The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924006137578 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE OHIO. CONTAINING A HISTORY OF THE COUNTY ; ITS TOWNSHIPS, TOWNS, ETC.; MILITARY RECORD; PORTRAITS OF EARLY SETTLERS AND PROMINENT MEN; FARM VIEWS; PERSONAL REMINISCENCES, ETC. CHICAGO: WARNER, BEERS & (X). 1MM3. PREFACE THE history of Defiance County, Ohio, which has been for some time in course of preparation, is herewith presented to the patrons of the work, in a form which it is confidently believed will prove satisfactorj- to all, being in strict accordance with the announcements made in the prospectus issued some two years ago. The work was undertaken in the belief that there is a proper demand that the events which relate to the early times should find a permanent record, and with what fidelity to facts and with what patience of research we have accomplished the task we leave to the judgment of our patrons, in whose keeping the traditions of that day remain, and for whom the work was undertaken. Full}' aware of our inability to furnish a perfect history from meager public documents, inaccurate private correspondence and numberless conflicting traditions, we make no pretension of having prepared a work devoid of blemish. Every important field of research has been minutely scanned, and, while we acknowledge the existence of unavoidable errors, we claim to have prepared a work fuU}^ up to the standard of our promises, and as accurate and comprehensive as could be expected under the circumstances. To the citizens of the county for the co-operation we have at all times met with, and to all who in any way contributed to the work or aided us in its preparation, we tender our thanks ; we especially desire to mention the names of Jacob J. Greene, William C. Holgate, H. N. Prentice, William Carter and Alfred P. Edgerton, who furnished us with many facts and events of by-gone days. CONTENTS PAGE. CHAPTER I.— History of tiik Terkitoky Northwest or the Ohio — The Ordinance for the Government of the Territory of the Unit- ed States Northwest of the Ohio— Surveys and Grants of the Public Lands — Treaties made with the Indians — First Officers of the Terri- tory—The Second Grade of Territorial Government— Early Laws of the Territory — Local Courts and Court Officers— Organization of Counties — Early Territorial A'illages and Towns — Territorial Officers — Hostility of Indian Tribes — Military Expeditions — Organization of the Second Grade of Territorial Government — Members of Ter- ritorial Legislature of 1799-1800— First Council and House of Rep- resentatives 9-20 CHAPTER II.— Geology— Our Sedimentary Rocks— Our Drift Geology — Glaciation — Erosion — Modifications — The Great Scandinavian Glacier — Lake Beaches Due to the Shifting of the Earth's Center of Gravity — Glaciers and Glacier Movements 21-27 CHAPTER III.— Agricultural Resources op Defiance County 27-29 CHAPTER IV.— The MiAMis— Little Turtle 30-33 CHAPTER v.— The History of the Shawnees— The Sale of Their Reserves- The Final Removal— Their Great Chiefs 33-.>5 CHAPTER VI.-.-BRITISH Expedition up the JIaumee in 1780— Early Indian Councils — Defiance, the Heart of the Indian Nation — John Brickell's Captivity— Spencer's] Indian Life at Defiance 5.5-60 CHAPTER VII.— Gen. Wayne's E-tpeditions- Daily Journal of Wayne— Gen. Wayne— Treaty of Greenville 61-78 CHAPTER VIII.— Defiance County in 1812— The Death and Burial of Capt. Logan — Gen. Winchester's Order Book — Winchester's De- parture 79-83 CHAPTER IX.— Surveys 83-84 CHAPTER X. — Organization of Williams County — Early Proceed- ings of the Commissioners — Court House — First Election 84-85 CHAPTER XL— Organization of Defiance County- Full Text of the Bill Organizing Defiance County — Rejoicings at Defiance — Court House S-n-B" CHAPTER XII.— County Officials— List of County Officers 88-89 CHAPTER XIII.— The Courts— The Bench 90-91 CHAPTER XIV.— The Bar— The Present Bar— Horace Sessions— John Beaston Semans — William Semans—Samuel H. Greenlee — Gilbert L. Myers — Erastus H. Leland — Maj. Samuel A. Strong — Thomas Cowan — Thomas T. Cowan — Hamilton Davison — George W. Killey — John F. Deatrick— Silas T. Sutphen— Henry Hardy- William Carter 91-106 CHAPTER XV.— Canals 106-107 CHAPTER XVI.— Railroads 107 I page. CHAPTER XVII.— Town Site Vagaries— Johnny Appleseed— Pioneer Home— Pioneer Wedding— Navigating the Maumee— First County Fair— The Hebrews— Table of Population by Townships 108-111 CHAPTER XVIII.— The Me.kican War 112-113 CHAPTER XIX.— Military Record of Defiance County in the War of the Rebellion— The Call for Troops— Fourteenth Ohio Infantry— Twenty-first Ohio Infantry— Thirty-eighth Ohio Infan- try — Forty-eighth Ohio Infantry — Sixty-eighth Ohio Infantry — One Hundredth Onio Infantry — One Hundred and Seventh Ohio Infan- try — One Hundred and Eleventh Ohio Infantry — Additional List of Defiance Soldiers 113-1.5-5 CHAPTER XX.— Defiance— Population — Post Office— Incorporation — Hotels — Banking — Industries — Newspapers — .'^chools of Defiance — Pioneer Physicians — Societies — Churches of Defiance — Cemeteries — Defiance Township — Personal Sketches .,. 156-2-53 CHAPTER XXL— Ad.\ms TowkshiP— Voters in 1845- Personal Remin- iscences 1 254-257 CHAPTER XXII.— Delaware Township— Village of Delaware Bend — Dunkard's Church — United Brethren Church at Sherwood — Per- sonal Reminiscences 2-57-266 CHAPTER XXIIL— Farmer Township— The Village of Farmer Cen- ter — Fii-st Voters — Personal Reminiscences 267-277 CHAPTER XXIV- — HigKsviLLE Township — Roads — Sales of Land — Mills — Voters in 184^Hicksville — Village of Hicksville — Schools — Churches — Secret Societies — Physicians — Attorneys — Press — Busi- ness Industries — Personal Reminiscences 2/S-oiJS CHAPTER XXV, — Highland Township —Ayer>ville— Churches— Ayersville (irange — Voters in 1845 — Personal Reminiscences 308-317 CHAPTER XXVI.— Mark To^vNSHip— Schools— Mark Center— Person- al Reminiscences 317-324 CHAPTER XXVII.— Milford Township — Churches — Arrowsmith Mill — Personal Reminiscences 324-334 CHAPTER XXVIII.— Noble Township- Personal Reminiscences.. -3-34-340 CHAPTER XXIX.— Richland Township- The Village of Independ- ence — Voters in 1845 — Fort Defiance Grange, No. 267 — Personal Reminiscences.... 340-346 CHAPTER XXX. — Tiffin Township — Early Voters — Village of Evansport — Evansport Lodge, F. & A. M., No. 511 — Pereonal Remin- iscences .347-369 CHAPTER XXXI.— Washington Township— Georgetown— Voters in 184o— Personal Reminiscences^ 369-374 PEESONAL SKETCHES. DEFIANCE TOWNSHIP. Adams, Nathaniel B 218 Ashbaugh, Sam a el S 235 Austin, Mrs, Ruth 201 Brubaker, John 221 Brubaker, Mrs. Eliza '2M Bauer, -Joseph, Jr 22:1 Brown, William A 230 Bronson, Charles E 235 Blanchard, Ludger 2oii Blanchard, Joseph 2XG Blanchard, Gideon 236 Blair, Enos 237 Blymyer, William Gaylord 244 Bechtold, Dr. Anthony 245 Beehel, Geoi;geW 247 Beardsley, LivingsLon E 2o:'. Corwin, Isaac .- 216 Carroll, Thomas R 222 Carroll, William 222 Gary, Robert 226 Casebeer, Capt. J. E 233 Carter, William 23fi CuUey, Frapk C 244 Downs, Mrs. Sophia 211 Dickman, Peter 217 Davis, 2. H 218 Foust.JohnA 226 Felton, Rev. Truman 232 Flickinger, Charles Andrew '246 Gorman, Michael 212 Gorman, John W 252 Greene, Jacob J .- 23;> Graper, John D 247 Geiger, Christian L 240 Hceffel, Michael, Jr 216 Heatley, James B 227 Hivelv, John 232 Haller, J. S 234 Harris, Hemy B ., 235 Higgins, William 238 Holgate, William C 239 Holgate, Curtis 242 Hoffman, William G 250 Hall, Henry B 250 Hilton, Jesse -. 252 Holston, Maurice S 252 Harley, Christian 253 Kiser, Mrs. Julia A 210 Kettenring, Peter 214 Killey, Daniel H 223 Kahlo, Joseph J 246 Kniss, John^ 249 Lewis, William, Jr 214 Lindeuberger, Edward F ; 215 Lehman, Johu 21S Lauster, Peter William 220 Levi, Joseph 1 24S McCollister, John 237 McFarlan, Mrs. Hannah 211 Miller, John 221 CONTENTS. PAGE. Miller, Charles L 222 Miller, Horace P ......."., 224 Miller, Abijah John .'. 235 Marquardt, Coorad 235 Newton, Townsend 232 Neill, Lewis 239 Oliver, Mrs. Elizabeth ".'.."*..'."!..'.'..'.... 251 Preisendorfer, John M 237 Powell, Dr. W. S .'.'"!!.".'*.*."."!!.".'....'.".'.'.'!. 245 Royce, Charles V , ".""' 212 Richardson, Lay Whitney 225 Ralston, Joseph 228 Rowe, John 249 Stevens, Frederick F 212 Schneider, John Jacob 219 Squire, Virgil 220 Shead, Frank J 224 Shirley, Philip .' .'...".'.'."'..'..'.'. 20.^ Schlosser, Peter 224 Stow, Rev. William B "V." '..."'. 231 Sauer, Henry 232 Scott, John Lawrence '2'M Strong, Charles Carroll 236 Southworth, Burr B 248 Tuttle, John 213 Trampe, Frederick 220 Thacker, Dr. I. N , 245 Viers, A 237 Weisenhurger, G. M 215 Weisenburger, Francis J 21(1 Wood, Harvey 223 Wilhelm, Adam 229 White, Hon. Elmer 243 Widmer, Daniel 245 Widmer, John 245 Ziegler, Peter 222 Ziegler, Michael 222 ADAMS TOWNSHIP. Diehl, Aaron 254 Hornish, John 255 Hall, Emanuel 256 Lehman, Henry 255 Markel Ephraim 254 Shrimplin, John ^ 255 Swartz, Jacob .' 255 Tubbs, Charles 255 Tittle, T. J 256 Wisda, John 256 DELAWARE TOWNSHIP. Armstrong, George C 2G6 Blair, Kathaniel M 263 Brown, David Benton 265 <.'offin, Orlando 265 Frink, Henry 265 Gillespie, F.R '. 260 Hill, George W 260 Haver, :Moses M 264 Kintner, George 262 Lewis, Catharine 262 Miller, Elias 260 Musselman, John 261 Platter, Jacob ^ ; 266 Snook. U. R., M. D 258 Speaker, Mrs. Elizabeth 261 Smith, E. B 262 Smith, Charles 262 Smith, James M 264 Smith, E. T 264 Slough, Henry 263 Shook, Simon P 265 FARMER TOWNSHIP. Alexander, Thomas M 270 Allen, Mrs. Harriet M. 270 Earlston, Mrs. Susannah 273 Farmer, Enoch , 268 Foot, Orley N 271 Gardner, James A 273 Haller, Mrs. Cassandra 268 Haller, William yi 269 Hill, Horace W 273 Huber, Anthony 273 Hopkins, Oney Rice '. 276 Knight, Richard 271 Lord, Randall 271 Lord, William 271 Miller, Dr. B. E 271 Martin, William 273 Norway, John a 272 Price, William 274 Price, John 274 Ridenour, Susannah 270 Rice, Mrs. Lydia 270 Reynolds, Dr. J. J 271 Tharp, Elisha > 272 AVelden, Ethan R 273 Waltz, (ieorge 273 Wolford, Emanuel 274 Wilder, Levi W 274 HICK8VILLF TOWNSHIP. Ainsworth, John 31 -JO;") Babbage, WiUiam 290 Brinker, Simon P 293 Babb, Mark W 301 VAUK. Bunnell, Joseph ^^^ Bunnell, Joseph S ^^J Butter, Ephraim ^^'^ Clemmcr, John ^°^ Clemmer, George 29 J Crook, Edward W .'. 295 Casebeer, James 2''' Clay, J. C ^00 Edgerton, Alfred B 287 Donafin, Isaac .-. -98 Elliott, Hugh 290 Edson, Ptolemy 307 Forlow, Amos ^J^J Forlow, Benjamin 294 Forlow, J. B :. 301 Fish, Simon W ^0^ Gingrich, Jacob 290 Grifftn, L. E 299 Gale, Lucius ^06 Greer, Mrs. E. R 308 Hill, Hon. W. D.-. 289 Hilbert, Peter 291 Henning, Frederick 292 Henry, Abram 295 HenrV, William J 307 Huffman, D. G .' 299 Hoffman, Michael 304 Hoffman, John A 304 Hoffman, G. W 304 Kerr, Robert Filmore 294 Kleckner, William J 296 Kinraot, WiUiam 302 Kinmot, Dr. T. C 302 Loveland, Luther 293 Lawson, John '•i»6 Maxwell, William R 293 Maxwell, James 299 Miller, John A 307 Norick, George 305 Osborn, Ransom 292 Otis, E. D 295 Otis, Dr. William D : 297 Parker, Allen 293 Pcttit, B. S 296 Phillips, Ashcr P 298 Putnam, L. R 305 Ryan, John 293 Ryan, J. C 3U0 Richards, Dr. AV. H 297 Rakef^traw, Dr.B. M 305 Scott, George W 296 Swilley, John 300 Summers, A 301 Tracht, Michael 291 Tracht, George 291 Thompson, F. M 300 Tannehill, C. V 301 Thoman, Conrad 306 Warner, Amos 304 Warner, George 308 HIGHLAND TOWNSHIP. Ayers, Joseph Prudden 312 Ashton, James 313 Brechbill, Henry 309 Brechbill, Abram Troxell 311 Boutell, N. A 315 Boutell, John 316 Fullmer. A 316 Hill, H.J 316 Hceltzel, Philip George 314 Kraft, Jacob 313 Mix, E. B 316 Myers, Jacob K 312 Povenmire, Abraham 317 Sanford, John M 313 Skiver, Augustus 313 MARK TOWNSHIP. 319 320 322 318 319 32fi 318 318 Crawford. Thomas Colby, Dr. Levi Critchfield, Lyman R DovorejE. H Frederick, John P Frederick, Peter ...-. Haver, Robert Hutchinson, AVilliaui C Kleckner, Samuel 320 Kyle, Josiah 321 Knight, William J 322 Martin, Henry 319 Onstott, Samuel 318 Rice, George N 321 Spcalman, G. W 321 MILFORD TOWNSHIP. Battershell, Rudolph J 33o Barry, Charles W 331 Crary, Nathaniel 327 Chapman, George W 332 Green, Jacob, Jr 326 Gingery, Ava r.27 Henry, John :v27 Haller, John F :v2fi Hulburt, C, M ;^3o I-Iootman, John Jackson ,. 330 Hootman, John 330 CONTENTS. PAGE. Hootman, Christopher 331 Pierce, William G 325 Serrill, Jacob D 327 Stone, Alpha 331 Wartenbee, Isaac 3;U Wilcox, A. W 332 NOBLE TOWNSHIP. Hiltou, Brice 334 Langdon, Lyman 337 Perkins, John 335 Partee, John 335 Plummer, John 335 Statler, Harnett G 336 Travis, William 336 RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. Braueher, Mrs. Mary , 341 Braucher, Isaac F 346 Evans, Pierce 341 Elliott, Thomas 343 Elliott, J. B 346 Elliott, A 346 Hill, John 343 Kepler, Samuel 344 Ort, Henry ., 345 Rohn, Samuel 342 Taylor, John, Jr 344 Weideuhamer, Benjamin 343 Woodward, Orestus TJ 345 TIFFIN TOWNSHIP. Andrews, William F 358 iJarnhart, Mrs. Martha 363 Bennett, Aaron 364 Bergman, Solomon 360 Black, George 360 Bohn, Alexander 359 Brown, Henry 366 Brown, John Wesley 366 Cameron, John 350 (Jameron, Lydia (Stenger) 350 Cameron, John P 351 Cameron, Robert B 351 Cameron, Samuel P 359 Churchman, William 361 Collins, Joseph 349 Coy Family, The 348 Craine, John T 36S Dieden, Jacob 365 Enneking, Frederick v 366 Erman, Jacob 362 Figley, Jacob • 367 Figley, Simon 367 Fribley, Daniel 358 Garber, John A 359 Garber, Brice H 359 Garber, DeWitt Clinton 359 Gares, Peter 362 Gurwell, James S 364 Gurwell, Martin 365 Hall, Jacob 352 Hall, George C 352 Hall, Adam 352 Hall, William 353 Hall, Jesse -■ 353 PAGE. Hall, George, Sr 353 Hall, Adam C 353 Key, Francis L 357 Kibble, Parmenas 366 Kibble, William Nelson 367 Kuhn, Christopher 351 IMcCaulery, Philip 361 Miller, David 357 Moon, Jacob, Jr 360 Partee, Lewis '. 363 Purtee, Obadiah 352 Purtee, George 355 Purtee, Enos 355 Rath, William 357 Rethmel, John H 363 Rethmel,Ezra '. 365 Rogers, Alexander, Jr 362 Russell, Dr. Houston 358 Russell, John J 360 Schlosser, Samuel 360 Shuter, Samuel ; 354 Skinner, Charles A 357 Snider, John 353 Snider, Solomon 355 Snider, Amos 355 Snider, Samuel 355 Spangler, Abraham 360 Spangler, Peter 361 Spercer, Frederick 357 Stever, John G 363 Strawser, John 362 Sullinger, Adam :;05 Walter, John N :i6S Weiland, John G 360 Wissler, John W :i.i6 Wissler, David '.Vti> Yeager, Thomas j 354 Yeagley, B 365 WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. Beattie, S. K .374 Benner, George W , 370 Bostater, Andrew .' 371 Donley, Henry 373 Donley, William 374 Doud, Mrs Clariuda 371 Earlston, John 374 Garver, Isaac 371 , Goller, George 374 Ciorrell, James 072 Ilanua, Mrs. Mary ;-;7;: Hartshorn, Dr. N. W 374 Keller, Mrs. Mary ^73 Kintner, John 373 Lorah, Henry -. 373 Mason, John 372 Moon, Samuel Perry 373 Pearce, William, Sr 372 Persin, Christopher ■ 372 Ridenour, George 370 Scott, Andrew ; 373 Strawser, Philip 372 Struble, Martin 369 Ufer, William 371 Ury, George W 370 ILLUSTRATIONS. Armstrong, Mr. and Mrs. G. C facing 264 Arrowsmitli, M facing 184 Allen, Mr. and Mrs. D facing 232 Ainsworth, J. M., residcuce facing 104 Babbage, William facing 40 Beardsley, L. E facing 200 Beattie, S. K facing 368 Boutell, N. A facing 1S6 Braucher, Isaac facing 248 Brechbill, Mr. and Mrs. A. T facing 812 Brechbill, Mr. and Mrs. John facing 312 Bronson, C. E facing 56 Cameron, John and Lyiia facing 296 Casebeer, J. E facing 200 Casebeer, James facing 40 Court House and Jail frontispiece Clemmer, John facing 296 Conrad, Mrs. Mary facing 352 Croolt, E. W., residence facing 288 Deatrick, J.T facing 88 Elliott, Mr. and Mrs. Albert facing 136 Forlow, Amos facing 40 Forlow, Benjamin facing 40 Flickinger, C. A facing 168 Foust, John A facing 200 Fullmer, A facing 360 Greene, Jacob J facing 120 Gares, Peter, residence facing 216 Haller, Jesse facing 184 Haller, Cassandra facing 184 Haller, Mr. and Mrs. J. F., porlraits and residence facing 828 Hall, Mr. and Mrs. George ('., portraits and residence facing 72 Hardy, Henry facing 66 Harley, C facing 120 Henning, Fred, residence facing 288 Higgins, William facing 5G Hill, H. J facing 300 Holgate, William C facing 24 Hoeltzel, P. G facing 360 Huber, Mr. and Jlrs. A facing 232 Kerr, R. F., residence facing 104 Knight, Richard and Harriet facing 264 Miller, Mr. and Mrs. David, portraits and residence facing 152 Mix, E. B facing 248 Preisendorfer, J. M facing 200 Prentice, H. N facing 248 Price, Mr. and Mrs. .John facing 272 Price, Mr. and Mrs. William facing 272 Ralston, Joseph facing 120 Ridenonr, George facing 368 Kohn, Mrs. Sarah facing 312 Rohn, Mr. and Mrs. Samuel '. facing 344 Sutphen, S. T facing 96 Skiver, Augustus facing 360 Snider, Mr. and Mrs. John, portraits and residence facing 352 Struble, Martin facing 368 Swilley, John facing 296 Thompson, F. M facing 136 Ufer, William facing 368 Wilhelm, Adam facing 120 Woodward, Mr. and Mrs. 0. U facing 344 Map Defiance County 7 "^^J? HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY, OHIO. CHAPTER I. HISTORY OF THE TERRITORY NORTHWEST OF THE OHIO. A HUNDRED years carries us back to Ohio in a state of natwe; its forests unbroken by the labors of civilized man; its rich mines un- opened; its beautiful lakes and rivers free from all navigation save the Indian canoe. The si- lence of solitude rested over its whole extent, ex- cept where the Indian villages gathered the sparse population, or the shout of the hunt or battle broke the stillness. A hundred years ago the Northwestern Territory that now comprises the great and prosperous States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin, with a population of 9, - 000,000, was an almost unknown wilderness, with a few French settlements scattered among large tribes of roaming Indians. Great Britain had received this territory by her treaty with E'rance in 1763, but she did not encourage its settlement by the American colonists. Her policy was to leave the Indians in undisturbed possession of it, and keep up a profitable commerce with them. Such was its condition on the 4th of July, 1776, when our independence of Great Britain was declared. During the war of Indepen- dence, Great Britain used these Indian tribes against the United States. By the treaty of 1783 between the United States and Great Britain, this territory west to the Mississippi and south to the Ohio was re- luctantly granted to the United States. It is said that it was only by the firm purpose of John Adams in negotiating that treaty that the Ohio River did not become the southern boundary of the British posses- sions, instead of the present Canada line. It is a matter of history that Great Britain maintained trad- ing posts and forts within this territory long after it was ceded to us, and is believed to have aided and sup- ported the Indian tribes in their deadly hostility to the first settlements of Ohio. During the Revolu- tionary war, New York, Massachusetts, Virginia and Connecticut had each set up claims to this territory under royal charters, although to the other colonies their claims- seemed unjust, their assertions for a time seriously affected the formation of the American Union. It required all the patriotism and wisdom of the fathers of the republic to deal with this delicate ques- tion, so as to secure for the common good this vast empire, and not alienate any of these powerful colo- nies from the Union. The differences were finally adjusted, Virginia ceded her rights in 1785, reserving the territory between the Scioto and Little Miami Rivers, which amounted to over 3,700,000 acres, and Connecticut ceded her rights in 1786, reserving out of her grant all north of latitude 41, extending for a hundred and twenty miles west of Pennsylvania, since known as the Connecticut Western Reserve, amounting to a little less than 3,700,000 acres. Mass- achusetts and New York ceded their rights with, no other condition than that the territory should be held for the benefit of all the States of the Union. Large bounties of land had been promised by Congress to the officers and soldiers of the line. Vir- ginia, who regarded herself as the owner of the un- limited territories of Tennessee and Kentucky and northwest of the Ohio, 'had also made magnificent promises of bounties to her soldiers and officers. These bounties, in case of Brigadier Generals, were 10,000 acres; and to Major Generals, 15,000 acres; all other officers less, in proi^ortiou to their rank, Those who were entitled to these bounties became im- patient to receive them. By the war their business had been broken up, the commerce and manufactures of the country were of little value, and the small and sterile farms of New England and the Atlantic coast offered small attractions for agriculture compared with the rich lands of Kentucky and the Ohio country, of which accounts found their way to these Eastern States. Congress was pressed by them to provide for the settlement of these territories, particularly the great region northwest of the Ohio River. Believing that the Indian tribes who had been at war with the United States were to be treated as defeated enemies, with no absolute rights in the lands they occupied, Congress made the treaty of Fort Stanwix in October, 1784, with the Six Nations, fixing their boundarj^ west 10 HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. by the west line of Pennsylvania, and giving to the United States all north and west of the Ohio. The treaty of Fort Mcintosh was made on January 21, 1785, with the Delawares, Wyandots, Ottawas and Chippewas, who were then supposed to represent the ludiant) in actual occupation of Ohio, fixing their boundary by the Cuyahoga Eiver on the east, and a line from the portage between the Cuyahoga and Mus- kingum to the head-waters of the Miami at the oJd French Fort, thence along the east side of the Mau- mee to Lake Erie, as a southern boundary of the lands of the Indians of Ohio. As soon as this was done, surveys were ordered by Congress, and preparations for immigration to the Ohio country were discussed. But northeast of the Ohio was yet unoccupied under authority of the United States. The Moravians had a successful mission on the Tuscarawas River, where civilization had made its home, and white families and Indians were enjoying comparative comfort and prosperity. This mission was in charge of Brothers Ziesburgen, John Heckewelder, Jengman, Senseman and others. Mary Heckewelder was born at this mis- son, April 16, 1787, and is siipposed to be the first white child born in Ohio. The history of this mis- sion is one of the most interesting and saddest in Ohio history. It would be pleasant, did space per- mit, to pay a deserving tribute to the love and faith- fulness of those devoted men and women and recall that scene of peace and Christian civilization which found its temporary home among those savages of the wilderness. Here they founded their villages, beauti- fully called Shoenbrun, the beautiful spring; Guaden- hutten, tents of grace; and Salem, peace. But the want of space compels us to turn to other scenes, to learn from them, if we may, the source of Ohio's strength and glory. On the 20th of May, 1785, Congress considering the United States to be the rightful owners and in possession of the lands ceded by the treaty of Fort Mcintosh, passed an ordinance for ascertaining the mode of disposing of the lands in the "AVestern Ter- ritory," directing therein how siu-veys should be made. In these surveys. Section 16 was reserved for the use of schools, and fom- other sections were re- served for further disposal by Congress. Although many changes were made in the laws relating to lands in Ohio, this policy of providing for schools was continued throughout. THE ORDINANCE FOE THE GOVERNMENT OF THE TERRITORY OF THE UNITED STATES NORTHWEST OF THE OHIO RIVER. This ordinance was passed on the 13th day of July^, 1787. As this ordinance is spoken of so often, and has so often been eulogized, it is well for us to know exactly what it is, and what ])art of it is entitled to eulogy. For we will find that parts of it became exceedingly distasteful to the early settlers of Ohio, and were bitterly denounced by them very early in our history. This ordinance first provides certain temporary rules of property, which were subject to future legisla- tion, regulating descents, dowers, wills and deeds. It provides for the rights of the inhabitants of Kas- kaskia and Vincennes, or Port Vincents, as it is therein called, which were to be subject to the laws of. Virginia at the time. Then it provides for a temporary government. This was to consist at first of a Governor, Secretary and three Judges, to be appointed by Con- gress. The Governor and Judges were to have the power to adopt and publish in the district such laws of the original States, criminal and civil, that might be necessary and best suited to the circumstances of the district, and not disapproved by Congress. All officers were required to be residents for certain peri- ods of time, and all to be land owners; the Governor to own 1,000 acres; the Secretary and Judges each 500 acres. When the district should contain 5,000 free male inhabitants of full age, they were to elect a House of Representatives. Its members were to own each 200 acres of land, and those only could vote for representatives who owned 50 acres of land. These Representatives were elected for two years. They were to select ten names of citizens of the ter- ritory, each owning 500 acres of land, out of which Congress selected five persons who composed the coun cil, and whose term was five years. The Governor, Council and Representatives formed the Legislatui-e. This Legislature had power to make laws in all cases for the good government of the district, not repug- nant to the principles and articles of the ordinance de- clared and established, and to repeal and alter those made by the Governor and Judges. All bills passed by a majority of the Council and the House had to have the assent of the Governor. He also had power to convene, prorogue and dissolve the assembly, when in his opinion it should be expedient. He also had power to form counties, appoint all magistrates and other officers, not otherwise directed by the ordi- nance, during the temporary government. The third division of this ordinance contains a declaration of certain fundamental principles of government and the rights of man. Among these are the rights to worship and to religious opinions. It also declares that no law ought ever to be made that shall in any manner interfere with or effect private contracts, en- gagements bona fide, and without fraud, previously made. It declares that "religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools a ad the means of education shall forever be encouraged. " It f m-ther declares that "the utmost good faith shall always HISTOKY OF DEFIANCE COTJNTY. II be observed toward the Indians, their lands and property shall never be taken from them without their consent; and in their property, rights and liberty they shall never be invaded, or disturbed unless in just and lawful wars authorized by Congress, but laws founded in justice and humanity shall, from time to time, be made for preventing wrongs being done to them and for preserving peace and friendship with them." Article 6 declares that " there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in said territory otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, wheroof the party shall have been duly convicted, " to which a pi'oviso was attached that fugitives from labor or service could be reclaimed. It is to this third part of the ordinance that the eulogies of many of our statesmen and citizens have been given, and to-day, in the light of almost a century of Ohio's history, can- not we unite in those eulogies? Mr. Webster, in his celebrated controversy with Hayne says, that this ordinance was drawn by Nathan Dow, of Massachu- setts. "It was adopted, as I think I have understood, without the slightest alteration, and certainly it has happened to few men to be the author of a political measure of more large and enduring consequence. It fixes forever the character of the population north- west of the Ohio, by excluding from them involimtary servitude. It impresses upon the soil itself, while it was yet a wilderness, an incapacity to bear up any other than free men. It laid the interdict against personal servitude not only deeper than all local law, but deeper also than all local constitutions. Under the circumstances then existing, I look upon this original and reasonable provision as a real good at- tained. We see its consequences at this moment, and shall never cease to see them perhaps while the Ohio shall flow. " In another part of this discussion, he said of this ordinance: " It need hardly btj said that that paper expresses just sentiments on the great sub- ject of civil and religious liberty. Such sentiments were common and abound in all our State papers of that day. But the ordinance did that which was not so common, and which is not even now universal ; that is, it set forth and declared, as a high and binding duty of government itself, to encourage schools and advance the means of education, on the plain reason that religion, morality and knowledge are necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind." " One observation further. The important provis- ion incorporated in the Constitution of the United States, restraining legislative power in questions of private right, and from impairing the obligations of contracts, is first introduced and established, as far as I am informed, as matters of expressed written con- stitutional law in the ordinance of 1787." In the sketches of the history of Ohio prefixed to Chase's Statutes, and published in 1833, Gov. Chase says: "After establishing the freedom of conscience, the sacredness of personal liberty, the inviolability of private contracts, and the security of private prop- erty; after recognizing the duty of the Government to foster schools and difi'use knowledge; and after en- joining the observance of good faith toward the un- fortunate and ignorant Indian, and the performance toward them of these ofBces of kindness and peace which so adorn and grace the intercourse of the mighty with the weak, as if resolved to omit nothing which might be thought justly to belong to an instru- ment providing for the erection of free States, the framers of the ordinance, in the last article, declare 'there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servi- tude within the territory otherwiso than in the pun- ishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted. ' Well might he say of this ordi- nance, never probably in the history of the world did a measure of legislation so accm'ately fulfill and yet so mightily exceed the anticipation of legislators. The law has been described as having been a pillar of cloud by day and fire by night in the settlement and government of the Northwestern States. When the settlers went into the wilderness, they found the law already there. It was impressed upon the soil itself while it yet bore up nothing but the forest. The purchaser of land became by that act a party to the compact, and bound by its perpetual covenants so far as its provisions did not conflict with the terms of the cession of the States." "This remai-kable instrument," he says again, "was the last gift of the old confederation of the country, and was a fit consummation of their glorious labors. " At the time of its promulgation the federal constitu- tion was under discussion in the convention and in a few months, upon the organization of the new national Government, that Congress was dissolved, never again to re-assemble. Some, and indeed most of the principles estab- lished by the articles of compact are to be found in the plan of 1784, and in the various English and American bills of rights. Others, however, and those not the least important, are original. Of this number are the clauses in relation to contracts, to slavery and to the Indians. On the whole, the arti- cles contain what they profess to contain, the true theory of American liberty. The great principles promulgated by it are wholly and purely American. They are, indeed, the general principles of freedom, unadulterated by compromise with circumstances, the effect of which are visible in the Constitution and history of the Union." 12 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. "While Congress had uader consideration the measure for the organization of a territorial govern- ment northwest of the Ohio Eiver, the preliminary steps were taken in Massachusetts toward the forma- tion of the Ohio Land Company, for the purpose of making a purchase of a large tract of land in said Territory and settling upon it. On the passage of the ordinance by Congress, the aforesaid land com- pany perfected its organization, and by its agents, Eev. Manasseh Cutler and Maj. Winthrop Sargent, made application to the Board of Treasury, July 27, 1787, to become purchasers, said board having been authorized four days before to make sales. The pur- chase, which was perfected October 27, 1787, em- braced a tract of land containing about a million and a half of acres, situated within the present counties of Washington, Athens, Meigs and Gallia, subject to the reservation of two townships of land six miles square, for the endowment of a college, since known as Ohio University, at Athens; also every sixteenth section, set apart for the use of schools, as well also every twenty-ninth section, dedicated to the support of religious institutions; also Sections 8, 11 and 20, which were reserved by the United States for future sale. After these deductions were made, and that of donation lands, there remained only 964,285 acres to be paid for by the Ohio Land Company, and for which patents were issued. At a meeting of the directors of the company, held November 23, 1787, Gen. Rufus Putnam was chosen Superintendent of the company, and he ac- cepted the position. Early in December, six boat builders and a number of other mechanics were sent foi-ward to Simrall's Ferry (now West JSTewton), on the Youghiogheny River, under the command of Maj. Haffield White, where they arrived in January, and at once proceeded to build a boat for the use of the company. Col. Ebene.?:er Sproat, of Rhode Island, Anselm Tupper, and John Matthews, of Massachu- setts, and Col. Return J. Meigs, of Connecticut, were appointed surveyors. Preliminary steps were also taken at this meeting to secure a teacher and chap- lain, which resulted in the appointment of Rev. Dan- iel Story, who some time during the next year arrived at the mouth of the Muskingum, in the capacity of the first missonary and teacher from New England. Early in the winter the remainder of the pioneers, with the surveyors, left their New England homes and started on their toilsome journey to the Western wilderness. They passed on over the Alleghanies, and reached the Youghioghemy about the middle of February, where they found their companions who had preceded them. The boat, called the " May- flower," that was to transport the pioneers to their destination, was forty-five feet long, twelve feet wide and of fifty tons burden, and was placed under the command of Capt. Devol. " Her bows were raking, or curved like a galley, and strongly timbered ; her sides were made bullet proof, and she was covered with a deck roof," so as to aiford better protection against the hostile savages while floating down to- ward their Western home, and during its occupancy there, before the completion of their cabins. All things being ready; they embarked at Sirnrall's Perry, April 2, 1788, and passed down the Youghio- ghemy into the Monongahela, and thence into the Ohio, and down said river to the mouth of the Musk ingum, where they arrived April 7, and then and there made the first permanent settlement of civilized men within the present limits of Ohio. These bold adventurers were re- enforced by another company from Massachusetts, who, after a nine weeks' jour- ney, arrived early in July, 1788. Many of these Yankee colonists had been ofiicers and soldiers in the Revolutionary army, and were, for the most part, men of intelligence and character, and of sound judgment and ability. In short, they were just the kind of men to found a State in the wilder- ness. They possessed great energy of character, were enterprising, fond of adventure and daring, and were not to be intimidated by the formidable forests nor by the ferocious beasts sheltered therein, nor by the still more to be dreaded savages, who stealthily and with murderous intent roamed throughout their length and breadth. Their anny experience had taught them what hardships and privations were, and they were quite willing to encounter them. A better set of men could not have been selected for pioneer settlers than were these New England colonists — those brave-hearted, courageous, hero-emigrants to the great Northwest, who, having triumphantly passed the fiery ordeal of the Revolution, volunteered to found a State and to establish American laws, Ameri- can institutions and American "civilization in this, the wilderness of the uncivilized West. If any State in our American Union ever had a better start in its incipient settlement than Ohio, I am not aware of it. Gen. Washington, writing of the bold pioneers, said that " no colony in America was ever settled under such favorable auspices as that which has just com- menced at the Muskingum. Information, property and strength will be its characteristics. I know many of tlie settlers personally, and there never were men better calculated to promote the welfare of such a community. " Having had a personal army acquaint- ance with Gens. Putnam and Parsons, and with Col. Return Jonathan Meigs, and probably with many other leading members of this pioneer colony, his favorable opinion of them is entitled to great weight. HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. 13 THE FIRST SETTLEMENT UNDER THE ORDINANCE OF 1787. Of course, no time was lost by the coloniats in erecting their habitations, as well as in building a stockade fort, and clearing land for the production of vegetables and grain for their subsistence, fifty aures of corn having been planted the first year. Their settlement was established upon the point of land between the Ohio and Muskingum Kivers, just oppo- site and across the Muskingum from Fort Harmar, built in 1786, and at this time garrisoned by a small military force under command of Maj. Doughty. At a meeting held on the banks of the Muskingum, July 2, 1788, it was voted that Marietta should be the name of their town, it being thus named in honor of Marie Antionette, Queen of Prance. SURVEYS AND GRANTS OF THE PUBLIC LANDS. The first survey of the public lands northwest of the Ohio River was the seven ranges of Congress lands, and was done pursuant to an act of Congress, of May 20, 1785. This tract of the seven ranges is bounded by a line of forty-two miles in length, run- ning due west from the point where the western bound- ary line of Pennsylvania crosses the Ohio Eiver; thence due south to the Ohio Eiver, at the southeast comer of Marietta Township, in Wash- ington County; thence up said river to the place of beginning. The present counties of Jefferson, Co- lumbiana, Carroll, Tuscarawas, Harrison, Guernsey, Belmont, Noble, Monroe and Washington are, in whole or in part, within the seven ranges. The second survey was that of the Ohio Company's purchase, made in pursuance of an act of Cor;gress, of July 13, 1785, though the contract was not com- pleted with the Ohio Company until October 27, 1787. Mention of its extent, also the conditions, reserva- tions, and circumstances attending the purchase, have already been given; 100,000 acres of this tract, called donation lands, were reserved uf)on certain con- ditions as a free gift to actual settlers. Portions of the counties of Washington, Athens and Gallia are within this tract, also the entire county of Meigs. The donation lands were in Washington County. The next survey was the " Symmes Purchase " and contiguous lands, situated to the north and west of it, and was made soon after the foregoing. The " Symmes purchase " embraced the entire Ohio River front between the Big Miami and Little Miami Rivers, a distance of twenty-seven miles, and reach- ing northward a sufficient distance to include an area of 1,000,000 acres. The contract with Judge Symmes, made in October, 1787, was subsequently modified by act of Congress bearing date of May 5, 1792, and by an authorized act of the President of the United States, of September 30, 1794, as to amount to only 311,682 acres, exclusive of a reservation of fif- teen acres around Fort Washington, of a square mile at the mouth of the Great Miami, of Sections 16 and 29 in each township, the former of which Congreps had reserved for educational and the latter for relig- ious purposes, exclusive also^of a township dedicated to the interests of a college; and Sections 8, 11 and 26, which Congress reserved for future sale. The tract of land situated between the Little Miami and Scioto Rivers, known as the Virginia Military Lands, was never regularly surveyed into townships, but patents were issued by the President of the Unit- ed States to such persons (Virginian) as had rendered service on the continental establishment in the army of the United States (hence the name), and in the quanti- ties to which they were entitled, according to the pro- visions of an act of Congress of August 10, 1790. " It embraces a body of 6,570 square miles, or 4,204- 800 acres of land. The following counties are situat- ed in this tract, namely: Adams, Brown, Clermont, Clinton, Payette, Highland, Madison, and Union entirely; the greater or less portions of the following, to wit: Marion, Delaware, Franklin, Pickaway, Ross, Pike, Scioto, Warren, Greene, Clark, Champaign, Logan and Hardin." Connecticut ceded all lands in the Northwest to which she claimed title to the United States (except the tract which has been known as the " Western Re- aserve"), by deed of cession bearing date of Septem- ber 14, 1786; and in May, 1800, by act of Legisla- ture of said State, renounced all jurisdiction or claim to the " territory called the Western JReserve of Con- necticut." That tract of land was surveyed in 1796, and later into townships of five miles square; and in the aggregate contained about 3,800,000 acres, being 120 miles long, and lying west of the Pennsylvania State line, all situated between 41° of north latitude and 42° 2'. Half a million acres of the forego- ing lands were set apart by the State of Connecticut in 1792 as a donation to the sufferers of fire (during the Revolutionary war) of the residents of Greenwich New London, Norwalk, Fairfield, Danbury, New Ha- ven, and other Connecticut villages whose property was burned by the British; hence the name " Pirelands'" by which this tract taken from the western portion of the reserve has been known. It is situated chiefly in Huron and Erie Counties, a small portion only being in Ottawa County. The entire Western Re- serve embraces the present counties of Ashtabula, Cuyahoga, Erie, Geauga, Huron, Lake, Lorain, Medina, Portage and Trumbull; also the greater portion of Mahoning and Summit, and very limited portions of Ashland and Ottawa. French grant, is a tract of 24,000 acres of land bordering on the Ohio River, within the present limits 14 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. of Scioto (^'Ounty, granted by Congress iu March, 179.J, to certain French settlers of Gallipolis, who, through invalid titles, had lost their lands there. Twelve himdred acres were added to this grant in 1798, making a total of 25,200 acres. The United States Military Lands were surveyed under the pro- visions of an act of Congress of June 1, 1796, and contained 2,500,000 acres. This tract was set apart to satisfy certain claims of the officers and soldiers of the Revulutionary war, hence the title by which it is known. It is bounded by the seven ranges on the ebat, by the Greenville treaty line on the north, by the Congress and refugee lands on the south, and by the Scioto River on the west, including the county of Coshocton entire, and portions of the counties of Tuscarawas, Guernsey, Muskingum, Licking, Frank- lin, Delaware, Marion, Morrow, Knox and Holmes. The Moravian Lands are three several tracts of 4,000 acres each, situated, respectively, at ShoenbruD, Gnadenhutten and Salem, all on the Tuscarawas River, now in Tuscarawas County. These lands were originally dedicated by an ordinance of Con- gress dated September 3, 1788, to the use of the Christianized Indiaas at those points, and by act of Congress of Juae 1, 1796, were surveyed and patents issued to the society of the United Brethren, for the purposes above specified. The Refugee Tract is a body of land containing 100,000 acres, granted by Congress February 18, 1801, to persons who fled from the British provinces during the Revolutionary war and took up arms against the mother country and in behalf of the Col- onics, and thereby lost their property by confiscation. This tract is four and one-half miles wide, and ex- tends forty-eight miles eastward from the Scioto River at Columbus into Muskingum County. It in- cludes portions of the counties of Frauklin, Fairfield, Perry, Licking and Muskingum. Dohrman's grant is a township of land six miles square, containing 23,040 acres, situated in the south- eastern part of Tuscarawas County. It was given to Arnold Henry Dohrman, a Portugxiese merchant, of Lisbon, by act ,of Congress of February 27, 1801, " in consideration of his having, during the Rovolutionary war, given shelter and aid to the American cruisers and vessels of war." The foregoing is a list of the principal land grants and surveys during our Terri- torial history, in that portion of the Northwest that now constitutes the State of Ohio. There were canal land grants, Maumee road grants, and various others, but they belong to our State, and not to our Territo- rial history. TREATIES MADE WITH THE INDIANS. By the means of the treaty of Fort Stanwix, con- cluded with the Iroquois or Six Nations (Mohawks, Onondagas, Senecas, Cayugas, Tuscaroras, and Onei- das), October 22, 1784, the indefinite claim of said confederacy to the- greater part of the valley of the Ohio was extinguished. The Commissioners of Con- gress were Oliver Wolcott, Richard Butler and Ar- thur Lee. Cornplanter and Red Jacket represented the Indians. This was followed in January, 1785, by the treaty of Fort Mcintosh, by which the Delawares, Wyan- dots, Ottawas and Chippewas relinquished all claim to the Ohio Valley, and established the boundary line between them and the United States to be the Cuya- hoga River, and along the main branch of the Tus- carawas to the forks of said river near Fort Laurens, thence westwai-dly to the portage between the head- waters of the Great Miami and the Maumee or Mi- ami of the Lakes, thence down said river to l;ake Erie, and along said lake to the mouth of the Cuya- hoga River, This treaty was negotiated by George Rogers Clark, Richard Butler and Arthur Lee for the United States, and by the chiefs of the aforenamed tribes. A similar relinquishment was effected by the treaty of Fort Finney (at the mouth of the Great Miami) concluded with the Shawnees January 31. 1786, the United States Commissioners being the same as the foregoing except the substitution of Sam- uel H. Parsons for Arthur Lee. The treaty of Fort Harmar, held by Gen. St. Clair January 9, 1789, was mainly confirmatory of the treaties previously made. So also was the treaty of Greenville, of August 3, 1795, made by Gen. Wayne on the part of the United States, and the chiefs of eleven of the most powerful tribes of the Northwest- ern Indians, which re-established the Indian boundary line through the present State of Ohio, and extended- it from Loramie to Fort Recovery, and from thence to the Ohio River, opposite the mouth of the Kentucky River. The rights and titles acquired by the Indian tribes under the foregoing treaties were extinguished by the General Government, by purchase, in pursuance of treaties subsequently made. The Western Reserve tract west of the Cuyahoga River was secured by a treaty formed at Fort Industry, in 1805. The lands west of Richland and Huron Counties and north of the boundary line to the western limits of Ohio were purchased by the United States in 1818. The last possession of the Delawares was purchased in 1829; and by a treaty made at Upper Sandusky, March 17, 1832, by Colonel John Johnston and the Wyandot chiefs, that last remnant of the Indian tribes in Ohio sold the last acre they owned within the limits of our State to the General Government, and retired, HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. 15 the next year, to the far "West, settling at and near the mouth of the Kansas River. FIK ST OrriOEES OP THE TEEKITOBY. Congress, in October, 1787, appointed General Arthur St. Olair, Governor; Maj. Winthrop Sargent, Secretary; and James M. Varnum, Samuel H. Parsons and John Armstrong, Judges of the Territory, the latter oE whom, however, having declined the appoint- ment. John Cleves Symmes was appointed in his stead in February, 1788. On the 9th oE July, 1788, Gov. St. Clair arrived at Marietta, and finding the Secretary and a majority of the Judges present, pro- ceeded to organize the Territory. The Governor and Judges (or a majority of them) were the sole leg- islative power during the existence of the first grade of Territorial government. Such laws as were in force in any of the States, and were deemed applica- ble to the condition of the people of the Territory, could be adopted by the Governor and Judges, and, after publication, became operative, unless disap- proved of by Congress, to which body certified copies of all laws thus adopted had to be forwarded by the Secretary of the Territory. The further duty of the Judges, who were ap- pointed to serve during good behavior, was to hold court fom' times a year, whenever the business of the Territory required it, but not more than once a year in any one county. THE SECOND GRADE OF TBERITOEIAL GOVEHNMENT. After it shall be ascertained that 5,000 free male inhabitants actually resided within the Territory, the second grade of Territorial government could, of right, be established, which provided for a Legislative Coun- cil and also an elective House of Representatives, the two cotaposing the law-making power of the Ter- ritory, provided always that the Governor's assent to their acts was had. He possessed the absolute veto power, and no act of the two Houses of the Legislature, even if passed by a unanimous vote in each branch could become a law. without his consent. The condi - tions that authorized the second grade of Territorial government, however, did not exist until 1798, and it was not really put into operation "until September, 1799, after the first grade of government had existed for eleven years. EAELY LAWS OF THE TEEEITOEY. The first law was proclaimed July 25, 1788, and was entitled " An act for regulating and establishing the militia." Two days thereaf oer the Governor is- sued a proclamation establishing the county of Washington, which included all the territory east of the Scioto River to which the Indian title had been extioguished, reaching northward to Lake Erie, the Ohio River and the Pennsylvania line being its east- ern boundary; Marietta, the seat of the Territorial government, also becoming the county seat of Wash- ington County. Quite a number of laws were necessarily adopted and published during 1788 and the following year. Prom 1790 to 1795 they published sixty-four, thirty- four of them having been adopted at Cincinnati dur- ing the months of June, July and Aiigust of the last named year, by the Governor and Judges Symmes and Turner. They are known as the " Maxwell Code," from the name of the publisher, and were intended, says the author of "Western Annals," " to form a pretty complete body of statutory provisions." In 1798, eleven more were adopted. Ii was the published opin- ion of the late Chief Justice Chase, '' that it may be doubted whether any colony, at so early a period after its first establishment, ever had so good a code of laws." Among them was that "vrhich provided that the common law of England, and all statutes in aid thereof, made previous to the fourth year of James I, should be in full force within the Territory. " Prob- ably four-fifths of the laws adopted were selected from those in force in Pennsylvania; the others were mainly taken from the statutes of Virginia and Mass- achusetts. LOCAL OODETS AND CODET OFFICEES. Among the earliest laws adopted was one which provided for the institution of a County Court of Com- mon Pleas, to be composed of not less than three nor more than five Judges, commissioned by the Gov- ernor, who were to hold two sessions in each year. Pursuant to its provisions, the first session of said court was held in and for Washington County, Sep- tember 2, 1788. The Judges of the court were Gen. RufuB Putnam, Gen. Benjamin Tupper and Col. Archibald Crary. Col. Return Jonathan Meigs was Clerk, and Col. Ebenezer Sproat was Sheriff. Elabo- rate details of the opening of this, the first court held in the Northwest Territory, have come down to us, showing it to have been a stylish, dignified pro- ceeding. Briefly, "a procession was formed at the Point (the junction of the Muskingum with the Ohio River) of the inhabitants and the officers from Fort Harmar, who escorted the Judge of the court, the Governor of the Territory, and the Territorial Judges to the hall appropriated for that purpose, in the north- west block-house in "Campus Martins." " The proces- sion," says Mitchener, " was headed by the Sheriff, with drawn sword and baton of office." After prayer by Rev. Manasseh Cutler, the coui't was organized by reading the commissions of the Judges, Clerk and Sheriff; after which the Sheriff proclaimed that the 16 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. court was open for the administration of even-handed justice to the poor and the rich, to the guilty and the innocent, without respect of persons; none to be punished without a trial by their peers, and then in pursuance of the laws and evidence in the case. On the 28d day of August, 1788, a law was pro- mulgated for establishing " General Courts of Quarter Sessions of the Peace." This court was composed of not less than three nor more than five Justices of the Peace, appointed by the Governor, who were to hold four sessions in each year. The first session of this court was held at " Campus Martins " September 9, 1788. The commission appointing the Judges thereof was read. " Gen. Kufus Putnam and Gen. Benjamin Tupper," says Mitchener, " constituted the Justices of the quorum, and Isaac Pearce, Thomas Lord, and Return Jonathan Meigs, Jr., the assistant Justices; Col. Return Jonathan Meigs, Sr. , was Clerk. Col. Ebenezer Sproat was Sheriff of Washington County fourteen years. The first grand jury of the Northwest Territory was impaneled by this court, and consisted of the following gentlemen: William Stacy (foreman), Nathaniel Cushing, Nathan Goodale, Charles Knowles, Anselm Tupper, Jonathan Stone, Olive Rice, Ezra Lunt, John Matthews, George IngersoU, Jonathan Devol, Jethro Putnam, Samuel Stebbins and Jabez True." ORGANIZATION OF COUNTIES. Washington County, embracing the eastern half of the present State of Ohio, was the only organized county of the Northwest Territory until early in 1790, when the Governor proclaimed Hamilton County, which included all the territory between the Big and Little Miami Rivers, and extended north to the " Standing Stone Forks " on the first-named stream. The following is a list of all the territorial coun- ties organized; also the date of organization, with their respective county seats: ( (JUNTIES. Washington. Hamilton . . . St. Clair Knox Randolph . . . 6. Wayne. 7. Adams... 8. .TelTersou. 9. Ross 10. Ti-umliull . 11. Clermont., 13. Fairlield.. 18. Belmont . , WHEN PROCLAIMED. July 37, 1788 January 3, 1790.. . February, 1790. . . In 1790 In 179.5 August l.T, 179.5. . . July 10, 1797 July 39, 1797;.... August 30, 1797. . . July 10, 1800 December 6, 1800. December 9, 1800. September 7, 1801. COUNTY SEATS. 3[arietta. C'inciunati. Cahokia. Viucennes. Kaskaskia. Detroit. Manchester. Hleubenville. Chillicolhe. Warren. Williamsburg. New Lancaster. St. Clairsvillo. It will be observed that Hamilton was the second coimty organized. There were situated within its limits, when organized, several flourishing villages, that had had their origin during the closing months of 1788 and early in 1780. Columbia, situated at the mouth of the Little Miami, was the first of these laid out, its early settlers being Col. Benjamin Stites, of " Redstone Old Fort" (proprietor), William Goforth, John S. Gano, John Smith (a Baptist minister, who afterward became one of Ohio's first United States Senators), and others, numbering in all twenty-five persons or more, though some of them arrived a little later. Cincinnati was the next in order of time, having been laid out early in 1789, by Col. Robert Patter- son, Matthias Denman and Israel Ludlow. Several not very successful attempts had also been made at various points between Cincinnati and the mouth of the Great Miami by Judge Symmes. The early settlers of Hamilton County were prin - cipally from New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia and Kentucky. Judge Symmes and Burnet were repre- sentative men in the Miami Valley from New Jersey, Jeremiah Morrow and Judge Dunlavy from Pennsyl- vania, William H. Harrison and William McMillan from Virginia, and Col. Robert Patterson and Rev. James Kemper from Kentucky. The Scioto Valley, the next in order of time, was settled chiefly by Virginians and Kentuckians, repre- sented by Col. Thomas Worthington and Gen. Na- thaniel Massie, -two of its prominent settlers. And the early settlements along Lake Brie, dur- ing the closing years of the eighteenth century, whose representative men were Gov. Samuel Hunting- ton and Hon. Benjamin Tappan, were established by men not a whit inferior to those above named. And the good that Gen. Washington said of the New En- gland Colony that settled Marietta could, with very slight modifications, be said of most of the settlers and pioneers of the aforesaid settlements. EARLY TERRITORIAL VILLAGES AND TOWNS. The following is a list of the principal villages and towns in the Northwest Territory, started and built up during Territorial rule, with the time of the first survey of lots, together with the names of their proprietors: Marietta — Laid out in 1788byRufu8 Putnam and the Ohio Land Company. Columbia — Laid out in 1738 by Benjamin Stites, Maj. Gano and others. Cincinnati — Laid out in 1789 by Robert Patterson, Matthias Denman and Israel Ludlow. Gallipolis— Laid out in 1791 by the French set- tlers. Manchester — Laid out in 1791 by Nathaniel Mas- sie. Hamilton— Laid out in 1794 by Israel Ludlow. Dayton— Laid out in 1795 by Israel Ludlow and Gens. Dayton and Wilkinson. HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. 17 Franklin — Laid out in 1795 by William 0. Schenck and Daniel C. Cooper. Chillicothe — Laid out in 1796 by Nathaniel Mas- sie. Cleveland— Laid out in 1796 by Job V. Styles. Pranklinton- -Laid out in 1797 by Lucas Sullivant. Steubenville— Laid out in 1798 by Bazaliel Wells and James Ross. Williamsburg — Laid out in 1 799. Zanesville— Laid out in 1799 by Jonathan Zane and John Mclntire. New Lancaster — Laid out in 1800 by Ebenezer Zane. Warren — Laid out in 1801 by Ephriam Quinby. St. Clairsville — Laid out in 1801 by David New- ell. Springtield — Laid out in 1801 by James Demint. Newark — Laid out in 1802 by William 0. Schenck, G. W. Burnet and John Cummings. Cincinnati, at the close of the Territorial govern- ment, was the largest town in the Territory, contain- ing about 1,000 inhabitants. It was incorporated in 1802, with the following an its first officers: President — David Zeigler. Eecorder — Jacob Burnet. Trustees — William Ramsay, David E. Wade, Charles Avery, William Stanley, John Reily, Samuel Dick, William Ruffner. Assessor — Joseph Prince. Collector — Abram Cary. Town Marshal — James Smith. TEEKITOEIAL OFPICBES. The following exhibit gives a full list of the offi- cers of the Territory, with the date of service, in- cluding the delegates to Congress: Governor — Gen. Arthur St. Clair, served from 1788 to 1802. Secretaries — Winthrop Sargent, served from 1788 to 1798; William H. Harrison, served from 1798 to 1799; Charles Willing Byrd, served from 1799 to 1805. The latter gentleman was also elected Governor during the closing months of the Territorial govern- ment. Gov. St. Clair having been removed from office in 1802 by President Jefferson. Treasurer — John Armstrong, served from 1792 to 1803. Territorial Delegates in Congress — William H. Harrison, served from 1799 to 1800; William Mc- Millan, served from 1800 to 1801; Paul Fearing, served from 1801 to 1803. Territorial Judges— James Mitchell Varnum, Sam- uel Holden Parsons and John Armstrong were ap- pointed Judges for the Northwest Territory by Con- gress, in October, 1787; the latter, however, declined and John Cleves Symmes was appointed to the vacancy in February, 1788, and he accepted. Judge Varnum died in January, 1789, and Will- iam Barton was appointed his successor, but declined the appointment; George Tm-ner, however, in 1789, accepted it. OnJ,he 10th of November, 1789, Judge Parsons was drowned in attempting to cross Big Beaver Creek, and Rufus Putnam became his suc- cessor March 31, 1790. In 1796, he resigned, and Joseph Oilman succeeded him. The Territorial court was composed of three Judges, two of whom constituted a quorum for judicial purposes, and also for the exercise of legislative functions in co-opera- tion with the Governor. James M. Varnum. . . Samuel H. Parsons. . John Armsti'ong John C. Symmes. . . . William Barton George Turner Buf us Putnam Joseph Gilmaa WHEN APPOINTED. October, 1787... October, 1787... October, 1787. . . February, 1788. , 1789... , 1789... March 31, 1790.. , 1796... END OP SERVICE. January, 1789. November 10, 1789. Refuseil to serve. Refused to serve. Served until 1796. " Return Jonathan Meigs, Jr. , was appointed (says Judge Bm-net) after the first session of the Territorial Legislature, of which he was a member, and probably continued in office to the close of the Territorial gov- ernment, but I have not been able to verify said con- jecture." HOSTILITY or THE INDIAN TRIBES MILITABY EXPEDITIONS. From the time of the organization of the govern- ment of the "Northwest Territory," in 1788, until the ratification of the "treaty of Greenville, " some- times called "Wayne's treaty," in 1795, the attitude of many of the Western Indian tribes toward the white settlers in the Northwest Territory was that of extreme, unrelenting hostility. The military or- ganization which had marched against them, before the establishment^ of civil government in the great Northwest, had signally failed to subjugate them, or se- cure a permanent cessation of hostilities. The disas- trous expedition of Gen. Braddock in 1755, of Maj. Wilkins in 1763, of Col. Bradstreet in 1764, of Col. Lochry in 1781, and of Col. Crawford in 1782, and the disgraceful and murderous expedition against the Moravian Indians on the Tuscarawas, in the last named year, only tended to inflame the hostile Indian tribes, and inspire them with greater courage in their hostile movements and aggressive measures against the white settlers, The fruitless, if not abortive, campaigns of Col. McDonald in 1774, of Gen. Mc- intosh in 1778, and of Gen. Broadhead ia 1781, of course, led to no salutary results. Even the success- ful campaigns of Col. Boquet in 1763-64, of Lord HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. Dunmore and Gren. Lewis in 1774, and of Gen. George Rogers Clark in 1778, failed to secui-e a per- mant^nt peace with the Western Indian tribes. The inhabitants of the Northwest Territory were, therefore, from the 7th of April, 1788, when the first immi- grants arrived at the mouth of the Muskingum, until the treaty of Greenville was concluded in August, 1795, constantly liable to the stealthy bub deadly at- tacks of the perfidious, merciless savage tribes of the Northwest. But they met their dastardly, cruel, re- lentless foe in the spirit of genuine manhood — of true, determined, unfiinching heroism! Thev were men worthy of the heroic age of the West! Bravely did they bear themselves during those seven years of toil and privations, of dread and apprehension, of suffer- ing and sorrow, of blood and carnage. To secure the speedy termination of those savage atrocities the National Government early organized number of military expeditions, the first of these be- ing that of Gen. Harmar, in 1790, who was then Commander-in-Chief of the military department of the "West. He had a few hundred regular troops un- der his command, stationed chiefiy at Ft. Harmar and at Ft. Washington, which served aa the nucleus of his armj'. The great body of his troops, however, numbering in all above fourteen hundred, were Penn- sylvania and Kentucky volunteers, the former being under the immediate command of Col. John Hardin, and the latter of Col. Trotter. The expedition left Ft. Washington and marched to the junction of the St. Joseph and St, Mary's Rivers (now Ft. Wayne, Ind.), where detachments of the army, under com- mand of Col. Hardin, on the 19th and 22d days of October, encountered the enemy and suffered mortify ing defeats. Of course, the campaign failed to give peace or relief from apprehended barbarities. The next year Gen. St. Clair, the Governor of the Territory, who had a Revolutionary record of patriot- ism and ability, organized an expedition, whose strength somewhat exceeded that of Gen. Harmar's. It met with a most disastrous defeat, November 4, 1791, near the head-waters of the Wabash, now in Mercer County, Ohio, the battle-field being known as Ft. Recovery. Of 1,500 men in the battle, more than half of them were either killed or wounded, and it was indeed a great calamity to the disheartened and greatly harassed pioneers of the Northwest Territory. Immediately after the defeat of Gen. St. Clair, the Federal Government took the preliminary steps to raise a large army to operate against the hostile tribes, for the purpose of finally and permanently subjugating them. Military preparations, however, progressed slowly, and the summer of 1794 had nearly passed before the confederated hostile Indian tribes were met in bat- tle array by Gen. Wayne' s army. The battle was fought at the Maumee Rapids, near Perrysburg, and Ft. Meigs, in Wood County, Ohio, and is known as the battle of " Fallen Timbers," though sometimes called the battle of the Maumee. Wayne's army numbered more than three thousand men, well disciplined, and ably officered, 1,600 of whom being mounted volun- teer troops from Kentucky, commanded by Gen. Charles Scott, of said State, who was the second rank- ing officer in the army, and who, as well as Gen. Henry Lee (the "Light Horse Harry" of the Revolu- tion) and Gen. William Darke, had been favorably considered by President Washington in connection with the chief command of the expedition. The choice, however, fell upon Gen. Wayne, the old com - panion in arms of the President, and to him is justly ascribed the honor of defeating the Indian tribes commanded by the celebrated Shawnee chief, Blue Jacket, on the Maumee, August 20, 1794, and of permanently breaking the power of a very formid- able Indian confederacy. Cessation of hostilities fol- lowed this victory, and a peace, which the General Government had vainly sought by friendly negotia- tion, was secui-ed — a peace which coniinued for many years, even, lintil after the northwest territory had "ceased to be," and the important incidents and events connected therewith had passed into history. ORGANIZATION OF THE SECOND GRADE OF TEEEITOEIAL GOV- EENMENT. The Governor having satisfactorily ascertained that the conditions existed entitling the territory to the second grade of government, that is, that there were "5,000 free male inhabitants, of full age," within the Territory, he, on the 29th day of October, 1798, took the preliminary steps to effect that object, by issuing his proclamation, directing the qualified voters to hold elections for Territorial Representatives on the third Monday of September, 1798. The election was held in pursuance of said proclamation, which resulted in the following gentlemen being chosen to constitute the popular branch of the Territorial Legislature for the ensuing two years: MEMBERS OF TEEEITOEIAL LEQISLATDEE OF 1799-1800. Return Jonathan Meigs, Washington County. Paul Fearing, Washington County. William Goforth, Hamilton County. William McMillan, Hamilton County. John Smith, Hamilton County. John liUdlow, Hamilton County. Robert Benham, Hamilton County. Aaron Caldwell, Hamilton County. Isaac Martin, Hamilton County. Shadrack Bond, St. Clair County. John Small, Knox County. HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. 19 John Edgar, Randolph County. Solomon Sibley, Wayne County. Jacob ViBgar, Wayne County. Charles F. Chabert de Joneaire, Wayne County. Joseph Darlinton, Adams County. Nathaniel Massie, Adams County. James Pritchard, Jefferson County. Thomas ^Vorthington, Ross County. Elias Langham, Ross County. Samuel Pindlay, Ross County. Edward Tiffin, Ross County. The above-named gentlemen met at Cincinnati on the 22d of January, 1799, and nominated ten men, whose names they forwarded to the United States Congres", five of whom were to be selected by that body to constitute the Legislative Council of the Ter- ritory. They then adjourned to meet on the 16th of September, 1799. On the 2'2a of "March, 1799, either the United States Senate, the United States House of Represen- tatives,or the President of the United States (author- ities are not agreed), chose from among those whose names had been suggested to them the following gen- tlemen, to compose the first Legislative Council of the Northwest Territory, their term of office to con- tinue five years, any three of whom to form a quorum: Jacob Burnet, of Cincinnati, Hamilton County. Henry Vandenburg, of Vincennes, Knox County. Robert Oliver, of Marietta, Washington Count}-. James Findlay, of Cincinnati, Hamilton County. David Vance, of Vanoeville, Jefferson County. The ordinance of 1787 named Congress as the au- thority in whom was vested the right to select five from the list of ten persons to constitute the Territo- rial Council. But it will be borne in mind that said ordinance was passed by a Congress that legislated in pursuance of the articles of confederation, while yet we had neither President nor United States Sen- ate, hence authority was given to Congress to make the selection. But it is highly probable that the aforesaid authority was subsequently transferred to the President, or to the Senate, or to them jointly. FIEST COUNCIL AND HOUSE 01 BEPBESENTATIVES. Both the Council and House of Representatives met at Cincinnati, September 16, 1799, and effected a permanent organization. The Council perfected its organization by the election of the following officers: President- -Henry Vandenburg. Secretary — Willianj C. Sohenck. Door-keeper- -George Howard. Sergeant-at-Arms — Abraham Cary. The House of Representatives completed its or- ganization by electing, as its ofiBcers, the following gentlemen : Speaker of the House — Edward Tiffin. Clerk — John Riley. Door-keeper — Joshua Rowland. Sergeant-at-Arms — Abraham Cary. Thirty bills were passed at the first session of the Territorial Legislature, but the Governor vetoed eleven of them, They also elected William H. Har- rison, then Secretary of the Territory, a Delegate to Congress, by a vote of eleven to ten that were cast for Arthur St. Clair, Jr., son of the Governor, then a promising young lawyer of Cincinnati, and who then held the office of Attorney General of the Terri- tory. The first session of the Territorial Legislature was prorogued by the Governor December 19, 1799, until the first Monday of November, 1800, at which they re-assembled and held the second session at Chil- licothe, 'which, by an act of Congress of May 7, 1800, was made the seat of the Territoritd government un- til otherwise ordered by the Legislature. This, the second session of the Territorial Legislature, was of short duration, continuing only until December 9, 1800. On May 9, 1800, Congress passed an act establish- ing the Indian Territory, with boundaries including the present States of Indiana aud Illinois, and Will- iam H. Harrison having accepted the office of Gover- nor of said Territory, it devolved upon the Territorial Legislature, at its second session, not only to elect a Delegate to fill the vacancy occasioned by his resigna- tion, but also to elect a Delegate to serve during the succeeding Congress. William McMillan, of Cin- cinnati, was elected to fill the vacancy,* and Paul Fearing, of Marietta, was elected to serve from the 4th of March, 1801, to the 4th of March, 1803. They were both reputed to be men of ability. By the organization of the Indiana Territory, the counties of St. Clair, Knox and Randolph were taken out of the jm'isdiction of the Northwest Territory, and with them, of course, Henry Vandenbiu-g, of Knox County, President of the Council; also, Shadrack Bond, of St. Clair County; John Small, of Knox County, and John Edgar, of Randolph County, mem- bers of the popular branch of the Legislature. On the 23d of November, 1801, the third session of the Territorial Legislature was commenced at Chil- licothe, pursuant to adjournment. The time for which tlie members of the House of Representatives were elected having expired, and an election having been held, quite a number of new members appeared. The Council remained nearly as it was at the previ- ous sessions, there being not more than two changes, perhaps only one, that of Solomon Sibley, of Detroit, Wayne County, who took the place of Henry Van- denburg, thrown .into the new Territory. Robert Oli- ver, of Marietta, Washington County, was chosen 20 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. President of the council, in place of Henry Vandenbnrg. The House of Representatives at the third ses- sion of the Territorial Legislature was composed of the following gentlemen: Ephi-aim Cutler, of A\'a8hington County. William Rufus Putnam, Washington County. "Moses Miller, Hamilton County. Francis Dunlavy, Hamilton County. Jeremiah Morrow, Hamilton County. John Ludlow, Hamilton County. John Smith, Hamilton County. Jacob White, Hamilton County. Daniel Reeder, Hamilton County. Joseph Darlington, Adams County. Nathaniel Massie, Adams County. Zenas Kimberly, Jefferson County. John Milligan, Jefferson County. Thomas MoCune, Jefferson County. Edward Tiffin, Ross County. EJias Langham, Ross County. Thomas Worthington, Ross County. Francois Chabert de Joncaire , Wayne County. George McDougal, Wayne County. Jonathan Schiefl'elin, Wayne County. Edward Paine, Trumbull County. The officers of the House during its third session were as follows: Speaker of the House — Edward Tiffin. Clerk — John Reily. Door-keeper — Edward Sherlock. The third session of the Legislature continued from the 24'th of November, 18(n, until the 23d of January, 1802, when it adjourned to meet at Cincin- nati on the fourth Monday of November following, but that fourth session was never held, for reasons made obvious by subsequent events. Congress, on the 30th of April, 1802, had passed an " act to enable the people of the eastern division of the territory northwest of the River Ohio to form a constitution and State Government, and for the ad- mission of such State into the Union on an equal footing with the original States, and for other pur- poses." In pursuance of the aforesaid enactment, an election had been ordered and held throughout the eastern portion of the territory, and members of a Coiistitutional Convention chosen, who met at Chilli- cothe on the 1st day of November, 1802, to perform the duty assigned them. Edward Tiffin, Esq., of Ross County, was chosen as President, and on taking his seat in the chair delivered the following address: " Gentlemen : I beg you to be assured that I duly appreciate the honor you have conferred in selecting me to preside over your deliberations on this im- portant occasion; the duties of the chair will, I pre- sume, be pleasing and easy, for, from the known character of the gentlemen who compose this conven- tion, there can be no doubt but that the utmost pro- priety and decorum will be observed, without the aid of interference from th:! chair. Whatever rules you may adopt for the government of the convention, shall be strictly observed; and in every decision which may be required from the chair the utmost impartiality shall be evinced." Thomas Scott, Esq., was chosen as Secretary and William McFarland Assistant Secretary. The convention continued in session twenty-nine days, adjourning on the 29th of November, 1802, having formed the first constitution of the State, which met with the approbation of the people, and under which they lived and prospered till A. D. 1851, when the new constitution was adopted. When the time had arrived for commencing the fourth session of the Territorial Legislature, the aforesaid Constitutional Convention was in session, and had evidently nearly completed its labors, as it adjourned on the 29th of said month. The members of the Legislature (eight of whom being also members of the Convention), therefore, seeing that a speedy termination of the Territorial Government was in- evitable, deemed it inexpedient and unnecessary to hold the proposed session. The Territorial Government was ended by the or- ganization of the State Government, March 3, 1803, pursuant to the provisions of a constitution formed at Ohillicothe, November 29, 1802, by the following- named gentlemen: Joseph Darlinton, Israel Don- alson and Thomas Kirker, of Adams County; James Caldwell and Elijah Woods, of Belmont County; Philip Gatch and James Sargent, of Clermont Coun- ty; Henry Abrams and Emanuel Carpenter, of Fair- field County; John W. Browne, Charles Willing Byrd, Francis Dunlavy, William Goforth, John Kit- ch<^l, Jeremiah Morrow, John Paul, John Reily, John Smith and John Wilson, of Hamilton County; Ru- dolph Bair, George Humphrey, John Milligan, Na- than Updegraff, and Bazaliel Wells, Jefferson Coun- ty; Michael Baldwin, Edward Tiffin, James Grubb, Thomas Worthington, and Nathaniel Massie, of Ross County; David Abbot and Samuel Huntington, of Trumbull County; Ephraim Cutler, Benjamin Ives Gilman, Rufus Putnam, and John Mclntire, of Washington County. Joseph Darlinton, of Adams County; Francis Dunlavy, Jeremiah Morrow and John Smith, of Ham ilton County; John Milligan, of Jefferson County; Edward Tiffin and Thomas Worthington, of Ross County; and Ephraim Cutler, of Washington Coun- ty, were the eight gentlemen of the last Territorial Legislature that were also elected members of the Constitutional Convention. HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 21 OHAPTEE II. GEOLOGY CONTIlIIUTTUn BY II. N. mENTICB. T N preparing this paper for the^history of Defiance -*- County, it is beyond my hopes, as it is above and beyond my ability, to enrich the literature of oui' geology, or add much of interest or value to the his- tory of Defiance County. Moreover, the task seems the less necessary and the less encouraging, as oui- fields of geology have already been passed over by an able corps of engineers sent out by the State, made up of gentlemen of known ability, educated and trained expressly for the work, and of whom it may in truth be said discharged their responsible and im- portant duties with the ability and fidelity commen- surate with the trust, conferring honor upon them- selves and rendering a lasting and impoi'tant service to the State; and I might be excused for mentioning, in this connection, -that in view of the value of their reports, with their accompanying maps and charts, it is to be regretted that so few of them are to be found in neat and conveniently arranged libraries, while so many .are left to gather dust and mold in the book room in the baseiueut of the State capitol. OUR SEDIMENTARY ROCKS. Of this class of rocks our geologists give iis but a meager complement on our side of the anticlinal arch. It seems that one corner of the State has lost, by erosion, all our carboniferous rocks, if, indeed, we ever possessed any. Therefore, we have no coal meas- ures, no carbonifei'ous limestones or conglomei-ates. With these and the Waverly grouji, and the Erie shales sone, we are brought down to the Hiuon shales, on which om- di-ift beds rest. Below the Huron shales, in a descending order, we have the Hamilton group, the Cf.rboiiiferous limestones, the Oriskany sandstones, the water lime, the Niagara, the Clinton and the Cincinnati groups, which ends the Upper Silurian system, and carries us down upon the metamorphosed rocks — the Laurentian and Huronian — of the Eozoic age. But as om- sedimentary roclts are so ably and so thoroughly wi'it.ten up elsewhere, it seems like a waste of space aud a misapplica- tion of time again to go over the ground with them here. Not so, however, with OUR DRIFT GEOLOGY. Every well that is bored, every railroad cutting, every cellar that is excavated — in fact, almost every furi'ow that is turned by the farmer's plow, develops some new phase in our surface geology. Hence, our drift groups present a feature in our geology that is deserving of more than a passing notice. Indeed, from the fact of these groups being immediately iden- tified with the history of Defiance County, and be- cause they form one of the most eventful and impor- tant chapters in the geological history of our globe, they are deserving a far better mention than my limited knowledge of our geology will allow me to bestow upon them. As is well known. Defiance County is embraced within the so-called drift dis- tricts of the Maumee Valle'y. The coating of earth that serves to conceal and to level up and smooth over the uneven surfaces of the older and deeply eroded underlining rocks of our valley, has, un- doubtedly, an ice origin, and made up — in part, at least — of material foreign to this locality, and trans- ported — drifted — hundreds of miles, from Northern New York the highlands of Canada and the LakeSuper- ior regions. Among our drift material we find sands, gravels — coarse and fine — stones of all shapes and sizes, bowlders of red and gray granites, quartz, gneiss, together with black granite bowldqfs and cop- per-bearing rocks from Lake Superior. While these, for the most part, may be considered as foreign repre- sentatives, we may safely conclude that our own rocks, severally and collectively, have been drawn upon for drift material, and, judging fi'om the char- acter and pi-eponderance of blue clay in their com- position, one would suppose that the Huron shales had furnished their full quota. The general appear- ance of these groups would indicate that they have been ground up, stirred together and worked into a mass of mud, and dumped from some immense trans- port into a "higgledy-piggledy, pell-mell mass," as Mr. Greikie is pleased to term it, with birt little reference to order or ai'rangement; a ad, if the stony record be not deceptive, at difi'erent times, and at periods wide- ly separated from each other. Hence, these drift groups have ever been an enigma to the geologist wherever found — not only confounding the novice, but a puzzle even to old veterans in the field. Dr. Newberry says of the drift: " While it is true of other groups that a few words may suffice to convey a clear idea of them, or, at least, the few things we have learned of them, the drift phenomena are too com- HISTOEY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. plicated, too little known, to be so summarily dis- missed." In truth, it may be said of the di-ift, that in many respects it is even yet an unsolved problem — strange and intricate. Now, the mode of laying down the sedimentary rocks that form the frame-work of our globe, is simple and easily comprehended; the mechanical assorting of the materials, the manner of their deposition and the order of their superposition, are all in keeping wi'h the known principles of cos- mical law, and in harmony with the geological idea, yet the drift presents a wide and strange departure. Here the chain of sequence of events seems to be broken — the order and harmony destroyed. But, after all, as our geologists would have us be- lieve, these seemingly incongruous appearances pre- sented by the drift beds have much of reality about them. Their confusion becomes less and less confused the more they are studied and the better we become acquainted with them; so that these seeming- ly disordered groups are, in reality, not so disorderly as a first sight would indicate. Our geologists grant them distinct groupings in a manner as other rocks. The first, or principal, division separates thom into two groups, denominated the upper and lower drift. The low:-r drift goes by the name of tile or bowlder clay, and is chaj'acterized as the unmodified drift, and presents itself as a tough, waxy blue clay, inter- spersed, more or less, with lielts and heajjs of sand, gravels and bowlders — for travelers — with traces of coal, traces of wood, and occasionally bits of bone. The bowlders being more or less rounded and polished and sometimes scratched and grooved, in- dicating the rough usage they have been subjected to as graving tools in graving the rock over which they were forced, while being firmly held in the folds of the great ice raft that transjiiorted them hither. When these clays form the surface soil — as in the absence of the upper drift — although possessing all the elements oO fertility, they are not in high favor with the farmer, as they yield a reluctant submission to the plow and cultivation, and are not disposed to accept kindly the genial influences of sunshine and rain, and, withal, require a deal of labor and much skillful handling to convert them into acceptable seed beds for farm crops. The lowest of the drift beds rest immediately upon the stratified rocks, some- times, however, with a layer of gravel beneath them. These gravel beds, wherever they occm', are an accept- able find to the well digger, as tbey are ever water- bearers. Typical of the upjier, or modified drift, is a belt or layer of fine sand, resting on the bowlder clay. These sands, so far as they extend, constitute the res- ervoirs for wells in common use for families, and, when not too much water- worn, and consequently are rough and angular, serve a useful purpose for mor- tar for plastering houses and for stone and brick work. But often they occur as quiqksands, and much too often, and much too quick, at times, for the con- venience or safety of the laborer; and so tine, some- times, are they, and so runney, that some well-diggers say of them that they will run through a crevice where water would hardly make the attempt. Above, and resting on this belt of sand, is a heavy coating of brown or yellow clay, denominated brick- clay, more or less interspersed with sand an3. gravel, and not unfrequently a scattering of bowlders, some of which are chiseled and scratched as those in the lower beds. This description proximately, or in a general way, covers the whole ground of the drift beds, wherever found, for they are characteristically alike the world over. Prof. Geikie, a Scotch geolo- gist, who, probably, has given more time and a closer attention to the phenomena of the drift than any man living, says, "After reading a description of the drift beds of New England, I was struck with their close resemblance to those of my own country. " If, however, we go into a minute description, or an ultimate analysis of the arrangement of the sur- face deposits of our Maumee Valley, we will hardly find any one description that will hold good even for the next farm. The borings of one well may differ materially from the borings of the next well, although in close proximity. Indeed, I have observed in De- fiance City a marked difference in two sides of the same cellar; on one side occurred belts of sand, and wedge-shaped beds of gravel that were entirely want- ing on the other side. No wonder, then, that our geologists give these changes and alterations in won- derful profusion and variety. On the whole, the phenomena of the drift are exceedingly interesting, and our drift groups become more and more interest- ing to us the more we learn of them ; not alone be- cause of their peculiar characteristics, or because they form our farms and fields— lands whereon we grow our crops, plant our orchards and build our homes — but they become interesting to us because of their antecedents and associations; because they are involved in, and are identified with, the great world- change of which the rocks bear testimony everywhere. It is from their records we read the story of the great ice age, when our summers had shortened and our winters had increased in length and severity, and our hemisphere placed under an Erebus of perpetual winter and ice and snow had swathed the ground as with a winding-sheet of death. Then it was that great glaciers, snow-fed monsters, who make their homes in the bleak regions of the north— grown to continental dimensions by the snow-accumulations of ages— came coursing down the frost-bound slopes and HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 23 careered over our continent. Slowly but persistently pushing their way onward — pausing for no obstacle — they rasped down the summits of high mountains, and scraped out the basins of great lakes, and with the gathered fragments, chips and rubbish, they in- vaded our valley and further on, till the warmth of the returning summer of the great year ended their career, and they were forced to lay down their rich accumulation of earth and stones they could no longer hold, and retire forever from our valley, an d our rocks became clothed with a wealth of soil, from the fertility of whose elements we, at the present day, are gathering the harvest of a profitable agriculture. GLACIATION. During the last glacial period, according to Prof. Agassiz, our continent was glaciated from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from the extreme north to the lati- tudes of Cincinnati and New York. Moreover, ac- cording to statements, this ice- sheet must have been of enormous dimensions, as were the glaciers that is- sued from it. The great mer de glace that occupied the divide between the St. Lawrence and Hudson's Bay, says Prof. Dana, was 12,000 feet, or more than two and a quarter miles in thickness; while the glacier that passed over the New England States is estimated to have been from 6,000 to 8,000 feet thick. Just how thick or how broad those glaciers were that performed the drift work of our valley,' our geologists have failed to give iis any very definite idea. Judg- ing from indications, however, they were no pig- mies, even of their kind; and when we come to consider the fact that a sheet of ice 8,000 feet in thickness exerts a pressui'e of more than two hundred tons upon every square foot of surface, we need not be surprised to learn that the granite summits of the Laurentian Hills were reduced 1,500 feet by the eroding processses practiced upon them by the glacial ice, nor need we be astonished to find huge blocks — rounded and grooved — with lesser stones mixed up in the clays that form the drift groups of our valley; so that if the student finds small stones protruding from the sides of some rail- road cutting, or a bowlder poised on the steeps of a river bank, or perched on some lofty summit, he is not to infer that they are growths, in situ, or that they were dropped from some passing iceberg, but rather that they were carried there by glaciers. For, as Mr. Croll says, " If a glacier can pass over the tops of moimtains more than two thousand feet high, it can carry stones and bowlders along with it." Besides the deep, broad, rock excavations that hold the waters of our groat lakes, the t(iar and wear of our underlying rocks, the deep-wrought channels and depressions they present, together with the piles of rubbish and heaps of debris with which our valley has evidently been strewn, are but the legitimate re- sults of glacier action. For the reader is not to in- fer from the smooth and even appearance our valley presents, with hardly a hill or hollow to relieve the eye or break the monotony, that its features were never roughened, or its surface never disturbed by moraine inundations, or thrown into hills and de- pressions by moving masses of glacier ice. EROSION. Now, as the forces of nature are never idle, ero- sion, or waste of surface, becomes a part of our geol-' ogy, and as our valley has lost eighteen feet of her surface since the close of the last glacial period, and Lake Erie has gained a hundred feet of sediment, it is not hard to anticipate the time when otu* valley will be carried into the lake, and that basin will be filled to its rim with sedimentary deposits; introducing to the coming hammer-bearer a new feature in our geol- ogy. The principal agents employed in these level- ing processes are frosts, rains, streams and currents, and although ages have been consumed hj' these leveling agents, yet every day witnesses the altered outline or the eroded surface of some bluff or river bank, caused by the last hard freeze and suljsequent thaw, or the last storm that broke against its brow or coursed down its sides. While the tiny stream, as well as the swollen flood, is ever busy with the loosened materials, assorting and arranging them in the order of their several specific gravities, and hui'r3'- ing them away to lower levels, to fill some river chan- nel, or lake basin, or other depression, carrying far- thest the finer clays — held longest in suspension; leaving behind the coarser sorts — sands and gravels; while the grosser kinds — stones and bowlders — may scai-cely be moved at all — rolled over, perhaps, or made to occupy lower positions by the removal of the loose earth that served to hold them in position. Thus, for example, the Lower Maumee receives the fine sedi- ment of clay brought down by the upper branches of the stream; at Defiance rests the sands and gravels; while the Upper Mauiuee, and the higher stretches of the Auglaize, are largely niontanic in many locali- ties. MODIFIOATIONS. Then, again, as, according to theory, dm-ing the cold seasons of the glacial period our valley had be- come, to some extent, submerged, and the stronc cur- rent set in motion by the increased strength of the northern trades, would, in a like manner, serve to assort the sands from the clays as they were washed from the sui-face of our soils, dropping the sands first, in accordance with their gravities, reserving the fine clay — held longest in suspension — as an outer or 24 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. upper covering. Thus we can see, or think we can see, just how the broad sheet of saud, with its cover- ing of clay, was laid down over a large surface of Defiance County, stretching, as it does in some direc- tions, far over the territory of our neighbors. But it is not alone with these surface changes that the geolo- gist is chiefly concerned, for these changes and modi- fying processes are going on in all depths of our drift formations. Intercalated beds of sand and gravel become more and more pronounced year by year and day by day, while gravel beds are continually form- ing and increasiag in thickness in the channels and depressions of the underlying rocks. These occur- rences are due to the action of water. Kains that fall upon the surface of the ground find their way, by percolation, into these beds, carrying away the lighter clay sediment and fine sands, leaving the clean-washed, coai'ser gravel to accumulate and in- crease at the expense of the beds of clay. " The trouble with our soils is," said a neighboring farmer to me one day, as he was trying to stir up his stub- born clay, " they were not properly stirred and thoroughly mixed." A hint for a more liberal nae of long manure and other mechanical appliances for light- ening the soils. Beds of coarse and fine gravels are frequently found in a kind of pocket repositories, deep in the beds of clay, as in and about Bryan, forming excellent repositories for water for wells, as do those gravel beds that lie deep down in the depres- sions of oiu- rocks. Experienced well-diggers tell us that the farther down the bore is extended without striking the rock, the greater the chances for a deep and permanent reservoir of pure water THE GREAT SCANDINAVIAN GLACIER. The wanderings of this great glacier — thanks to the enduring rocks, whose hardened surfaces have been able to hold the imprint of its graving-tools — has been traced by British geologists, from the Scan- dinavian mountains, south over Norway and Sweden, thence in a curve to the right, sweeping westward over Denmark and the British Islands, to its final plunge into the deep waters of the northern Atlantic. Prof. Geikie estimates this glacier to have been 2,000 feet thick, with a breadth of eighty miles, and, when coalesced with the Scottish glacier, its dimensions was such as, in passing over the bed of the German Ocean, to have displaced the entire waters of that sea. Besides, the work performed by the glacier would seem to have been commensurate with its di- mensions; for it is said to have forced its way up the rugged steeps and over the tops of the Scottish hills, that were more than 2,000 feet high, and, in the meantime, performing for that country just what the North American glacier did for us, filled their valleys and glens with drift material precisely in character — only differing in constituent material — with our own valley drifts. But how far these glaciers are able to travel is not definitely known, as their wanderings can never be very great in any direction till cut off by the heat of the sun, or broken in pieces by the waters of some deep sea. Those geologists, however, who have given the subject of these glaciers their greatest attention, are of the opinion that they would go on indefinitely, if backed by material aid, however rough or uneven the grounds might be over which they had to travel. Mr. Geikie is of the opinion that the waters of the German Ocean, with an average depth of 160 feet, offered no obstacle to the move- ment of the great Scandinavian glacier, although it was effectually broken to pieces in the deep waters of the Atlantic. Mr. Croll says that " if the waters of Baflin's Bay and Davis Strait were as shallow as the North Sea, those Greenland glaciers would ' cross upon and over the American continent." Now, the presence of these glaciers upon our con- tinent would have the effect, as no one need be told, to reduce the temperature of our climate to that of Greenland, .and condemn our valley to Ai'ctic steril- ity. These things being true, then — anomalous as it may appear — we are indebted for the geniality of our climate, and the productiveness of soils, to that great ocean current that flows down from the polar regions, and sweeps its way through Baffin's Bay and Davis Strait into the North Atlantic, and which we are ac- customed to associate in our minds with nothing bet- ter than fleets of icebergs and frozen seas. For when we take into consideration the vast amount of rubbish brought down by the Greenland glaciers and cast into these basins, we can hardly resist the con- clusion that long ago, had not this channel been kept clear by the powerful and persistent efforts of this cur- rent, these basins would have been filled up, permit- ting these glaciers, fed by the thirty-foot annual snows that fall upon Greenland, " to pass upon and over the American continent." Mr. Geikie has this to say of Greenland and its glaciers: " The superfi- cial area of Greenland cannot be less than 750,000 square miles, so that the country is almost continental in its dimensions. Of this great region, only a little strip, extending to 74" north latitude, ailong the west- ern shore, is sparsely colonized— all the rest is a bleak wilderness of snow and ice. The coasts are deeply indented with numerous bays and fiords or firths, which, when traced inland, are almost invari- ably found to terminate against glaciers. Thick ice frequently appears, too, crowning the exposed sea cliffs, from the edges of which it droops in thick, tongue-like and stalactitic projections, until its own -^^■^'^6,^^c^cc C HISTOKY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 25 weight forces it to break away and topple down the precipice into the sea. The whole interior of the country, indeed, would appear to be buried under- neath a great depth of snow and ice, which levels up the valleys and Hweeps over the hills. The few daring men who have tried to penetrate a little way inland, describe the scene as desolate in the extreme — far as the eye can reach, nothing save one dead, dreary expanse of v^hite; no living creature fre- quents this wilderness — neither bird, nor beast, nor insect — not even a solitary moss or lichen can be seen. Over everything broods a silence deep as death, broken only when the roaring storm arises, to sweep before it pitiless, blinding snows. But even in the silent and pathless desolation of central Green- land, the forces of nature are continuously at vyork. The vast masses of snow and ice that seem to wrap the hills and valleys as with an everlasting garment, are, nevertheless, constantly wearing away, and being just as continuously repaired. The peculiar proper- ties of ice, that prevent it accumulating upon the land to an indefinite degree, are just as characteristic of Greenland as those of Alpine countries. Fast as the snows deepen and harden into ice upon the bleak hills of Greenland, the ice creeps away to the coast, and thus from the frozen reservoirs of the inte- rior innumerable glaciers pour themselves down every fiord and opening to the sea. Only a narrow strip of land along the coast- line is left uncovered by the per- manent snowfield or mer de glace — all else is snow and ice. Some of the glaciers attain a vast size. The great Humboldt is said by its discoverer. Dr. Kane, to have a breadth of sixty miles at its termina- tion. Its seaward face rises abruptly from the level of the water to the height of 300 feet, but to what depths it descends is unknown. Other glaciers of large size occm- frequently along the whole extent of the northwestern shores of preenland, among which is that of Eisblink, south of Goodhaab, which pro- jects seaward so as to form a promontory some thir- teen miles in length. This immense glacier flows from an unknown distance in the interior, and buries its face to a great depth in these. A submarine bank of debris forms a kind of semicir- cle some little way in front of it, and may owe its ori- gin, in part, to the stream that issues from underneath thte glacier, but a bank would, necessarily, gather in the same place, even although no water whatever cir- culated below the ice. When this glacier, in its down- ward progress, first enters the sea at the head of a fiord, it must have towered, for many hundred feet, abd^e the level of the waters; but, as it continued on its course, and crept onward over the deepening bed of the fiords, it gradually buried its lofty face in the waves, until, when it reached the lower end of the fiord and entered the open sea, its front rose only a little height above the reacb of the tides. Thus, the sloping platform of ice that faces the sea, however lofty it may be, must bear only a small proportion to the much greater thickness of ice concealed below. It is well known that ice is not, by any means, so heavy as water, but readily floats upon its surface. Consequently, whenever a glacier enters the sea, the dense, salt water tends to buoy it up; but the great tenacity of the frozen mass enables it to resist for a time. By-and-by, however, as the glacier reaches deep water, its cohesion is overcome, and large seg- ments are forced from its terminal front, and floated up from the bed of the sea to sail away as icebergs. " LAKE BEACHES DUE TO THE SHIFTING OF THE EAETH's CEN- TEB OF GBAVITY. Among the many interesting features presented in the surface geology of our valley — involving, as it does, a problem difficult of solution — are our Lake Beaches, or Sand Eidges, as they are called. These ridges, of which there are many, a're too familiar to. the people of our valley to require any very extended description from me. Suffice it to say of these, that they compose a series of broad, flat belts of sands, much denuded, apparently, by rains and streams — traversing our valley in a uniform direction, running parallel to each other, and conforming, in a general way, to the present shore-line of Lake Erie. Now, while there is no difference of opinion among our geologists as to these ridges being thrown up by shore waves of some large body of water, yet there is a difference of opinion, and some uncertainty, mani- fested by our philosophers as to the primary cause of this phenomenon. "What caused the advance and re- trocessional movements of these bodies of water, that they should cast their shore waves with the uniform- ity and regularity required to form these ridges, one after another in the order of time, and with so good a degree of regularity in point of elevation one above another, and above the surface water of the lake ? Oui- Ohio geologists claim, in their reports, that these ridges are due to land upheaval; they tell us, in sub- stance, that there was a time when our great lakes were all merged in one, and that their united waters stood at a much higher level than now; indeed they may have covered the whole country. In process of time, however, a change ensued. Those mysterious subterranean forces by which the solid crust of our globe is elevated and depressed, began to act. The water gradually retired, and the higher portions of our valley began to appear. Step by step the land rose out of the water, till at length the site of the upper, or first formed, of the ridges made its appear- ance above the water surface. There then occui-red 26 HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. an interval of rest, lasting sufficiently long for the shore waves to form this ridge. Then, again, these forces bent their backs for another upheaval, and the land began again to rise, and continued to rise until the site of the second ridge was above the water. Then there was another pause, and another interval of rest, lasting long enough for the second ridge to form. Then another rise and another rest, and so on till all of the ridges were produced. Then these forces retired from their labors; the land stood still and the waters retired to within their several lake basins, where they still remain. Now, this may be a good enough theory, in accounting for these ridges, and may be the true theory, for aught we know to the contrary; for surely there is nothing more true than that land and water — continent and ocean — are continually changing places. While in some places the land is rising above the water, in other places the water is ris- ing over the land. What are our so-called rock forma- tions but so many proofs of elevations? What are our coal fields but evidences of a succession of de- pressions and elevations? But what, among other things, seems faulty in this theory, consists in be- stowing the character of that uniformity of action and method of movement, necessary to form these ridges, upon those mysterious subterranean forces whose principal occupation seems to consist in propa- gating volcanoes and earthquakes, and causing such like disturbances in the bosom of mother earth as are characterized by internal heat in connection with ex- plosive gases. Then, 'again, supposing these forces had acted thus circumspectly, and performed these upheavals after the manner credited to them by our geologists, it is easily seen their efforts would have availed nothing in the way of the formation of these ridges. For, had this upheaval movement extended to any considerable portion of our continent, the lakes themselves would have been involved in the general rise. They, too, would have gone up with the land, and the relative position of land and water would have still remained the same. On the other hand, if this rise had been confined to a small section of our valley, not including the lakes, it is evident that, while such a limited rise might have answered the purpose of forming these ridges, it would have certainly and effectually destroyed our river system. But of this there is no geological evidence anywhere to be found; on the contrary, our principal rivers and streams run in the same direction, and \ over the same channels they occupied before the glacial period— as a general thing, they are older than the glacial period. A moment's reflection would satisfy any one that a very small rise at Toledo would cause the Maumee to abandon its channel, and turn its com-se upstream. But, instead of this, our staid old stream still pursues her onward course to the lake as of yore, and by the same route, only at a hundred feet or more of elevation, made necessary by the ac- cumulations of drift material brought on by glacier action. Indeed, the facts go to show that these ridges were produced by the rise and fall of water, and not by upheaval and depression of land surfaces, and that they were produced by the oscillation of sea level during the glacial period. That such an oscillation would be produced by the shifting of the earth's center of gravity from one side to the other of the present equator is evident, resulting from the enormous ice-cap that would be formed, first on one hemisphere and then on the other. Now, in ac- cordance with the precessional movement of the equi- noxes, which brings around an entire cycle of the sea- sons in 21,000 years or thereabouts, a ridge would be formed in the interval of each of these cycles, of the winter of the great year, as Sir Charles Lyell is pleased to term it. Now, as the last glacial period commenced 240,000 years ago, and ended 80,000 years ago — embracing a period of 160,000 years — this would give time, as easily seen, for some six or seven high-water periods during the glacial epoch, which corresponds very nearly with the number of our ridges. Mr. Croll is of the opinion, however, that some of these ridges may have been, and doubt- less were, formed by the beating waves of floods, caused by the sudden thawing of snow and ice in the higher portion of our continent. These suggestions are thrown in for what they are worth. The reader can draw from them his own conclusion. GLACIEEB AND GLACIER MOVEMENTS. The subject of glaciers and the manner of their movement have ever been a mystery among physi- cists; and, although theories innumerable have been advanced from time to time in explanation of the phenomena, yet how glaciers move still remains an open question. Yet, however diversified the opinions of scientists may be on the subject of glaciers and glacial ice, there is one point on which all are agreed; and that is, that ice is the strangest and most pecu liar substance in nature. While a body of ice ever maintains itself as a hard, obdurate substance, as un- yielding as glass to strain or tension, its behavior is not unlike wax or tar. Ice in a glacier accommo- dates itself to any and all inequalities of sui-face over which it travels, assuming a differential move- ment; proceeding faster at the top and middle, and slower at the bottom and sides; spreading out where the channel is broad, and gathering itself in where the channel is contracted to a gorge; and all of these movements without melting or breaking. HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 27 Now, how does a glacier assume all these anoma- lous conditions? In undertaking to answer this question in accordance with the ideas of modern science, we must first look a little way into the na- ture and properties of ice. In the first place, ice is not a hard, compact mass, as its appearance indicates — like a body whose particles are close packed upon each other — but a body of ice is made up of angular crystals, incapable of close contact, but joining each other only at their points. Hence, ice is a porous body, exhibiting throughout its entire mass innumer- able cavities or interstices. Now, in this arrange- ment lies the whole secret of glacier motion; for, in virtue of this arrangement, a glacier avails itself of that potential agent heat, in propelling itself along, not bodily, but molecule by molecule. A molecule of ice, on being attacked by a heat particle, instantly melts, and in its liquid form gravitates to lower levels, occupying an interstice lower down in the mass, where it instantly freezes, and, in assuming the crystalline form parts with the heat energy by which it was melted. This energy becoming free, immedi- ately attacks a neighboring molecule, which also melts, and falls into a still lower interstice; and so on until the heat particle may pass through the entire mass of ice, melting its way molecule by molecule, and as the molecules of ice continue to gravitate from higher to lower levels, it follows as a consequence that the vertical dimensions of the ice sheet will diminish, and as the form and size of the ice crystals are constant the lateral dimensions of the ice sheet will increase, so that, where ice forms on a level surface, it spreads out in all directions, like molasses on a table. But an Alpine glacier, in making its descent, seeks some gorge or channel in the sides of the mountain, through which it fiows, and maintains its entirety till, on reaching lower levels, it is arrested by the heat of the sun. A Greenland glacier, however, where the temperature of the atmosphere remains almost continually below the freezing point, flows through its fiord into the sea, where its terminal front is broken into fragments by the ,buoyancy of the water, and it floats away as icebergs. In this man- ner Greenland gets rid of its surplus ice, and the great mer de glace that envelops the country is main- tained in its normal dimensions, although the eternal snows of Greenland fall almost continuously the year round. This, in brief, is the philosophy of glacier motion, and there is wisdom in its conception, for were not the mountains provided with this mode of getting quit of their ice, every drop of water the seas contain would be carried up in vapor by the atmos- phere and condensed into snows, would fall upon their summits to remain, and the whole earth would become dried up and frozen up. CHAPTER III. AGRICULTURAL RESOUECES OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. MUCH has been written heretofore by the geolo- gist, traveler and agriculturist concerning the famous black swamp region on the northerly edge of which lies Defiance County. Though cursing in former years the depth of water, which well-nigh submerged the luckless traveler, and the adhesiveness of the soil hindering rapid transit, all have agreed that when the enterprise of man should make itself felt in the application of common sense to the nat- ural laws of drainage, the retiring waters would dis- close to the rapturous gaze of the husbandman a land of richness and fertility unequalod by that of the valley of the Nile. The prophecy has been ful- filled, and though scarce sixty years have elapsed since the forester's ax first broke the primeval stillness, of its forests, to-day witnesses the wisdom of our fathers in choosing for their home the land where plenty al- ways is. Defiance County, though one of the youngest coun- ties of the Si.ate. having been made a distinctive geo- graphical subdivision in 1845, had made rapid prog- ress as a county, in its productions and manufact- ures, because of this fertility of soil and the abun- dant forests of oak, hickory, ash, elm and other valu- able varieties of timber which clothed its whole ex- panse. Gradually, year by year the encroachments of progress have laid bare the virgin soil and ex- posed its surface to the ambitious husbandman, who has here as elsewhere been the pioneer of substan- tial enterprise and civilization. Defiance County has an area of about 414 square miles' or nearly 256,606 acres. It is divided into tweWe townships, viz. : Adams, Defiance, Delaware, Farmer, Hicksville, Highland, Mark, Milford, Noble, Richland, Tiffin and "Washington. Each of these townships is comprised of thirty-six square sections or miles, except four — Defiance, Highland, Noble and Richland. Defiance has about 16,965 acres; 28 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. Noble about 13,795 acres; EicUand, 22,108 acres, and Highland, about 22,807 acres in all. The Manmee, Auglaize, Tiffin and St. Joe Rivers water and drain these broad acres. Nature has done much for the county through these trunks sewers, and the convenience in the item of transportation alone has added thousands of dollars to its permanent wealth. The Maumee River, the largest of these streams, has its commencement in the northeastern portion of the State of Indiana, and is formed by the confluence of the St. Joseph and St. Mary's Rivers. Its general course from its source is in a northeasterly direction, entering Defiance County at the southwest corner of Delaware Township, and, meandering through the south portion of that township, enters Defiance Town- ship on its northwest corner, follows the line between Noble and Defiance Townships, flows almost due east, passes through Sections 23 and 24 of the latter town- ship and enters Richland Township; from thence, bearing in the same general northeasterly course it finds its outlet in Lake Erie. At Defiance, the body of the Maumee is swollen by the waters of the Au- glaize River which is commonly known as a branch of the Maumee. The Auglaize has its source about a hundred miles southerly from the city of Defi- ance, and being supplied by the waters of a multitude of small streams on its course northward, forms at its emptying into the Maumee a stream of considerable magnitude — this stream enters the county near the southwesterly corner of Defiance Township, and bear- ing in a northeasterly direction forms a confluence with the Maumee River in Section 24 of the latter township. Tiffin River has its course in Southern Michigan, flows south, entering Defiance County at the north- west corner of Tiffin Township, traverses the central and western portions of that township and enters the north side of Noble Township near the center thereof and flowing southeast empties into the Maumee near the city of Defiance; this stream is much smaller at its place of discharge than either the Maumee or Au- glaize Rivers. The St. Joe River enters and leaves the county at the northwest corner of Milford Township, having scarcely four miles of its length therein. The soil of Defiance County is varied. Adams Township, one of the best farming regions of the county and the largest producer, is generally of a rich, black, sandy loam soil, and is famous for its production of wheat, corn and tobacco. The general level of the township is high and is well drained, its waters flowing southeasterly to the Maumee River. Tiffin Township, like its neighbor, Adams Town- ship, has much the same soil, though if anything it has more of an admixture of strong, rich clay. Its productions are mainly wheat, corn and oats. This township is cut by the Tiffin River, and is in the main well drained, its surplus waters flowing through numerous small creeks to the above named river. The surface of this township is undulating. Washington Township, which stands high as pro- ducing large crops, has the rich, black, sandy loam and clay for its soil. Some portions of the township are not yet thoroughly drained, and a considerable quantity of timber is still standing. Wheat, corn and oats are its principal productions. Its waters flow to the Tiffin River, and there are a number of artesian wells in this township. Farmer Township is one of the older townships. The soil is mostly a rich, black, sandy loam, and the high state of cultivation which it is under makes it one of the foremost in the county. In the northwest corner is a tamarack swamp, in part the head of Lost Creek. Near this for some distance the land is of a black muck formation. Its small streams flow southeasterly and find an outlet in the swamps of Mark Township, whence it reaches the Maumee River. Milford Township has much waste, marshy land, but artificial drainage is fast reclaiming the land, which is of black muck formation. Much of the land is strong clay and black, sandy loam. It has within its boundaries several small lakes — Ladd's Lake be- ing the most notable, it being , the deepest. Around these lakes the land is quite rolling. The general sur- face of the township is undulating. The cereal pro- ductions rank high. Lost Creek heads in part in the township. The valley of the St. Joe is celebrated for its fertility and its enormous yield of wheat. The water-shed of the township runs from the northeast to the southwest, the waters on the west thereof running to the St. Joe River and those on the east to the Maumee. Hicksville Township. The easterly and south- erly sides of this township are still quite heavily timbered with soft wood — mostly elm. The soil, more particularly in the north part of the township, is of black, sandy loam, and rich as any soil under the sun. In the southerly part of the township we find much of the black loam, but mingled with clay. There are on the south and east extensive marshy tracts which are being rapidly drained, exposing a black, mucky formation. Platter Creek Marsh and Gordon Creek Marshes lie partly in this township. The natural drainage is all in a southeasterly di- rection to the Maumee River. The westerly and northerly parts of the township are higher and undu- lating, while the southerly and easterly portions are somewhat flat. The productions of this township are extensive.and mainly the cereals — wheat, corn and oats HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 29 Mark Township lies lower than any other town- ship of the county. Platter Creek Marsh and Gordon Creek Marshes being mainly in this township, the artificial drainage, is esteasive aad systematic, and many thousands of acres of the black muck land have been reclaimed within the last decade. We find lit- tle clay in the township, and it is believed that in time this township will be the most productive in the county. The -streams and drainage all tend to the Maumee River. Delaware Township, while having much rich land, has much clay land unfit for large production, the bottom lands of the valley of the Maumee, exception- ally rich and productive, being added to in strength each year by the deposits which the freshets^ bring down. There is still some low land which a little drainage will entirely reclaim. The waters on the north tier of sections drain to the Tiffin River, while the balance all drain to the Maumee, now on the southeast. Noble Township is the smallest in the county, and has some hard clay and much strong, productive land. The land for a distance back from the Maumee and Tiffin Rivers is rolling and irregular, but the river farms are fertile as well as most of those farther back. In the north of this township we find a quan- tity of the rich black sandy loam, The waters drain mostly to the Tiffin River. Defiance Township, containing the city of Defi- ance, is one of the least productive of the county. How- ever, the strong clay soil of which most of its area is supplied, is excellent for wheat. We find some black sandy loam and rich river bottom lands which here as elsewhere will grow anything requiring strength and richness of soil. The surface of the township is reg- ular except near the rivers. The waters of the south portion of the township flow to the Auglaize River; those on the north to the Maumee. Immediately south of the city of Defiance, on the Auglaize River, there is an inexhaustible deposit of shaly rock from which hydrauli(! cements are made. This rock crops out in and near this stream, and extends far back into the surface for miles. The river at and along these croppings is paved with this natural flooring. Ge- ologists assert the large extent of this rock, and ere- long the leading industry of the city of Defiance will be the manufacture of hydraulic cement, the principal outcroppings of which are about three miles south of the city. Near this point is Blodget's Island, in the Auglaize River, on which is situated a large mound, probably of the era of the mound builders. In height this mound is about twenty-five feet,in circumference about 200 feet. Its location is near the center of the island, which is circular in form. Explorations made into the side of the pile indicate its use at some time as a place of interment of the dead. Richland Township has a great variety of soil along the river, the lands are rich and strong. We find black, sandy loam, clay and yellow sand. On the north part of the township there is still standing a quantity of timber, mostly soft wood. Along the river, particularly upon the north side thereof, the farms are of high productive quality, and the total area of the township under cultivation is well farmed. The natural drainage is to the Maumee River. Highland Township has much rich, productive, land, and some less productive. Its sand ridges are in the main very sustaining to crops of cereals. There is some land off the ridges which is still in timber, both hard and soft wood; there is little poor land in the township. The southwest portion of the township drains to the Auglaize River, and the bal- ance to the Maumee. The productions of wheat, corn and oats for the year 1831, as returned by the several townships, is as follows: TOWNSHIPS. WHEAT. 1882; COKN. 1882. OATS. 1882. 61,922 18,480 29,359 33,620 23,346 31,732 19,056 33,584 19,040 3,181 45,725 38,893 76,845 18,089 31,000 83,195 53,794 54 980 21,121 53,760 18,184 69,840 61,170 44,291 35,364 9,774 T)ftlaW(ire 14,360 "Parmer . . 36,030 17,069 Highland 17,713 Mark . 12,731 Milf ord 27,407 Noble 9,896 23,103 Tiffin 22,023 80 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. CHAPTER lY. THE MIAMIS. ACCORDING to John B. Dillon, the mild and fer- tile region now included within the boundaries of the State of Indiana w.iis at the time of its discovery by Europeans, claimed and possessed by the Miami confederacy of Indians. The Miamis proper, who, in former times, bore the' name of Twightwees, formed the eastern and most powerful branch ot this confed- eracy. " The dominion of the confederacy extended for a long period of time over that portion of Ohio which lies west of the Scioto River and over the whole of Indiana, over the southern part of Michigan and over the principal part of the State of Illinois, lying southeast of E'ox River and the River Illinois. The tribe have no tradition of their migration from any other part of the country, and the great extent of the territory which was claimed by them may be re ■ garded as some evidence of the high degree of na- tional importance which they foriSierly maintained among the Indian tribes of North America. " The Miami tribe were of Algonquin lineage and spoke much the same language or dialect as the Dela- wares, the Shawnees and Wyandots. In stature for the most part, the Miamis were of medium height, well built, heads rather round than oblong, counte- nances agreeable, rather than sedate or morose, swift on foot and excessively fond of racing, both on foot and horse. Some of them were quite tall and yet retained tine forms. They were noted for their clean ly habits and neatness of dress. The Miamis unlike most other tribes, were 'much whiter or fairer in color. This peculiarity attracted the attention of the French and other foreigners. Their color partly'arose from inter-marriage with the French who frequently sought such alliances, and became quite influential with the tribe. The squaws cultivated the corn and other vegetables and per- formed most of the field labor. The warriors were regarded as hunters, and provided most of the game upon which the tribe subsisted. They went to war and were regarded as being above drudgery and toil. The men were proud and haughty, though generally evincing strong attachments for their squaws and children. The tribe for a long period lived along the banks of the Wabash, the St. Joseph and the Mau- mee, formerly called by the tribe the " Omee." Here the Miami lived doubtless centuries before the first civilized settlement in America had begun ; his squaws cultivated the maize and performed the common hard- ships of life, while the red man hunted the buffalo, the elk and other wild game; and speared the fish in the beautiful Maumee or Bean Creek, as they basked in the sunshine, or devoted himself to plays and games, or went forth to secure the trophies and honors of war, from his camp fires, upon the banks o£ the Maumee or the grand Glaize. Ever eager to advance the interests of their re- spective Governments, the French and English were always antagonists in their missionary enterprises. The French from Canada were industrious in their efforts to propagate the Catholic faith among the Western tribes. In 1672, the Indians residing along the Maumee and the southern shore of Lake Michi- gan were visited by the missionaries, Allouez and Dablon, who opened a mission among the Miamis. There followed, between 1672 and 1712, the follow- ing: Rebourde, Membre, Hennepin, Marquette, Pinet, Benneteau, Bosles, Periet, Berger, Meoniet, Marest, Gravier, DeVille and Charden, who endured many privations and dangers to propagate their relig- ion among the various tribes. Hennepin pushed the mission in 1680 to the Illi- nois tribes, and, though peacefully heard, complains that the mission accomplished but little. The In- dians could not comprehend the mysteries of the Christian religion, bat silently heard his story and suffered their children to be baptized. When asked why they remained silent, they informed him that "their habit was always to hear the speaker tell his story in a courteous manner without contradiction and at the same time judging of its truth or falsity;" while white men declare the religion of the red man to be false! This they thought very rude and unjus- tifiable. They never disturb a man because of his religious belief. The result was that his mission pro- duced no lasting impression. About this time the Five Nations of New York became involved in a war with the Colonists of Can- ada, which continued until the treaty of Ryswick in 1697, which retarded the ambition of the French in planting colonies in the Northwest and the valley of the Mississippi. Between 1680 and 1700, several efforts were made by French missionaries to establish missions along the southern shores of Lake Michigan for the purpose of converting the Indians of Illinois. These missions were composed of a few Frenchmen under the lead of the celebrated La Salle, the mis- HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. 31 sionary and explorer, and attracted the attention of many adventurers to the Illinois country, and about the year 1700 a small number of them settled on the banks of Kaskaskia River and became the founders of a village of that name. La Salle pushed his discoveries in the new coun- try until the Mississippi, the great river of North America, was discovered and traced to its mouth, by this ambitious explorer and hia followers in 1682. The Government of Prance immediately took measures to plant a line of forts connecting their Canadian possessions with the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. By the efforts of La Salle, a small fort was built on the lake shore, forming a missionary station and trad- ing post on the borders of the River St. Joseph of Lake Michigan. Hennepin, in his notes, states that .the fort was situated at the mouth of the St. Joseph on an eminence, with a kind of a platform naturally fortified. It was pretty high and steep, of a triangu- lar form, defended on two sides by the river and on the other by a deep ditch, which the fall of the waters had made. We felled the trees that were on the top of the hill; and having cleared the same from bushes for about two musket shot we began to build a re- doubt of eighty feet long and forty feet broad, with great square pieces of timber laid one upon another, and prepared a great namber of stakes of about twenty-five feet long to drive into the ground, to make our fort the more inaccessible on the river side. We employed the whole month of November, 1679, about that work, which was very hard, though we had no other food but the bears' flesh our savage killed. These beasts are very common in this place, be- cause of the great quantity of grapes they find there; but their flesh being too fat and luscious, our men began to be weary of it, and desired leave to go hunt- ing to kill some wild goats (deer). Mr. La Salle denied them that liberty, which caused some mur- murs among them; and it was but unwillingly that they continued their work. "We made a cabin wherein we performed divine service every Sunday; and Father Gabriel and I, who preached alternately, took care to take such texts as were suitable to our present circumstances and fit to inspire us with cour- age, concord and brotherly love." This fort, when completed, was named "Fort Miami," and was with- in the dominion of the Miami nation. This was the sixth fort erected by the French, and guarded the routes to the great father of waters, via the Wiscon- sin and Illinois Rivers. Another fort was built near the confluence of the St. Joseph and St. Mary's Rivers, near the present site of Ft. Wayne, where settlements of French traders began to collect at an early period, which extended to Vincennes and other points. Time wore on. The church of Rome was the church of the Frenchmen of the day; and his God was not the God of the Englishman. The contest was foe surpemacy, and destined to be a bitter one; the vantage-ground seemed to be on the side of the French; but 1749 came, and the English began to make inroads on the French dominion as traders; this year La Jonquiere, then Governor of Canada, found English traders at Sandusky exerting an influ- ence against French traders among the Wyandots, and encouraged by the Iroquois of New York, who had been unwittingly insulted by Champlain in 1609 by uniting with a party of Algonquin Indians. The English sided with the Iroquois and encouraged their animosities against the French settlements. This feeling among the New York tribes continued until the fall of French power in Canada in 1760. Ke-ki-ong-gay was the great capital of the Mi- amis, and from the importance exerted by the tribe was regarded the "great gate" of the tribe through which all great enterprises must pass before they were given the consent of the confederacy. It stood where the city of Ft. Wayne now stands, and at the junc- tion of St. Joseph and St. Mary's, near the head of the Maumee, up which the French missionaries and Miami warriors anciently passed in their bark canoes and pirogues. Prom 1774 (Dunmore's war) to 1794, the victory of Wayne on the Maumee, the Miamis along the upper waters of the Scioto, the Mad and Little Miami Rivers in Ohio, and the Wabash River and the Mi- ami village in Indiana, the Miamis, Shawnees, Wy- andots, Delawares and other tribes gave the border settlers of Virginia, Kentucky and Pennsylvania much annoyance by their hostile raids along the Ohio River. The treaty of Ft. Harmar was expected to quiet their hostility, but failed to pacify the Miamis, Shawnees, and others who were still anxious to reserve all the territory northwest of the Ohio, and still vis- ited the settlers of the borders and committed many murders and thefts. During this time, the hero Gen. George Rodgers Clark led an expedition into the ter- ritory of Southern Ohio and Indiana, to humble the pride and cruelty of the Miamis and other tribes. The Indians were still treacherous and cruel. Simon Kenton visited the Shawnees with his Kentuckians to punish their horse-stealing, and was, taken prison- er. The Indians continued hostile, contending for the whole of Ohio. Boats were frequently taken on the Ohio and the crews murdered and scalped by the Indians. In self-defense, it finally became necessary to send an expedition against them, commanded by Gen. Harmar. This led to the war of 1791 to 1795, when the Miamis and other tribes were completely humbled by the great campaign of Gen. Wayne. " Tracing the history of the Miami Indians from 32 HISTOEY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. the present time backward through a period of 150 years, we must pass painfully over a long and mourn- ful picture of ignorance, superstition, injustice, war, barbarity and the most debasing intemperance," says Dillon "they fell into decay from habits of indo- lence, idleness, drunkenness and barbarism. Intem- perance is the bane of the red man, and under its in- fluence the American Indians are rapidly disappear- ing. At the present time a few small, mixed and mis- erable bands constitute the remnant of the once pow- erful Miami nation. Their misfortunes and vices which they learned from the white race still cling to them, with unabated power to degrade and destroy. Thus, with the light of civilization beaming around them, the last fragments of one of the most powerful aboriginal nations in North America are rapidly pass- ing away from the earth forever. There are but a few remnants of this people in Indiana, the rest hav- ing long since been transferred to reservations west of the Mississippi. The Miamis were less cruel in war than the New York tribes, but had many customs that were revolt- ing in their nature. Gen. Cass, in a speech delivered at Ft. Wayne July 4, 1843, at the celebration of the opening of the canal, said: "For many years during the frontier history of this place and region, the line of your canal was a bloody war-path, which has seen many a deed of horror, and this peaceful town has had its Molocji, and the records of human depravity furnish no more terrible examples of cruelty than were offered at its shrine. The Miami Indians, our predecessors, in the occupation of this district, had a terrible institution whose origin and object have been lost in the darkness of aboriginal history, but which was continued to a late period, and whose orgies were held upon the very spot where we now are. It was called the man-eating society, and it was the duty of its associates to eat such prisoners as were preserved and delivered to them for that purpose. The members of this society belonged to a particular family and the dreadful inheritance descended-to all the children, male and female. The duties it imposed could not be avoided, and the sanctions of religion were added to the obligations of immemorial usage. The feast was a solemn ceremony, at which the whole tribe was collected as actors or spectators. The mis- erable victim was bound to a stake and burned at a slow fire, with all the refinements of cruelty which savage ingenuity could invent. There was a tradi- tionary ritual which regulated with revolting precis- ion the whole course of procedure at those ceremonies. Latterly, the authority and obligations of the insti- tution has declined and I presume it has now wholly disappeared. But I have seen aud conversed with the head of the family, the chief of the society, whose name was "White Skin — wi'h what feeling of disgust I need not attempt to describe. I well knew an intelligent Canadian who was present at one of the last sacrifices made at this horrible institution. The victim was a young American captui-ed in Ken- tucky toward the close of our Revolutionary war. Here where we now are assembled, in peace and secur- ity, celebrating the triumph of art and industry, within the memory of their present generation, our countrymen have been thus tortured, and murdered and devoui-ed. But, thank God, that council fire is extinguished. The impious feast is over; the war- dance is ended; the war-song is sung; the war -drum is silent, and the Indian has departed to find, I hope, in the distant West, a comfortable residence, and I hope also to find, under the protection, and, if need be, under the power of the United States, a radical change in the institutions and general improvement in his morals and condition. A feeble remnant of the once powerful tribe, which formerly won their way to the dominion of this region, by blood, and by blood maintained it, have to-day appeared among us like passing shadows, flitting round the places that know them no more. Their resurrection, if I may so speak, is not the least impressive spectacle, which marks the progi'ess of this imposing ceremony. They are the broken columns which connect us with the past. The edifice is all in ruins, and the giant vegetation which covered and protected it lies as low as the once mighty structure, which was shelved in its recesses. They have come to witness the first great act of peace in our frontier history, as their presence here is the last in their own. The ceremonies upon which you heretofore gazed with intere.st, will never again be seen by the white man, in the seat of their former power. But thanks to our ascendancy, these representations are but a pageant; but a theatrical exhibition, which, with barbarous motions and sounds and contortions, show how their ancestors conquered their enemies, and how they glutted their revenge in blood. To-day, this last of the race is here; to-mor- row they will journey toward the setting sun, where their fathers, agreeable to their rude faith, have pre- ceded them, and where the red man will find rest and safety. " The tribe seems to have continued these barbar- isms almost to the last. Like the Shawnees and Dela- wares, they burned prisoners and captives. LITTLE T0KTLE. This chief was of mixed origin — half Mohican and half Miami, and son of a chief; born at his vil- lage on Eel River, about 1747, he very early became the war chief of the Miamis. In stature he was a short, well built, with symmetrical form, prominent HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 33 forehead, heavy eye-brows, keen, black eyes and a large chin. His Indian name was Me-che-kan-nah- quah, and he was noted for his bravery and wisdom in the councils of the tribe with whom he was allied. In leading his army of braves to sure victory, one hour, it is said, he was cutting and slashing with his tomahawk with the ferocity of a tiger, and the next hour was calm and passive as a child, At the treaty of Greenville, he proved himself to be a full match for Wayne in the councils of the tribes, for shrewd- ness and far-reaching diplomacy. After the treaty he returned to his people and gave his adherence to the United States, which he freely supported as long as he lived. He, with his tribe, resisted the invasion of Harmar in 1790-91, and met Gen. St. Clair with all his savage confederates, which resulted in the de- feat of St. Clair's army at what was afterward Ft. Recovery. Upon the approach of the army of Wayne, he again prepared to meet that heroic commander at the battle of Fallen Timbers, in 1794. But the Shawnee chief. Blue Jacket, was made the command- er of the Indian forces and led that army. The re- sult of that battle is well known. It was fought against the advice of Little Turtle, and resulted in disaster to che Indians. In all those battles, the Lit- tle Turtle proved himself a brave and discreet chief. In the war of 1812, though urged by Tecumseh, he refused to take sides with that wily leader of the Shawuees. He was content with the treaty of Green- ville and remained near Ft. Wayne. He died on the 14th of July, 1812, at his lodge at the old orchard, a short distance north of the confluence of the St. Mary's and St. Joseph Eivers, in the yard fronting the house of his brother-in-law, Capt. William Wells The chief had long suffered with the gout, and had come there from his place of residence, at his village on Eel Bi^er, about twenty miles from Ft. Wayne, to be treated by the United States Surgeon at the fort. It was a solemn and interesting occasion. After the treaty of Greenville, he had remained the true friend of the Americans and the United States Gov- ernment, and was much respected by all who knew him. He was borne to the grave with the highest honors, by his great enemy, the white man. The muffled drum, the solemn march, the funeral salute, announced that a great soldier had fallen, and even enemies paid tribute to his memory. His remains were interred about the center of the old orchard, with all his adornments, implements of war, and a sword presented to him by Gen. Washington, to- gether with a medal of the likeness of Washington thereon— all laid by his side and hidden beneath the sod in one common grave. This remarkable chief possessed a great mind. For many years he was the leading chief among the Miami tribe, surpassed for bravery and intelligence by none of his race. He is said to have possessed a very inquiring mind and never lost an opportunity to gain some valuable in- formation. CHAPTER Y. THE IIISTOKY OF THE SHAWNEES. BY DH. GEORGE W. HILL, OF ASHLAND, OHIO. IN an address delivered before the New York His- torical Society, December 6, 1811, by Gov. De Witt Clinton, on the origin and history of the Iro- quois Nation, he says: " There is a strong propensity in the human mind to trace up our ancestry to as high and as remote a source as possible, and if our pride and our ambition cannot be gratified by a real statement of facts, fable is substituted for truth, and the imagination is taxed to supply the deficiency. This principle of our nature, although liable to great perversion, and frequently the soui'ceof well-founded ridicule, may, if rightly directed, become the parent of great actions. The origin and progress of in- dividuals, of families and of nations, constitute biog- raphy and history — two of the most interesting de- partments of human knowledge. Allied to this principle, springing from the same causes, and pro- ducing the same benign effects, is that curiosity we feel in tracing the history of the nations which have occupied the same territory before us, although not con- nected with us in any other respect. To abstract the mind from all local emotion would be impossible if it were endeavored, and it would be foolish if it were possible. The places where great events have been performed, where great virtues have been exhibited, where great crimes have been perpetrated, will always excite kindred emotions of admiration or horror. And if that man is little to be envied whose patriot- ism would not gain force upon the plains of Mara- thon, or whose piety would not grow warmer among the ruins of lona, we may with equal confidence assert that morbid must be his sensibility and small must be his capacity for improvement who does not ad- vance in wisdom and in virtue from contemplating 34 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. the state and the history of the people who occupied this country before the man of Europe." It will be interesting to all ethnologists, and those engaged in the study of archaeology, to take a general geographical and hi?torical view of the Shawnee Na- tion, which formerly owned and inhabited the valleys of the Ot-ta-wa and Auglaize, before they came into the possession of the present inhabitants of Allen County by treaty and sale. We enter upon this task the more cheerfully from the conviction that no part of Ohio contained a braver race, or one which fur- nished a more interesting and instructive history. The Shawnees have, since their intercourse with the white man, been conspicuous for the possession of many remarkable chiefs and leaders of great military talent — men distinguished in war and in treaties for their shrewdness and far-seeing diplomacy. Originally, the nation was called Chaouanons by the French, and Shawanoea by the English. The English name Shawano changed to Shawanee, and recently to Shawnee. Chaouanon and Shawano are obviously attempts to represent the same sound by the orthography of the two languages, the French 'ch' being the equivalent of the English 'sh.' The Shawnee nation originally migrated from the north, .perhaps Canada, and used largely the dialect of the Wyandots or ancient Hurons. Their eccentric wan- derings, their sudden appearances and disappear- ances, says a noted writer on Indian history, perplex the antiquary and defy research. In all history the Sha^vnees were noted for their restless disposition, frequently changing their residence and migrating hundreds of miles. The Shawnees, by permission of the Iroquois, or Five Nations, emigrated from the South, perhaps the coast of Florida, some time prior to 1682, and located on the West Branch of the Susquehanna, in Pennsyl- vania. The Five Nations regarded them as inferiors, and did not permit them any representation in the great Northern confederacy, but simply designated them as brothers and relations. We find, however, that when William Penn landed at Coaquannuck, the present site of Philadelphia, in 1682, and entered into a mutual understanding with the Iroquois, the Delawares and other Indian tribes inhabiting Penn- sylvania, concerning the purchase of lands and a league of peace, the Shawnees were sufficiently nu- merous and powerful to be present at the consultation. In June, 1682, a conference for ratifying the treaty appears to have been held under a large elm tree at Shackamaxen, nc?ar the Delaware River. The chiefs of the Five Nations, the Delawares, the Shaw- nees, the Mingoes and the Gan-aw-eese, from the Potomac River, were present, and received compensa- tion for lands, and the right to occupy the country by the colony of Penn, in cloth, blankets, strouds and other valuables. The Shawnees were of Algonquin descent, and spoke much the same dialect as the Iroquois, and it is tolerably certain that they were of Northern or Canadian origin. If it be true, as suspected by some, that they were a remrant of the ancient Eries, or Andastes, who fell under the fury of the relentless Iroquois in 1655, who fled their country and became widely scattered in North and South . Carolina, Florida and the wilds of Kentucky, the fact of their return to the upper waters of the Susquehanna, some thirty f)r forty years after the conquest of their country south of Lake Erie, seems easy of explana- tion. Certain it is, that at the conquest of the Eries by the Five Nations, great numbers of the fallen tribe were killed on the various fields of battle, while large numbers were captured and canned home to grace the triumph of the Iroquois, and, to carry out their sav- age customs, burned to the stake. Tra(iition also declares that great numbers of the Eries were incor- porated into the body of the Iroquois nation, and thenceforward regarded as a part of that people; while, desiring to escape Iroquois vengeance, great numbers of the fallen Eries fled to the far South, and obtained a home among the Creeks and the tribes in Georgia and Florida. From the date of their contact with Europeans, the Shawnees were regarded as the most restless of all the Indian tribes. Like the Mohawks, they were cruel to their enemies, fierce in war, and rarely for- got or forgave an insult or injury. The Algonquin family, at one time, appears to have possessed all the territory from Cape Canso and the Bay of Gaspe, to the branches of Mississippi, from the Cumberland River to Capo Fear, and prob- ably from the Savannah to the land of the Esqui- maux in the far North. As early as 1682, the integrity cf the Shawnees was so far admitted by the Iroquois and other tribes in attendance upon the treaty of William Penn that a copy, in parchment, of the treaty, was deposited with them for safe keeping, and more than forty years afterward was produced at another conference by the chiefs of the Shawnees. After the conference of 1682, large bands of the Shawnees removed to Winchester, Va., and from thence to the Cumberland River, in Kentucky, and thence to the head-waters of the Congaree, in South Carolina, thence to the head- waters of the Mobile, ad- joining the Creeks, and thence to the Wabash River, in Indiana, where La Salle found them in 1684, and was joined by thirty of their warriors in his expedi- tion to discover the mouth of the Mississippi, after which we hear no more of these restless warriors. HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 35 As early as 1698, over seven hundred warriors or fighting men of the Shavyneea had returned and lo- cated upon the head waters of the Susquehanna, by permission of the Five Nations, then occupying Northern New York and Pennsylvania. For a period of nearly forty years, say from 1698 to 1745, we nearly lose sight of this wandering and restlesi people. Between that time and 1755, large bands of the Shawnees settled on the Allegheny Kiver, near the present site of Pittsburgh, the former home of the fallen Andastes and afterward removed to Cape Girardeau, between the Whitewater and the Mississippi. In 1755, the Shawnees aided the French in repelling the expedition of Gen. Braddock. In 1701, forty-four years before the English in- vasion of Fort Du Quesne, Wapatha, a great chief of the Shawnees, held a conference with William Penn at Philadelphia, in which it was agreed that a good understanding between the said Penn and the several Indian nations there assembled, should be forever maintained, and thenceforward they should be as one head and one heart, and live in peace, friendship and unity as one people. In 1715, Opes-sah, a great chief of the Shawnees, attended another council, held at Philadelphia, at which the pipe of peace was smoked. We are not informed of the location of the Shawnees repre- sented by him, but are told he came a great distance, possibly from the Cumberland River, or the wilds of the Scioto or the Little Miami, in Ohio. We are unable to fix the exact date of the arrival and settlement of the Shawnees in Southern Ohio; but from certain statements of the Wyandots, who gave them permission to occupy that territory, their settlement must have occurred about 1750. The first treaty between the United States and the Shawnees, as a separate people, was held at the mou^h of the great Miami, January 31, 1786. In that treaty the limits of their lands and future hunting-grounds are defined, while they relinquish all title or pre- tence of title in their lands, to the United States. The Wyandots protested against this treaty, contend- ing that the lands ceded by the Shawnees to the United States belonged to them, and that the restless disposition of the Shawnees caused so much trouble, both to them and the United States, that they felt it to be their duty to dispossess them entirely. It will be remembered that, from 1755, the Shaw- nees were jealous of the encroachment.^ of the colon- ists of Pennsylvania and Virginia, and met the pioneer settlements with gloaming tomahawks and scalping knives. This hatred of the English was im- bibed from the French, who had been expelled from the head- waters of the Ohio, and who, under the Eng lish, kept traders and spies among the Ohio tribes as late as the close of the Revolutionary war. The depredations of the Shawnees upon the settle- ments in Virginia oaased Gov. Dunmore, in 1774, to send an army for the invasion of the Indian tribes on the Scioto and Little Miami, in Ohio, In Septem- ber, 1774, a great battle was fought at the junction of the Great Kanawha with the Ohio, in which the Shawnees and their allies were defeated, and com- pelled to beat a hasty retreat across the Ohio River. The Shawnees were led by Cornstalk, a great chief, assisted by the celebrated chief and warrior. Black- hoof, equally distinguished for his bravery, oratory, shrewdness and generosity. In the fall of 1774, Gov. Dunmore held a treaty, being the last English Governor of Virginia, with the Shawnees and their allies, not far from the present site of Circleville, Ohio, in which Cornstalk, Black- hoof, Logan, the Grenadier Sqtiaw and other noted Indians participated. Peace was proclaimed, but was of short duration. The arrival of Boone, the McAffees, the Harrods, the Hendersons, the Bullets, Hancocks, Ployds and others in Kentucky, from 1773 to 1776, again inflamed the jealousy of the Shawnees, and repeated raids were made against the new settlers to exterminate them. British agents fomented the discontent of the Ohio Indians, and in some instances planned and headed their expeditions against the white settlements. In 1777, the Shawnees became somewhat divided on the policy of continuing the war against the revolted colonies, then seeking independence from the mother country. Cornstalk, celebrated as a chief and leader, headed the anti-war party, and visited an American block-house, at the mouth of the great Kanawha, to warn the Virginians of the approaching storm and, if possible, avert the calamity of border invasion. He was accompanied by another chief, called Red Hawk. These messengers of peace were immediately seized and confined in the block-house, "as hostages, to prevent the expected depredations of the Shaw- nees. While thus confined, his son, Ellimpsico, who had also fought in the great battle at Point Pleasant in 1774, came to the fort to learn the fate of Cornstalk, his father. He had become uneasy at his long ab- sence, and, prompted by filial aflection, had come to seek him out in his exile. While in the fort, a few soldiers, who had crossed the Kanawha to hunt, were attacked by strange Indians, and a soldier by the name of Gilmore was killed. The result was, that a party of soldiers, in revenge for the death of Gil- more, proceeded to the block-house and shot Corn- stalk, Red Hawk and Ellimpsico! This act — barbar- 36 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. ous and unjiistifiable — terminated all uncertainty, and precipitated the Shawnees upon the borders of Virginia and Kentucky, and was the occasion of re- peated invasions from 1777 to the peace of 1795. under Gen. "Wayne at Greenville. The residence of the Shawnees extended along the Scioto at various points, from its junction to its head- waters. There was a large band at the present site of Chillicothe, Circleville and Columbus. The band had villages near what is now London, Madison Coimty, in Logan County, along Darby and Mad River, the Miami and other points, and finally at the Mack- ichac towns. The assaults upon emigrant boats along the Ohio soon rendered it dangerous for emigrants to Kentucky and elsewhere. Frequent expeditions into the Kentucky settlements, to take prisoners and steal horses, became so annoying, that Kenton and Logan and Clark, in self-defense, were compelled to head large forces to invade the Indian country, and finally the Indian war became so well contested that the United States supported quite a little army at North Bend, the future residence of Gen. W. H. Harrison, under Gen. Harmar. The presence of these forces was soon discovered by the Shawnees. As soon as the news reached the Indians, they began to move toward the scene of action, which it was supposed would be somewhere on the Miami or Maumee. Another vil- lage was established where Cincinnati now is, named Losantiville, which became the residence of Gov. St. Clair and his executive council. A fort, named after the father of his country, Washington, was erected in the new village, and the soldiers transferred from North Bend to it. By this demonstration the Shaw- nees, the Miamis, the "Wyandots, the Delawares and other tribes were the more incensed, being already very jealous at the encroachments upon their hunting- grounds upon the north side of the Ohio. The conduct of Gov. St. Clair upon this occasion was rather anomalous. Under his construction of the treaty of Muskingum, he decided, if upon any occasion it became necessary for Virginia or Ken- tucky to repel the attack of an enemy within the limits of the teriitory of Ohio, it would be necessary to first obtain the consent of its Territorial authori- ties, who proposed to act under the treaty of amity (that of the Muskingum) with the United States. This was tantamount to surrendering the Western country to the Indians, for no effective expedition could be carried over the Ohio River. The result was, the people of Kentucky were greatly harassed by the Ohio Indians, who were constaatly sending over bands to steal horses, capture negroes and take white scalps and prisoners, without the means of re- dress! The continuance of these aggressions at length aroused the people of Kentucky, and, relying upon their own energies, they resolved to pursue their wily and fugitive enemy across the river into the river into their own forests and towns. In April, 1790, Gen. Scott, with 230 volunteers, crossed the Ohio at Limestone, now Maysville, and was joined by Gen. Josiah Harmar and 100 regulars of the United States. They invaded the Scioto vil- lages, but found them deserted. In the fall of 1790, Gov. St. Clair became convinced that more energetic measures were necessary. An attempt had been made to treat with the Indians, but had failed. The Gov • ernment then took more effective measures to make the Indians feel the force of arms. Gen. Harmar had been appointed, under the old Congress, as Brigadier, and was now placed at the head of the United States troops, who amounted to 320 men. These were joined by about 1,200 Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Virginia militia, and in September rendezvoused at Fort Washington, now Cincinnati; with a view of attacking the Miami towns, often called Omee by the French. After about seventeen days' rharch, the army reached the great Miami village, which they found set on fire by the Indians. The enemy, Parthian- like, kept out of the way of the unwieldy movements of the main army, until an opportunity for effective fighting presented, when they made a stand. The Indians were concealed in thickets on each side of a large plain near the confluence of the St. Mary's and St. Joseph Rivers, and ambushed their pursuers. About 700 Indians were engaged, which put the militia to a disgraceful flight without firing a single shot! The noted Miami leader and chief, Little Tur- tle, commanded the Indians. The regulars made a stand, but were mercilessly shot down until nearly all the ofiicers and men were killed. After a few ineffec- tive attempts to rally and renew the fight, we are in- formed that, after a few attempted surprises by the ofiicers who accompanied Harmar, he returned, by easy marches, with" all his artillery and baggage to Fort Washington by the 4th of December, 1790. Thus the Miamis and Shawnees, with their allies, were successful in repelling the invasion of Harmar. The soldiers left on the field wounded or dead, were scalped and barbarously mangled by the Indians. This triumph increased their courage and audacity. They boasted of their ability to repel the whites, and became more relentless in their cruelties to prisoners captured on the Ohio River. They were much affected bj' the destruction of their villages, and the loss of a large number of their braves in skirmishes with Harmar's troops, all of which increased their ferocity toward the whites. The retreat of Harmar was construed into a victory on the part of the In- dians, and did not in the least humble their leading HISTORY or DEFIANCE COUNTY. 37 chiefs. The Shawnees were commanded by Blue Jacket and Blackhoof, noted for their courage and cunning. The Delawares were led by Bockongahelas and Captain Pipe, relentless in their hate toward the pale faces, the latter of whom had caused the execu- tion, by burning, of Col. William Crawford, on the Tymochtee, eight years prior to this battle. The fierceness of the Shawnees remained unsub- dued, but, if anything, more revengeful. The result was, that Gen. Harmar had to submit to a court mar- tial, which gave htm an honorable acquittal, when he resigned. Gov. St. Clair was appointed to succeed Gen. Harmar in command of the army. He had been a General in the Revolutionary army, arid had a good deal of experience in the field. Large expectations were entertained concerning his ability to outwit and over-reach the furious red men of the forests of West- ern Ohio. Gens. Scott, Wilkinson, Innis, Shelby, Hardin and Logan crossed the Ohio River and in vaded the Indian country. Gov. St. Clair at once began to organize a new expedition, which rendez- voused at Fort Washington. Many Revolutionary officers of distinction accepted a command in the new army. The soldiers, however, were mostly raw mili- tia, and not noted for courage and, discipline. Diu'ing the summer of 1791, the forces were col- lecting at the fort, to march early in the fall. The preparations to meet the wily savages of the North- west were inadequate, and the troops were not reli- able, many being f i-om the haimts of towns, corrupt and lazy, and unwilling to submit to the hard disci- pline of regulars. No general officer from Kentucky would accept command, and the General Government drafted 1,000 men, and |^Col. Oldham was given the command. By September, St. Clair's army amounted to about two thousand regulai's, a corps of artillery and several squadrons of cavalry. The militia, in the aggregate, amounted to 3, 000 men. The expedition left Fort Washington about the first of October, by the way of Fort Hamilton, now in Butler County, Ohio. The objective point was the Indian villages upon the Miami or Maumee of the lake. While these preparations for invasion were being made by Gen. St. Clair, the Indian chiefs were equally active. The Little Turtle of the Miamis, Blue Jacket and Blackhoof of the Shawnees. Bockong-a- helas and Pipe of the Delawares, and Crane of the Wyandots were actively engaged in an effort to or- ganize a confederacy of tribes sufficiently powerful to drive the white settlers from the territory lying on the northwestern side of the Ohio River, receiving aid from Simon Girty, Alexander McGeeand Matthew Elliott (the latter two sub-agents in fJie British In- dian departments), and from a number of British, Fi-ench and American traders, who generally resided among the Indians, and supplied them with arms, ammunition and clothing in exchange for furs and pel- tries. Under these influences, a confederation of Mi- amis, Shawnees, Delawares, Wyandots, Pottawatomies, Kickapoos and Ottawas was formed, and all the proper steps taken to confront the invaders of their territory. The British agents were particularly active in foment- ing hate and revenge. The British Government had failed to evacuate the ports of Niagara, Detroit and Michilimackinac, according to the definitive treaty of 1783, under the pretence that a part of that treaty, relat- ing to the collection and payment of debts contracted by Americans and due to the King's subjects, had not been faithfully complied with by the Americans, to the detriment of the former, and, therefore, British agents justified themselves in stimulating Indian hos- tilities! These agents, also, enlisted the Mohawks of Northern New York, under their great chief, Joseph Brandt, who passed over British territory to aid the Little Turtle and Blue Jacket in repelling the forces of Gen. St. Clair. The main body of St. Clair's army, under Gen. Butler, took up its line of march from Fort Washing- ton, and, moving northward some twenty-five miles, on the eastern bank of the Great Miami, erected a post, which was called Fort Hamilton. On the 4th of October, the fort being completed, the army began its further advance for the Miami village, having marched forty-two miles, and the work was erected within six miles of the present site of Greenville, Ohio, which was named Fort Jefferson. Here the army remained until the 24th of October. It again set forward, and, after marching nine days, many of the militia deserted, and their provisions became short. Gen. St. Clair was a gouty old officer, and sick much of the way. On the 8d of November, the army reached the present site of the town of Re- covery, Ohio, and encamped on the head-waters of the Wabash. The weather was quite cold, and the snow covered the earth. The Indians, by spies, kept watch of the advance of St. Clair, and the confeder- ated tribes, inspired with great coui-age and determi- nation, were already resorting to their usual strategy, to draw the white ariuy into an ambuscade. They sometimes advanced, under their great leaders, the Little Turtle, Back-oug-a-he-las, Blue Jacket, Black- hoof, Pipe and Simon Qirty, to within a short dis- tance of St. Clair's advance, and then fell back. They had, under the Little Turtle, about 1,200 war- riors. Gen. St. Clair was now within fifteen miles of the Miami town. As a means of safety for the knapsacks of the soldiers, he ordered that a light work should be thrown up, and then intended to move on and at- tack the enemy in the morning. A short time before 3S HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. day, the Indian whoop and wild yell startled the army of St, Clair, already under arms, and at once the Indians began a furious attack upon the militia, which soon gave way, and, pell-mell, rushed into the midst of the camp, through Maj. Butler's battalion, creating the wildest disorder on every side, closely pursued by the Indians. The front ranks of St. Clair's army, by a well-directed fire, checked the In- dian advance. The artillery was brought to bear on the Indians, but produced little effect. A bayonet charge was ordered, led on by Col. Darke, which drove the Indians back some distance, but they soon returned, and compelled Darke to give way. In the meantime, St. Clair's camp was attacked in flank and the troops began to huddle in the center. Butler and Darke's battalions renewed the charge, but with great loss; many officers fell, Maj. Butler himself being dangerously wounded, and after.ward killed in his tent. The artillery was now silenced by the In- dian sharpshooters, and the army commenced a stam- pede to regain the trail, and everything became pre- cipitate. The panic assumed a terrible flight! The camp and artillery were abandoned — not a horse was left to remove the cannon — the soldiers threw away their arms as they ran, strewing the road for miles with them. The retreat began about 9.30 o'clock, and continued a distance of twenty-nine miles, to Fort Jefferson, where they arrived about sunset, having lost 39 officers and 593 men, 22 officers and 242 men wounded, and a loss of public stores amounting to $32,810. After the flight of the army, the Indians began to avenge their wrongs by perpetrating the most horrible acts of cruelty and brutality upon the bodies of the living and the dead who fell into their hands. Many of the Delawares, from the villages of Mohican, Johnstown and Greentown, in what is now Ashland County, were in the fight, and it is stated that the chief Armstrong, Captain Pipe, and the noted Tom Lyon, often related their exploits on that bloody field. Pipe claimed to have tomahawked men until his arms were weary with the bloody work! Believing that the whites desired all the lands, the Indians crammed clay and sand into the eyes and down the throats of the dying and the dead! The remnant of St. Clair's army returned, as rapidly as possible, to Fort ^\^ashington, the Indians failing to give pursuit. They were, doubtless, too busily employed in plundering St, Clair's camp, and in avenging their imaginary wrongs on the poor, un- fortanate soldiers left on the field of battle. All efforts against the Miami village were, for the time, brought to a close. The news of the defeat fell heavil upon the country, especially Kentucky. Many of her bravest sons were left dead upon the battle-field, and her borders would be again open to the ravages of the red man. The Miami village, now Port Wayne, was looked upon as the gate of the West, just as Fort Du Quesne, in 1755, was to the English, in' their contest with the French and In- dians. The defeat of St. Clair greatly depressed Gen. Washington, then President. He had hoped for speedy relief to the sparse and greatly exposed settlements of the West, and relied largely upon Gen. St. Clair to carry out his designs and those of the Government to a successful termination. He seems to have had considerable confidence in St. Clair's capacity to carry out his wishes, though in his com- mands during the Revolution he was not a successful officer. In his great depression, Washington said to his private secretary, " It's all over; St. Clair's de- feated — routed! " And then those present were " awed into breathless silence by the appalling tones in which the torrent of invective was poured forth by Washington." But this depression and invective were of short duration. The President resolved to send an army and a leader into the field to chastise, more effectually, the redman of Ohio. The whole range of the frontier settlements on the Ohio was ex- posed to the fury of the Indians, and the settlers were in danger of annihilation or expulsion, and im- mediate action was necessary. In the selection of a suitable commander. Gen. Anthony Wayne, a Revolutionary officer of distinc- tion, and a great favorite with the people, was pro posed as a proper man to take command of the West- ern troops. He received the appointment, and at once commenced to organize an army to penetrate the Indian country. A factious Congress delayed the equipment of the army nearly two years. He did not advance until 1794, and, during the intermediate period, between the defeat of St. Clair and the ad- vance of Wayne, the Indians, apprehensive of a renewed effort for their conquest, to some extent refrained from incursions on the border setttements, devoting all their energies in the formation of a confederation of Indian tribes, to drive the whites over the Ohio River. In the meantime the Government was making strenuous efforts to establish peace and good will among the hostile tribes, by sending messengers with speeches and propositions to treat. The British were constantly inciting the Indians to acts of resentment, and most of the messengers were captured as spies and murdered near the rapids of the Maumee; and propositions of peace were spurned by the Indians. In these delays, Gen. Wayne tarried one winter at Legionville, on the eastern border of Ohio. All hope of concilliation being abandoned, he descended the Ohio, with his army, to " Hobson's Choice," near Fort Washington, and on the 6th of October, 1793, HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 39 commenced to advance in the direction of Fort Jeffer- son, leaving a garrison at Fort Hamilton, now Butler County, Ohio, under Maj. Jonathan Cass, father of the late Gen. Lewis Cass, of Michigan, and, in about a month subsequently, established his headquarters at Fort Greenville, which he built after his arrival. He ordered the erection of a fort on 'the site of St. Clair's defeat of 1791, which was called " Fort Re- covery. " He then made an ineffectual attempt to treat with the Indians. The British interfered, and proposed to render the Indians sufficient aid to enable them to eipel and destroy the Amercian settlers situated on the territory northwest of the Ohio. The expedition of Gen. Wayne remained in com- parative quiet, at the different posts — Jefferson, Greenville and Recovery — until the morning of the 30th of June, 1794, when Maj. McMahon, command- ing an escort of ninety riflemen and fifty dragoons, was fiercely assailed by a body of some 1,500 Indians, under the walls of Fort Recovery, assisted, as was believed, by a number of British agents and a few French Canadian volunteers. The Indians, for a period of about twenty-four hours, continued the as- sault, and then retired. The garrison lost twenty-two in killed, and thirty wounded and three missing. Two hundred and twenty-one horses were killed, wounded or missing. The Indians carried away their dead and wounded. Jonathan Alder, who was then adopted and living with the Shawnees, participated in a part of these engagements, and gives a very full history of the- movements of the red men. He says: " I gathered up all my effects that I had not sold, and started for the Mack a-chack towus. I soon found that there would be a conflict between the whites and Indians. The Indians had been so successful against St. Clair, that they were very sanguine of success. They talked as though it would be an easy victory, but it turned out very different. Gen. Wayne was not to be caught in any of the traps set for him. Little Turtle and one other chief were for making a treaty of peace, but they were a long way in the minority, and conse- quently they were over-ruled. Preparations now began in earnest for the conflict. The Indians never insisted on my taking up arms against the whites, but left it for me to decide, and consequently I was never in a battle, except a short time in the first con- flict of the great campaign. They had flattered me that it was going to be a very easy victory, and that Wayne was rich in everything that an Indian desired — horses, blankets and clothing of all kinds, together with guns and ammunition in abundance. They told me that if I did not wish to fight I need not do so. I studied it over some time, and thought I might as well have some of the good things he had as any one, and when the army got ready to move I went along. Gen. Wayne had been gradually moving down upon us, but very slowly and cautiously. There was not a- night, after he got within one hundred miles of us, that an Indian spy was not within his picket lines. They said, when he was on the march, he fortified every evening so securely that it was next to impossible to get a horse out of his camp. Our runners and spies reported every day; they said that at night Wayne would cut down great trees, and fence in a tract of land large enough to hold his en- tire army and baggage, and that these fences were built so high, with these great trees and tops, that none could get at them, and but few could get out. But when they got into Fort Recovery, which they thought a safe place, they relaxed some of the cau- tion used in traveling. Blue Jacket was chief and commander of the Shawnee frirces. He moved upon Gen. Wayne's position, when he got within two or three miles of us, and the first thing I heard of any battle was the whites calling out ' Indians ! Indians ! ' We had come suddenly upon about two hundred of Wayne's Light Horse. The Indians, on horseback, made a rush for them, and they, on foot, ran as fast as they could. The Indians pressed the whites so closely, that over fifty jumped off their horses and got into the fort as fast as they could, leaving their horses to run around outside. These horses were fine- ly equipped, with saddles, bridles and a brace of pis- tols. The fort was soon surrounded, and a regular fire kept up on both sides for an hour or so. As soon as the fine horses were seen running around loose, I thought it was my chance to get one already equipped, if I could only catch it. I got within two hun- dred yards of the fort, behind a tree. The horses were running in every direction, very much fright- ened. Several times they passed close to me, almost near enough for me to reach their bridles; but when- ever I moved toward them they would be off as fast as they could run. I saw Indians running, half bent, within fifty yards of the fort, after the horses; then they would take a circle around and back. An Indian that stood behind a tree close to me asked why I did not shoot, he loading and shooting as fast as he could. I told him I saw nothing to shoot at. He said, ' Shoot at them holes in the front, and perhaps you will kill a man. ' I told him I did not want to shoot, and he replied that ' I had better get out of there, then, for if I did not I would be killed. ' Did you see the bark fly above your head a few minutes ago?' said he. I replied that I did. 'Well,' said he, 'just fall back out of reach, if you will not shoot, or you will get killed.' All at once, as he passed his head around the tree to shoot, I saw him drop his gun and clap his hand to his chin, and then stoop and +0 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. pick up the gun with his other hand, and start and run, half bent, back as far as I could see him. They had shot him in the cbin, and made a flesh wound. I stood where I was a short time, looking about to see if any one was near me. Just then I heard what I supposed to be a cannon fire behind me, but, as I afterward learned, it was only a shell which burst. I now began to feel very badly frightened, and sup- posed we were surrounded! "While I was thinking what to do a cannon (mortar) fired in the fort, and a shell burst right over my head. The horses fell all around me, and then it was that I understood the cause of the report behind me. I started and ran back to the crowd; they held a council and concluded to give it up, as they were unable to take the fort by storm, but would try and take it by surprise. After night, we moved off down the river about a mile, and encamped. In meandering about to find some of my companions, I found one of Wayne's pack-horses. I haltered it, and concluded I had a horse, anyway. We built our fires and laid down. There were abouC five hundred Indians at the time, all lying in a circle. About midnight, I was awakened by the firing of guns. The firing was so rapid that I could not tell one report from another. I arose and looked eround, but could see but five or six Indians in the circle where I had lain. They had all gone to try to take the fort by surprise, as they hoped. In about one hour, the firing began slacking up a little, so that I could tell one gun from another, and in about an hour more the Indians began to come in. The tiring final- ly stopped altogether, and I listened to their talk as they came in. I learned that they had accomplished nothing, but a good many had been killed and a large number wounded. " The next morning, the old chief (Blue Jacket) who was lying in the same circle with me, got up early and called for our attention. He said that ' they were out last night to try to take the fort by surprise, but were not successful, and that they had left one of the men of our circle lying close to the fort unattended, and that he must be brought away. ' He said ' It would be an everlasting shame to the na- tion to let the man lie there and be murdered, as he surely would be, by the whites. As they had aban- doned the idea of whipping Wayne in the fort, all we could do was to wait, and let Wayne come out and make an attack on us on the open ground. ' He then said ' that some one who knew where our wounded brother lies would have to go, with others, and bring him off the field.' Big Turtle said he would go, for one. as he knew exactly where the wounded man fell, so that there would be no need of wasting time hunt- ing for him. 'Who will be next?' said the chief. No one spoke, and the chief looked right at me, and said 'Young man, you will go, for another — and you — and you, for another,' said he, pointing to two more. He then said, ' None of you were out last night, in the tight, so, men, go and bring your comrade away.' The brush and small trees were cut off for two hundred yards ' around. As soon as we got inside of the fort, the whites commenced firing at us. We ran along in single file, one behind the other, stopping at every tree that was in our line large enough to shelter us. Here we would stop but a moment, and then run again. The bullets were flying like hail around us all the time. We had stopped behind a large tree near the open ground, when Big Turtle said, ' We were doing very wrong in scopping, as it gave them time to re-load. 'Now,' said he, 'when we start again, I shall not stop until I have gotten to the man; and, in order that there may be no confu- sion in taking hold of him, we will go out in the same way we came in; that is, I will lead going out. The one that is before going in, and the one behind going out, is in the most danger. We will arrange it in this manner, and thus escape some of the bullets.' When wo started, there was a perfect shower of bul- lets flying around us; but we ran for the man, dodg- ing from side to side. In this manner we ran, and it seemed to me, right up to the fort; for the man did not lay more than sixty yards from it. As soon as we came to him, we took hold according to instruc- tions, and in no very tender manner either, but just • seized him as best we could, and started to run, dodg- ing about, just as we had come in. When we picked him up his shirt was a little up, and I saw that he was shot in the bowels, and it had turned green around the bullet-hole. I thought how foolish it was for four live men to risk their lives for one dead one. But we had little time to think of such mat- ters, for as we picked him up it appeared to me as if the air was full of whistling balls, on either side and above us ! How four men could pass through such a storm and come out safe, has always been a mystery to me; and now, after many years, I almost shudder to think of this terrible ordeal. Big Turtle was the only one touched by a bullet; one had grazed him in the thigh, and there were four or five bullet- holes in his hunting-shirt, which was swinging loose- ly about him. The wounded man groaned mournful- ly as we ran with him, but we had no time to spare for his comfort. When we got to the woods the fir- ing ceased, and we laid the wounded man down, to rest ourselves. Thanks, devout and sincere, went up to the Great Spirit for our safe deliverance from the great danger through which we had passed. We car- ried the half-dead man to the Indian army, which was '' '\ . a't:^zXL-' C: ^ ^^>^Z''ei>^ C^'X.^.^.^'^^i^^/^^^r^i^^^^T-^ f HISTORY OP DBPIANOE COUNTY. 5? igan and Indiana — it was the same of old, save coun- ty and State lines were then unknown. The Mauraee River proper begins in Indiana, and bearing north- easterly becomes lost in Lake Erie. It traverses a country 100 miles in extent, with Defiance as it cen- ter, and Toledo and Fort Wayne at its terminal points. The chief tributary streams are the Little St. Joseph, the TifS.n, St. Marys, and the Auglaize Rivers. Whilst the two former have their sources in close proximity iu Hillsdale County, Mich., about fifty miles north of Defiance, the remaining two have theirs about the same distance to the south; and it seems a strange freak that the waters of the Little St. Joseph should flow southwesterly to Fort Wayne, whilst those of the Tiffin, originating at nearly the same spot, should flow south to Defiance. But more remarkable still is it that the identical peculiarities governing the flow of these northern waters govern also those coming from the south. Whilst the head- waters of St. Mary pass northwesterly to unite with those of the Little St. Joseph at Fort Wayne, and begin the Maumee, those of the Auglaize, close by, flow northerly to Defiance. Again we find the same summit at the north from which come one half of the waters of the Maumee, originating also the Big St. Joseph and the Kalamazoo of Lake Michigan and the River Rasin, that goes to Lake Erie — and the summit at the south from which come the other half gives rise also to the Wabash, running southwesterly, that forms the boundary line between Illinois and Indiana, to the Great Miami, that goes south, and bounds the southwest corner of our State below Cin- cinnati, and to the Scioto, that runs southeasterly through Columbus and Chillicothe, and like the other two, feeds the Ohio. Here we have the Mau- mee Valley extended 100 miles east and west and 100 miles north and fiouth, with Defiance as its center, a rich, productive territory, with the rivers we name, all navigable to a certain extent, and with numerous smaller streams to water and to drain. It is true there is some "black swamp" in the territory, but this now only means a fertility that cannot be beat. It is also true there is much of the most beautiful dry and rolling land, and numerous and extensive ridges. These ridges, it has been found, are in the main ancient beaches of Lake Erie, and they have governed in a great measure the obliquitous courses of the tributary streams. One of the ancient beaches running imperfectly parallel with the shores of Lake Erie, lies but two miles easterly of Defiance. As we view the indications showing the antiquity of this place as a great center of trade in times long past, in imagination we hear as it were the dashing waves of the great lake, and pictui-e a busy city two miles from the mouth of the same old Maumee, possessing as now her old tributary streams. This was a long time ago, but long though it was, as true as we live now, a people lived here then, only two miles away from the shores of a great inland sea. These people ate and drank, had their merry makings, married wives, and died, and were born, and as ages on ages rolled on, this sea receded away, and may be the lights of this people went out; but when they died, others came in with new lights and fires and sounds. We know this as our ancestors discovered them here, and saw the lights, and heard the sounds. The first discov- erers were very unwilling ones. Venturing too far from the settlements of friends, they were unexpect- edly seized by strong red hands, and forced off and away through dense forests, whither they knew not, for long and weary days. But they came at length to where the smoke of Tu-en-da-wief and En-sa-woc-sa went up. They saw the beautiful rivers all concen- trating here, and in one grand trunk passing on northeasterly. They saw, too, the extensive fields of growing crops and a numerous people of the red race, never yet vanquished in battle, living here in security and power. Prisoners though our first discoverers were, so sure did their masters feel they had them, and could hold them in their remote but powerful home, they were allowed unrestrained to run at large. Oat of the long misty past through the eyes of these poor captives we first behold the place now known as Defiance. JOHN BEICKELL'S CAPTIVITY. Though numbers were made prisoners and forced to make this place a home for a season, but two have left a written account of their captivity. These two were boys when captured, but nine and eleven years of age, and represent two of the principal cities of the West — Pittsburgh and Cincinnati, then but small frontier settlements — John Brickell was the Pitts- burgh, and Oliver M. Spencer the Cincinatti boy. The first was captured February 9, 1791, but. it was not till the following May that he reached with his captor the Auglaize and Maumee towns near its mouth, having undergone many and severe trials and hardships. Here he was given to a Delaware Iniian into whose family he was adopted, and with whom he lived till 1795. On his return from captivity, Brick- ell settled at Columbus, Ohio, being one of its old ajid esteemed citizens. Being the first white person that ever lived at Defiance, who has left any written account of its earlier inhabitants, we will in brief give it, interesting as it ought to be to its present peo- ple in exhibiting one of the ancient races here pos- sessing many customs and virtues that reflect honor on any people. In his narrative, he says he was treated very kindly whilst in the family of Whingy 58 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. Pooshies, and every way as one of themselves, and )iad every opportunity of learning their manners, customs and religion ; and thinks he has been influenced to o-ood more from what he learned among these Indians than from what he has learned from amongst people of his own color. Honesty, bravery and hospitality were cardinal virtues with them. When a company of strangers come to a town and encamp, they are not asked if they want anything, but a runner starts out proclaiming " strangers have arrived." On this every family provides of the best they have, and take it to the strangers, for which not a thought is had of any- thing being received in return, and when they start out they are helped on their journey. Worshiping the Great Spirit, whom they call Manitou, " never " says Brickell, '' even on one occasion, did I know of their using that name irreverently," and they had no term in their language by which they could swear profanely. Their young honor the aged; the first corn that is fit to use is made a feast offering; the first game that is taken on a hunting expedition is dressed whole without the breaking of a bone, with the head, ears and hoofs on, and, being cooked whole, all eat of it, and if any is left it is entirely burnt up; and in respect to things clean and unclean, they follow the Jewish customs. They have no public worship except the feasts, but frequently observe family worship, in which they sing and pray. They believe in a )e8ur- reetion after death, and in future /ewards and pun- ishments. Their cruel treatment of their enemies in war seems but the acting out of the precepts, " an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, and blood for blood. " Young Brickell was trained to hunt, and much of his time was out on hunting expeditions. These were generally to the streams of the Maumee in sum- mer, but in winter extended to the Scioto, the Hock- ing and Licking Rivers. During his four years' sojourn here, two very im- portant events occurred — St. Clair's defeat, in 1791, and Wayne's victory, August 20, 1794. As to St. Clair's defeat, he says: "The first fall after my adoption, there was a great stir in the town about an army of white men coming to fight the In- dians; the squaws and boys were moved with the goods down the Maumee, there to await the result of the battle, whilst the men went to war. They met St. Clair, were victorious, and returned loaded with spoils, when we felt we were a rich people." In reference to Wayne's victory, he says: "In the month of June, 1794, two Indian men, a boy and myself started on a candle-light hunting expedition, to Blanchard's fork of the Auglaize. We had been out two months, when on returning to the towns in August, we found, them entirely evacuated; but we gave ourselves little uneasiness, supposing the Indians had gone to the foot of the Maumee Rapids to receive their presents from the British, as they were annually in the habit of doing. We encamped on the lowest island in the middle of a corn-field. Next morning an Indian runner came down the river and gave the alarm whoop, which is a kind of yell they use for no other purpose. The Indians answered, and at once were told the white men were upon us and we must run for our lives. We scattered like a flock of partridges, leaving our breakfast cooking on the fire. The Kentucky riflemen saw our smoke and came to it, and just missed me as I passed them in my flight through the corn. They took all our two months' work, breakfast, jerk, skins and all. Anthony Wayne was then only four miles from us, and the van guard was right among us. I and the boy kept on the trail of the Indians till we overtook them. Two or three days after we ai- rived at the Rapids, Wayne's spies came right into camp boldly, and fired upon the Indians. Their names were Miller, McClelland, May, Wells, Mahaffy and one other whose name I forgot. Miller got wounded in the shoulder; May was chased by the Indians to the smooth rock in the bed of the river, where his horse fell and he was taken prisoner; the rest escaped. They then took May to camp. He had formerly been a prisoner among them, and ran away. They told him, " We know you. To-morrow we take you to that tree (pointing to a large burr oak near the British fort); we will tie you up and make a mark on your breast, and will try what Indian can shoot the nearest to it." It so turned out. The next day, the very day before the battle, they tied him up, made a mark on his breast, and riddled his body with fifty bullets. On the day of the battle, I was about six miles below with the squaws, and went out hunting. The day being windy, I heard nothing of the firing of the battle, but saw some Indians on the retreat, one of whom told me the Indians were beaten. Many Delawares were killed and wounded. The Indian who took May was killed. He was much missed, being the only gunsmith among the Dela- wares. Our crops and every means of support being cut off above, we had to winter at the mouth of Swan Creek, perhaps where Toledo now stands. We were entirely dependent upon the British, and they did not half supply us. The starving and sickly condi- tion of the Indians and their animals made them very impatient, and they became exasperated at the Brit- ish. It was finally concluded to send a flag to Fort Defiance in order to make a treaty with the imeri- cans. This was successful. Our men found the Americans ready to treat, and they agreed upon an exchange of prisoner's. I saw nine white prisoners HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 59 exchanged for nine Indians. I was left, there being no Indian to give for me. Patton, Johnston, Sloan and Mrs. Baker, were four of the nine; the names of the others I do not recollect. On the breaking-up of spring we all went to Fort Defiance, and arriving upon the shore opposite we saluted the fort with a round of rifles, and they shot a cannon thirteen times. We then encamped on the spot. On the same day Whingy Pooshies told me I must go over to the fort. The children hung around me, crying, and asked me if I was going to leave them? I told them I did not know. When we got over to the fort and were seated with the officers, Whingy Pooshies told me to stand up, which I did. He then arose and addressed me in about these words: " My son, these are men the same color with j'ourself, and some of your kin may be here, or they may be a great way off. You have lived a long time with us. I call on you to say if I have not been a father to you? If I have not used you as a father would a son ?" I said, " You have used me as well as a father could use a son. " He said, " I am glad you say so. You have lived long with me; you have hunted for me; but your treaty says you must be free. If you choose to go with the people of your own color I have no right to say a word; but if you choose to stay with me your people have no right to speak. Now reflect on it and take your choice and tell us as soon as you make up your mind." I was silent for a few minutes, in which time I seemed to think of most everything. I thought of the children I had just left crying, I thought of the Indians I was attached to, and I thought of my peo- ple, whom I remembered; and this latter thought predominated, and I said, " I will go with my kin." The old man then said, " I have raised you. I have learned you to hunt; you are a good hunter. You have been better to me than my own sons. I am now getting old and I cannot huni I thought you would be a support to my old age. I leaned on you as on a staff. Now it is broken — you are going to leave me and I have no right to say a word, but I am ruined." He then sank back in tears to his seat. I heartily joined him in his tears, parted with him, and have never seen or heard of him since. spencer's INDIAN LIFE AT DEFIANCE. O. M. Spencer, a Cincinnati boy of eleven years, was taken whilst a little way from his home on the 7th day of July, 1792, atid also having undergone many hardships, reached the mouth of the Grand Glaize, with his two Indian captors, in six days, be- ing about fourteen months later than Brickell's ar- rival. Hia captor was a Shawnee, but he shortly transferred his rights to his companion, Waw-paw- waw-qua, or White Loon, the son of a Mohawk chief. At their arrival at the confluence of the Au- glaize and Maumee, after disposing of their furs to a British Indian trader, they crossed over to a small bark cabin near its banks, and directly opposite the point; and leaving him in charge of its occupant, an old widow, the mother-in-law of Waw-paw-waw-qua, departed for their homes, a Shawnee village, on the river about one mile below. Cooh-coo-che, the widow in whose charge young Spencer had been left, was a princess of the Iroquois tribe. She was a priestess to whom the Indians ap plied before going on any important war expedition. She was esteemed a great medicine woman. Her husband had been a distinguished war chief of the Mohawks, who after their disastrous defeat by the colonists, 1770, removed from the St. Lawrence, and settled with his family at the Shawnee village one mile below the mouth of the Auglaize. He was killed in battle in 1790, at the time of Hardin's defeat. After his death, his widow chose her residence and erected her cabin immediately opposite the point, on the north bank of the Maumee; and soon thereafter, at the " feast of the dead," with pious affection re- moved the remains of her late husband from their first resting place and interred them only a few rods above the dwelling near to the war path. Buried in a sitting posture, facing west, by his side had been placed his rifie, tomahawk, knife, blanket, moccasins, and everything necessary for huncer and warrior; and his friends had, besides, thrown many little articles as presents into the grave. The site of her cabin was truly pleasant. It stood a few rods from the northern bank of the Maumee, with its side fronting that river, on au elevated spot. On the south side of the Maumee, for some distance below its mouth, and extending more than a mile up the Auglaize to an Indian village, the low, rich bot- tom was one entire field of corn, which being in tas- sel, presented a beautiful appearance. And this was young Spencer's home dui'ing the eight months of his captivity. His full narrative in brief exhibits a little frontier opening at Cincinnati ; a dense wilderess at the north filled with Indians, with their villages occasionally along the streams until, coming to the Maumee at its junction with the Auglaize, we find numerous towns of these Indians clustered about. A town of the Shawnees was on the east side of the Auglaize, a mile from its mouth; another on the north side of the Maumee a mile below. And not far away was Snake- town (Florida), and Oc-co-nox-ees village (Charloe), and one at Delaware Bend. On the point where , a few years later, Anthony Wayne erected his Fort Defiance, was, however, the principal village, and here were 60 HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. located, the Indian traders. The principal of these was George Ironsides, whose wife was the daughter of the Indian widow with whom young Spencer made his home. And here we tind the renegade, Simon Girty, and some brothers, and English Indian agents; also other American prisoners running at large. Among these are William Moore, a fellow-townsman of Spencer's, who had been taken a few months ear- lier, and Henry Ball, a soldier of St. Glair's unfort- unate army; also Ball's wife, and Mr. Welsh, a pris- oner at large, who gave such information to the commandant of Fort Vincennes of Spencer's condition and whereabouts as led to his redemption and return to his friends and home. Whilst hunting and war seem to have been the chief employment of these Indians, they had exten- sive fields of rich bottom lands in cultivation, from which they raised large quantities of corn. They also manufactured maple sugar, and gathered grapes and wild honey. Like the ancient Greeks,' they had their " Oracles, " and their athletic games and sports, and like the Jews, their " feasts," and tightly may we think they had a common ancestry with these an- cient people. It was on the last day of February, 1793, that young Spencer was redeemed from his captivity by Co). Elliot, British Indian agent acting under direc- tions of the Governor of Canada, on the solicitation of Gen. Washington, who had been appealed to by his friends. The route chosen for him to reach his home with the time occupied, and scenes passed through equals in interest, and affords more for thought and reflection than the account of his cap- tivity. His journey commenced in an open pirogue down the Maumee to the lake; thence he was paddled along the shore to Detroit by two Indian squaws, where he was detained a month waiting for the sailing of a ves- sel easterly. It was on the 30th of March he suc- ceeded in securing passage on a vessel called the Felicity, for Fort Brie. Arriving the middle of the next day at Put-in-Bay Island, they remained over night, and early Friday morning, the 1st day of April, sailed down the lake; but during the ensuing night were driven by head -winds that became almost a tempest, back, and again and again, four successive efforts were made, and each time the vessel was driven far back to its Put-in-Bay asyliim. In this way two weeks were consumed ere the desired haven was reached. From Erie, some soldiers rowed him to Fort Chippewa, thence to Fort Niagara. He re- mained here a week, when Governor Simcoe sent him over to Newark, where Thomas Morris, Esq., of Can- andaigua, kindly proffered to take him along with him on his return home, the ensuing day. They set out early the next morning on horseback. Traveling rapidly, and stopping only an hour at noon, they rested at night at an Indian village, and on the next day arrived at Canandaigua. Here he remained till the middle of June, waiting an opportunity to go to New York, at which time Mr. Chapin, Indian agent for the Senecas, having collected a large quan- tity of furs, bear and deer skins sufficient to load a pretty large bateau being ready to set out to replenish his stock of goods, at the request of Mr. Morris, con- sented to take him along. Mr. Chapin's bateau lay in the outlet, about three miles north of the north end of Canandaigua Lake, to which point there was sufficient water for navigation. From here, having loaded with peltries conveyed in wagons from the village, they proceeded slowly down the narrow winding outlet, sometimes being obliged to stop and cut away trees that had fallen across it, and sometimes to get out and drag the flat-bottomed boat over the riffles. In this way they proceeded for nearly four days, passing, however, the several out- lets of the Seneca, and Cayuga, the Owasca, and other lakes, the streams gradually became larger, and the obstructions fewer. On the f om'th day they arrived at the mouth of the Oneida outlet, distant from Can- andaigua by land sixty miles, but not less than one hundred by water. Ascending the outlet, they crossed the Oneida Lake, about thirty miles in length to the mouth of Wood Creek, up which small crooked stream with much difficulty they forced their bateau to within a mile of the Mohawk, whence transporting it across the ground where Rome now stands, they proceeded down the river to Schenectady. From this place they rode in wagons to Albany; whence having stayed a day or two, they embarked on a Dutch sloop for New York, where they ai-rived on the 2d of July. Here young Spencer took leave of Mr. Chapin, and on the next day, taking passage in an open ferry boat across the bay arrived at Elizabeth- town, N. J., where he remained with friends until the 14th of September, 1795. At this time, in company with a Mr. Crane and the late Gen, Schenck.he set out on horseback for Pittsburgh, where he arrived in ten days, and there putting their horses on a flat-boat, descended the Ohio, and arrived at his home in Co- lumbia, now Cincinnati, about the middle of October. To reach Cincinnati, less than 200 miles away, a trip is now made in seveo hours, a journey is here un- dertaken of 2,000 miles, and a period of two years consumed in its accomplishment, though under the protecting auspices of the President of the United States and the Governor of Canada, and the leading Statesmen and Generals of our Nation. And except for this united protecting care the journey proba- bly could not have been made at all. HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. 61 CHAPTER YII. GEN. WAYNE'S EXPEDITION-DAILY JOURNAL OF WAYNE-GEN. WAYNE- TREATY" OF GREENVILLE. THE destructive expedition of Gens. Scott and Wilkinson into the Lower "Wabash region dur- ing the summer of 1791, added to the efforts of Gen. Harmar in 1790, had inspired the Northwestern In- dians with the belief, stimulated by the British, that the Government policy was to exterminate the race and seize their lands. This belief was fully confirmed by the campaign of St. Clair. Inflamed with jeal- ousy and hatred, and elated by the result of this last fierce victory, Indian depredation and barbarities threatened the terrified frontier settlers. The inhab- itants proceeded to provide every possible means of defense, while the Government adopted the earliest practicable measures for recruiting a military force adequate to the successful encounter of any possible combined Indian force, and sufficient for the estab- lishment of the proposed military stronghold at the Miami villages. After deliberately balancing the peculiar military qualifications necessary in such an expedition, and the abilities of Gen. Wayne, Wash- ington assigned him the command. In June, 1792, Gen. Wayne proceeded to Pitts- burgh to organize his army; and in December, the "Legion of the United States" was assembled at Le- gionsville, about twenty miles below Pittsburgh. Here they encamped till April, 1793, when, passing dowa the Ohio, it landed at "Hobson's Choice" (the only point passable in consequence of high waters), near Ft. Washington, where, remaining until the 7th of October, the legion left Cincinnati. Below is given, with the editor's comments a jour- nal of the march, taken from Cist's Cincinnati Mis- cellany. Aside from the freshness of this species of narra- tion, written down on the spur of the moment, which, in the hands of an intelligent writer, is sure to inter- est, there are some points worthy of notice. The first is, that distances are described by the "five mile spring," "seventeen mile" and "twenty-nine mile tree," which serves to point out the little im- provement which the Miami country at ihat period afforded, as waymarks on the march. But the latter is especially valuable, as a testimony from beginning to end of the untiring vigilance, and press-forward spirit of Anthony Wayne, which afforded a presage from the first day's march of his peculiar fitness for the hazardous and responsible service on which he was detached by government. Camp, Southwest Branch Miami, October 22, 1793. Dbae Sir: Agreeably to promise, I have seized the first opportunity of writing you, and to be methodical in the busi- ness, I shall give it to you by way of journal. October 7. — Our first day's march was great, considering that the army had not got properly in their gears. I thinli it was about ten miles. Our second, the 8th, was gTeater — it reached Fort Hamilton. Many of the men were exceedingly fatigued, and it was pretty generally believed hard marching, though the General thought otherwise, and it must be so. October 9. — Our third day's marcli was to the Five-mile Spring, advance of Hamilton. Observe, we fortified our camp every night, and were very vigilant, or ought to be so. October 10. — Our fourtli day's march we encamped about the Seventeen-mile Tree, and nothing extraordinary happened, excepting that our line of march extended for near five miles, owing to the rapidity of the marching and the badness of the roads for om- transportation, superadding the straggling sol- diers, worn down with fatigue and sickness, brought up by the rear guard, whom they 'retarded considerably. October 11. — We proceeded on to the Twenty-nine-mile Tree, fortified as usual, and occupied a fine commanding ground, and nothing of consequence happened here. October 13. — The roads were very bad and some of our wagons brolje down; but as the General's orders declared there should be no interstices, tlie line of march was not im- peded, and we made, say, ten miles this day. October 13. — We advanced by tolerably quick movements until we came within a mile or so of Fort Jefferson, and this day f urnislied a good deal of sport, for as the devil would have it. Col. Hamtramck was maneuvering his troops, and liad a sham fight, which was construed by the whole army as an attack upon our advance guards or flankers. It really frightened a good many; but we all said let them come, for we are ready for them. We had marclied hard this day, and, I think, not so well prepared. However, it was at length dis- covferedto be a sham fight, and everybody knew it then. Oh, it was Hamtramck' s usual practice, said they. But it was all in my eye, they never thought of Hamtramck. October 14. — We marched past Fort Jefferson without even desiring to look at it ; indeed, some of us turned our heads the other way with disdain, and it has been threatened (as report says) to be demolished entirely. This day's march brought us to where I am now sitting, writing to my friend. We fortified our encampment very strong and feel very se- cure. October 1.5.— The wagons were sent back to Fort St. Clair for stores, provisions, etc., with an escort of two subalterns and between eighty and ninety men. And nothing happened extra this day. October 16. — The devil's to pay; Col. Blue, with near twenty of the cavalry, went out to graze the horses of the troops, and after some time Blue discovered something crawl- ing In the grass, which he at first thought was turkeys, but 62 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. immediately found them to be two Indians, and ordered a charge; himself, two Sergeants and a private charged, the rest ran away; the consequence was, the two Indians killed the two Sergeants — Blue and the private escaped. The leader of the rascals who behaved so cowardly was imme- diately tried and condemned, but pardoned the next day. October 17. — Lieut. Lowry, Ensign, formerly Dr. Boyd, with the escort of ninety men guarding the wagons, were at- tacked by a party of thirty or forty Indians, who rushed on with savage fury and yells, which panic-struck the whole party (excepting the two officers and fifteen or twenty men, who fell a sacrifice to savage barbarity), and they all fled, and have been coming into Fort St. Clair, by twos and threes, ever since. The Indians plundered the wagons and carried off with them sixty-four of the best wagon horses in the army, killing six horses at the wagons in the defeat. Mr. Hunt has been a considerable loser, his wagon was plundered also. Col. Adair pursued the Indians and found several horses dead, which he supposed had been tired and they killed them, a proof that their flight was very rapid. In this attack we have lost two promising, worthy and brave officers and about twenty men, mostly of Capt. Shaylor's company, for his and Capt. Prior's formed the escort and are both now rather in disgrace. We have been led to believe that this place would have been made the grand deposit until this day. We now learn that there will be a forward move in the course of ten days, nine miles further Into the Indian country, to a place called Still Water; the reason I can't surmise, but they say they are very cogent ones. I have no business to pry, but if I should accidentally find it out, you shall be informed. . In the mean time believe me to be, very sincerely, Your friend, John M. Scott. Late in October, Gen. Wayne established his win- ter headquarters about six miles north of Ft. Jeffer- son, and there erected Ft. Greenville, the present site of the town of that name in Darke County. On Christmas Day, 1793, a detachment re-oocupied the ground which had been rendered memorable by the disastrous defeat of St. Clair three years before, and there built a stockade work, which was signifi- cantly called Ft. Eecovery. During the progress of this work, he offered a reward for every human skull found on the battle ground. Six hundred of these relics of carnage were collected and entombed be- neath one of the block-houses. Providing an adequate garrison, Gen. Wayne placed the fort in charge of Capt. Alexander Gibson, and during the early months of 1794 actively engaged in preparations for the anticipated blow. He had already been admonished by incidents of the march, and the vigilance of his numerous spies, that an ac tive, dexterous and powerful enemy were in the wil- derness surrounding him. The Government, always anxious to avoid the car- nage of war, had exhausted every means to obtain an amicable adjustment of the difficulties, although the fact that five different embassies were sent, offering most generous terms of peace to the hostile tribes at- tests the sincerity of the expressed design on the part of the United States authorities to render full justice to the abr>rigines. But the Indian successes, with promised British and French Canadian assistance, rendered them insensible to pacific overtures — all of which were more or less directly rejected, and three of the ambassadors — Freemen, Truman and Col. Har- din — were murdered. On the morning of the 30th day of June, 1794, an escort consisting of ninety riflemen and fifty dra- goons, commanded by Maj. McMahon, was attacked by a "numerous body of Indians under the walls of Ft. Eecovery.* The Indians, who were probably as- sisted by a small number of British agents and French Canadian volunteers, made several attacks on the fort within the space of about twenty- four hours, when they retired. In these attacks, the Americans lost twenty-two men killed, thirty wounded, and three missing. They also lost 225 horses, killed wounded and missing. Among the ofiicer killed, were Maj. McMahon, Capt. Hartshorne, Lieut. Craig and Cornet Torry. Capt. Alexander Gibson (who was commandant at Ft. Eecovery), Capt. Taylor, of the dragoons, and Lieut. Drake of the infantry, were distinguished for their gallant conduct. The Indians left eight or ten warriors dead on the field; although they were employed during the night, which was dark and foggy, in carrying off their dead and wounded by torchlight, "f It would also appear that the British and savages expected to find the artillery that was lost on the 4th of November, 1791, and hid by the Indians in the beds of old fallen timber, or logs which they turned over and laid the cannon in, and then turned the logs back, in their former berth. It was in this artful manner that we found them generally deposited. The hostile Indians turned over a great number of logs during the assault, in search of these cannon, and other plunder, which they had probably hid in this manner, after the action of November 4, 1791. I therefore have reason to believe that the British and Indians depended much upon this artillery to as- sist in the reduction of the fort; fortunately, they served in its defense." On the 26th of July, 1794, Maj. Gen. Scott, with about sixteen hundred mounted volunteers from Ken- tucky, arrived at Ft. Greenville and joined the regular troops under the command of Wayne; and on the 28th of July the united forces commenced their march for the Indian towns on the Maumee Eiver. On the banks of St. Mary's Eiver, at a point about twenty- four miles northward of Ft. Eecovery, Wayne erected and garrisoned a small post which he named Ft. Adams. The army moved for this position on the •American Statp Pappm— Indian Affaire, I, 487. The number of Indians wlio were engMged in this attaoli on Port Recovery bus been variously esti- mat«d at from 700 to 1,600 men. tLetter from Wayne to the Secretary of War, dated Greenville, July 7 HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. 63 4th of August, and arrived on the 8th of the same month, at the confluence of Maumee and Auglaize Rivers. Early on the morning of the 9th, work was commenced. On the 17th the fort was finished, and after surveying its block-house, pickets, ditches and fagots, the General exclaimed: "I defy the Eng- lish, Indians, and all the devils in hell to take it." Gen. Scott, who had joined him on the 28th of July, and who at that instant happened to be standing at his side, remarked: "Then call it Ft. Defiance!" and it was so. Though constructed in eight days, and with such rude implements and materials as were at hand, en- gineers have pronounced it by far the strongest fort built during the many years of Indian warfare. The annexed description is found in the memoranda of Benjamin Van Cleve, having been communicated to the American pioneer by his son, John W. Van Cleve, of Dayton. "At each angle of the fort was a block- house. The one next the Maumee had port- holes on the three exterior sides, and a door and chim- ney on the side facing to the interior. There was a line of pickets on each side of the fort, connecting the block-houses by their nearest angles. Outside the pickets, and around the block-houses was a glacis, a wall of earth eight feet thick, sloping upward from the foot of the pickets, supported by a log wall on the side of the ditch, and by fascines, a wall of fag- ots, on the side next the Auglaize. The ditch, fifteen feet wide and eight feet deep, surrounded the whole work, except on the side toward the Auglaize; and diagonal pickets, eleven feet long and one foot apart, were secured to the log wall, and projected over the ditch. There were two gateways; there was a falling gate or draw bridge, across the ditch, which was raised and lowered by pulleys. Two lines of pickets converged toward a ditch eight feet deep, by which water was procured from the river without exposing the carrier to the enemy. Within the fort were ofiS- oers' quarters and store-houses." In a letter dated at this place on the 14 th of August, 1794, and addressed to the Secretary of War, Gen. Wayne said: "I have the honor to inform you that the army under my command took possession of this very important post on the morning of the 8th instant — the enemy on the preceding evening having abandoned all their settle- ments, towns and villages with such apparent marks of surprise- and precipitation as to amount to a posi- tive proof that our approach was not discovered by them until the arrival of a Mr. Newman, of the Quarter-master General's Department, who deserted from the army near St. Mary's. # * * I had made such demonstrations for a length of time previously to taking up our line of march, as to induce the savages to expect our advance 'by the route of the Miami Villages, to the left, or toward Roche de Bout by the right — which feints appear to have produced the desired effect by drawing the attention of the enemy to those points, and gave an opening for the enemy to approach un- discovered by a devious, i. e., in a central direction. Thus, sir, we have gained possession of the grand emporium of the hostile Indians of the West, without loss of blood. The very extensive and highly culti- vated fields and gardens, show the work of many hands. The margin of those beautiful rivers, the Miamis of the lake (or Maumee) and Auglaize, appear like one continued village for a number of miles both above and below this place; nor have I ever before beheld such fields of corn, in any part of America, from Canada to Florida. We are now employed in completing a strong stockade fort, with four good block-houses, by way of bastions, at the confluence of Auglaize and the (Maumee), which I have called Defiance. * * Everything is now prepared for a forward move to-morrow morning toward Roche de Bout, or foot of the rapids. * * * Yet I have thought proper to ofl'er the enemy a last overture of peace ; and as they have everything that is dear and interesting now at stake, I have reason to expect that they will listen to the proposition mentioned in the inclosed copy of an address* dispatched yesterday by a special flag (Christopher Miller), whom I sent under circumstances that will insure his safe return, and which may eventually spare the effusion of .much hu- man blood. But should war be their choice, that blood be upon their own heads, America shall no longer be insulted with impunity. To an all-powerful and just God I therefore commit myself and gallant army. " Gen. Wayne moved with his forces from Ft. Defiance on the 15th of August, 1794, and directed his march toward the British fort at the foot of the rapids of the River Maumee. On the 20th of August, he gained a decisive victory over the army of the In- dians. The battle was fought on the left bank of the Maumee, almost within the reach of the guns of the British fort. The following account of this engage- ment was transmitted by Gen. Wayne to the Secretary of War: *Thi8 letter was addressed to the Delawares, Shawnees, Miamis and Wyan- dots, and to each aud every one of them; and to all other nations of Indiana northwest of the Ohio, whom il may concern. It contained the following pas- sapo : "Brothers; Be no longer deceived or led astray by the false promises and language of the bad white men at the foot of the i-apids ; they have neither the power nor inclimthni to protect yon. No longer shut your eyes to yovirttue interest and happiness, nor your ears to this last overture of peace. But, in pity to your innocent women and children, come and prevent the fnrther effusion of your blood. Let them experience the kindness and friendship of the United States of America, and the invaluable blessings of peace and tran- quillity." The letter also invited "each and every hostile tribe of Indians to appoint deputies " to meet Wayne without delay between the mouth of Au- glaize und the foot of the rapids of the Maumee, "in order to settle the pre- liminaries of a lasting peace." Miller, the bearer of the letter, left Fort Defi- ance at 4 o'clock P. M. on the 13th of August. On the 16th, he brought an answer from some of the hostile Indians to Gen. Wavne, in which they said " that if he waited where he was ten days, and then sent Miller for them", they would treat with him ; but that if he advanced they would give him battle." 64 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. Headquarters (Port Defiance), ) Grand Glaize. August 38, 1794. j Sir — It is with infinite pleasure that I now announce to you the brilliant success of the Federal army under my com- mand in a general action with the combined force of the hos- tile Indians, and a considerable number of the volunteers and militia of Detroit, on the 20th instant, on the banks of the Maumee, in the vicinity of the British post and garrison at the foot of the rapids. The army advanced from this place (Fort Defiance) on the 1.5th, and arrived at Roche de Bout on the 18th. The 19th was employed in making a tempo- rary post for the reception of our stores and baggage, and in reconnoitering the position of the enemy, who were en- camped behind a thick, brushy wood and the British fort. At 8 o'clock, on the morning of the 20th, the army again advanced In columns.'agreeably to the standing order of march, the legion on the right, its flank covered by the Jlaumee ; one brigade of mounted volunteers on the left, under Brig. Gen. Todd, and the other in the rear, under Brig. Gen. Barbee. A select battalion of mounted volunteers moved in front of the legion, commanded by Maj. Price, who was directed to keep sufficiently advanced, so as to give timely notice for the troops to form in case of action, it being yet undetermined whether the Indians would decide for peace or war. After advancing about five miles, Maj. Price's corps received so severe a fire from the enemy, who were secreted in the woods and high grass, as to compel them to retreat. The legion was immediately formed in two lines, principally in a close, thick wood, which extended for miles on our left, and for a considerable distance in front, the ground being covered with old fallen timber, probably occasioned by a tornado, which rendered it impracticable for cavalry to act with effect, and afforded the enemy the most favorable covert for their mode of warfare. The savages were formed in three lines, within supporting distance of each other, and extending for near two miles at right angles with the river. I soon dis- covered from the weight of the fire and extent of their lines, that the enemy were in full force in front, in possession of their favorite ground, and endeavoring to turn our left flank. I therefore gave orders for the second line to advance and support the first, and directed Maj. Gen. Scott to gain and turn the right flank of the savages, with the whole of the mounted volunteers, by a circuitous route ; at the same time, I ordered the front line to advance and charge with trailed arms, and rouse the Indians from their coverts at the point of the bayonet, and when up, to deliver a close and well-directed fire on their backs, followed by a brisk charge, so as not to give them time to load again. I also ordered Captain MisCampbell, who commanded the legion cavalry, to turn the left flarik of the enemy next the river, and which afforded a favorable field for that corps to act in. All these orders were obeyed with spirit and promptitude ; but, such was the impetuosity of the charge by the first line of infantry, that the Indians and Canadian mi- litia and volunteers were driven from all their coverts in so short a time, that, although every possible exevlion was used by the oflScers of the second line of the legion, and by Gens. Scott. Todd and Barbee, of the mounted volunteers, to gain their proper positions, but part of each could get up in season to participate in the action ; the enemy being driven, in the course of one hour, more than two miles through the thick woods already mentioned, by less than one-half T:heir numbers. From every account, the enemy amounted to 2,000 combat- ants. The troops actually engaged against them were short of 900.* This horde of savages, with their allies, abandoned * Thp exact nnmbar of Indians eniiagpd in this action againat Wayne'fl army haa never been aac.^,rta'oed. There were, however, about 45(1 Delawares, 175 iliamls, 27.5 Shawnees, 22S Ottaw.is, 275 Wyaniots, and a small number of themselves to flight and dispersed with terror and dismay, leaving our victorious army in full and quiet possession of the field of battle, which terminated under the influence of the guns of the British garrison, as you will observe by the in- closed correspondence between Maj. Campbell, the command- ant, and myself, upon the occasion. The bravery and conduct of every officer belonging to the army, from the Generals down to the Ensigns, merit my highest approbation. There were, however, some, whose rank and situation placed their conduct in a very conspicuous point of view, and which I observed with pleasure and the most lively gratitude. Among whom, I must beg leave to mention Brig. Gen. Wilkinson and Col. Hamtramck, the com- mandants of the right and left wings of the legion, whose brave example inspired the troops. To those, I must add the names of my faithful and gallant Aids-de-camp, Capts. De Butt and T. Lewis and Lieut. Harrison, who, with the Adju- tant General, Maj. Mills, rendered the most essential service by communicating my orders in every direction, and by their conduct and bravery exciting the troops to press for victory, Lieut. Covington, upon whom the command of the cavalry now devolved, cut down two savages with his own hand, and Lieut. Webb one, in turning the enemy's left flank. The wounds received by Capts. Slough and Prior, and Lieut. Campbell Smith, an extra aid-de-camp to Gen. Wilkinson, of the legionary infantry, and Capt. Van Rensselaer, of the dragoons, Capt. Rawlins, Lieut. McKenny and Ensign Dun- can, of the mounted volunteers, bear honorable testimony of their bravery and conduct. Capts. H. Lewis and Brock, with their companies of light infantry, had to sustain an unequal fire for some time, which they supported with fortitude. In fact, everj' ofiieer and soldier who had an opportunity to come into action, dis- played that true bravery which will always insure success. And here permit me to declare, that I never discovered more true spirit and anxiety for action than appeared to pervade the whole of the mounted volunteers ; and I am well per- suaded that, had the enemy maintained their favorite ground for one-half hour longer, they would have most severely felt the prowess of that corps. But, while I pay this tribute to the living, I must not neglect the gallant dead, among whom we have to lament the early death of those worthy and brave officers, Capt. ^lisOampbell, of the dragoons, and Lieut. Towles, of the light infantry of the legion, who fell in the first charge. Enclosed is a particular return of the killed and wounded. f The loss of the enemy was more than double to that of the Federal army. The woods were strewed for a considerable distance with the dead bodies of Indians,! and their white auxiliaries — the latter armed with British muskets and bayonets. We remained three days and nights on the banks of the Maumee, in front of the field of battle, during which time all the houses and corn-fields were consumed and destroyed for a considerable distance, both above and below Port Miami, as well as within pistol shot of the garrison, who were compelled to remain tacit spectators to this general devastation and con- flagration, among which were the houses, stores and property of Col. McKee, the British Indian agent, and principal stimu- lator of the war now existing between the United States and the savages. ^5 Seni-ca-J, Pottawatoniies and Chippowas. The number of white men who fought in defense of 111- Indians i ; this onsagempnt was about sevpniy, including a corps of voluuteers from Detroit, under thq commaod of Oapt. Caldwell. f According to this return, the regular troops lost twenty-six killed, and eighty-seven wounded. The loss of the Kentucky Volunteers waa seven killed and thirt'-en w lunled. Nino regnl.irs and two volunteers died of their wounds before the 281h of August, 1704. :|:See "Daily Journal of Wayne's Campaign." §It is 8aid that Wayne's parly overheard one of Ih-^ Brttish subordinate HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 65 The army returned to this place (Fort Defiance) on the 37th, by easy marches, laying waste the villages and oorn- ticlds for about fifty miles on each side of theMaumee. There remain yet a great number of villages, and a great quantity of corn, to bo consumed or destroyed, upon Auglaize and the Maumee above this place, which will be effected in the course of a few days. In the interim, we shall improve Fort Defi- ance ; and, as soon as the escort returns with the necessary supplies from Greenville and Fort Recovei-y, the army Avill proceed to the Miami villages, in order to accomplish the object of the eampaign. It is, however, not improbable that the enemy may make one desperate effort against the army, (iS it is said tliat a re-enforcement was hourly expected at Fort Miami* from Niagara, as well as numerous tribes of Indians living on the margin and islands of the lakes. This fs a business ra.ther to be wished for than dreaded while the army remains in force. Their numbers will only tend to con- fuse the savages, and the victory will be the more complete and decisive, and which may eventually insure a permanent and happy peace. ^ Under these impressions, I have the honor to be your most obedient and very humble servant, Anthony Wayne. The Hon. Major-Geueral H. Knox, Secretary of War. Immediately after the action of the 20th of Au- gust, the American troops continued their march down the northwestern banks of the Maumee, and en- camped within view of the British fortf While .the American Army occupied this position (from the af- ternoon of the 20th to the forenoon of the 23d) five letters passed between Gen. \\'ayne and Maj. (^amp bell, the Commandant of Ft. Miami, as follows: (Number I.) Miami (Maumee) River, August 21st, 1704. Sir — An army of the United States of America, said to be under your command, having taken post on the banks of the Jliami iMaumec) for upward of the last twenty-four hours, almost within the reach of the gnus of this fort, being a post belonging to his majesty the king of Great Britain, occupied by his majesty's troops, and which I have the honor to command, it bec(une,s my duty to inform myself, as speedily as possible, in what light I am to view your making such near approaches to this garrison. I have no hesitation, on my part, to say. that I know of no war existing between Great Britain and America. I have the honor to be. sir, with great respect, your most obedient and very humble servant, William Campbell, Slajor Twenty-fourth Regiment, commanding a Britisli post on the banks of the jMiauii. To Major-General Wayne, etc. (Number IL) Camp on the Baxk of tub !Miami (jM.utmee). ] August ei. 1794. f Sir— I have received xour letter of this date, requiring from me the motives which have moved the army under my command to the position they at pre.'^out ocevipy, far within the offlciM-s apvieal to Mitjor Cnniplietl for peiniission lo fiio upon tlie c.iv.ilcjide, and iivenjin such all iuanltinp p,u-iui,' under his luaji'Sty's ijuns; but tliat officer chidod liiiu witli the abrupt oxtlaiuation, " Be ,i ,jeutU-ma« ! be a jfiil/eiiwn .'" *At the time of tlie action of the 20th of August, the garrison of tliis fort consisted of about 250 rcgul.irs and 2UU militia. Thore were "four niue- ponnders, two large howitzers, and six sLt-pounders mounted in the fort, and two swivels." — Am. State Papers, fThts fort was called 'Tort Miami," and stood on the north weitern bank of Iho Maumee River, at or ue.ir the site on which Maum.>e City (Lucas County, Ohio) now stands. acknowledged jurisdiction of the United States of America. Without questioning the authority or propriety, sir, of your interrogatory, I think I may, without breach of decorum, observe to you, that, were you entitled to an answer, the most full and satisfactory one was announced to you from the muzzles of my small arms yesterday morning, in the action against the horde of savages in the vicinity of your post, which terminated gloriously to the American arms ; but, had it continued until the Indians, etc., were driven under the inlluence of the post and guns you mention, they would not have much impeded the progress of the victorious army under my command, as no such post was established at the commencement of tlie present war between the Indians and the United States. I have the honor to be, sir, with great respect, your obedient and veiy humble servant, Anthony Wayne, Major-General and Commander-in-Chief of the Federal Army. To Major William Campbell, etc. (Number III.) Fort Miami, August 22d, 1794. Sir — Although your letter of yesterday's date fully authorizes me to any act of hostility against the army of the United States of America in this neighborhood, under your command, yet, still anxious to prevent that dreadful de- cision, which, perhaps, is not intended to be appealed to by either of our countries, I have forborne, for these two days past, to resent those insults you hav^ offered to the British flag flying at this fort, by approaching it within pistol shot of my works, not only singlj', but in numbers, with amis in their hands. Neither is it my wish to wage war with individuals but, should you, after this, continue to approach my post in the threatening manner you are at this moment doing, my indispensable duty to my king and country, and the honor of my profession, will oblige me to have recourse to those measures, which thousands of either nation may hereafter have cause to regret, and wliich, I solemnly appeal to Go d I have used my utmost endeavors to arrest. I have the honor to be, sir, with much respect, your most obedient and very humble servant, William Campbell, JIajor 24th Regiment, Commanding at Fort Miami. Major-General Wayne, etc. (Number TV.) Camp, Banks of the Miami, 22d August, 1794. Sib — In your letter 21st instant yon declare. "I have no hesitation on my part, to s;l}'. that I know of no war existing between Great Britain and America." I, on my part, declare the same, and that the only cause I have to entertain a con- trary idea at present, is the hostile act you are now in com- mission of, {'. c. by recently taking post far within the well- known and acknowledged limits of the United States, and erecting a fortification in the heart of the settlements of the Indian tribes now at war -nnth the United States. This, sir, appears to be an act of the highest aggression, and destructive of the peace and interest of the Union. Hence, it becomes my duty to desire, and I do hereby desire and demand, in the name of the President of the United States, that you imme- diately desist from any further act of hostility or aggression, by forbearing to fortify, and by withdrawing the troops, artillery and stores, under j-our orders and direction, forth- with, and removing to the nearest post occupied by his Britannic majesty's troops at the peace of 1733, and which you will be permitted to do unm.il ested by the troops under my command. 66 HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. I am, with great respect, sir, your most obedient and very humble servant, Anthony Wayne. Major William Campbell, etc. (Number V.) Fort Miami, 22d August, 1794. Sir — I have this moment the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of this date; in answer to which I have only to say, that, being placed here in command of a British post, and acting in a military capacity only, I cannot enter into any discussion, either on the right or impropriety of my occupying my present position. These are matters that I con- ceive will be best left to the ambassadors of our different nations. Having said thus much, permit me to inform you that I certainly will not abandon this post at the summons of any power whatever, until I receive orders to that purpose from those I have the honor to serve under, or the fortune of war should oblige me. I must still adhere, sir, to the purport of my letter this morning, to desire that your army, or indi- viduals belonging to it, will not approach within reach of my cannon, without expecting the consequences attending it. Although I have said, in the former part of my letter, that my situation here is totally military, yet, let me add, sir, that I am much deceived, if his majesty, the king of Great Britain, had not a post on this river at and prior to the period you mention. I have the honor to be, sir, with the greatest respect, your most obedient and very humble servant, William Campbell, Major 24th Regiment, Commanding at Fort Miami. To Major-General Wayne, etc. McDonald, in his sketches, thus describes some of the daring exploits of Wayne's faithful spies: Gen. Wayne, having a bold, vigilant and dexter- ous enemy to contend with, found it indispensably necessary to use the utmost caution in his movements to guard against. To secure his army against the possibility of being ambuscaded, he employed a num- ber of the best woodsmen the frontier afforded to act as spies. Gapt. Ephraim Kibby, one of the first set- tlers at Columbia, who had distinguished himself as a bold and intrepid soldier, commanded the principal part of this corps. A very effective division of the spies was com- manded by Gapt. William Wells. Attached to Wells' command were the following men: Robert MoGlel- lan, one of the most active men on foot that ever lived. Next to him was Henry Miller, who deserves here a passing notice. He and a younger brother named Ghristopher, had been made captives by the Indians while quite young, and adopted into an In- dian family. He lived with them until about twenty- four years of age, when, although he had adopted all their customs, he began to think of returning to his relatives among the whites. His resolution continu- ally gaining strength by reflection, he determined to make the attempt, and endeavored to induce his brother to accompany him in his flight, but to no pur- pose. Christopher was young when captured, he was now a good hunter, an expert woodsman and a free and independent Indian. Henry Miller, however, escaped through the woods and arrived safe among his friends in Kentucky. Gapt. Wells was familiar with Miller during his captivity, and knew that he possessed that firm intrepidity which would render him a valuable companion in time of need. To these were added Hickman, May and Thorp, all men of tried worth in Indian warfare. Gapt. Wells and his four companions were confi- dential and privileged gentlemen in camp, who were only called upon to do duty upon very particular and interesting occasions. They were permitted a carte blanche among the horses of the dragoons, and when on duty always went well mounted; while the spies commanded by Gapt. Kibby went on foot, and were kept constantly on the alert, scouring the country in every direction. In June, 1794, while the headquarters of the army were at Greenville, Wayne dispatched Wells, with his corps, with orders to bring an Indian into camp as prisoner. Accordingly, he proceeded cautiously with his party through the Indian country. They crossed the St. Mary's and thence to the Auglaize, without meeting with any straggling party of Indians. In passing up the latter, they discovered a smoke, dis- mounted, tied their horses and cautiously reconnoi- tered. They found three Indians encamped on a high, open piece of ground, clear of brush or any under- growth, rendering it difficult to approach them with- out being discovered. While reconnoitering, they saw not very far distant from the camp, a fallen tree. They returned and went round, so as to get i be- tween them and the Indians. The tree top being full of leaves would serve to screen them from observa- tion. They crept forward on their hands and knees with the caution of a cat, until they reached it, when they were within seventy or eighty yards of the camp. The Indians were sitting or standing around the fire, roasting their venison, laughing and making merry antics, little dreaming that death was about stealing a march upon them. Arrived at the fallen tree, their plans were settled. McClellan, who was almost as swift of foot as a deer, was to catch the center In- dian, while Wells and Miller were to kill the other two, one shooting to the right and the other to the left. Resting the muzzles of their rifles on a log of the fallen tree, they aimed for the Indians' hearts. Whiz went the balls, and both Indians fell. Before the smoke had risen two feet, McClellan was running with uplifted tomahawk for the remaining Indian, who bounded down the river, but finding himself likely to be headed if he continued in that direction, he turned and made for the river, which at that place had a bluff bank about twenty feet high. On reach- ing it he sprang off into the stream and sunk to his HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. 67 middle in the soft mud at its bottom. McClellan came after and instantly sprang upon him as he was wallowing and endeavoring to extricate himself from the mire. The Indian drew his knife; the other raised his tomahawk and bade him throw down his knife or he would kill him instantly. He did so, and surrendered without further opposition. By this time, Wells and his companion came to the bank and discovered the two quietly sticking in the mud. Their prisoner being secure, they selected a place where the bank was less preciptious, went down, dragged the captive out and tied him. He was sulky and refused to speak either Indian or English. Some of the party went back for the horses, while the others washed the mud and paint from the prisoner. When cleaned, he turned out to be a white man, but still refused to speak or give any account of himself. The party scalped the two Indians whom they had shot, and then set off for headquarters. Henry Miller having some suspicions that their prisoner might pos- sibly be his brother, Christopher, whom he had left with the Indians years previous, rode up alongside of him and called him by his Indian name. At the sound he started, stared around, and eagerly inquired how he came to know his name. The mystery was soon explained Their prisoner was indeed Christo- pher Miller! A mysterious providence appeared to have placed him in a situation in the camp by which his life was preserved. Had he been standing either to the right or to the left, he would inevitably have been killed, and an oven chance if not by his own brother. But that fate which appears to have doomed the Indian race to extinction, permitted the white man to live. When they arrived at Greenville their prisoner was placed in the guard house. Wayne often inter- rogated him as to what he knew of the future inten tions of the Indians. Capt. Wells and his brother Henry were almost constantly with him, m-ging him to abandon the idea of ever again joining the In dians, and to unite with the whites. For some time he was reserved and sulky, but at length became more cheerful, and agreed that if they would release him from his confinement, he would remain among them. Capt. Wells and Henry Miller urged Wayne to release him, who did so, with the observation that should he deceive them and return to the enemy they would be one the stronger. He appeared pleased with his change of situation and was mounted on a fine horse, and otherwise equipped for war. He joined the com- pany of Wells and continued through the war a brave and intrepid soldier. As soon as Wells and his company had rested themselves, they were anxious for another bont with the red men. Time without action was irksome to such stirring spirits. Accordingly, in July, they left Greenville, their number strengthened by the addi- tion of Christopher Miller, with orders to bring in prisoners. When on these excursions, they were al- ways mounted on elegant horses and dressed and painted in Indian style. They arrived in the country near the Auglaize, when they met a single Indian, and called upon him to surrender. Notwithstanding there were six against him, he refused, levelled his rifle, and as they approached him on horseback, fired, missed his mark and then ran. The thick underbrush enabling him to gain upon them, Christopher Miller and McClellan dismounted and pursued and the lat- ter soon overtook him. Upon this he turned and made a blow at McClellan with his rifle, which was parried. As it was McClellan's intention not to kill he kept him at bay until Christopher came up, when they closed in, and made him prisoner without re- ceiving injury. They then turned about and arrived with him at Greenville. He was reported to be a Pottawatomie chief of scarcely equaled courage and prowess. As Christopher Miller had performed his part on this occasion to the entire satisfaction of the brave spirits with whom he acted, he had, as he mer- ited, their entire confidence. On one of Capt. Wells' peregrinations through the Indian country, as he came to the bank oC the St. Mary's, he discovered a family of Indians coming up the river in a canoe. He dismounted from his horse and concealed his men, while he went to the bank of the river, in open view, and called to the In- dians to come over. As he was dressed in Indian costume and spoke in that language, they crossed to him, unsuspicious of danger. The moment the canoe, struck the shore, Wells heard the nicking of the cocks of his comrades' rifles, as they prepared to shoot the Indians; but who should be in the canoe but his In- dian father and mother, with their children. The others were not coming forward with their rifles cocked and ready to pour in a deadly fire upon his fam- ily. Wells shouted to them to desist, informing them who the Indians were, solemnly declaring that the first man who attempted to injure one of them should receive a ball in his head. " That family," said he to his men, "had fed him when hungry, clothed him when naked, and nursed him when sick, and had treated him as affectionately as their own children." The short speech moved the sympathetic hearts of his leather-hunting-shirt comrades, who entered at once into his feelings and approved of his lenity. Dropping their tomahawks and rifles, they went to the canoe and shook hands with the trembling Indians in the most friendly manner. Wells assured them they had nothing to fear; and after talking with them some time, to dispel their anxiety, he told them that 68 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. "Gen. Wayne was approaching with an overwhelming force ; that the best thing the Indians could do was to make peace, and that the whites did not wish to continue the war. He urged his Indian father to keep, for the future, out of danger;" he then bade them farewell. They appeared grateful for his clem- ency, pushed off their canoe and paddled with their utmost rapidity down the stream. Gapt. Wells and his comrades, though perfect desperadoes in fight, upon this occasion proved that they largely possessed that gratitude and benevolence which does honor to human kind. While Wayne's army laid at the Indian village at the confluence of the Auglaize and Maumee, building Ft. Defiance, the General, wishing to be informed of the intentions of the enemy, dispatched Capt. Wells' party to bring in another prisoner. They consisted of Wells, MeClellan, the Millers, May and Mahaffy. They proceeded cautiously down the Maumee until opposite the site of Ft. Meigs, where was an Indian village. This was on the 11th of August, nine days before the battle. Wells and his party boldly rode into this town, as if they had came from the British fort, and occasionally stopped and talked with the Indians in their language. The savages believed them to be Indians from a distance, who had come to take part in the expected buttle. After passing through the village, they met. some distance from it, an Indian man and woman on horseback, who were returning to town from hunting. They made them captives without resistance, and set off for Defiance. A little after dark, they came near a large en- campment of Indians, merrily amu.sing themselves around their camp fires. Ordering their prisoners to be silent, under pain of instant death, they went around the camp until they got about half a mile above it. They then held a consultation, tied and gagged their prisoners, and rode into the Indian camp with their rifles lying across the pommels of their saddles. They inquired when they had heard last of Gen. Wayne and the movements of his army, and how soon and where the expected battle would be fought. The Indians standing about Wells and his party were very communicative, and answered the questions without any suspicions of deceit in their visitors. At length, an Indian who was sitting at some distance, said in an undertone in another tongue to some who were near liim, that he suspected these strangers had some mischief in their heads. Wells overheard it, gave the preconcerted signal and each fired his rifie into i.he body of an Indian, at not more than six feet distance. The moment the Indian had made the remark, he and his companions rose up with their rifles in hand, but not before each of the others had shot their man. The moment after Wells and party had fired, they put spurs to their horses, lying with their breasts on their animal' s necks, so as to lessen the mark to fire at, and before they had got out of the light of the camp fires, the Indians had fired upon them. As MeClellan lay in this position, a ball entered beneath his shoulder blade, and came out at the top of his shoulder; Wells' arm was broken by a ball, and his rifle dropped to the ground; May was chased to the smooth rock in the Maumee, where, his horse falling, he was taken prisoner. The rest of the party escaped without injury and rode full speed to where their prisoners were con- fined, and mounting them upon horses continued their route. Wells and MeClellan being severely wound- ed, and their march slow and painful to Defiance, a distance of about thirty miles, ere they could receive surgical aid, a messenger was dispatched to hasten to that post for a surgeon and a guard. As soon as he arrived with the tidings of the wounds and perilous situation of those heroic and faithful spies, very great sympathy was manifested. Wayne's feeling for the suffering soldier was at all times quick and sensitive. We can, then, Imagine the intensity of his solicitude when informed of the sufferings and perils of his confidential and chosen band. He instantly dispatched a surgeon and a company of the swiftest dragoons to meet, assist and guard these brave fel- lows to headquarters, where they arrived safe, and the wounded in due time recovered. May, who was taken prisoner, having formerly lived with and ran away from the Indians, was re- cognized. They told him the second day before the battle, "We know you — you speak Indian language — you not content to live with us; to morrow we take you to that tree" — pointing to a large burr oak at the edge of the clearing near the British fort — " we will tie you up and make a mark on your breast, and we will try what Indian can shoot nearest it." Accord- ingly, next day he was tied to that tree, a mark made on his breast, and his body riddled with at least fifty bullets. Thus ended poor May! This little band of spies, during the campaign, performed more real service than any other corps of equal number belonging to the army. They brought in, at different times, not less than twenty prisoners, and killed more than an equal number. As they had no rivals in tbe army, they aimed in each excursion to outdo their former exploits. What confidence! what self possesbion was displayed by these men in their terrific encounters! To ride boldly into the enemy's camp, in full view of their blazing camp-fires, and enter into conversation with them without betray- ing the least appearance of trepidation or confusion, and openly commence the work of death, proves how well their souls were steeled against fear. They had HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 69 come off unscathed in so many desperate conflicts that they became callous to danger. The following anecdotes of the battle are taken from a reliable source: At the time Capt. Campbell was endeavoring to turn the left flank of the enemy, three Indians, be- ing hemmed in by the cavalry and infantry, plunged into the river and endeavored to swim to the opposite side. Two negroes of the army, on the opposite bank, concealed themselves behind a log to intercept them. When within shooting distance, one of them shot the foremost through the head. The other two took hold of him to drag him to shore, when the sec- ond negro tired and killed another. The remaining Indian being now in shoal water, endeavored to tow the dead bodies to the bank. In the meantime the tirst negro had reloaded, and firing upon the surviv- or, mortally wounded him. On approaching them, the negroes judged from their striking resemblance and devotion, that they were brothers. Aftei- scalp- ing them they let their bodies float down stream. Another circumstance goes to show with what ob- stinacy the conflict was maintained by individuals in both armies. A soldier who had got detached a short distance from the army met a single Indian in the woods, when they attacked each other — the sol- dier with his bayonet, the Indian with his tomahawk. Two days after, they were found dead; the soldier with his bayonet in the body of the Indian — the In- dian with his tomahawk in the head of the soldier. Several months after the battle of Fallen Timbers, a number of Pottawatomie Indians at Ft. Wayne, whore they expressed a desire to see "The AVind," as they called Gen. Wayne. On being asked for an ex- planation of the name, they replied that at the battle of the 20th of August, he was exactly like a hm'ri- cane, which drives ajid tears everything before it. Gen. Wayne was a man of most ardent impulses, and in the hoat of action apt to foi'get that he was the General — not the soldier. When the attack on the Indians who were concealed behind the fallen tim- bers, was commencing by ordering the regulars up, the late Gen. Harrison, then aid to A\'ayne, being Lieutenant with the title of Major, addressed his su- perior— "Gen. Wayne, I am afraid you will get into the fight yourself, and forget to give me the neces- sary field orders." "Perhaps I may," replied Wayne, "and if I do, recollect the standing order of the day is, charge the d — d rascals with the bayonets. " To show that this Indian war was in a great meas- ure sustained by British influence, and that they lent their aid in this campaign and battle, we give an extract from a letter from Gen. Harrison, to Hon. Thomas Chilton, dated North Bend, February 17, 1834 " That the Northwestern and Indian war was a continuation of the Revolutionary contest is suscepti- ble of proof. The Indians in that quarter had been engaged in the first seven years of the war, as allies of Great Britain, and they had no inclination to con- tinue it after the peace of 1783. It is to British in- fluence that their subsequent hostilities are to be at- tributed. The agents of that Government never ceased to stimulate their enmity against the Government of the United States, and to represent the peace which had been made as a temporary truce, at the expiration of which " their fathers would unite with them in the war, and drive the long knives from the land which they had so unjustly usurped from his red children. " This was the cause of the detention of the posts of Detroit, Mackinaw and Niagara, so long after the treaty of 1783. The reasons assigned for so doing deceived nojjody, after the failure of the ne- gotiation attempted by Gen. Lincoln, Gov. Randolph and Col. Pickering, under British mediation volun- tarily tendered. The bare suggestion of a wish by the British au- thorities, would have been sufiicient to induce the In- dians to accept the terms proposed by the American Commissioners. But at any rate, the withholding the supplies with which the Indians had been previously furnished, would have left no other alternative but to make peace. From that period, however, the war was no longer carried on "in disguise." Acts of open hostility were committed. In June, 1794, the In- dians assembled at the Miami of the Lake, and were completely equipped out of the King's store, from the fort (a large and regularly fortified work) which had been built there in the preceding spring, for tiie pur- pose of supporting the operations of the Indians against Gen. Wayne. Nor was the assistance limited to the supply of provisions and munitions of war. On the advance of the Indians, they ai'e attended by a captain of the British Army, a Sergeant and six matrosses, provided with fixed ammunition, suited to the caliber of two field pieces, which had been taken from St. Clair and deposited in a creek near the scene of his defeat in 1791. Thus attended, they appeared before Ft. Recovery (the advanced post of our army), on the 4th of July, 1794, and having defeated a large detachment of our troops, encamped under its walls, would probably have succeeded in taking the fort if the guns which they expected to find had not been previously discovered and removed. In this action, Capt. Hartshorn, of the First sub-legion, was wounded by the Indians and afterward killed in a struggle with Capt. McKee of the British Army.* Upon the advance of the American Army in the fol- * It is proper to state that Capt. McKee asserteil that he interfered to save Hartaliorn, but that he refused quarter and attempted to kiU him (McKee), and would have succeeded if he had uot been anticipated by his (McKee^s) servant. HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. lowing month, the British fort at the rapids was again the point of rendezvous for the Indians. There the deficiencies in arms, aromunition and equipments were again supplied; and there they were fed with regular rations from the King's stores, consisting of flour and Irish beef, until the arrival of Gen. Wayne with his army on the 20th of August. In the general action of that day, there were two militia companies from Amherstburg and Detroit. The Captain of the cutter (who was also the clerk of the court at that place), was found among the killed, and one of his privates taken prisoner. These unequivocal acts of hostility on the part of Great Britain did not pass unnoticed by our Government, and although anxious to avoid a general war, the President determined that the ag- gression on our territory, by the erection of a fortress so far within our acknowledged limits, required some decisive measure. Authority was therefore given to Gen. Wayne to dispossess the intruders, if in his opinion it was necessary to the snccess of his opera- tions against the Indians. Although the qualifica- tion of this order, in its literal sense, might be op- posed to its execution after the entire defeat of the Indians — the daring violation of neutrality which was professed, by the supply of food, arms and ammuni- tion to the enemy on the very morning of the action, afforded, in the opinion of Gen. Wayne, a sufficient justification for its being carried into effect. An ac- curate examination, however, of the defenses of the fort, made by the General at great personal hazard, showed but too clearly that oiu- small howitzers, which had been transported on the backs of horses, our only artillery, could make no impression upon its massive earthen parapet, while the deep fosse and fascine by which it was surrounded, afforded no prospect of the success of an escalade, but at an ex- pense of valuable lives, which the occasion did not seem to call for. "From my situation as aid-de-camp to the General in-chief, I mention these things from personal knowl- edge. If, then, the relation I have given is correct, it must be admitted that the war of the Revolution continued in the Western country until the peace of Greenville, in 1795." DAILY JOURNAL OF WAYNE. Fort Greenville. Where Gen. Wayne arrived with his army late in October, 1793. Henry House, of Greenville, who was in Wayne's campaign, said that the soldiers proceeded to build log huts, • arranged in rows, each regiment occupying one row, and each hut — of which there were many hundred — occupied by six soldiers. In December, Wayne erected his fort, which he called Ft. Greenville, where he remained until the 28Lh day of July, 1794, when he took up the line of march for the Maumee rapids. The following is a daily journal kept by him from the time he left until his return on the 2d day of No- vember, after an absence of three months and six days : Camp at Stillwater, 28th July, 1794. — -Agreeable to the general order of yesterday, the legion took up their line of march at 8 o'clock, and encamped at half-past 3 on the bank of Stillwater, twelve miles from Greenville. The weather extremely warm — water very bad. Nothing occurred worth noticing. Camp one mile in advance of Fort Recovery, 29th July, 1794. — At 5 o'clock left the camp; arrived on this ground at 1 o' clock, being fifteen miles. Noth- ing took place worth reciting. I am now informed that tracks were perceived on our right flank, supposed to be runners from the Oglaize. Camp Beaver Swamp, eleven miles in advance of Fort Recovery, 30th July, 1794. — This morning the legion took up the line of march and arrived here at 3 o'clock. The road was to cut, as will be the case on every new route we take in this country. The weath- er still warm; no water except in ponds, which noth- ing but excessive thirst would induce us to drink. The mosquitoes are very troublesome, and larger than I ever saw. The most of this country is covered with beech, the land of a wet soil intermixed with rich tracts, but no running water to be found. A bridge to be built over this swamp to-morrow, which prevents the march of the legion till the day after. We are informed there is no water for twelve miles. July 31, 1794. — Commenced building the bridge, being seventy yards in length, which will require in- finite labor; it will be five feet deep, with loose mud and water. One hundred pioneers set out this morning, strongly escorted, to cut a road to the St. Mary's River, twelve miles. I expect the bridge will be completed so as to march early in the morning. , Camp St. Mary's River, 1st August, 1794.— Pro- ceed en our way before sunrise, and arrived at this place at 3 o'clock, being twelve miles, as aforesaid. Our encampment is on the largest and most beautiful prairie I ever beheld, the land rich and well timbered; the water plenty but very bad — the river is from forty-five to fifty yards wide, in which I bathed. I am told there is plenty of fish in it. August 2, 1794. — The legion detained here for the purpose of erecting a garrison, which will take up three days. This day one of the Deputy Quartermas- ters was taken up by the Indians. Our spies discov- ered where four of the enemy had retreated precipi- tately with a horse, and supposed to be the party the HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 71 above person had been taken by. It is hoped he will not give accurate information of our strength. August 3, 1794. --An accident took place this day by a tree falling on the Commander-in-chief and nearly putting an end to his existence; we expected to be detained here some time in consequence of it, but fortunately he is not so much hurt as to prevent him from riding at a slow pace. No appearance of the enemy to-day, and thiak they are preparing for a warm attack. The weather very hot and dry, without Any appearance of rain. Camp thirty-one miles in advance of Fort Recov- ery, 4th August, 1794. — The aforesaid garrison be- ing completed, Lieut. Underbill, with 100 men, left to protect it; departed at 6 o'clock and arrived here at 3 o'clock, being ten miles. The land we marched through is rich and well timbered, but the water scarce and bad; obliged to dig holes in boggy places and let it settle. Camp forty-four miles in advance of Fort Recov- ery, Tith August, 1794. — We arrived at this place at 4 o'clock, nothing particular occurring. The land and water as above described; had some rain to-day. Camp tifty-six miles from Fort Recovery, 6th Au- gust, 1794. — Encamped on this ground at 2 o'clock. In the course of our march, perceived the track of twenty Indians. I am informed we are within six miles of one of their towns on the Oglaize River, sup- posed to be the Upper Delaware town. If so, I ex- pect to eat green corn to-morrow. Our march this day has been through an exceed- ing fine country; the water still bad; the day cooler than hereto/ore. Camp sixty-eight miles from Fort Recovery, 7th August, 1794. — This day passed the upper town on the Oglaize, which the Indians evacuated some time aco. I expect to see one of their new towns, where I am told there are all sorts of vegetables, which will be very acceptable to the troops. We have had no ap- pearance of Indians to-day. Camp Grand Oglaize, 8th August, 1794.— Pro- ceeded on our march to this place at 5 o'clock this morning, and arrived here at the confluence of the Miami and Oglaize Rivers at half -past 10, being sev- enty-seven miles from Fort Recovery. This place far excels in beauty any of the Western country, and be- lieved* equaled by none in the Atlantic States. Here are vegetables of every kind in abundance, and we have marched foui- or five miles in corn-fields down the Oglaize, and there is not less than (me thousand acres of corn around the town. The land in general of the fir nature. This country appears well adapted for the enjoy- ment of industrious people, who cannot avoid living in as great luxury as in any other place throughout the States, nature having lent a most bountiful hand in the arrangement of the position, that a man can send the produce to market in his own boat. The land level and river navigable not more than sixty miles from the lake. The British have built a large garrison about fifty miles from this place, and our spies iaform us that the enemy are encamped about two miles above it on the river. Grand Oglaize, 9th August, 1794. ^We remain here. The Commander-in-Chief has ordered a gar- rison to be erected at the confluence of the Miami and Oglaize Rivers, which was begun this morning, and will take up some time; by this means the troops will be much refreshed, as well as the horses and cattle, the latter being much wearied and in need of a recess of labor. No appearance of an enemy. Grand Oglaize, 10th August, 1794. — The troops in good spirits. No interruption from, or account of, the enemy. We have plenty of vegetables. One of our militia oflScers wounded by his own sentinel by mistake. Grand Oglaize, 11th August, 1794. — Nothing oc- curs to prevent the completion of our work. [Here were a few leaves lost out of the manu- script. I On the 13th of August, true to the spirit of peace advised by Washington, Gen. Wayne sent Christian Miller, who had been naturalized among the Shaw- nees, as a special messenger to offer terms of friend- ship- Took up their line of march and at once arrived on this ground without any occurrence. Our camp is situated in sight of Snaketown, of the Miami of the Lake. Vegetables in abundance. Camp nineteen miles from Oglaize, 16th August, 1794. — Our march this day was through a bushy ground, and the road generally bad. Miller (the flag) returned this day from the enemy with information from the tribes, that if the Commander-in-Chief would remain at Grand Oglaize ten days they would let him know whether they would be for peace or war. Camp thirty-one miles from Camp Oglaize, 17th August, 1794. —This day a small party of the enemy's spies fell in with ours; both parties being for dis- coveries, they retreated, at which time the enemy fired and wounded one of our horses. Our camp, head of the rapids. Camp forty-one miles from Grand Oglaize, 18th August, 1794. — The legion arrived on this ground, nothing particular taking place. Five of our spies were sent out at 3 o'clock; they fell in with an ad- vanced body of the enemy, and obliged to retreat; but May, one of our spies, fell under the enemy's hold. What his fate may be must be left to future success. HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. Caiup Deposit, 19th August, 1794. — Tlie legion still continued in encampment and are throwing up works to secure and deposit the heavy baggage of the troops, so that the men may be light for action, pro- viding the enemy have presumption to favor us with an interview, which if they should think proper to do, the troops are in such high spiTits that we will make an easy victory of them. By this morning's order the legion is to march at 5 o'clock. Gamp in sight of a British garrison, on the Miami of the Lake, August 20, 1794. — One hundred and fifty miles from Greenville. This day, the legion, after depositing every kind of baggage, took up the line of march at 7 o'clock, and continued their route down the margin of the river without making any discovery, until 11 o'clock, when the front guard, which was composed of mounted volunteers, were fired on by the enemy. The guard retreated in the utmost confusirm through the front guard of the regulars, commanded by Capt. Cook and Lieut. Steele, who, in spite of their utmost exertion, made a retreat. These fell in with the left of Capt. Howell Lewis' company of light in- fantry and threw that part of the men into confusion, which Capt. Lewis observing^ he ordered the left of his company to retreat about forty yards, where he formed them and joined the right, which had stood their ground. They continued in this position until they were joined by part of Capt. Springer's battal- ion of riflemen, which was nearly fifteen minutes after the firing commenced, who drove the enemy that had attempted to flank us on the right. Nearly at the same time, the right column came up, and the charge was sounded — the enemy gave way and fired scatter- ing shots as they ran off. About the time the right column came up, a heavy firing took place on the left, which lasted but a short time, the enemy giving way in all quarters, which left us in possession of their dead to the num- ber of forty. Our loss was thirty killed and 100 wounded. Among the former we have to lament the loss of Capt. MisCampbell of the dragoons, and Lieut. Henry B. Fowles of the Fourth sub-legion; and of the latter, Capts. Prior of the First, Slough of the Fourth, and Van Rensselaer of the dragoons, also Lieut. Campbell Smith of the Fourth sub- legion. The whole loss of the enemy cannot at present be ascertained, but it is more than probable it must have been considerable, for we pursued them with rapidity for nearly two miles. As to the num- ber of the enemy engaged in this action, opinions are so various that I am at a loss to know what to say. The most general opinion is 1,500, one-third of which are supposed to be Canadians; I am led to believe this number is not over the mark. After the troops had taken some refreshment, the legion continued their route down the river and encamped in sight of the British garrison. One Canadian fell into our hands whom we loaded with irons. Camp, Foot of the Rapids, 21st August, 1794. — We are now lying within half a mile of a British gar- rison. A flag came to the Commander-in-Chief, the purport of which was that he, the commanding officer of the British fort, was surprised to see an American army so far advanced in this country; and why they had the assurance to encarnp under the mouths of His Majesty's cannons! The Commander-in-Chief an- swered, that the affair of yesterday might well inform him why this army was encamped in its present posi- tion, and had the flying savages taken shelter under the walls of the fort, his Majesty's cannons should not have protected them. Camp, Foot of the Rapids, 22d August, 1794.— We have destroyed all the property within 100 yards of the garrison. The volunteers were sent down eight miles below the fort, and have destroyed and burnt all the possessions belonging to the Canadians and savages. The Commander-in-Chief led his light in- fantry within pistol shot of the garrison to find ont the strength and situation of the place, and in hopes of bringing a shot from our inveterate but silent en- emies. They were too cowardly to come up to our expectations, and all we got by insulting the colors of Britain was a flag, the amount of which was, that the commanding officer of the fort felt himself as a soldier much injured by seeing His Majesty's colors insulted, and if such conduct was continued he would be under the necessity of making a proper resent- ment; upon which the Commander-in-Chief demanded the post, it being the right of the United States, which he was refused. A small party of dragoons were sent over the river to burn and destroy all the houses, corn, etc. , that were under cover of the fort, which was effected. Camp Deposit, 23d August, 1794. — Having burned and destroyed everything contiguous to the fort without any opposition, the legion took up the line of march, and in the evening encamped on this ground, being the same they marched from the 20th. It may be proper to remark that we have heard noth- ing from the savages, or their allies,' the Canadians, since the action. The honors of war have been paid to the remains of those brave fellows who fell on the 20th, by a discharge of three rounds f^-om sixteen pieces of ordnance, charged with shells. The cere- mony was performed with the greatest ceremony. Camp. Thirty -two Mile Tree, 24th August, 1794. — The wounded being well provided for with car- riages, etc., the legion took up the line of march and halted in their old camp about 2 o'clock in the even- HISTOKY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 13 ing without any accident. In this day's march, we destroyed all the corn and burnt all the houses we met with, which were very considerable. Camp Fifteen Mile Tree, 25th August, 1794.— The legion continued their march and encamped on this ground at 3 o'clock P. M. This morning a few of the volunteers remained in the rear of the army; and soon after the legion took up the line of march they saw eight Indians coming into our camp; they fell in with them, killed one and wounded two. Camp Nine Mile Creek, 26th August, 1794— The legion continued their march, and after burning and destroying all the houses and corn on their route, ar- rived on this ground at 2 o'clock, being one of our encamping places when on oui' advance. All the wounded that were carried on litters and horseback were sent forward to Ft. Defiance. Dr. Car- michael, through neglect, had the wounded men of the artillery and cavalry thrown into wagons, among spades, axes, picks, etc., in consequence of which the wounded are now lying in extreme pain, besides the frequent shocks of a wagon on the worst of roads. The wounded of the Third sub-legion are under obli- gations to Dr. Haywood for his attention and human- ity to them in their distress. Camp Ft. Defiance, 27th August, 1794.— The le- gion continued their route, and at 3 o'clock were en- camped on the Miami, one mile above the garrison. On this day's march, we destroyed all the corn and burnt all the houses on our route; the wounded are happily fixed in the garrison, and the doctors say there is no great danger of any of them dying. Fort Defiance, 28th August, 1794.— The Com- mander-in-Chief thinks proper to continue on this ground for some time to refresh the troops and send for supplies. There is corn, beans, pumpkins, etc., within "four miles of this place, to furnish the troops three weeks. General Orders. — The Quartermaster General will issue one gill of whisky to every man belonging to the Federal army this morning, as a small compen- sation for the fatigues they have undergone for sev- eral days past. Maj. General Scott will direct his Quartermasters to attend accordingly with their re- spective returns. The Commander-in-Chief wishes it to be fairly understood that when he mentioned or may mention the Federal army in general orders, that term comprehends and includes the legion and mounted volunteers as one compound army, and that the term legion comprehends the regular troops, agreeable to the organization by the President of the United States, and by which appellation they are known and recognized on all occasions, when acting by themselves, and separate from the mounted volun- teers. As the army will probably remain on this ground for some time, vaults must be dug and every precaution taken to keep the encampment clean and healthy. The legion will be reviewed the day after to-morrow at 10 o'clock. In the interim, the arms must be clean and varnished and the clothing of the sol- dier repaired and washed, to appear in the most mili- tary condition possible; but in these necessary prep- arations for a review, great caution must be used by the commanding officers of wings, not to permit too many men at one time to take their locks off, or to be engaged in washing. All the horses belonging to the Quartermaster and contractor's department, in possession of the legion, must be returned this afternoon. This is the first fair day that we have had since we began to return to this place, it having rained nearly constantly for five days, which was the occasion of fatiguing the troops very much. Ft. Defiance, 29th August, 1794. — We are as yet encamped on this ground; all the pack-horses belong- ing to the Quartermaster and contractor's department moved this morning for Ft. Recovery, escorted by Brig. Gen. Todd's brigade of mounted volun- teers, for the purpose of bringing supplies to this place. It is said the legion will continue in their present camp until the return of this escort. Our spies were yesterday twelve miles up this river, and they bring information that the corn-fields continue as far as they were up the river. Ft. Defiance, 30th August, 1794.— This day at 10 o'clock the Commander-in-Chief began to review the troops at the posts occupied by the different corps, and I am led to believe that he was well pleased at their appearance. Maj. Hughes, Capt. Slough, Oapt. Van Rensselaer and Lieut. Younghusband, obtained a furlough to go home to repair their health, being, as they pretended, very much injured by the service. I believe the two first and the last mentioned, if they never return will not be lamented by the major- ity of the army. The out-guards were much alarmed this morning at the mounted volunteers firing off all their arms without our having any notice. Headquarters, 31st August, 1794, general orders — A general court martial to consist of five members, will set to-morrow morning at 10 o'clock for the trial of such prisoners as may be brought before them. Maj. Shaylor, President, Lieut. Wade, Judge Advocate. The disorderly and dangerous practice of permit- ting the soldiery to pass the chain of sentinels, on pretext of going after vegetables, can no longer be suifered. In future, on issuing day, only one man from each mess, properly armed, and commanded by the respective sub-legionary quartermasters, will be sent as a detachment for vegetables, to march at 7 o'clock in the morning. 74 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. The pack-horses shall forage daily under the pro- tection of a squadron of dragoons; every precaution must be taken to guard against surprise. Any non- commissioned officer or soldier found half a mile without the chain of sentinels, without a pass signed by the commanding officer of wings or sub-legion, or from headquarters, shall be deemed a deserter, and punished accordingly. Every sentinel suflering a non-commissioned officer or private to pass without such written permit, except a party or command, shall receive fifty lashes for each and every violation of this order. A fatigue party of 300 non-commis- sioned officers and privates, with a proportion of com- missioned officers, will parade at 7 o'clock to-morrow morning, furnished with 100 axes, 100 picks and 100 spades and shovels, with arms, commanded by Maj. Burbeck. A part of this order was in consequence of three men of the first sub-legion being either killed or taken by the enemy when out a foraging, which was done some time since in a very disorderly manner, at the same time liable to attacks of the enemy, without having it in their power to make the smallest resist- ance. Fort Defiance, 1st September, 1794. — This morn- ing the fatigue party (;)rdered yesterday began to fortify and strengthen the fort and make it of suffi- cient strength to be proof against heavy metal; the work now on hand is a glacis with fascines, and a ditch twelve feet wide and eight feet deep; the block- houses are to be made bomb proof. Fort Defiance, 2d September, 1794. —Every effect- ive man of the light troops in the redoubts round the camp were ordered this morning to make three fas- cines. The foraging party that went out this day brought in as much corn, dry enough to grate, as will suffice the troops three days. The soldiery gets sick very fast with the fever and ague, and have it severely. Fort Defiance, 3d September, 1794. — Nothing but hard fatigues going forward in all quarters. The garrison begins to put on the appearance of strength, and will in a few days be able to stand the shock of heavy cannon; the troops are very sickly, and I believe the longer we continue in this place the worse it will be. Fort Defiance, 4th September, 1794. — The num- ber of our sick increases daily, provision is nearly exhausted; the whisky has been out for some time, which makes the hours pass heavily to the tune of Roslin Castle, when in our present situation they ought to go to the quickstep of ' ' the merry man down to his grave." Hard duty and scanty allowance will cause an aimy to be low spirited, particularly the want of a little of the wet. If it was not for the forage we get from the ene- my's fields, the rations would not suffice to keep soul and body together. Fort Defiance, 5th September, 1794. — No news of the escort; this day the troops drew no flour; and I fear will shortly draw no beef ; however, as long as the issuing of beef continues the troops will not suffer, as there is still corn in abundance on the river. Fort Defiance, 6th September, 1794.— The work on the garrison goes on with life, and will be com- pleted in a few days. The wepther very wet and cold; this morning there is a small frost. Fort Defiance, 7th September, 1794. — Nothing of consequence took place this day. Our sick are get- ting better. Fort Defiance, 8th September, 1794.— This day brings us information of the escort; by express we learn that it will be with us to-morrow. It will be fort- unate for us should provisions arrive, as we have not drawn any flour since the 7th inst. ; nevertheless, we have the greatest abundance of vegetables. Fort Defiance, 9th September, 1794. — The escort has not yet arrived, but will be in to-morrow. Gen. Scott, with the residue, is ordered to march to-morrow morning at reveille. The Oommander-in-Chief en- gaged with the volunteers to bring on the flour from Greenville on their own horses, for which they are to receive $3 per hundred, delivered at the Miami vil- lages. Fort Defiance, 10th September, 1794. — The escort arrived this day about 3 o'clock and brought with them 200 kegs of flour and nearly 200 head of cattle. Capt. Preston and Ensigns Strother, Bowyer and Lewis, joined us this day with the escort. We received no liquor by this command, and I fancy we shall not receive any until we get into winter quarters, which will make the fatigues of the campaign appear double, as I am persuaded the troops would much rather live on half rations of beef and bread, provided they could get their full rations of whisky. The vegetables are as yet in the greatest abundance. The soldiers of Capt. William Lewis' company are in perfect health, the wounded excepted. Fort Defiance, 11th September, 1794. — This day Gen. Barber' s brigade of mounted volunteers marched for Ft. Recovery for provisions, to meet us at the Mi- ami villages by the 20th. Fort Defiance, 12th September, 1794.— This day the pioneers were ordered to cut the road up the Mi- ami under the direction of the sub-legionary Quarter- master; they are to commence at 7 o'clock to-morrow morning. Fort Defiance, 18th September, 1794.— This day a general order was issued, setting forth that the le- gion would march to-morrow morning precisely at 7 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 75 o'clock, every department to prepare themselves ac- cordingly. The squaw that Wells captured on the 11th Au- gust was this day liberated and sent home. Three soldiers of the First and three of the Third sub-le- gions deserted last night; sixteen volunteers pursued them; they are to receive $20 if they bring them in dead or alive. Camp Eleven-and-a-half Mile Tree, 14th Septem- ber, 1794. — The legion began their march for the Miami villages at 7 o'clock this morning and encamped on this ground at 3 o'clock, after marching in the rain eight hours. Camp Twenty-three Mile Tree, 15th September, 1794. — The legion marched at 6 and encamped at 4 o'clock. Capt. Preston, who commanded the light troops in the rear, got lost and lay out from the army all night with a large part of the baggage. Camp Thirty-three Mile Tree, 16th September, 1794. — We encamped on this ground at 4 o'clock, after passing over very rough roads and woods thick with brush, the timber very lofty and the land gener- ally rich and well watered. Camp Miami Villages, 17th September, 1794. — The army halted on this ground at 5 o'clock P. M., be- ing forty-seven miles from Fort Defiance and fourteen from our last encampment; there are nearly five hun- dred acres of cleared land lying in one body on the Rivers St. Joseph, St. Mary's and the Miami; there are fine points of land contiguous to those rivers ad- joining the cleared land. The rivers are navigable for small craft in the summer, and in the winter there is water sufficient for large boats; the land adjacent fertile and well timbered, and from every appearance it has been one of the largest settlements made by the Indians in this country. Camp Miami Villages, 18th September, 1794 — This day the Commander-in-Chief reconnoitered the ground and determined on a spot to build the garri- son on. The troops fortified their camps, as they halted too late yesterday to cover themselves. Four deserters from the British came to us this day; they bring information that the Indians are encamped eight miles below the British fort to the number of 1,600. Camp Miami Villages, 19th September, 1794. — This day we hear that Gen. Barber's brigade of mounted volunteers are within twelve miles of this place and will be in early to-morrow with large sup- plies of flour; we have had heavy rains, the wind northwest, and the clouds have the appearance of emp- tying large quantities on this western world. Camp Miami Villages, 20th September, 1794.— Last night it rained violently, and the wind blew from the northwest harder than I ever knew heretofore. Gen. Barber with his command arrived in camp about 9 o'clock this morning with 553 kegs of flour, each containing 100 lbs. Camp Miami Villages, 21st September, 1794. — The Commander-in-Chief reviewed the legion this day at 1 o'clock. All the Quartermaster's horses set off this morning escorted by the mounted volunteers for Greenville, and are to return the soonest possible; we have not one quart of salt on this ground, which occasions bad and disagreeable living, until the arrival of the next es- cort. Camp Miami Villages, 22d September, 1794. — Nothing of consequence took place this day, except that the troops drew no salt with their fresh provis- ions. Camp Miami Villages, 23d September, 1794. — Four deserters from the British garrison arrived at our camp; they mention' that the Indians are still embodied on the Miami, nine miles below the British fort; that they are somewhat divided in opinion, some are for peace and others are for war. Camp Miami Villages, 24th September, 1794. — This day the work commenced on the garrison, which I am apprehensive will take some time to complete it. A keg of whisky containing ten gallons, was pur- chased this day for $80, a sheep for $10; $3 for one pint of salt, but it could not be obtained for less than $6. Camp Miami Villages, 25th September, 1794. — Lieut. Blue of the dragoons was this day arretted by Ensign Johnson of the Fourth S. L. , but a number of their friends interfering, the dispute was settled upon Lieut. Blue's asking Ensign Johnson's pardon. Camp Miami Villages, 26th September, 1794. — McCleland, one of our spies, with a small party, came in this evening from Ft. Defiance, who brings information that the enemy are troublesome about the garrison, and that they have killed some of our men under the walls of the fort. Sixteen Indians were seen to-day near this place, a small party went in pm'suit of them. I have not heard what discoveries they have made. Camp Miami Villages, 27th September, 1794. — No intelligence of the enemy; tlie rain fell consider- ably last night; this morning the wind is southwest Camp Miami Villages, 28th September, 1794. — The weather proves colder. Camp Miami Villages, 30th September, 1794. — Salt and whisky were drawn by the troops this day and a number of the soldiery became much intoxi- cated, they having stolen a quantity of liquor from the Quartermaster. Gamp Miami Villages, Ist October, 1794. — The volunteers appear to be uneasy, and have refused to 76 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. duty; they are ordered by the Commander-in-Chief to march to-morrow for Greenville to assist the pack- horses, which I am told they are determined not to do. Camp Miami Villages, '2d October, 1794.— This morning the volunteers refused to go on command, and demanded of Gen. Scott to conduct them home; he ordered them to start with Gen. Barber, or if they made the smallest delay they should lose all their pay and be reported to the war office as revolters; this had the desired effect, and they went off not in good humor. Camp Miami Villages, 3d October, 1794. — Every officer, non-commissioned officer and soldier belong- ing to the square are on fatigue this day, hauling trees on the hind wheels of wagons; the first day we got an extra gill per man, which appears to be all the compensation at this time in the power of the Com- mander-in-Chief to make the troops. Camp Miami Villages, 4th October, 1794.— This morning we had the hardest frost I ever saw in the middle of December; it was like a srnall snow; there was ice in our camp kettles three-quarters of an inch thick; the fatigues go on with velocity, considering the rations the troops are obliged to live on. Camp Miami Villages, 5th October, 1794. — The weather extremely cold and hard frosts; the wind northwest; everything quiet and nothing but harmony and peace throughout the camp, which is something uncommon. Camp Miami Villages, 6th October, 1794. — Plenty and quietness the same as yesterday; the volunteers engaged to work on the garrison, for which they are to receive three gills of whisky per man per day, when their employment is digging the ditch and fill- ing up the parapet. Camp Miami Villages, 7th October, 1794.— The volunteers are soon tired of work and refuse to labor any longer; they have stolen and killed seventeen beeves in the course of these two days past. Camp Miami Villages, 8th October, 1794.— The troops drew but half rations of flour this day. The cavalry and other horses die very fast, not less than four or five per day. Camp Miami Villages, 9th October, 1794. — The volunteers have agreed to build a block-house in front of the garrison. Camp Miami Villages, 11th October, 1794. -A Canadian (Eozelle) arrived with a flag this yvening; his business was to deliver up three prisoners in ex- change for his brother, who was taken the 20th Au- gust; he brings information that the Indians are in council with Girty and McKee, near the fort of De- troit, that all the tribes are for peace except the Shawnees, who are determined to prosecute the war. Camp Miami Villages, 12th October, 1794. -The mounted volunteers of Kentucky marched for Green- ville, to be mustered and dismissed the service of the United States Army, they being of no further service therein. Camp Miami Villages, 13th October, 1794. — Capt. Gibson marched this day and took with him a number of horses for Ft. Recovery to receive supplies of pro- visions. Camp Miami Villages, 14th October, 1794. — No- thing particular this day. Camp Miami Villages, 15th October, 1794.— The Canadian that came in on the 11th left us this day, accompanied by his brother; they have promised to furnish the garrison at Ft. Defiance with stores at a moderate price, which, if performed, will be a great advajitage to the officers and soldiers of that post. Camp Miami Villages, 16th October, 1794.— Noth- ing new; weather wet and cold; wind from north- west. The troops healthy in general. Camp Miami Villages, 17th October, 1794.— This day Capt. Gibson arrived with a large quantity of flour, beef and sheep. Camp Miami Villages, 18th October, 1794. —Capt. Springer and Brock with all the pack-horses, marched with the cavalry this morning for Greenville, and the foot for Recovery, the latter to return with the smallest delay with a supply of provisions for this post and Defiance. Camp Miami Villages, 19th October, 1794.— This day the troops were not ordered for labor, being the first day for four weeks, and accordingly attended divine service. Camp Miami Villages, 20th October, 1794.— An express arrived this day with dispatches to the Com- mander-in-Chief; the contents are kept secret. A court-martial to sit this day for the trial of Lieut. Charles Hyde. Camp Miami Villages, 21st October, 1794. — This day were read the proceedings of a general court martial, held on Lieut. Charles Hyde (yesterday), was found not guilty of the charges exhibited against him, and was therefore acquitted. Camp Miami Villages, 22d October, 1794.— This morning at 7 o'clock the following companies, un- der the command of Lieut. Col. Commandant Ham- tramck, of] the First Sub-legion, took possession of this place, viz.: Capt. Kingsbury's First; Captain Greaton's Second, Capt. Spark's and Capt. Reed' s Third, Capt. Preston's Fourth, and Capt. Porter's of artillery, and after firing fifteen rounds of cannon, Col. Hamtramck gave it the name of Ft. Wayne. Camp Miami Villages, 23d October, 1794.— The general fatigue of the garrison ended this day, and Col, Hamtramck, with the troops under his command, to furnish it as he may think fit. HISTORY OF DEFTANOK COUNTY. 77 All the soldiers' huts are completed except cover- ing, and the weather is favorable for that work. Camp Miami Villages, 24th October, 1794.— This day the troops di-ew but half rations of beef and flour, the beef very bad. Camp Miami Villages, 25th October, 1794.— Noth- ing extraordinary, the same as yesterday. This evening Capt. Springer, with the escort, ar- rived with a supply of flour and salt. A French- man and a half Indian came to headquarters, but where they are from or their business we cannot learn, but that it is of a secret nature. Camp Miami Villages, 26th October, 1794.— Noth- ing occurring to-day except an expectation to march the day after to-morrow. Camp Miami Villages, 27th October, 1794. — Agree- able to general orders of this day, we will march for Greenville to-morrow morning at 8 o'clock Camp nine miles from Ft. Wayne, 28th October, 1794. — The legion took up the line of march at 9 o'clock, and arrived here without anything particu- lar occurring. Camp twenty- one miles from Ft. Wayne, 29th October, 1794. — The troops proceeded on their march at sunrise, and arrived on this ground at 3:30 o'clock; our way was through rich and well-timbered land ; the weather cold and much like for rain. Camp southwest side of St. Mary's River, 30th October, 1794. The legion proceeded on their march at 7 o'clock and arrived here at sunset; continual heavy rain all day. Camp Girty's Town, 81st October, 1794.— The troops took up their line of march at sunrise, and arrived here three hours after night, through heavy rain. Greenville, 2d November, 179'!. — -This evening the legion arrived here, where they marched from, 28th July, 1794. We were saluted with twenty-four rounds from a six-pounder. Our absence from this ground amount- ed to three months and six days. And so ends the expedition of Gen. Wayne's campaign. GEN. WAYNE. Gen Anthony Wayne was born in Chester Coun - ty, Penn., January 1, 1745. After leaving school, he became a smweyor, and paid some attention to phi- losophy and engineering, by which he obtained the friendship of Dr Franklin, who became his patron. He entered the army of the Revolution in 1775, and was made Brigadier General in 1777. He was in the army through the war, and particularly distinguished himself in the battlf s of Brandywine, Germantown and Monmouth. His attack upon Stony Point in July, 1779, an almost inaccessible height, defended by 600 men and a stronsf battery of artillery, was the most brilliant exploit of the war. At midnight, he led his troops with unloaded muskets, flints out, and fixed bayonets and without firing a single gun, car- ried the fort by storm and took 543 prisoners. He was struck in the attack by a musket ball in the head, which was momentarily supposed to be a mortal wound; he called to his aids to carry him forward and let him die in the fort. The crowning acts of his life were his victory over the Indians on the Maumee, and the treaty of Greenville in August, 1795. On his return to Philadelphia, Wajne was rew ceived by the people with open arms, and by thanks both public and private. His entry into the city was triiimphant; business was suspended and he was met on his approach by the militia, and conducted through the streets amid martial music, the ringing of bells, the firing of cannon and the acclamations of a grateful people. And Congress then in session, passed resolution of thanks highly complimentary to him and his victorious army. The following year Wayne was appointed sole Commissioner on the part with the United States to treat with the Indian tribes of the Northwest, and to receive from the British the forts they had now con- sented to give up. After promptly and eflficiently discharging this last and important duty for his country, in whose service his manhood had been spent, he started to return by the way of Lake Erie, but it was not granted him to again see his home. He died at Erie, Penn., and was buried on the shore of the lake, December, 1796. Thus ended the career . of one of our country' s bravest and most successful Generals — one to whom fortune had assigned difficult and laborious tasks, but whom she never abandoned in the hour of trial. Here a life of peril and of glory was ended. He took up arms in his country's defense in the beginning of her struggle for independence, and bravely fought in nearly every battle of that long and doubtful contest against a superior power until the tinal triumph. If a difiicult or hazardous enterprise was commenced, Wayne was ordered to execute it, or if an op- portunity was aiforded he volunteered to do it. Of this, his campaign in Georgia, in which he delivered that State from the double affliction of British suprem- acy and Indian cruelty ; his brilliant attack on the army of Cornwallis at James River ; the holding of Chadsford at the battle of Brandywine ; the success of the division under his command at Ger- mantown, and the never to be surpasse'd assault and capture of Stony Point, are incontestable evidences. But the last and crowning glory of his illustrious career was preparing the way for the settlement of the Maumee Valley, and liberating the frontier from 78 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. the murderous tomahawk, and the bloody scalping knife which the savages were using indiscriminately against men, women and children, and where the cries of murdered infancy mingled with the dying shrieks of age arose with the smoke of a thousand burning houses called to heaven for protection and re- venge. His public services began in the infancy and pov- erty of his country. He aided to raise her to an equality with the other nations of the earth, and died leaving her happily in the enjoyment of peace — rich in the arts, and triumphant in arms. TBEATY OF GREENVILLE On the 2d of November, 1794, Gen. Wayne re- turned with his legion to Ft. Recovery, after an ab- sence in the Indian country of nearly four months. In that raid, the most successful ever undertaken, Wayne humbled the pride of the Indians, broke their power, asserted the authority of the United States, and assured security to the scattered settlements. During the succeeding winter, the Indians made pro- posals for a general peace, and, after conferring with Gen. Washington, a treaty was authorized and con- cluded at Greenville, Darke County, between Gen. Wayne, on the part of the United States and the rep- resentatives of tribes known as the Wyandota, Dela- wares, Shawnees, Ottawas, Chippewas, Pottawato- mies, Miamis, Kaskaskias, Piankeshaws, Kickapoos, Weas and Eel Rivers — signed August 5, 1795. All matters in dispute were comprehended in the terms of the treaty and all controversies settled. The boundary line was established, ceding without re- serve to the United States all lands east of the Cuya- hoga River and south of a line extending from the head-waters of that stream westwardly to the State line at Ft. Recovery, in Mercer County, and thence south to the Ohio River. In the remainder of the In- dian Territory, over which the United States claimed jurisdiction, extending to the Mississippi River, six- teen grants for military or commercial purposes were made by the Indians, varying from one to twelve miles square. The fourth in the list is thus described " One piece six miles square, at the confluence of the Auglaize and Miami River, where Ft. Defiance now stands." This reservation was never specially surveyed as were many of the others. It remained^ until the title to the whole State was acquired, and was then "run out" uniform with the other lands. That of twelve miles square at the foot of the rapids was surveyed and sold separately from the other lands of the Gov- ernment, as possibly were others. "Free passage by land or by water," was by this treaty allowed to the people of the United States, and the right to use certain streams and portages particu- larly mentioned; among these are " St. Mary's and down the same to Ft. Wayne, and then down the Mi- ami to Lake Erie. Again from the commencement of the portage at Loramie's store (Shelby County), along the portage to the Auglaize River and down the same to its junction with the Miami at Ft. Defiance." In 1807, Gen. William Hull, afterward so un- fortunate at Detroit, made a treaty for the session to the General Government of five millions of acres, comprising all the lands not previously acquired east of the Auglaize River and of a line drawn due north from the mouth ol' that stream to Lake Huron. This line is the meridian of surveys in Michigan — townships reckoned east and west therefrom. ' Sur- veys in Ohio, being reckoned from the Indiana State line east, do not quite correspond with this line — those in Ohio being easterly of the Michigan lines about one mile. The lands in this region west of that line were acquired after the war of 1812, at the time the Indian title to North Indiana was extin- guished. In this purchase Gen. Hull said he was annoyed by the opposition of the British, the squatters on the lands without titles or persons who had purchased from the Indians unlawfully. The negotiation lasted from July until November. It was declared a most advantageous purchase for the United States, the land being of excellent quality and all capable of im- provement, besides giving control of several lakes and rivers indispensable to the commerce and develop- ment of the resources of the country. HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 79 OHAPTEE YIII. DEFIANCE COUNTY IN 1812. THE opening scenes of the war of 1812 were enacted in the Northwest, of which the Maumee Valley was a conspicuous part. Prior to the declara- tion of war, the border on the northwest had wit- nessed the repeated efforts of British agents to provoke hostilities between the Indians and the United States. In order to secure the neutrality or favor of the In- dian tribes, one of the first measures taken by the Government in anticipation of war with Great Britain was to arrange for the conquest of Upper Canada and the consequent command of the Upper Lakes. The disastrous opening of the warfare by the disgraceful surrender of Hull's army gave the possession of Mich- igan and Canada to the British, and shifted the scene of hostility for a time to Ohio soil. Gen. Hull had been Governor of Michigan Territory, and se- cured the command of the Northwest army He left Dayton, Ohio, with 2,000 troops, June 1, 1812, be- fore war was declared, marched through the Maumee country, -and reached Detroit. His weak invasion of Canada, and immediate retreat without striking a blow, and his surrender at Detroit, August 16, 1813, followed in quick succession. Before the surrender of Hull took place, extensive preparations had been made in Ohio, Kentucky, Vir- ginia and Pennsylvania to bring into service a large and efficient army. Three points needed defense — Fort Wayne, the Maumee Valley and the Wabash and the Illinois country. The troops destined for the Maumee were to be under command of Gen. Winches- ter, a Revolutionary officer, resident in Tennessee, and but little known to the frontier mun. Reaching Cincinnati, he addressed Gov. Meigs the following letter: Cincinnati, September 9, 1813. Sir : I am thus far on my way to assume the command of the army on your Northwestern frontier. I shall leave this place to-morrow for Piqua, where I shall be extremely glad to see you, in order to consult with you relative to the best possible means of protecting the exposed frontier of the State of Ohio, without losing sight at the same time of Up- per Canada. I am authorized by the Secretary of War to call on Your Excellency for re-enforcements of militia. On this subject also a personal interview is desirable. Should it, however, be inconvenient to you, sir, to meet me at Piqua, or at some other place on my route, you will be good enough to communicate to me in writing your ideas on the subject of the protection of your frontier inhabitants, as well as the extent of militia you can furnish upon my requi- sition. I have the honor to be, with high consideration, your obedient servant, J. Winchester, Brigadier General U. 8. Army. To His Excellency R. J. Meigs, Governor of the State of Ohio. From his headquarters at Fort Wayne he ad- dressed the following: Headqtjaeteks, Foet Wayne, ) September 22, 1812. \ Sir : I had the honor last night of receiving Your Excel- lency's dispatch of the 16th instant, covering a communica- tion from Gen. Wadsworth, for which I beg you will accept my sincere thanks. With you, I rejoice at the prospect of regaining lost territory, and at the determination of the Pres- ident on a vigorous course of measures; and I still hope to winter in Detroit or its vicinity the ensuing winter. To enable me in part to effect this purpose, I avail my- self of the authority given me by the Secretary of War to call upon Your Excellency for such re-enforcements as I may deem necessary. You will please to furnish two regiments of in- fantry, to join me at the rapids of the Miami of the lake about the 10th or 15th of October next, well clothed for a fall campaign. Arms and ammunition can be drawn from New- port, Ky. It is extremely desirous to me that no time may be lost in supplying this requisition. The cold season is fast approaching, and the stain on the American character at Detroit not yet wiped away. If you could furnish one other regiment, to rendezvous at Piqua, and proceed to open and improve the road by cause- ways, etc., to Defiance, it would greatly facilitate the trans- portation of supplies to this army, which is imperatively requisite to its welfare. This latter regiment might then re- turn, or proceed on after the army, as circumstances should dictate. I have the honor to be, with high respect, your obedient servant, J. Winchester, Brigadier General U. S. Army. To His Excellency Return J. Meigs, Governor of the State of Ohio. Gen. Winchester proceeded with his army to De- fiance and there erected a fort, as the following letter indicates : Camp Defiance, Mouth of the Auglaize, ) October 15, 1812. f Sir : Capt. Wood, commanding a small party of spies, came into this camp yesterday, and reports that he was de- tached from Urbana to visit the rapids, etc. ; that he fell in with other spies, who had just returned from that place, and had obtained all the information that he possibly could. I therefore have directed him to return and report, deeming it unnecessary that he should proceed, as the information re- quired had been obtained, and being desirous, too, to commu- nicate to Your Excellency that this' army could immediately march and take possession of the rapids if supplies of provis- ions, etc., could certainly reach us a few days after our arrival. Many days' provisions could not be carried with us, because it is not here. Neither have we the means of trans- 80 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. portation, and It is important that the corn at that place should be saved if it could be done. At this place, a picketed post with four block-houses, two store houses and a house for the sick will be finished this day. Then I shall turn my attention to building pirog-ues, for the purpose of transporting heavy baggage and provisions down the river, and anxiously await your answer with relation to supplies. I shall remain in readiness to march as soon as it is received. If Gen. Harrison is at TJrbana, you will communicate the contents of this letter to him. If I knew where he could be found I should address a ktter to him on the same subject. I have the honor to be, with great respect. Your Excel- lency's obedient servant, , J. Winchester, Brigadier General U. S. Army. To His Excellency Return J. Meigs, Urbana. Gen. Harrison was appointed Commander-in- Chief of all the forces in the West and Northwest, September 17, 1812, and the appointment was offi- cially ratified on the 24th of that month. His entire force was 10,000 men, consisting of the regular troops and rangers of the Northwest, the volunteers and militia of Ohio and Kentucky and 3,000 detached militia from Pennsylvania and Virginia. He was instructed to retake Detroit and penetrate Upper Canada. Fort Wayne had already been relieved and the line of the Maumee secured. The main objects of Gen. Harrison were to drive the hostile Indians from the western side of the Detroit Eiver; second, to take Maiden; and then, having secured his communica- tions, to recapture the Michigan Territory and its de- pendencies. The plan adopted by Gen. Harrison was to collect troops at four points — Wooster, Urbana, Fort Defiance and St. Marys — and then concentrate them at the Eap- ids of the Maumee. The forced expedition at first adopted against Detroit was abandoned because the infantry was not in readiness to secure and return the acquisition should it be made. The base line of the new campaign was one drawn from Upper Sandusky ' along the southerly side of the swampy district to j St. Marys. These two places, with Fort McArthur ' between them, were intended as the depots for provis- ions, artillery and military stores. The troops at Defiance were intended to act as a corps of observa- tion, and when the artillery should be brought to Upper Sandusky they were to advance to the rapids. At Lower Sandusky, a corps of observation was also stationed, which, with that at Defiance, would form the extremities of the new military base, when the army should have reached the advanced position on the Maumee. These arrangements covered the frontiers by the different corps, and kept the troops within the bounds of the ordinary contractors, while the Quarter- masters were accumulating provisions farther in ad- vance, and procuring means of tr.ansportation across the difficult district of country so well termed the ' Black Swamp. Gen. Winchester was in command of the troops at Fort Wayne, and Gen. Harrison pro- ceeded to St. Marys, where aboul 3,000 men were col- lected, for the purpose of the now abandoned expedi- tion against Detroit. While here, he was informed that a large force of British and Indians with artil- lery was passing up the left bank of the Maumee toward Fort Wayne. Knowing that it would be met in front by Gen. Winchester on his way to Fort De- fiance, he determined by a forced march to the con- fluence of the Auglaize with the Maumee to intercept them with two regiments and some cavalry. He set out, but after one day's march, finding that the in- fantry would greatly retard his progress, he ordered the two regiments to return, and proceeded with the cavalry only. The rain fell in torrents; the fiat beech woods were covered with water and were so swampy that the horses sank half leg deep at every step. At the close of the second day's march, the troops en- camped irj a bottom of the Auglaize. By daybreak the next morning, the march was resumed. In the course of the next day, the General was met by an ofiicer from Gen. Winchester, who informed him of the latter's arrival at Fort Defiance and of the retreat of the British down the Maumee. With a small es- cort, Gen. Harrison continued on to Winchester camp, arriving late that night, leaving his troops to come up more at leisure. At Fort Defiance, a revolt in the Kentucky regi- ment of Col. Allen took place, which from its honor- able termination as well as from motives of historical fidelity, requires to be mentioned: Soon after Gen. Harrison arrived in camp and after he had retired to enjoy some little repose, so welcome to any one who had been exposed on the preceding comfortless and forced expedition, he found himself suddenly awakened by Col. Allen and Maj. M. D. Hardin. These officers were the bearers of the mortifying news that Allen's regiment, ex- hausted by the hard fare of the campaign and disap- pointed in the expectation of an immediate engage- ment with the enemy, had, in defiance to their duty to their country and all the earnest, impassioned re- monstrances of their officers, determiaed to rettu-n home. These officers assured Gen. Harrison that they could do nothing with their men; that their repre- sentatives were answered by insults alone. They begged the General to rise and interfere, as the only officer who had any prospect of bringing the mutiners back to their duty. He refused to interfere at that time, but assured the gentlemen that he would attend to the serious object of their request in his own way and at his own time. The officers retired. In the meantime Gen. Harrison sent one of his aids to di- rect Gen. Winchester to order the alarm or point of HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 81 war to be beat on the following morning instead of the reveille. This adroit expedient brought all the troops to their arms the first thing in the morning. It diverted the spirits of the discontented troops into a new channel of feeling and prepared them for the subsequent event. On the parading of the troops at their posts, Gen. ^^' inch ester was ordered to form them into a hollow square. Gen. Harrison now appeared upon parade, much to the surprise of the troops, who from his late arrival were unapprised of his presence. If the sud- den and unexpected arrival of their favorite command- er had so visible an effect upon his men, his immediate address to them fully preserved the impression. He lamented that there was, as he was informed, consid- erable discontent in one of the .Kentucky regiments ; this, although a source of mortification to himself, on their account, was happily of little consequence to the Government. He had more troops than he now well what to do with at the present stage of the cam- paign; he was expecting daily the arrival of Pennsyl- vania and Virginia quotas. It is fortunate, said this officer, with the ready oratory for which his native Virginia is so famed, that he had found out this dis- satisfaction before the campaign was further advanced when the discovery might have been mischievous to the public interests as well as disgraceful to the par- ties concerned. Now, so Ear as the Government was interested, the discontented troops who had come in to the woods with the expectation of finding all the luxuries of home and of peace, had full liberty to re- turn. He would, he continued, order facilities to be furnished for their immediate accoiamodation. But he could not refain from expressing the mortification he anticipated for the reception they would meet fi-om the old and the young who had greeted them on their march to the seat of war as their gallant neigh- bors. What must be their feelings, said the General, to see those whom they had hailed as their generous defenders, now returning without striking a blow and before their term of plighted service had expired. But if tliis would be state of public sentiment in Ohio, what would it be in Kentucky? If their fathers did not drive their degenerate sons back to the field of battle to recover their wounded honor, their mothers and sisters would hiss them from their presence. If, however, the discontented men were disposed to put up with all the taunts and disdain which awaited them wherever they went, they were, Gen. Hai-rison again assiu-ed them, at full liberty to go back. The influence of this animated addi-ess was in- stantaneous. This was evidenced in a manner most flattering to the tact and management of the command- er. Col. J. M. Scott, the senior Colonel of Ken- tucky, and who bad served in the armies of Harmar, St. Clair and Wayne, in the medical staff, now ad- ('ressed his men. These were well known in the army as the " Iron Works," from the neighborhood from which they came. " You, my boys," said the generous veteran, " will prove your attachment for the service of your country and your General, by giv- ing him three cheers." The address was attended with immediate success, and the air resounded with the shouts of both officers and men. Col. Lewis next took up the same course and with the same effect. It now became the turn of the coble Allen again to try the temper of his m^n. He begged leave of the General to address them, but excess of emotion choked his utterance; at length he gave vent to the contending feelings of his heart, in a broken, but for- cible address, breathing the fire which had ever burned so ardently in his breast. At the close of it, however, he conjured the soldiers of his regiment to give the General the same manifestation of their patriotism and returning sense of duty, which the other Ken- tucky regiments had so freely done. The wishes of that high-spirited officer were complied with; and a mutiny was nipped in the bud, which might, if per- sisted in, have spread dissatisfaction through the Kentucky troops, to the disgrace of that gallant State and the lasting injury of the public cause. No troops, however, behaved more faithfully or zealously through the remainder of their service, till the greater part of them offered up their lives in defense o. their country on the fatal field of Raisin. Gen. Harrison at once made arrangements with Gen. Winchester for the full command of the left wing, assigning him the regulars under Col. Wells, the regiments of Scott, Lewis and Allen, already alluded to, and the three regiments under Culs. Poague, Bar- ber and Jennings, which had assembled at St. Marys. THE DEATH AUD BURIAl OF OAPT. LOGAX. While Gen. Winchester was encamped at Fort Defiance, Capt. Logan, a noted Indian spy and scout in the American service, was placed in charge of a small party of scouts by Gen. Harrison, with instruc- tions to reconnoiter in the directi'm of the Maumee Rapids. Near this point they met a superior force of the enemy and were compelled to retreat. Logan, in company with his favorite companions, Capt. ' Johnny and Bright Horn, escaped to the left of the army under Gen. Winchester and recounted their ad- venture. A subordinate officer without provocation chai'ged Logan with infidelitv to the .American cause and sympathy with the enemy. Stung with indig- nation, the chief called a friend to witness that he would refute the foal charge the next dav by either 82 HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. bringing back a scalp or losing his life. Accordingly on the 22d-of November, 1812, with his two friends, Capt. Johnny and Bright Horn, he started down the Maumee. About noon they were surprised by seven savages, among whom were the Pottawatomie chief, Winnemac, and young Elliot, bearing a British com- mission. Seeing they were outnumbered, Logan professed friendship. The suspicions of Winnemac, however, were aroused, and he disarmed his prison- ers, but subsequently restored them, having coafidence in their story of deserting the Americans. In the evening they encamped on Turkey Foot Greek, aboiit twenty miles from the American camp. At a given signal, Logan's party fired and two of the enemy fell dead and a third mortally wounded. At the second fire two of the surviving four were wounded, but Capt. Logan and Bright Horn had also been pierced by the enemy's balls. Capt. Johnny hastily mounted his comrades on two of the enemy's horses and started them for Winchester's camp, where they arrived about midnight. After securing the scalp of Winnemac, he proceeded on foot, and reached the camp by daylight. Logan's wound proved mortal. He lived two days iu agony, which he bore with uncommon fortitude and died at the camp below Defiance with the utmost com- posure and resignation. " More firmness andconsum- ate bravery," said Winchester, in his letter to the commanding General, " has seldom appeared on the military theater." There was but one horse in the entire camp at that time, and a rude sled was con- structed upon which the body of Logan was placed and dragged over the snow by six officers to Fort Defiance, where " he was buried with all the honors due to his rank, and with sorrow as sincerely and gener- ally displayed as I ever witnessed," wrote Maj. Har- din in a letter to Gov. Shelby. GEN. Winchester's oedee book. The following is reproduced from Knapp's His- tory of the Maumee Valley, where it appeared as a newspaper communication from Monroe, Mich. : Among the many interesting documents bearing on early history, which have been brought to light recently, is the original record of " General Orders," issued by Gen. Winchester during the march from Kentucky to the River Raisin, from early in Septem- ber, 1812, to January 20, 1813, and which was no doubt left behind when the army retreated. It was found, and for many years remained in the family of Col. John Anderson. It is a weather-stained vol- ume, bearing unmis'akable signs of frequent battles with the elements. The paper is yellow with age, but the writing is perfectly legible, the ink, in most places, being as black and brilliant as though written yesterday. Through the courtesy of Mr. Anderson Wing, the present possessor, I am enabled to make a few extracts. The army left Kentucky in August, 1812. Most of the men were clothed in their linen hunting shirts and very few provided with woolen clothing — as a consequence, suffered severely with cold before their supplies reached them. Gen. Harrison joined the army October 3, as will be seen by the following order: ■ Camp at Defiance, October 3, 1813. GENERAL ORDERS. I have the honor of announcing to this army the arrival of Gen. Harrison, who is duly authorized by the Executive of the Federal Government to take command of the Northwest- ern army. This officer is enjoying the implicit confidence of the States from whose citizens this army is and will be col- lected, and possessing himself great military skill and reputa- tion. The General is confident in the belief that his presence in the army, in the character of its chief, will be hailed with unusual approbation. J. Winchester, Brigadier General TJ. 8. Army. The narrative of the march of the army through Ohio is very interesting and contains many details of the hardships and privations of the little army, through woods and streams, snow, ice and mud, the sleds and baggage vans often being drawn by the men. Occasional desertions took place, and these offences were severely punished. One young man, Frederick Jacoby, was sentenced to be shot for sleeping upon his post while on sentry. An order was issued by Gen. Winchester, dated at Camp Defiance on the 9th of October, 1812, instructing theOfficer of the Day in all necessary preparations for the execution of Jacoby, which were duly made, and the army drawn up to witness the first scene of the kind. The young man was placed at the distance of about twenty paces from the platoon of men constituting the firing party. They were waiting in painful suspense for the order to fire, when a reprieve from the General was received and the fortunate young man released. The effect was not lost upon the command, and no further cases of a similar kind ever were known. The weather began to be very cold (November) and the supplies which were ordered from Philadel- phia, had not made their appearance. The General endeavored to appease the clamors of the soldiers by issuing the following order: Fort Winchester, November 1, 1813. GENERAL ORDERS. With grestt pleasure the General announces to the army the prospect of an early supply of winter clothing, amongst which are the following articles, shipped from Philadelphia on the 9th of September last : 10,000 pair of shoes, 5,000 pair of blankets, 5,000 round jackets, 5,000 pair of panta- loons, woolen cloth to be made up, besides the underclothing for Col. Wells' regiment, 100 watch coats, 5,000 blankets and 10,000 yards of flannel, 10,000 pair shoes, 10,000 pair wool socks and 10,000 of wool hose. This bountiful supply evinces the constant attention of the Government to the comforts of its armies, although the immense distance this wing hath been detached into the wil- HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. 83 derness has prevented its receiving those comforts in due sea- son, owing to causes not witliin the control of human fore- sight; yet a few days and the General consoles himself with the idea of seeing those whom he has the honor to command clad in warm woolen, capable of resisting the Northern blasts of Canada; either from the bellows of Boreas or the muzzles of British cannon. J. Winchester, Brigadier General Commanding Left Wing Northwestern Army. The rejords close at a date when they begin to be the most interesting, just before the arrival of the army at the River Raisin, the last entry being as fol- lows : Camp Miami Rapids, Hull's Road, / January, 1813. \ GBNBRAIi ORDERS. As ordered yesterday, the line of march shall be kept well closed, every officer in his proper place, and no non- com- missioned officer or private suflEered to straggle from the lines except from urgent necessity, and then with leave to return to his place. Perfect silence is enjoined during the march, being in the immediate neighborhood of the enemy. J. Winchester, Brigadier General Commanding Left Wing Northioeatern Army. Winchester's depahtuke. Early in January, 1813, Gen. Winchester left Fort Defiance, or Fort Winchester, as it had been renamed, with his troops, and on the 10th of that month reached the Rapids. Here, learning the dan- ger of the inhabitants of Frenchtown on the Raisin River, on the 17th instant Winchester sent Col. Lewis with 550 men to their relief, followed by Col. Allen with 110 men. They encountered and repulsed the enemy, gained possession of the tov\n and wrote for re- enforcements, as the whole British force was only eighteen miles distant, at Maiden. Winchester on the 19th marched with 259 men, all he could spare from the Rapids, and reached Frenchtowa the fol- lowing evening. He suffered his troops to remain in open ground, and during the night of the 21st the entire British force erected a battery within 300 yards of the American camp and early in the morning opened upon Winchester a destructive fire; his troops broke and fled, but the force of Lewis who were posted behind pickets, stood firm. Col. Lewis him- self had gone to Winchester's assistance, and both these officers were taken prisoners. The troops of Col. Lewis did not surrender until they received an order from the captured Winchester to do so, which Proctor, the British General, induced him to send un- der threats of an Indian massacre in case of contin- ued resistance and a promise of protection if his wishes were complied with. His faith was infamously broken, for the following night and day the Indians perpetrated horrible outrages upon the wounded pris- oners. Of the American Army, of about 800 men, one-third were killed in the battle and massacre which followed, and but thirty-three escaped. Fort Defiance was several times threatened by the British forces during the struggle for the posses- sion of Northwestern Ohio, but lilb attack was ever made upon it . CHAPTER IX. SURVEYS. rr^HE lands now embraced within Defiance County -L were ceded to the United States by the Indians by a treaty made September 29, 1817, at the Rapids of the Miami of Lake Erie, between Lewis Cass and Duncan McArthur, Commissioners, and the chiefs and warriors of the various Indian tribes. Surveys were made from the Indiana line east to the line of the Weistern Reserve, and south to the Greenville treaty line. The base line of this survey is the list degree of north latitude, and it is also the south line of the Connecticut Western Reserve. The plan of survey of the lands originated with Jared Mansfield, Sur- veyor General of the United States. From the base line the townships are numbered south, and east of the Indiana line, our meridian. Each township is six miles square and is subdivided into thirty-six sec- tions, parallel with the township lines, of one mile square each, containing 640 acres, so that every reg- ular land township contains 23,010 acres of land. Each section can be legally subdivided into quarter sections of 160 acres; and each quarter section into quarters of 10 acres; and each 40 acres, for conven- ience of sale, cau be divided into quai-ters, also, of 10 acres, so that an exact and legally correct de- scription of ten acres of land out of a whole section can be made without a survey, and the lines after- ward be exactly determined by any competent sur- veyor. The townships were surveyed in 1820. In De- fiance County, Hicksville, Milford, Farmer, Mark and Washington Townships were surveyed by Joseph Wampler; Defiance, Richland, Adams and Tiffin by James Riley, and Highland and Delaware Townships by James Powell. 84 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. The land of&ce was located at Piqua, and was opened in 1821, in which year some of the best land along the rivers was entered. Until 1834, very lit- tle was taken, but during the years 1835-36 and 1837 the greater portion was entered, principally by spec- ulators and land companies. The Hicks Land Company, in Hicksville Township alone, owned 14,000 acres. Mr. A. P. Edgerton, at Hicksville, agent for this and the American Land Company in Northwestern Ohio, sold over 107, 000 acres. These extensive pur- chases, however, proved disastrous. The expected speedy increase in value did not occur, and much land was sold in four or five years for less than the original price paid. CHAPTER X. ORGANIZATION OP WILLIAMS COUNTY. AN act was passed in the Ohio Legislature, Feb- ruary 12, 1820, providing " that all that part of lands lately ceded by ths Indians to the United States which lies within the State of Ohio shall be and the same is hereby erected into fourteen separate and dis- tinct counties, to be bounded and named as follows." Of the counties thus formed, Williams occupied, as now, the northwest corner of the State, but embraced most of the territory now included in Defiance County There were as yet but few settlers in this vast scope of country, and for judicial purposes Williams and sev- eral other adjoining counties were attached to Wood County, Maumee City being the seat of justice. In April, 1824, Williams County was organized, and Henry, Paulding and Putnam Counties were attached to it for civil purposes. -The nucleus of the early settle- ment of these counties was at Defiance and it was chiefly settler?, in what now constitutes Defiance County, who were active in the early official life of Williams County. January 13, 1825, the following resolution was passed by the Ohio Legislature: "Resolved, By the General Assemby of the State of Ohio, that Joseph C. Haskins, of the county of Preble, Forest Meeker, of the county of Delaware, and Robert Morrison, of the county of Miami, be and they are hereby appointed commissioners to lo- cate and establish the permanent seat of justice, in and for the county of Williams." Pursuant to this resolution, the Commissioners proceeded to the County of Williams, and proposed, that if the proprietors would deed to the county one- third of all the lots in the town of Defiance, and build a jail, the Commissioners, agreeably to the res- olution above recited, would permanently establish the seat of justice at the town of Defiance. The propo- sition the Commissioners was accepted by the pro- prietors. A deed in fee simple was made of the lots, to the county, and a jail was erected by them. Indi- viduals bought them at high prices, with the view of this being the county seat. Others, too, settled in and about the town, and invested their fortunes under this expectation. The first court in ^Villiams County at Defiance was held April 5, 1824, with Ebenezer Land, Presi- ding Judge, and Robert Shirley, John Perkins and Pierce Evans, Associate Judges. John Evans was appointed Clerk, pro tem,, by the court, and John Evans was appointed Recorder, April 8, 1824, and gave bonds in the sum of $2,000. Foreman Evans, Pierce Evans and Moses Rice were his sureties. William Preston was Sheriff. May 8, the court granted Benjamin Leavel a license to vend merchan- dise at his place of residence in Defiance for one year upon his paying into the county treasury 810. John Cannon was the first person to declare his intention to become a citizen of the United States. The Judges of Williams County were appointed by the Governor February 4, 1824. Charles W. Ewing was appointed Prosecuting Attorney October 5, 1824, and was al- lowed $10 fees. The first grand jury was William Hunter, Timothy T. -Smith, Arthur Burras, Georg e Lantz, John Hilton, Foreman Evans, Montgomery Evans, Thomas Driver, Benjamin Mulligan, James Shirely, Jonathan Merithan, Thomas Warren, The- ophilus Hilton, Hugh Evans and Daniel Brannan. The first cause in court, Timothy T.Smith, plain- tiff, in certiorari, against Montgomery Evans. The first State case. Slate of Ohio against Enoch Buck, indicted for keeping a ferry across the Ohio without a license. The first County Auditor was Timothy T. Smith. The first Sheriff was William Preston. The first Assessor was Samuel Vance, appointed by the Court, March 7, 1825. The first will submitted to Probate was James Jolly's. The first license for marriage to Carver Gunn and Mary Ana Scribner, married December 24, 1824, by Charles Gunn. HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 85 The first Koad Viewers appointed were John Evans, Arthur Burras and William Preston, appointed December 6, 1824. John Perkins, Surveyor. The first deed made by Jacob Brown to James McCloskie, recorded March 10, 1824. EARLY PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMISSIONERS. The first Commissioners of Williams County were Benjamin Leavell, Charles Gunn and Cyrus Hunter. Their-fii'st session was held December 6, 1824, at the house of Benjamin Leavell. The only business trans- acted related to the establishment of county roads. At the June session, 1825, it was ordered that a hewed- log jail be erected, its dimensions " to be twenty-six by eighteen feet, nine feet beween floors, with a partition of the same dimensions as the walls and two grate windows, eighteen by ten inches, with five iron bars to each window;" $29 was ordered to be paid to the Auditor as his annual allowance, and the Listers or Assessors of the several townships were each al- lowed from 112 to $1.87-^-. At the October session of the same year, it appears that Isaiah Hughes had been appointed by the Court of Common Pleas, Com- missioner in place of 'Benjamin Leavell, resigned. George Lantz was appointed Auditor, vice Thomas Philbrick. The proprietors of the town of Defiance having deeded forty town lots to the county, the Commissioners offered them for sale at auction, Feb- ruary 1, 1826. Only seven were sold, as follows: Lot No. 4, to William Preston, for |80; Lot 12, to Samuel Vance, for $41; Lot 58, to John Perkins, for 140; Lot 64, to Samuel Vance, for $85; Lot 101, to John Perkins, for $71; Lot 107, to John Oliver, for $36; Lot 61, to Eobert and Nathan Shirley, for $77. COURT HOUSE. After the organization of Williams County, the courts were held in the second story of Mr. Leavell's storeroom, which stood on the banks of the Maumee, just north of the fort grounds, until about 1828, when a brick court house was built on the lot just north of the present Presbyterian Church. It served its pur- pose until the county seat was removed to Bryan, shortly after which event the old court house was sold by the County Commissioners. It is still standing, and for many years has been used as a dwelling house. FIRST ELECTION. At the first election for county officers, held April 8, 1824, Timothy T. Smith received 37 votes, and H. Jerome 26 for Auditor; for Coroner, Ai-thui- Burras 6 votes, John Oliver, 40, and Thomas Warren, 17; for Sherifi", James Shirley had 14 votes and William Preston, 48; for Commissioners, Jesse Hilton, 58, Cyrus Hunter, 37, Charles Gunn, 31, Montgomery Evans, 28, Benjamin Leavell, 26, William "Hunter, 4, and John Oliver, 1. CHAPTER XI. ORGAXIZATION" OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. IT was not until the years 1835-86 and 1837 that the great bodies of land in Williams County were en- tered, and these entries were made mostly by specu- lators in lai'ge quantities. In 1836, by the settle ment of the Michigan boundary question, about 150 square miles were added to the north end of Will- iams, and the village of Defiance became more a bor- der town than it was before. Various speculators owning large tracts of land began to agitate the ques- tion of removing the county seat. A lai-ge number of villages were platted about this time, and the aspi- rants for the possession of the county seat were many, among which may be mentioned Washington, Union, Texas, Brunersburg, Freedom, Center, La- fayette and Evansport March 13, 1839, a resolution was passed by the Legislature, submitting to the votei'3 of Williams County the question of reviewing the seat of justice. It received a lai-ge majority vote and three Commissioners, consisting of Joseph Burns, of Coshocton County, Joseph McCutehen, of Crawford County, and James Curtis, of Perry County, were ap- pointed to locate the county seat. In July, 1846, Bryan, which was then covered with a dense wilder- ness, but at or near the center of the county, was se- lected. The dissatisfaction of Defiance was great, and projects of a new county with it as a county seat were talked of. It was a Democratic ^Legislature that removed the county seat and the members of that party were usually averse to the organization of new counties. In 1864, when the Whigs obtained con- trol of the Legislature, several of the prominent citi- zens of Defiance, but chiefly William C. Holgate and Horace Sessions, determined to make the eflbrt to se- cure a new county. December 4, 1844, a petition was drawn up and presented to the citizens for sig- natures, and a remonstrance was also extensivelv cir- 86 HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. culated by the enRmies of the project. The opposi- tion was carried to the halls of the Legislature after a short struggle, but the bill was passed, March 4, 1845, just three months after the petition was first circulated. In the House the majority for the bill was twelve votes, in the Senate, two votes. The full text of the bill organizing Defiance County is herewith given: FDLL TEXT OF THE BILL ORGANIZING DEFIANCE COUNTY. Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio, That such parts of the counties of Williams, Henry and Paulding, as are embraced in the boundaries hereafter described, be and the same are hereby erected into a separate and distinct county, which shall be known by the name of Defi- ance, to wit: Beginning on the Indiana State line where the line between Townships 5 and 6 north, in Williams County, intersects said State line; thence east on said township line to the east line of Range 5; thence south on said range line to the north line of Putnam County; thence west on said Putnam County line to the east line of Paulding County; thence north on said Paulding County line to the point where the section line, between Sections 13 and 24, Township 3 north. Range 4 east, intersects said county line; thence west on section lines to the west line of said township; thence north on said township line to the present south line of Williams County; thence west on said Williams County line to the Indiana State line; thence north on the Indiana line to the place of beginning. Sec 2. The seat of justice within and for said county of Defiance shall be and is hereby fixed and permanently established at the town of Defiance. Sec. 3. That all suits, whether of a civil or criminal nature, which shall be pending within those parts of the counties of Williams, Henry and Pauld- ing, so set off and erected into a new county, previous to the first Monday of April, 1845, shall be prose- cuted to final judgment and execution within the counties of Williams, Henry and Paulding, respect- ively, in the same manner as though the said county of Defiance had not been; and the officers of said counties, respectively, shall execute all such process as shall be necessary to carry into efiect such suits, prosecutions and judgments, and the collectors of taxes for the said counties, respectively, shall col- lect all taxes that shall be levied and unpaid, within the aforesaid portions of their respective counties, at'the time of the passage of this act. Sec. 4. That all Justices of the Peace and other township officers within those parts of the coun- ties of Williams, Henry and Pauling, which by this act are erected into the county of Defiance, shall continue to exercise the functions and discharge the duties of their respective offices, until their time of service shall expire, and until their successor shall be elected and qualified, in the same manner as if they had been elected or commissioned for the county of Defiance; and all writs and other legal process within the territory hereby erected into the county of Defi- ance, shall be styled as of the county of Defiance, on and after the first Monday of April, 1845. Sec 5. That the Commissioners of Paulding County shall have power, immediately upon the pas- sage of this act, to attach the south half of Auglaize Township to any adjacent township of said county^ or to organize said half township into a separate township, and to add any adjacent territory to the same, if they shall deem it expedient, just and proper to do so; which power shall extend to the Commis- sioners of Defiance for the purpose of disposing of the north half of Auglaize Township. Sec 6. That the Associate Judges of Defiance County shall have power to appoint a time for the holding of an election to fill such county offices in said county as they shall deem necessary, which election shall be notified and conducted in the same manner prescribed in the act to regulate elections; and the county officers, so elected, shall hold their offices until the next annual election, and until their successors are elected and qualified. Sec 7. That such portion of the territory of Williams County as is by this act included in the county of Defiance, shall stand charged and be liable to said county of Williams, for the debts of said Williams County, in the proportion the total valua- tion of the taxable property, as charged upon the tax duplicate of said county at the time of the passage of this act, in said territory so included in Defiance County, bears to the valuation of the taxable prop- erty left in said Williams County; provided said ter- ritory shall not be liable for the payment of any por tion of said debt of Williams County, that has been contracted or incurred by the removal, location or establishment of the seat of justice of said Williams County at Bryan, or by the erection of, or preparation to erect, public buildiugs at Bryan. Sec. 8. That for the purpose of ascertaining the just and true amount of said debt, chargeable in the manner specified in the preceding section, upon said territory, taken from Williams County, the County Auditor of Williams County is hereby re- quired to furnish the County Commissioners of the county of Defiance a full and true statement of the debt of Williams County, specifying the time and the manner in which and the object for which said debt was contracted or incurred; also a statement of the amount of taxes of said territory which have been HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 87 used, or appropriated, to the expenses of removal or establishment of the seat of justice at Bryan or in the erection of or preparation to erect public build- ings, and also a statement of the total valuation of the taxable property of said territory as taken from Williams County and of that remaining in Williams County respectively, which said statement the said Auditor shall furnish said Commissioners on or be- fore the first Monday of August next, verified by his oath; and the County Commissioners of said county of Defiance, upon the receipt of the said statement and upon being satisfied of their correctness, are hereby authorized, from year to year, to levy upon the tax- able property v?ithin said tett'itory so taken from Williams County, such taxes as may be necessary for the payment of the indebtedness of said territory, so ascertained ; and in anticipation of the said payment, to issue orders upon the Treasurer of the county of Defiance, payable with interest to the order of the Commissioners of Williams, vyithin ten years from the passage of this act to the full amount of such proportion of said debt. Sec. 9. The territory by this act, taken from Hem-y and Paulding Counties, and included in said county of Defiance shall stand charged and be liable to the respective coiinties from which said territory is taken for the debts of said counties, in the same proportion, upon the same terms, and under the same provisions as by the seventh section of this act, the territory taken from Williams County is made liable to said Williams County; and the same regulations and provisions, provided in the eighth section of this act, for ascertaining and liquidating the proportion of the debt of said Williams County, charged upon the territory taken from said county, shall extend and apply with equal force and effect to the counties and county officei's respectively of Henry and Paulding Counties. REJOICINGS AT DEFIANCE. The citizens of Defiance, having been deprived of the county seat of AVilliams a few years previous, were greatly rejoiced to again become the residents of the seat of justice. A celebration of the erection of Defiance County was held at " Old Fort Defiance " on the afternoon of Thui-sday, March 13, 18-i5. Not- withstanding high waters and bad roads, the people of the new county thronged to Defiance in large numbers to rejoice with each other over the fortunate event. In the evening the shops and stores were illuminated and bonfires were kindled in public places by enthusiastic and happy citizens. At 8 o'clock a vast concourse repaired to the Exchange Hotel and partook of a sumptuous banquet which there awaited them. Judge Pierce Evans was made President of the assembly. Dr. Jonas Colby, Vice President, and Horace Sessions, Secretary. Appropri- ate resolutions were drafted and read, and the exul- tation of the assemblage found expression in the re- sponse to many toasts. Music, gayefcy and dancing terminated the joyous occasion at 2 o'clock in the morning. At the next session of the Legislature, the friends of Williams County made strenuous but unsuccessful efforts to have the action of the Legislature organiz- ing Defiance County repealed. Milford, Hicksville, Farmer, Mark, Washington, Delaware, TifiSu, Noble and the upper part of Defiance Townships were taken from Williams Coun- ty; Adams, Richland and Highland Townships from Henry County, and the lower part of Defiance Town- ship from Paulding County. COURT HOUSE. After the erection of Defiance County, the first term of court within the newly made county opened April 2, 1845, in a brick schoolhouse which stood on Lot 2. Block 5, in the First Addition of Defiance, on Wayne street. Proceedings were at once instituted to erect a court house, and in a short time a brick ed- ifice was completed on the site of the present court house. It cost about $7,500, and in its day was con- sidered as a handsome and very creditable structure. The court room was on the first floor, with the coun- ty offices above. The building was considered defec- tive, and during the years 1871-72-73 the present court house was constructed at a cost of about $72,- 000. It is a handsome specimen of Franco- American architecture, and reflects credit alike upon its build- ers anel architects. It fronts west, has an entrance on the south, and is three stories high, with the Mansard roof. The building is made of Philadelphia pressed brick, with iron and stone trimmings. From the tower, which rises to the height of 125 feet, the view presented is worth the efibrt made to obtain it. The present brick jail was erected shortly before the court house. The jail it replaced was also of brick and occupied the same site. For a time after the erection of Defiance County, its prisoners were con- fined in the Henry County Jail until one could be built. 88 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. OHAPTEE XTI. COUNTY OFFICIALS. AT the first term of court in Defiance County, April 2, 1845, Patrick Goode was Presiding Judge, Andrew 0. Bigelow, William O. Ensign and James S. Greer, Associate Jadges; and Orlando Evans, Clerk. April 3, 1845, the court ap- pointed as County Commissioners, Lyman Langdon and Jonas Colby, who were sworu in by Israel P. E. Wheden, Justice of the Peace, and held their first session April 5, 1845. Edwin Phelps was appointed Auditor. The first school examiners were G. W. B. Evans, Edwin Phelps and Horace Sessions. The first papers filed for naturalization were by David Kavverman. Samuel C. Sullivan and Elizabeth Williams were the first couple married in the new county, June 12, 1845. A special election for county ofiicers was held April 15, 1845, and October 14, following, and ofiicers were elected for full terms. Complete lists of the county ofiicers from the date of its organization are herewith given. LIST OF COUNTY OmOEES. Auditors— 1845, William A. Brown; 1845, Will- iam A. Brown; 1847, Miller Arrowsmith; 1849, Mil- ler Arrowsmith; 1851, Finlay Strong; 1853, Finlay Strong; 1855, George Moss; 1857, George Moss; 1859, John C Arrrowsmith; 1861, John C. Arrow- smith; 1863, Charles P. Tittle; 1865, Charles P. Tittle; 1867, George Moss; 1869, John M. Sewell; 1872, John H. Conkle; 1874, John H. Conkle; 1876, William A. Slough; 1878, William A. Slough; 1881, Charles P. Tittle. Recorders — 1845, Sanderson M, Huyck; 1845, Samuel S. Case; 1848, John M. Stilwill; 1851, James B. Heatley; 1854, James B. Heatley; 1857, Henry Hardy; 1860, Henry Hardy; 1863, Samuel W. Wilson; 1866, Samuel W. Wilson; 1869, Lewis Neill; 1872, Lewis Neill; 1875, William E. Carpenter; 1878, William E, Carpenter; 1881, John C. Woods. Prosecuting Attorneys — 1845, John M. Stilwill ; 1845, John M. Stilwill; 1847, Samuel M, McCord; 1849, William P. Bacon; 1851, Samuel M. McCord; 1853, Patrick S. Slevin; 1855, David Taylor; 1857, Sidney S. Sprague; 1859, Thomas McBride; 1861, Thomas McBride; 1863, Henry Hardy; 1865, Henry Hardy; 1867, Silas T. Sutphen; 1869, Silas T. Sutphen; 1871, Silas T. Sutphen; 1873, Charles E. Bronson; 1875, Charles E. Bronson; 1877, Charles E. Bronson; J1879, Benjamin F. Enos; 1881, Benja- min F. Enos. Treasurers — 1845, JohnH. Kiser; 1845, John H. Kiser; 1847, John Tuttle; 1849, David W. Marcel- lus; 1851, David W. Marcellus; 1853, Shadrach R. Hudson; 1855, Horace Hilton; 1857, John A. Gar- ber; 1859, John A. Garber; 1861, John H. Beving- ton; 1863, John H. Bevington; 1865, Abraham B. Krunkilton; 1867, Abraham B. Krunkilton; 1869, j Asa Toberin; 1871, Asa Toberin; 1873, Harrison i Sbaw; 1875, Harrison Shaw; 1877, Adam Minsel; I 1879, Adam Minsel; 1881, Peter William Lauster. ' Sheriffs— 1845, Calvin L. Noble; 1845, Calvin L, Noble; 1847, Calvin L. Noble; 1849, William S. Lungdon; 1851, William S. Langdon; 1853, Byron Bunnell; 1855, Byron Bunnell, died August 19, 1856; 1858, Virgil H. Moats; 1860, Virgil H. Moats; 1862, John M. Sewell; 1863, John W. Slough; 1866, John W. Slough; 1868, Jacob Karst; 1870, Jacob Karst; 1872, John B. Hootman; 1874, John B. Hootman; 1876, Hem-y Schmick; 1878, Benry Schmick; 1880, John A. Foust; 1882, John A. Poust. Coroners — 1845, Jehu P. Downs; 1845, Jehu P. Downs; 1847, Jehu P. Downs; 1849, Jehu P. Downs; 1851, Jehu P. Downs; 1853, Thomas Garrett; 1855, Jehu P. Downs; 1857, Jehu P. Downs; 1859, Elias Churchman; 1861, Aaron Bennett; 1863, Henry Beaderstadt; 1865, Henry Beaderstadt; 1867, Henry Beaderstadt; 1869, Henry H. Kiser; 1871, John H. Kiser; 1873, Emory W. Downs; 1875, Henry Kuhl; 1877, Henry Kuhl; 1879, Emory W. Downs; 1881, John J. Finn, who refused to serve; 1881, Dr. D. P. Aldrich was appointed for the term. Surveyors — 1845, Miller Arrowsmith; 1845, John Wisler; 1848, Finlay Strong; 1851, Townsend; 1854, Miller Arrowsmith; 1857, John Arrowsmith, who served to 1859, when he was elected Auditor, and John W.Wilson was appointed to fill his unexpired term; 1860, John W. Wilson, was elected, and in 1861 he enlisted in the United States service and the county was without a surveyor; 1863, David Hunter was elected; 1866, David Hunter; 1869, John Phillips, who served about two years and died, and David Hunter was appointed to fill out his unexpired time; 1872, D. H. English was elected; 1875, D. H. English; 1878, Thomas S. Wight; 1881, Thomas S. Wight. Clerks — At the April term, A. D. 1845, Orlando HISTOKY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 89 Evans. In May following he was appointed for a term of seven years, to 1852. In October, 1851, William Richards was elected and served from 1852 to 1858; October, 1857, Edward Phelps was elected and served from 1858 to 1867; F. W. Graper from 1867 to Feb- ruary 24, 1873, ^t which time he died, and Edwin Phelps succeeded him, commencing March 3, 1872, and served to 1879. He was Clerk of Williams County from 1839 to 1844, Defiance being the county seat at that time; October, 1878, John D. Lamb was elected and served from 1879 to 1882; October, 1881, J. P. Cameron was elected and entered upon the duties of the office February 9, 1882; his term will expire Feb- ruary 9, 1885. Probate Judges— John M. Stilwill, February, 1852, to January, 1854; Jacob J.Green,from January 4, 1854. Commissioners — The first Commissioners of De- fiance County were Jonas Colby and Lyman Lang- don, who were appointed by the Court of Common Pleas April 3, 1845, and served until the Ist day of December, 1845. The first Commissioners elected were John A. Garber, Robert M. Kells and Ira Freeman, and hav- ing drawn lots, Ira Freeman drew for the term of one year, Robert M. Kells for the term of two years and John A. Garber for the term of three years. Since then the following have served: Henry Breckbill, 1846-49; Ira W. Ladd. 1847-50; John A. Garber, 1848-54; John A. Cheney, 1849-54 (re- signed); B. B.Abie, 1854-55 (by appointment); John M. Sanford, 1855-58; Jacob Conkey, 1850-53; Airs Knight, 1853-59; Peter Conkle, 1857-66; Samuel S. Case, 1858-64; Samuel Hill, 1859-64 (resigned); Merill Otis, 1864-65 (by appointment); and 1865-67, when he resigned; W. R, Maxwell, 1867-68 by ap- pointment and 1868-74 by election; Joseph Sewell, 1864-70; John Elliott, 1866-72; Abraham B. Crunk- leton, 1870-71 (resigned); Charles Speaker, 1871-72 (by appointment); died in office; Isaac Garver, 1872 -73 (by appointment); Adam Wilhelm, 1872-78; Peter Gares, 1873-79; F. N. Horton, 1874-80; Town- send Newton, 1878-80 (resigned); David Travis, 1880-81 (by appointment); Levi Colby, 1879; Martin Struble, 1880-88; David Travis, 1881-82 (deceased); Henry Ort, 1882-83; Michael Gorman, 1882. The present Board is composed of Messrs. Struble, Colby and Gorman. Infirmary Directors — This Board was organized in 1868, with the following members: Peter Gares, for one year; G. C. A. Greeuler, for two years; Rich- ard Knight, for three yeai's. Subsequent members have been Peter Gares, 1869-72; F. N. Horton, 1870-71, vice Knight re- signed; G. C. A. Greenler, 1870-73; F. N. Horton, 1871-74; J. Y. Gurwell, 1872-78; William Will- iams, 1873-79; John Dow, 1874-78 (died in office); John English, 1878-83; John P. Frederick, 1878-84; Abram Raisor, 1879-85. Levi Mock was appointed Superintendent of the Infirmary in 1869 and served five years. J. H. Smith was appointed in 1875 and served four years, when J. M. Phillips received the appointment and is now acting in that capacity. Defiance Infirmary Farm — The farm contains about 200 acres and is partly in Tiffin and partly in Noble Townships. It is a good farm and finely lo- cated. Mr. James Phillips is the Superintendent. The farm cost about 113,000, and the buildings about $4,000, making the entire cost about 117,000. The labor of the paupers makes the farm nearly self-supporting. State Representatives — Since the creation of De- fiance County, the districts of which it has formed a part have been represented in the State House of Representatives as follows: 1845-46, Horace S. Knopp, of Putnam; 1846-47, Benjamin F. Metcalf, of Putnam; 1847-48; Nathan M. Landis, of De- fiance; 1848-49, Charles P. Edson, of Van Wert; 1849-50, Sidney S. Sprague, of Defiance; 1850-51, William H. Snook, of Paulding; 1852-54, Thomas S. C. Morrison, of Williams; 1854-56, Erastus H. Leland, of Defiance; 1856-58, Schuyler E. Blakeslee, of Williams; 1858 -60, W. D. Haymaker, of Defiance; 1860-62, Calvin L. Noble, of Paulding; 1862-64, Philetus W. Norris, of Williams; 1864-66, John W. Ayres, of Paulding; 1866-70, Elisha G. Den- man, of Williams, and William D. Hill, of Defiance; 1870-74, Levi Colby, of Paulding; 1874-76, Hemy Hardy, of Defiance; 1876-78, Asa Toberen, of De- fiance; 1878-80, Henry Hardy, of Defiance; 1880-82, Benjamin Patton, of Defiance; 1882-84, Lewis S. Gordon, of Paulding. Senators — A.' P. Edgerton was State Senator from Defiance from 1845-47, two terms; John Tay- lor, for two terms fi'om 1852-56; William Carter, 1868-70; and Elmer White at present represents this district. Congressman — A. P. Edgerton was a member of the Thirty-second Congress fi-om 1851-55. William D. Hill was elected to the Forty-seventh Congress in 1878, and in 1882 to the present Congress. 90 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. CHAPTER Xni. THE COUETS. U'^'ONCBRNING the early courts at Defiance, Thomas W. Powell wrote in 1867: "Judge Lane's circuit of the Common Pleas then included the whole of the northwestern part of the State, in- cluding the counties of Huron, Eichland, Delaware and Union, being fully one-fourth of the State. He was very punctual in attending the courts of Perrysburg and Defiance, Gage and myself always accompanied him; and they were frequently at- tended by other lawyers from other parts of the country. Those excursions from Perrysburg to Defi- ance in attending the courts there were enjoyed with rare pleasure and attended with considerable excitement. We usually made the trip on horseback, but frequently when the river was in a high stage of water we would procure a canoe at Defiance and make our way back by water. "We frequently took two days to make the trip, and then would make Prairie Damasque our half-way stopping place over night, at the house of Judge Vance, a brother of Gov. Vance, of Ohio. * * * At that time Defiance consisted only of a few houses, such as would be found at a new town of the smaller dimensions. A warehouse on the bank of the river afforded a court house, and the house of Mr. Leavell afforded us a hotel yet the term there was attended with interest and pleasure. Frequently the cases tried were of a highly interesting character — creating considerable excite- ment. Many lawyers were frequeutly congregated there from various parts of Ohio — sometimes Judge Ewing and a Mr. Cooper, from Fort Wayne. At those times our social meetings were often animated and highly interesting. Judge Lane, so distin guished for his learning and intelligence, and who afterward became one of the oldest of the distin- guished Judges of the Supreme Court of Ohio, and forms a brilliant figure in its judicial his- tory, would be our leader in learning, science and literature; Gage, in anecdotes, jokes and eccentricities; and all would contribute what to any country or society would render the gathering marked and highly interesting. Nor was the jour- ney devoid of many interesting incidents; among which is that of Gage getting a man at Prairie Dam- asque so far entangled in the meshes of the law, as to secure him under the promise of professional as- sistance to engage to take us up the Defiance in a canoe by water. Our horses were left at the Prairie and we were relieved by a voyage instead of a ride. When we arrived at Defiance, Gage made a new en- gagement with his client, that, in case he should clear him from his legal restraints, he should take us all back again to the prairie at the end of the term. Gage soon procured a writ of habeas corpus, upon which his client was released; and as a compensation for which we were taken back by water, and Gage had a long standing credit of killing two birds with one stone — engaging the man to take us up by getting him into difficulty and then to take us back again by getting him out. In return from court at Defiance one spring, Gage and myself came down the river in a canoe. The river was extremely high at that time, and we made our way down rapidly and pleasantly until we were below Roche de Boeuf. So far we had passed the dangers of the rapids without difficulty; but when we were near the island, opposite Water - ville, a person on the south shore, near which we were keeping and intended to keep, called out to us as though he intended to give us some important in- structions, which we took to ' keep close to the is- land,' but it possibly may have been as we intended to do, to keep close to the shore. The river was high, and the rolling surges of the water on the rapids just below the island was truly terrific. It was much more like the frightful waves of the ocean in a boisterous storm than anything else it can be com- pared to. In accordance with what we took to be the directions of the stranger, we turned our canoe to- ward the island, along the shore of which we passed forward without difficulty. But immediately upon leaving the foot of the island, we found ourselves in a frail canoe in the midst of the frightful waves and breakers of the rapids, and by them tossed so that it seemed impossible for us to live a moment. I turned my sight toward Gage and beheld the most fright- ened face I ever saw upon man; and perhaps mine was no better. We immediately made for the shore again and our perils were soon over. It was indeed the most providential escape from the most immi- nent danger. I have seen many perils, but I look upon that moment as the most critical of my whole life." The first court at Defiance was attended by Eleu- theros Cooke, of Sandusky City, Rodolphus Dickin- HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 91 son, of Lower Sandusky (now Fremont), James L. Gage and Thomas W. Powell, from Perrysburg, CLarles and William G. Ewing, from Fort Wayne, and one or two from Dayton. THE BENCH. Judge Ebenezer Lane continued to preside at the courts of Williams County until the appointment of his successor, David Higgins, of Norwalk, in Febru- ary, 1830, to the Second Judicial Circuit of Ohio, which then included Huron, Richland, Delaware, San- dusky. Senpca, Crawford, Marion, \\'ood, Hancock, Henry, Williams, Putnam, Paulding and Van Wert Counties. Of the voyage to Defiance in the pirogue "Jurisprudence," Judge Higgins wrote: " We had been attending court at Findlay. Our circuit route from that town was first to Defiance and from there to Perrysburg. A countryman agreed to take om' horses directly through the black swamp to Perrys- burg, and we purchased a canoe, and taking with us our saddles, bridles and baggage proposed to descend to Blanchard's Fork and the Auglaize Rivers to Defi- ance and then to Perrysburg. Oui' company consisted of Rodolphus Dickinson, J. C. Spink, Count Coffin- berry, myself and a countryman whose name I for- get. The voyage was a dismal one to Defiance, through an unsettled wilderness of some sixty miles. Its loneliness was only broken by the intervening set- tlement at Ottawa Village, where we were hailed and cheered lustily by the Tahwa Indians as would be a foreign war ship in the port of New York. From Defiance we descended the Maumee to Perrysburg, where we found nil well. In descending the Mau- mee, we came near running into the rapids, where we should probably have been swamped had we not been hailed from the shore and warned of our danger." At the expiration of his term. Judge Higgins was succeeded by Ozias Bowen. In 1839, the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit was established, embracing the fol- lowing ten counties: Lucas, Wood, Henry, Williams, Paulding, Putnam, Van Wert, Allen, Hardin and Hancock. Emory D. Potter was elected Presiding Judge of this circuit and held the office until 1844, when he resigned to take a seat in Congress. He was succeeded on the bench by Hon. Myron H. Tilden, who resigned eighteen months later. February 19, 1845, the Sixteenth Judicial District, embracing the counties of Shelby, Mercer, Allen, Hardin, Hancock, Putnam, Paulding, Van Wert and Willams was erected, and Patrick G. Goode, of Sidney, elected Presiding Judge. The county of Defiance, erected the following month, was attached to this circuit. He served until 1848, and was succeeded by George B. Way, of Defiance, who served until 1857. Judge Alexander S. Latty was then elected and remained on the bench twenty years. At the time of his election he was a citizen of Paulding, but during his service he removed to Defiance. He was succeeded in 1877 by Judge Selwyn N. Owen, of Bryon, who is now serving his second term. Defiance County, with Paulding and Williams, composed the second sub- division of the Third Judicial District of Ohio. The Associate Judges of Defiance County, from its organization to the adoption of the present constitu- tion, were Andrew Bigelow, William O. Ensign, and James S. Greer, 1845; Jesse Haller, 1850; Na- than M. Landis, 1851. CHAPTER XIV. THE BAE. FOR many years after the organization of Williams County, the seat of which was at Defiance, the legal services required in the newly settled country were rendered chiefly by an army of legal himinai-ies, who were accustomed to travel from county to county at the heels of the Presiding Judge. Business was then transacted much more expeditiously than at pres- ent, and a few days would suffice to complete the business in one town, and the joiu-ney would then begin to the next. Pixjbably almost as much time was consumed on the road as in court, so large were the circuits traversed, and so tedious the journeys. Many of the foreign practitioners already have been mentioned. The first intimation we have of a local attorney at Defiance is given in a letter written March 24, 1802, by James L. Gage and published in the Union Press, of Bryan, Ohio, in which he says: " In the winter of 1826, I opened a law office in De- fiance, Williams County — I think the first in the county. It was in an upper room in the inn of Benjamin Leavell, an upright man, in whose ex- cellent family I boarded. My office was also my bed- room, and on public days it was also the bed room of many othere. " Mr. Gage came to the Maumee coun- try in 1824, settling iu-st in Maiimee. He did not remain long at Defiance, but moved from place to 92 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. place and finally settled in McConnellsville, Ohio, where he attained distinction as an able lawyer. The first lawyer to settle permanently at Defi- ance, was probably Horace Sessions, a full sketch of whom is given further on. He located at Defiance in 1833, and maintained a practice there for many years. William Seamans, a biography of whom also ap- pears hereafter, was admitted to the bar at Defiance in 1835, and at once commenced practice. In 1836 or 1837, Cm-tis Bates located at Defiance and commenced practice at the bar. He was soon after elected State Senator. His election was suc- cessfully contested by his opponent on the ground that Mr. Bates had not been a resident of Ohio for the prescribed period. A new election was ordered, but the required period of residence having elapsed, Mr. Bates was placed in nomination again by his Democratic friends and re-elected his own successor by an increased majority. He afterward removed to Des Moines, Iowa, where he became a prominent at- torney and politician. He was at one time the Dem- ocratic candidate for Governor of Iowa. William C. Holgate, who is still an active practi- tioner of Defiance, was the next attorney. He came to Defiance in 1836, and two years later was admit- ted to the bar, and at once entered upon the labors and duties of his profession. John B. Seamans practiced at Defiance from 1839 to 1841. Samuel H. Greenlee was an early practi- tioner, and died in 1852. Erastus H. Leland came to Defiance in 1841, but soon after removed to Bryan and became a prominent attorney. He afterward returned to Defiance. Hamilton Davison removed to Defiance in 1849 and was received in the land office. He had previously been admitted to the bar and been engaged in practice, but subsequent to coming here has given his attention chiefly to other pursuits. George W. B. Evans was a practicing attorney at Defiance in 1845, and rendered efficient service in or- ganizing Defiance County. He was a social and promising young attorney, but left the county before establishiag a practice. He emigrated to California at the commencement of the gold excitement and died at San Francisco. John M. Stilwill came to Defiance and began practice about 1846. He served as Justice of the Peace for a number of years. After a practice of some time he removed to Bloomington, 111. Wo jlsey Wells came to Defiance as Commissioner for the sale of Western Reserve School Lands. After a practice here of some years he removed to Fort Dodge, Iowa. The firm of George B. Way and William Sheffield was one of the earliest and most successful at Defi- ance. The former came from Toledo, was a fine scholar and brillaht speaker and was elected and served as Judge of the Common Pleas Court. He afterward received an official appointment and removed to Washington, D. C. Mr. Sheffield was from Na- poleon. He became Receiver of the United States Land Office at Defiance. David Taylor came to Defiance about 1852 and was clerk for his father, John Taylor, who was Re- ceiver in the land office. He read law, was admitted, and became a successful politician and lawyer. He, about 1860, received an appointment as Paymaster in the service, and was afterward paymaster in the reg- ular army. He died in Leavenworth, Kan. PEESENT BAR The attorneys now in practice at Defiance are as follows: S. S. Ashbaugh, C. E. Bronson, William Carter, J. F. Deatrick, B. F. Enos, E. H. Gleason, Hardy & Johnson, Harris & Cameron, Sherrod Heacock, W. C. Holgate, S. A. Justice. G. W. Killey, Knapp & Scott, Latty, Hill & Peaslee, Abijah Miller, Newbegin & Kingsberry, M. E. Orcutt, W. M. Randall, John W. Slough, S. T. Sutphen, Will- iam C. Travis. HOEAOE SESSIONS. This gentleman, whose moral, social and profes- sional qualities were widely known and highly valued throughout the Maumee Valley, was born in Painesville, Ohio, April 16, 1812, and removed to Defiance in 1833. He was married to Miss Lucia C. Candee, January 3, 1854, at Watertown, N. Y., and died at Adrian, Mich., June 6, 1868. Mr. Sessions left no children living — two having died in infancy, and one daughter at the age of five or six years. After his decease, his widow returned to her former home at Watertown, N. Y., but afterward removed to Painesville, where within the last two years she married Mr. George W. Steele, a prominent capitalist of that place, who has since about April 4, 1881, died. We will give the proceedings of a meeting of the bar held at the court house in Defiance on the 15th of June, 1868, at which William C. Holgate, who during a period of more than a quarter of a century was his intimate associate and friend — was made chairman, and Edwin Phelps, secretary, which will convey an idea of the esteem in which Mr. Sessions was held by his professional brethren- Upon accepting the posi- tion tendered Mr. Holgate addressed the meeting as follows : Brethren of the Bar: Horace Sessions is gone. The All-wise Being who rules and governs the affairs of men has taken him to Himself. He died at Adrian, Mich., on the 6th inst. , where he had stopped off to visit a friend as he was returning from the Republican HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 93 National Convention at Chicago, which he had been attending as a delegate. I was present at his death, and with other friends and citizens of our town ac- companied his remains to Painesville, in this State, where on the 9th they wei'e interred in a beautiful cemetery near the tomb of a loved little daughter and of a father and mother and other relatives. Our relations with him and his worth require something more than the usual resolutions of re- spect and sympathy. Being the first lawyer that ever settled and stayed here, he may truly be called the father of the Defiance bar. He was also a pioneer of our valley, and the son of a noble patriot of our coun- try and pioneer of our State. In 1794, under An- thony Wayne, his father was in the -great battle that first secured the white man possession of and title to the lands we occupy, and he helped to construct the fort which gives our town its name. In 1800, he settled on a farm near Painesville, and there on the 16th day of April, 1812, Horace Sessions was born. He was a vigorous, stout boy, delighting in agricult. ural pursuits and in watching the habits and caring for the animals reared upon the farm. But at the age of twelve years a great misfortune befell him. He was taken down with a severe sickness, resulting in a fever sore that racked his constitution, shattered his nervous system, producing untold pain and crip- pling him through his whole life. His father ' dying in 1827 , left him a poor, crippled boy, and a widowed mother and sisters in destitute circumstances. His bodily infirmities incapacitating him for farm work, he reluctantly relinquished his favorite calling and cast about to see what else he coald do to make a liv- ing for himself and his destitute relations. This re- sulted in his choice of the law for a profession. Being admitted to the bar at the age of twenty- one, he lu-st went down the Ohio and Mississippi Eiv- ers as far as Vicksbui'g without finding a satisfactory location, when returning he came to the Maumee Valley and settling at Defiance in 1833, he began the first practice of his profession. Defiance at that time was the county seat of Williams County, and to it was attached several other counties for judicial purposes. Though the field was entirely open, there being no other lawyer here, professional business was very limited. But Horace Sessions was poor; he had a mission to fulfill and he would not be idle. In addition to his professional duties, he wrote in the county offices and taught in the district school. I see several present here who, like myself, have a life- long business acquaintance with him. Mine, perhaps, has been of the longest and of the most intimate charac- ter. Thirty-three yeai-s ago, accompanying my father from the State of New York, on a toiu- of ex- ploration to the Wabash, with an eye to a settlement at Fort Wayne, we spent a week or more as we were passing at Defiance. During that week, I first became acquainted with Horace Sessions, and I have often since thought that acquaintance fixed my destiny in my choice of a future home, and brought me a year later to come here to live. At the time Mr. Sessions was occupying a room in the second story of a brick building on Lot 58 of the original plat of Defiance, which building was the court house, and I may add the schoolhouse and also the "meeting house" of the village. In the same room were kept most of the offices of the county. He invited me to occupy the room with him and continue the study of the law, which I had before begun. His bed was in the same room, and this we occupied together. From that time to the time of his decease, whilst a generation of men have passed from earth, we continuously have occupied an office together. From the time he came here, each summer he would go to the home of his aged mother, consoling and comforting her with his presence and giving that material aid that relieved the wants of herself and family. And glad was I the other day whilst assisting at Painesville in the last du- ties to the dead on eai'th to hear an aged and eminent statesman of that place say, Mr, Sessions has been very generous with his father's family; he has ever most bountifully supplied them. And here let me say his generosity was not confined to his relatives alone. In all his dealings he was liberal. Every charitable en- terpi'ise and good caiise he helped on. He was in- dustrious, temperate and frugal in all his habits. He cut his own wood at his office for years; he built his own fires at home. He sought property only to make himself independent and to do good, and in this God bountifully blessed him, as he will evei' bless any man of like industry, temperance, carefulness, fi-ugality and honesty of purpose. As a lawyer, to understand, digest and to bring to a successful issue delicate, intricate and complicated business matters, Horace Sessions had few or no superiors, and I believe uo party selecting him as their coiinsel or ever had occasion to regret their choice. He was warm in his friendships, social in disposition, hospitable, unos- tentatious and mild in his manners. He was uni- formly the same unruffled Horace Sessions yesterday, to day and to-morrow. Though unobtrusive and mild, within him was a heai-t; he has said to me, that never had a sensation of fear, which statement his tmth- fulne^ leave me no reason to doubt. It is a part of the history of that county that his father was the bravest man that ever lived on Grand River. Truly can we say as we look back on the battle of life he has fought, Horace Sessions was a brave son of that brave man. To him the summons came suddenly. His sickness was brief and severe Loving hearts 94 HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. and willing hands did all that could be done to stay the dreaded approach of the destroyer. Confident that the trying hour had come, he calmly approached the grave like one who wraps the drapery of his couch about him and lies down to pleasant dreams. Od motion, a committee of five, consisting of AVill- iam Carter, Edwin Phelps, Hamilton Davison, Will- iam D Hill and Henry Newbegin, were appointed, to draft resolutions expressive of the feelings of the members of this bar, which committee, through their chairman, Hon. William Carter, reported the follow- ing: ^^Wherea^, by a dispensation of an All-wise Providence, our late associate and brother, Horace Sessions, has been removed from our midst by death, it is, by the bar of Defiance County, as expressive of the great loss they have sustained, Resolved, That in the death of Horace Sessions the bar of Defiance County has lost one of its oldest, ablest, most useful and worthy members, and this community one of its most worthy citizens. Resolved. That we sincerely deplore'the loss of our departed brother and associate, and shall revere his memory as one whose prof e.ssional life was without blemish and worthy of imitation. Resolved, That our heartfelt sympathies are ex- tended to the widow and relatives of the deceased. Resolved, That these resolutions, together with the proceedings of this meeting, be published in the De- fiance papers, with the request that the same be copied in the several papers j)ublished in the Mau- mee Valley, and at Painesville, Ohio. Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be fur- nished by the Secretary to the widow of the deceased. On motion, the resolutions were received, and unanimously adopted. It was also resolved that the proceedings of this meeting be presented by the Chairman to the Honor- able Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Defiance County- at its next session, with the request that the same be entered upon' the journal of said court. William C. Holgatb, Chairman. E. Phelps, Secretary. JOHN BEASTON SEMANS. John Beaston Semans, brother of William Semans, was born in Monroe County, Ohio, December 16, 1804. His parents had moved for a short time to the Ohio side of the Ohio Eiver. He worked upon his father's farm in Highland County until old enough to be apprenticed to a trade, when he entered the office of the Hillsboro Gazette, to learu printing. In 1825, shortly after he had closed his apprenticeship, he went to Wilmington, Ohio, and became proprie- tor of the Wilmington Argus. In August, 1829, having sold the Argus, he removed to La Payette, Ind., then a small village, and commenced the publi- cation of the La Fayette Free Press, the only paper in Northern Indiana. In 1836, having disposed of the Free Press, he removed to Defiance, and for two years " was enga'ged in mercantile pursuits, in company with his brother William. He then published the Defiance Barometer, and afterward the Defiance Banner, for a short time — small, 'yet sturdy and independent papers; meantime he studied law with Curtice Bates, and was admitted to practice in 1839. He engaged in the active practice oE law in Williams (Defiance) County and the surrounding counties until 18-11, when he was solicited by his friends to return to La Fayette. Ind., and re-purchase the Free Press. He did so, changing its name to the La Fayette Journal. On his return to La Fayette, he was admitted to practice in the Tippecanoe County Court, but the care of his paper so engrossed his attention that he neglected to work up any law practice. He was fearless in his advocacy of what he deemed the right, being an anti- slavery Whig. He was a member of the national con- vention of 1844, which nominated Henry Clay for President, and he most earnestly advocated his elec- tion. He, too, had inherited an unquenchable op- position to slavery, and when, in 1848, the Whig party nominated Zachary Taylor as candidate for President, he believed it had sold itself to the slave power, and refused to advocate Taylor's election. At the solicitation of leading Whigs, and at a great sacrifice, he sold his paper and retired from editorial life; he continued, however, advocating the cause of liberty by frequent contributions to anti-slavery journals. In 1847, he was appointed Collector of Tolls on the Wabash & Erie Caual, which position he held at the time of his death, August 22, 1853. John B. Semans was pre-eminently a philanthropist. The motto which he adopted for his paper was " While I have Liberty to write, I will write for Liberty." In politics, nothing is right that will not meet the sanction of morality. Every human being he regarded as his brother. He was a Royal Arch Mason, and was buried with Masonic honors. He had long been a consistent, active member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, a member of the official body and a teacher in the Sunday school; though, during the last four years of his life, he was a pro- nounced believer in the doctrines of the [Church of the New Jerusalem. He was of medium height, in- clined to full habits and of a reiwarkably benign and pleasant countenance; a man whom one would always choose as his friend. He was 'three times married, and was the father of ten children, six (daughters) are now living. WILLIAM SEMANS. William Semans was born in Ohio County, Va., October 11, 1800. His father, Simon Semans, was HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 95 born in Cecil County, Md. ; his mother, Sinai (Mo- Kay) Semans, was bom in the State of Delaware. They were married in Delaware, and moved to the Virginia side of the Ohio River, near Wheeling, at the close of the last century. For a time they moved to the Ohio side, and then returned to Virginia. "When William was about ten years old, his father settled in Highland County, Ohio. The father of Simon was a farmer, and lived and died the owner of slaves, but his son early became an uncompromising enemy to slavery, a trait much developed in his sons, and so he sought a home for himself and family in a free State. William, with his brothers, of whom he had foui-, he being eldest, worked upon his father's farm, attending such schools as they had in the neighborhood until he was about sixteen years old, when he determined to fit himself for the practice of law. The better to do this, and that he might have his winters for study, he apprenticed himself to his brother-in-law, Eobert Wason, who had married an older sister and who lived in Hillsboro, to learn brick- making and brick-laying. With Mr. Wason he worked summers and lived at home in winter, clear- ing land, making rails and attending a school taught by a paternal uncle, Benjamin Hill, who could cipher through the rule of three and was thought to have a wonderful education. Through his assistance and his own studious habits, he got so far advanced that he was soon enabled himself to teach the winter schools in the neighborhood. The first slate he owned he purchased by cutting several cords of wood for a mer- chant of Hillsboro. He continued, after learning'his trade, to work at it in summer through that region, making the brick and building houses, and as the demand was limited he was compelled to travel over a large exlent of country seeking business. He was now about twenty-four years of age, had saved up some money, and was about fitted to enter Miami University, at Oxford, which had about this time opened its doors to students, when, by some unfortunate venture, he lost all his money. He was now thrown back on his labor. His brother-in-law, Eobert Wason, had, about the year 1842, removed to Defiance, some two years after the laying-out of the town by Phillips and Leavel, and was engaged in working at his trade when he could find employment. In the summer of 1826, William went to Defiance to visit his sister, Elizabeth Wason, and her husband. They prevailed upon him to stay, and teach a winter school. During the sum- mer he helped Mr. Wason make brick, build chimneys and lay hearths for the cabins in the neighborhood. The brick was made and burned on a plot of ground northwest of the old burying-gi'ound near the Au- glaize. He continued his work for several years, teaching school during the winters. He helped make. burn and lay the brick of the old court house on Wayne street, near the Presbyterian Church and east of county buildings. Meantime, he commenced acting as Deputy County Clerk for Dr. John Evans, and was in his office for several years. He was Auditor of old Williams County for a time, and served as Jus- tice of the Peace for many years. He, during this time, studied law with Amos Evans, a brother of Dr. John Evans, and cousin of Pierce Evans, and was ad- mitted to practice some time in 1835. He immedi- ately commenced active practice in the counties of Williams, Henry, Paulding, Putnam and Van Wert, following the Circuit Judges in their rounds from county to county on horseback, with the required books and papers in a portmanteau, the roads being sometimes but blazed paths through the forests of the black swamp. In 1836, he entered into partnership with his brother, John B. Semans, who had removed to Defiance from La Fayette, Ind. , in a general mer- cantile business, and continued for two years. The store room was in his residence, on the northeast cor ner of Jefferson and First streets, the present resi- dence of Mr. Davidson. This house he built in 1831, the first brick dwelling house in the town. In 1838, the store was closed, and he devoted his entire time to the practice of law. About this time, he en- tered into partnership with Andrew CofSnbury, of Maumee City. Mr. Coffinbury, usually called Count Coffinbury, practiced in the same judicial district; a man of strange talents, full of humor and of a poet- ical temperament. Many a time has the writer of this sketch, in boyhood days, listened in rapt atten- tion to the weird stories, the improvised verse and the comical oddities of this remarkable man, while he was in atfceadance at the Defiance (Williams) County Court. He -was the life of the jolly band of men that went from county seat to county seat during all those long years. A volume of poems was the result, printed in 1842, through the subscription of his fel- low-attorneys, entitled " The Forest Ranger; a Poet- ical Tale of the Wilderness in 1794." The scene is laid in and about the plateau of Defiance, at Girty's Point, and near the battle-field of Fallen Timbers, during Wayne's campaign. When mesmerism came in vogue, the Count became wonderfully skilled in the art, and many are the sittings he used to have with us children, showing his wonderful power in controlling our wills, and through his mesmeric influenye causing us to do all sorts of ludicrous things. It was the children's holiday when the Count came around. To return to the subject of our sketch. We find that close attention to business and a constitutional ten- dency to dyspepsia had seriously' affected his health, BO in 1844 he withdrew from all law practice for a time. In 1846, he commenced building the Defiance 96 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. Mills, at tlie upper lock of the canal; this he fin- ished, in connection with Frederick F Stevens, a brother-in-law. In 1847, he resumed the practice of the law. In 1850, he sold his residence at the corner of Jefferson and First streets to H. Davidson, and, with Ephraim A.. Greenlee, a Deiiance attorney, he re- moved to La Fayette, Ind. , and formed a partnership in the practice of law. When the territories of Kan- sas and Nebraska were opened for settlement, he be- came interested in the making of them free States, and determined to change his home to Kansas. In 1855, he temporarily removed to Defiance, and, for the time being, entered into the practice of law with Edward H. Phelps. In 1859, his plans beiog per- fected, he removed to Kansas, settling in Leaven- worth, his unfinished business, however, frequently recalling him to Defiance. The summer of 1860 was spent in Defiance. The latter part of the summer he left for his home, not being in good health; after reaching home, his disease, a complicated trouble with stomach and brain, rapidly prostrated him, and he soon yielded to its power, dying the 14th of Sep- tember, 1860. He was a man of excellent judgment, conscientious and painstaking in the preparation of his cases, cautious to a fault, but firm in his belief and aggressive to offensiveness when he thought the right in peril. He believed every criminal, no mat- ter how vicious, should have a fair and reasonable defense, lest justice be too severe; but many is the time that the writer has seen him put to his wits' end when he had found himself on the wrong side of the case, and his client demanding what seemed, by de- velopment of testimony, an unjust claim. A maxim he always impressed on his children, which he said he had learned in active law practice, is never to judge any cause until the other side had been heard. There are two sides to every case, he would frequent- ly say. He was above medium height, of full weight, powerful in frame and of good presence. Not fluent in speech, he did not excel when address- ing a jury, unless in a case where his feelings became deeply stirred, but in the preparation of a case, in examining witnesses and in discovering the weak points of an adversary, he had but few superiors at the bar in which he practiced. He early became a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and after he settled in Defiance, before any regular church organization was formed, he helped form, and was the Superintendent of a Union Sunday school. He and an old colored woman were the first memborn of the first class of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Defi- ance, and through his instrumentality Defiance first became a preaching place for Methodist preachers. It was through his means that the old frame Methodist Church was built; he for some years carried the entire indebtedness of its building, imperiling thereby his own property interests. While residing in Defiance, he was always a Class Leader, Steward and Trustee, His home was always known as the home of the Methodist preacher. When a Masonic lodge was con- stituted in Defiance, he was made a Mason, taking his degrees in Tuendawie Lodge. In early life, through ancestral influence, he inclined to federalism, and when the Whig party was formed he was an active member. He was a pronounced Protectionist of American labor, and intensely American in his feelings. Born in a Slave State, of slave-holding ancestry, he had the good fortune to have a slavery- hating father, from whom he learned to hate slavery with intense hatred. Being of a judicial mind, and of conservative tendencies, he did not rush into ex- tremes in anything, and so belonged to the Emanci- pation rather than the Abolition wing of the Whig party, and was always a warm advocate of emancipa- tion. He aided in forming the Republican party, and was always ready to advocate its principles, either in public or in private. He was married in Defiance on the 19th of No- vember, 1834, to Mrs. Mary W. Wells, widow of Joshua W. Wells, of Piqua, Ohio, and daughter of John Oliver, who was then living on the south side of the Maumee, east of the Auglaize, on a farm. Four children were born of this union, two boys and two girls. Two died in infancy and two are now liv- ing — William Oliver, born August 23, 1835, who is Professor of Chemistry in the Ohio Wesleyan Univer- sity, Delaware, Ohio, and Anna E., born June 4, 1848, wife of Eev. Orville J. Nave, of the Ohio Con- ference of the Method jst Episcopal Church, and Post Chaplain in the United States army. SAMUEL H. GREENLEE. (From the Defiance Banner^ " Died, on the 23d day of February, 1852, at the residence of his brother-in-law, J. P. Ayers, in High- land Township, Samuel H. Greenlee, Esq. , of Defi- ance, in the thirty-fifth year of his age. Mr. Green- lee had been declining for the last twelve months with consumption of the lungs, but, with the natural buoyancy of his nature, he hoped eventually to over- come his disease; especially did he look forward to the returning spring as a time when he should recover at least a portion of his lost health; but, alas, his friends too plainly saw, by the progress of the insid- ious destroyer that had fastened itself on his vitals beyond remedial power, that this was but the delusive syren voice of hope. Mr. Greenlee, although but a young maa, has always since his coming to this place held an enviable position among our most prominent citizens. He was noted for his public spirit, his -^'^^r ' ^V2<, HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 97 liberality and his unflinching devotion to those princi- ples which he deemed promotive of the public good. He was also distinguished for the exactitude of his business habits, and above all for the probity of his character; it has been the fortune of but few men to have their vrord, in matters of business, more implicit- ly confided in than was his. Mr. Greenlee was a self-made man; he had neither the advantages of a good education, nor pecuniary means to start himself in the world. By improving the leisure moments afforded him in his daily avocations in studying the law, he attained to a reputable standing in the legal profession. By economy, industry and application to business, he acquired a competence for his family. By his public and private virtues he obtained esteem and consideration among his fellow-men. The ab- sence of his example and influence is truly a public loss to this community. During his residence among us, he was frequently commissioned with important public trusts, by both State and local authority, which he invariably executed in the most satisfactory manner. But in private life, that little world where the heart reigns supreme, his many virtues proved the goodness of his nature. They who knew him best loved him most. Warm- hearted, affectionate, generous and hospitable, his intimate friends will cherish his memory among the most sacred recollections of the past. " At a meeting of the members of the bar of De- fiance County, held on the evening of February 24, 1852, pursuant to public notice, at the ofSce of Davi- son & Welles, Hamilton Davison, Esq., was appointed Chairman, and Woolsey Welles, Esq., Secretary. Whereupon it was Resolved, That a committee be appointed by the Chairman to prepare and report resolutions in refer- ence to the recent decease of Samuel H. Greenlee, Esq. , a member of the profession, late of Defiance. The Chairman thereupon appointed William Sheffield and William Carter, Esqs., upon said com- mittee, who reported the following preamble and re- solutions : Whekeas, It has pleased the Almighty disposer of human events to remove, by death, from our midst, and from scenes of activity and usefulness, our pro- fessional brother, Samuel H. Greenlee, Esq., late of Defiance, and his brief professional career has been marked by fidelity, industry and an upright and hon- orable bearing; therefore Resolved, That we deeply sympathize with his afflicted family and friends in that recent bereave- ment which has deprived his companion of an affec- tioaate, provident and faithful husband, his children of a kind and prudent father, this community of an energetic, eificient business man, and the members of the Defiance bar of an honorable and fair practitioner of the legal profession. Resolved, That we tender to his afflicted family and relations our sympathies in this their painful be- reavement, and in testimony of respect for our de- ceased brother, the members of the bar will attend his funeral, and wear the usual badge of mourning for a period of thirty days. Resolved, That the proceedings of this meeting be presented to the widow of the deceased, and be pub- lished in the newspapers in the town of Defiance. On motion of William Carter, Esq., said report was received and adopted. H. Davison, Chairman. WooLSEY Welles, Secretary. aiLBEKT L MYERS died at Defiance, December 28, 1880, in the prime of manhood; one of the leading attorneys of Defiance, a citizen whom everybody respected, and whose death all mourn. In early life, Mr. Myers learned print- ing, under Judge Greene, in the Democrat office. At the breaking-out of the rebellion, he enlisted in the Sixty-eighth Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and served his country faithfully. At the close of the war, he returned to Defiance, studied law, and for many years was partner of Hon. W- D. Hill. His legal at- tainments were of a high order, and as such were rec- ognized in all the courts of this section. Dropping off in the height of his usefulness, his death was a loss to the community. Mr. Myers married Etta, eldest daughter of H. S. Hunter, of Defiance, May 4, 1875; to them was born one daughter, Carrie Ger- trude. The following are the resolutions of the Defiance County Bar, on the occasion of Mr. Myers' decease: Whereas, Gilbert L. Myers, who for many years was an honored member of this bar, having departed this life since the last term of this court, and we, as members of the same profession, desiring to exp^jress our high regard for the memory of the deceased, do Resolve, That in the death of Bro. Gilbert L. Myers, our profession has lost one of its most indus- trious, honest and useful members. Being an inde- fatigable worker and thorough and careful student, and fearless in the discharge of his professional duty, we have long since learned to admire him for his professional worth, and shall ever love to remember him for his good qualities and gentlemanly deport- ment in the practice of his profession, and, while re- gretting our own great loss, we are not forgetful of the afflicted family of the deceased, each of whom wa beg to assure have our heartfelt sympathy in the loss of a dear companion and father. Resolved, That it is the wish of this bar that the 98 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. foregoing resolutions be spread upon the records of this court. EBASTUS H. LELAXD. " Hod. Erastus H. Leland, a prominent and lead- ing lawyer of Northwestern Ohio, died at his residence, in Defiance. March J 2, 1863, of consumption, aged abort forty-eight years. The deoeased was a native of Vermont, read law in Ashtabula County, Ohio, and immigrated to AYilliams County about the year 1841, where he continued to reside until 1849, at which time he removed to Defiance. He represented the Defiance District in the Legislature during the session of 1854, of which body he was a leading and prominent member. He was an able and accom- plished lawyer, standing second to no member of the profession in the Maumee Yalley. When the Thirty- eight Regiment was organized, in the fall of 1861, he was appointed Adjiitant, and remained with the regiment through its Kentucky campaign, and until his failing health compelled him to retire from the service. " — Northwestern. MA.T. SAMUEL A. STRONG. (From the Deriance Demoerai.) Died, on Friday last (September "22, 1865), in this place, Samuel A Strong, aged thirty-five years. Maj. Strong was a native of Vermont, and he resided in Defiance about fourteen years, and possessed the con- fidence and esteem of the citizens generally. Maj. S. was a Captain in the Twenty-first Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry in the three months' service, and, on the re-organizatfon of the regiment for three 3'ears, was appointed its Major, which he was forced to re- sign on account of ill-health, after something over a year's service. Mr. Strong married Emma G., only daughter of Hamilton Davison, of this place, by whom he had a family of five children, three boys and two girls, viz.: Charles H., William H., Frances, Edward A. and Marion. Charles H. graduated at Wooster University, Ohio, in June, 1879, and died at Defiance April 9, 1880, aged twenty -two years. At a meeting of the Defiance County bar, held in the coiu't house September 23, 1865, Horace Sessions was chosen Chairman and S. T. Sutphen Secretary. William Carter and J. F. Deatrick were appointed a committee to draft resolutions expressive of the senti- ments of the bar on the much-regretted death of Brother Strong. Said committee reported the follow- ing preamble and resolutions, which, on motioQ, were adopted ; Wheeeas, By a dispensation of an All- wise Provi- dence, our late associate and brother, Samuel A. Strong, has been removed from our midst by death, and the bar of Defiance County, as expressive of their great loss they have sustained, do Resolve, That in the death of Samuel A. Strong he bar of Defiance County has lost one of its ablest, useful and worthy members, and this community one of its most energetic and enterprising citizens. Resolved, That we sincerely deplore the loss of our departed brother and associate, and. shall revere his memory as one whose professional life was without a blemish and worthy of imitation; Resolved, That our heartfelt sympathies are here- by extended to the family of the deceased. Resolved, That the members of the bar attend his funeral in a body. Resolved, That these resolutions be published in the Defiance Democrat and Paulding Press, and copies of the same be presented to the family of the de- ceased. Also, on motion, it was Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be pre- sented to the Court of Common Pleas of Defiance County, at the next term thereof with a request that they be copied into the record of said court. HoBACE Sessions, Chairman. R. T. Sutphen, Secretary. THOMAS COWEN. In presenting a sketch of the life and character of Thomas Cowen to the readers of the history of Defi- ance County, we cannot do better than to introduce the subjoined obituary notice, published at the time of his death in the Bryan newspaper: Thomas T. Cowen was born in the city of Dublin, Ireland, February 10, 1836. His father, Benjamin Cowen, was an Irish gentleman, noted for his culti vated manners and superior business capacity. He was Clerk of the Royal Canal Company for a period of twenly-five years, during which time it is said that no blot, erasure or stain marred the records intrusted to him. While in the canal company's service, the elder Cowen acquired a competency, amounting to several thousand dollars, a part of which he proposed to set aside for the benefit of his children. Thomas, his eldest son, was the especial object of his regard, and he spared neither pains nor expense in giving him the rudiments of a first-class education. Thomas manifested a great fondness for books, and at an un- usually early age he was wont to learn and declaim the speeches and arguments of learned statesmen and lawyers. In 1844, when Thomas was eight years of age, his father's health failed him, so that he was un- able to do any kind of business. The care of the family and business management of the estate de- volved upon Mrs. Cowen, who did the best that she could; but being a lady of retiring habits and unac- customed to the ways of business, the means ac- quired gradually dwindled until 1848, when she deemed it expedient to emigrate to America, hoping HISTOKY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 99 that a change would benefit her husband's health, and enable her to obtain a home and bring up her chil- dren in comparative comfort. They arrived at New York in August, 18t8, and immediately came to Defi- ance, where they halted for a few Aveeks, and moved thence to Butler, Ind., where Benjamin Cowen died in September, 18-19. The mother, never a strong woman, broke down under the accumulated weight of affliction and sorrciw, and Thomas became the main stay and support of the family. It is related by those who Imew the family, that Thomas, at that time but thirteen years of age, was manly beyond his years, industrious and frugal; that he labored diligently and faithfully to support his Avidowed mother and six orphan sisters. About 1851, Thomas removed the famih' to Defiance, and did such labor as a boy could find to do. He was for a time in the employ of the Wabash Railroad Company, and assisted in the pre- liminai-y surveys of that road. About 1855-56, he went into the law ofiice of Phelps & Leland, first as a clork and afterwai'd as a student. He soon attracted the attention of prominent members of the bar by his close application to study, his admirably drawn legal papers and his rare business capacity. When ad- mitted to the bar, brilliant success was predicted for him, but the war breaking out soon thereafter, changed, for a time, his plans and purposes. He was an earnest advocate of coercion, and in furtherance of his opinions offered his services in behalf of his coun- try. On the -Ith of Octobei-, 1861, he was appointed Second Lieutenant, was soon after assigned to the Sixty-eighth Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and, on the '21st of December following, went into camp at Napoleon. In January, 1863, the regiment moved to Camp Chase, and soon afterward to Fort Donel- son, where it arrived in time to pai'ticipate in the capt- ure of that stronghold. It is unnecessary to follow the regiment in all its marches, skirmishes, battles and sieges dtu'ing the war; suffice to saj' that its his- tory is part of the history of the war, and its battle fiags are inscribed with the evidences of the prominent part it bore in the conflict. Soon after the capture of Doneison, Lieut. Cowen was promoted to First Lieutenaut, and his superior qualifications and gen eral deportment commending themselves to his supe- rior officei-s, he was appointed Adjutant of the regi- ment, and afterwai-d Adjutant General of Brigade, which position he held until some time after reaching Chattanooga, when, declining further promotion, he was mustered out of service. The ta-ite saying that a good citizen always makes a good soldier was fully examplified in the case of Lieut. Cowen. His com- rades beai"" willing testimony to his valor, and his offi- cial reports were regai'ded as models of promptness and efficiency. Soon af t«r his return to Defiance, he formed a partnership with Maj. Strong, and resumed his profession. The partnership was continued until the death of Mr. Strong, when Mr. Cowen became a partner of Hon. AV. D. Hill, with whom he remained several years. Many important cases were intrusted to their management, and the law firm of Hill & Cowen acquired a name in the district, to which, we may say without disparagement to Mr. Hill, the jun- ior member contributed no small share. During his residence in Defiance, Mr. Cowen was elected Mayor of the village, an office he filled to his own honor and the satisfaction of his friends. In 1866, March 8, he married Miss Georgiana Richards, oE Defiance; to them were born three children, one daughter, Mary A., and two sons, Benjamin O. and William R. Mrs. Cowen was born in Xenia, Ohio, February 8, 1837; moved to Defiance with her parents in Novem- ber, 1846. In 1870, Mr. Cowen came to Bryan, and became the law partner of Hon. A. M. Pratt. It was a new era for him — it brought him into closer contact with abler legal minds than he had before contended with; the field was worthy his labor; he applied him- self with renewed energy, and rapidly won his way to the front, and took rank with the leading lawyers at the Williams County bar. He was on the high road to prosperity and renown when death claimed him. Never, perhaps, in its history, has this community been so profoundly shocked as it was on last Sabbath (January 19, 1873), by the sudden and wholly unex- pected death of Mr. Thomas T. Cowen. For two years and more Mr. Cowen had lived and moved among us, the very picture of health, and with every prospect, to all human appearance, of a long life. Up to the very moment of his death he had appeared well and hearty, and when it was announced that he had fallen before the great destroyer, death, without a moment's warning, the announcement fell upon the community like a clap of thunder from a cloudless sky. The circumstances attending his death are as follows: He arose Sabbath morning, apparently as well as usual, except that he complained of a pain in his head. About 10 o'clock he started down street, saying to his wife that he would not go to church, but would go down to his office and write a letter to his sister in Kansas. Mrs. Cowen proceeded to chiu'ch, and, after service, started home. Passing by Mr. Cowen' s office, she stepped in, when there sat her I husband in his chair — dead. His head was thrown back and it was evident, from the fact that the ink was not yet dry in the pen with which he had been writing, that he had been dead but a few moments. Terribly shocked, ^Irs. Cowen sprang to the door and called for assistance, when persons who were passing by from church rushed in. Medical aid was at once I summoned, but it was too late. [The immediate 100 HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. cause of the death of Mr. Cowen was undoubtedly due to heart disease. — Ed.J The news of the death soon drew a crowd about the office, and as one after another passed in to gaze at the inanimate form so suddeclr and unexpectedly stricken down, strong men were bowed with grief, eyes u.nused to weep were suffused with tears, and one and all stood almost speechless, feeling that they were in the presence of death, and realizing how impotent is man when the hand of the destroyer is upon him. As soon as possi- ble the body was removed to the house of the family, where it was dressed for the grave. During the after- noon and evening, many of ou.r leading citizens called to offer their assistance, to speak a word of comfort to the bereaved ones, or to shed, with the almost dis- tra<5ted widow, the sympathizing tear. The personal character of Mr. Cowen was endowed with all those high qualities that contribute to the formation of an almost perfect man. Invariably courteous, alike to friends, acquaintances and strangers, at all times manifesting a respect for their opinions, yet not for- getting to exact what was due to himself ; a keen per- ception of the right, and a strong, unyielding devo- tion to principle;' a courage unquestioned, but con- trolled by temper, kind and respectful to others, and honor intact, he won troops of friends and admirers from all ranks and conditions of people, and became one of the recognized leading spirits in community, county and district. In early life, Mr. Cowen was a Republican, and voted for Abraham Lincoln in 1860; but soon after entering the military service, his polit- ical opinions underwent a change, and he became a Democrat, of the conservative school. He recognized party only as far as its aims tended to serve the great- est good to the greatest number. Personally, he had no ambition for political distinction. He sought to aid rather than direct in the counsels of his political friends, and his advice was always well received, be- cause he seldom yielded to the impulse of the moment, but made his tongue wait upon his judgment, which was always marked with strong, practical good sense. Once, since he came among us, he yielded to earnest solicitation, and stood for the office of Village Solicit- or. His election, in a precinct quite evenly divided, is a fair criterion of the estimation in which he was held by his fellow-citizens. Last season he was re- peatedly solicited to allow his name to be used in con- nection with the office of Judge of Common Pleas, but he invariably declined, alleging, as a reason for his declination, that he was too young and inexperi- enced to occupy a position so honorable and responsi ■ ble. In' the more intimate and tender relations which bound him to kindred and family, he was all that friendship could claim or affection enjoin — an affec- tionate son, a kind brother, a most devoted husband and indulgent father; his every effort was devoted to their comfort and welfare. Indeed, " His life was gentle, and tlie elements So mixed in liim, tliat nature might stand up And say to all tlie world, ' This was a man.' The following resolutions were passed by the Bryan and Defiance Bar at Bryan, Ohio, January 21, 1873, on the death of Thomas T. Cowen: The Willams and Defiance County Bar met at the court house, pursuant to call, and organized by ap- pointing the Hon. S. E. Blakeslee, Chairman, andL. E. Brewster, Esq., Secretary. On motion, Mr. Selwin, N. Owen and John A. Simon, of Williams, and "William D. Hill, of Defiance County, were appointed a Committee on Resolutions. The committee reported the following preamble and resolutions, which, on motion, were adopted, to wit: Whereas, By the decree of a mysterious Provi- dence, death, without a note of warning or premoni- tion, has come into our midst and taken from us our honored brother and professional associate, Thomas T. Cowen, in the very bloom of his manhood and his usefulness, and Wheeeas, It is due to his memory that we give some expression to our appreciation of his worth, and otu' keen sense of our loss, therefore be it Resolved, By this meeting of his late professional associates, that words are too weak to bear to the world an adequate expression of the deep sense of sadness at our loss, the warm personal affection for our dead brother, the many tender recollections of his busy and useful life and the profound and sad solicitude for his stricken family, which fill our hearts at this moment and seem struggling for utter- ance, but nevertheless, as an inadequate expression of our feelings on this occasion, be it further Resolved, That in the death of Thomas T. Cowen the legal profession has lost an able, honored and dis- tinguished member, as well as an eminently genial and social companion; society an exemplary citizen, and an upright man; the cause of justice a fearless champion; his bereaved family a faithful and an affec- tionate husband and father, and humanity a steadfast friend, and that we regard the startling event as not only a sad personal bereavement but a serious public loss. Resolved, That to his family we tender the pro- found sympathy and solicitude of those who knew him better — and hence esteemed him higher — -than all others save those to whose hearts he was endeared by the nearer ties of wife and kindred, and by these solemn presents we say to them that, should they ever be in need of earthly friends, they shall come to us, and it shall never be in vain. Resolved, That we do, by these presents, assure HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 101 his more immediate professional associate and late partner in business, Brother A. M. Pratt, that we are deeply sensible of his irreparable loss, in being thus bereft of the valuable aid and co-operation of an hon- est and eminently capable business associate, as well as the society of a genial and gifted friend, whose confidence was ever the safe repository of the most sacred and secret trusts. Resolved, That the Secretary of this meeting be and he is hereby instructed to furnish a copy of these resolutions respectively to the widow of the deceased; to his late partner in business, to each newspaper published in this subjudicial district, and that such further appropriate action be taken as may be neces- sary to spread these resolutions upon the respective joutnals of the several courts in this sub-judicial dis- trict. On motion of W. D. Hill, the meeting adjourned. S. E. Blakeslee, Chairman. L. E. Brewster, Secretary. (From the Defiance Democrat.) THOMAS T. OOWEN. The death of this gentleman occurred at Bryan, on Sunday, January 19, 1873. The supposed cause, heart disease. He was found dead, sitting in a chair in his office about noon, having left home in his ap- parent usual health but two hours before. The news cast a gloom over our community, where Mr. Cowen has been a residi^nt for many years. He leaves a wife and three children, and his loss will be sincerely mourned. A rising lawyer, he bade fair to take a front rank in his profession. He had resided at Bryan but about three years, where he was a partner in the law firm of Pratt & Cowen, His funeral took place on Tuesday, and was largely attended, over two huhdi-ed of his Masonic brethren and nearly all of the attor- neys of Williams and Defiance Counties being pres- ent. HAMILTON DAVISON. Hamilton Davison was born in the town of Hart- wick, Otsego Co., N. Y., on the 5th of March, 180G. His ancestors were of English descent, and immi- grated at an early date to America, settling in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. His parents were married in Monson, Mass., in 1789, and soon after moved to Otsego County, N. Y., and cleared up a fai'm on land purchased of Judge Cooper, the father of Fennimore Cooper, the novelist, on the head- waters of the Susquehanna Kiver, near to Cooperstown, the county seat of said County of Otsego, whore they lived until the times of their death. His mother dy- ing when he was eleven years old, his father, a few years after, married Matilda Spalding, whose first husband was the Rev. Mr. Spalding, the reputed author of the Mormon Bible. He was the youngest of a family of eight children and brought up on the farm, employed at manual labor till the age of six- teen, when he became a student in the Hartwick Academy, a Lutheran institution erected in 1816, ad- joining his father's farm, and placed under the charge of the Rev. Ernest Lewis Hazelins, a Prussian by birth and a very able and accomplished scholar and teacher, and who afterward became one of the Profess- ors in the Lutheran University at Gettysburg, Penn. After his preparatory studies in the aforesaid academy, the subject of this sketch entered the sophomore class in Hamilton College, N. Y., where he graduated in 1826. Immediately after his graduation, he went to New Jersey, and became tutor in the family of a Mr. Taylor, a prominent citizen and^slave-holder in said State, where he became acquainted with the work- ings of the system of slavery, but in the mildest and most benignant form, for a kinder master and a more happy, contented and jovial set of domestics and work hands were surely not found elsewhere. In the summer of 1828, having caught the Western fever, then prevalent in the Eastern States, he emigrated to Ohio in company with the family of one Maj. Hunt, and located in the town of Urbana, Champaign Coanty, where he taught school, studied law with John H. James, who is still living; was admitted to the practice under the jurisdiction of the venerable Reuben Wood. Married, July 1, 1830, Miss Louisiana Gibler, two yoars his junior, and with whom he is now living. Five children have been born to them, viz.: Frances M., born June 9, 1831, and who died when nearly sixteen years old; Emma G., born Feb- ruary 14, 1833, and now living in Defiance, the widow of Samuel A. Strong, deceased; William H., born July 13, 1836, and died at the age of five years; John H., born August 5, 1842, and Lewellyn C.,born November 13, 1844, and both now living and engaged in business together in Defiance. In the fall of 1833, he moved to Lima, Allen Co , Ohio, then a new town, but recently laid out in the dense forest. Here the first thing to do was to buy a lot for about $10 and build a beech- log cabin, which he did to be in unison with the other twelve or fourteen citizens of the place, there being but one small frame building then on the town plat. In this then sylvan village, and long be- fore it eovild be said " 111 fares the land, to liastening ills a prey, Where wealth accumulates and men decay," he spent the happiest years of his life — all friendly, all sociable and on a common level; all anxious to enjoy life and to see others enjoy it. Here he com- menced the practice of his profession, and soon found enough to do, if not in the office in out-door exercises 102 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. in leveling the tall trees suirounding his cabin. Ap- pointed Prosecuting Attorney soon after his arrival, he held the office for several years, adding much to the then slim business of the courts. The signing commissions for Notaries Public was not then one of the chief duties of the Governor of Ohio, as Gov. Oorwin said it was in his time, as the subject of this sketch was, for about three years in Urbana and for a longer period in Lima, the only official of that char- acter in the place. In October, 1835, he was elected by the people Surveyor of Allen County, which office he held for the term of three years. In January, 1839, he received, from the Hon. Wilson Shannon, then Governor of Ohio, a commission as Captain of the First Ai'tillery Company of the First Regiment, Second Brigade, of the Twelfth Division in the militia of the State, a newly organized company, of which he was chosen Captain. The only exploit performed during its term of service, worthy of note, was the procur- ing from the officials of Columbus, a nine-pounder iron cannon, which in a short time became, as all such implements of war usually do in small villages, both an annoyance and a nuisance. But this one, fortunately, soon after "busted," without in- jury to any one, and with it the said Artillery Com- pany, as well as the military aspirations of the Cap- tain. During the exciting campaign of 1844, a political paper, called the Lima Reporter, was started in Lima, to advance the cause of the great commoner and statesman, Henry Clay, and Mr. Davison was selected as editor, the duties of which position, so agreeable to his feelings, he discharged with all the energy and ability of which he was capable. He con- tinued as editor for about two years, and left the paper in a flourishing condition. In 1848, he was chosen by the Northwestern Congressional Dis- trict of Ohio a Delegate to the Philadelphia National Convention, in which Gen. Zachary Taylor was nominated as the AVhig candidate for the Presi- dency. In 1845, he was chosen by the Legislature of Ohio Receiver of Public Moneys in the State Land Office, then held at Lima, with Julius C. Curtis as Register. He was re-elected in 1848 and again in 1851. In the winter of 1849, the Legislature, or- dered the State Land Office to be removed to Defi- ance, Defiance County, the United States Land Office formerly at Lima having been recently moved to that place, and the greater body of the lands owned by the State and yet vacant being in that county. Conse- quently, in obedience to the order of the Legislature, the Receiver moved, in April, 1849, the Lima State Office to Defiance, as well as the office then held at Perrysburg, as the Legislature had directed the two offices lobe united, the lands in the Perrysburg Dis- trict having been nearly all sold. As IMr. Curtis, the Register, did not move his family to Defiance as the Receiver did, consequently the latter had the whole duties of the office to attend to, the former only com- ing at the end of each quarter to assist in making and certifying the official retui-ns to Columbus. . All the lands belonging to the State, in former years, had been appraised at prices varying from $1.25 to $3 per acre, and, as the sales were rather dull at these prices, the Legislature, a short time before the offices were re- moved to Defiance, at the suggestion of the officers in the same, reduced, very wisely, the price of all the State lands 33 per cent to actual settlers, in quantity not to exceed 160 acres to each purchaser, which brought the price down, especially the $1.25 land, within the reach of almost any one having ambition and energy enough to get any land at all. Conse- quently, the sales of the State lands, for a couple of years after the office was removed to Defiance, were very rapid, and the northwestern portion of Ohio, especially the county of Defiance, owes its present pros- perous condition, in a great measure, to the happy re- duction by the State in the price of her lands. The United States and State Land Offices were held in the same building, that then stood on the ground near the Maumee bridge, where Charley Krotz' business block now stands. Before daylight on the morning of the 10th of April, 1851, while the Register of the United States Office, Abner Root, who usually slept in the office, was away, the building was mysterious- ly fired and entirely consumed with nearly all its con- tents. The Receiver of the State Office saved the different plats of the vacant land in the district, by which he was enabled to continue the sale of the same, but every plat, book and paper belonging to the United States Office were consumed, consequently sus- pending sales in that office until the Register went on to Washington and procured a list of the vacant land, and afterward made sales from that list. In 1852, the Legislature abolished the offices of Register and Receiver of the State Office, after the great bulk of the State lands had been sold, and directed the office to be in charge of a " Land Agent." Gen. Reuben H. Gilson was appointed such Agent, and in the course of a couple of years disposed of the most that were still vacant, when, in 1854, Levin Porter was elected said agent, and in 1857, after all had been sold, all the books, papers, etc., belonging to said office were returned to the office of the State Auditor at Columbus, Ohio. The United States Office was also removed, a few years after the fire, to Chilli- cothe, Ohio. The subject of this sketch, Mr. H. Davison, did not seek to renew the practice of the law after he came to Defiance, nor did he become encased in any steady business. Being the owner of a valu- able stone-quarry, near Charloe, in Paulding County, HISTORY 0/ DEFIANCE COUNTY. 103 he, iu connection with Calvin L. Noble and Samuel H. Steadman, took the contract for building the stone- work, piers and abutments of the ^bridge over the Maumee Eiver for the ^V abash Railway, which was completed in 1853-54. He afterward became engaged in the lumber business, in consequence of the death of his son-in-law, Samuel A. Strong, in 1865, who had started the planing mill business, and in 1866 built the planing mill and sash factory now owned by Messrs. Strong & Cheney, and for a few years carried on the business in connection with his sons, John H. and Lewellyn C. Davison, but since he has sold the same, he has lived in blessed retirement from the turmoil and trouble of business, and hopes so to live the short remnant of his days, and then die in peace with God and man. GEOEGE W. KILLEY. George W. Killey, son of Daniel H. and M. A. (Billings) Killey, was born November 15, 1848, near Bellevue, in the county of Huron, State of Ohio, and was the eldest of a family of seven children (six sons and one daughter), and the only one now living of the seven, the others having died in infancy. His father having served in the Mexican war, after the close of the war lo- cated his land warrant of 160 acres of land in Put- nam County, Ohio, and shortly after removed with his family, consisting of himsell', wife and George (then an infant) on the same. Here his father re- mained with his family for about a year, when he re- moved with his family to Defiance, Ohio, then but a small place, and soon after his father commenced to work in the Defiance Mills. Here George spent his youth and commenced his education in the common schools of Defiance. In the year 1860, his father re- moved to Florida, Ohio, and remained in this place for perhaps a year, thence removed to Napoleon, Ohio. Here George remained, and went to school till the 15th day of January, 1864, when he enlisted in the Ninth Ohio Volunteer Cavalry, and was mus- tered in the service at Columbus on the 10th day of February, 1864, and remained in the service and with this regiment until he was discharged on the 16th day of July, 1865, at Columbus, Ohio. Thence he returned to Henry County, Ohio, and assisted his father on a farm till the fall of 1867. In the fall and winter of 1866 and spring of 1867, he taught school in the disti-ict where he then resided, and then re- turned to assist his father on the farm until August, 1868, when he went to Eepublic, Seneca Co., Ohio, to attend academy, and remained at the academy for one year, when he came to Defiance and attended school under the instruction of Mr. A^'allace, and in the fall and winter of 1869 and spring of 1870 he taught school. In the spring of 1870, he entered the law oflfice of Messrs. Hill & Myers, attorneys. Defi- ance, Ohio, and commenced the study of law, and was admitted to practice as an attorney and counsel- or at law on the 18th day of July, 1872. On the 4th day of August, 1871, he was married to Mannie B. Greenlee, daughter of the late Samuel Greenlee, Esq. She was born on the 15th day of November, 1849, at Defiance, and was raised in Defiance, Ohio. He then removed with her to Kansas, on the 6th day of No- vember, 1872, and had by her one child, Daniel H., born June, 1873 He resided in Kansas until the 20th day of August, 1874, when, his wife's health failing, he returned with her and child to Defiance. In September of this year his child died, and in April of the next year his wife died. In this year, he lo- cated himself at Defiance and commenced the practice of law. In the year 1876, he was married to Abbie- F. Mason, daughter of L. and E. Mason, who came from Vermont State a number of years ago. She was born in Baton Township, Lorain Co., Ohio, on the 21st day of April, 1854. He has by her three chil- dren, two boys and one daughter, to wit, George H. Killey, born Decembor 27, 1876; Edgar V. Killey, born April 24, 1879, and Mattie E. Killey, born April 20, 1881. George is now a practicing attorney at Defiance. JOHN P. DEATEICK, MAYOE AND ATTOENEY AT LAW, was born in the old Arcade Building, Chambers- burg, Franklin County, Penn., November 26, 1829, and is a son of J. J. N. and Elizabeth (Boyer) Deat- rick, natives of Pennsylvania, both of whom were of German descent. When four years of age, his parents removed to Fredericksburg, Wayne County, Ohio, where he grew to maturity, and in the village school received a good practical education. In 1850, he went alone to St. Paul, Minn., where he resided until 1852, when he returned to Wayne County and located in 1853, at Defiance, with the intention of establishing a woolen factory. But future prospects not proving sufficiently encouraging, he abandoned the enterprise. His qualifications as a scholar eminently fitted him to teach, and diiring one winter he was en- gaged in that honorable calling, and for the two succeeding years was employed in agricultiu-al pur- suits. Tiring of the inconveniences of farming in a new country, and the monotony that accompanies a rural life in a land yet vested in its primitive wilder- ness, he moved into Defiance and entered the law office of his wife's brother, David Taylor, and began the study of the law, Mr. Taylor being his preceptor. After completing tbe necessary legal course, he was admitted to the bar in 1 856, after successfully passing an examination by a committee of lawyers who were 104 HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. appointed by the District Court. lu 1857, he became" connected with the Phoenix Insurance Company of Hartford, Conn., as their special agent, and is yet actively engaged in the business — representing all of the best companies, and has full control of the busi- ness in this city. Ilis superior qualifications in this particular employment, combined with strong nat- ural forces and great reserve power, have won for him- a deserved popularity. In 1861, he was appointed Deputy United States Marshal, and as such continued until 1880, when he resigned and was elected to the mayoralty of Defiance, and was re-elected in 1882. In 1865, at Cleveland, Ohio, he was admitted to practice at the bar of the United States Courts. Although he is well posted in legal lore, he never en- tered fully into the practice, having acquired the knowl- edge more particularly for the benefit of his individ- ual business. His broad range of knowledge, ad- mirable tact, liberal and progressive views, have tended to keep him in pace with the spirit of the age. He has been the nominee of the Eepublican party for Representative and Probate Judge, but at the present time Mr. Deatrick affiliates with the Democratic party — the party of power in Defiance County. He is an acceptable member in the Ancient Order of Ma- sonry, holding membership in Tuendawie Lodge, No. 195, Defiance Commandery, No. 71, and in the Consistory, which is inclusive of eighteen de- grees in the order. The effort he has made in life has been justly rewarded, and although he began his career a pon- boy,he has laid by a competency, besides suffering financial losses aggregating $35,000. He was married, December 28, 1853, to Miss Nancy, a daughter of the Hon. John Taylor, ex- member of the Ohio Senate. Eight children have been born to them, five of whom are now living, viz. : Frances M., now Mrs. Milton Sumner, of Defiance; Claude T., asso- ciated with his father in the insm-ance office; Fred L., Charles and Ralph M. The deceased were Edith May, aged four years; Nettie May, aged eight months, and Nannie Kate, aged four years. SILAS T. SUTPHEN, ATTORNEY AT LAW. The gentleman whose name introduces this sketch was born in Liberty Township, Fairfield County, Ohio, August 28, 1838. At the age of ten years, he removed with his parents on a farm near the village of Baltimore, in the above named township, where the succeeding ten years were spent in assisting his father and brothers in the arduous labor of the farm, and their united efforts resulted in producing one of the finest, best tilled and most profitable farms in that region of country. During the winter months of the period spoken of above, he regularly attended the union schools at Baltimore, and by diligently ap- plying his mind, completed the course of study afforded and was prepared to enter college. In the spring of 1859, he entered the Heidelberg College, at Tiffin, Ohio, and became a member of the Freshman Class. Prom this institution he graduated in 1862, with the second honors of his class, and as a reward for his excellent deport- ment and the great proficiency he had made in his studies, he was awarded the valedictory address at the commencement exercise of the college for that year. Immediately thereafter, he commenced the study of the law with Judge James Pillars, at Tiffin, and was admitted to the bar of Ohio by the District Court at Fremont, Ohio, June, 1863, and in the same month located and entered upon the practice of his profession at Defiance. In October of the same year, he married Miss Sarah, the daughter of David and Sarah Huss, pioneers of Seneca County, Ohio, who came from Virginia and located upon the present site of the beautiful city of Tiffin, which then could only boast of two or three log houses of the primitive kind. Mr. Sutphen first opened an office in what is now the bar-room of the Empire House, and had his residence in the same building on the upper "floor. Persistent and determined were his efforts to acquire success and standing among the attorneys at the bar before which he practiced, and it was not long before his popularity assumed a prominence that an older disciple of Blackstoue might well have envied. In 1865, he was elected to the mayoralty of Defiance, a position he held two years, and in 1867 was elected Prosecuting Attorney of Defiance County, which office he held six consecutive years, and discharged the duties that pertained thereto fearlessly and to the entire satisfaction of all, irrespective of party. Dur- ing his terms of office, he encountered several impor- tant cases thai involved great interests, and in con- sequence of which was brought into direct conflict with the best legal talent in Northwestern Ohio. But, without any assistance whatever, he managed all State cases in a manner highly creditable, and proved himself an adversary worthy the mettle of the best ad- vocates at the bar. Always cautious in his move- ments, and extremely careful in the preparation of his cases, he was able generally to bring about results favorable to the great commonwealth he represented. His tact and ability became noticeable, and he very soon attained to such a standing in his profession that he had no lack of clients, and for more than twelve years he has enjoyed an unusually lucrative practice, and during the time there has scarcely been an im- portant case tried in the county that he has not been engaged in. And as a result of this uniformly good practice, he possesses tangible proof of having accu- mulated a handsome competency, likewise evrdencing V- ■"5%,^ \ ViuAGE Res. OF J. M. Ainsworth HicKsviaE, Defiance Co. Ohio, HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 105 the fact that he has been no drone in the bee-hive of industry. In 1879, he erected a commodious brick residence, in which he now resides, on the corner of Jefferson and First streets, and it is said to be the finest, most elegantly furnished and conveniently ar- ranged residence in the county. It is located on one of the most beautiful sites in the city, and commands an unobstructed view of the Auglaize and Maumee Rivers, Old Fort Defiance, and other more or less pic- turesque scenery. To Mr. and Mrs. Sutphen have been born four children, viz. : Mary, who died in infancy; Minnie Q., born June 30, 1872; Richard H., born August, 1875; Robert, born September 9, 1880. The latter was a bright and promising little fellow, who died in 1881. Col. R. D. Sutphen, father of our subject, was boru in New Jersey and settled in Fairfield County, Ohio, in an early day. He held several important offices of trust and confi- dence, and in the palmy days of the Ohio militia was Colonel of one of the finest and best disciplined reg- iment.s in the State. In person he was tall and erect, of dignified and commanding appearance, firm and res- olute, yet perfectly courteous to all ; he won the esteem and confidence of his superiors in rank, and the re- spect and obedience of his subordinates. Col. Sut- phen was married to Sarah Zerkle, a daughter of David Zerkle, one of the pioneers of Fairfield County, Ohio, by whom he had seven children, viz. : Cathe- rine C, who married the late Henry Houk, of Carey, Ohio; Mary Jane, who married Noah Blosser, of Licking County, Ohio, she died in 1862; James Z. and Edward G. , successful merchants at Carey, Ohio; Charles M., an advocate at the Van Wert bar, and David C, a merchant at Pleasantville, Fairfield County, Ohio. HENEY HARDY was born in Troy, N. Y., June 28, 1831, and im- migrated to Ohio with his parents, William and Mary Hardy, when about eleven years of age. This removal interfered with his com-se of study and de- prived him of the opportunity of enjoying the advan- tages of the higher branches of an English education. His parents settled in Oxford Township, Tuscarawas County, where he completed his com-se of study in the common schools of that district. At the age of seventeen years, he became an apprentice to his brother, who was carrying on at the time a tailoring establishment. He completed his trade in eighteen months, and with a new ambition awakened in his breast, he went to Defiance County and settled on a farm in Delaware Township. Here he was married, A. D. 1853, to Miss Mary A. Platter, daughter of George and Elizabeth Platter, of Paulding County, Ohio. To them was born one son, George P., who now is married and resides in the village of Pauld- ing. Mrs. Hardy died in May, 1855. For his sec- ond wife Mr. Hardy married Miss Elizabeth Hamil- ton, in 1858, a daughter of Gavin W. Hamilton, of Orangeville, De Kalb County, Ind., a lineal descend- ant of Gavin Hamilton, spoken of by the poet Burns in his " Holy Willie's Prayer. " Of this union two children have been born to them, John, who is a teleg- rapher, and resides in Idaho Territory; Mary, is a teacher in the Union School of Defiance City, residing with her father, No. 28 Wayne street, the old court house in which Chief Justice M, R. Wait delivered his first legal speech. In October, 1857, Mr. Hardy was elected Recorder of the counly and served two terms, six years, and during this time he was made Mayor of this town and studied law, and was admit- ted to the bar in 1860. In October, 1863, he was elected Prosecuting Attorney of the county and served two terms (four years). In 1873, he was elected a member of the House of Representatives of the Sixty-first General Assembly, and in 1877 he was re- turned to the same body. He is now, 1882, devoting his whole time to his profession; office in Wolsiffer's Block, Defiance, Ohio. WILLIAM CARTER was born at Columbus, Chenango County, N. Y., December 15, 1812. He was one of six children. In the year 1818, the family moved to the township of Florence, in Erie County, Ohio, where they set- tled upon a new farm, two miles from Birmingham. Here he followed the usual life of a farmer's boy, and probably acquired that love of nature which in later years led him to seek relief from the cares and perplexities of professional life in the supervision of his farm near Defiance. He devoted his spare time to books, and obtained much knowledge of history and the classics. Soon after reaching majority, he left the paternal home to seek his fortune. Among his early ventures was that of shipping lumber to Perrys- burg, the head of navigation for sailing vessels on the Maumee. Several loads of lumber were disposed of there; and it was upon one of these trips, in the year 1834, that he was induced to visit Fort Defiance. Being pleased with the place, he determined to locate there, and did so the following year. Soon after his arrival, he invested iu a toll bridge across Tiffin River, at Brunersbui-g. About that time, he engaged in keeping a country store at the same place. The store was not recumerative and the bridge was car- ried away by a freshet. These were severe blows, and Mr. Carter gathered together the remnants of his property, left. Brunersburg for Defiance, where he has since resided. Here he was attended by ill-luck, until being elected Constable, in 1839, he determined to study law, and commenced a course of reading by 106 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. himself, and later entered the office of Curtis Bates, then practicing law in Defiance. As a student he was more than ordinarily industrious. It was a res- olution firmly adhered to through his business life, to learn each day some maxim of law, and as a con- sequence, he became well grounded in the principles of law. On July 19, 1841, he was admitted to the bar at Napoleon, Ohio, and at once entered practice at Defiance. On October 17, 1855, he was licensed to practice in the Federal Court at Cincinnati. Among his first cases, was one in behalf of some contractors on the canal, against the late Pierce Evans. It was a case which excited much public interest, and being prosecuted to a successful termination by Mr. Carter, gave him a wide notoriety as a careful and discriminat- ing lawyer — a reputation which he retained through life. He was much consulted in matters of intri- cacy, and seldom failed to unravel the discouraging and perplexing entanglements, in the interest of jus- tice. He was a man of few words, but many thoughts, and as a consequence, he was, in style, terse and pointed. Everything said was well considered before it was spoken, and he was seldom obliged to recon- sider a proposition. " He had a varied and lucrative business, extending over Northwestern Ohio, until 1868, wheu he was elected to the Ohio Senate, and withdrew from active practice; though he was occa- sionally consulted and engaged upon important cases until within a few months of his death, which occurred January 29, 1881. With a thorough knowledge of law, he united a strong sense of justice and ster- ling integrity. In politics, Mr. Carter was an unflinch- ing Democrat, and labored in season and out of sea- son for the success of principles he cherished dearly. In 1876, he was a delegate from this district to the National Democratic Convention at St. Louis. In the fall of 1839, Mr. Carter married Miss Elizabeth A. Dagget, daughter of Gardner Dagget, OLe of the early pioneers of Defiance County. His wife and four children survive him. Of the latter, the eldest, Emma, resides with her husband. Judge Hooker, at Charlotte, Mich. The others are Florence A. Carter, William Carter, Esq., a lawyer of Defiance, and Elbert E. Carter, connected with the Defiance National Bank, all reside at Defiance. OHAPTEE XY. CANALS. ri">HE canal system of Northwestern Ohio has J- played a important part in the development of Defiance County. Its two important canals, the Miami & Erie, and the ' Wabash & Erie, unite a few miles above Defiance and thence proceed by a common trunk to Maumee Bay. In the early days, canal projects received the attentioa which has since been given to railroads, but their greater expense made legislative action necessary to secure their con- struction. As early as 1822, a bill passed the Ohio Legislature, authorizing an examination into the practicability of connecting Lake Erie and the Ohio River by canal, by various routes, among them, by way of the Maumee River. In 1824, a survey was made under the direction of M. T. Williams, of Cin- cinnati, for many years Acting Canal Commissioner. The survey north to Defiance was for a long distance through an unbroken forest. It was not until June, 1845, that this canal was open for business to Defi- ance, where it connected with the Wabash & Erie, already constructed. The construction of the Wabash & Erie Canal was commenced in Indiana. The survey was com- menced at Fort Wayne in 1826, and completed to Maumee Bay in 1828. In 1827, Congress granted to the State of Indiana one-half of five miles in width of the public lands on each side of the proposed canal from Lake Erie to the navigable waters of the Wabash River. This was the first grant of any mag- nitude made by Congress for the promotion of pub- lic works. In 1828, by another act of Congress, a similar cession of land was made to Ohio for extend- ing the Miami Canal from Dayton to the Maumee River at the mouth of the Auglaize, on condition that the work of construction be commenced within five and completed within twenty years. By the same act, Indiana was authorized to relinquish to Ohio her right to lands in Ohio ceded to her for canal pur- poses, which was afterward done. The breakino- of ground was performed at Port Wayne, March 1, 1832, and completed to the Ohio line in 1840. The State of Ohio, realizing less than Indiana the need of this channel of navigation through her sparse set- tlement in her northwestern territory was more tardy in providing for its construction. In the spring of 1837, proposals were received at Maiunee for con- structing the canal from its eastern terminus, near Manhattan, to the "Head of the RapidH,"and Octo- HiSTOKY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. lOY ber 25, 1837, proposals were received at Defiance for the construction of the remaining part of the line to the Indiana line. The remote situation of the line from well-settled portions of the State, the high price of labor, caused partially by the sickness which prevailed along the course, and the poor prospect for payment retarded the work, which was not completed till the summer of 1843. The completion was duly celebrated at Fort Wayne by the citizens of both States, July 4, 1843, to whom Gen. Lewis Cass de- livered an able and classic oration. Prior to the construction of the canals, the chief mode of. travel through the country was afoot or on horseback, and goods and produce were transported on the rivers chiefly by pirogues and flat-boats. The merchants of Defiance obtained their goods thus from the mouth of the Manmee, whence they had been brought by boat from Buffalo. Sumptuous packets and numerous line boats were then placed on the ca- nals, but their benefits to the country had hardly been realized before the pioneer railroads on all sides diminished the canal trade. CHAPTER XYI. RAILROADS. DEFIANCE COUNTY is now supplied with two railroads, the Baltimore & Ohio & Chicago, and the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific, intersecting at Defiance, the latter completed in 1856, the former in 1874. Early projects for roads through Defiance County were numerous. The first was for a road between Hicksville and Brunersburg. In 1836, a bill was in- troduced into the Ohio Senate by Gen. John E. Hunt, Senator, "To incorporate The Brunersburg & Hicksville Railroad Company. " William D. Hay- maker, Gilman C. Mudgett, Rufus Kibber, Samuel Mapes and Ephraim Burwell, were appointed com- missioners to receive stock subscriptions. The capi- tal was $100,000, with liberty to increase as required, the road to run " from Brunersburg to Hicksville, and to the Indiana line, and to be completed in five years." This project, however, was too stupendous for the undeveloped resources of the country and had to be abandoned. The Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad was intended by its projectors to form a direct and contin- uous route, under one official management, from To- ledo to the Mississippi, through Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, but a distinct corporation was organized in each of these States. The Toledo & Illinois Rail- road Company filed a certificate of incorporation with the Secretary of the State of Ohio, April 25, 1853, for the purpose of building a railroad from Toledo to the western boundary line of the State in Harrison Township, Paiilding County. The Lake Brie, Wabash & St. Louis Railroad Company built the road through Indiana, and these two companies con- solidated June 25, 1856, taking the name of the To- ledo, Wabash & Western Railroad Company. The road was subsequently sold by its mortgagees and several times changed possession, It received its present name in November, 1879, by its consolidation with the St. Loais, -Kansas City & Northern Rail- road. The road crosses the southeastern portion of Defiance County obliquely through Adams, Richland, Noble, and Defiance Townships. The Baltimore, Ohio & Chicago road crosses the southern portion of Defiance County nearly east and west through Richland, Defiance, Delaware, Mark and Hicksville Townships. March 13, 1872, the Bal- timore, Pittsburgh & Chicago Railroad Company filed its certificate of organization at Columbus to construct a railroad from a point on the boundary line between Ohio and Pennsylvania in Mahoning County to a point on the Indiana line either in Hicksville or Milford Townships, Defiance County. The con- struction was commenced at Chicago Junction, west- ward, with means furnished by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. June 10, 1874, the road was com- pleted as far as Defiance, a distance of 878 miles, and by the following December, through trains were run- ning to Chicago. Much credit is due to the citizens of Defiance and other parts of the county for their efforts to secure these roads, for it was largely owing to the labor and exertions put forth by them that the roads were obtained through the county. 108 HISTOKY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. CHAPTER XVII. TOWN SITE VAGAEIES-JOELNNY APPLESEED-PIONEEE HOME-PIONEER WEDDING-NAYI- GATING THE MAUMEE-FIRST COUNTY FAIR-THE HEBREWS-TABLE OF POPULATION BY TOWNSHIPS, ETC TOWN SITE VAGABIES. THE tnwB of Defiance itself has never been the theater of wild speculation in real estate. The lots were held high and sold only as wanted by actual settlers. During the time the location of the canals was discussed and an open question in this vicinity, and dependant upon that issue, the town-site specula- tion was somewhat rife and several efforts made to raise the wind from corner lots and wharfage ground. As, for instance, when it was proposed to lock the Miami Canal into the Auglaize River and the Wabash into the Maumee at the head of the slack- water, and use the broad sheet of water made by the slack- water as a commercial basin, John Hollister, who then owned the Lewis bottom, opposite Defiance to the east, platted a city named " East Defiance " on a large scale, designing his town for the* business point. The location of the canal the next year on the high level dispelled his fond hopes, and the tine bottom has since been vigorously worked for wheat and corn and few know the glories in design for it. HoUis- ter's agent to make ready for the platting, summarily dispossessed a tenant for years, which resulted in a law suit (Braucher vs. Hollister) which has been dis- posed in the State Supreme Court only within a few years. During the same unsettled times, speculators im- agined, or had reason to expect, that the junction of the canals would be made on the high grounds, just above Dafiance, and an extensive snrvey of lots was made there, covering a quarter section and extend- ing along the Maumee some distance and back toward where Hudson's lock now is, comprising the property known as " beeswax." The Evanses and Taylor Web- ster were the managers of this job. The town was named "West Defiance," and has in every particular entirely been lost sight of. The town of " North Defiance" was about the same time laid out, a part of which is yet upon the duplicate. This is on the north side of the Maumee and just above the railroad. Brunersburg, on^the Tiffin River, and two miles above Defiance, about those days — say from 1830 to 1840 — was an ambitious rival to Defiance. The only grist mill in Northwestern Ohio was located there, and being also at the head of the proposed slack- water, great anticipations promised a happy and prosper- ous future to several daring operators in real estate and mill property. A second dam was built and power for grist and other mills offered ; a steamboat built, bridges erected, and the lands on either side of Tiffin River for miles platted into prospective De- troits, Lowells and Manchesters. The speculators failed, leaving laborers and farmers much the losers, the steamboat in a freshet and ice-jam went over the rapids and could not be brought back, and scarcely a vestige remains of the grand things then under way. The toll bridge fell years ago, the Mudgett dam yet remains only as an obstruction to canal boats and pirogue navigation. Lowell, with its thousand lots and streets with higli sounding names, has been long since vacated and turned out to incipient hoop-poles. Detroit (save a half dozen lots) likewise; even the town of Brunersburg has been sadly encroached on by the meadows and corn-fields, and the wild vaga- ries of commercial and manufacturing greatness then entertained are only now spoken of as a jest. More money was wasted in the vicinity of Brunersburg about that time in these wild speculations than at any other point on the Maumee above the foot of the Rapids. Brunersburg is now only known as the location of an excellent grist mill and the residence of a few me- chanics. T^he air was at one time beaten with a project to found a great city on the Maumee at the mouth of Tiffin River (Bean Creek), about one mile above De- fiance, but as the elder Phillips owned the land at the confluence, and was opposed to the speculation as likely to injui-e Defiance, of which he was the proprietor, and also to speculation generally, his land could not ^^e bought or he induced to take an interest, and the design failed. This city would have been directly opposite " West Defiance," above noted. And as a part of the wind in its sails was a side-cut into the Maumee from the canal, to enter the river directly opposite the mouth of the Tiffin. That river was then to be slack- watered and improved to Evansport, and possibly to Lockport, for which pur- pose we believe a company was at one time formed and aid sought from the State. This prospective im- HISTOKT OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 109 provement also gave rise to a dozen or more paper towns along the banks of Bean Creek, all which, even the names, are now clean gone out of mind. The dam to make the slack- water was located four miles below Defiance, and imaginative minds sup- posed that this would afford immense water power. The town-site speculators could not let so favorable a chance escape, and an extensive city was platted comprising over a thousand lots. All that now remains is the small village of Independence. River fractions along the slack-water of a few feet width were in those balmy days held at fabulous prices. Now they have scarcely any value at all, and some of them, on account of the washing of the banks, no existence. That kind of speculative property is now, therefore, entirely out of market. A Philadelphia company, in the days of specula- tion, bought a large tract of land on the Auglaize about four miles above Defiance, and spent a large amount of money. Their plan comprehended mills and a manufacturing town. A dam was coiistructed and also a saw mill to furnish lumber for further im- provements. In 1840, the project was abandoned, as thousands of other similar schemes were about those days, for want of money. The mill frame has rotted down and the substantial dam is mostly there yet, though a rift was made in it for the benefit of the pirogue trade between Blanchard and Defiance. The heavy double log cabins, built for boarding houses, for years afforded free tenements to squatters, and the acres of sawed logs rotted on the banks. The prop- erty is now all comprehended in the farms of Nathan Shirley and William H. Dils. Dr. Dewees, the man- ager of the company, was in early days a conspicuous character in this section, and hundreds of our now old men tell of the hard days' work put in thirty or forty years ago under his superintendence in the river and on their adjacent lands. "JOHNNT APPLESEED." Jonathan Chapman, better known as Johnny Ap- pleseed, was born in Boston, Mass., A. D. 1773. He had imbibed a remarkable passion for the rearing and cultivation of apple trees from the seed. He first made his appeai-ance in AVestern Pennsylvania abou the yeaa- 1800, and from thence made his way into Ohio, keeping on the outskirts of the settlements, and following his favorite pursuit. He was accus- tomed to cleai- spots in the loamy lands on the bank of the steams, plant his seeds, inclose the ground, and then leave the place until the trees had in a measure grown. When the settlers began to flock in and open their " clearings," Johnny was ready for them with his young trees. From those who were in good circum- stances he would receive their money, from others he would take their notes or exchange for some article of clothing or any other article of which he could make use, and to the poor and hopeless and helpless he would give without money and without price. About the year A. D. 1828, he started a nursery in this county. Defiance, at the mouth of TifBn River, about one mile above Defiance, on lands now owned by Charles Krotz, by sowing the seed. The young trees to the number of several thousand, in a year or two after, he took up and set out again on a piece of cleared land opposite Snaketown (now Florida) where they remained until sold out by a resident agent. Thomas Warren, Nathan Shirley, Lewis Platter and Samuel Hughs, of Delaware Township, set out orchards from this nursery. Most of the early or- chards on the Maumee and Auglaize bottoms in De- fiance, Paulding and Henry Counties were started from Johnny Appleseed's^ nursery. He had another nursery at Mount Blanchard, Hancock County, and others at Port Waj ne, Ind. He gathered most of his seed from cider presses in AVestern Pennsylvania, and thus he continued his business for many years, until the whole country was in a measure settled and supplied with apple trees, deriving self-satisfaction amounting almost to delight, in the indulgence of his engrossing passion. His personal appearance was as singular as his character. He was a small " chunked " man, quick and restless in his motions and conversation; his beard and hair were long and dark, and his eye black and sparkling. He lived the roughest life, and often slept in the woods. His clothing was mostly old, "being given him in exchange for apple trees. He went bare-footed and often traveled miles through the snow in that way. " In doctrine he was a fol- lower of Swedenborg, leading a moral, blameless life, likening himself to the primitive Christians, literally taking no thought of the morrow. Wherever he went, he circulated Swedenborgian works, and if short of them would tear a book in two and give each part to different persons. He was careful not to in- jure any animal, and thought hunting morally wrong. He was welcome everywhere among the settlers, and treated with great kindness even by the Indians. We give a few anecdotes illustrative of his character and eccentricities. On one cool, autumnal night, while lying by his camp-fire in the woods, he observed that the mosquitoes flew into the blaze and were burnt. Johnny, who wore on his head a tin utensil which answered both as a cap and a mush pot, filled it with water and quenched the fire, and afterward remarked, " God forbid that I should build a fire for my comfort that should be the means of destroying any of His creatures." Another time he made his no HISTOKY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. camp fire at the end of a hollow log in which he in- tended to pass the night, but finding it occupied by a bear and her cubs, he removed his fire to the other end, and slept on the snow in the open air, rather than to disturb the bear. He was one morning in a prairie and was bitten by a rattlesnake. Some time after a friend inquired of him about the matter. He drew a long sigh, and replied, " Poor fellow! he only just touched me, when I in an ungodly passion put the heel of my scythe on him and went home. Some time after I went there for ray scythe, and there lay ihe poor fellow dead. " He bought a coffee-bag, made a hole in the bottom, through which he thrust his head and wore it as a cloak, saying it was as good as anything. He died at the house of William Worth, in St. Joseph Township, Allen County, Ind., March 11, 1845, and was buried there, aged seventy two years. THE pioneer's HOME. The advance of this county was necessarily slow for the forests were gigantic. Almost the whole surface was covered with trees of the largest size. The labor and patience that have been expended in felling these trees and preparing the fields for the plow, the reaper and the mower, will never be ap- preciated except by those who have performed the labor, or seen its slow progress. Years of this toil have been already expended, and the work is yet far from being completed. The first habitations of the people were log cabins; not such a log cabin as was seen on the Centennial grounds, where the roof was of pine shingles nailed on, the gutter of pine boards' and the doors neatly made, and the windows filled with sash full of glass. The cabins of our pioneers" were made of round logs, cut only at the corners, their roofs of clapboards as they were split from the tree, held to their places by poles built into the end logs. The openings for doors and windows were not closed except at night, and then by a quilt or skin. The fire-place was built of logs and the chimney of sticks, all lined with clay, the whole chinked, that is, the cracks between the logs filled in with wood daubed with clay. Such a house was built by the neighbors gathering together, and was often finished in a day. The floors were of puncheon, split from trees. When all was done, a 'puncheon scouring took place. The young people and old gathered at the house for a dance, if a fiddle could be procured, and, with more relish than at a modern ball, they danced all night in this new cabin. A WEDDING IN PIONEEB TIMES. A wedding engaged then as now the attention of the whole neighborhood, and the frolic was anticipat- ed by oil and young with eager expectation. In the morning the groom and his attendants started from his father's house to reach the bride's before noon, for the wedding by the inexorable law of fash- ion, must take place before dinner. There were no tailors or mantua-makers in those days. The men dressed in shoepacks, moccasins, and leather breeches, leggings, linsey-woolsey or buckskin hunting shirts, all home made. The women were dressed in linsey petticoats, and linsey or linen gowns, coarse shoes, stockings, handkerchiefs and buckskin gloves, if any. If there was jewelry, it was the relic of old times. The horses (for all came on horseback), were capari- soned with old saddles, old bridles or halters, pack Saddles, with blankets thrown over them; and a rope or a string for girth or reins as often as leather. They formed a procession as well as they could along the narrow roads. Sometimes an ambuscade of mis- chievous young men was formed, who fii-ed off their guns and frightened the horses and caused the girls to shriek. A race for the bottle took place by two or more of the young men racing over this rough road to the bride's house, the victor to receive a bottle of whisky, which he bore back in triumph, and passed it along the procession for each one to take a drink in turn. Then came, the arrival at the bride's house, the ceremony, the dinner and the dance, all conducted with the greatest fan and frolic till morning. Sometimes those who were not invited would re- venge themselves by cutting off the mane, foretop and tails of the horses of the wedding party. The log- rolling, harvesting and husking bees for the men and the quilting and apple-butter making for the women, furnished frequent occasions for social intercourse, and gave ample opportunity for any neighborhood to know and appreciate the good and bad qualities of each other. The rifle-shooting was a pastime which men loved, as it gave them an opportunity of testing their skill with the necessary weapons of defense, and means often- of subsistence. When a beef was the prize, it was divided into six quarters, by this queer arrangement: The two hindquarters were the highest prizes, the two forequarters the next, the hide and tallow the fifth, and the lead shot into the mark was the sixth. NAVIGATING THE MAUMEE. When the new settlers on the Maumee raised a surplus of grain it was sometimes shipped down the Maumee Eiver in pirogues. Dr. John Evans, who was engaged in trade at Defiance at that time had taken in quite an amount of corn, which he concluded to ship, and hived Thomas Warren, Isaac Perkins and James Shirley to ship it to market. It was loaded into a pirogue and started down the river, arriving at the head of the rapids (Providence) where they landed for a rest. Eighteen miles of rapid current and intricate HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. Ill channels were before them. None of them knew the channels and rock; neither of them had ever passed over the rapids, and in prospect was not a pleasant ride; after this short rest they moved on and into the whirling rapids through which they passed in safety, and in due time arrived at Maumee City, where they sold their corn for 50 cents per bushel to Col. Joha E. Hunt. The measure upon unloading overrun twelve bushels, caused by the plashing of the water in the rapids, which swelled the corn. This the boatmen claimed, giving them $2 each, which they proposed to expend on their home journey in high living. Being now ready to return, Mr. Thomas Garrett, a blacksmith, was on his way to Defiance to locate, and proposed to take passage with them. He treated the boys and thanked them from being thus relieved from the journey on foot. They now had to run the river against the current, and they made but six miles the first day, with the aid of Mr. Garrett (their passen- ger), who towed manfully on the cordelle. Next morning, Mr. Garrett again treated the boys, thanked them for their kindness, but proposed to continue his journey on foot. FIEST DEFIANCE COUNTY FAIR. The first annual fair of the Agricultural Society for this county was held October 7 and 8, 1851. The cattle, horses, hogs, fowls, etc., were on exhibition in a lot owned by Dr. Colby, on the north side of the Maumee River. The fruit and other articles were ar- ranged for inspection in the court house. William C. Holgate was Secretary. HEBREWS. The Jewish nation is represented in Defiance County by about fifty-seven souls, independent of the class denominated "roving Jews." Of the adult por- tion of resident Jews of the county, there are twenty- seven males, and twelve families, with eighteen chil- dren under thirteen years of age. The most of these live in Defiance. Thirteen, however, live in Hicks- ville. The Jews commenced their history in this coun- ty with the Wirtheimer family, followed by Kittner, Kugle and Levya; afterward Gins burg and family settled here. The families mentioned above, and others perhaps, are classed among our best citizens. They are well thought of by the Gentile brethren, and fra- ternize freely with other classes of citizens irrespec- tive of religious opinions. In their religious beliefs, they are firm, and we might say strict, in the observance of all rules and ceremonies pertaining t j their ancient religion. In addition to their religious organiza- tion, they have a Hebrew relief association. The officers of this society are H. H. Ginsburg, Presi- dent; A. Schlossburg, Vice President; M. Kittner, Treasurer, and A. Rosenbaum, Secretary. This as- sociation was called into being here by the shameful outrages perpetrated by the Russian Government upon the defenseless Jews, and has for its object the relief of the persecuted brethren in that country. The religious congregation, while it meets for relig- ious purposes only, is not observed with that faith- fulness, perhaps, which is characteristic of this peo- ple in large cities where the congregations are larger, and where they have their own synagogue or build- ing for worship. Here they meet but twice a year, except in case of a death or a marriage or an occa- sion of that nature. The first meeting is that of Jew- ish New Year, which usually comes in the latter part of September or the first of October. The second meeting is that of the day of atonement, which is commonly known as the long day, and occurs one week after the New Year. This day being a fast day is usually observed by the most liberal of the Hebrews. For these two occasions referred to they generally bring here a regular Rabbi, or minister. They also hold religious meetings at weddings and deaths. At all religious meetings it requires the at- tendance of at least tea males over thirteen years of age. Their meetings are presided over in the ab- sence of a Rabbi by a senior member, and as Mr. Joseph Kugle is the oldest member here, this gen- tleman is chosen by common consent for this office. The Jewish women, not unlike their Gentile sisters, are the most religious of the two sexes. Inasmuch as their mode of worship like their race is the most ancient, their services are always conducted in the Hebrew language, of which all members are readers. POPULATION OF DBFIANCB COUNTY BY TOWNSHIPS FROM 1840 TO 1880. TOAVNS. 1840. 1850. I860. • 1870. 1880. Adanis 188 1,044 201 381 67 543 433 1,381 445 894 507 365 "645 558 703 709 428 754 3,418 895 1,180 910 797 391 1,293 770 908 916 751 1,220 3,615 1,160 1,184 1,287 946 595 1,.555 867 1,194 1,080 1,016 1,509 Defiance Delaware TTfivi-ner. 6.846 1,505 1,303 Hicksville Hii^hland Mark 2,381 1,326 1,096 Milford 175 1.460 Noble 912 1,437 Tiffin 233 98 1,526 "Washington 1,335 Total.. 3,818 6,966 11,983 15,719 23,515 In 1840, Noble is included in Defiance, Richland in High- land, and, in 1840 and 1850, Mark in Farmer Township. 112 HISTOKY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. OHAPTEE XYIII. THE MEXICAN WAR. A COMPANY was raised for the Mexican war, in the Maumee Valley, known as Company B, Fif- teenth Regiment United States Infantry. This regi- ment was familiarly known as " New Eegulars," and was mustered out at the close of the war. The com- missioned officers of Company B, appointed by the President, were Daniel Chase, of Manhattan, Cap- tain; Goodloe, First Lieutenant, and J. W. Wiley, of Defiance, Second Lieutenant. Wiley was court marshaled and dismissed from the service for fighting a duel with a brother officer in Mexico. He went thence to Olympia, in Washington Territory, where he published a paper for several years, but is now dead. Goodloe was killed in battle. The Cap- tain returned home. The company participated in all the battles about the City of Mexico, and suffered terribly in killed and wounded, quite a number also dying in hospital. We are not able to furnish a roll of the men en- listed, but we here give, from the files of the Defi- ance Democrat, of March 9, 1848, a list of deaths. The following is a list of deceased soldiers former- ly belonging to Company B, Fifteenth United States Infantry: Chester G. Andrews, killed in battle near City of Mexico, August 20, 1847. Joseph T. Clark, died of wounds received in same battle. Jonas G. Anglemyer, died of wounds received at the storming of Chapultepec. John Ball, died in Government Hospital in New Orleans, August 20, 1847. Solomon Blubaugh, died in hospital, Mexico, October 6, 1847. Chauncy Crago, died at San Borgia, September 3, 1847. Eobert Graves, killed in City of Mexico, Septem- ber 14, 1847. Isaac Huyck, died in hospital in Chapultepec, November 19, 1847. Joseph Hickory, died in hospital in Vera Cruz, June 22, 1847. Samuel Jennings, died near Jalapa, Mexico, June 26, 1847. Thomas L. Eollock, died in hospital in Chapulte- pec, December 15, 1847. Thomas Marks, died near Santa F6, June 19, 1847. John McMillen, died in Puebla, July 20, 1847. Jacob Eeid, died in Perote Castle, July, 1847. David Robinson, died in Chapultepec, November 19, 1847. Noble Robinson, died in hospital in Perote, July 3, 1847. George W. Slough, died in hospital in Perote, July 15, 1847. John Sleath, killed in battle near the City of Mexico, August 20, 1847. William Strain, died in hospital in Chapultepec, December 11, 1847. James M. Skean, died in hospital in Mexico, Sep- tember 27, 1847. Calvin Waggint, died in hospital in Puebla, Au- gust 9, 1847. Charles Carrol, died in hospital in Puebla. Edward Bennett, died in hospital in Puebla. Joseph Cummings, died in hoapital, Puebla. William Davis, died in hospital, Puebla. Samuel Garrison, died in hospital, Puebla. William Gee, died in hospital, Puebla. Otho Ham, died in hospital, Puebla. George Holden, died in hospital, Puebla. Eobert Hinkley, died in hospital, Puebla. William Russel, died in hospital, Puebla. Ephraim Smith, died in hospital, Puebla. Anson Strever, died in hospital, Puebla. Leander P. Stoddard, died in hospital, Puebla. Charles Tupel, died in hospital, Puebla. Charles Smith, died in hospital, Puebla. The following is an extract from a letter of Lieut. James W. Wiley, in which he makes honorable men- tion of officers and soldiers who went from the Mau- mee Valley: " I take this occasion to remark that the Defiance and Williams County boys deserve particular notice for the gallant manner in which thej acted in every action. All that were able wore always present, and there has never been an instance that has come to my knowledge of one of them flinching. Sergt. John Davis and Sergt. Maybe deserve particular mention the former loading and firing more shots at Churubusco than any other member of the company, cheering up and encouraging his comrades, etc.; and the latter for his deliberate coolness and gallantry throughout the action. He was shot through the hand while carrying an order from Capt. Chase to a portion of the HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. 113 men, to have them cease firing, which entirely dis- abled it. Corp. John Daly, James Skean, David Robinson Sanford W. Smith, William Strain, James Black and others, deserve much praise for the manner in which they conducted themselves. Mr. Jason Dame was on detached service at the time of the bat- tle of Ohurubusoo, and was not in that action, but at Chapultepec he distinguished himself for his bravery and good conduct. In fact, the whole company, with one or two exceptions, did their duty manfully, and I think the list of killed and wounded will show that they were not slow in walking up to the work, as we were the second company on the list in our regiment in point of loss. " It now becomes my painful duty to rehearse the casualties which have happened to the brave little band I enlisted at Defiance, including, also, those who went to Toledo and joined the service there. Thomas Marks died at the close of the second day's march, and the next evening, while the companies were di-illing, exercising in loading and firing, George Slough was struck in the leg with a ball, from the effects of which he died with the lockjaw at Perote. Jacob Smith, of Williams County, and Noble Robinson, from Evansport, were both attacked with diarrhoea on the march, and were left at the hospital at Perote — both since died. At Puebla, Mr. McMillan, from Williams County, died from the effects of a violent fever. On leaving Puebla, there were detained in the hospital at that place, Corp. Rogers, Corp. Garrison (brother-in-law to Henry Brubacher), Simon Smith, of Williams County, Anson Strever, of the same county, and Dutch Charley, or Charles Tuber. C. G. Andrews was killed by a posse of Mexican lancers while engaged with Joseph Clark in caring for a wounded comrade; Clark was badly cut up by the lancers, being badly wounded in the hand, arm and head; was left for dead, but came to and was picked up and conveyed to his regiment, where he partly recovered from his wounds, but was attacked with diarrhcea, which terminated his exist- ence, and, in a few days afterward, James Skeen died with the same disease. Om- Orderly Sergeant, Mace, was left sick at Vera Cruz, and Sergt. Ward at Puebla; neither of whom have yet arrived." OHAPTEE XIX. MILITARY EECORD OF DEFIANCE COUNTY IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. THE CALL FOR TROOPS. AT a meeting of the citizens of Defiance, held at the court house on the evening of April 16,1861, in pursuance of a call made by many of the leading citizens of the town, S, S. Sprague was chosen chair- man and S. A. Strong, Secretary. The chair briefly stated the object for which the meeting was called. On motion, a committee of three was appointed by the chair to draft resolutions expressive of the senti- ments of the meeting. E. H. Leland, Dr. Perry and J. P. Bufiington were appointed as the committee. Dr. Paul, William A. Brown, T. Fitzpatrick, E. H. Leland, Dr. Ruhl and others addi-essed the meet- ing in stirring and patiotic remarks. The Committee on Resolutions, through their chairman, reported the following resolutions, which were unanimously adopted: Resolved, That we view the recent attack upon the National flag at Fort Sumter, while the Gov- ernment was engaged in the peacable and neces- sary duty of supplying our soldiers with provisions, as one of the most abominable of crimes — a crime against the Government and a direct and unpardon- able insult to every loyal citizen of the United States. Resolved, That the treasonable band of conspir- ators who are organized under the name of Confeder- ate States, have by their crimes against the Govern- ment extending through a series of years, and finally culminating in frequent overt acts of treason, forfeit- ed all the political rights which they have heretofore enjoyed. That they are entitled to no respect or con- sideration from the civilized world, and by the exer- cise of all power of men or money, it has become necessary to inflict upon them the just and speedy pimishment which their crimes deserve. Resolved, That to such an extent has treason been permitted to walk abroad, unpunished in our land, that it has now become a question of self-preserva- tion; and all party feelings, and all party issues as heretofore existing should be entirely lost sight of ; and until the question of the preservation of the Govern- ment shall be settled, we recognize no two classes of people, but two parties — Patriots and Traitors. Resolved, That it is the imperative duty of every good citizen to uphold the President of the United States in his efforts to execute the laws of the United States in every portion of the Government and against 114 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. all its enemies. All of which is respectfully sub- mitted. On motion it was ordered that the proceedings of the meeting be published in the village newspapers. Party differences were ignored by common consent and sentiments of a determination to support the Government at all hazards were freely expressed. S. S. Sphague, Chairman. S. A. Strong, Secretary. FOURTEENTH OHIO I^FANTRY. The Fourteenth Ohio Eegiment was raised in the Tenth Congressional District of Ohio. Ten companies from Toledo, Bryan, Defiance, Stryker, Napoleon, Antwerp, Wauseon and Waterville were organized into the Fourteenth Regiment at Toledo, on the 24:th of April, 1861, James B. Steedman being elected Colonel; George P. Estell, Lieutenant Colonel; Paul Ed- wards, Major. The President's proclamation for 75,000 men was promptly responded to, and in less than three days the Fourteenth Ohio was ready for the field, and on the '25th day of April, 1861 (just twelve days after the firing on Fort Sumter), it started from Toledo for Camp Taylor, near Cleveland, where it was thoroughly drilled and its organization com- pleted. On the 18th of May, the regiment was trans- ferred from the State to the General Government. The regiment left Cleveland on the 22d day of May for Columbus, there received their arms and ac- couterments, and on the same day started for Zanes- ville, Ohio; arrived at 1 P. M. on the 23d and imme- diately embarked for Marietta. Occupied Camp Putnam until the 27th of May, then was ordered to embark for Parkersburg, Va. , at which place it landed without opposition, and for the first time the regimental flag of the Fourteenth was unfurled in the enemy's country. Immediately on its arrival, one company was double-quicked along the line of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, the bridges of which were being fired by retreating rebels, as a signal of the arrival of National . troops in Western Virginia. Guards were then posted along the road to prevent further destruc- tion, and on the 29th the regiment moved forward until Clarksbui'g was reached, having repaired all the burnt bridges and culverts up to that point. At Clarksburg, some important arrests were made and the trains were put to running for supplies. On the 2d of June, the regiment started by rail for the town of Webster, supplied with rations sufficient for a march to Philippi.a distance of thirteen miles. This march was performed on a dark, dismal, rainy night, to surprise a force of about two thousand rebel cavalry in camp near that place. The march brought the regiment in front of the town at 5 A. M., when a battery belonging to the force opened upon the surprised rebels, who were badly frightened, and scattered to the bushes and hills as fast as their horses could carry them, some leaving their clothing and boots behind and making off almost in the Georgia costume of "a shirt and a pair of spurs. " A few pris- oners, all the rebel stores and five wagon loads of arms and munitions fell into the hands of the Nation- al force. On the National side, there were but four men wounded, including Col. Kelly, afterward Major General. One of the rebel cavalry had his leg taken off by a cannon ball. On the next day, the Four- teenth, in company with the Sixteenth and Seven- teenth Ohio, Sixth and Seventh Indiana and First Virginia Infantry went into camp on the hills in the rear of the town of Philippi. On the 2d of July, 1861, the regiment received its first pay in gold and Ohio currency. On the 7th of July, the rebels began to show themselves in force at Laurel Hill, and works were thrown iip at Bealington to repel their attacks. Several cavalry charges made by the enemy were handsomely repulsed. On the 12th, Gen. Garnett, having suddenly retreated, the National forces moved out of their works; the Fourteenth taking the advance, took possession of a fort; vacated by the enemy and pressed on after the retreating column. The rebels were closely pressed, the road being strewed with trunks, boxes, tents, stalled baggage wagons and "tuck- ered-out" rebels. In crossing Carrick's Ford, the enemy was obliged to make a stand to save their trains. Taking a strong position, they awaited the coming of the National forces. The advance guard of the Fourteenth was under the rebel guns before they were g,ware of it. The rebel flag was flaunted in their faces, and with shouts for Jeff Davis came a shower of balls from the bluff above and opposite the stream. The Fourteenth closed up to its advance guard and answered the enemy's first volley before the second had been fired. In twentj minutes, and just as the first regiment of the main column came up for ac- tion, the enemy gave way in great confusion, casting off everything that could retard escape. Over thirty well-laden baggage wagons, one battery, three stand of colors and 250 prisoners were the fruits of this vic- tory. The next morning the regiment returned to- ward Philippi with the prisoners and captured train, fordiug at least six rivers and creeks swollen by the heavy rains, arriving at Philippi on the 15th of July. The Fourteenth remained in camp at Laurel Hill until the 22d, when it moved to and crossed the Ohio at Bellaire, and there took cars on the Central Ohio for Toledo and home. The wounded received great attention from the people along the road, and the regiment was tendered ovations and kindnesses without number. It arrived at Toledo on the 25th of HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 115 July, where it was hailed by the ringing of bells and firing of cannon. After partaking of a sumptuous feast, prepared by the citizens at the Oliver House, the regiment dispersed. After a few days' rest at home the men re- assembled, and again volunteered in a body for three years, or during the war. On the 23d of August, 1816, the Fourteenth received orders, and moved from Toledo to Cincinnati on the same day, reaching there in the evening. It was here sup- plied with arms and accouterments, and on the morn- ing of the 25th crossed the Ohio to Covington, Ky., and took cars for Lexington and Frankfort. Re- maining in Frankfort two days, the regiment moved by cars to Nicholasville, and established a camp of rendezvous, where for three weeks it was engaged in daily drill and was thoroughly disciplined. Camp Dick Robinson was its next stopping place, and was reached on the evening of October 2. While there, a regiment of loyal East Tennesseans arrived, hav- ing, as the men said, crawled on all fours through the rebel lines. Among these brave and self-sacrificing loyal mountaineers were the then Tennessee United States Senator, Andrew Johnson, and Horace May- nard. Congressman, on their way to "Washington, D. C. Col. Steedman, of the Fourteenth, invited Johnson to share his tent for the night. The rough attire and begrimed appearance of Johnson caused "the boys" of the regiment to remark that "old Jim Steedman" would invite "Andy" to a free use of soap before he would allow him to bunk with him. The East Ten- nesseans being without arms, discipline or drill, a detail was made from the Fourteenth for the purpose of perfecting them in di'ill. About this time rumors were rife that the National forces stationed at or near Wild Cat, a desolate region sixty miles south- east of Camp Dick Robinson, were surrounded by the rebels. The Fourteenth, witti Barnet's First Ohio Artillery, started at once for Wild Cat, making forced marches through the deep mud and driving rain, and reached there at 9 A. M. of the 21st of Oc- tober. On nearing the battle-field the crash of mus- ketry and artillery was heard. This spurred the ex- cited troops, who were going into their first engage- ment, and they double-quicked to the point of attack. Barnett's artillery was placed in position and the enemy shelled. Five companies of the Thirty-third Indiana were on a wild knob, almost completely sur- rounded by the rebels. Under cover of a brisk fir e from Barnet's battery, two companies of the Four- teenth, with picks and shovels, crawled through the bushed over a ravine, and reached the knob, fortified it in such a manner that the enemy shortly abandoned the siege and retreated toward London, Ky. The rebels left on the ground about thirty of their num- ber killed and wounded. The National forces pur- sued the rebels under Zollicoffer,to a point near Lon- don, and then went into camp for some two weeks. Orders were received to march baflk toward Lancas- ter, passing through Crab Orchard aud Mt. Vernon. The next point was Lebanon, at which place the troops went into winter quarters. On the 31st of December, the camp at Lebanon was abandoned and the march resumed, taking the route toward Somerset or Mill Springs. At Logan's Cross Roada, the rebels undei: Zollicoffer were met and defeated. Only one company of the Fourteenth par- ticipated in this — Company C, Capt. J. W. Brown, of Toledo. Following up their success, the National troops pursued and drove the rebels into their fortifications at Mill Springs. The night of the 19th of January was consumed in cannonading the enemy's works. Early on the morning of the 20th, a general assault was ordered and executed, the rebel works carried, twenty pieces of artillery, all the camp equipage and one regiment of men captiu-ed. The main body of rebels crossed the Cumberland River in a steamer and escaped, burning the steamer as they left. In the charge which carried the works, the Fourteenth was the first regiment to enter. Pushing on after the fly- ing enemy, the regiment reached the bank of the river in time to fire into the rear of the retreating column as it was boarding the steamer. The National forces remained at Mill Springs until the 11th of February. Then with five days' rations the line of march was resumed toward Louisville, passing through Stan- ford, Somerset, Danville and intermediate places, ar- riving at Louisville on the 26th. Marching through the city the Fourteenth was placed on board of trans- ports, and in company with 20,000 other troops left for Nashville, arriving there on the 4th of March. Remaining in and around Nashville, building forti- fications and perfecting the drill of the men, until the 20th of March, the necessity of re-enforcing Gen. Grant's forces at Pittsburg Landing being apparent. Gen. Buell marched with the greater part of his army, reaching Savannah on the 6th of April. Tak- ing steamers, a portion of the troops were landed on the field at Pittsburg Landing, on the morning of the 7th of April, in time to participate in the engage- ment of that day, turning the tide of battle in favor of the National army. The Fourteenth did not come up in time to participate. On the night of the 12th of April, the regiment was sent on an expedition to Chickasaw Landing, in the vicinity of which five or six bridges were destroyed, thus preventing the enemy from being re-enforced. In effecting this de- struction several severe skirmishes were had. The regiment was taken back to Pittsburg Landing on a 116 HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. steamer, on board of which was Gen. Sherman, who publicly thanked the men for the service they had performed. The Fourteenth rejoined its brigade, and with the vast army then concentrated under Gen. Halleck, shared in the slow advance on Corinth. The only death in the regiment during the siege was that of fifev Frank Gallern, of heart disease. The regiment joined in pursuing the enemy to the vicinity of Booneville, Miss., where the chase was abandoned, the National troops returning to Corinth. On the 23d of June, 1862, the Fourteenth with other troops was sent to Tuka, Miss. , and from there marched to Tuscumbia, Ala. After doing duty of various kinds in and around this place, the line of march was resumed toward Nashville, Tenn., passing through Florence, Fayetteville, Pulaski, etc. On this march. Gen. Robert L, MeCook was murdered by guerrillas near Waynesburg, Tenn. Nashville was reached on the 7th of September. On the 14th, marching orders were received for Bowling Green, Ky. This march was made in pursuit of Bragg's army, which was then moving on to Louisville, Ky., which was reached on the 26th day of September, 1862. On this march, the Fourteenth Ohio was under command of Maj. Paul Edwards, Col Steedman having been assigned to Gen Robert L. McCook's late command, and Lieut Col. Este being absent on furlough. The march from Nash- ville to Louisville was one of great hardship, the weather being intensely hot, the roads very dusty and water almost unattainable. On the Ist of October, the National army, under Gen. Buell, moved out of Louisville and resumed the pursuit of Bragg's rebel army. Marching by the Bardstown road, the Four- teenth in the advance, Springfield, Ky., was reached on the second day and Bardstown on the third. On the 9th day of October, the brigade in which the Fourteenth was acting, was detailed as headquarter and ammunition train guard, and for that reason did not participate in the battle of Perryville fought on that day. Gen. Buell's army moved in pursuit of the rebels, marching through Danville and Crab Orchard, where the pursuit was abandoned and the National forces commenced a retrograde movement toward Nashville. Gallatin was reached on the 15th of No- vember, where the brigade, in which the Fourteenth Ohio was acting, went into winter qviarters. While at this place, the regiment was frequently detailed on scouting duty against the guerrilla (Gen. John Morgan's) cavalry, with which it had several severe skirmishes, losing some men. At Rolling Fork, Mor- gan was badly whipped and driven off, thus prevent- ing a contemplated raid against Louisville. The reg- iment remained at Gallatin until January 13, 1863, engaged in similar duty. Leaving Gallatin, Nash- ville was reached on the 15th day of January, and after a day's rest in that city the regiment marched to Murfreesboro as guard to an ammunition and pro- vision train, returning the same night to Lavergne, where the brigade was engaged in fortifying against the enemy. On the 3d day of Jane, the regiment and brigade left Lavergne and took up the line of march for Triune, Tenn., forming a portion of Rosecrans' advance on Tullahoma and Chattanooga. At Triune, twenty days were consumed in rigid drill, giving time to allow the necessary supplies to come up. The march being resumed, Hoover's Gap was reached on the night of the 26th of June, a brisk engagement coming off at that point, in which the Fourteenth participated with its brigade. Thirty men were lost in killed and wounded in this affair. The vicinity of Tullahoma was reached on the evening of the 28th of June, and the enemy's videttes driven in. That night, Capt. Neubert's picket detail, of the Fourteenth Ohio, drove in the enemy's line of pickets and reached a point so near the town as to enable him to discover that the rebels were evacuating the place. This important information was immediately sent to headquarters by Capt. Neubert, and caused the advance, early the next morning, of the National forces. Elk River was crossed with great difficulty, that stream being quite deep with a swift current, and a number of men were drowned. A spur of the Cumberland Mountains was crossed and the National forces encamped in Sequat- chie Valley on the 18th of August, near Sweden Cove. On the 31st of August, the army crossed the Tennessee River by means of rafts, the pontoons not being on hand. On the 19th of September, the enemy was discovered in force on Chickamauga Creek. The Fourteenth Ohio, under command of Lieut. Col. Kingsbuiy, was immediately deployed in line of bat- tle. The men were not in the best trim to engage in a fatiguing day's work, having marched incessantly all of the previous day and night, but they were ready and willing to perform their whole duty, and did it nobly. The regiment was engaged in hot and close contest from 9 A. M. to 4 P. M. ; being then relieved, it replenished its ammunition boxes, and again en- tered the fight, continuing it until sundown. That night it fell back one mile and went into camp. The next morning at 9 o'clock the regiment again entered the field and had a desperate encounter with a por- tion of Longstreet's rebel division. An unfortunate gap being left open by mistake in Thomas' line, the whole National force was compelled to fall back to prevent being overwhelmed. The village of Ross, ville was its stopping point. On the 21st of Septem- ber, the regiment with its brigade and division, was in line of battle all day, but was again compelled to give ground and fall back into hastily-constructed in- HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. in trenobments near Chattanooga, the enemy following closely. The regiment went 4nto the battle with 449 men. Out of that number it lost 233, killed, wounded and missing. Fourteen enlisted men were captured by the enemy. Of fourteen officers, eight were severely wounded; among them Capts. Albert Moore, Company A; H. W. Bigelow, Company I; Dan Pomeroy, Company D; W. B. Pugh, Company H; J. J. Clark, Company C; and Lieut. James E. McBride, Company F. Col. Croxton, of the Tenth Kentucky, commanding the brigade, was also severe- ly wounded. To procure rations on one occasion during the ensuing beleaguerment at Chattanooga, a detail of 100 men from the Fourteenth, under Capt. Neubert, was sent to Stevenson, Ala., crossing the rugged mountain between that place -and Chatta- nooga. This detail started on a march of eleven days' duration with only one day's rations. After en- countering terrible hardships, subsisting on parched corn, leaving along the roads the wrecks of more than half their wagons and the dead bodies of t\venty mules, Stevenson wag reached; ten wagons out of the sixty they started with were loaded with "hard-tack" and the return journey commenced. After twenty- five days' absence, this detail reached Chattanooga (9 th of November) and distributed their precious freight among the famished troops. In the brilliant assault on Mission Eidge, the Fourteenth Ohio bore a gallant part, charging and capturing a rebel battery of three guns, which Gen. Hardee in person was superintending, loosing sixteen killed, ninety-one wounded and three missing. On the 26th of November, the National forces started in pursuit of the rebel army toward Ringgold, at which point the enemy made a stand on the 28th. Gen. Hooker's forces being in the advance, made a charge on the rebels, but were driven back. The Fourteenth corps coming up, formed a line of battle and charged the rebel position, but the enemy had fled toward Buzzard's Roost. The Fourteenth Ohio returned to Chattanooga on the 2yth of November and was re- viewed by Gen. Grant on the Ist of December, 1863. Of those that were eligible, all but thirty men of the entire regiment re-enlisted for another term of three years. This occurred on the 17th of December. On Christmas Day, the mustering of the men commenced, and by working hard all day and through the night the rolls 'were completed. Marching to Bridgeport on the 3l8t of December, the Fourteenth Ohio then took the cars and reached Nashville on the 2d day of January, 1864. On this trip the cold was so intense as to freeze the feet of several colored servants, belong- ing to the regiment, so badly as to make amputation necessary. From Nashville the regiment went by cars to Louisville, and thence by boat to Cincinnati, arriving at that city on the morning of the 4th of January. Cars were at once taken for Toledo, the home of the regiment, where it was warmly received by the citizens, and addressed in their behalf by the Hon. M. R. Waite. On the 6th day of February, the thirty days' furlough having expired, the regi- ment moved by rail to Cleveland and there went into camp. Remaining there about a week, it started for Cincinnati and the front, reaching Nashville on the 23d of February and Chattanooga on the 29th. On the 5th day of March, the regiment moved to Ringgold, where it performed hard duty in building corduroy roads between that place and Chattanooga, picketing outposts, etc. On the 9th day of May, it moved with its brigade on Dalton, driving in the enemy's videttesto the vicin- ity of Tunnel Hill, there encountering the enemy in force. At this point commenced that long, fatiguing campaign for the possession of Atlanta, the "Gate City" of the extreme South, The Fourteenth, in all the marches and the almost incessant skirmishes and flanking movements of that campaign, bore an honor- able part. It lost heavily in men and officers. While lying in front of Atlanta, the regiment lost twenty men killed and wounded. On the 26th of August, a flanking movement was commenced toward Jonesboro, and on the 31st, the Atlanta & Western Railroad was struck five miles north of Jonesboro, where 200 prisoners were capt- ured. On the 1st of September, the Third Division of the Fourteenth Army Corps, in which was brigaded the Fourteenth Ohio, continued the movement in the direction of Jonesboro, destroying the track of the railroad as it marched. At 4:30 P. M. of that day, the Third Division (Gen. Baird) confronted the enemy's works surrounding Jonesboro. The Third Brigade, in command of Col. Este, of the Fourteenth Ohio, of Baird's division, was drawn up in line of battle in the immediate rear of a regular brigade of Gen. Carlin's division, which had just made an unsuccessful charge on the rebel works in the edge of the woods on the opposite side of a large corn-field. Col. Este, with his brigade, consisting of the Fourteenth and Thirty- eighth Ohio, Tenth Kentucky and Seventy fourth Indiana stood ready for the fight. Col. Este gave the order, "Battallions, forward! — guide center!" and Gen. Baird waved his hand for the "forward." The lines moved steadily forward amid a shower of balls. A battery opened with grape and canister, but the brigade moved steadily on. The edge of the timber was gained, and, with a yell and a charge, the rebel works were gained, and a hand- to hand conflict en- sued. The rebels belonged to Gen. Pat Cleburne's division, and contested the gi-ound with great stub- bornness and bravery. It was not until many of them lis HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. were killed with the cold steel that they would sur- render. They finally succumbed and were marched to the rear as prisoners. The Fourteenth took nearly as many prisoners as the regiment numbered, a bat- tery of foui- guns, several stands of colors and two lines of trenches full of men. All this was not ac- complished without sad cost. The brigade lost thirty-three per cent of its number. One hundred members of the Fourteenth, whose time had expired, went willingly into the fight, some of whom were killed and many wounded. After the Jonesboro fight, the brigade in which the Fourteenth was acting, marched back to Atlanta, leaving the pursuit of the eneniy to other troops. The Fourteenth next followed in pursuit of Hood's troops, on their advance into Tennessee, as far up as Rome, where the chase was abandoned and the brigade returned to Kingston, Ga., reaching there on the 6th of November. It next joined Gen. Sherman's forces at Atlanta, and partici pated in the " march to the sea;" then came the march through the Carolinas to Goldsboro and Kaleigh. At Raleigh the surrender of Lee and his army near Richmond was promulgated to the National forces. The surrender of Johnston quickly followed, and then the march up to the capital of the nation, where the grand armies of the republic passed in review before the President and Cabinet. On the 15th of June, the Fourteenth Ohio started from "Washington by rail for Parkersburg, on the Ohio River; arriving there on the 18th of June. It immediately embarked on boats and was taken to Louisville, Ky. Remaining in camp at that place until the 11th day of July, when the regiment was mustered out of the service and returned to its home, reaching Toledo on the 13th of July, 1865, after over four years of as honor- able and active a career as that of any regiment in the army. COMPANY D. April 20, 1861, Sidney S. Sprague commenced en- rolling a company, which was speedily filled and another started. April 23, the first company elected officers as follows: Sidney S. Sprague, Captain; "Will- iam J. Irvine, First Lieutenant; and Charles Kahlo, Second Lieutenant. A farewell meeting was held that night at which a silk flag, prepared by the ladies, was presented, and the company, numbering 105, left in the cars that evening for Cleveland. EOSTEE. Sidney S. Sprague, "William J. Irvine, Charles Kahlo, Henry H. D. Bell, Christian M. Graham, John "W. Wilson, "William Graham, McCartney Todd, Charles A. Smith, Francis M. Burns, "William M. Burns, "William M. Hagan, John Dillon, Jeremiah Hall, Lewis Colman, Charles Colman, Aquilla Masters, Adam Menzel, Adin Burt, Levi Michelson, Jeduthan Barnum, Joseph Shultz, Jonas Bixby, William N. Rogers, George H. Block, Aaron Clarke, Alexander R. Britton, Charles Oden, Lewis Watter- man, Samuel Toops, Edward Smith, Daniel Whit- more, David Buckmaster, A.lden Keazer, Samuel Vanvlerah, Henry Lazenby, Jonathan Warwick, Daniel Bishop, Bailey Fleming, Elijah Karnes, Ferdinand Messmann, Jacob AVarwick, Edmond Metz, Casper Sirolff, William Hershberger, Franklin J. Block, Amiel Peachin, William Wheeler, Napo- leon Peachin, Clark Bailey, Israel Elton, John Weippert, James Allen, Henry Gengrich, Orlando Colwell, Abraham Vanvlerah, Frederic W. Hoelfczel, Cyrus M. Witherill, Demetrius L. Bell, Peter Sieren, James Oden, Robert McGaffick, Jacob Gils, Joseph Murphy, Franklin M. B. Winans, David A. Gleason, Ransom P. Osborn, William H. Palmer, Joshua Harper, Michael Franklin, Morgan Rees, John W. Davis, William Demland, Solomon H. Cur- tis, Solomon Deamer, Nicholas Buckmaster, Charles Marfillius, James Hoy, Philip Hohn, Peter Mogg, Jonas Waldner, Henry Miller, William H. Wells, Henry R. Randall, Samuel Kyle, Henry Hendrick, Edward- Colwell, John Poorman, Jacob Poorman, Augustus Wearn, William Davis, Aaron Dixon, Michael Carl, John Moll, James Kochel, Michael Rath, Philip Rath, Isaiah F. Alexander, Franklin Duck, C. J. Woodcox, Alvah Mallory, Benjamin Corwin, Frank Young, Adam Koch, David Hoy. July 26, 1861, Capt. Sprague's company arrived home without the loss of a man, notwithstanding the dangerous service in which they had been engaged. COMPANY E. This company was also mostly from Defiance County. John W. Wilson, Captain. David A. Gleason, First Lieutenant. Promoted — William T. Bennett, Second Lieu- tenant. William T. Bennett, First. Sergeant. David Trine, Second Sergeant. David W. Mettler, Third Sergeant. James S. Eckles, Fourth Sergeant. William W. Moats, Fifth Sergeant. Philip Rath, First Corporal. J ohn Cain, Second Corporal. Elijah Collins, Third Corporal. Eli Knapp, Fourth Corporal. Aquilla Masters, Fifth Corporal. Alvara Partee, Sixth Corporal; missing at Chick- amauga. John B. Partee, Seventh Corporal; killed at Chickamauga. HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 119 Johnson Miller, Eighth Corporal. William Luce, Wagonor. PRIVATES. William C. Adair, Daniel Beard, John M. Burlew, Charles Black, George Black, Joseph E. Brendle, Jeremiah Brown, John Bechtolt, John N. Crist, David Crick, William R. Cosgrave, S. Q. Cosgrave (enlisted December 10, 1863), Michael W. Campbell, Elza Dush (enlisted January 25, 1864), John W. , Davis, Hiram Farlee, Joseph H. Forest (died of dis- ease at Nashville, June 6, 1862), Alfred Gregg, Ben- jamin F. Gibbs, Jacob Gilts, Henry Genrick, Abra- ham Gilts, Daniel Gilts, Jesse O. G. Gavel, Will- iam Graham, Erasus Gleason (enlisted February, 1864), Weeden H. Harris, William Hall (enlisted December 14, 1863), Chauncey Hai-ris, Jacob C. Hall (enlisted February, 1864), Jacob Hplstzel, Solomon Hall (enlisted February 10, 1864), John Haver (enlisted February 28, 1863, died at Ringgold, Ga. ), James H. Haver (enlisted February 24, 1864), James Havor (enlisted January 14, 1864), Samuel A. Kezor, Oliver I. Kiaft, Reazon C. Livingston, John Long, Joseph Murphy, Davidson Millhouse (enlisted Jan- uary 17, 1864), George Murphy, Samuel Noffsinger, Barnai-d O'Callagan, George Partee, Nicholas Parry, Emanuel Potterf, Henry B. Randall (died of wounds at Chickamagua, October, 1863), John P. Rath (en- listed December 14, 1863, died at Chattanooga, May, 1864), Michael Rath (enlisted December, 14, 1863), Shandy H. Root, Edmond Root, Jacob Speaker, William C. Sponsler (wounded at Chickamauga and Atlanta). Hugh S. Steen, James A. Stoner (enlisted February 10, 1864"), Lyman S. Sager, Louis Swartz, Anthony Shindler, John Thomas, Nicholas Thomas, Samuel Toop, Franklin M. B. Winance, John Wag- ner, Alvin Wilcox, Henry C. White, Gabriel Yanser. TWEMTY-FIRST OHIO INFANTRY. The Twenty-lirst Ohio was organized at Camp Taylor, near Cleveland, on the 27th day of April, 1861, with the following officers: Jesse S. Norton, Colonel. James M. Neibling, Lieutenant Colonel. A. J. Taylor, Major. It moved on the 23d of May, passing through Columbus, where it received its arms, to Gallipolis. It went into camp at that place and remained there until the 3d of July, when it moved to Ravenswood, by order of Gen. McClellan, to re-enforce the Seven- teenth Ohio, then expecting an attack from O. Jen- nings Wise, whose forces lay at a little town called Ripley, twelve or fifteen miles from the river. The National forces under Col. Norton, of the Twenty- fii-st Ohio, disembarked at 11 o'clock at night, made a forced march to Ripley, surprised the rebels and drove them from the place. The expedition then returned by steamer to Gallipolis. A day or two after this. Col. Norton made a reoonnoissance up the Kanawha River, and captured forty prominent rebel citizens as hostages for the good treatment and safe return of some loyal Virginians captured by the no- torious Jenkins. Col. Norton also led an expedition to Jenkins' farm, just below Guyandotte, consisting of Company F, Capt. George F. Walker, and Com- pany C, Lieut. A. McMahan, and captured a steam- boat load of cattle, horses, corn, etc. , for the use of the army, and once more returned to their camp at Gallipolis. On the 11th of July, Gen. Cox took com- mand of ths brigade, consisting of the Eleventh, Twelfth and Twenty first Ohio, the First and Second Kentucky, Cotter's First Ohio Battery of two guns, and Capt. George's Cavalry, and marched to Red House, on the Kenawha River. At this point Col. Norton was ordered to make a reoonnoissance for the purpose of discovering the rebel position. Company P, Capt. George F. Walker, Company H, Capt. A. M. Blackman, and Company G, Capt. Lovell, with a portion of Capt. George's Cavalry, started under command of Col. Norton, early on Sunday morning, the 14th of July, moving on three different roads, all terminating at a little village on Scarey Creek, where it empties into the Kanawha River. After marching some eight miles, the enemy's pickets were encountered in achurch, from which they fired and fell back on their main body. Skirmishers were thrown out by Col. Norton, which developed the enemy in force on the opposite bank of the creek, occupying a strong posi- tion, with a full battery. After developing the strength of the rebels, the National troops fell back two miles, and at 12 o'clock that night were re-en- forced by the remaining companies of the Twenty- first Ohio and part of the Second Kentucky, under Lieut. Col. Enyart; but lacking artillery. Col. Norton thought it best to fall back and await the arrival of the main body. On the 15th the main body, under Gen. Cox, arrived, and on the morning of the 17th Col. Lowe was placed in command of a force consisting of his own regiment. Company K, Capt. S. A. Strong, and Company D, Capt. Thomas G. Allen, of the Twenty- first, Capt. Cotter's two rifle guns, and a portion of Capt. George's Cavalry, as an attacking column, and ordered to drive the enemy from his position The fight opened at great disadvantage to the Nationals, from the fact that their old United States smooth-bore muskets did not can-y far enough to reach the enemy, who were stationed in the bed of the creek and pro- tected by its high banks. Col. Norton, seeing the disadvantage, determined to di-ive the enemy out of the creek with the bayonet, and as a preliminary 120 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. movement, sent a flanking force to turn the enemy's left and divert his attention from the contemplated charge in front. The charge was successfully made by Col. Norton, vsrith tv?o companies of the Twelfth Ohio, under Lieut. Col. White, and two companies of the Twenty- iirst Ohio, the enemy being lifted out of the creek and the whole rebel force driven back. Col. Norton was severely wounded through the hips in this affair, but remained on the field, hoping to be supported by Col. Lowe. Three messengers were dispatched to Col. Lowe, none of whom was killed, but the needed support was not given. In the mean- time, the enemy received re-enforcements; and dis- covering that the National force was not properly supported, again abandoned their column, and in tiun drove them, capturing Col. Norton, and Lieut. Brown, of the Twelfth Ohio, who had remained with Col. Norton and the other wounded. The loss in this engagement was nine killed, including Capt. Allen and Lieut. Pomeroy, oi Company D, and seventeen wounded. On the evening of the battle, Col. Wood- ruff, of the Second Kentucky; Col. De Villiers, of the Eleventh Ohio, and Lieut. Col. George W. Neff, of the First Kentucky, rode up to the battle-ground by a different road from that on which the troops were retreating, and were instantly made pris- oners by the rebels. The Twenty-first Ohio remained in the field, under command of Lieut. Col. Neibling, until ordered home to be mustered out, which oc- curred on the 12th of August, 1861, at Columbus, Ohio. It was again re-organized on the 19th of Sep- tember, 1861, for the three years' campaign, and mustered into the service at Findlay, Ohio, It re- ceived marching orders a few days thereafter, was sup- plied with arms at Camp Dennison on the 2d of Oc- tober, and marched the same day for Nicholasville, Ky. It remained there ten days, and was then or- dered to march to McCormiok's Gap to join Gen. Nel- son, then in command at that point. During that campaign, no engagement occurred, excepting that - at Ivy Mountain, in which the rebels attempted an am- bush but were foiled and whipped, mainly through a flank movement executed by the Twenty-flrst Ohio. The rebels were driven from that line and the whole command returned ito Louisville, reaching that city in November. The National army was reorganized in the following December under Gen. Buell, and moved to Bacon Creek and Green River, where it re- mained in winter quarters up to late in February. In Gen. O. M. Mitchel's division, the Twenty-first marched on Bowling Green, driving the rebels from that strong position. Then moving direct on Nash- ville, Gen. Mitchel summoned the city authorities to surrender, which demand was promptly acceded to. Col. Kennett, of the Fourth Ohio Cavalry, took pos- session of the city on the 13th of March. On the 17th, Gen. Mitchel's column moved out on Murfrees- boro Turnpike, occupied Murfreesboro on tlie 19th and remained there until the 4th of April, when it moved on Huntsville. At this point the famous ex- pedition under Andrews, a citizen of Kentucky, was sent out to sever the rebel communication with Rich- mond, so as to prevent re-enforcements from reaching Beauregard. This was made up from the Twenty- first, Thirty-third, and Second Ohio, and consisted of twenty four men. It failed by reason of meeting trains on the road not specified in the time-table in possession of Andrews. From Fayetteville, the com- mand moved, on the morning of the 10th of April, for Huntsville and reached that place on the morn- ing of the 11th, drove the rebels out, captured 300 prisoners, sixteen locomotives, and a large number of freight and passenger cars. The most vigorous measures were then inaugurated by Gen. Mitchel. Expeditions were sent in every direction, railroad bridges burned, and every precaution taken against surprise. One of these, which consisted of Company C, Capt. McMahan, and Company F, Capt. H. H. Alban, of the Twenty-first, and a portion of the Twenty-third Ohio, all under comiaand of Col. Oscar F. Moore, of the Thirty- third, was sent to Stevenson, Ala., to bui-n an important bridge spanning the Tennessee River. It was completely successful, and retui'ned to Hantsville. About the 20th of April, Capt. Milo Caton, Company H, of the Twenty-first Ohio, was sent in charge of rebel prisoners to Nash- ville. On his return he was surrounded by Morgan's Cavalry, and after a hard fight the Captain and his company were obliged to surrender. The whole party were sent to Richmond. Capt. Caton remained in rebel prisons over a year. On the 28th of May, the regiment moved to Athens to relieve Col. Tur- chin, and remained there up to the 28th of August, While the Twenty-first Ohio was at Athens, the nu- cleus of the First Alabama loyal regiment was formed^ mainly through the efforts of Capt. McMahan. The regiment returned from Athens, Ala., to Nashville on the 29th of August, 1862, and arrived on the 2d of September. It remained with its division, under the command of Brig. Gen. James S. Negley, and was besieged in the city until the 7th of Novem- ber, when the siege was raised by the approach of the army under Gen. Roseerans. During the siege, the Twenty-first Ohio was engaged in the sallies of La- vergne. White's Creek, Wilson's Bend and Franklin Pike. At Lavergne, the regiment captured a part of the Third Alabama Rifle Regiment, with their colors and camp and garrison equipage, and fifty-four horses. On the 19th of November, Gen. Roseerans issued a special order, complimenting this regiment / ;>fi^. V-^'"' C^' Nw^^'^I.A^^Vx qJsvvv/ C. HARLE\' "^^ a a-^,M Y HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 121 for its efficiency on the grand guard around Nash- ville. On the 26th of December, the Twenty-first Ohio moved with the army against the enemy at Murfrees- boro. Skirmishing continued incessantly until De- cember 31, when a general battle commenced and con- tinued until January 3. The Twenty-first Ohio was engaged every day — first in the center, and, Jan- uary 2, on the left of the army. In the battle of January 2, with the rebels under Breckem-idge, the Twenty-first charged across Stone River, the water be- ing waist-deep, and captured three brass field pieces, the only artillery captured in the battle before Mm*- freesboro. After the battle, Capt. McMahan, of Company C, was recommended to the Governor of Ohio for promotion by Gen. James S. Negley, and was soon afterward appointed Major of his regiment. On the 4th of January, the Twenty-first entered Mur- freesboro, having the advance of its division. In the battle of Stone River, the regiment lost one officer, Lieut. Enoch B. Wiley, of Company C, and forty-six men killed, and Lieut. J. W. Knaggs and seventy-five men wounded. Seventeen men were captured. During the occupation of Mui-freesboro, from January 4 to June 24, 1863, the Twenty-first was engaged in sev- eral expeditions and skirmishes. On the 24th of June, it moved with the army upon the enemy at Tul- lahoma, the enemy having retired upon Chatta- nooga, the Twenty-first went into camp with the army at Decherd Station on the 7th of July. On the 16th of August, it crossed the Tennessee River near Stev- enson, and dragging its artillery and trains over Look- out Mountain by hand, it found the enemy at Dug Gap, Ga., on the lltb of September. Heavy skir- mishing continued until the 19th, when the enemy was found in force on the line of Chickamauga Creek. The regiment immediately deployed into line of bat- tle, under command of Lieut. Col. D. M. Stoughton, and opened a brisk fire upon the rebels, which con- tinued until night. Early the next morning (Sunday, September 20) the battle was resumed. At 11 o'clock, the Twenty-first was posted on Horseshoe Ridge, upon the earnest request of Brig. Gen. J. M. Bran- non, who retired with his troops to another part of the field soon afterward. Immediately after forming into this new position, the Twenty-first became fully engaged, and a severe contest resulted in the re- pulse of the enemy, not, however, without severe loss to the Twenty-first. Lieut. Col. Stoughton had an arm fractm-ed and soon after died. The command now devolved upon Maj. A. McMahan. The result of the battle by 3 o'clock in the afternoon demon- strated the inability of the National army to meet successfully the immensely superior numbers under command of Gen. Bragg. The National ti-oops were forced back on the right and left; but the Twenty -first being armed with Colt's revolving rifles, continued to hold its position. The rebels charged upon the reg- iment in this position five times without success, re- tiring each time with severe loss. An hour before sundown a full battery was brought to bear upoa it, inflicting severe damage. Under cover of the smoke of this battery, the rebels charged again, buf were met with a volley and a counter-charge and the Twenty- first continued to hold its position. The scene at this time was horrible; the battery had set fire to the leaves and dry brush and the dead and wounded were consumed by the fixe. To remedy this was out of the question. To detain the rebels, if possible, was all that could be expected, while the troops of Mc- Cook's corps, which had been so severely crushed, could effect a retreat. The ammunition was now nearly exhausted, and a further supply could not be found nearer than Chattanooga, nearly a day's march distant. The cartridge boxes of the dead were searched, and also the hospitals, for any that might be carried there in the cartridge boxes of the wounded. By economy the regiment continued to fire until dark, when its last shot was expended. At this time the enemy had appeared upon the right and roar, and the regiment, now greatly reduced in numbers, was formed for one more deperate effort to hold the ridge and give time for our shattered columns to effect a retreat. A charge was ordered by Maj. Mc- Mahan, and though entirely without ammunition, the bayonet was applied with entire success. The enemy was forctid back leaving nine prisoners with the Twenty-first Ohio. The helpless condition of the regiment was discovered by the enemy in its inability to return their fire. It was now after dark, and, in a second attempt to push back the enemy with the bayonet, the Twenty-first Ohio was overwhelmed, and Maj. McMahan and 115 of the officers and men of the command were captured. The Twenty-first Ohio ex- pended in this battle 43,550 rounds of Colt's fixed ammunition, and sustained a loss of one officer and fifty men killed and three officers and ninety-eight men wounded, and twelve officers and 104 men capt- ured. The survivors of the regiment retired with the army to Chattanooga, where it arrived September 22, and remained until Januaiy 1, l864, when it re-enlisted as a veteran organization, mainly through the efforts of Quartermaster Daniel Lewis, Quar- termaster Sergeant George Sheets, and the non- commissioned officers of the regiment, and returned to Ohio upon veteran furlough. It had in the meantime, however, been present at the battle of Mission Ridge. The regiment retm-ned to Chat- tanooga the 0th of March and moved forward to Ringgold, Ga., from which point it moved. May 7, with Sherman's grand army upon the campaign to 122 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. Atlanta, Ga. Fighting soon commenced and the reg- iment opened its veteran campaign with the battle of Buzzard's Koost May 9, and Kesaca May 15. Moving forward, the regiment was present at the bat- tle of New Hope Church, and on the morning of May 28, while the regiment was moving to a position in reserve," a piece of stray shell fractured the right arm of Col. James M. Neibling, and the command of the regiment again devolved upon Maj. A. McMahan, who had just returned from Libby Prison. The reg- iment was immediately ordered to the front, and in capturing a ridge which was abandoned without a fight on the evening before, Company K sustained a loss of four men killed and two wounded. The posi- tion thus captured commanded that of the enemy, and was held by the Twenty-first Ohio until the enemy withdrew. Skirmishing continued daily until the enemy presented front at Kenesaw Mountain, June 17. The Twenty-first was engaged at this point every day, holding the front line at Bald Knob, twelve nights and days in succession, at which point Lieut.' Robert S. Dilworth, of Company G, and two men were killed and ten men wounded. On the 4th of July, the regiment marched through Marietta in pur- suit of the enemy, who had retired toward the Chat- tahoochie River a previous night. Skirmishing con- tinued until the 9th of July, when the regiment was ordered forward to learn the position of the enemy, with orders to attack and drive in his outposts. A severe engagement at Vining's Station was the re- sult. Two regiments of the enemy, the Fourth Mis- sissippi and Fifty-fourth Louisiana Infantry, were encountered in their rifle pits. A charge was or- dered by Maj. McMahan, the rifle pits captured, with seventeen prisoners and thirty-three stands of new English rifles. The enemy was driven into his main works after a desperate struggle, in which the Twen- ty-first Ohio lost fifteen men killed, and two officers and thirty-seven men wounded, and one ofiicer miss- ing. The regiment continued to hold the rifle-pits and annoy the enemy in his main works. Corporal William Waltman, of Company G, upon this occasion led his company in the charge, and would have -been promoted had not his term of enlistment expired be- fore his commission could be obtained. Early on the morning of July 10, the enemy withdrew, and the regiment advanced by daylight to the Ohattahooehie River. No other troops besides the Twenty-first Ohio were engaged on this occasion. Having crossed the river, the regiment again engaged the enemy at Nancy's Creek, July 19, and continued to engage him until July 20, when the battle of Peach Tree Creek was fought. In this battle Capt. Daniel Lewis, Company C, was killed, Sergt. Maj. Earll W. Merry was wounded, and had a leg amputated. On the 22d of July, the siege of Atlanta was commenced, and continued until the night of September 1, when the defense of that city was abandoned by the en emy in consequence of his defeat at Jonesboro, thirty-five miles south of Atlanta. The Twenty-first Ohio, dur- ing the siege of Atlanta, was engaged with the enemy on several occasions, and was under his fire every day. At the battle of Jonesboro, Ga., September 1, which won Atlanta, the regiment was again engaged, and again added new laurels to its character as a fighting regiment. Its loss in this battle was five men killed, thirty men wounded, and one man missing. After the battle of Jonesboro, the Twenty-first returned with the army to Atlanta, and went into camp on the 8th of September. The total loss of the regiment in this canipaign, from May 7 to the occupation of Atlanta, September 2, was two officers and thirty-two men killed, and five officers and 119 men wounded, many of whom subsequently died. On the third of October, the regiment moved with the army in pursuit of Hood toward Chattanooga, and arrived at Gales- ville, Ala., October 20. From this point it returned to Atlanta, where it again arrived on the 15th of November., On the 16th, it moved with the army in the direction of Savannah, Ga. On the 4th of Decem- ber, it was engaged with the enemy near Lumpkin Station, on the' Augusta & Savannah Railroad. From the 12th to the night of the 20th of December, it was engaged with the enemy's outposts before Savannah, and entered the city the following morning at 9 o'clock A. M., in advance of its army corps. During this campaign, the regiment destroyed three miles of railroad and captured eight thousand rations for its own use. It also captured forage to supply twenty- one head of horses and mules attached to the regi- ment during the campaign. Six prisoners of war were also captured. The regiment lost one man wounded, and fourteen were " bushwhacked " by the enemy. The regiment moved again from Savannah, Ga. , under command of Lieut. Col. McMahan upon the campaign through North and South Carolina. It was engaged at Rocky Mount, S. C, and subsequently at Averysboro, N. C, and participated in the battle of Bentonville, N. C, on the 19th of March. In this battle it sustained a loss of one man killed and one officer, Capt. W. B. Wicker, of Company E, and four men wounded and ten men missing. On this cam- paign, a large amount of railroad was destroyed by this regiment, and it drew its subsistence entirely from the^country through which it passed, and also supplied the horses and mules jvhich belonged to it with sufficient forage. Twenty-one rebel prisoners were captured by the regiment during this campaign. During the battle on the 19th of March at Benton- ville, Lieut. Col. McMahan was assigned to the com- HISTOEY; of DBFIANCJ) COtlNTY. 123 mand of his brigade and Capt. Samuel F. Cheney, of Company B, to the command of the Twenty-first Ohio. This was the last hostile meeting of this regi- ment with the enemy. The rebels retired rapidly from Goldsboro through Eaieigh, N. C, the regi- ment marching through that city on the 12th of April, 1865, and moved forward to Martha's Vine- yard, where it remained until the confederate forces under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston laid down their arms and dispersed. The regiment then returned to "Wash- ington via Richmond, Va., and was present at the grand review on the 26th day of May, 1865. It then proceeded to Louisville, Ky., where it was mustered out of service, and from there returned to Columbus, Ohio, where it was finally discharged and paid on the 28th day of July. COMPANY E. James P. Arrants, Captain; resigned. Lewis E. Brewster, First Lieutenant. Samuel F. Cheney, Second Lieutenant. Osgood Crary, First Sergeant. John Berry, Second Sergeant. Finlay Britton, Third Sergeant. John Mercer, Fourth Sergeant. George T. Squire, Fifth Sergeant. James Knight, First Corporal; died in Anderson - ville Prison, 1864. William Henry, Second Cporal. Samuel Hull, Third L-poral; died in Anderson- ville Prison in 186 1 Isaac Donafin, Fourth Corporal; lost on the Sul- tana, 1865. P. L. Gingery, Fifth Corporal; died in prison. John Kaufman, Sixth Corporal. E. M. Brown, Seventh Corporal. Mat B. Scott, Eighth Corporal. Peter Huffman, Corporal; enlisted February, 1864. L. B. Wort, Musician. PHIVATES. Henry Amidon, James Burton, Levi Bron- son, Joseph Beerbower, Joseph Battershell, Ed- ward Crawford, Washington Clemmer (enlisted Jan- uary, 1864), Jerry Crawford, George Crawford, Asa H. Cory (died in Andersonville Prison, 1864), Myron L. Cory, Leonidas N. Crossland, William Duffield, Levi Dutter (died at Louisville, Ky., June 19, 1864), Charles H. Davis, Jacob W. Dowell, John W. Doty, James Evans, Benton Fisher, Simon Fligle (killed at Chickamauga), Anson Fields, George Ferry, William Freedline, William Forlow (enlisted 1863), Peter Poust William Forlan (enlisted February 6, 1864), Joseph Fellnagle, Simon W. Fish (enlisted January 4, 1864), Henry Gilbert, George Gilbert, Samuel' E. Grear (died at Stone Eiver, 1863), Horace Ginter, Henry Gingery (died in Kentucky), Charles Godfrey, John F. Gallagher, Reuben Headley, George Hop- kins, Lucius Hopkins, Appeton Hopkins, Reuben C. Hide, Robert Hutchinson (died from wounds, 1864), Samuel Hutchinson, Wesley Johnson, Thomas R. Jacobs, Josiah Kile, Cornelius Kile, Rinaldo Kim- mel, William Knight, Benjamin F. Lord, Henry Lowery, Washington Logan, Shannon Musser (killed at Stone Eiver, December 81, 1862), Anthony Miller, Henry Moore, Alexander McConkey, Charles McCon- key, Andrew McConkey, Samuel Marshall (died in Andersonville prison, 1864), John Merrihugh, Wil- son Musser, Joshua Mullinick, Thomas Mullinick, J. G. Norrick (enlisted February 25, 1864, died at Nashville, Tenn., September 22, 1864), Charles Palmer (died in Andersonville Prison, 1864), William C. Powell, William Ranles, Nathaniel Smith, Solo- mon Smith (killed 1862), Hiram Sweet, John Saltz- man (enlisted January 4, 1864), David Spindler (un- listed February 25, 1864), Milton Sheen (enlisted February 111, 1864), Emanuel Schamp, William A. Shatto (enlisted February 6, 1864), John P. Spear, David Thornton (killed in Tennessee in 1862), Jesse Tracy, Martin B. Tusteson, John W. Young, Newton Van Nimon (died in prison, 1864), Natban Wartenbee (killed in 1864), Nelson Wise. COMPANY K. The Dennison Guards (Capt. Strong), left Defi- ance for Camp Taylor, Cleveland, May 18, 1861. On Sunday evening preceding, a farewell meeting was held at the Methodist Church, when appropriate ad- dresses were made and a beautiful flag made and pre- sented by the ladies of Defiance, and acknowledged by Capt. Strong in a few well-chosen remarks. Hun- dreds of relatives and friends accompanied the com- pany to the depot, indicating kindly feelings toward its members as well as a hearty sympathy for their success. Hearty cheers sped them on their way. Samuel A. Strong, Captain. John Paul, Jr., First Lieutenant. James P. Arrants, Second Lieutenant. Lewis E. Brewster, Sergeant. Frank G. Brown, Sergeant. B. B. Woodcox, Sergeant. S. F. Cheney, Sergeant. William H. Thacker, Corporal. William Bishop, Corporal. L. R. Hutchinson, Corporal. John H. Davison, Corporal. Benton Mason, Drummer. John C. Smith, Fif er. 124 HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. PEIVATES. William H. Thacker, William H. Ralston, Will- iam A. Stevens, William Marcellius, William E. Lisetor, William Bishop, William E. Goodenough, William H. Smith, William Eunyan, David Butler, Samuel A. Strong, Samuel P. Cheney, Joshua E. Mellen, John Paul, Jr., John B. Houtz, Benjamin P. Warren, Benjamin B. Woodcox, Luther H. Robinson, Josiah B. Cox, John H. Davison, Henry Vanvlerah, George Watson, Prank G. Brovyn, Isaac T. Slough, James Keesberry, Jacob Benner, Thomas Palmer, Nicholas A. Bobbins, Dev^alt Keefer, John Kraft, James M. Richards, Jacob Weller, Barney O' Calla- han, Thomas Wallace, Washington Logan, William J. Shirley, William Duf&eld, John Mercer, Myron L. Cory, Amos H. Cory, Joseph Eath, Josephus Saunders, James M. Miller, Thomas C. Kinmont, Charles Kinmont, Peter Poust, Charles P. Palmer, Lyman E. Critchfield, David K. Critchfield, Lean- der E. Hutchinson, Levi Heminger, John E. Boland- er, Peleg L. Gingery, James P. Arrants, Samuel Hull, Edward M. Brown, Henry Pose, William Kauf- mann, Joseph Botemiller, Matthias Schwab, Lewis E. Brewster, Benjamin C. Bondee, John C. Smith, Owen Foster, John Young, John Sunday, Albert Deselms, George W. G. Blue, Frederick Helm, Barton Smith, Billings O. P. Cronk, Sylvester Donley, Albert L. Doud. Isaac Eidenour, Moses H Haver, George T. Sheldon, Franklin Barnes, Benton Mason, Samuel Justice, John P. Kellogg, William Luce, Wiliam Mc- Feeters, William N. Eowles. Company K arrived home August 15, 1861. Will- iam Bishop was wounded, and remained at Gallipolis for awhile, not being able to come at the time. Bar- ton Smith died from wounds, and G. W. Blue was killed at the battle at Searcy, on Kanawha. With these exceptions, the company returned entire. THIKTY-EIGIITH OHIO INFANTRY. This regiment was organized at Defiance, Ohio, on the 1st of September, 1861, under the President's call for 300,000 men for three years. The following were the regimental and staff officers : E. D. Bradley, Colonel, of Stryker, Ohio. E. H. Phelps, Lieutenant Colonel, of Defiance, Ohio. E. L. Barber, Major, of Wauseon, Ohio. Eev. J- Boucher, Chaplain, of La Payette, Ohio. E. H. Leland, Adjutant, of Defiance, Ohio. C. L. Chase, Quartermaster, of Stryker, Ohio. H. C. Bouton, Wagon Master, of Defiance, Ohio. M. D. L. Buel, Sergeant Major, of Stryker, Ohio. On the 22d of September, it was transferred to Camp Dennison, where it was armed, equipped and, to a considerable extent, drilled and disciplined, and then ordered into active service in Kentucky on the 1st of October. At sunrise on the morning of the 2d, the regiment passed through and encamped near the town of Nicholasville. Eemaining here about two weeks, it was ordered to the relief of the garrison at Wild Cat, Ky. , and after a forced march of sixty miles, reached its destination on the 19th of October, 1861. Afterward, it pursued the enemy to London and Barboursville, marching on all the subsequent campaigns during the fall of 1861, and Christmas found the army encamped near Somerset. Ky. Dur- ing the winter of 1861 and 1862, the men, being almost constantly on duty, and not accustomed to the rough usages of camp life, became sickly, and in a short time, out of 990 men, less than three hundred were fit for duty. The regiment participated in the campaign of Mill Springs, Rafter which it marched to Louisville, where it arrived February 28, 1862. On March 1, the regiment embarked on transports, des- tined for Nashville, Tenn., where it arrived on the 5th of the same month, and went into camp to prepare for the coming campaign in the spring of 1862. On the 19th of March, it left Nashville with the Army of the Ohio, marched through Middle Tennessee, and, during the month of April, encamped on the battle-field of Pittsburg Landing; marched with the army under Hal- leck, toward Corinth, Miss., and took an active part in the siege of that place. After the evacuation of Cor- inth, May 27, 1862, the Thirty-eighth marched with the army in pursuit of Beauregard as far as Booneville, and, on its return, encamped near Corinth until the 20th of June, 1862, when, with the Army of the Ohio, it marched in the direction of Tuscumbia, Ala., where it arrived on the 28th of June. Eemaining there un- til July 21, it marched, via Decatur and Huntsville, to Winchester, Tenn., where it arrived August 7, 1862. During this month, several reconnoitering parties made extensive detours through the mountain spurs, in the direction of Chattanooga, then the head- quarters of the rebel army. In these reconnoissauces , no regiment took a more active part than the Thirty- eighth Ohio. A party of eighty men made a forced march of thirty-six miles, captured Tracy City, and after destroying a large amount of tobacco, whisky, leather and articles of less value, retm-ned to camp, having marched seventy- two miles and destroyed a large amount of property without losing a man. This march was performed in less than twenty-foui- hours. On September 1, 1862, began the retrogtrade march from the vicinity of Chattanooga, which terminated only when the army reached the Ohio. The Thirty- eighth Ohio endured all the hardships and shai-ed all HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 125 the trials of that campaign. Eemaining but a short time at Louisville, on the Ist of October the regiment marched southward with the army, and, on the 8th, found the enemy in position at Chaplin Hills, near Perry ville, Ky. The Thirty- eighth participated in that battle, and afterward in the campaign in Ken- tucky, until, on the 27th of October, it went into camp on Rolling Fork, near Lebanon, Ky. Remain- ing here but a short time, during which a detachment of recruits was received, it again took up the line of march in the direction of Nashville, Tenn. During the months of November and December, 1862, the regiment was guarding railroads between Gallatin and Nashville. In the latter part of December, the regiment marched to Nashville, and prepared for the approaching campaign, which terminated with the battle of Stone River. The Thirty-eighth acted a very conspicuous part in that battle, losing but few men, however, and, after the battle, went into camp near the city, where it remained until March 13, when it joined the forces then at Triune. While there, it built the earth fortress known as Fort Phelps. On the 23d of June, 1863, the Thirty-eighth marched with the Army of the Cumberland, and took an active part in the Tullahoma campaign. After resting a short time at Winchester, Tenn., on the 17th of August the march of Chattanooga began. The Thirty-eighth moved with the center corps, cross- ing the Cumberland Moiintains, and finally halted on the banks of the Tennessee, opposite Shell Mound, where rafts of logs were constructed, preparatory to crossing the river. Crossing the river on the night of September 2, 1863, the march was resumed across Lookout and Raccoon Mountains, and the middle of September found the army in Lookout Valley, Pre- parations were made for battle, by sending every- thing to the rear that would encumber the army. The large train belonging to the entire army was sent to Chattanooga, and the Thirty-eighth Ohio, detailed by a special order from Gen. Thomas, was charged with the safe transit of the immense train. Accord- ingly, on the evening of the 18th of September, the train started, and ere (he morning of the 19th of Sep- tember dawned, the train was within six miles of Chattanooga. The Thirty-eighth did not participate in the struggle on the field of Chickamauga, but it performed the task which the vicissitudes of war as- signed it. On the 25th of November, 1863, the divis- on to which the Thirty-eighth belonged assaulted the fortifications at the foot of Mission Ridge, as- cended the hill and carried the works, driving the reb- els from them. The Thirty-eighth was on the ex- treme left of the army, and although Bragg had pro- nounced the slope inaccessible, yet they moved up, up, up, until the summit was reached. The fire from the rebel batteries was terrific, yet comparatively harmless, and but few were injured. In this charge the regiment lost seven men killed and forty-one wounded. After pursuing the enemy as far as Ring- gold, Ga., the Thirty-eighth returned to camp near Chattanooga, where it re-enlisted as a veteran organi- zation, and was furloughed home. At the expiration of the furlough, the regiment joined the army, then at Ringgold, Ga. Recruits were sent forward, and when Sherman started for Atlanta, the regiment num- bered 741 men. On the 5th of May, 1864, the regi- ment broke camp at Ringgold, and marched to Buz- zard's Roost Gap, where it was brought into action. After skirmishing two days, a flank movement was commenced, via Villanow and Smoke Creek Gap, nearly in rear of Resaca. Here the Thirty-eighth erected field-works, and skirmished continually, and, though no general engagement took place, several men were killed and wounded. After the evacuation of that place, the regiment participated in the cam- paign which followed; took an active part in the siege of Kenesaw, fortifying and skirmishing, and on the 5th of July, 1864, reached the banks of the Chatta- hoochie River. Remaining here until July 17, the advance was again sounded, and the river was crossed. On the 22d day of July, the Thirty-eighth had the honor of establishing the picket-line of the Fourteenth Army Corps, near the City of Atlanta. It remained there some time, holding its place in line, until August 3, when it moved to Utoy Creek. Here, on the 5th of August, a portion of the regiment (Com- panies A, C and K) charged the enemy's skirmish line, and was successful. Out of the 120 men who charged, nine were killed and forty-two wounded. On the night of the 25th of August, the regiment marched with the army on a flanking expedition, and, on the 27th, struck the Atlanta & West Point Rail- road. Remaining there until the 31st. it again ad- vanced, and that night took possession of the Macon road, near Red Oak Station. Remaining ^there dur- ing the night of September 1, it was ascertained that the enemy was then fortifying Jonesboro, and the army was put in motion for that place, and about 4 o'clock P. M. came upon the pickets of Hardee's col'ps. Este's brigade (to which the Thirty eighth bel(5nged), of Baird's division, was brought forward and assaulted the works. In this charge, the regi- ment lost, out of 360 men, 42 killed and 108 wounded; making a total loss of 150 men. Corporal O. P. Ran- dall had the colors at the onset; he fell lifeless, pierced- by a minie ball. Corporal Baird next took them, and he, too, fell dead. Corporal Strawser next took them, and he fell severely wounded. Corporal Donze then took the flag, and bore it to the works. Of the five who had in charge the colors, but one 126 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. (Corporal H. K. Brooka) escaped unliarmed, although not untouched, for live balls passed through his cloth- ing. The dead were buried on a little knoll near the battle-field, and the regiment encamped near the town of Jonesboro. On the 9th of September, the troops fell back to Atlanta, and those who were not veterans were 'discharged. On the 3d of October, 1864:, the army broke camp, and retraced its recent line of operations as far north as Dalton, Ga. , Hood having, in the meantime marched to the rear of Gen. Sher- man. The Thirty-eighth accompanied the expedition thus far, moved thence, via Gaylesville, Ala., to Eome, and, on the 5th of November, marched to Kingston, Ga. On the 12th of November, communi- cation was severed, snd the army started for Savan- nah, marching along the line of the Georgia State Kailroad, destroying it as they went, until they reached Atlanta a second and last time. During the march from Atlanta to Milledgeville, there was nothing to mar the progress of the army. Arriving at the cap- ital on the 24th of November, the Thirty-eighth was ordered into the city as a provost-guard, where it re- mained until the 25th, when l.he army moved on in the direction of Louisville. Just before reaching Louisville, the army left the road it had been moving on (the Augusta pike), and marched directly east. It became necessary that the bridge across the Big Ogeechee should be destroyed, and the Thirty-eighth was designated to perform that duty. This regiment had already marched fifteen miles that day, and it was yet ten miles to the bridge. After marching ten miles, and burning the bridge, it was then thirteen miles to where the army went into camp. Misfort- une being the guide, the regiment took the wrong road, and marched six miles out of the way, and it was 12 o'clock P. M. when it arrived inside the picket- line, having marched that day forty-four miles and destroyed the bridge. From Louisville to Savan- nah "the march was an agreeable one, and, on the morning of "December 21, the Thirty-eighth Ohio went into camp near "the conquered city, the enemy having evacuated the^ night before. During the stay of the Thirty-eighth here, 200 drafted men and sub- stitutes were^ received. On the 30th of January, 1865, the Thirty-eighth left Savannah with the army, and participated in the " campaign of the Oarolinas," and, after forty days, came to Goldsboro, N. C. From there it followed the retiring army as far as Holly Springs, N. 0. , where it remained until after the surrender o" Johnston's army. From Holly Springs, the regiment marched back to Raleigh, and thence to Richmond, and finally to Alexandria, Va., where it remained until after the grand review at the national capital, when it encamped near the city of Washington. Remaining there in a state of inactiv- ity until the 15th of June, orders were received to proceed by rail to Louisville, Ky. Meantime, a por- tion of the drafted men were mustered out. On the 15th of June, the regiment took the cars for Parkers- burg, Va., and from there proceeded by boat to Louisville, Ky. , where it arrived on the 23d of June. Soon after arriving, orders were received for the muster-out of the regiment, and, on the 12th of July, the muster-out was completed, and the regiment pro- ceeded immediately to Cleveland, Ohio, where it was finally discharged on the 22d of July, 1865. THE BATTLE OF JONESBOEO', SEPTEMBEB 1, 1864 THE PAST TAEEN IN IT BY THE THIRTY-EIGHTH OHIO VOLUNTEER INFANTRY, WHO HAD THE HONOR OF PLACING THE REGIMENTAL FLAG ON THE REBEL WORKS. On the morning of September 1, 1864, when the battle-line was formed, the color-guard for the Thirty-eighth Regiment consisted of Oscar Randall, George Strawser, Charles Donze, Darius Baird, Hiram Brooker and Charles "Wilbur. The enemy were fortified with two lines of earthworks, the outer line of which was further protected with a heavy abattis. After the repulse of the regulars, the ad- vance was sounded, and Este's brigade, of which'the Thirty-eighth was a part, moved up to the attack, the colors of the brigade being borne by Corporal Ran- dall. The enemy's fire was terrible, and many of the Thirty-eighth boys went down, Corporal Randall being among that number. The colors were im- mediately taken by Corporal Baird, who also fell dead. Corporal Strawser next raised the flag, and was almost immediately struck by a bullet. Col. Choate, seeing the colors go down, made an effort to reach them, and while in the act of seizing the flag, received a mortal wound. The regiment was now close up to the abattis, and at this point Capt. Stafford, the Adjutant General of the brigade, fell severely wounded. As Corporal Donze was pressing forward, Capt. Stafford seized hold of him, and begged him to carry him back. E. R. McDonald, of Company H, being close at hand, came to Corporal Donze' s assistance, but they had hardly raised Stafford from the ground when they heard a ball strike, and Capt. Stafford relaxed his hold — his life having gone out amid the rattle of musketry and the clash of arms, in the service of his country. Corporal Donze, turning away from Capt. Stafford, discovered the colors lying on the ground, picked them up, and, forcing his way through the abattis, planted the colors on the works. The remnant of the brave Thirty-eighth Regiment, who had not gone down in that terrible " baptism of fire," closed up to their colors, captured many prisoners and held their position. The old flag is held in sacred HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 127 remembrance by the boys who followed it through so many battles, and though but a small and tattered portion remains, which is faded and blood-stained, it is to them more beautiful than on the day when they received it with its bright colors and silken folds. It is the sacred memories that cluster round it that make it beautiful. COMPANY D. Benjamin Miller, Captain. Samuel Donaldson, First Lieutenant. Jacob C. Donaldson, Second Leiutenanfc. William Boyers, Sergeant. H. Lichty, Sergeant. M. Aurberger, Sergeant. T. H. Kintigh, Sergeant. Samuel Shuter, Corporal. E. J. Beals, Corporal. Lewis Tehlimern, Corporal, M. J. Grimes, Corporal. .'il^Eobert B. Hannum, Corporal. J. E. Kintigh, Corporal. L. N. Beals, Corporal. John B. Murray, Corporal; discharged from dis- ability December 11, 1861. John E. Evans, Corporal. . PRIVATES A. J. Bostater, Solomon Snider, William W. Cameron (died at Lebanon, Ky., March 10, 1862), James Moore, Nathaniel Grogg (killed at Jonesboro', Ga.), Samuel Priest, Jacob C. Hall, Thomas Slusser, William C. Hall, Andrew J. Will, Matthias Thirston, William H. Taylor, Daniel Hanna, John Season, Henry G. Kurd, William A. Clark, Elijah E. Good- speed, Eolla C. Hudson, Jacob Mannerla, Frederick Percy, Jesse M. Benner, H. Huycke, Frederick Stever, Conrad Percy, Christopher Percy, Levi- Yeagley, Lewis Miller, Ira Dawson, John Dull, John Stinger, Hugh Foster, John Strawser, William Brace, John B. Brace, Elias Churchman, Samuel Hotter, Hugh Davis, Jacob Schartzer, George Strawser, Anson Umstead, William Churchman, John S. Cameron, Efferson Towle, Henry ^Kimble, William Mapes, Henry A. Slough, Washington Meek, Levi Deitrick, Ludwig Krowmiller, William Russell. COMPANY E. Isaac Donafin, Captain. J. W. Berry, Lieutenant. John Mercer, First Sergeant. F. Britton, Sergeant. E. M. Brown, Corporal. Hiram Sweet, Corporal. PRIVATES. A. W. Miller, John H. Britten, Henry Moore, Eobert Hutchinson, Asa Corey, Jacob Dowell. Nathan Wartenbee, Freeman Ferry, William DufHeld, A. J. Beerbower, Charles W. Cornwell, George Ferry, C. E. McConkey, S. Hull, Edward Crawford, A. P. Mc- Conkey, Anson Field, J. P. Spears, L. T. Hopkins, J. K. Kauffman, S. S. Fligle, E. Headley, G. Crowell, S. Smith, W. J. Henry, Eli Kaser, Solomon Wissler. COMPANY G. William Irving, Captain; promoted Colonel. Jonah W. White, Captain. Eansom P. Osborn, First Lieutenant. Alphonzo L. Braucher, Second Lieutenant; died at Somerset, Ky., January 28, 1862. Elbridge G. jWilley, First Sergeant; promoted First Lieutenant. William H. Adams, Second Sergeant. David Eenton, Third Sergeant. Josiah W. White, Fourth Sergeant. David W, Lazenby, Fifth Sergeant. William Eenton, First Corporal. Bishop E. Fuller, Second Corporal. Frederick E. Weymeyer, Third^^Corporal. George Hall, Fourth Corporal. Charles W. Morse, Fifth Corporal. Jacob Warwick, Sixth Corporal. Edmund Metz, Seventh Corporal. William W. Ashton, Eighth Corporal. Dewalt Keefer, Musician. William Drenning, Musician. George Korn, Wagoner. PRIVATES. Caleb Adams, James K. Andrews, Simpson Ben- nett, Benjamin F. Braucher (died on furlough, August 6, 1862), Daniel Bishop, David Buckmaster, Eobert Balking, Charles Burns, Peter Corzillius, Hiram D. Coleman, David Campbell, Edward Col- well (died in service), Orlando Colwell, Isaac Core, Wesley Camp (enlisted 1863), James Dillon, John Dillon, Eeason C. Dillon, Eesolvo Dunn, John De- fosse, Aaron Dixon, Daniel Duvall, John Erlston (enlisted February, 1865), Martin Edwards, J. B. Elliott (enlisted October 1, 1863), Luke Fahey, Henry Genrich, Alfred Henry, Alexander Hanover, John Hill, Philander Hill, Eansom Holibert, James W. Henderson, Charles H. Henderson, Henry Haynes, John Hess, Noah Hull, JohnHeim (enlisted February 10, 1864), Jeremiah Hall, William H. Hughes (en- listed January, 1863), John Keating, Eobert Kyle, James Kyle, John Kesler, David Kimberly (killed at Jonesboro'), James Kimberly, William Kimberly, John Kayton, Francis Kahlo, Benjamin F. Kniss (en- listed February 1, 1861), William Lewis, John W. Lewis (died in Kentucky), Samuel Limenstall, Jonas Langley (died at Somerset, Ky., 1861), James C. 128 HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. Langley, Benjamin F. Myers, Ferdinand Messman, Horace M. Morse, Peter Mensoll, Eobert McGaffick, Edward McHugli, William Maroellus, Henry Miller (enlisted January 29, 1864), John J. Miller (enliBted January 29, 1864), Jacob C. Ott, Francis Nolan (en- listed October 4, 1862), Amos Peachen, Joseph Relyea (enlisted January 1, 1864; killed at Atlanta, August 4, 1864) John Eelyea (enlisted January 1, 1864), John Eoever, Jasper J. Kussell, Henry Kioka, Joseph W. Scott, David Shoup, Joseph Shultz, Joseph Slaghel, Andrew Slaghel, Phillip Schwope, George Stephens, Daniel Stevens, Lewis Shasteen, Andrew S. Shubert, John H. Smith (enlisted February 15, 1869), Levi Shoup, Henry Schmick (enlisted December 4, 1863), Andrew Wauk, Sylvester Ward, William P. Wilson (enlisted February 27, 1865), John Widen- hamer, Thomas Welch, Arrance Wood, Luke Whitney (died in service), John Weippart, William Young. The following is a list of casualties in the Thirty- eighth Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry, at the battle of Chattanooga, October, 1863: KILLED. Col. Edward H. Phelps. Company A — Lieut. John Lewis; H. P. Dell- inger. Company F — Samuel Caskey, J. Cress. WOUNDED. Sergt. Maj. Brice H. Jay. Chief Mus. J. H. Crall. Company A — Sergt. J. L. Pool, Sergt. J. L . Stevens, Sergt. W. A. Slaughter, Sergt. — . Mavis. Company C — Joseph Fisher, John Wibist. Company D — Rolla 0. Hudson, H. Huyoke. Company E— Capt. E. M. Durchar, Lieut. A. W. Burgoyne, D. McQuilkin, Lewis Cleveland. Company F — Orderly Sergt. C. Hakes, G. H. Ward, Samuel Alexander, Isaac Robbins. Company G — Sergt. Daniel Bishop, Joseph Scott. Company H — Lieut. Joseph Newman. G. W. Clark. Company I — John Q. Fashbaugh. Company K — Sergt. J. F. Russell, Sergt. L. Showers, — . Murray, William McOutchen. COL. EDWAKD H. PHELPS, COMMANDEK THIRTY- EIGHTH KEGIMENT OHIO VOLUNTEER INFANTRY. Edward Herrick Phelps was born in Richville, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., December 17, 1827. Choosing law as his profession, he commenced reading prepar- atory thereto, with Judge James, of Ogdensburg. In 1851, he moved to Defiance, Ohio, where he com- pleted his reading in the ofiice of Wolsey Welles, and was admitted to the bar in 1852. He afterward mar- ried Harriet Welles. At the breaking-out of the civil war. Col. Phelps was enjoying a lucrative practice in Defiance and adjoining counties. On President Lincoln's call for three months' men, he issued the first call for troops made in Northwestern Ohio, but soon received the appointment of Paymaster General of the State, from ' Gov. Dennison, which position he accepted, and as- sisted the Governor and Adjt. Gen. Carrington in organizing and equipping the three months' men, and afterward paid those of them in service in Western Virginia. His first commission in the army was that of Lieutenant Colonel of • the Thirty-eighth Regiment, and dated June 10, 1861, and on the resignation of Col. Bradley, he was promoted to the command of the regiment, March 6, 1862. At the time of his death he was in command of the Third Division, Fourteenth Army Corps. His regiment took part in all the movements of the Army oE the Cumberland, imder Gens. Buell, Grant, Rosecrans and Thomas. Although not actively engaged in many battles, its service was among the most severe, and its standing highly honorable. At Wild Cat it arrived at the close of the battle, and pursued the enemy to Lon- don. It was unable to reach Mill Spring until the fighting was over. It took part in the siege of Cor- inth, and pursued the enemy to Boonville, and acted in reserve at Stone River. It bore an honorable part in the severe engagements of Chickamauga, having charge of ordnance and supply trains, bringing them safely off. The Thirty-eighth Regiment formed part of the gallant force that stormed and captured Mis- sion Ridge on Wednesday, November 25, which closed the series of brilliant victories which will make Chattanooga memorable in our national history, and give the thousands of gallant men who achieved them a strong hold un the admiration of the world and gratitude of every true American. Col. Phelps was killed at the battle of Mission Ridge. He had been quite unwell before the battle — so much so, indeed, that on the night preceding his death he called in two surgeons for consultation; but when the order was given for the grand advance on the rebel stronghold, he could not think of remaining behind, and moved as usual at the head of his com- mand. When they charged up the hill, he found him- self too weak to climb, and being unable to ride his horse, owing to the steepness of the ascent, he was borne along by four of his men. Thus he continued with his brigade in that daring assault, until the sum- mit was attained, and while organizing his men to be prepared for any attempt of the enemy to re-take the stronghold thus gallantly grasped from them, he was HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 129 shot by a eharpshooter concealed only fifteen or twenty rods from him, the ball entering his breast and killing him instantly. Gol. Phelps from his boyhood took a deep interest in military matters, having in his youth acted as Lieutenant and Captain in the New York Volunteer Militia. Before he was twenty-one years old, and during the Mexican war, he enlisted a company, and started to join the federal army in Mexico, but peace was declared before he reached the field. As a law- yer, he was very industrious, energetic and persever- ing, qualities which he carried into military service. A strict disciplinarian, he carried out every order to the letler. He was particularly neat in his own per- son and dress, and was careful to see that attention was given to the same objects by his men, especially about their camps and quarters. The sanitary con- dition and wants of his command were always prom- inent in his thoughts, and he was renowned for his kindness and care of the sick and disabled. He was strictly temperate in his habits, never using intoxicat- ing liquors, or tobacco in any form. Thus passed away another of the true men — the jewels of the nation. Col. Phelps' body was interred at Toledo, on Saturday, December 5, 1863. FORTY-EIGIITII OHIO INFANTRY. This regiment was organized at Camp Dennison on the 17th of February, 1862, and soon after departed to Gen. W. T. Sherman, at Paducah, Ky. After a short rest at Paducah, it moved up the Tennessee River, on the steamer Express, and on the 19th of March disembarked at Pittsburg Landing. On the 4th of April, while the regiment was on drill, a firing was heard, and the Forty-eighth at once moved in the direction of the sound; but the enemy fell back, and at nightfall the regiment returned to its quarters. About 7 o'clock on the morning of the 6th, the regi - ment advanced upon the enemy, and was soon warmly engaged. Charge after charge was repulsed, and though the rebel fire was making fearful gaps in the line, the men stood firm. A battery was sent to their aid, but after firing four shots it retired. The rebels then advanced, confidently expecting to capture the regiment, but they were driven back, and the Forty- eighth withdrew to its supports, having been ordered three times by Gen. Sherman to fall back. It is claimed that Gen. Johnston, of the rebel army, was killed in this portion of the battle by some member of the Forty eighth. The regiment was actively en- gaged during the remainder of the day, and, late in the afternoon, in connection with the Twenty-fourth Ohio and Thirty-sixth Indiana, it participated in a decisive attack on the rebel lines. It acted through- out in Buokland's brigade of Sherman's division— a brigade which had no share in the early rout of a pai-t of that division. On the second day of the battle, about 10 o'clock A. M., the regiment went into action across an open field, under a galling fire, and continued constantly exposed until the close of the engagement. The Forty-eighth lost about one-third of its members in this battle. From this time until after the close of the rebellion, the regiment engaged continually in active duty. In the attack upon Corinth, the Forty-eighth was among the firbt organ- ized troops to enter the rebel works. In Gen. Sher- man's first expedition to Vioksburg, it occupied, with credit, a position on the right in the assault; and it was in Sherman's expedition up the Arkansas River, and distinguished itself in the battle of Arkan- sas Post. It was with Grant during his Vicksburg campaign; fought at Magnolia Hills and Champion Hills; and participated in a general assault on the rebel works in the rear of Vicksburg, May 23, 1863. On the 25th of June following, another general as- sault was made upon the same works, and the F'orty- eigh h was ordered to cross an open field, exposed to two enfilading batteries, to take position in the ad- vance line of rifle-pits and to pick off the enemy's gunners. This order was successfully executed. It took a prominent part in the battle of Jackson, Miss. , and soon after engaged in the fight at Bayou Teche. At Sabine Cross Roads, the Forty-eighth, then a mere remnant of its former self, severely pun- ished the " Crescent Regiment, " but, in tarn it was overpowered and captured. It was not exchanged until October, 1864 The majority of the men in the regiment re-enlisted, but, on account of the capture, they never received their veteran furlough. After its exchange, the regiment shared in the capture of Mo- bile. After the surrender of the rebel armies, the re- maining 165 men of this regiment were ordered to Texas. The regiment was at last mustered out of the service in May, 1866, arriving at Columbus, Ohio, May 21, 1866, having been in the service over four years, and traveled, during that time, through eight Southern States, a distance by land and water 11, 500 miles, and being next to the last Ohio infantry regi- ment discharged from the service. COMPANY F. Virgil H. Moats, Captain; promoted Major; died at Cincinnati from wounds received at Vicksburg. Aquilla Conrad, First Lieutenant. Daniel Gunsaullus, Second Lieutenant. William H. Smith, First Sergeant; promoted First Lieutenant. Frederick W. Hoeltzel, Second Sergeant. Homer W. Moats, Third Sergeant; died 1862. Joseph Rath, Fourth Sergeant; died at Defiance, on his way home, December, 1864. George W. Laser, Fifth Sergeant. 130 HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. Edward J. Todd, Wagoner. William H. Doud, First Corporal. John E. Richardson, Second Corporal. James Elliott, Third Corporal. Demetrius L. Bell, Fourth Corporal. Robert Cosgrave, Fifth Corporal. Frederick Speaker, Sixth Corporal. Philip Roberts, Seventh Corporal. Charles Marfilius, Eighth Corporal. William W. Russell and George A. Williams, Musicians. ' PBIVATES J. Arnst, H. Arnold, Metcalf A. Bell, Charles Bam- ler, E. Byers, George Byers, Charles Burger, George Blair, Eugene Brant, D. M. Bell, Thomas Brannan, John Butler, F. G. Bridenbaugh, William J. Cole, William E. Carpenter, Cornelius Conard, Edwin Cary, Michael Charl (enlisted 1864), Michael Carroll, William Don- ley,Edward Doud, William Ellis,Mathew Elliott, Will- iam Edwards, Lewis Ferris, Benjamin Grijips, Nelson D. Grogg, George G. Hopkins, David Hollibaugh, Daniel Hannah, Frederick Helmick, Harman Hockman, Frederick Hoeltzel, John M. Johnson, G. W. Janes, Paul Jones, Joseph Kibble, John J. Kane (killed at Vicks- burg, May, 1863), .Robert Kibble (died at Shiloh March, 1863), Samuel Kochel, Isaac E. Kintigh, Patrick Kearney, John Kead, C. Lowry, William Lawrence, James Lawrence, Emanuel Miller, Philip Miller, F. R. Miller, George Morrison, James Myers (died in hospital November, 1863), George Minsel, James McFeeters, Edward McYickers, Philip McGuire, Joseph McKillips, Charles McHugh, H. Nolan, Christopher Nagle, Dennis L. Pitts, Obadiah W. Partee, Joseph Partee, John E. ' Partee, John Rhinehart, Isaac Randall (died of disease at Bolivar, Tenn., August 6, 1862), Thomas O'Bourk, Rudy Rider, S. F. Roush (died at Shiloh March 26, 1862), Rhoda Ryan, Emanuel Reisoh, Isaac Ridenour, Elias Ridenour, Jacob Snyder, Peter Smith (died in hospital at Shiloh, 1862), Andrew Smith, Francis M. Smith, Andrew Schmidt, James Sanders (died in hospital at Albany, 1862), Robert Sanders, Wentlin Shiels, Abraham Spitler, Matthias Shellinberger, George Trostle (enlisted 1864), Jacob Taylor, Alvara Vanskiver (enlisted January 17, 1864), William Wright, Alfred Winters, Charles E. Williams, A. W. Whipple, David E. Welker. HOW THE FLAG OF THE EOBTY-EIGHTH WAS SAVED. When the Forty-eighth Regiment, to which Com- pany F belonged, was overpowered and captured at the battle of Sabine Cross Roads, La., April 8, 1864, the color-bearer, Isaac Scott, in the midst of the excitement threw down the regimental flag, but an old man sprang forward and tore the old flag from its staff and slipped it into his haversack. He was left sick on his way to prison, and did not arrive for some time after; but through all his sickness he clung to the flag, and upon arriving at Camp Ford, Tex., to which place the regiment had preceded him, delivered it to the ofiicers of the regiment for safe keeping, and it was sewed up in Capt. Gunsaullus' blouse (he then being Captain of Company F), inside of the lining, where he wore it in safety up to the time of their being exchanged, at the mouth of Red River, on the Mississippi, October 23, 1864, after an im- prisonment of six months and fifteen days. Passing down the Mississippi a short distance, they left the rebel craft and were turned over to Col. Dwight, Commissioner of Exchange. He ordered them on board the St. Mary's, where a band of music from New Orleans, and a number of ladies — wives of Union officers — were awaiting their arrival. Upon boarding the vessel, they proceeded immediately to the upper deck. The old flag was then torn from its place of concealment (Capt. G.'s blouse), and hastily tied ta a staflf prepared for the occasion. At this sig- nal, the band struck up the " Star Spangled Banner," and the old flag of the Forty-eighth was unfurled to the breeze, with waving of handkerchiefs, and amid the wild shouts and deafening cheers of the released prisoners. The flag was afterward placed in the flag room of the State House at Columbus, Ohio, where it now remains. The rebel Assistant Agent of Exchange, Capt. Birchett (who accompanied the prisoners), on his re- turn to Camp Ford related to the remaining prisoners how the flag of the Forty-eighth Ohio, in his pres- ence, was torn from the coat of one of the officers, after they were exchanged at the mouth of Red River. He said it was one of the most exciting scenes he ever witnessed, and that the regiment deserved a great deal of credit for preserving their colors during their imprisonment. SIXTY-EIGHTH OHIO INFANTRY. This regiment commenced to rendezvous at Camp Latta, Napoleon, Henry County, on the 21st of No- vember, 1861. Defiance, Paulding, Williams and Fulton Couaties each furnished one company, and Henry County furnished the majority of the men in the other companies. The regiment was quartered iu Sibley tents and furnished with stoves, and the men were rendered very comfortable. Rations were abundant, and of an excellent quality; and supplies of poultry, vegetables, fruit and cakes from home were received frequently. All these things made the campaign in the winter of 1861-62, in Henry County, the most pleasant campaign through which the regi- HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 131 ment ever passed. On the 2lBt of January, 1862, the regiment moved to Camp Chase, vfhere it remained until the 7th of February, when it removed to Fort Donelson, Tenn., arriving .on the 14th. The regi- ment was assigned to Gen. Charles F. Smith's divis- ion, and was constantly engaged in skirmishing on the left of the lines during both days' operations. After the surrender, the regiment encamped near Dover until the 15th of March, when it moved to Metal Landing, on the Tennessee, and from there by boat to Pittsburg Landing. The health of the regi- ment, until this time, had been remarkably good; but now bad weather, bad water and bad rations reduced the regiment's strength from 1,000 to less than two hundred and fifty men. The regiment was assigned to Gen. Lew Wallace's division, and during the battle of Pittsburg Landing, was engaged in guarding ordnance and supply trains. Lieut. Col. Scott and Capt. Richards, finding that the regiment was not likely to be engaged, went as volunteer aids to Gen. Thayer, and in his ofiScial report were mentioned for gallant and efficient service. During the operations around Corinth, the regiment was constantly engaged in building roads, bridges and intrenchmente. After the evacuation, the Sixty-eighth, with the Twenty- third Indiana, was stationed at Bolivar, where they re-built the bridge across the Hatchie, and formed the guard along the railroad for a number of miles. ThB regiment participated in the battles of luka and Metamora, and for gallantry in the latter engage- ment was complimented in general orders. It closed the campaign of 1862 by forming the advance of an expedition, which attempted to penetrate the interior of Mississippi to Vicksbm-g. The design was frus- trated by the surrender of Holly Springs, and the regiment returned to Memphis. Disasters in different portions of the army, and the influence of the traitor- ous press North tended to depress the spirits of the AVestern army, and some regiments lost heavily by desertion; but, during this time, only one man in the Sixty- eighth was reported as a deserter. During the campaign in Mississippi, the regiment was assigned to the Second Brigade, Third Division, Seventeenth Army Corps, and it continued to serve with the same until the close of the war. The spring campaign of 1863 found the regiment at Lake Providence, La., where it worked hard on the Lake Providence Canal, and in a fruitless attempt to clear a passage for boats through Bayou Tensas. It was engaged, also, on a similar work at Walnut Bayou, in the vicinity of Eagle Bend. About the 10th of April, 1863, the regiment moved down to , Milliken's Bend, and was for some time engaged in working on the military road toward Richmond, La. While here, Lieut. J. C. Banks, of Company C, and Private John Snyder, of Company A, Joseph Long- bury and William Barnhart, of Company C, volun- teered to take one of the transports, a common river steamer, past the Viuksburg batteries. They accom- plished their undertaking successfully on the night of the 21st of April. On the 23d of April, the regiment began its march for the rear of Vicksburg. It marched more than seventy miles over low bottom lands, still partly submerged, crossed innumerable bayous on bridges hastily constructed of timber from neighboring houses and cotton gins, and reached the Mississippi at Grand Gulf. The regiment moved down to Brunersburg, where it crossed the river, and by a forced march, was able to participate in the bat- tle of Thompson's Hill, May 1, 1863. The regiment followed closely after the retreating rebels, and was engaged in the battles of Raymond, Jackson, May 14, Champion Hills and Big Black. The regiment sus- tained considerable loss in all these engagements, and especially at Champion Hills. The regiment engaged in an attack on the rebel works in the rear of Vicks- burg on the 18th of May, and it participated in the assault on Fort Hill on the 22d. During the early part of the siege, the regiment was almost constantly in the trenches, and it also furnished large details of sharpshooters; but during the latter part of the siege it was placed in the Army of Observation, near Big Black. It was on the reconnoissance toward Yazoo City, in the latter part of June, and it participated in the engagement at Jackson on the 12th of July. After the battle, it guarded about six hundred prison- ers into Vicksburg. The regiment was quartered comfortably in the suburbs of Vicksburg until the middle of August, when it moved on an expedition to Monroe, La., and returned with one-third of its men either in the hospital or on the sick-list. In Octo- ber, the regiment moved on a reconnoissance with the Seventeenth Corps, and was engaged in a skirmish at Bogue Chitta Creek, and on the 5th of February, 1864, it participated in the fight at Baker's Creek, while moving on the Meridian raid. This expedition prevented the regiment from going North, on veteran furlough, as promptly as it otherwise would have gone. It was one of the first regiments in the Seven - teenth Corps to report three-fourths of its men re- enlisted, it having done so on December 15, 1863. Upon its return from the Meridian raid, the men were supplied with clothing, and the regiment em- barked for the North, leaving 170 recruits at Vicks- burg, who. arrived just as the regiment was moving down to the landing. The regiment arrived at Cairo on the 23d of March and embarked on the cars, moved by way of Indianapolis, Bellefontaine and Columbus to Cleveland, where it arrived on the 26th. Thi-ough Illinois and Indiana the regiment was wel- 132 flISTOKY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. corned everywhere with banners and flags. It was en- tertained substantially at the Soldiers' Home in In- dianapolis, on the morning of the 24th, and was feasted bountifully by the citizens of Muncie, Ind., on the evening of the same. The regiment was de- tained ten days at Cleveland, before a Paymaster could be obtained, and soon after payment the regi- ment started for Toledo, where it arrived at 3 o'clock P. M., on the 6th of April. It was met by a delega- tion of citizens, headed by the Mayor of the city, with bands of music, and after marching through the principal streets it was escorted to the Island House, where a splendid dinner was in waiting. This was the first welcome the regiment had received since en- tering the State. Special trains were made up on the different roads, and by night all the men were where they felt sure of a welcome — at home. On the 7th of May, the regiment again took the cars at Cleve- land, and proceeded to Cairo by way of Cincinnati. At Cairo it was joined by the recruits left at Vicks- burg, and these, with those obtained during the fur- lough, numbered over three hundred. Here, too, the regiment turned over its old arms, and drew new Springfield muskets. On the. 12th of May, the regi- ment, with more than seven hundred men for duty, embarked for Clifton, Tenn., and thence it marched, by way of Huntsville, Decatur and Eome, to Ac- worth, Ga., where it joined the main army under Sherman on the 10th of June. During the remainder of the Atlanta campaign the Sixty-eighth was under fire almost constantly. It was on the advance line for sixty-five days and nights, and it was engaged at Kene- saw, Nicojack, Atlanta, July 22 and 28. Jonesboro and Lovejoy. On the 22d of July, the regiment was engaged very heavily. It had been selected to go to the rear, and to picket the roads in the vicinity of army and corps headquarters; but upon reaching its position, it discovered in its front, instead of caval- ry, a corps of rebel infantry, while at the same time another line of rebel troops was forming across the road in its rear. Thus, the Sixty-eighth was sand- wiched between the enemy's advance and rear lines. The rebels were totally unaware of the position of this little Buckeye band. The commands of the rebel officers could be heard distinctly, and prisoners were captured almost from the rebel line of file-closers. As the rebel line moved forward, the Sixty-eighth advanced, cheering, on the double quick, and drop- ping behind a fence poured a volley into the' rebels, who were in the open field. The batteries of Ful- ler's brigade, Sixteenth Corps, responded to the alarm thus given, and the fight opened in earnest. The Sixteenth Corps engaged the enemy so promptly that the regiment was enabled, by a rapid movement by the flank and a wide detour, to pass around the enemy's right and re-join its brigade, which it found warmly engaged. The attack came from front and rear, and the men fought first on one side of the works and then on the other. At one time, a portion of the brigade was on one side of the, works, firing heavily in one direction, while a little way lower down the line, the remainder of the brigade was on the other side of the works, firing heavily in the other direction. The left of the brigade swung back to the crest of a small hill, the right still resting on the old works, and a few rails were thrown together, forming; a barricade, perhaps a foot high, when the last charge of the day was made by two rebel divisions. On they came, in splendid style, not firing a shot, arms at "right shoulder shift," officers in front, lines well dressed, following each other in quick succession. The brigade held firm until the first line had crossed a ravine in its front, and the second line of reserves could be seen coming down the opposite slope. Then came a terrific crash of musketry, and then volley after volley. The rebels fell back, leaving the ground thickly strewn with the dead and dying. After the engagement at Lovejoy, the regiment was stationed on the Rough and Ready Road, near East Point, for two weeks, when it moved in pursuit of Hood, The regiment advanced as far as Gaylesville, Ala., and here quite a number of men were mustered out by reason of expiration of term of service. The regiment commenced its return march about the 1st of November, and moved by way of Cave Springs and Lost Mountain to Smyrna Camp Meeting Ground, where the men were supplied with clothing, and everything was thoroughly overhauled. The railroad was destroyed, and on the 14th the regiment moved to Atlanta, and at daylight on the 15th commenced the march to the sea. With the exception of an en- gagement with the Georgia militia at the crossing of the Oconee, and the destruction of the railroad buildings at Millen, the regiment experienced no variation from the easy marches and pleasant bivouacs which all enjoyed. On the 10th of December, the regiment reached the works around Savannah. On the 1 2th, the Seventeenth Corps moved well arovind to the right of the main road running from the city to King's Bridge. Here the regiment assisted in throw- ing up a heavy line of works, and furnished two companies daily, as sharpshooters. During the oper- ations around Savannah, the regiment subsisted almost entirely upon rice, which was found in large quantities near the camp, and which the men hulled and ground in rude hand-mills. Upon the occupation of the city, the regiment was ordered on guard duty in the town, and was quartered comfortably in War- ren and Oglethorpe Parks. Here, too, the regiment lost some valuable men, who were mustered out by HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. 133 reason of expiration of term of service. A large number of commissions were received, and the regi- ment was supplied with a fine corps of young and enthusiastic officers. On the 5th of January, 1865, the regiment embarked at Thunderbolt Bay for Beau- fort, and from there it formed the advance of the corps for most of the way to Poootaligo. Here some heavy works were thrown up, and after resting about two weeks the troop moved on the campaign of the Oarolinas. The regiment marched by way of Orange- burg, Columbia, Wiimsboro and Cheraw, destroying property, both public and private; but upon entering the State of North Carolina, this destruction of prop- erty was forbidden by orders from supexior head quarters. The march was continued through Fayette- ville to Goldsboro, where the regiment arrived rag- ged, barefoot ed and bareheaded, and blackened and begrimed with the smoke of pine-knots. On the morning after its arrival, the Adjutant's report showed forty-two men barefooted, thirty-six bare headed, and 260 wearing some article of citizen's clothing. The regiment rested ten days, and then moved out to Raleigh. After the surrender of John- ston, the regiment marched, by way of Dinwiddie Court House, Petersburg, Richmond, Fredericksburg and Alexandria, to Washington City, where it partic- ipated in the grand review on the 24th of May. After the review, the Sixty-eighth camped at Tenal- lytovra for a week, when it was ordered to Louis ville Ky. It went into camp about two miles from the city, and a regular system of drill and discipline was maintained until the 10th of July, when the muster- out rolls were signed, and the regiment was ordered to report to Camp Taylor, near Cleveland, for pay- ment and discharge. Upon arriving at (Cleveland, the Sixty-eighth was met at the depot by a delegation of citizens, and was escorted to Monument Square, where a splendid breakfast was served. After this the regiment marched to camp, where it remained until the 18th of July, 1865, when it was paid and discharged. During its terms of service, the regiment was on the "sacred soil" of every rebel State except Florida and Texas. It marched over seven thousand miles, and traveled by railroad and steamboat over six thousand miles. Between nineteen hundred and two thousand men belonged to the regiment, and of these, ninety per centum were native Americans, the others being Germans, Irish, or English, the Germans predominating. Col. R. K. Scott com- manded the regiment in all its engagements ex- cept Metamora, when Lieut. Col. J. S. Snook com- manded until after the Vicksburg campaign, when the command devolved upon Lieut. Col. George E. Wells, and he continued to hold the command in all the subsequent engagements, skirmishes and marches until the close of the war. The regiment was pre- sented with a beautiful banner, by the citizens of Henry County, just before its muster-out, it having been impracticable to send the flag to the regiment at Atlanta, as was intended. The flag was returned by Col. Wells, on behalf of the regiment, to the citizens of Henry County, and is now in the possession of Mr. Joseph Stout, of Napoleon, one of the principal donors, and always a stanch friend to the Sixty- eighth. The regimental colors were turned over to the Adjutant General of the State, and were deposited in the archives. Upon these flags, by authority from corps and department headquarters, were inscribed the names of the following battles: Fort Donelson, Pittsburg Landing, siege of Corinth, luka, Metam- ora, Thompson's Hills, Raymond, Jackson, Champion Hills, Big Black, Vicksburg, May 22 and siege Jack- son, July 12, Monroe raid, Bogue Chitta, Meridian raid, Kenesaw, June 27 and siege, Nicojack, Atlanta; July 21, 22 and 28 and siege, Jonesboro, Lovejoy. Oconee, Savannah, Pocotaligo, Salkehatchie, Orange- burg, Coluuubia, Cheraw, Bentonville and Raleigh. COMPANY B. Sidney S. Sprague, Captain. John C. Harman, First Lieutenant. Thomas T. Cowan, Second Lieutenant; promoted Adjutant. William Palmer, First Lieutenant. Isaac Ice, First Sergeant. Jonas B. Bixby, Second Sergeant. Jacob Poorman, Third Sergeant. Joseph Brown, Fourth Sergeant. Samuel Hooper, Fifth Sergeant. Joshua Harper, First Corporal. Henry Shoemaker, Second Corporal. Levi A. Allegar, Third Coi-poral. Abraham Sponsler, Fourth Corporal. Henry Force, Fifth Corporal. James B. Reaser, Sixth Corporal. Lewis P. Derby, Musician. John Smith, Wagoner. PRIVATES. Joseph Aukney, Michael Aukney, Joshua Aukney, Frederick Aldinger, George F. Bohn, Christopher Bable, John Berryhill, Martin Bentley, Jacob Boston, Alexander R. Britton, William Brown, George Bailey, John A. Bolander, John T. Bean, William Brown, Charles Bailey, Nicholas Buclaaaster, William Buck- master, David Buckmaster, John Cuddy, James Cot- ter al, John W. S. Goshven, Peter Gilts, George Good, John Gibson, Daniel Howard, Hugh Houston, John M. Harman, David Hoy, Martin Halstentall, August 134 HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. Heineman, Harvey J. Hill, Jr. (died at Eome, Ga., Jane 16, 1864), Minor Ice, Andrew J. Ice died from wounds at Vieksburg, Oliver L. Jones, Lewis Jaynes, Ebenezer Jaynes, Levi Jaynes, John B. Jackman, Eber Jaynes, Elijah Kesler, Jacob Killion, James Kelly, Frederick Klammer, William P. Kleinhenn, John M. Kleinhenn, John Killion, William A. Kraft, John H. Kraft, Columbus Kendig, Christian Klotz, John Coom, John Colwell, Francis M. Deerwester, Erastus H. Derby, Freeman E. Derby, Hiram Davis, John B. Etchin, Edward Fredericks, Henry H. Fer- guson, John D. Fornay, Charles H. Keselmyer, John Lewis, Jonathan Lewis, Columbus D. Lewis, John Lindemann, Edward Levan, Michael Lary, John Larey, William Lake, Thomas Lang, Thomas Lee, Simeon Mansfield, Feter Moog, Jacob Miller, John L. Miller, Peter Miller, James McCullough (enlisted January, 1864), Joseph McKillips, Thomas Palmer, John W. Prowant, Galen Peters, Enos M. Partee, Joab C. Prickett, Edward Petteperry, Luther H. Kobinson, George Eaney, Andrew Eoush, Joseph Richards, John Ripley, Henry Rehm, Isaac Jxandall, Andrew J. Sanford, Cornelius Seiver, Enoch Shoe- maker, David Shoemaker, Oregon Shaffer, Amos Spangler, Jacob Sponsler. David Sundy, Christian Spieth, John J. Sutter, Adam Stearns, Edward Smith, McCartney Todd, William E. Todd, Alvaro Vansoiver, Samtiel Vanolerah, Amon Vanolerah, Will- am Vanolerah, Isaac B. Vansciver, Michael Wall, Otto Waltz, Andrew Wilson, Thomas Ward, Thomas Wallace, Joseph Wall, George Watson, William Zinn. ONE-HUNDREDTH OHIO INFANTRY. This regiment was organized at Toledo during the months of July and August, 1862, and was mus- tered into the service on the 1st of September follow- ing. On the 8th of September, the regiment moved to Cincinnati, for the defense of that city. On the 9th, it went into position on Covington Heights, a few rods in front and to the left of Fort Mitchel. The regiment marched for Lexington, Ky. , on the 8th of October, and remained there, undergoing a thorough course of instruction, until about the 1st of December, when it moved to Richmond. It was engaged in work on the fortifications until the 26th of December, when it moved to Dan- ville, and on the 3d of January, 1863, it moved to Frankfort. Toward the last of February, it marched to Lexington, to intercept a rebel raid, and from that point it marched to Crab Orchard, Mount Vernon, Somerset and to various other points, where the pres- ence of the enemy rendered it necessary. On the 1 3th of August, the regiment went into camp at Danville, preparatory to the march of East Tennessee. Upon arriving at Knoxville, a portion of the regiment was sent up to the Virginia State line, to guard the rail- road. The detachment, 240 strong, was captured by the enemy on the 4th of September, and was sent to Richmond, Va. The regiment participated in the de- fense of Knoxville, and was on active duty during its stay in East Tennessee. Early in the spring of 1864, the regiment marched in the Twenty-third Army Corps to join Gen. Sherman, then at Tunnel Hill, Ga. It movbd on the Atlanta campaign, and was present at almost every battle from Rocky Face Ridge to At- lanta. On the 6th of August, it was engaged in an assault on the rebel works in front of Atlanta, with a loss of 108 men out of 300. Thirty-six men were killed on the field, and eight more died from wounds within the next thirty days. The Colonel was dis- abled for life. After the evacuation of Atlanta, it joined in the pursuit of Hood, and participated in the battles of Franklin and Nashville. It moved with the Twenty-third Corps to Washington, N. C, and was there actively engaged. It marched into the interior, and moved from Goldsboro to Raleigh with Sherman's army. It next moved to Greensboro, and from there to Cleveland, Ohio, where it was mustered out of the service on the 1st of July, 1865, having served two years and ten months from muster-in to musler-out. The One Hundredth lost, during its term of service, 65 men killed in action, 142 wounded, 27 died of wounds, 108 died of disease, 325 captured by the enemy and 85 died in rebel prisons. It partici- pated in the battles of Lenoir Station, Knoxville, Rooky Face Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, Etowah Creek, Atlanta, Columbus, Franklin, Nashville, Town Creek and Wilmington. COMPANY D. William H. Thornton, Captain, William Bishop, Jr., First Lieutenant. James U. Blue, Second Lieutenant. A. K. Tate, First Sergeant. L. G. Thacker, Second Sergeant. Henry Obee, Third Sergeant. Bailey Fleming, Fourth Sergeant. Daniel W. Smead, Fifth Sergeant. Gilbert White, First Corporal. Otho Collier, Second Corporal. John K. Bucklew, Third Corporal. John Meek, Fourth Corporal. Solomon Deamer, Fifth Corporal. Martin Neuhausel, Sixth Corporal. Peter Marcellus, Seventh Corporal. Isaac S. Miller, Eighth Corporal; promoted First Lieutenant, afterward Quartermaster. George Fredericks, Musician. Frederick March, Musician. HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 135 PRIVATES. Sidney Anson, George Adams, Isadore Arlinger, D. W. Anderson, Lewis D. Blue, John F. Book- waiter, A. T. Brechbill, James M. Britton, William H. Bridenbaugh, William Brown, Francis M. Barns, Avery Burnett, John Barringer, George Clemmer, William Cheney, Oliver Casslemau. L. R. Oritchfield, John R. Cram (killed at Atlanta), Aaron Clark, Daniel Dunlap, Henry Dunlap, Franklin Duck, John Davis, Ephraim Detter, Alberf A. Estell, John Ful- mer, James A. Fleming, Simon W. Figley, Alexan der Qranstaff, John Geiselman, Aaron Hopkins, Ben- jamin Hutchinson, John W. Hyers, Edward Hulett, John B. Houtz, George Hall, Samuel Himea, George Hill, Wilson S. Hufford, William Hilbert, Uriah W. Hosack, Hiram Hopkins, David Harper, Myron Johnson, Asa Johnson, Albert King, Samuel Kyle, Valmore Lambert, Charles J. Lewis, Samuel Logan, Andrew Minsel, Isaac N. Miller (died in service), Levi Miller, Martin Miller, William Miller, Enoch Meek, John W. Myers, William Morris, Harvey Mansfield, Job Mansfield, Gideon Mu.lnix, George Ohliger, John Obee, Mark R. Page, Thomas Peter- son, Uriali W. Shasteen, F. W. Shultz, Jacob Schmidt, Henry Shoemaker, Augustus Tarbbert, Frederick Wiler, Martin G. Worden, John Wells, Ludwig Wiles, William Wheeler, William Warlenbee, Joseph Wiley, Frank Weismantel, John Wessel, George AN'oodward, Edward Woodring, John K. Wil- son, Joseph Young, Franklin B Zigler, Henry Zig- ler. ONR HUNDRED AND SEVENTH OHIO INFANTRY. • This regiment was composed almost wholly of Germans. It was re-organized August 25, 1862, at Camp Taylor, near Cleveland. It lay in camp at this place drilling and preparing for the field, until the latter part of September, when it moved under orders to 'Covington, Ky., opposite Cincinnati. This move was made with reference to an anticipated at- tack on Cincinnati by a rebel force under Gen. Kirby Smith, then operating within a few miles of Coving- ton. The regiment lay at Covington about one week, when it returned to Delaware, Ohio, but H was shortly thereafter taken by rail to Washington, where it was engaged for nearly a month constructing breastworks and fortificatioDS around and in the vicinity of the city. In the early part of November, the regiment marched to Fairfax C. H. , Va. , where it remained two weeks. Stafford C. H. was its next stopping place. At this point it was assigned to the Second Brigade, First Division, Eleventh Aimy Corps, Maj. Gen. Sigel commanding. Remaining at Stafford C. H. only two weeks, it marched on a flanking expedition to the left and rear of Fredericksburg, with the purpose of co- operating with Gen. Burnside's army in a second at- tack. This plan was frustrated by the wretched con- dition cf the roads, and the whole army fell back to and around Brook's Station, where it went into winter quarters. On April 29, 1863, the One Hundred and Seventh Ohio, with its brigade and division, moved across the Rappahannock to Chancellorsville; here, on the 2d and 3d of May, it took part in the battle of that name. The regiment was upder the command of Col. Meyer, and went into the engagement with the Eleventh Army Corps, under Gen. Howard. The Eleventh Corps was completely flanked by Stonewall Jackson, and its lines were broken. In this disas- trous affair the One Hundred and Seventh Ohio suf- fered terribly, losing 220 officers and men killed, wounded and prisoners. The surgeon of the regi- ment, Dr. Hartman, of Cleveland, Ohio, and several other officers, were killed. On May 6, the regiment returned to its former camp at Brook's Station, where it remained until June 12. It then marched to Cal- lett's Station, Manassas Junction and Centerville, on its way to Gettysburg, Penn., the rebel army un- der Gen. Lee having invaded that State. Passing through Frederick City and Emmettsburg, it reached Gettysbm-g on the morning of the 1st of July. It was at once engaged with the enemy, taking position on the right wing. In the first day's fight, the regiment and the Eleventh Corps were compelled to fall back through the town of Gettysburg to Cemetery Hill, when a new line was formed and held during the re- mainder of the battle. In falling back to this place, the regiment lost in killed, wounded and prisoners 250 officers and men. In the second day's fight, in a charge made about 5 o'clock in the afternoon, it again lost heavily in killed and wounded. In this affair the regiment captm'ed a rebel flag from the Eighth Louisiana Tigers. Aside from light skir- mishing, it was not engaged in the third day' s fight. Its total loss in the battle of Gettysburg — killed, wounded and prisoners, was over fom' hundi-ed, out of about five hundred and fifty, rank and file, with which it entered. A number of officers of the regiment were killed. Lieut. Col. Mueller was wounded in the arm, Capt. Vignos, of Company H, had his right arm shot off; Capt, Steiner, of Company D, was shot through the bowels, from the effects of which he sub- sequently died; Capt. Speyer, of Company I, was shot throu.gb the right shoulder; Capt. Fischer, of Company F, was shot through the breast and arm; Adjt. Young, who captured the rebel flag, was also se- verely wounded; Lieut. John Fischer,of Company G, was shot throitgh the thigh. A number of other officers were wounded, whose names cannot now be procured. W^ith 111 guns, all that was left of the regiment, it joined in the pm-suit of the rebel army, following it to Hagerstown, and thence into Virginia, to Catlett's 136 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTr. Station. On August 1 the regiment sailed in trans- ports to Folly Island, S. C, where it performed picket duty until January, 1864. In that month, it was taken in boats to Kiowah Island, and from there wad- ed over to Seabrook Island, and drove the enemy from that point. It returned to Folly Island and remained there until the 7th of February, when it made a similar expedition across Seabrook Island to Joues' Island, This last movement was made to cover the operations of Gen. Gilmore at Olustee, Fla. On February 11, the regiment again returned to Folly Island, and on the 23d of the same month was taken on transports to Jacksonville, Fla. At this place it had a few skirmisties with the enemy, aside from which nothing of moment occurred. In July it was taken to Pernandino, when, after remaining about one month it returned to Jacksonville. On Dfecember 29, the regiment was taken on transports to Devos Neck,'S. _ 0. While here it had several skirmishes with the enemy, and lost five men killed and some fifteen wounded. From this point it marched to Pocotaligo Station, on the Savannah & Charleston Railroad; thence to Gardner' b Corner, where, for some seven days, it did picket duty. It then marched through (with some days detention in building bridges, roads, etc.) to Charleston, S. C. Stopping at Charleston one day it joined an expedition, under command of Gen. Potter, for the purpose of ridding the vicinity of rebel bands of guerrillas. Returning to Charleston, it was placed on a gunboat and taken to Georgetown, S. C. It there did picket duty until the 23d of March, then marched to Sumterville, met the enemy, defeated him, and captured three pieces of artill- ery, six horses and fifteen prisoners. In this affair the regiment lost four men wounded. Marching to Singleton Plantation, it met and skirmished with the enemy, losing two men wounded. A few days later, near the same place, it captured a train of cars, which was destroyed, with thirteen locomotives and a large amount of provisions and ammunition. On April 16, 1865,news was received of the surrender of Lee's and Johnston's armies; and, amid great rejoicings over the auspicious event, the regiment marched back to Georgetown, S. C. Three weeks thereafter, it was taken by steamer to Charleston, where it did provost duty until July 10, when it was mustered out of the service and sent home to Cleveland, where it was paid off and discharged. COMPANY K. Capb. Martin Viebach, resigned November 16, 1862. Capt. Samuel Surbrug, discharged December 16, 1863. First Lieutenant, William Spreier, promoted to Captain and transferred to Company I, June 2, 1863. Second Lieutenant, Willam Martin, died February 6, 1863. First Sergeant, Burkart Gentner, promoted Second Lieutenant February 6, 1863, and First Lieutenant February 6, 1864. Second Sergeant, Jacob Debusman, transferred to Invalid Corps. Third Sergeant Fredei-ick Boiling, deserted Janu- ary 1, 1863. Fourth Sergeant, Henry A. Keihl. Fifth Sergeant, Jacques Cerman, promoted to Second Sergeant February 21, 1864. CORPORALS. First Corporal, Franz Seinsoth, promoted to Third Sergeant November 27, 1863. Second Corporal, Henry Kolbe, promoted to First Sergeant November 27, 1863. Third Corporal, Carl . Gebauer, killed at Gettys- burg. Fourth Corporal, Jacob Mann, died July 19, 1863, at Washington, D. C. Fifth Corporal, Michael Schlerath, promoted to Third Corporal September 1, 1863. Sixth Corporal, Jacob Wolf, promoted to First Corporal January 1, 1863; taken prisoner at Chancel- lorsville. Seventh Corporal, William Hockman, promoted to Second Corporal January 1, 1863; captured at Gettys- burg. Eighth Corporal, Christopher Bodenschatz, pro- moted to Fourth Corporal, September 1, 1863; wounded at Gettysburg. Musicians — John Roedel and Werner Wrede. Wagoner — Henry Dietel. PRIVATES. Batis N. Arada, John Aeigle (killed at Gettysburg), Ludwig Bockelmann, August Bockelmann) died May 24, 1863), Jacob Bise (killed at Gettysburg), George Buntz, Adam Bormusch, Christian Behnfeltd (killed at Gettysburg), John Behnfeltd, Henry Bernard, George Choffin (transferred to Company D Decem- ber 1, 1863), Frederick Debusman (promoted to Fifth Sergeant February 21, 1864), Nicholas Dieterick (wounded at Gettysburg), John Dauwe (discharged March 24, 1864), John Eisler (wounded at Gettys- burg), Frederick Fellemann (deserted December 26, 1863), Peter Fisher, John C. Groll, Frederick Gros- senbacher, Joseph Gasler (killed at Gettysburg), Phil- lip Guillaume (transferred , to Invalid Corps July 21, 1863), Oscar Glockler (promoted to Sixth Corporal February 10,1863, taken prisoner atChancellorsville), Moses Hoatz, John Holtermann, Jacob Hayes, George Haae, Joseph Hasenboeler, David Hasenboeler, Ja- Mrs. Albert Elliott Albert Elliott fl ^o e. September, 1863; disc. November 2, 1864. James A, Bounds, Co. G., 12th Ind. V. I., e. April 19, 1861; disc. May 19, 1862. Charles H. Bowers, Co. K, 15th O. V. I,, e. May 80, 1861. Charles H. Bowers, Co. 0, 52d O. V. I,, May 30, 1862; disc. July 15, 1865. John Boyd, Co. I, 3d O. V. C, e. November 3, 1863; disc. September 4, 1865. William Boyer, Co. H, 88th Ind. V. L, e. Au- gust 7, 1862; disc. June 10, 1865. George W. Boyles, Co. E, 21st O. V. V. I., e. February 1, 1864; disc. July 25, 1865. Musician, Theodore W. Brake, Co. F, 18th U. S. I.,e. August 21, 1861; disc. February 18, 1865. Eugene Brant. HISTOKY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 143 Ernest Branning, Co. G, 60th Ind. V. C, e. Jan uaiy 15, 1862; disc. February 20, 1863. George Breokbill, Co. I, 9th O. V. C, e. October 17, 1863; disc. August 20, 1865. A. F. Brecldbill, 7th Ind. 0. V. C, e. August 15, 1863; disc. October, 1865. Abraham Breokbill, Union Light Guards, O. V. C, e. December 11, 1863; disc. September 9, 1865. D. W. Bricker, 5th Ind. Bat., e. October, 1861; disc. November, 1864. Sergt. Henry Bricker, 5th Ind. Bat., e. Sep- tember 9, 1861; disc. November 1864. S. P. Brinker, Co. B, 142d Penn. V. I., e. Au- gust 18, 1862; disc. May 29, 1865. Monroe E. Bristol, 5th O, Ind'p't Bat., e. Septem- ber 10, 1864; disc, June 22, 1865. Musician, William Britton, 88th O. V. I., e. Au- gust 26, 1861; disc. September 9, 1862. Chester Bronson, Co. B, 86th O. V. I., June 17 1863; disc. February 10, 1864. Edward Brooks, engineer on boat Naiard, disc. June, 1865. Barney Browne, Co. B, 66th O. V. I., e, June 9, 1863; disc. July 15, 1865. Charles M. Brown, Co. C, 128th O. V. I., e. March 17, 1863; disc. July 17, 1865. George R. Brown, Co. A, 88th 0. V. I. ; e. August 26, 1861; disc. September 8, 1864. William Brown, Co. I, 69th O. V. I, e. October 5, 1864; disc. September 28, 1865. Corporal J. H. Brubaker, Co. F, 68th O. V. I, e. October, 1861; disc, July, 1865. M. W. Brush, Co. A, 132d O. N. G. e. May, 1864; disc. September, 1864. Joseph Bucher, Co. G, 18th O. V. T., October 23, 1861 ; disc. January 2, 1863. James W. Budd, Co. H, 52d O, V. I., e. April, 1861 ; disc. June, 1865. Obadiah Budd; Co. G, 169th O. N. G., e. May 2, 1864; disc. September 4, 1864. Obadiah Budd, Co. H, 43d O. V. I., e. September 27, 1864; disc. June 4, 1865. Henry Bungard, Co. C, 42d Ind. V. I, e. October, 13, 1864; disc. July 21, 1865. George Buntz, Co. K, 107th 0. V. I., e. August 14, 1862; disc. July 10, 1865. G. W. Burd, Co. D, 2d Ind. V. C. , e. November 10, 1862; disc. July 28, 1865. John Burger, Co. I, 78th 0. V. 1, e. September 6, 1861; disc. June 5, 1865. John Burk, Co. E, 61st O. V. I., e. October 22; 1861; disc. July 18, 1862. Corporal Barlow Burr, Co. C, 3d O. V. C, e. November 18, 1861; disc. August 4, 1865. Hiram Byers. Corporal Joseph T. Bushong, Co. G, SlstO.V. I., August 26, 1862; disc. July 13, 1865. George Butler, Co. A, 25th U. S. E., e. March 31, 1864; disc. March 31, 1867. John Butler, Co. E, 83d O. V,.I., e. February 20, 1864; disc. July 19, 1865. Andrew J. Byers, Co. K, 25th 0. V. V. I,, e. Sep- tem'^er 10, 1864; disc. July 15, 1865. Corp. John Byers, C I, 57th O. V. I., e. January 16, 1862, disc. August 13, 1862. John Byers, Co. F, 163d O. N. G, e. April 12, 1863, disc. September 22, 1863. Corp A. O. Calvin, Co I, 111th O. V. I., e. Au- gust 18, 1862, disc. May 13, 1865. William Camp, 3d O. V. I., e. 1863, disc. 1865. Lyman Carpenter, Co. H, 14th O. V. I., e. Sep- tember 18, 1861, disc. March 8, 1864. Corp. Frank B. Carr, Co. D, 124th O. V. I. F. M. Carr, Co. K, 71st O. V. L, e. September 12, 1861, disc. December 4, 1864. John Carter, Co. A, 38th 0. V. I., e. August, 1861, disc. January, 1862. Daniel Cary, Co. E, 86th O. V. I., e. June, 1863, disc. February 10, 1864. John Cary. Robert Cary, Co. I, 99th O. V. I., e. August 8, 1862, disc. October 26, 1864. Sidney Cary, Co. B, 2d O. V. C, e. August 13, 1861, disc. March 21, 1863. Sidney Gary, Co. I, 9th O. Y. C, e. October 16, 1863, disc. June 10, 1865. Edwin Case, 10th O. V. C. James -Case, Co. D, 169th O. N. G., e. May 2, 1864, disc. September 6, 1864. William E. Case, Co. I, 9th 0. V. I., e. October 5, 1863, disc. July 20, 1865. First Lieut. John E. Casebeer, Co. D, 44th Ind. V. I., e. October, 1861, disc. September 25, 1865. Corp. William H. Casebeer, Co. D, 44th Ind. V. V. I., e. 1861, killed at Shiloh April 6, 1862. Sergt. Francis Cassil, Co. I, 125th O. V. L, e. June 18, 1863, disc. September 25, 1865. Eli E. Castor, Co. G., 128th O. V. I., e. Decem- ber 3, 1862, disc. July 13, 1865. John Cavanaugh. Asst. Surg. C. M. Chalfant, Co. F, 111th O. V. I., e. August 17, 1862, disc. 1865. Eli Chaney, Co. P, 49th O. V. I., e. August 16, 1861, disc. January, 1863. Capt. Samuel F. Chaney, Co. B, 21st O. V. I., e. April, 1861, disc. July 28, 1865. Frederick Chase, Co. I, 157th O. V. I., e. March 27, 1865, disc. July 31, 1885. Anson Christiao. Frederick Christy. 144 HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. Corp. Eobert L. Christy, Co. E, 86th O. V. I., e. June 17, 1863, disc. February 10, 1864. ^Vagoner Uriah B. Clark, Co. P, 25th O. V. I., e- June 20, 1861, disc. January 13, 1864. James K. Clear, Co. D, 7th Ind. C, e. August 20, 1863, disc. February 18, 1866. Corp. Ferris W. Colby, Co. H, 87th O. V. I., e. June, 1862, disc. September, 1862. • I. K Cole, Co. C, 195th O. V. I., e. March, 1864, disc. 1865. Musician, Seth R. Cole, Co. E, 86th O. V. I., e. June 21, 1868, disc. February 10, 1864. Musician Seth R. Cole, Co. B, 182d O. V. I., e. October 6, 1864, disc. July 7, 1865. Warren Cole, Co. H, Miss. Marine Brigade, e. August 3, 1863, disc. January, 1865. Hiram D. Coleman, Co. I, 9th O. V. I., e. Octo- ber 5, 1863, disc. July 20, 1865. Elijah Collins, Co. E, 14th O. V. I., e. September 1, 1861, disc. September 12, 1864. First Capt. J. N. Collins, Co. I, Miss. Marine Eeg., e. August 3, 1863, disc, February 25, 1865. Surg. John M. Combs, U. S. R., e. April 1, 1865, disc. September 1, 1865. Sergt. G. W. Conkle, e. 1861, disc. 1864. Silas Conkright, Co. H, 110th O. V. I., e. August 14, 1862. A. H. Connolly, Co. E, 68th O. V. V. I., e. No- vember 30, 1861, disc. July, 1865. Frederick Conrad, Co. K, 25th O. V. I., e. Feb- ruary 18, 1864, disc. May 26, 1865. Thomas Conrad, Co. I, 3d O. V. C„ e. September 26, 1861, disc. January, 1864. Thomas Conrad, Co. I, 3d O. V. C, e. January 4, 1864, disc. August 4, 1865. John M. Cook, Co. D, 171st O. N. G., e. May, 1864, disc. September, 1864. Henry Cornish, Co. K, 9th Ind. V. I., e. April 1861, disc. September, 1865. Capt. T. H. B. Correll, Co. D, 1st U. S. Art., e. August 6, 1862. disc. October 20, 1865. Musician, Henry Cosgrave, 3d V. C, e. De- cember 4, 1861, disc. October 26, 1862. Sergt. C. Coughanour, Co. K, 85th Penn. V. Peter Countryman, Co. F, 44th Ind. V. I., e. October, 1861, disc. November, 1864. William Coup, Co. E, 2d O. Heavy Art., e. July 17, 1863, disc. August 23, 1865. Christopher Couts. Peter Couts. Loren G. Cox, Co. G. 14th O. V. I., e. August, 1861, disc. November, 1862. Corp. Albert Coy, Co. C, 195th O. V. I., e. March 6, 1865, disc. December 18, 1865. John Creuz, 7th O. V. I, C, e. March 6, 1863, disc. July 12, 1864. Lyman R. Critchfield, Co. B, 21st O. V. I., e. April 24, 1861, disc August 12, 1861. Jacob Cronk, Co. A, 38th O. V. I., e. 1861, died on furlough July, 1862. Rollins E. Crossbond, 111th O. V. I., e. August 18, 1862, disc. July, 1865. William H. Crow, Co. K, 5th Regt.V. Res., e. August 15, 1862, disc. July 5, 1865. Corp. Prank C. Culley, Co. F, 8th O. V. I., e. May, 1861, disc. February, 1863. G. Dabner, Co. D, 2d O. V. C, e. December 22, 1863, disc. June 12, 1865. E. K. Dains, Co. G, 1st U. S. I. Elias Dart, Co. L, 2d O. "V. C, e. August 17, 1863, disc. October 12, 1865. Sergt. Baxter Davis, Co. I, 2d O. V. C, e. November 12. 1862, disc. October 3, 1865. James Davis, 121st O. V. I., e. February, 1864, died in hospital, Nashville, Tenn. John Davis, Co. K, 48th Ind. V., e. August, 1864, disc. 1865. John Davis, Co. A, 100th O.V. I., disc May 20,1865. Corp. Oliver Davis, Co. I, 178th O. V. I. Oliver Davis, Co. B, 5th O. V. C, e. September 18, 1862, killed at Davis' Camp, Corinth, Miss., Sep- tember 18, 1863. Zedekiah Dawson, Co. E, 86th O. V. I., e. June 18, 1863, disc. August 10, 1863. John Dauwe, Co. I, 78th O. V. I., «. October 1, 1864, disc. May 12, 1865. Sergt. J. T. Dean, Co. C, 90th Ind. V. C, e. Au- gust 20, 1862, lost on Sultana, 1865. Sergt. George W. Deatrick, Co. H, 102d O. V. I., e. July 31, 1862, disc. June 30, 1865. Thomas J. Deivert, Co. A, 38th O. V. I., e. Feb- ruary 16, 1863, disc. July 12, 1865. William H. Deivert, Co. A, 38th O. V. I., e. Au- gust 21, 1861, disc. July, 1865. John Delarber, Co. G, 128th O. V. I., e. Decem- ber 20, 1863, disc. July 5, 1865. James W. Dellett, Co. G, 8d O. V. C, e. 1863, disc. 1865. Amos Densmore, Co. F, 182d O. V. I., e. October 1, 1864, disc. July 17, 1865. Sergt. Moses W. Dickey, Co. H, 118th O. V. I., e. August 6, 1862 disc. June 24, 1865. Albert P. Dickman. Christ. Dickman, Co. F, 68th O. V. I., e. Octo- ber 10, 1861. John Dickman, Co. P, 68th O. V. I., e. October 10, 1861. Peter Dickman, Co. A, Maine V., e. March 80, 1863, disc. January 18, 1865. First Lieut. William Dilworth. Co. H, 88th Ind. v., e. August 12, 1862, disc. June 21, 1865. Christopher Diehl. HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. 145 A. N. Dinsmire Co. C, 57tb Perm. V. I., e. Feb- ruary 2-Z, 1864, disc. June 29, 1865. Aaron Dixon, Co. C, 7th R. V. R., e. September 1, 1861, disc. September 10, 1864. Isaac Douatin. Hugh Donly, Co. I, 125tli O. V. I., e. October 1 1864, disc. May 31, 1865. Sylvester Donly, Co. D, r24th O. V. I., e. Auaust 22, 1862, disc. July 9, 1865. Frederick Donze, Co. D, lS2d O. V. I., e. August 1864, disc. July, 1865. ' John Dowe, Sr., Co. C, 107th O. Y. I. Alexander Dowell. Franklin Duck, Co. D, 100th O. V. I., e. July 26 1862, disc. June 20, 1865. Edgar Dunham, Co. E, 9th O. V. C, e. August 22, 1863, disc. July 20, 1865. George Dunlap, Co. B, 169th O. N. G., May 2, 1864, disc. September 6, 1864. Henry Dunlap, Co. K, 100th O. V. I., e. July 1, 1862, disc. Jime 14. 1SG5. Oliver Durham, Co. A, 38th O. V. I., e. August 31, 1S61, disc. July 12, 1865. Daniel Duvale, Co. G, 138th O.Y.Y. I.,e. Decem- ber 26. 1863, disc. June 2, 1865. B. F. Davinell, Co. E, 17th O. Y. Y. I., e. August 31, 1861, disc. July 16, 1S65. Sergt. Orlando Dyarman, e. March 23, 1863. disc. Februai-y 23. 1865. Sergt. Orlando Dyarman, Co. E, 4th O. Y. I. , e. April 16. 1861. disc. June 4. 1864. Henry Dysinger, Co. A, lS9th O. Y. I., e. Feb- ruary, 1S65. died at Huutsville. Ala., May 9, 1865. Isaac Dj'singer, Co. A. lS9th O. Y. I. , e. Febru- aiy, 1865. died at Himtsville, Ala., May 7, 1865. Levi Dysinger, Co. A, lS9th O. Y. I., e. February, 1865, disc. September 25. 1865. Samuel Eai'ly, Co. F, 64th O. Y. I., e. September 2, 1862, disc. September 2, 1863. Corp.TNilliam Ebright, Co. E. 58th O. Y. Y. I., e. December 11, 1861, disc. September 16, 1865. Thomas AY. Ecker, 7Sth O. Y. I., e. September 27, 1S64. disc. May 17, 18(>5. Ciu-tis S. Elder, Co. K, 9t.h O. Y. C, e. Novem- ber 5, 1S63, disc. July 25. 1865. Peter M. Eldridge. Co. G, 30th Ind. V. e. Au- gust 23, 1861, disc. April 21, 1862. Peter M. Eldi-idge. Co. G, 19th Mich. Y., e. January 12, 1S(U. disc. July 19, 1865. Sergt Albert Elliott, Co. G, 12th O. Y. C. e. No- vember 2, 1863, disc. November 25, 1865. S. W. Elliott, Co. H, 169th 0. N. G., e. May 2, 1864, disc, September 4. 1864. Simon Elliott, Co. E, 47th O. Y. I., e. September 26. 1864. disc. June 13. 1865. Bugler John D. Emery, Co. G, 12th O. V. C, e. September, 1863, disc November 25, 1865. H. L. Ensign. Corp. Oscar F. Ensign, Co. C, 128th O. V. I. e. July 7, 1863, disc. July 13, 1865. Alexander Erlston, Co. A, 38th O. V. I., e. Au- gust, 1861, disc. 1862. Campbell Erlston. Co. A, 38th 0. V. I., e. August 10, 1861. disc. January, 1862. James Erlston. First Lieut. A. A. Evans, 38th O. V. I., e. 1861, disc. 1865. Isaac M. Evans, Co. C, 152d Ind. V., e. Febru- ary 15, 1865, disc. August 30, 1865. John Fair. Quinoy Fairbank, Co. C, 21st O. Y. I., e. May 5, 1861, disc. August 15, 1861. Ii-a W. Fairchild, Co. G, 118th O. V. L, e. August 21, 1862, disc. May 15, 1865. Samuel Fee, Co. E, 67th O. V. I., e. October 1, 1864, disc. June 20, 1865. Daniel Feeney, Co. B, 184th O. V. L, e. February 13, 1865, disc. May 1865. Michael Feeney, Co. F, 68th O. V. I., e. October, 1861, disc. November, 1864. Chauncey Felton. C. M. Ferguson, Co. K, 25th O. V. I. George S. Fickle, Co. G, 180th 0. Y. I., e. Octo- ber 27, 1864, disc. July 27, 1865. Isaac F. Fickle, Co. H, 9tli O. V. C, e. Septem- ber, 1863, disc. July, 1865. Simon Figley, wai- of 1812, e. February 1, 1813, disc. August 6, 1813. Simon W. Figley, Co. D, 100th O. V. L, e. Au- gust 2, 1862, January 6, 1863. Corp. Simon W. Figley, Co. I, 125th O. V. I., e. July 6, 1863. Adam Finch, 38th O. Y. C, e. 1863, disc. 1864. John B. Fisher, Co. C, 44th O. Y. I., e. Septem- ber 14. 1861. First Sergt. John B. Fisher, Co. C, 8th O. V. V. C, e. Januaiy 5, 1864, disc. July 30, 1865. Sergt. EollinC. Fisher, Co. B, e. November 19, 1861, disc. June 7, 1865. Jacob Fitzcharles, Co. D, 5oth 0. Y. C, e. Sep- temper 22, 1864, disc. June 9, 1865. Harmon Fleming, Co. M. 8th O. V. C, e. May, 1S62, disc. October 1, 1862. Harmon Fleming, 7th Indep. O. C, disc. Octo- ber, 1865. George TT. Forder, Co. C. 68th O. Y. I., e. 1861, disc. 1864. George Fai-low, 46th Reg. , e. 1S64. William Farlow, Co. E, 21st O. V. V. L, e. Feb- ruaiT 6, 1864, disc, July 25, 1865. 146 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. William Foster, Co. I, 100th O, V. I, e. August 11, 1862, disc. May 29, 1865. George Foust, Co. B, lS2d 0. V. I., e. October 7, 1864 disc. July 7, 1865. John Fowler. Co. K. 100th O. V. I., e. August 7, 186-, disc. June 18, 1865. William H. Francisco, Co. F, 148th N. Y. Y., e. August 29, 1862, disc. June 17, 1865. William Frederick. John Freese, Co. C, 195th O. V. C, e. March 7, 1865, disc. December 18, 1865. Sergt. Elias Feeger, 3d O .V. C , e. 1861, disc. 1864. Josiah Preger, 3d O. V. C, e. 1861, disc. 1864. Leander Freger. Co. F, 182d 0. V. I., e. 1864, disc. July 7, 1865. Julius C. French, Co. D, 1st N. Y. Vet. C, e. August 17, 1863, disc. March 20, 1865. , J. A. Fry, Co. E, 16th O. V. I. L. Fryar, Co. B, 42d O. V. I., e. July, 1862, disc. July 1, 1865. Abraham Fulmer, 81st O. V. I., e. 1861, killed near Corinth, Miss. Daniel Fulton. Samuel Fulton, Co. I, 137th O. V. I., e March 25, 1865, disc. July 31, 1865. John F. Furman, Co. E, 86th O. V. I., e. July 20, 1863, disc. February 10, 1864. Thomas Gallantine, Co. I, 74th Penn. V., e. July 16, 1863, disc. August 29, 1865. Francis Garlow. Corp. Franklin Garlow, Co. I, 125T,h O. V. I., e. June 1, 1863, killed at Buzzard's Roost, May 8, 1864. J. C. Garvey, Co. I, 9th O. V. C, e. November, 1863, disc. August, 1865. W. J. Gathen, Co. A, 1st O. V. C, e. February, 1864, disc. 1865. S. Gaylord, Jr., Co. E, 188th 0. V. I., e. February 22, 1865, disc. October, 1865. George Getner, died at Nashville, Tenn. Corp. Clinton Gibbs, 67th V. E. C, e. Augast 13, 1862, disc. August 14, 1865. Ezra Gibbs. Henry Gier, Co. E, 39th O. V. I., disc. May 27, 1865. Lewis Gillet, Co. E, 177th O.V- I., e. August 25, 1864. Charles Gillespie, Co. B, 38th O. V. I., e. 1861, disc. 1865. Corp. Thomas Gillespie, Co. B, 14th U. S. I., e. February 5, 1863. William Goe, Co. M, 3d O. V. V. C, e. Novem- ber 6, 1863, disc. August 4, 1865. L. H. Goefas, Co. H, 107th Penn. V., e. May, 1862, disc. May, 1863. Jacob Goller, Co. B, 6th O. V. C, e. November 19, 1862, disc. June 27, 1865. Martin B. Gorman, Co. H, 87th O. V. I. George E. Graves, 87th Penn. Vol., e. August, 1861, disc. July 5, 1868. A. P. Green, Co. I, 3d O. V .C, e. September 21, 1861, disc. April 12, 1863. Frederick Grim, Co. F, 68th O. V. I., e. October 7, 1861, died at Fort Donelson February, 1862. William L. Gulcbrist, Co. B, L82d O. V. I., e. October 18, 1864, disc. July 7, 1865. Sergt. Paul Hagen, Co. G, 1st V. R. V., e. July 28, 1862, disc. July 14, 1865. Sergt. Paul Hagen, Co. E, 119th N. Y. V., e. July 15, 1862, disc. July 25, 1865. Corp. J. I. Hale, Co. K, 4th O. V. I., e, April 9, 1861, disc. March 12, 1863. Adam C. Hall, Co. D, 30th O. V. I., e. August 15, 1861. Corp. Adam C. Hall, Co. E, 86th O. V. I, e. June 21, 1863, disc. February 10, 1864. E. J. Hall, Co. D, 169th O. N. G., e. May 2, 1864, disc. September 6, 1864. George Hall, Co. D, 74th V. R. V., e. Au- gust 1, 1862, disc. June 7, 1865. Jacob Hall, Co. E, 86th O. V. I., e. June 20, 1863, disc. February 10, 1864. Jeremiah D. Hall, Co. I, 3d O. V. V. C, e. October 17, 1863, disc. August 4, 1865. Martin Hall, Co. E, 86th O. V. I., e. June 18, 1868, disc. February 10, 1864. William C. Hall, Co. E, 86th O. V. I., e. June 20, 1863, disc. February 10, 1864. H. K. Haller, Co. G, 47th O. V. I. Charles N. Hamilton, Co. I, 125th O. V. I., e. June 19, 1863, disc. May 22, 1865. Corp. Daniel Hanna, Co. D, 48th O. V. V. I., e. February 27, 1864, disc. May 9, 1866. Oliver Hanna, Co. B, 47th O. V. V. I., e. Septem- ber 27, 1864, disc. June 17, 1865. William H. Hardy, 82d V. R., e. August 30, 1861, disc. September 19, 1864. William Harper, killed in service. Sergt. John S. Hart, Co. D, 21st O. V. I., e. Au- gust 15, 1861, disc. June 20, 1865. William A. Hart, Co. I, 15th 0. V. I. Joseph L. Hartman, Co. D, 68th O. V. I., e. Octo- ber 18, 1861, disc. December 6, 1864. Sergt. Charles Hastings, Co. G, 25th O. V. I., e. 1863, disc. July, 1865. George Hastings, Co. G, 25th 0. V. I., e. 1863, disc. July, 1865. Edward Hatfield, Co. I, 125th O. V. I., e. June 2, 1863, disc. September 25, 1865. Moses M. Haver, Co. I, 2l8t O. V. I., e. April 27, 1861, disc. August 20, 1861. HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 147 Sergt Bloses M. Haver, Co. I, 100th 0. V. I., e. August 9, myj., disc. June 20, 1865. Thomas W. Haver. Alfred Hawk, Co. F, 38th O. V. V. I., e. Febru- ary 10, 18G4, disc. July 12, 1865. Hiram Hawk, Co. F, 38th O. V. V. I., e. February 10, 1864, disc. July I'J, 1865. W. D. Haynes, Co. E, 14th O. V. I., e. Februaiy 4, 1864, disc. June 14, 1865. John Heim, Co. H, 72d O. V. I, , e. October 2, 1862, disc. July 30, 1863. Edward Heller, Co. D, 189th O. V. I., e. Febru- ary, 1865, disc. September 25, 1865. Henry Heller, Co. A, e. December 1, 1863, disc. September 9, 1865. Henry Heller, Co. A, 66th O. V. I., e. October 20, 1861, disc. December 22, 1864. .Fred Helmick, Co. D, 48th O. V. V. I., e. Feb- ruary 27, 1864, disc. May 9, 1866. Alexander Henderson, Co. B, 39th O. V. I , e. May 11, 1864; disc. December 4, 1865. J. F. Henderson, Co. H, 169th O. N. G., e. May 2. 1864, disc. September 12, 1864. Henry Hendricks, Co. G, 3d O. V. V. I., e. No- vember 17, 1861, disc. December 24, 1864. Abram Henry, Co. H, 123d O. V. I., e. August 22, 1862, disc. June 12, 1865. John Harrington. Co, K, 25th O. V. V. I., e. Sep- tember 12, 1864, disc. June 15, 1865. Lemuel P. Hibbard, Light Squad. O. V. C, e. December 11, 1S63, disc. September 9, 1865. "William Higby, died in service. Alfred Hilbert, Co. D, 29th 0. V. V. I., e. Octo- ber 13, 1864, disc. July 13, 1865. Capt. AV T. Hill, Co. A, 19th Penn. V., e. April 15, 1862, disc, at Lee's surrender. W. L. Hill, Co. K, 122d O. V. I., e. June 30, 1864, disc. February 17, 1865. Joseph J. Hilton, Co. C, Huffman's Battalion, e. May 6, 1862, died November 19, 1863. Corp. Walter Hilton, Co. D, 140th 111. V. L, e. May 5, 1864, disc. October 27, 1864. Sergt. Jacob Hiner, Co. G, 128th 0. V. I., e. De- cember 8, 1863, disc. July 13, 1865. Henry Hiner, Co. A, 38th 0. V. I., e. Januai-y, 1863, disc. July 22, 1865. Charles A. Hinsch, Co. C, 2d Heavy Art. V., e August 6, 1863, disc. August 23, 1865. Capt. Adam Hively, Co. D, 55th 111. V., e. 1862, disc, July, 1865. Corp. Frederick Hively, 74th Ind. . V. Corp. John Hively, Co. G, 12th O. V. C, e, No- vember 2, 1862, died at Somerset, Ky., 1863 Corp. David J. Hoffman, Co. I, 20lh Mich V., e. August 1, 1862, disc. May 20, 1865. William Hockman. Co. K, 124th O. V. I. Charles Hollenger, Co. F, 55th O. V. L, e. Janu- ary, 1864, disc. July, 1865. George Holton, Indepen. C, e. July, 1864, disc. March, 1868. George Hooker, Co. H, 1st 0. Lt. Art., .e August 6, 1862, disc. June 15, 1865. Corp. Lemuel H. Hooker, Co. H, 1st O. Lt. Art., e. August 6, 1862, disc. June 15, 1865. Charles B. Hopkins. Charles M. Hopkins, Co. B, 51st O. V. V. L, e. October 12, 1864, disc. October 3, 1865. Darius A. Hopkins, Co. B, 5th Indepen. 0. Sharp- shooters, e. October 24, 1862, disc. July 19, 1865. Corp. Homer P. Hopkins, Co. H, 1st Mich I., e, July 25, 1861, disc .July, 1865. Lewis C. Hopkins, Co. I, 9th 0. V, C, e. August, 1863, disc. A.ugu8t, 1865. Musician, S. S. Hopkins, Co. F, 8th 0. V. I., e. April, 1861, disc. August, 1861. William Hopkins, Co. 0, 4lBt O. V. I., e. Novem- ber 6, 1864, disc. December 6, 1865. George W. Horn, Co. F, 17th V. E. , e. Octo- ber 20, 1861, disc. October 18, 1864. George W. Horn, Co. F, 31st O. V. L, e. Novem- ber 6, 1861. George W. Horn, Co. F, 121st 0. V. I.,e. Febru- ary, 1864, disc. July, 1865. T. A. Horn, Co. H, 82d O. V. I., e. November 26, 1861, disc. July 31, 1865. James W. Horn, 6th O. V. I., e. October, 1861, disc, from invalid corps 1865. Sergt. Peter J. Hosier, Co. A, 8th O. V. I., e. May, 1861, disc. July 14, 1864. Ephraim Hought, Co. K, 8d O. V. V. C, e. Janu- ary 12, 1864, disc. August 4, 1865. Michael Howck, Co. H, 123d O. V. I., e. August 19, 1862, disc. June 20, 1865. B. F. Howck, 1st Bat. O. Sharpshooters, e. 1862, disc. May 27, 1865. Barney Hubbai-d, Co. E, 3 U. S. C, e. July 6, 1863, disc. October 31, 1865. Bayard Hubbai-d, Co. B., 39th U. S. C, e. April 16, 1864, disc. December 4, 1865. Chai-les Huff, Co. E, 67th O.V.I ,e.l864,disc. 1865- CJT.-US Hughes, Co. F, 68th O. Y. I., e. 1863, disc" 1865. James Hughes, Co. F, 68th O, Y. I., e. 1863, disc. 1865. James Hughes, Jr., Co. F, 68th O. V. L, e. 1863, disc. 1865. William Q. Hughes, Co. G, 14th O. V. L, e. 1861, disability Orin S. Hulbert. Co K., 182d O. Y. L, e. October 21, 1864, disc. July 21, 1865. 148 HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. Sergi Samuel Hill, Co. E, 21st O. V. I., e. April, 1861. Godlip Huntz, Co. K, 25th 0. V. V. I, e. October 2, 1862, disc. October 1, 1865. James 0. Hutcliinson, 124tli O. V. I., e. Septem- ber 30, 1863, disc. April 9, 1864. Samuel Hutchinson, Co. K, 21st O. V. I., e. Octo- ber 2, 1863, disc. July 25, 1865. Capt. Joseph Ice, Co. A, 68th O. V. I,, e. 1861, disc. 1865. John W. Ingle, Co. H, 80th O. V. I., e. February 29, 1864, disc. August 13, 1865. Lieut. Col. William Irving, 86th 0. V. I., e. No- vember 3, 1864, disc. July 25, 1865. Albert Jackson, Co. D, 44th Ind. V., e. Novem- ber 1, 1861, disc. November 1, 1864. J. B. Jackman, Co. B, 68th O. V. I., e. October 14, 1861, disc. November 4, 1864. Corp. Augustus Jacoby, Co. I, 125th O. V. I., e. June 24, 1863, disc. September 25, 1865. Levels Jaynes, Co. B, 68th O. V. I., e. October 18, 1861. Lewis Jaynes, Co. B, 68th O. V. V. I., e. Decem- ber 10, 1863 disc. July 10, 1865. William Joe, Co. M, 3d O. V. V. C. e. November 6, 1863, disc. August 4, 1865. Philip Johns, Co. A, 14th Mich. V., e. April 27, 1861, disc. July 28, 1861. Sergt. Philip Johns, Co. E, 179th N. Y. V., e. August 5, 1861, disc. June 27, 1865. F. A. Johnson, Co. P, 44th Ind. V., e. 1863. Sergt. John Johnson, Co. D, 48th O. V. V. I., e. February 27, 1864, disc. May 9, 1866. George W. Jones, Co. H, 3d O. V. C, e. March 1, 1861, disc. August 10, 1865. Washington Jones, Co. F, 88th I. V. I., e. Feb- ruary 20, 1864, disc. June 3, 1865. Josiah Jordan, Co. D, 49th O. N. G., e. May 3, 1864, disc. August, 1864. Samuel A. Justice, Co. I, 125th O. V. I. , e. April 27, 1861, disc. October 17, 1865. Casper Kahl, Co. G, 3d O. V. C, e. November 29, 1861, disc. December 24, 1864. Aaron Kale. John Karnes, Co. K, 169th O. N. G., e. May 2, 1864, died August 12, 1864. John Kampe, Co. K, 107th O. V. I., e. August 22, 1862, disc. July 10, 1865. Anthony Kappler, Co. I, 3d O. V. V. C. e. Octo- ber 17, 1863, disc. August 4, 1865. Augustus Kehnast, Co. P, 68th O. V. V. C, e. January, 15, 1864, disc. July 10, 1865. Sergt. D. B. Keller, 88th Ind. V. Corp. William N. Kelly, Co. F, 2d O. V. I., e. April 18, 1861, disc. June 12, 1864. Jacob Kencig, Co. B, 25th U. S. A., e. March 31, 1864, disc, expiration of term. J. P. Kennedy, Co. C, 25th N. Y. C, e. February 4. 1864, disc. January 27, 1865. Noah Kenz, Co. E, 67th, e. 1864, died at Peters- burg, Va., 1865. Robert Kepler, Co. H, 169th O. N. G., e. May 2, 1864, disc. September 6, 1864. Franklin L. Key, Co. E, 86th O. V. I., e. June 17, 1863, disc. February 10, 1864. Daniel H. Killey, Co. P, Mexican war, e. 1848, disc. 1849. Daniel H. Killey, Co. H, 3d O. V. C, e. Febru- ary, 1864, disc. February 26, 1865. George W. Killey, Co. P, 9th O. V. C. e. Febru- ary 10, 1864, disc. July 18, 1865. Jacob Killion, Co. B, 68th O. V. I., e. 1861, disc. 1862. Jacob Killion, Co. B, 25th U. S. I., e. March 26, 1864, disc. March 26, 1867. C. Kimmell, Co. K, 67th O. N. G., e. December. 1864, disc. December, 1865. R. Kimmell, Co. E, 21st O. V. I., e. September 19, 1861, disc. May 6, 1865. Capt. T. C. Kimmont, Co. P, 44th Ind. V., e., September, 1861, disc. June, 1863. W. P. Kimmont, Co. P, 129th Ind. V., e. De- cember 14, 1863, disc. July 31, 1865. Levi Kinnaman. Columbus Kintigh, Co. G, 68th O. V. I. Isaac Kintigh. First Lieut. I. E. Kintigh, Co. C, 111th O. V. L, e. April, 1861, disc. July 12, 1865. Alexander Kintner, Ind. V. , e. September, 1863 disc. July, 1865. Perry W. Kintz, Co. F, 197th O. V. I., e. March, 1865, disc. July, 1865. James R. Kittredge, Co. A, 177th O. V. I. Christian Kline, Co. K, 107th O. V. I., e. August 20, 1862, disc. July 10, 1865. Charles Klinefelter, Co. A, 144th 111. V., e. February 4, 1865, disc. September 22, 1865. William Knight, Co. G, 115th O. V. I., e. Sep- tember 1, 1861, disc. September 25, 1864. John E. Knox, Co. F, 38th O. V. V. I., e. Janu- ary 27, 1864, disc. July 12, 1865. Tillman Koch, Co. B, 47th O. V. I., e. September 27, 1864. disc. May 31, 1865. James Kochel. Samuel W. Kosier, Co. B, 2d Indepen. Lt. Art., e. August 30, 1861, disc. October 12, 1865. Frederick Krahl, Co. B, 37th O. V. V. I., e. Sep- tember 30, 1862, disc. August 7, 1865. Joseph Kronk, Co. A, 38th O. N. G., e. August, 1861, died in service, 1862. HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 149 Henry Euhl, Co. E, 19th O. V. I., e. April 24, 1861, disc. August 28, 1861. Adam Kunkle, Co. C, 38th O. V. I., e. August 15, 1861, disc. July 25, 1865. David Kunkle, Co. C, 38th O. V. I., e. August 15, 1861, disc. July 25, 1865. H. Kurman, Co. A, 38th O. V. I., e. August, 1861. Josiab Kyle, Co. B, 182d O. V. I., e. October 13, 1864, disc. July 7, 1865. George W. Lacer, Co. E. 83d O. V. V. I., e. Feb- ruary 27, 1864, disc. May 27, 1865. F. D. La Cost, Co. E, 86th O. V. I., e. June 19, 1863, disc. February 10, 1864. Lieut. Jacob Lane, Co. F, 38th O. V. I., e. Au- gust, 1861, disc. 1865. M. Lang, 17th Bat. Ind. V., e. March 30, 1862, disc. August 15. 1862. Emanuel Lawsun, O. V. I. , e. 1862. George Lawson, 111. V., e. 1865, disc. July, 1865. Joseph Lawson, 111. C.,disc. July 8, 1865. John C. Lawrence. W. Lawrence. Sergt. J. W. Leach, Co. F, 68th O. V. V. I., e. October 10, 1861 disc. July 19, 1865. Perry Leary, Co. D, 124th O. V. L, e. August 16, 1862, disc. June 13, 1865. Francis D. Least, Co. A, 38th O. V. I. Charles Lembaugh. Second Sergt. W. H. Lemhart, Co. F, Ist Del. C. James Lett, Co. C, 72d O. V. L, e. October 1, 1862, disc. July 30, 1863. James Lett, Co. F, 6th O. V. I., e. September 29, 1864, disc. June 16, 1865. Benjamin Lewis, Co. D, 124th O. V. I., e. Au- gust, 1862, disc. 1863. Charles J. Lewis, Co. D, 100th O. V. I., e. Au- gust 4, 1862, disc. June 20, 1865. Sergt. Edmund N. Lewis, Co. C, 1st Indepen. O. V I , e. October 24, 1861, disc. March 1, 1867. Joseph J. Lewis, Co. F, 68th O. V. L, e. October 7, 1861, disc. June 17, 1865. John Lewis, Co. I. 3d O. V. C, e. October 8, 1863, disc. July, 1865. Joseph Liehty, Co. G, 14th 0. V. I., e. February 11, 1864, disc. July, 1865. Joseph Limenstall, Co. F, 68th O. V. I> «• J^")" uary 1, 1864, killed at Atlanta, Ga., August 4, lSb4 John Linderman, Co. F, 16th U. S. L, e. March 26, 1864, disc. 1865. J. Linders, Co. H, 72d O. V. L, e. October 1, 1862, disc. August 18, 1863. Henry Linebrink, Co. K, 124th O. V. i. Lewis Linebrink, Co. D, 195th O. V. I., e. Feb- ruary 17, 1864, disc. December 18, 1864. William Linebrink, Co. K, 124th 0. V. I. H. Livingston, Co. E, 86th 0. V. I., e. June 21, 1863, died at Cumberland Gap, October 7, 1863. Washington I. Logan, Co. I, 3d O. V. I. Henry Longsmith, 125th O. V. I. Samuel Lorah. 38th O. V. I., e. September, 1861, killed in service. U. P. Love, 144th O. V. I., e. May, 1864, disc. September, 1864. John LovejoyfCo. A, 38th 0. V. I., e. August 10, 1861, disc. July, 1865. Henry Lowry, 61-2 Batt. V. R. C, e. September 2, 1861, disc. September 20, 1864. Frank Loyd, Co. E, 86th O. V. L, e. June 19, 1863, disc. February 10, 1864. Thomas Loyd. W. Malcom, Co. K, 68th O. V. I., e. October, 1861, disc. July 14, 1865. Alexander Mangel, Co. F, 14th O. V. I., e. April, 1861, disc. July 5, 1865. I. M. Manor, Co. C, 85th O. V. I., e. July 5, 1862, disc. October, 1862. Enoch B. Mapes. Samuel K. Mapes. Fred March, Co. B, 67th O. V. I., e. Novem- ber 1, 1864, disc. October 31, 1865. Abraham Maris, Co. A, 38th O. V. I., e. August, 1861, disc. July, 1865. George R. Maris, Co. F, 182d O. V. 1., e. Octo- ber 20, 1864, disc. July 7, 1865. Abraham Markley, Co. D, 124th O. V. I., e. Au gust 15, 1862, disc. July 9, 1865. Conrad Marquardt, Co. K, 130th O. V. I., e. May 31, 1864, disc. September 22, 1864. Thomas Martin, Co. I, 13th Penn. V., e. April 14, 1861, disc. August, 1861. Thomas Martin, Co. E. 76th Penn. V., Septem- ber 18, 1861, disc. December 1, 1864. A. B. Mason. W. A. Maxwell, Co. A, 166th O. V. I., May 2, 1864, disc. September 16, 1864. T. Harrison May, Co. F, 68th O. V. I., e. Octo- ber 8, 1861, disc. July 10, 1865. W. S. McClary, Co. C, 99th 0. V. I., e. August 1, 1862, disc. January 20, 1865. Corp. David McCollister, Co. G, 81st O. V. I., e. August 23, 1862, disc. July 21, 1865. John JilcCollister, Co. K, 196th O. N. G.,e. Sep- tember, 1862, disc. August, 1864. Harvey McConkey, Co. E, 20th Mich. V. e. Au- gust 4, 1862, disc. April 10, 1863. Hiram McDaniel, Co. E, 86th O. V. I., e. June 17 1863, disc. February 10, 1864. ' Wilson McDowell, Co. C, 21st O.V. L, e. August 1, 1862, disc. March, 1863. 150 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. Patrick McDonald. Josiah McElroy, Co. F, 24th Iowa V., e. Septem- ber 26, 1862, disc. August, 1865. W. ^V. McFeters, Co. D. 3d O. V. C, e. October, 1862, disc. August 15, 1865. J. P. McGlasson, Co. D, 33d 111. V., e. March 1, 1862, disc. April 3, 1863. John W. Meek, Co. A, 19th O. V. I., e. April 21, 1861, disc. August 27, 1861. Sergt. John W. Meek, Co. D,n9th O. V. I., e. September 10, 1861, disc. December 31, 1863. Sergt. John W. Meek, Co. D, 19th O. V. I., e. January 1, 1864, disc. October 24, 1865. Simon McHolly. Capt. Hiram Meek, Co. D, 195th O. V. I., e. March 16, 1865, disc. December 22, 1865. Almon G. Meese, Co. D, 142d Ind. V.. e. October 3, 1864, disc. August, 1865. Corp. Jacob Mercer, Co. K, 182d O. V. I., e. October 20, 1864, disc. July 7, 1865. Sergt. John Mercer, Co. E, 21st O. V. I., e. September 19, 1861, disc. 1864. Henry Merryhue. Eobert Merryhue, Co. D, 29th O. V. I,, e. Octo- ber 13, 1864, disc. June 6, 1865. Dr. B. E. Miller, Co. 0, 128th 0. V. I., e. Octo- ber 29, 1863, disc. July 6, 1865. Edward L, Miller, 23d Ind. Bat., e. September 28, 1862, disc. July 3, 1865. Henry Miller, 16th N. Y. R., e. March, 1863, died at Chattanooga May 2, 1865. Henry Miller, Co. G, 38th O. V. I., e. January 28, 1863, disc. July 21, 1865. John F. Miller, Penn. Militia, e. August 7, 1863, disc. May 7, 1864. J. H. Miller, Co. A, 189th O. V. I., e. January 21, 1865, disc. August, 1865. Philip Miller, Co. D, O. V. I., e. February 27, 1864, disc. May 9, 1866. Samuel H. Miller, Co. C, 51st O. V. V. I., e. Jan- uary 1, 1864, disc. October 3, 1865. Samuel B. Miller, Co. E, 100th O. V. I., August, 1862, disc. 1865. William Miller, Co. D, 100th O. V. I., e July 13, 1862, disc. June 20, 1865. William A. Miller, Co. I. 94th N. Y. V., e. No- vember 14, 1861, disc. June 23, 1865. William H. Miller, Co. H, 38tb O. V. I., e. Janu- ary 28, 1863, disc. July 10, 1865. George Mincel, Co. F, 48th O. V. I., e. 1861, died on Mississippi River, 1862. Corp. Washington Miser, Co. A, 38th 0. V .1., e. August 13, 1862, disc. 1865. David Mitz, Co. K, 62d O. V. I., e. September 27, 1864, disc. June 20, 1865. E. B. Mix, Co. I. , 1st R. Art. Mexican war, e. September 15, 1847, disc. September 10, 1848. Homer W. Moats. G. W. Mock, 63d 0. V. I., e. September 27, 1864; disc. May 15, 1865. Isaac N. Mock, Co. H, 6th O. V,. C, e. October 17, 1862; disc. July 27, 1863. John W. Mock, Co. A, 189th O. V. I., e. January 24, 1865; disc. September 28, 1865. Mohart, Co. C, 111th O. V. 1. George Mollenkopp, Co. F, 9th O. V. I., e. De- cember 15, 1863; disc. July 15, 1865. G. W. Moon. Co. B, 38th O. V. I. Peter Moog, Co. B, 68th O. V. I., e. October 22, 1861; disc. July 1865. John Moon, Co. A. 9th O. S. S. William Moon, Co. D, 38th O. V. I. — Moore, Co. B, 2d West Va. V. I., e. May 20, 1861; disc. June, 1864. S. J. Moore, Co. D, 80th O. V. V. I., e. Novem- ber, 1861; disc. August 31, 1865. John E. Morrow, Co. K, 182d O. V. I., e. Octo- ber 4, 1864; disc. July 7, 1865. C. L. Morse, Co. F, 68th 0. V. I., e. February, 1865; disc. July, 1865. C. W. Morse, Co. G, 12th O. Y. C, e. September 15, 1863; disc. July 21, 1865. Sergt Samuel J. Morse, Co. A, 68th O. V. I., o. September, 1861; died at Vicksburg, Miss., December 16, 1862. Sylvester Morse, Co. D, 124th O. V. I., e. 1862; died at Madison, Ind, June 5, 1864. Zelotes Morse, Co. A, 68th O. V. I., e. October, 1861 ; died at Vicksburg, December, 1863. Lewis Muntie; died at Columbus, Ohio, 1865. Corp Isaiah Musser, Co. G, 142d O. V, I. e. Octo- ber 21, 1864; disc. July 14, 1865. Jacob Musser, Co. I, 125th O. V. I., e. July 5, 1863; disc. May 25, 1865. Adam Myers, Co. D, I4th O. V. I., disc. 1865. John Myers, Co. D, 47th 0. V. I. J. H. Myers, Co. C, 101st O. V. I., e. August 7, 1862; disc. June, 1865. J. R. Myers, Co. D, 169th O. N. G., e. May 2, .1864; disc. September 6, 1864. Corp. George Meyers, Co. K, 64th O. V, I., e. 1861 ; died at Lebanon, Ky., March 3, 1862. Sergt. Gilbert L. Myers, Co. C, 68th O. V. I., e. October, 1861; disc. July 18, 1865. Peter Myers, Co. D, 14th 0. V. L ; killed at Vicksburg. David Navew, Co. E, 130th O. N. G., e. May 2, 1864; disc. September 23, 1864. John G. Neher, Co. B, 3d V. R., e. August 9, 1862; disc. February 20, 1865. HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. 151 Ira Newill, 97th V. R. I. Battery, e. Octo- ber 18, 1861; disc. November 9, 1864. * Corp. James Newill, Co. K, 3d 0. V. C, e. Jan- uary 15, 1864; disc. August 4, 1864. James Newill, Co. D, U. S. A., e. March 13,1867; disc. March 18, 1870. Andrew Newland, Co. E, 82d O. V. I. , e. Novem- ber 12, 1861; disc. December 29, 1863. First Sergt. Isaac Newton, Co. B, 6+h O. V. C , e. August 10, 1862; died August 18, 1864. Sergt. W. Nicholls, Co. F, 44th Ind. V. I., e. November, 1861; disc. November, 1864. Carl Nogle, Co. B, 37th O. V. V. I., e. Septem- ber 8, 1862; disc. May 28, 1865. Sergt. Thomas S. Nutter, Co. K, 10th West Va. v., e. February 29, 1864; disc. April 27, 1865. John M. Ochsenreiter, Co. H, 47th O. V. I., e. October 3, 1864; disc. August 11, 1865. Joseph M. Osborn, 14th O. V. I. ; killed in the bat- tle of Mission Ridge, September 18, 1863. Capt. Ransom Osborn, Co. G, 163d O. V. I., e. May 11, 1864; disc. September 10, 1864. William D. Otis, Co. G, 11th O. Y. I., e. August 16, 1862; disc. July 16, 1865. Samuel Palmer, Co. G, 16th 111. Y. I., e. May 24, 1861 ; disc. May 14, 1862. J. G. Park, Co. D, 3d Wis. V. C, e. August 13, 1862; disc. May 19, 1865. George Parker, Co. A, 111th O. V. I., e. August 13, 1862; disc. July, 1865. Anthony Partee, Co. I, 125th O. V. I. George Partee, Co. G, 3d O. V. C, e. December, 1861; disc. Decembw 30, 1863. George AV. Partee, Co. D, 124th O. V. I., e. Aug- ust 21, 1861 ; missing. John E. Partee, Co. I, 125th O. V. I. Joseph Partee, Co D, 48th O. Y. I., e. November 16, 1861; disc. May 9, 1864. Elijah Patten, Co. H, 4th O. V. C, e. September, 1862; disc. July 5, 1865. Corp. Conrad Pfister, Co. F, I30th O. N. G., e. May 2, 1864; disc. September 22, 1864. Samuels. Pearsons, Co. E, 3d O. V.I., e. Novem- ber 3, 1863; disc. August 4, 1865. John Peeper. Ebberly Perry, 16th U. S, I., e. 1868; disc. 1866. John Perry, Co. F, 68th Ill.V.I.,e.l861; disc.1864. James Peterson, Co. E, 195th O. V. I., e. Febru- ary 14, 1865; disc. September 1, 1865. John C. Phillips, Co. C, 100th Ind. V, e. 1862; disc. June 1, 1865. J. D. Phillips, O. N. G., e. May, 1864; disc. Sep- tember, 1864. Hiram Pierce, Wis. C. William N. Pierce, Iowa V., e. 1863. Dennis Pitts, Co. F, 18th O. V. I., e. October 24, 1861; disc. December 2, 1864. R. L. Pollock, Co. D, 124th O. V. I., e. October I, 1862; disc. July 9, 1865. Samuel M. Pollock, Co. K, 17th V. R. C, e. September 25, 1864; disc. July 28, 1865. Andrew Pontious, seaman, Gun Boat Carondelet, e. August 10, 1862; disc. September 10, 1863. John Poorman, Co. A, 183d O. V. I., e. Decem- ber 1, 1864; disc. July 17, 1865. William Poorman, Co. A, 38th O. V. I., e. Au- gust 26, 1861; disc. September 13, 1864. James A. Price, Co. H, 82d O. V. I., e. February, 1864; disc. July 31, 1865. Gilbert L. Praser, sailor, steamer U. S. N. ,Mt. Ver- non, e. September 10, 1862; disc. June 6, 1865. Herman Pruser, Co. B, 1st 0. V. I.; died at An- dersonville. Frederick Pump, Co. K, 37th O. V. I., e. August 26, 1861; disc. February 9, 1864. Frederick Pump, Co. K, 37th O. V. V. I., e. Feb- ruary 10, 1864; disc. August 7, 1865. William H. Ralston. Sergt. W. H. H. Ramsey, Co. I, 49th O. V. I, e. August 22, 1861; disc. December 31, 1865. Alexander Randal, Co. G, 125th O. V. I., e. Octo- ber 18, 1862; disc. September 25,' 1865. Felix Randal, 3d 0. V. I,, e. November, 1863; disc. August, 1864. John P. Rannel, Co. H, 197th O. V. I., e. March II, 1865; disc. July 31, 1865. Perry Rarrick, wagoner, Co. K, 12th O. V. I., e. September 18, 1863; disc. November 14, 1865. Corp. George Rath, Co. I, 125th O. V. I, e. Au- gust 2, 1863; disc. September 25, 1865. George W. Rath, Co. I, 125th O. V. I. John Rath. Joseph Rath. C. A. Reaser, Co. F, 111th 0. V. I., e. August 16, 1862; disc. January 29, 1863. John T. Reaser, Co. A, 68th O. V. I., e. 1862. Seawell W. Reaser, Co. K, 38th O V. I., e. Sep- tember 1, 1861; disc. December 10. 1863. Sterling Reed, Co. F. E. P. Reeder, Co. D, 115th O. V. I., e. August 17, 1862; disc. June 22, 1865. Lewis D. Renolet, Co. B, 182d O. V .1., e. Jan- uary 22, 1865; disc. July, 1865. Aaron B. Replogle, Co. E, 86th O. V. I., e. June 17, 1863; disc. February 10, 1864. James W. Replogle. Eusebius Reyff, Co. K, 7th Minn. V., e. Sep- tember 16, 1862; disc. March 25, 1865. John W. Rhany, Co. G, 99th 0. V. I., e. August 11, 1862; disc. July 17, 1865. 152 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. F. M. Eice, 66tli O. V. V. I., e. October, 1861; disc. July, ISOiJ. Sergt. G. N. Rice, Co. H, 82d O. V. I., e. No- vember 16, 1861; disc. January, 1865. W. H. Richard, 3d O. Ind. Battery, e. September 11, 1861; disc. February, 1863. G. W. Richardson, Co. K, 8d O. V. C. , e. January 15, 1864; disc. August 4, 1865. First Lieut. Lay W. Richardson, Co. Q, 68th O. V. I., e. April 22, 1861; disc. January 3, 1865. Sergt. John Richolt, Co. K, 2d 0. V. C, e. No- vember 14, 1862; disc. May 12, 1865. Corp. Simon Ridenour Co. C, 183d O. V. I., e. November 14, 1863; disc. July 17, 1865. D. Rittenour, Co. A, 6th Michigan V. M. G. Rittenhouse, Co. C, 169th O. N. G., e. May 2, 1864. Henry Rock, Co. C, 49th O. V. I., e. October, 1862; disc. August, 1863. William Roehrs, Co. G, 144th O. N. G., e. May 11, 1864; disc. August 27, 1864. C. M. Rogers, Co. A, 38th O. V. I., e. January 2, 1864; disc. July 22, 1865. — Root, Co. E, 14th O. V. I., e. 1861. Gilbert Root, Co. I, 8th O. V. I., e. August 16, 1861; disc. March 6, 1863. Henry J. Root, Co. I, 4th O. V. V. I., e. April 16, 1861; disc. July 1, 1865. First Lieut. J. O. Rose, Co. E, 86th O. V. I., e. April 22, 1861; disc. February 14, 1864. Arch Ross, Co. A, 114th O. V. L, e. August 28, 1862; disc. July 31, 1865. Sol. Rummel, Co. E, 111th O. V. I., e. August, 1862; disc. July, 1865. William W. Russel, Co. B, 12th Ind. V., e. January 4, 1864; disc. June 23, 1865. Charles Russet, Co. G, 101st O. V. I., e. July, 1862; disc. June 29, 1865. Josephus Sanders. .1. M. Sanders, Co. C, 6th Mich. Cav., e. March 6, 1865; disc. September, 1865. A. F, Saner, Co. E, 151st N. Y. Vol., e. August 22, 1862; disc. June 30, 1865. Volney Sanf ord, 10th Mo. V. I., e. 1862; disc. 1864. Peter Scharff, Co. F, 68th O. V. I., e. October 7, 1861; disc. July 19, 1865. John P. Scheer, Co. I, 125th O. V. I., e. January 18, 1863; disc. May 19, 1865. Smil Schick, Co. A, 192d O. V. I., e. February 24, 1865; disc. September 1, 1865. Sergt. Otto Schick, Co. H, 107th O. V. I., e. Sep- tember 2, 1862; disc June 28, 1865. Ezra Schlosser, Co. E, 64th O. V. I. John Schlosser, Co. A, 6th Vet. Res., e. August 17, 1862; disc. July 6, 1865. Sergt. George M. Schmidt, 3d Indep. Oav., e. July 4, 1861 ; disc. August 28, 1862. Sergt. George SchuU, Co. C, 47th O. V. I., e.' November, 1864; disc. June, 1865. Sergt. John Schuerman, Co. K, 9th O. V. I., e. May 27, 1861; disc. July 14, 1864. First Sergt. W. G. Scott, Co. F, 68th O. V. I., e. November, 1861; disc. July 20, 1865. W. Scott, Co. F, 68th O. V. I., e. November, 1861; promoted to Second Lieut; disc. July 20, 1865. A. Siebert, Co. F, 68fch O. V. I. , e. October 10, 1861; killed June 22, 1864. Henry Shaffer, Co. K, 107fch O. V. I., e. August 15, 1862; disc. July 10, 1865. Henry Schaffer, Co. E, 86th O. V. I, e. June 18, 1863; disc. July 27, 1863. Henry B. Schaffer, Co. G, 68th O. v i., e. Jan- uary 3, 1864; disc July 10, 1865. Sergt. John Schaffer, Co. F, 38th O. V. V. I., e. December 11, 1863; disc. July 12, 1865. Simon Shank, Co. D, 29th O. V. V. I., e. October 13, 1864; disc. July 22, 1865. W. M. Shanklin, Co. D, 120th O.V. V. I. , e. Aug- ust 13, 1862; disc. November 13, 1865 George Sharp, Co. E, 86th O. V. I., e. June 18, 1863; disc, February 10, 1864. E. Shatto, Co. F, 38th O. V. I,, e. October 7, 1862; disc. July 27, 1863. E. Shatto, Co. C,, 195th O, V. L, e. March 7, 1865; disc. December 18, 1865. Lorin Shead, 4th Wis. Art., e. October 13, 1862; disc. January, 1863. John A. Sheffield, Co, A, 24th O. V. I. Mathias Shellberger. J. W. Shepard, Co. E, 13th Ind. Vol., e. Sep- tember, 1864; disc. September, 1865. Richard Shepmire, Co. K, 2d I. C, e. June 30, 1863; disc. March 8, 1864. Richard Shepmire, Co. D, 195th O. V. I., e. February 20, 1865; disc. December 18, 1865. Stephen M. Shirley, Co. K, 25th O. V. V. I., e. September 12, 1864; disc. August 15, 1865. William Shirley, Co. A, 38th O. V. I., e. August 10, 1861; disc. December 28, 1861. Henry Shoemaker, 100th O, V. I. Corp. George Sholes, Co. G, 106th N. Y. V., e. August 7, 1862; disc. June 22, 1865. Uriah Shorteen, Co. H, 169th O. V. I., e. May 2, 1864; disc. September 12, 1864. Andrew Shubert, Co. D, 7th Vet. Res., e. Sep- tember 1, 1861; disc. September 10, 1864. Sergt. A. W. Sigourney, Co. D, 8th O.V. I., e. April 17, 1861 ; disc. October, 1864. Sergt. Alvarado Simons, Co. G, 7th Cav., e. Sep- tember 15, 1876; disc. September 14, 1881. HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. 153 Joseph Simons, Co. B, 7th O. V. I, e. September 27, 1861; disc. October 1, 1864. Samuel Siscoe, Co. I, 60th O. V. I., e April 5 1864; disc, July 28, 1865. Lewis Sitterly, Co. K, 108th O. V. I., e. August 15, 1862; disc. July 10, 1865. Corp. Leonard Slater, Co C, lllthO. V. I., a Au- gust 12, 1862; disc. January 27, 1865. Sergt. Isaac T. Slough, Co. D, 124th O. V .1., e August 9, 1862; disc. July 15, 1865. Henry Shoup, Penn. Militia. A. Smith, Co. F, 2d Ind. Vol., e. September 26 1864; disc. July 13, 1865. Andrew Smith, Co. D,"48th 0. Y. V. I., e. Febru- ary 28, 1864; disc. May 9, 1866. Bartholomew F. Smith, Co. K, lOOtb Ind. Vol., e. August 13, 1862; disc. May 29, 1865. Barton Smith. E. F. Smith, Co. I, 47th O. V. I., e. September 28, 1864; disc. June 13, 1865, E. T. Smith, 0th O. Lt. Bat., e. February 2, 1864; disc. September 1, 1865, James Smith, Co. B, 182d O. V. I., e. August 25, 1864; disc. July 7, 1865. J. W. Smith, Co. B, 184th O, V, I., e. February, 1865; disc, 1865. John Smith, Co, P, 3d O. V. I., e. August 25, 1861; disc. September 29, 1864. L. Smith, Co. D, 55th O. V. I., e. September 27, 1864; disc. 1865. Peter Smith, Co, B, 28th O. V. I., e, 1861; died at Pittsburg Landing, 1861. Samuel I. Smith, Co. E, 6th Mich. V. C, e. Sep- tember 16, 1862; disc. November 24, 1865. William H. Smith. Co. K, 21st O. V. I., e. April, 1861; disc, September 16, 1861, John J, Snider, Co, A, 116th Ind, Vol,, e. April, 1862; disc, March 2, 1864, Abraham Snyder, e, 1862; died in service, 1863, A, L. Snyder, Co, B, 16th Penn, Cav, , e. Sep- tember 10, 1862; disc. June 20, 1865, Chris, Snyder, Co, D, 55th O, V. I., e. September 27, 1864; disc. July 7, 1865. Eichard Snyder, Co. D, 183d O. V. I., e. Febru- ary 20, 1865; disc. July 17, 1865. John Solenberger, Co. G, 3d O. V. C, e. Decem- ber 29, 1863; disc. August 4, 1865. William F. Soles, Co. H, 8th O. V. I., e, April, 1861; disc, June, 1865. William L. Soles, Co, I, Ist O, Lt, Art. , e. Au- gust 29, 1864; disc. May 18, 1865. Emanuel Spangier, Co. E, 86th O. V. I,,e. June 18, 1863; disc, February 10, 1864. John C. Spangier, Co, E, 86th O. V. I,, e June 18, 1863. Jacob F. Spindler, Co. C, 68th O. V. I, e, Octo- ber 12, 1861; disc. May 12, 1865. Joe Spoon, 14th O. V. I., e. 1861. died at Nash- ville, 1863. Orin Sprague, Co. K, 182d O. V. I,, e, October 22, 1864; disc, July 18, 1865, George P. Sprow, Co, C, 47th O. V, I,, e, Octo- ber 25, 1864; disc. May 12, 1865. Corp. S. Spurgeon, Co. H, 28d O. V. I., e. April 30, 1861; disc. June 30, 1864. George T. Squire. James E. Stafford, Co. A, 13th Ind, V, I. , e. Sep- tember 20, 1864; disc. May 30, 1865. Daniel M. Stair, Co. I, 100th O. V. I., e. August, 1862; disc. July, 1865. Parker Starliffer, Co. C, 111th O. V. I. Alison S. Steadman, Co, E, 86th O. V, I„ e, June 20, 1863; disc, February 10, 1804, George Streadman, David Steehsmith, Co. B, 189th O. V. L, e. March, 1863; disc. August, 1805, John G, Steffle, Co, A, 43d O. V, I., e. November, 1863; disc. June, 1864. Samuel Steinaker, Co. B, 8th Vet. Res., e. July 22, 1862; disc. July 2, 1865. CorjT. M. B. Stevens, 18th N. Y, V., e. December " 29, 1863; disc. June 30, 1865. Corp. I. L. Stout, Co. D, 124th O. V. I., e. Au- gUHt, 1862; died at Franklin, Tenn., 1863. Henry Stover, Co. I, 49th O, V. I., e. August, 1861 ; disc. December 31, 1865. George Strahl, 38th O. V. I., e, 1861; died Au- gust 9,. 1865, John W, Stratton, Co, D, 143d O, N, G., e. May, 1864; disc. October, 1864. David Strawser; died in service, 1864. George Strawser. Philip Strawser, Co. E, 111th O. V. I., e, August 22, 1861; disc. July, 1865. John Sturky, Co. K, 107th O, V. I., e. August 20, 1862; disc. March 15, 1865. W. P. Sullinger, Co. B, 86th O. V. L, e. June 18, 1863; disc. February 2, 1864. Daniel Sunday, Co. E, 86th 0. V. L, e. June 18, 1863; disc. February 10, 1864. Alfred Swager, 5th Indep, O. V, Sharpshooters, 8, October 24, 1862; disc, July 19, 1865,^ Jeremiah Swinehart, Co, I, 125th O. V. I, First Lieut. J. W. Tate, 95th O. N. G., e. May, 1864; disc. September, 1864. Asst. Surg. William H. Thacker, 100th O. V. I,, e. August, 1862; resigned, 1864, Jacob R. Thomas, Co. A, 152d Ind, Vol., e Feb- ruary 15, 1865; disc. August 30, 1865. Calvin Todd, 125th O, V. L 10 154 HISTOEY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. John Thomas, Co. D, 2d Vet. Ees., e. August 1, 1861; disc. November 2, 1864. Augustus B. Thrall, Co. D, 183d O. V. I , e. Jan- uary 31, 1865; disc. July 17, 1865. Edward J. Todd, Co. D, 48th O. V. I., e. Febru- ary 27, 1864; disc. May 9, 1864. D. O. Tomlinson, Co, C, 111th 0. V. I,, e. August 17, 1862; disc. July 16, 1865. Corp. W. S. Tomlinson, Co. A, 38th O. V. I„ e. August 26, 1861; disc. July 22, 1865. Sergt. Albert Towle, Co. E, 86th O. V. I., e. June 17, 1863; disc. February 10, 1864. G. W. towle, Co. C, 38th O. V. I. e, August 15, 1861. Michael Tracht, Co. K, 8lst O. V. I., e. August 20, 1862; disc. May 20, 1865. First Lieut. William C. Travis, Co. D, 124th O. V. I., e. August 22, 1862; disc. March, 1863. Jacob P. Traxler, 92d Res. Cav., 2d Bat., e. Au- gust 18, 1862; disc. June 30, 1865. A. J. Treaster, Co. K, 68th O. V. V. I., e, 1861; disc. July, 1865. T. J. Treaster, Co. K, 68th O. V. I., e. February, 1862; killed at Atlanta, Ga., July 22, 1865. Leonard Tricker, Co. G, 1st Mich. Art., e. Febru- ' ary 12, 1864; disc. August 22, 1865. George Trostle, Co. E, 48th O. V. L, e. 1861; disc. 1865, Andrew Tuttle, 48th O. V. I.; disc. 1865. Jacob B. Ulrich, Co. K, 163d O. V. L, e. May 2, 1864; disc, November, 1865. Sergt. M, H. Urquhart, Co. E, 86th O. V. I., e. June 21, 1863; disc. February 10, 1864. Corp. Samuel Ury, Co. D, 30th O. V. I. ; died. Lewis L. Ury; killed by bushwhackers. Nathaniel Vandusen, Co. B, 3d O. V. I., Mexican War, e. May 6, 1846; disc. July 1, 1847. P. H- Vanmeter, Co. D, 189th 0. V. I., e. Febru- ary 11, 1865; disc. September 25, 1865. Michael Vanvlearah, Co. 1, 80th O. V. I., e. De- cember 6, 1861; disc. January 4. 1864. Michael Vanvlearah, Co. I. 80th O. V. V. I., e. January 5, 1864; disc. August 13, 1865. Benjamin Viall, Co. K, 16th O. V. I., e. April, 22, 1861; disc. August 20, 1861. Benjamin Viall, Co. F, 80th O. V. I. , e. Decem ber 12, 1861; disc. January 24, 1864. Corp. Benjamin Viall, Co. F, 80th O. V. V. I., e January 25, 1864; disc. August 13, 1865. Capt. Martin Viebach, 107th. Corp. Thomas B. Wade, Co. D, 54th O. V. I., e. September 10, 1861; disc. January 13, 1865. William Walker, Co. H, 47th O. V. I,e. Septem- ber 16, 1864; disc. July, 1865. Sergt. Thomas AVallace, Co. B, 68th O. V, I. Sergt. John H. Ward, Co. K, 93d Penn. Vol. John L. Warden, Co. D, 142d O, V. I., e. Octo- ber 12, 1864; disc. July 14, 1865. Jacob Warner, Co. E, 48th Ind. V. I., e. January 6, 1861; disc. February 6, 1862. T. J. Warren, 68th 111. V. I,,e. 1861; disc. 1865. E Waters, Co. B, 184th O. V. I., e. February 12, 1865; died, 1865. Horace Waters, Co. A, 68th O. V. I, e. 1861 ; disc. 1865. Corp. Horace Waters, Co. A, 68th O. V. L Tobias Watson, Co. D, 169th O. N. G., e. May 2, 1864; disc. September 6, 1864. George Watts. Co. I, 2d N. J. Vol., e. May 29, 1861; disc. February 28, 1863. John Weaver; Colonel in the war of 1812. L. F. Webb, Co. C, 144th O. N. G., e. May 1, 1864; disc. September, 18o4. Philip Webb. Corp. Peter J. Weismantle, Co. B, 12th Ind. Vol., e, July 1, 1862; disc. June 8, 1865. David E. Welker, Co. D, 48th O. V. V. I., e. Feb- ruary 27, 1864: disc. May 9, 1866. Daniel Wells, Co. D, 55th O. V. I., e. September 13, 1861; disc, disability, 1862. Daniel Wells, 55th O. V. I. e. 1862; disc. 1864. Second Lieut. Henry Welty, Co. F. 68th O. V. L, e. October, 1861, disc. July 1865. Anthony Weyershausen, Co. G, 16th Iowa V. I., e. October 5, 1861; disc. January 2, 1864. Corp. Anthony Weyershausen, Co. G, 16th Vets., e. January 6, 1864; disc. July 19, 1865. Corp. Jonathan T. Whaley, Co. E, 86th O. V. I., e. June 21, 1863; disc. February 10, 1864. John Whetstone, Co. E, 14th O. V. I., e. Novem- ber, 1862; died in service, 1863. Samuel Whetstone, Co. B, 47th O. V. I., e. Sep- tember 27, 1864; disc. May 31, 1865. Daniel W. White, Co. K, 38th 0. V. V. I., e. Feb- ruary 17, 1864; disc. July 12, 1865. Amos M. Whitney, Co. A, 25th O. V. V. I., e. October 8, 1865; disc. December 31, 1869. John Wibert, Co C, 3d O. V. V. I., e. August 25, 1861; disc. September 13, 1864. T. G. Wickersham, 169th O. V. L J. R. Widenhamer, Co. D, 7th Vet. Res. Corps, e. September 1, 1861; disc. September 10, 1864. John Widner, Co. G, 38th O. V. I., e. January 24, 1864; disc. July 12, 1865. George Williams, Co. D, 14th O. V.'l., e. 1861; disc. 1865. John Williams, Co. D, 14th O. V. I., e. 1863; disc. 1865. Corp. J. D. Williamson, Co. H, 110th Penn. Vol., e. April 27, 1861; disc. June 16, 1865. HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 155 Constanfcine "VVilman, Go. 0, 13tli Mo. V. I., e. June, 1861; disc. September, 1801. Vet. Surg. Joseph Wilson, Co C, 19th III. V. C, e. June, 1861; disc. December, 1864. Lymfin Wilson, Co. C, '21st O. Y. I., e. August, 1861; disc, July, 1865. William E. Wilson, Co. C, 21st O. Y. I., e. Au- gust -1, 1862; disor October 31, 1SG2. George Wines, Co. K, 182d O. Y. I., e. Septem- ber, 1864; died in service, 1805. F. M. B. ^\'inans. John M. Wines, Co. F, 182d O. Y. I., e. Septem- ber 24, 1864; disc, Jvly 7, 1S65. Martin Wines, Co. F, 182d O. Y. I., e. Septem- ber 24, 1864; disc. Jn\j 7, 1865. Williiun Wines, Co. A. 38th O. Y. I., e. 1SC):>, killed in 1865. Francis M. Wing, Co. C, 87th O. Y. I., e. May, 1862. disc. October, 18G2. George Winkelpleck, Co. E, 55th O. Y. I., e. September 16, 1861; disc. July, 1865. John Winkelpleck, Co. E, 55th O. Y. I., e. Sep- tember 16, 1861; disc. April 16, 1865. Samuel Winkelpleck, 20ch O. Bat., e. 1862, died at Nash^-ille, Tenn., February, 1863. AYilliam Winkelpleck, Co. B, 101st O. Y. I., e. 1862; disc. May, 1865. James Wintei-stein, Co. B, 35th O. Y. I., e. Au- gust 9, 1861; wounded at Chickamauga, Tenn.; diso. September 20, 1863. Hai-man Wisemiller, Co. I. 197th O. Y. I., e. :M;uoh 20. 1865; disc July 31, lSii5. John Wissler, wai- of 1812, e. Febraai-y 1, 1813; disc. August 12. 1813. Sm-g. Gideon Wonsetler, 15th Ind. Yol.. o. Octo- ber, 1862; disc. 1864. Capt Asa Wood, in the wai- of 1812. Harvey AVood, Co. A, 25th O. V. I., e. October 6, 1864; disc. December 15, 1865. Stephen V. E. Wood, Co. A, 25th O. V. I., e. Oc- tober 6, 1864; disc. December 15, 1865. Coom'ad Woodcox. Abijah B. Woodruff, Co. L, 3d 0. V. I., e. August 26, 1862; disc. March 6, 1863. Gardner Works, Co. C, 152d Ind. Vol. , e. Febru- ary 15, 1865; disc. August 30, 1865. L. B. Wort. G. E. Worthington, Co. I, 38th O. V. I., e. Feb- ruary 9, 1864; disc. July 12, 1865. Musician Warren Wrede, Co. K, 107th O. Y. I. , e. August 9, 1862; disc. July 1. 1865. ChristianW^rinkler, Co. A, 30th Ind. Vol., e. Sep- tember 24, 1861; killed at Stone Kiver, Tenn., De- cember 31. 1862. Capt. Thomas Yager, Co. E, 86th, e. June 17, , 1863; disc. February 10, 18iU. David Yarlotts, Co. D, 48th O. Y. I., e. February 14, 1865; disc. February 13, 1S66. Sergt. William Yagley, Co. H, 8Sth Ind. Y. I., e. August 12, 1862; disc. March 29, 1865. Corp. Gustavo Young, Co. H, 169th O. Y. I., e. May 2, 1864; disc. Setpember 12, 1864. Reuben Young, Co. F, 6Sth O. V. I., e. October 10, 1861; disc. April, 1862. 'William Young, Co. K, 100th O. Y. I., e. August 7. 1862; disc. July 1, 1865. John ^Y. Zimmerman, Co. A. 3Sth O. Y. Y. I., e. Februai-y 28, 1865; disc. July 12. 1865. William H. Zimmerman. Co. A, 38th O. V. I. John Zook, Co. G, 68th O. Y. I. , e. Januai-y 13, 1864; disc. July 10, 1865. 156 HISTORY OF DEFIANCEJCOUNTY. CHAPTER XX. CITY OF DEFIANCE-POPULATION-POST OFFICE-INCOKPOKATTON AND OFFICERS-irOTELS — ]5ANKIN(;-INDUSTRIES— NE\VSPAPEliS-SCHOOLS-PHY8IGIANS-SO0IETrES— CHURCHES-CEMETERlE,S-TOWNSI-IlP— PERSONAL SKETCHES. DEFIANCE. DEFIANCE was laid out in November, 1822, by Benjamin Leavell, of Piqua, and Horatio G. Phillips, of Dayton. The plat was acknowledged April 18, 1823, and recorded April 28, 1823, by Thomas R. McKnight, Recorder of Wood County. The original plat embraced 150 lots, and was located at the con- fluence of the Maumee and Auglaize, with Jackson street on the west and Fourth street on the south. The square in which the court house -now stands was reserved by the proprietors to be laid out into town lots, unless the town became a county seat, '"and forever continue to be," when it was to be uspd for public buildings. The " Old Fort Grounds " was a public donation on the same condition. The square between Jackson and Perry streets, and south of Fourth was a donation for a Methodist Church and burying-ground, and the square between Washington street and the Auglaize River, and south of Fourth, for a Presbyterian Church. H. G. Phillips, one of the proprietors, never resided at Defiance. He was a son of a Revolutionary officer, and one of the earliest settlers of Dayton, Ohio, an extensive land-holder and a man of unblemished character. He died at his home in Dayton, November 10, 1859. Benjamin Leavell became a resident of Defiance, and was its first innkeeper; he also kept the first store to supply white settlers. The store was located on the banks of the Maumee, at the foot of Jefferson street. His dwelling, the first frame building in the village, was a one and a half story, erected in December, 1822, on the northwest corner of Water and Jefferson streets opposite the fort grounds. The lumber for it was sawed at the Brunersburg Mill, which had been built the winter previous. Mr. Leavell's residence is still standing. In a few years, he sold his interest in the town to Curtis Hoi gate, of Utica, N. Y., and returned with his family to Piqua. The site of Defiance was already occupied when the village was platted. Situated as it was in the heart of a populous Indian nation, it was the location of many a French trader long before permanent set- tlements were made by white men. Oliver M. Spencer, of Cincinnati, who was held a prisoner here in 1792, thus describes the place as it appeared: " On the high ground, extending from the Maumee a quarter of a mile up the- Auglaize, about two hun- dred yards in width, is an open space, on the west and south of which are oak woods, with hazel under- growth. Within this opening, a few hundred yards above the point, on the steep, high bank of the Au- glaize, are five or six cabins and log houses, inhabited principally by Indian traders. The most northerly, a large hewed-log house, divided below into three apartments, is occupied as a warehouse, store and dwelling by George Ironsides, the most wealthy and influential of the traders on the point. Next to his are the houses of Pirault (Pero), a French baker, and McKenzie, a Scot, who, in addition to merchandising, follows the occupation of a silversmith, exchanging with the Indians his brooches, ear-drops and other silver ornaments at aa enormous profit, for skins and furs. Still further up are several other families of French and English, and two American prisoners, Henry Ball, a soldier, taken at St. Clair's defeat, and wife, and Polly Meadowc, captured at the same time, are allowed to live here, and by labor to pay their masters the price of their ransom, he by boating to the Rapids of the Maumee, and she by washing and sewing. Fronting the house of Ironsides, and about fifty yard^ from the bank, is a small stockade, inclos- ing two hewed-log houses, one of which is occupied by James Girty (brother of Simon), the other, oc- casionally, b) McKee and Elliott, British Indian Agents, living at Detroit." Defiance was, before Gen. Wayne's time, and for some time after, a place for Indian consultations and payments, and was to them a place of great impor- tance. It was held by the British down nearly to the war of 1812, and it was here that they made much mischief by tampering with the semi-hostile tribes. It is stated that at one of the Indian gatherings, about 1810, as many as fifty traders were here, hav- ing temporary stores or booths, coming from Detroit or Canada. Broken at intervals, by the erection of l^ort Defi- ance in 1794 by Gen. Wayne, and ,by the erection oi Fort Winchester in 1812, the French and Indian traders continued to dwell in cabins here, and barter with the red men, till the coming tide of emigration drove them and their dusky customers farther west. In 1819, William Travis, a pioneer of Noble Town- ship, visited Fort Defiance, and found here seven cabins, occupied by French traders. A few Ameri- HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 157 cans were also here. In old Port Winchester, John and William Preston were living. The former had married a daughter of Judge Ewing, of Troy, Miami Co., Ohio, and died soon after Mr. Travis came. John Driver, a silversmith, and family were here; his brother Thomas was also an early resident. Both moved farther v?est as omigrants began to people this vicinity. John Perkins, in 1819, lived at "(]amp No. 3," a short distance below Independence. Of the Frouch cabins, three stood in the point, near the old fort, two where the canal enters the Maumee, and two on the opposite side of the river. Peter Lumbard kept one of the trading houses on the point; L. A. Clair and Peter Bellaire occupied the cabins on the hill. In 1822, two Indian trading stores were kept, one north of the Maumee, on the hill owned by the Hollisters, of Perrysburg, and operated by Peter Bel- laire and George Lance; the other owned by the Ferrys, of Michigan. It stood on the banks of the Maumee near the foot of Clinton street. Both these stores were removed from Defiance about 1 823. William Preston, who was a soldier at Fort Win- chester in 1812 is regarded as the first white per- manent settler at Fort Defiance. He married a Miss Butler, whose brothers lived about eight miles below, on the Maumee. He was a farmer by occupation, in- telligent, sober and industrious. He removed to St. Joseph Township, Williams County, where he died about 1828, Arthur Burris was the first blacksmith; his shop stood near the old apple tree north of the Maumee. Robert Shirley, with his family, came to Fort Defiance in the spring of 1821. The recollec- tions of his daughter, Mrs. Ruth Austin, may be found in this volume. Dr. J hn Evans came in 1823. In 1824, he brought a large stock of goods from Maumee City, and o]ioned the first extensive store. Foreman and Albert Evans also came that year. The village gi-ew slowly. In 1825, it contained a small store, a tavern and five or six families. Among these were those of Robert Wasson. James Craig Timothy S. Smith and Isaac and David Hull. Isaac Hull kept a store on the tiorth Fide of the Maumee, and did an extensive trade with the Indians. P. C. Parker came in 1827; he kept a trading house on the Maumee bank. In 1829, a Mr. Waterhouse occupied the Pavilion House. In 1833, beside the foregoing, William Semans, Peter Bridenbangh, Frederick Bridenbnugh, Walter Davis and PiercS Taylor were here. A Mr. Kniss is said to have been the first shoe- maker. Walter Davis was the first cooper. Jolly & Craig started the first tannery, nearly opposite the Russell House. The following incident is related of one of the relics of the war of 1812: There were lying about the village sundry empty bombshells and a few can- non-balls. When the fort here was evacuated, some of the ammunition, bombshells and cannon-balls were thrown into the river. A part of these balls and shells were discovered by the early settlers and fished out. They were thrown upon the bank at Defiance, where every one who wanted one took it, and the remainder were kicked about as things of no value and as mat- ters of idle curiosity and remark. One day, a loafing party amused themselves in picking the fuse out of three shells, when one of them thought it would be a good speculation to apply a coal'of fire to it. He did so, and the fierceness with which it commenced bm'n- ing suggested to them that they did not occupy an eminently safe place from which to witness the final result ; so they took a short recess, some over the bank and others behind stumps. They put off, pretty badly scared, and had barely reached their places of retreat before the shell exploded, manifesting a very destruc- tive power. One piece struck Mr. Leavell's house, some eight or ten rods distant, leaving an indentation that demanded the aid of the carpenter; another struck a store, nearer the place of explosion, with still greater force, but no persoa was hurt. At an early day, when Defiance could boast of having a log jail, and the Sheriff lived in a double log cabin in Bast Defiance, where now stands the brick.residenee lately owned and occupied by William Lewis, one of our early pioneers. His Honor the Sheriff, William Preston, had an Indian in Ihe lock- up for stealing a watch. The custom of the Sheriff was to hang the key to the jail at the entrance of his double log cabin, and as court convened but once a year, several young men, thinking it rather expen- sive to the county to keep the Indian until next term of court, proceeded to the SherifTs residence, took the key from the porch and let the Indian out. Several young men being stationed at a convenient distance, with whips in hand, whipped the Indian out of town. The next morning, the Sheriff took dovra the key as usual, and started for the jail with the breakfast for his prisoner, but found no Indian. The boys had locked the door, and returned the key to its proper place. Frederick Bridenbangh, Allen Brochor. James Spofford and others were the boys who had the fu.n. POPULATION. In 1840, the population was less than three hun - dred. In this year, the county seat was removed to Bryan, and the future of Defiance was* not encourag- ing. Bruner.sburg, a thriving little villaffe two miles north, threatened to outstrip it in growth. Prior to 183fi, the site of Defiance was still almost wholly covered with the second forest gi-owth to which it had been abandoned in 1794. Its dwellings, houses and stores were frame buildings, set on wooden blocks. 158 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. and for the most part were shanties. Its business ■was mostly trading with the Indians and hunters for pelts, which were then disposed of to traders who came this way. In 1842, the canal was built and trade increased. Three years later, the county seat was obtained, and a new growth commenced. In 1848, the village contained two churches, five mercan- tile houses and about seven hundred inhabitants. In 1850, it had reached 890, but the increase during the next decade was only fifty-two. In 1870, Defiance contained 2,750 inhabitants, and in 1880, 5,907. POST OFFICE. The first post office at Defiance was established May 19, 1821, and located on the north side of the Maumee Eiver, and kept by Timothy S. Smith in the same building in which he lived. In the fall of 1822, a small frame building, about ten or twelve feet square, was erected at or near the fort grounds, expressly for a post office on the south side of the Maumee, and still kept by Smith as Postmaster. The mail route at that time extended from Piqua to Perrysburg, a dis- tance of about two hundred miles, running via St. Mary's (Auglaize County), Fort "Wayne (Ind.), thence to Defiance, and from Defiance to Waterville (distant about forty-two miles), and from there to the end of the route — Perrysburg. The name of the carrier at that time was Thomas Driver, who made the round trip every two weeks. Fort Defiance was the name of the office until March 10, 1824, when it was changed to Defiaace. The first bondsmen of Mr. Sniith were Peter G. O'Hara and Samuel Swing, for $700. After Mr. Smith, the following have been the Postmasters of Defiance, and dates of appointment: Isaac Hull, Jr., appointed September 22, 1825; Benjamin Leavell, June 30, 1826; Joseph Hull, January 13, 1830; Foreman Evans, March 12, 1831; Jonas Colby, October 2, 1837; Sereno Lyman, July 6, 1841; Orlando Evans, March 18, 1842; Samuel S. Case, February 13, 1845; William Richards, October 5, 1847; Henry C. Bouton, June 20, 1851; William Moore, May 16, 1853; William E. Enos, October 15, 1860; Charles W. Evans, March 26, 1861; Charles W. Evans, March 11, 1865; Joseph Ralston (special agent acting), August 4, 1868; Joseph Ralston, March 3, 1869; Francis Brooks, February 20, 1871; George W. Deatriok, February 26, 1875; George W. Deatrick, February 22, 1879; George W. Deatriok, February, 1883. INCORPORATION. The village of Defiance was incorporated Janu- ary, 1836. At the first election held, on the second Tuesday in April, 1836, John Lewis was elected Mayor, and James Hudson, Jonas Colby, Amos Evans, Horace Sessions and Jacob Kniss, Trustees. The first entry on the book of minutes is a certificate, signed by Foreman Evans, Associate Judge, setting forth that John Lewis had appeared before him and taken the oath of office as Mayor. The Trustees qualified before the Mayor on the 16th of April, ex- cept Mr. Sessions, who declined to serve. On the 7th of May, the Council held its first meeting. John Oliver was appointed to fill the va- cancy. E. S. Perkins, who had been elected Recorder, being found not to be eligible (not having been resident sufficient time), George W. Crawford was ap- pointed in his place, Amos Evans acting as Recorder for that meeting. The Council appointed John Hil- ton the Village Marshal. July 4, the Council met and appointed E. C. Case Assessor. July 17, Coun- cil met. Alfred Purcellwas appointed Treasurer, and the Recorder's fees fixed at "ten cents for every hundred words of writing performed for the Council, except for transcribing copies, where he should re- ceive only eight cents." The Town Treasurer was required to give bond in the sum of $1,200, with " two freehold securities." The first ordinance of the town was passed at this meeting, in which the Old Fort Grounds were cared for, in providing "that any person or persons destroying the public point lying in the junction of the Maumee and Auglaize Rivers, either by shooting, chopping or digging, or in any way or manner whatever, upon conviction of which before the Mayor, shall be subject to a fine." De- cember 30, Mayor Lewis resigned, and Dr. Crawford was appointed in his stead, and C. C. Waterhouse became Recorder. Ten feet on each side of the streets of the town were set off for sidewalks. The expenses for the year 1836 were $1.75 for Record book, 18 cents for paper, $10.50 to the Re- corder, 15.58 to the Assessor. There s'eems to have been no settlement made with the Marshal. The tax of 1836 amounted to $244.98 on the lots. The town comprised only 150 lots, and a portion of these belonged to the county and were not taxable, and comprised within the Auglaize and Maumee Rivers and Harrison street on the west and Fourth street on the south. The next regular election was held April 4, 1837, in the court house, resulting in the choice of C. C. Waterhouse for Mayor; George T. Hickox, Recorder, and S. S. Sprague, John Oliver, Amos Evans, Jacob Kniss, Benjamin Brubacher, Trustees. At the first meeting of the Council, William A. Brown was ap- pointed Marshal, Erskine S. Perkins, Treasurer, and William C. Holgate, Supervisor. At the election of 1838, Charles V. Royce was HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 159 elected Mayor, Ooorgo T. Hiokox, Eeoorder, and Lyman Langdou, Benjamin Brubacher, Horace Sus HioM, John B. Semans and William C. Holgate, Trustees — politically a Whig Board. April 11, Council appointed Seneca A. Sanford, Marshal, Amos S. Evans, Treasurer, AmosZollors, Assessor, and David E. Knoop, Supervisor. April '25, Mr. Sanford having dooliiiod to serve as Marshal, James M. Kood vyas appointed to Hll the vacancy. At this meeting, the rnlo of taxation was changed, so as to include " all property made taxable by the State of Ohio, for State and county purposes," the assessment to be made between the 1st day of April and the let day of May in each year. May 22, one- third of one per cent was levied for town purposes. An appropriation was luade for the purpose of draining the low grounds lying between the court house square and the Methodist Church. In many phxoos this has since been filled live and six feet, to roach the present grade. Amos S. Evans hav- ing removed from the corporation, Robert Wasson was appointed Tr6asu.rer. Mr. HicliOx having died during the smnmer, William Semans was made Re- corder for the balance of the year. In 1839, C. V. EoycG was re-elected Mayor, Or- lando Evans elected Recorder, and Jacob Kniss, Lyman Langdon, Sydney S. Sprague, David C. Knoop and Jonas Colby Trustees— an equal divide between the parties. At a meeting of the board on the 27th of July, sixteen and a half feet were set apart for sidewalks on all streets of the town except on Front street, whei-e the width was to be but twelve feet. During this year, the records show the appointment of John Kniss, James B. Laughlin and William Carter as Marshals. In February, 1S40, the first sidewalks were or- dered, " commoiicing at the corner of Jefferson and Third streeis, and running north on the west side of Jefferson street until it intersects Front street, thence west, on the south side of Front street, to the west side of Clinton street; thence soiith, on the west side of Clinton street, to the south side of Second street; thence east, to the east side of Clinton street; thence south, to the north side of Third street. Also, commencing on the south side of Front street, at the east side of Wayne sti-eet, and running south to the southwest corner of the court house. " There were not half a dozen houses in town then not accom- modated by this route. The work was finished the next year. W. D. Haymaker furnishijig the lumber at $10.37 per thousand, and Evans & Royce laying the walk at 30 cents per rod. The walks were bxit three feet in width. At the annual election of the spring of 1840, John B. Semans was chosen Mayor, William C. Holgate, Recorder, and Horace Sessions, Orlando Evans, James S, Greer, William Semans and Jonas Colby, Trustees. One per centum tax was levied, and also subscrip- tions raised to aid in paying for the sidewalks or- dered. The collections of the year amounted to $183.35, and the disbursements'to $189.05. Various ordinances and regulations were adopted this year for the protection of the new sidewalks. 1841 — Curtis Bates was chosen^Mayor, Levi Col- by, Recorder, and Jonas Colby, James B. McLaugh- lin, Jacob Kniss, John H. Kiser and Edwin Phelps, Trustees— -a Democratic Board. F. F. Stevens was appointed Marshal, 1842— C. V Royce was chosen Mayor, I. P. E. Whedon, Recorder, and Amos Zellers, James B. Langhlin, Jacob Kniss, Z. H. Davis and Elias Shir- ley, Trusiiees, Mr. Stevens continuing Marshal. No election was held in 1843, the old officers hold- ing over. In 1841, an addition, known as the First Addition to the village of Defiance, Ohio, was laid off by H. G. Phillips and Curtis Holgate, extending around the old town plat on the south and west from the Au- glaize and Maumee, including the blocks between Jack- son and Harrison streets, was, by a special act of the Legislature, annexed to the corporation in 1844. In 1847, after the organization of the new county of Defiance, a tax of $1,000, by a special act, was levied in the town, to aid the county in the construction of the first free bridge across the Maumee River. 1844 — George W. B. Evans was chosen Mayor, M. C. Canfield, Recorder, and I. P. E. Whedon, Angus L. Downs, James Cheney, Orlando Evans and William A. Brown, Trustees. 1845— John M. Stilwill, Mayor; Jonas Colby, Recorder, find William A. Brown, Edwin Phelps, Jacob Kniss, D. W. Marcellus and John Wells, Trustees. 1846 — William Carter, Mayor; Jonas Colby, Re- corder, and William A. Brown, Angus L. Downs, D. W. Mai-cellus, Edwin Phelps and Sidney S. Sprague, Trustees. 1847— William Carter, Mayor; Jonas Colby, Re- corder, and William A. Brown. Angus L. Downs, John Stilwill, S. S. Sprague and F. J. Weisenberger, Trustees. 1848— William Carter, Mayor; William Teats, Recorder, and F. J. Weisenberger, S. S. Sprague, Angus L. Downs, William A. Brown and J. M. S il- will, Trustees. 1849 — Nathan M. Land] s, Mayor; William Rich- ards, Recorder, and Timothy Fitzpatrick, Seneca A. Sanford, J. W. Phillips, Hugh J. Mai-cellus and F. J. Weisenburger, Trustees. 160 HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. 1850 — Henry C. Boutou, Mayor; William Rich- ards, Recorder, and Jonas Colby, Edwin Phelps, J. M. Stilwill, D. D. Lovejoy and Peter Zimmerman, Trustees. 1851- -Sidney S. Sprague, Mayor; William Rich- ards, Recorder, and "W'illiam O'Connell, William E. Enos, F. J. Weisenburger, S. M. McCord and Jacob J. Greene, Trustees. 1852 — John M. Stilwill, Mayor; William Richards, Recorder, and D. W. Marcelhis, Henry C. Bouton, James B. Kimball, Levi Rider and F. J. Weisenbur- ger, Trustees. 1853 — William Moore, Mayor; William Richards, Recorder, and Alexander Backus, Jacob J. Greene, Angus L. Downs, F. J. Weisenburger and Amos Zellers, Trustees. 1854 — Alexander Backus, Mayor William Rich- ards, Recorder, and William Moore, Angus L. Downs, John M. Stilwill, Jacob J. Greene and Will- iam A. Brown, Trustees. 1855 — Charles Parsons, Mayor; William Richards, Recorder, and Thomas D.Harris, Ira Richardson, James L. Olney, David W. Marcellus and Edward P. Lin- denburger. Trustees. 1856 — Angus L. Downs, Mayor; William Rich- ards, Recorder, and Jonas Colby, Edwin Phelps, William Carter, James B. Heatley and William Moore, Trustees. 1857 — William Carter, Mayor; James B. Heatley, Recorder, and Edwin Phelps, Jonas Colby, S. R. Hudson, A. A. Downs and J. W. McKim Trustees. 1858— David Taylor, Mayor; William E. Kintigh, Recorder, and J. W. McKim, J. P. Buffington, L. E. Myers, Benjamin Myers and E. Shipley, Tnistees. November 29, 1858, David Taylor resigned as Mayor, and'Truatees appointed Horace Sessions. W. E. Kintigh also resigned as Recorder, and David Greenlee was appointed. 1859— William |Carter, Mayor; Edwin Phelps, Recorder; William Moore, Treasurer, and Jonas Colby, P. J. Weisenbtirger, P. Wolsiffer, William E. Enos and R. H. Gilson, Trustees. March 6, 1860, Henry Hardy was appointed Trustee in place of F. J. Weisenburger, deceased. 1860— William Carter, Mayor; Edwin Phelps, Recorder, and Jonas Colby, A. Wilhelm, W. E. Enos, F. Wolsiffer and Henry Hardy, Trustees. 1861 — J. J. Greene, Mayor; Henry Hardy, Re- corder; Thomas McBride, Treasurer, and Adam Wil- helm, Edwin Phelps, J. B. Weisenburger, H. W. Pauck and J. B. Heatley, Trustees. 1862 — J. J. Green, Mayor; J. B. Heatley, Job English, Frederick Schultz, Levi Rider and Martin Viebach, Councilmen. 1863- Henry Hardy, Mayor; E. H. Gleason, Re- corder, and Martin Viebach, William HigginS, Mar- tin Shondal, J. B. Heatley and Frederick Schultz, Council. 1864— William Higgins, Mayor; E. H. Gleason, Recorder; A. B. Crunkhilton, Treasurer; M. A. Per- kins, E. Phelps, J. Karst, John Ruhl and Miohael Roorke, Council. July 5, M. A. Perkins resigned, and J. H. Bevington appointed. 1865— S. T. Sutphen, Mayor; B. H. Gleason, Re- corder; A. Wilhelm, Treasurer; J. S. Haller, M. Gorman, J. H. Kiser, J. J. Greene, L. Romas, Coun- cil. 1866— S. T. Sutphen, Mayor; E. H, Gleason, Re- corder; A. Wilhelm, Treasurer; J. Karst, F. Trompe, Job English. J. H. Kiser, A. Dolke, Council. 1867— Thomas T. Cowen, Mayor; E. H. Gleason, Recorder; A. Wilhelm, Treasurer; Henry Kuhl, Marshal; J. H. Bevington, J. Karst, J. S. Haller, John C Schultz, Isaac T. Bowman, Council. 1868— Thomas T. Cowen, Mayor; E. H. Gleason, Recorder; A. Minsel, Treasurer; Henry Kuhl, Mar- shal; J. F. Harmening, Supervisor; J. H. Bevington, F. W. Graper, J. J. Greene, William Ferguson, George Moss, Council. 1869— Thomas T. Cowen, Mayor; F. Wolfrum, Recorder; A. Minsel, Treasurer; Samuel Palmer, Marshal; J. F. Harmening, Supervisor; C. C. Tuttle, J. H. Bevington, F. W. Graper, J. J. Greene, Will- iam Ferguson, Council. 1870 — J. W. Slough, Mayor, two years; Abijah Miller, Clerk, two years: J. M. Preisendorfer, Treas- urer, two years; Conrad Moore, Marshal, two years; Peter Moore, Street Commissioner, two years. Coun- cil — J. J. Greene, two years; F. W. Graper, two years; C. C. Tuttle, two years; Thomas T. Cowen, one year; J. H. Bevington, one year; William Fer- guson, one year. 1871 — Council, two years, William Ferguson, A. Wilhelm, M. Gorman. 1872— J. W. Slough, Mayor; J. M. Preisendorfer, Treasurer; F. Wolfrum, Clerk; Samuel Palmer, Marshal; P. Moore, Street Commissioner; Council, two years, J. J. Greene, k. Minsol, C. C. Tuttle. 1873 — Council, two years, A. Wilhelm, William Ferguson, M. Gorman. 1874— J. W. Slough, Mayor; J. W. Preisendorfer, Treasurer; Elmer White, Clerk; G. M. Weisenber- ger. Street Commissioner; John Hepler, Marshal. Council, two years, J. J. Greene, A. Minsel, John Crowe. 1875— Council, two years, J. Karst, E. Phelps, Michael Schultz. 1876— J. W. Slough, Mayor; J. W. Preisenderfer, Treasurer; Elmer White, Clerk; John Hepler, Mar- shal; G. M. Weisenberger, Street Commissioner; HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. J. J. Greene, A. Minsel, John 161 I. Corwin, Willi E. Carpenter, Council, two yearn Schneider. 1.S77- Council, two ycvirs, Joseph Blanchard, M. Hehultz, Daniel Widmor. 1878 ^William C Holgato, Mayor; J. M. Heng- stlor, Treasurer; M. B. Gorman, Clerk; John Hepler Marshal; D. W. Maroellus, Street Commissioner i Council, two years. J. J. Greene, Peter Schlosaer, J S. Haller. 1879 — Council, two years Ferguson, George Mallett, 1880— J. F. Deatrick, Mayor; J. M. Hengstler, Treasurer; M. B. Gorman, Clerk; John Hepler, Mar- shal; D. W. Mareellus, Street Commissioner; Coun- cil, two years, P. Schlosser, J. S, Haller, John Crowe. 1881 — (.'ouiicil, two years, W Gt^orge Mallett, J. S. Greenlee. Vote for advancement to City, second class, 557 majority. 1882— J. F. Deatrick, Mayor; John Hepler, Mar- shal; N. G. Johnston, Solicitor; John W. AVisler, Street Commissioner; C. B. Squire, City Clerk; A. Minsel, Treasurer. Council: First Ward— D. F. Holston, two years; G. W. Bechel, one year. Second Ward— H. B. Teuzer, two years; R. A. Houghton, one year. Third Ward -B. F. Southworth, two years; George Miller, one year. Fourth Ward- Joseph Kahlo, two years; J. N. Myers, one year. George W. Bechel, President City Council. HOTELS. In the summer of 1823, Dr. John Evans built on the opposite corner of Front and Jefferson streets, into which he moved his family in November of that year. To this he soon afterward built a large two- story adlitioQ, of a sufficient capacity for a store and hotel, which he ran for a number of year.s, and sold out to Thomas Warren and William Travis, who oc- cupied it for a time. C. C. Waterhouse next became proprietor, and connected therewith a four-horse stage, rnnning to Maumee City. At this time, the hotel took the name of Pavilion. Connected with this hotel at an early day (says John D. Graper), was a barn suffi- ciently large to accommodate over night fourteen to sixteen horses, in which there was not a nail or scrnp of iron used in its construction. Wood pins were used in place of nails, hinges and latches of wood, and the clapboards were weighted down by poles. In later years, A. D. 1858, Virgil Squire (de- ceased) purchased the old Pavilion property. His widow, Rebecca A. Squire, now owns and occupies the samer. The youngest son, Edward, who also occupies with his mother, says he well recollects of a portion of the old Pavilion and also the old barn standing when his father bought the premises, and which he has since assisted in pulling down and clearing up the grounds, and the corner of Front and Jefferson, where once stood the grand old Pavilion, now forms a portion of the door yard to Mrs. Squire's residence, with here and there a bowlder scattered through the yard, once the corner-stone of "ye old Pavilion." Exchange Hotel.—Ahont 1827 or 1828, Payne C, Parker built on the corner of Front and Clinton streets, where the furniture store of Hoffman & Geiger now stands, for a store and hotel, in which he carried on business for several years. Then he rented it to Blackman & Stoddard, in 1834 or 1835. John W. Moore kept it about one year. Lyman Langdon next occupied and went in 1836 or 1837, and ran it five or six years, and under his administration it took the name of Exchange. Next followed C. J. Freedy and Samuel Rohn in 1841. Rohn remained but a short time, and sold his interest to Allen Braucher. Next was Samuel Greenlee, who took possession in 1847 or 1848. C. L. Noble next occupied, and con- tinued until it burned down in June 6, 1852, an ac- count of which we clip from the' Defiance Banner of June 10, 1852, as follows: " The old and well-known Exchange buildings were destroyed by fire on Sunday morning last. The fire was discovered about 1 o'clock in the hotel stables, in which eleven horses were burned. The buildings were the property of Col. J. D. Phillips, of Dayton, Ohio, who had no insurance. The hotel was occupied by C. L. Noble, partly insured; D. Taylor's law office, furniture, etc. , mostly saved. A. M. Richards' saddler shop, loss about $150; and William Fergu- son's tin and stove store, loss about $500. The Ban- tier building was partly saved, by great exertion of the citizens. Dr O. Allen's drug store was in immi- nent danger. P. Evans and Lindenberger had their goods considerably damaged in removing them." Clinton House — The next hotel in Defiance was built by Amos Evans on the corner of Clinton and Second streets, where now stands the finest birsiness block of Defiance, the three-story stone front built by C. A. Flickinger and J. B. Weisenburger. The hotel was built in A. D. 1835 or 1836, and kept as a boarding house by Conrad Slagle during the time of the building of the canal Was opened up as a hotel in 1844, and kept by Norman King, who also carried on the gunsmith business, and the hotel took the name of Clinton House. Just how longMf. King car- ried on the business we have Inot been able to ascer- tain, but probably about five or six years, for the next record we find is under the head of American House, in the spring of 1851, and kept byCha«les W. Carey. About five months thereafter, August 21, 1851, we 162 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. find B. B. Southwortli as proprietor. On March 6, 1854, Larkin Heacock went in, and ran it two years, and following him, as near as we can learn, John Daly, and was called "Daly's Exchange. " Following him was J. E. Mellen, Lysander Williams, Elliott Oosgrov^e, Dr. Benn, Aaron Bennett and Samuel Kin- tigh. The Grc'i] House, corner of Third and Jefferson streets, was built in 1836 or 1837 by John L. Grey. In 1854, when the cholera raged badly in this town, there were several cases of cholera in this house, and by accident or otherwise this hotel burned down the latter part of July, 1854, and that was the end of the Grfey House. It stood on the corner of Jefferson and Third streets, where William Carter's residence now stands. A hotel on the north side of the Maumee, stand- ing near the "Big Apple tree," was built in 1832, and kept by Alfred Powell; next by Mr. Ames, as a grocery and store, and used as a packing-house; next by Benjamin Weidenhamer; afterward by Mr. Stone, as a hotel and marble shop. This, too, came to an end by lire, the same as the Grey House, in the summer or fall of 1854, "cholera times." Washington Hotel, on the hill. North Defiance, was built first for a dwelling house in 1840, by one Mr. Moore. Afterward was bought, enlarged and 'opened to the public, in 1845, by H. E. Major, who kept it as a hotel up to February, 1852. He then rented the property to John Bostater for three years, who after- ward assigned his lease to Burk & Struble, who dis- solved partnership soon after. The house was. kept by James Burk up to September of same year, when Mr. Struble took possession, and remained its land- lord up to February, 1855. The property was then bought by Aaron Gary, of Crawford County, . Ohio, who kept it for two or three years longer. After- ward, it was traded and sold several times, and final- ly came into possession of P. Wolsiifer. who converted it into a private residence. Exchange Hotel — On the north side of the Mau- mee River, was built, by Henry B. Hall, contractor and builder, in 1849 or 1850, for Eenben Straight, for a hotel, and was kept by him for several years; then followed Frederick Cox, Samuel Kintigh, Lo- renzo Thomas, George Thompson, and last, Gideon Yarlot, who now owns and occupies the same as a residence, The Crosby Tlouse was bnilt for a dwelling in 1869 or 1870, by Mike Shnltz. Mr. Crosby, however, had the building converted into a hotel, and con- ducted it for four or five years; after which Mr, Shultz acted in the double capacity of owner and pro- prietor. While in his possession, the building was bn.rned, but was immediately rebuilt, and J. E. Case- beer became proprietor, who ran it till June, 1883, when it again passed into the hands of Mr. Shultz. Mr. Casebeer moved to Toledo, and re-opened the American House in that city, under the name of the Merchants' Hotel. The Russell House — This commodious hotel was commenced by Sidney S. Sprague, but his affairs becoming involved, it was completed under the di- rection of a receiver, R. H. Gilson, in 1858. Charles Russell was the first proprietor, from 1858 to 1863, and from him the house received its name, which it has ever since retained. After Mr. Russell severed his connection with this house, he was proprietor for a time of the Forest City House, Cleveland, and at the time of his death, June 1, 1874, was proprietor of the Lake House, Sandusky. Larkin Heacock ran the Russell House from April, 1863, to April, 1866, and was succeeded by Elijah Shipley, who remained in possession until May, 1873. William 0. Hutchin- son and Mr. Jackson were each successively proprie- tors for a short time, and_in February, 1877, Simon P. Moon became the owner and proprietor. He dis- posed of the property to the Frost Brothers, and un- der their ownership N. H, Webb took possession, June 1. 1877, continuing until December, 1880, when it passed into the hands of Mr. R. H. Harrison. August 15, 1882, he associated with him Mr. William Kirtley, Jr., became connected with the house, and it is now run under the firm name of Harrison & Kirtley. BANKING IN DEFIANCE. The present system of banking was instituted by Ahira Cobb and Virgil Squire. These gentlemen were conducting a dry goods store here at the time of the failure of the banking house of R. H. Gilson & Co. The village being left without any banking facilities whatever, they commenced selling exchange upon Eastern points to the different mercantile es- tablishments here, but received no deposits. In the year 1861, these gentlemen disposed of their stock of dry goods to Christian Harley, who had been clerking for them for some time previous, and opened up an exclusive banking and exchange office. The bank was opened under the [name of the Bank- ing House of Cobb & Squire, who were Ahira Cobb and Virgil Squire, Mr. Cobb living in Cleveland, Ohio, and giving no personal attention to the busi ness. Mr. Squire lived here, and personally managed the business of the bank. The banking room was what is now the rear office of the Russell House, with an entrance on First street. In June, 1866, Edward Squire, a son of Mr. Squire, returning from college, was given a place in the office as partner. This partner- ship continued until 1869, when Mr. Cobb withdrew HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. 1G3 entirely from the business, Mr. Squire remaining. He then associated himsoif with James A. Oroutt and Joseph Ralston. These three gentlemen then opened the Defiance County Bank, with a capital paid in of about $20,000, with Virgil Squire as President and Edward Squire as Cashier. The banking room was at this time removed from the location in the Russell House to the corner of Clinton and Second streets, into a building just completed and owned by M^'. George Brunor, of Puncannon, Penn. The increas- ing population of Defiance and its expanding busi- ness enterprises were taxing the limited bankino- capital of this bank for accommodations. More cap- ital was added and other parties admitted as partners until, in 1871, there was paid in a capital of 150,- 000. During the summer of this year, it was con- cluded best by the proprietors of this bank to merge the same into a National Bank. They were successful in their application to the Government for a charter, and on January 1, 1872, the Defiance National Bank was opened for business, with a paid-up capital of $100,000, with Virgil S(£uire as President, Henry Kahlo, Vice President, and Edward Squire, Cashier, and the following Board of Directors: Virgil Squire, James A. Orcutt, Henry Kahlo, John Crowe, Joshua P. Ottley, "William Lauster and Edward Squire. Their statement of condition at the close of their first /ear was as follows: Capital stock, $100,000; surplus fund, $1,500; circulation, $90,000; deposit, $60,006.44; loans and discounts, $112,861.40; bonds on hand, $100,000; cash fund, $48,000. Their statement at the close of their tenth year was as fol- lows: Capital stock, $100,000; surplus fund, $43,- 000; circulation, $90,000; deposits, $227,187.06; loans and discounts, $308, 414.26; bonds on hand, $100,000; cash fund, $57,760.84. By the death of Virgil Squire, in May, 1874, the Presidency of the bank became vacant, and was filled by the election of James A. Orcutt. Henry Kahlo retiring, Joshua P. Ottley was elected Vice Presi- dent. The Board of Directofs at this time, A. D, 1883, are James A. Orcutt, Joshua P. Ottley, Edward Squire, Joseph Ralston, Benjamin F. Southworth, Charles E. Slooum and B. W, Slagle. James A. Orcutt, President; Edward Squire, Cashier; P. J. Sheah, A.ssistant Cashier. The MerchaiifH' National Bauk of Defiance.— Dui-ino- the fall of 1875, the idea of a second bank in Defiance was agitated by sornt* of its citizens, and on the 24th of December, of that year, the " Defiance Savings Bank" was chartered, with the following- named gentlemen as incorporators, to wit: ^Yilham C. Holgate, Edward P. Hooker, John S. Greenlee, Alexander S. Latty and Adam A\'ilhelm, who also constituted its first Board of Directors. This bank was opened for business March 1, 1876, with a sub- scribed capital of $50,000, and the following as officers: William C. Holgate, President; Adam Wil- helm, Vice President; Benjamin L. Abell, Cashier, the latter for several years an employe, and latterly As- sistant Cashier of the Defiance National Bank. This bank did a constantly increasing business until March 1881, when its capital was increased to $100, 000, and in, April of the same year it re-organized as " The Mer- chants' National Bank of Defiance. " The following was its condition as reported to the Comptroller of the Currency, January 1, 1883, to wit: Liabilities — Capital stock, $100,000; surplus funds and undivided profits, $1,599.73; circulation, $90,000; dividends unpaid, $4,000; deposit-.s, $161,084.48; due to other banks, $400.97; unpaid taxes, $1,719.51; total, $358,804.69. Resources — Loans and discounts, $163,272.71; United States bonds, $100,000; other bonds, $2,000; cash funds, $87,601.58; furniture, $1,430.40; • re- demption fund, $4,500; total, $358,804.69. The following-named gentlemen now constitute its Board of Directors, to wit: William C. Holgate, Henry Newbegin, Adam Wilhelm, Lewis Teidman, J. P. Buflfington, Edward P. Hooker and Benjamin L. Abell, and its officers are William C. Holgate, Presi- dent; Benjamin Abell, Cashier. INDUSTRIES. Tunibull Wagon Company is the most extensive manufacturing interest of Defiance, the works of which are located in the northeastern portion of the city. They were erected in 1876, by D. B. Turnbull and his sons, E. A. and David H. Turnbull. Po)- several years the business of the firm was Confined to the manufacture of various kinds of agricultiu'al wheels. About four years ago, the manufacture of wagons was commenced, and, quite recently, of bug- gies and carriages. In October, 1882, a stock com- pany, consisting of the original proprietora and a number of Toledo capitalists, was organized, with a capital stock of $300,000, all paid up. C. P. Curtis is President; A. H. Wood, Secretary, and M. Neer- ing, Treasm-er. The value of the buildings exceed $75,000, and the grounds and machinery together are worth as much more. From four to five hundred men are employed, and the works run at their full capacity throughout the year. They manufacture daily about two thousand wheels and fifteen wagons. Planing Mills. — The first planing mill at Defiance was started about 1862, by Hamilton Davison & Son, and operated by them until 1872, when they sold it to Charles 0. Strong and Samuel F, Cheney. A general 164 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. line of planing mill business is transacted, including the manufacture of sash, doors, blinds, etc. Two years ago, a machine shop was added to the establish- ment, where, in addition to the general repair work, lathes and the various machinists' tools are manufact- ured. Of the other two planing mills now in opera- tion in Defiance, that of Karst & Tenzer was started by Peter Kuntz in 1872, and that of Kuhn & Ulrich subsequently. The latter firm has also been engaged for several years in the manufacture of tobacco boxes. Hoop and Slave Factories. — Defiance is unex- celled as a place for the manufacture of wooden articles from native timber. Its three rivers and two canals afford it the means of bringing logs and timber from a wide scope of country at a trifling cost, and one of the industries thus fostered is the making of hoops and staves. The Defiance Hoop and Stave Company, of which John Marshall, John S. Greenlee and Louis Marshall ai'e the members, started in business at Defiance in June, 1882, in the northeast portion of the city, on the banks of the Mamnee. When running at full force, seventy-eight men are employed; 18,000 patent coiled elm hoops, for kegs and half barrels, and 25,- 000 staves are daily produced. The former find a market chiefly in New York, Philadelphia and Bos- ton; the latter in St. Louis. D. F. Holston's hoop factory is located at the junction of the Wabash and B. & O. Railroads, and turns out daily, when running at full capacity, 32,- 000 patent steam coiled barrel and keg hoops, which are used principally for nail kegs, sugar, lime and salt barrels; 10.000 feet of elm timber is consumed daily, and forty men and boys are employed. The buildings are ample, and a large business transacted. The first coil of hoops was made at the factory April 17, 1879. Crow & Hooker and Trowbridge & Eddy are each engaged in the manufacture of staves on an ex- tensive scale. The former fiiTa began business in Jnne, 1882: the latter has been in operation for several years. Each employs about twenty-five hands, and each turns out about "25,000 staves per day. A few years ago, it was thought that the man- ufacture of staves and hoops had reached the maxi- mum point at Defiance, but more are being made in this city at present than ever before. Hiihft, Spol'i's, Forks. Waqon-t. etc.- — The Defiance Manufactiu'iug Company, with a capital of 1100,000, is incorporated, and has William C. Holgate as Presi- dent and E. P. Hooker, Secretary. It is one of the chief manufacturing establishments of Defiance, and annually sends forth from its factory a vast quantity of hubs and spokes. Another factory is that of Haller & Gibson, re- cently set in operation. It manufactures patent wooden forks, and is making preparations for the manufacture of extensive agricultural works. John Marshall is proprietor of a factory where single-trees, felloes and wagon gearing are made. The timber used is hickory, ash and oak. Peter Diokman is engaged in the manufacture of wagons, and does alarge biisiness annually. The American Wood Preserving Company, which has extensive works in several cities, owns and oper- ates a branch at Defiance, where the principal busi- ness is the hardening of elm railroad ties by treating them to a prepared solution. Other manufactories of wood, on a somewhat smaller scale, are in 'operation, and, taken all in all, Defiance is, perhaps, unequaled in the State as a manufacturing city of this kind. Furniture. — William Hoffman and C, Geiger, under the firm name of Hoffman & Geiger, have a furniture factory on Perry street, where they started in business in 1859, and have since continued. About fifteen men are employed, and the furniture manu- factured both supplies their retail home trade and also finds its way to foreign markets. Tlie Defiance Machine Works, one of the largest manufacturing institutions, has been in operation since 1872. They are successors of a foundry which was operated for many years at the same place. The foundry and machine shop was built in 1850, and leased to Kimball & Frank, the former a molder and the latter a machinist. Peter Kettenring, a young man who had learned the molder' s trade with this firm, in 1856 leased the shop. Two years later, Strong Brothers & Orcutt became its operators. It was burned in 1864, but rebuilt by "Kettenring & Strong, who in 1869 admitted William Lauster as a partner. In 1872, a stock company was organized and chartered. Mr. Kettenring has been its Presi- dent to the present time. The works manufac'ure wood-working machinery, engines, boilers, shafting, etc., together with all kinds of castings. In 1882, an extensive brick addition was made to the build- ings. About one hundred and twenty-five men are employed. Defiance Woolen Mills are situated on the Miami & Erie Canal, and derive their power from the canal! They were first 'built by William Gibson, of St. Mary's Ohio," in 1861, and operated for him by Alexander Bruner, of Defiance, until destroyed by fire in July, 1864. A.fter the fire, the walls and site were purchased by Francis Jarvis,"of Piqua, R. C. Gib- son, of St. Mary's, and Alexander Bruner, of Defiance, who at once proceeded to erect the present mills. The firm name was Gibson, Bruner & Co., and HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. 165 the mills did a variety of work, manufacturing cas- simerea, satinets, jeans, flannels, blankets and yarn, besides doing a large amount of custom work for the farmers and wool-growers of this and adjoining counties. In the early history of the mills, E. 0, Giteon sold his interest to Jnmes Johnson, of Piqua, who in turn sold to Francis Jarvis, and the firm name beriame J arvis & Briiner, with Mr. Bruner as Superintendent. They were run under this name for three years, when Francis Jarvis purchased tho interest of Alexander Bruner, and the firm name was changed to Francis Jarvis & Sou. and operated by Jamcis J. Jarvis, who has since been owner and sole proprietor, and under whose able management the mills have achieved a reputation second to none in the West. The pro- duction for the past three years has been principally in knitting yarns, aad the goods are always sold ahead of production in Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana and Ohio. They annually consume 100,000 pounds of wool, which is bought principally in Ohio markets. The capacity of the mill will bo increased with the demands of trade. The Ga.s Uorte were built in 1875, and manufact- ure gas from petroleum, under patents granted to J. D. Patton, a citizen of Defiance County. The works are located nearly midway between the business cen- ter of the city and the B. & O. depot. The works and appurtenances occupy the point of land between the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad and Clinton street, from which point the distributing pipes extend in all di- rections, reaching all the principal streets and bridges of the city and crossing the river at three different points. The aggregate length of these iron pipes is between four and five miles. The original cost of the works was 125, 0(X), represented by that amount of paid-up stock, which is nearly all owned by citi- zens of Defiance County. Hon. Alexander S. Latty is President of the company, and John W. Stratton Sec- retary. The down-town office of the company is on Clinton street, opposite the court house. 7 Vie Ih'Jiance Mills were erected by William Se- mans, in IS-KS, and then comprised two ran of stone. Two years later, Frederick F. Stevens became his partner and the mills were completed, two run of stone being added. In 1858, Mr. Semans sold his iaterest to A\'illiam A. Brown, and in 1859 JVfr. Stevens disposed of his to David Taylor. Mr. A. Wilhelm, the present proprietor, purchased a half - j interest from Mrs. Sessions, of Painesville, Ohio, and afterward rented, then purchased Mr. Brown's interest. He admitted his son, John R. Wilhelm, as a partner, and the style of the firm is now A. Wil- j helm & Son. The mill was then doing a business of i about 130,000 a .year. Last year it amounted to $96,000, and will be increased this year. About 1875, Mr. Wilhelm replaced the old overshot wheel with a turbine, and added an elevator with a storage capacity of about 20,000 bushels. Extensive im- provements have since been made, and a 135-horse- power Corliss engine has recently been purchased. The capacity of the mill is 150 barrels per day. Palamo Mills are situated on the canal, from which it derives its power; were built by Judge Pal- mer in 1852; sold to Edwin Phelps, who in 1871 sold to David Boor. The last-named gentleman, in January, 1873, added steam power, the engine being sixty-five horse-power; but finding this in.^ufiicient, returned to water-power, grinding about 125 bushels per day employing live or six hands. In 1870, L. D. Renolett bought a half-interest, but retired January, 1881, since which time David Boor & Son have run it, adding recently a 100-horse-power engine and four run of stone. The Ashery and Pearl-Ash Business was es- tablished in Defiance by E. F. Lindenberger about thirty years ago, who had previously had experience in this at Evansport in connection with his other occupa- tions. The business prospered and grew larger until 1870, when Louis Tiedeman was taken in to partner- ship. In 1875, the partnership was dissolved, and the firm was Imown for a short time as Lindenberger & Hard)', but owing to the death of senior partner in the fall of that year, Mr. Teideman repurchased the business and has since continued the same up to date. The factory is located on Clintoo street, south of the schoolhouse, and is said to be the largest factory of its kind in the United States, shipments being made to Boston, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, Cincinnati, St. Louis and other points. Mr. Teideman a iew years ago took into partnership Mr. D. Diedneck, whose factory is located on the north side of the Maumee, and whose capacity is 100 casks of pearl ash per annum. The products of these factories are used in the manufacture of chemicals and of flint glass. The business consists in the conversion of lye into pcjarl ash. The first process is to convert the lye into black salts. This is done by evaporation in shallow pans. Five hundred bushels of ashes are used, from which one ton of black salts is obtained. The home supply of ashes not being sufficient, black salts are purchased at various points in the neighbor- ing States. The black salts are put into a scorching oven, having a capacity of 2,000 pounds. Ten houi's' brisk fire convert the black salts into " scorchings," an impure white salt, which is put into the settler and dissolved in hot water, then run into a vat, from which, after settling, the liquid (or salts dissolved) is drawn off into kettles and boiled about ten hours, by which process it is converted into pure white salts. From this the salts go to the pearling oven, which 166 HISTOKY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. is similar to the scorching oven, and also has a ca- pacity of one ton per day. After ten hours, this process i« completed, when from the rear of the oven is taken the pearl ash, which is now fine, pure white and free from grit. The business of the establish- ment averages about S75,000 per year, an amount known to be larger than any other factory in the United States, not even excepting the large factories in New York and Boston. In 1874, its quotation of prices were known to control the markets of the Unit- ed States. NEWSPAPERS IN DEFIANCE. The first five p.arngraplis of Ibis liistory of the press are extracled from tlie Democnil of March 2, IS.'JO. The Defiance Banner, a Whig paper, was pub- lished and edited by John B. Seamans, Esq., an at- torney as well as printer, during 1838-39. The first number was issued August the 5th, 1838. The pub- lication was continued about nine months, when it was forced to suspend, although it had the public printing and other patronage of several counties. The Banner was an imperial sheet, with six columns of long primer type, new or nearly so, with brevier for advertisements. This was the first newspaper in this region of Ohio, was ably edited and merited a better fate. "The Barometer, much reduced in size, having but four columns, the first number of which appeared September 21, 1839, was neutral as to politics, and was issued from the same office by Maj. Seamans, who was also editor. The publication of the Barom- eter was continued nine months, when it was sold to G. W. Wood, of Fijrt Wayne, who had then just sold the Sentinel office to Nelson, and with the materials bought here commenced the publication of the Times where the same materials and editor are to this day. . The neutrality of this nine -months affair was with difficulty sustained dui'ing the excitement of the spring of 1840, for the editor himself says in his number of May 23, that it was by an effort, nay by a constant concession of efforts. We can't and we shan't publish a neutral paper any longer. ' " The next in order was the North- Western, the first number of which was issued June I, 1843, by J. B. Steedman & Co., and edited by H. S. Knapp, at that time also connected with the Kalida Venture. Th& North-Western was Democratic in politics, was printed on long primer type, entirely new, as also were the press and other materials. The publication was discontinued in the summer of 1844, and the press and materials removed to Logansport, Ind., having been purchased by S. A. Hall, who has since pub- lished at tliat place the Demooratic Pharos. This was succeeded by the present Defiance Dem- ocrat, the first number of which was issued July 17, 1844, by A. H. Palmer, Esq., and by him edited. " The materials, which were very extensive for a western office, had been previously used at Toledo, in the publication of the Register. Mr. Palmer sold out the office the succeeding spring to Samuel Year- ick, whose connection as editor and proprietor com- menced with the thirty- fourth number of Vol. I, March 6, 1845. An interest was purchased by J. W. Wiley, and after May 28, 1846, Vol. II, No. 42, it was edited and published by Yearick & Wiley. In the spring o.? 1847, Mr. Wiley having- been appointed to a Lien- tenancy in the Fifteenth Regiment United States Army, his interest was bought back in May by Year- ick. The publication of the Democrat was contijiued by Mr. Yearick until the office was disposed of, on March 3, 1849, to Hon. J. J. Greene, who continued its publication until December 3, 1873, when ij was purchased by Elmer White and W. G. Blymyer. In July, 1878, these gentlemen sold the office to George P. Hardy, who conducted it until April, 1879, when White & Blymyer again assumed eoatrol. In July, 1881, Mr. Blymyer retired from the office, hav- ing disposed of his interest to Prank J. Mains, The office is now managed by White & Mains. It will show for itself as to size, type, etc., and is and has been Dem- ocratic in politico. " A s6cond Defiance Banner, Whig also in politics, was started and published by R. R. Thrall. The first number was issued October 4, 1849, upon an imperial sheet, with bourgeois and brevier type. The press and materials are those used by Blaker in the publi- cation of the Standard at Bryan, in 1846^7." The county seat was removed to Bryan in 1841, and the new county of Defiance was created at the session of 1844-45, and commenced April 7, 1845. The last number of the Defiance Banner was dated September 23, 1852. From that time until 1856, Defiance published no Whig paper. Some time in that year (1856) a paper callled the Defiance >Sia?- was started. What time in the year I am unable to find any record, and a copy of the Star cannot be found in the county. It was a six-column folio, Re- publican in politics, and earnestly advocated the elec- tion of Gen. John C. Fremont for President. The subscription price was 11 per year. It was published about a year and then sold, I think to George Wea- mer, who continued its publication in the same size and price, only changing the name to Defiance Be- publioan. In 1861, Weamer sold it to N. C. A. Ray- houser, who published it about a year and sold it to W. R. Carr. May 23, 1862, Carr began the publica- tion of the Defiance Constitution, a seven-column folio, at 11 per year, Republican in polities. Carr HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 161 soon reduced it in size to a -six-column folio. In 1863, A. J. Warwick purchased it, and published it several years, raising the subscription price to $1. 50 per year. J. D. Butor then x^irchased it aad pub- lished it until 18(37, and sold it to Frtmois Brooks. December 7, 1807, Francis Brooks began the pub lication of the Deiianoo Weeldij Express, a seven-col- umn folio, at |2 per year, Republicau. in politics. In 1809, Brooks enlarged it to an eight-column folio, and in a short timo changed it to a IIvh column quarto. In 187!^, he again changed it to a seven column folio, and in the latter part of the same year to an eight-column folio. In the summer of 1873, he changed it to a small (ive-columQ quarto, and in the latter part of the samo year enlarged it to a six- column quarto. In 1874, he sold it to Frank B. Ainger, of Bryan, Ohio, who, in connection with Lee H. lludisill (for a time),' published it until 1877, when it was sold to the present proprietor, Mr. Frank 0. Culley. Mr. Culley published it as a six-column quarto until February, 1878, when he enlarged it to a nine-column folio. In the fall of 1882, the paper was enlarged to a seven column quarto. The Union School Chronicle, a small four-column folio, monthly, edited by the teachers of the Defi- ance Union School, was published during 1808, only ten numbers being issued. The su.bscription price was $1 per year. It was printed at the Defiance Democrat ofSce. March 23, 1878, the Defiance National, a six-col- umn folio, Greenback in politics, was first published. The editor was William M. Randall, his assistants were John J. Smith, Henry G. Baker, George Al- press and Charles T. Hayes. The subscription price was $1 per year. The last number of the National was published May 11, 1878. July 5, 1878, Francis Brooks began the publica- tion of the Grcoilnu-k Era, an eight-column folio. January 1, 1879, tlu< name was changed to the Dol- lar Era, and the form of the paper was soon changed to a five-column quarto. March 12,1879,Mr. Brooks began publishing the Daily Era, a six-column folio, which, however, was only printed twice a week; it was published three or four weeks, when the publi- ation of the Dollar Era was again resumed. The last number of the Era was dated June 20, 1879. February 20, 1879, the Mains brothers (Frank J. and Charles W.) began publishing the Democratic Ledger, a nine-column folio, subscription price $1.50 per year. It was published eight weeks, when it was purchased by White & Blymyer and was merged into the Democrat. The last number was dated April 17, 1879. The Monthly Herald, a small four-column folio, was published during a portion of the year 1879, and was edited by J. F. Deatrick. It was an insurance paper and was published at the office of the Defiance County Express. The Defiance Daily Democrat, a small four-col- umn folio, was published from March 3, 1879, to April 9, 1879; twenty-eight numbers were issued. The price was 2 cents per copy. It was printed at the Daily Democrat office, and was edited by S. Ray Williams. Das Kirchen-Blatt, a sixteen -page paper, throe col- umns to the page, German-Lutheran paper, $1.50 per year, first appeared in 1879. H. Deindorfer was editor; it was published at the Defiance County Ex- press office. It is still published, but at the Demo- crat office. The Kirchliche Zeitschrift, a Lutheran magazine, f 1.50 per year, H. Deindorfer, editor, appeared in 1879, published at same office as the Kirchen-Blatt, is still published and at the Democrat office. The Wevicly Herald, a German eight- column four- page paper, H. and J. Deindorfer, Jr., proprietors, appeared Wednesday, May 4, 1881. It was Inde- pendent in politics; subscription $1.50 per year. In April, 1882, the Herald was purchased by White & Mains, proprietors of the Democrat, who converted it into a Democratic paper. The Democratic Times, a four-page eight col- umns to the paper, appeared in October, 1881, W. G. Blymyer, publisher; subscription, $1.50 per year. The Barometer, first issue September 21, 1839, at Defiance, Ohio, at 50 cents per quarter or cents per copy, published weekly, C. "V. B. Martin, printer. This paper introduced itself to the public as follows; Well, we are fairly before the public. No flaming pros- pectus — no pompous parade — no flourish of trumpets, heralded our approach. Still, we are here — what there is of us ! There may be those who will turn up their nose at our Liliputiau hebdomadal ; but no matter. They woidd probably do the same at the good Book itself, were a copy of it presented to them possessing less ponderosity than the homely quarto over' which their grandsires used to pore. Some there are, we know, who estimate the value of everything according to tlie hugeness of its bulk — and to such a bushel ot gold is worth no more than an equal quantity of sand! With these we have nothing to do. AVe neither court their friendship nor deprecate tlieir wrath. Let them take their course, and we'll take ours. It shall bo our aim to make the Barometer popu- lar with the right sort of people, and if we succeed in this, a flg for what others may say or think ! "Despise not the day of small things." We thought it best not to attempt too much at fii'st. The principal reason why so many newspapers go by tlie board is because their propi'ietors are too ambitious. In agricultural phraseology, they fence more ground than they are able to cultivate. We begin by inclosing a small " truck patch, " with a sort of brush fence; if cirourastauccs shall warrant, it will in due time, be enlarged atul improved; if otherwise, there'll not be much lost by its abandonment. Three months is the term for which we receive subscrip- 168 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. tions. If a subscriber don't like us after a fair trial, he ought to be allowed to quit. Whigs and Democrats— about eighteen or twenty months since, a prospectus was put in circulation for the establish- ment of a Democratic paper in Defiance, Imt it failed. Little more than twelve months have elapsed since the Defiance Banner was unfurled; but the Whigs suffered it to be furled in death. On the first of last month, in the hope of obtain- ing the support of both parties, Messrs. Semans and Phelps (the first a Whig and the second a Democrat), issued proposals for the revival of the Banner, under their joint supervision; but the thing wouldn't take. What course, then, should the Biiriimeter pursue to avoid being shattered into a thousand atoms? Can any one tell us? We've been thinking of form- ing a party of our own, and beating up for volunteers! What say you, gentlemen; will any of you 'list? As this paper is commenced without a list of subscribers, it is hoped that gentlemen to whom the present number is sent will interest themselves in our favor; remembering, how- ever, that each list of names must be accompanied by the cash. We understand, then, one reason why the proposition of Messrs. Semans & Phelps, for the revival of the Banner, did not meet with more favor in some parts of the county, was liecause jt was feared the papers would go full tilt against the removal of the county seat. To avoid any difficulty on that head, we explicitly declare that editorially we should say nfithing either pft) or con upon the question of removal. DEFIANCE. (Extract from Burometer of September 21, ^839.) To the distant reader, it may not be uninteresting for us to drop a remark or two touching the position and history of this village. The ground on which it stands ought to be regarded, in some sort, as hal- lowed. It is now just forty-five years since the in- domitable Wayne penetrated into the heart of the Indian country, and on this very spot planted the stars and stripes of liberty. It was here that having erected a strong fortification, immediately at the confluence of the two rivers, in the emphatic lan- guage for which he was distinguished, he declared that he " defied hell and all her emissaries." Hence its name--Fort Defiance. Upon the completion of this work, feeling that he was now fully prepared for either peace or war, " he made a last attempt at conciliation." " I have tho't proper," said he, in one of his dispatches, " to offer the enemy a last overture of peace; and as they have everything that is dear and interesting at stake, I have reason to expect that they will listen to the proposition. But should war be their choice, the blood be upon their own heads. America shall no longer be insulted with impunity. To an all-powerful and just God, I therefore commit myself and gallant army." " This overture," says the historian, " was rejected against the advice of the distinguished chief. Little Turtle, a man of great capacity and unimpeached courage, who, in a eonn- cil of the combined Indians on the night previous to the battle, held the following language: 'We have beaten the enemy twice under separate commanders. We cannot expect the same good fortune to attend us al- ways. The Americans are now led by a chief ' who never sleeps; the night and the day are alike to him. And during all the time he has been marching upon our villages, notwithstanding the watchfulness of our young men, we have never been able to surprise him. Think well of it. There is something whispers me it would be prudent to listen to its offers of peace.' " On the day following, which was the 20th of August, 1794, the sanguinary but decisive battle of Presque Isle was fought, in which the most consummate skill and bravery were exhibited by the American General and his gallant troops. At the time of which we are speaking, the Maumee and Auglaize Valleys presented less the appearance oE a wild and uncultivated region than we of this day are apt to imagine. The American General, writing to the Secretary of war, remarks: " The very extensive and highly cultivated fields and gardens show the work of many hands. The margins of those beautiful rivers, the Miami of the Lake and the Auglaize, appear like one continued village for a number of miles above and below thisplace; nor have I ever before beheld such im- mense fields of corn in any part of America, from Canada to Florida." This picture was drawn forty- five years ago, at that time when this vast region was in possession of the savage; when the presence of the white man carried with it desolation and death, who, till his approach, happiness and plenty reigned undisturbed. Let us, of 1839, now that the red man kindles his council fire far beyond the Father of Waters blush for the little improvement with which we are surrounded. This position was again occupied by the American troops during the war of 1812. The remains of the palisades which protected the army of Winchester while here are to be seen; and the em" bankments and trenches of Wayne, constructed in 1794, are still more visible. The advantages as to local situation possessed by Defiance are at once command- ing and important; and despite the barriers whicli have hitherto tended to retard her onward march, she must eventually assume that rank among the commer- cial towns of this beautiful valley, assigned her by the intelligent and discerning. She stands in the very heart of a rich, fertile country, with no less than four natural channels of communication by water, two canals, and numerous roads, radiating toward every point of the compass. But notwithstanding all this, the prospect to him who cares not to pene- trate the vista of futurity, is gloomy and dis- ^Cl J/^cA^^^c^ £- HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 169 heartening. Business is almost at a dead stand. Operations upon the public works here and in our vicinity have nearly ceased. Money is scarce, and although provisons are plenty in the hands of the producer, the mere consumer finds it difficult to fur- nish himself with many of the comforts of life. These things will in time regulate themselves; but not until we shall have become thoroughly sobered. When we shall learn to throw aside Aladdin's lamp, and, relying no longer on enchantment or chance, shall follow the dictates of reason and common sense, we shall move steadily forward in the road to opu- lence and wealth, pretty much as did our fathers and uncles in the days of our boyhood. OLD ADVERTISEMENTS. In September, 1839, we find advertisements in the Barometer, from the following: John B. Semans and William Semans, attorneys; Israel Stoddard, as administrator of the estate of Sam- uel Holton, deceased; J. B. Semans, administrator of G. T. Hickox's estate; S. Lyman & Co., last call to their debtors; H. Sessions, administrator for Friend Hall's estate, insolvent; Montgomery Evans notifies the public of two horses appraised by J. D. McAnally and B. Mullican at $95; notice of attachment is made by Charles V. Royce, Mayor of Defiance, against Edward Tuttle, an absent debtor, at the instance of Lyman Mudge, signed Sidney S. Sprague, agent; Israel P. Whedon advertises hats, for which, "as cash is badly wanted, the best kind of bargains will be given;" on December 4, S. Hinkle advertises as a blacksmith, at Hicksville; and A. P. Edgerton has a long advertisement for 30,000 acres of land in Will- iams County, also the grist mills being in operation in Hicksville, also dry goods, etc. An advertisement also appears, giving the people of Williams County notice that at the next annual election (October, 1839), they should designate on their ballots for or against ap- pointment of a commission to remove the seat of justice ; M. Young, Chief Engineer of Wabash & Erie Canal, publishes"! as result of recent letting, that certain named sections have been let to R. P. Harryman, J. G. Butman, Charles Bucklin, W. D. Barry, P. Dono- van, B. Barker, S. &. D. Harley, H. Doran, P. Mur- phy, Hall & Cheney, Gabriel Manning, E. P. Con- reck, N. Demorest, F. Lyon. The death of Henry Zellers, aged thirty-four, of Brunersburg, Septem- ber 29, 1889, is announced. He had been seven years a resident, and left a widow and three small chil- dren. A LETTER LIST. As showing, to some extent, the residents of De- fiance in 1839, we append the list of letters remain- inw in the post office on October 1, of that year: John Allen, Simeon Aldrieh, William Atkinson, Miller Arrowsmith, J. Ackley, Phineas Adams, Ira Brown, John Battenfield, John Boyles, Elias Basset, Abner L. Backus, John P. Baker, Joseph Barney, Daniel P. Brown, William Bolls, Silas Bartlet, Will- iam Boucher, James C. Baker 2, Curtis Bates 3, John H. Crowell 2, A. Cornwall, Joel Crane, Abraham Cramer, Henry Campbell, Rev. Samuel Cleland, Thomas F, Campbell, Esq., Samuel C. Cole, Samuel Croker, John Cameron, Thomas Cronnen, Robert Champion, Mary Crago, Harriet Carter, John Drake, Daniel Dunkleberger, Uriah Drake, Mrs. Nancy Donely William Everham, Reuben Eddy, George, W. B.Evans, AlonzoP. Ea6tabrook,Daniel Fitch, Vanren- saeler Pinton, Jonathan Guin, James S. Grear, Sam- uel Graham 2, Curtis Holgate 2, Mrs. Nancy Herrin 2, William B. Hurd, Peter Hooning, John Holland, John H. Horsey, Esq. , Oney R. Hopkins, Mrs. Henry Beten, Mrs. Nancy Haller, Absalom Hays, David E. Johnson, Col. L. G. Jones, Adam Koch, L. Knight, Esq., John Lowry, William Lewis, Esq., Chauncey Lowrey, Francis L. Lowrew, William Lewis, John Lewis, Joseph Landis, Esq., Hiram B. Lee, Stephen Major, William Mosher, Esq., William Megurah, Owia McCarty, James McKinly, A. D. Mease, Ben- jamin Mallet B. N. Mudge, Esq., Henry Marcel lus, Sylvester Osborne 2, Peter Prestage, William Powell, Solomon Palmer, Alfred Purcell, Olive Pero, Oris C. Rice, John James Resan, W. Rover, Miss Louisa Robinson, Seth Stinson, James Shorthill, Nathan Smith, Ephraim Smith, Alford Smith, Hugh Strain 2, William Streets, Elizabeth Simon, Michael Soan- nell, James Scullen, Wilery Stegall, Lucius C. Thomas, William Travis, Mr. Teliger, Joseph Yan- derline, George Waggoner, J. M. Waire, John Wells. German Letters — George Dirr, Neidhard Jacques, Jacob Lacher, Heinrich Hauckman. Jonas Colby, P. M. The following extracts from the first issue of the Banner will be read with interest: " OUR PAPER. " (From the first issue of the Defiance Banner, October 4, 1849.) We fling our Banner to the breeze, with the fond hope that it will meet with a hearty welcome from the people of Defiance and surrounding counties. That a Whig paper has long been needed, we believe all will agree; therefore we anticipate they will cheerfully put their shoulders to the wheel, and give us such a start as to send us on our way rejoicing. The Banner will advocate the well-known Whig principles under which our State has flourished and advanced so much beyond her sisters in wealth, com- merce, agriculture and manufactures. Itwilladvo- 170 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. eate all measures necessary for the continued advance- ment and prosperity of our Union and State, by Legislative enactment or otherwise: it will give to the present administration a liberal support, so far as it is conducted in strict accordance with right and equity; it will keep posted up with the news of the day, and carefully notice all local and general mat- ters that are calculated to advance the interests and growth of this poriion of our State; it will have some carefully selected literary and agricultural matter in each number. It will be the endeavor of the pub- lisher to add to the mechanical department, from time to time, such improvements as the increased demands of our patrons will justify. The location of our town will justify us in saying that it is bound to be a great mart for the produce and manufactures of the coun- try around. Its almost unequaled beauty of scenery marks it as the place where families will resort for the purpose of finding residences, in which every comfort may be enjoyed, and homes which it will be their pride to adorn and beautify. " DEFIANCE. " (Ifi first issue of Bunnp.r.) The citizens of Defiance can safely boast that their town has the most beautiful location of any in the West. Located as it is upon the high banks of the Maumee and the " Wild Auglaize," and at the confluence of the two rivers, almost every variety of natural scenery is afforded which is pleasing and agreeable. To one standing upon the old green forts Defiance or Winchester — and casting his eyes down upon the broad expanse of the two rivers, as they "flow gently on and mingle into one," a feeling of grandeur and sublimity insensibly steals over him, and to whichever direction he turns his eyes from this wonted spot, the view is pleasant and beautiful to behold. There are a number of beautiful groves back of the town, which aiford delightful places of resort to visitors. The town now numbers about eight hundred inhabitants, and is steadily increasing; its grovrth to its present size, we are informed, has principally been within the last four or five years. With one or two exceptions, the town is destitute of any veiy splendid edifices. The court house is a fine building, and would do honor to any county in the State. The Defiance Exchange is the principal hotel, and it will, doubtless, remain so (at least, as long as it is kept by the present proprietor). There are Jive or six large warehouses, seven or eight stores, and other store buildings in the progress of completion. The fall of water from the canal to the river affords an extensive water-power, and ample facilities for the establishment of manufactories. Situated as the place is, in the heart of an immense agjicultural region, and possessing as it does manufacturing and commercial advantages to a great extent, it cannot fail to increase for a number of years to come. With the manifestation of a little more liberality on the part of one or two of the principal proprietors of the town, it v/ould probably receive such an impetus to its growth, that the citizens could bid defiance to any town in the West, in point of rapidity of growth, as well as beauty of scenery and healthiness and hand- someness of location; and they might look forward with the fond anticipation that Defiance, erelong, would become a place of no small magnitude. A. SOJOUENEB. Mr. Sojourner was a far-seeing personage, and Defiance is now all that he predicted. SCHOOLS OF DEFIANCE. From the best sources of information at our com- mand, back and beyond any written and authentic rec- ords, we find that the first school in Defiance com- menced about the year 1825. The first schoolhouse of which we can gain any information was a hewed- log building, erected on lands now occupied by Strong & Cheney as a lumber factory, north of First street, between the canal and the Maumee River The first teachers were William Semans; second William Edmondson, and, third. William A. Brown. In 1828, a school was taught by Brice Hilton, about two miles southeast of Defiance, on Cole's Run. Following along down to 1837, or thereabouts, we find that schools were kept in the old brick court house building, occupying Lot 58, next north of the Presbyterian Church, and now occupied by Henry Hardy, Esq., as a dwelling. The first written records of the schools of Defiance (then Williams) County bear date June 19, 18-11; in which we find Jonas Colby, Edwin Phelps and James S. Groer were the Directors of School District No. 1, and Levi Colby was the Clerk of said district. There were foui- schools taught during the school year, the first commencing November 30, 1840, and ending February 20, 1841; whole number of scholars in attendance 100; average number per day, 39; males, 47; females, 53. Branches taught, orthog- oraphy, reading, writing, English grammar, geography and arithmetic. E. C. Betts, teacher. Salary, f 105. The second, commencing December 29, 1840, and ending February 20, 1841; whole number of scholars, 35; average per day, 26; males, 14; females, 21. Branches taught, as above. Catharine Colby, teacher. Salai-y, $32. The third, commencing March 15, 1841, ending Jime 14, 1841. Amount paid teacher, male, $120. Whole number of scholars in attendance; 72; average number, 32 per day; males, 36; females, 36. The fourth school commenced March HISTOKY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. 171 25, 1841, and ended June 4, 1841. Amount paid teacher (female), _|47. 73. Whole number of schol- ars, 51; average number, 25; males, 23; females, 28. In the forepart of the year 1841, Benjamin F. Reed taught at 140 per month; Catharine Colby taught at $20 per month. Maria Allen was employed for a short time. In November, 1841, John H. Crowell as employed for six months for $35 per month, and Catha)ine Colby for three months, at $20 per month. At that time, there being an insufficient amount of money in the treasury to pay the teachers, a tax was assessed upon each scholar, according to the number of days in attendance, to make up the defi- ciency. The following is a list of the names of scholars who were in general attendance about the year 1840- 41, together with the names of the parents and guard-' ians. From a daily register, as kept by William A. Brown teacher in School District No. 1, Defiance Township, 1839 and 1840, we copy tlie following list of scholars who attended the school during the quarter commenc- ing December 4, 1839, and ending February 28. 1840, and adding the name of parent or guardian. I'ARENTS OK GUAUDIANS. William Semans, William Semans, S. S. Sprague, S. S. Sprague, S. S. Sprague, John W. Moore, Johu W. Jloore, Thomas Lewis, Thomas Lewis, Thomas Lewis, A. Cornwall, Walter Davis, Walter Davis, Waller Davis, Walter Davis, Walter Davis, Horac^ Sessions, D. Graper, .John U. Kiser, James S. Greer, James S. Greer., Eps. Southworth, Eps. Southworth, Eps. Southworth, Eps. Southworth, Philip Billinger, Philip Billinger, . . Graham, Doctor Allen, Timothy Fitzpatrict, George Smith, George Smith, George Smith, George Smith, William Semans. Mary R. Wells. F. S. Sprague. Caroline Sprague. Mary Sprague. D. A. Moore. Mary Moore. Peter Lewis. Louisa Lewis. Wm. 11. Lewis. Baldwin Cornwall. Zephaniah Davis. Thomas Davis. John Davis. Elizabeth Davis Saroh Davis. Andrew Davis. Chrishaw Graper. Henry Graper, Orvillc Greer. Nancy Greer. F. Southworth, E. M. Southworth. Mary Southworth. B. P. Southworth. A. Billinger. Clarissa Billinger. Stephen Pratt. Charles Allen. John Crowe. Washington Smith. C. W. Smith. S. W. Smith. B. C. Smith. PAIIENTS OR QUARDIANS. Josiah Suyland, John B. Semans, John B. Semans, 0. H. Allen, Jacob Knisj, Amos Zellers, Eliza Holgate, Eliza Holgate, Eliza Holgate, William Hofriohter, Charles V. Royce, Thomas Warren, Thomas Warren, Thomas Warren, Thomas Warren, Thomas Warren, David Travis, David Travis, David Travis, David Travis, William Travis, William Travis, E. D. dinger, E. D. dinger, Jnnies Hudson, James Hudson, James Hudson, James Hudson, Samuel Case, Benjamin Brubacher, Dr. J. Colby, Elias Shirly, Elias Shirly, Elias Shirly, Hogle, Benjamin Elkins, Benjamin Elkins, F. A. Roous, F. A. Roous, Montgomery Evans, Frederick Bridenbnugh Frederick Bridenbaugh PUPILS. Marccllus Suyland. F. S. Semans. Margaret Semans. Sarah Talbert. Marianna Kniss. Jane Jones. Francis Holgate. Hopkins Holgate. Martha Gardener. Menee Lysh. Hellen Royce. Wesley Warren. Permelia Warren. Anzee Warren. Thomas Warren. Sarah Warren. R. Travis. Eli Travis. Dilson Travis. C. Tr.avis. John Travis. Permelia Travis. Jane dinger. Lewis dinger. Abram Hudson. Lewis Hudson. Austin Hudson. Jacob Hudson. Samuel Case. Anna M. Brubacher. Mary M. Hull. Elizabeth Shirly. G. Shirly. W. R. Shirly. Willard Hogle. Thomas Elkins. William Elkins. Peter Roous. Mary E. Roous. Robert Evans. , F. Bridenbaugh. Martha Gardner. Again in 1846 the same plan was pursued to make up such deficienc}'. The following is a list of names that appeared on the books at that time. These lists are not given be- cause of any great amount of history they contain, but they give the names of many of the early pioneers of this county and their descendants which at this writino-, 1882, we could not obtain from any other source, and we think they should appear in this work for future reference : PARENTS OR GUARDIANS. C. J. Andrews, Peter Bridenbaugh, Peter Bridenbaugh, Peter Bridenbaugh, Millard P. Bell, Millard P. Bell, Phillip Bellenger, Phillip Bellenger, Thomas Clai-k, Helen Andrews, Merica Bridenbaugh, Eleanor Bridenbaugh, Eliz%b'h Bridenbaugh, Melissa Bell, Demetrius Bell, Clarissa Bellenger, Artemas Bellenger, Minerva Clark, 172 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. PARENTS OR GUARDIANS. PUPILS. Thomas Clark, Mary Ann Clark, Thomas Clark, Mary J. Griffith, William Clark, Elizabeth Clark, William Carter, RoUin Daggett, Wil iam Carter, Harriet Daggett, Timothy Dame, Almira Dame, Timothy Dame, Anna Dame, Timothy Dame, Didama Dame, Walter Davis, Josh Davis, Walter Davis, Thomas Davis, Walter Davis, Zephaniah Davis, Walter Davis, Sarah Davis, Walter Davis, Elizabeth Davis, Walter Davis, Eliza Davis, Timothy Fitzpatrick, John Crow, Timothy Fitzpatrick, Eliza Fitzpatrick, Timothy Fitzpatrick, Ellen Fitzpatrick, John Fairfield, A. J. Fairfield, John Fairfield, Harrison Fairfield, John Fairfield, Caroline Fairfield, Eliza Holgate, Frances Holgate, Eliza Holgate, Arabella Holgate, Eliza Holgate, A. H. Holgate, Emery Houghton, Rolland Houghton, Jetferson Jones, Lyman Jones, Jefferson Jones, Polly Jones, Jefferson Jones, Nancy Jones, Jacob Kniss, Minerva Kniss, Jacob Kniss, G. W. Kniss, Jacob Kniss, J. P. Kniss, Jacob Kniss, Samurl Taylor, Norman King, Elcazur King, Norman King, John King, Norman King, E. C. King, John H. Kizer, John H. Kizer, Jr., John H. Kizer, Victoria Kizer, John H. Kizer, Daniel Haverstack, Adam Ketrin, Peter Ketrin, Adam Ketrin, Catharine Ketrin, Thomas Lewis, Charles Lewis, Thon.as Lewis, Lucinda Lewis, Thomas Lewis, William Lewis. Thomas Lewis, M. L. Lewis, Thomiis Lewis, Peier Lewis, Eps Southworth, Mary Southworth, Eps Suuihworth, Martha Southworth, Eps Soutl] worth, Thomas Lambert, Frederick F. Stevens, Mary E. Stevens, R. L. Taylor, Eliza Farnsworth, Washington, Weaver, Himsey, I. P. E. Whedon, A. Jl. Whedon, I. P. E. Whedon, E. B. Whedon, Thomas Warren, Thomas Warren, Thomas Warren, Isaac Warren, Thomas Warren, Benjamin Warren, Thomas Wairen, Sarah Warren, In the season of 1841, agreeable to a resolution adopted by the Board of Directors of School District No. 1, the same consisting of Edwin Phelps, James S. Grreer and Jonas Colby, with Levi Colby as Clerk, the walls of a brick schoolhouse were erected on the west side of Wayne Street, between Fourth and Fifth, and the building partly finished b}' Timothy Dame, contractor and builder, at a cost of $800, which was raised by tax upon the taxable property of the district. In Septem- ber, 1842, an additional tax was levied for the finishing- up of the lower part of said school building, and was continued in the use of District No. 1, till the adoption of the Union school system in 1851, when it was finished up and used as a union school building. We append a list of the names of the Directors, Teachers, Clerks and Treasurers, from 1840 to 1851, at which time the Union or graded school system was adopted, as will appear by reference to a letter from F. Hollenbeck, of Perrysburg, Ohio, which appears in con- nection with this sketch. Directors. — James S. Greer, Edwin Phelps, Jonas Colby, Will- iam Semans, Orlando Evans, William A. Brown, Israel P. E. Whedon, Calvin L. Noble, Horace Sessions, Jacob J. Greene, Jehu P. Downs, Jacob Kniss, Millard P. Bell, John M. SliKill, Timothy Fitzp'.trick, John H. Kizer, Francis Wiseuberger, W. P. Warren. Clerks.— h&ii Colby, I. P. E. Whedon, William Carter, S. S. Case, Jonas Colby, William Teats. Teachers.— v.. C. Betis, Catharine Colby, Maria Allen, B. F. Reed, John H. Crowel, John Eastbr.iok, Calvin B. West, B. B. Southworth, Robert Evans, R. Taylor, B, F. Southworth, S. M. McCord, E A. Greenlee Treasurers. — Horace Sessions, William Semans, Jonas Colby, Charles V. Royce, M. P. Bell. The following letter from the first teacher who graded the schools of Defiance is given entire: Pekrysburg, Ohio, January 33, 1883. S, H. Roycb: Dear Sir — Yours of tlie 19th instant received. la answer to your inquiries will say, that it is so long since I was in the school at Defiance that I have ceased to have any "clean cut" recollection of what then and there occurred — general impressions only remain. Of these, I will give such as occur to me while writing. It may not be amiss to state, briefl)'-, the facts and inci- dents which led immediately to the organization of the Union School at that place. I had taken a lively interest in popular education from my first arrival in the Maumoe Valley, at Maumee City, in December, 1843, and discussed the subject wherever I went, whenever I could. The first Union School established in the valley was at jMaumee City; the next at Peri-ysburg, then at Waterville and Toledo. By this time the public mind had become, generally, awakened to the subject. Being at Defiance in the latter part of winter or early spring of 1851 on business, I learned the inadequate provis- ions of the town for the instruction of its youth. I sug- gested to some of the citizens of whom I now remember Wolsey Welles, Dr. John Paul, William A. Brown, Frederick Stev- ens, William Carter, Esq., Boughton and probably others, the desirability of adopting and putting into isractice the graded school system. The suggestion was received with a ready and cordial response. A huge difficulty, however, stood in the way. As the law then was, a school of that character could be established only by a majority vote of the district, and it was feared that could not be obtained. To prepare the minds of the people for the vote, it was determined to hold a a Teachers' Institute there, provided I could obtain proper persons to conduct it. I obtained them, but can now recall only one of them, Maurice Paige, Superintendent of the Maumee Schools and a "live teaf-her." The institute was held ; many teachers attended ; the session was highly satis- HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 173 factory, and much I'liUiusiasm was awakened tlirouyliout the town upon tlic sul)jccl ol' education. Soon UH the roquircMl noti(s! could he given, the vote was taken and the ^railed system adopted by a satisfactory major- ity. I was then requested to organize the school. I consented to "assume th(! pressuri'," my en;j,iigrment being for one year. Tlicre was no maliM-ial tor a high scliool and the grades estab- lished were primary, secondary, intermediate and grammar scliools, myself taking inunediale elnirge of tlie lattc^r, to- gether witli supervision of tlie others. My assistants were Miss Millie Woods in tlic primary deiiartment, and sIjc was a superior Icacher of tlmt gr;ide. Miss Maria Welles tauglit llie secondary, and succeeded very well. Tlie intermediate was taught by a young woman whose name I cannot now le- call. SIh' occupied llie sclioolhouse on the west side of the canal, near the Catholic ('lunch building. Perhaps someone of the old citizens, or of my pupils icmaining there, could give you her nanu'. Of the latter, there remains, as I am informed (I give the names as I knew them), Fannie ITol- gatc, Belle llolgale, Gcorgiana Richards, Mary Stevens, Amelia llowland. now Mrs. Peterson, Frank Brown, John (.'rowc, (li'drge Ferguson and John Kiser. There may be others. The common school branches only were taught, viz., siielling, reading, writing, geography, grammar, arithmetic, and 1 recollect I had u very interesting class in natural phil- osophy. As to efficiency of the school, I refer you to my old pupils and their parents. I must, however, be permitted to say this, that I do not believe there was ever in the State of Ohio a more pleasant and agreeable school than the department of which I had immediate cluirgc. Teacher and pupils constituted a family which was in perfect sympathy and acconi from the com- ivrenceiucnt to the close. Each one regardeil it as ou7' school and was sensitively alive to the nniiutenanco of its good name and character. When I think of my connection with that school, it is with tmalloyed satisfaction, and I hold my old pupils in very dear and cherishcil remembrance. May bless- ings attend them during their lives. When my year expired, the Board of Education had not succeeded in finding my succcs.sor, and I remained until the commcncenu'nt of the smiiuu'r vacation. I believe 1 have answered all your inquiries, but in haste, and iierhups in an unsatisfactory nninner. If of service to you I shall be pleased. Make what use of it you deem best. Truly, FUA.NOIS IIOLLENBECK. INSTITUTE. The Teachers" Institute of Northwestern Ohio held its first session in Defiance County, in the Methodist Episcopal Church, May 5, 1851. The Committee of Ai'rangementa were S. S. Sprague, W. P. Bacon, \\ . A\'olles, H. Sessions, M. Arrowsmith, W. Sheffield, AV. C. Holgate, W. A. Brown, William Carter, J. M. Stilwill and C. L. Noble. The Board of Instruction was composed of the following per- sons, viz. : Hon G. B. Way, of Defiance, Francis Hollenbeck, A. H. Drummond, Blaurice Paige (Super- intendent of the Maumee Schools), Edward Olney, Mrs. INIaiy A. \\'ebb, IMiss Mitchell and Miss F. Drummond— fill from Maumee City and Perrysburg, as near as the writer hereof has been able to ascer- tain. There were in attendance over seventy teachers, about two-thirds of whom were young ladies. About one-half of this number were of Defian.je County, and the remainder from the counties of Williams, I'ul- ton, Henry and Paulding. At a meeting of the qualified electors of School Districts No. 1 and 5, in the town of Defiance, held in pursuanco of legal notice, for the purpose of adopting or rejecting the act for the better regulation of public schools in cities, towns, etc., passed Feb- ruary '2.1, 1849, by the Legislature of the State of Ohio, held at the court house in the town of Defiance, on the 8th day of March, 1851, George B. Way was chosen Chairman, Miller Arrowsmith, Assistant Chair- man, and William A. Brown, Secretary of said meet- ing. A vote was then cast by the electors of said School Districts 1 and 5, for and against the adoption of said act aforesaid, and the whole number of votes cast was 82. For the adoption of, -14; against, 38; majority in favor of, 6. At an election held in the court house March 25, 1851, by the electors of the united School Districts No. 1 and 5, for the election of Directors, John M. Stilwill acting as Chairman, Miller Arrowsmith as Assistant Chairman, and William A. Brown, Clerk, the following persons were duly elected as the first Board of Directors under his new organization: Woolsey Welles and Calvin L. Noble, for one year; John H. Kizer and J. B. Kimball, for two years; Hamilton Davison and John M. Stilwill, for three years. The Board thus elected assembled at the office of Woolsey Welles, and organized the Board of Educa- tion of the united School Districts No. 1 and 5, in Defiance, Defiance Co. . Ohio, by electing Hamilton Davison. President, Woolsey Wellep, Secretary, and John M. Stilwill, Treasurer. The Board thus organ- ized proceeded to levy a tax of four mills on the dollar on the taxable property of the united districts for the support of teachers and other expendittu'es. It now became necessary to provide suitable buildings for the difierent departments and teachers for the same. It was therefore ordered by the said board that the .old two-story brick schoolhouse of 1841, heretofore mentioned, be repaired and finished up for the Union School, and was known as the High School Building. The contract for the same was awarded to Henry B. Hall, at 1421, to be completed by the 1st day of June, 1851. The services of Francis Hollen- beck, of Perrysburg, Ohio, were secured as their first Superintendent, at a salary of $500 per annum, school to commence Jane 9, 1851. The building in which the Intermediate was taught is still standing, west of the canal, and i th third building west of St. John's Evangelical German 174 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. Catholic Gliurcli and now used as a dwelling house. The first teacher in this department was Mrs. Arietta Hutchinson, who consented to fill the position " briefly, " until a suitable person could be found to till her place. Mrs. Hutchinson taught three weeks, when Miss Marietta Knapp took her place, at a salary of $150 per annum. Miss Knapp taught several terms, and then followed Miss Emeline Shead. Miss Maria "Welles taught the Secondary in the building still standing on the corner of "Water and Jefferson streets, at a salary of SI 50 per annum. Tlie Primary occupied a room in the High School Building, and was taught by Miss Permelia Woods, at a salary of $150 per annum. The next teacher in this department was Miss Susannah Myers. At a special election held at the court house May 22, 1865, by the qualified voters of the Defiance United School District, for the purpose of voting for or against levying a tax of $18,000 upon said district, for the purpose of purchasing a site and erecting suitable school buildings for said district, the whole number of votes cast was 107, of which 89 were in favor of and 18 against levying the tax. The matter now being in the hands of the board of the district, it was unanimously voted by them at a meeting of the board, held May 26, that the sum of $18, ( MJO be levied according to the vote of the peo- ple of said district. That $6,000 be levied in 1865, $6,000 in 1866, and $6,000 in 1867. A beautiful selection for a site, at the head of Clinton street, commanding a fine view of the entire city, was purchased, upon which the buildings were erected. August 24. 1866, the contract for building the same was awarded to "William McCreath, at $14,999, he being the lowest bidder. In July, A. D. 1874, the Board of Union Schools purchased a lot on the hill on the north side of the Maumee, for a building site, of William C. Holgate, for $700. A contract was entered into with C. H. Franz, to put up a two-story brick, with slate roof, at $2,370, to be completed by the 16th day of Octo- ber, 1874. Mis.s K. A. Langdon was the first teacher within its walls, commencing with November 9, 1874. In June, 1875, the board prurchased of Sarah Kepler an acre of land for a site, at $1,800, in the "Warren neighborhood, on the west side of the canal, and in the same month and year another lot, from J. S. Greenlee, at $1,000, in East Defiance. The build- ing of the two schoolhouses was let toR. J. V , at $5,350, to be completed October 15, 1875, to be of brick, two stories high, and slate roof. It was order- ed by the Board that the several school buildings within the United School Districts be hereafter de- signated as follows: The building east of the Au- glaize River, "East Schoolhouse;" north of the Maumee River, "North Schoolhouse;" on the "Warren road, " West Schoolhouse," and the so-called High School Building, " Central Schoolhouse." An enumeration of the youth in the United Dis- tricts No. 1 and 5, in the town of Defiance, between the ages of four and twenty-one years old, as taken by Woolsey Welles, in October following the organ- ization, was as follows: In District No. 1— Males, 100, females, 125; 225. In District No. 5 —Males, 57, females, 66 ; 123. Total, 348. Woolsey Welles, having served the board as Secretary for two years, resigned the office, and Jacob J. Greene (who became one of the Directors of the Board at its second annual meeting in March, 1852) was elected Secretary, and has been an active mem- ber of the board most o f the time since — a period of thirty years. Mr. Hollenbeck's service as Superintend- ent of the school closed with the summer vacation of 1852, and we learn that Mr. Enoch Blanchard took the supervision, although the records make no mention of it until we find, at a meeting of the board held February 24, 1853, " Resolved, that Mr. Blanchard be continued for a term of eleven weeks. " In July or August, arrangements were perfected under which D. C. Pierson, of Columbus, Ohio, was to take charge of the school as Superintendent, and B. F. Southworth was. employed to teach the gram- mar school department. Mr. Pierson, from some cause or other, remained but a short time, and Mr. R. Fauroot was employed for the balance of the school year as Superintendent. April 3, 1854, Mr. J. R. Kinney, of Toledo, Ohio, took charge of the school as Superiutedent at a salary of $500 per annum, and in July following his salary was raised to $600 per annum. Mrs. Kinney was also employed to take charge of the secondary at a salary of $225 per annum. At the expiration of the school year, July 3, 1855, Mr. Kinney resigned as Superintendent, and the school was to have a vacation of two months. Sep- tember 3 being the day for opening the schools, and as no Superintendent had as yet been secured, a fur- ther vacation was had until the latter part of Novem- ber, when Mr. John R. Kinney was again placed in charge of the schools as Superintendent, at an annual salary of $700, and B. F. Soathworth was continued in the grammar department at an annual salary of $400. Mrs. Kinney was again employed in the secondary as before, and at the same salary; Mrs. E. S. Brown in the primary, at a salary per annum of $225, and Miss Maria B. Welles as assistant at a salary of $175 per annum. At the close of the term ending with December, HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 175 1858, Mr. Kinney handed in his resignation as Super- intendent, and Finlay Strong, of this town (Defiance) was employed as Superintendent for the remainder of the school year, and to receive the same salary as Mr. Kinney, resigned. March 1^8, 1859, Michael W. Smith was employed to fill the plaad of the rapids of the Jlaumee and resided there during the year- IS'2'J and in 1S23, and theu removed to the farm below Defiance now occupied by his son, Bi- naldo Evans. When Dr. Evans reached Defiance, there were no physicians on the river nearer than Fort A\'ayne above, and Maumee City below, and his professional visits often extended to the first named place, to St. Marys, on the St. Marys, and to the head of the Maumee rapids. There being no good roads, no bridges over the streams and facilities for ferriage were at points remote from each other, it is diffi- cult to convey to the mind of the medical practitioner of this day an adequate view of the formidable and oft- en dangerous obstacles that Dr. Evans was compelled to encounter in the discharge of his professional du- ties. The first relief from this exhausting toil was afforded by the arrival at Defiance of Dr. Jonas Colby, in 1822. In IS24, he purchased the stock of goods of Hunt & Forsyth, of Maumee City, which were brought up on pirogu(!s. This was the first store of considerable importsnco that contained goods adapted to the wants of the white settlers, although staple Indian goods (except whisky) were included in his general stock. When the family removed to Defiance, there were no regular church services, and, until the court house was erected, no suitable house for worship. The Methodists, however, held services at short intervals, sometimes in private houses, and, when the weather was favorable, in the adjaceat groves. The first Presbyterian clergyman was Eev. Mr. Stowe (father of Mrs. William A. Brown, now living at Defiance). During his residence in .Defi- ance, Dr. Evans possessed more fully the confidence of the Indians than the majority of those who had had dealings with them. He acquired this confidence by professional ministrations, by fairness in trade and refusing their applications for intoxicating drinks. When the Indian men and women would visit town and the former obtain liquor from mercenary traders and become drunken and crazed, and their brutal nature aroused, the latter would gather up the toma- hawks and knives of their lords and deposit them about the premises of their friend. Dr. Evans. On one occasion the chief, Oc-co-nox-ee, of Oc-co-nox-ee town, on the Auglaize (now Charloe, Paulding Coun- ty), brought one of his daughters to the Doctor to be treated for some malady which had baffled the skill of the Indian " medicine man." She was received into the Doctor's household and in due time restored ' to health. As an equivalent for this service the chief made the Doctor a present of an Indian pony. In 1S3S, with a view of affording his children oppor- tunities for obtaining better educational facilities, he temporarily removed to Troy, Ohio, and continued there until the fall of 1S40, when he removed to Fort Wayne and engaged actively in commercial pur- suits in partnership with his son-in-law, John E. Hill. During his residence in Troy, he had contin- ued business in Defiance, and now from the two stores they supplied the contractors, who were consti'ucting the Paulding County Eeservoir, with goods to prose- cute their work. In 1840, he removed the Defiance stock to Fort Wayne and concentrated his business at that point. In the summer of 1842, business called Dr. Evans to Defiance, and while here he was seized with an illness that would have induced an 178 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. ordinary person to remain and receive medical treat- ment, but his indomitable will had determined him to make an effort to reach his family at Fort Wayne. Leaving Defiance on horseback, he had traveled only about a mile and reached the house of Thomas Warren, when the intensity of his sufferings arrested his progress, and he remained at the house of ^\'arren two or three days. Meanwhile, believing himself, doubtless, that his case was critical, he dispatched a messenger to Fort Wayne to notify his family of his condition. On the message being communicated to his family, his son, Samuel Carey Evans, immediately started to meet his father, and, reaching the bedside, discovered the alarming symptoms of the case, and at once dis- patched a second messenger to Fort A¥ayne to sum- mon Dr. S. G. Thompson, and also to notify his mother and other members of his family of his fa- ■ tiler's condition. The intelligence being communi- cated, Dr. Thompson and Miss Merica Evans, second daughter of the Doctor, at once set out on horseback, and notwithstanding the bad condition of the roads reached Mrs. Hilton's, mother of Brice Hilton (to whose house, in order to secure more comfortable quarters, Dr. Evans had been removed), within eight hours after leaving Fort Wayne. Dr. Evans, by this time becoming fully conscious that he could only survive a few hours, dictated the following as his last will and testament (Dr. Thomp- son acting as amanuensis) and which embodied a distribution of his estate adjusted upon such nice princijiles of justice and affection that no word of complaint or discord was ever uttered by the parties affected by it: I, John Evans, Ijcing weak in body, but sound in mind and memory, -knowing the uncertainty of life and the cer- tainty of death, do make and publish this my lust will and testament, hereby revoking all former wills. First — I com- mit my soul to God who gave it, and my body to the earth, to be buried at Fort Wayne, in such manner as my family may dh-ect. And I hereby appoint my daughter Merica and m}^ son.s Carey and Hush, together with Allen Hamilton, Hugh McCulloch and Pierce Evans, as my executors; and it is my desire that the three last-named executors shall permit my sons Carey and Rush to continue the mercantile business until all my just del)ts are paid; after which it is my desire that my beloved wife shall have one-third of all my per.sonal and real estate during her life, and desire that my daughter, Eliza Hill, shall receive nothing more until my other children have received one thousand dollars each. After which, I wish the balance of my property equally distributed among my children. And I further desire that my children shall pro- vide for Aley Cumberland [a faithful colored servant of the family] so long as she may live; and it is my special request that my friends, the three last-named executors, will not make an.y public sale of property, but permit my sous to sell at private sale to the best advantage. Signed, sealed and de- livered, this 10th day of August, A. D. 1843. S. G. Thompson, John Ev.\ks. A. G. Evans, Witnesses. Having performed this last earthly duty, his re- maining moments were consecrated to the service of his Maker, and in endearing expressions of affection for the two members of his family who were present, and in messages to those who were unavoidably ab- sent. On the following day, August 11, 1842, his death occurred. And thus at the age of forty-eight years the honorable career of Dr. John Evans was brought to a close in the very prime of his manhood. No death that occurred in the valley during that year produced a more general or profound regret. The physician whose skill had prolonged the lives of mul- titudes was unable to heal himself. An obituary of the Fort Wayne Times, of September 17th, 1842, appears below: " On the evening of the 11th ult., near Defiance, Ohio, Dr. John Evans, of this city breathed his last, in his forty-ninth year. " The removal of this highly respectable and en- terprising citizen from the sphere of his earthly la- bors has excited the deepest sympathy and the sin- cerest regrets among a numerous circle of friends and acquaintances; and has cast a deep shade over the hope and happiness of a disconsolate wife and be- reaved family. He is now no more — all that was mortal rests within the portals of the tomb; but his memory will ever live in the hearts of all who knew him. His weight of character, his great moral worth, and exemplary deportment, to each and every rela- tion of life, will be remembered, his virtues admired, and his memory cherished, as long as the qualities that adorn human nature shall be held in proper estima tion. " At a very early period in the settlement of North- western Ohio, Dr. Evans located at Defiance. The extended, practice and the extraordinary degree of favor which he then obtained, are sufficient evidences of his eminent merit. It may be said with truth in the beautiful language of the poet: " ' None knew him but to love him; None named him but to praise.' " After having passed the meridian of life in the practice of a laborious profession, he removed his family for a short period to Troy, Ohio, and thence to this city, with a view of establishing his sons in the mercantile business, and reposing during the remainder of his days, in the midst of his beloved family, and in the enjoyment of an honorably ac- quired competence. He went to Defiance about the commencement of the month (August) for the purpose of transacting some business. While there he felt unwell, and fearing an attack of disease, he started for home, but before proceeding far his progress was arrested by a most severe attack of bilious pneu- HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. 179 monia, which terminatod his earthly existence on the seventh day following. During his short but painful illness he was composed and resigned, ho expressed a desire to live only on account of his family. He art)used from the stupor of approaching dissolution to assure them of his entire willingness to meet his Maker. As his life had been honorable and useful, his death was peaceful and happy." Mrs. Elizabeth Evans (widow of Dr. John Evans), survived her husband upward of thirty years, re- maining at her home in Fort Wayne, keeping house most of the time up to the time of her death, but died at her son-in law's, Henry J. lludisill, March, 1874 or 1X75, at Fort A\'ayne, Ind. JONAS COLBY, M. D. The subject of this sketch was born in Henni- ker, N. H. , December '20, 1806. His parents were of English descent, and his early life was spent on his father's farm. The New England farmer of that day was able to give his children but few educational ad- vantages beyond those of the ordinary district school, consequently when Dr. Colby, at the age of eighteen, eiiteri^d the medical department of Dartmouth College he was obliged to support himself by teaching. But by perseverance and economy he succeeded by his own efforts in fitting himself for his profession. Not con- tent with merely fulfilling the requirements necessary to obtain a diploma which only necessitated his at- tendance at two courses of lectures, he took a third course in order the better to prepare himself for the work of his life. After practicing medicine three years in his native State, he removed to Defiance, Ohio, in 1832. For many years after his location in Defiance, his life was one of unusual hardship, even for a pioneer physician. The country was new and sparsely settled, making long rides necessary, where streams had no bridges, and roads were only trails, the nearest places at which there were physicians being Fort Wayne and Maumee, and his practice ex- tending over several counties, running north to Fay- ette, near the Michigan line and south to Fort Jen- nings. On one occasion he rode 118 miles in twou- ty-four hours, and at another time had no sleep for three nights and four days, except what he could catch on horseback In times of high water, he was obliged to swim his horse across the streams in cold weather or warm. But being blessed with a good constitution and an iron will, he was able to endure such hardships as most men nowadays would shrink from. In 1837, he was apointed Postmaster o^" Defiance, and held the office several years. In 1839, he was appointed by the United States Government to accompany as physician a tribe of Indians that were being sent from Northwestern Ohio to the country beyond the Missouri Eiver. Starting out from Defiance, they went down the Maumee Kiver to Mau- mee City, then took lake vessels from there to Cleve- land, from there by canal boats down the Ohio Canal to the Ohio River, thence down the Ohio River to the Mississippi, thence uj^ the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, taking several weeks to make the trip, which can now be made in twenty-four hours. About the same time, he was appointed Associate Judge of Will- iams County, this being before the organization of Defiance County, and he discharged the duties of this office for five years. During tho late civil war, he earnestly espoused the cause of the Union, serving as Chairman of a Military Committee, and as Examin- ing Surgeon for Defiance County, holding a commis- sion as Military Surgeon with the rank of Major; for a number of years after the war he was examining Surgeon for pensions. Five years after settling at Defiance, he was married to Almira Hull (first white child born in the Maumee Valley), of Maumee City Ohio, who is still living at Defiance. To them were born six children, three boys and three girls — Cor- nelia E., who married Charles Kahlo, of Logansport, Ind., State Senator from Cass County; Gecn-ge F., who died in infancy; Alice A., married J. S. Alexan- der, attorney at law, Indianapolis, Ind. ; Mary C. , married John C. Ingram, cashier of Logansport Bank- ing Company, Logansport, Ind. Of the two boys now living in this city, Ferris W., the oldest, is en- gaged in the real estate business. He was married, September 14, 1870, to Miss Anna L., daughter of J. P. Ottley, of this city. They have two children, Hattie C. and Flora M. ; Willis D., unmarried, of the firm of Colby & Scott, is engaged in the wholesale and retail drug business. The boys, Ferris V\\ and AVillis D. , are graduates of the New York College of Pharmacy of New Yoik City One who knew Dr. Colby many years says he cottld never be induced to turn aside from his profes- sion for the purpose of making money. He had no ambition to be called a rich man by his neighbors and never desired more than a comfortable living. But the good judgment, coupled with caution, delibera- tion and method, which characterized him in the prac- tice of medicine was so manifest in all his business dealings, it may be said of him that he could not help acquiring a handsome property. He made no vent- ures, he incurred no debts. The profits of a lucra- tive practice and of an economical life, were simply carefully invested, generally in real estate, and he realized slowly but surely by the enhancement of iis value. But what is better tban riches or real estate, he leaves as a legacy to his family the name of hav- ing been strictly honest and honorable in all his bus- iness affairs. He took only his due. His word was 180 HISTOKY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. as good as his note, and the lattor equivalent to the money. Although a man of few words and one with whom strangers ionnd it difficult to become readily acquainted, he possessed a kind heart and had a word of encouragement for all who sought his advice. As a physician, he was prompt and attentive. As a sur- geon, he was bold and self-possessed, and in either place he was successful to an unusual degree. He continued the active practice of his profession up to the day of his death, :\ray 28, 1876. THE DEFIANCE COUNTY MEDIC.iL ASSOCIATION. This association was organized in 1880, and is at present composed of the following members: L. G. Th acker, M. B. Stevens, A. Berchtold, W T. Harris, W. S. Powell, J. J. Eeynolds, K. W. Pinch, J. Y. Lesuet, H. H. Zeigler. This association is auxiliary to the State Medical Society, to which it sends delegates, as well as to the American Medical Association, with which it is in harmony, being governed^ by the same rules and re- gulations. A physician, to become a member of this associa- tion, must be a graduate of some recognized medical college, which teaches the science and art of medicine in its entirety, and does not confine its instructions to the limits of any exclusive dogma or pathy. This as- sociation meets on the first Tuesday of each month, and has for its object the advancement of medical knowledge among its members by discussions, essays and free interchange of thought on subjects relating to the science of medicine. SOCIETIES. MASONIC. The institutions of Masonry are well established in Defiance, working the degrees and orders up to Knights Templar. The " disinterested friendship," " unbounded hospitality," and " good, square work" of the Defiance brethren, are " known of all men." THE BLUE LODGE. At the session of the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons in Ohio, held at Steubenville, Octo- ber, 1849, dispensation was granted to James M. El- der, Ephraim A. Greenlee, Jacob J. Greene, James Cheney, Peter Zimmerman, M. H. Curtis, Joram Al- len and David Taylor for a lodge of Masons at the town of Defiance and naming therein James M. Elder as the Master; E. A. Greenlee, Senior Warden; and J. J Greene, Junior Warden, of the new lodge. Not having any near neighbors to assist in instruction and work, a Lecturer was engaged and the whole of that winter was devoted to learning the work- lect- ures. The first work was done March 22, 1850, when John M. Stilwell and \Villiam Semans were initiated. Since that time the records show that degrees have been conferred on more than three hundred brethren. At the session of the Grand Lodge held October, 1850, at Cincinnati, the work and proceedings of the new lodge were approved, and a charter issued, with the name Tu en-da-wie (signifying in the language of the Wyandots, the junction of two rivers), and numbered 195. The charter named (at request of the lodge) as first officers thereunder, David Taylor, "W. M. ; Erastus H. Leland, S. W. ; and John W. Stil- will, J. W. Masters who have been elected to preside since are: Chauncy Coston, Erastus H, Leland, Jacob J. Greene, John W. McKim, Henry Handy, Lake B. Myers, Isaac Corwin, Charles M. Thrall, Henry Newbegin, Joseph Ealston, W. G. Blymyer, Elmer "\^'hite, Livingston E. Beardsley and E. Squires. The number of members, as reported to the Grand Lodge last October, was 127, and the dues then paid amounted to 157. 50 — not more than ten lodges out of 520 on the roll paying in a larger sum. The first funeral attended by the fraternity was that of James M. Elder, Past Master, who was buried with Masonic honors June 13, 1855. The anniversary of St. John the Evangelist, Dec. 1859, was observed by public procession, installation of officers, and the delivery of an address by Judge Dunlap, of Toledo, with a re-union of Masons and their families in the evening at the Eussell House, but then recently opened. The lodge rooms are spacious, and in the various equipments, conveniences and adornments not often excelled. The present officers of the lodge are: Edward Squire, W. M,; F. G. Brown, S.W. ; George Mallett, J. W.; J. P. Ottley, Treas. ; W. T. Hill, Sec; O. P. Ensign, S. D. ; M. S. Holston. J. D. ; F. W. Ditt- mer, Tiler. THE CHAPTER. In the annual communication of Grand High Priest Thomas J. Larsh, to the Grand Chapter of Koyal Arch Masons, held at Collimbus, October, 1864, he says: " On the 13th day of January last, I issued a dispensation to Companions Jacob J. Greene, Isaac Corwin, Lake E. Myers, John Paul, Henry Hardy, Henry C. Bouton, James G. Haley, William J. Jack- son and Jacob Fegtley, for the establishment of a chapter at Defiance, in Defiance County, to be called Ensa-woc-sa Chapter, No. — , and appointed the first named companions to be the first High Priest, King and Scribe of said Chapter;" and in the pro- ceedings of said grand body, page 18, the Committee HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 181 on Ohari.ers and Dispensations report that " they have oxamined the dispensation, rocords and by-laws of En-sa-woc-sa Chapter, U. D. , located at Defiance, Ohio. Their records iim vci-y well kept. Wo recom- mend that the by-laws be appn^vod and that a chartor be issued to said Chapter;" which recommendation was adopted, and the nnmber given to the new Chap- ter was 89. The name sc^loetod was the Pottawato- mie name for the locality, and said to liave the same sif^nilioation aa Tu-en-dii-wie. The High Priests of the Chapter have been J. <1. Ciociio, Henry New- begin, Joseph Ralston, VV. G. Blymyer and Prank (.\. Brown. Tire COUNCIL. On the 20th day of February, 1S6U, Puissant Grand Master Charles Brown, issued a disjiensation to Companions Jacob J. Crreene, Joshua P. Ottley, Louis Degginger, Isaac Corwin, John L. Scott, Henry Newbegiu, (roorgo M'. Deatrick, F. W. Ditt- mer and Lake E. Myers, for a Council of Royal and Se- lect Masters at Deliauoe, Ohio, and at the grand coun- cil held at Cleveland, in October of that year, a charter was granted to said Companions affixing the num- ber ^5. The name selected for the new Council was Oc-co- nox-ee, the name of the Chief of the Ottawa tribe of Indians resident in this vicinity, removed west of the Mississippi in 1832. The new Council was con- stituted and officers installed the succeeding Decem- ber, by Deputy Grand Master Calvin Halliday, of Lima. The Thv. 111. Grand Masters of Oc-co-nox-ee Coun- cil, No. 55, since its organization have been Jacob J. (Iroono, Henry Newbegin, Isaac Corwin, Joseph Ral- ston, Elmer White and Henry Hardy. THE OOMMANDEEY. At the annual conclave of the Grand Commandery of Knights Templar, held at Cleveland in August, 1877, a dispensation was granted to Sirs Jacob J. Greene, Joseph Ralston, Joshua P. Ottley, Henry Harily, Elmer White, A\'. G. Blymyer, James J. Jar- vis, Georii-e W. Bechel, Alexander Bruner, Louis Deo-ginger, Isaac Coiwin, George W. Deatrick, "Will- iam A. Kehnast, F. William Dittmer, E. F. Aldrich, Edwai-d Squire, Peter Kettenring, Lake Erie Myers, John L. Scott and John F. Deatrick, for a new Com- mandery, at Detiance, to be called "Defiance Com- mandery" — naming J. J. Greene as the fii-st Eminent Connnander, Joseph Ralston first Generalissimo, and John L. Scott, the first Captain General. At the next meeting of the Grand Commandery held at Put- in-Bay, August 28, 1878, a charter was granted to ■ Detiance Commandery No. 30. By appointment of the Grand Commander, Past Eminent Com. Walker, of Toledo, constituted the new Commandery and in- stalled its olftcors, on which occasion wore present officers of the General Grand Commandery with many other visiting Knights. Grand Commander Babcock also visited the Com- mandery in July in 1878, and inspected the work, commending all, particularly that of the Prelate. The Commandery participated in the parade and reception at the triennial meeting of the Grand En- campment held at Chicago in 1880. The number of members reported to the Grand Commandery October, 1880, was seventy-seven. The present officers of Defiance Commandery are: Joseph Ralston, B. C. : John L. Scott, Gen. ; George W. Bechel (J. G. ; J. J. Greeue, Prelate; L. E. Beards- ley, S. W.; F. G. Brown, J. W. ; Joshua P. Ottley, Treas. ; Edward Squire, Rec. ; \V. E. Carpenter, St. B.: G. W. Deatrick, >iw. B.; W. A. Kehnast, Warden; F. W. Dittmer, Guard. I. o. o. F. Fort Defiance Lodge, No. 134, I. O. 0. P., was or- ganized in J. H. Kiser, Sr. 's, saddler shop, then lo- cated in the burnt district opposite the Russell House, and was instituted September 0, 1849. Its charter members were J. B. Laughlin, A. M. Richards, S S. Sprague, J. W. Phillips and H. C. Bouton. The lodge rented this room about four or five years, and among the many members initiated in that room ai'e found the names of L. C. Noble, Thomas Garnett, Ed- ward H. Phelps, Edwin Phelps, R. R. Thi-all, Joseph Rogers, B. F. Deamer, E. A. Greenlee, John Finn, William E. Enos, O. Evans, John Tuttle, William Shef- field, C. W. Evans, J. D. Graper andF. D. Harris; but of all these including the charter members, two only remain as active members, viz. : Edwin Phelps and J. D. Graper. The lodge removed from this room to the room over the store in the frame building near the Maumee bridge, at the foot of Clinton street, where Krotz's brick building now stands. They re- mained there about six years, when they moved into Petersen's block, remaining there until about 1S71- 72, when thoy moved to their present location in Weisenberger's building. Their night of meetincr is Friday. The records show 280 names on their books. Of these, eighty-five have taken final cards, forty-five ai-e dead, and forty-seven were dropped for non-payment of dues, leaving besides those whose membership was severed from other causes, an active membership of ninety -five. j The following ai-e the officers for the present term : O. A. Friek, N. G. ; George ililler, "\'. G. ; C. i H. Lindenberger, R. S. ; J. D. Kirk, P. S. ; J. P. 182 HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. Buffingfcon, Treas.; J. D. Graper, W. ; William J. W'arneke, C. The following is a list of tlie Noble Grands from its institution to the present time: September 0, 1849, J. B. Laugblin; January, ISoO, A. M. Richards; July, 1850, H. C. Bouton; January, 1851, J. W. Phillips; July, 1851, William F. Eldredge; January, 1852, G. K. Hendle; July, 1852, H. C. Bouton; October 2, 1852, William E. Enos; January, 1853, J. W.Phillips; July, 1853, M. Houtz; January, 1854, Edwin Phelps; July, 1854, Alex- ander Backus; January, 1855, J. D. Graper; Jiily, 1855, H. A. Townsend; January, 1856, William E. Enos; July, 1856, H. B. Hall; January, 1857, P. Slevin; July, 1857, D. Greenlee; January, 1858, Joseph Ralston; July, 1858, Charles B. Kline; Jan- uary, 1859, 0. W. Evans; July, 1859, F. W. Graper; January, 1860, P. Kettenring; July, 1860, Thomas McBride; January, 1861, D. M. Marcellus; July, 1861, J. D. Graper; January, 1862, G. P. Ro- gers; July, 1862, S. R. Hudson; January, 1863, Henry Handy; July, 1863, J. F. Deatrick; January. 1864, John Ruhl; July, 1864, J. P. Buffington; Jan- uary, 1865, Thomas McBride; July, 1865, J. F. Bow- man; January, 1866, B. B. Woodcox; July, 1866, P. W. Dunn; January, 1867, Enos Blair; July, 1877, E. H. Gleasou; January, 1868, Joseph Ralston; July, 1868, J. D. Kirk; January, 1869 P. H. Ensign; July, 1869, J. P. Deatrick; January, 1 870, John Roe- del; July, 1870, William D Hill; January, 1871, J. O. Heatley; July, 1871, F. Wolfrum; January, 1872, John Houtz; July, 1872, John H. Kiser; January, 1873, G. L. Myers; July, 1873, H. B. Hall; January, 1874, F. G. Blaekman; July, 1874, E. W. Downs; January, 1875, G. L. Myers; July, 1875, J. I. Miller; January, 1876, B. F. Switzer; July, 1876, A. Viers; January, 1877, A. J. Brown; July, 1877, G. H. Lind- enberger; January, 1878, '0. Pfister; July, 1878, E. N. Lewis; January, 1879, Phillip Kells; July, 1879, William H. Miller; January, 1880, F. H. B. Co- lumbia; July, 1880, J. I. Levy; January, 1881, O. A. Frick; July, 1881, George Miller; January, 1882, William J. Warnicke; July, 1882, A. Viers; January, 1883, John Theine; July, 1883, James Corbin. DEFIANCE ENCAMPMENT, NO. 87, I. 0. O. F. This Encampment was instituted July 16, 1862. Its charter members were Joseph Ralston, F. A\'. Graper, H. B. Hall; J. D. Graper, J. W. Phillips and M. Houtz. Its membership is small, being only twenty-two, and almost all its older members have passed the chair and are entitled to P. C. P. honors. Its night of meeting is the first and third Tuesdays of each month. Its present officers are J. A. Kotchell, C. P. ; George Rock, S. W.; C. Pfister, J. W.; P. A. B. Lane, H. P. ; J. D Graper, G. ; P. 8witzer, Treas. ; C. H. Linden- berger, Scribe. KNIGHTS ■ OF HONOR. On the evening of January 19, 1875, the follow- ing gentlemen met in the lodge room of the Sons of Temperance in Peterson's block, for the purpose of organizing a lodge of Knights of Honor of the World. Elmer White, W. G. Blymyer, John F. Dea- trick, John B. Hootman, John H. Conkle, George AV Bechel, J. P. Buffington, Charles E. Slocum, Frank Kahlo, Lake E. Myers, Charles F. Switzer, A. M. Shead, L. W. Richardson, R. Brown, A. Baum, Charles B. Squire, Henry Crosby, L. E. Crandall. James F. Crandall and Henry Kuhl. A ballot was then taken to ascertain if all the gentlemen present were willing to become members and was found clear. Dr. A. E. Keys, of Mansfield, Ohio, acting as Deputy Grand Dictator, instituted Defiance Lodge, No. 71, K. of H. , and installed the following officers: Past Dic- tator, J. F. Deatrick; Dictator, Elmer White; Vice Dictator, J. P. Buffington; Assistant Dictator, A. M. Shead; Guide, John B. Hootman; Reporter, L. E. Crandall; Finance Reporter, Lake E. Myers; Treasur- er, George W. Bechel; Sentinel, L. F. Switzer. The Knights of Honor is a corporation formed to promote benevolence, morality, science and industry. The object is to unite all white men between the age of twenty-one and fifty-five years in one common brotherhood, for mutual protection both in life and at death — in life to assist each other to obtain employ- ment; in death, to assist the widows and orphans by establishing a fund of $2,000, payable to a brother's family, or as he may direct at his death. The lodge has gradually increased until it has a membership of forty-five members. Its present offi- cers at this date (March 19, 1881) are as follows: Past Dictator, P. Dickman; Dictator, J. P. Partee; Vice Dictator, A. B. Woodruflf; Assistant Dictator, T. J. Rose; Reporter, J. F. Crandall; Financial Re- porter, A. Viers; Treasurer, R. Brown. They meet second and fourth Monday of each month in their nicely furnished rooms in what is known as the stone front Flickinger and Weisenber- ger Block, and on third floor over Flickinger & Blair's dry goods store. The society is in a flourish- ing condition and is prompt in meeting all its de- mands, EOYAL AEOANUM. Defiance Council, No. 67, Royal Arcanum, was instituted at Defiance, Ohio, on the 28th day of March, A. D. 1878, by P. L. Teeple, D. G. R., with foriy-five charter members and the following offi- cers; Elmer White, Regent; M. E. Orcutt, Vice Re- HISTOEY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. 183 gent; F. G. Brown, Orator; Joseph Ralston, Past Re- gent; J. J. Jarvis, Secretary ; George W. Deatrick, Col- lector; J. P. Ottley, Treasurer; Bnos Blair, Chaplain; Filmore Switzer, Guide; Peter Dickman, Warden; R. C. Fisher, Seaitry. Since that time there have been no deaths in this Council, but some of the members have dropped their connection with the <)r<;"inization. The present num- ber is forty-one. The Council electa officers twice a year, and nov? has the following officers: P. J. Shead, Regent; E. P. Hooker, Vice Regent F. G. Brown, Orator; J. I. Levy, Past Regent Enos Blair, Secrel^ary; Thomas T. Hilton, Collector William Kehnast, Treasurer; P. Dickman, Chaplain; John H. Kiser, Guide; G. Brown, Warden; A. Viers, Sentry. The object of the order is life insurance, with sick benefits and social improvements, the insurance feat- ure is jmrely mutual, and the fund is raised by as- sessments by members, according to age at admission in such a manner that one assessment is always in the hands of the Treasurer as near as can be ascertained. The total number of members is 27,000. The order has the usual amount of unwiitten work. AMERICAN LEGION OF HONOB. Fort Defiance Council American Legion of Honor was instituted March 25, 1881, by P. L. Teeple, D. G, commander, with sixty-eight charter members and served by the following officers: Commander, Elmer White; Vice Commander, H. B. Harris; Past Com- mander, Hon. W. D. Hill; Orator, Walter Hill; Sec- retary, M. E. Orcutt; Collector, Charles J. Chene- vert; Guide, J. P. Cameron; Chaplain, R. H. Glea- Bon; Treasurer, W. Curtis Holgate; Warden, Frank Ferguson; Sentry, George Miller. The society has for its object mutual, social, sick and funeral benefits. To pay the benefits, assessments are levied upon the members according to age and amount of benefit they expect to receive. The plan of assessment is the same as Royal Arcanum. Meetings are held tri-monthly. While the society is yet young, it is in a vigorous and healthy condition. The present officers are J. W. Childs, Com- mander; Walter Hilton, Vice Commander; L. E. Boardsley, Past Commander; S. P. Cheney, Orator; J. W. Strattou, Secretary; A\'. E. Moll, Collector; Theodore Ensign, Guide; Thomas Hilton, Treasurer; H. W. Myers, Warder; and Henry Brichbill, Sentry. C K OF A. Catholic Knights of America, St. John the Evan- gelist's branch. No. 142, at Defiance, Ohio. The object of this society is mutual life insurance. A corresponding charter was granted by the society's Supreme Council, on July 5, 1880. Membership thirty. The present officers are: Rev. J. B. Young, Spiritual Director and President; ADhq Bauer, Vice President; J. M. Preisendorfer, Recording Secretary; J. P. Weismantle, Finance Secretary; Dr. A. Bechtold, Treasurer, ST. BONIFACIUa GERMAN ROMAN CATnOLIO BENEVOLENT SOCIETV. This society was organized in May, 1875. Its ob- ject is purely benevolent. Assistance and "help are to be rftndered during the sickness of each member. In case of death the society will attend the funeral serv- ice and give a moderate support to the widow of the departed brother. J. M. Preisendorfer is President; John Delhi; Secretary; C, Diehl, Treasurer, THE GRANGERS. AuQ^laize Grange, No. 371, P. of H., was organ- ized January 14, 1874, with the following members: William Philli2:)s and wife, A, J. Dils and wife, Joshua Dicus and wife, Michael Humbert and wife, A. B. V. Sponsler and wife, M, C. Todd and wife, J. F. Gar- man and wife, S. W. Carpenter and wife, Henry Schoonover, Levis Sitterly, R. P. Romine, H. S. Van- vlerah, Lovina Sandoz, Amos Sandoz, Job English and wife, J. H. Morris and wife, Noah Devault, J. A. Phillips, Maria Vauvlerah, Isabel Schoonover, Sarah Schoonover, S. M. Shirley and wife, O. P. Graham and wife, Christopher Rose, Rachel Phillips and Sarah Rose, The following is a list of the first officers: William Phillips, Worthy Master; A. J. Dils, Overseer; Henry Schoonover, Lecturer; Michael Humbert, Stewart; Joshua Dicus, Chaplain; J. F. Garman, Treasiu-er; H. S. Vanvlerah, Secretary; S. W, Carpenter, Assistant Steward; Lewis Sitterly: Gate-keeper; Ceres, Nancy Dils; Pomona, Isabel Schoonover; Flora, Rachel Phillips; Lady Assistant Steward, Sarah Schoonover, The first member in- itiated after its organization was Hon. John Ta^-lor, who, although past eighty-one years of age, is still a zealous worker for the good of the order. Since then, there have been sixty-two members enrolled. Four have been lost by death, viz, : Smith Mead, Henry Wells, Daniel R. Boor and Mrs, Alice Morris, Meetings are held every fortnight at Grange Hall, Section 10, where a supply of goods such as gro- 'ceries are kept for the accommodation of the members. The condition of the Grange is good, both financially and socially, and it is increasing in numbers, eleven being initiated the past year. The following is a list of the olflcers elected for 1881: David McCallister, Worthy Master; J. H, Morris, Overseer; H. K. Morris, Lecturer; John McCallister, Steward; James H, Mor- 184 HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. ris, Assistant Steward; Samuel Phillips, Chaplain; J. F. Garman, Treasuror; H. S. Vanvlerah, Secretary; Gate keeper, S. W. Morris; Mrs. B. F. English, Ceres; Mrs. E. A.. Allen, Pomona; Mrs. H. K. Mor- ris, Flora; Miss Rachel Phillips, Stewardess. BISHOP POST, NO. 22, G. A. E. The organization, called the Grand Army of the Re- public, was instituted in the city of Indianapolis, Ind., November 20, 1866, to supplement solidify, and perpetuate the results of the great war of the rebell- ion. For fourteen years this order has been work- ing diligently and increasing in number and power and is now i!omposed of one National Encampment, thirty Department Encampments and over one thou- sand subordinate Posts throughout the United States, embracing nearly every State and Territory in the Un- ion, and having an enrollment of over one hundred thousand good and true men, some of whom occupy po- sitions of the highest trust and emolument in the coun- cils of the nation and States. In this organic element by their existing laws, no political question can be pre- sented or discussed, no man's political views or ten dencies are ever questioned, and all that is ever re- quired of him is that he should have served the coun- try faithfully when she called for his service and re- ceived an honorable discharge, and that he now afSrms his loyalty to the flag, the constitution and the laws of the United States, and now has the respect of his fellow-men. In the same manner and with equal vig- or are all questions of religious nature eschewed, only reserving the belief in and reverence for the great God who made all the worlds and all things therein and the priceless golden rule. The workings of this order are truly and purely social, humanitarian and military, the objects being set forth in the rules and regulations of the order and are as follows: 1 st. To preserve and strengthen those kind and fra- ternal feelings which bind together the soldiers, sailors and mariners who united to suppress the late rebellion and to perpetuate the memory and history of the dead. 2d. To assist such former comrades in arms as need help and protection and to extend the needful aid to the widows and orphans of those who have fallen. 3d. To maintain true allegiance to the United States of America based upon the paramount respect for and fidelity to the National Constitution and laws and to disvjountenance whatever tends to weaken loy- alty or to incite insurrection, treason or rebellion, or in any manner impair the efficienc}' and permanency of our free institutions, and to encourage the spread of our universal liberty and eqaal rights and justice to all men. The soldiers, sailors and marines of Defiance County who survived the long years of war realiz- ing the importance and propriety of such an or- ganization that would bring them together in social re- union and cultivate a more fraternal feeling, and through which the hallowed memory of those who had fallen by their side might be kept for- ever green, and that it would enable them to assist each other in time of need, and aid the help- less widows and orphans of their late comrades, pro- ceeded to organize a Post at Defiance, and some time in the month of January, 1879, wrote to the depart- ment headquarters, then at Toledo, Ohio, and obtained the necessary blanks for the purpose of forming a Post, and after obtaining the required names of com- rades in good standing, and having forwarded the same tu the Assistant Adjutant General of the Depart- ment of Ohio Grand Army of the Republic, the de- partment commander granted a charter on the 8th day of July, and detailed Comrade Cecil A, Hall, of Forsythe Post No. 15, of Toledo, Ohio, and ordered him to proceed to Defiance and muster the ap- plicants whose names were signed to the petition for admission to the ranks of the Grand Armj' of the Re- public, and on the l-tth day of July, 1879, Comrade Cecil A. Hall, special mustering officer, accompanied by Henry S. Bunker, Assistant Adjutant General of the Department-of the Ohio Grand Army of the Re- public, came to Defiance, and the following comrades were mustered into the Grand Army of the Republic, to wit: William B. Carpenter, L. W. Richardson, Albert W. King, George Hooker, Frank C. Culley, George W. Killey, W. S. Hoffard, Solomon Deamer, A. B. Woodruff, William H. Ralston, John E. Rich- ardson, Franklin Duck, George dinger, B. B. Wood- cox, Luther H. Robinson, Henry Kuhl, B. F. South- worth, Robert Cary, Frederick Conrad, George T. Squires, William Andrews, W. S. McClary, all of whom thereby became the charter members of Bishop Post, No. 22, of Defiance Department of Ohio Grand Army of the Republic. Immediately after being mustered into the order, they proceeded to the elec- tion of officers, and the following were the officers duly elected, appointed and installed in their respect- ive offices for the remainder of the year of 1879: Commander of Post, William E. Carpenter; Senior Vice Commander, B. F. Southworth; Jun- ior Yice Commander, George T. Squires; Surgeon, William Rals' on, M. D. ; Chaplain, Luther H. Rob- erson; Quartermaster, A. W. King; Adjutant, Frank C. Culley; Officer of the Day, Henry Kuhl; Officer of the Guard, B. B. Woodcox; Sergeant Major, George Hooker; Quarter-master Sergeant, L. W. Richardson. This year, the Post received several additional members, and at its close the Post had an enrolled membership of thirty-seven comrades. "h, cTft^^^^^ ^ ^. ?'-y>f| /. /%JJ/7Tfa^'UL 'o/^UL^-: '£<- 4, dis. .July 7, 1865. William Andrews, Company C, 22d Michigan Infantry, e. .July ni, 1H62, dis. June 26, 1865. Henry Balake, Company C, 71st Ohio Volunteer Infantry, u. Oc- tober 5, 1864, dis. December 5, 1865. .Joseph Beall, Company E, 111th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. Au- gust 22, 186^, dis. June 27, 18B5. L. E. Beardsley, Company A, 14th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. Au- gust 18, 1861, dis. November 18, 1863. First Lieut. J. II. Blackmore, Company E, Tilth Illinois Infantry, e. April 15, 1862, dis. August 25, 1864. Frank Blesser, Company K, L'Mth New York Infantry, e. .luly 15, 1862, die. June 10, 1865. John Boyd, Company I, 3d Ohio Volunteer Cavalry, e. Nov, mber 3, 1863, dis. August 4, 1865. John Brcakbill, Company B, 169th Ohio Naiional Guards, e. May 2, 1864, dis. September 4, 1861. George I'.utler, Company A, 25th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. March 31, 1864, dia. March 31, 1867. John Butler, Company F, 48th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. De- cember, 1861, dis. July 10, 1865. George Capper, Company C, 25th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. Sep- tember 20, 1864, dis. July 15, 1865. Sergeant William E. Carpenter, Company F, 48th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. November 2, 1861, dis. May 23, 1866. Sergeant Thomas R. Carrol, Company G, 163d Ohio National Guard, e. May 2, 1864, dis. September 10, 1864. Robert Cary, Company I, 99th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. July 8, 1862, dia. October 13, 1864. Otho Collier, Company D, 100th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. July 18, 1862, djs. June 18, 1865. Frederick Conrad, Company K, 25th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. January 22, 1864, dis. May 26, 1865. Cabin-boy James Conway, United Statea Reg. ship., e. February, 25, 1864, dis. May 12, 1865. William Cooper, Company F, 68th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. De- cember 8, 1863, dis. July 10, 1865. Sergeant James F. Crandall, Company A, 52d Ohio Volunteer In- fantry, e. August 15, 1861, dis. December 25, 1868. David Creek, Company E, 14th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. Sep- lember 12, 1861, dis. July 11, 1865. Lyman Critchfield, Company K, 21st Ohio Volunteer Infantry, c. April 12, 1862, dis. June 9, 1865. F. C. Culloy, Company F, 8th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. May, 1861, dis. February, 1868. Sergeant Baxter Davis, Company I, 2d Ohio Volunteer Cavalry, e. December 12, 1862, dis. October 3, 1865. John Davis, Company D, 100th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. July 30, 1862, dia. May 20, 1865. Sergeant Solomon Deamer, Company D, 100th Ohio Volunteer In- fantry, c. April 28, 1861, dia. June 25, 1865. Sergeant George W. Deatrick, Company E, 102d Ohio Volunteer Infantry, o. July 31 1862, dis. June 30, 1865. Feter Dickman, Company A, United States iMarines, e. August 13, 1862, dia. January 18, 1866. Franklin Duck, Company D, lUOth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. July 20, 1862, dis. June 20, 1865. Washington Duford, Company 1, 17th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. August 11, 1862, dis. July 1, 1863. 186 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. Sergeant Orlando Dyarman, Company E, Veteran Reserve Corps, e. April 1(5, 1861, dis. June 4, 1864. Corporal 0. F. Ensign, Company C, 128tli Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. .July 7, 1863, dis. July 13, 1865. Lewis Ferris, Company F, 48th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. Feb- ruary 15, 1862, dis. October 17, 1863. Sergeant John B. Fisher, Company C, 8th Ohio Volunteer Cavalry, e. January 5, 1864, dis. July 30, 1865. John 0. Fisher, Company E, 31st Illinois Volunteer Infantry, e. September 30, 1864, dis. May 31, 1865. Sergeant RoUin Fisher, Company B, McLaughlin Ohio Volunteer Cavalry, e. November 19, 1861, dis. June 7, 1865. Second Lieut. Johnson Foot, Company F, 111th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. August, 1862, dis. June, 1865. William H. Francisco, Comp.any F, 148th New York Volunteer In- fantry, K. August 29, 1862, dis. June 17, 1865. Henry Generick, Company G, 38th Ohio Veteran Volunteer In- fantry, e. September 11, 1861, dis. July 12, 1865. David Gleason, Company D, 14th Ohio Veteran Volunteer In- fantry, e. April 16, 1861, dis. July 16, . Paul E. L. Hager, Compsfny G, Veteran Reserve Corps, e. July 28, 1862, dis. 1865. Corporal J. I. Hale, Company K, 4th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. April 19, 1861, dis. March 12, 1863. Hiram Hawk, Company F, 38ihOhio Veteran Volunteer Infantry e. February 10, 1864, dis. July 12, 1865. Michael J. Hawk, Company I, 78th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. October 18, 1864, dis. June 12, 1865. Capt. B. F. W. Hawkins, Company 11, 132dOhio National Guards, e. May 2, 1SG4, dis. September 24, 1864. Corporal James ^Y. Henderson, Company G, 38th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. September 7, 1861, dis. July 12, 1865. George Hooker, Company H, 1st Ohio Volunteer Light Artillery, c. August 5, 1862, dis. June 14, 1865. Wilson S. Hufford, Company D, 100th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. August 4, 1862, dis. June 25, 1865. Lewis Jaynes, Company B, 68th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. Oc- - tober, 1862, dis. December 9, 1865. Conrad Kale, Company K, 3d Ohio Volunteer Cavalry, e. Decem- ber 12, 1863, dis. August 14, 1865. George W. Killey, Company F, 9th Ohio Volunteer Cavalry, t. February 10, 1864, dis. July 18, 1865. Corporal Albert W. King, Company D, lOOth Ohio Volunteer In- fantry, e. July 17, 1862, dis. May 20, 1865. Charles Klinefelter, Company A, 148th Illinois Volunteer Infant- ry, e. February 4, 1865, dis. September 22, 1865. Samuel W. Rosier, Company B, 2d Indiana Volunteer Light Ar- tillery, e. August 30, 1861, dis. October 12, 1865. William A. Kraft, Company B, 68lh Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. February 29, 1864, dis. July 10, 1865. Henry Kuhl, Company E, 19th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, c. April 24, 1861, dis. August 28, 1861. Sergeant E. N. Lewis, 1st Indiana Battery, e. October 22, 1861, dis. February 29, 1864. John Lewis. F. A. B. Lowe, Company K, 12th Massachusetts Infantry, e. May 9, 1861, dis. March 16, 1863. Corporal Edniond R. Mallett, Company E, 130th Ohio N.afional Guards, e. May 2, 1864, dis. September, 1864, Isaac M.isden, Company G, 163d Ohio National Guards, e. May 2, 1864, dis. September 10, 1804. Henry Miller, Company G, 38lh Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. Jan- uary 29, 1864, dis, .July 12, 1865. John I. Miller, Company G, 38th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. Jan- uary '-"I, 1864, dis. April 20, 1864. George Mollenkopp, Company F, 9th Ohio Volunteer Cavalry, e. December 15, 1863, dis. July 15, 1865. William Mosher, 16th Ohio Battery, e. August 10, 1861, dis. March 21, 1862. William S. JlcClary, Company C, 99th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. August 1, 1862, dis. June 20, 1865. Corporal David McCollister, Company G', 81sfc Ohio Volunteer In- fantry, e. August 23, 1862, dis. July 13, 1865. John 0. McNabb, Company F, 129th Indiana Volunteer Infantry, e. July 11, 1861, dis. August 29, 1865. David Naveau, Company E, 130th Ohio National Guards, e May 2, 1864, dis. September 23, 1864. Lester Newton, Company K, 169th Ohio National Guards, e, May 2, 1864, dis. September 4, 1864. George OUinger, Company D, 100th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. August 5, 1862, dis. May 26, 1865. First Lieut. William Palmer, Company B, 68th Ohio Volunteer In- fantry, e. April 16, 1861, dis. July 10, 1865. Corporal George Partee, Company E, 14tli Ohio Volunteer In- fantry, e. August 21, 1861, dis. August 4, 1865. Corporal Joseph Partee, Company F, 48lh Ohio Volunteer In- fantry, e. November 17, 1861, dis. May 9, 1866. Corporal 0. W. Partee, Company F, 48th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. November 9, 1861, dis. December 2, 1864. Corporal Conrad Phiester, Company F, 130th t)hio National Guards, e. .May 2, 1864, dis. September 22, 1864. William Henry R,alston, Company K, 21st Ohio Volunteer In- fantry, e. April 24, 1861, dis. August 12, 1861. Capt. David Benton, Company G, 38th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. August, 1861, dis. July, 1865. George N. Rice, Company H, 82d Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. No- vember 22, 1861, dis. January 2, 1865. Serge.int John E. Richardson, Company F, 48lh Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. October 26, 1861, dis. January 7, 1865. Second Lieut. L. W. Richardson, Company G, 68th Ohio Volun- teer Infantry, e. April 19, 1861, dis. January 12, 1865. Sergeant John Richholt, Company K, 2d Ohio Volunteer Cavalry e. November 14, 1862, dis. May 12, 1865. Corporal Simon Ridennour, Company C, 183d Ohio Volunteer In- fantry, e. November 14, 1863, dis. July 17, 1865. Luther H. Roberson, Company B, 68th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. April 24, 1861, dis. July 10, 1865. James Romine, Company K, 25th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. September 12, 1864, dis. .July 15, 1865. Henry Rothenberger, Company G, 38th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. February 1, J 864, dis. July 12, 1865. John Schuerman, Company K, 9th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. May 27, 1861, dis. July 14, 1864. Uriah Shaiteeu, Company D, 100th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, b. July 29, 1862, dis. June 20, 1865. Stephen M. Shirley, Company H, 25th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. September 12, 1864, dis. August 15, 1865. Benjamin Sliupp, Company I, 1st Michigan Infantry, e. Septem- ber 3, 1862, dis. November 9, 1865. Sergeant Peter Sieren, Company B, 68th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. April 18, 1861, dis. July 10, 1865. Henry Smiek, Company G, 38th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, c. July 15, 1804, dis. June 1, 1865. Sergeant George M. Schmidt, 3d Independant Company, Ohio Volunteer Cavalry, v. July 4, 1861, dis August 28, 1862. William L. Soala, Company H, 8th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, u. April, 1801, dis. June, 1H65. Major Benjamin F. Southworth, llllh Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. Angu.st 9, 1862, dis. June 21, 1865. George T. Squires. HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. 187 Daniel Stephens, Company G, ISHI.li Ohio Volunteer Veteran In- fantry, e. September 1, 1861, dis. July V2, Igfif). (Jorpornl M. B. Stevena, Company L, 10th New Vork Artillery, e. December 29, 18(J3, dig. June :!0, 1806. James A. Stoner, Company E. 14lh Ohio Volunteer Infanli-y, e February 28, 1864, dis. July 11, 18IJ5. Scr;i;caiit John W. Stoner, Company T, I'JClh Ohio Volunteer In- fantry, 0. Auguat, 1801, (lis. Miiy '2f>, ISO'). Christopher Surrenner, Company C, 8th Ohio Volunteer Infantry p. June 1, 1801, dis. June '27, 1805. ' .l.'iuics W. Towiisley, Company U, 150th lliiuois Voliineer In- fantry, e. January :;0, 1805, ili'. January 10, 1860. Sorgoant >fatlianiel Vanilusen, (Jompany E, lllth Ohio Voliinli'iT InfaTitry, o. August 11, 180'2, dis. June 27, 180.5. Alvara Vanskiver, Company F, 48th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. January 17, 1804, dis. August 3, 1865. Michael Vanvlorrth. 'I'homas It. Wade. .lolin Widmer, Compsmy G, riSih Oliio Volunteer Infantry, e. Jan- uary 24, 1804, dis. July 12, 1805. baniel VV. White, Company K, 38th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. February 17, 1804, dig. .luly 12, 1805. Sersoani Amos VV. Whilnoy, Congpany K, lOlli United Slates In- fuitry, 0. October 8, 180'), Jis. Deoembi r 31, 18 17. Musician George A. Wdliams, l^ompany F, 48th Oliio Volunteer Infantry, e. October 19, 1801, dis. April 20. 1806. Corporal J. 1). Willihinson, Company IT, llOih Pennsylvania He- serve Corps, f. April 27, 1861, dis. June 10, 1805. Francis M. Wing, Company C, 87th Ohio Volunieer Infantry, e. June 4, 1802, dis. October 1, 1802. Jiimes Winterstein, Company B, 36th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. 1801, dig. 1804. Second Lieut. Benjamin B. Woodoox, Company E, lllth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, c. August. 9, 1802, dis. March, 1805. A. B. Woodrulf, Company L, 3d Oliio Volunteer Cavalry, e. Au- gust 20, 1862, dis, March 0, 180.i. Harvey Woods, Company A, 25th Oliio Volunteer Infan'ry, e. October 0, 1804, dis. October 0, 1805. John I. Wordon, tympany I), 142d Indiana Infantry, e. October 12, 1801, dis. July 14, 1805. Musician Warner Wrede, Company K, 107th Ohio Volunteer In- fantry, e. Au-Uit 9, 1802, dis. July 10, 1805. .Soi'gcant Abner Veagov, Comp.auy B, lOOtli Ohio Volunteer In- fantry, p. S ptomber I, 1802, dis. June 20, 1805. (^)rporal Gabriel Venser, Company I, 1st United States Engineers, e. August 21, 1801, dis. September 26, 1805. Joim Zook, Company G, 08th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, e. Jan- uary 13, 1801, dis. July 111, 1805. CHURCHES OP DEFIANCE. METIIOntST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. St. Paul's Methodist Episcopal Church is situated on the corner of Third and Waj-no streets, Defiance, Oiiio. The first Methodist sermon was preached in Defiance in A. D. 1825, by Rev. William Simmons, of Xenia, Ohio. Soon after, a Rev. Mr. Weir also preached in the private house of Mr. Leavell, one of the town proprietors, having among his auditors Messrs. LeavcU, Wasson, YVarren, Dr. John Evans and William C'raig. In 18:^6, Kev. Elias I'ettit, the first regularlj' appointed ^lethodist minister, look charge at Defiance and in the same year organized a small socictj', who built a log church on the lot now occupied by the parsonage. The names of the first members cannot now be found. In 1834, the first Sunday school was organized with four officers and teachers and twenty-three scholars. In 1841, a board of trustees was organized, consisting of J. I'>. Seamans, Thomas Warren, Joseph Taylor, James Ward and Nathan Shirley. June 26, 1841, a new board of church trustees was created, consisting of J. B. Sea- mans, Thomas Warren, James Ward, Isaac Craig and Nathan Shirley, who were instructed to erect a new church, the contract for the building of which they let to J. B. Seamans, of Defiance, at $1,050. The church record goes back to 1832, and gives the following dates and ministers on Defiance Circuit : 1832 and 1833— William Sprague. 1834 — Jacob Marten and John W. Cooley. Defiance Circuit consisted of eleven preaching places as follows: Defiance, Perkins, Bowens, Richardsons, Coys, Hamiltons, Runyans, Banks, Quicks, Snooks and Shirleys; with but one log church which was in Defiance on the lot now occupied by the parsonage. 1835— Peter Sharp and Wesley Brock. 1836 — McKendree Throp and Austin Coleman. 1837 — Sanford C. Parker and Adam Minnis. 1838— Sanford C. Parker and RoUa H. Chub. 1839— J. S. Saxby and W. H. Collins. 1840— Ebeuezer R. Hill. 1841 and 1842— John Brakefleld and Silas D. Sey- more. 1843— Richard Biggs and John S. Kalb. 1844 — John McNabb and C. Johnson. 1845— J. M. Morrow. 1846— W. W. Winter and N. Gunn. 1847— W. S. Lunt and J. M. Wilson. 1848— Samuel Fairchild and T. L. Wait. 1849— Henry Chapman and D. W. Ocker. 1850 — Benjamin Herbert and J. S. Cutler. 1851 — Benjamin Herbert and P. W. A'estican. 1852 and 1853— Thomas Parker and John Froun-. felter. 1S54 — James S. Albright and E. G. Lougsworth. 1855 and 1856— Jacob P. Burkholder. In 1857, Defiance was made a station and Rev. A. B. Poc appointed pastor, and the following ministers have since served the church : Jacob Petgley, S. H. Alder- man, S. S. Barter, D. G. Strong. T. C. Reed, A. Berry, G. Leose, A. J. Pish, S. L. Roberts. In the spring of 1871, the present brick church was commenced and completed in 1873, at a cost of nearly $25,000. The society now numbers 340 members ; the Sunday school, 400 scholars ; officers and teachers, forty. J. P. Butlington, Superintendent ; C. Bronson, Secretary. The records of the church show the following as official members : Rev. C. Weaner, Rev. B. P. Dromer, Rev. L. Tiedeman, J. A. Oreutt, J. P. Buffington, P. Ketten- ing, T. D. Harris, E. P. Aldrich, B. P. Southworth, L. E. Beardsley, C. E. Bronson, J. H. Whittaker, J. W. Childs, 188 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. Mr, Shultz, R. H. Gleason, H. Powell, E. R. Mallet, D. Lehman, J. B. Ulrich, A. F. Harley, Quincy Fair- banks, J. Stoner, A. Finch, Rev. R. Henderson, P. E. Samuel L. Roberts, present pastor, June, 1883. THE FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH OP DEFIANCE, OHIO. The first movement toward the organization of a Presbyterian Church in Defiance was made on the 10th day of August, 1837. A public meeting was called on that day for the purpose of forming an Ecclesiastical Society. Mr. N. B. Adams was called to the chair and Dr. Jonas Colby appointed Secretary. After the notice of the meeting was read, it was resolved that a com- mittee of three persons be appointed to form a consti- tution for said society. The committee consisted of Dr. George W. Craw- ford, Benjamin Brubacher and G. C. Mudgett. Mr. Pierce Evans, John W. Moore and N. B. Adams were appointed a committee to draw a subscription paper, and ascertain how much can be secured for the support of a Presbyterian or Congregational preacher. It was also voted that the above committee confer with Rev. William B. Stowe and ascertain on what con- ditions he may be had as pastor of this society. This meeting then adjourned to meet August 19, at 3 o'clock P. M. It does not seem that anything was done in the mat- ter of organizing the church which was made a matter of record until November 9, when a meeting was held by Rev. William B. Stowe and the names of a number of persons were obtained who were willing to unite in the organization of a Presl)yterian Church. On the 11th day of December, 1837, the church was formally organized by the adoption of the Presbyterian form of government and the election of Elders. The following persons are the original members : Mr. N. B. Adams, Mr. Curtis Holgate, Mr. Joim Whitney- Dr. Jerome Allen, Jlr. (afterward Doctor) Oramel H. Allen, Mr. Sereno Lyman, Mrs. Mary Adams, Mrs. Eliza Holgate, Mrs. Ruth Whitney, Mrs. Sarah Lewis, Mrs Phebe Allen, Mrs. Eliza Brubacher, Mrs, Abijah Thrall, Mrs. Almira P. Moore, Misses Juliette Holgate, Bcts}' A. Daggett and Jliss Eunice Daggett, Mrs. Hannah Goodyear and Mrs. Parker. Mr, Nathaniel B. Adams and Mr. Curtis Holgate were chosen Elders, and Mr. Sereno Lyman was chosen Clerk. Religious services were first held in the court house, the first brick building built in the town, which is still standing on Lot 58, the lot adjacent to the one now occupied by our present house of worship, and is used as a dwelling house by Henry Hard}', Esq., althis time. This old court house was the place where all schools were kept, and in which meetings of all kinds were held. It has been rendered historic from the fact that in it, about the year 1839, Morrison R, Waite, the present Chief Justice ol' the United States, made his first .speech before a court of record, and we may add in this connection that William C. Holgate, of our city, also made his first appearance in court in this case, as the opposing counsel. The church was under the pastoral care of the Rev. W. B. Stowe until the spring of 1839, and enjoyed a reasonable degree of prosperity during his pastorate, a number of accessions being made to the church during this time. Mr. Stowe, on account of ill health, closed his labors on the 31st of March, 1839. January 15, 1840, Curtis Holgate, August 9, 1843, Nathaniel B. Adams, the first two Elders departed this life. December 11, 1840, the church invited the Rev. E. R. Tucker to be- come their pastor. Mr. Tucker accepted the call and was accordingly ordained and installed pastor on the 9th day of v^uly, 1841. Mr. Tucker proved to be a man of earnest piety, and a devoted pastor. For twenty years he fulfilled the office to which he had been called with great fidelitj'. When he took charge of this con- gregation, the nearest Presbj'terian Church was man^' miles distant, and he often had to travel fifteen or twenty miles on foot to attend funerals and perform other pastoral duties. It was through his exertions, supported by a few members, that the meeting house was built. While here, he declined a professorship in the University of Ohio at three times his salary as preacher. Twenty j-ears of toil broke down his consti- tution, and soon after he retired to his old home in the East, and died at Newburyport, Mass., in January, 1861. At the time of Mr Tucker's call, the church was very weak in means ; onl} from ^60 or $70 a year being raised for the support of the pastor in the church and congrega- tion for several 3'ears. Eliza Holgate, widow of Curtis Holgate, deceased, contributed about one-half of this amount, and boarded Mr, Tucker, then unmarried, being a young man of some twenty-one years of age, at $] a week, Mrs. N. B. Adams also boarded Mr. Tucker about two years, at same price per week. The congregation worshiped for some time in a room in a frame building known as the " Gray House," that had been used as a hotel, and that stood on Lot 44, the site of the residence of the late William Carter, de- ceased ; afterward, in a building on the corner of Clinton and Front streets. This was an upper room of a struct- ure then occupied as a drug store by Dr. 0. H. Allen. The building is now used as an agricultural warehouse. The limited means of the church at this time was really not much greater, comparatively', than that of the town and couiitrj' in those days. There was scarcely any money in it. The chief business currency was " county orders," rated at 50 and 60 cents on the dollar ; '■ canal due bills," issued by contractors then building the canal, rated at same price (for the bonds of the State were no higher) ; " wolf-scalp orders," coon and deer skins. It was deemed by some strange that J\lr. Tucker should so patiently and perseveringly re- main and work with so small a pittance for a salary, but it was stranger still that he should have conceived HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 189 the idoa, in tlic close times ami uiidor tlic straitened circumstances I refer to, of securing the lot and the erection of the large and commodious edilice which tiio church now occuijies. But Mr. Tucker started this then great enterprise I'or tlie church and sncei'cded in carr}'- ing it tlirough. He hud a few zealous assistants; of these I will now name Mrs. l<]liza Brubaclier, Mrs. Eliza Uolgate and Or. (). II. Allen. Mrs. |(]liza llol^ate, wliom. we have already mentioned, gave most of the lot on which the building is situatiul. Mrs. Ilolgate died De- cember 27, 1851. Two of her ciiildren, Mrs. E. G. Wil- ley and Mrs. K. P. Hooker, are now living at Defiance, and raember.M and regular attendants of the eliurch. The frame of this church was very heavy timber, put up by David L. Oliver, deceased, one of the best of car- penters, who was the first husband of Mrs. Moon, now living in our citj'. It stood several years without being weather-boarded. To assist Mr. Tucker in carrying through his enterprise, Mrs. Eliza Brubaclicr, about this time, organized the first sewing society in the church, and at one of the gatherings of this society, on the com- pletion of a quilt, being asked what they were going to do with it, the ladies replied, " We are going to cover the church with it." Some assistance was also received from abroad. Mr. Tucker was a man of solid attain- ments and earnest piety, and enjoyed the confidence of every one while he remained resident of Defiance. He resigned the pastorate in 18(10, and shortly afterward re- moved to Newbury port, Mass., where ho soon after died. After Mr. Tucker's death, the church was under the ministerial charge of Rev. J. P. Stockton, now of West Unity, Ohio, for one year. Mr. Stockton was succeeded by the present pastor. Rev. B. W. Slagie, in August, 18G-!. Mr. Slagie served as stated supply until July 11, 1870, when he received a call to become the sctiled pastor, and, accepting the call, he was regular 1}- installed on the 11th of September, 1870, which position he still holds. During the present pastorate, tlie church has grown steadily in numbers and has enjoyed several prec- ious revivals of religion, in one of which the [jastor was assisted by Rev. II. II. Wells, the resnk of which was an accession of about fifty |)ersons to the communion of tli<^ church. The church building has undergone great modifica- tions and improvements since its erection, the latest of which was made under the supervision of Mr. D. B. Turnbull, who constructed a recess at the rear of the church for the reception of a fine pipe organ, built by Steere & Turner, of Springfield, Mass. This addition also secured a study for the pastor, and an infant class room for the Sabbath school. • The audience room was also improved by the alteration of the windows, the pa- pering of the walls and ceiling of the church, the intro- duction of new seats, carpeting, and heating apparatus, etc., until they now have as neat and tasteful a house of worship as they could desire. The church and congre- o-ation are now in a flourishing condition, with a member- ship of at least 150 in good and regular standing, and a Sabbath school about equal in numbers. The officers of the church consist of the following : Rev. Bernard W. Slagie, pastor ; Elders— Messrs. E. ]' Hooker, P. W. Colby, L. G. Thacker, M. D., Thomas R. Carroll ; Trustees— Messrs. I). 1>. Turnbull, George W. Dcatriek, Dr. L. G. Thacker, Thomas R. Carroll ; Mr. Krank G. Brown, le;i)est flouring mills ui Ohio, and said to be the second richest man in Defiance. ST. ,M.\RY'S CATHOLIC CIIUllCII. ilV UK\'. M. p. KlMiEAl). ( )ur Lady of Perpetual Help Congregation was opened in the year !S7:i. Up to that time, all Catholics in Defiance and the immediate viciniiy worshiped in St. John's Church. That edifice being no longer sufficiently large to accommodate the rapidly increasing Catholic population, at the suggestion of the- Rt. Rev. Richard Gilmour, Bishop of the Diocese of Cleveland, the mem- bers came together to decide by vote, either to erect a larger church edifice capable of aflbrding ample facili- ties for all to continue worshiping together as hereto- fore, or to divide and establish an exclusively English- speaking congregation. This latter proposition was the one agreed on, and accordingly the new church was commenced as soon as the necessary preparations were completed. A Building Committee of ten members was appointed, constituted as follows : Adam Wilhelm, John Crowe, J. B. Weisenburger, John Rowe, Michael Gorman, Joseph Haller, Gideon Blanchard, M. B. Gor- man, Jacob Karst and A. A. Grant. The first step was to select a location, and soon afterward about an acre of land was purchased on the corner of Jefferson avenue and Arabella street. The new congregation not yet having received a priest of its own, the building com- mittee were compelled to attend to all the details of pro- viding i)lans for the church, excavating for foundation, raising funds, etc.. etc. By May, 1875, the building was sufficiently far advanced for the laying of the corner-stone, and so rapidly was the work of construc- tion proceeded with that the new church was ready for divine service in January, 1 876. Rev. P. P. Mazuret was appointed pastor of the congregation in March, 1875, and remained in charge for twenty-two months. On the fourth of January, 1877, the present pastor. Rev. M. P. Kinkead, succeeded Rev. Mazuret. The se- quel is best told in the words of the Rt. Rev. Bishop Gilmour, who visited Defiance November 10, 1878, to dedicate the church edifice and administer the sacra- ment of confirmation. Writing to the Cathilic Uni'rcrxc of Cleveland, he thus describes the church and his visit : "Last Sunday, at 10 A. M., the Rt. Rev. Bishop dedicated at Defiance, the beautiful new church (Eng" lish) of Our Lady of Perpetual Help ; after mass, in the same church, he confirmed seventy-five well-pre- pared children. " The Church of Our Lady of Perpetual Help is really a beautiful church, bespeaking not only much taste but great liberality on the part of the congrega- tion. It is one hundred and thirty feet long by sixty- wide, and high in |)roportion, with stained-glass win- dows, handsome pews, beautifully frescoed, etc. The lot is one of the finest in Defiance, with a neat parson- age and small schoolhouse. There is yet considerable debt, but with unity in the congregation, and careful management of the finances, the debt will be got through with. There is a good disposition among the people, and the pastor. Rev. Kinkead, has done exceedingly well since his appointment. The church and lot cost about iS35,000, and, when paid for, will be a monument to religion that both pastor and people may be justly proud of. " There was an immense crowd, and the music was very good. This congregation of Our Lady was formed five years ago \>y dividing the St. John's congregation, thus making an English and German congregation. We would recommend as a model the terms of agreement entered into by the old congregation with the new, when thejr separated, and, what is better, the fidelity with which they were kept.'' The congregation, when organized, had a member- ship of some sixtjf-five families, many of whom were prominently identified with Catholic interests from the early daj's of Defiance. There are now about one hun- dred and twenty families. THE FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH OF DEFIANCE, OHIO. The Rev. James French, a missionary sent out by the Baptist Convention of the State of Ohio, to labor in the western part of the State came to Defiance in the earlj- part of the year 1R46, and held a series of meetings, hy which an interest was awakened in the minds of a few, and they were induced to make arrangements to organ- ize a Baptist Church. The first preliminary meeting for the organization. of which there is any record, was held at the residence of James Ward, February 19, 1S4-6, at which seven persons — James Ward, William Clark, Caroline Clark John Winfield, Jane Winfield, Sarah A. Goodson, and Mary A. Stilwell — entered into an agreement to proceed to organize a Baptist Church. On April 15, 1846, the above named, with a number of others completed the organization and called James Ward to be their pastor The next day, he was ordained to the work of the min- istry by a council convened to recognize the church and to ordain the pastor. At a meeting of the church held May 16, 1846, William Clark was elected Deacon, and June 22 of the same year Amos Zellers was chosen Church Clerk. At this meeting, Vaey resolved to unite 1U2 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. with lliu iMiiumeu Baptist Assoeiatioii, and instructed the clei'li to prei)are a letter to be presented to that bod}' at its next session, and appointed James Ward, William Clark, John Winfield and Amos Zellers dele- gates to the -association. At this time they reported twent^'-two members to the association. Mr. Ward re- mained with the church as pastor onl_y a few months, and the}' were without one for about a year and a half. In May, 1848, Rev. H. P. Stilwell commenced labor- ing with the church one-half his time as pastor, and continued to do so till Blay, 1853. During his ministry, the church became an incorporate I)ody by a special act of the Legislature of the State of Ohio, passed March 22, 1850, with the corporate name of " The First Baptist Clmrchin the Town of Defiance " (see local laws of the State of Ohio, Vol. XLVIII, for 1848-50). It was also during his ministry they built the first house of worship ; it was dedicated May 2, 1852. In the latter part of November, 1853, Rev. Amos Pratt became pastor, and remained till the next April. Soon after BIr. Pratt left the house was rented to the Board of Education for school purposes, and was used for such purposes about two years. In March, 1855, Rev. William Branch settled as pas- tor and remained one year. In April of this year, Calvin B. West, by a council convened with the church, was ordained to the work of the ministry to labor as an Evangelist and soon after started to Oregon, but died on the way. In May, 1857, Rev. J. C. Armstrong became pastor, and remained till December, 1858. During his minis- try, the church enjoyed considerable prosperity and in- creased in numbers so that when he left it had forty-six members. For the next two years, the church had no pastor and made but little, if any, progress in growth or usefulness. In December, 1860, Rev. J. 11. Barker became pas- tor, and remained till September, 1862. During his pastorate, the country was in high state of excitement caused by the Southern rebellion, and in consequence of this but little, if anything, was accomplished in church work. After Mr. Barker left, the church had no minis- terial labor, but occasional visits from the associational missionary, till Marcii 1, 1866, when W. V. Thomas set- tled as pastor. At this time the church had but twenty- one members, and only about half of them in town. It was poor, financially, and the house of worship very much out of repair. During his first year's labor, the house was repaired and refurnished, and some progress made. In 1869, the church enjoyed a precious revival, which resulted in an addition of about thirty members. There continued a steady growth in the membership and financial strength till the 1st of May, 1873, when Mr. Thomas resigned and left. Rev. J. H. Sedgwick settled as pastor June 1, 1873, and remained only one year. In August, 1874, Rev. A. Von Putkamer became pastor and remained till August, 1876. During his pastorate, the parsonage was built, and some repairs made on the church property. After Mr. Von Putkamer left, the church was without a pas- tor till April, 1877, when W. V. Thomas, the present pas- tor, settled with the church the second time. At this time, the membership was reduced to about fifty, and a small debt upon the property. During the first year's labor, the debt was paid and some progress made. In the winter of 1879-80, the church enjoyed another re- vival, by which it received an addition of about thirty- five members. The next year the house of worship was repaired and enlarged, and there has been a steady growth in numbers and etHciency up the present time. The present membership is one hundred, and a large proportion of them are young people. The records of the church are defective in many par- ticulars, and especially in giving the membership of the church from time to time, and their financial condition and progress. From the minutes of the Maumee Baptist Association, I learn the increase in membership has been slow. In their first report to that body, in 1846, they reported twenty-two members, and the increase the first ten years was only one, reporting twenty -three mem- bers to the association in 1866. The largest number of members reported any year during the first ten years was twenty-nine, in 1854. The increase during the second decade of their existence was two, reporting twenty-five members to the association in 1866, and the largest number reported any year during the decade was forty- six, in 1858. The increase during their third decade was thirty-one, reporting fifty-six members to the asso- ciation in 1876. The largest reported any year during the decade was sixty-five, in 1871, and the same in 1872. The increase from 1876 to 1880 was forty-five, reporting 101 members to the association in 1880. There has been received into the church by baptism, 124 ; by experience, 36 ; by letter, 126 ; unknown (that is, the record does not state how), 7, making a total of 293. Of this number, 107 have been dismissed by letter, 30 have died, 52 have been excluded, and 7 unknown (probably they have left the phice and their names dropped from the record), making a total of 196, leaving 97 members to-day, June 1, 1883. GERMAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. • The congregation of the German Methodist Episcopal Church of Defiance was formed in A. D. 1850, services previous to this being held in the school room. Defi- ance at that time was part of an extensive missionary field served by Methodist preachers. In 1857, Rev. Frederick Ruff, of the Central German Conference, was stationed on the West Unity Circuit, to which belonged many appointments. Defiance being one of them. The names of the official members of the M. E. Congrega- tion at Defiance at this time were as follows ; Hermann Iding and A. Schmidt, Local Preachers ; Phillip Thor- inSTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 193 loiter, Class Louder; 11. KuLlciirini;-, Trustee. The numlicr of members at that time wa.s flftcen, viz.: H- [(ling, A. Schmidt, A. Ketteiiriug, Frederick Gonrich, Margaret Schiilz, Fredcu-ielc Kalilo, John Hanzel and Carrie, iiis wile, (Jeorge Young and Eliza, his wife, Daniel Woli; Frederieli Guthniau, L'hilip Thorreiter, Mrs. Ocnrich and Mrs. UoU'man. The lour last named are dead. Tlie claims I'or tlie support of the minister were $200. Thi^ eliurcli, which was located on Wayne street, was built under the administration of the above named pastor in A. 1). 1857, at a cost of |7()(), and was (jaid for on the day of consecration. The lot cost!|300. The bell was presented afterward by the i'resl)ytorian congregation. Tlie parsonage was built in A. 1). 1860, under the administration of lie v. J. Braun, at a cost of ^300. At tlie present time (1888), J. Uoser is pastor in charge ; has a circuit ot two appointments — South Ridge and Deliance — with a membership of about 150 ; and the Sabbaih school numbers about the same, in- cluding scholars and teachers, and superintended by C. Krenkel and Frederick Demland. H. Tding, Daniel and FJias lloscr, Local Preachers ; Christopher Miller, Ex- hortcr ; 11. Thorreiter, Rudolph Dickmann and Fred- erick Demland, Class Leaders ; C. Geiger, Register ; William l[offmann, (Jeorge Young, Joseph Kahlo, Ru- dolph Dickmann and Frederick Demland, Trustees. The value of the church property at Deflanco, accord- ing to the minutes of the yearly conference in 1880, cliurch (frame) $2,000 ; parsonage (frame), $1,000. (IIIACK KI'lSOOPAIi CUUllCII. The lirst Episcopal service hold in Deflauce was in November, 1851, by Rev. Dr. Walbridge, of Toledo. Rev. David Barker, of Maumee City, visited Defiance four times during the year 1855. Rev. Moses Hamilton hold sor\'ices for about six months in 1857 — residing at Napoleon — visiting Deli- ance alternate Sundays. Rev. Edward Winthroi), of Manmec City, held serv- ices in Deliance once a month for one yi;ar in 1857-58. Iiev. Mr. Jukes oUiinated here several times. .May 1, 1S55, " (xrat'o Church " Parish was organ- ized. The first vestry xvas Jacob J. Greene, John W. McKim, William Shelliold, Hciu-y M. Clark and Alexan- der Backus. After 1858, for more than fifteen years, no services weri! held, and the parish " lapsed." Services were again held in 1870, by Rev. A. X. Gorrell, then residing at Hicksville — at first once a month, and afterward on alternate Sundays, and with such eucouragemcnt that the present brick church, a lu-at, convenient and churchly building, was erected ; consecrated by .Bishop Bedell, assisted by a number of clergymen, April 11, 1878. Communicants, 70 ; average attendance of the Sun- day school, 45. Rev. George S. May is the present minister — since December, 1880. Trustees and acting vestry : J. J. ( rrecne, J. J Jarvis (Wardens), Elmer White, C. J. Chcnovert, Charles Seymour and W. D. Hill. In addition to the above statement of facts con- nected with the growth and development of the F]pisco- pal Churcli in Defiance, it may be proper to add that during the year 1881 the trustees have erected upon the church lot, immediately under the shadow of the church, a large and convenient rectory, costing $4,000. The increase in the number of communi- cants indicates a just appreciation of the church and. her services. The zeal and earnestness of those who were the founders of the work richly deserve to be commended. The future of the parish is assured. GERMAN EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN ClIUROU. In the fall 1845 came Rev. August Friedrich Knape, of Port Wayne, Ind.,.to Independence, a small hamlet four miles below the town of Defiance, situated on the Maumee River. He, with his family, made the journey by canal-boat. He was then following a call from a small congregation near New Bavaria, in Henry County, Ohio, on the so-called South Ridge, several miles south- east of Defiance. In the following years after Rev. Knape had settled down among his congregation, he was frequently called to Defiance from the few Ger.Tian Lutherans, who then resided in town and its vicinity, to preach to them the Gospel and perform such other rites as are customary in said church, as the baptizing of infants, etc. However, at this time a regular church could not be established yet, but there was a constitution drawn up and signed b}' man}' of those Lutherans who lived at the time in Defiance and vicinitj'. The signatures are : A. F. Knape, their minister ; Martin Viebach, Valentine Stork and wife, Catharine Stork, B. Kornbaum and wife, Elizabeth Kornbaum, John Grass and wife, Barbara Grass, Frederick Stork, John Stork, Frank Roegner. Louis Bremer and wife, Barbara Bremer, Peter Bremer, Conrad Peter, Adam Bruman, Carl Voigt, Julius Dolke, George Hechler and wife, Catharine Hechler, Philip Stork and wife, Susanna Stork, Catharine i^linzlin, Maria Kornbaum, Elizabeth Koenig, Dorothea Schlagman, Sophia Hase, Elizabeth Bauman, Maria German, Rebecca German and Anna Eizabeth Thalen, Many of the above named are not now living. It seems that this constitution was but of short duration, for as the document bears no date, it cannot be said, with cer- tainty, at what time it was drawn up, but may be as- sumed that it was about the year 1849. The original of the same is retained in the congregation. Rev. Knape at this time served the congregation no more from the South Ridge as formerly, but from the North 194 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. Ridge in Adams Township, wliere be lived upon his farm situated near Ridgeville Comers. It also appears that Rev. Knape served said congregation no longer than the year 1850. It so happened that in 1850 several Lutheran families from the so-called " Altmark," in Prussia, arrived and settled at Defiance and the mem- bership was thereby enlarged. On the morning of the 19th day of August, 1850, at 9 o'clock A. M., the congregation convened. The members present were twenty-one in number, and there and then elected a board of trustees. The persons elected were ; Christian Hess, with six- teen, and Martin Viebach, with sixteen votes, for Trustees, and A'alentine Stork, with thirteen, and Edward Korn- baum, with seventeen votes, for Elders. It is to be sup- posed that this was the first set of oiHcers that was ever elected in this congregation. The congregation from this time on grew continually in number, so that in the year 1851 the members thereof called upon the Rev. Adam Detzer, at this time living in Williams County, Ohio, to pay them a visit and deliver a sermon, to which he responded. On the 29th day of Maj' in the same year. Rev. Detzer was, in a regular meeting, chosen by sixteen men to be henceforth their minister. This is reallj' the time from whence may- be dated the founding of a German Evangelical Lutheran Church in Defiance, Ohio. After Rev. Detzer had accepted the call of the 29th day of May, 1851, he was, on the 3d day of August, 1851, solemnly installed (ordained) by Rev. Trautman, of Adrian, Mich. On the morning when this important transaction should take place, the congregation had yet no place where to assemble. The schooliiouse west of the Ger- man Catholic Church, which was frequently used by them as its place of meeting, was at this time occupied by some other denomination and could not be had. Finally the members found an old house on Water street (nicknamed Smoky road) which was uninhabited, and in a short time it was furnished with the necessary seats, made of old boards, sufficiently to accommodate the congregation. On the 24th day of liugust, 1851, shortly after the regular founding of said church, the voting memljers elected their first church council : namely, Valentine Stork, Charles Warneke, Isaac Frank, Martin Viebach, John (irass, Charles Kahlo, Sr., and Christian Iless. As the congregation from this time on kept increas- ing, plans were resolved upon to find a place whereon to build a church, and in 1852 it was able to purchase a lot situated on the banks of the Auglaize River for S75. The lot was purchased of Mr. J. D. Phillips, of Dayton, Ohio. In the year 1S53, the members commenced alreadj- with the erection of a frame church, and the whole work went on favoraljly. The heavy timbers for the building were gratuitously furnished by members of the church. The contract for building the church was taken by D. Oliver. Rev. Detzer at this time lived in Fulton County, Ohio, among a Lutheran congrega- tion, near Archibald, Ohio, and from thence tendered his services to both this and the one there, manj' a time traveling the long way of twentj'-oue miles on foot, in mud and water. The roads in those daj-s were anything but good, and were almost impassable, so that toward the end of June, 1853, he moved to 'Defiance. From this time on he was a resident of Defiance till the spring of 1873. Early in the summer of 1854, the church was com- pleted, which is a building forty-five feet long by thirty- one feet wide, and on the 9th day of July, 1854 — a verj' pleasant summer day — it was solemnly dedicated to the service of God. Prof Cramer, then living in Fort Wayne, conducted the services in the morning before a crowded house, and Rev. Detzer preached in the evening of the same daj'. The author remembers very well the services of the day, and the singing of hymns of praise and thanksgiving by the congregation, accompanied by a band of musicians. It was a daj- not to be forgotten in the history of a church. The congregation, in its efforts of building this church, was aided by many American friends, and likewise by its Catholic neighbors, among whom are noted Messrs. C. H. Ronton, W. C. Holgate, J. J. Greene, W. A. Brown, E. F. Lindenberger, Frank Weisenburger, Adam Wil- helm and many others. The congregation at this time had many difficulties to compete with, for manj' of its members were, with the exception of a few, new beginners, and, it may be said, poor. Many of them had enough to do to supply them- selves with their necessaries. Rev. Detzer traveled around in a circuit by Fort Waj'ne and made collections among his Lutheran friends. Finallj' this was all over- come, with the help of God, and in the year 1856 the congregation built a parsonage. Rev. Detzer took possession of his new quarters on the 8th day of Sep- tember, 1856. On the 1 2tli day of May, 1856, the congregation con- vened in its new church, and on motion of Mr. August Dolke, Mr. John Buehneman was appointed chairman of the meeting. After Mr. Dolke had made known the object of said meeting, its members adopted a constitu- tion in conformitj' with the laws of the State of Ohio. The principles laid down in said document have been . adhered to by the congregation until this day, as a guide to regulate its affairs. The name given to this church in the constitution is " St. John's Church" of the German Evangelical Lu- theran St. John's Congregation unaltered Augsburg Confession, of Defiance and vicinity. The names of those that signed this document are ; Adam Detzer, Secretary ; Jo) n Buehneman, President ; Wolfgang Rocdel, Julius Dolke, John Buehneman, Mar- tin Wiebach and Charles Warneke, Trustees. In addi- tion thereto, it is signed by a few other members, as HISTORY OF DEPIANCK COUNTY. 195 llonry Fritsclii', John Koi'uii;-, August Dolke, Joachim Mui'llcr uud Christian Ik'.ss. In tiic yuar 18G() or ISCI, the church was furnished with a nice bfll. whose cliiuic lias called many a Chris- tian to the services, and to many already dead it has tolled their last farewell. in the fall of 18G4, the congregation was strong enough to i)nt a pipe-organ in its church. The organ cost $1136, and was built by a man in Chicag(j by the nam(i of Wolfruni. It is an excellent piece of work, and when its tunes acconii)any the congregation singing its beautiful liynins, the hearts are drawn upon high. In the year 18G7, the congregation bought a piece of [iroperty containing four lots, situated in one the handsomest locations of the town, from Mr. II. C. Bou- ton, for $800, which was finally paid for by the remain- ing members. Since the 1st day of June, 1867, these lots are the propcrt}' of this congregation. The congregation at this time may be said to have been in its greatest bloom; when, all at once, Satan cast his seeds of discontent into its midst. In the be- ginning, these difiiculties, existing principally between Rev. Detzer and a few members, were mutually settled ; but the old enemy was not satisfied therewith, until, by and l)y, the matter took such a shape that it became necessary to call upon the Revs. Sihler and Stubnatzi, of Fort Wayne, to act as arbitrators. Revs. Sihler and Stncbnatzi accepted the invitation, and the investigation took place in Februarj', 1870. The meeting commenced early in the afternoon, many mem- bers being present, and continued till after midnight, without anj- favorable result. The consequence was> tliat many, being dissatisfied, separated from the old congregation and are so till this daj'. From this time on there existed two Crcrman Lutheran congregations in Defiance ; the old one, incorporated with the Missouri Synod, and the new one, after there came a minister from the Iowa Synod, hold to the last named. Now, tlie old congregaliion was greatly' reduced in number, but in a short time received strength again, so that in the same year (1870) it commenced building a brick schoolhouse. The house was completed the same year, and cost $1,15:), whicli is paid a long time ago. Iu'\'. Petzer tendered his services not alone to the congregation in Defiance, but also to one on the South Ridge, and a few others somewhere else, so that many times he had to be absent. The congregation of Defiance beginning to insist upon having regular services ex'cry Siuiday forenoon, and he being all alone, could not very well do it. It was now resolved by both congregations to call for an assistant, and the two sbonld preach alter nately. The synod, who was called upon to send an assistant suitable for this post, sent an excellent young man by the name of W. T. B. Langc. He arrived about the 20th of August, 1871, and accepted the position unilermany congratulations from the congregation. The congregation had now two ministers, and pretty soon there were also two parties. One part preferred Rev. Detzer, the other Rev. Lange, and as Rev. Detzer. being the oldest minister, claimed the preference in ad- ministering the customary rites of said church, Rev. Lange felt himself degraded. It became necessary that the ballot should decide which of them should have the miuistr}- in Defiance. On the 23(1 da}' of June, 1872, at a regular meeting, the ballots were cast, and Rev. Lange was elected by seven majority. At the close'of this same meeting, the discon- tented members gave vent to their dissatisfaction, and blamed the congregation in general, that Rev. Detzer was not treated in a Christian-like manner, whereupon Rev. Lange revoked the transaction, and afterward ac- cepted a call from a congregation at Valparaiso, Ind., who had called upon him prior to this njeeting. The congregation of Defiance had now no minister at all. Rev. Detzer being voted out, and Rev. Lange would not accept the position. This was the close of Rev. Detzer's labors in Defiance, after toiling faithfully in this congregation over twentj'-one years. Rev. Det- zer was asked to serve the congregation till the follow- ing September. Immediately after this perilous meeting, on the 23d day of June, 1872, the congregation requested Rev. Stubnatzi, in Fort Wayne, to propose a minister suit- able for this post. Rev. Stuebnatzi proposed Prof. R. Lange, of Fort Wayne, and who was, on the 14th of July, 1872, called upon. Rev. R. Lange accepted the call, and in September, 1872, was installed liy Rev. Stuebnatzi. The rejoicings wore now without bounds, to have a minister whose services should be exclusively tendered to this congregation ; but it did not con- tinue long, for on the self-same day, when installed, after services were closed, he presented a call from Cincinnati to the congregation. It was not hearkened to; however, it was a poor omen. After this, he received other calls from other places, off and on, so that finally the congre- gation resolved to let him off. He was the minister of this place for the short period of three months. The congregation was again without a minister, and was compelled to search for some other man. At a meeting on the 17th of November, 1872, the members resolved to call upon Rev. C. F. Steinbach; he, however, for reasons of his own and his congregation, did not accept the call. On the 8th day of December, 1872, the members convened again, and this time resolved to call upon Rev. G-. M. Zucker, of Proviso, Cook Co., 111. Rev. Zucker accepted the call, and, about the middle oj' Jan- uary, 1873, he arrived with his family in Defiance. On the second following Sabbath, he was installed bj- Rev. Lehner. Rev. Zucker has been its pastor, at this writ- ing, over eight years, and God grant that he may serve them many more years. The following summer, about the month of August, the congregation made application to the synod to send 196 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. ;i suitable person to teach its school. It was supplied with a young man by the name of August Krueger. He was yet youug and seemed to have had but little or no experience in teaching and of governing a school, and us he was otherwise of a reckless nature, faults were found, and in the spring of 1874 he handed in his res- ignation. The congregation at first seemed to object to his resignation, Ijut after some deliberation, granted the same. Since that time it has had no teacher, and Hev. Zucker both superinteuds and teaches said school. The congregation, under constant growth, now counts about 100 voting and other members, and thinks itself strong enough to erect a new brick church on one of its four lots. The necessary funds thereto will be raised by subscription among its own members. How large and in what style it shall be built is not yet de- cided. The author in closing this sketch expresses his sincere desire that the growth of this congregation may continue; that the pure word of God may be preached therein in all times to come; and that finally, each and ever}' one, as theu' time will arrive, may land in yonder world, where bliss is everlasting. GERMAN RErORMED CHURCH. History of the German Evangelical Reformed St. John's congregation at Defiance, Ohio. The pioneer work in this congregation was done by Rev. J. 0. viccola in the year 1861, when the services were conducted in the old court house. In 1862, a formal organization was effected, when the following- persons joined the newly formed congregation ; Chris- topher Krcbs, Frank Young, Jacob Mueller, Jacob Wid- mer, Ludwig and John Spangler, J. Geiger, John Hies- ter, Mrs. M. Mueller, IMrs. Heatley, Miss Mary Gorman, etc. In 1864, A. B. Koplin took charge of the congre- gation in connection with another one northwest of Defi- ance, who was succeeded bj' the Rev. H. Daniel in 1866, who from this place engaged in missionary work in I'aulding Count}', Ohio, and succeeded in organizing a congregation in Junction. During this period, difficulties arose which materi- ally retarded the progress of the congregation, and in 1S67 Rev. H. Daniel resigned. Then the congregation remained for years without a pastor. Quite a number of members joined other denominations ; others moved away, and the congregation consequentl}' decreased to a small numl.ier. At this time of discouragement, the following few are among the number who were zealous and fiuthful : Frank Young, Abraham Baum, Rudolph Mueller, John Hicster, Ludwig and John Spangler, Dan- iel and John Widmer, Mrs. M. Mueller, etc., and in spite of discouragements this little flock undertook the build- ing of a house of worship, in the year 1869, on the corner of Fourth and Washington streets. They had no settled minister at this time, but were supplied from time to time by the Rev. H. Wcgert, from New Bavaria, Henry Co., Ohio. In 1871, the congregation succeeded in building a parsonage. In 1873, the congregation again called a regular pastor. Rev. J. B. Poerner, who remained about a year, and was followed by the Rev. C. Pluess, who resigned August 1, 1875, and the church and parsonage were again left empty and the flock again had no leader, a heavy debt also resting upon the church, which the few faithful ones were unable to pa3^ Accordingly the congregation (with the consent of Classis) sold the parsonage, with the lot, having forty- four feet front, to William Lauster, for the sum of $1,- 205. Now things looked less cheerful than ever before. Once more an empty church, no parsonage and no min- ister, even the few faithful ones began to lose courage, and became unwilling to further lend a helping hand. The Rev. D. Zimmerman, at that time missionary agent of the Synod of the Northwest of the German Re- formed Church, visited the congregation on his mission- ary tour now and then ; also Rev. N. Wiers, of Now Bavaria, Henry Co., Ohio, both of whom did all in their power by way of admonition and persuasion to hold at least a few. Finally a suitable man was found for the field, August 1, 1876, in the person of A. K. Heineman, from the theological seminary of the mission house at Franklin, Sheboygan Co., Wis. With an audi- ence of eight persons at public service, he began his labors in this, his first field. On the 8th daj' of August, 1876, Student A. K. Heineman was licensed to preach at a special meeting of Classis, and on the 23d of August of the same year he was ordained to the Gospel ministry by the Revs. C. Schaaf, A. Bolinger, N. Wiers and El- der H. Tons. Meanwhile, the young pastor was steadily at work, and many of the scattered sheep came back again, so that on the 15th day of June, 1878, a second new, well-appearing parsonage stood complete, and that, too, without debt, so that the church property is now worth about $3,000. At this writing the number of com- municant members has already increased to fortj', and the Sunday school has some twenty scholars Rev. Heineman has, besides this city congregation, three oth- ers in the country, viz.: In Florida, Henry Co., Ohio ; Sherwood, Defiance Co., Ohio ; and Junction, Paulding Co., Ohio. The whole charge consists of 203 commu- nicant members and 80 Sundaj' school scholars. The members are mainly Swiss, Hessians, and from the re- gion of the Rhine. Preaching is only in the German language. The charge belongs to Zion's Classis, and this to the German Reformed Synod of the Northwest of the Reformed Church in the United States, Thus far the Lord has prospered and blessed. May He fur- ther direct and sustain this little flock. Deo gloria, soli sit! ENGLISH LUTHERAN OHUUCH. The Evangelical Lutheran St. Paul congregation was organized at the close of the year 1870. There were about twenty voting members present at the or- ganization, among whom were the following ; J. C. HISTOEY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. 197 Scliultz, P. Schultz, J. Martin, A. Martin, A. Dolke, A. Bebringcr, C. Brede, H. Hardegan, F. Wolfrum, M. Schultz, etc. Its flrst pastor, J. Dcindoerfer, who is still in charge of the congi'cgation, is a member of the Gorman Lutheran Synod of Iowa and other States (East- ern District). Soon after its organization, the congre- gation purchased tliree lots on the corner of Clinton and Arabella streets, in front of the Union Scliool Park, for $1,200 ; then erected a small building for the purpose of a parochial school and made preparations for a house of worship. Of this, the corner-stone was laid the summer of 1871, and the edifice, a solid brick building, 30x60 feet, witli a spire in front about ninety feet high, was finished and dedicated in February, 187;^, costing about $(),000. During the summer of 1873, the congregation built a parsonage near tlie church. The congregation has lost several of its members by death, but is steadily increasing in numbers, and has now about IK) com- nuinicants, and of their families and other members about '2M souls. Rev. J. Deindoerfcr, present pastor. DEFIANCE COirNTY BIHLE SOCIETY. Th(^ society now known as the Defiance County Bible Society, auxiliary to the American Bible Society, was organized in 1831 — fifty -two years ago — when De- fiance was a small village, situated along the north and south banks of the Maumee Kiver, from the foot of Clinton street east on Front street to Jefferson. There were only two liouses at that time west of the canal, and no improvements south of Second street, and the pop- ulation of the town could not have exceeded 150 per- sons. The records of the organization of the society are so imperfect that the names of the first officers of the society are lost. The little band of earnest Christian men and women who first formed the society, fifty-two years ago, to spread the Word of G-od and supply the Scriptures to the destitute pioneers of the northwestern part of the State, appears to have done its work well. As far as can be learned, there is not one living to- day to recount to us the scenes of the past, while the little village of Defiance has grown into a city of nearly 7,000 inhabitants, and the surrounding country, which was almost a trackless wilderness, is now filled with happy Christian homes. Ten years after the first organization in 1841, the society was re-organized and a new constitution adopted. The name of the society was called The Bible Society of Defiance and Vicinity, which included tlie present coun- ties of Williams, Paulding, Defiance, Henry and part of Putnam. Prom that time on to the present, the records are full and complete, and the fiftieth anniversary was held in the Presbyterian Church, March 27, 1881. The officers of the organization of 1841 were William Seamaus, Esq., President; Owen Ensign, Payn C. l>arker, William Trans and Dr. 0. H. Allen, Vice Pn^sidents ; Rev. E. R. Tucker, Secretary; Screno Ly- man, Treasurer ; W. C. Holgate, Auditor ; and Dr. J. Colby, W. 0. Holgate and Josiah Ackley, Directors. Of the above-named officers, only two, Messrs. Holgate and Traverse, are known to be living at the present time. August 5, 1841, a branch society from the Defiance Society was organized at the town of Charloe, Paulding Co., Ohio, with the following officers ; Robert Shirley, President ; John Taylor, Vice President ; A. J. Taylor, Secretary ; Levi Taylor, Treasurer and Depositary. Also September 3, 1841, a branch society was organized at Williams Center, Williams Co., Ohio, with the following- named gentlemen as officers : Owen Ensign. President ; Jacob Conkey, Vice President ; W. 0. Ensign, Sec- retary ; Paj-n C. Parker, Treasurer and Depositary. Of the above-named officers of the branch societies, but one or two are now living. The first anniversary of the new society was held in the law office of William Seamans, November 15, 1842. Rev. Mr. Briggs, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and Rev. E. R. Tucker, of the Presbyterian Church, conducted the services, and the reports of the officers in regard to the success and progress of the work were read and approved. From the reports we find that much good work had been accomplished, and many copies of God's Word had been distributed among the poor and destitute settlors of the northwest part of the State. January 26, 1843, was organized the Ladies' Branch Bible Society of Defiance, for the better prosecution of the work of the church. The following ladies were elected officers of the society : President, Mrs. H. C. Southworth; Vice President, Mrs. E. L. H. West; Secretary, Mrs. B. Holgate; Treas- urer, Mrs. A. M. Noble; Depositary, Mrs. A. Colby; Directors and Visitors, Mrs. Adams, Mrs. Brown, Mrs. Cheeney, Mrs. Lyman, Mrs. Lewis and Mrs. Brubaker. This organization was very zealous and efficient in its work, visiting all the families in the neighborhood, and supplying all who were destitute of Bibles and Tes- taments. It was a labor of love, for which our pioneer mothers took a deep interest, as thej' do in e\ery good work for a higher and better civilization. For fifty years the men and women of the Defiance Bible Society, in the spirit of their Master, have given freely of their time, infiuence and money, as well as their earnest prayers, for the spread of His Gospel, and the conversion of men and women from sin to pure and holy thoughts of God and Heaven, and a future life. They ha\'c sent consolation and joy into the homes of hundreds of families of pioneer settlers, which has doubt- less controlled the destiny of many a wayward spirit, and turned it into channels of usefulness and power for good. During the fifty years of the existence of the society, it has purchased more than $5,000 worth of Bibles and Testaments, for free distribution and sale among the peo- ple within its territory, and has sent to the American Bible Society, from sale of books and collections, more 198 HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. tliau 8(1,000. At the present time the society is in a most flourishing condition, and expects to make a thorough canvass of the count3- during the present year, and give a copy of the Scriptures to every family not able to purchase. The present offices are: President, E. P. Hooker; Vice President, C. B Squires; Secretary, G. H. Palmer; Treasurer and De- positary, G. P. Bufflngton. The following is a list of manj' of the principal of- ficers for the last fifty 3'ears : Presidents — William Seamans, ten years; Sereno Lj'man, three years; Woolsey Welles, six years; John W. McKim, three years ; Dr. David Greenlee, two years ; S. E. Hudson, two years; Horace Sessions, two years; Virgil Squires, two years; J. P. Ottley, one year; Sam- uel Booth, two years; E. P. Hoolier, one year; J. H.. Buffington, four years; Dr. M. B. Stevens, three j'ears. Secretaries ^E. R. Tucker, eighteen years; B. P. Southworth, ten years; A'irgil Squires, four j'ears; W. F. Goodenough, three years; A. M. Shead, two years; G. H. Palmer, four years. Treasurers — Sereno Lyman, four years; J. J. Greene, twelve years. Depositaries — Dr. 0. H. Allen, twelve years; J. P. Buffington, Depositary and Treasurer, twenty-three years. CEMETERIES. The first grounds ever set apart as shown of re- cord for the burial of the dead at Defiance were the two lots marked M and P on the original plat of the town laid out by H. G. Phillips and Benjamin Lea- veil, in November, 1822. Lot " M " was dedicated by that plat to the Methodists for a church and bury- ing ground. And lot " P " to the Presbyterians for the same purpose. There was no organized Method- ist or Presbyterian Church at that time at Defiance, and there being no member of a Presbyterian Church then resident of this place to care for its interests, the general public took possession of their ground and devoted the same exclusively to burial piirposes, This ground is very handsomely located on the vyest- erly bank of the Auglaize River, a little northerly of the Hopkins street bridge, now almost in the heart of the city. Among the early burials in this lot, as attested by marble slabs still standing, may be found the names of Nancy, daughter of Robert Shirley, who died ^March -1, 1823, aged seventeen years; Thomas, son of Joshua Hilton, died 1825, aged fifteen years; Mary, wife of Thomas Warren, died April 11, 1826, aged twenty-three years (she was also daughter of Robert Shirley) ; Nathaniel B. Adams, died August 9, 1843, ao-ed forty-one years twenty- two days; David Travis, died jMarcli 8, 1847, aged fifty-five years. In addi- tion to the above may be found the graves of the father and mother and one sister of James. B. Heat- ley, Esq., of this town, now one of the oldest living pioneer settlers As this lot was fast filling up, steps were taken to secure a general burying ground, resulting in the purchase from H. G. Phillips of ten acres for 1400, deeded May 14, 1847, to the Defiance Rm-al Ceme- tery Association (incorporated by special act). At an election of the Defiance Rural Cemetery Association, held March 8, 1847, the following electors were present: J. W. Phillips, M. P. Bell, A. L. Downs, S. B. Barnum, Eli Rider, William Semans, Jonas Colby, Thomas Warren, Jacob J. Greene, George W. B. Evans, Orlando Evans, T^^illiam C. Holgate, W. A. Brown and Pierce Evans, William Semans S. B. Barnum and William C. Holgate each received 13 votes, and William P. Bell and Orlando Evans each received 14 votes for Trustees of the De- fiance Rural Cemetery Association. Jonas Colby re- ceived 14 votes for Secretary and Horace Sessions re- ceived 13 for Treasurer. November 17, 1847 — Ordered that the Secretary of this Association procure a surveyor to survey the ground lately purchased of H. G. Phillips, for the use of said association, situated on the Auglaize River, at Culvert Run in Defiance Township. Pursuant to the above orders, John Wisler, Coun- ty Surveyor of the county of Defiance, was called and proceeded at once to survey the ground, laying out the lots and fractional lots, avenues, walks, etc. May 22, 1848— Board met. Present, William Se- mans, M. P. Bell, Orlando Evans and William C. Holgate, Trustees. William Semans in the chair. On motion, William C. Holgate and Jonas Colby were appointed a committee to have general supervision of the grounds, clearing, fencing, arranging shade trees, etc. The first notice for the sale of lots took place July 1, 1848. December 20, 1848, at a meeting held at the Secretary's office (J. Colby, Secretary), William C. Holgate, William Semans and George B. Way were appointed as a committee to draft by-laws for the government of the association. The first burial in the new cemetery was that of Helen D., daughter of Lyman and F. M. Langdon, who died January 13, 1849, aged sis years eight months and twenty days The original design of beau- tifying the grounds was never fully cai-ried out until 1871, when the Association was re-orgainzed by the election of new officers as follows: William C. Hol- gate, Peter Kettenring, L. A. Davison, L. E. Myers and E. P. Plooker, Trustees; William C. Holgate, President; Peter Kettenring, Treasurer; Edwin Phelps, Secretary. In 1875, Messrs. Davison and Myers retij-ing, their places were filled by Charles P. HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. 199 Tittle and J. J. Jarvis, and subsequently in March, 1881, the Board as above was continued and John D. Lamb was elected Secretary in place of Edwin Phelps, resigned. The ladies of Defianco, in 1875 or 1876, organized a society known as the Ladi^w' Rural Cemetery Asso- ciation, whose object was the raising of money to beautify and im[)rovo the grounds, and in 1878 and 1879 their fund had grown to perhaps $500, a good portion of which had boon devoted to the object above specified. These grounds are located about a mile from the center of the city on the banks of the beau- tiful Auglaize Riv6r, and are very tastefully laid out into lots and fractional lots, with fine, spacious avenues and walks, notably among them Central avenue, which is twenty-five feet wide, extending through the center and whole length of the grounds to the banks of the Auglaize. Rural avenue is sixteen feet wide, running along the bank of a ravine, which forms the boundary line of the grounds on the west; and then there are Locust, Eglantine and Cedar walks, which are very pretty and are laid out each of them eight feet wide. The plat is divided into five divisions, " A, B, C, D, E. " Division C is a circle situated at the southerly part of the grounds as a public park and is surrounded by Central avenue. Its diameter, inclusive of the circular part of Central avenue, is 170 feet, and this, together with the entire inclosure, is beautifully shaded by the natural forest trees. The Lot "M" donated to the Methodist organiza- tion by H. G. Phillips and Benjamin Leavell, was not considered suitable for a burying ground and the congregation, by and with the consent of the origi- nal donors, proceeded to lay it out in building lots, the proceeds of which they were to apply a certain amount in payment of the lot deeded to the Defiance Rural Cemetery Association, and the balance realized from the sale of said lots was to go to the benefit of the Methodist Episcopal denomination. DEFIANCE TOWNSHIP. Defiance Township was organized in 1840. Un- like most of the other townships of Defiance County, it is not a full Congressional Township. Its southern part consists of the northern half of Town 3 north. Range 4 east, being a half of Auglaize Township, Henry County; and this half township included all the territory taken from Paulding County upon the organization of Defiance County in 1845. The northern portion of Defianco Township, as now con- stituted, comjirisos the southern part of Defiance Township, Williams County; which formerly includ- ed, besides these, the land which now comprises Noble. The Maumee River forms a portion of the northern boundary of Defiance. The earliest settlements in this township were made at Defiance. " SCALP LEVEL.''' Immediately opposite the old plat of Defiance, on the north side of the Maumee River, is a level plateau of land, extending some distance back without any apparent variation of grade. Its height above the river is fifty or sixty feet; the bank, before " improve- ment broke nature's fair outline," gently sloped to the river's edge, and in some places left a narrow bottom of a few rods' width. This being higher than Defiance, it commands the view, not only of the town, but also of the adjacent farming lands, and, strategically, might be said to command the situation. Tradition has it that the French Post (if, indeed, there ever was really one here) was located on this ground. If such a post ex- isted, its works could not have been of a very perma- nent or enduring character, for no trace or outline was ever identified. The brow of the hill, and for a few rods back, was cleared and lawn-like as ordinary Indian greens, the clearing, however, could never have been made with a view to cultivation, as the soil is of too hard and forbidding a nature to reward the lazy, careless and primitive culture of the Indian agriculturist. It was, so far back as the knowledge of Americans extends, devoted to trade; and here were located the booths of* the traders and peddlers, who dispensed whisky, am- munition and blankets during the fur season, or at the payment of some annuity or gratuity from Gov- ernment. , One of these, of a more permanent character, lo- cated on the site of the tavern building now owned by F. Wol'iiffer, survived several years, and was the scene of many a drunken row and fight — generally among Indians, though occasionally dare-devil whites mixed in the fray. On the lemoval of the Indians, all these developments of white men's cupidity disap- peared, giving place to trade, less profitable but more useful and creditable to society. This plateau, or elevated " green," was known, fifty or seventy years ago as "Scalp Level," but why so designated is only left to conjecture. Possibly, this ground was the place of torture, where captives, doomed to death were sm-rendered to the tender mer- cies of the boys and squaws for the preliminary gaunt- let running and beating, to be followed by the final agony of stake, fagot and fire; or, possibly, a scalp- ing scone, having occurred there under peculiar cir- cumstances, interesting to the mind of the savage or the rude backwoodsman, gave it this uncouth name. That it ever had such a designation will probably be 200 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. news to any resident now of the Maumee Valley so rapidly are the aboriginal and pioneer incidents and events passing from local recollection. Shortly after Defiance was laid out, a few lots were platted on the hillside and top, and recorded as the "Town of Williamstown. " This, with several additions thereto, comprising Scalp Level and all its surroundings, have been, by the extension of the corporation limiiiS, absorbed in the incorporated village of Defiance. OUR OLD APPLE TEEES. Defiance has been famed for the possession of a monstrous apple tree. Strangers have seldom failed to visit it, to measure its proportions and speculate upon its age and origin. It stands on the narrow bottom on the north side of the Maumee, and nearly opposite the old fort. It has never failed, in the knowledge of present settlers, in producing a crop of very excellent apples. One large branch, however, has of late years been broken ofif by the storms, which has much marred its proportions— the re- mainder is yet healthy and prospering. Before the town was laid out, there were many trees, equally thrifty and not less in size, in this vicinity. Their origin is variously conjectured. The most probable is that they were planted by French missionaries and traders, during the French dominion on the lakes, and cared for afterward by the Indians, trappers and traders. In an early account of Defiance, it is stated by a captive among the Indians, who visited the place in 1790, that there were a few hewed- log houses on the high grounds about where the residences of William Carter and J. P. Ottley now are, surrounded by a stockade, in which resided traders and a British agent — the United States not at that time having enforced their authority over this section. The space between these houses and the Auglaize bank was cleared, and also for some distance to the west, the bank of the Auglaize was lined with apple trees, and the premises looked clean and thrifty, and the view of Blue Jacket's town on the bottom on the north side of the Maumee, and the extensive corn-fields of the Indians on the Lewis and Frazee bottoms, are particularly mentioned. Thomas Warren, of this vicinity, who came here about fifty years ago, says that these apple trees stood in a row, about fifteen feet from the edge of the bank, and extended from that point up to the bridge, and that they were then in excellent bearing condition. These trees are now all gone, as well as the ground they stood on. The continual wearing-away of the bank, from ice, freshets and frosts, has amounted in that time to about twenty-five feet. Occasionally a root from one of these old trees sent up a sprout, but none of them have ever come to bearing. On the Maumee bank, extending from where the canal now empties, up to the residence of T. J. Cole, was another row of similar trees, the most of these stood on the Wasson property. These ai'e also all gone, except one in the rear of Mr. Cole's house. These died from various causes — cattle, cultivation and malicious or mischievous boys. Chance trees stood, also, over most of the present town plat, but not of so large a growth — probably volunteers. Some of the smaller ones were taken up and removed by the early settlers; Samuel Keppler, another early settler, started his orchard with trees of this kind. On the small bottom on the north side of the Maumee, opposite Defiance, were quite a number of trees, extending up as far as the county bridge; some of these were on the towing-path, and others in the way, so that they were cut down or died. The old tree so famous is, perhaps, one of this row; stand- ing further in from the bank, and being private property, it has been saved from the general destruc- tion. The large trees standing on the Krotz, Lewis and other bottoms in this vicinity, are the plant of early squatters and of comparatively recent origin. At the so-called "Orchard Hollow," eight miles up the Maumee, was also quite a number of these old trees, which probably were of like origin and age. They were on the high land on the south side, and immediately opposite the old Indian Delaware town on the bottom, now the property of Charles Speaker. It is remarked by Parkman, in his " Jesuit and Pioneer History," that the missionaries and traders always fixed their stations on high grounds overlooking the Indian towns; and the selection of the high grounds at Defiance and at Orchard Hollow was in accordance with this general rule. None of these trees are yet in existence at the last named place. The fruit of all these trees was better than that of the present so- called natural trees — grew larger and had more agree- able taste. The stocks of the trees were more like those of the forest, higher to the branches, longer in limb than the grafted trees of the present day, which, as compaied with the Indian trees, are mere over- grown shrubs. Probably the shade and contracted clearings in which they were grown had much to do with this large growth. In those inartificial days, before civilization brought in borers, worms and cur- culios, trees grew and thrived without hindrance. Mr. Warren also informs us that on the St. Joseph, about the State line, in the vicinity of a Pottawat- omie village, was also a similar orchard, and also another near the Shawnee village at Wapakonetta, /^ h HISTORY OP DEFIANCE COUNTY. 201 on the Upper Auglaize. The few trees of large .growth at Ottawa, Charloe and Tort Brown were probably planted by the Indians themselves. In early days, the Indians, before the whites ob- tained property in the land, guarded carefully those old trees. The fruit they claimed for themselves, and distributed to the remotest sections of their tribes a share. Probably associations of historic in- terest, of days of large population and greater power, or of kindly regard for the French missionaries by whom they were introduced, gave an extraordinary value to these old trees in the estimation of the un- tutored sons of the forest. No treoK of similar age are known to have existed on the Maumee below Defiance. It was upon the upper waters of the river that the Indians had their chosen seats, and here those who, from benevolence or trade, sought their acquaintance must come. Of the history of those days -say from 1()40 for a hun- dred years or more — of the self-denying labors of the missionary, of his hardships, successes and failures, scarce a vestige remains. These trees are suggestive of his aim to minister to the comfort of the savage, to acquaint him with the benefits of civilization, and to induce in him habits of home life, with ulterior views of spiritual influence. The Indian has gone not only hence, but almost as a race, yielding to the superior power and intellect of the whites; yet, one cannot but think that, had the policy of the French missionary or the Pennsylvania Quaker been gener- ally adhered to, th(^ result would have been far other- wise, and our national character relieved, in the mind of the pliilanthropist, of a disgraceful stain. VOTERS or 1845. The following is a list of the voters of Defiance Township in October, 1845: John H. Kisec, Willliam Bridenbaugh, John M. Stilwill, Benjamin Brubacher, Joha P. Downs, Enos 1'. Wiley, Rinaldo Evans, Samuel S. Case, Reason Wells, William Billinger, John Drake, J. Rude, Raniel Swinehart, E. G. Case, Sereno Lyman, Brice' Hilton, G. W. B. Evans, H. P. Rice, Samuel Blackman, C. M. Lambert, P. Bellinger, V. Bellin- ger, James B. Heatly, Anson H. Holoway, William R. S. AN'asson, Martin Thrall, Jacob J. Greene, James Karr, William S, Langdon. F. F. Stevens, Elias Bran'er, Elias Churchman, John Blair, William Lewis, James K. Burdge, Joseph T. Clark, Calvin L. Noble, Oliver W. Sawyer, Charles V. Royce, F. Bridenbaugh. Henry Van AN'ormer, Reuben White- head, John Kniss, John Stow, Amos Stoddard, W^ill- iam B. Warren, James W Wiley, Amos Zellers, David McKelly.-^a. William A, Brown, John Hazeltine, Lyman Langdon, Stephen Kent, William Carter, William Lyman, N. Hopkins, Joseph P. Ayres, Abra- ham Landis, Henry Allshouse, Jacob Braninger, B. B. Southworth, George Aaderson, William Travis, Obadiah Welch, Joseph Webb, Ephraim Webb, Thomas D. Farine, Jacob Teats, Jacob Kniss, James Herrn, P. McCauley, John J. Kuhn, David L. Oliver, Edwin Phelps, I. P. E. Whedon, James Partee, C. J. Freer, Solomon Stoner, Reuben Strait, Jonas Colby, Casper Sway, John Lee, Walter Davis, J. G. Worts, J. G. Woodward, Timothy Fitzpatrick, Perin Fay, William Semans, Horace Sessions, M. P. Bell, Timothy Dame, John Durkin, Michael Herrn, E. Kinkade, Thomas Warren, John Bridenbaugh, A, Schooly, F. J. McDowell, P. M- Dodd, Jacob dinger, Levi Rider, Peter Bridenbaugh, William Rider, John Wells, A. L. Downs, Solomon Potter, F. A. Koons, Peter Zellers, M. Thrall, Ezra Hilton, Henry Donley, James Hudson, Sylvester Blackman, John Tuttle, An drew Master, Benjamin Hilton, John Skeen, William C. Holgate, Isaac Hoover, William Teats, William Edwards, Thomas Lewis, S. H. Greenlee, John Terry, Epa Southworth, D, W. Marcellus, Robert Wasson, Aaron Bixby, '.Henry Varneman, D. Graper, James S. Greer, William Barton, John Karns, J. Allen, Hugh L. Kerr, Lewis Bixby, James Oden, Henry Gray, Benjamin Elkins, S. S. Sprague, Enoch Partee, James Elkins, Abraham Wells, A. Hudson, Thomas Clark, F. Pool, Henry W. Clark, John Winfield,' James T. Jolly, J. Edings, M. B. Widmer, James A. Partee, Jeremiah Andrews, John Shirley, George Bowde, Norman King, Robert Heatly, Z. H. Davis, Levi Donly, Richard Hilton, 0. G. Andrews, David Travis, Henry G. Bouton, Adam Hall, Emory Hough- ton, Elias Sliirley, W. A. Haller, John Lehman, Charles Speker, Stephen Karnes, John W'hite, John McCully, John Partee, Lewis Kerr, George Smith, E. R. Tucker, John Gurlock. Jacob J. Greene, John Partee and William S. Langdon, Judges; Martin Thrall and Henry C. Bou- ton, Clerks. EECOLLECTIONS OF PIONEEK LIFE IN THE MAUMEE VALLEY. BY MRS. KUTII AUSTIN. My father, Mr. Robert Shirley, Sr.. moved with his family from Ross County, near Chillicothe, Ohio, to Fort Defiance in the spring of 1881. Our family numbered nine persons, namely, my parents, Mr. Robert Shirley, Sr., and Mrs. Rachel Shirley, my brothers James, Elias and Robert, my sisters Mary and Nancy, myself (Ruth) and my baby brother Johu Gilbert. My brother Nathan, the eldest of the fam- ily, was at this time married and settled in Ross County. At the time of our removal, I was eleven years of age. I have a vivid recollection of the jour- ney, and of the wild appearance of the country. We 13 ^02 HISTORY OF DEFIANCE COUNTY. started for Fort Defiance in March, 1822, and arrived at our destination in April, having been three weeks on the way. The first place we saw Indians was at Wax:)akouetta. They were Shawnees and partly civilized. Mr. John Johnson was Indian Agent. Through his influence, Government established a blacksmith shop, and a store to supply the Indians, and ajjpointed Mr. Broadex to superintend the work of teaching the Indians agricultural and mechanical pursuits. Some of the Indians lived in log cabins, others in wigwams. The next place of interest was Port Amanda. I do not remember seeing any remains of the fort. A family by the name of Russell enter- tained travelers. The next was Fort Jennings — no fort standing here. One family lived here, and were the last white people we saw until we reached Fort Defiance. We were now truly in the wilderness. On one side was the Kiver Auglaize, on the other a vast, wooded country, with no road, only an Indian trail along the river. It required a man to go ahead with an ax in order to cut away trees that had fallen across the trail, and to blaze the trees, and often to cut through the brush some distance to get a place to ford the streams tributary to the Auglaize. The weather was unusually fine, so the family did not suffer much inconvenience in camping out. After we left Fort Jennings, brothers James and Kobert took all the cattle and hogs (except one cow with a calf too }'onng to travel with the herd) forward to Fort Defiance, where brother Eobert, a lad thirteen years of age, remained to take care of them, and brother James returned to the family, meeting us at the mouth of the Little Auglaize, fifteen miles above Fort Defiance. After assisting us to ford the stream, he left us for Fort Finley, for the purpose of convey- ing the provisions stored there, to Fort Defiance, for the subsistence of the family. Brother James made the journey through the unbroken wilderness alone, on foot, provided with his compass, gun, ammunition, flints and punk, and his blanket.' Our parents had great fears that James would fall a prey to wild ani- mals or liidians, but he got safely through, and, pur- chasing a pirogue, took the provisions down Blanch- ard's Fork to the Auglaize, and from thence on that river to Fort Defiance. These provisions had been raised the previous summer, with the expectation that the futm-e home of the family would be at Fort Fin- ley. My father and two other farmers of Ross County, Messrs. Moreland and Beaver, when viewing the country, had selected Fort Finley as the place of their settlement, and in the spring of 1S21 they each sent out a four-horse wagon with plows, etc., seed corn and potatoes, also a stock of provisions and a few hogs. Two men were sent with each wagon, making a party of six men. My Ijrothers James and Elias took father's team. They cleared and fenced land, and put in coi'n and potatoes. "When the sum- mer's work was done, one man each, with the wagons, returned home, leaving a horse apiece for the three men remaining. Brother James remained, and brother Elias returned. Now, to fatten the hogs, slaughter and pack them down, and store the corn and potatoes for the winter, was the work of those remaining; then they left all in the care of Mr. Cox's family — the only white resi- dent there — and retui'ned to their homes. The horse left for brother James got away and went home. The alarm at home was very great when the horse came without its rider; all were sure he had been killed until a letter explained. Having heard much of the Fort Defiance region, brother James went there before coming home, and was so captivated with it that, on his return, he per- suaded father to change the location of his future home from Fort Finley to Fort Defiance. Nothing of interest transpired after brother James left us for Fort Finley, until we came to Okonoksee's village, on the Auglaize, thirteen miles above Fort Defiance, where Charloe now stands. These Indians were of the Ottawa nation, called by the whites Tawas. i^Theyhad here a reservation of seven miles square. Okonoksee was chief, and the village wap called after him. The Indians were all at home, it being the close of the hunting and sugar-making seasons. Many came out — men, women and children — to see us. They were civil, and manifested a curiosity to see the big horses and the " big wigwams on wheels," ex- amining the cover, how it was kept on, and often ex- claiming " Ugh! big pashekoksee;" meaning big horses. This was a great day with them, being the day for their yearly feast and dance to celebrate the close end of our journey, and this was the last night of our camping out. A\'e reached Fort Defiance that fuvc^noon, to our joy and th(^ great delight of brother Robert, who had been there several days. My parents were pleased to find Mr. William Preston, a gentleman of intelligence and of pleasing manners, in possession of the fort. Ho had been there most of tho time since the war. There were two goo \ log houses in the fort, built for thci officers, one of which Mr. Freston's family occupied; in the other, my father's family found nar row but quite comfortable quarters. The fort was all standing in good preservation, excepting the barracks on the banks of the Auglaize. The bank here was very steep, and commande