 francs] that it may be employed in works beneficial to her ma- rine." The invasion of Ei]gland, and the pros- tration of her maritime superiority, was then Bonaparte's pet project. " This accession of territory," he continued, exnltingl y, " strength- ens forever the power of the United States, and I have just giveu to England a maritime rival that will sooner or later hiwihle her pride." Louisiana, State of. Congress, in February, 1811, passed a bill authorizing the inhabitants of the Territory of Orleans to meet in conven- tion and frame a state constitution . It was done, and on April 8, 1812, the territory was admitted into the Union as a state, under the title of Lou- isiana. By another act (April 14, 1812), the re- mainder of the re- gion east of the Mis- sissippi (now under the jurisdiction of Louisiana) taken possession of by the United States the year before(see Flor- ida, Revolutionary Movements in) was added to the new state. By another act (June 4, 1812), the territory hereto- fore known as Louisiana had its title altered to Territory of Missouri. Louisiana bore its full share of the burden of the War of 1812, and upon its soil was fought the last great battle of that war. (See New Orleans, liattUs near.) New con- STATB SEAL OF LOUISIANA. stltntions were framed in 1845 and 1852. Soon after the election of Mr. Lincoln became known in 1860, the governor convened the Legislature for December 10. On as.senibling, they passed an act calling for a convention to consider the propriety of seceding from the Union. (See Louisiana Ordinance of Secession.) When the or- dinance of secessiiMi had passed, the state au- thorities proceeded to seize the National prop- erty within its borders. The National troops took partial possession of the state in 1862. The first election for Union civil officers was held in the state in December, 1862. An election frir Union state officers was held in 1864, and Michael Hahn was elected ruler and invested with the powers of a military governor. On the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the national Constitntion, Lonisiana was regarded as a reorganized state, and it resumed its place in the Union. Population in 1880, 939,946. Lovrell, Charles Kussell, born in Boston, June 2, 1835; died of wounds at Cedar Creek (which see), near Middletown, Va., Oct 20, 1864. He graduated at Harvard in 1854, and when the Civil War broke out he was one of the first to offer his services. He was made captain of cav- alry in May, 1861, and served on the staff of Gen- eral McClellau until the fall of 1862, when he or- ganized the Second Massachusetts Cavalry, and was made colonel in the spriug of 1863. As a leader of cavalry he performed much good ser- vice in Virginia, and was made brigadier-general of volunteers on Slieridau's recommendation the day before his death. His younger brother, James Jackson, died of wounds near Kichmond, Va., July 4, 1862. Iiowell, James Eussell, poet, was horn in Cambridge, Mass., Feb. 22, 1819, and graduated at Harvard in 1838. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1840, hut soon aban- doned the profession and devoted himself to lit- erary pursuits. His first collection of poems — A Year's Life — was published in 1841, aud in 1843 he engaged with Eobert Carter in the publica- tion of The Pioneer, a literary and critical maga- zine. He has since produced many volumes and a large number of contributions to periodical literature. He visited Eur.ope in 1851, aud in the winter of 1854-55, he delivered a course of twelve lectures on the British poets. On the resignation of the professorship of Moderu Lan- guages and Belles-lettres in Harvard by Mr. Longfellow, Mr. Lowell was chosen his succes- sor. To fill the place successfully, he again went to Europe and studied for a year, return- ing in August, 1856. He edited the Atlantic Monthly from 1857 to 1862, and in 1863 he be- came one of the editors of the Xorth American Bevieio, to which he had long been a contributor. He retained this editorial post until 1872, when he again visited Europe. In 1874 the university at Cambridge, England, bestowed upon him the honorary degree of LL.D. President Hayes sent) Dr. Lowell to Madrid as American minister-plen- ipotentiary, aud afterwards to Loudon. Lo'well, John, Jr., was founder of the Lowell Institute at Boston, where he was horn, May 11, LOWELL 817 LUNDrS LANE, BATTLE AT 1799 ; died in Bombay, Marcli 4, 1836. He was educated in Edinbnrgli and at Harvard Univer- sity until 1815, when he was compelled to travel for the improvement of impaired health. A fine scholar, the inheritor of a large fortune, he in- dulged his passion for travel and books, after being engaged a few years in commercial life. Mr. Lowell bequeathed $250,000 for the mainte- nance forever in Bostou of an annual course of free lectures on a variety of subjects. The Low- ell Institute began its work in the winter of 18:i9-40. Lovirell, John, LL.D., was born at Jfewbnry- port, Mass., Oct. 6, 1769 ; died in Berlin, March 12, 1840. He graduated at Harvard University in 1786. He became a prolific writer, and pub- lished about twenty-five pamphlets. He was a strong political partisan, but would never take office, and he wrote severely against the sup- porters of the War of 1812-1.5. With his ex- traordinary colloquial powei-s and elegant and logical pen, he wielded great influence in Massa- chusetts. Mr. Lowell was a founder of the Massa- chusetts General Hospital, the Boston Athenae- um, the Savings Bank, and the Hospital Life Insurance Company. For many years he was President of the Massachusetts Agricultural So- ciety. Lovsmdes, Eawuns, was bom in the British West Indies in 1722; died in Charleston, S. C, Aug. 24, 1800. He was a successful lawyer, and in 1766 the crown appointed him associate-judge. An earnest patriot, he was one of the Committee of Safety at Charleston in 1775, and in 1776 he was one of a committee to draft a constitution for the province. Mr. Lowndes opposed the na- tional Constitution, and he said in a speech, " I wish no other epitaph than this : ' Here lies one who opposed the Federal Constitution, holding it to be fatal to the liberties of his country.'" Loyalists, Enlistmext of. When the peace negotiations failed between the Howes and the Continental Congress, active preparations were made on both sides for prosecuting the war. Oliver De Lancey, brother of James De Lancey, who had been a royal governor and chief-justice of New York, and Cortlaudt Skinner, late attor- ney-general of New Jersey, and speaker of its Assembly, were commissioned brigadiers in the British army, with authority to raise twenty battalions of volunteers each, which William Tryon, who still claimed to be governor of New York, was to command as major-general. They organized active corps of loyalists that produced much distress among the patriots. Luce, Stephex Bleecker, Captain United States Navy, was born in Albany, N. Y'., March 25, 1827, and entered the navy as a midshipman from New York in 1841. He was first attached to the Mediterranean Squadron, and then to the Brazilian. With Commodore James Biddle he circumnavigated the globe in the 74-gun line-of- battle-ship Coltimius. He was afterwards on the Pacific Station in the Vandalia, and then was at- tached to the Home Squadron in the Vixen. In September, 1855, he was commissioned lieuten- aut, and when the Civil War broke out in 1.861 he was ordered to the Wdbash, in which he par- ticipated in the attack on the forts at Hatteras Inlet (which see). In the Wabash (then the flag- ship of Commodore Dupont) Lieutenant Luce engaged in the conflict at Port Royal. Subse- quently he was employed in the blockade ser- vice in the Pontiae. In 1863, in command of the Naval Academy practice-ship Macedonian, he vis- ited the ports of Plymouth and Portsmouth, Eng- land, and became deeply interested in the train- ing system for boys for the Koyal Navy as prac- tised there. On his return he made a special report and recommendations upon the subject, which was followed by the adoption of a similar system for the United States Navy by the Navy Department. This method of improving the wo- rule of our navy has engaged the earnest efforts of '' Captain Luce ever since. In 1875 he was appoiut- 'ed to the conmiand of the United States train- ! iug-ship Minnesota, which position he held several years. He was at the Naval Academy in Septeni- ! her, 1865, and in October was commissioned coni- Imander of midshipmen. He was made captain in the navy in 1866, and vice-admiral in 1885. Lumber State. A popular name for the State of Maine, which abounds in immense forests of timber suitable for buildings. The inhabitants are largely engaged in cutting, rafting, and saw- I iug the trees for lumber. It is sometimes called the "Pine-tree State" because of its forests of pine-trees. Luna, Don Tristan de, in Florida. In 1559 a powerful expedition was fitted out at Vera Cruz, Mexico, for the conquest of Florida, iinder the command of De Luna, a scion of a noble fam- ily in Aragou, whose father was for several years i governor of Yucatan. He sailed August 14 with ! a land foi'ce of fifteen hundred soldiers, many I friars, and a number of women and children I (the families of soldiers), to conquer and colo- ! nize Florida. He had a prosperous voyage to I the Bay of Pensacola, where he anchored his I ships, but a week later a storm arose which '' drove the vessels ashore and wrecked them. He at once sent out au exploring party in search of I the fertile lands and cities plethoric with pre- I cious metals, of which he had dreamed. For ' forty days they maiched through a barren coun- try before they fonnd any food. This they found at a deserted town. Word was sent back to De Luna of the abundance of food there. He had j lost most of his stores with the ships. With a j thousand men, women, and children, De Luna i marched to the town. The food was soon con- j sumed, and great sufi^iring followed. De Luna marclied back to Pensacola, whence, iu two ves- ' sels that had been saved or built there, he sent I to the viceroy of Mexico for succor. Relief came, but the discontent of the remnant of his colony caused his return to Vera Cruz iu 1561. Iiundy's Lane, Battle at. A sanguinary contest near the great cataract of the Niagara is known in history by the names of "Bridge- water," " Niagara Falls,'! and " Lundy's Lane." The latter is better known. On his retreat from the battle-ground at Cliippewa (July 5, 1814), the British general, Riall, fled down the borders LUNDrS LANE, BATTLE AT 818 LUNDY'S LANE, BATTLE AT of tlie Niagara River to Queeuston, put some of Ills troops iu Fort George, aud made his head- quarters near the lake, twenty miles westward. DruQimond was mortified by this discomfiture of liis veterau troops by what he deemed to be i-aw Americans, aud he resolved to wipe out the stain. He drew most of the troops from Bur- lington Bay, York, Kingston, and Prescott, with a determination to drive the invaders out of Canada. With a force about one third greater than that of Brown, Drummoud pushed forward to meet the latter. Iu the meantime, Brown, af- ter burying the dead aud caring for the wound- ed, had moved forward to Queenstiiu and men- aced Fort George. He ex- pected to see Chauncey with his squadron on the Niagara Eiver to co-op- erate with him, but that commander was sick at Sackett's Harbor, and his vessels were blockaded there. Brown waited many days for the squadron. Losing all hope of aid from Chauncey, he fell back to the Chippewa battle- ground. On the 24th in- telligeiice reached him that Drummoud, with a thousand troojis, many of them "Wellington's veter- ans, had landed at Lewis- ton, opposite Queeuston, with a view, no doubt, of seizing the American stoi'es at Schlosser, above the falls. Brown ordered Scott to march rapidly with a part of the army and threaten the forts at the mouth of the river. Towards evening (July 24, 1814) Scott went for- '.\ ard with his brigade, Tovvson's artillery, aud a few mounted men, and near the verge of the great cataract he saw some British officers leave a house, mount their horses, aud ride rapidly away. Believing an advance guard of the Brit- ish were uear, Scott dashed into the woods to disperse them, when be was confronted by Riall with a larger force than he had at Chippewa. Tbe Americans were iu great peril. To stand still would be fatal; to retreat would be haz- ardous, for it might create a panic in the main army. So Scott resolved to fight the overwhelm- ing force. At sunset a desperate battle was be- gun, which ended at near midnight. Riall's tbrce was eighteen hundred strong, posted in slightly cresceut form on an eminence over which passed Luudy's Lane, a highway stretch- ing westward from the Niagara River. Upon that eminence the British had planted a bat- tery. Scott perceived a blank between the Brit- ish left and the river, and ordered Major Jesup with his command to crawl cautiously, in the evening twilight, through the underbrush that covered the space aud turn that flank. Jesup obeyed, and successfully gained the British rear and kept back reinforcements sent by Drum- mond. At the same time Scott was hotly en- gaged with Riall. Brown, apprised of the sit- uation, had pressed forward with his whole army and engaged in the fight. Perceiving the key of the British position to be the battery on the hill, he turned to Colonel James Miller, of the Twenty-seventh Regulars, and asked, " Can you storm that work and take it V " I'll try," was tlie prompt reply. With three hundred men he moved steadily up the hill in the darkness, along a fence lined with thick bushes that hid his troops from the view of the gunners and their protectors who lay near. Wheu within short musket-range of the battery, they could see the SITE OF THE BEITISH BATTERY — 1860. gunners with their glowing lintstocks, ready to act at the wordyire. Selecting good marksmen. Miller directed each to rest his rifle on the fence, select a gunner, and fire at a given signal. Very soon every gunner fell, when Miller aud his men rushed forward and captured the battery. This gallant exploit secured a victory; not, however, until a terrible hand-to-hand fight iu the dark- ness with the protectors of the guns had ensued. The British fell back. They attempted to re- take the battery (consisting of five brass can- nons) but failed, eveu after being reinforced by fifteen hundred men sent forward by Drummoud from Queeuston. Meanwhile, General Scott had been fighting desperately but successfully, and had been severely wounded by a musket-ball iu his shoulder. General Brown was also severely wounded, aud the command devolved upon Gen- eral Ripley. The British were repulsed, and the Americans fell back to Chippewa, with orders from General Brown to return after a brief rest, before the dawu, aud occupy the battle-field. The always tardy and disobedient Ripley failed to obey the order, and the British returned and took possession of the battery (excepting one piece) and the field. The battle had been fought by about forty-five hundred British troops and twenty-sis hundred Americans. The latter lost LUZERNE 819 LYFORD AND OLDHAM in killed, vroniided, and missing, nearly nne tliird McDougall, Sir Duncan, K.C.T., son of Pat- rick McDougall, Esq., of Argyleshire, Scotland, was born in 1789. He entered the army in 1804, and served in several regiments, aud on the staff in Portugal, Spain, France, America, Cape of Good Hope, aud West Indies. He had the distinction of having received into his arras two eminent British generals when they fell in bat- tle — namely, General Ross, killed near Baltimore, and General Pakenham, slain near New Orleans. He comniauded the Seventy -ninth Higlilaudr- ers for several years. His son and heir. Colonel. SIR DUNCAN UCDOUGALL, Patrick Leonard McDougiiU, was conimaud^ut of the Royal Stall College iu 1870. Tlie family is desceuded, in a direct line, from Somerled, the Prince of the western coast of Argyleshire, and famous " Lord of the Isles." The above portrait of the gallant soldier is from a carte de visite like- ue.ss, sent to me at my request by Sir Duncan iu the summer of 1861. He died Dec. 10, 1862. McDowell, Battle at. General Banks with 5000 men was at Harrisonburg, in the upper Shenandoah valley, at the close of April, and " Stonewall" Jackson, joined by troops un- der Generals Ewell and Edward S. Johnson, had a force of abont 15,000 men not far off. Jack- sou was closely watching Bauks, when he was startled by news that General Milroy was ap- proaching from Fremont's Department, to join Banks or fall upon Staunton. Leaving Ewell to watch the latter, he turned rapidly towards Stanntou, and sent Johnson with five brigades to strike Milroy. The latter,outunmbered, fell back to McDowell, thirty-six miles west of Stauuton, whither General Scheuck hastened with a part of his brigade, to assist him. Jackson also hur- ried to the assistance of Johnson, and ou May 8th a severe engagement occurred, lasting about five hours, wheu darkness put an end to it. Scheuck (who ranked Milroy), finding the posi- tion nutenable, withdrew during the night to Franklin, and the next day Jackson wrote to Ewell : " Yesterday God gave us the victory at McDowell." (See fac-simile on next page.) The Nationals. lost 256 men, of whom only nine were killed. Jackson reported a loss of 461, of whom 70 were killed. Among the latter was General Johnson. This battle occurred iu 1862. Mcdowell *^^ MACGILLIVEAY FAC-SIMILB OP JACKSON'S NOTE ro EWZLL (See p. 826.) McDo'well, Irvin, Tvas bom at Franklinton, O., Oct. 15, 1818. Educated partly at a mili- tary school in France, he graduated at West Point in 1838 and was assistant-instructor of tactics there in 1841. He was adjutant of the post until 1845. lu 1846 he accompanied Gen- eral Wool to Mexico as aide-de-camp, winning the brevet of captain at Buena Vista. In 1856 he became assistant-adjutaut-general, and briga- dier-general United States Army iu May, 1861. General McDowell had command of the first IRVIN McDowell, army gathered at Washington, and commanded at the battle of Bull's Eun. After McCIellan took command of the Army of the Potomac, McDowell led a division under him. In March, 1862, he took command of a corps, and was ap- pointed major-general of volunteers. In April liis corps was detached from the Army of the Potomac, and he was placed in command of the Department of the Rappahannock. He co-op- erated with the forces of Banks in the Shenan- doah valley, and was of great assistance to General Pope in the operations of the Army of Virginia (which see). He was relieved, at his own request, Sept. 5, 1862, and subsequently commanded the Department of the Pacific. He received the brevet of major-general United States Army in March, 1865. In September, 1866, he was mustered out of the volunteer ser- vice, and afterwards commanded the Depart- ment of the East and South. McFingal. The title of a political and his- torical satire, in four cantos, vrritten by John Trumbull during the American Revolution. McFingal is a representative of the Tory or loyalist party in that struggle ; a burly New England squire, constantly engaged with Ho- norius, a champion of the Whigs, or rebels, as the British called the patriots. In it all the leading Tories of the day are severely lampooned. It is %vritten in Hudibrastic style, and is the ablest American production of the kind. The first canto was published in 1775 ; the whole work in 1782. The latest edition, fully annotated by Benson J. Lossing, was published iu 1881. Macgillivray, Alkxander, a noted Creek chief, was the son of a Scottish trader of that name, who married a Creek maiden, daughter of the principal chief When he was ten years of age his father sent him to Charleston, under the care of his kinsman, Fafquhar Gillivray, by whom he was placed under the tuition of an eminent English schoolmaster. He -was also taught the Latin language in the Free School of Charleston. At the age of seventeen he was sent to Savannah and placed in the counting- house of General Elbert, where he devoted much Mcintosh MACKENZIE of bis time to reading history iiistrad of attend- ing to his employei''8 business.- His father sent for him to come home; and, finally, the Creeks chose him for their (irinciiial sachem or king. The King of Spain gave him the commission of a brigadier-general in his service. He married a Creek girl, and they had several children. The mother was a very intelligent and excellent woman. Macgillivray desired- that his children should learn and speak the English language, and always talked with them in English, while their mother, jealous of her native tongue, never would talk to' them in English, but always in Indian. Mcintosh, General Lachlan, was born near Invernes.s, Scotland, March 17, 1725; died at Savannah, Feb. 20, 1806. His father, at the head of one hundred of the clan Mcintosh, came to Georgia with Oglethorpe in 1736 and settled LACHLAN McIXTOSH. at New Inverness, in what is now Mcintosh County, Georgia. Some of his sons and grand- sons bore commissions in the army of the Eevo- l*ition. Lachlan received assistance in the study of mathematics from Oglethorpe. At maturity he entered the counting-room of Henry Laurens, in Charleston, as clerk. Making himself familiar with military tactics, he was ready to enter the field when the war for independence began, and he served faithfully in that struggle, rising to the rank of brigadier-general. Button Gwin- nett, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, persecuted Mcintosh beyond en- durance, and he called the persecutor a scoun- drel. A duel ensued, and in it Gwinnett was killed. Mcintosh was at the siege of Savannah iu 1779, and was made a prisoner at Charleston in 1780. In 1784 he was in Congress, and the next year was a commissioner to treat with the Southern Indians. McKean, Thojias, LL.D., signer of the Dec- laration of Independence, was born in Chester County, Penn., March 19, 1734 ; died in Philadel- phia, June 24, 1817. He was admitted to the bar in 1757, and chosen clerk of the Assembly. He was a member of that body for the county of New Castle (see Delaware) from 1762 to 1779, and member gf the Stamp Act Congress (which see) in 1765. He and Lynch and Otis frami'd the address to the British Parliament. He held seven local oifices, and iu 1774 was a member of the Conti- nental Coiigres.s, to which he w.as annually elected until 1783. McKe.an was the only man who was u, member of that body continually during the whole period of the war. He was active in procuring a unanimous vote for the Declaration of Independence, and was one of the committee that drew up the Articles of Con- federation (which see). From 1777 till 1779 he held the office of president of the State of Dela- ware; also executed the duties of chief-jnstice of Pennsylvania. He was " hunted like a fox," he said, by the British, removing his family five times in the course of a few mouths. Tliey^ finally rested in a little log-honse on the Sus- quehanna, but were finally cimipelled to move on accouut of hostile Indians. JlcKean was governor of Pennsylvania from 1799 to 1808. In politics he followed the lead of Jetferson, though he had jiromoted the adoption of the Constitution. McKean, William W., United States Navy, was born in Pennsylvania in 1801; died near Bingharaton, N. Y., April 22, 1865. Ho wa.s a son of Judge McKean and nephew of Governor Mc- Kean, of Pennsylvania. He entered the navy as midshipman in 1814 ; became a lieutenant iu 1825, a commander in 1841, captain in 1855, and conmiodore in July, 1862, when he was retired. In command of a schooner, under Commodore Porter, he assisted that officer (1823—24) in sup- pressing piracy in the West Indies. In 1860 he was engaged in the special service of conveying the Japanese embassy home. He was governor of the Naval Asylum, Philadelphia (1858-61), and was for a short time after his return from Japan in conmiand of the Western Gulf Block- ading Squadron. Mackenzie, Sir Alexander, explorer, was born in Inverness, Scotland, 1760 ; died at Dal- honsie, March 12, 1820. At one time he was en- gaged in the fur-trade in Canada. He set out to explore the vast wilderness northward in June, 1789, having spent a year previously in England studying astronomy and navigation. At the western part of the Great Slave Lake he entered a river in an unexplored wilderness, and gave his name to it. Its course was followed until the 12th of July, when his voyage was terminated by ice, and he returned to his place of departure, Fort Chippewayan. He had reached 69° 1' north lati- tude. In October, 1792, he crossed the conti- nent to the Pacific Ocean, which he reached in July, 1793, in latitude 51° 21' north latitude. He returned, went to England, and published (1801) his Voyages from Montreal, on the Biver St. Law- ence, through the Continent of North America, to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans, in the Years 1789 and 1793, with excellent maps. He was knighted in 1802. Mackenzie, Wiluam Lyon, was born in For- farshire, Scotland, March 12, 1795 ; died at To- MACKEKEL AND FREE SCHOOLS 829 MACKINAW, RECAPTURE ATTEMPTED ronto, Canada, Aug. 28, 1861. He kept a circu- lating library near Dundee when he was sev- enteen years of age, and was afterwards clerk to Lord Lonsdale, in England. He came to Canada in 1820, where he was engaged success- fully in the book and drug tra"ACK, FROM EODND ISLAND. been abbreviated to Mackinaw. This fort fell into the hands of the British, in their conquest of Canada (1760), but the Indians there remained hostile to their new masters. " You have con- quered the Freuch," they said, " but you have not conquered us." The most important village of the Chippewas — one of the most powerful tribes of Pontiac's Confederacy (which see) — wa.s upon the back of Michilimackinac. Early in the summer of 1763 (June 4) the front of the island was tilled. with Indians, who, professing warm friendship for the English, invited the garrison at Fort Mackinaw to witness a great game of ball — an exciting amusement. They did so. At length a ball, making a lofty curve in the air, fell near the pickets. It was a pre- concerted sigual. The warriors rushed towards the fort as if in quest of the ball, when their hands suddenly pulled gleaming hatchets from beneath their blankets and began a massacre of the garrison ; but, hearing that a strong British force was approaching, the barbarians aban- doned the fort and fled. This fort came into the possession of the United States in 1796, when the Northwestern posts were given up by the British in compliance with the treaty of peace in 1783 ( which see ). The fortification called Fort Holmes, on the high southwest bluff of the island, was garrisoned in 1812 by a small force of Americans, and was captured (July 17, 1812) by a British force. (See Fall of Macki- naw.') Mackina-w, its Recapture attempted. The island and fort of Mackiuaw (see FaXl of Macki- naw) was the key to the vast fur-trade in the Northwest, and the Americans planned a land aud naval expedition in the spring of 1814 for its recapture. A small squadron was placed at the disposal of Commander St. Clair, aud a land Mcknight 830 McLEAN . force was placed under the command of Lieu- tenant - colonel ; Ci'Oghan, of Fort Stepheusou (which see) fame. They left Detroit at the be- ginning of J'lly. A part of the force went . against the post of the Northwest Fur Com- pany, at the Falls of St. Mary, the agents of which were among the most active of the Brit- ish emissaries in inciting the Indians to mal^e war on the Americans. The keepeis of the post fled when the armament appeared, and the Americans destroyed everything of value that could not be carried away. Then the whole ex- pedition started for Mackinaw. The force of the Americans was too sraaU to effect a capture, aud the enterprise was abandoned. Some ves- sels cruised in those waters for a time. The expedition returned to Detroit in August, aud no further military movements were undertaken in the Northwest, excepting a raid by McArthur. (See McArthur'a Raid.) McKnight, Charles, M.D., was born at Cran- berry, N. J., Oct. 10, 1750 ; died in New York in 1791. He graduated at Princeton in 1771, stud- ied medicine with Dr. Shippen, and entered the Continental army as a surgeon. He soon be- came surgeon of the Middle Department. - After the war he settled In New York, where he be- came a very eminent practitioner, and was for some time professor of anatomy aud surgery iu Columbia College. McLane, Allan, was bom Aug. 8, 1746 ; died at Wilmiugton, Del., May 22, 1829. Removing to Delaware in 1774, he left an estate iu Phila- delphia worth $15,000, the whole of which he sacrificed in the service of his country. Mr. McLane entered warmly into the contest for freedom, becoming first a lieutenant in Csesar Rodney's regiment. He joined the army under Washington iu 1776, and distinguished himself at the battles of Long Island, White Plains, Trenton, aud Princeton. He was made ciptain iu 1777. He commauded the outposts of the Continental army around Philadelphia while that city was occupied by the Britisli (1777-78), and was made major of the infantry of "Lee's Legiou." (See Lee, Henry.) While engaged in active service under that commander, he dis- covered and reported the weakness of the garri- son at Stony Point, and i)romoted its capture on July 16, 1779. He also revealed the weakness of the garrison at Paulus's Hook, aud partici- pated iu the briUiaut affair there, Aug. 19, 1779. His personal courage aud strength were remark- able. In an encounter, near Fraukford, Penn., with three British dragoons, he killed one, wounded another, and caused the third to flee for his life. After the war be held prominent civil positions — namely, member of the Assembly of Delaware, and its speaker; six years a privy- councillor; a judge of the Court of Common Pleas ; marshal of the district from 1790 to 1798, and collector of the port of Wilmington from 1808 until his death. McLane, Louis, was bom at Smyrna, Kent Co., Del., May 28, 1786 ; died in Baltimore, Md., Oct. 7, 1857. He was a son of Major Allan McLane, a distinguished officer of the Revolu- tion. He entered the navy at thirteen years of age, aud served as a midshipman under Decatur in the Philadelphia (which see), but afterwards studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1608. When Baltimore was threatened, in 1814, he was a, member of a volunteer corps that marched to its defence. For ten successive years (1817-27) be represented Delaware in Congress, and was United States Senator from 1827 to 1829. In May, 1829, President Jackson appointed him American minister to Great Brit- ain, which post he held two years, when he was called to Jackson's cabinet as Secretary of the Treasury. In his instructions to McLane, the President said, "Ask nothing but what is right, and submit to nothing that is wrong." In 1833, in cousequenee of his declining to remove the government deposits from the United States Bank (which see), he was transferred to the po- sition of Secretary of State, which office he held until 1834, when he resigned, aud retired from public life. For teu successive years (1837-47) he was president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Pending the settlement of the Ore- gon boundary question he was ambassador in London, to which he was appointed by Presi- dent Polk in June, 1845. His last public acts were as a member of the Convention at Au- nai>olis to reform the constitution of Mary- land. McLaws, Lafatette, was bom in Georgia, and graduated at West Point in 1842. He re- mained in the army until 1861, when he joined the. insurgents, and became oue of the most ac- tive of the Confederate military leaders. He had served in the war against Mexico. Made a major-general in the Confederate army, he commanded a division under Lee, and was distinguished at Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, and at Averasborough (which see), N. C. He surrendered with Johnston's army in April, 1865. McLean, Allan, was born in Scotland, in 1725; died in 1784. He was a lieutenant in a Scotch brigade in the service of the Dutch in 1747. He left that service iu 1757, came to America, and was at the capture of Fort Du- quesue iu 1758. He served under Amherst in 1759, and was major- commander of the One- hundred-and-fonrteenth Highlanders, which reg- iment he raised. He was made lieutenant- colonel in 1771, aud iu 1775 he came to America again, to fight the patriotic colonists. With a corps of Royal Highland emigrants, which he raised in Canada, he occupied Quebec late in 1775, and rendered great service during the siege by Montgomery. He commanded the fort at Penobscot (which see) in 1779, and in 1780 was made a colonel. McLean, John, LL.D., was born in Morris County, N. J., March 11, 1785 ; died in Cincin- nati, 0., April 4, 1861. His father removed first to Virginia, then to Kentticky, and in 1799 set- tled iu Warren County, O. Jobn labored on a farm iintil he was sixteen years old, receiving a scanty education; studied law, was admitted to the bar iu 1807, and was a member of Con- McMINNSVILLE, BATl'LE NEAK 831 MACOMB .gress from 1813 to 1816. He was a supporter of Madison's admiuistration, aud from 1816 to 1822 be wasajudgeoftheSupremeCourtof Ohio, lu 1822 Ue was made comiiiissiouer of the gen- eral laiid-ofBce, and in 1823 postmaster-general. In 1830 be became a justice of tbe United States Supreme Court, and was always known as an advocate for the freedom of the slaves. In the Ured Scott case (which see) Judge McLeau dissented from the opinion of Chief-justice Tauey. McMinnsville, Battle near. Generals Bragg and Buell had marched in nearly parallel lines eastward towards Chattanooga — the latter north of the Tennessee River, aud the former south of it. Bragg won the race, and with fuU forty thousand men turned his face towards the Ohio. Bragg divided his force into three corps, commauded respectively by Generals Hardee, Polk, aud E. Kirby Smith. The latter was sent to Kuoxville, Tenu., while the two former held Chattanooga and its vicinity. Bnell disposed his line from Huutsville, Ala., to, McMinnsville, ■ Warren Co., Tenn. So lay the opposing armies when Kirby Smith left Knosville to invade Ken- tucky. Bragg crossed the Teuneseee, just above Chattanooga, on Aug. 21, with thirty-six regi- ments of infantry, five of cavalry^ aud forty guns. Louisville was his destination. He ad- vanced among the rugged mountains towards BueU's left at McMinnsville as a feint, but fair- ly flanked the Nationals. This was a cavalry movement, which resnl ted in a battle there. The horsemen were led by General Forrest, who, for several days, had been hovering around Leba- non, Murfreesborough, aud Nashville. Attempt- ing to cut off BueU's communications, he was coufronted (Ang. 30) by National cavalry under E. P. Fyffe, of General T.J. 'Wood's division, who had made a rapid march. After a short strug- gle the Confederates were routed. Supposing Bragg was aiming at Nashville, Buell took means to defend that city. This occurred in 1362. McNab, Sir Allas Napier, was born at Ni- agara, Feb. 19, 1798 ; died at Toronto, Can., Aug. 8, 1862. His father was the j>rincipal aid on the staff of General Simcoe during the war for independence. Allan became a midshipman in 1813, in the British fleet on Lake Ontario, but soon left the navy and joined the army. He commanded the British advanced gnard at the Battle of Plattsburg ( which see ). He prac- tised law at Hamilton, C. W., after the war, and was in the Canadian Parliament in 1820, be- ing chosen speaker of the Assembly. In 1837- 38 he commanded the militia on the Niagara frontier, and was a conspicuous actor iu crush- ing the " rebellion." He sent a party to destroy the Caroline (which see), and for his services at that period he was knighted. (See Canadian Bebellion.) After the nnion of the two prov- inces (Upper and Lower Canada), iu 1841, he became speaker of the Legislature. He was prime minister nnder the governorship of Lord Elgin and Sir Edmund Head, and in 1860 was a member of the Legislative Council. McNeil, John, was born at Hillsborough, N. H., iu 1784 ; died at Washington, D. C, Feb. 23, 1850. He entered the army as cai)taiu iu March, 1812, aud was breveted lieutenant-colonel for his good conduct at the Battle of Chippewa (which see). Tbe next year he was wounded at the Battle of Niagara, or Lundy's Lane ( which see ), and was breveted colonel. In 1830 he resigned his commission, and was ap- pointed, by President Jackson, Surveyor of the Port of Boston, which office he held until his death. His wife was a half-sister of President Pierce. McNeil, John, was born on British-American soil, of American parents, in 1820, and was n, hatter in St. Louis about twenty years. He en- tered the military service with General Lyou in May, 1861, and was in command of St. Louis, under Fremont, having performed good military service. He was made colonel of volunteers, and early in 1862 took command of a cavaliy regiment and of a militaiy district in Missouri, in which he distinguished himself, and was made a brigadier-general. He assisted in driving the forces under Price ou* of Missouri in the fall of 1864. (See Missouri^ Last Jiwasion g/J) IVIacomb, Alexas'Dee, was a son of a far- merchant, and was born at Detroit, Mich., April 3, 1782; died at Washington, D. C, June 2.5, 1841. He entered the army as cornet of caval- ry in 1799, and at the commencement of the war ALEXANDER MACOUB. with Great Britain, in 1812, held the rank of lieutenant-colonel of engineers and adjutant- general of the army. He had five brothers in that contest. He was transferred to the artil- lery, and distinguished liimself on the Niagara frontier. In January, 1814, he was promoted to brigadier-general, and when General Izard left the military post on Lake Champlain, in the summer of that year, Macomb was left in chief cwers of Madawc or MaAoc. Thetmditioiis of the Suiitlierii Indiaus, even as far south as Fern, that the elements ' of civilization . were intro- duced among them by a white person, who came from the North, fiivor the theory that the light- colored Indians of our continent have a mixture of Welsh blood, as they have of Welsh language. Until the translation of the Icelandic chronicles, the Welsh historiaus claimed for their country- men the honor of being the discoverers and first European settlers of America. .. (See Northmen.) Magellan, Fbrdinawdo, a Portuguese navi- gator, was bom about 1470. After serving long iu the Portugnese navy, he'weut to Spain and persuaded the authorities there that the Moluc- ca or Spice Islands, -which they coveted, might lie reached by sailing westTraid, aud so come within the Pope's gift of lands westward of the Azores. (See Pope's Gift in 1493.) Magellan was sent in that direction with five ships and two hundred and thirty-six men. After touching at Brazil, he went down the coast and discover- ed aud passed through the strait which bears his name, calling it the Strait of the Eleven Thousand Virgins. He passed into the South Sea, discovered by Nunez (see Nunez, Alvar Ca- hefa de Vacd), and, on account of its general calmness, he named it the Pacific Ocean. Cross- ing it, he discovered the Phil- ippine Islands, eastward of the China Sea, where he was killed by the natives. The expedi- tion was reduced to one ship. In that the survivors sailed across the Indian Ocean aud arouud the Cape of Good Hope, and reached Spain Sept. 6, 1522. That ship (the Victoria) was the first that ever cir- cumuavigated the globe. Magruder, John Baxk- HEAD, was born in Virginia in 1810; died at Houston, Texas, Feb. 19, 1871. He graduated at West Point iu 1830 ; served in the war against Mexico; joined the insurgents in 1861, and commanded in the defence of Richmond in the summer of 1862 as brigadier and major- general. In the fall of that year, he commanded the Con- federate forces in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, and was in conmiand of the expedition against the Nationals at Gal- veston (which see). Maguaga, Battle at. Af- ' ~'~ ~~ ter the evacuation of Canada (which see) General Hull sent six hundred men, under Lieutenant-colonel Mil- ler, to repair the misfortunes of Van Home and afford a competent escort for Captain Brush and the army supplies under his charge at the Kiver Eaisiu. When the troops were placed iu marching order, Lieutenaut- colonel Miller said to the Ohio militia : " Soldiers, we are now going to .meet the enemy and beat them. The reverses of the 5th (see Van Horv^s Defeat) must be repaired. The blood of our brethren, spilt by the savages, must be avenged. I shall lead you. You shall not disgrace your- selves nor me. . Every man who shall leave the ranks or fall back, without orders, shall be in- stantly put to death. I charge the o£Bcers to execute this order." Turning to the veterans of the Tonrth Eegiment of Kegulars, he said : " My brave soldiers, you will adil another victo- ry to that of Tippecanoe — another laurel to that gained on the Wabash last fall. If there is now any man in the ranks of the detachment who fears to meet the enemy, let him fall out and stay behind!" They all cried out, "I'll not stay! I'll not stay!" and, led by Miller, they pressed southward, in an order ready for battle at any moment, until, about four o'clock on a Sabbath afternoon (Aug. 9, 1812); they reached the vicinity of Maguaga, fourteen miles below Detroit. Spies had led the way, under Major Maxwell, followed by a vanguard of forty men, under Captain Snelling, of the Fourth Regiment. The infantry moved iu two columns, about two huudred yards apart. The cavalry kept the road in the centre, in double file ; the artillery follow- ed, aud flank guards of riflemen marched at prop- MAGCAGA BATTLE-GROUSD. er distances. In the Oak Woods, at Magn.iga, near the banks of the Detroit, they received from an ambush of British aud Indians, under Major Muir and Tecumtha, a terrible volley. This was a detachment sent over from Fort Maiden by General Proctor to repeat the tragedy at Browns- MAHEW 836 MAIDEN INDIAN QUEEN, THE town (which see), ciitoflf the coniinnnicatioii be- tween the Raisii) andDetroit, and capture Brush and his stores. Snelling, in tlie advance, return- ed the fire and maintained his position nntil Mil- ler came np with the main body. These were in- stantly formed in battle order, and, with a shout, the gallant young commander and his men fell upon the foe. At tlie same time, a 6- pounder ponred in a storm of grape-shot that made sad havoc. The battle soon became general, when, closely pressed in front and rear, the British and Canadians fled, leaving Tecnmtha and his ■war- riors to bear the brunt of battle. The white men gained their boats as quickly as possible and sped across the river to Fort Maiden. The barbarians soon broke and fled also, pursued by the impetuous Snelling more than two miles, on a powerful horse, with a few of the cavalry. The rout and victory was complete. The Americans lost eighteen killed and fifty-seven wounded. Miller, though injured by a fall from his horse, wished to push on to the Raisin, but Hull sent a peremptory order for the whole detachment to return to Detroit. The British were gather- ing in force at Sandwich, and threatening the fort and village of Detroit. Maheinr, Jonathai^, an American clergyman, was born at Martha's Vineyard, Mass., Oct. 8, 1720 ; died in Boston, July 9, 1766. He graduat- ed at Harvard in 1744, and was ordained minis- ter of the West Church, Boston, in 1747, which jiosition he held until his death. He was a zeal- ous republican in politics, and his preaching and writing were remarkable for their controversial character. He was warmly opposed to the op- erations of the "British Society for the Propa- gation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts," for he regarded it as an instrument for the spread of Episcopacy, to which he was opposed. He be- came involved in a controversy with Dr. Seeker, Archbishop of Canterbury, because the latter proposed the introduction of bishops into the colonies. He co-operated with Otis and oth- ers in their resistance to measures of the Brit- ish Parliament concerning the Americans, and he was among the boldest of the Whigs. His death deprived the cause of a stanch cham- pion. Mahe'w on Union. On Sunday morning, June 8, 1766, Rev. Jonathan Mahew wrote to .Jatnes Otis : " Yon have heard of tlie commu- nion of churches. While I was thinking of this iu my bed, the great use and importance of a communion of colonies appeared to me in a strong light. Would it not be decorous for our Assembly [of Massachusetts] to send circulars to all the rest, expressing a desire to cement a union among ourselves f" The suggestion was remembered and acted upon by the patriots of Slassachusetts. Maiden Biide, The First, in New Engiant>. The dreadful famine and fever which destroyed one half of the Pilgrims at New Plymouth during the winter and spring of 1621, made a victim of Rose Staudish, wife of Captain Miles Standish. Her husband was then thirty-seven years of age. Not long after this sad event, the brave little captain was smitten by the charms of Priscilla Mullius, daughter of William Mul- lius, who was a passenger on the Mayflower. Priscilla had then just bloomed into young womanhood, and Standish sent young John Al- deu, a cooper from Southampton, who lived in his family, to ask the hand of the maiden in marriage. The ambassador went to her father and discreetly and modestly performed the du- ties of his mission. The father readily gave his consent, and added, "But Priscilla must be cousulted." She was summoned to the room, where sat yonng, graceful, alnnist courtl.v, nid- dy-faced John Alden, whom she knew well. The ambassador of love repeated his message, and when Priscilla asked, "Why does he not come himself?" and was answered, "He is too bus,v,"the indignant maiden declared that she would never marry a man wlio was " too busy " to court her. She said (in the words of Long- fellow) : " ' Had he waited awhile, had only showed that he loved me. Even this captain of yours — who knows? — at last might have won me, Old and rough as he is; hut now it never can happen.' '* John Alden pressed the suit of Staudish, when " Archly the maiden smiled, and, with eyes overranning with laughter. Said, in a tremulous voice, * Why don't you speak for your- self, John?'" Young Alden blushed, bowed, and retired, for lie was faithful to his trust. His visit was soim repeated, and it was not long before the nup- tials of John Alden and Priscilla MiiUius were celebrated by the whole community, excepting Captain Staudish, who could not readily forgive the weakness (for he knew it was not perfidy) of his young friend in surrendering at the first assault from the eyes and lips of tlie maiden. The great -great -granddaughter of John and Priscilla, Mrs. Phebe C. Bailey, died at Dover, N. H., iu 1874, aged ninety-one years. Maiden Indian Queen, Thk. After fighting his way through hostile tribes, De Soto pene- trated the country north to Silver Bluffs, on the Savannah River. On the opposite side of that stream (in Barnwell District, S. C.) lived a yonng and beautiful Indian maiden, who, as queen, ruled over a large domain. She heard of the arrival of the strangers, and, in a rich- ly wrought canoe, filled with featliers, shawls, skins, and other presents, this dusky cacica glided across tlie river, and, with kind words, welcomed the Spanish leader and offered him her services. They exchanged presents. The young queen had a magnificent string of pearls around her neck. This she drew over her head and put it around the neck of De Soto, as a to- ken of her regard. Then she invited him and his followers to cross over to her valley. They passed the stream iu canoes and log-rafts, and, in the shade of mulberry-trees, they encamped and were feasted on wild -turkey and venison. Tliere they remained many days, enjoying the hospitality of the cacica, when tlie Spaniard re- quited this hospitality by carrying her away a prisoner, as a hostage for the good behavior of her people towards his followers. She finally MAINE. COLONIAL 837 MAINE, COLONIAL cacaped and returned home, a bitter enemy of the iierfidious invaders. (See Ve Soto, Fernando.) Maine, Colonial. Tliis most easterly state in the Union was admitted in 1820. Its shores ■were first visited by Europeans under Barth'D. England, and Smith, Captain John.) The whole region of Maine, and far southward, westward, and eastward, was included in the charter of the Plymouth- Company, and in 1621 the company, having granted the country east of tbe St. Croix to Sir William Alexander, established that river as the eastern boundary of Maine. (See Alex- ander, Sir l^iUi^lm). Mouhegan Island was first settled (1622) and next Saco (162:3) ; and in 1629 the Plymouth Company, perceiving its own dis- solution to be inevitable, parcelled out the terri- tory in small grants. In the course of three years the whole coast had been thus disposed of as far east as the Penobscot Eiver. East of that river was claimed by the Frencli, and was a subject of dispute a long time. When the Plymouth Company dissolved (1635) and divided the Amer- ican territory. Sir Ferdinando Gorges took the whole region between the Piscataqna and the Kennebec, and received a formal charter for it from Charles I. in 1639, when the region was called the Province of Maine, iu compliment to the queen, who owned the Province of Maine in France. In 1636 Gorges sent over his nephew, William Gorges, as governor of his domain, and he established his government at Saco, where, indeed, there had been an organized government since 1623, when Robert Gorges was governor under the Plymouth Company. In 1639 Sir Fer- dinando was appointed governor-general of New England, and his sou Thomas was sent as lieu- ges, sent over a commission to re-establish the authority of the grantees. Massachusetts, after long resistance, purchased the interests (1677) of the claimants for £12,000 sterling. In 1674 the Dutch conquered the territory eastward from the Penobscot, including that of Acadia and Nova Scotia; and in 1676 Cornelius Steen- vvyck was appointed governor of the conquered territory by the Dutch West India Company (which see). Settlers from Boston soon after- wards expelled the Dutch. Meanwhile the hor- roi's of King Philip's War had extended to that region, and iu the space of three months one hundred persons were murdered. (See King Philip's War.) Then came disputes arising out of the claims of the Duke of York (to whom Charles II. had given New Netherland) to the country between the Kennebec and St. Croix rivers, which in 1683 had been constituted Corn- wall County, of the Province of New York, over which Andros was made governor. (See Andros, Sir Edmund.) Massachusetts, however, contin- ued to hold possession of the whole Province of Maine, excepting at Sagadahock andPemaquid. But when the duke became king (see James II.) the charter of Massachusetts was forfeited, and Andros ruled Maine with crnelty. (See Maasa- chmetts.) The Revolution of 1688 restored the former political status of Massachusetts, and thenceforth the history of the Province of Maine is identified with that of Ma.ssachu8etts. It i-e- , MAINE, PUKCHASE OF 83S MAINE, STATE OF niHined a part of that province until March 15, 1820, when it was admitted into the Union as the twenty-third state. Maine, Purchase of. Massachusetts claimed jurisdiction over New Hampshire and Maine, in opposition to the claims of Mason and Gorges. (See Maine, Colonial.) Massachusetts was called to defend her rights in the premises, but the In- dian war (King Philip's) absorbed her attention. In the midst of that war (June, 1676) Edward Randolph, a kinsman of Mason, appeared in Boston with a notice from the Privy Council that unless within six months agents were sent to defend the right of Massachusetts to these provinces, judgment by default would be given for the claimants. The General Court sent (September) two commissioners (Bulkley and Stoughton), with circumscribed power, on that eiTand. The Privy Council decided that the patent of Massachnsetts did not extend north- ward more than three miles beyond the Merri- mac, and consequently its claim to jurisdiction was void. Massachusetts at once, through the agency of Usher, a wealthy bookseller in Bos- ton, purchased the territory of Maine from Gor- ges, with all his proprietary rights, for |60,000. (See Maine, Colonial.) The king intended to pur- chase the territory for the Duke of Monmouth, his illegitimate son, but Massachusetts was be- fore him and resumed jurisdiction. Maine, State of. Dnring the Revolution Maine was very little disturbed, but dnring the War of 1812 that district suffered much. The British held possession of a part of the country, but their rule was comparatively mild after were involved in a controversy concerning the; eastern boundary of Maine, which the treaty of 1783 did not accurately define. The dispute was finally settled by treaty in 1842, each party STATE SEAL OP BtAIKE. making concessions. Maine was twice invaded by Confederates during the Civil War. Ou the night of June 29, 1863, the officers and crew of a Confederate privateer entered the harbor of Portland, captured the revenue cutter Caleb Gushing, and fled to sea with her, sharply pur- sued by two steamers manned by armed vol- unteers. Finding they could not escape with the cutter, they blew her up, and taking to their boats, were soon made prisoners. At mid-day on July 18, 1864, some Confederates, led by a Mississippi Confederate captain, came from St. John,N.B., and entered Calais to rob the bank there. Having been forewarned by the Ameri- can consul at St. John, the authorities were pre- ■VIEW OF MAIDE-N IN 1861, WHEEB TBE BRITISH SHIPS WERE BOILT. (See p. 839.) they gained a foothold. Maine continued to be a district of Massachusetts until 1820, when, on March 15, it was admitted into the Union as a state. For more than half a century the gov- ernments of the United States and Great Britain pared, arrested three of the party, and fright- ened the remainder away. During the Civil War Maine contributed its full share of men and suppliesin supportof thegovernment. Popu- lation in 1880, 648,936. In 1872 a Swedish col- MAT.DEN 839 MALVERN HILX,S, BATTLE :AT ony -n-aa planted on the Aroostook, at a place called New Sweden, where, in 1873, about six hundred Swedes, aided by the state, had settled upon twenty thonsand acres of land. They have their own municipal organization and schools, iu which the chief study is the English language, to fit the children for citizenship. Maiden, on the Detroit River, eighteen miles below the city of Detroit and eight miles from Lake Erie, was a place of great impoi-tauce, in a military point of view, during the War of 1813- 15. It is on the Canadian shore, and is now called Amherstburg. There the British fleet on Lake Erie — captnred by Perry in 1813 — was built, and it was a rallying-place for British troops and their Indian allies. The long dock seen in the engi-aviug on page 838 was the place where the British fleet was launched. From Maiden they sailed on the morning of the battle of Lake Erie. In the winter of 1813 the British and In- dians issued from Maiden on the expedition that resulted iu the ma-ssacre at the River Raisin. In March, while British ships were frozen in at Maiden, Harrison sent an expedition to capture them at that port. They set off in sleighs, in- structed to leave the latter at Middle Bass Isl- and, whence, with feet muflSed by moccasins, they were to make their way silently over the frozen river. Bnt when they arrived the ice had bro- ken up, and the expedition returned. Malloiy, Stephes R., was bom at Trinidad, W. I., in 1810 ; dieared for the exploration of that stream, when he received orders to join Joliet in a thorough exploration of the whole course of the great river. AVith that explorer and five others they left Mackinaw in two canoes in May, 1673, and, reaching the Wisconsiu River bj' way of Green Bay, Fox River, and a portage, they float- ed down that stream to the Mississippi, where they arrived June 17. Isear tlie mouth of the Ohio River savages told them it was not more than ten days' journey to the sea. Voyaging down the great river until they were satisfied, when at the mouth of the Arkansas River, that the Mississippi emptied into the Gulf of Mexico, and not into the Atlantic or Pacific Ocean, they concluded to return, to avoid cap- tivity among the Spaniards farther south. They had accomplished their errand, and travelled in open canoes over two thousand five hundred miles. Passing up the Illinois River instead of the Wisconsin, they reached Green Bay in Sep- tember. There, at a mission, Marquette was de- tained a whole year by sickness. In 1674 he sent an account of his explorations of the Mississippi to Dablon, the superior of the Jesuit mission in Canada, and set out on a journey to Kaskaskia, but was compelled, hy his infinnities and se- verely cold weather in December, to stop at the portage on the Chicago, and there be sj)eut the winter. At the close of March, 1675, he resumed his journey, reached Kaskaskia in April, erected a chapel, and celebrated the Easter festival in it. Warned by his infirmities that his life was near its end, he soon attempted to return to Mackinaw. He crossed Lake Michigan to its eastern shore, and entering the mouth of a small stream that bore his name long afterwards, he prepared to die there. His attendants (two Frenchmen) bore him tenderly to abedofleaves in the shadows of the forest. Then asking for some holy water which he had prepared, and taking a crncifix from his neck, and placing it in the hand of one of his companions, he desired him to keep it constantly before his eyes while he lived. With clasped hands, he pronounced aloud the profession of his faith, and soon after- wards died. His companions buried him near, and erected a cross at his grave. His remains were afterwards taken to Mackinaw, where they still repose. Marriage Ceremonies among the Indians of the Gulf Region. When a young chief was iaclined to marry, he would send his wisest men to select from tlie daughters of the best fami- lies one of the youngest and most beautiful of the marriageable ones. The chosen bride was then gorgeously painted and decorated prepar- atory to the nuptials. Brilliant colors and cost- ly pearls and shells adorned her person. From her waist to her knees she was covered with a tunic of beautiful feathers. Then she was l)laced in a Sedan chair, covered Avith a canopy of boughs, festooned and garlanded with flow- ers. In that state she was conveyed to the presence of her future husband on the shoul- ders of six noblemen, who were preceded by musicians and men bearing magnificent fans, and followed by dancing-girls and the imme- diate relatives of the bride. She was received by the lords in waiting, and conducted to the side of the groom, on an elevated dais, while great pomp was displayed by all in attendance. The bride and groom were continually fanned by beautiful maidens if the weather was warm, and they were regaled with the unfermented juice of the grape in its season, or with a kind ' of sherbet made of orange-juice at other times. j Near sun-setting the chief and his bride walked ' into an open field, followed by all the people, and at the last parting ray of the luminary they prostrated themselves towards the west, and in- voked the blessings of the sun upon themselves and upon their children. (See Sun-worshippera.) From that moment until the stars appeared the people indulged in nmsic and dancing — the mu- sic of the reed and a sort of tambourine, and the dancing of young men and maidens — when the chief and his bride retired to their dwell- ing, there, with friends, to partake of a marriage feast by the light of lamps. MarseUlaise Hynrn Parodied. This stirring hymn of the French Revolution was parodied, and sung all over the "Confederate States" at social gatherings, at places of amusement, and in the camps of the "Confederacy" during the early stages of the Civil War. The following is the closing stanza of the parody: "With needy, starving mobs surrounded, The zealous, blind fanatics dare To ofTer, in their zeal unbounded, Our happy slaves their tender care. Tlie South, though deepest wrongs bewailing, Long yielded ail to Uaion^s name; But Ind/'pcruJence now we claim. And all their threats are unavailing. "To arms! to arms! ye brave! Th' avenging sword unsheathe ! ilarch on! march on! All hearts resolved On victory or death!" The allusion to " starving nmbs" was in accord- ance with the erroneous belief, engendered by misrepresentations of Southern politicians and newspapers, about the "starving and riotous condition of the working-classes in the North." At that time this class, in only three of the New England states (Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut), had $137,000,000 on deposit in savings-banks. Marshall, Humphrey, was born at Frank- fort, Ky., Jan. 13, 1812; died at Louisville, Ky., March 29, 1872. He graduated at West Point MAESHAIiL 847 MAETIN in 1832, and resigned the next year. He served as colonel of cavalry, under General Taylor, in the war agaiuet Mexico, leading a charge at Bueua Vista. He was in Congress from 1849 to 1852, and from 1855 to 1859, and was sent as commissioner to China. Espousing the canse of the Secessionists, he became a Confederate general, and was defeated by General Garfield ar Prestonbarg, Ky., in January, 1862. He was afterwards under General Kirby Smith. — Anoth- er Humphrey Marshall was a Kentucky pioneer in 1780, and died in Lexington, Ky., July 1, 1841. He served many years in the State Legislature, and. from 1795 to 1801 was United States Sena- tor. He was the author of the first history of Kentucky. Marshall, John, LL.D., was bom at German- town, Fauquier Co., Va., Sept. 24, 1755 ; died in Philadelphia, July 6, 1835. His father (Thomas) led a regiment that bore the brunt of battle with Cornwallis near the banks of the Brandywine JOES MARSHALL. (Sei)t. 11, 1777). In early youth John obtained some classical education — not at college — and at the breaking-out of the war for indei>endence he entered the military service as lieutenant of a company. He had formerly led some Virginia militia against Duumore's troops in the battle of Great Bridge (which see). He, too, was in the battle at the Brandywine ; also at Germautown and Monmonth. He left the military service in 1781, and l>egan the practice of law, for which profession he had studied. He soon attained eminence. He was in the Virginia Convention that ratified the national Constitution, in which he distiugnished himself by his eloquence and logic. He became a distinguished member of the Virginia Assembly. President VTashington offered Marshall the position of Attorney-gen- eral, but he declined. On the return of Monroe from France, Washington offered the mission to Marshall, bnt it was declined. He afterwards accepted the position of special envoy to France from President Adams, and was associated in that mission with Messrs. Pinckney and Gerry. That mission proved fruitless. In 1799 Mr. Mar- shall was in the national Congress, and in 1800 was madfe Secretary of War, which oEBce he held only a short time. He succeeded Timothy Pick- ering as Secretary of State (May 3, 1800), and ou the resignation of Chief-justice Ellsworth he was appointed his successor (June 1, 1801), and held the office until his death, thirty-four years afterwards. Chief-justice Marshall was Presi- dent of the American Colonization Society and Vice-President of the American Bible Society. He was also the author of a lAfe of Washington published in five volumes in 1805. He also wrote a History of the Colonies Planted by Oie Brit- ish in North America. Martin, FEAN901S XA^^EE, LL.D., was born at Marseilles, France, March 17, 1762; died at New Orleans, Dec. 10, 1846. He came to North Carolina in 1782, where he taught French, learn- ed printing, and established a newspaper. He also published almanacs and school-books, stud- ied law, and began its practice in 1789. Jeffer- son appointed him a judge of the Mississippi Territory, and he was made Attorney-general of the State of Louisiana in 1813. In 1815 he was made Judge of the Supreme Court of Lou- isiana, and remained a justice thirty-two years. He was chief-j ustice from 1837 to 1845. Martin, Governor Josiah, Fxjght of. This royal governor became extremely obnoxious to the people of North Carolina by his attempts to thwart the patriotic movements. He denounced the Provincial Congress, and announced his de- termination to use all the means in his power to counteract their influence. Finding the As- sembly firm in their stand against him, he dis- solved them (April 8, 1775). Soon after this a letter from the governor to General Gage, ask- ing for a supply of men and ammunition, was in- tercepted. The people were greatly exasperated. The Committee of Safety at New Berne seized and carried off six cannons which he had placed in front of the "palace" there. News of hostile preparations reached the governor's ears fiom every quarter. Becoming alarmed for his per- sonal safety, he fled to Fort Johnson (June 14), on the Cape Fear River, near Wilmington, whence he sent fortli (June 16) a menacing proclama^ tiou, A plot for a servile insurrection was dis- covered in July, It was supposed the governor had planned it, and the indignant people de- termined to demolish Fort Johnson, and not al- low Martin to make it a stronghold. Five hun- dred of them, led by John Ashe, marched on the fort. The governor fled to the sloop -of -war Cruiser, lying in the river, and the people de- molished the fort. The patriots disarmed the Tories, and confined as prisoners, on their plan- tations, those who were most obnoxious, and the Continental Congress voted to sustain the Whigs in North Carolina with a force of one thousand men. They prepared to hold a new conven- tion, when Martin, from on shipboard, issued a pioclamation forbidding the meeting, and mak- ing accusations against the patriots. The Whigs denounced it as "a malicious and scandalous libel, tending to disunite the good people of the province," and it was burned by the common hangman. They authorized the raising of three regiments. Martiu never returned. So ended royal rule in North Carolina. MARTIN 848 MARYLAND Martin, Luther, LL.D., Tvas born at New BruuBwiclc, N. J., iu 1744; died in New York, July 10, 1826. He graduated at Princeton iu 1766 ; taught scbool at Queeustown, Md. ; was admitted to the bar in 1771, and aoou obtained a lucrative practice in Maryland. He Vas a de- cided patriot, but was not found in public office until 1778, when he was attorney-general. He li.id been a member of a committee to oppose the claims of Great Britain in 1774, and wrote essays and made addresses on the topics of the day. In 1784—85 he was iu Congress, and was a member of the convention which framed the national Constitution, the adoption of which he opposed, because it did not sufliciently recognize the equality of the states. Mr.Martin wasade- fender of Judge Chase when he was impeached, and in 1807 he was one of the successful defend- ers of Aaron Burr, in his trial for treason, at Richmond. Burr was his personal friend. In 1813 Mr. Martin was made Chief-j n.stice of tlie Court of Oyer and Terminer iu Baltimore, and in 1818 he again became Attorney-general of Maryland. He was struck with paralysis in 1820, and iu 1822 he took refuge with Aaron Burr in New York, broken in health and fort- une. Mr. Martin was a violent political parti- san, and savagely attacked Jeflferson and the Democratic party. Martindale, JoHX Henry, was born at Sandy Hill, N. Y., March 20, 181,5. He graduated at West Point in 1835 ; left the army the next year, and became a civil engineer, and finally prac- tised law in western New York. He was made brigadier-general of volunteers in August, 1861, and served in the Army of the Potomac, in the campaign of 1862, under General Fitz-Joha Por- ter. He was in the Army of the James, and also iu the Army of the Potomac in the campaign against Richmond, commanding (in July and September, 1864) the Eighteenth Army Corps. He resigned iu 1864, and was made Attorney- general of New York in 1866. Died Dec. 13, 1881. Martin's Proclamation. Governor Josiab Martin, of North Carolina, was driven on board the Cruise); a British man-of-war in the Cape Fear River, by the exasperated people. They burned Fort Johnson before his face. He issued a proclamation, in which he stigmatized the Whigs as traitors to the king; denonnced all their public movements — such as the Mecklen- burg Convention, the Provincial Congress at Hillsborough — and in an incoherent manner made various false accusations, and threatened the insurgents with the wrath of the king, while offering pardon for all past outrages to those who should return to their allegiance. The Convention at Hillsborough defied him, and formally proclaimed the governor's proclama- tion to be " a false, scurrilous, malicious, and seditions libel." Martyrs' Monument. In Merrimac Square, Lowell, Mass., a beautiful monument of Concord granite was erected iu commemoration of two of the four young Massachusetts soldiers slain in the streets of Baltimore, April 19, 1861. These were Luther C. Ladd, a youth a little more than seventeen years of age, and Addison O.Whitney, a young man twenty-one years of age, and both mechanics of Lowell. The monumeut was erect- ed by the citizens of Lowell. The bodies of these young men had been conveyed to their homes, in ice, at the expense of the State of Massachu- setts. They were received at Lowell by a great concourse of citizens, and interred with peculiar honors iu a vault iu the Lowell cemetery. A little more than four years afterwards they were laid beneath the granite monument here men- tioned. At that time Maryland had disappoint- ed the hopes of the Confederates, aud was a loyal member of the Union. At the dedication of the monument, June 17, 1865, Lieutenant -colonel Morris, of the staff of Governor Bradford, of Ma- ryland, pre.seuteolice, Kane] by some person wearing the uniform of a Mary- land soldier. To add to the foregoing, an assem- blage elected iu defiance of law, but claiming to be the legislative body of your state, and so rec- ognized by the executive of Maryland, was de- bating the Federal compact. If all this be not rebellion, I know not what to call it. I certain- ly regard it as sufficient legal cause for suspend- ing the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus." (See Habeas Corpus.) The action of the govern- or, this indictment of the Secessionists by the MAJKYLAIO) GUAED 851 MAEYLAKD, POSITION OF commander of Fort McHenry, and the presence Frederick. He had been joined by a portioTi of Rickett's bri- gade, from the advance of the Sixth Corps. This handful of warriors, after fighting over- whelmiug numbers eight hours, were defeated, with heavy loss, when Early pushed on towards Washington. The vanquished Nationals had really won a victory, for they had detained the Confederates long enough that evening to al- MASON AKD DIXON'S LINE 853 AfASON AND SLIDELL, CAPTURE OF low the Sixth and Nineteenth Cori>8 to reach and secure the national capital. Wlieu Early perceived this he pushed across the Potomac at Edwards's Ferry with a large amount of plun- der, closely pursued by Geiural Wright to the Shenandoah valley. He was struck by the Na- tionals at Snickei-'s Ferry and at Snicker's Gap, and sharp skirmishes ensued. At Ashby's Gap there was also a brisk skirmish, and in two encounters the Nationals lost about 500 men. Early moved up the valley as if continuing his retreat, when General Wright, handing his com- mand over to General Crook, returned to Wash- ington. Meanwhile General Averill, with a con- siderable force, moved towards Winchester, and near that place he fought the Confederates (July 20) three hours. They lost 400 men (about 200 of them made pi-isonors), with four guns. Aver- ill's loss was about 200. It was supposed Early was moving up the valley, bnt Crook, marching from Harper's Ferry to Winchester, soon after- wards encountered him iu heavy force, and he was driven back (July 23) to Martinsburg, with a loss of 1200 men. Early sent 3000 cavalry, under General McCausland, to make a plunder- ing and devastating raid in the direction of the Susquehanna. They swept over the country in eccentric lines, bewildering its defenders, and on July 30 entered the defenceless and partly deserted village of Chambersburg, Penn., and demanded of the inhabitants $200,000 in gold or $500,000 in " greenbacks " (paper currency) as a tribute to insure the town against destruction. The tribute was not offered, and two thirds of tlie town was laid in ashes. No time was given for the removal of the sick, infirm, women, or children. Harry Gilmor, a young Marylauder, was McCansland's torch-bearer, and ten min- utes after he received orders he applied the flame. General Averill, with 2600 cavalry, was after the raiders. He drove them across the Potomac with such blows that they did not stop to plunder and destroy. Moseby, another guerilla chief, dashed across the Potomac and carried off a few horsemen. Averill i)nrsued the Confederates up the south branch of the Potomac, attacked and defeated them (Aug. 4, ld64) at Moorlield, captured their gnns, trains, and 500 men, with a loss to himself of fifty men. Grant now, to protect Washington from seizure, and Maryland and Pennsylvania from invasion, consolidated several departments, calling the or- ganization the Middle Division. General Sher- idan was assigned to its command, Aug. 7, 1864. Sheridan at once entered upon his duties, and found himself at the head of over 30,000 troops. Mason aad Dixon's Line. The disputed boundary-line between the State of Pennsylva- nia and the states of Maryland and Virginia — the border-line between the free- and slave-labor states — was finally fixed by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, English mathematicians and surveyors employed for the purpose, between 1763 and the close of 1767. In the debates on slavery before the admission of Missouri, John Randolph used the wor of it, published iu 1626. He also wrote a description of Newfoundland. In 1617 he explored the New England coasts, and obtained from the Council of Plymouth ( which see ) a tract of laud there in 1622. With Ferdinaudo Gorges, he procured a patent for another tract (see Maine), and sent a colony there iu 1623. In 1629 he obtained a patent for the domain which he called New Hampshire. In the same year he acquired, with Gorges, another tract, which em- braced the country around Lake Champlain (see Laconid) ; and iu 1631 Mason, Gorges, and others formed a company for trading with the natives of New England and to make settlements there. In 1633 Mason became a member of the Council for New England (see Plymouth Council) and MASON 855 MASSACHUSETTS vice-president of the same. He was also judge of the courts of Hampshire, England, in 1665, and in October was appointed Vice-admiral of New England. When he -was about to sail for America he died. Mason's heirs sold his rights in the Province of New Hampshire in 1691 to Samuel Allan. Mason, John, an Indian fighter, was bom in England in 1600 ; died at Norwich, Conn., in 1672. He served as a soldier under Fairfax in the Netherlands, and that leader invited Mason to join his standard iu the Civil War. He came to America iu 1630, aud was oue of the first set- tlers of Dorchester. Captain Mason led the white and Indian troops against the Pequods near the Mystic in 1637 (see Pequod JVar), aud was soon afterwards made major-general of the Connecticut forces, which position he held until his death. He was a magistrate from 1642 until 1668, and deputy-governor from 1660 to 1670. He went to Saybrook after the Pequod War at the request of the settlers, and in 1659 removed to Norwich. Mason, Lowell, Musical Doctor, was born at Medfield, Mass., Jan. 8, 1792; died at Orange, N. J., Aug. 11, 1872. At an early age he became a teacher and composer of music, aud at the age of twenty years went to Savaunab, Ga., where he gave instruction aud led choirs and musical associations. Iu 1821 he published in Boston his Handel and Haydn Collection of Church Mu&ic, aud it was so successful that he returned north and settled in Boston, where, in 1827, he began the iustruction of classes in vocal music. He taught juvenile classes gratuitously on the Pestalozzian system, and published many juvenile collections of music, glee -books, etc. Dr. Mason's latest work. The Song Garden, appeared in 1866. In connection with Professors Park and Phelps, he compiled a Collectwn of Psahna and Hymns for Public Worship, published in 1858. Mason, Stevens Thomson, was bom at Staf- ford, Va., in 1760 ; died in Philadelphia, May 10, 1803. . He was educated at the College of Will- iam and Mary, and at the early age of twenty I years (1780) held the rank of colonel in the Vir- ginia troops. At the close of the Revolution he j was a brigadier-general. In the Virginia House of Representatives he was conspicuous ; also in the couventiou iu Virgiuia in 17S8 to consider the national Constitution. He took a conspic- uous place iu the Democratic party (see Jay^s Treaty), and was United States Senator from 1794 until his death. Mr. Mason was distin- guished for oratory, and was very popular. Massachusetts (colony of), oue of the orig- inal thirteen states of the Uuion, was founded by English Puritans who fled from persecution. (See Puritans.) Its shores were probably visit- ed by Northmen at the beginning of the elev- enth century (see Northmen), and possibly Se- bastian Cabot saw them (149S), and also Ver- azzaui (1524). Tlie shores were explored by Bartholomew Gosuold (1602), Samuel Cbamplain (1604), aud John Smith (1614); but the first permanent Enropeau settlenieut was made on the shores of Cape Cod Bay by some English Non- conformists, who, calling themselves "Pil- grims," had fled from England to Holland, so- journed there a few years, formed a church at Leyden, and iu 1620 came to America, where they might worship God with perfect freedom. Having made aiTangeraents with the Plymouth Company for planting a settlement, and for funds with some London merchants, they went from Delftshaveu to England, aud sailed for America from Plymouth in the Mayflower, of 180 tons' burden, on the 17th of September (N. S.), and, after a stormy passage, arrived at Cape Cod in November. Seeking a good landing- place, the company, oue hundred and one iu number — men, women, and children — did not leave the vessel until the 22d of December (N. S.), when they landed on a rock on the shores of Cape Cod Bay, built some log -huts in tlie snow, and called the rnde village New Plymouth. In the cabin of the Mayflower the men had drawn up and signed a form of gov- ernment — a solemn compact — by which they were to be ruled (see Pilgrims), aud chose John Carver goveruor for one year. Cold, exposure, aud poor food caused a sickness that swept away nearly one half their nnmber iu four months. Carver was among the victims, and William Bradford was his successor. Their spir- itual leader was Elder. William Brewster. They made a treaty of friendship with Massasoit, sa- chem of the snrrounding Indians, and it was long maintained inviolate. In petty hostilities with other chiefs, Captaiu Jliles Standish, a valiant little soldier, was very useful. (See Standish, Miles.) Other Puritans joined the Pil- grims, and other settlements were soon attempt- ed (see Weston^s Colony) ; but the little colony at New Plymouth snifered much at times until 1623, when they were blessed with a bountiful harvest. The community system of labor was abandoned, and iu 1627 the colonists dissolved their pai-tnership with the London merchants, and became sole proprietors of the soil. As the Pilgrims could not obtain a patent, they quietly lived under their own simple form of govern- ment and prospered. An English company ob- tained a grant of territory on Massachusetts Bay aud sent over John Endicott (1628) with one hundred settlers, who seated themselves at Naumkeag, now Salem. Others soon joined them, and a royal patent was obtained for the "Massachusetts Bay Company." (See Massa- chusetts, First Boyal Charter for.) In 1629-30 large reinforcements came to the colony, new settle- ments were ijlanted, and a supply of farming- tools and live-stock was furnished. The charter and the corporate powers of tlie company were transferred from England to Massachnsetts, and so the foundations of that commonwealth were firmly laid. Iu 1630 John Winthrop was elected governor, and that year the colony numbered one thousand souls. Religious intolerance marked the rnlers in Church aud State, and five or six years after the arrival of Winthrop, Roger Will- iams, an eccentric Puritan minister at Salem, was banished from the colony and soon founded the commonwealth of Rhode Island. In 1637 the colony was disturbed by a war with the Pe- MASSACHUSETTS 856 MASSACHUSETTS qnods. (See Pequod War.) Very soon Kiug CUiU'les I. began to interfere ■with the political iudc'puudeiice of the colony. He demanded the surrender of the charter to the crown ; the order was evaded, and, by erecting fortifications and drilling troops, tbe colonists prepared to resist it. During the Civil War the colony was qniet, bnt on the restoration of the Stuarts iu 1660 (see Charles II.) the government of England claimed supreme jurisdiction in Massachusetts. A com- missioner was sent to England in 1662, and ob- tained a confirmation of the charter and a con- ditional promise of amnesty for offenders during the late troubles between royalty and the peo- ple. Charles II. demanded tlie repeal of all laws contrary to bis authority, the taking of an oath of allegiance, the administration of justice in the king's name, the complete toleration of 76. (See King Philip's War.) The Indians de- stroyed a dozen towns, six thousand houses, and six hundred of the inhabitants, in their homes or in the little army. Of the men, one iu twenty had fallen, and of the families, one in twenty was homeless ; and the cost of the war was over §500,000 — enormous at that time. The royal pretensions to rule the colony were renewed af- ter the war, though England had not furnished a man or a farthing to carry it on, but tliese were spurned. In 1680 a committee of the Privy Council, at the suit of the heirs of Gorges, de- nied the right of Massachusetts to New Hamp- shire and Maine. Miissachusetts purchased the title to the latter (see Maine), and the former be- came an independent province. (See A'etv Samp- shire). Iu 1684 the High Court of Chancery in England gave judgment in favor of the crown against the governor and company of Massa-. chnsetts, ".nd the char- ter was declared for- feited. Joseph Dudley was appointed royal governor, tbe General Assembly, or Court, was dissolved, and a new commission superseded the cliarter government. Edmund Andros suc- ceeded Dudley (Dec. 20, 1686), when that tyran- nical ruler and his pli- ant council proceeded to make laws and levy taxes without the con- sent of the peo[de. The people submitted with impatience. They were relieved by the expul- sion ( 1688 ) of the last Stuart king from the throne of England (see James II.), and early in 1689 the men of Boston imprisoned Andros, re- instated the old govern- ment, and sent the ex- royal-governor to Eng- land. (See Andros, Sir the Church of England in Massachusetts, and a ' Edmund.) In the intercolonial war between concession of the elective franchise to every France and England in 1690 Massachusetts par- man having a competent estate. There was a , ticipated, and to pay the expenses the colony diversity of sentiment in the colony respecting first issued paper-money. (See Paiier Currency.) these demands, some acquiescing, some oppos- | In 1692 a new charter was given to Massachn- iug; and in 1664 commi.sslonei-s arrived at Bos- j setts, by which New Plymouth was united with ton (the capital of the colony, founded by Win- j it. Then the commonwealth included forty ihrop) to investigate the afi'airs of the colony, thousand inbabitants, and was divided into sev- The colonial autliorities published an order pro- ; eral counties. It was a royal [iroviuce, and tlie hibiting any complaints to be made to the com- ' governor and secretary were api)ointed by tlie missioners, and addressed a remon.strauce to the j kiug; and no act of the popular Legislature was king. The commissioners, nnable to do any- valid withont the sanction of the chief magis- tliiuo-, finally withdrew. The king reproved j trate, who possessed a veto power. About this Massachusetts, and ordered the governor and i time a strange delusicm, known as Salem Witeh- others to appear before him. They refused to i craft, fearfully disturbed the colony for six go, and much trouble was expected. A more months. (See Witchcraft, Salem.) The province serious trouble awaited them. The colony was 1 was finally smitten by French and Indian in- severely scourged by King Philip's War in 1675- \ vadei-s in 1703-4, and war was waged with the .tS'CIEXT MiP OP ilASSACUOSETTS BAT. MASSACHUSETTS CHARTER 857 MASSACHUSETTS,; INDEPENDENCE IN ludiaiis in 1722 and 1725. The colony was in- volved iu war with its French neighbors in 1744, in consequence of a war between France and England. In that war Massachnsetts contrib- uted largely in men and means to the capture of Louisburg (1745), and in attempts to conquer Canada. (See Louisburg.) She also bore her part iu the French aud Indian War; and iu the opposition to the Stamp Act and other schemes of the British Parliament for tasiug the Euglish- American colonists, Massachnsetts took a lead- ing part. And when that opposition to British oppression was edncating the people for armed resistance, Massachnsetts was a chief leader aud iustructor. All through the war for indepen- dence she was among the foremost of the colonies in the council and in the field. Upon her soil the first Continental array was organized, and the first clash of arms in the war for indepen- dence was heard within her borders. On March 2, 1780, a state constitution was adopted, and a state government organized under it some time afterwards, with John Hancock as governor. Massachusetts Charter Forfeited. On June 16, 1684, the High Court of Chancery in Eng- land gave judgment for the king against the governor and Council of Massachusetts, and their charter was declared forfeited. The liber- ties of the people were thus seized by the king. So fell the old charter under which the people h ad li ved for fifty-five years. Colonel Kirke was appointed governor of the colouies of Massachu- setts, New Hampshire, and Plymouth ; but before he received his commission and instructions the monarch died and his appointment was annulled. Massachusetts Committee of Safety. On Feb. 9, 1775, the members of the Massachusetts Proviucial Congress (second), consisting of two hundred aud fourteen meml>ers, appointed elev- en men as their Commiltee of Safety, charged to resist any attempt at executing the acts of Parliament. They were empowered to take pos- session of the monitions of war of the province, to make returns of the militia and the niinute- ineii (which see), and to muster so many of the militia as they should j ndge necessary. Massachusetts Declaration of Indepen- dence. Ou the first day of May, 1776, the Gen- eral (Proviucial) Court of Massachusetts passed " An Act for establishing the Stile of Commis- sions which shall hereafter be Issued and for Altering the Stile of writs, Processes, aud all Law proceedings within this colony, and for directing pene Eecognizauces to the Use of this Government shall for the future be taken and prosecuted." The act went on to say that, " Whereas, the Petitions of the United Colonies to the King had been rejected and treated with scorn and contempt, and the evident design of the government was to reduce the colonies to a state of servile subjection," it was therefore de- creed that, "on and after the first day of June next ensuing, aU Civil Commissions, Writs, and Precepts for convening the General Court or Assembly" should thereafter be made out "in the name and Stile of the Government and Peo- ple of the Massachusetts Bav in New England," IL— 5 " Also, all the oflScors of the colony; civil and mil- itary, should i-eceive their authority from the eanie source. This placed the supreme author- ity of Massachusetts, de facto and dejure, in the chosen representatives of the people. It was an absolute declaration of independence. Massachnsetts Declaration of Rights. In 1692, after the receipt of the new charter, the General Court of Massachusetts passed au act which was a declaration of the rights of the colony. Among the general privileges which it asserted, it declared that "No aid, tax, toUage, assessment, custom, loan, benevolence, or impo- sition whatsoever, shall be laid, assessed, im- posed, or levied on any of their majesties' sub- jects, or their estates, on any pretence whatso- ever, but by the act and consent of the goveraor, council, aud representatives of the jicople as- sembled in General Court." To this declaration the people of Massachusetts firmly adhered ; and the principle was formulated as a political max- im in the words used before and at the time of the Revolution in 1775 — "Taxation without rep- resentation is tyranny." Massachusetts, First Rotai Chakter for. In March, 1629, King Charles L gave a charter to a number of wealthy and influential English- men, confirming a former grant to others, to a domain iu America (see Massachusetts), with whom they became associated, and superadded the power of government. It was similar to the Virginia charter (see Virginia), aud erected the patentees and their associates into a corporation by the name of the " Governor and Company of Massachusetts Bay, iu New England." The af- fairs of the company and the colony were to be managed by a governor, depnty-govenior, aud eighteen assistants, or magistrates, the latter to hold monthly courts. The more important laws of the colony were to be enacted by a General Court of Assembly of all the freemen and stock- holders, to be held quarterly. The rights of Englislmieu were secured to the colonists, but the management of the local government was entirely in the hands of the corporation in Eng- land. No royal negative was reserved in the enactmeuts of the company. Nothing was said about religion. The company was organized under the charter by the appointment of Mat- thew Cradock governor, and Timothy Goffe dep- uty-governor — two wealthy London merchants. The executive administration of the colony was intrusted to Eudicott (see Endicott, John), as- sisted by twelve councillors — seven to be named by the company, two to be selected by the old planters, and these nine to select three more. The settlement was called "London's Planta- tion." Every stockholder who should emigrate to America at his own cost was to receive fifty acres of land for each member of his family, aud the same for each indentured servant he carried with him. The charter aud the govern- ment were soon transferred from England to Massachusetts, aud a large emigration ensued in 1629-30. (See Massachusetts.) Massachusetts, Independence Proci.aimed IN. Tlie Declaration of Independence Was read MASSACHUSETTS LEGISLATUEE 858 MASSACHUSETTS, REMONSTRANCE OP from the pulpits on the ensuing Lord's day after it was received, and was entered at length on the records of the towns. It created tlie great- est enthusiasm throughout the commonwealth, and Tories became a small minority. Massachusetts Legislature, Two HousKS First Established. In 1644 an interesting change took place in the General Assembly of Massachusetts. An arrangement was agreed to for the magistrates to sit by themselves, and the deputies by themselves, forming two houses, and that what one should agree upon should be sent to the other; and if both should agree, then the act was to pass. From that time bills and resolutions were sent in a parliamentary way from one House to the other. Massachusetts, Nkw Government ix. In accordance with the directions of the Continen- tal Congress, the people of Massachusetts, at town meetings, chose representatives for a new Assembly. The citizens of Boston, who were scattered, gathered at Concord and chose their representatives. These and others met at Cam- bridge, where, on Jnly 19, 1775, the Provincial Congress was dissolved forever, and the new House of Representatives began the restoratiou of regular civil government in that colony. Tliey chose James Warren, of Plymouth, as their speaker. The nest night the Americans de- stroyed tlie light-house in Boston harbor by fire, and the British, alarmed, became more circum- spect, for tbey had learned not to regard the American soldiers as an " undisciplined rabble." Massachusetts, New Royal Charter of. When the colony resumed its charter in 1689, the people earnestly solicited its re-establish- ment with the addition of some necessary pow- ers. The king would not consent, and a new royal charter was issued in 1692. By the terms of the new charter the Colony of Plymouth, the provinces of Maine and Nova Scotia, as far north as the River St. Lawrence, and all the country between them, were added to the old Province of Massachusetts ; also the Elizabeth Inlands and the islands of Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard. Under the new charter the govern- or, lieuleuant-goveruor, and colonial secretary were appoiuted by the crown. It gave the gov- ernor the power to convene and dissolve the General Court, and a veto of all its acts. The councillors first appoiuted hy the crown were afterwards to be annually elected by the House of Representatives and the existing Council; but of tlie twenty-eight thus chosen tlie govern- or might reject thirteen. The advice and eon- sent of the Council were necessary to all ap- pointments and official acts. Under this charter the theocracy which had ruled Massachusetts with rigor lost nearly all its power. (See The- ocracy.) Toleration was expressly secured to all religious sects, excepting Roman Catholics. The right of suffrage, limited by the old gov- ernment to church members and a few persons admitted freemen on a minister's certificate, was now bestowed on all inhabitants possessing a freehold of the annual value of $6.66, or per- sonal property to the amount of §133.33. Massa- chusetts had gained religions freedom and the extension of political rights. (See Phipps.') Massachusetts, Petition of, to the King. Recent acts of Parliament for taxing the Amer- icans cau.sed the Massachusetts As.sembly, in January, 1768, to send to the king a petition which combined, temperately, the spirit of lib- erty and of loyalty. In it was set fortb a brief history of the colony of Massachusetts ; the fran- chise guaranteed by their charter ; expressed the happiness of the colonists while in the enjoy- ment of these chartered privileges; spoke of the obedience to acts of Parliament not inconsistent with these chartered rights, and said : " It is with tbe deepest concern that your humble sup- pliants would represent to your majesty that your Parliament, the rectitude of whose inten- tions is never to be questioned, has thought proper to pass divers acts imposing taxes on your subjects in America, with the sole and ex- liress purpose of raising a revenue." " If your majesty's subjects here shall be deprived of the honor and privilege of voluntarily contributing their aid to your majesty," they continued, " in supporting your government and authority in the province, aud defending and securing your rights aud territories in America, which they have always hitherto done with the greatest cheerfulness, their liberties would be in dan- ger." They declared that if Parliament in- tended to lay taxes upon them without their consent, the people " must regret their unhappy fate in having only the name left of free sub- jects." •' With all humility," they coutinued, "we conceive that a representation of this province in Parliament, considering these local circumstances, is utterly impracticable. Your majesty has heretofore beeu graciously pleased to order your . requisitions to be laid before the represeutatives of the people in the Geueral As- sembly, who never failed to afford the necessary aid to the extent of their ability, and sometimes beyond it ; and it would be ever grievous to your majesty's faithful subjects to be called upon in a way that should appear to them to imply a distrust of their most ready aud willing compliauce." They closed by humbly asking the king to consider their situation aud to af- ford them relief from the oppressiou of the Par- liament. With this petition went to Eugland letters to leading statesmen, urging the rights of the province. Massachusetts, Remonstrance of (1813). The doctrine of state supremacy had yet a strong hold upon the political opiuious of New Eugland, and particularly of Massachusetts, aud it was restless under the assumption of supreme power by the national government in the War of 1812-15. In his message to the Legislature (May 20, 1813), Governor Strong defended the right of free discussion of the great question of the day — peace or war with Great Britain. The Peace Party (which see) powerfully influenced public opinion in Massachusetts, and, following the message of the governor, the Legislature of that state agreed to a remonstrance, in which they denounced the perseverance iu war, aud MASSACHUSETTS declared that, for ought that appeared, the ques- tioue at issue might be adjusted hy peaceful ne- gotiations. This remonstrance was regarded as highly unpatriotic by the great bulk of the na- tion, put forth as it was in the midst of the strug- gle, when the American government required the sympathy of all its citizens. Massachusetts, Eesumptiox of Chakter GovEUNMEXT IN (1775). The Provincial Con- gress of Massachusetts wrote to the Continental Congress (May 16), setting forth the difficulties they experienced for the want of a regular gov- ernment, since the act of Parliament that was intended to subvert their charter, and asking for explicit advice in the matter. The Congress resolved (June 9) that no obedience was due from the inhabitants of Massachusetts to the obnoxious act of Parliament, nor to any of the crown oBicers acting under it ; that, as there was no council (see Mandamus Councillors), and as Governor Gage was actually carrying on war against the people, they recommended an elec- tion of representatives to an a.ssembly that should appoint councillors, and that this body or the councillors should exercise the powers of government until a governor should be appoint- ed who would consent to govern the colony ac- cording to the charter. This was doue. James Warren, President of the Provincial Congress, wiis authorized to issue writs for an election. Tlie summons was readily obeyed. A full house convened at Watertown on the 20th of July, and Warren was chosen speaker. A council was chosen, and the two branches proceeded to legislation, under the charter. Massachusetts Song of Liberty, The, was sung throughout all the colonies for several years before the war for independence hroke out. It was very popular, for it touched the hearts of the people at that time. It was pub- lished in Bickerstaffs Boston Almanac for 1770, with the music as given below. The Almanac for that year contained on its title-page a rude type-metal engraving of a likeness of James Otis. The portrait of the patriot is supported by Liberty on one side and Hercules on the other. 859 MASSACHUSETTS, STATE OF " Oar grandsires, bless'd heroes, we'll give them a tear, Nor Bully their honors by stooping to fear; Through deaths and through daugers their Trophia they won. We dare be their Rivals, nor will be outdone. "In Freedom we're born, etc " Let tyrants and minions presume to despise, Encroach on our Rights, and malce Fbeeoom their prize; The fruits of their rapine Ihey never shall keep, Though vengeance may nod, yet how short is her sleep. " In Freedom we're born, etc " The tree which proud Haman for Mordecai rcar'd Stands recorded, that virtue endanger'd is spared; That rogties, whom no bounds and no laws can restrain, Must be stripp'd of their honors and humbled again. " In Freedom we're bom, etc. " Our wives and our babes, still protected, shall know Those who dare to be free shall forever be so ; On these arms and these hearts they may safely rely For in tyeedom we'll live, or like Heroes we'll die. " In Freedom we're bom, etc. " Ye insolent Tyrantsl who wish to enthrall; Ye Minions, ye Placemen, Pimps, Pensioners, all ; How short is your triumph, how feeble your trust, Y'our honor must wither and nod to the dust. " In Freedom we're born, eta "When oppress'd and approach'd, our King we implore. Still firmly persuaded our Bights he'll restore; When our hearts beat to arms to defend a just right, Our monarch rules there, and forbids us to fight. " In Freedom we're bom, etc. " Not the glitter of arms nor the dread of a fray Could make us submit to their chains for a day; Withheld by affection,' on Britons we call. Prevent the fierce conff ict which threatens your fall *' In Freedom we're Iwrn, etc. " All ages shall speak with amaze and applause Of the prudence we show in support of our cause; Assured of our safety, a Brcnswick still reigns. "Whose free, loyal subjects are strangers to chains. " In Freedom we're bom, etc " Then join hand in band, brave Americaxs all. To be free is to live, to be slaves is to fall ; Has the land such a dastard as scoms not a LoRn, Who dreads not a fetter much more than a sword? "In Freedom we're bom," etc Massachusetts, State of. In 1780 a .state constitution for Massachusetts was framed, and was adopted by the people, and it is now the fundamental law of the commouwealtli, though it has been amended several times. It was soon decided that by a clause in its Bill of Eights slavery was abolished. Under the constitu- tion, John Hancock was elected its first gov- ernor. The poverty and distress of the peo- ple caused some of them, in the interior of the state, to resist taxation. (See Shays's Eebellion.) I ^K P I" ± d j: ^ -i^ e .1 j.l fi'irj.'j Ivi HI iTT 7-^ i: j. f. J ' n-^^E^ Ts±: FAC-SnOLE OF THB aCUSIC. J^rrrrrli.tJr- i ' Come swallow your bumpers, ye Tories, aod roar, That the Sons of fair Freedom are hamper'd once more; But know that no Cuttkroats our spirits can tame, Nor a host of Oppressors shall smother the flame. "In Freedom we're bom, and, like Sons of the brave, Will never surrender. But swear to defend her. And scorn to survive if unable to save. A state conventiou ratified the national Consti- tntion Jan. 9, 1788, The people were generally opposed to the War of 1812, yet that state fur- .nished a large number of aearaeu for the navy. The politicians of that stat-e were chiefly instru- mental in getting up the "Hartford bonven- ' JIASSACHUSETTS TKOOPS 860 MASSASOIT BTATE SEAI. OF lUSSACHTTSETrS. tlon" (which .see), and'George Cabot, of that state, was its president-. In lti20 the District uf Maine was separat- ed from Massachu- setts, and admitted into the Uuion as a state. During the Civil War Massa- chusetts furnished to the National army and uavy 159,16.5 men, and tlie losses were 3749 kill- ed in battle,9086 who died from wounds or disease, 15,645 dis- charged for disability contracted in the service, and 5866 not accounted for. The state expended on account of the war $30,162,200. The state now maiutains a militia force of about 6000 men. Population in 1880, 1,783,085- Massachusetts Troops in Baltimore. Ear- ly in January, 1861, Governor Andrew, of Mas- sachusetts, tendered troops to the government for its protection. Fort Sumter was attacked, and on the day when the President's call for troops was issued, Senator Wilson telegraphed to Governor Andrew to despatch twenty com- ])auies to' Washington immediately. The for- mal requisition of the Secretary of War arrived an hour later, calling for two regiments from Massachusetts, and before sunset the same day an order went out for four regiments to muster forthwith ou Boston Common. Benjamiu F. Butler was commissioned brigadier-general, and these regiments formed his brigade. Ou the 16th Senator Wilson telegraphed for four regi- ments. They were ready, and the Sixth Eegi- ment. Colonel Jones, was sent forward imme- diately, to go by way of New York, Philadel- phia, and Baltimore. The regiment consisted of eleven companies, and to these were added two more. News had reached Baltimore of the approach of these troops, and there was much excitement there on the morning of April 19tb, for they had heard of the destruction of the armory and arsenal at Harper's Ferry (which see) the night before. At near noon the Mas- sachusetts troops arrived, and the excitement was iutensified. When the train reached the President Street Station, between which and Camden Street Station the cars were drawn by horses, a mob of about five hundred men were waiting to receive them. The number rapidly increased, nntil, wlien the cars stai'ted, at least two thousand men followed them, with yells, to the Camden Street Station, where another mob, which had been gathering all the morn- ing, met them. A mob in Pratt Street be- came more and more unruly, shouting lustily for " Jeff Davis and the Southern Confederacy," and at near the corner of Gay Street, where lay a heap of stones, they broke loose from all re- straint, and hurled these missiles upon the cars loaded with soldiers as they were passing. Ev- ery window was demolished, and several soldiers -were hurt. Then the cry was raised, " Tear up the track!" That could not easily be done, and the mob barricadeloyed; and there were 30,000 of these dnsky allies armed for battle. The brigantines were launched on the lake April 28, 1521. The allies, on notice being given, came in vast numbers to the aid of the Spaniards. At Tezcuco Cortez prepared his forces for the siege. He had 917 Spaniards, and more than 75,000 auxiliaries, which number was soon increased to 200,000. He seized the principal causeways, took com- mand of the brigantines himself, divided his army into three parts, and began the siege on May 30. After several days the invaders pene- trated to the great square of the city, but were so violeutly assailed that they were compelled to retreat. At length Cortez detcrminod to make a general assault. Ou the day appointed he marched with twenty-five horses, all his in- fantry, and more than 100,000 allies; his brig- antines, with more than 3000 canoes, forming the two wings of the army ou each side of the causeway over which they approached. He en- teied the city with very little opposition, when the Mexicans feigned a retreat. Pushing easily into the city, the Spaniards left a broad gap in their line on the causeway. Suddenly the Mex- ican priests blew the horn of the god Paiualton, the alarum in great danger, which excited the Mexicans, aud a multitude assembled and poured with fury ou their assailants, compelliug them to retreat in confusion. When attempting to pass the gap, which seemed to be filled with fag- ots and other light materials, the causeway there sank with the weight of the multitude, and Spanish footmen aud horsemen, Tlascalaus aud others, plunged into the abyss, the Mexicans rushing upon them from every side. Cortez was seized and borne away to become a human sac- rifice, but was rescued. Forty of his Castiliau companions were taken alive aud inmiediately sacrificed in the great temple. Various successes followed subsequent struggles. Quouhtemotziu (see Guatimoziii), the successor of Montezuma, daily lost an incredible number of his subjects, refused frequent demands for a surrender, aud famine began its work in the city, for Cortez, by the vast number of his allies, had shut up all avenues of supplies for the besieged town. Cortez now made another combined assault, aud 40,000 Mexicans, it is said, were slain. The stench of the slain was intolerable. Three fourtlis of the city, which contained 60,000 houses, were in ruins. During the last assault (Aug. 13, 1521), when it was seen that longer resistance would be use- less, Quouhtemotziu aud his court attempted to escape, but were caught. " I am your prisoner," said the king to his captors. " I have no favor to ask but that you will show the queen, my wife, and her attendants, the respect due to their sex aud rank." The Mexicans were now expelled from the city without arms or baggage. The conquest of the capital, after a siege of sev- MEXICO, SUEEENDEE OF THE CITY OF 873 MEXICO, WAR WITH enty-five days, waH complete, aud that conquest decided the fate of the empire. The whole of Mexico soon afterwards passed under the do- minion of Spain. The Mexicans lost, in killed, wounded, and by sickness, about 100,000 men. Believing immense treasures to I>e hidden, aud that Quouhtemotzin knew where they were con- cealed, he was subjected to cruel torture — burning his feet slowly, after being anointed with oiL About three years afterwards, because of some suspicious circumstances in their con- duct, this king, and those of Tezcuco aud Tla^ copan, were hanged on the same tree by their feet, to lengthen their torment. Mexico, SURREKDBR OP THE CiTY OP (1847). On the fall of ChapuUepec (see Chapultepec, Battle of) there was nothing between General Scott's veteran troops and the capital, on the evening of Sept. 13, 1847. That night terror reigned in the capital. Santa Ana, thoroughly alarmed, and his army hopeles.sly shattered, fled from the city with the remnant of his troops (about 2000 in number), accompanied by the officers of the civil government of the republic. Scott prepared to enter the city the next morning with Worth's division. At four o'clock a deputation of the City Council waited upon Scott to beg him to spare the town and propose terms of capitula- tion. He would make no terms, but ordered Generals Worth and Quitman to move forward through the Cosmo Gate to the Grand Plaza in the city. The American flag was there unfurl- ed from the top of the national palace. At that moment the magnificent figure of Scott, in fnll uniform, and mounted on his powerful white charger, rode through the columns to the Grand Plaza, the bands playing "Yankee Doodle." The chief dismounted, took off his hat, and, drawing his sword aud raising it high above his head, he proclaimed in a loud voice the cou- quest of Mexico, and took formal possession of the republic. At that moment a musket-fire upon the American troops began from windows and house-tops. Bands of Mexican soldiers had been hidden in the city, and this attack was made by them without the approval of the Mexican authorities. This kind of warfare con- tinued nearly all day, aud many American offi- cers were killed or wounded. By sweeping the streets with light batteries and picking off the assailants with rifles, they were silenced before night. A threat to destroy the city put an end to this treacherous conduct. General Quitman was appointed by Scott civil and military gov- ernor, and the city of Mexico remained in the hands of the Americans until after the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (which see) was made, some months afterwards. Scott imposed a con- tribution of $150,000 on the city for the use of his army. In the battles in the vicinity of the city of Mexico the Americans lost, in killed, wounded, and missing, 2713; the loss of the Mexicans, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, was 10,730, the prisoners amounting to 3730. Mexico, Treaty with (1854). Unfaithful American citizens plotted schemes against the honor of their own country, the peace of uei"-h- II.— 6 boring provinces, and for the extinction of the Mexican republic. (See Knights of the Golden Circle.) While the plots were fast ripening, the two governments successfully negotiated a treaty by which the bonndary-line between the United States and Mexico was defined and fixed. The treaty was ratified early in 1854. aud it was agreed that the decisions of the commissioners appointed under it to revise the boundary should be final. By that treaty the United States was to be released from all obligations imposed by the treaty of peace with Mexico in 1848, aud, as a consideration for this release and for the territo- ry ceded by Mexico, the United States agreed to pay the latter $10,000,000 — $7,000,000 on the ratification of the treaty, and the remainder as soon as the boundary-line should be establish- ed. These conditions Avere complied with, aud peace between the two countries has never siuce been broken. Mexico, War with (184&-48). The annex- ation of Texas, as hatl been predicted, caused an immediate rupture between the United States and Mexico, for the latter claimed Texas as a part of her territory, notwithstanding its inde- pendence had been acknowledged by the Uuited States, England, France, aud other governments. When Congress had adopted the joint resolution for the Annexation of Texas (which see) to the United States, General Almonte, the Mexican minister at Washington, protested against the measure and demanded liis passports. Ou the 4th of June following, the President of Mexico (Herrera) issued a proclamation declaring the right of Mexico to the Texan territory, aud his determination to defend it by arms, if necessary. At the same time there existed another cause for serious dispute between the United States and Mexico. The latter had been an unjust and in- jurious neighbor ever since the establishment of republican government in Mexico in 1824. Impoverished by civil war, it did not hesitate to replenish its treasury by plundering Ameri- can vessels in the Gulf of Mexico, or by con- fiscating the property of American merchants within its borders. The United States govern- ment remonstrated in vain until 1831, when a treaty was made and promises of redress were given. These promises were never fulfilled. Bobberies continued; and, in 1S40. the aggre- gate value of property belonging to Americans which had been appropriated by the Slexicans amounted to more than $6,000,000. The claim for this amount was unsatisfied when the an- nexation of Texas took place in 1845. Beino^ fully aware of the hostile feelings of the Mex£ cans. President Polk ordered (July, 1845) Gen- eral Zachary Taylor, then in command of the United States troops in the Southwest, to go to Texas and take a position as near the Rio Grande as prudence would allow. This force, about 1500 strong, was called the " Army of Occnpation " for the defence of Texas. At the same time a strong naval force, under Commodore Conner, sailed to the Gulf of Mexico to protect American interests there. In Sept-ember Taylor formed a camp at Corpus Christi, and there remained during the autumn and winter. He was ordered (Jan. 13, MEXICO, WAE WITH 874 MEXICO, WAE WITH 1846) to move firom his camp at Corpus Ctinsti to the Rio Grande, opposite the Spanish city of Mat- amoras, because Mexican troops were gathering in that direction. Tliis was disputed territory between Texas and the neighboring province of Tamaulipas. When he encamped at Point Isa- bel (March 25, 1846), on tiie coast, twenty-eight miles from Matanioras, Taylor was warned by the Mexicans that he was upon foreign soil. He left his stores at Point Isabel, under a guard of 450 men, and, with the remainder of his army, advanced to the bank of the Rio Grande, where he established a camp and began the erection of a fort, which he named Fort Brown, in honor of Major Brown, in command there. The Mexi- cans were so eager for war that, because Pres- ident Herrera was anxious for peace with the United States, they elected General Paredes to succeed him. The latter sent General Ampu- dia, with a large force, to drive the Americans beyond the Nueces. This officer demanded of General Taylor (April 12) the withdrawal of his troops within twenty-four hours. Taylor re- fused, and continued to strengthen Fort Brown. Ampudia hesitated, when General Arista was put in his place as commander-in-chief of the Northern Division of the Army of Mexico. He was strongly reinforced, and the position of the Army of Occupation became critical. Parties of armed Mexicans soon got between Point Isa- bel and Fort Brown, and had cut off all inter- communication. A reconnoitring party under Captain Thoruton was surijrised and captured (April 24) on the Texas side of the Rio Grande, when Lieutenant Mason was killed. Having completed his fort, Taylor hastened to the re- lief of Point Isabel (May 1), which was menaced by a Mexican force, 1500 strong, collected in the rear. He reached Point Isabel the same day. This departure of Taylor from the Rio Grande emboldened the Mexicans, who opened lire upon Fort Brown (May 3) from Matamoras, and a large body crossed the river to attack it in the rear. Taylor had left orders that, in case of an attack, if peril appeared imminent, signal guns must be tired, and he would hasten to the relief of the fort. Ou the 6th, when the Mexi- cans began to plant cannons in the rear and Major Brown was mortally wounded, the sig- nals were given, and Taylor marched for the Rio Grande ou the evening of the 7th, with a little more than 2000 men, having been reinforced by Texan volunteers and marines from the fleet. At noon the next day he fonght and defeated Arista, with 6000 troops, at Palo Alto (which see). At two o'clock the next morning his wea- ried army was summoned to renew its march, and, towards evening, fought a more sanguina- ry battle with the same Mexicans, at a place call- ed Resaca de la Palma (which see). Again the Americans were victorions. The Mexican army in Texas was completely broken up. Arista saved himself by solitary flight across the Rio Grande. The garrison at Fort Brown was re- lieved. In the meanwhile. Congress had de- clared (May 11, 1846) that, " by the act of the Republic of Mexico, a state of war exists be- tween that goverumeut and the United States," and authorized the President to raise 50,000 vol- unteers. They also (May 13) appropriated $10,- 000,000 for carrying on the war. The Secretary of War and General Scott planned a magniflceut campaign. On the 23d of May the Mexican gov- ernment also declared war. (See Taylor's Camr- paign.) Taylor crossed the Rio Grande, drove the Mexican troops from Matamoras, took pos- session of the town (May 18), and remained there until August, when he received reinforcements and orders from his government. Then, with more than 6000 troops, he moved on Monterey, defended by General Ampudia with more than 9000 troops. It was a very strongly built town, at the foot of the great Sierra Madre. A siege commenced Sept. 21 and ended with the capt- ure of the place ou the 24th. General Wool had been directed to muster and prepare for service the volunteers gathered at Bexar, in Texas, and by the middle of July (1846) 12,000 of them had been mustered into the service. Of these, 9000 were sent to reinforce Taylor. AVool went up the Rio Grande with about 3000 troops, crossed the river at Presidio, penetrated Mexico, and, in the last of October, reached Monclova, seventy miles northwest of Monterey. He pushed on to Coahuila, where he obtained ample supplies for his own and Taylor's troops. General Taylor had agreed to an armistice at Monterey. This was ended Nov. 13, by order of his government, when, leaving General Butler in command at Monterey, he marched to Victoria, the capital of Tamaulipas, with the intention of attack- ing Tauipico, on the coast. Meanwhile, General Worth, with 900 men, had taken possession of Saltillo (Nov. 15), the capital of Coahuila. Tay- lor, ascertaining that Tampico had already sur- rendered to the Americans (Nov. 14), and that Santa AiSa was collecting a large force at San Luis Potosi, returned to Monterey to reinforce Worth, if necessary. Worth was joined at Sal- tillo by Wool's division (Dec. 20), and Taylor again advanced to Victoria (Dec. 29). Just as he was about to proceed to a vigorous campaign, Taylor received orders from General Scott, at Vera Cruz, to send the latter a large portion of his (Tayloi-'s) best officers and troops, and to act only on the defensive. This was a severe trial for Taylor, but he cheerfully obeyed. He and Wool were left with an aggregate force of only about 5000 men, of whom only 500 were reg- ulars, to oppose 20,000, then gathering at San Luis Potosi, under Santa Ana. Taylor and Wool united their forces (Feb. 4, 1847) on the San Luis road, determined to tight the Mexi- cans, who were approaching. The opportunity was not long delayed. The Americans fell back to Buena Vista, within eleven miles of Saltillo, and encamped in a narrow detile, and there a severe battle was fought (Feb. 23, 1847), result- ing in victory for the Americans. — General S. W. Kearny was placed in command of the Army of the West, with instructious to con- quer New Mexico and California. He left Fort Leaveu worth in June, 1846, and, after a journey of nine hundred miles over the great plains and among mountain ranges, he arrived at Santa F6 (August 13), having met with no resistance. MEXICO, WAK WITH 875 MEXICO, WAR WITH Appointing Charles Brent governor, he march- ed towards California, and was soon met by an express from Commodore Stockton and Lieuten- ant-colonel Fremont, informing him that the conquest of California had been achieved. Fre- mont and a party of explorers, sixty in number, joined by American settlers in the vicinity of San Francisco, had captured a Mexican force at So- noma Pass (June 15, 1846), with the garrison, nine cannons, and two hundred and fifty mus- kets. He then defeated another force at Sono- ma, and drove the Mexican authorities out of that region of country. On July 5 the Ameri- cans in California declared themselves independ- ent, and put Fremont at the head of affairs. On the 7th Commodore Sloat, with a squadron, bom- barded and captured Monterey, on the coast ; on the 9th Commodore Montgomery took pos- session of San Francisco. Commodore Stock- ton and Colonel Fremont took possession of Los Angelos on the 17th of August, and there they were joined by Kearny, who had sent the main body of his troops back to Santa F6. With these officers, he shared in the honors of the final event which completed the conquest and pacification of California. Fr6mont, in disobe- dience of the commands of Kearny, his su- perior officer, went to Monterey, and there, in conjunction with Commodore Shubrick, as- sumed the office of governor, and proclaimed (Feb. 8, 1847) the annexation of California to the United States. Frgmont was tried for dis- obedience and deprived of his commission. It was soon offered to him again, but he refused to accept it, and went to the wilderness on another exploring expedition. Meanwhile, Colonel Don- iphan, detached by Kearuy, with 1000 Missouri volunteers, marched towards Chihuahua to join General Wool. In two engagements with Mex- icans he was victorious, and entered the capital of Chihuahua in triumph (March 2, 1847), and took possession of the province. After resting six weeks, he joined Wool at Saltillo, and thence returned to New Orleans, having made a peril- ous march from the Mississippi of about five thousand miles. The conquest of all northern Mexico was now complete, and General Scott was on his march for the capital. He had laud- ed near Vera Cruz, March 9, 1847, with an army of 13,000 men. It had been borne thither by a powerful squadron, con'manded by Commodore Conner. He invested the city of Vera Cruz on the 13th, and on the 27th it was surrendered, with the castle of San Juan de Ulloa. Scott took possession of the city two days afterwards, and, on the 8th of April, the advance of his army, under General Twiggs, began its march for the capital, by way of Jalapa. Santa Ana had ad- vanced, with 12,000 men, to meet the invaders, and hud taken post at Cerro Gordo, a difficult mountain pass at the foot of the Eastern Cor- dilleras. Scott had followed Twiggs with the rest of his army, and, on the 18th of April, de- feated the Mexicans at that strong pass, and, imshing forward, entered Jalapa on the 19th. On the 22d the American flag was unfurled over the Castle of Perote, on the summit of the east- ern Cordilleras, fifty miles from Jalapa. This was considered the strongest fortress in Mexi- co, excepting Vera Cruz. It was surrendered without resistance, and with it fifty-four pieces of cannon, some mortars, and a large amount of munitions of war. Onward the victorious array marched, and entered the fortified city of Pne- bla (May 15), a city of eighty thousand inhabi- tants; and there the army rested until August. Being reinforced, Scott then pushed oa towards the capital. From that very spot on the lofty Cordilleras, Cortez first looked down upon the quiet Valley of Mexico, centuries before. Scott now beheld that spacious panorama, the seat of the capital of the Aztecs — the " Halls of the Montezumas." He pushed cautiously forward, and approached the stronghold before the city. The fortified camp of Contrcras was taken by the Americans on Aug. 20, 1847. Then the strong fortress of San Antonio yielded the same day. The heights of Cbunibusco were attacked. Santa Ana advanced, and soon the whole region became one gieat battle-field, un- der the eye and control of Scott, the American commander-in-chief. Churubusco was taken, and Santa Ana fled towards the capitaL A MejQcan army, 30,000 strong, had in a single day been broken up by another less than one third its strength, in number, and at almost ev- ery step the Americans were successful. Full 4000 Mexicans were killed and wounded, 3000 were made prisoners, and 37 pieces of cannon were taken on that memorable 20th of August. The Americans had lost 1100 in killed and wounded. They might now have entered the city of Mexico in triumiih, but General Scott preferred to bear the olive-branch rather than the palm. As he advanced to Tacuba (Aug. 21), only seven miles from the city, he met a deputa- tion from Santa Ana to ask for an armistice, preparatory to negotiations for peace. It was granted. N. P. Trist, appointed by the United States government to treat for peace, was pres- ent. The treacherous Santa Alia had made this only a pretext to gain time to strengthen the defences of the city. When the trick was dis- covered, Scott declared the armistice at an end, and advanced upon the city. Less than 4000 Americans attacked Santa Aiia with 14,000 Mexicans (Sept. 8), at Molino del Key (the King's Mill), near Chapulrepec. The combar tants fought desperately and suffered dreadful- ly. The Mexicans left almost 1000 dead on the field ; the Americans lost 800. The lofty battle- meuted hill of Chapultepec was doomed. It was the last place to be defended outside of the city. It was attacked by mortar and can- non shells and round-shot (Sept. 12), and the assault continued until the uext day, when the American flag waved in triumph over the shat- tered Castle of Chapultepec. The Mexicans fled into the city, pursued by the Americans to the very gates. That night Santa Ana and his troops, with the civil officers, fled from the city, and, at four o'clock the uext morning, a deputa- tion from the municipal authorities waited upon Scott, begging him to spare the town and treat for peace. He would make no terms, but en- tered the capital of Mexico (Sept. 13, 1847) a >UAMI 876 MICHIGAN conqueror; and from the Grand Plaza he pro- claimed the conquest of the Republic of Mexico. Santa Ana made some feeble efforts to regain lost power, but failed. He was defeated in two slight battles. Before the close of October he was stripped of every commaud, and fled for safety to the shores of the Gulf. The president of the Mexican Congress assumed provisional au- thority, and, on Feb. 2, 1848, that body concluded a treaty of peiice with the United States com- missioners at Guadalupe-Hidalgo. It was rati- fied by both governments, and, on July 4, 184(3, President Polk proclaimed it. It stiijulated the evacuation of Mexico by the American troops within three months: the payment of §3,000,- 000 in hand, aud $1"2,000,000 in four annual in- stalments, by the United States to Mexico, for New Mexico and California, which had become territory of the United States by conquest, and, in addition, to assume debts due certain citizens of the United States from Mexico to the amount of $3,500,000. It also fixed boundaries aud oth- erwise adjusted matters in dispute. Miami (or Maumee), the name of a large Indian family in the Ohio country, and of three streams that run through that state — ^namely, "Maumee of the Lakes," that enters Lake Erie at Toledo, and Great and Little Miami, which flow into the Ohio River. Maumee more nearly indicates the pronunciation of the name to the English ear. The Indians pronounced it as if spelled Me-aw-me. So the French spelled it, according to their prouunciation of the t and a, Mi-a-mi. (See Miamis.') Miami, Fort, standing near (present) Fort Wayne, lud., was garrisoned by Eusign Holmes aud ten men. On the morning of May 27, 1763, he was informed that the fort at Detroit had been attacked, and he put his men on their guard. The same day an Indian woman came to Holmes, saying a squaw in a cabiu three hun- dred yards off wa« ill aud wished him to bleed her. He went out and was shot. The sergeant followed and was made prisoner, when the rest of the garrison surrendered to the savages who swarmed in the forest near. (See Pontiaerished. The dreadful event made thirty-three widows in tbe congre- gation of the Presbyterian Church at Goshen. It gave firmness to Sullivan's men, who, a few weeks afterwards, desolated the beautiful land of the Cayugas and Senecas. (See Sullivan's Indian Campaign. ) In 1822, the citizens of Orange Coun- ty collected the bones of the slain, and caused them to be buried near the centre of the green at the foot of tlie main street of the village of Goshen. There was a great multitude of citi- zens present. Over their remains a new marble monument was erected the same year, the cor- ner-stone of which was laid by General Hathoru, then over eighty years of age, and one of the survivors of the massacre. Tbe monument bears the names of the slain. Minnesota is tbe most floiuisb ing of the younger states of the Union. Tbe first Europeans who trod its soil were two Hugne- iiots, Sieur Groselliers and Sieur Eadisson, who, in search of a northwest passage to China, passed through this region in 1659. Returning to Mon- treal in 1660 with sixty canoes laden with skins, M0XC3IENT AT GOSHEN. they excited others to go in search of peltries, and this was tbe beginning of tbe French fur- trade which afterwards interfered with tbe Hudson's Bay Company (which see). To se- STATB SEAL OF MIXXESOTA cure this trade, which tbe English were grasp- ing, DaiiielGreysolon du Lnth. a native of Lyons, left Quebec in September, 1678, with twenty men, and entered Minnesota. Tbe next year Father Hennepin and two others, who were a part of La Salle's expedition (see La Salle), pene- trated the country far above the Falls of St. An- thony. The territory was formally taken pos- session of in the name of the French monarch, by Perrot and his associates, in 1689. They built a fort on the west shore of Lake Pepin ; and Le Seur built another fort, in 1695, on an island in tlie Missi88ipi)i, just below the month of tl;e St. Croix River, after which tlie fur- traders flocked into that region. In 1763, Jonathan Carver (which see) visited Minnesota and pub- lished a description of the country. In tbe year 1800, a part of Minnesota lying west of the Mis- sissippi was included in the Territory of In- diana. The purchase of Louisiana, in 1803, gave the United States possession of tbe whole coun- try west of tbe Mississippi, and in 1816 Congress passed a law excluding foreigners from tbe fur- trade in that region. Fort Suelling was built and garrisoned in 1819, and active trade with tbe Indians was carried ou there. In 1820 that region was explored by a party under General Lewis Cass, and by Major Long in 1821. A third exploring party went there in 1832, led by Henry R. Schoolcraft, who discovered the main source of the Mississippi River. In 1837, some lumbering operations began in Minnesota, upon the St. Croix River. The town of St. Paul was founded in 1842, and in 1849 tbe Territory of Minnesota was created. At that time one half the lands included in the territory belonged to the Indians, and the white population was less than 5000. Emigrants flocked in, and at the end of eight years (1857) the number was 150,000. lu 1851 the Sioux ceded to the United States all their lands in Minnesota. In 1857 application was made by the people for tbe admission of Minnesota into tbe Union as a state. This was etfected May 11, 1858. Minne- sota furnished to tbe iifitional army and navy during tbe Civil War 25,034 soldiers. Tbe poi>u- lation in 1880, a little more than forty years after the first settlement, was 780,773. Minnesota, Position of (1861). The people of this new state were faithful to tbe old flag ; so was tbe governor, Alexander Ramsay. The Legislature that assembled Jan. 26, 1^61, i^assed a series of loyal resolutions, in which secession was denounced as revolution, and tbe acts of the South Carolinians in Charleston harbor as trea- sonable; and said that the full strength of tbe national authority under tbe national flag should be put forth. It gave assurance that the peo- ple of Minnesota would never consent to tbe ob- struction of the free navigation of the Missis- sippi River (see Mississippi Ordinance of Secession) " from its source to its mouth by any power hos- tile to tbe Federal government." Minor Events of the Civil TWar. Tbe fol- lowing are brief notices of tbe most important of tbe minor events of the Civil War : 1860. — Nov. 18(/i. The Georgia Legislature voted $100,000 for the purpose of arming the state, and ordered an election for a state con- vention. — 29t7i. The Legislature of Vermont re- MINOR EVENTS OF THE CIVIL WAE 885 MINOR EVENTS OF THE CIVIL WAR fused, by a vote of 125 to 58, to repeal the Per- sonal Liberty Bill. (See Personal Liberty Bills.) The Legislature of Mississippi voted to send com- missioners to confer witli the antliovities of the otlier slave-labor states. — Dec. 6th. In Maryland, a Democratic State Convention deplored the hasty action of South Carolina: — Wth. The Leg- islature of Louisiana voted $500,000 to arm the state. — 22d. The Critteuden Compromise voted down in the United States Senate. — 2Ath. The South Carolina delegation in Congress offered their resignation, but it was not recognized by the speaker, and their names were called regu- larly through the session. — 3l8f. The Senate Committee of thirteen reported that they could not agree upon any plan of adjustment of exist- ing difficulties, and their journal was laid before the Senate. 1861. — Jan. M. The authorities of Georgia seized the public property of the United States withiu its borders. — itii. Governor Pickens, hav- ing duly proclaimed the " sovereign nation of South Carolina," assumed the office of chief magistrate of the new empire, and appointed the following cabinet ministers : A. G. Magrath, Secretary of State ; X>. F. Jamison, Secretary of War ; C. G. Memminger, Secretary of the Treasury ; A. 0. Garlington, Secretary of the In- terior; and W.W. Harllee, Postmaster-generaL — 7th. The U. S. House of Representatives, by a vote, commended the course of Major Anderson in Charlesron Harbor. — 12th. The fiverepresent- atives of Mississippi withdrew from Congress. — nth. The Ohio Legislature, by a vote of 58 to 31, refused to repeal the Personal Liberty Bill. — 21si. Jefferson Davis of Mississippi, Benjamin Fifczpatrick and C. C. Clay of Alabama, and Da- vid L. Yulee and Stephen R. Mallory of Florida, finally withdrew from the United States Senate. Representatives from Alabama withdrew from Congress. — 23d. Representatives from Georgia, excepting Joshua Hill, withdrew from Congress. Hill refused to go with them, but resigned. — iith. The Anti-slavery Society of Massachusetts, at its annual session, broken up by a mob. — 25th. Rhode Island repealed its Personal Liberty Bill by act of its Legislature. — Feb. 6th. John Slidell and J. P. Benjamin, of Louisiana, with- drew from the United States Senate ; the repre- sentatives in the Lower House also ■withdrew, excepting Bouliguy, under instructions from the Louisiana State Convention. Bouligny de- clared he would not obey the instructions of that illegal body. — llth. The House of Repre- sentatives "Resolved, that neither the Congress nor the people or governments of the non-slave- holding states have a constitutional right to legislate upon or interfere with slavery in any slave-holding state of the Union." — 28th. Jeffer- son Davis, President of the Southern Confedera- cy, vetoed a bill for legalizing the African slave- trade. — March 16(ft. A convention at Mesilla, Arizona, passed an ordinance of secession, and subsequently the Confederate Congress erected a territorial government there. — April 17th. Gov- ernor Letcher, of Virginia, recognized the Con- federate government. — 20th. Property valued at $25,000,000, belonging to the United States gov- ernment, lost at the Gosport navy -yard, Vir- ginia. Eleven vessels, carrying 602 guns, were scuttled.— 21s(. The Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railway taken possession of by the United States government. — 23d. The first South Carolina Confederate regiment started for the Potomac. — 2dth. Virginia proclaimed a mem- ber of the Confederacy by its governor. — 30th. The Legislature of Virginia, by act, established a state navy. — May 3d. The Legislature of Con- necticut voted $2,000,000 for the public defence. — Ath. The governoi-s of Pennsylvania, Ohio, Wisconsin, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and oth- er states met at Cleveland, O., to devise plans for the defence of the Western States. — 7th. The governor of Tennessee announced amilitary league betweeu the state and the Confederacy. — 10th. The President of the United States pro- claimed martial law on the islands of Key West, theTortugas,and Santa Rosa. — llth. The block- ade of Charleston, S. C, established. — 131k The blockade of the Mississippi River at Cairo estab- lished. — 15W(, The Legislature of Massachusetts otfeied to loan the United St:ites governmeut §7,000,000. — 20(/t. All mail- steamships on the coast, and running in connection with the insur- gents, were stopped. — 21st. TheConfederateCon- gress, at Jloutgomery, adjourn to meet at Rich- mond, July 20. — 26th. New Orleans blockaded by sloop-of-war Brooklyn. — 27th. The ports of Mobile and Savannah blockaded. — June 1st. The postal system in the Confederacy put into op- eration. — 10th. Forty-eight locomotives, valued at §400,000, belonging to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, were destroyed by the insurgents at Martinsbnrg, Va. — July llth. The United States Senate expelled from that body James M. Ma- sou, R. M. T. Hunter, T. L. Clingman, Thomas Bragg, Lonis T. Wigfall, J. A. Hemphill, Charles B. Mitchell, W. K. Sebastian, and A. O. P. Nich- olson, charged with treasonable acts. — 2oth. The governor of New York called for 25,000 more troops. — Aug. 16th. Several newspapers in New Tork presented by the Grand Jury for hostility to the government. — 19(7!.. Secretary of State ordered that all persons leaving or entering the United States shall possess a passport. Mayor Berrett, of Washington, D. C, arrested on a charge of treason, and conveyed to Fort Lafa- yette, in the Narrows, at the entr.mce of New York Harbor. — 24th. Transmission of Secession journals through the mails prohibited. — Sept. 12th. Colonel John A. Washington, formerly of Mount Vernon, aid of General Robert E. Lee, killed while reconnoitring in western Vir- ginia. — 18th. Bank of New Orleans suspended specie payments, — 21si. John C. Breckinridge fled from Frankfort, Ky., and openly joined the insurgents. — 24th. Count de Paris and Due de Chartres entered the United States service as aids to General McClellan. — Oct. llth. Marshal Kane, of Baltimore, sent to Fort Lafayette. — loth. Three steamers despatched from New York after the Confederate steamer Xashville, which escaped from Charleston on the lllli. — ^23(J. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus suspended in the District of Columbia. — 30tk. All the state prisoners (143) in Fort Lafayette transferred to MINOR EVENTS OF THE CIVIL WAR 886 MINOR EVENTS OF THE CIVIL WAR Fort Warreu, Boston Harbor. — Xov. 3d. Rising of Union men in East Tennessee, who destroy railroad bridges. — Dec. 1st. Loyal Legislature of Virginia meet at Wheeling. — 3d. Henry C. Bur- nett, representative from Kentucky, and John W. Reid, representative from Missouri, expelled from the House of Representatives because of alleged treacherous acts. Fortifications at Bol- ivar Point, Galveston Harbor, Tex., destroyed by the United States frigate Saiitee. — 9th. The Confederate Congress passed a bill admitting Kentucky into the Southern Confederacy. — Wth. Insurgents destroyed about one huudred miles of the North Missouri Railroad, with its stations, bridges, ties, fuel, water-tanks, and telegraph- poles. — 30M. The banks of New York, Albany, Philadelphia, and Boston suspend specie pay- ments. 1862. — Jan. lOtk. Waldo P. Johnson and Trus- ten Polk, of Missouri, expelled from the United States Senate. — 11th. Bridges of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad burned by the Confeder- ates. — 16th. The Ohio Legislature authorized the banks of that state to suspend specie pay- ments. — 17th. Cedar Keys, Fla., captured by Union troops. — ^22 ured on the coast of Virginia while endeavor- ing to escape with Confederate despatches. Na^ tional troops destroy salt-works at Kingsbnry, Ga. — oth. The Confederates attacked Nashville and were repulsed. General Burnside super- seded General McClellan in command of the Army of the Potomac. — 9th. Town of St. Mary, Ga., shelled and destroyed by Union gunboats. — lOih. Great Union demonstration in Memphis. — I6th. Army of the Potomac began Its march from Warrenton towards Fredericksbnrg. — 17th. Artillery engagement near Fredericksburg. Jef- ferson Davis ordered retaliation for the execu- tion often Confederates in Missouri. — 18th. Con- federate cruiser Alabama escaped the San Jacinto at Martinique. — 19tured at Occoquan, Va. — 31st. The bill ailuiitting West Virginia as a stato of the Union signed by the President. The Monitor sunk at sea south of Cape Hatteras. 1863. — Jan. Ist. General Sullivan fought For- rest near Lexington, Tenn. Emancipation ju- bilee of the negroes at Hilton Head, S. C. — '2d. Gold at New York, 133i (S> 133|. — 3(7. Depart- ment of the East created, and General Wool as- signed to its command.— 4t7(. Confederates de- feated at Moorefield, W. Va. The Coufeilerate general Magruder declares the port of Galves- ton, Tex., opened to the commerce of the world. Clarkesville, Tenn., surrenders to the Union forces. — 5th. An "indignation meeting" of the opposition was held at Springfield, 111., to pro- test against the President's Emancipation Proc- lamation. — 8th. Confederates drive Union forces out of Springfield, Miss. — 9fA. Exchange of 20,000 prisoners effected. — 10th. Cavalry skirmish at Catlett's Station. Bombardment of Galveston. The National gunboat JIaiteras sunk by the Al- abama on the coast of Texas. — llth. General Weitzel destroyed the Confederate gunboat Cot- ton on the Bayou Tech^. — 12th. Jefferson Davis recommends the Confederate Congress to adopt retaliatory measures against the operation of the Emancipation Proclamation. — I'Sth. Peace resolutions introduced into the New Jersey Leg- islature. Several boats carrying wounded Union soldiers destroyed by the Confederates at Har- peth Shoals, on the Cumberland River. Con- federate steamer Oreto (afterwards the Florida) runs the blockade at Mobile. — lo(7i. National gunboat Columbia, stranded at Masonborongh Inlet, N. C, burned by the Coufederates. Mouml City, Avk., burned by National troops. — 17//i. Confederate cruiser Ore'o cgstroyed the brig Es- telle. Congress resolved to issue $100,000,000 in United States notes. — 20rfi. General Hunter as- tnimes command of the Department of the South. — 22(7. General Fitz-.Iohn Porter dismissed from the National service. — 2477i. General Burnside, at his own request, relieved from the command of the Armj' of the Potomac. — 25(7(. First regi- ment of negro Union soldiers organized at Port Eoyal, S. C. — 26(7i. Peace resolutions offered in the Confederate Congress by Mr. Foote. En- gagement at Woodbury, Tenn. — 27 (7i. Fort McAl- lister, on the Ogeechee River, Ga., bombarded by the Montaiik. — 30(7i. Union gunboat Isaa/; 5iiiit7t captured in Stono Eiver,S.C. — 31st. Block- ading squadron off Charleston harbor attacked by Confederate iron-clad gunboats, and the har- bor proclaimed opened by Beauregard and the Confederate Secretary of State. Skirmish near Nashville, Tenn., and the Coufederates defeated. MINOE EVENTS OP THE CIVIL WAR 890 MINOR EVENTS OF THE CIVIL WAR — iilsfi-lsi. National troops occnpy Fran kliii,Tenii. — 2d. House of Representatives passed a bill providing for the employineut of negro soldiers. — 3d. Fort Donelsou invested by Confederate troops, who -nere repnlsed. Thanks of Con- gress to Commander John L. Worden, U. S. N. — 4th. Skirmish near Lake Providence, La. — dth. Second attack on Fort Douelson by Confeder- ates repnlsed. — Gth. The Emancipation Procla- mation published in Louisiana. Workingmen meet at Tammany Hall, New York, and protest against introducing negro laborers into the Northern States. — 7th. Mutiny of the One Hun- dredth Illinois Regiment of Volunteers. Con- federates declare the blockade at Galveston and Sabine Pass opened. — 8(/(. Circulation of the Chicago Times suppressed. — 9th. A mob drive away colored laborers on the Erie Railway dock . at Jersey city. — 10th. First cargo of tea from Ja- pan arrived at New York. Official denial that the blockade at Charleston had been raised. — llth. Secessionists attempt to assassinate General Banks on his way to the Opera House in New Orleans. — 12f7i. National Currency Bill passes the Senate. The Jacol) Bell, from China, with a cargo of tea worth $1,000,000, captured and burned by the Confederate cruiser Florida. — Uth. National cavalry defeated at Annandale, Va. — 15th. Coufederatesdefeated at Arkadelphia, Ark. — 16th. Conscription Bill passed the United States Senate. — 20Wi, National Currency Bill passed theHouse of Representatives. — 21sf. Joint resolution passed Congress for the expulsion of George E. Badger from the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institutiou, and appointing Louis Agassiz in his place. — 23d. United States Senate authorized the suspension of the privi- lege of habeas corpus. — 25tA. English-Confederate steamer Peter/io^captured by the Vandeiltilt. Na- tional Currency Act approved by the President. — 26th. Cherokee National Council repeal the or- dinance of secession. — 28(A. Confederate steam- er A'aehviUe destroyed by the ilontauV in Ogee- chee River. — March ith. Palmyra, Mo., burned by Union gunboats. — 6*/i. Genei-al Hunter ordered the drafting of negroes in the Department of the South. Confederates capture Franklin, Tenn. — 8th. Brigadier-general Stonghton captured by Moseby's cavalry at Fairfax Court-house, Va. Twenty-three Confederate steamers captured on the Yazoo River. — llth. Governor Cannon, of Delaware, declared the national authority su- preme. — 18i7(. House of Represeutatives of New Jersey pass peace resolutions. — 19(7*. Mount Ster- ling, Ky., taken by Confederates, and retaken by Nationals on the 23d. English-Confederate steamer Georgia, laden with arras, destroyed near Charleston. — 25th. Impressment of private property in the Confederacy authorized. — 31st. General Herron appointed to the command of the Army of the Frontier. Jacksonville, Fla., burued by Union colored troops and evacuated. — Apiil Ist. Cavalry fight near Draiusville, Va. —2d. Farragut's fleet ravaged in Red River. Serious bread-riot in Richmond ; the mob most- ly women. — 3d. Arrest of knights of the Golden Circle (which see) at Reading, Pa. — Mi. Town of Palmyra, on the Cumberland, destroyed by National gunboats. — 5th. Confederate vessels de- tained at Liverpool by order of the British gov- ernment. — 6th. President Lincoln and family visited the Army of tlie Potomac. — 7th. Com- bined attack of iron-clad vessels on Fort Sum- ter; five out of seven Naticmal vessels disabled. Emperor of the French intimates his abandon- ment of the European intervention policy in our national affairs. — 8th. Raid of Nationals through London County, Va. — 14(7i. Engagement at Kelly's Ford, on the Rappahannock. — 20th. Great mass meeting at Union Square, New York, in commemoration of the uprising of the loyal people iu 1861. — 2ith. National forces defeated at Beverly, Va. Confederates defeated on the Iron Mountain Railroad near St. Louis. Na- tional forces rout the Confederates at Tnscum- bia, Ala. — 26th. Destructive Union raid on Deer Creek, Miss. Confederates defeated at Rowles- burg, Va. — 27th. Confederate "Texan Legion" captured near Franklin, Ky. — 2rtt7i. Cavalry en- gagement at Sand Mountain, Ga. ; Confederates defeated. — 29th. Fairuiount, Va., captured by Confederates. — 30(7i. Fast -day iu the United States. Artillery engagement at Chancellors- ville, Va. Confederates defeated at Williams- burg, Va. — May 1st. Battle at Monticello, Ky. ; Confederates defeated. — 3d. Moseby's guerillas routed at Warrenton Junction. — ith. Admiral Porter takes possession of Fort de Russy, on Red River. — 6th. Confederates put to flight near Tupelo, Mi.ss. Battle near Clinton, Miss.. — 15th. Corbin and Gran hung at Sandusky for recruit- ing within the Union lines. — 18/7i. Democratic convention in New York city expresses sympa- thy with Vallaudigham. (See Vallandigham , Clement L., Exiled.) — 22d, 23d. Battle of Gum Swamp, N. C. — 28(/i. First negro regiment from the North left Boston.— 30t7(. The French take possession of Pnebla, Mexico. — June 1st. Demo- cratic conveution in Philadelphia sympathized with Vallaudigham. — 3d. Peace jiarty (which see) meeting in New York, under the lead of Fernando Wood. — 8/7i. General Forey, with the French army, enters the city of Mexico. De- partments of Monongabela and Susquehanna created. — VZth. Darieu, Ga., destroyed by Na- tional forces. Governor Curtin, of Pennsylva- nia, calls out the militia and asks for troops from New York to repel threatened Confederate iu- va.sion. General Gillmore in command of the De- partment of the South. — Uth. The consuls of England and Austria dismissed from the Con- federacy. — 15(7i. President Lincoln calls for 100,000 men to repel invasion. — 19th. Confeder- ate invasion of Indiana. — 21s(. Confederate cav- alry defeated at Aldie Gap, Ya. — 28(7i. General Meade succeeded General Hooker in the com- maud of the Army of the Potomac. Bridge over the Susquehanna burned. The authorities of the city of Philadelphia petition the President to relieve General McClellan of command. — 30/7i. Martial law proclaimed in Baltimore. — July 1st. Battle at Carlisle, Peuu. — 10t7i. Martiallaw pro- claimed at Louisville, Ky. Cavalry engagement ou the Autietam battle-field. — IKTi. Conscrip- tion under the draft begins in New York city. — 12M. Martial law proclaimed iu Ciucinuati. — MINOR EVENTS OP THE CIVIL WAK 891 MINOR EVENTS OF THE CIVIL WAR I3ft. Yazoo City, Miss., captured by the Nation- als. — 14/ft. Draft riots in Boston. — 15th. Riots iu Boston, Brooklyn, Jersey City, Staten Island, and other places. — 2Sd. Engagement at Manas- sas Gap ; 300 Confederates killed or wonnded, and 90 captnred. — 30th. President Lincoln pro- claims a retaliating policy iu favor of negro sol- diers. Defeat of Confederates at Winchester, Ky. — Aug. 1st. Heavy cavalry fight at Kelly's Ford, Va., and Confederates defeated. — 3d. Gov- ernor Seymour, of New York, remonstrated against the enforcement of the draft, becanse of alleged unfair enrolment. On the 7th, Presi- dent Lincoln replied and intimated that the draft should be carried out. — 6th. National Thanks- giving - day observed. — ■ IWi. General Robert Toombs exposes the bankruptcy of the Confed- eracy. — Ibth. The Common Council of New York city voted $3,000,000 for conscripts.— 21s«. Na- tional batteries opened on Charleston. — 22d. Beauregard protests against shelliug Charles- ton. — 2oth. JIany regiments in the squares of New York city to enforce the draft; removed September 5. — 2Sth. The Supervisors of New York county appropriate 5:2,000,000 for the re- lief of conscripts. — Sept. ith. Bread-riot at Mo- bile, Ala. — IVh. One half of James Island, Charleston harbor, captnred by National troops. • — 13(ft. Brilliant cavalry engagement at Culpep- er Court - house, Va. — 21«t. Sharp cavalry fight and National victory at Madison Court-house, Va. — 24f7!. Port of Alexandria, Va., officially de- clared to be open to trade. — Oct. 6th. Confed- erates under Bragg bombarded Chattanooga, Tenu., from Lookout Mountain. — 7th. The Brit^ Ish government seized the Confederate " rams" building in the Mersey, and forbid their de- parture. — 10th. Coufederates defeated at Bloc Springs, East Tennessee. — 17th. The President orders a levy of 300.000 men ; and if not furnished by Jan. 1, 1864, ordered a draft for the deficiency. — ZOth. Union meeting at Little Rock, Ark.— "sisf. Battle of Shell Mound, Tenn. ; Coufederates defeated. — Nov. Int. Plot to lib- erate Confederate prisoiiei's in Ohio discov- ered. — 2d. Lauding of General Banks's army iu Texas. — 2d. Confederate cavalry defeated near Columbia, and at Colliersville, Teun. Battle of Bayou Coteau, La. — ith. Banks takes possession of Brownsville on the Eio Grande. — 9f7i. Gen- eral Robert Toombs denounces the course, of the Confederate government iu a speech in Georgia. — 11th. Lord Lyons, the British Minister, official- ly informed the United States governmeut of a contemplated Confederate raid from Canada, to destroy Buffalo, and liberate Confederate pris- oners on St. John's Island, near Sandusky. A fleet of French steamers arrived off Brazos, Tex. — 15th. Corpus Christi Pass, Tex., captnred by National troops. — 18th. Mustang Island, Tex., captured by the Nationals. — I9th. Gettysburg battle-field consecrated as a national cemetery for Union soldiers who fell in the July battles. — 26th. National Thanksgiving - day observed. — Dec. 8th. President Lincoln issued a proclama- tion of amnesty. Congress thanked General Grant and his army, and ordered a gold medal to bo struck iu honor of the general. — 12th. No- ] tice given that the Confederate authorities re- fused to receive more supplies for the starving Union prisoners in Richmond, Va. 1864. — Jan. 11th. General Banks issued a proc- lamation for an election in Louisiana, Feb. 22<1. A provisional free -state government inaugu- rated at Little Rock, Ark. — 25th. Congress thanked Cornelius Vanderbilt for the gift to the government of the steamer Vanderbilt, worth |800,000.— 26tft. The United States Circuit Court at Louisville, Ky., decided that guerillas were " common enemies," and that carriers could not recover at law gomis stolen by such. — 27th. La- dies' Loyal League, New York, sent a petition for general emancipation, bearing 100,000 signa- tures. Confederate cavalry defeated at Sevier- ville. East Tennessee. Three huudred Confed- erate salt-kettles destroyed at St. Andrew's Bay, Fla. — 28th. Battle at Fair Garden, East Tennes- see ; Confederates defeated. — Feb. 1st. The Presi- deut ordered a draft, on March 10, for 500,000 men , for three years or the war. — ith. Colonel Mul- ligan drove Early out of Moorefield, West Vir- ginia. — 13th. Governor Bramlette, of Kentucky, proclaims protection to slaves from claims by Confederate owners.^22d:. Michael Hahn elected governor of Louisiana by the loyal vote. — Mose- by defeats Union cavalry at Draiusvillo. — 2Sd. Admiral Farragut began a six days' bombard- ment of Fort Powell, below Mobile. — March 2d. Ulysses S.Grant made lieutenant-general. — 6th. Confederates huug twenty-three Union prison- ers of war (one a drnmmer-boy aged fifteen) at Kinston, N. C. — 7th. Vallandigham advises tbrci- ble resistance to United States authority. — 8th. New York state voted by over .30,000 majority for the soldiers' voting law. — 9th. Colored troops under Colonel Cole captured Suffolk, Va. — loth. President Lincoln calls for 200,000 men in addi- tion to the 500,000 called for Feb. l.—lOth. Gov- ernor of Kentucky remonstrates against employ- ing slaves in the army. Arkansas votes to be- come a free-labor state. — 17th. General Grant assumes command of all the armies of the re- public. Fort De Eussy blown up by the National forces. — 28th. Louisiana State Constitutional Convention met at New Orleans. — 31s*. Long- street's army, after wintering in East Tennessee, retired to Virginia. — April 10th. Confederates seized and blew up Cape Lookout light-house, N. C. — 13th. New York Senate pass the soldiers' voting bill by a unanimous rote. — 16th. Ohio Superior Conrt decides the soldiers' voting law constitutional. Surprise and defeat of Confed- erates at Half Mountain, Ky., by Colonel Gallup. — 17th, Women's bread-riot in Savannah, Ga. — 21st. Nationals destroy the state salt-works near Wilmington, N. C, worth |100,000.— 25t7i, The offer of 85,000 one hundred days' men by the governors of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Iowa accepted by the President. — Afay 1st. Ladies' National Covenant to disuse imported articles formed at Washington, D. C.—2d. Ohio National Guard, 38.000 strong, report for duty. — 3d. Commodore Wilkes reprimanded and sus- pended from duty for three years, for disobedi- ence and disrespect to his superior officer. — ith. Colonel Spear, Eleventh Pennsylvania Cavalry, MINOR EVENTS OF THE CIVIL WAE 892 MINOK EVENTS OF THE CIVIL WAE departed on a raid from Portsmouth, Va., capt- ured a Confederate camp on the Weldon road, and destroyed $500,000 worth of property at Jar- ratt's Station. — 7th. To this date, 1 lieutenant- general, 5 major-generals, 25 brigadiers, 186 colo- nels, 146 lieutenant-colonels, 214 majors, 2497 captains, 5811 lieutenants, 10,563 uon-commis- sioued officers, 121,156 privates of the Confed- eiate army, and 5800 Confederate citizens had been made prisoners by National troops. Gen- eral Crook defeated the Confederates at Cloyd's Mountain, West Virginia, and fought an artil- lery duel on the 10th. — 15tA. This was the first day of rest for the Ai-my of the Potomac for twelve days. — 16t. 7th. Confederates defeated at Reedyville, Tenu., by Colonel Jourdan, with about 250 Pennsylvania cavalry. — 8th. The Con- federate General Price crossed the Arkansas Riv- er at Dardanelles, on his way to Missouri. — lith. Governor Brown, by proclamation, withdrew the Georgia militia, 15,000 strong, from the Con- federate army at Atlanta. — 19<7i. Secessionist passengers seized the steamers Island Queeii and Parsons on Lalpi and Ar- kansas constituted one military district, and military rule took the place of civil govern- ment. Early in January, 1868, a convention as- sembled to adopt a constitution, aud remained iu session until May 18. General Ames was ap- pointed governor (June 16, 1868), in place of Governor Humphreys, and, at au election held June 22, the constitution was rejected. On Ajjril 10, 1869, Congress authorized the President to submit the constitution again to a vote of the people, with such clauses separate as he might fleeui iiroper. The constitution was almost nmininiously ratified at au election in Novem- ber. Olyectionable clauses, such as those dis- franchising aud disqualifying i^ersons who had taken part against the government iu the Civil War, being voted upon separately, were rejected. A Republican governor (James L. Alcorn) was elected. In January, 1870, the Legislature rati- fied the Fourteeuth aud Fifteenth Amendments tothe national Constitution. By act of Congress (Feb. 23, 1870) Missis.sippi was readmitted into the Uniou, and ou March 10 Governor Alcorn was inaugurated, and the civil authority assumed rightful control. Population in 1880, 1,131,597. Mississippi Company, The. Anthony Crozat (which see), after large outlay aud small re- turns, for five years, was glad to resign his pat- ent. Other speculators were ready to take it ui). John Law, a gambler, who had established a bank in Paris, under royal authority, estab- lished (1717) au association which he called the " Mississippi Compauy," or West India Compa- ny, based ou a scheme of colonizing and draw- ing profits from the French possessions in North America. It soon became known as the " Com- jjany of the Indies." The compauy undertook to introduce into Louisiana 600 white settlers and half as many negroes. It extended its cap- ital to 624 shares, of 500 livres (§92.50) each, and oft'ered to lend the King of France 1,600,000,000 livres, at three per cent. Au extraordinary fe- ver of stock-gambling ensued. Shares of the compauy rose to forty times their par value. A crash came in 1720, and Law became a fugi- tive. The Mississippi bubble burst. Law had received twelve square miles of land on the Arkansas River, which he attempted to settle with 1500 Germans. They came, but, ou the bankruptcy of the company, finding themselves abandoned, went down to New Orleans, received allotments on both sides of the river, and set- tled there ou cottage farms, raising vegetables for the supply of the town and the soldiers. So was begun the settlement of the rich tract known as " The German Coast." Mississippi Ordinance of Secession. Elec- tions for a state convention were held Dec. 20, 1860. The convention met at Jackson, the state capital, on July 7, 1861. The politiciaifs iu the MSSISSIPPI EIVEE 899 MISSOUEI Btato, though a uuit for secessiou, were divided into " Seoessiouists " and " Co-operatiouists," the latter favoring delay, so as to have the co-opera- tion of the other states. These counselled wait- ing for an overt act of wrong on the part of the national goveruinent. But the hotspurs de- nounced this advice as cowardly iu thought and disastrous iu practice, and a local poet put sub- missive words into their mouths, calculated to stir the passions of the people. He said : "We are waiting till Abe LincolD grasps the pftric and grasps the sword. And is sending down upon us all his abolition horde; Tvaiting till our fneads are murdered and our towns and cities sacked. And * poor Saiubo ' gets his freedom— waiting for the ' overt act.' Waiting till our fields of cotton, cane, and rice, and wav- ing grain. All are desolate and lonely 'neath King Cuffee's stupid reign; Till our sisters, wives, and daughters are compelled to his embrace; Yes, we're waiting, only waiting, for this horrible disgrace ! " When the convention met again only about one third of their number were found to be "Co-operationists." These tried to postpone action, but they were voted down by decided m.njorities. Delegates from South Carolina and Alabama, who were present, were invited to take seats in the convention. The leaders in the secession movement having prepared an ordi- nance, the committee appointed to report one was not loug at the task. It was reported on the 8th, and many of the "Co-operationists" were so intimidated by threats, that, on the final vote the next day, only fifteen had the courage to vote No, It received eighty-four af- firmative votes, and it was afterwards declared to be unanimous. Like the South Carolina Or- dinance of Secession (see South Carolina Seces- sion CoHvention), the Mississippi ordinance re- pealed all laws connecting that state with the other states of the tJniou,and declared it to be an indepeudent sovereignty. They acknowl- edged the "sovereignty" of South Carolina. They assumed the right to dictate the terms on which the Mississippi should be navigated, iu the portion that washed the borders of their commonwealth, and a company of artillerists, calling themselves the " Quitmau Battery," hast- ened to Vicksburg and planted cannons on a bluff there. This was the beginniug of the for- tifications at Vicksburg. Mississippi River. Old writers spell its In- dian name Miche-sepe, meaning " Great Water," or " Father of Waters." It was first discovered by Europeans with De Soto, iu June, 1541, not far from the site of Helena, Ark., it is supposed. De Soto died on its hanks iu May or June, 1542. (See De Soto, Fei-nando.) In 1673 Joliet and Mar- quette descended the river to a point within three days' journey of its mouth. Father Hen- nepin explored it from the mouth of the Illinois River up to the Falls of St. Anthony in 1680, and in 1682 La Salle descended it to the Gulf of Mexico, and took possession of the country drained by it and its tributaries iu the name of the French king, and named the great stream River Colbert. (See La Salle, Robert Cavelier de.) In 1699 Iberville huUt Fort Biloxie near its mouth, and in 1703 the first settlement of Euro- peans in that region was made at St. Peter's, on the Ya7Aio branch. New Orleans was laid out in 1708, aud the building of levees was com- menced there. Mississippi Valley on the East. The French, in pursuance of their policy for spread- ing their dominions in America, had alwaj's concealed from the English all knowledge of the conutry beyond the Appalachian range of mountains. In 1714 Colonel Alexander Spotts- wood, Lientenaut-govemor of Virginia, resolved to acquire some knowledge of that mysterious region, and he went in person, with a few at- tendants, over those lofty ranges to the head- waters of the Tennessee aud Kentucky rivers. He made the first certain discovery of a passage through those everlasting hills; but the coun- try was very little known to Europeans until the middle of the eighteenth ceutury. Missouri was a part of what was originall.v known as " Upper Louisiana." By the graut of Louis XIV. to Crozat (which see), Sept. 14, 1712, " all the country drained by the waters empty- ing, directly or indirectly, into the Mississippi River, is included iu the boundaries of Louisi- ana, Iu northern Louisiana were included Ar- kansas, Missouri, Iowa, Kansas, and Nebraska. Below the Missouri the settlements were moro STATE SEAL OF MISSOCEI, rapid. In 1720thediscoveryoflead-niines within its present borders drew adventurers there. Its oldest town, St, Geuevieve, was founded in 1735, and, b.v the treaty of Paris (which see), in 1763, that whole region passed into the possession of the English. Already many of the Canadian French had settled on the borders of the Mis- sissippi. Lands were liberally granted to the colonists by the English, Emigrants from Spain flocked in. In 1775 St. Lonis, which had been first a fur-trading establishment (see Far-trade, r/ie American), contained 800 inhabitants, aud St, Genevieve about 460. In the region of Missouri there were soon stirring events; for Spain, taking sides with the Americans, made war on the Eng- lish, and that country became master of Lower Louisiana and Florida. In 1780 the British from the lakes attacked St. Louis, but the timely arri- val of George Rogers Clarke iu Illinoia saved it MISSOUEI COMPROMISE 900 MISSOURI COMPROMISE from capture. (See Clarke, George Sogers.) After the war Spaiu retained Louisiana, and the coun- try on the east bauk of the MiuBissippi became the property of the Uuited States. American settlers crossed the Mississippi, and collisions with the Spanish authorities ensued. Diploma- cy settled the disputes, and the navigation of the Mississipi)i was made free to both partie.s. The purchase of Louisiana made a final settlement. (See Louisiana.) It was divided into the " Ter- ritory of Orleans "and the " District of Louisi- ana." The latter was admitted into the Union as the State of Louisiana in 1812. The name of the District of Louisiana was changed to Mis- souri, and at that time the population was full 22,000. In 1817 it had increased to 60,000, ami application was made to Congress for permis- siou to frame a state constitution. It ■was framed, and application was made for the ad- mission of Missouri as a state. Then came the struggle between the friends and foes of the slave-labor system, which ended in the famous compromise (see Missouri Comjiromise), in ac- cordance with the i>rovisions of which Missouri was admitted to the Union, Aug. 10, 1821. From that time the material prosperity of the state rapidly increased. It was checked somewhat by the Civil War (1861-65). Popular feeling iu Missouri was opposed to secession, but the state authorities favored it. Civil war was be- gun in that state by the governor (C. F. Jack- son), who, on June 12, 1861, issued a call for the active service of 50,000 of the state militia, " for the purpose of reiielling invasion, and for the protection of the lives, liberty, and property of the citizens." It was simply a call for revolt against the authority of the United States. From that time until the close of the Civil War some part of the state, particularly the southern portion, was the scene of military movements — of skirmishes and battles. A state convention, authorized by the Legislat- ure, had assembled at St. Louis, March 4, 1861, to cousider the subject of secession, and main- tained its organization until the summer of 1863, wheu it passed an ordinance providing for the emancipation of all slaves in the state in 1870. (See President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation.) On Jan. 6, 1865, another couven- ' tion assembled at St. Louis and framed a new ooustitutiou, which was ratified by u popular vote in June following. During the war Mis- souri furnished to the National army 103,773 troops. Iu 1869 the Legislature of Missouri ratified the Fifteenth Amendment to the national Constitution. Population iu 1860,2,168.380. Missouri Compromise. In 1817 the inhabi- tants of the Territory of Missouri petitioned Con- gress for admission into the Union as a state. A bill was introduced into Congress (Feb. 13, 1819) for that purpose, wheu James Talliuadge, Jr., of New York, moved to insert a clause pro- hibiting any further introduction of slaves with- in its domains, and granting freedom to the children of those already there, on their attain- ing the age of twenty-five years. This motion brought the slavery question again before Con- gress most conspicuously. After a three days' vehement debate, it was carried, 87 to 76. As a companion to the Missouri bill, another to or- ganize the Territory of Arkansas was introduced (Feb. 16). When it was taken up, John W. Tay- lor, of New York, moved to add a provision that neither slavery nor involuntary servitude should hereafter bo introduced into any part of the ter- ritories of the United States north of 36° 30' north latitude, the northern boundary of the proposed new Territory of Arkansas. Arthur Livermoro, of New Hampshire, who had been zealous for the Missouri restrictions, conceived that this proposition had been made '' in the true spirit of compromise," but thought the line of division not sufficiently favorable to freedom. General W. H. Harrison agreed to the necessity of some such partition, but he proposed a line due west from the month of the Des Moines River, thus giving uj) to slavery the State of Missouri and all territory south of that latitude. This partition policy was warmly opposed by a large number of members of Congress from the North and the South, declaring themselves hos- tile to any compromise whatever. Slavery was either right or wrong, and there could be no compromise. Taylor withdrew his motion. The proposition for a comijromise which was finally agreed to was originated by a Northern member, and not by Henry Clay, of Kentucky, as is gen- erally supposed. This Missouri bill caused one of the most exciting debates on the slavery ques- tion ever before known in the national Legislat- ure. Extreme doctrines and foolish threats were uttered on both sides. Southern members threatened a dissolution of the Union. There was much adroit management by the party leaders, who used great dexterity in trying to avoid a compromise — for one party insisted upon Missouri entering, if at all, as a free-labor state, and the other party insisted that it should en- ter as a slave -labor state. But compromise seemed to be the only door through which Mis- souri might enter; and, by adroit nninagement, a compromise bill was carried (March 2, 1820) by a vote of 134 against 42. John Randolph denounced it as "a dirty bargain," and the eigh- teen Northern men who voted for it as " dough- faces." Monroe hesitated to sign the bill. There was an almost solid North against admitting Missouri as a slave-labor state. He consulted his cabinet concerning its constitutionality. The matter was allowed to go over until the next session, and it occupied much time during that session. At length Henry Clay moved a joint- committee (February, 1821) to consider whether or not it was expedient to admit Missouri into the Union ; and if not, what provision adapted to her actual condition ought to be made. The motion prevailed — 101 to 55 — all of the South- ern members, exceptiug Randolph and two or three followers, voting for it. The committee was appointed, aud soon reported. The closin" decision on the Missouri question was finally reached by the adoption of a compromise (Feb. 27, 1821) snbstauti.ally as proposed by Taylor of New York iu 1819 — namely, that in all terri- tory north of 36° 30' north latitude (outride the boundary of the State of Missouri) slavery MISSOURI COMPEOMISE ACT 901 MISSOURI, LAST INVASION OF slionM not exist, bat should be forever proliib- iteil ill the region north of that line. But Mis- souri was admitted as a slave-labor state. In the course of the later debates there was much angry feeling displayed, and nnwise incu, North and South, uttered the cry of disunion. A mem- ber from Georgia said, prophetically, iu thecourse of the debate: "A fire has been kindled which all the waters of the ocean cannot put out, and which only seas of blood can extinguish." The "seas of blood" shed in the late Civil War did alone extinguish it. Missouri Compromise Act, Signing of the. President Monroe hesitated abont signing the Missouri Compromise Act, because of doubts about the interpretation of a phrase and its constitutionality. He submitted two questions to his cabinet — "Has Congress the power to prohibit slavery iu a territory ?" and " Was the terra 'forever,' in the prohibitive clause in the bill, to be understood as referring only to the ter- ritorial condition of the district to which it re- lated, or was it an attempt to extend the prohi- bition of slavery to such stat«s as might be erect- ed therefrom ?" The cabinet was unanimous in the affirmative on the first question. On the second question, Adams (John Quincy, Secre- tary of State) thought the term meant forever, and not to be limited to the existence of the territorial condition of the district. Others limited it to the territorial condition — a terri- torial "forever" — and not interfering with the right of any state formed from it to establish or prohibit slavery. Calhoun wished not to have this question mooted, and at his suggestion the second question was modified into the mere in- quiry, Is the provision, as it stands in the bill, constitutional or not ? This was essentially a different question. To it all could answer yes, and did so answer in writing. It was a decep- tive show of unanimity of opinion in the cabi- net. This writing was ordered to be deposited iu the archives of state, but it afterwards mys- teriously disappeared. The act was signed by the Presideut, but with a differeut understand- ing from that which had been adopted by Con- gress. The transaction has upon the face of it the appearance of a trick to iuduce all parties to acquiesce in the measure. Missouri Convention, The (1861), assembled at Jefferson City, Feb. 28. On the second day of the session it adjourned to St. Louis, where it reassembled, March 4, with Sterling Price as presideut, and Samuel A. Lowe as secretary. Price professed to be a Unionist, and so ob- tained his election. He soon afterwards he- came one of the most active Confederate mil- itary leaders iu that region. Luther J. Glenn, an accredited commissioner from Georgia, was allowed to address the convention on the first day of the session at St. Louis. He strongly urged Missouri to join the " Southern Confeder- acy ;" but it was found that the atmosphere of St. Lonis, iu and out of tlie convention, was not doctrines. The population of that city was made np largely of New-Euglanders and Ger- mans, who were loyal ; while emigrants from slave-labor states, especially Virginia, composed the great body of the Secessionists. Glenn's re- marks were greeted with hisses by spectators at the convention. The convention itself officially assured him that his views were not acceptable to that body. The proceedings of tliat conven- tion throughout were marked by gieat dignity and propriety. The report of a Committee on Federal Relations, submitted to tlie convention on March 9, deplored the oflensive language used towards the slave -labor states and the institution of slavery by the anti-slavery speak- ers and writers in the free-labor states; but de- clared that " heretofore tliere has been no com- plaint against the actions of the Federal gov- ernment, in any of its departments, as designed to violate the rights of the Southern States." The committee concluded tliar, while the pos- session of the government by a sectional party miglit lead to dangerous sectional strife, the history of the country taught that tliere was not much to be feared from political parties iu power. The report closed with seven resolu- tions evincing attachment to the Union; de- claring the Crittenden Compromise (which see) to be a proper basis for an adjustmeut ; that a convention of the states to propose amendments to the Constitution would be useful iu restoring peace and quiet to the country : that an attempt to " coerce the submission of the secediug states, or the employment of military force by the se- ceding states to assail the government of the United States," would inevitably lead to civil war; and earnestly entreated the national gov- ernment and the Secessionists to " stay the arms of military power." The convention substan- tially adopted this report, JIarch 19 ; and an amendment was agreed to recommending the withdrawal of the national troops from the forts within the borders of the seceding states where there is danger of collision between the state and national troops. After appointing delegates to a border state convention, and giving power to a committee to call another session when it might seem necessary, the con- vention adjourned to the third Monday in De- cember. Missouri, Last Invasion of (1364). Em- boldened by the failure of the Red River exjie- dition (which see), the Confederates, by raiding bauds, awed the Unionists in Arkansas into in- activity, and gave General Price an opportu- nity, early iu the fall of 1864, to invade Missouri again, this time chiefly for a political purpose. Secret societies in sympathy with the "Knights of the Golden Circle" (which see) had been formed in Missouri and neighboring Southern States, whose object was to give aid to the Con- federate cause and assist in the election of Gen- eral McClellan, who, through the influence of. the Peace faction, had been nominated for the office of Presideut of the United States by the Democratic party. Price bad been promised twenty thousand recruits if he should euter congenial to the nourishment of such seditious Missouri with a respectable military force. He and General Shelby crossed the Missouri border early in September with twenty thousand io\-. MISSOURI, POSITION OF 902 MISSOURI lowers, and pushed on to Pilot Knob, half-way to St. Louis. But the promised recruits did not appear. Tlie vigilant Rosecrans, in command of the Department of Missouri, had discovered the plans of the disloyalists, and, by some ar- rests, had so frightened the remainder that they prudently remained in concealment. Price was disappointed ; and he soon perceived that a web of great peril was gathering around him. Gen- eral Ewing, with a brigade of National troops, struck him an astounding blow at Pilot Knob. Soon afterwards these and otlier troops under General A. J. Smith and General Mower sent Price flying westward towards Kansas, closely pursued. This chase was enlivened by several skirmishes, and late in November Price was a fugitive in western Arkansas with a broken and dispirited army. Tliis was the last inva- sion of Missouri by the Confederates. In tlie expulsion of Price from Missouri General Pleas- anton bore a conspicuous part. The total loss of the Nationals during the invasion was tliree hundred and forty -six killfd and wounded. Price left Missouri much weaker than when he entered it. Missouri, Position of, in 1861. The inhab- itants of this state, lying west of the Mississippi, had been much agitated by the political events in Kansas. (Se« Kansas, Civil TTar in.) They had pretty well learned the merits of the ques- tion at issue, and when they were called upon to act they did so intelligentlj-. They knew the value of the Union ; and the great body of the people deprecated the teachings of the dis- loyal politicians, and determined to stand by the national government. Claiborne F. Jack- son, a co-worker with the Secessionists, and an enemy to the Union, was inaugurated Governor of Jlissouri, Jan. 4, 1861. In his message to the Legislature, he recommended the people to stand by their sister slave -labor states in whatever course they might pursue. He recommended the calling of a convention. This the Legislat- ure authorized (June 16), but decreed that its action on the subject of secession should be sub- mitted to the people before it should be valid. The election resulted in a large Uuiou majority. The convention assembled at Jett'erson City, Feb. 28. Its action was chiefly on the side of the Union. It declared substantially, like Ken- tucky, that the State of Missouri would stand by the national government on certain condi- tions. The Legislature of Missouri was in ses- sion at the same time. As the governor could not mould the action of the convention to his views, he labored to that end with the Legislat- ure. Determined to give the Secessionists con- trol of the strong Union city of St. Louis, the chief depository of fire-arms within the state, he procured an act for the establishment of a met- ropolitan police in that city, under five couiuiis- sioners to be appointed by the governor. This was the first and an important step towards the adoption of revolutiouary measures which involved Missouri in the horrors of civil war aud anarchy for a time. Missouri, Preparatioxs for War in (1861). The capture of the Secessionist troops at St. Louis (see Arsenal at St. Louis) produced con- sternation among the Secessionists at Jefferson City, where the Missouri Legisl.-'ture was in ses- sion. A bill was immediately passed by wliich the governor was authorized to receive a loan of 1500,000 from the banks and to issue §1,000,000 in state bonds for war purposes. He was also authorized to purchase arms, and the whole mil- itary power of tlie state was placed under his control. Meanwhile General Harney had is- sued a proclamation denouncing the bill as an indirect secession ordinance, .and null; yet, anx- ious for ])eace, he was ready to pursue a concil- iatory policy. He entered into a eompiict (May 21) with Sterling Price, a general of the state militia, which had for its object the securing of the neutrality of Missouri in the impeuding conflict. Price, in the name of the governor, pledged the power of the state to the mainte- nance of order. Hamey, in the name of his government, agreed to make no military move- ments so long as that order was preserved. The loyal people were alarmed, for they well knew the governor would violate his pledge. The national government did not sanction the com- pact. General Harney was relieved of his com- mand, and on May 29 Lyon, who had been com- missioned (May 16) a brigadier -general, was put in his place and made commander of the Department of Missouri. The purse and sword of Missouri were in the hands of the governor, aud he defied the national goveiiiment. He determined to wield the power of the state in favor of the Southern Confederacy. Finally General Lyon and others held a conference (June 11) with Governor Jackson. He demand- ed as a vital condition of jiacification the dis- baudiug of the "Home Guards" — loyal citizens — throughout the state, and that no National troops should be allowed to set foot on the soil of Missouri. Lyon refused compliance, aud on the following day the governor raised the stand- ard of revolt. He issued a proclamation calliug into active service fiftj' thousand of the state militia "for the purpose of repelling invasion, and for the protection of the lives, liberty, and property of the citizens," telling the people their primary allegiance was to the State of Missouri. He ordered two important raihvay bridges be- tween St. Louis and Jefiersou City to be burned and the telegraiih wires to be cut. So Governor Jackson inaugurated civil war in Missouri. Missouri Proclaimed a Member of the Confederacy. Thomas C. Reynolds, Lieuten- ant-governor of Missouri, issued u iiroclamatiou at New Madrid (July 31, 1861), as acting chief- magistrate in the "temporary absence," he said, "of Governor Jackson," in which he declared tlie absolute severance of Missouri from the Union. " Disregarding forms," he said, " aud looking to realities, I view any ordinance for the separation from the North and union with the Confederate States as a mere outward cere- mony to give notice to others of an act already consummated in the hearts of the people ; con- sequently, no authority of the United States will hereafter be permitted in Missouri." This short MISSOURI PUEGED 903 MITCHEL way of transferring the allegiance of the people of a stat-e from one power to another was fol- lowed by the anuoancemeot, iu the same proc- lamation, that they were placed under the mili- tary rule of the Confederacy, and that, by invi- tation of Governor Jackson, General G. J. Pil- low, of Tennessee, had already entered Missouri with troops. The fugitive governor (Jackson) had been to Kichnioud to prepare the way for the admission of Missouri into the Confederacy. From New Madrid he proclaimed (Aug. 5, 1861) that Missouri was " a sovereign, free, and inde- pendent republic." On the 20th of the same month the Confederate Congress at Richmond passed au act to " aid the State of Missouri in repelling invasion by the United States, and to authorize the admission of said state as a mem- ber of the Confederate States of America-" Measures were speedily adopted for the con- summation of the alliance, and during a greater portion of the war men claiming to represent the people pf Missouri occupied seats iu the Confederate Congress at Richmond. The old Legislature of Missouri met at Neosho, Oct. 21, and on the 28th passed an Ordinance of Seces- sion. An act to provide for the defence of the State of Missouri was adopted Nov. 1, in which provision was made for the issue of what were called "Defence Bonds" to the amount of 810,- 000,000, payable in three, five, and seven years. Missouri Purged. Strengthened by the suc- cesses of Pope (see Blaclcwater, Battle at the), Gen- eral Halleck, iu command of the Department of Missouri, prepared to put forth more vigorous efforts to purge that state of insurgents and to effectually suppress the insurrection. On Dec. 3, 1861, he declared martial law in St. Lonis, and afterwards extended it to all railroads and their vicinities. Meanwhile Price, being promised reinforcements from Arkansas, moved back to Springfield, where he concentrated about twelve thousand men, and prepared to spend the win- ter there. Halleck sent General S. R. Curtis to drive him out of the state. Cnrris was as- sisted by Generals Davis, Sigel, Asboth, and Prentiss. They moved in three columns. Ear- ly in February, 1862, Price fled into Kansas, whither he was pursued by Curtis; and Hal- leck wrote to his government, late in February, that he had " purged Missouri," and that the flag of the Union was " waving in triumph over the soil of Arkansas." In accomplishing this work no less than sixty battles — most of them skirmi.shes — had been fought on Missouri soil, beginning with Booneville, at the middle of Juue, 1861, and ending at the middle of Febru- ary, 1862. These conflicts resulted in the loss, to both parties, iu killed, wounded, and prison- ers, of about eleven thousand men. Missouri River, The. Recent investigations seem to make it certain that the Mississippi River, from its confluence with the Missouri, should be called the Missouri ; and that the Mississippi proper, above that confluence, is a branch of the Missouri. Above their conflu- ence the Mississippi drains 169,000 square miles, and the Missouri diains 518,000 square miles. From that point to Lake Itasca the length of the Missi8sipi>i is 1330 miles; while that of the Missouri, from its sources in Madison, Red Rock, and Gallatin lakes, is about 3047 miles. At the confluence of the rivet's the Mississippi has a mean discharge of 105,000 cubic feet of water a second, and the Missouri 120,000 cubic feet of water a second. Above tliat confluence the Mis- souri is navigable to Fort Benton, Montana, by good-sized steamboats, a distance of 2682 miles, or more than twice the length of the Mississippi from Lake Itasca to it« confluence with the Mis- souri. Reckoning the Mississippi below the con- fluence as the Missouri makes the latter, to the Gulf — 4347 miles — the longest river iu the world. Missouri Union Convention. This conven- tion, which had been held in February, 1861, and adjourned, reassembled at Jefferson City, the capital of the state, on July 22, and pro- ceeded to reorganize civil government for Mis- souri, which had been broken up by the flight of the governor and other officers and the dis- persion of the Legislature, many of whom were now insurgent soldiers. By a vote of fifty-six to twenty-five the convention declared the va- rious state offices vacant ; also that the seats of the members of the General Assembly were var cant ; and the}' proceeded to fill the executive offices to carry on a provisioual government, and appointed the first Monday in November as the time for the people to elect all the state of- ficers and a new Assembly. The convention is- sued an address to the people, iu which they set forth the dangers with which the common- wealth was menaced by the acts of the Seces- sionists, and exposed the treasonable acts of the governor and his associates. H. R. Gamble was appointed Provisional Governor ; W. P. Hall, Lieutenant-governor ; and M. Oliver, Secretary of State. The new provisional government, by discreet action, secured the confidence and sup- port of the majority of the people of Mi.ssonri. Mitchel, Ormsbt McKxight, LL.D., was born iu Union County, Ky., Aug. 28, 1610; died ORMSBY M. UITCHEL. at Beaufort, S. C, Oct. 30, 1862. He graduated at West Point in 1829, and was assistant pro- MITCHELL 904 MOB IN BALTIMORE fessor of mathematics there until 1831. He be- ! canio a lawyer, and for ten years (1834-44) he was professor of mathematics, philosophy, and astronomy in Cincinnati College. When an ob- servatory was established at Cincinnati lie be- came its director. Soon afterwards he became engineer of a railroad, and from 1859 to 1861 be was director of the Dudley Observatoiy at Al- bany, X. Y. Professor Mitchel was a very pop- nlar lecturer on astronomy, bnt the breaking- out of the Civil War turned his extraordinary energies into another field of effort. In August, 1861, he was made brigadier-general of volun- teers and ordered to the Department of the Ohio. He made a most snccessfnl march south- ward from Nashville, taking possession of an important region along the line of the Charles- ton and Memphis Railroad ; and his successes promised liberation for East Tennessee, when he was restrained by the excessive cantion of his chief commander. General Bnell. For these exploits Mitchel was made major-general in April, 1862. (See Mitcliel's Expedition.) In Sep- tember he was made commander of the Depart- ment of the South, with his headquarters at Hilton Head, where he was working with his usual energy in preparations for a ^^gorons cam- paign, when he perished by yellow fever. Mitchell, Maria, an American astronomer, and a member of the Society of Friends, was born at Nantucket, Aug. 1, 1818. She inherited from her father, William Mitchell (who died at Vas- sar College, Poughke,epsie, N. T., in April, 1869, aged seventy-five years), a fondness for astro- nomical studies, and became a valuable as- sistant to him in the study of astronomy when she was quite young. Examining nebulae and searching for comets, her industry and efforts were rewarded when, on Oct. 1, 1847, at the age of twenty-nine years, she discovered a tel- escopic comet, for which she received a gold medal from the King of Denmark. She was af- terwards employed in making obhcrvations connected with the coiist survey, and for many i years assisted in the compilation of the JVon- I tical Abnanac. In the spring of 1865 she was j appointed professor of astronomy and super- intendent of tlie observatory at Vassar Col- lege (the first institution of the kind for the bidier education of women established on the earth), and entered upon her duties iu Sep- tember. That position she now (1887) fills. She is a member, of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Mrs. Mitchell has received the honorary degrees of Ph.D. and LL.D. Mitchel'sExpedition. The Confederate forces under General A. S. Johnston, when they passed tlirongh Nashville (see NashviUe, Evacuation of), pushed on to Murfreesborongh, and there, taking a southwesterly course, joined the ibrces under Beauregard at Corinth, iu northern Mississippi. General Ormsby M. Mitchel was sent by General Bnell, with a part of his force, iu the direction of Huntsville, Ala., to seize and hold the Jleni- phis and Charleston Railway at that place. He performed this task with most wonderful vigor. With engines and cars captured at Bowling Green he entered Nashville, and pushed ou southward. He reached the southern boundary of Tennessee on April 10, crossed the state-line the same day, and entered northern Alabama. He had passed through a very hostile region, but now saw signs of loyalty. Pushing on to Huntsville, before dawu, April 11, while the unsuspecting inliabitauts were soundly slum- bering, he surprised and captured the place. He did not tarry long there. Finding himself in possession of an ample supply of rolling- stock, he speedily organized two expeditions to operate along the line of the railway each way from Huntsville. Colonel Sill led the expedi- tion eastward to Stevenson, and Colonel Tur- chin the other westward to Tuscumbia. Ou April 16 Mitchel said to his soldiers : " Yon have struck blow after blow with a rapidity unparal- leled. Stevenson fell sixty miles to the east of Huntsville; Decatur and Tuscnmbia have been in like manner seized, and are now occupied. In three days you have extended your front of operations more than one hundred miles, and your morning-gun at Tuscumbia may now be heard by your comrades on the battle-field made glorious by their victory before Corinth." (See Corinth, Battle of.) Mitchill, Samuel Latham, M.D., LL.D.. was born at North Hempstead, L. I., Aug. 20, 1764; died in New York city, Sept. 7, 1831. He stud- ied medicine with Dr. Bard (which see), but turned his attention to law, and began a pub- lic career by serving as commissioner (1788) to treat with the Iroquois (which see) in New York State for the purchase of their lauds. In 1790 he was in the Legislature, and at the age of twenty-eightbecameprofessor of chemistry, nat- ural history, and philosophy iu Columbia Col- lege. Dr. Mitchill was e\er ready to labor for the enlargement of the bounds of human knowledge and to advance the interests of man- kind. He was one of the founders of the Soci- ety for the Promotion of Agriculture, Manu- factures, and the Useful Arts, and his scientific labors made him famous at home and abroad when he was little past thirty years of age. In 1797 he assisted in establishing the Medical Ile- pository, a magazine which he edited sixteen years. He was a member of the Lower House of Congress from 1801 to 1804 and a United States Senator from 1804 to 1S09. From 1808 to 1820 he was professor of natural history iu the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons; of botany and materia niedica from 1820 to 1826, and was vice-president of the Rutgers Medical School. With Drs. Hosack and Williamson he founded the New York Literary and Philosoph- ical Society. Dr. Mitchill possessed a very reten- tive memory, and acquired vast stores of learn- ing. He believed iu Fulton's ability to establish navigation by steam, promoted his interests in the Legislature, and was one of the friends who accomjianied him on his experimental voyage from New York to Albany iu September, 1807. Mob in Baltimore (1861). (See Massachusetts Ti'oops ill Baltimore.) MOBILE BAY, NAVAL BATTLE IN 905 MOBILE, CAPTURE OF Mobile Bay, Navai, Battle in. After the rtestniction of the Alabama (which see) it was (loteimined to seal np the ports of Mobile and Wilmiiigtou agaiust Euglish blockade-runners. These were the only ports then oi)en to them. Atlniiral Farragnt was sent for that purpose to the entrance of Mobile Bay, full thirty miles be- low the city of Mobile, with a fleet of eighteen vessels, four of them iron-clad, while a co-oper- ating land force 5000 strong, under General Gor- don Granger, was sent from New Orleans to Dau- phin Island. Farragut entered the bay Aug. 5, 1864. That entrance is divided into two pas- sages by Dauphin Island. Ou the eastern side of this island was Fort Gaines, commanding the main entrance ; and southeasterly from it was Fort Morgan, a still stronger work, w ith a light- house near it. These forts the Confederates had well armed and manned, and w ithin the bay lay a Confederate flotilla under Admiral Buchanan. (See Monitor and Merrimac.) His flag-ship was the Tennessee, a powerful "ram," and it was accom- panied by three ordinary gunboats. Farragnt lashed his wooden ships together in couples, his own flag-ship, the Hartford, being tethered to the Metacomet. Wishing to have a general over- sight of the battle, he ascended the rigging, w hen Captain Drayton, fearing he might be dislodged by a sudden shock, sent tip a man with a liue which lie passed around the admiral and made it fast. In this position he went into the battle, boldly sailing in between the forts, and deliver- ing terrific broadsides of grape-shot, first upon FortMorgau. The"monitor" ZecamseA, which led the National vessels, was struck by the explo- sion of a torpedo directly nuder her turret, car- rying down with her Commander Craven and nearly all of his officers and crew — only 17 of 130 were saved. Farragut ordered the Hartford to push on and the others to follow, unmindful of torpedoes. The forts were silenced by the storm of grape-shot poured upon them, but as the National fleet entered the bay the Confeder- ate vessels opened upon them. The " ram" Ten- nessee rushed at the Hartford, but missed her. The fire of the three gunboats was concentrated ou the flag-ship. The fight was short. One of the Confederate gunboats was captured, and the other two sought safety uuder the caunous of the fort. Under cover of night one of them es- caped to Mobile. Believing the battle over at arafcively small tract in the vicinity of Brantfoid, on the Grand River. lu 1830 they snrreiuleied to the government the town-plot of Biantfiinl, when it was surveyed and sold to ac- tual settlers. On their present reservation is a church huiltof wood in 1783, ajjlain, unpreteud- MOHAWK CHURCH. ing structnre. It is furnished with asilver coni- muuiou-service which Queen Anue presented to the Mohawks in 1712. Upon each piece is en- graved the royal arms of England and the mono- gram of the queen, "A. R."— Anne Eegina— with tlie following in.scription : "The Gift other Maj- esty, Auue, by the Grace of God, of Great Brit- ain, France, and Ireland, and of her Plantations COiQIUXIOX PLiTE. in North America, Queen, to her Indian Chapel of the Mohawks." Mohegans (or Mohicans). This was an Al- gonquin family found by the Dutch on the Hud- son River ahove the Highlands. The name was also given to several indei>endent tribes on Long Island, and in the country between the Leuni- Lenapes or Delawares (see Delawarea) and the New England Indians. Of this family the Pe- quods, who inhabited eastern Connecticut, were the most powerful, and exercised authority over thirteen cantons ou Long Island. They received the Dutch kindly, and gave them lands ou which they erected Fort Orange, now. Albany. They were then at war with the Mohawks, and when furiously attacked by the latter the Mohegans tloiinish colonies shonhl also catch the tlanie." The IJrilish ministry saw the danger of a disniembernient of the empire, but did not have \Yis(h)ni sntticient to arrest it by jus- tice. " Depend upon ii." said Hillsborongli to rlic agent of Connecticut, "Parliament will not suf- fer its authority to be trampled upon. We wish to avoid severities towards you, but if you refuse obedience to our laws, the whole tleet and army of England shall enforce it." Monckton, Robert, Governor of New Y MOXITOK. The Xfw Ironsides was a powerful vessel built in Philadelphia. It had a wooden hull covered with iron plates four inches in thickness. Her aggregate weight of guns was 284,000 ponnds, two of them 200 -pound Parrott guns. She Iiad two horizontal steam-engines, and was fur- nished with sails. At her bow was a formidable wrought-irou ram or beak. She was acciden- tally set on fire and destroyed at lier mixnlngs at League Island, below Philadelphia, Dec. 15, 1866. Monk's Comer, SuRpnisE of Amkrican Cav- alry AT. While the British were besieging Charleston in 1780 Csee Siege of Charleston), were attacked Just at dawn (April 14) and vrere scattered. Twenty-five of the Americans were killed; the remainder fled to the swamps. Tarle- ton secured nearly 300 horses, and, after closing Lincoln's communications with the country, lie returned to the British camp in frinmiih. Monmouth Court-house, Battu! of. Just before the dawn (June 18, 1778) the British be- gan their evacuation of Philadelphia. They crossed the Delaware to Gloucester Point, and that evening encamped around Haddonfield, a few miles southeast from Camden, N. J. The Tiews of this evacuation readied Washington, at Valley Forge, before morning. He immediately MONMOUTH COURT-HOUSE, BATTLE OF 912 MONMOUTH COUET-HOUSE, BATTLE OP sent General Maxwell, with his brigiide, to co- operate witli tbe New Jersey militia under Gen- eral Dickinson, in retarding the march of tlie British, wlio, when they crosicd tlie river, were 17,000 strong, in effective men. Tliey marched in two divisions, one under Coriiwallis and the other led by Knypliansen. General Arnold, whose wounds kept him from tlie field, enter- ed Philadeliihia with a detachment before the I'ear- guard of the British had left it. Tlie remainder of the army, under the immediate command of Washington, crossed the Delaware ajove Trenton and pursued. General Cliarles Lee, who had been exchanged, was now witli the army, and persistently ojjposed all interfer- ence with Clinton's march across New Jersey, and found fault with everything. (See Ti-ea- 8on of General Lee. ) Clinton had intended to march to New Brunswick and embark his army on Raritan Bay for New York; but, finding Washington in his path, he turned, at Allen- town, towards Monmouth Court-house, to make his way to Sandy Hook, and thence to New York by water. Washington followed him in a parallel line, prepared to strike him whenever an opportunity should offer, while Clinton wish- ed to avoid a battle, for he was encumbered with baggage-wagons and a host of camp-fol- lowers, making his line twelve miles in length. He encamped near the court-house in Freehold, jMonmonth Co., N. J., on the 27th of June, and OLD MoxMorrn corRT-HorsE. there Washington resolved to strike him if he should move the next morning, for it wa.s ini- portanf to prevent his reaching the advantage- ous position of Middletown Heights. General Lee was now in command of the advanced corps. Washington ordered him to form a plan of at- tack, but he omitted to do so, or to give any or- ders to Wayne, Laftiyette, or Maxwell, who call- ed upon him. And when, the next morning (June 28) — a hot Sabbath — Washington was told Clin- ton was about to move, and ordered Lee to fall upon the British rear, unless there should be gi-ave reasons for not doing so, that officer so tardily obeyed that he allowed his antagonist ample time to prepare for battle. When Lee did move, he seemed to have no plan, and by his orders and counter-orders so perplexed his generals that they sent a request to Washing- ton to appear on the field with the main army immediately. And while Wayne was attack- ing with vigor, with a sure prosjiect of victory, Lee ordered him to make only a feint. At that moment Clinton changed front, and sent a large force, horse and foot, to attack Wayne. Lafay- ette, believing there was now a good opportuni- ty to gain the rear of the British, rode quickly up to Lee and asked permission to attempt the move- ment. He at first refused, but, seeing the earnest- ness of the marquis, he yielded a little, and order- ed him to wheel his cobimu by the right and at- tack Clinton's left. At the same time he weak- ened Wayne's detachment by taking three regi- ments from it to support the right. Then, being ajipareutly disconcerted by a movement of the British, he ordered his right to fall back; and Generals Scott and Maxwell, who were then about to attack, were ordered to retreat. At the same time Lafayette received a similar order, a general retreat began, and the British pnisued. In this flight and pursuit Lee showed no dis- position to check either party, and the retreat became a disorderly flight. Washington was then pressing forward to the support of Lee, when he was met by the astounding intelli- gence that the advance division was in full re- treat. Lee had sent him no word of this dis- astrous movement. The fugitives, falling back upon the main army, might endanger the whole. Washington's indignation was fearfully aroused, and when he met Lee, at the head of the second retreating column, he rode up to him, and, in a tone of withering reproof, he exclaimed, " Sir, I desire to know what is the reason and whence comes this disorder and confusion ?" Lee re- plied sharply, "You know the attack was con- trary to my advice and opinion." The chief re- plied in a tone that indicated the depth of his indignation, " You should not have undertaken the command unless you intended to earrj' it ont." There was no time for altercation, and, wheeling his horse, he hastened to Ramsay and Stewart, in the rear, and soon rallied a greater portion of their regiments, and ordered Oswald to take post on an eminence near, with two cannons. These pieces, skilfully handled, soon checked the enemy. Washington's presence in- spired the troops with courage, and ten minutes after he appeared the retreat was ended. The troops, lately a fugitive mob, were soon in or- derly battle array on an eminence on which General Lord Stirling placed some batteries. The line, then, was commanded on the right by General Greene and on the left by Stirling. The two armies now confronted each other. The British, about 7000 strong, were upon a uarrow road, bounded by morasses. Their cavalry at- tempted to turn the American left flank", but were repulsed and disappointed. The regi- ments of foot came np, when a severe battle occurred with nmskotry and cannons. The American artillery, under the general direction MONOCACY, BATTLE OF 913 MONOPOLY OF COLONIAL TEADE of Knox, did great execution. For a while tlie result seemed doubtful, when General Wayne came up with a body of troops aud gave victo- ry to the Americans. Colonel Moucktou, per- ceiving that the fate of the conflict depended upon driving Wayne away or capturing liiui, led his troops to a bayonet charge. So terrible was Wiiyne's storm of bullets upon them that almost every British officer was slain. Their brave leadef was among the killed, as he was l)res8iiig forward, waving his sword and shout- ing to his men. His veterans then retreateil, and fell back to the heights occupied by Lee in the nioruiug. The battle ended at twiliglit, when tcie wearied armies rested on their weapons, pre- pared for another conflict at dawn. Through Baltimore. Already General Grant had been informed of the invasion, and had sent General Wright, with the Sixth Corps, to protect the capital. General E. B. Tyler was at Frederick with about 1000 troops, and Wallace gathered there, on the 6th, all tlie available troops in his department that could be .spared from the du- ties of watching the railways leading into Bal- timore from the North. He sent Colonel Clen- denniu to search for positive iuformation, with 400 men aud a secti(Mi of artillery, and at Mid- dletown he encountered 1000 Confederates un- der Bradley Johnson, a Marylauder, who push- ed him steadily hack towards Frederick. There was a sharp fight near Frederick that tlay (July 7, 1864j, and, at six o'clock, Gili)in's regiment '-J- & the deep sands of the roads, Clin- ton withdrew his army so silent- ly, towards mid- night, that he was far on his way towards Sandy Hook when the American sentinels dis- covered his flight in the morning (June 29). Washington did not pursue, aud the British es- caped to New York. They had lost 1000 men by desertion while crossing New Jersey, and they left four officers and 245 non-commissioned offi- cers aud privates on the field, taking with them many of the wounded. They lost fifty-nine by the terrible heat of the day. More than fifty Americans died from the same cause. The loss of the Americans was 228, killed, wounded, and missing. Many of the latter afterwards returned to the army. Washington marched northward, crossed the Hudson Kiver, aud encamped in Westchester County, N. Y., until late in the au- tumn. Monocacy, Battle of. On July 5, 1864, Gen- eral Lew. Wallace, in command of the Middle Department, with his headquarters at Balti- more, received iuformation that General Jubal A. Early, with 15,000 or 20,000 Confederates, who had invaded Maryland, was marching ou charged the Confederates and drove them back to the mountains. Satisfied that the destination of the invaders was Washington, and knowing it was then too weak in troops to resist the Con- federates successfully, Wallace threw his little force iu fnuit of them to impede their march. He withdrew his troops from Frederick to a chosen position on the left bank of the Monoca- cy, and on the 9th fought the invaders desper- ately for eight hours. Wallace had been join- ed by the brigade of Ricketts, the advance of the oncoming Sixth Corps. Although- finally defeated, this little band of Nationals had kept the invading host at bay long enough to allow the remainder of the Sixth Corps to reach Wash- ington. Wallace's troops had thus gained a real victory that saved the capital. So declared the Secretary of War aud the Lieutenant-general. The check to the Confederates, altogether, was over thirty hours. The number of National troops engaged in the battle was about 5500 ; the Confederates numbered about 20,000. The Nationals lost 1959 men, of whom 98 were killed, 579 wounded, aud 1282 missing. Monopoly of Colonial Trade. In 1663 Par- liament passed an act for securing the mouopo- ly of the trade of the English-American colonies for the benefit of the English shippiug interest, then a powerful factor iu politics. . It prohib- ited the importatiou into any of the English MONUOE DOCTEINE, THE 914 MONROE colonies of any commodities of the growth, pro- duction, and manufacture of Europe, unless they were shipped from the British islands iu Eng- lish-built vessels. Monroe Dootxine, Thk. Tlicre appearing :i disposition on the jiait of tlie great powers of Europe to assist Spain in efforts to regain her American colonial iiossessions, tlie iiidependeuce of which the goveriiniont of the United States had formally acknowledged (see Spanish- Amer- ican Goveriim&ttH), Presidimt Monroe called spe- cial attention to the matter in his seventh an- imal message (Dec. 2, 182.3), in which he said: " We owe it to candut with the govern- ments who have declared their independence and maintained it, and whose independence we have, on great considerations and on just prin- ciples, acknowledged, we could not view any in- terposition for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in any other manner their des- tiny, by any European power, in any other light than as a manifestation of an unfriendly dispo- sition towards the United States." This was an assurance that moral supjiort should be given by tbe United States to the other Amer- ican republics in preventing any future coloni- zation on the shores of the two American con- tinents by European powers. This is called " the Monroe Doctrine." Congress, by resolu- tion (Dec. 23, 1823), made inquiries of the Pres- ident for information relative "to tbe deter- mination of any sovereign, or combination of sovereigns, to assist Spain in the subjugation of her late colonies on the American continent." " The Monroe Doctrine " has ever since been rec- ognized as a part of the settled policy of the Republic. When, at the breaking-out of the American Civil War, the Emperor of the French, believing the ruin of tlie United States govern- ment to be certain, attempted to plant a mon- archj' in Jlexico, on our southern border, and actually placed his dupe, Maximilian, on a throne there by the force of military power, the government of the United States warned him to desist, or his troops would be expelled by force. When he saw, at the conclusion of the Civil War, that the Republic of the West was stronger than ever, he hastened to withdraw the French troops, and, with pertidy unparalleled iu the history of dynasties, he left poor Maximil- ian helpless before the exasperated people of tlie Republic of Mexico, whose political power he had usurped. Monroe, James, fifth President of the United States, was born in Westmoreland County, Va., April 28, 1759; died in New York city, July 4, 1831. He graduat.ed at the College of William and Mary in 1776. He immediately joined the patriot army as a cadet iu Mercer's regi- ment, and was in the engagements at Harlem Plains, White Plains, and Trenton. He was wounded iu the latter engagement, anatieut to give you the fia- ternal embrace, which I am orderelace sailed over Lake Erie to Detroit. From that then remote region he jour- neyed through the woods of Michigan, Oliio, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, and reached Wash- ington after an absence of more tliau three nioutlia. He was everywhere cordially received, for his inaugural address commended him to the kindness and courtesy of all political parties. The President became acquainted with leading men of all parties ou this journey, and the tour was in every Avay beneficial. Montana, Territory of, lies on the borders of the British - American dominions, between Dakota and Idaho. By act of Congress, May, 1864, Montana was organized as a territory out of the eastern portion of Idaho. The capital is Virginia City ; but its largest town is Helena, in the midst of the rich placer miues of southwest- ern Montana. The territory is rich iu gold, sil- ver, and copper lodes. Lead, irou, and coal abound in some parts; and it is called one of the best stock countries on the continent, every kind of domestic animal doing remarkably well there. The herds and flocks winter w ell on the grass of the valleys and foot-hills without hay or grain. It is also a tine grain-producing ter- ritory. Population in li?60, 39,159. Montcalm de St. Veran, Louis Joseph, Marquis de, born at the Chateau Caudiac, near Nismes, France, Feb. 23, 1712: died at Quebec, Sept. 14, 1759. Well educated, he entered the French army at tlie age of fourteen years, dis- tiugui-shed himself in Germany in the War of the Austi ian Succession (see Eiiig George's Tl'or), and gained the rank of colonel for his conduct iu the disastrous battle of Piacenza, iu Italy, iu 1746. Iu 1756 he was appointed to the command of the troops in Canada, where, iu the three cam- paigns which he conducted, he displayed skill, courage, and humanity. (See Osicego. Fort TTill- iam Henry, Ticoiideroga, and Qiietcc.) Weakly sec- onded by his goveruineut, he did not accomplish what he might have done. He prepared, with all the means at his command, for the struggle for the supremacy of French dominion iu Amer- ica, iu 1759, in which he lost his life. He had resolved, he said, "to tiud his grave under the rnius of the colony," and such was his fate. The English had spared not to make the cam- paign a decisive one. The final struggle oc- curred at Quebec, and there, ou the 13th of Sep- tember, 1759, he was mortally wounded, and died the next day. Wolfe, tlie commander of the English, was mortally wounded at tbe same time. (See Quebec, Capture of.) When Montcalm was told that his death was near, he calmly re- plied, "So ranch the better; I shall not live to see the surrender of Qnebec." A fine monument stands on Cape Diamond, at Quebec, erected to the memory of both Montcalm and Wolfe. The sknll of Montcalm, with a military coat-collar of bine velvet embroidered with gold lace, is pre- served iu the Ursnliue couveut at Quebec. WuLfE AND ilO^'TCALJl'S MOSUUEST, Monterey, Siege and Capture of. After General Taylor had entered Mexico at Jlatanio- ras (which see), he remained there until Sejiteni- ber, waiting for further instrnctions from his government and reinforcements for his army. Early iu September the first division of his army, under General W. J. W^orth, moved towards Monterey, the capital of New Leon, which was strongly fortified, and then defended by General Ampudiawith about 9000 Mexican troops. Tay- lor soon joined Worth, and they encamped within three miles of the city, ou the 19th of Septeui- ber, with about 7000 men, and on the morning of the 21st attacked the stronghold. Joined by other divisions of the army the assault became general on the 23d, and the conflict iu the streets was dreadful. The Mexicans fired volleys of musketry from the windows of the strong store- ! liouses upon the invaders, and the carnage was terrible. Finally, ou the fourth day of the siege, Ampudia asked for a truce. It was granted, and he prepared to evacuate the city. Taylor demanded absolute surrender, which was made on the 24th, when General Worth's division was quartered in the city, and General Taylor, grant- ing an armistice for eight weelcs if permitted by his government, encamped with the remain- der of liis forces at Walnut Springs, a few miles from Monterey. In the siege of that city, the Americans lost over 500 meu. The Mexican loss was about double that number. (See AJexico, War with.') Montezmua, the last Aztec emperor of Mex- ico, was born about 1470. Because of his merits as a wanior and priest, he was elected emperor in 1502. He was in the act of sweeping the stairs of the great temple-teocalle at Mexico when his elevation was auuounced to him. His sumptuous style of living, and great public ex- penses, caused a grievous imposition of taxes. This, with his haughty deportment, made many of his subjects discontented. His empire was invaded by Cortez in 1519, when he gave the MONTGOMEEIE 917 MONTGOMERY audacious Spaniard, at lirst, great advautages, by a tirit afterwards called " Protestantism," and, like the primitive church, held the Bible to be the only rule of faith aud practice. They have au episcopacy, and the episcopal succession from 1457 to 1874 embraces 174 bishops. Their episcopate is not diocesan, but their bishops are bishops of the whole United Brethren. When, in 1621, Ferdi- iiaud II. of Austria began the persecution of all Protestants, 50,000 of his subjects emigrated to other lauds. The church in Bohemia and Mo- ravia was almost extinguished, aud its faith — a hidden seed — was preser%'ed by a few families for a hundred years, when it was renewed with strength. In 1722 two Jloraviau families found a refuge on the estate of Count Ziuzeudorf, of Saxou J', then an officer i u the Saxon couit, aud a lover of pure and simple worship. In five years three hundred Moravians gathered there. Zinzendorf became a bishop, and afterwards he spent his life and fortune iu missionary work. (See Zinzendorf.) Churches were established ou the Coutiueut, iu Great Britain, and in North America ; aud iu 1749 the British Parliament passed acts to eucourage their settlement iu the English -American colonies. The Trustees of Georgia granted five huudred acres of land to Count Zinzendorf for the pnrpose, aud also gave Bishop Spaugeuberg one hnudred and tifty acres embraced iu a part of the site of Savannah. A number of Moravians settled iu Georgia in 1735. Others followed the next year, led by Bishop David Nitschmann ; and ou Feb. 28, 1736, the iirst Moravian church in America was organ- ized, uuder the pastorship of Anthony Seifferth, who was ordained in the presence of John Wes- ley. In Georgia their labors were mostly among the Indians and negroes. As they could not conscientiously take up arms to defend Geor- gia against the Spaniards at St. Augustine (see Georgia, Invasion of, by Spaniards), they aban- doued tlieir settlement and went to Pennsylva- nia with Whitefield. Bishops Nitschmann and Spangenberg returned to Europe. Whitefield had purchased lauds at the forks of the Dela^ ware, and invited the Moravians to settle upon them ; but doctrinal differences produced a rupt- ure between them aud Whitefield, and he or- dered them to leave his domain forthwith. (See Whitefield, George.) Bishop Nitschmann came back, and founded a settlement on the Lehigh, the fii'st house being completed iu 1741. When, on Christmas-day, Count Ziuzeudorf visited the settlement, he called it "Bethlehem." That is the mother-church in America. Their labors among the Indians were extended far aud wide, and their principal station iu the West was at Gnadenhlitten — " tents of grace " — iu Ohio, where many Indian converts were gathered, and where nearly one huudred of them were massacred by white people in March, 1782, un- der the false impression that they were British spies or were concerned in some Indian ont- rages in Pennsylvania. The first Indian con- gregation gathered by the Moravians was in the town of Pine Plains, Duchess Co., N. Y., at a place called She-kom-e-ko. A mission was es- tablished there by Christian Henry Ranch iu August, 1740. The next year a sickly young German from Bethlehem, named Gottlob Biitt- ner, joined Ranch in his work. He preaehed fervently, aud many converts were the fruits of the mission of Ranch and Biittner. Count Zinzendorf and his daughter visited the mission in 1742. Here Biittner died iu 1745, and over his grave the Moravians placed a liandsome monument in 1859. In 1745 the mission was broken up. The Moravian Church is divided iuto three provinces — namely. Continental, Brit- ish, aud American. Tlie American province is divided into two districts — Northern and South- ern — the respective ceutres being at Bethlehem, Northampton Co., Peun., and Salem, Forsyth Co., N. C. There were in 1875, in the American iirov- ince,75 churches, 8:515 eomnmuicants, aud 14,731 souls attached to the society. There are five church boarding-schools, at which full 600 pu- pils are educated annually ; and at Bethlehem is a college aud theological seminary. At first the social aud political exclnsiveuess of the Mo- ravians prevented a rapid increase iu their num- bers ; but within forty or fifty yeais there have beeu great changes iu this respect, as well as in the constitution of the church, whose grand cen- tre is at Herrnhiitt, in Saxony, the village built ou Count Zinzendorf 's estate. The Moravians use a liturgy, aud their ritual is similar to that of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Morgan, Daniel, was born in Hunterdon County, N. J., iu 1736 ; died at AVinchester, Va., July 6, 1802. At the age of seventeen he was a wagoner iu Braddock's army, and the nest year DA>7EL MORGAN. he received five hundred lashes for knocking down a British lieutenant who had insulted him. That officer afterwards made a public apology. MOEGAN 921 MORGAN IN KENTUCKY Morgan became an ensign in tbe militia in 1758; and wliile carrying despatclies lie was severely wounded by Indians, bnt escaped. After tlie French and Indian War (wbicli see) he was a lirawler and iigliter and a dissipated gambler for a time; but he reformed, acciiinnlated prop- erty, and commanded a company in Diinmore's expedition against tlie Indians in 1774. (See Dunmor^s War.) In less than a week after be heard of tbe affair at Lexington be had enrolled ninety-six men, the nncleus of bis famous rifle- corps, and marched them to Boston. He accom- panied Arnold in his march to Quebec in 1775, commanding three companies of riflemen (see ArnoWs Expedition') ; and in the siege of that city be was made piisouer. As colonel of a rifle regiment, be bore a conspicuous parr in the capture of Burgoyne and his army in 1777. Af- ter serving in Peiinsj-lvania, be joined the reui- najit of the defeated annj' of Gat^s at Hillsbor- ough, N. C. ; and on Oct. 1 he was placed in com- mand of a legionary corps, with the rank of brigadier-general. He served under Greene; gained a victory in battle at the Cowpens (for wbicli Congress gave him thanks and a gold medal ) ; and was in Greene's retreat ( which see). He led troops that suppressed the Whis- key Insurrection (which see), and was a member of Congress from 1795 to 1799. He made Wiu- chest-er his residence in 1800. Morgan, Edwix Dennisox, was born at Wash- ington, Berkshire Co., Mass., Feb. 8, 1811. At tlie age of seventeen years he became a clerk in a grocery establishment in Ha^t£^l•d, Conn., and at twenty was a partner in. tbe business. He EDWIN D. MORGAS. was active, industrious, and enterprising; and six years later (1836) he removed to New York, where he became a very successful merchant and amassed a large fortune. Mr. Morgan took an active interest in the political movements of his time, and in 1849 was elected to a seat in tbe Senate of the State of New York, which position he occupied until 1853. The Repub- lican party, formed in 1856, had no more ef- ficient and wise adviser and worker than Mr. Morgan, and he was made chairman of the Re- publican State Committee. In 1849 be was elected Governor of tbe State of New York, II.— 9 and wa« re-elected in 1861. Governor Morgan was one of the most energetic of the " war gov- ernors." During tlie Civil War, his braiji, his band, and bis fortune were at the service ofhis country. His administration was marked by a great decrease in tbe public debt of tbe stat-e and an iucrease in the revenue from the canals. Such impetus did his zeal, patriotism, and energy give to tbe business of raising troops for tbe war that the state sent about 220,000 men to the field. From 1863 to 1869 Jlr. Morgan was United States Senator, when he retired from public life. In 1867 Williams College conferred upon him tbe honorary degree of LL.D. He died Feb. 14, 1883. Morgan, George W., was born in Washing- ton County, Penn., Sept. 20, 1820. In the Texan war for independence he was a captain. He studied two years at West Point (1841-43), and began the practice of law in Ohio iu 1845. He engaged in tbe war against Mexico as colonel of an Ohio volunteer regiment, and for his gal- . laiitry won the brevet of brigadier - general. From 1856 to 1858 he was consul at Marseilles; was resideut minister at Lisbon from 1858 to 1861 ; and in November of tlie latter year was made brigadier-general of volunteers. He was in command of a division in the Army of the Ohio in 1862. He served Under Rosecrans, and commanded a division under Sherman at Vicks- burg ill 1863. That year he resigned. He was a member of Congress from 1868 to 1872. Morgan in Kentucky. The most famous of the gnerilla chiefs in the Mississippi valley was John Morgan, an Alabamiaii, about thirty- six years of age, six feet in height, well made, and perfectly self-possessed. He led mounted troops, which were called Confederate cavalry, but much of their service consisted of tbe busi- ness of a roving band searching for plunder. His first noted exploit was his invasion of Ken- tucky from East Tennessee (July, 1861 j, with twelve hundred followers, under a conviction that vast numbers of young men would flock to his standard and he would become the " lib- erator" of that commonwealth. Dispersing a small National force at Tompkinsville, Monroe Co., he issued a flaming proclamation to the people of Kentucky. He was jirepariug the way for Bragg's invasion (which see) of that state. Soon recruits joined Morgan, and lie roamed about the state, plnndering and de- stroying. At Lebanon he fought a Union force, routed them, and took several prisoners. His raid was so rapid that it created intense excite- ment. Louisville was alarmed. He pressed on towards the Ohio, destroying a long railway bridge (July 14) between Cynthiana and Paris, and laying waste a railway track. On July 17 he had a, sharp fight with the Home Guards at Cynthiana, who were dispersed. He hoped to plunder the rich city of Cincinnati. His ap- proach inspired the inhabitants with terror: but a pursuing cavalry force under Green Clay Smith, of Kentucky, caused him to retreat southward in the direction of Richmond. (See Bichmond, Battle at.) On his retreat his raiders MORGAN 922 MOKGAN'S LAST RAID stole horses and robbed stores ■witliont inquir- ing wbether the property belonged to friend or foe. Morgan, James D., Tvaa born at BerliTi, Mass., Nov. 19, 1810. He had felt bitter experience at sea in very early life. He was in the mercantile business in Qniucy, 111., when the war against Mexico began, and was captain of a company of Illinois vohinteers in that war. In 1661 he was colonel of au Illinois regiment, and was made a brigadier- general in July, 1862. He commanded a brigade at Nashville late in that year, and was in command of a division in tlie Fourteenth Corps in Sherman's Atlanta cam- paign. Morgan, John, M.D., F.E.S., born in Philadel- phia, Penu., in 1735 ; died tlieve, Oct. 15, 1789. Graduating at the Philadelphia College in 1757, be stndied medicine and served as a snrgeon of Pennsylvania troops iu the French and Indian JOHN MORGAN. War, when he went to England. He attended the lectures of the celebrated Dr. Hnuter ; and after spending two years in Edinburgh, and re- ceiving the degree of M.D-, he travelle-an and his staff were at the house of Mrs.Williams j iu that town. It w.os suiTounded by troops nnder General Gillem, and Morgan, attempting 1 to escape, was shot dead iu the garden of Mrs. ! Williams. MORGAN'S RAID IN INDIANA AND OHIO 923 MORMON EXODUS Morgan's Raid in Indiana and Ohio. Tlie famous guerilla chief, John H. Morgan, raided throngh Keutncky and crossed the Ohio River In Jane and July, 1863. His object was tonr- fohl — namely, for the purjiose of pluuder for himself and followers; to jirepare the way for Buckner to dash into Kentucky from Tennessee and seize Louisville and, with Morgan, to capt- ure Cincinnati ; to form the nucleus of an armed counter-revolution in the Northwest, where the "Knights of the Golden Circle," or the "Sous of Liberty" of the Peace faction, were numerous; and to prevent reinforcements from being sent to Meade from that region. Already about eighty Keiituckians had crossed the Ohio (June 19) into Indiana to test the tem- per of the people. They were captured. Mor- gan started (June 27) with thirty-five hundred well-mounted men and six guns, crossing the Cumberland River at Burkesville, and, pushing on, encountered some loyal cavalry at Columbia (July 3), fonglit them three hours, partly sacked the town, aud proceeded to destroy a bridge over the Green River, when he was driven away, after a desperate fight of several hours, by two hundred Michigan troops under Colonel Moore, well iutreuched. Morgan lost two hundred and fifty killed aud wounded; Moore lost tweuty- niue. He rushed into Lebanon, captured a small Unioa force there, set tiie to the jilace, aud lost his brother — killed in the fight. He reached tlie Ohio, forty miles above Louisville, July 7. His ranlcs were swelled as he went plundering throngh Keutncky, and he crossed the Oliio with four thonsaud men aud teu guns. He captured two steamers, with which he crossed. He was closely pursued by some troops under General Hobsou, and others went up tlie Ohio in steam- boats to intercept him. He plundered Corydou, iu Indiana, murdered citizens, and stole three hundred horse.s. Ou he went, robbing mill and factory owners by deniaudiug one thousand dol- lars as a condition for the safety of tlieir proper- ty. In like manner lie went from village to vil- lage until the liith, when, at a railway near Ver- non, he encountered Colonel Lowe with twelve hundred railitiaraen. Morgan was now assured that Indiana was arou.sed, and that there was a great uprising of the loyal people against him. The victories at Gettysburg aud Vicksbiirg in- spirited the people. Governor Morton called ou the citizens to turn out aud expel the invad- ers. Within forty-eight houi-s sixty-five thou- sand citizensi had tendered their services, aud were hastening towards the rendezvous. Only raeinbers of the Peace faction (which see) re- fused to respond. Morgan was alarmed. He stole fresh horses for the race before Hobsou, lii.s persistent pursuer. He passed swiftly north of Ciiicinuati through the southern counties, aud struck the river a little above Pomeroy. The people of Ohio, also, were aroused. General Jiidah went up the Ohio, from Cincinnati, iu steamboats, to head him ofl"; aud the people were gathering fiom different points. At Buf- fington Ford he attempted to cross the river and escape into Virginia ; but there the head of Hobson's column, under General Shackleford, struck his rear. General Judah struck his flank, and two ariued vessels in the stream opened upon his front. Hemmed iu, about eight hun- dred of his men surrendered, and the remainder, leaviug all their plunder behind them, followed their leader up the river, and again attempted to cross to Belleville by swiuiraing their horses. About three hundred crossed, but the remainder were driven back by a gunboat, when Morgan fletl inland to McArthur, fighting militia, burn- ing bridges, aud plundering. At last he was obliged to snneiider to General Shackleford (July 26, 1863). That was at New Lisbon, the capital of Columbiana County. Morgan and some of his officers were confined in the Ohio peuitentiary at Columbus, from which be and six of them escaped iu November, and joined the Confeilerate forces in northern Georgia. The race between the troops of Morgan aud his pur- suers had continued three weeks, without cessa- tion, at the rate of thirty-five miles a day. Mor- gan afterwards receive^l an ovation at Rich- mond as a great hero. Mormon Tiifodus. The inhabitants of Illi- nois determined to drive the Mormons from their borders. Armed mobs attacked the smaller set- tlements, and also Nauvoo, their city. At length a special revelation commanded their departure for the wesrern wiUlenie,ss ; and in February, 1846, sixteen hundred men, women, and children crossed the Mississippi River ou the ice, and, travelling with ox-teams aud on foot, penetrat- ed the Indian conutry aud rested at Council Bluffs, on the Missouri River. Other bauds con- tinued to einigrate; and, finally, in September, 1346, the last lingering Mormons at Nauvoo were driven out at the point of the bayonet by six- teen hundred troops, and these homeless exiles traversed the wilderness ot ilissouri westward. Led by Brigham Young, the Mormon host — men, women, and children — crossed the Missis.sippi and reached tlie Missouri River, beyond the boundaries of the state, at the opening of the next summer. There they were met by a requi sition for five hundred men for the army in Mex ico, which was complied with. The remainder stayed, turneil up the virgin soil, aud planted there. Leaving a few to cultivate aud gather for wanderers who might come after them, the host moved on. Order reigned. To them the voice of their Seer (Brigham Youug) was the voice of Gml. Every ten wagons were uiidi'r the command of a captain, who obeyed a cap- tain of fifty, and he, in turn, obeyed a centurion, or captain ot one hundred. Discipline every- where prevailed. They formed Tabernacle Camps, where a portion ot them stopped to sow and reap, spin and weave, aud perform necessary mechanical work. They had singing and dan- cing ; they made short marches aud encamped in military oixler every night ; they forded swift- flowing streams aud bridged the deeper floods. Many were .swept away by miasmatic fevers; aud when winter fell upon them in the vast plains, inhabited by Indians, they suffered much, though more kindly -treated by the barbarians thau they had been by their own race. They made caves iu the sand-hills ; and iu the spring MORMON TEMPLK AT NAUVOO 924 MOEMONISM AS IT EXISTED IN 1875 of 1847 they marked out tbe site of a city upon a great prairie, ou tbe bank of tbe Missouri Kiv- er, where the Oniahas dwelt. There more tbau seven huudred bouses were built, a tabernacle was raised, mills and workshops were construct- ed, and a newspaper (The Frontier Guardian) wa* established. The city was called Kane, in bomir of Colonel Kane (brother of t lie Arctic explorer), who gave them much aid in their exodus. Dur- ing tbesunnucr and early autumn bountiful bar- vests were gathered. From Kane they sent out missionaries to Oregon and California, and even to tbe Sandwich Islands, while others went for- ward deeper into the wilderness to spy ont a "promised land" for "an everlasting habita- tion." They chose tbe Great Salt Lake valley, enclosed within lofty and rugged mountains, fer- tile, isolated, and healthful ; and tbitberward, in the early summer of 1847, a cho.sen band of one hundred and forty-three men, with seventy wag- ons drawn by horses, accompanied by their wives and childreu and the memhei'S of tbe High Coun- cil (see Mormoniam'), jjroceeded as pioneers to take possession of the country. They passed up tbe north fork of the Platte Eiver to Fort Lara- mie, crossed that stream, folio wed its course along the banks of the Black Hills to South Pass, which they penetrated. Along tbe river.s, through deep canons, over the lofty Utah Mountains, they toil- ed on until, ou tbe evening of July 20, they saw, from the summits of the Wasatch Mountains, the jjlacid Salt Lake glittering in the beams of tbe setting sun. It was like the vision of tbe He- brew lawgiver on Mount Pisgab. It was a scene of wondrous interest. Stretched out before them was the Land of Promise where they hoped nev- er to be molested by " Gentiles,'" or the arm of "Gentile" government. The pilgrims entered the valley on July 21, and on the 24tb the Pres- ident and High Council arrived. They chose the site for a city on a gentle slope, on the banks of a stream which they called Jordan, connect- ing the more southern Utah Lake with tbe Great Salt Lake. They built a fort, planted seed, and with solemn ceremonies the laud was cousecrat- ed to the Lord. In the early autumn great swarms of black bugs came and began to devour their crops, when large flocks of beautiful white birds, such as they bad never seen before, came every morning from the hills and destroyed the " black Philistines." They saved a part of their crop, yet famine came; but soon deliverance ap- peared also. A large party from Missouri came with abundance of food. In the spring of 164S fields were seeded, crops were raised, and the blessings of plenty ensued. The inhabitants of Kane pressed forward to tbe new Canaan ; oth- er Saints followed; and the Xew Jerusalem was laid out within an area of four square miles, and called Salt Lake City. Mormon Temple at Nauvoo. Upon a rich delta formed by the Des Moines and Mississippi rivers, in Hancock County, 111., homeless and starving Mormons, driven from Missouri, pitched their tents, and consecrated the spot as an " ev- erlasting habitation" for the Saints. (See jlfor- vions.) There tbey built a town and called it Nauvoo — " tbe City of Beauty." Tbey chose a site for a temple ou a bluff, the plan of which, it was said, bad been revealed to Joseph Smith, their leader, and a " Gentile" architect was employed to build it. Its corner-.stone was laid April 6, 1841. It was built of beautiful white limestone. In style, size, and decorations, it was intended to rival every other fane on the globe. Rumors of scandalous practices among tbe Mornunis went abroad, and the people of Illinois deter- mined to drive them beyond their borders. Their prophet (Smith) was killed by an excited mob, but an energetic succes.sor(Bnghani Young) controlled atfairs. The Mormons were so nmch persecuted that they resolved to desert "the City of Beauty." They had expended S1,000,000 on their temide, and it was not yet tini.shed ; but they resolved to dedicate it. Tliat ceremony was a scene of great interest. Young men and maidens came with festoons of flowers to deco- rate the twelve elaborately carved oxen upon which rested tbe great baptismal lavcr. Prayers were uttered, chants were snug, and, in the midst of bishops in their sacerdotal robes, tbe voice of tbe Seer (Biigham Young) was heard pronouncing the temple dedicated to the service of Almighty God. Over the door was jjlaced this inscription : THE HOnSE OF THE LORD. BUILT BT TSE CHURCH OF JESPS CHRIST OF LATTER-DAY SAINTS. HOUKESS TO THE LORD. On the day when the temple was dedicated it was abandoned to tbe " Gentiles." Tliirty months afterwards it was destroyed by lire; and in May, 1S50, "the City of Beauty" was desfdated by a tornado, and the partially re- stored temple was cast to tbe earth a heap of ruins. Mormouism as it Existed in 1875. The priesthood was organized into the following quorums: The first presidency, the twelve apos- tles, the high council, the seventies, the bigh- piiests, ehlers, priests, teachers, and deacon.^. 1 The first presidency consisted of three men, who I presided over and directed the ati'airs of the whole church. The twelve apostles constitut- ed ii travelling presiding high council. Tbe j hierarchy was divided into two bodies, tbe Mel- ! chizedek priesthood and Aaronic priesthood. j To the former (which was the highest) belonged I several orders: to the latter, who could be only I " literal descendants of Aaron," and were desig- j nated as such by revelation, belonged the duties I and offices of hi.^hop, priest, teacher, and dea- I con. The church teaches that there are many I gods; that eminent Saints like Joseph Smith and Brigham Young become gods in heaven, I and rise one above another in power and glory 1 to infinity. Joseph Smith is now the god of this generation, whose superior god is Jesus, j whose superior god is Adam, whose superior is 1 Jehovah, whose superior is Elohim, etc. AH I these gods have many wives, and they all rule over their descendants, who are constantly in- 1 creasing in number and dominion. Tbe glory of a Saint, when he becomes a god, depends on the number of his wives and children ; therefore MORMONS 925 MORMONS polygamy is iiiculcated and wives are "sealed" on the eartU to augment the power of these gods in heaven. The ten commandments are consid- ered the rule of life, together with a revelation made to Joseph Smith in la33, called the Book of n'Mom, which inculcates some virtuous max- ims and useful instructions. Tliey practised baptism for the dead, a living person receiving the rite as proxy. In that way Washington, Franklin, and other famous men have been bap- tized into the Mormon church. They held that there had been many religions dispensations since the days of Adam, enlace was selected on the borders of the Great Salt Lake by Brigli.im Young in 1847, and the ne.Kt year the main body of (lie Saints set out for the land of promise in the heart of the continent. The story of that exodus is woiulerfnl. They found- ed Salt Lake City. A large number of converts arrived from Europe, and in 1849 the Mormons organized an independent state, calleaign against Cornwallis. Turn- ing to Peteis, he said, " What can you do for met" "With money, everything; without it, nothing," replied the secretary, at the same time turning an anxious look towards Morris, who comprehended the expression. "Let nie know the sum you want," said tlie Superintendent of Finance. Washington soon handed him esti- mates. Moiris borrowed 20,000 hard dollars from the French commander, promising to re- pay it in October. The arrival of Colonel Lau- rens (Aug. 25) at Boston with a part of the sub- sidy of over $1,000,000 from France for which he had negotiated enabled Morris to keep his en- gagement. Morris, Roger, was born in England, Jan. 28, 1717 ; died there, Sept. 13, 1794. He entered the royal army as captain in 1745; accompanied Braddock in his unfortunate expedition in 1755 ; served under Loudonn in 1757, and iu 1758 mar- ried Mary Phillipse, heiress to the Phillipse Man- or, N. Y. He served with distinction under Wolfe, and was with him in the siege of Quebec iu 1759. Morris (holding the rank of major) re- tired from the army in 1764, and took a seat in the Executive Council of New York late in that year. Adhering to the British crown, when the Revolution came his property and that of his wife were confiscated, and at the peace Colonel Slorris retired, with his family, to England. MORRIS 929 MORSE Morris, Staats Loring, was born at Morris- aiiia, N. Y., Aug. 27, 1728 ; ered aboat 8000 when he left headquarters at Morristown in May, Iiiul swelled to 14,000. He had maintained throngh the win- ter and spring a line of cantonments from the Delaware River to the Hudson Highlands. Wash- ington and his array again encamped at Morris- town in the winter of 1779-80. In 1777 his head- quarters were at Freeman's Tavern; in 1780 he WASHIXGTOS'S HEADQUAETEBS AT SIOKKISTOWN IN 1850, uid m:ijor-general iu Morris, Wlixi AM Waltkiis, was born at Ball.s- i occupied as such the fine mansion in the suburbs ton Springs, N. Y., Aug. :U, 1801 ; died at Fort j of the village belonging to the widow Ford. It McHeury,'Baltiniore, Dec. 11, 1865. He gradu- | is yet (1880) standing. It was purchased a few ated at West Point in 1820, and served against the Indians under Colo- nel Leaven wort h in 182.3; gained promotion to a majorsliip for services in the Seminole War(which see), and to a, colonelcy in 1861. He served under Taylor in the war against Mexico, aud was milita- ry governor of both Tam- pico and Pnebla, Wlien the Civil War broke out he was in coniniaud at Fort McHenry, where he boldly defied the threat- ening Secessionists, and promptly turned the guns of the fort menac- ingly on the city during the Secessi:iltiiHcire, April 19, 1861. He was breveted briga- urposes he pro- posed a very moderate land-tax, a poll-tax, and an excise on distilled liquors. He also proposed to add to the sum thus raised five per cent, of the duties on imports, if the states would con- seut to it, and to reserve the back j)nblic lauds as security for new loans in Europe. This pl.-in. if carried out, it was thouglit, would establish the public credit. But the jealous states would not give their consent. Morristo-wn, Encampment at (1777). After the battle at Princeton (June 3, 1777), Washing- ton led his wearied troops to Morristown, and placed them in w-inter encampment. There he issued a proclamation requiring the inhabi- tants who had taken British protection to aban- don their allegiance to the king or go within the British lines. (See Proclamation of Ifaahiiig- ton.) Hundreds joined his standard in conse- quence. From that encampment he sent out armed parties, who confined the British in New Jersey to three points on the sea-shore of the state, aud the commonwealth was pretty thor- oughly purged of Toryism before the spring. The ranks of his army were rapidly filled by volun- teers; and when the campaign opened in June, his years ago for the purpose of preserving it, on ac- count of its historical associations. It remains as when occupied by Washington. Morse, Jkdediah, D.D., was bom at Wood- stock, Conn., Aug. 23, 1761 ; died iu New Haven, Jan. 9, 1826. He graduated at Yale College in 1783, and in 1789 was installed pastor of the First Congregational Church at Charlestown, Mass. In the twenty-third year of his age he 15re[)ared a small geography, which was the first ever published in America. This was followed by larger geographies and gazetteers of the Unit- ed States, with the help of Jeremy Belknap, the historian, Thomas Hut<;liins, the geographer, and Ebenezer Hazen. For thirty years Mr. Morse was without an important competitor in this field of literature, and translations of his works were made into the French and German lan- guages. Dr. Morse was a life- long polemical theologian, and combated Unitarianism in Xew England most sturdily. In 1805 he established the Panoplist, and was prominent in founding the Audover Theological Seminary. His persist,- ent opposition to liberalism in religion brought upon him nnich persecution, which affected his naturally delicate health, and he resigned his pastoral charge in 1820. In 1822 he was com- missioned by the government to visit the Indian tribes on the northwestern frontiers. He publish- ed (1804) A Compendious Hiitortj of New England, aiid in 1824 a History of the American Revolution. He also published twenty-five special sermous. MOESE 930 MORSE Morse, Samuel Finlet Breese, LL.D., was born in Cliailestowii, Mass., April 27, 1791 ; died ill New York, April 2, 1872. He graduated at Yale College iu 1810, and went to England with Wasbingtou AlUtou in 1811, where lie studied SAMUEL FTN'LKT BREESE MORSE. the art of painting under Benjamin West. In 18l;{ he received the gold medal of the Adelplii Sociory of Arts for an original model of a "Dy- ing Hercules," his first essay iu the art of sculpt- nie. On his return home iu 1815, he practised the art of jiainting, chiefly in portraiture, iu Bos- ton, Charleston, S. C, and iu New York, where, iu 1824-25, he laid llie foundation of the Nation- al Academy of Design, organized iu 1826, of \\ hich lie was the first president, and iu which position he continued for sixteen years. While he was abroad tlie secou'.l time (1829-32), he was elected professor of the Literature of the Arts of Design in the University of the City of New York. Previous to his leaving home, he had be- come familiar with the subject of electro-mag- netism by intimate personal intercourse with Professor J. Freeman Dana. On his return pas- sage from Europe iu 1832 iu the ship SiiUy, iu conver.-ation with others concerning recent elec- tric and magnetic experiments iu France, Pro- fessor Morse conceived the idea of an electro- magnetic and chemical recording telegraiih as it now exists. Before the close of that year, a jiart of the apparatus was constructed iu New York. In 1835 he had a mile of telegraph-wire, producing satisfactory results, iu a room at the university, and in September, 1837, he exhibited it to some friends. That year he filed a caveat at the Patent-office iu Washington, and asked Congress to give him pecuniary aid to build an experimental line from that city to Baltimore. A favorable report was made by the House com- mittee, but nothing else was done at that ses- sion. He continued to press the matter. Moree went to Europe to interest foreign goverumeirts iu his discovery, but failed. With scanty pecun- iary means, he straggled on four years longer; and on the last evening of the session of 1842— 43 his hopes were extinguished, for one hundred and eighty bills before his were to be acted upon in the course of a few hours. The next niorn- ing, as he was about to leave with di-jeeted spir- its for his hoiue in New York, he was cheered with the announcement by a young daughter of the Coninii.ssioner of Patents (Ellsworth) that at near the midnight hour Congress had made an appropriation of $30,000 to be placed at his disposal. A line wiis completed between the Capitol at Wa.sliington ami the city of Balti- more in the spring of 1844; and then from Pro- fessor iloi-se, at the .seat of government, to his assistant, Henry T. Kogers (who died in August, 1879), iu the latter city, pa.ssed the first ajiiiro- priate message — "What hath God wrought!" suggested by the fair young friend of the in- ventor. At that time the Deinocratie National Conveutiou was iu session at BaUimoie, and the first public message that was flushed over the wires was the aniiouucemeut of that con- vention to their friends in Wasliiiigtim of the nomination of James K. Polk for President of the United States. So was given the assurance that the great experiment had resulted in a ]ier- fect demonstration not only of the marvellous ability, but of the immense value, of the discov- ery and iuventiou. With that percepliou came violations of the inventor's righrs, ami for a long series of years most vexatious and expensive litigation. But Morse triumphed everywhere, land he received most substantial testimonials of the jjrofouud respect which his great discov- ] ery and iuvention had won for him. In 1845 : Yale College conferred on him the degree of LL.D., and iu lr^48 the Sultan of Turkey gave I him the decoration of the Xhlian IftWar. Gold I medals for scientific merit were given him by , the King of Prussia, the King of Wiirtemberg, I and the Emperor of Austria. In li-'56 lie receiverinter, and Mi-s. Goose lived with them. When their first child was born she was delighted, and spent nearly the whole time in singing songs and ditties which she had learned in her yonth, to please the baby. The unmu- sical sounds annoyed everybody, and especially Fleet, who loved quiet. He i-emonstrated, coax- ed, scolded, and ridiculed, but in vain. He could not suppress the old lady; so he resolved to turn the annoyance to account by gathering np and publLsliing the songs, ditties, and nonsensi- cal jingles of his mother-iu-law, and punishing her by attaching her name to them. In 1719 they were published in "Pudding Lane" (now Devonshire Street), Boston, with the title of Songs for tJie Nmserj/ ; or, Mother Goose's Melodies for Children. The latter portion of the title vras intended by Fleet to get even with his nmsical mother-in-law. Mother, of Presidents. This name is given to Virginia, which has furnished six Presidents of the United States — namely, Washington, Jef- ferson, Madison, Monroe, Harrison, and Taylor. It is also called "Mother of States," as it" was the first settled of the original thirteen states that formed the Union. Motley, John Lothrop, LL.D., D.C.L., was born at Dorchester, Ma-is., Ai>ril 15, 1814. He graduated at Harvard University iu 1831, and afterwards spent a year at the universities of Gottingeu and Berlin ; travelled in Italy, and, returning, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1836. He wrote two historical novels — Master's Mope (1839; and Merry Mount (IfAd). In 1840 he was Secretary to the Ameiicaii Legation iu Russia. He became interested in the history of Holland, and embarked for Europe in 1851 to gather materials for his great work, iu three volumes. The History of the Rise of the Dutch lie- public, which was published in London and New York iu 1856. In 1861 he published The United Netherlands — two volumes — which was com- pleted in 1867 iu two additional volumes. Thi.s work was followed, iu 1874, by The Life and Death of John of Barneveld, Jdcocate of Holland, with a View of the Primary Causes of the Thirty Years' liar. On the accession of General Grant to the prc.-ii- dency in 1869, Mr. Motley was appointed minis- ter at the Court of Great Britain. He was re- called late in 1870, when he revisited Holland in pursuit of historical studies. He afterwards went to England, where he died. May 29, 1877. Mott, Gekshom, was born in Mercer County, N. J., in 1822, and was an officer iu the war with Mexico. He was lieutenant-colonel of a New- Jersey volnnteer regiment that hastened to the field iu 1861, and, as colonel, served with dis- tinction iu the campaign on the Peninsula. He was made brigadier-general in September, 1862, and was wounded iu the battle of Manassas (which see). At Chancellorsville he conmiand- ed a New Jersey brigade in Sickles's division, and was again wounded. He also distinguished himself in the battle of Getty^bnrg. In the operatious before Petersburg in 1864-65 he com- manded a division of the Third Corps, and while in pursuit of Lee was again wounded. He was breveted major-general iu September, 1864. Mott, LuCKETiA (Coffin), was bom in Nan- 1 tucket, Jan. 3, 1793. In 1804 her parents, who were Friends, or Quakers, removed to Boston. She was soon afterwards sent to the Nine Part- ners' Boarding-school, in Duelifss County, N. Y., where her teacher (Deborah Willetts) lived until 1879. Thence she went to Philadelphia, where her jiarents were residing, and at the age of eighteen j'ears she married James Mott. In 1818 she became a preacher among Friends, and all her long life she labcned for the good of her fellow-creatures, especially for those who were iu bonds of any kind. She was ever a most earnest advocate of temperance, pleaded for the freedom of the slaves, and was one of the active founders of the "American Anti-slavery Society" in Philadelphia in 1833. She was appointed a delegate to the World's Anti-slavery Con veution, held iu Loudon in 1840, but was denied a seat iu it on account of her sex. She was also a very prominent advocate of the emancipation of her sex from the disabilities to which law and custom subject them. She died in Phila- delphia Nov. 21, 1881. Her motto was " Truth for authority, not authority for truth." MOTT 934 MOUND-BUILDEES, THE Mott, Valentine, M.D., LL.D., suigeon, -was l)oni lit Gl«u Cove, L. I., Aug. 20, 1765 ; died iu New York, April 26, 1865. He studied luediciue and surgery iu Loudou and Ediuburgb, aud on Lis return iu 180y be was appointed to tbe cbair ofSurgery iu Columbia College, aud subsequent- ly in tbe College of Pliysieians and Surgeons of New York, aud tbe Kiitgers Medical College. He was greatly distinguished as au operating surgeon, after some most difficult aud danger- ous treatment of jiatieuts iu bis early practice. He was the first to tie the primitive iliac artery for aneurism, aud was the first surgeon who re- moved tbe lower jaw for necrosis. Tbe emi- nent Sir Astley Cooper said : " Dr. Mott has per- formed more of tbe great operations tbaji any uiau living or that ever did live." Motte, Rebecca, a beroiue of tbe Eevoln- tiou, was a daughter of Mr. Brewtou, au Eug- lisbman. She married Jacob Motte, a South Carolina ijlanter, iu 1758, aud was the mother of six children. Left a, Avidow of fortuue at REBECCA MOTTE, about the beginning of tbe war for indepen- dence, she resided in a fine mansion near the Santee River, from which she was driven by Briti.sh soldiers. Her patriotic devotion at that time is attested in the article entitled "Fort Motte, Capture of." Moultrie, 'WiLLiAjr, was bom iu South Caro- lina iu 1731; died iu Charlestou, S. C, Sept. 27, 1805. He was captain of infantry iu the Cher- okee War (which see); a member of the Pro- vincial Congress from St. Helena Parish iu 1775, and was made colonel of a South Carolina regi- Dient in June of that year. He gained great fame by bis defence of Fort Sullivan (see Charleston, Defence of), in Charleston Harbor. Iu Septem- ber, 1776, be was made a brigadier-geueral. He was engagetl in tbe local service, and in May, 1779, he, with elled to abandon their more northern homes aud give place to a wild and savage race of invaders. But fill is MOUNT DESERT ISLAND 93(5 MOWIXG-MACHINES conjecture. The veil of truth wliicli covqj's their history may never be penetrated. (See Indiana.) Mount Desert Island, Attack upon. In 1613 Samuel Argall, a sort of freebooter from Virginia, visited the coast of Maine, ostensibly for lisliing; but his vessel carried several pieces of artillery. Hearing tliat French Jesuits were on Pemetig or Mount Desert Island, he went there and attacked a French vessel that lay at anchor, w hieh, after firing one gun, was com- pelled to surrender. Du Thet, who discharged the gun, was uiortally wounded. The other Jes- non- compliance with their request, they had burned my house and laid the plantation in ru- ins. You ought to have considered yourself as my representative, and should have rellected on the bad example of couimnnicating with the enemy and making a voluntary ofler of refresh- ments to them with a view to prevent a confla- gration. . . . I am fully persuaded that you act- ed from your best judgment, aud believe that your desire to preserve my property and rescue the buiUUugs from impending danger was your governing motive ; but to go on board their ves- MOCST DESERT ISLAND FROM BLUE HILL BAT. nits there remonstrated with Argall, wlien he lauded and began to search the tents. He broke open the desk of the Jesuit leader, took out aud destroyed his commission, and then, pretend- ing that they were within English jurisdiction, without authoriry, he turned more than a dozen of the little colony loose ni>on the ocean in an open boar, to seek Port Royal, in Acadia. Two fishing ve^els picked them up and carried tlieni to France. The remainder were carried to Vir- ginia, aud there lodged in prison and badly treated. Argall's conduct was approved in Vir- ginia, aud he was scut back to destroy all the settlements in Acadia. (See Acadia aud Argall, Samuel.) Mount Vernon Threatened. In July, 1776, when Governor Dnnmore was driven from Gwyn's Island (see Dioimore's TTar on the rir- giniaiis), he ascended the Potomac as far as Oc- coquau and burned the mills there. The Vir- ginia militia repulsed him. It is supposed his chief destination was Mount Vernon, a few miles above, which he intended to lay waste, and seize Mrs. Washington as a hostage. The British frigates, after they entered Chesapeake Bay, in the spring of 1781, ascended the Poto- mac and levied contributions upon all the tide- water counties. They menaced Mount Vernon, and, to save the buildings, Washington's mana- ger (Lund Washington) couseuted to furnish a supply of provisions. In a letter to his mana- ger Washington reproved him for 'the act. " It ■would have been a less painful circumstance to me to have heard that, in consequence of your sels, carry them refreshments, commnne with a parcel of scoundrels, and request a favor by ask- ing a surrender of my negroes was exceedingly ill-judged, and, it is to be feared, will be unhap- py in its consequences, as it will be a precedent for others aud may become a subject of animad- version." Mower, Joseph A., was born in Vermont in 1830 ; died in Xew Orleans, Jan. 6, 1S70. He was a private in an engineer company in the Mexi- can War, aud entered the United States army as lieutenant in 1^55. He was made captain in 1861, aud was prominent in the battle of Island No. Ten (which see). He was conspicuous at other places, and was made brigadier-general of volunteers in November, 1862. He commanded a brigade in front of Vicksburg in 1863, and was in conmiand of a division under Banks in the Red River expedition (which see) in 1864; also iu the Atlanta campaign. He was made major- general of voliniteers in August, 1864, and rose to the command of the Twentieth Corps. In July, 1866, he was made colonel iu the United States army, and was breveted brigadier and major-general iu the same. Mo-wing-macbines. The invention of the mowing-machine is coeval, iu our country, with the reaping-machine. The "Manuiug Mower" was invented in 1831. That and the "Ketch- am " (1844) held the ]ilace of superior excel- lence until about 1850, when other inventors had made improvements. In 1850 le.ss than 5000 mowing machines had been made in our coun- try. Now (1883), every farmer in the old free- MOYLAN 937 MULLIGAN labor states finds a mower indispensable. There are several improved mowing-machiues of al- most equal merit. Tlie American machines are sold all over Europe and South America. Ac- cording to the tenth ceusus (1880), there \yere then annually manuiactured in tbe United States, in round numbers, 73,000 mowiug-ma^ chines, 36,000 reaping-machines, and fully 55,000 mowers and reapers combined. There were manufactured during the same time, for gather- ing the bay and cereal crops, 1,245,000 scythes, 96,000 sickles, 309,000 dozen hand-rakes, 96,000 horse-rakes, 207,000 dozen hay-forks, 9000 hay- loaders, 2300 hay-tedders, and 26,000 harvesters. Machinery for gatberiug hay and cereals have vastly increased the productive area and values. Moylan, Stephen, was born in Ireland in 1734 ; died in PliiladelpUia, April 11, 1811. He was a brother of tlie Roman Catholic Bishop of Cork. He was appointed aide-de-camp to Wash- ington in Marcb, 1776, aud commissary-general in Jnue. Soon resigning that post, early in 1777 he commanded a regiment of liglit dra^ goons, serving in the battle at Germantown, with Wayne in Pennsylvania, aud with Greene in tlie South. In November, 1783, he was brev- eted brigadier-general. In 1792 be was register and recorder of Chester County, Peun., and was commissioner of loans for the District of Penn- sylvania. Miihlenberg, Frederick Augustus, was born at La Trapi)e, Penn., June 2, 1750 ; died at Lan- caster, Penu., June 4, 1801. He was a Lutheran minister; took an active part in the revolution- ary movements, and was a member of the Con- tinental Congress (1779-80). He was an active member of the Pennsylvania Assembly, and its speaker from 1781 to 1784 ; was a member of the conncil and treasurer of the stat«, and president of the convention that ratified the national Con- stitution. He was Receiver-general of the Land Office, and was speaker of the first and second Congress. In that capacity his casting vote car- ried Jay's treaty (which see) into effect. Miihlenberg, Henry Augcstus, was born at Lancaster, Penu., May 13, 1782 ; died at Reading, Penu., Aug. 11, 1844. From 1802 until 1828 he was pastor of a Lutheran church at Reading, when, on account of failing health, he left the ministry. He was member of Congress from 1829 to 1838; an unsuccessful candidate of the Democratic party for governor in 1835, and was minister to Austria from 1838 to 1840. Muhlenberg, Henrt Melchioe, D.D., was born at Eimbeck, Hanover, Germany, Sept. 6, 1711 ; died Oct. 7, 1787. He was the patriarch of the Lutheran Church in America, haviug-come to Philadelphia as a missionary in the fall of 1742. He afterwards lived at La Trappe, Mont- gomery Co., Penn. He was devoted to the ser- vice of building np churches, relieving the des- titute, and doing his "Master's business" con- tinually, travelling as far as Georgia. In 1748 he was chiefly instrumental in organizing the first Lutheran Synod in America, that of Penn- sylvania. U.— 10 Miihlenberg, John Peter Gabriei, was borli at La Trappe, Penn., Oct. 1, 1746 ; died near Schuylkill, Penn., Oct. L, 1807. He was edu- cated at Halle, Germany. He ran away, and for a year was a private in a regiment of dra- goons. His father designed him for the minis- try. He was ordained in 1772, and preached at Woodstock, Va., until the war for iudepeudeuce JOHN PETER GABRIEL MUHLE>-BEEG- broke out. One Sunday be told his hearers that there was a time for all things — a time to ijreach and a time to fight — and that then was the time to fight. Casting off his gown, he appeared in the regimentals of a Virginia colonel, read his commission as such, and ordered druirnners to beat up for recruits. Nearly all the able-bodied men of his parish responded, and became sol- diers of tbe Eighth Virginia (German) Regi- ment. He had been an active patriot in civil life, and was efficient in military service. In February, 1777, be was made brigadier-general, and took charge of the Virginia line, under Washington. He was in the battles of Bran- dywine, Gtermantown, and Monmouth, and was at the capture of Stony Point (which see). He was in chief command in Virginia in 1781, until the arrival of St«uben ; and was second in com- mand to Lafayette in resisting the invasion of the state by Cornwallis. At the siege of York- town (which seei) he commanded a brigade of light infantry, and was made a major-general at the close of the war. Removing to Pennsyl- vania, he was elected a member of the Council, and, in 1785, vice-president of the state. He was a member of Congress much of the time from 1789 to 1801, and in 1801-2 he was United States Senator. He was Supervisor of the Rev- enue for the District of Pennsylvania, and, in 1803, Collector of the Port of Philadelphia. MuUigan, James A., was bom at Utica, N. Y., of Irish parents, June 25, 1830 ; died of wounds at Winchester, Va., July 26, 1864. He graduated at the University of St. Mary of the Lake, Illinois, in 1850, and the next year ac- compauied John L. Stephens ou his expedition MUMFOEDSVILLE, BATTLE AT 938 MUEFEEESBOROUGH, BATTLE OP in Central America. He edited a paper in Chi- cago for a wbile, and was admitted to the bar ill November, 1855. In 1861 he became colonel of au Illinois volunteer regiment; and in Sep- tember of that year he took command of the Union post at Lexington, Mo., where, after a desperate defence against an attack by General Price, he was compelled to surrender. ( See Lexington, Mo., Siege of.) He afterwards took command at Camp ])ouglas, Chicago ; and in 1864 he participated in hard-fought battles in the Shenandoah valley. Mumfordsville (Ky. ), Battle at. Bragg crossed the Cnmberland at Lebanon, and en- tered Kentucky on Sept. 5, 1862. His advance, 8000 strong, pushed on towards Louisville ; and on the 13tb two of Buckiier's brigades encoun- tered about 2000 Nationals, under Colonel T. J. Wilder, at Mumfordsville, where the railway crosses the Green Eiver. There the Nationals had hastily constructed some earthworks. A demand for a surrender being refused, the Con- federates drove in the National pickets early the next morning (Sept. 14). Then a battle be- gan, which lasted about five hours, when a re- inforcement reached Wilder, and the assailants wei'e repulsed with heavy loss. A.'^sured of final success, the Confederates remained quiet until the 16th, wheu a heavy force under General Polk, not less than 25,000 strong, appeared. Wilder had been reinforced, and, with 4000 ef- fective men, sustained a battle nearly a whole day, hoping Buell (then at BoAvling Green) would send him promised relief. It did not come ; and when, at sunset, auother demand for surrender was made, and Wilder counted forty- five cannons trained upon his works, he gave up, and at six o'clock the next morning his troops marched out with the honors of war. Wilder reported his entire loss at tliirty-seven killed and wonnded. The Confederates admit- ted a loss of 714 killed and wonnded in the en- counters of the 14th and 16th. Municipal Indignation. When the Alabama Ordinance of Secession w^as passed (June 11, 1861) the Mayor of Mobile called for one thou- sand laborers to cast up defences for the city, and the Common Council, to show their indig- nation against New England, changed the names of several of the streets of the city, as follows : "Maine Street" to Palmetto Street, " Massachu- setts Street" to Charleston Strtet, " New Hamp- shire Street" to Augusta Street, "Rhode Island Street " to Savannah Street, etc. Munitions of "War, Seizures OF (1774). A royal proclamation prohibiting the exportation of munitions of war to America, and the seiz- ure of powder at Charlestown by General Gage, caused ranch indignation in the colonies. There was an evident determination virtually to dis- arm them and leave them at the mercy of British soldiers. The people determined to seize what they might. In the absence of ships-of-war usually stationed in Narraganset Bay, they seized (Deo. 6, 1774) forty-four pieces of cannon in bat- tery at Newport and conveyed them to Provi- dence ; and when the British naval commander demanded of Governor Wanton an explanation of the act, he bluntly avowwl that it was to pre- vent the ordnance falling into the hands of the British oflicers, and that they were to be used for the defence of the rights of the people. This was soon followed at Portsmouth, N. H., where a p.aity of citizens, led by John Sulli- van (afterwards a general in the Coutiiiental army) and John Laugdon, one of the piincipal merchants of that town, seized (Dec. 13) the fort there and carried off one hundred barrels of gunpowder, some cannons, and small-arms. Sim- ilar belligerent demonstrations were made in New York, Philadelphia, and cities farther south. The Connecticut Assembly gave orders to the towns to laj' in a double sui)ply of ammunition, and directed cannons to be mounted at New Loudon. Munson, jEntvAS, M.D., was born at New Ha- ven, Juue 24, 1734 ; died tliere, June 16, 1828. He was au army chaplain in 1755, and began the practice of medicine at Bedford, N. Y., in 1756. lu 1760 he removed to New Haven, where he practised his profession more than fifty years. He was a legislator, and was a professor in the Medical School of Yale College from its organi- zation. — His son jEneas, who graduated at Yale College in 1780, was assistant-surgeon under Dr. Thacher in the Continental army fi-om 1780 to ^^^^te. 2EXEAS MUXSON, JR. 1783. He afterwards became a, merchant in New Haven, and died there, Aug. 22, 1852, aged eighty-nine years. Murfreesborough (or Stone Eiver), Bat- tle OF. As the year 1862 was drawing to a close, General Grant had concentrated the bulk of his army at Holly Springs, Miss., where he was confronted by Van Doru ; and at about the same time Geuei-al Rosecrans, with a greater part of the Army of the Cumberland, was mov- ing southward to attack Bragg below Nashville. Rosecrans was assisted by Generals Thomas, McCook, Crittenden, Rousseau, Palmer, Sheri- dan, J. C. Davis, Wood, Van Cleve, Hazen, Neg- ley, Matthews, and others; and Bragg had as his lieutenants Generals Polk, Breckinridge, Hardee, Kirby Smith, Cheatham, Withers, Cle- MURFEEESBOROUGH, BATTLE OF 939 MUEFEEESBOEOUGH, BATTLE OF barne, aud Wharton. On Dec. 30 the two ar- iiies lay within cannon-shot of each other on opposite sides of Stone River, near Mnrfrees- borongh, along a line about three miles in length. Bragg's superior cavalry force gave him great advantage. On the night of the 30th both armies prepared for battle. Rosecrans had Crittenden ou the left, resting on Stone River, Thomas in the centre, aud McCook on the right. The troo|is breakfasted j ust at dawn, and before sunrise Van Cleve — who was to be supported by Wood — crossed the river to make an attack ; but Bragg had massed troops, under Hardee, on hi.s left in the dim morning twilight, and four brigades under Cleburne charged furiously upon McCook's extreme right before Van Cleve had moved. The divisions of Cheatham audMcCown struclc near the centre, aud at both points Na- tional skirmisher's were driven back upon their lines. Towards these Hues the Confederates pressed in the face of a terrible tempest of mis- siles — losing heavily, but never faltering — and fell with crushing force on the brigades of Wil- lich and Kirk, pressing them back in confusion and capturing two batteries. With equal vigor the Confederates fell upon McCook's left, com- posed of the divisions of Sheridan and Davis, striking them in the flank. After a very severe struggle tliese divisions gave way, aud fell back in good order to the Nashville pike, losing a battery. Every brigade commander in Sheri- dan's division had been killed or wounded. It was now eleven o'clock. The National right wing, comprising full one third of Eosecraus's army, was now broken up ; aud Bragg's cavalry were iu his rear, destroying liis trains and pick- ing up his stragglers. Rosecraus, when he heard of the severe pressure on the right, had given orders to Thomas to give aid to Sheridan. Rous- seau went with two brigades and a battery to Sheridan's right and rear, but it was too late. Crittenden was ordered to suspend Van Cleve's operations against Breckiuridge. It seemed as if the Nationals had lost the day. Bnt there were good leaders and brave fighters left. Thom- as, with the centre, while Coufes to demol- ish it. They stayed the tide of victory for the Confederates, which had been flowing steadily forward for honrs. Gallantly men fought ou both sides, aud did not cease until night closed upon the scene. Rosecrans had lost heavily in men and gnus, yet he was not disheartened. At a council of officers it was resolved to continue the struggle. Bragg felt confident of final vic- tory, and sent a jubilant despatch to Richmond. He expected Rosecrans would attempt to fly towards Nashville during the night, aud was astonished to find the National army before him, in battle order, iu the morning. But he attempted very little that day. On Friday (Jan. 2, 1863) Rosecrans found he had his army well in hand and in an advantageous position. Bragg had stealthily planted four heavy bat- teries during the night that would sweep the National lines, and these he opened suddenly iu the morning; but they were soon silenced by the guns of Walker aud Sheridan, and there was a lull in the storm of battle until the after- noon. Adhering to his original plan of turning Bragg's right aud taking possession of Murfrees- borough, Rosecrans strengthened Vau Cleve's di- vision by one of Palmer's brigades. Suddenly a heavy force of Confederates emerged from a wood aud fell upon Van Cleve. It was Breck- inridge's entire corps, with ten 12-ponnd cannons aud 2000 cavalry. At the same time Vau Cleve received a, galling enfilading fire from Polk's artillery, near. The Nationals gave way, and were speedily driven in confusion across the river, pursiied to the stream by the entire right wing of Bragg's army in three heavy battle Unes. Now Crittenden's artillery, massed along the ground on the opposite side of the river, enfiladed the elated pursuers with fifty-eight heavy guns, while the left of the Nationals pre- pared for action. These guns cut fearful lanes through the Confederate ranks. At the same time the troops of Davis and Negley pushed forward to retrieve the disaster. A fierce strug- gle ensued, and both sides felt that it must be decisive. Both sides had massed their artil- lery, and for a while it seemed as if mutual an- nihilation would be the result. Finally Gener- als Stanley aud Miller charged simultaneously and drove the Confederates rapidly before them. This charge decided the question of victory. In twenty minutes the Confedei-ates had lost 2000 men. At sunset their entire line had fallen back, leaving 400 men captives. Darkness was coming ou, aud the Nationals did not pui-sue. It rained heavily the next day, and preparations were made for another attack ; but at midnight (Jan. 4, 1863) Bragg and. his army retreated in the direction of Chattanooga. He had tele- graphed to Richmond, Jan. 1, " God has granted US a happy New Year." The Nationals in the fight numbered 43,400 ; the Confederates, 62,720. MUEEAY 940 MUSGEAVE The Nationals lost 12,000 men, of whom 1538 wei-e killed. Bragg reported bis loss at 10,000. It was estimated by Eosecraus to be iiiucb greater tbaii bis own. On tlie spot wliere Ha- zen's tbiu brigade so gallantly beld the Confed- erates at bay, a lasting memorial of tbe event bas been erected in the form of a substantial stone nionuwent in the centre of a lot sur- rounded by a heavy wall of limestone. Murray, Alexander, was born at Chester- town, Md., in 1755; died near Fhiladelpbia, Oct. 6, 1821. At the age of eighteen he commanded a vessel engaged in the European trade, and at twenty -one was appointed lieutenant in the Continental uavy; but before entering npon his duties as such he served under Colonel Smalhvood in the laud service. Ho did good public service as a privateer during the Revo- lution, and also in the regular naval service. During the war he was in thirteen battles in the army and navy. Aft«r being captured and exchanged, he volunteered his services as a lieutenant ou board the Trumhull, which, on leaving the Delaware, was attacked and taken by two British vessels of war, after a fierce en- gagement during a terrible storm on a dark night. In this battle Murray behaved gallant- ly, and was severely wounded. After his recov- ery lie was made first-lieutenant of the frigate Alliance. On the organization of the national navy in 1798 he was commissioned a captain, and was in commaud of the frigate Constellation at one time. At his death he was in command of the navy-yard at Philadelphia, and was then the senior officer in the navy. Murray, Alexander, was born in Pennsyl- vania, Jan. 2, 1818. He entered the uavy as a midshipman in 1835, and wa*i made commander in 1862. He served on the Mexican coast dur- ing the war against that country, and was after- wards engaged in the coast survey. He was in the battle at Eoanoke Island (which see), and also of Newbern, in February, 1862. His chief theatre of operations in the Civil War was on the coast of North Carolina. He was made captain in 1866, and commodore in 1871. Murray, James, fifth son of Lord Elibank, entered the British army in 1751, and served with Wolfe in Europe and America, being brig- adier-general In the expedition against Louis- burg in 1758. Junior brigadier-general at the capture of Quebec (of which city he was made military governor), he held it against great odds when assailed by De Levi. He was made ma- jor-general in 1762, and the next year was again Governor of Quebec. He was Governor of Mi- norca in 1774. Murray, Lindley, grammarian, was born at Swatara, near Lancaster, Peuu., in 1745; died near York, England, Feb. 16, 1826. He was a member of the Society of Friends. His father was a successful merchant in New York, to which place he had removed in 1753. Lindley became a lawyer. Duriug the Eevolution he ac- quired such a handsome property by mercantile pursuits that he was able to retire from busi- ness, and in 1784 went to England for his health. whei-e he purchased a small estate near York. In 1787 he published a tract entitled The Power of l{eligion on the Mind, w hich passed through LlNDLEr MURRAY. many editions. But he is chiefly known as au- thor of an English grammar (1795), an English reader, and an English spelling-book. Murray, Mary, and the British. The conn- try-seat, of Eobert Murray, a wealthy mercliant of New York, was on the Incleberg, now known as MuiTay Hill, in the city. She was a warm Whig, and favored the American cause, though a friend, or Quaker. As the British army, after landing at Kip's Bay, on the East Elver (Sept. 15, 1776), was marching across the island tow- ards the Hudson, and would intercept the re- treating Americans, ou approaching Mrs. Mur- ray's she invited Howe and his officers to lunch- eon. Tbe invitation was accepted ; the army was halted, the excellence of the repast, height- ened by tine old Madeira wine, and the charms of the hostess made the officers tarry long enough to allow Putnam, with the American rear-guard, to escape to Harlem Heights. Murray, William Vans, was born in Mary- laud in 1762; died at Cambridge, in the same state, Dec. 11, 1803. After the peace in 1783 he studied law in the Temple, London, and returned about. 1785, practised law, served in his State Legislature, and was in Congress from 1791 to 1797. He was an eloquent speaker and a keen diplomatist ; was appointed by Washington minister to the Batavian republic, and by Ad- ams sole envoy extraordinary to the French re- public. Ellsworth and Davie afterwards joined him. He was instrumental in the arrangement of the convention signed at Paris in September, 1800 (see 2>-e«