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Fifty Years in Amoy 
 
 OR 
 
 A History of the Amoy Mission, 
 
 CHINA. 
 
 FOUNDED FEBRUARY 24, 1842. 
 
 Under the Patronage of the American Board ol Comirussionej-s for 
 
 Foreign Missions from 1842-1857. 
 
 Transferred to the government of t.he Board of Foreign 
 
 Missions of the Reformed (Dutch) (Imrch 
 
 in Anjeiica in June, 1857. 
 
 BY P. W. PITCH EiR, 
 
 MISSIO^'.VKY OF THE REFORMED (DUTCH) CUlilCFt 
 AT AMOY, CHINA. 
 
 PUBIilSHBD BY THE 
 
 BOARD OF PUBLICAT;0X 
 OF TFIE REFORMED CHURCH IN AJIERIOA, 
 
 25 EAST TWENTY-SECOND STREET, 
 NEW YORK. 
 - 1893. 
 
^a tTt^ pi^morxj 
 
 Rev. J. V. N. TALMAGE, D.D., Veteran Missionary, 
 
 ■whose memory will ever remain fragrant in the hearts of 
 those who had the pleasure of being co-laborers witli 
 him, as well as in the hearts of those who walk with 
 God through the Word he preached unto them, this re- 
 view is most affectionately dedicated. 
 
 1524 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAFTEK I. 
 
 INTRODrCTIOX-A bUB, VEY OP THE WORK 9 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 HISTORICAL, OUTLINE OP FOREIGA^ MISSIONS OF 
 
 THE REFORMED (BUTCH) CHURCH IT 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSIONS IN CHINA 21 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 AMOT lio 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 KOI-ONGrSU 44 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE DOORS OF AMOT OPENED 47 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 FOUNDINCc OP THE AJIGY MISSION - 58 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 THE SUCCESSION OF MISSIONA RIE.S QZ. 
 
 « 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 MISSIONARY METHODS AND AGENCIES 9a 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 THE CHURCH OF CHRIST IN CHINA 92 
 
t) FIFTV YEARS IX AM()\'. 
 
 CIIAPTEG xr. 
 THIS NINE CHURCHES- - 99 
 
 CHAPTBi; XI [. 
 THE BENEVOLENCE OF THE A.MOY <'lirUClIES ]28 
 
 CHAPTER Xlir. 
 
 TWO NOTABLE POLITICAL EVKXTS.- TM 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 MEDICAL WORK - I CI 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL WORK 183 
 
 APPENDIX ....200 
 
 INDEX - 204 
 
AUTHOR'S PREKACE, 
 
 Tlie purpose ol this little volume is, first : To aoquain* 
 the churches with a history of the origin, and progress 
 of the Amoy Mission, China, and with some of tlie im- 
 portant political events inseparably comn'cted there- 
 ^^■ith ; and, secondly : To arouse a deeper intcTeat in the 
 salvation of, and a deeper respect for, the people amongst 
 whom the Mission is established. 
 
 Its author would simply say that he has been led to 
 attempt this history for these two reasons, viz : 
 
 (IJ Because no such history exists. 
 
 (2) Because tlie closi; of fifty years seems most oppor- 
 tune to record that history. 
 
 The volume claims to be nothing more than a plain > 
 nan-ation of facts that the author has gathered by a per- ■ 
 sonal relation with the work, and such as he haa been 
 able to glean from the following sources : The Annual 
 Eeports of General Sjoiod of the Reformed Church, the 
 "Missionary Herald, " Manual of the Eeformed Church in 
 America, History of the Board of Commissioners for For- 
 eign Missions, 1842, William's Middle Kingdom, History 
 of the Insurrection in Gliina, the "Christian Intelli- 
 gencer," Annals of the American Reformed Dutcli Pulpit, , 
 and other ^vorks mentioned herein. 
 
 The author feels under obligation to Eevs. A. P. Van' 
 Gieson, D. D., and Wm. Bancroft Hill, of Poughkeepsie, . 
 N. Y., for so generously placing their libraries at his: 
 disposal, and to the former for other courtesies and help- 
 
5 FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 ful suggestions as well ; and to Eev. Wm. Wurts, of 
 Berne, N. Y., for kind assistance in gathering personal 
 information. Aeknowledginents are also due to Eev. 
 Elbert Nevius, of Stuyvesant, N. Y. : Rev. J. B. Drury, 
 D. D., Editor of the "Christian Intelligencer" ; Mr. Wm. 
 Adriance, of Elmira, N. Y., and to members of the Amoy 
 Mission for a helping hand. 
 
 It is unfortunate that in tlie spelling of Oliincse names 
 no harmonious system has be<>n adopted by the Mission- 
 aries of China.; the endeavor has therefore been made to 
 follow a system of spelling conforming somewhat to the 
 Amoy Romanized Colloquial. 
 
 The illustratione are a selection from a series of pho- 
 tographs collected wh0e engaged in the work at Amoy, 
 and it is with the hope of both increasing the value and 
 interest of the book, that so many are Incorporated 
 therein. 
 
 If, therefore, tlio book can in any way fulfill its pur- 
 pose by promoting the great and good object for which 
 the Amoy Mission exists, the labor herein expended will 
 not have been in vain. For such reward only, the 
 author earnestly seeks. P. W. P. 
 
 Poughkeepsie, Aug. 1st, 1893. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 INTEODUCTION-A Sl'RVEY OF THE WORK. 
 
 A review of fifty jeurs of toil — a half century 
 of faithful service in any one of the Master's 
 vineyards, must contain uiucli of interest, much 
 of encouragement, and mucli of inspiration for 
 those who are engaged in the building ujj of 
 Christs' Kingdom, by seeking the lost ones in 
 this sin-stricken world. But is there not an 
 added interest, encouragement, and inspiration 
 attending a re\ie\v of fifty j^ears of labor — the 
 founding and successful carrying forward of a 
 work in a land of heiithen darkness, in that land 
 where idolatry, superstition, and sin in blackest 
 forms liave existed side by side for four thou- 
 sand j'ears and more — the Kingdom of China? 
 
 There is no thrilling romaaice connected with 
 nussions in Amoy. Excitement and anxiety have 
 not been entirely out of our borders, yet dangers 
 and perils have never encompassed our (h^ell- 
 ings. There has been no startling evolution out 
 of heathenism, no ^ast strides made toward new 
 and better ways and methods in the fields of 
 Amoy. It has been slow but suiie progress- 
 There may be little or nothing to call forth ap- 
 plause in behalf of the silent plodders and toil- 
 ers who have spent their lives without ostenta- 
 tion in this vineyard, yet when the record is 
 fully read, much will be discovered that mil 
 
10 riFTV YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 awaken conmiendation ajid inspiration to go 
 forward and complete what they have so well 
 begun. 
 
 While it has not been battle-axes and fire- 
 brands of wild and uncivilized tribes that have 
 threa^tened and demanded attention, it has been 
 hosts upon hosts who, clinging to a system of 
 ■ft^orship hoary with age, ha\e written upon their 
 faces and hearts stolid indifference and blank 
 unconsciousness, which has required long and 
 tedious ,vears of patient ^^'aiting for signs of 
 yielding, and w'hich has required quite as much 
 courage to face as the sharper and shorter con- 
 flict with savagerj^ a fact that is not always 
 recognized. 
 
 Yet this is not man's worlc, but the work of 
 the Holy Spirit, that we review, so we may 
 sound the highest notes of pi"a.ise our lips and 
 hearts can raise. No one can read the history 
 of the Anioy Mission without recognizing the 
 hand of Jehovah guiding and blessing all the 
 way. They who have labored there have only 
 been His instruments — vessels for His use — suf- 
 ficiently honored to be such a.nd nothing more, 
 an<l glad if in any way they have fulfilled His 
 purjiose, in seeking and bringing back these lost 
 ones into His fold and into eternal life through 
 His Son. For of Him, and through Him, and 
 to Him are all things, to whom be the glory for- 
 eyer. Amen. (Rom. i., 30.) 
 
 And now, iu this Jubilee year, the redeemed 
 of the Lord, of "The Church of Christ" in Amoy, 
 China, would sound the "yobel" until its notes 
 
Residence of Rev. Dr. Abeel. 
 
IXTEODUCTION. 11 
 
 echo the ^^orl(l around, that all people might 
 know that the Lord is bringing His redeemed 
 ones home. He has made them to feed in the 
 way, and their pastures have been in all high 
 plac«s. Their hunger has been satisfied, their 
 thirst quenched. The sun has poured down 
 upon them only gentle rays, for He that had- 
 mercy u]>on thean hath led them, even by the 
 S]jrings of 'water hath He guided them. The- 
 mountains have been made a way and the high- 
 ways exalted. Ajad, behold! they come frooii 
 afar, from the north and from the west, a!nd. 
 tliese from the land of Siniui. Sing, O heavens, 
 and be joyful, O earth; and break forth into 
 singing, O mountains; for the Lord hath com- 
 forted His peo|)le, and will have mercy upon the- 
 afflicted. (Isa. xLix.) 
 
 Just fifty years ago, February 24th, 3842, Dr. 
 David Abeel first planted the standard of tlie 
 cross on Kolongsu, a small island lying off from 
 'Anioy about one furlong. Possessed with un- 
 bounded faith, he began ^^'hat must have ap- 
 peared to the outer Avorld an insurmoxmtable 
 task. But he believed that nothing was too 
 hard for God, so with an unfaltering trust, and, 
 unsliaken confidence in the covenant-keeping 
 Lo]-d, he laid the foundations of a work that 
 the Ohnrcli inay well \ie\\' with satisfaction and 
 becoming pride. 
 
 leaders and merchants may have laughed at 
 him A\hile they scoftingly said: "So you will 
 make the Cliinese Christians?" Let the records 
 answer. 
 
12 FIFTY 1"EAES IN AMOY. 
 
 To-day tliere are in the territory of the Ainoy 
 Mission 3,000 communicants, 8,000 to 10,000 ad- 
 herents, 20 organized churches, 150 ordained 
 and unordained native pastors and helpers, 
 3 Foreign Jiissionary Societies represented, 50 
 male and female missionaries at work, 4 hos- 
 pitals, 2 theological schools, 2 high schools for 
 boys, 4 girls' schools, 2 schools for women, and 
 a score oi' more of i>arochial schools and numer- 
 ous chapels and churches scattered everywhere. 
 Of tliis enumeration, there are under the par- 
 ticular care and supervision of the Missionaries 
 of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Re- 
 formed (Dutch) Chui'ch, 9(58 communicants,'^ 
 9 organized' and (practically) self-supporting 
 churches, 9 ordained na.ti^-e pastors, IG unor- 
 Klained native helpers, 12 teachers, 23 regular 
 preaching places, 1 theological seminary,^ 1 
 academy, 2 parochial schools, 1 school for 
 women, 2 girls' schools, 1 hospital, and 18 male 
 and female missionaries at work. Yet another 
 item for which ^^'e can never cease rejoicing. 
 These churches (of the Reformed (Dutch) Church) 
 •during these fifty years have contributed about 
 -$50,000, and in 1891 their benevolence reached 
 the magnificent sum of |3,382.08.'' 
 
 Such facts and figures are suMcieut to awaken 
 throughout the whole Church one song of praise, 
 iuid should constrain us all to join the chorus of 
 
 (1) 1893, 1,008 communicants. 
 
 (2) 1893, 10 churches. 
 
 (3) The theological seminary and academy ai-c under the super- 
 intendence of the English Presbyterian and Reformed (Dutcli) 
 Church Mission. 
 
 (4) 1893, $3,894.80. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 13 
 
 ■our brethren in Amoy, as they remember the 
 works of the Lord. It was a great pleasure to 
 every member of the Mission, and to the native 
 fhurch as well, to have our beloved secretary, 
 Dr. Henry N. Cobb, and Miss Cobb, and their 
 coni]);niions'' with us during this Jubilee year. 
 And it mnist liave been a source of great satis- 
 faction to Dr. Cobb to behold with his own eyes 
 some of the results of the mar\'elous things the 
 Lord had wrought this half century in Amoy, 
 ;and to hear with his own ears the testimony of 
 those who ha<l given up all their idols and turned 
 aside from the paths of darkness, to serve the 
 4;rue God, and to walk forevei' in the paths of 
 light. 
 
 These are gi-eat events, yet all have taken 
 jdace in a lifetime. One of our unssionaries was 
 jjermitted to witness the entire historj^, save 
 -five years, of tlie work at Amoy. Dr. David 
 Ab;eel, Eevs. E. Doty and ^^'. J. Pohlman passed 
 away, and to their reward, Avhile the work was 
 yet in its infancy, but to Dr. Talmage alone was 
 the beautiful vision granteil of watching and be- 
 holding the work nearly from its inception to 
 the very close of fifty years. And to us has 
 been afforded the beautiful sight of beholding 
 two such eminent ami godly men as Dr. Abeel 
 ,and Dr. Talmage standing, the one on the 
 threshold and the other at the close of fifty 
 years' work for the Master in Amoy. They 
 clasp hands over the intervening years, while 
 
 (5) Miss M. Celeste Weed, Miss Margaret B. Tliorne, Mr. 
 :Samuel Thome, Jr., Mr, S. B. Tliorne. 
 
14 FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 from their lives we receive inspiration and cour- 
 age to go forward as we stand on the threshold 
 of another fifty years. OVerarching these lives 
 a bow of brightest colors seems to span the skies 
 — and that bow is full of promise of China's- 
 full sahation. For on that bow is transcribed 
 the words of the Psalmist when he was bearing 
 the Ark into that former impregnable fortress 
 of Jebus: "Lift up your heads, O ye gates, even 
 lift them up, ye everlasting doors, and the King 
 of Glory shall come in." We rejoice also in 
 that greater work that has been done in the Em- 
 pire. A half century ago there were only six 
 converts in the whole Empire of China. At the 
 expiration of fifty years we find there are 38,000 
 communicants,'' 150,000 adherents, 300 organ- 
 ized churches, 211 ordained and 1,26G uuor- 
 dained native pastors and helpers, 40 different 
 societies represented, 1,29G male and female mis- 
 sionaries at work, (51 hospitals and 44 dispen- 
 saries, besides numerous schools and colleges es- 
 tablished. (See .Yjipendix A.) 
 
 Such statements, though by no means start- 
 ling, will do to banish any fears or unbelief of 
 China's ultimate redemption. China is slow by 
 nature and slow by practice. Time seems 
 to be of no consequence with them. Since the 
 prize is so great we can afford to be patient and 
 not be hastily disheartened. Slow progress, 
 but sure progress, may be expected. 
 
 The Japanese have been compared to the im- 
 pulsive and inconstant French, while the Ohi- 
 
 (6) 3893, over 40,000 conuuunlcantB. 
 
IXTRODDCTION. 
 
 15 
 
 1890. 
 
 1880. 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 c»" 
 
 to 
 
 1870. 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 1860. 
 
 2,000 
 
 1850. 
 350 1 1842. 
 
 COMPARATIVE aROWTH OV NATIVE COMMUNICANTS 
 IN FIFTY TEARS. 
 
16 FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 nese compare favorably with the sturdy and en- 
 during Saxon. "They have their staying quali- 
 ties." "They never give up." Once set out to 
 accomplish a purpose, accomplish it they will, 
 though centuries are required to accomplish it. 
 The following story fully illustrates one of the- 
 chief characteristics of the Chinese. 
 
 A noted general, who commanded the forces- 
 of the Chinese army in the war against Eussia, 
 "away over in Central Asia," came to a desert 
 covered with hundreds of miles of sand, "with 
 here and there an oasis." This desert lay be- 
 tween his army and the "province '\\here the 
 military operations were to be carried on. They 
 could not get pronsions across to the armies 
 that were fighting the Russians, so ^^•hat did 
 they <lo? ^Vhy, this old gentleman set himself 
 to planting colonies of Chinese soldiers in these^ 
 oases, and they i)lanted crops year after yeai-. 
 So they pushed their way along. He wasn't 
 in a hurrj-; he knew the Russians woiild wait 
 there for him, and A\'hen he got his crops all 
 ready then he moved his armies on over these- 
 oases with a base of supplies a good deal more 
 complete than General Sherman had in his 
 march (\o\s't> to Atlanta. Then he engaged in 
 all those hard-fought battles in which the Chi- 
 nese armies did not suffer." Such a peojale once 
 won for Christ will wield a power which will 
 be felt, not only throughout Asia, but through- 
 out the whole A\orld. 
 
Rev. Henry N. Cobb, D. D., 
 
 Rev. Jap- Han Chiong (from) , 
 
 J. A. Otte, M. D., Ng Ma Hui (back.) 
 
CHAPTEE II. 
 
 HISTORICAL OUTUNE OF FOREIGN MISSIONS OF 
 THE REFORMED (DUTCH) CHURCH. 
 
 According to the records, the Reformed 
 (Dutch) Church has always possessed the mis- 
 sionary spirit, but the first records of any for- 
 eign nussionai'v organization is made in the 
 year 1817. At that time the United Foreign 
 Missionary Society, composed of Presbyterian, 
 Associate Reformeii, and Reformed (Dutch) de- 
 nominations, ^\as founded for the purpose of 
 carrying the G-ospel to the heathen. 
 
 This society continued in existence nine years, 
 when in 1820, upon the recommendation of the 
 Hoard of Managers, the Greneral Synod trans- 
 ferred its interest in the Society to the Ameri- 
 can Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mis- 
 sions. 
 
 In 1830 tlie (ieneral Synod sought closer re- 
 lations with the A. B. C. F. M., and after a 
 conference between representative committees 
 of the two Boards, a plan of co-operation was 
 adopted in October, 1832. By this jtlan the 
 General Synod reserved the right, first: Of 
 using the funds they appropriated to the sup- 
 port of the missionaries of their own recom- 
 mendation, though the appointing power still re- 
 mained vested in the Prudential Committee of 
 
18 riFa^V YKABS IX AMOV. 
 
 the A. B. C. Y. M.; and second: of forming "a 
 new and distinct mission, ^vith a distinct ecclesi- 
 astical organization, according to their 0'^^■n 
 wishes," and the priTilege of using funds and 
 mer^ of the Board at their own discreticm for 
 the maintenance of such work. 
 
 This Yery liberal agrc-emeut and co-o])erati(>n 
 remained in force for a quarter of a centru'y. 
 They Avei-e twenty -five years of delightful fel- 
 lowship, with love and conMence unbroken, 
 witli not the least sign of unbrotherly or im- 
 christian jars or contentions. 
 
 At Ithaca, June, 1857, (leneral Synod estab- 
 lished its own independent Board of Foreign. 
 Missions, which has ever since carried on the 
 missionary operations of the Befonae<l (Dutch) 
 Church. The two missions that were to come 
 under its immediate super\ision were tire Amoy 
 Mission, China (See Api)endix Bl, and the Arcot 
 Mission, India, and along these lines (and with 
 Jai)an later i the history- of the Missions in this 
 Church has followed during these fifty years. 
 
 THE OEIGINAL MEMBEES AND OFFI- 
 CERS OF THE BOARD OF FOREIGN 
 MISSIONS OF THE REFORMED 
 (DFTCH) CHURCH IN 1857. 
 
 MEMBERS. 
 
 Eev. Isaac Ferris, D. D., Rev. J. Demarest, Jr., 
 
 Eev. Thos. UeWitt, D. D., Rev.A.P.VanGieson.D.D., 
 
 R«v. E. P. Rogers, D. D., ReV.D.MoL. Quackenbusli, 
 
 Eev. D. H. Riddle, D. D., Hon. T. Fi-eIingliu,yseQ, 
 
 Eev. H. R. WitsoQ, D. D., Mr. Wm. B. Crosby, 
 
 Eev. D. D. Demarest, D.D., Rev. J. E. Moore, 
 
 Eev. J. H. Berg, D. D., Eev. V. S. Little, 
 
HISTORICAL OUTLINE. 1& 
 
 Eev. J. M. Strong, D. D., Kev. A. J. Bx'kmaii, 
 Rev. W.J. R.Taylor, D.D., R«v. S. Van Reusseler, 
 Eev. W. W. Halloway, Kev. A. B. Preston, 
 Rev. A. R. ThompMn, Kev. S. Cobb, 
 
 Rev. P. Peltz, Kev. J. J. Johnston, 
 
 Ezra A. Hoyt.. 
 OFFICERS. 
 
 Hon. Tlieo. Frelinghuysen, President. 
 
 Rev. Thomas DeWitt, D. D., Vice-President. 
 
 Rev. Isaac Ferris, D. D., Corresponding Secretary. 
 
 Rev. Pldlip Peltz, Sec'y of Domestic Correspondence. 
 
 Eev. Jeremiah S. Lovel, D. D., Recording Secretary. 
 
 Mr. Ezra A. Hoyt, Treasurer. 
 
 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 
 Rev. T. DeWitt, D. D., Mr. Wm. B. Ci-osby, 
 
 Rev. D. H. Riddle, D. D., Rev. S. Cobb, 
 Eev. J. S. Lord, D. D., Rev. A. B. Preston, 
 Rev. W. W. Halloway, Rev. A. J. Bei?kman, 
 
 Rev. A. R. Thompson, D. D., Rev. J. E. Moore, 
 
 MEMBERS A^S^D OFFICEKS OF THE 
 
 BOARD OF FOREIGN MTSSIOlsS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 EEFORMED (DUTCH) CHURCH LN' 1892. 
 
 MEMBERS. 
 Rev. A.P.VanGieson, D.D., Mr. D. Jaclcson Steward, 
 itev. C. L. Wells, D. D., Hon. N. F. Craves, 
 Eev. M. H. Hutton, D. D., Mr. C. H. Tiebout, 
 Rev. J. F. Rjggs, D. D., .Mr. John C. (Jiffing, 
 Rev. A. E. Thompson, D. D., .Mr. Wm. L. Brower. 
 Rev. Lewis Francis, Mr. Henry Fitcli, Jr., 
 
 Rev. Wm. R. Durye<^ D. 1)., Mi-. Joseph C. Pool, 
 Rev. E. G. Read, Mr. W. L. M. Phelps, 
 
 Rev. J. II. Wliitehead,- R.-v. J. H. Oerter, D. i).,. 
 
 Kev.T.W.Chambers.D.D., .\Lr. Peter Donald, 
 Rev. T. S. Brown, Mr. F. S. Douglas, 
 
 Rev. P. Stryker, D. D., Mr. Chas. L. Rickersun.. 
 
 OFFICERS. 
 Eev. T. W. Chambers, D. D., I'resident. 
 Eev. M, H. Hutton, D, D., Vice-President. 
 Eev. C. L. Wells, D. D., Recording Secretary. 
 
20 FIFTY YEAES IN AMOY. 
 
 Eev. John M. Ferris, D. D., Hon. Secretary. 
 
 Eev. Henry N. Cobb, D. D., Corresponding Secretary, 
 25 East 22d St., New York. 
 
 Mr. Peter Donald, Treasurer, 25 East 2 2d St., New 
 YorJj. 
 
 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 
 Eev.A.E.Tliompsm, D. D., .Mr. Peter Donald, 
 Eev. Lewis Francis, Mr. Chas. L. Eickerson. 
 
 Eev. C. Ij. Wells, D. D., Mr. F. S. Douglas, 
 Eev. M. II. Hutton, D. D., ih: Joseph C. Pool, 
 Eev. E. G. Eead, Mr. John C. Giffing, 
 
 MEDICAL ADVISEES. 
 
 Henry E. Baldwin, M. D., New Brunswick. 
 
 E. G. Janeway, M. D., New York. 
 
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CHAPTEE III. 
 
 HISTOEY or JIISSIONS IN CHINA. 
 
 The first missionary enterprise among tlxe 
 Chinese was conducted by the Nestorians as 
 early as the sixth centiixy, A. D., and their work 
 was so firmly established that, notwithstanding 
 the fierce persecutions that shattered their or- 
 ganizations and scattered their converts and 
 turned "their places of worship into heathen 
 temples," way down in the se^'enteenth century 
 tra/^s of it are said to have been found. It is 
 said that several of tlie Emperors of the Tong 
 Dynasty (617-906) favored these early mission- 
 aries and "had copies of the Bible translated 
 and placed in the library of the palace." 
 
 In the twelfth or thirteenth century the 
 Eoman Catholic Church began its work, but did 
 not meet with much success until the arrival 
 of Matteo Eicci, in the seventeenth centurj^, who 
 was a noted mathematician as well as priest, 
 and who seemed to have made a ]n-ofound im- 
 pression upon the Chinese by his scholarly mind, 
 and gained much favor for his sect. Great suc- 
 cess followed his efforts, and before persecution 
 fell upon them, they intimated that they were 
 successful in organizing 300 churches, with a 
 membership of 300,000 converts. 
 
 In the eighteenth century (1723) the Govern- 
 ment became wearied with their intrigues and 
 
22 FIFTY -iTlARS IN AMOY. 
 
 contentions, and ordered that all, except a few 
 of their best matheniaticians,should be banished 
 to Macao. But the work was kept alive by na- 
 tive catechists, and b^- secret visits of pries,ts 
 from Europe. 
 
 In the sixteenth century the Greek Church 
 became established at the Capitol, but it is only 
 in recent yeai-s that they have made any ^-igor- 
 ons attempts in making converts. 
 
 Modern Protestant Missions began under the' 
 auspices of the London Missionary Society of 
 Great Britain, who sent oiijt Dr. Robert Morri- 
 son in January. 1S07, and who arrived in Can- 
 ton (Kwang-tnng I'rovince, i. e., the most south- 
 east province of China) September, 1807. 
 
 The next year he took upon himself added 
 duties and became translator of the East Indian. 
 Company. In 1811 Dr. ilorrisou baptized his 
 first convert, and in the same year issued the 
 New Testament in Chinese. In 1818, assisted 
 by Rev. ^A'}n. MiJne, a\ ho arri\ed at Canton in 
 1813, he issued tlie whole Bible in that lan- 
 guage. Dr. Moirison's labors were contined to 
 Canton, and even there, were greatly circum- 
 scribed. 
 
 The first American Society (and the second in 
 the Empire) to begin udssionary work 'in Chinai 
 was the A. B. C. F. M., who sent out Rev. 
 Elijah C. Bridgman and Rev. David Abeel (con- 
 ditionally) in October, 1829, and who arri\'ed at 
 Macao February 9th, 1830, and at Canton Feb- 
 ruary 25th, 1830. 
 
 Rev. E. C. Bridgman was the fii'st editor of 
 
HISTOIIV OF MISSIONS IN CHINA. 23 
 
 the " Chinese depository," whicli was issued 
 for the first time May :ilst, ls:!l, under the di- 
 rection of an oi-j;aiiization calieil the "Cliris- 
 tian Union, "founded by Dis. .Morrison and Abeel 
 and otliers. Tlie object of this Union was to 
 diffuse Christian knowledge and useful knowl- 
 edg^e concerning the Chinese among English 
 readers. And this was done through the col- 
 umns of the "Chinese Keiiository." This peri- 
 odical changed its name in later years to the 
 periodical issued no^^•, \i'/..: "The Chinese Re- 
 corder.' 
 
 The year 1834 was noted for two important 
 events. (1) The death of Dr. Morrison. (2) The 
 first persecution upon the native Christians. 
 
 The authorities became aroused on account of 
 the work missionaries had alreaidy accomplished 
 and took measures at once to stop any further 
 increase by issuing a proclamation condemning 
 the "traitorous natives" who had taught the 
 foreigners the Chinese langiiage. Subsequently 
 their arrest was ordered, and all printed matter 
 ■destroyed. Much valuable material, as well as 
 the labor of years, was thus demolished, and 
 the little band of converts and a school of boys 
 dispersed. The ne.xt year (1835) the printing 
 press, and what remained of the type, was re- 
 moved to Singapore, where the tracts and otlier 
 books were thereafter issued. Five Chinamen 
 went along as printers. 
 
 The story of those early >ears of pioneer work 
 is thrilling and intensely interesting, but we 
 must only linger for a moment over those events. 
 
24 FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 Various ti'ips were made along the coast, ex- 
 tending to the Provinc*' of Shan-tung, Central 
 China. Once the missionaries visit-ed the City 
 of Shanghai and distributed 4,000 tracts. The 
 first ^dsit to the interior was probablj' made by 
 Messrs. Steven and Crutzlail and an English 
 gentleuian in -Ma}-, 1835, by sailing up the Min 
 EiTer, iii the Fulden Pro\'ince. They only suc- 
 ceeded in getting se\'enty miles west of Foo- 
 chau, ^^'hen they «ere fired upon by Chinese 
 soldiers and compelled to return, suffering only 
 to the extent of having one of their crew 
 wounded. 
 
 Thus the work contmued until the barricaded 
 doors swung open and the walls of separation 
 began to crumble. 
 
 Other societies rapidly followed in establish- 
 ing themselves in the land of the celestials, viz.: 
 The third society to find a footing in the Em- 
 pire was the American Baptist, North, 1834. 
 The fourth: American Protestant Episcopal, 
 1835. The fifth: American Presbyterian, North, 
 1835. And sixth : The Reformed (Dutch) Church, 
 1842, at Amoy. 
 
Amoy City. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 AMOY. 
 
 Amoy is the name of an island, ;i city, and 
 is also applied to the disti-ict occupied by our 
 Mission, hence the name: Anioy Mission. 
 
 Amoy Island lies just off of the sontlieastern 
 part of the Fukien Province (ami forms a part 
 of it), in the Formosa Channel. The island is 
 12 miles long, 10 broad and 30 in circumference. 
 The surface is extremely rough and rugged. 
 Great boulders and high rock-capped hills 
 stretch out before the vision in a line of un- 
 broken profusion, making a landscape that is 
 vnld, if not pleasing. \'egetation is scarce. The 
 Chinese fanns must be contLued to the very small 
 patches of ground that lie in the valleys or 
 nestle by the hillside. The only things that 
 seem to flourish are men, women and children. 
 They abound. One hundred and forty villages 
 are hidden away somewhere amongst these hills 
 and rocks — ^just where is too great a mystery 
 for human eyes to penetrate — \\'ith an estimated 
 population of 400,000. In three of these 
 villages, viz. Kang-thau, Kio-thau and Chhan- 
 chhu-oa, are chapels connected with the Re- 
 formed (Dutch) Church Mission, where congre- 
 gations meet every Sabbath to worship the true 
 God. 
 
 Amoy City is a commercial port, situated on 
 
-tj FIFl'Y I'EAES IN AMOY. 
 
 the southern point of the island, north latitude 
 24" 28', about one degree above the Tropic of 
 Cancer, east longitude 118" 10'. Its latitude is 
 almost identicallj' the same as that of Key 
 AVest, Florida, 21" :30'. It is located about 300 
 uules north of Hong-Kong, 150 miles south of 
 Foochau (the Capitol of the Province), 550 
 miles south of Shanghai, and 1,100 miles from 
 Pekin (these are English miles and in a straight 
 course). 
 
 The seasons are four : Spring, summer, autumn 
 and winter; or it may be classified in two, viz.: 
 Wet and dry. Spring begins in February, sum- 
 mer in June, fall in October, Avinter in Decem- 
 ber. The spring is decidedly moist, the summer 
 broiling, the lute fall and early A^'inter delight- 
 ful. ^^'hen the weather get« at it, it sticks to 
 it on the same taclc for one hundi-ed and twenty 
 days. There is no rise or fall in the mercury 
 of 20 degrees in tvs-enty-four hours, if j^ou please, 
 and for those -wlio object to sudden changes, 
 here is a perfect elysium. 
 
 The rain.y season keeps it up four or five 
 months. It has been kno^^ ii to ponr for forty 
 days at a stretch, reminding one very forcibly 
 of the days of Noah. 
 
 The suiiinier runs on the same schedule. Four 
 months of hot weather, with 7.3 or 80 per cent 
 of humidity thrown in gratuitously, is a spell 
 of weather some would ratiier read about than 
 experience. However, there is compensation in 
 all things. The four months of fall and winter, 
 merged into one season of delightful California 
 
AMOV. - ( 
 
 weather and Italian skies, in a measure make 
 up for all the cruel things one h;is had t(j endure 
 before. In summer the mercury goes up to 9G 
 (in the shade), and in winter goes <loNvn to 47. 
 Occasionally there is frost. 
 
 And now let us take a peep into the city. It 
 has a population of several ten-thousands — ac- 
 cording to the accuracy of a Chinaman. That 
 is to say, that is close enough ftgnring for him 
 — a matter of one or two thousands more or 
 less is of no consequence. 
 
 The estimated population is hejtween sixty 
 and one hundre<l thousand. If that statement 
 is any clearer than the former, you are entitled 
 to all the satisfaction you can derive therefrom. 
 
 Besides the foreign business houses, banks 
 and Custom House, and the native warehouses, 
 stores and shops, there are four native churches, 
 supporting their own pastors, located in the 
 city. Two of the churches, viz.: The first and 
 second churches (Sin-Koe-a and Tek-Ohhiu- 
 Kha) are under the supervision of the Reformed 
 (Dutch) Church, and the other two are under 
 the supervision of the London 'Mission Society. 
 Services are held there every Sabbath at 9 a. m. 
 and at 3:30 p. ni. A weekly prayer-meeting is 
 also observed in each church. A woman's meet- 
 ing is held twice a week, as well, in each church, 
 one being held on Sunday, which is conducted 
 by the pastor's wife, and the other held on a 
 weekday and is conducted by one of the lady 
 missionaries. 
 
 There are also two hospitals in Amoy city. 
 
28 FlfTV YEARS IN AMOV. 
 
 One under the support of the English Presby- 
 terian Mission, Dr. A. L. Macleish in charge, 
 and the other supported by the foi-eign com- 
 munity, Dr. B. S. Riny:er in charge. 
 
 Anioy has a rei)iitation. Few cities have not. 
 It is reputed to be the dirtiest city in China. 
 Pity the city that is more so. Prom all ap- 
 pearances, as ^^•ell as from all infonnation that 
 comes through the olfactory channel, it sustain.s 
 tliat reputation admirably. Happy is the man 
 in China whose olfactory ner\e has lost its 
 power. To our knowledge, there is but one 
 missionary so blessed, and he is the most de- 
 voteil nussionary on the gi'ound. This may ex- 
 plain it. 
 
 A city. Banish from your minds the thought 
 of A\'ide avenues, cle«n sti-eets, beautiful i)ri- 
 vate residences, niagnificent public buildings 
 and imposing mercantile houses. Amoy is not 
 built in that way. Her streets are as crooked 
 as rani's horns, ever winding and twisting, de- 
 scending and ascending and finally ending in 
 the great nowhere, and the wayfai'ing man, 
 though wise, shall err' therein. There is no 
 sti-eet either straight, or called " straight". They 
 do not make them that way. And for a reason. 
 
 People have an idea that the upper world is 
 full of spirits — generally e^'il — who, if allowed 
 to move in a straight line, somebody would get 
 hurt. Human beings cannot move about cor- 
 ners and sharp turns with the same momentum 
 as in straight lines. No more can the creatures 
 of the upper air. Hence the turns and twists 
 
AMOY. 2& 
 
 in the streets of Amoy, so as to ease up against 
 the force of the bumps of these wicked spirits 
 as they strike poor weak and human creatures. 
 Then in addition to the crookedness, they uuist 
 add another aggi-avation by making tliem like 
 lemon-squeezers. There are streets in Amoy so 
 narrow that you camiot cai'i-y an open umbrella. 
 The aTerage street is abuut four feet wide. 
 Why do they make them so narrow? To keep 
 out the sunshine. They do it effectually. But 
 the principal reason for their narrowness is for 
 protection. 
 
 It is a noisy and a busy town. A real Fourth 
 of July celebration is going on continually. 
 Through the narrow thoroughfares, with their 
 stall-like shops wide oi>en, ^^dth their wares in 
 full view, the multitudes tramp the whole day 
 long, while the whiz and bang of the irre- 
 pressible lire-cracker never ceases. Why do 
 they shoot flre-crackers ? To make a noise. 
 They succeed beautifully, ^\'e may say, how- 
 ever, that the nois6 is made for the purpose of 
 driving awny the evil spirits. 
 
 Pandemonium reigns. Gongs are sounding 
 from every direction, travelling nmsicians and 
 theatre orchestras are vieing with each other 
 to make the louder noise, hucksters and coolies 
 aie shouting, dogs (with which the land abounds) 
 are barking and flghting, and with a street 
 fight (war of Mords, generally) and side shows, 
 it is enough to bewilder creatures from other 
 lands than ours. 
 
 The jiort of Amoy is an imijortant one, being 
 
30 FIFTY VEAKS IN AMOY. 
 
 the fourtli in importance for the exportation of 
 tea (the most of it beinj;- brought over from 
 Formosa). It is only in recent years that it 
 has reached this -importance, and it is not too 
 much to say that business succ-esses are in no 
 small measure indebted to the influence of mis- 
 sions. From their establishment the prog- 
 ress has lieen rapid and continuous. And 
 if only the effort of our churches had 
 keiit pace with the effort of commerce, 
 Amoy to-day -would not only be the fourth in im- 
 portance as a commercial centre, but its im- 
 portance as a centre of Christian intiuence could 
 not be estimated. But tliis in passing. The 
 trade has gone on increasing until now every 
 year hundreds of thousands of tons of tea are 
 shipped from this port to America and England. 
 
 It is no uncommon occurrence for -\-essels to 
 leave \\ith 1,000 tons of tea at a time. In the 
 latest statistics at hand it is reported that in 
 one year adO vessels, ^vith an aggregate of 
 224,430 tons, entered this port, bringing sugar, 
 rice, ra^^■ cotton, hardware and oil to the total 
 value of fi), 577, 135. The same year 554 ves- 
 sels cleared, bearing away tea, porcelain and 
 paper, etc., to the total value of .f5,720,230. 
 Besides this there is an immense trade carried 
 on bj^ Chinese junks, statistics of \\hich cannot 
 be obtained. 
 
 Amoj' has been one of the conspicuous names 
 in the history of the Chinese Empire. Being 
 one of the natural entrepots of the nation, it was 
 early brought to the notice of foreign Powers. 
 
AilOY. 31 
 
 It is qiiite likely that tliis is one of .the very 
 places that Ptolemy, "the celebrated geog.'- 
 raplier," mentions in his writings concerning 
 places along the coast of China. Yet, it an^ouM 
 be profitless to even attempt to verifj' this, or 
 to identify satisfactorilj^ the names mentioned 
 in this early record. But still, there are enough 
 undisputed facts to prove that Amoy was known, 
 to the tra\eller aud the merchants in the very 
 earliest centuries of the Cliristiaii era. 
 
 Amoy's fame iius been made world-wide by 
 siege and bombardment and captures. 
 
 The great rebel chief, Ohing-Ohing-Kung 
 iKoshinga or Koxinga, as Avritten by the Portu- 
 guese), chose the place as his defence against 
 the invasions of the Manchus in the seventeenth 
 century, and here fitted out an annament to 
 strengthen himself for the resistance. Under 
 the combined forces of the Dutch (wlio had a 
 bone to pick with him), and the Manchus, Amoy 
 was caijtured in 1063, and the subjugation of 
 the Fuideu Pi'ovince t(, tht Manchu-'- power was 
 completed. 
 
 The East India Company made Amoy one of 
 its chief commercial centres, aud in 1578 
 built a factory here, and had invested (together 
 Avith a place on Poinnosa) .|30,000 in bullion 
 and |20,000 in goods. A successful trade was 
 carried on until 1G81, wiieu the restrictions 
 phiced upon it by the Manclius' became so griev- 
 ous that they were compelled to remove the 
 factories to Canton aud Foochau. Trade, how- 
 
 (1) Al£o Itetars. 
 
 LIBRARY OF THE -5 . . p, ^ 
 
 STUDENT VOLUNTEER MOVEMENT FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS, i U i t) 
 
32 FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 ever, at Ainoy was renewed in 1685. But tliB 
 most important event in the history of Amoy 
 was its capture by the British forces in 1841, 
 during the time of the "opium war." 
 
 Soon after the capture of Canton, the British 
 forces,- "consisting of two T4s and seven other 
 ships of war, foiir steamers, twenty-three trans- 
 ports, anil two other vessels, carrying in all 
 3,500 ti'oops, under the joint command of Sir 
 Hugli (Jough and Admiral Parker, moved north- 
 Avard U]) the China coast for the purpose of sutn- 
 duing the nation." Four days after leaving 
 Canton the -whole flotilla di"oppe<l anchor in the 
 harbor of Amoy, Aug. 25th, 1841. The British 
 forces ha<l not been unexpected, and extensive 
 preparations had been made for their rec-eption. 
 
 "Every island and protecting headland over- 
 looking the harbor had been occupied and 
 armed, and a continuous line of stone wall more 
 thian a mile long, with embrasures roofed by 
 large slabs covered with earth to protect the 
 guns, had been built, and batteries and bas- 
 tions erected at well-chosen points." The broad- 
 sides of the ships had little effect on these stone 
 walls. 
 
 Twenty-four thousand rounds from the two 
 74s, "besides the dischaj-ge from frigates and 
 steamers," failed to make any apparent im- 
 pression upon the fortifications. And it was 
 not until the troops landed and drove out the 
 garrison that the forts were taken. 
 
 Lack of discipline on the part of the Chinese, 
 
 (2) WUliamB' "Middle Kingdom," Vol. II. 
 
Amoy Academy Property, 
 
AilOY. -J-. 
 
 as was everywhere Imanifested in this unfort- 
 unate and unjust war, caused them to lose the 
 battle, and on the liTth of August, 1841, the 
 city fell into the hands of the British. "All the 
 arms and public stores, consisting of powder, 
 wall-pieces, gingals, matchlocks, shields, uni- 
 forms, bows, arrows, spears and other articles 
 found in great quantities were destroyed; 500 
 cannon were found in the forts." The Chinese 
 forces were estimated to be 8,000 troops and 
 2G war junks, one two-decker, built on the for- 
 eign model and carrying 30 guns. Leaving a 
 detachment of 550 troops on the Island of Ko- 
 longsu, and three vessels in the harbor to guard 
 the city, the flotilla left for Chusan. The Brit- 
 ish did not lose a man, and the Chinese not 
 more than flfty, in the conflict."* 
 
 The Amoy district, or, to be more correct, 
 ■'the territory occupied by the missions at 
 Amoy,'' covers an area of country equal to about 
 120 square ndles, including the tAvo large cities 
 of Chiang-Chiu an<l Choan-Chiu, each of which 
 is larger than Amoy. An area of country 60 
 miles long an;! 11 Avide, hy the comity of mis- 
 sions, is under the supervision of the Reformed 
 (Dutch) Church Mission, with an estimated pop- 
 ulation of 3,000,000. "If the cities of Boston, 
 New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore were 
 situated in a A-alley 40 miles long, 15 wide, and 
 the whole intervening countrj' were so tliicldy 
 studded with villages that a man should never 
 be out of sight of one or more of them, still 
 
 (3) Williams' "Middle Kingdom," Vol. II. 
 
34 FIFTY YEAES IN AMOY. 
 
 tte population of this valley would not be 
 equal to the number of souls accessible to the 
 missionary from Amoy." (Annual Report.) 
 
 The people of the Amoy district are an in- 
 dustrious and a yery peaceable people. 
 
 Mr. Burlingame, special representative of tihe 
 United States Government to the Court of 
 China in 1867, after his return to America, at a 
 public dinner tendered to him by the merchants 
 of New York, in a speech delivered on that oc- 
 casion made use of the following lamguage in 
 regard to the people of China: 
 
 "The 'Chinese are a great people; they are at 
 polite people, they are a patient people, they 
 are a sober people, and they are an industrious 
 people." These are the characteristics of the 
 Amoy people, a.nd we might speak of every one 
 of them, but suffice it to speak only of their in- 
 dustry and their peaceableness. 
 
 "Idleness," it has been well said, "is not 
 conspicuous." As John Wesley said of a pros- 
 perous and a successful church, so it may be 
 said of them: "They are all at it, and always 
 at it" — toiling. 
 
 From the dim outlines of dawning day until 
 the shadows have wrapped their world in dark- 
 ness the hum and whir of traific pulsates 
 through every town and village of this district. 
 And week in and week out, month after month, 
 and year in and year out, excepting two or 
 three weeks at the Chinese New Year, those 
 wheels of traffic never cease. 
 
 We are not praising what they accomplish. 
 
neither the crude metliods they employ, iior the 
 cruel system of bondage to eternal toil, but 
 only mention that idleness, as we term the char- 
 acteristic, is not in their make-up. 
 
 This same diligence is witnessed amongst the 
 scholars in their persistent and indefatigable 
 zeal to obtain a coveted degree — e\'en after re- 
 peated failures. At a single prefecture ten 
 thousand candidates present themsehes at the 
 regular examinations. In some cases there will 
 be found the grandfather, son and grandson, all 
 competing for the same degree. In 1889 the 
 G-OA'ernor-G^eneral of the Fukien Province re- 
 ported that at the autunmal examination in 
 Foochau there were nine candidates over eighty 
 years of age. We may say here that at another 
 examination in another pro\'ince there were 
 thirteen candidates over eighty years and one 
 over ninety years of age. At still another, 
 thirty-live competitors were over eighty and 
 eighteen over ninety. We have nothing to say 
 of their system of education, so grossly de- 
 fective and circumscribed, and which really pro- 
 duces only a few readers and still fewer schol- 
 ars, but such uidomitable perseverance and 
 pluck along e.lucational lines is seldom wit- 
 nessed outside of China. 
 
 Probably there was no intention of defining 
 the character of the people of Fukien by the 
 name given to the province. The meaning of 
 Fukien may be rendered ''established happi- 
 ness." Fu, happiness; Kien, established. If 
 a people are happy they are usually contented 
 
36 FIFTY YEAES IN AMOY. 
 
 and peaceable, especiaUy when that happiness, 
 is established. 
 
 If such a reasoning be permissible, then maybe 
 in this way this characteristic of the Amoy 
 people at least may be accounted for. 
 
 Whilst both north and south there has been 
 serious trouble, nothing like open violence and 
 mob forces have ever, to our knowledge, pre- 
 sented themselves in the Amoy district. A» 
 noted below, in these after pages, the disposi- 
 tion toward missionaries from the start has 
 been most friendly, and whenever there has 
 been trouble, it has been stirred up by the rul- 
 ing classes, and not by the people.. 
 
 Only one or two events during these fifty 
 years have occurred to disturb this tranquillity,, 
 viz.. The Tai-peng Rebellion (1850-'64), and the 
 "Anti-Missionary Movement" in South China 
 (1871). Possibly to these should be added the 
 jKilitical disturbances occasioned by the French 
 war. Whilst these movements were at their 
 height, the people of Amoy were more or less 
 excited and ill-disposed toward the foreigners. 
 Still, even iii these most exasperating times, un- 
 controlled passion never gained full sway,, 
 neither did mobs ever threaten our dwellings. 
 
 True, we have never poisessed the full con- 
 fidence of this people. We have not yet reached 
 that happy condition of having our presence 
 among them above suspicion. Even this peace- 
 able people cannot banish from their minds the 
 idea that we are among them, not as those who 
 serve, but as those to obtain some personal or 
 
AilOY. 37 
 
 national adTautage. But we are confident that 
 among such a peaceable people, even confidence 
 "will be established, also. 
 
 This peaceableness of the people may be ac- 
 counted for in another way, tIz. : because they 
 have never been brought into contact, to any 
 great extent, with foreign nations. 
 
 What we mean is, that the people of Amoy 
 do not emigrate to Europe or America. So 
 they, are not cognizant of the ill-treatment their 
 countrymen receive at the hands of so-called 
 Christian nations. 
 
 The Amoy people, true to the colonizing in- 
 stincts of the nation, do emigrate, but they emi- 
 grate to Singapore, Penaiig, Manilla and the 
 Dutch possessions of the East Indies. A great 
 number go to these places, and, like good and 
 true Americans and Europeans, maintain their 
 citizenship and their individuality, get rich and 
 come back to Amoy to enjoy their riches. A 
 people more like the Anglo-Saxon one will have 
 .0 search far to find. 
 
 They emigrate and take their nationality with 
 them. Oh, Americans, do you dare to criticise- 
 them for this? Make them Christians, and you 
 will have another Eastern Anglo-Saxon race, in. 
 very truth, on the other side of the world, that 
 will speak louder in actions than the Western 
 ever did. 
 
 The people of Amoy are not physically strong 
 in appearance. The people of Southern China 
 are less robust, shorter, and of lighter build 
 than the people of the North. Yet they are 
 
38 FIFTY YEAES IN AMOY. 
 
 hardy and an enduring people. A great many 
 old people are found among them. 
 
 When we consider what they eat and how they 
 labor, it is surprising they do live to be eighty 
 and ninety years old. Perhaps it is the quantity 
 they eat, and not so much the quality, for a 
 Chinaman thinks nothing of seven or eight 
 bowls of rice, as a bite. 
 
 Their principal diet consists of rice, fish, 
 pork, sweet potatoes, pickled vegetables and 
 green vegetables. Some of the poor folks live 
 on sweet potatoes, and others on such shell fish 
 as they can scrape together, and when poverty 
 presses them hard, they may be obliged to eat 
 rats. 
 
 But let it be understood that it is a ridiculous 
 idea, and preposterously absurd, for any one 
 to say that the Chinese are a race that delights 
 in eating rats. They are no more a people who 
 ■eat rats than the American people are a people 
 who eat frogs' feet, or horse-flesh, or raw pork. 
 The Chinese are a respectable race, a race with 
 5,000 years of history behind them, a race of 
 wealth, a race that need not eat rats, and they 
 do not. 
 
 Amoy, like other parts of China, is a place of 
 sharp contrasts — the comfortably rich and the 
 miserably poor, the highly educated (Chinese 
 education) and the utterly ignorant, living side 
 by side. 
 
 There are, however, three distinct classes, 
 even as they are divided the world over, viz.: 
 the high, the middle and the lower. There is no 
 
AMOV. 39 
 
 s\icli thing as caste, however; the different 
 grades of society are open to all. The Chinese 
 divide themselves up into scholars, farmers, 
 workmen and merchants. A still better divi- 
 sion would be (1) aristocracy, (2) merchants and 
 farmers, and (3) the laborers. 
 
 In the aristocracy are included the Imperial 
 family, the princes, the mandarins and the lit- 
 erati. 
 
 The homes of this class are built of brick and 
 stone. Whilst the architecture is very simple, 
 yet they are sometimes most exquisitely deco- 
 rated with carvings and paintings outwardly 
 and inwardly. Sometimes, as in the case of a 
 dwelling on Kolongsu, these are built in suites 
 of dwellings, arranged around open courts, 
 some to accommodate the numerous wives and 
 families, others for guests according to their 
 rank, others for secretaries and teachers, and 
 still others for the retainers and servants. 
 
 For furniture, carved chairs, hard and uncomi- 
 fortable, with the indispensable tea-table be- 
 tween every two, are arranged about the room. 
 Sometimes there are settees also. The walls are 
 loaded with scrolls and banners, inscribed on 
 which are the choice words of China's great 
 Sage, or perhaps phrases lauding the virtues 
 and greatness of the families to which they be- 
 long, in each particular instance. 
 
 There is no carpet on the floor. Tile floors 
 are the fashion, and it prevails universally. 
 There are no bay windows or balconies attached 
 to these houses, and until recently no window- 
 
40 FIFTY YEAES IN AMOY. 
 
 glass was employed in their construction. The 
 light usually travels through the open door and 
 apertures in the wall, Avhich are called win- 
 dows, if it ever at all gains admittance into 
 these houses. At the present time, however, 
 Chinese houses, of the richer classes, at least, 
 are modernized and civilized to the extent of 
 having window-glass. It is a step in advance, 
 and to us, who watch every step so closely, it 
 indicates an onward and upward stride of civil- 
 ization and Christianization, slow though it be 
 and not always apparent. And we breathe the 
 prayer that the windows may be place<l in their 
 souls, so that the true light may shine in and 
 scatter all the darkness that has hung so long 
 and so heavily upon them. 
 
 In the middle class, i. e., merchants and farm- 
 ers, are included the bankers, merchants, clerks, 
 teachers and farmers. Their hom.es genera 
 ally are less elaborate than those just above 
 them. While they are not rich as a class (they 
 are poor, afe we count riches), still, some of these 
 merchants may be well termed "merchant 
 princes," and their homes are quite as grand as 
 any. 
 
 In this class, as a class, we tind a nearer ap- 
 proach to our family life than elsewhere in 
 China. We may say here that we consider this 
 class to be the backbone of the nation and the 
 hope of the Church. And it is of this material 
 principally that our Amoy churches are com- 
 posed. 
 
 Generally there is but one wife, and she has 
 
a voice in ;tlie domestic affairs of tlie household. 
 She may also possess a fair education. 
 
 The business of the country, for respectability, 
 competition and honesty wdll compare favorably 
 -\\'ith the business of other countries, such as 
 manufacturing, shipping and mercantile. 
 
 There ai-e no more clever farmers in the world. 
 Their farms are exceedingly small, compared 
 with Amierican farms. They ai'e kept under a 
 high state of culti\ation, and around about 
 Amoy are expected to yield two crops each year. 
 
 Their little farms of half an acre to [three or 
 four acres, some terraced one above the other 
 up the hillside, have more tlie appearance of 
 garden spots than otherwise. 
 
 The principal products about Amoy are rice, 
 sugar-cane, sweet potatoes, Irish potatoes, 
 beans, peanuts, peas, cabbage and wheat. Opium 
 is also being cultivated. Fruit abounds. There 
 ai'e orange, banana and pumelo orchards, yield- 
 ing their delicious products. 
 
 Cxuavas, persinmions, cocoanuts and pine- 
 apples, figs and mangoes are cultivated and yield 
 in their season. Tea is not extensively raised. 
 Most of the tea is cultivated in Formosa and 
 trans-shipped from this port. The farmer is the 
 most independent and most respected individual 
 in the Empire. 
 
 In the laboring class are included the carters^ 
 farm hands, wheelbarrow men, chair-bearers^ 
 boatmen and runners. Their homes are simply 
 wretched. No pen can describe them as they 
 are, for one cannot transcribe smells. (This is 
 
42 FIFTY YEAES IN AMOY. 
 
 not only applicable to the homes of the poor. 
 In every home odoriferous sights fill earth and 
 sky.) So what need to attempt even to describe 
 them. All we need say is that if one wishes to 
 ■witness poverty, misery, in grossest forms, visit 
 the homes of the poor of China. There may be 
 places where more filth abounds, but for down- 
 right poverty, bare walls and floors, one 
 would have to search far to find their equal. 
 Yet this very class teach us two beautiful les- 
 sons of submission and liberality. 
 
 Among all this army of stragglers very few 
 words of complaint are raised above the hum of 
 toil and labor. Like some wise philosophers 
 patiently enduring what they cannot be curing, 
 this mighty host of sufferers march on in un- 
 broken ranks, toiling on and on under most 
 cruel bondage. Who ever heard of such a thing 
 as a strike, or a rebellion against capital 
 amongst their number? No such thing is 
 known. They are not a nation of strikers in 
 any sense. They are plodders and toilers, and 
 the nation must be very blind that casts them 
 off for strikers and rioters and rebels. 
 
 We have not a few .of this class enrolled 
 among our church members. The dear Lord 
 was poor. So we despised not these poor ones, 
 even though they be Chinamen. It is from them 
 that some princely sums are cast into the Lord's 
 treasury. 
 
 No more beautiful sight, no more encouraging 
 sign can be afforded than this, showing how 
 deeply rooted the Word of God has become in 
 
AMOY. 43 
 
 the heart of this people when they give their 
 dollars out of such poverty for the Lord's work. 
 We have reserved another place to speak more 
 fully of theu" bene\'olence, so there is no need to 
 speak further here. 
 
 We do sometimes wonder what kind of crowns 
 these will wear, what places they will occupy 
 in that upper Kingdom. We, who see the con- 
 dition in which they live and the magnificent 
 Slims they give, imagine it Avill be a very bright 
 crown, sparkling with jewels. And we im- 
 agine, too, that some of them will have a place 
 very near the great white throne. 
 
CHAPTEE V. 
 
 KOLONGSU. 
 
 The meaning of this word is "The 'Drmn Wave 
 Island." Ko, drum; long, a rushing s,tream of 
 water; su, an island. It is supposed to receive 
 its name from a part of the Island, where there 
 is a hollowed rock, through which the waters 
 of the sea rush, producing a sound like drunt 
 ming. 
 
 On a great pile of high rocks (in the centre of 
 the island), lifting their grey heads 300 feet 
 into the air, there is an inscription, the meaning 
 of which is: Kolongsu is the most delightful 
 spot under heaven. 
 
 Kolongsu lies just off south from the city 
 of Amoy — about one furlong. It was at first 
 considered more unhealthy than the city of 
 Amoy, with all its filth and jdirt. When 
 the British soldiers attacked Amoy, they sta- 
 tioned themselves on this island. They died 
 off by hundreds, stricken down by fever, and 
 to them and the early missionaries it seemed 
 nothing less than a death-trap. Dr. Abeel, Mr. 
 Doty and Mr. Pohlman first resided there, but 
 on September 22, 1844, they all moved over to 
 Amoy. Aud there in the city, on the water's 
 side, they built their homes, which can be seen 
 to this day. After twenty years' residence in 
 Amoy, the missionaries discovered that Ko- 
 
Part of Kolongsu. 
 
KOLONGSU. 4:5 
 
 longsu was a mucli moire healthy spot than 
 Amoy. This was not because the Gomlitions of 
 Kolongsn had changed, but it was because the 
 missionaries and soldiers in former days hald to 
 occupy Chinese homes, which are bad enough 
 themselves, but thric© uninhabitable when sit- 
 uated in damp, low places. It was all right 
 when they got up on the hilltops. The resident 
 physician condemned the houses in which the 
 missionaries were living in Amoy in the year 
 1865, and then they began turning their atten- 
 tion to Kolongsu once more. The Mission wrote 
 home, asking for |6,000 to buy a site on which 
 to build a house on this island. In 1867 the site 
 was secured, and the building so long occupied 
 by, and called for a quarter of a century. Dr. 
 Talmage's residence, was erected. ]^ow all the 
 foreigners (about 250 English, Portuguese and 
 Americans) reside on this island, and, although 
 they have not found it "the most delightfxil 
 spot under heaven," they have found it the best 
 and most comfortable place for sixty miles 
 around. Here are located, too, the higher edu- 
 cational institutions of the three missions, viz.: 
 Theological seminary, boys' academy, girls' 
 schools, Charlotte Duryee Woman's Training 
 School, and the Children's Home (orphanage). 
 The Douglas Memorial, erected in 1880 to the 
 memory of Carstaii"s Douglas, member of thu 
 English Presbyterian Mission, is located on this 
 island. The students of all our schools, with 
 native Christians residing on the island, meet in 
 this building every Sabbath for public worship. 
 
46 FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 There is also a union cliapel on the island, 
 where English services are conducted every Sab- 
 bath by the missionaries, There are also con- 
 sulates, hotels and stores on the island. 
 
 And besides, on this same island there are 
 three distinct Chinese villages, with a popula- 
 tion of four or five thousand. 
 
 Kolongsu is a little more than a mile long and 
 half a mile wide. 
 
 A road committee keeps a road that goes 
 round the island in good condition, and as this 
 is the only civilized thoroughfare for miles 
 around, it is appreciated and enjoyed. 
 
T — ™ p — r-j, — Mp M|« auw « ^ op ' , Tpi!; 
 
 Group of School Children, Kolongsu. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE DOOES OF AMOY OPENED. 
 
 For many years China was nothing more than 
 a hermit Kingdom. She shut herself off en- 
 tirely from the outside "barbaric" world. Her 
 walls were high and strong, and every door her- 
 metically sealed against all intrusion of the for- 
 eigner. 
 
 Early in the nineteenth century, as we have 
 seen, the missicTnaries Morrison, Milne, Bridg- 
 man and Abeel began knocking at the barri- 
 caded gates of the Empire for adnussion to 
 preach the e\erlasting riches of the Gospel of 
 Jesus Christ. But for years they were obliged 
 to confine their labors to the suburbs of Can- 
 ton and the island of Macao (a small island off 
 the southern coast of China), and the bleak and 
 rocky coast of the Empire. In no other places 
 in the vast nation were missionaries tolerated. 
 
 This seclusion was persistently maintained 
 until the year 1840, when the chariots of an un- 
 just war came rolling up against these hitherto 
 impregnable walls. The history of this war, 
 so extraordinary in its origin, so marvelous in 
 its course, so momentous in its results, not only 
 fonns one of the mosit interesting chapters in 
 the world's history, but the consequences of 
 that war itself upon millions of mankind have 
 
4S FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 placed it amongst the most important chaptere 
 as well. 
 
 Originating in a "commercial misunderstand- 
 ing," waged between "conscious superiority" 
 on the one side, and "ignorant pride" on the 
 other, and resulting in bringing one-half of the 
 world into intercourse witli the other, demands 
 more than 'a passing notice. Let us confine our- 
 selves, however, as briefly as possible to the 
 origin and results of that war that led to tlie 
 opening of the barricaded doors of China. 
 
 To fully understand the situation it is neces- 
 sary to go back in history and discover -what 
 relations China held v^ith foreign nation ; before 
 the shii)s from England touched her shores. 
 Early did the Bomans, Greeks, Mohammedans 
 and Phoenecians spread tlieir sails and speed 
 a^A'ay for far off Cathay to traffic with its in- 
 habitants. And there is a record of a commis- 
 sion being sent by ilarcus Antonius to the coun- 
 try " producing the rich silks so much prized in 
 Eome." In 1254, A. D., two Venetian gentle- 
 men, Nioolo I'olo (father of Marco Polo) and 
 Matteo Polo visited China and were kindly wel- 
 comed by the Grand Khan, as the Emperor was 
 then called. Subsequently Marco Polo visited 
 China and remained twenty-five years. He be- 
 came a great favorite A^'ith the Emperor and was 
 made one of his officers, which goes to show the 
 good feeling the Emperor had toward foreigners. 
 So far as the records reveal, the intercourse 
 between these nations was above suspicion and 
 distrust, and unrestrained commercial relations 
 
THE DOOES OF AMOY OPENED. 49 
 
 extended to all who came to trade with, them for 
 twenty centuries at least. In the seventeenth 
 century (A. ©.) new powers began to send forth 
 their ships, plowing the great waters in search 
 of conquest and new territory. Spanish, Dutch, 
 French, Portuguese and English sent forth their 
 navies in search of new territory an<i to conquer 
 the world if necessary for their respective gov- 
 ernments. 
 
 China began to look with suspicion on these 
 proceedings. And who can blame her? She 
 watched wath eager interest the events that 
 were taking place "in the neighboring regions 
 of Luconia, Java and India," and the cruel treat- 
 ment the victors "^dsited upon the vanquished. 
 
 Being witnesses of such scenes, as they stood 
 on their watch-towers of their nation's de- 
 fences, is it strange that the doors and gates 
 of China suddenly swung shut, and were sealed 
 and barricaded against the intrusion of the 
 avaricious foreigners? As unto Luconia, Java 
 a-nd the isles of the sea, so must be the ultimate 
 purpose of these sea kings concerning them. 
 
 Who shall say that any other policj^ would 
 not have been suicidal? Had she pursued any 
 other course the hour of doom to her inde- 
 pendence would surely have struck, and her au- 
 thority over her subjects have ceased forever, 
 and the nation long ago have crumbled to 
 pieces and their territory be possessed by 
 others. Why? "The belief entertained by 
 Europeans at that period, that the Pope had 
 the right to dispose of all pagan lands, only 
 
50 niTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 wanted men and means to be everywhere car- 
 ried into effect." And the probability is that 
 had China allowed these Spanish and Portu- 
 gese and other colonists to settle at will 
 in her domain, the Chinese nation would 
 long ago have been swept into that oblivion 
 whei'e so many other gTeat nations ai'e buried. 
 Who can criticise her, then, for instituting such 
 strict measures under the circumstances for her 
 own self-preservation, even to making herself a 
 hermit nation for nearly two centuries? 
 
 When the history of China is fully written it 
 will be the most wonderful history of the most 
 wonderful people that ever engaged the mind 
 of men. Ami when that people are full3' under- 
 stood there will be little to criticise, much to 
 applaud and much to esteem. Fi^e thousand 
 years have rolled away, a-nd yet of all the na- 
 tions of the world, China is the least under- 
 .stood and the most shamefully judge<i and 
 ti'eated. 
 
 Not yet is the fulness of time with her. The 
 hour of her greatness and due appreciation has 
 not yet sounded over the world. But if any one 
 can read the signs of the times aright, that hour 
 is soon to come. Some day this najtion will stand 
 out the mightiest and strongest nation of the 
 world, and let us hope' and pray and work that 
 it will be the best, best civilized and the best 
 Christianized nation on the face. of God's earth. 
 
 With these few observations in mind, we may 
 now consider the opium war. After the expira- 
 tion of the privilege granted by charter to the 
 
THE DOORS OF AMOV OPENED. 51 
 
 East IiKJia Company in 1834, and by "which they 
 had enjoyed a monopoly for nearly two cen- 
 turies in carrying on trade at Macao and Can- 
 ton, the English Government sought to renew 
 these commercial relations in such a manner 
 that all British merchants might have a share 
 of the trade with the Chinese people. 
 
 To this end the Et. Hon. Lord Napier was sent 
 to China to cojnnienoe negotiations for main- 
 taining trade on a " proper footing." He arrived 
 in Macao, July 15th, 1834, and, suffice it to say, 
 he made a failure of the enterprise simply on ac- 
 count of lack of diplomatic sldll. He failed to- 
 comprehend the Chinese way of doing things, 
 and the Chinese failed to comprehend the Eng- 
 lish way of doing things as well. The Chinese 
 were arrogant and suspicious. The English 
 were none the less arrogant, but less slow. 
 While we cannot excuse either, there was less 
 excuse for England than for China. Surely 
 China had a right, that England did not there 
 possess, of saying how and in what manner 
 things should be done. Lord Napier, instead of 
 waiting at Macao, pushed on to Canton without 
 official permission from the Chinese authorities. 
 This was too great an affront to the dig-nity of 
 the Chinese, and set in motion a broil and dis- 
 turbance that eventually resulted in war. 
 
 Lord Napier died on September 27th, 1834. 
 The nervous strain was too much for Mm, and 
 he succumbed under the trial. Others followed 
 him, but it was not until April 12th, 1837, that 
 England was granted the privileges she sought. 
 
52 FIFTY \-EARS IN AilOY. 
 
 Bnt at this time trade was almost entirely, con- 
 fined to traffic in opium, as that was the only 
 article that would sell. And some of the Chinese 
 as well as foi-eigners were eageo* for the exten- 
 sion of the sale, as it brought them lai*ge gains. 
 And every effort was made to legalize the use 
 thereof. There were many, however, who had 
 the welfare of the nation at heart, who fought 
 to the bitter end, both against the introduc- 
 tion and the use of it in the land. No truer or 
 stancher IrTend had the Chinese people in this 
 trvins hour than the Emperor himself, and if 
 his government had been the stronger, instead 
 of being the wealier, opium would never have 
 lodged itself in the Celestial Empire. 
 
 The natives pleaded, and foreigners argued, 
 that if it was not introduce<i now, some other 
 way would surely be opened to its introduction; 
 still the Emperor and his good advisers re- 
 sisted all overtures to let it in, or legalize its 
 use. 
 
 For forty years the Government had shown 
 its sincerity of wishing to keep the noxious 
 poison out; yet, in spite of all such efforts, so- 
 called Christian merchants and monopolists of 
 Europe persisted in smuggling it in, and finally 
 forced it upon them at the cannon's mouth. 
 
 And the Emperor had good grounds for re- 
 sisting it. He looked upon it as a design (rightly 
 or wrongly, as tlie case may be,) of the foreigner 
 introducing opium, in order, first: to so debili- 
 tate and impoverish the people that resistance 
 on their part would be in vain, and, secondly: 
 
THE DOOES OF AMOY OPENED. 53 
 
 the subjugation of the nation would easily fol- 
 low. From our point of view, the surmise was 
 unjust; but who can say, in view of all the 
 events that were transpiring about them, that 
 such a view of the situation was unjust from 
 their basis of observation? This impression 
 gained ground, until the whole nation became 
 aroused against foreign intrusion. Then, too, 
 this impression was deepened from the fact that 
 the Chinese saw that these foreigners never 
 smoked the drug themselves, nor was it used in 
 their own country. What else could it mean but 
 this? Then the baneful efEects upon the minds 
 and health of the nation, and the awful drain- 
 age of $20,000,000 a year was likewise cause 
 sufficient to awaken conjectures and sound the 
 alarm OA^er the whole domain. And so, instead 
 of enacting measures to legalize the sale there- 
 of, measures "were at once institutied to restrain 
 its sale, and, if possible, banish it from the Em- 
 pire. But the evil had become a monster — too 
 great, as the result proved, for the power and 
 wisdom of the Chinese to deal wi,th. Imprison- 
 ment and execution and banishment of offenders 
 proved of no avail. Finally, on the 18tli of 
 March, 1838, a proclamation was issued, de- 
 manding the surrender of all the opium in pos- 
 session of the merchants, and bonds required 
 that no more should be introduced under pen- 
 alty of death. 
 
 Four reasons were given for such demand : 
 
 (1) Because they were men and had reason. 
 
 (2) Because the law forbade its use. 
 
54 FIFTY YEARS IX AMOY. 
 
 (3) Because thev should feel for those who suf- 
 fered by its use. 
 
 (4) Because of the present duress of the G-ov- 
 ernment. 
 
 In response to this appeal, 1,037 chests were 
 delivered up, and then, on March 27th, 1839, 
 through Chas. Elliot, the English representative,^ 
 20,283 chests, valued at 111,000,000, were passed 
 over to the Chinese authorities. But the bond 
 was never signed, though an agreement had 
 been signed by most of the foreign merchants 
 not to trade in opium any more. This agree- 
 ment was not kept. This whole quantity was 
 destroyed by the Chinese authorities in good 
 faith, and, as a noted historian observed, it was 
 "a solitary instance in the history of the world 
 of a pagan monarch preferring to destroy what 
 Avould injure his subjects rather than to fill his 
 own pockets with the sale." In addition, si.'cteen 
 persons — English, American and Indian — prin- 
 cipal agents in the trade, were ordered out of 
 the country and told never to retiu-n again. 
 But the opium trade was not banished or de- 
 stroyed. 
 
 Befoi-e the last chest was destroyed, shiploads 
 were on the way and some being unloaded on 
 the defenceless shores. And it kept on coming 
 and coming until the two nations of England 
 and China were plunged in a cruel and destruc- 
 tive war — cruel and destructive alone to the 
 Chinese Government. So, willingly or unwill- 
 ingly, the Chinese had to accept the evil. 
 
 " To obtain reparation for insults and injuries. 
 
THE DOORS OF AMOY OPENED. 55 
 
 for iiKlemniflcations of losses, and for future se- 
 curity and protection," were the pretexts Eng- 
 land offered for making war upon a weak and 
 powerless nation. Each one must judge how 
 far she was justifiable in such an action. 
 
 Might made right in those days, and before 
 the English power China fell; yet, in these days, 
 we \enture to say, such action would not be tol- 
 erated. Poor China — we say — after all her care 
 and concern for her subjects, she had not only 
 to accept the deadly drug, but had to pay 
 121,000,000 (part of it for the opium that was 
 destroyed in April, 1839), and gave up the island 
 of Hong-Kong to the British nation. Let others 
 pass their verdict on such justice. 
 
 It has been said the war was necessary to 
 break the arrogance and pride of tlie Chinese 
 people. Perhaps it was. Still, we do in all 
 sincerity ask, would not the result have been 
 the same, and more happily accomplished, if, in 
 the first place, the East India Company, and 
 later the English Government, had been more 
 zealous in the diffusion of Christian truth and 
 the Word of God? But what was done? For 
 nearly two centuries they set their faces against 
 t^ruth ami rigliteousness, and every effort made 
 to translate the Word of God met witli their dis- 
 approval and bitter opposition. 
 
 The affairs of nations, as well as of individ- 
 uals, are in the hands and under the control 
 of the Great Ruler of the universe. Who can 
 read in all this history anything but the Al- 
 mighty "accomplishing His great and wise pur- 
 
56 FIFTY YEAES IN AMOY. 
 
 pose by allowing man to pursue his petty, pri- 
 vate, and even unjustifiable ends?" Beyond 
 this mystery we cannot penetrate. 
 
 But this no more excuses the nation which 
 battered down the doors, and forced the vile 
 opium traffic in upon China, tlian the unfailii- 
 ful disciple was excused for betraying the 
 Christ to perform the will of God. 
 
 But out of all tills eri] Cod brought good. 
 Canton, Ainoj^, Ningpo, Foochau and Shanghai 
 were opened for foreign traxie and residence, 
 and, best of all, for the intro<luction of the Gos- 
 pel. 
 
 And that gospel power is shining fuller, 
 stronger and brighter, in the face of the new 
 difficulties that have been thrown in its way 
 by the introduction of opium in this land of 
 heathen darkness. It is able to save unto the 
 uttermost, therefore, China — in spite of opium. 
 
 And there was good, too, in the fact that 
 China had |to deal with England rather than 
 Russia or Turkey, or some Mohammedan or 
 Roman Catholic power. It was Protestant Eng- 
 land, and whatever else may be said of her in 
 this unfortunate and cruel affair, this may be 
 truly said: That wherever England goes, there 
 go laws, protection, freedom and liber;ty of con- 
 science and Christianity. Had Russian, Span- 
 ish or Turkish power gotten control of India, 
 or had any of these powers battered down the 
 walls of China, the condition of affairs in the 
 celestial Empire would probably have been far 
 blacker and more sad than they are in this day. 
 
THE DOOES OF AMOY OPENED. 57 
 
 Every iiiissionary__ has had cause more than 
 once to tha.nk (Jod that the liritish flag floats 
 and AA'aves o\<iv the Eastern Heas rather than 
 any of those mentioned above. 
 
 Other ports were opened for trade and resi- 
 dence, and to-day the doors stand wide open, 
 waiting for the messenger to arrive, bringing 
 the gospel message of peace and good will to- 
 ward all men. God speed the day when the for- 
 eigner shall force out of the Empire that same 
 drug that they forced in — not by might, but by 
 the Spirit of the Lord. 
 
 By the Treaty of Tien-Tsin, made in 1858 and 
 ratifled in 1860, ten new ports were opened in 
 China, among them being Tam-Sui, Taiwanfoo, 
 Swatow, Cheefoo, Tien-Tsin. In 1878 there 
 were twenty-one ports opened for trade, and 
 permission granted to all foreigners (1860) to 
 travel with passports. The treaty ports to-day 
 are, viz.: Amoy, Canton, Swatow, Foochau, 
 Mngpo, Shanghai, Tien-Tsin,_ PeMn, Cheefoo, 
 Hankow, Ichang, Chinkiang, Tam-Sui, Taiwan- 
 foo, Keloong, Takow, Woohoo, Woochau, New- 
 ohaA^•ang, Kiukiang and Kiong-chiu. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 FOtTXDING OF THE AMOY MISSION. 
 
 While General Synod was in session in New 
 York, in 1842, a communication was received 
 from Dr. Abeel (then stationed at MJacao), giv- 
 ing expression, amongst other matters, of his 
 confidence that China would soon be thrown 
 open for the entrance of missionaries, and 
 urged that steps be taken for the occupation of 
 some field, as a centre for missionary operations. 
 Long before Synod was privileged to hear this 
 message. Dr. Abeel, in company with Eev. Mr. 
 Boone, was sailing up the coast of China, and 
 on the 2d of February, 1842, landed at Hong- 
 Kong. After a short stay here tliey re-em- 
 barked, still journeying up the coast, until on 
 Thursday, 11 o'clock a. m., on the 24th of Feb- 
 ruary, before the Treaty of Nankin was con- 
 cluded, they entered the port of Amoy, and as 
 the pioneer standard-bearers of the banners of 
 the cross, set up those emblems in this part of 
 that benighted land. 
 
 Dr. Abeel immediately took up his residence 
 on the island of Kolongsu, then occupied by the 
 British troops. The house that he occu- 
 pied stands to-day in good repair, underneath 
 the branches of a great and large banyan tree. 
 It is sort of a relic, or an heirloom, which we 
 
FOUNDING OF THE AMOY illSSION. 59 
 
 think shoiild belong to ns. \Yhen Ur. Abeel 
 and Bishop Eoone landed, the island of Kolong- 
 su Avas in possession of the British troops. They 
 were received very kindly by Major and Mrs. 
 Cowpei', and tendered evevj hospitality possi- 
 ble. Major Cowper escorted Dr. Abeel about 
 to inspect the houses, and gave him his choice 
 where he might pennanently establisli himself. 
 But there was not much choice, as the English 
 soldiers, in search of firewood, and Chinese like- 
 wise in search of plunder, had made ha^'oc with 
 them all. The one had stripped them of all 
 inflammable material, and the other had torn 
 up every brick on the floors in search of buried 
 wealth. But a choice had to be made, and Dr. 
 Abeel chose this house, with a larger room in 
 the centre and a smaller rooni on each side. On 
 each side of the entrance there is also an inde- 
 pendent projecting building, composed of one 
 or more rooms which might be used for a kitchen 
 or storeroom, or servant's quarters. As soon as 
 possible Dr. Abeel set to Avork making the neces- 
 sary repairs, and by Saturday, February 26th, 
 moved in and took possession. 
 
 In addition to commencing work immediately 
 amongst the Chinese, Dr. Abeel gratuitously 
 rendered service to the English troops by con- 
 ducting an English service for them in his own 
 house from time to time. It is a sacred spot, 
 for here, we may say, was born the grand work 
 which our eyes are permitted to witness to- 
 day. It has long ago i)assed into the hands 
 of others, and save by one man, the fact 
 
60 FIFTY YEAES IN AMOY. 
 
 of Dr. Abeel ever having lived there is for- 
 gotten. 
 
 So suspicious are the present occupants of 
 foreigners that when a party of missionaries 
 and friends desired to enter and let their eyes 
 rest for a moment upon the rooms where this 
 sainted and holy man lived, they were absolutely 
 denied all admission. 
 
 One week after their arrival, March 3d, 
 they made their first visit to the city of 
 Amoy. The cordiality and kindness of the na- 
 tives surpassed their most sanguiae expecta- 
 tions. Unmolested, they were allowed to hold 
 services and distribute religious books and other 
 literature. 
 
 After the peace was declared and the rrea,ty 
 of Nankin (1842) concluded, the officials and dig- 
 nitaries of that district seemed to vie with each 
 other in their attempts to welcome ;fche mission- 
 aries of the cross. "The head Mandarin, the 
 naval commander-in-chief, and the highest civil 
 authorities invited them to their houses, ne- 
 tui-ned their ^dsits, received theu- books, listened 
 to their instructions, accompanied and assisted 
 them in their excursions into the surrounding 
 country." "In April (1842) tlie Imperial Power 
 made a complete change of rulers at Amoy. 
 But the new rulers displayed to the mission- 
 aries the same kindness they had experienced 
 from their predecessors. They even aided them 
 ia procuring conveyances to make excursions 
 further and more extensive than could be al- 
 lowed by the imperial edicts. They were re- 
 
FOUNDING OF THE AMOY MISSION. 61 
 
 ceived by the people with equal favor. Such 
 confidence they inspired that at one time two 
 contending villages, instead of settling their 
 disputes, according to usual custom, by combat, 
 agreed to refer their differences to the mission- 
 aries, as umpires." 
 
 Thus encouraged, they spurred on in their 
 course, making tours into the neighboring coun- 
 try "as far as the city of Chiang-Chiu, " tm^en^ty- 
 five miles west of Amoy. Preaching, instruct- 
 ing, social prayer meetings, Bible classes, were 
 the order of the day. Instant in season and out 
 of season. Dr. Abeel and My. Boone went every- 
 where ,they could, teaching and preaching "in 
 His name," until the 22d of June, 1844, when 
 they had the pleasure of welcoming as fellow- 
 laborers Eev. Messrs. Doty and Pohlman. Dr. 
 Abeel was not permitted to witness any re- 
 ward of his labor in Amoy. On the 24th of 
 January, 1845, on account of completely shat- 
 tered health, he was compelled to leave the 
 work he loved and set out upon a journey home 
 — and there the Lord called him to serve Him 
 above, September 4th, 1846. 
 
CHAPTEE ^'III. 
 
 THE SUCCESSION OF MISSIONARIES. 
 DAVID ASEEL, D. D., 1843-'45. 
 
 Ur. Abeel was born at New Brunswick, N. J., 
 June 12th, 1804. At fifteen j^ears of age, fail- 
 ing to secure an entrance into West Point Mili- 
 tary Academy, lie turned his attention to the 
 study of medicine. It Avas while in pursuance 
 of this course of study that his heart was 
 touched by Divine grace, and ever after he de- 
 voted his life to the service of his Master. 
 
 At the age of nineteen, in the autumn of 1823, 
 he began fitting himself for his life-woi'k by 
 entering the theological seminary at New Bruns- 
 wick. After a preparation of three years, not 
 only in the " school of the prophets," but in that 
 school of personal experience, where one gets 
 the best tuition for the ministry, viz.: down 
 among the sad and lonely ones, ministering unto 
 the poor, "the sick and afflicted," he began his 
 labors, in the little village of Athens, Green 
 County, N. Y., May 26th, 1826. 
 
 For a little more than two years he was per- 
 mitted to labor in this vineyard, when failing 
 health compelled him to resign and seek the 
 warmer airs of St. Thomas, of the West Indies. 
 
 Dr. Abeel was a conscientious, deeply spiritual 
 man. His holy life was a power. He was a 
 man of much prayer, and, like Daniel of old, 
 
Rev. David Abeel, D. D. 
 
THE SUCCESSION OF MISSIONAEIES. 63 
 
 would retire during the hours of the day and 
 commune with his Lord. He set before himself 
 the very highest and best ideal, even his Mas- 
 ter, Jesus Christ. Complete self-consecration 
 to the service of the Master in the promotion of 
 the welfare of his felloTvinen was his high and 
 holy aim. So it was not strange that his mind 
 often reflected upon the condition of the heathen 
 world, and that in the first flush of manhood he 
 heard and heeded the voices calling out of 
 darkness bidding him to come over and help. 
 
 Only a man possessed of indomitable pluck 
 and perseverance and eminent piety would have 
 braved the dangers and perils that David Abeel 
 did. Never robust after his ministerial labors 
 at Athens, once at death's door, and never re- 
 covering from an organic affection of the heart, 
 yet this devoted and courageous young soldier, 
 undaunted and fearless, pushed on bearing the 
 banners of the cross until he had unfurled those 
 emblems on many isles of the Southern Pacific 
 and the heathen lands of the Orient. On the 
 14th of October, 1829, he sailed in the ship 
 Eoman, Capt. Lavender, from New York for 
 China, and after four months and eleven days 
 he reached Canton, February 25th, 1830. 
 
 Dr. Abeel went out under the patronage of 
 the Seamen's Friend Society, but at the same 
 time made a conditional appointment with the 
 A. B. C. F. M. (who were about to establish a 
 mission in China), viz.: that if at the expira- 
 tion of a year he saw the way opened, and felt 
 it his duty to engage in missionary work, he 
 
64 FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 would sever the relations with, the S. F. S. and 
 devote his services to the A. B. 0. F. M,. 
 
 Dr. Abeel went out in company with Elijah 
 C. Bridgman, who was under appointment of 
 the A. B. C. F. M. 
 
 Their passage and support for one ye&v was 
 contributed by a merchant, David W. C. Olyph- 
 ant, Esq., who was engaged in the Canton trade 
 in connection with Talbot & Co., of New York. 
 He was deeply interested in this missionary en- 
 terprise, and not only furnished the finances 
 for this one year, but it was by his presentation 
 of facts and arguments that the work was com- 
 manded by the A. B. 0. F. M. (1830). This was 
 the first American mission represented in China. 
 
 After serving the Seamen's Friend Society 
 for ten months. Dr. Abeel tendered his resig- 
 nation, and in December, 1830, transferred his 
 ser^dces to the A. B. C. F. M. Then began his 
 missionary journeys to Java, Siam, Singapore, 
 Malacca, Borneo and the different islands of the 
 Eastern Archipelago, and finally to Amoy, 
 China, where he established the work we review 
 toj-day. Besides, he traveled far and Wide, 
 visiting Christian nations, such as England, 
 France, Holland, Prussia, Switzerland and 
 America, stirring up churches and awakening 
 a missionary fervor in behalf of the cause of 
 foreign nussions. 
 
 He died in Albany, N. Y., September 4th, 
 1846, at the age of forty -two, leaving the mem- 
 ory of a Holy and consecrated life behind him 
 and the foundations of a work laid deep and 
 
Rev. Elihu Doty. 
 
TI-IE SCCUESSIOX OF MISSIOXARIES. 65 
 
 strong, that will last so long as time endures. 
 He rests from his labors in tlie beautiful ceme- 
 tery of Greenwood, Brooklyn. His works do fol- 
 low him. 
 
 He was the founder of the Amoy Mission, 
 February 24th, 1842. 
 
 REV. ELIIIU DOTY, 1844r'65. 
 
 Mr. Doty, son of Stephen and Phebe Nelson 
 Doty, was born at Berne, Albany County, N. 
 Y., September 9th, 1809. He attended the 
 village school until he was thirteen years 
 old, when he became a clerk in the store 
 of Jacob Settle, Berne, jST. Y., and remained 
 with him until he was nineteen years old. 
 Faithful in his (iuties, he was honored and 
 loved by all. At the age of seventeen or eigh- 
 teen he became converted, was baptized aiid 
 received into communion of the Eeformed 
 Church at Berne, N. Y., November 4th, 1827. 
 The first seeds of his missionary life were im- 
 planted in his heart while attending the Sab- 
 bath-school of this church, and after his con- 
 version he felt it to be his solemn duty to preach 
 the gospel to the heathen. He shortly after 
 resigned his position in the village store, and 
 began making preparations for his life-work 
 by studying with the Rev. Abram H. Meyers, 
 at that time pastor of the Berne church, in 
 order to enter Rutger's College. While at 
 Berne his fellow-student was the Hon. Joseph 
 P. Bradley, and the two men were always close 
 friends. He entered college in the year 1830, 
 
66 FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 when he was about tAventy years old, "andi 
 Tipou this account he overleaped — not by his 
 own suggestion, but by the earnest advice of all 
 his professors of the college and seminary — ^twa 
 years of the collegiate course." He probably 
 entered the New Brunsmck Theological Semi- 
 nary in 1833, and after a full course, graduated 
 in 1836, when he was ordained a missionary, 
 aind on the 18th of June of the same year em- 
 barked for Java, where he was appointed to be- 
 gin his missionary efforts. 
 
 The j'ear 1836 marked a new epoch in the 
 history of foreign missions of the Reformed 
 (Dutch) Church. A deeper and a wider interest 
 had been already aroused by the closer union 
 with the A. li. C. F. M. which ha,d been con- 
 summated in the year 1832. The new responsi- 
 bility excited the entire Church to a greater 
 earnestness in behalf of the salvation of the 
 heathen. But it was in the spring of 1836- 
 that the whole Church was moved to a greater 
 consecration than ever before. This Avas occa- 
 sioned by the announcement that four young 
 men, viz.: Elihu Uoty, Elbert Nevius, Will- 
 iam Youngblood and Jacob Ennis, of the New 
 Brunswick Theological Seminary, had offered 
 themselves and had been accepted for the for- 
 eign field. One may easily imagine how deeply 
 the hearts of all the people were impressed in 
 the early history of missions when it became 
 fully known that these four young men had at 
 one time consecrated their lives to the foreign 
 service for the Master. 
 
THE SUCCESSION OF MISSIONARIES. 67 
 
 On the 30tli of May, 1836, in the Middle Dutch 
 Church in New York, they were fonually set 
 apart for the solemn ofiice of preaching the 
 Gospel to the heathen, and there received their 
 instructions to proceed to Java to found a mis- 
 sion on that island, hoping thereby to receive 
 favors and encouragements from the Duitch 
 G-overnment in their new enterprise. But their 
 reception was entirely the reverse of what they 
 had expected. Arridng at Batavia (Sept. 15th, 
 1836), the jealousies and suspicions of jthe Dutch 
 ^jovernment were immediately arouse<l, and 
 they were detained for more than a j'ear, not 
 being allowed to proceed with their labors. 
 Finally tnej' were allowed to proceed and locate 
 their mission at Borneo. Mr. Doty started 
 ahead and reached Sambas, June 3 7th, 1839. 
 Mr. Youngblood arrixeil September 19th the 
 same year, A\hile Mr. Nevius, on account of the 
 ill-health of his wife, was obliged to proceed 
 to Singapore. Subsequently Messrs. Pohlman 
 ■and Thompson joine<l the workers at Borneo, 
 where, upon their arrival, Messrs. Doty and 
 Pohlman gave themselves to the welfare of the 
 -Chinese immigrants, who had come there seek- 
 ing fortunes, while Messrs. Youngblood and 
 Thompson confined their labors to the Dyachs 
 and Malays. 
 
 After laboring here some four or five years, 
 Messrs. Doty and Pohlman began to realize 
 that this especial work that they had chosen 
 was more or less circumscribed, and that they 
 could accomplish far greater results in wider 
 
68 FIFTY YEAES IN AMOY. 
 
 fields that were already waiting for ttiem in 
 China. So under the direction of the Home Board 
 (A. B. C. F. M.I they left Borneo in AprU, 1844, 
 and arrived at Amoy, China, in June, and be- 
 came co-laborers with Dr. David Abeel in the 
 work that he had already founded. 
 
 Mr. Doty's life was a very checkered one. 
 His efforts in the Indian Archipelago were, so far 
 as human knowledge would lead us to suppose, 
 a signal failure, while his efforts in Amoy were 
 crowned with marked success. As Dr. Cham- 
 ber said at the time of his death, "A shai-per 
 contrast can hardly be furnished by the entire 
 history of missions than that which existed bo- 
 tween the fruitless toil in Borneo and the golden 
 harvest in Amoy. But he was the same man in 
 both. The ill-success did not dishearten, large 
 ingatherings did not puff up. He stood in his 
 lot where the Master sent him, and knew how 
 to labor and to wait, and knew, also, that the 
 faithful herald of the cross is a sweet savor of 
 Christ in them that ai"e saved, and in them that 
 perish." 
 
 Sorrows and afflictions were multiplied dur- 
 ing almost the entire course of his eartUy pil- 
 grimage. The shadows that death cast across 
 his pathway were indeed dark. First of all, he 
 was called upon to m'ourn the death of the "ge- 
 nial and winning" Dr. Abeel, then the death of 
 his first wife (Eleanor Ackley), then the death 
 of his feUow-laborer and companion, Mr. Pohl- 
 man, in 1848, then the death of his second wife 
 (Mary Smith), in 1858. 
 
THE SUCCESSION OF iHSSIONAElES. 69 
 
 Yet, the lights and shadows that phiyed across 
 3iis life brought out in fuller relief the grand 
 and noble character of this very unostentatious 
 man. Patiently and submissively he bore his 
 ■every trial. Modestly and becomingly he ac- 
 cepted the success of his labors, that Grod 
 granted unto him. 
 
 He was eminenth' pious. His life breathed 
 a beautiful Chi-istian spirit, and intercourse with 
 him showed that he lived near his Master, and 
 was full of love to the Saviour, to His cause and 
 His people. He was not brilliant nor profound, 
 but he was laborious and determined, deemed 
 by many a mere plodder, but he plodded success- 
 fully. AVhatever he unilertook to do, he did with 
 his whole might. He was conscientious in every 
 ■duty and spared not his strength to perform it 
 to the end, and his death was due to overwork. 
 
 Owing to the lack of co-laborers, he was com- 
 pelled to do more than he could safely perform. 
 
 For fourteen j^ears he labored with but a sin- 
 gle companion, first with Mr. Pohlman and after- 
 ward with Dr. Talmage. "The harvest was 
 white and perishing before his eyes," "and he 
 hesitated not in thrusting in his sickle early and 
 late, in season and out of season," until his 
 strength entirely failed him. 
 
 Much time of his latter years Avas devoted to 
 the literary work of ,the mission, a department 
 for which, by his habits of accuracy, his candor, 
 judgment and freedom from caprice and prejii- 
 ■dice, he was admirably fitted. In 1865 he left 
 Ms chosen field to return to his native land to 
 
70 FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 (lie among ]iis friends. But God ordered it otlier- 
 wise; he departed tMs life four days before 
 reaching the coasts of America, at the age of 
 fifty-six. His remains were brought on and 
 the funeral services held in the Middle Dutch 
 Church, Lafayette place, New York, on March 
 27th, 18C5, where thirty years before he was 
 commissioned, and was laid to rest at Troy 
 Hills, N. J., the home of his second wife, there 
 to await the glorious resurrection. 
 
 At Amoy, his real work was accomplished. 
 " There stands his monument upon the coast of 
 China, fair as the sun, in a group of chui'ches— 
 burning lights among miillions of heathen, wdth 
 every element of strength, expansion and per- 
 petuity." 
 
 Mrs. Eleanor (Ackley) Doty, 1844-'45^; Mrs. 
 Mary (Smith) Doty, 1847-'58.i 
 
 W. J. POHLMAN, 1844-'49. 
 
 Mr. Pohlman Avas born in Albany, N. Y., Feb- 
 ruary 17th, 1812. Leaving the parental roof 
 when he was twelve years of age, his young and 
 inexperienced life came in contact with severe 
 and so great temptations that he was nearly 
 swept from the moorings of his faith and piety, 
 instilled into his heart by his faithful parents. 
 
 For four years he was tossed about upon the 
 billows of temptation and sin, conviction and 
 relapses, good resolutions and broken vows, 
 "the struggles between a tempting world and a 
 tempting adversary on the one hand, and a 
 
 (1) Died; burled, at Amoy, China. 
 
THE SUCCESSION OF MISSIONAEIES. 71 
 
 conscience breathing dismay and terror on the 
 other." But at last the good conquered, and 
 KTs conversion was sudden and almost as vivid 
 as Paul's on his way to Damascus; and, as in 
 Paul's case, he was chosen of God to ca.rry the 
 Gospel to the Gentiles far away from his home 
 land. His joy over the assurance of full re- 
 demption, his praise over redeeming love, he 
 could scarcely frame in words — so full was his 
 heart. This change occurred at Geneva, N. Y., 
 in 1828, where he was living with a sister, to 
 whose loving, sisterly devotion and patience his 
 conversion Avas due (so far as human agency can 
 work). Soon after he decided to study for the 
 ministry, and at twenty entered the junior class 
 at Eutger's College, 1834. Subsequently grad- 
 uating from the N'ew Brunswick Seminary 
 (1837), he was ordained by the Classis of Al- 
 bany, April 18th, 1838. His attention to the 
 heathen world was probably first calle<i by 
 hearing a returned missionary from the Sand- 
 wich Islands preach shortly after his conversion.. 
 He was deeply impressed. This imi>ression was 
 intensified by an address delivered before the 
 students of the College, February, 1833, by 
 Eev. Dr. Wisner, Secretary of the A. B. C. F. M. 
 "From this time his mind was not at rest until 
 the beginning of the next year, when, after 
 many trials and conflicts, arising partly from a 
 distrust of his own qualifications and partly 
 from reluctance of near friends, especially of 
 his age<i parents, to part with him, he came 
 deliberately to the determination that he would. 
 
72 FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 devote Ms life to foreign missions; and frooM 
 tliat hour everj-tihing- else was made subordinate 
 and subservient to the accomplishment of this 
 one grand object"; and his consecrated and de- 
 voted spirit is breathed forth on the pages of a 
 letter he forwarded to the A. B. C. F. M. 
 
 "Time has only served to strengthen the de- 
 cision v\'hich A\as caluily and dispassionately 
 m.ade. After repeated reviews of the same, I 
 am confirmed and settled. I cannot now doubt 
 for a moment; mine was not a rash or a hasty 
 conclusion. If there are no contrary indica- 
 tions, I .must go; I cannot stay. Eeceive me 
 under your care as a candidate for the mission- 
 ary service; I wish to be enlisted for life. If 
 in your view I can be of any service, I lay my- 
 all at your feet. Silver and gold have I none,, 
 but such as I have gi^e I thee. Send me abroad 
 to publish glad tidings to the idol-serving na- 
 tions. Send me to the most desert part of all 
 the howling wilderness of heathenism, to the 
 imost barbarous climes, or to more civilized re- 
 gions. Send me to the uiillions of pagans, to the 
 followers of the false prophet, to the Jews or 
 the G-entiles, to Catholics or Protestants. Send 
 me, in fine, wherever God opens an effectual 
 door. Send me, for the necessity is laid upon me; 
 yea, woe is unto me if I preach not the Gospel 
 to the perishing heathen." (Manual Reformed 
 Church, etc.) 
 
 He was accepted, but before he departed he 
 was employed by the Board of Foreign Missions- 
 of the Eeformed (Dutch) Church (then actiug in 
 
THE SUCCESSION OF MKSIONAKIES. 73 
 
 concert with the A. B. 0. F. M.), visiting the 
 chnrches, and several thousand dollars were 
 raised, as well as much enthusiasm aroused in 
 the behalf of missions, through his earnest ap- 
 peals. 
 
 Mr. Pohlman, with his wife (a sister of Dr. 
 Jolin Scudder, of Indian fame), left for their 
 mission field on the 25th of May, 1838. Like 
 his brethren who had preceded him at Amoy, 
 his labors began elsewhere, having first visited 
 Java, Singapore and Borneo. He arrived in 
 Amoy in companj^ A\'ith Mr. Doty, June 24th, 
 1844. 
 
 Through his solicitations and infiuence among 
 friends at home, money was secured for the 
 >erection of the first church building of Amoy 
 January, 1849, at the cost of |3,000, now occu- 
 pied by the nieimbers of the First Church, Amoy. 
 This was the first church erected in China, ex- 
 elusively use<l for Chinese worship. Thus, 'the 
 temple stands an honor to this man and a monu- 
 ment to his faith and zeal. 
 
 He was cut off in the midst of his years and 
 not permitted to witness this crowning act of 
 his life in its full completion; for it was while 
 on a voyage from Hong-Kong, whence he had 
 gone to procure lamps for the edifice, that he 
 lost his life at sea. 
 
 "He set out to return to Amoy on the 2(1 of 
 January (1849) in the schooner Omega. On the 
 morning of the 5th or 6th the vessel struck, in 
 Sb fearful gale, near Breakers' Point, about half 
 way between Hong-Kong and Amoy."' All on 
 
74 FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 Board perislied save one, either at the hands of 
 the pirates who infested those shores, or by, 
 the overwhelming waters. 
 
 The people at Amoy were M'aiting Mr. Pohl- 
 man's return, when they expected to dedicate 
 the new structure. His funeral service and the 
 dedication exercises were held at one and the 
 same time, February 11th, 1'849. 
 
 Mrs. Theodosia R. (Scudder) Pohlman, 1844- 
 '45". 
 
 J. V. N. TALMAGE, D. D., 1847-'93. 
 
 Very modestly, yet so characteristic of the 
 writer of the "Sketch of the Amoy Mission," 
 China (1888), the author closes up the biogra- 
 phies of those whom he called the founders of 
 the Amoy Mission with these words: "So there 
 is no need in this paper to mention the names of 
 those succeeding them." 
 
 As it was said of Dr. Abeel, so it could be 
 said of Dr. Talmage: "The crowning beauty" 
 of this man's life was "his humility." If Abeel 
 and Doty and Pohlman laid solid and deep the 
 foundations upon the bed-rock of sound ortho- 
 doxy, Dr. Talmage tauilded no less sagaciously, 
 strongly and solidly thereon. For nearly the 
 entire history of the Ajmoy Mission (up to 1892) 
 he has watched and guarded sacredly the trust 
 committed to his care. His faithfulness and 
 wisdom and love are written in indelible char- 
 ax:;ters on dome and spire, on walls and columns, 
 
 (2) Died ; buried at Amoy, China. 
 
Rev. Joh.v V. N. Tai.mage, D. D. 
 
THE SUCCESSION OF MISSIONiVEIES. 75 
 
 on cornice and entablature, on chancel and nave 
 of the structure we behold this day. 
 
 When he was taken away, if it was not one 
 of the gi'eat stones in the foundations, surely 
 it was one of the strong pillars of the super- 
 structure. 
 
 Dr. Talmage was born at Somerville, N. J., 
 August 18th, 1819. Consecrated to God at 
 his birth, he was early led to gi\e his heart into 
 His keeping. The name in old English used to 
 be spelled Tollemache, and Dr. Talmage used 
 to jokingly say he was a descendant of Tele- 
 machus. 
 
 " There was a pathetic scene fifty years ago in 
 a New Jersey farm-house. A tender, loving, 
 Christian mother was giving warm welcome to 
 her son, who had just graduated from college 
 with high honors (1842). Only a mother's heart 
 can realize the joy and pride she felt in her boy, 
 who had distinguished himself and done credit 
 to the family name. He was her boy and in- 
 expressibly dear to her. What then must have 
 been her emotions when he told her, gently but 
 firmly, that he had been led to consecrate his 
 life to service for Christ in China. China was 
 a long way off in those days, and its people hos- 
 tile to missionaries; how could she bear to hear 
 of her dearly beloved son going into peril even 
 in such a cause. 'Oh, John!' she exclaimed. Mar 
 ternal love had its way for a moment, and then 
 the higher nature in her triumphed, and she 
 said: 'I prayed to God for this, and He has 
 answered. How can I object?' They were 
 
76 FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 brave words, which no mother couhl have ut- 
 tered but one in whom lo\e of God held the 
 highest phice. They remind one of another 
 mother A\ho long ago heard \A'ith joy the bless- 
 ings -which would come to the -n'orld through 
 the babe she held in her arms; but heard, too, 
 that 'a sword should pierce through her o^^^l 
 soul also.' With faith like that of Abraham, 
 she would not ^\ithhold her son when God called 
 for him." ("Christian Herald.") 
 
 Graduating from Xew Brunswick Seminary 
 in 1S45, he immediately offered himself to the 
 Board of Foreign Missions of the Reformed 
 (Dutch) Church, but on account of lack of 
 finances, he was obliged to wait two years be- 
 fore he was commissioned. In the meantime,, 
 he served the Middle Church of Brooklj-n. 
 
 In .Ypril, 1847, he sailed away for the far off 
 coasts of China, Mhere he arrived after a four 
 mouths' voyage. 
 
 His life was one of ceaseless activity. " Preach- 
 ing and teaching in the theological semiaary,. 
 long tours into the interior, the preparation of 
 books," and sought by all foreigners and natives 
 for counsel, direction and sympathj^ — all made 
 his life an intensely active and useful one. Chi- 
 nese officials, the literati, merchants and com- 
 mon people, Europeans and Americans, not only 
 confided in him, respected him and loved him,, 
 but held him in high honor for his eminent 
 scholari-hip, his intellectual force and his 
 Cliristian character. His home was always- 
 opened to all comers, and all received a kind' 
 
THE SUCCESSION OF MISSIONAEIES. 77 
 
 and hospitable welcome. So whether they came 
 seelcing social enjoyment or the solution of some 
 vexing problem, they found just what they 
 sought — none ever sought in vain here. AjkI 
 up and down that extended coast line of China, 
 perhaps there was not another home so well 
 known as his. 
 
 He began his literary work early in his career 
 and kept it up until the very end. Five years 
 after his arrival he produced a primer (pp. 30, 
 1852). Next followed a first reader (pp. 17, 
 1853). In the same jear (1853) he also made a 
 translation of Burn's "Aversion of Pilgrim's 
 Progress." Then followed translations of Luke's 
 Gospel, and tlie Epistles to the Galatians, Ephe- 
 sians and Philijopians, and the epistles general 
 of John and Peter. These translations were all 
 rendered in Amoy Roma.nize<l colloquial — a sys- 
 tem of writing the Chinese language (in use only 
 the past thirty years) that has not only made it 
 possible for old and young alike in that region 
 to read and write, but has done more toward the 
 spiritual enlightenment of that people than 
 whole centuries of the old, but more literary, 
 method could or can hope to accomplish. 
 
 He gave his best eiforts toward the develop- 
 ment and use of this Eomanized colloquial, so 
 all his works are in this style. Perhaps it made 
 him appear less scholarly, and receiveil less ap- 
 plause, but it brought light and knowlwlge to 
 the very homes of thousands, who would never 
 have had either without this system. That was 
 all the reputation and applause that this man 
 
78 FIFT\' YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 sought. He crowned his life-work (couipleting: 
 it at Bound Brook) vnth a work entitled "The 
 Amcy Colloquial Dictionary"— a scholarly work 
 which will be of great service to all missionaries 
 who may labor in that district, as well as to the 
 native Christians of Amoy and Formosa. 
 
 Few indeed have been permitted to see how 
 great things Ciod hatK wrought, what changes 
 have talien place, in their appointed lifetime, as. 
 was gTanted unto this good man. He went to 
 Amoy in the first bloom of manhood, and from. 
 stai't to finish he threw into the work a con- 
 secrated zeal and a devoted enthusiasm. Whea 
 he arriveil in Amoy there were no churches, no 
 scliools, no Christian homes, no hospitals, and 
 only three converts. When he left there were 
 2,000 converts, seventeen churches, and as many 
 pastors under Presbyterian order alone, a theo- 
 logical seminary, a training school for women;, 
 and bays' and girls' schools and hospitals scat- 
 tered throughout that district. 
 
 In Julj-, 1889, after a period of forty-two 
 years of service, in consequence of an enfeebled 
 and broken body, he was compelled to relinquish 
 all active participation in his chosen work, and 
 returned to the land of his birth, seeking rest 
 and strength, with the expectation of thus being; 
 able to take up the work he so reluctantly had 
 to leave. 
 
 Until the vei-y last that star of hope never 
 set. Even when he was fast sinking into the 
 blessed rest, the last beams of that hope were 
 faintly gleaming. He said then: "It seems. 
 
v"^^5*- 
 
 Residence of Rev. Dr. Talmage. 
 
THE SUCCESSION OF MISSIONAEIES. 79 
 
 now as though I may never get back to Amoy." 
 It was still only "seeming" — not a settled fact 
 with him. It shows how intently his heart was 
 set on his life-work. And if there was one un- 
 fulfilled wish in his life, it was onlj^ this, that 
 he might die and be buried among the people 
 for whom he had given all — his best. But it 
 was not to be. His work was done, fully and 
 well done — all done. 
 
 At Bound Brook, N. J., on the 19th of August, 
 1892, he fell asleep, and rests from his labors. 
 
 In that building in Sonierville, X. J., where 
 he was baptized and gave his heart to God, was 
 his body taken on August 22d, 1892, "for the 
 services with which believing friends committed 
 the precious dust to the earth in firm hope of 
 a glorious resurrection.'' 
 
 Silently, yet gloriously, his sun went down 
 behind the hills of time, and for many a day its 
 splendor will adorn the skies before it has en- 
 tirely set beyond our view" — its memory, never. 
 
 Mrs. Abby F. (Woodruff) Talmage, i850-'62; 
 Mrs. Mary E. (Van Deventer) Talmage, 18(54 
 
 . Rev. J. S. Joralman, 1855-'58; Mirs. 
 
 Martha B. (Condit) Joralman, 1855-'5S. 
 
 Rev. and Mrs. Joralman left Amoy in the yeax 
 1858 on account of the dangerous illness of the 
 latter. Had health and strength permitted, 
 they, with many others whom the trying clime 
 had banished, would have been laboring in 
 these fields to-day. Their hearts are there. 
 
 After their return, tiiey served the Church at 
 Fairview, 111., for twenty-six years. They then 
 
80 FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 remoTed to Xoi'wood Park, 111., now a suburb 
 
 of Chicago, and still serve that Church (1892). 
 
 LOCATED AT AMOY— EVANGELISTIC WORK. 
 
 Eev. Daniel Eapalje, 1858; Mrs. Alice (Os- 
 trum) Eapalje, 1878; Eev. Alvin Ostrum, 1858- 
 '64; Mrs. Susan (Webster) Ostrum, 1858-'64. 
 
 Eev. and Mrs. Ostrum were also compelled to 
 leave the enervating climate of Anioy. He 
 spent two years at home recuperating, and in 
 1866 became Stated Supply over the Church at 
 Franklin, N. J., South Classis of Bergen. In 
 1868 A\'as chosen pastor of this church, and 
 served it two years. While at Franklin, Mrs. 
 Ostrum departed this life. Leaving Frauldin 
 in 1870, he moved to Tomhannoek, having ac- 
 cepted a call from the Presbyterian churches of 
 Tomliannock and Johnsonville, Eensselaer 
 County, N. Y. 
 
 In 1871-'7:2 he served the Presbyterian church 
 at State Centre, Iowa. Subsequently he set- 
 tled in Navada, Iowa, where he had charge of a 
 Presbyterian church for more than a year. 
 
 In 1875 he moved to Southern California, 
 serving consecutively the three Presbyterian 
 churches of San Luis Obispo, Oarpenteria and 
 Oroville. About 1882, under the patronage of 
 the CongTegational Board of Home Missions, he 
 settled at Murphys, Calaveras County, Cal., and 
 for three years took charge of all the work in 
 that county. He was tli eonly minister in Calav- 
 eras County and preached in twenty-three dif- 
 ferent places. 
 In April, 1886, he received and accepted a call 
 
THE SUCCESSION OF IVHSSIONAEIES. 81 
 
 from the Congregational Church (supported by 
 American sugar planters) at Kohala, Hawaiian 
 Islands. Here he is still serring the Church, 
 and in conjunction with Eev. Frank Damon, 
 •devotes much labor looking after the spiritual 
 welfare of the Chinese, Japanese and Portu- 
 gese immigrants. 
 
 Rev. John E. Watkins, 1860; Mrs. Sarah A. 
 (Heuston) Watkins, 1860. 
 
 These beloved missionaries were never per- 
 mitted to enter upon their chosen work. They 
 sailed in the ship Edwin Forrest in August, 
 1860, and no tidings were ever received of her 
 fate. 
 
 They have long ago dropped anchor along the 
 shores of the Grolden Seas; and instead of re- 
 porting for duty in the city of Amoy, theirs has 
 been tlie blessed privilege of reporting for duty 
 in that city of light, joy and peace — the City 
 of the New Jerusalem. There they served Him. 
 With Mr. and Mrs. Watkins, three of the Amoy 
 missionaries have found their last resting place 
 beneath the waters of the mighty sea, while 
 Mrs. PJleanor (Ackerly) Doty, Mrs. Mary (Smith) 
 Doty, iVIrs. Theodosia R. (Scudder) Pohlman, 
 Mrs. Abby (Woodruff) Talmage, Miss Caroline 
 E. Adriance and two or three children of the 
 missionaries sleep in the little hallowed ceme- 
 tery on Kolongsu, Amoy. 
 
 " They sleep in Jesus and are blest ; 
 
 How sweet their slumbers are, 
 From s^iffering and from sin released, 
 
 And freed from every care." 
 
82 FIFTY YEARS IN AilOY. 
 
 MISS CAROLINE ADRIANCE, 1861-'64. 
 
 Two miles south of Auburn, N. Y., at the out- 
 let of Owasco Lake, stands the Sand. Beach 
 Church (Owasco Outlet Church, Classis of Mont- 
 gomery), Kev. Chas. Maar, pastor. Though per- 
 haps unknown to many of the members of the 
 Reformed churches, yet, on account of the num- 
 ber of missionaries, whose names are enrolled 
 on her records, and who have gone out from 
 her walls to publish the message of salvation 
 unto the nations sitting in darkness, is worthy 
 of better acquaintance and wider reputation. 
 
 It was in this church" that Miss Adriance re- 
 ceived both her spiritual and missionary educa- 
 tion. 
 
 In 1851, Rev. S. E. Brown, D. D., who had 
 been a foreign missionary at Canton, China, 
 under the auspices of the Morrison Educational 
 Society, and in charge of the Morrison Memorial 
 School at Canton, became pastor of the Sand 
 Beach Church. 
 
 It was under Dr. Brown's instruction, we may 
 assume, that Miss Adriance received her mis- 
 sionary enthusiasm, and by whom was awak- 
 ened the desire to go and tell the glad tidings 
 'of salvation to the souls perishing in the dark- 
 ness of heathenism. 
 
 Dr. Brown's life was fired with the spirit of 
 missions, anrl the flame flowed with such bright- 
 ness Uiat it touched and fired the lives of mem- 
 bers of his little flock at Owasco Outlet. 
 
 In IS.j'i a Ladies' Foreign Missionary Society 
 was organized in this church, and Miss Adriance 
 
THE SUCCESSION OF MSSIONAEIES. H'S- 
 
 was one of the charter members — and a very 
 active and consecrated one. It was in this 
 school that she for seven years was, uncon- 
 scionsly, perchance, fitting herself both for the 
 Macedonian call and for usefulness on the for- 
 eign field. 
 
 But a few years go by before that call comes 
 to the pastor and to his child of faith alike. 
 Japan had been opened and was ready for the 
 Lord's harvesters to enter and begin the seed- 
 sowing in the fallow soil. 
 
 So when the call came in 1859 from the Board 
 of Foreign Missions of the Iieforme<] (Dutch) 
 Church to Dr. Brown to go and represent that 
 denomination in the "Land of the Rising Sun," 
 he was ready to respond most heartily to the 
 summons. 
 
 Others had at the same time received the sum- 
 mons, and v\ith tlie same spirit of gladness 
 obeyed the call. And thus it came to pass that it 
 was that, instead of one or two, quite a company 
 set out at that time from that church. 
 
 There were, besides Dr. and Mrs. Brown, 
 Rev. Guido Verbeck, D. D., and wife, Miss 
 Mary E. Kidder (now Mrs. E. R. Miller, of 
 North Japan Mission), and Miss A<lriance. Some 
 of them were already, and others of them be- 
 came, members of this cTiiirch before their de- 
 parture. 
 
 Dr. Yerbeck was a graduate of the Auburn 
 Theological Seminary, and while at Auburn 
 became a member of this church.. Mrs. Ver- 
 beck was a member. Miss Kidder was teaching: 
 
84 FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 at Owasco Outlet in Dr. Brown's school, and 
 she thns became attached to this church. Hence, 
 it was that at that time when this little com- 
 pany set forth for the Orient on the ship Sur- 
 prise, from ;New York, in the spring of 1859, 
 they were all members of the Sanil Beach 
 Church, at Owasco Outlet, N. Y. 
 
 This little memoir has to do, however, with 
 Miss Adriance. 
 
 Caroline Adriance, daughter of Jacob and 
 Elizabeth Humphrey Adriance, was born in 
 Scipio, N. Y., October 29th, 1824. When about 
 four years old she met AA'ith the greatest loss 
 wduch can come to a child in the death of her 
 mother. So the care of her in childhood devolved 
 upon others, who could not feel toward her as 
 ia, mother. 
 
 Tliere was nothing remarkable about her 
 childhood, and the only record of those early 
 years is that she was obedient and affectionate, 
 and grew up to be useful and helpful; yet, there 
 is a beautiful history written in those lines that 
 friends may well cherish. 
 
 At about the age of sixteen, during a revival 
 that occurred in the neighborhood, she was one 
 among others at that time to decide to accept 
 Christ as her Saviour. Soon after she made a 
 public i)rofession of her faith by uniting with 
 the Sand Beach Church, where she remained a 
 consistent member until she received the call 
 to go unto the heathen. 
 
 Miss Adiiance was a volunteer. The Board 
 was not in the position to send her at that time. 
 
THE SUCCESSION OP JUSSIOXARIES. 85 
 
 SO she went out at her own expense. And not 
 only that, but before she left New York she' 
 made her will and bequeathed all her earthly 
 possessions to the Board of Foreign Missions, 
 which amounte«l, at the time of her decease, to 
 |2,500 or more. 
 
 Miss Adriance's friends were very solicitous 
 about her going alone, and on account thereof 
 she received iio small portion of discouragement 
 from them, to enter upon -what seemed a most 
 hazardous enterprise. 
 
 That she made no mistake, and that her life 
 was full of joy in her work, we have ample testi- 
 mony in a letter (April Sth, ISIil,) of hers to a 
 cousin now living in Poughkeejisie, N. Y. In 
 the letter, she writes : 
 
 "I recollect Avell the anxiety you felt on my 
 account because I was single and alone, with no 
 protector, and I presume you have often wished 
 to know how your poor lone cousin was getting 
 along. Could you have been permitted to have 
 looked into my home in Japan you would have 
 seen me surrounded with blessings far more 
 than you could have imagined. I will not at- 
 tempt, nor do I ^ish to make you think that it 
 was no trial to leave brothers, sisters and friends 
 to whom I was strongly attached; the dear lit- 
 tle church of which I was a member; my own 
 native land, which none could love more than I. 
 Can any one think that it was not a trial, and 
 a severe one, too, to be separated from all these 
 with little expectation of ever seeing them 
 again? But, strong as are ties which are (for a 
 
86 FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 season, at least,) severed, I do not regret the 
 course I have taken, and I am not sorry I am 
 in Japan. I trust I am where the Father would 
 have me, and that He has somethmg for me to 
 do in this far off land." 
 
 Her chosen lot was with the laborers at Yoko- 
 hama, Japan, but finding that she could not 
 pursue the work she had set out to do among 
 the women of Japan, withdrew from the field 
 and joined the jSIission at Amoy some time in 
 1861. 
 
 Here also she was only permitted to labor 
 for three brief years, when death cut off her 
 life of usefulness March 5th, 1864; yet, during 
 that time, by her beautiful Christian character 
 and unsparing devotion, she endeared herself 
 to all with whom and for whom she had 
 labored. 
 
 Loving hands laid her to rest in tlie little 
 hallowed cemetery on Kolongsu, where others 
 of the Amoy Mission lie sleeping their calm and 
 peaceful slumbers. 
 
 Over her grave, in that far off land, stands 
 a modest little monument, with best of inspira- 
 tions that one might wish for at life's close: 
 "She hath done what she could." 
 
 LOCATED AT SIO-KHB— EVANGELISTIC WORK. 
 
 Eev. Leonard W. Kip, D. D., 1861; Mrs. Helen 
 (Culburtson) Kip, 1864"; Eev. Augustus Blau- 
 velt, 1861-'64; Mrs. Jennie (Zabriskie) Blauvelt, 
 1861-'64. 
 
 (3) Died; "buried at Amoy, China. 
 
THE SUCCESSION OF MISSIONARIES. 87 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Blauvelt left Amoy August 30th, 
 1864, and arrived in this country the close of 
 December. Mrs. Blauvelt's health was shat- 
 tered, and as there was no prospect of her being 
 able to return within a year or two, Mr. Blau- 
 velt proposed to the Board that they send him. 
 back to China and leave his family in this coun- 
 try. "The sacrifice did not seem called for, 
 though it excited the hearty admiration of the 
 Board for the spirit which prompted it." 
 
 In 18&5-'66 he became pastor of the Bloom- 
 ingdale (K. Y.) church, Classis of Ulster, and 
 served it until 1871-'72. For a number of years 
 past, on account of an enfeebled mind, he has 
 been unable to manage his affairs. 
 
 REV. HOWAED VAN" DOEEN, 1864-'73. 
 
 Mf. Van Doren was compelled to leave his 
 work on account of weak eyes, which threatened 
 total blindness. 
 
 On his return to America he ser\'ed the 
 churches at Cato, N. Y., Classis of Geneva, for 
 two years, 1874-'76; Tyre, same Classis, 1876- 
 '82; Gallupville, N. Y., Classis of Schoharie, 
 1883-'8C; Esopus, N. Y., Classis of Ulster, 1887- 
 '92; Bath-on-Hudson (new organization), 1892 — . 
 
 MISS HELEN M. VAN DOREN", 1870-'77. 
 
 Miss Van Doren was one of the faithful work- 
 ers of the Mission, and it was a great loss when 
 ill-health compelled her to return to the home- 
 land. She had charge of the girls' school, which 
 was organized just about the time of her arrival, 
 
88 FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 and slie also (lid a great deal of country work, 
 visiting the women of the out-stations in com- 
 pany with the Misses Talmage. 
 
 JOHN A. DAVIS. 
 
 Mrs. Emma C. (Wyckoff) Davis, 1868-'71. 
 
 Ill-health banished these two als© from the 
 list of active workers at Amoy. Mr. Davis 
 served the Board for two years after his arrival 
 in America; then served the churches at Palis- 
 ades, N. J., Classis of Bergen, 1872-'73; Potters- 
 ville, N. J., Classis of Earitan, 1873-'78; Oyster 
 Bay, L. I., North Classis of Long Island, 1878- 
 '82; Second, Newark, N. J., Classis of Newark, 
 1883-'89. He is now serving a Presbyterian 
 church at Hempstead, L. I., 1892. 
 
 LOCATED AT AJMOY. 
 
 Miss Mary E. Talmage, 1874; Rev. David M. 
 Talmage, 1877-'80. 
 
 Mr- Talmage was obliged to leave his chosen 
 field on account of his poor health. So shat- 
 tered was his strength that several years passed 
 before he fully recovered. Pastor Bound Brook, 
 N. J., 1882-'84; Clarkstown, N. Y., 1885-'87; 
 Westwood, N. J., 1888. 
 
 MJSS CATHARINE M. TALMAGE, 1881. 
 
 Miss Talmage went to China in 1874, and, not- 
 withstanding her poor eyesight, at once engaged 
 in the active work of the Mission. She labored 
 on independently in this way for seven years, 
 when in 1881 she was regularly appointed by the 
 Board. 
 
THE SUCCESSION OF JIISSIONAEIES. 89" 
 
 LOCATED AT AMOY-EVANGELISTIC WORK. 
 
 Rev. Alexander S. Van Dyke, 1882; Mrs> 
 Alice (Kip) A'an Dyke, 1886. 
 
 LOCATED AT AMOY— EDUCATIONAL WORK. 
 (ACADEMICAL.) 
 
 Eev. Philip W. Pitcher, 1885; Mrs. Anita F. 
 (Merritt) Pitcher, 1885. 
 
 LOCATEID AT SIO-KHE— MEDICAL WORK. 
 
 Miss Y. May King, M. D., 1887-'88; John A. 
 Otte, M. D., 1887; Mrs. F. C. (Phelps) Otte, 
 
 1887. 
 
 LOCATED AT AMOY— EDUCATIONAL WORK. 
 (THEOLOGICAL.) 
 
 Rev. John G. Fagg, 1887; Mrs. Margaret (Gil- 
 lespie) Fagg, 1889. 
 
 LOCATED AT AMOY'. 
 
 Miss E. M. Cappon, 1891. 
 
 LOCATED AT SIO-KHE. 
 
 Miss Nellie Zwemer, 1891 ; Miss M. C. Mor- 
 rison, 1892. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 MISSIONAEY METHODS AND AGENCIES. 
 
 In every missionary enterprise in China there 
 are four clear and well-defined departments of 
 evangelization, viz.: Evangelistic, medical, edu- 
 cational and the press. 
 
 The Amoy Mission has been characterized as 
 being a "preaching mission." And it is true, 
 yet it would be erroneous to suppose that the 
 preaching had been confined to the chapels and 
 churches. The same blessed Word has been 
 preached, not only in the chapels and on the 
 streets, but in the medical and educational insti- 
 tutions, and in the books and tracts and other 
 literature that have been issued from her 
 presses as well. The aim has been to preach 
 as beautiful sermons in the wards of the hos.- 
 pitals, the school-room, and from the printed 
 page as from the sacred desk, thus sowing the 
 Wor<l broadcast. 
 
 Still, the church has been paramount. The 
 church has been of the first importance and al- 
 ways led the way — the hospitals, the schools 
 following as accessories, or, as new channels 
 through which the Word might run and be 
 glorified. To this true order of our enter- 
 prise, the axibstantial results we now wit- 
 ness are in no small measure due. Medical and 
 
inSSIONAEY METHODS AND AGENCIES. 91 
 
 educational work and the press have been con- 
 sidered of great importance — in fact, iudisijens- 
 able — ^but all these departments have ever been 
 kept "subservient to the proclamation of the 
 Gospel." 
 
 We propose to review these four depart- 
 ments as briefly as possible, and endeavor to 
 ascertain what each has accomplished in these 
 fifty years. 
 
CHAPTEE X. 
 
 THE CHURCH OF CHRIST IN CHINA. 
 
 At the present time three- missionary societies 
 are represented at Amoy, viz.: The Eeformed 
 (Dutch) Cliurch (1842i), the London Mission 
 (18441), anil the English Presbyterian (1850), 
 in the order of their establishment. 
 
 There have been other societies represented, 
 but only for a brief period. The American 
 Episcopal Church was represented in 1842 by 
 Bishop Boone, who arrived at Amoy with Dr. 
 Abeel; and the American Presbyterian Church 
 (North) was represented for awhile longer by 
 J. C. Hepburn, M. D., from 1843 to 1845, and by 
 Eev. John Loyd from 1844 to 1848. 
 
 After the death of Eev. Mr. Loyd, the Ameri- 
 can Presbyterian Church withdrew and passed 
 their interests over to the Eeformed (Dutch) 
 Church, and established themselves elsewhere 
 in the Emjiire. 
 
 Eev. JMr. Boone did not remain long enough 
 to establish any permanent work, and no repre- 
 sentative succeeded him at Amoy. 
 
 The London Mission Society represents the 
 Congregational or Independent polity of church 
 government, and so all their churches have been 
 established at Amoy after that order, and thus 
 
 (1) Established. 
 
THE CIIUECH OF CHRIST IX CHINA. 93 
 
 its representatives have worked indejiendently. 
 But the other two societies, viz.: Reformed 
 (Dutch) Church, and the EngUsh Presbyterian 
 Chui'ch, bein;^ closely allied by their ecclesiasti- 
 cal polity, became so united in all their efforts 
 that they have been practically one mission from 
 the start. Perfect harmony has existed between 
 these two bodies, and together have they la- 
 bored to establish one church under the Presby- 
 terian order, but which should be neither Ameri- 
 can, Dutch, or English, but the Church of Christ 
 in China, literally the "Holy Church of Jesus." 
 
 Only for the sake of economy were there any 
 lines that in any way indicated a separation be- 
 tween these two societies, and they were tliese: 
 First: Each society keeping its own "jieeuniary 
 matters distinct"; second: Each society having 
 \ts own field, with its particular chapels and 
 churches under its particular supervision. There 
 was nothing else to distinguish them — if this can 
 be called a distinction. And even here the lines 
 were so finely drawn as to be almost unob- 
 servable, because each was sometimes responsi- 
 ble for the work to be done in the other's terri- 
 tory. 
 
 As we have already recorded, the missionaries 
 at Amoy were well received, both bj- officials 
 and by the people. And they went evei-y where 
 preaching the Gospel, healing the sick, dis- 
 tributing tracts unmolested, "the Lord work- 
 ing with them, confirming the work with signs 
 following." Thus the good work was continued 
 until in 185B, when the solemn responsibility 
 
94 riFT\' l-EAES IN AMOY. 
 
 fell upon the missionaries of the Reformed 
 (Dutch) Church to organize the first church of 
 Amoy. Then, too, the question arose, what wa)s 
 the church to be? What was it to be called? 
 Was it to be the English Presbyterian, or the 
 American, or the Dutch, or the English- Ameri- 
 can-Dutch-Ohinese Church, or simply the Chi- 
 nese Church, i. e., "The Church of Christ in 
 China"? To afflict the church Avith the names 
 English, American, or Dutch seemed, after due 
 deliberation, both unnecessary and unwise — 
 moreover, absurd. They put themselves, there- 
 fore, under the leading of Providence, and they 
 solemnly felt tliat they were led by God when 
 they founded "a purely Chinese church" by 
 adoxjting the order of the Reformed (Dutch) 
 Church in America. 
 
 In these proceedings the missionaries of the 
 English Presbyterian Church united without a 
 dissonant note. They entered into the plan 
 with their whole heart, and instead of forming 
 another and distinct organization of their ovra, 
 after another and distinct order, gladly ac- 
 cepted these (our) proposed forms and ordi- 
 nances, and heartily joined with us in consum.- 
 mating the organization of the one Church of 
 Christ in China under the Presbyterian Ecclesi- 
 astical Governmient at Amoy. For neither could 
 see "any sufficient reason for organizing two 
 distinct denominations." 
 
 The object of this organization was beauti- 
 fully stated by Dr. Carstairs Douglass in a let- 
 ter addressed to the Corresponding Secretary 
 
THE CHUECH OF CHRIST IN CHIXA. 95- 
 
 of the English Presbyterian Mission Board as 
 follows: "It is an attempt to build on the soil 
 of China, with the lively stones prepared by the 
 great Master Builder, an ecclesiastical body 
 holding the grand doctrines enunciated at West- 
 minster and Dort, and the principles of Presby- 
 terian polity embraced at the Eeformation by 
 tlie purest churches on the Continent and in 
 Britain ; it will also be a beautiful point in the 
 history of this infant church that the under- 
 builders employed in shaping and arranging the 
 stones were messengers of two different, (though 
 not differing) churches in the two great nations 
 on either side of the Atlantic." 
 
 And the Presbyterian Church in England,. 
 with the same beautiful spirit as was mani- 
 fested by their rejjresentatives at Amoy, heart- 
 ily approved of every action taken, and bade 
 the work "God speed." 
 
 Tu the process of time other churches were 
 organized after this same order at Amoy, until 
 the Reformed (Dutch) Church missionaries had 
 three organized churches, viz.: the First and 
 Second churches of Amoy and the church of 
 Chioh-Be, under their supervision; and the Eng- 
 lish Presbyterian Church missionaries had two 
 organized churches, viz. : the chnrch of Pe-chui-a 
 and the church of Ma-peng, under their super- 
 vision. 
 
 This was in 1860, and as yet the churches 
 had no formal ecclesiastical organization. The 
 missionaries, therefore, felt that the time had 
 arrived for such organization and the establish- 
 
90 FIFTY ^'EARS IX AMOY. 
 
 ment of highei- judicatories, wherebj' the 
 churches might fully enjoy the "esseutial prin- 
 ciples of Presbyteriauisni." Such a. step was, 
 moreovei', necessai;y, because the churches, ac- 
 cording to their ecclesiastical polity, were not 
 independent of each other, but members of each 
 other as parts of a T\hole, and subject to each 
 otlier, and subject to the whole as well; hence 
 the nee<l of some ecclesiastical council or body 
 where matters apjiertaining to the whole might 
 be adjudicated. 
 
 In 18C2 the " (Cassis, "= or "The Great Presby- 
 terial or Classical Council ' of the Amoy 
 churches, was accordingly founded, possessed 
 of full powers to perform all duties devolving 
 upon such a bodj^ This also received the hearty 
 approval of the brethren in the Presbyterian 
 Church of England. 
 
 The proposition, to form such a church and 
 such an ecclesiastical organization of aJl 
 the churches thus formed, as stated above, on 
 account of some misapprehension and misun- 
 derstanding, met with a different kind of re- 
 ception in America. The proposition was op- 
 posed by the General Synod from the start, and 
 the opposition continued for five years or more. 
 We deem it unnecessary to record that history 
 in full on these pages. They who desire to 
 read it will find it quite fully recorded in the 
 General Synod Eeports of 1857 to 1863; also 
 in a small pamphlet, written by Dr. Talmage 
 
 (2) In 1892 the "Classis" was divided into two, tlie Northern 
 or Chiu-Cliiu, and the Southern or Chiang-Chiu. At the same 
 time the Synod of Chiang-Chiu was formed. 
 
THE CHURCH OF CHRIST IN CHINA. 97 
 
 in 1863, entitled "The Ecclesiastical Eelations 
 of the Churches of the Presbyteiial Order, at 
 Amoy, China." 
 
 It was due chiefly to the efforts of Dr. Tal- 
 mage that the tide of opposition that had flowed 
 on so long was turned in favor of this united 
 work, and this one united church. 
 
 With all due honor to his faithful fellow- 
 laborers, and to sympathizing supporters at 
 Amoy, and the part they took in this unhappy; 
 controversy, no on© can review the history of 
 those days without feeling that to Dr. Tal- 
 mage's patience and skill and courage is the 
 unbroken relation of the churches of the Pres- 
 byterial Order at Amoy, and consequently the 
 foundation of a purely Chinese Church and 
 Classis, due. Five years or more were con- 
 sumed in the unfortimate struggle. More than 
 once Dr. Talmage was defeated, yet he never 
 was conquered. For five years he plead and 
 wrote and exhorted in explaining and removing 
 misconceptions and misstatements. And he 
 never gave up until the Church was convinced 
 that the missionaries at Amoy were upholding a 
 just and righteous cause. 
 
 There is no man in our Church who would 
 have it otherwise. There is no man in our 
 Church who does not rejoice over the consum- 
 mation of such a church and such an ecclesi- 
 astical organization as was established at Amoy, 
 respectively, in 1856 and 1862. 
 
 According to the Synod's Eeport of 189i, 
 there were 17 organized churches at Amoy, with 
 
98 FIFTY YEAUS IN AMOY. 
 
 1,859 adult members, 15 native pastors, 50 
 unordained native helpers, and a native Hakka 
 Mission, under the jurisdiction of Tai-hoey, or 
 " Great Classical Council" of the Amoy churches. 
 It is only necessary here to speak of the 
 churches of this organization, under the Re- 
 formed (Dutch) Church Miss"on's particular su- 
 pervision, which we now proceed to do. 
 
Chinese Pastors and Helpers in Amoy Mission. 
 
CHAPTER XL 
 
 THE NINE CHURCHES.^ 
 
 Name of Church. Name of Present Pastor. 
 
 First Church of Amoy, Rer. Ng Ho-seng.(2) 
 
 Second Church of Amoy, Rev. 11 Peng-teag. 
 
 Chioh-be Church, Rev. Lira Khiok. 
 
 0-Kang, Rev. Li Ki-che 
 
 Hong-San Church, Rev. lu Ho-sui. 
 
 Chiang-chiu Church, Rev. Chhoa Thian-Khit. 
 
 Tong-an Rev. Lim Chi-Seng. 
 
 Sio-lihe Rev. lap Han Chiong. 
 
 Thian-San, Rev. Tiong Lu-li. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF CHURCH NAMES. 
 
 CMoh-be churcli is located at Chioh-be, a 
 town of 60,000 inhabitants, eighteen miles west 
 of Amoy on the West River. The meaning of 
 the name is "Stone Horse." 
 
 0-Kang church is located on the Island of 
 Amoy, and is made up of two congregations, 
 the one worshipping at O and the other at Kang. 
 Hence the name 0-Kang. But "O" is an ab- 
 breviation for 0-pi, and "Kang" an abbrevia- 
 tion for Kang-thau, the full names of the places. 
 The meaning of 0-Kang is "Lake Eiver." 
 
 Hong-San church is located on the mainland, 
 eight or ten miles north of Amoy, and is alsa 
 composed of two congregations, the one wor- 
 shipping at Hong and the other at San. Hence- 
 the name Hong-San. "Hong" is the abbrevia- 
 tion for Ang-tung-thau, "San" the abbreviation 
 for Te-soa. The meaning of Hong-San is " Great 
 
 (IJ Each church supports its own pastor. 
 (2) "o" pronounced "ung." 
 
100 FIFTY YEAKS IN AMOY. 
 
 Mountain." This church has one out-station at 
 Te-thau. 
 
 Chiang-chiu church is located in the City of 
 Chiang-chin, a city of 200,000 inhabitants, 
 twenty-flive or thirty miles west of Amoy and 
 six miles west of Chioh-be, on the West River. 
 Has one out-station: Chhoa-poa. There is no 
 particular meaning to the words. 
 
 Tong-an church is located at Tong-an, a city 
 of 150,000 inhabitants, twelve or fifteen miles 
 north of Amoy and five miles north of Hong- 
 San. The meaning of the name is "United 
 Peace." Has two out-stations: Poa-thau-chhi 
 and Ko-soa. 
 
 Sio-Khe is located in the small market town 
 of Sio-Khe, between fifty and sixty miles south- 
 west of Amoy on the Sio-Khe River, and 
 twenty-five miles west of Chiang-chiu. The 
 meaning of the name is "Little River." Had 
 at the end of the year 1891 six out-stations, 
 viz.: Lam-sin, Poa, Toa-Khe, Soa-pi, E-che and 
 Toa-lo-teng. 
 
 Thian-San is located between six and ten 
 miles north and west of Chiang-chiu, and is 
 composed of two congregations, the one wor- 
 shipping at Thian and the other at San. "Thian" 
 is the abbreviation for Thian -po, and "San" the 
 abbreviation for Soa-Sia. The meaning of 
 Thian-San is "Heavenly Mountain." Has one 
 out-station, viz.: Leng-Shoa. 
 
 Thus we might in English designate the 
 churches : 
 
 The First Church of Amoy. 
 
THE NINE CIIUECHES. 101 
 
 The Second Church of Amoy. 
 The Stone Horse Church. 
 The Lake River Church. 
 The Great Mountain Church. 
 The Chiang-Chiu Church. 
 The United Peace Cliurch. 
 The Little River Church. 
 The Heavenly Mountain Church. 
 
 THE FIRST CHURCH OF AMOT. 
 
 First pastor, Rev. Lo Tan, 1863-'70; second 
 pastor, Rev. Chhoa Thian-Khit, 1871-'83; third 
 pastor. Rev. Ng Ho-seng, 1885. 
 
 In January, 1844, two rooms were rented in 
 the city of Amoy, one being used as a chapel 
 for regular preaching services, and the other as 
 a dispensary, in the charge of Dr. Cununings, 
 and in both these places the natives were taught 
 both by minister and physician the way of eter- 
 nal life. The people were eager to listen to 
 the "good news," and so at the first service a 
 congregation of seventy "met to worship the 
 true God." The size of the audiences never 
 diminished, bnt frequently they numbered two 
 hundred eager listeners. 
 
 Cn March 21st, 1814, a Bible class of twelve 
 scholars was organized, and maintained with 
 increased interest and blessing. 
 
 On December 16th, 1845, a special meeting 
 for women was instituted, an<l has been main- 
 tained till this day with unabated zeal by the 
 ladies of our mission. 
 
 In December, 1845, the growing congregation 
 
102 FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 moved out of their small room into a more com- 
 modious and newly rented chapel. 
 
 On the 5th of January, 1846, the first Chinese 
 monthly concert was held, consisting of a morn- 
 ing and evening session. The morning was de- 
 voted to prayer and the afternoon to discussing 
 matters pertaining to methods and plans of 
 work and missionary news in general. 
 
 It was a Union Service of all Protestant mis- 
 sionaries: Eeformed, English Presbyterian and 
 London Mission, and all the native converts 
 connected with these societies. 
 
 The concert is still maintained once a month. 
 And it is a blessed bond of union that we trust 
 will never be broken. It has bound us one in 
 spirit, if not one in name, as we have endeav- 
 ored to preach the Word, and sought to bring 
 the knowledge of its everlasting fulness to the 
 people committed to our charge. 
 
 a?HE FIRST OOKTVEBTS. 
 
 Four years thus rolled by whilst the harvest- 
 ers had gone forth to scatter the seed, patiently 
 waiting the fli'st signs of reaping. Dr. Abeel 
 passed away before he could thrust in his sickle 
 to gather in the sheaves, but on the first Sab- 
 bath of April (5th inst.), 1840, Mr. Pohlman had 
 both the honor and the pleasure of baptizing 
 and receiving into full communion the first con- 
 verts of the Gospel at Amoy. 
 
 A letter received by the A. B. C. F. M. from 
 Mr. Pohlman regarding these aged converts 
 will prove of interest. The name of one was 
 
THE NINE CHUECHES. 103 
 
 Hok Kui-peh, anil the other Un Sia-peh, both 
 over fifty years of age. 
 
 "Hok Kui-peh is a native of Lam-an, about 
 tvi^enty-live miles from Amoy, and came to this 
 city at the age of seventeen. His first employ- 
 ment was that of a mill grinder, at twenty-five 
 cents a month and food. At the age of twenty- 
 two he enlisted as a soldier, and now bears the 
 scars received in the battle fought with the 
 pirates. When nearly fifty, he opened a shop 
 for the manufacture and sale of idol paper. 
 After the first missionaries, Messrs. Abeel and 
 Boone, had been at Kolongsu about six months, 
 he was brought to the preaching service by a 
 friend, and was at once iinpresse<l with the rea- 
 sonableness of the truth and the utter folly of 
 idolatry. For three years and a half he has 
 been a steady attendant on the means of grace 
 and a diligent seeker of salvation. The change 
 in him has been gradual, but marked. His em- 
 ployment causing him great uneasiness, he aban- 
 doned it. 
 
 " Un Sia-peh is a native of Tong-an, ten miles 
 from Amoy, and he came to this city about seven 
 years ago to talce the store of Ms brother, who 
 had died. He was brought to our chapel by 
 Hok Kui-peh more than two years ago, and has 
 ever since continued a diligent and devout 
 hearer of the Gospel. 
 
 "At the public examination, these old men 
 referred to Mr. Abeel as the person from whom 
 they first heard the tidings of great joy. The 
 idols in the house of Kui-peh all belonged to 
 
104 FIFTY YEAES IN AMOY. 
 
 members of his family, and he insisted on their 
 removal from the public hall, in which they 
 have been many years. This, after a long strug- 
 gle, was done. The only idol in the house of 
 TJh Sia-peh has been formally given to me, and 
 is now in my possession." 
 "Amoy, May 1st, 1846." 
 
 THE FIRST CHURCH BUILDINe. 
 
 Three more years passed by, and though tte 
 accessions to the Christian religion were exceed- 
 ingly few, yet the brethren felt their labor in 
 the Lord was not in vain. 
 
 They had been holding services in rented quar- 
 ters, and the missionai-ies concluded that a 
 home dedicated to God would not only be more 
 appropriate, but an advantage for the promul- 
 gation of the Gospel, "and a valuable assistant 
 in the prosecution of their labors." 
 
 Through Hok Kui-peh, the first convert, a 
 piece of property, with four small buildings, 
 was secured on September 16th, 1847. One of 
 the buildings was temporarily fitted up for a 
 chapel and occupied until 1848, when, through 
 the solicitations of Mr. Pohlman, f 3,000 having 
 been secured, the work on the new and First 
 Church building was begun. The building was 
 dedicated February 11th, 1849. The church is 
 located in the eastern part of the city on New 
 Street, i. e., Sin-Koe-a. It is usually spoken of 
 as the Sin-Koe-a Church, and so reported in the 
 Synodical Report of the Amoy Churches. The 
 dimensions are: Height of celling, 19 feet and 
 
First Church, Amoy, Sin-koe-a, 
 
THE NINE CHUECHES. 105 
 
 3 inches; to top of tower, 50 feet; len^hj 60 
 feet; widtli, 37 feet, and portico, 10 feet. It is 
 buUt of brick and after tlie "Etruscan style of 
 arcliitecture." The front is stucco !work of 
 poire white, and on an oval slab, from the quarry 
 'Of Canton, above the front entablature, there is 
 an inscription in Chinese characters which reads 
 as follows: "A Temple for the Worship of 
 the True God, the Great Sovereign Riiler." On 
 each side of the inscription are inscribed other 
 ■Chinese characters meaning: "The One Thou- 
 sand, Eight Hundred and f'orty-eighth Year of 
 JTesus' Advent, and To-Kong the Twenty-eighth 
 Year," and underneath all the figures "1848." 
 The interior is arranged after the fashion of a 
 Quaker meeting-house, i. e., a screen separating 
 the men from the women. And everything is 
 ;as plain as those places of worship — ^no cush- 
 ioned seats, no carpeted floors, no stained glass 
 windows. In a majority of cases simply benches 
 with no backs adorn the churches in the Amoy 
 region. Tile floors always. Back of the church 
 is a building, height 26 feet, length 40, width 
 14. The upper part was used as a parsonage 
 until 1892, and the lower part as a consistory- 
 room. A new parsonage was provided in 1892. 
 In the erection of this building the Reformed 
 •Church had the privilege of establishing the 
 •first Protestant church building in the Chi- 
 nese Empire, as it had two centuries before of 
 establishing the first church organization in 
 l^'ew York (then called New Amsterdam) in 
 1628. 
 
106 FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 The first children of native converts were 
 baptized by Mr. Doty on May 19th, 1850. At 
 this time he baptized his own son and three 
 chihlren of native Christians. 
 
 THE FIRST EVANGELIST AND MAYTTR. 
 
 The first native evangelist employed by the 
 Mission was Mr. U Teng-ang. He was a native 
 of the Kwang-tung (Canton) Province, and in 
 1841 went to Siani, where he came into the em- 
 ployment of a missionary and thus learned to 
 love and serve the Lord Jesus. 
 
 He returned to China in 1846, and in August 
 of ,that year arrived at Amoy, beconiin,:;- con- 
 nected with the Mission in March, 1847. He 
 was a faithful and zealous servant, and useful 
 in conversing with incjuirers, holding meetings 
 and touring in the country. In May, 3853, he 
 went to Chiang-chiu in company with a col- 
 porteur to see about opening a new station 
 there. It was during the period of the Tai-peng 
 rebellion, when the insurgents had captured the 
 city. The people of Chiang-Chiu suspected 
 that these two were spies of the enemy, and 
 the authorities commanded their arrest. The 
 coljiorteur escaped, but Mr. U Teng-ang was 
 seized and beheaded, May, 1853. A letter from 
 Mr. Doty at this time speaks of this sad affair 
 in these words: "From all we can learn, it 
 apjiears that our friend fell a sacrifice to the 
 violence of an aroused and suspicious populace, 
 who were beyond the control of both reason and 
 law. The evangelist had mingled with the 
 
THE NINE CHURCHES. 107 
 
 spectators at the examination of several man- 
 darins, who had been taken by the insurgents 
 at the capture of the place. A mandarin of low 
 rank happened to be questioned by the acting 
 insurgent chief, who could only speak the local 
 dialect, ^Yhile the mandarin under examination 
 could only conununicate through the court lan- 
 guage, not untlerstanding the local. The evan- 
 gelist was standing near, and, seeing the diffi- 
 culty, voluntarily spoke out as an interpreter 
 between the parties. Upon this, the insurgent 
 chief, in some polite manner, expressed to the 
 evangelist his approbation and acknowledgment. 
 It is also reported that the evangelist interested 
 himself in behalf of two or three small man- 
 darins, and prevailed with the insurgent to spare 
 their lives. 
 
 "Next day the populace arose and recaptured 
 the city. Every stranger in and about the p5ice 
 became an object of popular suspicion. The 
 part which the evangelist had acted was con- 
 strued inte evidence that he must have an inti- 
 macy with the insurgent cliief, and was himself 
 one of therebels. Hence hewasseizedandbrought 
 before the acting magistrate. This person, for 
 aught we know, may have owed his life to the 
 interference of the evangelist. Be this as it 
 may, the magistrate was convinced of his in- 
 nocence and wished to set him at liberty. But 
 the mob had the ascendancy. Death to the 
 evangelist had been determined upon; they at 
 once executed their purpose." 
 
 The First Church of Amoy was fully organ- 
 
108 FIFTY YEAES IN AMOY. 
 
 ized in 1856 " by the setting apart of elders andl 
 deaeons." The first pastor, Eev. Lo-Tau, was in- 
 stalled March 29th, 1863, and received a salary 
 of twelve dollars per month (this is the maxi- 
 mum sum paid the pastors of to-day). He was- 
 a faithful and devoted minister of the Gospel, 
 and passed to his reward in the Kingilom above- 
 in the year of our Lord 1870. 
 
 The progress of this church has not been what 
 might have been hoped for. After a period 
 of nearly forty years from its organization, its- 
 present membership only numbers seventy. 
 This, to say the least, is disapjiointinp; and dis- 
 couraging. Yet, there remains the comforting, 
 fact that from this sanctuary for two score 
 years the invitation has been extended to these 
 poor perishing ones in Amoy city to come to 
 Jesus and be saved. Moreover, the seed has- 
 been scattered, and, though the sowers Imew it 
 not, may have sprung up to fruitful harvest. 
 Such labor is not in vain, and the Lord of the- 
 harvest knows when it is best to show the re- 
 sults of this blessed work done by this old his- 
 toric church in the Kingdom of China. Maybe 
 it will be one of the brightest gems. 
 
 The second pastor was the Eev. Ohhoa Thian- 
 Khit. He was installed in 1871, and served 
 the church twelve years, when he accepted the- 
 call to Chiang-Chiu. 
 
 Eev. Ng Ho-Seng was installed in 1885, and 
 still continues in the pastorate (1892). 
 
 Kang-thau and O-pi, before the church organ- 
 
THE NINE CHURCHES. 109 
 
 ization of O-Kang, were out-stations of this 
 church. 
 
 The first and second churches, since 1890, 
 have supported a mission and native evangelist 
 at (^hlian-chhu-oa, on the Island of Amoy. 
 
 THE SECONB CHURCH OP AMOT. 
 
 First pastor, Eev. lap Han-chiong, 18()3-'83; 
 second pastor, Rev. Ti Peng-teng, 1884. 
 
 Dr. Talmage arrived in Amoy, on his return 
 from America, July 16th, 1850. On December 
 22d following he preached his first regular ser- 
 mon at the opening of a new place of worship 
 in rooms connected with his own house at Tek 
 Chhiu-Kha, Amoy — the site of the present Sec- 
 ond Church's building. 
 
 The room was crowded with curious, if not 
 eager, listeners, and the average attendance 
 ranged thereafter from 100, 150 to 200. Thus 
 was inaugurated an enterprise under most favor- 
 able circumstances that resulted in the organiza- 
 tion of the Second Church of Amoy at Tek- 
 Chhiu-Kha, i. e., "Foot of the Bamboo Tree," 
 in A. D. 1860. It is called in the Synodical 
 Eeport of the Amoy Churches " The Tek-Chhiu 
 Kha Church." 
 
 The church has been more prosperous than 
 the First, or Sinkoe-a Church. This may in a 
 measure be accoiinted for by the fact that it is 
 in close proximity to the English Presbyterian 
 Hospital, located at the same place, and thus 
 was brought into greater prominence. But 
 there has been, as well, a more consecrated and 
 
110 FIFTY YEAES IN AMOY. 
 
 spiritual life manifested amongst her members. 
 
 'Ihe present church building was constructed 
 in 1S59, and dedicated October 30th of that 
 year. It is entirely surrounded by other Chi- 
 nese shops and houses, and so almost entirely 
 hidden from view — making it impossible to be 
 photographed. Both of these churches (like all 
 the country churches) have day schools for the 
 instruction of the children of the church and for 
 all the heathen children Tvho may choose to 
 come. The two churches together have or- 
 ganized a Dorcas Society, which has contributed 
 as much as |60 cash in one year for benevolent 
 purposes, and distributed numerous garments 
 for the poor. 
 
 The first pastor, Eev. lap Han-chiong, was or- 
 dained and installed on the same day, March 
 29th, 18G3, as Eev. Lo Taw was over the First 
 Church. He served the church with great ac- 
 ceptance for twenty years, when he received 
 and accepted the call to the new organization at 
 Sio-Khe, 1884:. The second pastor, Eev. Ti 
 Peng-teng, was called from the Chiang-Chiu 
 Church and installed in 1884. 
 
 Tong-an, Te-Soa and Ang-tung-thau, before 
 they became separate church organizations, 
 were out-stations of this church. The present 
 membership of the Second Church is 1 35. 
 
 OHIOH-BE CHUBCH. 
 
 First pastor, Eev. Tiong Lull, 1872-'82; sec- 
 ond pastor, Eev. Lim Khiok, 1886. 
 The Gospel message was brought to this place 
 
THE NINE CHURCHES. HI 
 
 Iby Christians from Peh-chui-a in 1854. They 
 had gone to Chioh-be to do some business, and 
 ■when that was accomplished, they occupied a 
 few moments in telling the people of Chioh-be 
 about the wonderful message they had already 
 received and believed. 
 
 The missionaries and native Christians of 
 Amoy followed this up with as frequent visits 
 as possible. Even sooner than they had faith 
 to expect, the first harvest of twenty or more 
 converts was gathered in 1855. In 1859 the or- 
 ganization of the church occurred, being set off 
 from the First Church of Amoy. On February 
 13th, 1872, the first pastor, Rev. Tiong Ludi, 
 was oj'dained and installed. 
 
 The history of the church has been one of al- 
 most ceaseless struggling. It met with violent 
 opposition from the first, both from the oflScials 
 and the people, who did all in their power to 
 banish it from their midst. 
 
 For some reason, a wonderful change had 
 taken place in the minds and feelings of the 
 officials and the people toward Christianity and 
 missionaries. Certainly this was not the ani- 
 mus displaj'ed when the missionaries first ar- 
 rived in 1842. Then officials and people strove 
 to win the favor of the ambassadors of Christ, 
 and, it would seem, to establish His cause in 
 their midst as well. Yet, a dozen years after 
 (1854), we have to witness this bitterness and 
 hatred, breaking out in violent persecution. 
 
 Was it the Tai-peng rebellion (inaug-urated by 
 a religious fanatic and a supposed Christian 
 
112 FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 convert, who assumed the title of Emperor by 
 the designation of "Grand Pacificator," whose 
 dogs of war had already been let loose agaiast 
 the gates of the city of Chiang-Ohiu, and whose 
 object was to sweep away with one mad stroke 
 the idols and temples of the nation, as well as 
 the Dragon Throne itself,) that aroused all this 
 bitterness and hatred against Christianity? 
 Perhaps it was. We know no other reason. 
 And for fourteen years the "test of loyalty to 
 the throne" was manifested by "trampling on 
 the cross," and by their efforts to stamp out 
 the little church already established. But the 
 church at Chioh-be suffered internally as well 
 as externally. The members became spiritually 
 dead. Stroke after stroke fell, adverse fortune 
 followed hard and sharp in the track of severe 
 persecution, until there was but a flicker left of 
 the flame. And when the pastor fell into griev- 
 ous sin by the use of spirituous liquors, and 
 for which he was deposed by Tai-Hoey in 1882, 
 it seemed that the flame must cease burning 
 longer. In 1886 a new pastor, Eev. Limi 
 Khioli, was called to take charge. He was 
 young, intelligent, commanding respect, ear- 
 nest, and with zeal according to knowledge. 
 Under his administration a new order of things 
 has taken place. They have awakened to new 
 life and new activity. That flame, nearly 
 quenched, no longer flickers, but is burning 
 brighter than ever in the history of the church. 
 Thank God, the church has passed through the 
 fires. And may it be like the refiner's fire, cleans- 
 
SoA-SiA Chapel and Pastor's House. 
 
THE NINE CHURCHES. Hi? 
 
 ing her from all the dross, leaving only the puri- 
 fied gold. This church had for a number of 
 years an out-station at An-liau, but persecu- 
 tion banished that. To-day they have an out- 
 station at Hai-teng, and history is repeating 
 itself there in the effort the Church is making 
 to get a foothold. The rent for the rooms at 
 Hai-teng has been supplied for two years by 
 the King's Daughters of the Second Church of 
 Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 
 
 The present membership of the Chioh-be 
 Church is 71. That shows its history. 
 
 After thirty-five years of toiling, and such 
 results. Enough to discourage any worker. 
 Over the tumult and above the raging storms 
 we hear the voice of Him who is mighty to save 
 saying: "Not by might nor by power, but by 
 My spirit," in His own good time. 
 
 O-KANG CHURCH. 
 
 First pastor, Eev. Li Ki-che, 1889. 
 
 This church is composed of two congrega- 
 tions, viz.: one at Kang-thau and the other at 
 0-pi (more commonly called Kio-thau). The 
 missionaries and the native Christians began 
 early to sow the seed in these fields, and in 
 1863 rooms were rented in Kang-thau, when it 
 became a regular appointed out-station of the 
 First Church, Amoy. 0-pi followed in 1865. 
 
 In 1868 the organization into a regular 
 church occurred, with thirty members, two eld- 
 ers and one deacon, and put under the care of 
 native helpers, among whom were Mr. Ong Ki 
 
Hi FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 Siong, present pastor of the new churcli organ- 
 ization west of Sio-Khe, and Mr. Li Ki-che, pres- 
 ent pastor of the 0-Kang Church. 
 
 About 1S87, after repeated delays and vexing 
 negotiations, a piece of land was secured at 
 Kang-thau, close by the sea, upon which was 
 built the first chapel (previous to this, as we 
 still do at 0-pi, we rented a house for public 
 services^). Dr. Talmage spent much of his time 
 there, and not a little of his finances toward 
 the building of this church and chapel. The 
 ground and buihling cost |665. The native 
 church provided |316, Dr. Talmage and the 
 other missionaries the balance. Rev. Li Ki-che, 
 the first pastor, was ordained and installed in 
 1889, and ever since has preached the Word 
 boldly and with power, an<l, we believe, with 
 blessing. 
 
 Cottage prayer meetings and seed-sowing 
 amongst the neighboring villages have been 
 carried on constantly by pastor and people. 
 There has been much weeping and many sore 
 hearts on account of persistent rejection and 
 stolid indifference to the Word of Life. Yet 
 their trust is in Him who hath promised: "They 
 that sow in tears shall reap in joy." The time 
 is no't yet, but we patiently wait His own good 
 time. 
 
 The present membership is 103. 
 
 HONG-SAN CHURCH. 
 
 First pastor. Rev. Tu Ho-sui. 
 
 (3) A new chapel Is to be ereated at O-pl, 1893. 
 
THE NINE CHURCHES. 115 
 
 This church also has two separate congre- 
 gations, one at Te-soa and the other at Ang- 
 tung-thau. The origin of this organization is 
 given in the following narrative: 
 
 Thirty-five or forty years ago a poor widow, 
 Mrs. Lee, residing at Te-soa, who had Been 
 robbed of all her husband's possessions by his 
 relatives and friends, save the house in which 
 she lived, was compelled to go dowia to the city 
 of Amoy every day to peddle cloth and notions 
 in order to gain a living for herself and family 
 of small children. 
 
 One day as she was passing through the nar- 
 row thoroughfare she met an acquaintance, 
 who invited her to go with her and hear the 
 foreigner preach the "to-li" (doctrine). So on 
 they went together until they came to a place 
 where a small crowd was collected about an 
 open door. Immediately her attention was ar- 
 rested by the wonderful message brought to 
 her hearing: "God so loved the world that He 
 ga\'e His only begotten Son, that whosoever 
 believeth in Him should not perish, but have 
 everlasting life." Oh! that was just what she 
 was looking for: love. No one loved her. Her 
 friends had robbed her, and her portion had 
 been only hatred and abuse. But here was One 
 who loved indeed. Ah, it was a too wonder- 
 ful message — too marvelous for this poor soul, 
 so buried in ignorance, to understand all at 
 once. Nor is it to be wondered at. Think of 
 the thousands of generations that have passed 
 away, and they (this nation) dwelling in total 
 
11(5 FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 darkaess. In addition to the darkness that sur- 
 rounds their very souls, think of the difficulty 
 we have in conveying the message of the cross 
 through the medium of the Chinese language — 
 a language than which in the whole world there 
 is none other so different from all others; "none 
 other acquired with so much difficulty bj' for- 
 eigners, or employed by them with so little 
 facility." Whether it be supposition or fact 
 that Satan was the author of the Chinese lan- 
 guage or not, it is nevertheless true that there 
 is no other nation that has been so long and so 
 completely under his sway as China. The lan- 
 guage has been one of the highest and strong- 
 est walls that has surrounded this nation. Until 
 a little more than a half century ago, so-called 
 natural religion and earth-born systems and 
 false philosophies have had full sway. This 
 could not have occurred had there been more 
 affinity between the Chinese and the languages 
 of Christendom. Now try to convey your ideas 
 of a Saviour — or the doctrines of the Bible — 
 and you are met at the very threshold of your 
 undertaking with the barrier of an unknown 
 tongue. In translation, the task is no less diffi- 
 cult. 
 
 The processes employed in other translations 
 must be abandoned here. Words cannot be 
 transferred nor new ones coined. "Here the 
 translator must seize fast hold of the sense of 
 the original, and then, casting into oblivion the 
 old custom, strive to express the same sense in 
 the Chinese characters." 
 
THE NINE CHURCHES. HT 
 
 Then the message is so new — so out of their 
 way of thinking. Of a Saviour, of remissioa 
 of sins by blood, of redemption tlirough a cruci- 
 fied Christ — they have not the remotest idea. 
 IJegin to tell them this wonderful story and you 
 receive at first stares and irresponsive hearts. 
 They cannot comprehend it. It goes in one ear 
 and out of the other. 
 
 It demonstrates how we have to preach Jesus, 
 and Him crucified, to such a people, i. e., like 
 to little children. Once will not do, but time 
 and time again is required before they can take 
 it in. It demonstrates, too, why so few come 
 to understand it. They hear it once, go to their 
 homes, and because the laborers are so few, 
 with no one to teach them, they never come to 
 a Imowledge of full salvation in Christ Jesus- 
 No other result can be expected when the 
 Church j>laces twenty missionaries in the midst 
 of 3,000,000 souls. That is 150,000 souls to one 
 missionary. Think of it. With this little di- 
 version, we now turn to the story. 
 
 So, this soul, longing for that love, that pass- 
 eth understanding, for that peace that floweth 
 like a river, for that comfort that quieteth the 
 heart, wended her way homeward, conscious 
 only of some sweet music, as that ever old yet 
 ever new song was borne and swept along 
 through the darkened chambers of her soul: 
 Ood so loved the world that He gave His Only 
 Begotten Son. 
 
 Another day, a short time after this, we find 
 her again sitting at the feet of dear, now 
 
118 riFTY YEAES IN AMOY. 
 
 sainted, Dr. Talmage, learning the story of the 
 cross, as he unfolded it, in all its simplicity and 
 beauty. From him she learned the meaning of 
 that message more fully, and so learned until 
 the time came that she committed her soul and 
 life into the keeping of her Blessed Saviour. 
 Thus her life, her Christian experience, ever 
 flowed on peacefully and quietly like a great 
 deep ri\er. 
 
 Indeed, it was a beautiful life. We can see 
 her now, at eighty years of age, a dear old 
 mother in Israel. How glad she was, what a 
 cordial welcome she gave us, when we mission- 
 aries visited the little church at Te-Soa, which 
 she loved, and where she loved to meet with 
 God's children and worship Him. She was the 
 first convert to Christianity in Te-Soa. She it 
 was who first invited the missionaries to come 
 there an<l tell of the love of the wonderful Sa- 
 viour, whom she already learned to love and 
 follow. To her, we may say, we owe the Hong- 
 San Church, and whose future prosperity and 
 welfare was her deepest concern. God blessed 
 her life, crowned her with His loving favor, 
 ■granted her long years, permitted her to see 
 the walls of her Zion strengthened — and all her 
 children and many of her grandchildren and 
 neighbors gathered into the fold. No disease 
 had carried her away. She was just tired out, 
 and she laid down and slept in the arms of 
 Jesus. A calm and peaceful end of a sweet and 
 gentle life. 
 
 Such was the origin of the church of Hong- 
 

 Chha-than-po Chapel. 
 
THE NINE CHUECHES. 119 
 
 San. Harl all the otlver souls in Te-Soa and 
 Ang-tung-thau been as anxiously concerned 
 about their salvation as Mrs. Lee a larger mem- 
 bership would be recorded than is now aiforded. 
 Planted in the midst of rankest idolatry, every 
 effort was made by the people to choke rather 
 than to encourage the Word that was being sown 
 in their midst. Thank God the church is planted 
 upon the solid rock, — and she can never be 
 moved. And the Word shall accomplish that 
 which He pleaseth. 
 
 Te-Soa became a regularly appointed out-sta- 
 tion of the Second Church of Amoy, in 1862, 
 and the present chapel built in 1874. 
 
 Ang-tung-thau became an out-station in 18fi5, 
 and its present chapel erected in 1867, the con- 
 gregation bearing one-third of its cost. 
 
 The church organization occurred on Novem- 
 ber 27th, 1870. 
 
 The present pastor, and the first to be in- 
 stalled over this church, the Rev. lu Ho-Sui, 
 was ordained and installed in 1889. 
 
 There is one out-station connected with the 
 church, viz.: Te-thau. 
 
 The present membership is 59. 
 
 CHIANG-CHIU CHURCH. 
 
 First pastor, Rev. Ti Peng-teng, 1882-'84; 
 second pastor, Rev. Chhoa Thian-Khit, 1884. 
 
 The Chiang-Chin Church is located in the city 
 of Chiang-Chin, an important centre of a large 
 district, equal in size to Schoharie County, N. 
 Y. With a population of its own of 200,000, 
 
120 FIFTY YEABS IN AMOY. 
 
 and with five towns and 200 villages with an 
 estimated population of 100,000, lying within 
 easy distance to the city, and at the same time 
 being one of the chief commercial ports (native) 
 of this whole territory, and also a seat of learn- 
 ing where the annual examinations occur, bring- 
 ing thousands of students within its limit, makes 
 it one of the most strategic and comman<ling 
 centres that any mission might well congratu- 
 late itself in being able to occupy. 
 
 Yet, we have been slow in occupying it as 
 we should. True, we have a church there, but 
 we should also have a missionary and his family 
 there to superintend this vast field of useful- 
 ness. The London Missionary Society has 
 been less slow in comprehending the situation. 
 They have put a large double house on some 
 land they bought five years ago (1888), and have 
 located there a missionary and his family, and 
 a doctor and his family. Our work is neglected, 
 and has been neglected for twenty years. 
 
 Permanent work was begun here under the 
 supervision of Rev. Wni. C. Burns, of the Eng- 
 lish Presbyterian Mission, in 1853. Prepara- 
 tioits were being made at this early date to oc- 
 cupy a place in the city as a regular preaching 
 place, and the native evangelist, Mr. U. Ten- 
 ang, had been sent there with a colporteur for 
 that purpose. The results of that undertaking 
 have already been recorded in a former chapter. 
 
 Midst wars and rumors of wars, both the Re- 
 formed (Dutch) Church Mission and the E. P. 
 Mission jointly continued the work in the city. 
 
THE NINE CHUECHES. 121 
 
 In 1863 it was made an out-atation of the CMoh- 
 Ibe Church.. 
 
 Early in the '60s the hottest fires of the dire 
 "rebellion" came sweeping np against the city 
 with all its fierceness and fury. The city was 
 again captured, and a terrible massacre 
 nearly Aviped out the little congregation and 
 left the greater part of the city in ruins. In 
 1865 the work was committed entirely to our 
 care, and from the ashes of this severe perse- 
 cution we may say the present church has risen. 
 In 1868 lots were purchased and a building con- 
 templated. Three years after, in 1871, the 
 church organization occurred, being set off from 
 Chioh-be. A small chapel was then erected and 
 public worship begun in it. In 1874 the pres- 
 ent commodious cliurch was erected. The old 
 chapel was converted into a school-house. The 
 first pastor, Rev. Ti Peng-teflg (licensed in 1873), 
 was ordained and installed in June, 1882. The 
 second pastor, Rev. Ohlioa Thian-Khit, called 
 from the First Church of Amoy, was installed 
 in 1884. There is one out-station at the present 
 time connected with this church, viz.: Chhoa- 
 poa. Before the Thian-San Church was organ- 
 ized, the congregation at Thian-po and Soa-sia 
 were members of this church, and these plaxies 
 out-stations. The present membership is 98. 
 Thian-San took sixty or seventy of her members. 
 
 TOHG-AN CHURCH. 
 
 First pastor, Lim Chi-Seng, 1890. 
 
 Tong-an is another centre of a wide and fer-- 
 
122 FIFTY YEAES IN AMOY. 
 
 tile valley. Standing on a hill near the city, as 
 far as the eye can reach in almost every direc- 
 tion, village after village may be seen, vv^ith 
 their teeming population. There is no foreign 
 missionary residing here. There should be one. 
 
 Rev. Wm. C. Burns, in his indefatigable zeal 
 to preach the Gospel in every nook and corner 
 of this territory, it would seem, pushed on until 
 his feet stood within this city too, and thence 
 proclaimed the Gospel message (1853). 
 
 In the year 1866 our Mission began negotiat- 
 ing for a room or two, in which they wished to 
 hold public services for the worship of the true 
 God. In the following year a house was rented, 
 and Tong-an became an out-station of the Sec- 
 ond Church of Amoy. The first converts wene 
 baptized by Eev. lap Han-Chiong in 1870. 
 
 In 1871 larger quarters were secured and a 
 church organization was formed with thirty- 
 four members. In 1887 the church succeeded in 
 buying the property they had been renting i'or 
 six years. In 1891, with some funds that a ser- 
 vant in Dr. Kip's family in America had willed 
 to be used for such purpose in Amoy, a new and 
 large church was erected. 
 
 The first pastor, Eev. Lim Chi-seng, was or- 
 dained and installed in 1890. 
 
 There are two out-stations connected with the 
 church, viz.: Poa-thau-chhi and Ko-Soa. The 
 present membership is 99. 
 
 Outside the city of Amoy probably there was 
 no new enterprise but what met with bitter 
 opposition. The same spirit was manifested at 
 
THE NINE CHURCHES. 123 
 
 Tong-an as elsewhere. Once they set the old 
 chapel on fire, but it was discovered and ex- 
 tinguished before much damage was done. And 
 our presence has been more or less resented 
 ever since. It is not the first time that the Ark 
 of the Lord has awakened opposition amongst 
 His enemies. And as in the days of old, so 
 will the day come when Dagon shall fall, and 
 all this opposition shall forever cease, not only 
 in Tong-an, but in the whole of China. 
 
 SIO-KHE CHURCH. 
 
 First pastor, lap Han-chiong, 1884. 
 
 Sio-Khe church is located on a branch of the 
 West Eiver, in a little market town or village 
 of Sio-Khe. It has only some seven or eight 
 thousand inhabitants, but it is the largest town 
 of a populous valley twelve miles long and 
 three to four miles wide. It is a beautiful plain, 
 lying at the foot of high mountains, thickly 
 jjopulated and well cultivated. The people are 
 all industrious and quiet, and apparently to-day 
 well disposed toward the Gospel. There are 
 more than 300 villages scattered throughout 
 the plain, bringing the church in touch with 
 thousands of souls. Twenty-five years ago two 
 men came from Chha-thau-po, some ten miles 
 east of Sio-Khe, down to the Amoy hospital for 
 treatment. While there they for the first time 
 heard the Gospel and believed, and on their re- 
 turn home decided to give up the worship of 
 idols and to worship the true God. Not only 
 so, but they began telling others the "good 
 
124 FIFTY YBAES IN AMOY. 
 
 news," and soon they had a little company of 
 believers. These two men told all they could 
 remember of what they had heard in Amoy, 
 when they sent to Ohiang-Chiu for some one 
 to come an<l teach them further. Among others 
 who responded to the call was Dr. Kip, who 
 found there ten persons who had renounced 
 i<]olatry and were worshipping God, the best 
 they Imew how. Soon after a small building 
 was rented, and the place became an out-station 
 of Ohiang-Chiu. Alas, the little company could 
 not withstand the severe trials and persecutions 
 that were visited upon them, and all that re- 
 mains of this enterprise is the deserted house, 
 where the little body of Christians were wont 
 to worship. And yet it was not all in vain. 
 While the Gospel was being preached in Chha- 
 thau-po, some strangers from Sio-Khe were lis- 
 tening. They in turn became converted an<i be- 
 lievers, and then they desired that the people 
 in Sio-Khe should hear the good news too. But 
 the people of Sio-Khe said they did not wish to 
 hear, and if they attempted to preach they 
 would be driven out. Finally they said: "Let 
 us try; let us go and preach, and see if they 
 will stone us." They secured a small room and 
 preached the whole day unmolested, and the 
 place soon after came under the charge of the 
 Chiang-Chin Church. Such was the introduc- 
 tion of the work at Sio-Khe, whose usefulness 
 and success has ever been assured. 
 
 In 1876-'77 the first small chapel was built 
 and occupied seventeen or eighteen years for 
 
Dr. Otte's Neerbosch Hospital, Sio-Khe. 
 
THE NINE CHUECI-IES. 125 
 
 regular preaching and other religious services. 
 In 1881 the church organization occurred with 
 seventy members. The present and first pastor, 
 Rev. lap Han Chiong, was called from the Sec- 
 ond Church of Amoy and installed in 1884. The 
 present large church was buil,t in 1884-'85, the 
 money for it being largely contributed by the 
 Sunday-schools of America. At the same time 
 a house for the pastor was built next to the 
 church. In 1886-'87 a missionary's residence 
 was built adjoining the church property. Dr. 
 and Mrs. Kip were the first to occupy it per- 
 manently. 
 
 In 1888-'89 Dr. Otte's house and hospital were 
 built, when he and Mrs. Otte also took up their 
 quarters thei-e, and thus by tlie introduction of 
 medicine, the field was better equipped for 
 greater usefulness. Upon Dr. and Mrs. Kip'a 
 return to America, Mr. and Mrs. Van Dyck oc- 
 cupied the missionary's house for about two 
 years. And when they returned to America, 
 Mr. and Mrs. Fagg took up their habitation 
 there. Subsequently Mr. Fagg- took charge of 
 the work in the theological seminary, when Dr. 
 and Mrs. Kip again moved in. Miss Nellie 
 Zwemer joined the forces at Sio-Khe in 1892, 
 and is living with Dr. and Mrs. Otte. She, with 
 Mrs. Kip, have charge of the girls' school .tliere, 
 and together visit the women of that region. In 
 1891 (end) the Sio-Khe Church had a member- 
 ship of 240, and with a glorious history back 
 of her and a bright future before her, what 
 more can be asked than God's continued favor. 
 
126 FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 There are six out-stations, tjz.: Lam-sin,* Poa-a, 
 Toa-Khe, Soa-pi, E-che, and Toa-lo-teng, and 
 Ko-Khi. 
 
 THIAN-SAN" CHURCH. 
 
 First pastor, Tiong Lu-li, 1891. 
 
 Tliian-po and Soa-sia were out-stations of 
 CMang-Chiu from 1876-'91. The Thian-san 
 Church was organized in 1891, and has one out- 
 station, viz.: Leng-Soa. A new chapel and pas- 
 tor's house was built with the remaining money 
 of the legacy that that servant woman be- 
 queathed to the Mission (the other portion, as 
 already stated, being used to build the church 
 at Tong-an). 
 
 The lirst pastor, Tiong Lu-li, formerly pastor 
 at Chioh-be, was installed in 1891. A complete 
 change had taken place during the twenty years. 
 He had been thoroughlj^ humbled, and has ever 
 since manifested a truly humble and consecrated 
 life. And the Church rejoices that he could be 
 welcomed back to his holy oftice. The future 
 of the young enterprise is bright; her history 
 is yet to be written. The present membership 
 is 73. 
 
 TJNORDAINED EVANGELISTS AND OTHERS. 
 
 Connected with this organized work, reviewed 
 in the foregoing pages, the names of the help- 
 ers, teachers and Bible women should be en- 
 rolled. Their labors are confined for the most 
 
 (4) The members of this place united, in 1892, vfith the mem- 
 bers of ttie Euglisli Presbyterian stations, Ciiia-boe and Ciien£;-poa, 
 and formed a new cburcJi organization, viz. : " Tiie CM-lam 
 Church. " 
 
THE NINE CHURCHES. 
 
 127 
 
 part to the out-stations and the outlying regions. 
 Some of them are school-teachers of the paro- 
 chial schools. 
 
 Li Seng-liong, 
 bi Kui-lo, 
 Kho Bok, 
 Ong Ki^Siong,(5) 
 Tan Nul-lo, 
 U Pek-lo,(5) 
 IChng Khoan-ju, 
 Li Biau-lo, 
 Lo Kan-cliek, 
 Keh Tong-eng, 
 K,eh Tliai-chiiong, 
 Te Ghhiu-lo, 
 Lim Kui-lo, 
 Lim Po-tek, 
 Li Siong-Chhi, 
 Ng Ma-hui, 
 
 Mrs. Kho,(7) 
 
 Mrs. lu Giok-tong, 
 
 fan TlioQg-lo, 
 Tan Oan-Iai, 
 Tan Tui-goan, 
 Tan 0-ti, 
 Ang OMoh,(G) 
 Aug Tliu,u,(6) 
 Aug Ek,(8) 
 Li Chliun-hiong, 
 lu lok-haa, 
 Lim Put-cnai, 
 Chlioa Bian-Seng, 
 Kho Lin-bin, 
 Keh Un-tian, 
 Keh Boala-cliui, 
 lu Sui-Kiu, 
 lu lok-lai, 
 
 BIBLE WOMEN. 
 
 Mrs. lu Siu-a, 
 
 Mrs. Tan,(7) 
 
 TABLE SHOWING COMPAEATIVB INCREASE IN THE 
 WORK, UNDER THE PATRONAGE OE THE RE- 
 FORMED (DUTCH) CHURCH. 
 
 
 
 A.D. 
 1857. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 172 
 
 10 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1864. 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 348 
 
 37 
 
 $980.87 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1879. 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 686 
 
 143 
 
 $1,219.99 
 
 A.D. 
 1890 
 
 Out-stations ... 
 Communicants 
 Scholars 
 
 
 12 
 908 
 240 
 
 $3,382.08 
 
 
 
 
 (5) Licentiate. 
 
 (7) Wife ol evangelist. 
 
 C6) 
 
 Chapel keeper and 
 
 preacher. 
 
CHAPTEE XII. 
 
 THE BENEVOLENCE OF THE AMOY CHURCHES. 
 
 Not only for its wonderful growth, not only 
 for its marked spirituality and solid orthodoxy, 
 has the history of the Amoy Church, i. e., the 
 Church of Christ in China, been a remarkable 
 one, but also on account of its consecrated spirit 
 of liberality. 
 
 To pause for a moment to consider the amourit 
 of money contributed by these native Chris- 
 tians for the past ten years — ^less than one thou- 
 sand Christians giving $23,702.94 — is a suffi- 
 cient proof that these are no empty words, but 
 most profoundly teaching that they have in 
 some measure received the sublime inspiration 
 of the gentle command of their Lord and Mas- 
 ter: "Freely ye have received, freely give." 
 
 If you ^^'ill turn to General Synod Eeport of 
 1892 you will see that the Chris,tians connected 
 vdth our Amoy churches contributed during 
 the year 1891 the sum of $3,382.08. As 968 
 members gave this sum, it amounts to very 
 nearly |3 50 per capita. 
 
 At first sight, that may not seem very s,tart- 
 ling. But one or two things must be understood 
 before we can appreciate those figures. 
 
 First of all, a Chinaman's estimate of a dol- 
 lar is about ten times as high as ours, simply 
 
BENEVOLENCE OF THE AMOY CHURCHES. 129 
 
 because it is teu times as difficult for liim to 
 make a dollar. So, really it stands for $35. 
 And this fact Ave will endeavor to demonstrate. 
 The medium of exchange in China, i. e., the na>- 
 tional currency, is a copper "cash" (the only 
 coin the Goyernment issues), equal in our cur- 
 rency |to one mill. This is the coin for \\-hich 
 they toil — this their medium for buying and sell- 
 ing. 
 
 When I tell you that a good mechanic, a car- 
 penter, or mason, earlis only three hundred of 
 tihem a day, and many classes of laborers earn 
 no more than one hundred ^i. e., thirtj' and ten 
 cents respectively), and that it requires 1,040 
 of them to make a Mexican dollar (i. e., about 
 J.,200 to make an American dollar), and that it 
 requires thirty-six hundred of them to make 
 $3.50, you may be able to get some idea vphat it 
 means when they contribute this amount. Three 
 dollars and a half does neither represent the 
 sum or the sacrifices made to accumulate it. 
 Compared with our own country, the struggle 
 for existence and the maintenance of a bare sub- 
 sistence is tenfold intensifie<l, and the accumu- 
 lation of fortunes well nigh impossible. 
 
 Compare these daily wages with the daily 
 wages of the mechanic, the carpenter and the 
 common laborer of this country (and the income 
 of the wealthy as well), viz.: f3 and |1.50 per 
 diem, and can any one say that it is an exag- 
 geration to place this sum' per capita at |35? 
 
 The labor markets and all avenues of busi- 
 ness are crammed and jammed because there 
 
130 riFTy YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 are no outlets provided for the mighty army 
 of strugglers. Not because there are no ave- 
 nues. Natural resources abound in this "flow- 
 ery land." Coal mines, silver mines, and even 
 gold mines, lie buried and untouched. But 
 just on account of that antiquated superstition 
 of an old dragon that is slumbering underneath 
 the soil, whose majestic silence must not be 
 disturbed, they everywhere remain hermetically 
 sealed. Touch them with pick or spade, and 
 dire calamity would sweep over the land from 
 the desert to the sea — so the everlasting griad 
 goes on. 
 
 That's what it means — all this apprehension, 
 all this superstition, besides a hundred other 
 ills with which to combat. Taking our circum- 
 stances in consideration, our advantages, our 
 open avenues of industry, our supply and de- 
 mand, we venture to say that it is as easy for 
 us to contribute $35 per capita as it is for the 
 Christians of Amoy to contribute $3.50. 
 
 And so, in the second place, it follows at the 
 lowest estimate, we have ten dollars to use 
 where they have one. Moreover, the Chinaman 
 considers spending one dollar of as much im- 
 portance as we do spending ten. And where 
 we would hestitate in spending a cent, they 
 wrangle arid fuss over a cash (one-tenth of a 
 cent). So it is in all their monetary affairs, 
 whether it be a dollar or a cash, as daily inter- 
 course Avith them bears painful testimony. 
 
 Bearing in mind, then, some such relative 
 estimations of money value, do we overstate it 
 
BENEVOLENCE OF THE AMOY CHUECIIES. 131 
 
 when we say that the sacrifice is ten times 
 more, and the real amount ten times more than 
 the figures show? Ah, but some one says, that 
 is all very well; but, excuse me, you have most 
 grievously failed to consider that the Chinese 
 have not so many wants ( ?) as we have ; he does 
 not require the foo<l, the homes, nor are the 
 necessities such as ours. 
 
 Very good. Shall we say that their wants, 
 needs, etc., etc., are five times less than ours? 
 Oh! more than that. Well, then, let us main- 
 tain the same comparison here as above, aiul 
 we will say they are ten times less in every 
 count. But does this alter the situation? The 
 Chinaman, you say, has wants and needs, etc., 
 etc., be they what they may, ten times less than 
 yours. Still, you make a sad and fatal mis- 
 take if you do not remember that they have 
 ten times less capital to supplj- them. So, too, 
 we must remember that with needs ten times 
 less than ours, and with ten times less capital 
 to suijply them, somehow they manage to give 
 $35 (equivalent) pei" capita to the Lord. 
 
 Now, if the Chinamen have wants ten times 
 less than ours, it must follow that we have 
 wants, needs, etc., etc., ten times in excess of 
 theirs, and having ten times as much capital 
 to supply them, we should maintain somethiag 
 like an equality in our benevolence. But the 
 fact is, we do not. For all purposes, foreign, 
 domestic, ministers' salaries, etc., etc., we some- 
 how manage to give barely $15 to the Lord 
 per capita. 
 
132 FIFTY YEAUS IN AMOY. 
 
 But this is no argument, for ~we have never 
 yet become acquainted with or heard of a China- 
 man whose wants, needs, etc., etc., did not com- 
 pare favorably with ours. The fact is, that our 
 ohl Edenic grandfather made us all alike. W© 
 all have wants like Babel towers, and our needs 
 and necessities are sometimes aggravated by 
 circumstances alone. Be that as it may, let 
 me say to you that the Chinaman has needs and 
 necessities that are never supplied, and never 
 will be until he reaches the better land. Please 
 remember this while you read these figures- 
 That this giving of the Chinese is no spasmodic 
 attack of benevolence, but the steady, healthy 
 groM'th in their spiritual life, the following table 
 amply testifies: 
 
 In 1882 750 Church Members (net) gave $1,877.32 
 
 " 1883 758 '■ " " 1,958.75 
 
 " 1884 742 " " " 1,631.77 
 
 " 1885 783 " " " 2,107.37 
 
 " 188G 804 " " " 2,076.29 
 
 " 1887 835 " " " 2,S86.70 
 
 " 1888 861 " " " 2,367.66 
 
 " 1889 855 " " " 2,535.00 
 
 " 1890 899 " " " 2,900.00 
 
 " 1891(1) 968 " " " 8,382.08 
 
 Net total- .988 " " " $23,702.94(2) 
 
 (1) In 1S92, 1,008 Church members gave $3,894.80 
 
 (2) Yearly average $2.80. 
 
 THE NATIVE HAK-KA MISSION. 
 
 To further demonstrate the character of the 
 Chinese Christians, we bring this part of the 
 review to a close by a brief mention of their 
 missionary spirit. Having acquired a knowl- 
 edge of the blessed Gospel themselves, they 
 are endeavoring to carry the "good news" to 
 their brethren still in darkness. 
 
 The Hak-Kas are a race of people (perhaps 
 
BENEVOLENCE OF THE jUIOY CHURCHES. 133 
 
 aborigines) living by themselves and under their 
 own laws, some twenty miles west of Amoy, 
 speaking an entirely diiTerent dialect, and, on 
 the whole, a different race from the Chinese. 
 In 1881 a comuuttee was appointed to bring 
 the subject of establishing a miSsion amongst 
 this people before Tai-hoey. In 1882 |200 was 
 subscribed by the native church for its support 
 and the work begun. The progress has been 
 slow and often discouraging. In 1891 there 
 was a church of eighteen souls; three had been 
 received on confession, two died, one excom- 
 municated, one suspended, three adults bap- 
 tized and f 17.10 contributed. 
 
 In one other wa^^ do the native Christians 
 seek to make known the message unto their 
 brethren. Every Tuesday at Amoy (and once 
 a month in the country) a company of Chris- 
 tians and missionaries (male and female) meets 
 in one of the chapels, where they hold a short 
 service of prayer, then go out by twos or threes 
 and preach in the streets. Tlie ladies visit the 
 homes and tell the Gospel story there. This 
 is called the Po-to-hoe, which means, "The 
 Proclamation of the Gospel Meeting." Thus 
 in these ways the Gospel is being made known. 
 But there are other ways which we must also- 
 consider. 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 TWO NOTABLE POLITICAL EVENTS. 
 The two political movements alluded to in 
 these pages, viz.: "The Tai-peng Rebellion" and 
 "The Anti-Missionary Movement in South 
 China," inasmuch as they both played a part 
 in the history of religious events in the dis- 
 trict and city of Amoy, may well claim a spe- 
 cial though brief considei-ation in this narra- 
 tion. 
 
 THE TAI-PENa REBELLION. 
 
 The reign of Ham-hong, the seventh Emperor 
 of the Manchu Dynasty (1850-'64), was estab- 
 lished upon a crumbling and disintegrating 
 Empire. The affairs of the nation had reaxihed 
 a crisis. The old ship of state had been about 
 stranded by the preceding Emperor, To-Kong, 
 and when Ham-kong took the reins of govern- 
 ment, the political affairs of the nation were in 
 a greatly unsettled condition. 
 
 His father had been most profuse in his prom^ 
 ises of reformatory measures for the good of 
 his subjects, but they had failed to materialize. 
 This made the clamoring of the people still 
 louder and still luore urgent upon the advent 
 of the new and young Emperor. For thirty 
 years the people had been pleading for justice, 
 and that cruel ojjpression and abuses might 
 
TWO NOTABLE POUTtCAL EVENTS. 135 
 
 cease. For tMrty years they had pleaded in vain. 
 So now at the very threshold of the new order 
 of events the voice of the people was heard in 
 no uncertain sound asking again for reform 
 in order that the ship of state might not be- 
 come a total wreck. 
 
 At first the young Emperor professed to take 
 a deep interest in these demands, and, like his 
 predecessor, promised much, and, like him, per- 
 formed little for the redress of the people. He 
 soon lapsed into the ways of his fathers. By 
 surrounding himself with wives and concubines, 
 and by indulging in all forms of sensual pleas- 
 ure and amusement, the nation's welfare and 
 the people's interest were furthest from his 
 thoughts and apparently soon entirely forgot- 
 ten. 
 
 When the people saw their rights thus de- 
 liberately trampled in the dust, and seeing at 
 the same time no hope of realizing the needed 
 reform from that source from which they sought 
 it, and had every reason to expect it, their pas- 
 sions were wrought up, and to the highest ten- 
 sion. 
 
 Under such a condition of affairs it was not 
 long before the spirit of insurrection against 
 the G-overnment began to manifest itself, espe- 
 cially in the Kwang-si Province. The spark 
 was soon kindle<i into a flame, until not only 
 Kwang-si, but Hunan and Hu-peh were afire 
 with the spirit of rebellion. Now the cry was 
 not only for reform, but the banishment of the 
 
136 FIFTY YEARS IN jVilOY. 
 
 Tartar Emperor and the establishment of a 
 purely Chinese Dynasty instead. 
 
 As a leader in this cause, one who claimed 
 to be a descendant of the Mings (the preceding 
 Dynasty, 1367-1644,) presented himself, and 
 under the title of Thian-te, "Heavenly Virtue," 
 undertook to drive out the Tartar and re-estab- 
 lish the Mings in power. 
 
 Such was the condition of the country when 
 we make the acquaintance of Hung Su-chuen, 
 the leader of what has become the notable "Tai- 
 peng Rebellion (1850-'64). In view of the fore- 
 going, it will be readily seen that the time was 
 ripe for such a conflict. 
 
 It is now necessary to demonstrate, if possi- 
 ble, how Himg Su-chuen became identified with 
 and the leader in this insurrection, the most 
 marvelous that has engaged the attention of 
 nien. 
 
 Hung Su-chuen had nothing to do with the 
 movement in behalf of that reform that was 
 starteil by the people, and of which Thian-te 
 assumed the leadership, but on account of 
 events that he was unable to control, he was 
 obliged to cast in his lot with the insurgents, 
 and finally became the leader. 
 
 Hung Su-chuen was a native of the Kwang- 
 tung Province, and at the time of these events 
 was about forty years old, having been born 
 near Canton in 1813. He was a literary grad- 
 uate and a teacher by profession. 
 
 During one of his examination periods at 
 Canton, portions of the Old Testament and some 
 
TWO NOTABLE POUTICAL EVENTS. 137 
 
 Christian tracts fell under his notice. At the 
 time, the contents of these books made but lit- 
 tle if any impression upon him. In 1837, after 
 failing in an examination, he became despond- 
 ent, which finally ended in a serious siege of 
 illness. While he was ill he had a most vivid 
 dream, which made such a deep impression 
 upon his mind that he could not forget it. In 
 his dream he was caught up into Heaven and 
 stood in the presence of Grod and Jesus, "who 
 exhorted him to live a virtuous life," and exter- 
 minate imps from the nation. He claimed to 
 be washed from all the impurities of his nature, 
 and to be possessed of a new heart. He spoke 
 of God as "Heavenly Father," and of Jesus as 
 "Heavenly, or Celestial, Elder Brother." 
 
 Six years after this passed away,yetnochange 
 in his outward life is apparent. He still pur- 
 sues his literary course and performs the duties 
 of a village schoolmaster in the Province of 
 Kwang-si. But in 1843 his attention is once 
 more <lirected, by a friend, to the books he had 
 abandoned and shelved some six or seven years 
 before. In them he was le<i to believe that he 
 had found an interpretation to his dreams. Per- 
 ceiving the fearful denunciations thundered 
 against all forms of idolatry, he concluded thajt 
 "the imps" referred to in his dream must be 
 the idols of the land. 
 
 He then embraced Christianity as he under- 
 stood it. Some historians affirm that he was 
 baptized by the missionary M. Gutzlaff; others 
 say he and this "friend" baptized each other 
 
138 FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 and then began to propagate his system of re- 
 ligion, "containing a modicum of Christian 
 truth, together with many singular misconcep- 
 tions and vagaries of their imaginations." 
 
 Hung Su-chuen began his iconoclastic cam- 
 paign by demolishing the tablet of Confucius 
 that was standing in the village school-room. 
 Such an act created a tremendous furor in the 
 little hamlet where he was teacher. Parents 
 whose children were under his instruction be- 
 came alarmed and greatly excited; sought 
 an explanation of such startling innovations. 
 His reasons were frankly given, and they proved 
 so sulficient that they became his ardent sup- 
 porters and followers. 
 
 Then came the elders, or headmen, of the 
 village mth their remonstrances, but they lUie- 
 wise fell captive to his arguments and enlisted 
 under his banners. From village to village the 
 new religion spread, until within a very short 
 period the number of converts had swelled to 
 the marvelous num"ber of 5,000, and iu 1851 the 
 number had increased to 12,000. 
 
 Temples, idols and all forms of idolatry began 
 to fall before the enthusiastic host like grass 
 before the mower. And when it seemed as 
 though the ancient system and customs of 5,000 
 years were to be swept away without a mo- 
 ment's notice, the officials began to be alarmed 
 and sought to put a stop to this awful dese- 
 cration. A price was set upon the head of 
 Himg Su-chucn. Dead or alive, the officials 
 wanted him. True as steel were the people to 
 
TWO NOTABLE POLITICAIi EVENTS. 139 
 
 the leader, and rather than betray him to the 
 authorities they would die first. Failing in this, 
 the provincial authorities of Kwang-si sent the 
 Imperial forces against the new sect to extermi- ' 
 nate it. Even their effort met with ignoble 
 failure, for it resulted in the total destruction 
 of the provincial troops. 
 
 Up to this time it is fair to assume that Hung 
 Su-chuen and his followers had no other motive 
 than the desire for freedom of worship, and to 
 worship according to the dictates of their con- 
 science. 
 
 But now a crisis was at hand. Events that 
 he could not control were changing the char- 
 acter of his movements. He had not only 
 routed, but he had slain the Imperial guards- 
 men, and now he assumed that the whole Gov- 
 ernment would oppose him, and if he expected 
 to succeed he must fortify himself behind 
 stronger barricades than were now in his pos- 
 session. It was probably then at this time he 
 joined forces with the reformers and became 
 the leader of that greater movement, whose aim 
 was to drive the Manchus from the dragon 
 throne. Be that as it may, he now, at any rate, 
 assumed the name of Tai-peng, "The (xrand 
 Pacificator," and proclaimed himself the head 
 of the new Dynasty — Tai-peng thian Kok, i. e., 
 "The Peaceful Heavenly Kingdom." 
 
 The Pretender was not popular, and under his 
 leadership the cause made no progress. But 
 when Hung Su-chuen, endowed both with re- 
 ligious as well as with political enthusiasm, 
 
110 FIFTY YEARS IN AJVtOY, 
 
 became the comnian(ler-in-chief of the move- 
 ment another condition of affairs immediately- 
 occurred. He speedily won the affection of all 
 the enlisted troops, and so fired them with his 
 enthusiasm that victory perched upon their 
 banners all along their way from Kwang-si in 
 the southwest to Keang-se in the northeast. 
 Various secret societies joined the movement 
 until there was an army of about 50,000 enlisted 
 men in the field. 
 
 This army soon received the sobriquet of 
 "The Long-haired Rebels," because they cut 
 off their cue (a token of subjection imposed upon 
 the Chinese by the Tartars), ceased to shave 
 their heads and allowed their hair to grow nat- 
 urally. 
 
 The religious tone of the movement was still 
 maintained. Worship of Grod Avas observed in 
 every encampment. The camps were made to 
 resoiind with religious hymns of praise. Fre- 
 quently before engaging in battle the troops 
 wo\ild have a service of prayer. A proclama.- 
 tion was issued setting forth their belief. Among 
 the maii.\' documents issued during the period 
 of this notable movement it is difficult to say 
 which, are genuine and which are apocrjphaJ.. 
 The two inserted here, if not genuine, will give 
 at least some idea of the beliefs of "The Tai- 
 peng" and his followers: 
 
 ^"According to the Old Testament, the Su- 
 preme Lord, our Heavenly Father, created in 
 
 (1) History of the Insurrection in China. By M.M. Callery 
 and Xvan, 1853. 
 
TWO NOTABLE POUTICAL EVENTS. 141 
 
 the space of six days heaven ami earth, moun- 
 tains and seas, men and things. The Supreme 
 Lord is a spiritual, invisible, omnipotent Fatlier, 
 knowing eA^erything and everywhere present. 
 TChere is not under Heaven any nation which 
 does not know his power. 
 
 "On referrirfg to the reinanisconces of past 
 times, we find that since the creation of the 
 worhl the Sujireme Lord has often manifested 
 His dis-ideasure. How is it then that you peo- 
 ple of the earth are ignorant of Him still? 
 
 " Oh the first occasion, the Supreme Lord dis- 
 played his wrath by causing a gi-eat rain to fall 
 forty days and forty nights, which caused a 
 universal deluge. 
 
 "On a second occasion, the Supreme Lord 
 manifested His displeasure and brought Israel 
 out of Egypt. 
 
 "On a third occasion He displayed His tre- 
 mendous majesty when the Saviour of the world, 
 the Lord Jesus, became incarnate in the land 
 of Judea and suffered for the redemption of the 
 human race. And of late again sliowed His 
 wTath when, in the year 1837, he sent a celes- 
 tial messenger, whom he appointed to slay the 
 infernal bands. Moreover, he has sent the celes- 
 tial King to take the reins of empire into his 
 own hands and save the people. From the year 
 1848 tt) that of 1851 the Supreme Lord has been 
 moved by the misfortunes of the people who 
 were entangled in the snares of the Evil One, 
 In the third moon of last year the great Em- 
 peror appeared, and in the ninth moon Jesus 
 
142 FIFTY YEAES IN AMOY. 
 
 the Sa^iou^• of the world, manifested Himself 
 by innumerable acts of power, and by the mas- 
 sacre of innumerable numbers of the ungodly in 
 naany pitched battles. How then can these chil- 
 dren of Hell resist the majesty of Heaven? 
 
 "How, we add, could the wrath of the Su- 
 preme Lord be otherwise than kindled against 
 men who worship corrupt spirits, who give 
 themselves up to unclean actions, and thus de- 
 liberately violate the Commandments of Heaven? 
 Why do ye not wake, all ye inhabitants of the 
 earth? Why do ye not rejoice to be born in a 
 time when you are permitted to witness the 
 glory of the Most High? 
 
 " Since you fall into an epoch like this, where 
 you will have the surpassing peace of heavenly 
 days, it is time for you to awake and be stirring. 
 Those who fulfill the will of Heaven shall be pre- 
 served, but those who disobey shall be torn in 
 pieces. 
 
 "At this moment the diabolical Tartar, Hien- 
 foung (Ham-hong), origioally a Mantchou (Mau- 
 chu) slave, is the sworn enemy of the Chinese 
 race. More than this, he leads our brethren to 
 adopt the habits of demons, to adore evil, to 
 disobey the true spirit, and thus to rebel against 
 the Most High. Therefore Heaven will not suf- 
 fer him any more, and men will not fail in their 
 resolution to destroy him. Alas! body of vali- 
 ant men as ye are, ye appear not to know that 
 every tree has its roots, every brook its source. 
 You seem as though you wish to reverse the 
 order of things, for while running after the least 
 
TWO NOTABLE POLITICAL EVENTS. 143 
 
 advantage yoTi so turn about that you serve 
 your enemies, ami being ensnared with the 
 wiles of the Evil One, you ungratefully rebel 
 against your rightful Lord. You seem to for- 
 get that you are the virtuous students of the 
 Chinese Empire and the honorable subjects of 
 the Celestial Dynasty, and thus you easily ^tray 
 in the path of perdition without having pity on 
 yourselves. 
 
 "And yet, among you courageous men there are 
 many who belong to the Society of the Triad, 
 and have made the compact of blood that they 
 will unite their strength and their talents for 
 the extermination of the Tartar Dynasty. After 
 so solemn an engagement, can there be men who 
 would shrink from the common enemy of us all? 
 
 "There must be now in the provinces a great 
 number of resolute men, renowned men of let- 
 ters, and valiant heroes. We therefore call upon 
 you to unfurl your standard to proclaim aloud 
 that you will no longer live under the same 
 Heaven as the Tartars, but seek to gain honor 
 in the service of the new sovereign. This is the 
 ardent wish of us who are his generals. 
 
 "Our army, desirous to act upon ,those feel- 
 ings of kindness through which the Most High 
 is pleased to spare the life of man, and to re- 
 ceive us with a kiss of compassion, have shown 
 clemency on our march, and have treated all 
 with mercy. Our generals and our troops ob- 
 serve the greatest fidelity with respect to the 
 rew«j(is due to the country. These intentions 
 are ki<)i(vn to you all. You ought to know that 
 
144 FIFTY YEAES IN AMOY. 
 
 since Heaveu lias brought before you the true? 
 so\ereign to govern the people, it is your duty 
 to aid in establishing His dominion. Although 
 our diabolical enemies may be counted by mill- 
 ions, and their crafty plans by thousands, they 
 cannot resist the decrees of Heaven. 
 
 "To kill without warning is contrary to our 
 feelings; and to remain in a state of inaction, 
 without attempting to save the people, would 
 be contrary to humanity. Hence, we publish this 
 proclamation, urging you, O people! to repent 
 in all haste, and to awaken with energy. Adore 
 the True Spirit and reject impure spii'its; be 
 men for once and cease to be imps of the Devil 
 if you wish for length of days upon earth and 
 happiness in Heaven. If you persii^t in your 
 stupid obstinacy, the day of destruction will ar- 
 rive, as well for the precious stones as for the 
 pebbles, and then you will vainly gnaw every 
 finger in despair; but it will then be too late to 
 repent." 
 
 The second one, it will be observed, was is- 
 sued for the benefit of foreigners: 
 
 "The Heavenly Father, the Supreme Lord, the 
 Great God, in the beginning created heaven and 
 earth, land and sea, men and things, in six days; 
 and from that time to this the whole world has 
 been one family, and all within the four seas 
 brethren ; how can there exist, then, any differ- 
 ence between man and man, or how any dis- 
 tinction between principal and secondary Jjirth? 
 But from the time that the human race h«s been 
 influenced by the demoniacal agency v^ich has. 
 
TWO NOTABLE POLITICAL EVENTS. 145 
 
 entered into the heart of man, they have ceased 
 to acknowledge the great benevolence of God, 
 the Heavenly Father, in giving and sustaining 
 life, and ceased to appreciate the infinite merit 
 of the expiatory sacrifice made by Jesus, our 
 Celestial Elder Brother, and have, with lumps 
 of clay, wood and stone, practised perversity 
 in the world. Hence it is that the Tartar hordes 
 and Elfin Huns so fraudulently robbed us of 
 our celestial territory (China). But, happily, 
 our Heavenly Father and Celestial Elder 
 Brother have from an early date displayed their 
 miraculous power amongst you English, and 
 you have long acknowledged the duty of wor- 
 shipping God the Heavenly Father, and Jesus, 
 our Celestial Brother, so that the truth has been 
 preserved entire and the Gospel maintained. 
 Happily, too, the Celestial Father, the Supreme 
 Lord and Great God, has now of His infinite 
 mercy sent a heavenly messenger to convey our 
 royal master, the Heavenly King, up into 
 Heaven, and has personally endowed him with 
 power to sweep away from the thirty-three 
 heavens demoniacal influences of every kind, 
 and expel them thence into this lower world. 
 And, beyond all, happy it is that the Heavenly 
 Father and Great God displayed His infinite 
 mercy and compassion in coming down into this 
 our world in the third month of the year 1848, 
 and that Jesus, our Celestial Elder Brother, the 
 Saviour of the world, likewise manifested equal 
 favor and grace in descending to earth during 
 the ninth month of the same year, where for 
 
146 FIFTY YBAES IN AMOY. 
 
 these six years past they have marvelously 
 guided the affairs of men, mightily exhibited 
 their wondrous power, and put forth iunumer- 
 able miraculous proofs, exterminating a vast 
 number of imps and demons, and aiding our 
 Celestial Sovereign in assuming the control of 
 the whole Elupire. 
 
 "But now that you distant English 'have not 
 deemed myriads of miles too far to come' and 
 acknowledge our sovereignty, not only are the 
 soldiers and officers of the Celestial Dynasty 
 delighted and gratified thereby, but even in 
 high Heaven itself our Celestial Father and El- 
 der Brother will also admire this manifestation 
 of your fidelity and truth. We therefore issue 
 this special decree, permitting you, the English 
 chief, to lead your brethren out or in, back- 
 ward or forward, in full accordance with your 
 own will or wish, whether to aid us in extermi- 
 nating our impish foes or to carry on your com- 
 mercial operations as usual; and it is our earnest 
 hope that you will with us earn the merit of 
 diligently serving our royal master, and with 
 us recompense the goodness of the Father of 
 Spirits. 
 
 "Wherefore we promulgate this new decree 
 of (our Sovereign) Tae-ping (Tai-peng) for the in- 
 formation of you English, so that all the human 
 race may learn to worship our Heavenly Father 
 and Celestial Elder Brother, and that all may 
 know that, wherever our royal master is, there 
 men unite, congratulating him on having ob- 
 tained the decree to rule." 
 
TWO NOTABLE POLITICAL EVENTS. 147 
 
 The leader, it will be observed, still professed 
 to abhor all forms of idolatry and called upon 
 all the good people of the Empire to unite with 
 him in this crusade of exterminating the idols 
 and temples as well as the rulers, whose laws, 
 and actions were vile and inhuman. 
 
 The ever-victorious army swept everything 
 before it, and after three years it was in pos- 
 session of Nankin, the old capitol, and which 
 was immediately proclaimed to be the new cap- 
 itol of the Tai-peng Dynasty. The slaughter 
 that followed the capture of Nankin was some- 
 thing frightful. 
 
 According to the accounts, the army of the 
 Manchus, though well armed and trained, did 
 not strike a blow in self-defense, "but, throw- 
 ing themselves on their faces and imploring 
 mercy in most abject terms, submitted to be 
 butchered like so many sheep." 
 
 Out of a population of more than 20,000 only 
 about 100 escaped, men, women and children 
 being mercilessly put to the sword. 
 
 Amoy, Chiang-chiu and Tong-an all suc- 
 cumbed to the insurgents, and much anxiety 
 was at one time felt concerning their ulterior 
 measures. Some portions of this district still 
 beai' the marks of the rebellion to this day, and 
 many years will pass before linal restoration is 
 accomplished. 
 
 An account^ of an attempted recovery of 
 Amoy by the Imperialists is before me. It 
 says: The Imperialist admiral, with his fleet 
 
 (2) History of the Insurrection in Clilna. 
 
148 FIFTY YrEAES IX AMOY. 
 
 of thirty junks, appeared in the harbor. He 
 immediately landed 1,000 men, who marched 
 steadilj' toward the citadel for two miles, when 
 the i-ebels made a rush and drove them back to 
 their boats with a loss of about twenty or 
 thirty killed and from twenty-five to fifty pris- 
 oners. Next day the rebels began trying the 
 prisoners "with great formality. They were ex- 
 ceedingly civil to the Europeans, placing chairs 
 for all who would like to attend. 
 
 All the Tartai's taken were immediately be- 
 headed, the insurgents making no secret of their 
 intention of utterly exterminating the whole 
 race. 
 
 The other important cities that fell into the 
 hands of the insurgents were Soo-chow, Ning- 
 po, Kiu-Kiang and Chin-Kiang. Shanghai was 
 threatened, but on account of foreign protec- 
 tion resisted invasion. 
 
 For many years it seemed possible that the 
 Manchus would be overpowered, and that the 
 Tai-peng Dynasty would become established. 
 Nothing seemed possible to stay the tide of 
 success that was ever bearing along the army 
 of the insurgents toward the capital, Pekin. 
 
 From Canton in the south to Nankin in cen- 
 tral China, the Imperialists had fallen before 
 the conquering army of the insurgents. 
 
 And the sympathy of many foreigners, at 
 the beginning at least, was with the Tai-pengs. 
 They hoped that by their advent to power a 
 new order of things would be established and 
 more friendly relations between foreigners 
 
TWO NOTABLE POLITXCAL EVENTS. 149 
 
 adopted. But In these hopes they were to be 
 disappointed. The sequel of the story may be 
 soon told. 
 
 After the capture of Nankin, the army of 
 the insurgents T\'as diTided and sent into differ- 
 ent parts of the Empire in order to subjugate 
 the whole Empire to the Tai-pengs. 
 
 One portion of that army marched forward 
 toward Pekin, but it never reached the capi- 
 tal. Within 100 miles of the city it was turned 
 back. From this time the cause of the "Long- 
 haired Eebels" began to decline. Being separ- 
 ated from their leader, the troops soon lost the 
 religious discipline that had been instituted by 
 the Grand Pacificator. 
 
 Inferior classes of men were also brought ia 
 to take the place of those A-iho had fallen in the 
 conflict, and shortly the religious element, which 
 was their chief source of strength, became 
 weaker and weaker, and finally departed alto- 
 gether. 
 
 Hung Su-chuen became despondent, and even 
 fanatical in the extreme. The military chiefs 
 became suspicious of each other's motives and 
 began quarreling amongst themselves. Corrup- 
 tion and dissatisfaction soon became manifested 
 among the subordinates and soldiery. Then the 
 whole movement collapsed. In time it became 
 ■nothing more than a guerilla warfare. Com- 
 merce became greatly disturbed. The nation 
 was in a great turmoU, and finally all trade was 
 stagnated. Eoreigners, though not pleased with 
 the relations that existed between them and the 
 
150 nFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 Chinese Government, were compelled to recog- 
 nize that after all the Pekin Government repre- 
 sented law and order, and its overthrow under 
 the present circumstances would be disastrous 
 to natives and foreigners alike. 
 
 It was for these reasons that the English 
 Army, under Gordon, was sent on its mission- 
 to assist the Imperialists to put down the re- 
 bellion that had continued for neai'ly fourteen 
 years. With the "ever victorious" army of 
 "Chinese Gordon" (he received this title at this, 
 time) the insurgents were driven out of all their 
 strongholds, until finally, in July, 1864, Nankin, 
 the last stronghold that represented a stniggle 
 of a decade and more for an empire, fell, and 
 with it the last hope of the Tai-pengs. With 
 his cause lost, Hung Su-chuen had no heart to 
 live, so he died by his own hand — a suicide. 
 
 Such a movement, so vast, so momentous, 
 though it failed in its special purpose, could 
 not fail in producing many beneficial results in- 
 such a conservative and rut-bound nation as 
 China. 
 
 The best result of all was the blow directecL 
 against the idolatry of the land. That blow 
 was for a time well directed and shook the an- 
 cient systems of worship to their very founda- 
 tion. 
 
 What an eye-opener it was to these befogged, 
 and benighted souls of the Orient! To those 
 who would see, it was evident that their gods- 
 were useless and powerless, and could not even, 
 save themselves from insults or their places of 
 
TWO NOTABLE POLITICAL EVENTS. 151 
 
 .abode from demolition. Such was the feeling 
 that they lost the confidence they formerly had 
 in these gods, for when they saw "the wholesale 
 ■destruction of their finest temples and largest 
 idols, and they had not sufficient faith in them 
 to restore them," "even when the people went 
 to existing temples, where in many cases they 
 had only extemporized idols, they worshipped 
 with the sense of the fact that the gods had 
 been Tanquished, and that their prestige had 
 passed away." 
 
 In so far as this, then, the revolution did ac- 
 <X)mplish one of its aims. In a measure, it did 
 destroy some of the power of the "imps," if hot 
 .all of the "imps." 
 
 Twenty -five years and more have passed since 
 these events recorded here and those "imps" 
 still reign over this immense nation. No such 
 Christianity as Himg Su-chuen promulgated can 
 ever destroy them, but only the pure and unde- 
 . filed Gospel of Jesus Christ. 
 
 This is the power, and the only power, that 
 win sweep them from the Empire. 
 
 ■THE ANTI-MISSIONART MOVEMENT IN SOUTH CHINA. 
 
 This movement was confined especially to the 
 Ajnoy district and adjacent localities, and is 
 therefore of particular interest to those con- 
 sidering the history of the events of the Amoy 
 Mission. 
 
 At the time it created a great excitement 
 .amongst the missionaries and foreign residents 
 
152 FIFTY rEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 at Amoy. For a time the affair looked verj 
 serious and the final issue extremely uncertain. 
 
 An account of this movement, its cause and 
 effects, has been well sketche<i in a letter ad- 
 dressed to Gen. C. W. LeGendre, United States 
 Consul at Ajiioy, by the Rev. J. V. N. Talmage,. 
 September 22d, 1871. 
 
 This letter was published in pamphlet form, 
 and we can do no better in sketching this event 
 than to embody parts of it here: 
 
 "In July, 1871, inflammatory placards were- 
 extensively posted throughout the region abput 
 Canton, stating that foreigners (some of them, 
 especially designated the French) had imported 
 a large quantity of poison, and had hired vaga- 
 bond Chinese to distribute it among the peo- 
 ple; that only foreigners knew the antidote to- 
 this poison, and that they refused to administer 
 it except for large sums of money, or to such 
 persons as embraced the foreigners' religion, 
 and in this latter case, if the patients were 
 women, only for the vilest purposes. Of the in- 
 tense excitement produced by these vile state- 
 ments in the Canton province, and of the man- 
 ner in which it was checked, you are as weU. 
 informed as we. 
 
 "In the latter part of July some of these pla- 
 cards and letters accompanying them were re- 
 ceived by Chinese at Amoy from their Canton, 
 friends. They were copied, with changes to- 
 suit this region, and extensively circulated. The 
 man at Amoy who seems to have been the most 
 active in their circulation was the Chham-hu 
 
TWO NOTABLE POUTICAL EVENTS. 153 
 
 (highest military officer at Amoy under the ad- 
 miral). Almost immediatelj^ he united Avith the 
 Hai-hong (highest civil officer at Amoy under the 
 Tau-tai) in issuing a proclamation, warning the 
 people to be on their guard against a poison, 
 ■which wicked people were circulating. Tliis 
 proclamation was not only circulated in the city 
 of Amoy, but also in the country around. It 
 di<i not mention foreigners, but the people by 
 some other means were made to understand that 
 foreigners were meant. 
 
 " Thus, in the city of Chiang-chiu (about thirty 
 miles west of Amoj^) there was much excitement 
 produced on the first receipt of the news from 
 Amoy about the poisoning. Whether this was 
 caused by the letter of the Chham-hu to the 
 District Magistrate (its contents having been 
 made public through the underlings of the Mag- 
 istrate's office), or whether it was caused by 
 other letters from Amoy, we cannot decide vdth 
 certainty. But, however caused, as the people 
 saw no evidence of the distribution of poison, 
 it gradually subsided. Then it was that the 
 District Magistrate issued his proclamation, in- 
 forming the people, on the authority of the 
 CJhham-hu of Amoy, of the danger of poison, 
 and putting them on their guard especially 
 against poison in their wells. In this proclama- 
 tion the word foreigner is no.t mentioned, but, as 
 at Amoy, the people were otherwise informed 
 that foreigners were meant. 
 
 "Two days later the District Magistrate issued 
 another proclamation, reiterating his warnings, 
 
154 FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 and informing the people that he had arrested- 
 and examined a man, who confessed that he, 
 with three others, had been employed by for- 
 eigners to engage in this work of poisoning the 
 people. Their especial business was to poison 
 all the wells. The Magistrate cautioned the 
 people against using water for a few days, en- 
 joining on them to clean out and guard their 
 wells. This so-called criminal was speedily ex- 
 ecuted. 
 
 "A few days afterward a military officer at 
 Chiang-chin (nearly of the same ranli with the 
 Ohham-hu at Amoy) also issued a proclamation 
 to warn the people against poison, and giving 
 the confession of the above-mentioned crimi- 
 nal with great particularity. The criminal is 
 made to say that a few months ago he had been 
 decoyed and sold to foreigners. In company 
 with more than fifty others, he was conveyed 
 by ship to Macao. There they were distrib- 
 uted among the foreign hongs, one to each , hong j 
 that afterward he, with three others, was sent 
 home, being furnished with poison for distribu- 
 tion and with special directions to poison all 
 the wells in their way. They were to refer all 
 those on whom the poison took effect to a cer- 
 tain individual at Amoy, who would heal them 
 gratuitously, only requiring of them their names. 
 This doubtless is an allusion to the Chinese Hos- 
 pital at Amoy, where the names of the patients 
 are of course recorded, and they receive medi- 
 cine and medical attendance gratuitously. 
 
 "In this confession foreigners are designated 
 
TWO NOTABLE POLITICAL EVENTS. 155 
 
 by the opprobious epithet of "Little (i. e., con- 
 temptible,) Demons." This, by the way, is a 
 phrase never used to designate foreigners by 
 any people in this region except tliose in the 
 Mandarin offices. Besides the absurdity of 
 charging foreigTiers with distributing poison, 
 the whole confession bears the evidence, not 
 only of falsehood, but, if ever made, of having 
 been put into the man's mouth by those inside 
 of the Mandarin office, and forced from him by 
 torture for the express purpose of exciting the 
 intensest hatred of the people against foreigners. 
 
 "At the city of Tong-an (some twenty miles 
 north of Amoy) the District Magistrate also is- 
 sued a proclamation warning the people against 
 poison, and giving the Chham-hu of Amoy the 
 a,uthority for the danger. The District Magis- 
 trate in the city of Chin-chiu (some fifty or sixty 
 miles northeast of Amoy) issued a simUai- procla- 
 mation, giving for his authority the Magistrate 
 of Tong-an and the Ohham-hu of Amoy. 
 
 "In consequence of these proceedings of the 
 Magistrate, the excitement and terror and 
 hatred to foreigners, and consequently to the 
 native Christians, on the part of the people, be- 
 came most intense, and extended from the cities 
 far into the country around. Wells were fenced 
 in and put under lock and key. People were 
 called together by the beating of gongs to draw 
 water. The buckets were covered in carrying 
 water to guard against the throwing in of poi- 
 son along the streets. At the entrance of some 
 villages notices were posted warning strangers 
 
156 FIFTY ITSARS IN AMOY. 
 
 not to enter kst they be arrested as poisoners. 
 In yarious plax^es strangers have been arrested 
 and severely beaten on suspicion merely be- 
 cause they axe strangers. 
 
 "The native Christians everywhere were sub- 
 jected to much obloquy and sometimes to immi- 
 nent danger, charged with being under the in- 
 fluence of foreigners, and employed by them 
 to distribute poison. From various mission 
 stations in the country letters were written by 
 the native Christians to the missionaries at 
 Amoy, advising them, in consequence of the in- 
 tense excitement against foreigners, not to run 
 the risk of visiting them for a season. Even 
 at the Amoy Hospital, which has now been in 
 existence for thirty years, the number of pa- 
 tients applying for medical treatment greatly 
 decreased. Some days there were almost none. 
 
 "Letters and placards were sent from Amoy 
 (aaid perhaps also from Canton) to Foochow. 
 The excitement there, especially in some parts 
 of the country around, became even more in- 
 tense than at Amoy. At least two foreigners, 
 one of them an English missionary, and a num- 
 ber of native preachers were very badly treated 
 by mobs, and narrowly escaped death." 
 
 Thus, we see that great excitement prevailed 
 over the whole region, and not only the lives of 
 the native Christians were endangered, but the 
 lives of the foreigners as well. As it was, some 
 of the iiative Christians had to suffer severely 
 from the intrigues of their enemies. 
 
 It is presumed, aiid on good authority, that 
 
TWO NOTABLE POMTICAL EVENTS. 157 
 
 the whole moyement originated with the Man- 
 darins, not with the people. It was a political 
 scheme of theirs whereby they hoped to banish 
 the objioxiouis foreignei^ from their domain. 
 And the way they wez'e to begin this "retro- 
 grade policy" was to open the attack upon the 
 missionaries. And they imagined this would 
 be the easiest way, for they considered that 
 such a policy would meet with "the least op- 
 position from all foreign nations except France." 
 The purpose, then, was to embroil the nation 
 in a war with foreigners, with the ultimate 
 hope, in some inexplicable manner, of conquer- 
 ing and driving them out. 
 
 In those days the officials were ringing the 
 changes on foreigners pretty much as in these 
 <iays our American officials are upon the Chi- 
 nese. Tiien it was, "the foreigners must go." 
 Now it is, "the Chinese must go." 
 
 And the method the Chinese were to employ 
 was to first get the missionaries on the run and 
 all others would follow. 
 
 The great objection of the ruling classes of 
 China to Christianity (at least Protestant Chris- 
 tianity) is, that it is a foreign religion. Those 
 officials who have residences near where Prot- 
 estant missions have long been established must 
 be acquainted with the good character of mis- 
 sionaries, and with the fact that Christianity 
 tends to make better subjects of those who em- 
 brace it. But they regard missionaries as the 
 pioneers of foreign civilization. They know 
 that, so far as missionaries are succeesful in 
 
158 FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 ttieir labors, they are preparing in tLe minds of 
 the people a better feeling toward foreigners, 
 and thus i>reparing the way for the extension 
 of foreign intercourse and the introduction of 
 foreign improTements. A few years ago, on 
 the opening of a Christian chapel at the neigh- 
 boring town of Tong-an, the literati, in order 
 to excite a riot, reviled Christianity as being 
 deficient in the matter of filiality, but they 
 stated as their strong argument against the 
 chapel that if it were allowed to remain, soon 
 the foreign merchants would also establish 
 themselves there as they had done at Amoy. 
 
 The ruling classes also know that, when the 
 time comes "at a given m.oment to dispose of 
 the fate of foreigners," the greatest obstacle 
 in their way will be the missionaries and the 
 native Christians. Hence, when a few years 
 ago an attempt was made to get up a riot 
 against the missionaries at Foochow, the pla- 
 cards stated that the missionaries were the 
 "eyes and the ears" of the other foreigners, 
 and that if only these could be got rid of there 
 could be no difficulty in disposing of the rest. 
 No doubt the recent affairs have made the rul- 
 ing classes here dislike missionaries more than 
 ever. 
 
 They know well that the information, by 
 which the foreign Consuls were able to check- 
 mate them, must have come from the mission- 
 aries. In so far as this only was it in any way 
 anti-missionary — its ulterior purpose was fair 
 more reaching. 
 
TWO NOTABLE POLITICAL EVENTS. 159 
 
 And how was this movement suppressed? 
 How was this disastrous war avoided? How 
 came it about that the foreigners did not go? 
 
 In the first place, the matter was presented 
 to the attention of the different Consuls of for- 
 eign nations, and they in turn placed the state 
 of affairs before the Chinese authorities. All 
 disastrous results were avoided on account of 
 the firm stand the foreign Consuls took for the 
 observance of treaty rights. They demanded 
 that they should be and must be observed. 
 
 And be it said to the credit of those heathen 
 officials, those demands were respected. 
 
 In view of such facts, what a spectacle this 
 American Christian nation must present when 
 this Chinese people come in turn to us and ask 
 us to respect the treaties we have made with 
 them, and we in turn face about and break 
 the sacred obligations without the least com- 
 punction ! 
 
 Supposing the Chinese officials had not lis- 
 tened to the demands of the foreign Consuls, 
 what would have been the result? Simply this, 
 tihat the foreign Powers would, altogetheo*, 
 likely, have swept the whole Chinese Euipire 
 with shot and shell, if necessary, until their 
 demands were granted. 
 
 It might be a grand, good lesson, and it 
 might have a purifying effect upon some of 
 our thoroughly diseased body politics, if a dose 
 of sihot and shell were administered unto them. 
 
 But the Chinese are more patient than we 
 are, and whether they kaow it or not, it is not 
 
160 MFry YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 shot and shell that makes right, nor will such 
 forces in the end preTail, nor any nation built 
 on such combustible materials, but only truth 
 and righteousness will endure to the end, and 
 the nation whose foundation are these. 
 
CHAPTEE XIV. 
 
 MEDICAL WORK. 
 
 Medical work in China has long been proved 
 to be indispensable in carrying on a mission- 
 ary enterprise successfully. In many instances 
 it has been the thinnest edge of the wedge that 
 has finally cleft the hard and conservative 
 hearts of these China's millions. It has " gained 
 privileges" that no other agency has been able 
 to as yet, and has risen rapidly in esteem and 
 estiination of the natives. The hope of obtain- 
 ing bodily relief for all their sufferings has 
 been and is inducement sufficient for them to 
 lay aside all their prejudices that they may 
 entertain in regard to the foreigner and his re- 
 ligion and come to the hospital for treatment. 
 But by thus coming they are brought in con- 
 tact with the Gospel and led to Itnow of a 
 deeper malady, and of Him who is the Great 
 Physician. 
 
 This has ever been the purpose of this agency, 
 and it is not too much to say that in this way 
 souls have been won for Christ Avhose salva- 
 tion we could never have looked for without 
 this open door, through which they have walked 
 into the Kingdom. 
 
 Of course, this is human language, and you 
 
162 FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 will nnderstaiKi the meaBing it is intended to 
 con vey. 
 
 Medical work at Amoy began June 7th, 1842,. 
 when Dr. Cummings, a seli'-supporting mission- 
 ary, under the patronage of the A. B. C. F. M.,, 
 opened a dispensary in one of the rooms of Dr. 
 Abeel's house, on Kolongsu. 
 
 In January, 1844, Dr. Cummings moved his 
 dispensary over to Amoy, into one of the twO' 
 rooms that the Mission (Reformed) had rented 
 for Gospel services. 
 
 Daily he ministere<i unto the sick as they came 
 to him "for medicine and medical advice," both 
 as regards spiritual and bodily diseases. Dr. 
 Cummings was obliged to leave Amoy on ac- 
 count of ill-health in 1847. 
 
 Dr. J. C. Hepburn, under the patronage of 
 the American Presbyterian Church, was en- 
 gaged in medical work at Amoy from Novem- 
 ber 2 jth, 1843, to 1845. He was a co-laborer of 
 Dr. Cummings. 
 
 In July, 1850, Dr. James Young, of the Eng- 
 lish Presbyhsi'ian Church, arrived and con- 
 ducted the medical work until 1854, when ill- 
 health banished him also from the field. From 
 that time until about 1862 medical work was 
 carried on under the co-operation of the three 
 societies represented at Amoy. 
 
 At this time the foreign merchants offered to 
 relieve the missionary bodies of all pecuniary 
 support and to carry on the hospital work at 
 Amoy on the old religious basis. Still, the mis- 
 sionaries maintained their interest in the work, 
 
MEDICAL WOEK. 163 
 
 both by financial support and by individual ser- 
 vice in ministering the Word to the patients in 
 the wards. 
 
 A Community Doctor Avas put in charge. In 
 1877 or '78 they began to secularize the work, 
 until 1879 it was decided by the foreign mer- 
 chants (the principal supporters) to withdraw 
 or dispose of any religious character that might 
 have been attached to the institution and make 
 it an entirely secular institution. 
 
 Under these circumstances the missionaries 
 felt obliged to suspend their interest. 
 
 However, medical work was not abandoned. 
 Four years later the English Presbyterians built 
 a hospital of their own in another part of the 
 city, which was opened for the reception of 
 patients in 1883, under the care of Dr. A. L. 
 Macleish. In this institution our Mission felt 
 that it held almost an equal interest. The hos- 
 pital was built on some land ov\Tie<l by our 
 Mission in close proximity to our Tek Chhiu 
 Klia Church (Second Church of Amoy). More- 
 over, we contributed largely (until we began 
 work at Sio-Khe) toward its financial support. 
 We also took a deep interest in the spiritual 
 welfare of the institution, as both the female 
 and male members of the Mission visited the 
 hospital frequently to talk with the patients 
 upon their spiritual condition, as well as taking 
 a share in the other regular religious services 
 of the hospital. 
 
 In October, 1887, the Woman's Board of the 
 Reformed (Dutch) Church commissioned and 
 
164 ITFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 sent out Dr. Y. M. King, a Chinese lady, who 
 had been adopted in childhood by Dr. Mac- 
 Cartee, to begin medical work among the womea 
 of Amoy, China. 
 
 She seemed well fitted for the work, and we 
 considered that it was a long-felt need supplied 
 when she began such a work. She had already 
 entered upon what promised to be a most use- 
 ful and successful work, when, for reasons w& 
 need not mention here, she transferred her ef- 
 forts to Kobe, Japan (Autumn, 1888). 
 
 Thus our hopes, which we had every reason 
 to suppose were to be realized, were suddenly 
 dashed to pieces. 
 
 Only one who resides in China, and is ac- 
 quainted with the seclusion of the Chinese 
 women, can e\er fully know what grand work a 
 Chinese woman's hospital can accomplish in 
 Amoy. May the day not be far distant when 
 the Board may be able to send out a consecrated 
 woman to take up this important work at Amoy 
 and make a success of it. 
 
 In 1889 what we may call our independent 
 medical work was begun at Sio-Klie, sixty miles 
 inland from Amoy. In the fall of 1887 the 
 Board of Foreign Missions commissioned and 
 sent out Dr. J. A. Otte, who arrived in Amoy 
 January 1 3th, 1888, to take charge of that work. 
 
 After much bickering and fussing with the 
 natives of Sio-Khe, who did not like our com- 
 pany very much (they have learned to think 
 more of us), a site was secured, the Neerbosch 
 Hospital erected, and opened for the treatment 
 
MEDICAI. WOEK. 165 
 
 of patients in 1889. The next year enlarge- 
 ments and improvements were necessary, and 
 the present dimensions of the hospital are 
 about U5x30 and two stories high. 
 
 On the lower floor are the chapel, dispensary, 
 consultation room, woman's ward, store-room 
 and kitchen. 
 
 On the upper floor are the general ward, 
 eye Avard, ulcer ward, opium ward, and two 
 students' rooms. 
 
 The wards can accommodate 46 single beds 
 and nearly all haA-e been supported by friends 
 in America at .f 35 each. Outside the hospital 
 are two large open courts, the one for men and 
 the other for women. The upper story has a 
 nice wide veranda. 
 
 Natives as well as foreigners have joined in 
 making the work a success. Both the civil and 
 military Mandarins of Sio-Khe and vicinity are 
 good friends of the institution, and take a deep 
 interest in the work by contributing liberally 
 to its support and by frequent visits. And, 
 moreover, the work has lately won the favor of 
 the District Magistrate. Bettei' still, a Military 
 Mandarin was won for Christ. Only a few years 
 ago some of these same officials were bitter 
 enemies of Christianity in general, and the hos- 
 pital in particular. It is none too high praise 
 to say that such hapi)y and blessed results are 
 due in a large measure to the skill and Chris- 
 tian courtesy of Dr. Otte. 
 
 In 1891 the Chinese alone contributed $200 
 to the hospital. Besides this, native Christians 
 
166 FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 and foreigners contribute:! in the same j^ear 
 $378.10 for building the opium refuge. 
 
 THE MEDICAL STAFF. 
 
 John A. Otte, M. D., Physician in Charge; 
 lap CM-seng, Dispenser; Ng Maliui, Evan- 
 gelist. 
 
 MEDICAL STUDENTS. 
 
 Ng lan-gi, Tan Thian-un, lap Su-i.n, Tan 
 Khe-ju, Lim lau-pang. 
 
 The design of the institution is medical, evan- 
 gelistic and educational. 
 
 i . According to the Annual Eeport of the Hos- 
 pital for 1891-'92, 1,774 new names (male) were 
 enrolled on the register, 283 female; total, 2,057; 
 533 patients were admitted for treatment, 2,7j5 
 new cases were treated, 197 old cases continued, 
 6,892 return visits were made by patients; total 
 9,844; -25 patients were visited in their homes, 
 201 patients underwent surgical operations. 
 
 2. Thus we see that several thousand souls 
 were brought in touch with the Gospel message 
 not oncC; but many times. The students, as well 
 as the e\angelist, have been most devoted, not 
 onlj^ in dispensing medicine, but in their spir- 
 itual ministrations as well. They have mani- 
 fested the true missionary spirit, not on]y in 
 preaching the Gospel to their country-men lying 
 in wards in the hospital, but by going out one 
 evening of each week into the neighboring towns 
 and villages to tell the story of redeeming love. 
 
MEDICAL WORK. 1C7 
 
 Such work cannot fail of blessed results, and 
 there are signs of abundant "showers of bless- 
 ings"; the first droppings are already falling. 
 
 In 1891 four of the former patients were ad- 
 mitted in the. full communion of the Sio-Khe 
 Church. Among the four was "the very first 
 I>atient who received treatment in the hospital." 
 And tidings come of those who, having returne-l 
 to their homes, have not only made an open pro- 
 fession of their faith in the Gospel of Jesus 
 Christ, but are telling others the storj'. 
 
 3. Another object of the institution is to train 
 up native Christian physicians, who, wo trust, 
 will manifest the character of that Apostle who 
 was both an evangelist, apostle and "goo'l 
 physician." Five, as nientioned abave, are under 
 course of training. 
 
CHAPTER XV. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL WORK 
 
 This is another important agency in our mis- 
 sionary enterprise. It is another line of attack 
 in the enemy's country, another way of train- 
 ing our guns toward the foe. It has a double 
 purpose, as it is instructive and constructive. 
 
 It is instructive, as it aims to reach the youth, 
 the "literati," and the ignorant of China, and 
 constructive, as it seeks to furnish the Amoy 
 District with a native educated ministry. 
 
 I. Instructive. — (a) We listen an<i catch 
 the sound of the tramp of coming generations, 
 who, before we can count the time, will take 
 the places of the present. Boys and girls they 
 are now, but faster than the shadows climb the 
 mountains they are becoming men and women. 
 AVhat kind of men and women? Young, mis- 
 guided, if guided at all, wasting precious mo- 
 ments, they are following hard and fast in the 
 footsteps of their fathers and mothers, in hot 
 pursuit of iniquity, superstition and idolatry. 
 Now is the time to seek them; now is the best 
 time and the easiest time to teach them better 
 things and lea<l them in better ways. 
 
 This is solid missionary work; and do we mag- 
 nify the oltice too much when we say there is 
 no more powerful advocate or counsellor before 
 
EDUCATIONAL WORK. KiO 
 
 the bar of this people's conscience than Chris- 
 tian education? It strikes at the fountain and 
 root of this Empire in its endeavor to lead the 
 youth "in the right way" — ^the way of truth and 
 riglit€ousness. Are we going to provide for 
 e\ei-ything else and make no provision for the 
 youth? 
 
 We would not, and do not, maintain that this 
 agency is the only agency, much less the best 
 or foremost or most important, nor the one to 
 be pushed vigorously above all others; but we 
 do insist that it is as important as the next. 
 
 The Rev. W. T. A. Barber relates how he once 
 was approached by "a dear and respected sis- 
 tei"," who said: "It surely must be very refresh- 
 ing to you when you can get away from your 
 school and preach the Gospel." "Preach the 
 Gospel!" he replied. "I am preaching the Gos- 
 pel ever day. I am not a Christian fii-st and a 
 schoolmaster afterward. I am not a school- 
 master first and Christian afterward. I am a 
 Christian schoolmaster in and through all, try- 
 ing to bring home to my pupils the fact that 
 the faith that makes their teacher patient, that 
 makes him thorough, that makes him true, is 
 founded on Christ, the incarnate Son of God." 
 And here, as Cliristian schoolmaster, we add, 
 are afforded the grandest opportunities, most 
 inspiring of congregations for preaching Christ 
 as you preach Him elsewhere: the Saviour of 
 their lost and guilty race; blessed occasions for 
 instilling into their dull, ignorant, heavily laden 
 hearts the first notes of that angel song and 
 
170 FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 story: "Eeholii! I bring you good tidings of 
 great joy, . . . for there is born to yoii ... a Sav- 
 iour, wliich is Christ the Lord." Can we begin 
 too soon to knock at such hearts, ground and 
 crusheil by three or four thousand years of su- 
 perstition, ignorance and idolatry, till death- 
 lilve stuiiefactiou possesses every chamber of 
 heart, mind, will and conscience? O! we must 
 sti'ike deep at the foundation, the very roots of 
 this nation, if we ever hope, by the grace Ood 
 vouchsafes us, to see China amongst the re- 
 deemed. 
 
 (b) Mnieover, is not education the very door 
 to the hearts of the upper classes? We have 
 touched but the fringes of this gTeat garment 
 as yet; we have succeeded in planting our guns 
 in a few places on the outer boundaries of this 
 vast domain, but the chief cities and the capi- 
 tal still remain barricaded fortresses. As we 
 look up toward those heights, higher than the 
 watch towers on the mountain fortress city of 
 Jebus they seem to us, and as insurmountable. 
 The besieged — for besieged they are — are "in- 
 finitely self-satisfieil with the accumulated in- 
 tellectual pride of centuries, infinitely scornful 
 of all that bears not the stamp of Confucian 
 lore," and infinitely unconc-srned about their 
 ultimate overthrow and eternal doom. The <le- 
 mands that come from the hosts of Jehovah for 
 an absolute, unconditional surrender are hurled 
 back with persistent defiance, and even the ap- 
 peals to escape from their imminent peril and 
 seek safety in salvation provided by God, in- 
 
EDUCATIONAL WORK. 171 
 
 carnated in the person of Jesus Christ, seems 
 not yet, at least, to have touched the outermost 
 pickets of their hearts. 
 
 There is a certain literary class in Chiua 
 which we can no more hope will be touched by 
 the churches than we can hope that that other 
 class of sick and infirm can (humanly speaking). 
 The sick must first feel the physician's touch; 
 so must these ignorant ones feel the educator's 
 touch before we can hope to see them forsake 
 their ancient fortresses, before we can hope that 
 that innate conceit will be broken. And until 
 we have brought all our instruments of warfare 
 up to the breach already opened can we hope 
 to take the city? 
 
 This upper class, known as the "literati," 
 profess to be soaked with knowledge. The 
 Church does not reach them, the hospital can- 
 not, the school will. The schools will, because 
 the Chinese respect knowledge, and through 
 this door, over which we will inscribs " Tm© 
 Knowledge,'' must these pass to enter the King- 
 dom of God. 
 
 Is this linuting the po>ver of the Gospel or 
 of the Church? Is this magnifying the office? 
 Not at all. Far be it from me to attach any 
 such limitations, ^or malie any such foolish 
 intimations. But Go<i helps them who help 
 themselves. He has left us to employ human 
 means in this great A\ork, and here is one that 
 will bring the Gospel in contact with a certain 
 class that no other agency has reached as yet. 
 "We claim nothing more of it. May God make us 
 
172 FIFTY YEAES IN AMOY. 
 
 wise to use all things wisely and every means 
 possible to lead this people to a knowledge of 
 the Truth. 
 
 (c) There is still another class to whom edu- 
 cation has ever been a boon and a blessing, 
 viz.: the females of China. 
 
 When we consider the possibilities of this 
 department amongst the girls and the women 
 of China, and what it ha,* already accomplished, 
 it is something wondrously gi-and, and perhaps 
 beyond our conception. 
 
 Of the two sexes, woman's mind is the most 
 benighted, as they have no opportunity to learn. 
 Men may learn, women not. Whilst the Chi- 
 nese boast of a civilization, yet the treatment 
 of their women has been little better than bar- 
 barian. Depriving them of souls, they have 
 deprived them of an education. The Chinese 
 woman has no business to know anything, and 
 few do. She is little more than a slave of her 
 husband a,nd her mother-in-law. However 
 much mothers-in-laws may be abused in our own 
 land, it is a painful truth that in China they 
 are perfect terrors. 
 
 Under her domiaion the young wife's epito- 
 mized history is recorded in these few words: 
 "Eise, run, work; eat little, spend little, be si- 
 lent, obey, bear." Bather bleed, starve, die, 
 than dare complain. 
 
 The ignorance of these women is sometlung 
 frightful. And what else could be expected? 
 That it is a great obstacle in the advancement 
 of our churches and all that is good, is apparent. 
 
EDUCATIONAL WOEK. 173 
 
 Imagine a woman thus deprived of all advan- 
 tages of an education being brought in contact 
 •with, the Gospel. Nay, more. Imagine a con- 
 gregation of women, who cannot read one sylla- 
 "ble of their own language, much less think one 
 intelligent thought, sitting under your min- 
 istrations Sabbath after Sabbath. What kind 
 of impressions could you make upon such 
 minds? What kind of improvement could you 
 hope for in their spiritual and intellectual lives? 
 What of expansion and widening of vision could 
 one expect under such circumstances? 
 
 So the story comes freighted with everlasting 
 love and compassion, and full of food for 
 thought. But how much can such minds drink 
 in? How can such minds think that have never 
 ibeen taught to think? Why, their husbands 
 •(or their mothers-in-law) do all their thinking, 
 if you please. 
 
 Here are some samples of the way they com- 
 prehend the Gospel messages. You repeat the 
 istory over and over again, until you imagine 
 they have it at last. And they will make you 
 feel encouraged by insisting that they really do 
 understand. "Oh, yes," they assiire you; "we 
 understand it all." Pleased and satisfied, you 
 go your way rejoicing, until you are brought 
 face to face with some such facts as these: 
 
 A woman Avas asked if she could tell who com- 
 posed the Trinity? "Oh, j'es," she could tell. 
 "" Well, who ? " She replied : " Mary, Martha and 
 Lazarus." 
 
 Another was asked if she could give the order 
 
174 FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY''. 
 
 of creation. With tlie same confirlence and in- 
 trepidity, slie assured them that she could. This 
 is the way she did it. First day: Thou shalt 
 have no other Gods before Me; and so on to the 
 end of the Ten Commandments. But thera 
 were ten days in the order of her creation in- 
 stead of six. 
 
 A Avoman was once asked to tell the story of 
 Nebuchadnezzar. She started in and got on 
 finely until she came to the persons walking in 
 the furnace that the king had prepared. These 
 persons she designated as God, Jesus Christ, 
 and the third she had forgotten, but she guessed 
 it must be Jehovah. 
 
 Do you say these are extreme cases? Surely 
 these are, but the sorry fact is that there are 
 multitudes of these extreme cases. As Dr. Tal- 
 mage once wrote, we rewrite: "After our Chris- 
 tian friends at home have done their utmost to 
 picture to themselves the mental darkness of 
 such extreme cases, I do not believe that tlie 
 picture they form in their minds is more than 
 adequate to represent the mental darkness of 
 the large majority of the women in our own 
 country churches when they first come under 
 the power of the Gospel." 
 
 Besides all this, think of such mothers. What 
 of the children trained by such mothers? If 
 the destiny of a nation lay in the bosom of a 
 mother, what destiny are we compelled to have 
 in mind if these mothers are to be kept in ig- 
 noi-ance? 
 
EDUCATIONAL WORK. 175 
 
 Such questions need no answer; tliat answer 
 is ajipai-ent to every thinking minii. 
 
 It has been the blessed work of Christian 
 education, in these early years of its work, to 
 change the condition of some of the women in 
 China. It has raised them from these Ioav 
 depths to which they have been plunged, and 
 crowned them with true womanhood, and placed 
 them in that position where God intended them 
 to stand. It has made them useful — useful in 
 the whole home, in the whole community, and 
 the whole Church. 
 
 The use of the word Christian in connection 
 with education will disabuse any mind in re- 
 gard to our view of education. Anrthing less 
 than a Christian leducation is folly. Mere secu- 
 lar knowledge, mere knowledge, is vain and use- 
 less here. But what is brought to these be>- 
 nighted minds along the channels of knowledge, 
 •or, in other words, wdiat true liuowledge brings, 
 is the boon and the blessing of education to this 
 people. 
 
 n. Constructive. — The educational work has 
 another purpose and important end in view. 
 It looks to the construction of a native educated 
 ministry. It goes without saying that a native 
 ministry is absolutely essential to carry the Gos- 
 pel everywhere, and to establish churches in 
 every town, city and village of the Amoy Dis- 
 trict. But, above all things, an educated min- 
 istry is essential. How do we ever hope, then, 
 to construct such a ministry without Avell- 
 
176 FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 equipped and well-furnished educational insti- 
 tutions? 
 
 Blind leaders of the blind would conduct them, 
 all into the ditch. 
 
 China, boasting OTer her literary productions- 
 and Confucian lore, is no place for an unedu- 
 cated ministry. Whatever the Chinaman may 
 be, he has no respect for ignorance, but a most 
 profound regard for intelligence. 
 
 Now, the sooner this educated ministry is 
 provided, so much the sooner will our forces 
 and our efforts in China be imnecessary. 
 
 These are the aims and purposes of our edu- 
 cational institutions at Amoy. And having, 
 made these observations, we will be able to- 
 Inore intelligently review these institutions, 
 and what has been done during these fifty years 
 in this department. 
 
 THE UNION THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. 
 
 The training of young men for the ministry 
 was considered from the beginning of the Mis- 
 sion to be of the utmost importance. Ajjd just 
 so soon as possible a class of five or six young; 
 men was formed and instruction in the Bible 
 begun. Rooms were provided at first in the 
 Mission House, in Amoy. 
 
 In 1866 the young institution moved over to. 
 the island of Kolongsu, where the missionaries 
 haxi gone. In 1867 a])plication was made to 
 the Board for the sum of |300 to build a theo- 
 logical seminary on Kolongsu. In response,, 
 the sum of money was furnished, and (1869-'70)i 
 
Thomas De Witt, Theological Hall. 
 
EDUCATIONAL WORK. 177 
 
 the first theological seminary of the Amoy Mis- 
 sion was completed and named "The Thomas 
 DeWitt Theological Hall." The hall was built 
 of brick, two stories, and about 30x40. It con- 
 tained one lecture room, which was also used as 
 a dining-room, eleven bedrooms and a kitchen. 
 Besides the missionaries, Ng Chek-teng was em- 
 ploveil as an instructor. 
 
 In 1885 tlie two missions, viz.: the English 
 Presbyterian and the Reformed (Dutch) 
 Churches, united the theological departments 
 of their educational work. Previous to this each 
 mission had its own theological seminary. Under 
 the new arrangement, the English Presbyterian 
 Mission was to pro\'ide a theological seminary 
 building and the Reformed (Dutch) Church Mis- 
 sion to provide the academy. This was done. 
 
 Until 1892 the theological seminary building 
 consisted of a purely Oriental Chinese house, 
 slightly changed and adapted for such a pur- 
 pose. But in this year a new and commo<lious 
 buihiing has been erected by the English Pres- 
 byterian Mission. It is built of brick and stuc- 
 coed cream color, with trimmings to match, 
 having two recitation rooms and thirty or thirty- 
 five single rooms for the students. 
 
 From this school of the prophets our present 
 ministry has gone forth. Besides these, many 
 of the native helpers and unordained evangelists 
 have spent one or two years under a special 
 course of training in the institution. 
 
 Each Mission has, in recent years at least, 
 appointed one from its respective body to the 
 
178 FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 special work of giving instruction to tlie stu-* 
 dents of the seminary. At present Kev. Wm. 
 McGregor, of the English Presbyterian Mission, 
 and Rev. J. G. Fagg, of the Reformed (Dutch) 
 Church Mission, hold these appointments. 
 
 Mr. Un Sam-goan, a promising young native 
 Christian, also assists in the instruction. Others 
 have shared in this important w^ork. Here Dr. 
 Talmage taught, and left such an impression 
 upon the hearts of those who sat under his 
 instruction as time will never wear away. Here 
 he labored in all his arouse<i enthusiasm as he 
 sought to fit the young men for the responsi- 
 ble and sacred office of the ministry — ^yea, and 
 to send them forth imbued with some of his 
 zeal and spirit to herald the messages of the 
 cross to their perishing brethren. One could 
 not sit long under his teaching without dis- 
 covering how his heart and soul were all aglow 
 with zeal and love for the messages of Divine 
 Truth he sought to impart — nor long before that 
 flame was kindling some responsive zeal or love 
 for the same Truth in his owu heart. Such is 
 but a glimpse of the character of the teaching of 
 Dr. Talmage, and such teaching must leave an 
 imperishable impression. 
 
 Rev. Henry Thompson, Rev. John V\'atson 
 (E. P.), Rev. Daniel Eapalje and Rev. L. W. 
 Kip, D. D. (R. C), have also devoted not a 
 little of their time to instruction in this semi- 
 nary, and been no less zealous in this good 
 work of filling the ranlis of the ministry in the 
 Amoy District. 
 
EDUCATIONAL WORK. 17!) 
 
 It is the purpose of those in charge to have 
 all the young men remain three years, and dur- 
 ing that time to pursue a thorough, unbroken 
 course in theological studies. 
 
 On account of the great lack of helpers in the 
 fields, whitening unto the harvest, such a course 
 up to the present has been impossible. After 
 a young man has been in the institution a year 
 an earnest appeal comes from some unoccu- 
 pied quarter for some young man to come and 
 "hold the fort," for a time, at least. In re- 
 sponse, the young man has to reluctantly break 
 out from his studies and go in answer to the 
 call. But he goes with the promise that as soon 
 as possible he will be allowed to come back and 
 finish his course. That is the way the young 
 men have to get their theological training in 
 Amoy. It is the aim of this institution to pro- 
 vide that educated native ministry mentioned 
 above. And it is only necessary to say that, 
 having two such men as Rev. William Mc- 
 Gregor and Rev. J. G-. Fagg in charge, just 
 such work and just such results will be accom>- 
 plished. 
 
 The course at present embraces the follow- 
 ing subjects: Old and New Testament Exegesis, 
 Church History, Systematic Theology, Genu- 
 ineness and Authenticity of the Scriptures and 
 Homiletics. Besides these studies, two Chinese 
 tutors are engaged to give instruction in Chinese 
 classics, "the art of polite address and composi- 
 tion according to Chinese standards." A 
 preaching hall, opened on the island of Ko- 
 
180 FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 longsTi in 1892, affords the students a splendid 
 opportunity of gaining and developing facility 
 in addressing their heathen brethren. 
 
 During the history of this institution upward 
 of 100 young men have been under instruction. 
 Up^\ard of 70 have graduated, the majority of 
 whom have become evangelists. One-third or 
 more have become ordained pastors, and 17 still 
 occupy the sacred office to-day. To these and 
 those who follow in the main must be committed 
 the sacred trust of gathering in the heathen, 
 the organization and development of the native 
 churches of Amoy. May your prayers ever go 
 up in their behalf. 
 
 THE BOYS' ACADEinr. 
 
 The Theological Seminary, having vacated 
 the Thomas DeWitt Theological Hall, an addi- 
 tion of another two-story building, quite as large 
 as the original building, was made (1885), and it 
 became the home of the Middle School or Acad- 
 emy of the two Missions, when for two years 
 or more it was under the care of Eev. A. S. 
 Van Dyck. He then took charge of the Sio- 
 Khe District, when the school came under its 
 present regime. It was called the Middle School 
 because it was the school between the paro- 
 chial schools and the Theological Seminary. 
 
 There is still another name in Chinese at- 
 tached to it. The building at the time of ita 
 erection was given the name of Sim-goan-tsai, 
 the meaning of which is: "Seeking the origin 
 of truth." This name still clings to it, and the 
 
EDUCATIONAL WORK. 181 
 
 natives know it and speak of it as the Sim-goan- 
 tsai. 
 
 The superintendence of this work has been 
 largely placed under the control of the Re- 
 formed (Dutch) Church Mission. Hence, in the 
 year 1885 Rev. A. S. Van Dyck was appointed 
 by his mission to take special oversight of the 
 duties connected with the school. His super- 
 intendence continued until he voluntarily of- 
 fered to transfer his residence from Amoy to the 
 inland station of Sio-Khe, in order to take 
 -charge of the work already grown to great im- 
 portance there. 
 
 In 1887 Rev. P. W. Pitcher was appointed to 
 take charge of the academy. Mr. Aug Khek- 
 •Chhiong, appointed to be the natire assistant 
 in the academy, has proved an invaluable co- 
 laborer. Being chosen instructor of the Chi- 
 nese classics in 1885, he has become closely 
 identified with the prosperity of the school. 
 Faithfulness, devotion and efticiency have cliar- 
 acterized his labor. His high Christian char- 
 acter has won the esteem and confidence both 
 of missionaries and pupils alike. 
 
 Rev. Wm. McGregor and Rev. Henry Thomp- 
 son (E. P.) and Rev. J. G-. Fagg (R. C.) have 
 also given their assistance in the special 
 J)ranches of mathematics and history. In this 
 connection it may be well to say that the school 
 ^t present needs a well-trained teacher, who can 
 devote his time to the higher branches of edu- 
 cation. Under the present regime only the com- 
 
182 FIFTY YEARS IN MIOY. 
 
 imon high school branches can be handled. Pro- 
 vision should be made for both. 
 
 Unlike the theological department, this branch 
 of the educational work of the two missions lias 
 always been united, and the school was first 
 quartered in a native house on the other side 
 of the island. That building was forthwith va- 
 cated, and the institution began a new period 
 of its existence under more favorable circum- 
 stances in its new quarters in 1885. 
 
 This building was occupied by the academy 
 until 1892, wlien, funds having been secured 
 from friends in America, principally through the 
 appeals of tlie missionary in charge, who was 
 providentially in America in 1891, a new prop- 
 erty was secured, and again the academy began 
 anew period in its history under still more favor- 
 able circumstances in its new quarters. 
 
 Of this property only a passing notice can be 
 given. We notice it at all only for the reason 
 that some day we trust this site will be adorned 
 by a well-equipped college. 
 
 The property comprises a piece of ground 200 
 feet square, enclosed by a high brick wall. lb 
 is situated in close proximity to the late Dr. 
 Talmage's residence and the other school build- 
 ings of our JVlission. Being on a high elevation, 
 it commands on the one side a full view of the 
 harboj-, the adjacent island of Amoy ajid the 
 mainland beyond, and on the other the ocean 
 and the high range;, of mountairis that skirt its 
 shores. At i)resent there is only a dwelling- 
 house on the grounds, which is being used for 
 
EDUCATIONAL WORK. 183 
 
 the academy. A project is under way, and an 
 effort is being made (1893) to secure |4,000 to 
 erectt a dormitory and recitation hall imme- 
 diately south of the present building, which is 
 to he named in memory of Dr. J. V. N. Talmage 
 — '-'The Talmage Memorial Hall." And surely 
 the man -svho s])ent forty-fl.ve years of his life 
 in connection \\'itJi the Amoy JMission is wortliy 
 of such a recognition. 
 
 It is the iniriiose of the school to give the lads 
 who come under its instruction a thorough edu- 
 cation, spiritual, mental and physical, and thus 
 to assist the seminary in the effort to provide 
 an educated ministry. During its history two 
 or three huiidred boys have been under its in- 
 struction. 
 
 The ischool has in late years had more schol- 
 ars than it could comfortably accommodate. In 
 ]S0:i-'iJ3 there were thirty boys, and in 1893-'94 
 there are thirty-live boys in attendance. 
 
 The ultimate aiin of the institution, as already 
 intimated, is a college, and when it becomes 
 such we trust it will accomplish its every aim> 
 
 It is unnecessary to trace the steps in devel- 
 opment, taut merely notice the curriculum al- 
 ready i)i-ovi(3ed. This will give some idea how 
 much of an advance has been made toward a 
 college, and where we stand to-day amongst 
 the educational institutions of China. 
 
 The course is divided into four years, and was 
 put into opeiation for the first time in 1890, and 
 all uistriu'tion is given through the Chinese 
 language. 
 
184 FIFTY YEARS Ix\ AMOY. 
 
 First Year. — Scripture: Acts to Eevelations; 
 Genesis. Classics: Analects, Commentary, VoL 
 I. Kok-hong (Ode. Subject: Customs, Manners, 
 etc.) lu-hak-su-ti. (Subject: Ancient Chinese- 
 History). Letter Writing: Comiposition (i. e., 
 learning to use the Chinese characters). Arith- 
 metic, Decimals and Fractions. Geography:. 
 Asia and Europe, complete. History: China 
 begun. Astronomy: Introduction. Catechism,. 
 164 questions. Reading and writing the Amoy 
 Romanized Colloquial. Composition, Map Draw- 
 ing. 
 
 Second Yeai'. — Scripture: Exodus to Judges. 
 Classics: Analects, Commentary, Vol. H. Tai- 
 sian-nga (Ode.. Subject: Virtues of Kings and 
 Princes), lu-hak-su-ti. Vol. II. Iso-toan, Vol. 
 
 I. (Subject: History of Early Feudalism). Tong- 
 si. Vol. I. (Ode. Subject: Nature). Composi- 
 tion. Arithmetic, finished. GeogTaphy: North 
 and South America, Africa. History: China^ 
 Catechism, complete. Reading and writing the 
 Amoy Romanized Colloquial. Composition. 
 Maj) Drawing. 
 
 Third Year. — Scripture: Samuel to Esther j. 
 Psalms. Classics: Mencius, Commentary. Siong- 
 su (Ode., Subject: Kingly Government). Si- 
 keng-siong fOde., Subject: I'auegyrics). lu-hak- 
 su-ti. Vol. in. Tso-toan, Vol. II. Tong-si, VoL 
 
 II. Composition. Algebra, begun. Physiol- 
 ogy, complete. Physics. History: England^ 
 Fi-ance and Germany. Reading and writing the- 
 Amoy Romanized Colloquial. Composition. 
 Drawing. 
 
EDUCATIONAL WORK. 185 
 
 Fourth Year. — Scripture: Job; Proverbs to 
 Malachi. Classics: Mencius, Commentary. Tai- 
 hak (Great learning). Ju-hak-su-ti, Vol. IV. 
 Tso-toan, Vols. III. and IV. Tong-si, Vol. III. 
 Composition. Algebra, finished. Physics. His- 
 tory: America, Russia, Spain. Eeading and 
 writing the Amoy Romanized Colloquial. Com- 
 position. Drawing. 
 
 Since this curriculum has been in vogue a 
 further demand has been made by the native 
 Christians for the introduction of the study of 
 Mandarin (i. e., the court language) and English. 
 I'j'obably the first will be allon^ed immediately 
 and the latter in the near future. 
 
 It is expected that these lads will, in a ma- 
 jority of cases, become ministers, and thus, after 
 the completion of their course in this institution, 
 they will pass on into the theological seminary. 
 
 In 1891 80 per cent of the boys had the min- 
 istry in view, 10 per celit were expecting to 
 become physicians, while the other 10 per cent 
 were undecided. The boys are all members of 
 Christian families, and about two-thirds (1892) 
 Bjre members of the Church. 
 
 PAROCHIAIi SCHOOLS. 
 
 Each church and some of the out-stations have 
 a day school. These schools, of course, began 
 first, and then followed the Middle School. But 
 we have not followed any order in the treatment 
 of the educational institutions, as we preferred 
 to give the larger institutions the more promi- 
 nent place. The day schools are nearly, if not 
 
180 FIFTY YEAE3 IN AMOY. 
 
 quite, as old as the churches themselves, for 
 just as soon as a church was organized a day 
 school for the children was instituted. 
 
 The names of these day schools of our chuiches 
 are Sin-Koe-a, Tek-chhiu-Kha, Chioh-be, Chiang- 
 chiu, Thian-po, Sio-Khe, Poa, Lam-sin, Te-soa, 
 Tong-an. These schools are all graded, and 
 the course is divideil into six years. 
 
 Though ^ve mention the parochial schools last 
 in order, yet they are by no means least in im- 
 portance. In the first place, they are feeders of 
 our academy, and in the second place, here is 
 the place where the "good seed" is implanted 
 for the first time in the child's heart. What 
 the child is here, such is he or she apt to be in 
 the higher institutions. Here the seed is sown; 
 in the higher grades we hope to develop it and 
 watch its growth. Some of the heathen families 
 send theii- chikken to these schools, and thus is 
 afforde<l an opportunity of reaching homes out- 
 side of the Church that is afforded in no other 
 way. 
 
 THE CHARLOTTE W. DURTEE SCHOOL. 
 
 When the Misses Talmage were home in 
 America in 1881 much of their time was spent 
 visiting the ladies of the different churches, giv- 
 ing information concerning ''woman's work" in 
 Amoy, China. At that time, the attention of 
 the ladies of the Reformed (Dutch) Church Avas 
 directed by them to the great need of a lady 
 physician, and a building for teaching the 
 women, in order to carry on the work more sue- 
 
EDUCATIONAL WORK. 187 
 
 tessfullj' and advantageously than could be ac- 
 complished by house-to-house visitation in the 
 Anaoy District. 
 
 Among the ladies whose heart and soul gave a 
 glad response to these appeals was Mrs. Char- 
 lotte Duryee, Foreign Corresponding Secreta,ry 
 of the Woman's Board of Foreign Missions 
 (1877-'85). She became especially interested in 
 the woman's school, and became an enthusiastic 
 advocate for that institution. Mrs. Talmags 
 also met the Executive Committee of the 
 Wooiian's Board and placed the matter before 
 them to consider. 
 
 In due time sufficient funds were provided to 
 build the school, and the building Avas com- 
 pleted in 1884. 
 
 About the time of its completion word was 
 received at Amoy of the death of Mrs. Duryee. 
 Mrs. Talmage WTote home immediately to the 
 ladies in America, proposing that the school be 
 named in memory of Mrs. Duryee. The proposi- 
 tion met with the hearty approval of all, and 
 hence it received the name: "The Charlotte W. 
 Duryee School for Women." 
 
 Work among the women of Amoy was com- 
 menced by Mrs. Doty, and has been carried on 
 to the present day with untiring devotion by 
 the ladies of the ilission. 
 
 There is a record of a meeting for women on 
 December 16th, 1845, and another record of 
 Mrs. Doty having a regular class of "n'omen 
 under her instruction in 1849. Ever since those 
 days Mrs. Talmage, Mrs. Kip and the other 
 
188 FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 ladies connecled with the Mission haA-e devoted 
 their timo to this Avork, of wliich the Reformed 
 (Dutch) Chui-ch may well feel proud. No too 
 high praise can ever be sounded, either of the 
 workers or of the work. 
 
 With the completion of the buildings, this 
 work entered upon a wider field of usefulness. 
 It is a school for women of the Church ranging 
 from 25 to 50 year of age (and some even 
 older), and its object is to teach them to read the 
 Bible, and to make them useful in the Church 
 and their homes. The institution has been 
 greatly favored in being able to retain for so 
 many years the efficient services of (Mrs.) Bi- 
 So, and the hope is that many years more may 
 be added to her, and that all of them may be 
 devoted to this work. 
 
 "M,any of these Avomen live long distances 
 from any place of Avorship. Even though they 
 walk the long distances, they are so ignorant, 
 they understand but little of what is said by 
 the preacher, and, on the whole, have but little 
 opportunity of making any advancement in 
 spiritual truth. Some of these women have 
 entered the Avomen's school more ignorant than 
 one can well imagine, but after a few months 
 have gone home not only able to read the Bible 
 in the Amoy Romanized Colloquial, but also 
 wonderfully brightened up in many ways, espe- 
 cially in their knoAvledge of the Bible. Some of 
 them have become very useful Bible women. 
 Since the school opened nearly 200 women have 
 
Girls School, Kolongsu. 
 
EDUCATIONAL WORK. 18d 
 
 studied in it, almost all of whom liave learned 
 to read." (Miss M. E. Talmage's Report.) 
 
 THE GIRLS' BOARDINa SCHOOL. 
 
 There are two schools for girls in the Amoy 
 District connected with the Reformed (Dutch) 
 Chui'ch Mission, one located at Amoy and the 
 other at ,Sio-Khe. The one at Amoy is under 
 the supervision of the Misses Talmage, and the 
 one at Sio-Khe under the supervision of Miss 
 Nellie Zwemer and ]Mrs. Kip. 
 
 The school at Amoy may be said to have be- 
 gun in the Tek-chhiu-Kha, or Second, Church 
 of Amoy (about 1869), where Mrs. Talmage and 
 Mrs. J. A. Davis would gather all the girls they 
 could get and teach them to read, write and 
 cipher. Encouraged by the success of their 
 efforts, it was decided to organize a "boarding 
 school," where the girls of all the churches, both 
 in the country as well as in the city, might 
 come and receive an education. Hence this 
 boarding school was opened in a building ad- 
 joining the Tek-Chhiu-Kha Church. (This build- 
 ing was the home at one time of the mission- 
 aries. To-day it is serving the purpose of a 
 hospital and pastor's home.) 
 
 The first native teacher employed was an old 
 man named Hap Liong peh, and a matron, also, 
 was employed to care for the girls. The first 
 female teacher was Mrs. Lo (widow of pastor Lo). 
 Mrs. Talmage had charge of the school tiU 1872. 
 While Miss Van Doren was permitted to labor 
 in Amoy she had the care of the school. After 
 
190 FIFTY YEARS IN AilOY. 
 
 she left it came uiiiier the direction of Miss IVT. 
 E. Talmage, under whose cliarge it has been 
 ever since, excepting when on furlough. At 
 present there are two Chinese female teachers, 
 viz.: Mrs. Sia anil Chhiu Che, who are matrons 
 also. Under all these administrations it has 
 been a most successfal school, doing the same 
 good worlc among the young girls — girls from 
 eight to eighteen years of age — as the woman's 
 school is (L'ing among the older women. 
 
 About the year 1878 the present building, lo- 
 cated on Kolongsu Island, was erected, and the 
 girls were transferred from their old quarters 
 to these new and more commodious ones. 
 
 The institution is giving these girls an educa- 
 tion — something that the Chinese do not give 
 their girls. But, better than all, it is giving 
 them a Christian education. It is also engaged 
 in another good work in its endeavor to break 
 up that cruel and horrible custom of foot-bind- 
 ing. Every child who enters here must come 
 with her feet unbound, and with a promise from, 
 her parents that they will not be bound, and 
 consequently the fifty girls in attendance have 
 natural feet. 
 
 "Since the establishment of this institution 
 many girls have passed through it who are now 
 scattered through the country congregations. 
 
 "They are the great joy of our work and the 
 bright hope of the future. Sonje of them have 
 become teachers, many of them preachers' wives, 
 anil nearly all made public profession of their 
 love for the Saviour. The school is crowded 
 
Children's Home (on the left), Kolongsu. 
 
Charlotte W. Duryee's Woman's School. 
 
EDUCATIONAL WORK. 191 
 
 at present (1892), having fifty girls on the rolL 
 The training of these we feel to be the most im- 
 portant Tvork, deserving all the time and care 
 ■we are capable of giving." (Miss M. E. Tal- 
 mage's Eeport.) 
 
 The sister institution at Sio-Kho was organ- 
 ized by Mrs. Van Dyck in 18S8-'89, and it is 
 doing the same good work in &io-Khe. The 
 workers there have had their hearts made glad 
 by the news that has just been received (1893) 
 of funds to be given by the Woman's Board for 
 the erection of a new school building for the 
 girls. 
 
 THE CHILDHEN'S HOME (OllPHANAGE). 
 
 This institution, founded and supported by 
 the ladies of the Ehglish Presbyterian and Re- 
 formed (Dutch) churches in 1887, has for its 
 object the rescue of female children from slavery 
 and death. 
 
 The name in Chinese clearly defines its object, 
 viz.: "Mercy Upon the Children (or, 'IMty the 
 Child') Institution." So much suffering among 
 the children and so many cases of absolute want 
 were brought to the notice of the ladies that 
 they felt something ought to be done in behalf 
 of these children, and thus originated the idea 
 of starting the home. 
 
 Since the time of its opening, fifty-four chil- 
 dren have been taken under its fostering care. 
 Some of these children (and they are only babes) 
 were saved from their cruel and inhuman moth- 
 ers, who were preparing to drown them or sell 
 
192 FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 them. Of these fifty-four, some have died and 
 some have been adopted by Christian families. 
 At present there are thirty-four children under 
 the care of the home. Three Chinese ladies, viz. : 
 Thiap-a, Put-Chiu and Pek-Soat, look after the 
 little ones in the home. 
 
 Thus we see the grand work that is contem- 
 plated in rescuing the females of the Amoy 
 District. Provision is made for all classes, 
 the women, the girls, and tlie "little tots." God 
 bless these efforts. 
 
 WOMAN'S WORK. 
 
 This department must not close without a few 
 lines regarding woman's work. " Woman's work 
 is never done" in Amoy, for when the school 
 duties are over there is some lonely and be- 
 nighted soul to be visited in" the hospital and 
 told the story of redeeming love. And these 
 patients are always glad to have a visit from 
 these ladies. Then the little ones in the Chil- 
 dren's Home must be looked after, church mem- 
 bers and heathen faonilies must be visited, and 
 occasionally ari-anging for marriages, and prep- 
 aration for their daily school work besides. This 
 is a sample of the lady missionaries' daily life 
 at Amoy. But their work is not confined to 
 Amoy City. That work branches out into the 
 country around for sixty miles and more. This 
 work of visiting the out-stations was begun by 
 the Misses TalmageJ and the other ladies have 
 followed their noble example and have done 
 and are doing a blessed work. 
 
EDUCATIONAL WORK. 19:; 
 
 It involves much bodily discomfort and loneli- 
 ness. "It means starting with a basket of food 
 and a bundle of beilding and books (an orthodox 
 load for a Chinaman to sling across his shoulders 
 on each end of a pole), to be gone, per- 
 haps, over a Sunday, perhaps for four or five 
 weeks, itinerating amongst the out-stations (liv- 
 ing in chapelsi for the purpose of visiting and 
 holding meetings with the women." These 
 ladies usually go two-by-t^o, but sometimes 
 alone, >et in this heathen land they go v\ith per- 
 fect safety ami without molestation. 
 
 THE PRESS. 
 
 Not the least important event of these fifty 
 years was the construction of the Amoy Roman- 
 ized Colloquial, which, in fact, was nothing less 
 than a new written language. 
 
 The Chinese written language is composed en- 
 tirel\- of arbitrary characters, or symbols, about 
 thirty- or forty thousand of them. Each one of 
 these symbols represents a word. Consequently 
 there is no alphabet. To acquire a knoAvledge 
 of these symbols, so as to be able to read Chi- 
 nese literature, requires years, frequently a life- 
 time of patience and toil, besides a <leal of lung 
 power (for they always shout at the top of their 
 voices when they study). 
 
 One can readily tmderstaml how difficult the 
 acquisition of such a written language must be, 
 how few do acquire it, and how millions in the 
 great Empire of China are deprived of the bene- 
 
194 FIFTV YEARS IX AMOY. 
 
 fit and information contained in their boolcs and 
 other literature. 
 
 Realizing the terrible ignorance of the native 
 Christians, and realizing the ntter hopelessness, 
 of ever being able to improve their sad condi- 
 tion in this respect by means of the old, the very 
 literary method, the missionaries of the Ee- 
 formed (Dutch) Church (in the year 1852 or 
 1853) devised a ne^v system of writing the Amoy 
 Colloquial by using Roman letters. Choosing, 
 eighteen of these letters, and by aspirating some 
 of them, an alphabet of twenty -thi-ee letters was. 
 completed. With this alphabet and with tonal 
 and nasal signs a complete transformation of the 
 language from the dead arbitrary symbols to the 
 living and much more comprehensive, simple 
 and intelligible style was made, thus making it 
 possible for every man, woman and child to read. 
 This style of wiiting has been one of the bless- 
 ings, among the many others, that has come to 
 the people of Amoy during this half century. 
 Yet this conservative people have been slow in 
 appreciating it. It was not literary enough. It 
 was too much like child-work to sit down and 
 read that kind of writing. Some were actually 
 ashamed to be seen reading it. Some despised 
 it simply because it was t(X) foreign. And so, 
 rather than learn to read the Romanized Col- 
 loquial (they could not read the symbols) they 
 would not read at all. China moves slow — but 
 she moves. How fast none can tell. They do 
 not jump at a new thing in a hurry. There are 
 no frog-like movements in the Chinese way of 
 
EDUCATIONAL WORK. 195 
 
 doing things. Wlien tliey jump they know where 
 they will land, and when landed they generally 
 stay landed. Though they did not appreciate 
 this new style oT writing at first, they do appre- 
 ciate it to-day more than they did thirty years 
 ago, and will aiipreciate it more and more every 
 year they employ it. 
 
 They ha^e cause to. The proof of the pudding 
 is in the eating thereof. The Chinese have 
 found it to be so in this case. It has made it 
 possible for them to be a respectably intelligent 
 people, without which they would ha\e been as 
 dumb as gate-posts. 
 
 It has broTight light and knowledge to thou- 
 sands of homes tliat never woiild have had either 
 without it. It has not only made it possible for 
 old and j'Oiuig alike in that district to read and 
 write, but has done more toward the spiritual 
 enlightenment of that people in these few years 
 than whole centuries of the old method could or 
 can hope to accomplish. 
 
 It requires, as has been iutimated, almost a 
 life-time to acquire the old method, AA-hile in two. 
 months (or even less) one may acquire thi& 
 method. 
 
 We know not how many readers have been- 
 made by this system, but we are confident that 
 where there were ten thii-ty-five years ago, there- 
 are a hundred to-day; and where there was one 
 who could not read a line of their own language, 
 there are ten who can read intelligently and 
 with profit to-day. A ten-fold increase, yet y^Q 
 
196 FIFTV YEARS IX .VMOV. 
 
 deem tiiis not an unfair estimate. It may be too 
 lo"n' an estimate. 
 
 Thirty-five or forty years ago there was not a 
 line printed in this new style, while to-day there 
 are about fifty different works, besides the Old 
 and New Testaments published in the Amoy 
 Romanized Colloquial. In addition to these, 
 mention must be made of a monthly church 
 paper, called the " Church Messenger," issue<l in 
 this style. 
 
 Bom in the Reformed (Dutch) Church Mis- 
 sion, her missionaries have ever taken a deep 
 interest in its success. At first the books, 
 tracts, etc., were printed from blocks, but in 
 lS()4-'(i5 movable tyjie was introduced, and 
 Re^'. Howard ^^an Doren superintended the 
 press. Thus a majority of the books is- 
 feued have been issued by the members 
 of this Mission, \'iz. : Sacramental forms of the 
 Reformed (Dutcli) Church (185?,), Auglo-Chi- 
 nese ^lanual of the Amoy District (1853), Mil- 
 ner's Thirteen "Spillage Sermons, including Mil- 
 ner's Tract: "The Straight Gate," by Rev. Elihn 
 Doty; "Pilgrims' Progi-ess" (185;j), Holy Scrip- 
 tures (13 books), Book of Forms, Heidelberg Cate- 
 chism., Sacred History, Dictionary Amoy Ro- 
 manized Colloquial, Hymns, Arithmetic, Stories 
 by Rev. J. V. N. Talmage, D. D. (It is also diie 
 to Dr. Talmage to record here that the '' Chiirch 
 Messenger" oAves its origin to him. He began 
 it, and until the end labored unceasingly for 
 its success, both with his pen and '\\'itli his 
 counsel.) Sacred Historv, Vols. II., IV'.; "Jes- 
 
EDUCATIONAL WOEK. 197 
 
 sica's First Prayer" (18S0), "Robert Aiinam"" 
 (1890), by Mis. J. Y. N. Talmage; Sacred His- 
 tory, Vols. I., III.; Sunday-school Texts (annual), 
 Child's Story-book, "Golden Bells," "How Satan 
 Tempts," by Miss Talmage; "Pilgrims' Prog- 
 ress," Heidelberg Catechism (revised, 1891)), by 
 Rev. D. Rapalje; Church Psalter (1892), Holy 
 Scripture (parti, .Map of the Amoj' District, 
 showing ronds, rivers and places (new, 1892), 
 by Rev. L. W. Kip, U. D.; a Course in Astron- 
 omy, a Course in Physiology, On tlie Proi^er 
 Training of children (1892), by Mrs. L. W. Kip; 
 Geogi'aphy of Europe (1888), Geography of 
 Nor-th America (1890), Geogxaphy of South 
 America (1891), Chinese History (first six dynas- 
 ties, 1892), by Rev. P. ^^'. Pitcher; Life of St 
 Paul (1891), "Aesop's Fables" (1891), by Rev. 
 J. G. Fagg. 
 
APPKNDIX. 
 
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202 FIFTV l-BAES IX AMOY. 
 
 &ROWTH OF MISSION WORK IX CHINA. 
 
 In 1842 there were 6 Communicants. 
 
 In 1853 there were 350 Communicants. 
 
 In 1863 there were 2,000 Communicants. 
 
 In 1876 there were 13,035 Communicants. 
 
 la 1886 there were 28,000 Communicants. 
 
 In 1889 there were 37,287 Communicants. 
 
 APPENDIX B. 
 
 THE PERSONNEL AND TABULAR STATEMENT OF THE 
 
 AMOT MISSION IN 1857. 
 
 MISSIONARIES. 
 
 Rev. Eliliu Doty, Rev. J. S. Joralman, 
 
 Eev. J. V. N. Talmage, Mrs. J. S. Joralman. 
 Mrs. Abby F. (Woodruff) 
 
 Talmage, 
 
 Church Organizations, 1. Theological Class, 1. 
 Church Communicants, 172. Parochial Schools, 2. 
 
 Church Catechists, 5. Out-stations (Chioh-be), 1. 
 
 Places of Worship, 2. Membership of Chioh-be, 35. 
 
 APPENDIX C. 
 
 THE PERSONNEL AND TABULAR STATEMENT OF THE 
 AMOT MISSION ON ITS JUBILEE ANNIVER- 
 SARY, FEBRUARY 24TH, 1892. 
 
 MISSIONARIES. 
 
 Rev. J. V. N. Talmage, D.D.,Rev. P. W. Pitcher, 
 Eev. Daniel Eapalje, Rev. J. Cf. Fagg, 
 
 Eev. Ij. W. Kip, D.D., Dr. J. A. Otto (Medical). 
 
 Rev. A. S. Van Dyok, 
 
 ASSISTANT MISSIOXAPaES. 
 
 Mrs. J. V. N. Talmage, Jlrs. A. S. Van Dyck, 
 
 Mrs. L. W. Kip, .Mrs. J. A. Otte, 
 
 Miss M. E. Talmage, Mrs. J. T. Fagg, 
 
 Mrs. D. Rapalje. .Xf's^ E. M. Cappon, 
 
 Miss K. M. Talmage, Miss Nellie Zwemer, 
 
 Mrs. P. W. Pitcher, .Miss M. C. Miorrison. 
 
 NATIVIJ PASTORS. 
 Rev. Ng Ho-Seng, 'ev. Li Ki-che, 
 
 Rev. Ti Peng-teng, Rev. lu Ho-sui, 
 
 Rev. lap Han-Chiong, Rev. Tiong I..u-li, 
 
 Eev. Chhoa Thian-Khit, Rev. Ijm Chi-seng. 
 Rev. Lim Khiolc, 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 203 
 
 Cliurcli Organizations, 9. Schools: Theological, 1; 
 
 Native Pastors (ordained), 9. Academy, 1; Womau's, 
 
 Church Members, 968. l; Girls', 2; Parochial, 
 
 Native Helpers (unord.), 16. 11. 
 
 Be^ulao- Preaeh'g Places, 23. Hospital, 1. 
 
 Theological Students, 9. luvested in property, about 
 
 Seliools : Theological, 1 ; 850,000. 
 
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 I '3 6C 
 
 fa) Composed ol two tougresations ; Kang-tau ami Kio-t.tu. 
 
 (b) Composed ol two congregations ; Te-soa and Ang-tung-tau, 
 and ono out-station. Te-tau. 
 
 (c) Has one out-station ; Chlioa-poa. 
 
 (d) Has two out-stations ; Poa-tau-chJxi and Ko-soa. 
 
 (e) Has six out-stations ; Lam-sin, Poa-a, Toa-Klie, Soa-pl, 
 E-chQ and Toa-lo-teng. 
 
 (f) Has two out-stations ; Soa-sia, Leng-soa. 
 
INDE>; 
 
 Arrival of Eobt. Monisoa in 
 
 Cliiua, 21;. 
 Arrival ol' David Alirt'l, (j:i- 
 
 (;r>. 
 Abeel, Ilniiie of, mi Kolona- 
 
 su, 58. 
 Amoy Island, Pnpuliitioii of, 
 
 25. 
 Aiiioy City, Ijatitudc of, :;G. 
 Amoy (.'ity, Disfanc<'9 from, 
 
 2 6. 
 Amoy, f;iimate, 2(1. 
 Amoy City, Fopiilatioii of, 
 
 27. 
 Amoy City. Description of, 
 
 28. 
 Amoy City, Commoicial Im- 
 portance, 29. 
 Amoy Captured by Uritisli, 
 
 33. 
 Amoy District, 25-00. 
 Amoy Mission, Condition of, 
 
 1857. 
 Amoy Mission, Condition of, 
 
 1802, 97. 
 Amoy Mission, Founding of, 
 
 58. 
 Amoy Mission, Statistics, 
 
 12, 127, 132. 
 Amoy People, Cliaracteris- 
 
 tics of, etc., 35-37. 
 Amoy PastoTs, Names of, 
 
 99. 
 Adriance, Miss Caroline E., 
 
 82, 84-86. 
 
 Anti-Missionary Movement, 
 
 151. 
 B<»nevoleuce of Churches, 
 
 127-132. 
 Blauvelt, Eev. A., 86. 
 
 Hislio]) Boone, 5S, 59. 
 
 Blauvelt, Mrs. Ji'nnie (Za- 
 
 briskie), 86. 
 Board Foreign ilissions Or- 
 ganized, 17, 19. 
 
 I!ibl(\ First. Translated Into 
 Cliinese, 22. 
 
 Bible Class Organized, 101. 
 
 Boys' Academy, 180, 182- 
 185. 
 
 (Chinese Repository, Found- 
 ing of, 23. 
 
 Chinese, Charai'tcr of, 14, 
 34. 
 
 liiuese Favor Foreigners, 
 48. 
 
 i.'liinese Suspicions of For- 
 eigners, 49. 
 
 Church of Christ in China, 
 History of Its Organiza- 
 tion, 92. 
 
 ,'liurch Organization at 
 Amoy, 96. 
 
 (;hioh-be (.'hurch, 99, 110. 
 
 Christians, Persecution of, 
 23. 
 
 Conversion of Mrs. J^ee, 
 115. 
 
 Chiang-Chiu Church, 100, 
 119. 
 
IXDEX. 
 
 .'05 
 
 Cummiugs, IJr. C, 101, 162 
 
 Coniparativc Int-n'usc of 
 Communicants in Anioy, 
 127. 
 
 Comparative' lncii>ase Com- 
 municants of Ciiina, 15. 
 
 Ciiina Closed to Foreign- 
 ers, 47 
 
 Classis Organized at Amoy, 
 96. 
 
 Churclies, Names of, 99. 
 
 Cappjon, Miss B. AI., 89. 
 
 Converts, Tlie First in 
 China, 22. 
 
 Converts, Tiie First in 
 Amoy, 102. 
 
 Clilia-thau-po, 
 
 Cliildren's Home, 191. 
 
 Deatli of J^oljt. iforrison, 
 23. 
 
 Deatlr ol Uavid AIi.m^I, 04. 
 
 Dedication ol First Chvircli, 
 104. 
 Descriptinn of, 10."). 
 
 Doors ( 'losed Against For- 
 eigners, 47. 
 
 Davis, ^irs. Emma C. 
 (WyclTOit), 88. 
 
 Davi.s, Rev. J. A., 88. 
 kofl), 8s. 
 
 Doty, Eev. Eliliu, 61, 63-70. 
 
 Dltfi culties of Conveying 
 Gospel, 173. 
 
 Douglas Memorial, 45. 
 
 Explanation of Ctiurch 
 Names, 99. 
 
 Evangelist, The First in 
 Amoy, 106. 
 
 Episcopal Church in Amoy, 
 92. 
 
 Educational Work, 168. 
 
 Evangelists, Unordained, 
 126. 
 
 First Church in Amoy, 94- 
 101. 
 
 iist Cluucli in Amoy, 
 Building, 10 4. 
 
 .■"irst Foreign Missionary 
 Organization in tlie He- 
 formed (Untc)]) Cliurch, 
 17. 
 
 First Convert in China, 2:;. 
 
 Fli'st Convert in Amuy, 102. 
 
 L<'ailnr(.' of Lord .Xapier's 
 Mission, 51. 
 
 First Convert Baptized, 22. 
 102. 
 
 Fagg, Kev. J. U., 89, 178. 
 
 Fagg, -Mrs. :M. ((iillespie), 
 89. 
 
 First Rooms Kented in 
 
 Hepburn, Dr. J. C, 162. 
 pie, 39. 
 
 Uonies of the Amoy Peo- 
 
 flakka Mission, 132. 
 165. 
 
 Hospital at Sio-Khe, 125, 
 
 Hong San Churcli, 99, 114. 
 Kh<-. 123. 
 
 Glospel First Brouglit to Sio- 
 Amoy, 104. 
 
 First Property Bouglit in 
 Amoj', 101. 
 
 Joralman, Itev. J. S., 79-80. 
 
 .Foralman, Mrs. Martha B. 
 (Condit), 79-80. 
 
 Jubilee of the Amoy Mis- 
 sion, 10. 
 
 IColongsn Island, 44. 
 
 Kolongsu Missionary Ee«i- 
 dences, 
 
 Kolongsu Foreign Resi- 
 dences, 45. 
 
 Kolongsu Educational In- 
 stitutions, 177. 
 
 ICip, Rev. L. W., D.D., 
 86, 178. 
 
 ICip, Mrs. Helen (Culbert- 
 son), 86. 
 
 King, Miss Y. May, 89, 164. 
 
20G 
 
 FIFTY YEARS IN AMOY. 
 
 Lioiidon Mission Society, 92. 
 
 Loyd, Rev. John, 92. 
 
 Mission at 'iimoy Under 
 A. B. C. F. M., 
 
 .Missions in Cliina, History 
 
 Morrison, Miss Jl. C, 89. 
 
 Martyr, Tlie First, 106. 
 102. 
 
 Moiitlily Concert, Chinese, 
 at Anioj', 92. 
 
 Missions, Representatives 
 Agencies, 90. 
 
 Missions, Methods and 
 tant, 22. 
 
 Missions in Cliina, Protes- 
 of Rome, 21. 
 
 Missions in China, Clmroh 
 of, 21. 
 
 Macleish, Dr. A. L., 163. 
 
 Medical Worlr, 161. 
 
 Students, 167. 
 
 New Testament, First in 
 China, 22. 
 
 Nine Cliurclies, Names of 
 99. 
 
 Native Pastors, 
 
 Organization of Indepen- 
 dent Board Foreign Mis- 
 sions in Reformed (Dutch) 
 Cliurch, 18. 
 
 Officers and Members of 
 .Board Foreign Missions 
 Reformed (Dutch) Chnnh 
 in 1857, 18. 
 
 Otlicers and Members of 
 Board Foreign Missions 
 Reformed (Dutch) Church 
 in 1892, 19. 
 
 Ostrom, Rev. A., 80-81. 
 
 Oetrom, Mrs. Susan (Web- 
 ster), 80-81. 
 
 Opium War, History, .50-5.">. 
 
 Opium War, Origin, r)4. 
 
 Opium Trade, 52. 
 
 Opium, Attempts Made to- 
 Legalize It, 52. 
 
 Opium, Opposition of Gov- 
 ernment Against It, 52. 
 
 Opium Destroyed, 54. 
 
 O-Kang CJiurch, 99, llli. 
 
 Otte, J. A., 89, 164. 
 
 Otte, Mrs. Francis (Phelps. 
 89. 
 
 Press, The, 193. 
 
 Parochial Schools, 185. 
 
 Pohlman, Rev. W. J., 61, 
 70-74. 
 
 Pcihlman, Mrs. Theodosla R- 
 (Scudder), 70-74. 
 
 Ports Opened, 47, 56-57. 
 
 Persecution of Christians,. 
 23. 
 
 Product of Amoy, 41. 
 
 Pitcher, Rev P. W., 99, 181. 
 
 Pitcher, Mrs. Anna F. 
 (Merritt), 89. 
 
 Presbj-terlan (American) at 
 Amoy, 92. 
 
 Presbyterian (English) at 
 Amoy, 92. 
 
 Roman Merchants in China,- 
 48. 
 
 i{apal.ie, Itev. Daniel, 80, 
 178. 
 
 bJapalje, Jlrs. Alice (Os- 
 trom), 80. 
 
 KebcUion, The Tal-peng,. 
 134. 
 
 Scliool, Charlotte W. Dur- 
 yee, 186. 
 
 Suspicion of Chinese 
 Aroused, 49. 
 
 .Scliool, Girls' Board'g, 188. 
 
 Statistics of Anxoy Mis- 
 sion, 12. 
 ;io-Khe Church, 100, 123. 
 
 Sln-koe-a, 27. 
 
 Second Church of Amoy,. 
 109. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 20T 
 
 Talmage, Eev. J. V. N., 74- 
 79. 
 
 Talmage, Wise Mary E., 88. 
 
 Talmage, Eev. David M., 
 88. 
 
 Talmage, Jliss Catherine 
 M., 88. 
 
 ToDg-aa Churcli, 100, 121. 
 
 Thian-San Church, 100, 
 126. 
 
 Tek-chhiu-kha, 
 
 Union of Presbyterian 
 Order at Amoy, 
 
 Union Theological Semi- 
 nary, 17 6. 
 
 Van Doren, Hev. H., 87. 
 
 Van Doren, Jliss Helen, 87- 
 88. 
 
 Van Dyck, Kev. A. S., 89,. 
 181. 
 
 v'au Dyck, Mrs. Alice (Kip),. 
 89. 
 
 Watkins, Rev. J. E., 81. 
 
 Woman's Work, 192. 
 
 Woman's Meeting Organ- 
 ized, 
 
 Young, Dr. James, 162. 
 
 Zwemer, Miss Nellie, 89.