CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Cornell University Library F 627C6 H67 olin 3 1924 028 913 881 The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31 92402891 3881 THE HISTOEY Clinton County, I O W Jl. CONTAINING ^i$iorg of i^i §mttth|, tta @tite$, Intuits, tz,t. t Biographical Sketches of Citizens, War Record of its Volunteers in the late Rebellion, General and Local Statistics, Portraits of Early Settlers and Prominent Men, History of the Northwest, History of Iowa, Map of Clinton County, Constitution of the United States, Miscellaneous Matters, &c, &c. ILLTJSTEATBD. CHICAGO : WESTERN HISTORICAL COMPANY 1879. PREFACE inORTY-FOUR years have passed since/jivilization's advance guard, in the persons of Mr. Elijah Buell and family, first commenced the work of developing the rich agricultural lands now embraced within the boundaries of Clinton County. Had these pioneers, or those who soon followed them, directed their attention to keeping a diary of events, or a chronological journal, to write a history of the county at this date would be comparatively an easy task. In the absence of all such records, the difficulties of such a work were greatly increased, and still further by the death or removal of the larger pro- portion of the original settlers. More than this, the official records, many of which are altogether lost, are meager in the extreme. It must be further borne in mind that it was twenty years before the first newspaper was published in the county, and the files of that one were destroyed by fire. The struggles, changes and vicissitudes of forty-four years have made their marks upon the minds as well as bodies of those men who first " awoke the echoes" in the wilderness, and the memory of names, dates and events becomes lost in the confusion which seems to overtake them as they endeavor to bring up the scenes and events of their early manhood and womanhood, and the recollections of these events, which transpired nearly fifty years ago, come dimly and in shadowy outline. But enough has been written to show to the thoughtful reader the wonderful progress that has been made during those years, and to place before him a pict- ure of the "hundred-fold" harvest that has followed the first seedings of civilization — in the cultivated farms, schoolhouses, churches, cities, villages, rail- ways, telegraphs and manfacturing establishments — that are scattered throughout the whole county. The geology of the county was prepared by Dr. P. J. Farns worth, and also other valuable scientific assistance rendered to the PREFACE. "1 compiler in the succeeding chapters. The complete and exhaustive history of De Witt was prepared by R. J. Crouch, Esq., who also rendered other valuable assistance'. Acknowledgments are due to Col. J. Vandeventer, to Messrs. Allen Slack and B. B. Hart for much valuable information ; to the county officials fjr courtesy in extending all possible aid during the examination of the rec- ords ; to the newspaper publishers for the use of files ; to J. D. Fegan for his patience "under fire" during a multitude of interviews; to Dr. Charles H. Lothrop for medical data, and Hon. A. R. Cotton for the list of early attorneys; to City Clerks for access to city records; to the clergy of all denominations for church statistics; to the Secretaries of the various Orders and Societies; to Superintendent J. S. Oliver and other railway officials for statistical information ; to Elijah Buell, J. D. Bourne, Franklin K- Peck, David and Daniel Hess, Levi Decker, Mrs. Daniel H. Pearce, E. M. Osborn, Thomas Watts, John Preffer, S. N. Bedford, L. T. Sloan, and scores of others of old settlers, as well as new, who have cheerfully assisted in furnishing items of interest for this work. To these parties is due, i;i a great measure, whatever of merit may be ascribed to this work. The compiler also acknowledges the valuable labors of Mr. E. L. Moses, who has assisted in the preparation of the work. We would acknowledge our obligations to Mr. Lucius P. Allen, the compiler of the history, who has labored with conscientious fidelity to make it thoroughly accurate. We have no doubt his energy and zeal in the prosecution * of his duty have won for him not alone the approbation of his employers, but, also, of all with whom he has come in contact. September, 1879. THE PUBLISHERS. CONTENTS. HISTORY NORTHWEST AHfD STATE OF IOWA. Page. History NorthweBt Territory 19 . Geographical Position 19 Early Explorations 20 Discovery of the Ohio 32 .English Explorations and Set- tlements 34 American Settlements 59 ..Division of the Northwest Ter- ritory , 65 Te.cumseh and the "War of 1812 69 Black Hawk and the Black Hawk War 73 Other Indian Troubles 79 Present Condition of the North- west 79 Illinois * 88 Illinois 257 Indiana 259 ,Iowa. 260 Michigan 263 Wisconsin 264 Minnesota ....266 Nebraska 267 History of Iowa,: Geographical Situation 109 Topography 109 Drainage .System 110 Page. History ol Iowa : Rivers Ill Lalkes 118 Springs, 119 Prairies 120 Geology 120 Climatology 137 Discovery and Occupation 139 Territory 147 Indians 147 Pike's Expedition 151 Indian Wars 152 Black Hawk War 157 Indian Purchase, Reserves and Treaties 159 Spanish Grants 163 Half-Breed Tract 164 Early Settlements 166 Territorial History 173 Boundary Question 177 State Orginization 181 Growth and Progress 185 Agricultural College and Farm.186 State University ...187 State Historical Society 193 Penitentiaries 194 Page. History of Iowa : Insane Hospitals 195 College for the Blind 197 Deaf and Dumb Institution 199 Soldiers' Orphans' Homes 199 State Normal School 201 . Asylum for Feeble Minded Children 201 Reform School 202 Fish Hatching Establishment.. 203 Public Lands 204 Public SchoolB 218 Political Eecord 223 War Record 229 ' rnfantry..„i 233 Cavalry 244 Artillery 247 Miscellaneous 248 Promotions from Iowa Reg- iments 249 Number Casualties — Ofncers.250 Number Casualties — Enlist- ed Men 252 , - ^ Number Volunteers 254 Population 255 Agricultural Statistics.. 320 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. Page. Adoption of Ghildren 303 Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes 293 Commercial Terms 305 Capital Punishment 298 Charitable, Scientific and Religious Associations , 316 Descent 293 Damages from Trespass ,......,,300 Exemptions from Execution 29s Estrays .' 299 FormB ; Articles of Agreement 3*"'7 Bills of Sale 308 Bond for Deed. 315 Bills of Purchase 306 Page. Forms: Chattel Mortgage 314 Confession of Judgment 306 Lease 312 Mortgages 310 Notice to Quit 309 Notps 306,313 Orders 306 Quit Claim Deed .* 315 Receipts 306 Wills and Codicils 309 Warranty Deed 314 Fences 300 Interest 293 Intoxicating Liquors 317 Jurisdiction of Courts 297 Page. Jurors 297 Limitation of Actions 297 Landlord and Tenant „....304 Married Women 298 Marks and Brands ,300 Mechanics' Liens. 301 Koads and Bridges 302 Surveyors and Surveys 303 Suggestions to Persons Purchasing Books by Subscription 319 Support of Poor..... 303 ■ Taxes 295 Wills and Estates 293 Weights and Measures ...305 Wolf Scalps 300 *■ Page. Source of the Mississippi 22 La Salle Landing on the Shore of Green Bay 24 Buffalo Hunt 26 Trapping 28 Mouth of the Mississippi 31 High Bridge 33 Pontiac, the Ottawa Chieftain „ 42 IXIiTTSTRATIOXS. Page. Indians Attacking Frontiersmen.. 55 Present Site Lake Street Bridge, Chicago, 1833 58 A Pioneer Dwelling 60 Lake Bluff. 62 Tecumseh, the Shawanoe Chieftain 68 Indiana Attacking a Stockade 71 Black Hawk, the Sac Chieftain 74 Page. Old Fort Dearborn, 1830 79 Lincoln Monument 80 A Pioneer School House 81 Chirago in 1833 82 Hunting Prairie Wolves 85 Kinzie House 87 Starved Rock 89 An Early Settlement 108 Page. Map of Clinton County Front. Constitution of United States 269 Vote for President, Governor and Congressmen 283 Practical Rules for Every-Day Use..284 United States Government Land Measure 287 3IISCEl,I J ANKOU«. Page. Surveyor's Measure ....288 How to Keep Accounts 288 Interest Table 289 Miscellaneous TaMe 289 Names of the States of the Union and their Significations...; 290 Population of the United States 291 Page. Population of Fifty Principal Cities of the United States 291 Population and Area of the United States 292 Population of the Principal Coun- tries in the World 2G2 CONTENTS. HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. Page. Prefatory 323 Name 324 Descriptive Geography 324 Geology 324 Meteorology 326 Botany 328 Zoology 330 Ethnology and Archseology 332 Mythical 334 Early Settlement 337 General Summary 346 rganization 349 Board of County Commissioners.. ..350 Resume 352 Change of Township Boundaries. ..366 Board of Supervisors 372 First Courts 373 District Court 377 County Judges 377 Circuit Court 377 District Attorneys 377 Clerks of the Court 378 Sheriffs 378 County Officers 378 Legislative , 379 Territorial Legislation 379 State Legislation 379 Political Economy 380 Sociological 382 Domestic Life 384 Security, 386 Roads and Traveling 387 Mail Routes 388 Early Religious History .....391 Tornadoes 395 Court House Controversy 406 The Underground Railroad 413 Old Settlers' Meeting 416 Medical 424 Attorneys 433 Insane and Poor 436 Pioneer Detectives 437 Hanging of "Warren 439 Hanging of Barger 442 Hanging of Hincr ., 443 Beaver Island " War" 444 Claim Business 444 Lost Child 446 A Pioneer Woman's Expedient 449 Legend of Jakey Lepper 450 War History 453 Roster 460 Clinton 488 Iowa Land Co 488 Original PUt and Additions.. ..493 Calico and other Chimerical Railways 491 Page. Chicago, Iowa & Nebraska It. R.493 Railroad Property and Officials 495 Clinton Bridge 497 City Government 503 Educational 505 Public Libraries 508 Post Office 509 Water Works 509 Gas Works 511 Religious 511 Masonic 517 A. O U. W 521 Odd Fellows 521 Knights of Maccabees 522 Iowa Legion ot Honor 522 German Society 523 R. C. T. A. & B. S 523 Clinton Bridge Co 523 Union Iron Works 524 Paper Company 525 Lumber Interest 525 C.Lamb & Sons 526 Clinton Lumber Company 527 Sash Factory 528 BankB 529 Press 530 Business Statistics 531 Finances '. 532 Clinton Institute 533 Summary 535 De Witt Township 540 Early History 540 Incidents, etc 545 Town of De Witt 548 Incorporation 550 Town Officers 550 ChurcheB 557 Press 564 Societies 565 Camanche 567 First Schools 571 Newspapers 571 Churches.™ 571 Societies 572 Incorporation «...573 City Officers 573 Early Business Men 574 Burglaries... 575 An Eccentric Character 575 Business Directory 575 Camanche Township 576 Spring Rock 576 Wheatland 577 Churches 578 Lodges 579 Press 579 Lyons 680 Page. Chronicles '. 583 City Government 585 Churches 589 Masonic 593 Odd Fellows 596 Knights of Pythias 596 Knights of Honor 596 Public Schools 597 Female College 601 Our Lady of Angels Seminary.,.601 Riverside Institute 601 Young Men's Library Associa- tion... J 602 Street Railway 603 Waterworks 604 Paper Mill..." 604 Municipal Matters 605 Finances 605 Lumber Interests 606 Banks 607 Other Industries 608* Telephonic 608 Newspapers 508 Old-fashioned Fourth of July..609 Order, etc 610 Summary 611 Ringwood 612 Deep Creek Township 612 Elk River Township 617 Waterford Township 621 Brookfield aud Bloomfield Town- ships 636 Olive Township 631 Calamus 633 Eden Township 636 Washington Township 638 Center TownBhip , 639 Welton Township 641 Orange Township G43 Liberty Township 645 Sharon Township 646 Berlin Township 647 Hampshire Township 648 Miscellaneous 649 River Reminiscences .651 Railroads vs. Rivers 652 Envoy 655 Dubuque Melee 657 Early Statistics 658 Sanitary 6.58 Miscellaneous Incidents 659 Population 661 Vote, 1878 662-663 Land and Field Crops, 1875 664 County Expenses, 1878 665 Taxes, 1878 665 Valuation 666 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Page. Berlin 806 Brookfield .' 725 Bloomfield 708 Camanche 768 Center > 775 Clinton 669 Deep Creek 784 Page. De Witt 736 Eden 754 Elk River 789 Hampshire 722 Lincoln 761 Liberty 804 Lyons 697 Page. Olive 808 Orange 758 Sharon 801 Spring Rock 790 Washington 814 Waterford 716 Welton 764 LITHOGRAPHIC PORTRAITS. Page. N. Boardmau 411 James D. Bourne 357 Elijah Buell 323 A. R. Cotton 339 Page. A. P. Hosford 375 W. McQuigg 501 H. A. Merrill 429 Samuel Sadoris 483 Page. J.Stine 393 P. S. Towle 519 G. W. Thorn 447 A. E.Wiachell 465 Pagf. Errata 817 c; c o xr jr n S.J7TK, 'OK 0\K 7 €> TT JS,- ^r^p— VLTON 1.3/ M UYX. R.Y~E " JR.WE. r.aim mvitc. The Northwest Territory. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION". When the Northwestern Territory was ceded to the United States by Virginia in 1784, it embraced only the territory lying between the Ohio and the Mississippi Rivers, and north to the northern limits of the United States. It coincided with the area now embraced in the States of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and that portion of Minnesota lying on the east side of the Mississippi River. The United States itself at that period extended no farther west than the Mississippi River; but by the purchase of Louisiana in 1803, the western boundary of the United States was extended to the Rocky Mountains and the Northern Pacific Ocean. The new territory thus added to the National domain, and subsequently opened to settlement, has been called the " New Northwest," in contradistinction from the old " Northwestern Territory." In comparison with the old Northwest this is a territory of vast : ; magnitude. It includes an area of 1,887,850 square miles ; being greater in extent than the united areas of all the Middle and Southern States, 'including Texas. Out of this magnificent territory have been erected eleven sovereign States and eight Territories, with an aggregate popula- tion, at the present time, of 13,000,000 inhabitants, or nearly one third of the entire population of the United States. Its lakes are fresh-water seas, and the larger rivers of the continent flow for a thousand miles through its rich alluvial valleys and far- Stretching prairies, more acres of which are arable and productive of the highest percentage of the cereals than of any other area of like extent on the globe. For the last twenty years the increase of population in the North- west has been about as three to one in any other portion of the United (19) 20 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. EARLY EXPLORATIONS. In the year 1541, DeSoto first saw the Great West in the New World. He, however, penetrated no farther north than the 35th parallel of latitude. The expedition resulted in his death and that of more than half his army, the remainder of whom found their way to Cuba, thence to Spain, in a famished and demoralized. condition. DeSoto founded no settlements, produced no results, and left no traces, unless it were that he awakened the hostility of the red man against the white man, and disheartened such as might desire to follow up the career of discovery for better purposes. The French nation were eager and ready to seize upon any news from this extensive domain, and were the first to profit by DeSoto's defeat. Yet it was more than a century before any adventurer took advantage of these. discoveries. In 1616, four years before the pilgrims " moored their bark on the wild New England shore," Le Caron, a French Franciscan, had pene- trated through the Iroquois and Wyandots (Hurons) to the streams which run into Lake Huron ; and in 1634, two Jesuit missionaries founded the first mission among the lake tribes. It was just one hundred years from the discovery of the Mississippi by DeSoto (1541) until the Canadian envoys met the savage nations of the Northwest at the Falls of St. Mary, below the outlet of Lake Superior. This visit led to' no permanent result; yet it was not until 1659 that any of the adventurous fur traders attempted to spend a Winter in the frozen wilds about the great lakes, nor was it until 1660 that a station was established upon their borders by Mesnard, who perished in the woods a few months after. In 1665, Claude Allouez built the earliest lasting habitation of the white man among the Indians of the Northwest. In 1668, Claude Dablon and James Marquette founded the mission of Sault Ste. Marie at the Falls of St. Mary, and two years afterward, Nicholas Perrot, as agent for M. Talon, Governor Gen- eral of Canada, explored Lake Illinois (Michigan) as far south as the present City of Chicago, and invited the Indian nations to meet him at a grand council at Sault Ste. Marie the following Spring, where they were taken under the protection of the king, and formal possession was taken of the Northwest. This same year Marquette established a mission at Point St. Ignatius, where was founded the old town of Michillimackinac. During M. Talon's explorations and Marquette's residence at St. Ignatius, they learned of a great river away to the west, and fancied — as all others did then — that upon its fertile banks whole tribes of God's children resided, to whom the sound of the Gospel had never come. Filled with a wish to go and preach to them, and in compliance with a THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 21 / request of M. Talon, who earnestly desired to extend the domain of his king, and to ascertain whether the river flowed into the Gulf of Mexico ' or the Pacific Ocean, Marquette with Joliet, as commander of the expe- dition, prepared for the undertaking. On the 13th of May, 1673, the explorers, accompanied by five assist- ant French Canadians, set out from Mackinaw on their daring voyage of discovery. The Indians, who gathered to witness their departure, were astonished at the boldness of the undertaking, and endeavored to dissuade them from their purpose by representing the tribes on the Mississippi as exceedingly savage and cruel, and the river itself as full of all sorts of frightful monsters ready to swallow them and their canoes together. But, nothing daunted by these terrific descriptions, Marquette told them he was willing not only to encounter all the perils of the unknown region they were about to explore, but to lay down his life in a cause in which the salvation of souls was involved ; and having prayed together they separated. Coasting along the northern shore of Lake Michigan, the adventurers entered Green Bay, and passed thence up the Fox River and Lake Winnebago to a village of the Miamis and Kickapoos. Here Mar- quette was delighted to find a beautiful cross planted in the middle of the town ornamented with white skins, red girdles and bows and arrows,, which these good people had offered to the Great Manitou, or God, to thank him for the pity he had bestowed on them during the Winter in giving them an abundant " chase." This was the farthest outpost to which Dablon and Allouez had extended their missionary labors the year previous. Here Marquette drank mineral waters and was instructed in the secret of a root which cures the bite of the venomous rattlesnake. He assembled the chiefs and old men of the village, and, pointing to Joliet, said: " My friend is an envoy of France, to discover new coun- tries, and I am an ambassador from God to enlighten them with the truths of the Gospel." Two Miami guides were here furnished to conduct them to the Wisconsin River, and they set out from the Indian village on the 10th of June, amidst a great crowd of natives who had assembled to witness their departure into a region where no white man had ever yet ventured. The guides, having conducted them across the portage, returned. The explorers launched their canoes upon the Wisconsin, which they descended to the Mississippi and proceeded down its unknown waters. What emotions must have swelled their breasts as they struck out into the broadening current and became conscious that they were now upon the bosom of th3 Father of Waters. The mystery was about to be lifted from the long-sought river. The scenery in that locality is beautiful, and on that delightful seventeenth of June must have been clad in all its primeval loveliness as it had been adorned by the hand of 22 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. Nature. Drifting rapidly, it is said that the bold bluffs on either hand " reminded them of the castled shores of their own beautiful rivers of France." By-and-by, as they drifted along, great herds of buffalo appeared on the banks. On going to the heads of the valley they could see a country of the greatest beauty and fertility, apparently destitute of inhab- itants j-et presenting the appearance of extensive manors, under the fas- tidious cultivation of lordly proprietors. SOUECE OP THE MISSISSIPPI. On June 25, they went ashore and found some fresh traces of men upon the sand, and a path which led to the prairie. The men remained in the boat, and Marquette and Joliet followed the path till they discovered a village on the banks of a river, and two other villages on a hill, within a half league of the first, inhabited by Indians. They were received most hospitably by these natives, who had never before seen a white person After remaining a few days they re-embarked and descended the river to about latitude 33°, where they found a village of the Arkansas, and being satisfied that the river flowed into the Gulf of Mexico, turned their course THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 23 up the river, and ascending the stream to the mouth of the Illinois, rowed up that stream to its source, and procured guides from that point to the lakes. " Nowhere on this journey," says Marquette, " did we see such grounds, meadows, woods, stags, buffaloes, deer, wildcats, bustards, swans, ducks, parroquets, and even beavers, as on the Illinois River." The party, without loss or injury, reached Green Bay in September, and reported their discovery— one of the most important of the age, but of which no record was preserved save Marquette's, Joliet losing his by the upsetting of his canoe on his way to Quebec. Afterward Marcuette returned to the Illinois Indians by their request, and ministered to them until 1675. On the 18th of May, in that year, as he was passing the mouth of a stream — going with his boatmen up Lake Michigan — he asked to land at its mouth and celebrate Mass. Leaving his men with the canoe, he retired a short distance and began his devotions. As much time passed and he did not return, his men went in search of him, and found him upon his knees, dead. He had peacefully passed away while at prayer. He was buried at this spot. Charlevoix, who visited the place fifty years after, found the waters had retreated from the grave, leaving the beloved missionary to repose in peace. The river has since been called Marquette. While Marquette and his companions were pursuing their labors in the West, two men, differing widely from him and each other, were pre- paring to follow in his footsteps and perfect the discoveries so well begun by him. These were Robert de La Salle and Louis Hennepin. After La Salle's return from the discovery of the Ohio River (see the narrative elsewhere), he established himself again among the French trading posts in Canada. Here he mused long upon the pet project of those ages — a short way to China and the East, and was busily planning an expedition up the great lakes, and so across the continent to the Pacific, when Marquette returned from the Mississippi. At once the vigorous mind of LaSalle received from his and his companions' stories the idea that by fol- lowing the Great River northward, or by turning up some of the numerous western tributaries, the object could easily be gained. He applied to Frontenac, Governor General cf Canada, and laid before him the plan, dim but gigantic. Frontenac entered warmly into his plans, and saw that LaSalle's idea to connect the great lakes by a chain of forts with the Gulf of Mexico would bind the country so wonderfully together, give un- measured power to France, and glory to himself, under whose adminis- tration he earnestly hoped all would be realized. * LaSalle now repaired to France, laid his plans before the King, who warmly approved of them, and made him a Chevalier. He also received from all the noblemen the warmest wishes for his success. The Chev- 24 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. alier returned to Canada, and busily entered upon his work. He at once rebuilt Fort Frontenac and constructed the first sh ip tc , sail on these fresh-water seas. On the 7th of August, 1679, having bee ]oined by Hennepin, he began his voyage in the Griffin up Lake Ene He parsed over this lake, through the straits beyond, up Lake St. Clair and into Huron. In this lake they encountered heavy storms They were some time at Michillimackinac, where LaSalle founded a fort, and passed on to Green Bay, the « Bale des Puans » of the French where he found a large quantity of furs collected for him. He loaded the Griffin with these! and placing her under the .care of a. pilot and fourteen sailors, LA SALLE LANDING ON THE SHORE OF GREEN BAY. started her on her return voyage. The vessel was never afterward heard of. He remained about these parts until early in the Winter, when, hear- ing nothing from the Griffin, he collected all the men— thirty working; men and three monks— and started again upon his great undertaking. By a short portage they passed to the Illinois or Kankakee, called by the Indians, "Theakeke," wolf, because of the tribes of Indians called by that name, commonly known as the Mahingans, dwelling there. The French pronounced it Kiahiki, which became corrupted to Kankakee. "Falling down the said river by easy journeys, the better to observe the country," about the last of December they reached a village of the Illi- nois Indians, containing some five hundred cabins, but at that moment THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOBY. 25 no inhabitants. The Seur de LaSalle being in want of some breadstuff's, took advantage of the absence of the Indians to help himself to a suffi- - ciency of maize, large quantities of which he found concealed in holes under the wigwams. This village was situated near the present village of Utica in LaSalle County, Illinois. The corn .being securely stored, the voyagers again betook themselves to the stream, and toward evening, on the 4th day of January, 1680, they came into a lake which must have been the lake of Peoria. This was called by the Indians Pim-i-te-wi, that' is, a place where there are many fat beasts. Here the natives were met with in large numbers, but they were gentle and kind, and having spent some time with them, LaSalle determined to erect another fort in that place, for he had heard rumors that some of the adjoining tribes were trying to disturb the good feeling which existed, and some of his men were disposed to complain, owing to the hardships and perils of the travel. He called this fort " Orevecoeur" (broken-heart), a name expressive of the very natural sorrow and anxiety which the pretty certain loss of his ship, Griffin, and* his consequent impoverishment, the danger of hostility on the part of the Indians, and of mutiny among his own men, might well cause him. His fears were not entirely groundless. At one time poison was placed in his food, but fortunately was discovered. While building this fort, the Winter wore away, the prairies began to look green, and LaSalle, despairing of any reinforcements, concluded to return to Canada, raise new means and new men, and embark anew in the enterprise. For this purpose he made Hennepin the leader of a party to explore the head waters of the Mississippi, and he set out on his jour- ney. This journey was accomplished with the aid of a few persons, and was successfully made, though over an almost u iknown route, and in a bad season of the year. He safely reached. Canada, and set. out again for the object of his search. Hennepin and his party left Fort Crevecceur on the last of February, 1680. When LaSalle reached this place on his return expedition, he found the fort entirely deserted, and he was obliged to return again to Canada. He embarked the third time, and succeeded. Seven days after leaving the fort, Hennepin reached the Mississippi, and paddling up the icy stream as best he could, reached no higher than the Wisconsin River by the 11th of April. Here he and his followers were taken prisoners by a band of Northern Indians, who treated them with great kindness. Hen- nepin's comrades were Anthony Auguel and Michael Ako. On this voy- age they found several beautiful lakes, and "saw some charming prairies." Their captors were the Isaute or Sauteurs, Chippewas, a tribe of the Sioux nation, who took them up the river until about the first of May, when they reached some falls, which Hennepin christened Falls of St. Anthony 26 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. in honor of his patron saint. Here they took the- land, and traveling nearly two hundred miles to the northwest, brought them to their villages.' Here they were kept about three months, were treated kindly by their captors, and at the end of that time, were met by a band of Frenchmen, BUFFALO HUNT. headed by one Seur de Luth, who, in pursuit of trade and game, had pene- trated thus far by the route of Lake Superior ; and with these fellow- countrymen Hennepin and his companions were allowed to return to the borders of civilized life in November, 1680, just after LaSalle had returned to the wilderness on his second trip. Hennepin soon after went to France, where he published an account of his adventures. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 27 The Mississippi was first discovered by De Soto in April, 1541, in his vain endeavor to find gold and precious gems. In the following Spring, De Soto, weary with hope long deferred, and worn out with his wander- ings, he fell a victim to disease, and on the 21st of May died. His followers, reduced by fatigue and disease to less than three hundred men, wandered about the country nearly a year, in the vain endeavor to rescue them- selves by land, and finally constructed seven small vessels, called brigan- tines, in which they embarked, and descending the river, supposing it would lead them to the sea, in July they came to the sea (Gulf of Mexico), and by September reached the Island of Cuba. They were the first to see the great outlet of the Mississippi ; but, being so weary and discouraged, made no attempt to claim the country, and hardly had an intelligent idea of what they had passed through. To La Salle, the intrepid explorer, belongs the honor of giving the first account of the mouths of the river. His great desire was to possess this entire country for his king, and in January, 1682, he and his band of explorers left the shores of Lake Michigan on their third attempt, crossed the portage, passed down the Illinois River, and on the 6th of February, reached the banks of the Mississippi. On the 13th they commenced their downward course, which they pursued with but one interruption, until upon the 6th of March they dis- covered the three great passages by which the river discharges its waters- into the gulf. La Salle thus narrates the event : " We landed on the bank of the most' western channel, about three leagues (nine miles) from its mouth. On the seventh, M. de LaSalle went to reconnoiter the shores of- the neighboring sea, and M. de Tonti meanwhile examined the great middle channel. They found the main outlets beautiful, large and deep. On the 8th we reascended the river, a little above its confluence with the sea, to find a dry place beyond the re^ch of inundations. The elevation of the North Pole was here about twenty-seven degrees. Here we prepared a column and a cross, and to the column were affixed the arms of France with this inscription : Louis Le Grand, Roi De France et de Navarre, regne ; Le neuvieme Avril, 1682. The, whole pdrty, under arms, chanted the Te Deum, and then, after, a salute and cries of ^Vive le Roi" the column was erected by M. de La Salle, who, standing near it, proclaimed in a loud voice the authority of the King of France. LaSalle returned and laid the foundations of the Mis- sissippi settlements in Illinois, thence he proceeded to France, where another expedition was fitted out, of which he was commander, and in two succeeding voyages failed to find the outlet of the river by sailing along the shore of the gulf. On his third voyage he was killed, through the 28 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. treachery of his followers, and the object of his expeditions was not accomplished until 1699, when D'Iberville, under the authority of the crown, discovered, on the second of March, by way of the sea, the mouth of the "Hidden River." This majestic stream was called by the natives " Malbouchia" and by the Spaniards, " la JPalissade" from the great TRAPPING. number of trees about its mouth. After traversing the several outlets, and satisfying himself as to its certainty, he erected a fort near its western outlet, and returned to France. An avenue of trade was now opened out which was fully improved. In 1718, New Orleans was laid out and settled by some European colo- nists. In 1762, the colony was made over to Spain, to be regained by France under the consulate of Napoleon. In 1803, it was purchased by THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 29 the United States for the sum of fifteen million dollars, and the territory of Louisiana and commerce of the Mississippi River came under the charge of the United States. Although LaSalle's labors ended in defeat and death, he had not worked and suffered in vain. He had thrown open to France and the world an immense and most valuable country ; had established several ports, and laid the foundations of more than one settlement there. " Peoria, Kaskaskia and Cahokia, are to this day monu- ments of LaSalle's labors ; for, though he had founded neither of them (unless Peoria, which was built nearly upon the site of Fort Creveeceur,) it was by those whom he led into the West that these places were peopled and civilized. He was, if not the discoverer, the first settler of the Mississippi Valley, and as such deserves to be known and honored." The French early improved the opening made for them. Before the year 1698, the Rev. Father Gravier began a mission among the Illinois, and founded Kaskaskia. For some time this was merely a missionary station, where none but natives resided, it being one of three such vil- lages, the other two being Cahokia and. Peoria. What is known of these missions is learned from a letter written by Father Gabriel Marest, dated " Aux Cascaskias, autrement dit de l'lmmaculate Conception de la Sainte Vierge, le 9 Novembre, 1712." Soon after the founding of Kaskaskia, the missionary, Pinet, gathered a flock at Cahokia, while Peoria arose near the ruins of Fort Creveeceur. This must have been about the year 1700. The post at Vincennes on the Oubache river, (pronounced Wa-ba, meaning summer cloud moving swiftly) was estab- lished in 1702, according to the best authorities.* It is altogether prob- able that on LaSalle's last trip he established the stations at Kaskaskia and Cahokia. In July, 1701, the foundations of Fort Ponchartrain were laid by De la Motte Cadillac on the Detroit River. These sta- tions, with,those established further north, were the earliest attempts to occupy the Northwest Territory. At the same time efforts were being made to occupy the Southwest, which finally culminated in the settle- ment and founding of the City of New Orleans by a colony from England in 1718. This was mainly accomplished through the efforts of the famous Mississippi Company, established by the notorious John Law, who so quickly arose into prominence in France, and who with his scheme so quickly and so ignominiously passed away. From the time of the founding of these stations for fifty years the French nation were engrossed with the settlement of the lower Missis- sippi, and the war with the Chicasaws, who had, in revenge for repeated * There is considerable dispute about this date, some asserting It was founded as late as 1742. Wkou the new court house at Vincennes was erected, all authorities on the subject wore carefully examined, and i/02 fixed upon as the correct date. It was accordingly engraved on the corner-stone of the court house. 30 THE NOKTH'WEST TEKKITOKY. injuries, cut off the entire colony at Natchez. Although the company did little for Louisiana, as the entire West was then called, yet it opened the trade through the Mississippi River, and started the raising of grains indigenous to that climate. Until the year 1750, but little is known .of the settlements in the Northwest, as it was not until this time that the attention of the English was called to the occupation of this portion of the New World, which they then supposed they owned. Vivier, a missionary, among the Illinois, writing from " Aux Illinois," six leagues from Fort Chartres, June 8, 1750, says: "We have here whites, negroes and Indians, to say nothing of cross-breeds. There are five French villages, and three villages of the natives, within a space of twenty-one leagues situated between the Mississippi and another river called the Karkadaid (Easkaskias). In the five French villages are, perhaps, eleven hundred whites, three hundred blacks and some sixty red slaves or savages. The three Illinois towns do not contain more than eight hundred souls all told. Most of the French till the soil; they raise wheat, cattle, pigs and horses, and live like princes. Three times as much is produced as can be consumed; and great quantities of grain and flour are sent to New Orleans." This city was now the seaport town of the Northwest, and save in the extreme northern part, where only furs and copper ore were found, almost all the products of the country found their way to France by the mouth of the Father of Waters. In another letter, dated Novem- ber 7, 1750, this same priest says : " For fifteen leagues above the mouth of the Mississippi one sees no dwellings, the ground being too low to be habitable. Thence to New Orleans, the lands are only partially occupied. New Orleans contains black, white and red, not more, I think, than twelve hundred persons. To this point come all lumber, bricks, salt-beef, tallow, tar, skins and bear's grease ; and above all, pork and flour from the Illinois. These things create some commerce, as forty vessels and more have come hither this year. Above New .Orleans, plantations are again met with ; the most considerable is a colony of Germans, some ten leagues up the river. At Point Coupee, thirty-five leagues above the German settlement, is a fort. Along here, within five or six leagues, are not less than sixty habitations. Fifty leagues farther up is the Natchez post, where we have a garrison, who are kept prisoners through fear of the Chickasaws. Here and at Point Coupee, they raise- excellent tobacco. Another hundred leagues brings us to the Arkansas, where we have also a fort and a garrison for the benefit of the river traders. * * * From the Arkansas to the Illinois, nearly five hundred leagues, there is not a settlement. There should be, however, a fort at the Oubache (Ohio), the only path by which the English can reach the Mississippi. In the Illinois country are numberless mines, but no one to THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 31 work them as they deserve." Father Marest, writing from the post at Vincennes in 181 2, makes the same observation. Vivier also says : " Some individuals dig lead near the surface and supply the Indians and Canada. Two Spaniards now here, who claim to be adepts, say that our mines are like those of Mexico, and that if we Would dig deeper, we should find silver under the lead ; and at any rate the lead is excellent. There is also in this country, beyond doubt, copper ore, as from time to time large pieces are found in the streams." MOUTH OV THE MISSISSIPPI. At the close Of the year 1750, the French occupied, in addition to the lower Mississippi posts and those in Illinois, one at Du Quesne, one at the Maumee in the country of the Miamis, and one at Sandusky in what may be termed the Ohio Valley. In the northern part of the Northwest they had stations at St. Joseph's on the St. Joseph's of Lake Michigan, at Fort Ponchartrain (Detroit), at Michillimackanac or Massillimacanac, Fox River of Green Bay, and at Sault Ste. Marie. The fondest dreams of LaSalle were now fully realized. The French alone were possessors of this vast realm, basing their claim on discovery and settlement. Another .nation, however, was now turning its attention to this extensive country, 32 THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOEY. and hearing of its wealth, began to lay plans for occupying it and for securing the great profits arising therefrom. The French, however, had another claim. to this country, namely, the DISCOVERY OF THE OHIO. This " Beautiful " river was discovered by Robert Cavalier de La- Salle in 1669, four years before the discovery of the Mississippi by Joliet and Marquette. While LaSalle was at his trading post on the St. Lawrence, he found leisure to study nine Indian dialects, the chief of which was the Iroquois. He not only desired to facilitate his intercourse in trade, but he longed to travel and explore the unknown regions of the West. An incident soon occurred which decided him to fit out an exploring expedition. While conversing with some Senecas, he learned of a river called the Ohio, which rose in their country and flowed to the sea, but at such a distance that it required eight months to reach its mouth. In this state- ment the Mississippi and its tributaries were considered as one stream. LaSalle believing, as most of the French at that period did, that the great rivers flowing west emptied into the Sea of California, was anxious to embark in the enterprise of discovering a route across the continent to the commerce of China arid Japan. He repaired at once to Quebec to obtain the approval of the Gov- ernor. His eloquent appeal prevailed. The Governor and the Intendant, Talon, issued letters patent authorizing the enterprise, but made no pro- vision to defray the expenses. At this juncture the seminary of St. Sul- pice decided to send out missionaries in connection with the expedition, and LaSalle offering to sell his improvements at LaChine to raise money, the offer was accepted by the Superior, and two thousand eight hundred dollars were raised, with which LaSalle purchased four canoes and the necessary supplies for the outfit. On the 6th of July, 1669, the party, numbering twenty-four persons, embarked in seven canoes on the St. Lawrence ; two additional canoes carried the Indian guides. In three days they were gliding over the bosom of Lake Ontario. Their guides conducted them directly to the Seneca village on the bank of the Genesee, in the vicinity of the present City of Rochester, New York. Here they expected to procure guides to conduct them to the Ohio, but in this they were disappointed. The Indians seemed unfriendly to the enterprise. LaSalle suspected that the Jesuits had prejudiced their minds against his plans. After waiting a month in the hope of gaining their object, they met an Indian THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 33 from the Iroquois colony at the head of Lake Ontario, who assured them that they could there find guides, and offered to conduct them thence. On their way they passed the mouth of the Niagara River, when they heard for the first time the distant thunder of the cataract. Arriving HIGH BRIDGE, LAKE BLUFF, LAKE COUSTY, ILLINOIS. , among the Iroquois, they met with a friendly reception, and learned from a Shawanee prisoner that they could reach the Ohio in six weeks. Delighted with the unexpected good fortune, they made ready to resume their journey ; but just as they were about to start they heard of the arrival of two Frenchmen in a neighboring village. One of them proved to be Louis Joliet, afterwards famous as an explorer in the West. Ha 34 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. had been sent by the Canadian Government to explore the copper mines on Lake Superior, but had failed, and was on his way back to Quebec. He gave the missionaries a map of the country he had explored in the lake region, together with an account of the condition of the Indians in that quarter. This induced the priests to determine on leaving the expedition and going to Lake Superior. LaSalle warned them that the Jesuits were probably occupying that field, and that they would meet with a cold reception. Nevertheless they persisted in their purpose, aud after worship on the lake shore, parted from LaSalle. On arriving at Lake Superior, they found, as LaSalle had predicted, the Jesuit Fathers, Marquette and Dablon, occupying the field. These zealous disciples of Loyola informed them that they wanted no assistance from St. Sulpice, nor from those who made him their patron saint; and thus repulsed, they returned to Montreal the following June without having made a single discovery or converted a single Indian. After parting with the priests, LaSalle went to the chief Iroquois village at Onondaga, where he obtained guides, and passing thence to a tributary of the Ohio south of Lake Erie, he descended the latter as far as the falls at Louisville. Thus was the Ohio discovered by LaSalle, the persevering and successful French explorer of the West, in 1669. The account of the latter part of his journey is found in an anony- mous paper, which purports to have been taken from the lips of LaSalle himself during a subsequent visit to Paris. In a letter written to Count Frontenac in 1667, shortly after the discovery, he himself says that he discovered the Ohio and descended it to the falls. This was regarded as an indisputable fact by the French authorities, who claimed the Ohio Valley upon another ground. When Washington was sent by tbe f colony of Virginia in 1753, to demand of Gordeur de St. Pierre why the French had built a fort on the Monongahela, the haughty commandant at Quebec replied : " We claim the country on the Ohio by virtue of the discoveries of LaSalle, and will not give it up to the English. Our orders are to make prisoners of every Englishman found trading in the Ohio Valley." ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS AND SETTLEMENTS. When the new year of 1750 broke in upon the Father of Waters and the Great Northwest, all was still wild save at the French posts already described. In 1749, when the English first began to think seri- ously about sending men into the West, the greater portion of the States of Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota were yet under the dominion of the red men. The English knew, however, pretty THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 35 conclusively of the nature of the wealth of these wilds. As early as 1710, Governor Spotswood, of Virginia, had commenced movements to secure the country west of the Alleghenies to the English crown. In Pennsylvania, Governor Keith and James Logan, secretary of the prov- ince, from 1719 to 1731, represented to the powers of England the neces- sity of securing the Western lands. Nothing was done, however, by that power save to take some diplomatic steps to secure the claims of Britain to this unexplored wilderness. England had from the outset claimed from the Atlantic to the Pacific, on the ground that the discovery of the seacoast and its possession was a discovery and possession of the country, and, as is well known, her grants to the colonies extended " from sea to sea." This was not all her claim. She had purchased from the Indian tribes large tracts of land. This lat- ter was also a strong argument. As early as 1684, Lord H oward, Gov- ernor of Virginia, held a treaty with the six nations. These were the great Northern Confederacy, and comprised at first the Mohawks, Onei- das, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas. Afterward the Tuscaroras were taken into the confederacy, and it became known as the Six Nations.. They came under the protection of the mother country, and again in 1701, they repeated the agreement, and in September, 1726, a formal deed was drawn up and signed by the chiefs. The validity of this claim has often been disputed, but never successfully. In 1744, a purchase was made at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, of certain lands within the " Colony of Virginia," for which the Indians received £200 in gold and a like sum in goods, with a-promise that, as settlements increased, more should be paid. The Commissioners from Virginia were Colonel Thomas Lee and Colonel William Beverly. As settlements extended, the promise of more pay was called to mind, and Mr. Conrad Weiser was sent across the mountains with presents to appease the savages. Col. Lee, and some Virginians accompa- nied him with the intention of sounding the Indians upon their feelings regarding the English. They were not satisfied with their treatment, and plainly told the Commissioners why. The English did not desire the cultivation of the country, but the monopoly of the Indian trade. In 1748, the Ohio Company was formed, and petitioned the king for a grant of land beyond the Alleghenies. This was granted, and the government of Virginia was ordered to grant to them a half million acres, two hun- dred thousand of which were to be located at once. Upon the 12th of June, 1749, 800,000 acres from the line of Canada north and west was made to the Loyal Company, and on the 29th of October, 1751, 100,000 acres were given to the Greenbriar Company. All this time the French were not idle. They saw that, should the British gain a foothold in the West, especially upon the Ohio, they might not only prevent the French 36 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. settling upon it, but in time would come to the lower posts and so gain possession of the whole country. Upon the 10th of May, 1774, Vaud- reuil, Governor of Canada and the French possessions, well knowing the consequences that must arise from allowing the English to build trading posts in the Northwest, seized some of their frontier posts, and to further- secure the claim of the French to the West, he, in 1749, sent Louis Cel- eron with a party of soldiers to plant along the Ohio River, in the mounds and at the mouths of its principal tributaries, plates of lead, on which were inscribed the claims of France. These were heard of in 1752, and within the memory of residents now living along the " Oyo," as the beautiful river was called by the French. One of these plates was found with the inscription partly defaced. It bears date August 16, 1749, and a copy of the inscription with particular account of the discovery of the plate, was^ sent by DeWitt Clinton to the American Antiquarian Society, among whose journals it may now be found.* These measures did not, however, deter the English from going on with their explorations, and though neither party resorted to arms, yet the conflict was gathering, and it was only a question of time when the storm would burst upon the frontier settlements. In 1750, Christopher Gist was sent by the Ohio Company to examine its lands. He went to a village of the Twigtwees, on the Miami, about one hundred and fifty miles above its mouth. He afterward spoke of it as very populous. From there he went down the Ohio River nearly to the falls at the present City of Louisville, and in November he commenced a survey of the Company's lands. Dur- ing the Winter, General Andrew Lewis performed a similar work for the Greenbriar Company. Meanwhile the French were busy in preparing their forts for defense, and in opening roads, and also sent a small party of soldiers to keep the Ohio clear. This party, having heard of the Eng- lish post on the Miami River, early in 1652, assisted by the Ottawas and Chippewas, attacked it, and, after a severe battle, in which fourteen of the natives were killed and others wounded, captured the garrison. (They were probably garrisoned in a block house). The traders were carried away to Canada, and one account says several were burned. This fort or post was called by the English Pickawillany. A memorial of the king's ministers refers to it as " Pickawillanes, in the center of the terri- tory between the Ohio and the Wabash. The name is probably some variation of Pickaway or Picqua in 1773, written by Rev. David Jones Pickaweke." * The following Is a translation of the Inscription on the plate: ■' In the year 1749 reign of Louis XV King of France, we, Celeron, commandant of a detachment by Monsieur the Marquis of Gallisonlere com- mander-in-chief of New France, to establish tranquility In certain Indian villages of these cantons' have buried this plate at the confluence of the Toradakoin, this twenty-ninth of July, near the river Ohio otherwise Beautiful Elver, as a monument of renewal of possession which we have taken of the said river' and nil Its tributaries; Inasmuch as the preceding Kings Of France have enjoyed it, and maintained it bv tlipi'r arm's and treaties ; especially by those of Eyswlck, Utrecht, and Alx La Ohapelle." THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY, 37 This was the first blood shed between the French and English, and occurred near the present City of Piqua, Ohio, or at least at a point about forty-seven miles north of Dayton. Each nation became now more inter- ested in the progress of events in the Northwest. The English deter- mined to purchase from the Indians a title to the lands they wished to occupy, and Messrs. Fry (afterward Commander-in-chief over Washing- ton at the commencement of the French War of 1775-1763), Lomaxand Patton were sent in the Spring of 1752 to hold a conference with the natives at Logstown to learn what they objected to in the treaty of Lan- caster already noticed, and to settle all difficulties. On the 9th of June, these Commissioners met the red men at Logstown, a little village on the north bank of the Ohio, about seventeen miles below the site of Pitts- burgh. Here had been a trading point for many years, but it was aban- doned by the Indians in 1750. At first the Indians declined to recognize the treaty of Lancaster, but, the Commissioners taking aside Montour, the interpreter, who was a son of the famous Catharine Montour,' and a chief among the six nations, induced him to use his influence in their favor. This he did, and upon the 13th of June they all united in signing a deed, confirming the Lancaster treaty in its full extent, consenting to a settlement of the southeast of the Ohio, and guaranteeing that it should not be disturbed by them. These were the means used to obtain the first treaty with the Indians in the Ohio Valley. Meanwhile the powers beyond the sea were trying to out-manceuvre each other, and were professing to be at peace. The English generally outwitted the Indians, and failed in many instances to fulfill their con- tracts. They thereby gained the ill-will of the red men, and further increased the feeling by failing to provide them with arms and ammuni- tion. Said an old chief, at Easton, in 1758 : " The Indians on the Ohio left you because of your own fault. When we heard the French were coming, we asked you for help and arms, but we did not get them. The French came, they treated us kindly, and gained our affections. The Governor of Virginia settled on our lands for his own benefit, and, when we wanted help, forsook us." At the beginning of 1653, the English thought they had secured by title the lands in the West, but the French had quietly gathered cannon and military stores to be in readiness for the expected blow. The Eng- lish made other attempts to ratify these existing treaties, but not until the Summer could the Indians be gathered together to discuss the plans of the French. They had sent messages to the French, warning them away ; but they replied that they intended to complete the chain of forts already begun, and would not abandon the field. Soon after this, no satisfaction being obtained from the Ohio regard- 38 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. ing the positions and purposes of the French, Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia determined to send to them another messenger and learn from them, if possible, their intentions. For this purpose he selected a young man, a surveyor, who, at the early age of nineteen, had received the rank of major, and who was thoroughly posted regarding frontier life. This- personage was no other than the illustrious George Washington, who then held considerable interest in Western lands. He was at this time just twenty-two years of age. Taking Gist as his guide, the two, accompanied by four servitors, set out on their perilous march. They left Will's. Creek on the 10th of November, 1753, and on the 22d reached the Monon- gahela, about ten miles above the fork. From there they went to Logstown, where Washington had a long conference with the chiefs of the Six Nations. From them he learned the condition of the French, and also heard of their determination not to come down the river till the fol- lowing Spring. The Indians were non-committal, as they were afraid to- turn either way, and, as far as they could, desired to remain neutral. Washington, rinding nothing could be done" with them, went on to Venango, an old Indian town at the mouth of French Creek. Here the French had a fort, called Fort Machault. Through the rum and flattery of the French, he nearly lost all his Indian followers. Finding nothing of importance here, he pursued his way amid great privations, and on the- 11th of December reached the fort at the head of French Creek. Here he delivered Governor Dinwiddie's letter, received his answer, took his- observations, and on the 16th set out upon his return journey with no one but Gist, his guide, and a few Indians who still remained true to him, notwithstanding the endeavors of the French to retain them. Their homeward journey was one of great peril and suffering from the cold, yet they reached home in safety on the 6th of January, 1754. From the letter of St. Pierre, commander of the French fort, sent by Washington to Governor Dinwiddie, it was learned that the French would not give up without a struggle. Active preparations were at once made in all the English colonies for the coming conflict, while the French finished the fort at Venango and strengthened their lines of fortifications,, and gathered their forces to be in readiness. The Old Dominion was all alive. Virginia was the center of great activities ; volunteers were called for, and from all the neighboring colonies men rallied to the conflict, and everywhere along the Potomac men were enlisting under the Governor's proclamation — which promised two hundred thousand acres on the Ohio. Along this river they were gathering as far as Will's Creek, and far beyond this point, whither Trent had come for assistance for his little band of forty-one men, who wer& THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 39 working away in hunger and want, to fortify that point at the fork of the Ohio, to which both parties were looking with deep interest. " The first birds of Spring filled the air with their song ; the swift river rolled by the Allegheny hillsides, swollen by the melting snows of Spring and the April showers. The leaves were appearing ; a few Indian scouts were seen, but no enemy seemed near at hand ; and all was so quiet, that Frazier, an old Indian scout and trader, who had been left by Trent in command, ventured to his home at the mouth of Turtle Creek, ten miles up the Monongahela. But, though all was so quiet in that wilder- ness, keen eyes had seen the low intrenchment rising at the fork, and swift feet had borne the news of it up the river ; and upon the morning of the 17th of April, Ensign Ward, who then had charge of it, saw upon the Allegheny a sight that made his heart sink — sixty batteaux and three hundred canoes filled with men, and laden deep with cannon and stores. * * * That evening he supped with his captor, Contrecoeur, and the next day he was bowed off by the Frenchman, and with his men and tools, marched up the Monongahela." The French and Indian war had begun. The treaty of Aix la Chapelle, in 1748, had left the boundaries between the French and English possessions unsettled, and the events already narrated show the French were determined to hold the country watered by the Mississippi and its tributaries ; while the English laid claims to the country by virtue of the discoveries of the Cabots, and claimed all the country from New- foundland to Florida, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The first decisive blow had now been struck, and the first attempt of the English, through the Ohio Company, to occupy these lands, had resulted disastrously to them. The French and Indians immediately completed the fortifications begun at the Fork, which they had so easily captured, and when completed gave to the fort the name of DuQuesne. Washing- ton was at Will's Creek when the news of the capture of the fort arrived. He at once departed to recapture it. On his way he entrenched him- self at a place called the " Meadows," where he erected a fort called by him Fort Necessity. From there he surprised and captured a force of French and Indians marching against him, but was soon after attacked in his fort by a much superior force, and was obliged to yield on the morning of July 4th. He was allowed to return to Virginia. The English Government immediately planned four campaigns ; one against Fort DuQuesne ; one against Nova Scotia ; one against Fort Niagara, and one against Crown Point. These occurred during 1755-6, and were not successful in driving the French from their possessions. The expedition against Fort DuQuesne was led by the famous General Braddock, who, refusing to listen to the advice of Washington and those 40 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. acquainted with Indian warfare, suffered such an inglorious defeat. This occurred on the morning of July 9th, and is generally known as the battle of Monongahela, or " Braddock's Defeat." The war continued with various vicissitudes through the years 1756-7 ; when, at the commence- ment of 1758, in accordance with the plans of William Pitt, then Secre- tary of State, afterwards Lord Chatham, active preparations were made to carry on the war. Three expeditions were planned for this year : one, under General Amherst, against Louisburg ; another, under Abercrombie, against Fort Ticonderoga ; and a third, under General Forbes, against Fort DuQuesne. On the 26th of July, Louisburg surrendered after a desperate resistance of more than forty days, and the eastern part of the Canadian possessions fell into the hands of the British. Abercrombie captured Fort Frontenac, and when the expedition against Fort DuQuesne, of which Washington had the active command, arrived there, it was found in flames and deserted. The English at once took possession, rebuilt the fort, and in honor of their illustrious statesman, changed the name to Fort Pitt. The great object of the campaign of 1759, was the reduction of Canada. General Wolfe was to lay siege to Quebec ; Amherst was to reduce Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and General Prideaux was to capture Niagara. This latter place was taken in July, but the gallant Prideaux lost his life in the attempt. Amherst captured Ticonderoga and Crown Point without a blow ; and Wolfe, after making the memor- able ascent to the Plains of Abraham, on September 13th, defeated Montcalm, and on the 18th, the city capitulated. In this engagement Montcolm and Wolfe both lost their lives. De Levi, Montcalm's successor, marched to Sillery, three miles above the city, with the purpose of ' defeating the English, and there, on the 28th of the following April, was fought one of the bloodiest battles of the French and Indian War. It resulted in the defeat of the French, and the fall of the City of Montreal. The Governor signed a capitulation by which the whole of Canada was surrendered to the English. This practically concluded the war, but it was not until 1763 that the treaties of peace between France and England were signed. This was done on the 10th of February of that year, and under its provisions all the country east of the Mississippi and north of the Iberville River, in Louisiana, were ceded to England. At the same time Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain. On the 13th of September, 1760, Major Robert Rogers was sent from Montreal to take charge of Detroit, the only remaining French post in the territory. He arrived there on the 19th of November, and sum- moned the place to surrender. At first the commander of the post, Beletre : refused, but on the 29th, hearing of the continued defeat of the THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 41 French arms, surrendered. Rogers remained there until December 23d under the personal protection of the celebrated chief, Pontiac, to whom, no doubt, he owed his safety. Pontiac had come here to inquire the purposes of the English in taking possession of the country. He was assured that they came simply to trade with the natives, and did not desire their country. This answer conciliated the savages, and did much to insure the safety of Rogers and his party during their stay, and while on their journey home. Rogers set out for Fort Pitt on December 23, and was just one month on the way. His route was from Detroit to Maumee, thence across the present State of Ohio directly to the fort. This was the com- mon trail of the Indians in their journeys from Sandrfsky to the fork of the Ohio. It went from Fort Sandusky, where Sandusky City now is, crossed the Huron river, then called Bald Eagle Creek, to " Mohickon John's Town", on Mohickon Creek, the northern branch of White Woman's River, and thence crossed to Beaver's Town, a Delaware town on what is now Sandy Creek. At Beaver's Town were probably one hundred and fifty warriors, and not less than three thousand acres of cleared land. From there the track went up Sandy Creek to and across Big Beaver, and up the Ohio toLogstown, thence on to the fork. The Northwest Territory was now entirely under the English rule. New settlements began to be rapidly made, and the promise of a large trade was speedily manifested. Had the British carried out their promises with the natives none of those savage butcheries would have been perpe- trated, and the country would have been spared their recital. The renowned chief, Pontiac, was one of the leading spirits in these atrocities. We will now pause in our narrative, and notice the leading events iii his life. The earliest authentic information regarding this noted Indian chief is learned from an account of an Indian trader named Alexander Henry, who, in the Spring of 1761, penetrated his domains as far as Missillimacnac. Pontiac was then a great friend of the French, but a bitter foe of the English, whom he considered as encroaching on his hunting grounds. Henry was obliged to disguise himself as a Canadian to insure safety, but was discovered by Pontiac, who bitterly reproached him and the English for their attempted subjugation of the West. He declared that no treaty had been made with them; no presents sent them, and that he would resent any possession of the West by that nation. He was at the time about fifty years of age, tall and dignified, and was civil and military ruler of the Ottawas, Ojibwas and Pottawatamies. The Indians, from Lake Michigan to the borders of North Carolina, were united in this feeling, and at the time of the treaty of Paris, ratified February 10, 1763, a general conspiracy was formed to fall suddenly 42 THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOEX. All J PONTIAC, THE OTTAWA CHIEFTAIN. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 43 upon the frontier British posts, and with one blow strike every man dead. Pontiac was the marked leader in all this, and was the commander of the Chippewas, Ottawas, Wyandots, Miamis, Shawanese, Delawares and Mingoes, who had, for the time, laid aside their local quarrels to unite in this enterprise. The blow came, as near as can now be ascertained, on May 7, 1763. Nine British posts fell, and the Indians drank, " scooped up in the hollow of joined hands," the blood of many a Briton. Pontiac's immediate field of action was the garrison at Detroit. Here, however, the plans were frustrated by an Indian woman disclosing the plot the evening previous to his arrival. Everything was carried out, however, according to Pontiac's plans until the moment of action, when Major Gladwyn, the commander of the post, stepping to one of the Indian chiefs, suddenly drew aside his blanket and disclosed the concealed musket. Pontiac, though a brave man, turned pale and trembled. He saw his plan was known, and that the garrison were prepared. He endeavored to exculpate himself from any such intentions ; but the guilt was evident, and he and his followers were dismissed with a severe reprimand, and warned never to again enter the walls of the post. Pontiac at once laid siege to the fort, and until the treaty of peace between the British and the Western Indians, concluded in August, 1764, continued to harass and besiege the fortress. He organized a regular commissariat department, issued bills of credit written out on bark, which, to his credit, it may be stated, were punctually redeemed. At the conclusion of the treaty, in which it seems he took no part, he went further south, living many years amongthe Illinois. He had given, up all hope of saving his country and race. After a time he endeavored to unite the Illinois tribe and those about St. Louis in a war with the whites. His efforts were fruitless, and only ended in a quarrel between himself and some Kaskaskia Indians, one of whom soon afterwards killed him. His death was, however, avenged by the northern Indians, who nearly exterminated the Illinois in the wars which followed. Had it not been for the treachery of a few of his followers, his plan for the extermination of the whites, a masterly one, would undoubtedly have been carried out. It was in the Spring of the year following Rogers' visit that Alex- ander Henry went to Missillimacnac, and everywhere found the strongest feelings against the English, who had not carried out their promises, and were doing nothing to conciliate the natives. Here he met the chief, Pontiac, who, after conveying to him in a speech the idea that their French father would awake soon and utterly destroy his enemies, said : " Englishman, although you have conquered the French, you have not 44 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. yet conquered us ! We are not your slaves ! These lakes, these woods, these mountains, were left us by our ancestors. They are our inheritance, and we will part with them to none. Your nation supposes that we, like the white people, can not live without bread and pork and beef. But you ought to know that He, the Great Spirit and Master of Life, has provided food for us upon these broad lakes and in these mountains." He then spoke of the fact that no treaty had been made with them,, no presents sent them, and that he and his people were yet for war. Such were the feelings of the Northwestern Indians immediately after the English took possession of their country. These feelings were no doubt encouraged by the Canadians and French, who hoped that yet the French arms might prevail. The treaty of Paris, however, gave to the English the right to this vast domain, and active preparations were 'going on to occupy it and enjoy its trade and emoluments. In 1762, France, by a secret treaty, ceded Louisiana to Spain, to pre- vent it falling into the hands of the English, who were becoming masters- of the entire West. . The next year the treaty of Paris, signed at Fon- tainbleau, gave to the English the domain of the country in question. Twenty years after, by the treaty of peace between the United States- and England, that part of Canada lying south and west of the Great Lakes, comprehending a large territory which is the subjeet of these- sketches, was acknowledged to be a portion of the United States ; and twenty years still later, in 1803, Louisiana was ceded by Spain back to- France, and by France sold to the United States. In the half century, from the building of the Fort of Crevecceur by LaSalle, in 1680, up to the erection of Fort Chartres, many French set- tlements had been made in that quarter. These have already been noticed, being those at St. Vincent (Vincennes), Kohokia or Cahokia, Kaskaskia and Prairie du Rocher, on the American Bottom, a large tract of rich alluvial soil in Illinois, on the Mississippi, opposite the site of St. Louis. By the treaty of Paris, the regions east of the Mississippi, including all these and other towns of the Northwest, were given over to England;, but they do not appear to have been taken possession of until 1765, when Captain Stirling, in the name of the Majesty of England, established him- self at Fort Chartres bearing with him the proclamation of General Gage, dated December 30, 1764, which promised religious freedom to all Cath- olics who worshiped here, and a right to leave the country with their effects if they wished, or to remain with the privileges of Englishmen. It was shortly after the occupancy of the West by the British that the war with Pontiac opened. It is already noticed in the sketch of that chieftain- By it many a Briton lost his life, and many a frontier settle- THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 45 ment in its infancy ceased to exist. This was not ended until the year 1764, when, failing to capture Detroit, Niagara and Fort Pitt, his confed- eracy became disheartened, and, receiving no aid from the French, Pon- tiac abandoned the enterprise and departed to the Illinois, among whom he afterward lost his life. As soon as these difficulties were definitely settled, settlers began rapidly to survey the country and prepare for occupation. During the year 1770, a number of persons from Virginia and other British provinces explored and marked out nearly all the valuable lands on the Mononga- hela and along the banks of the Ohio as far as the Little Kanawha. This was followed by another exploring expedition, in which George Washing- ton was a party. The latter, accompanied by Dr. Craik, Capt. Crawford and others, on the 20th of October, 1770, descended the Ohio from Pitts- burgh to the mouth of the Kanawha ; ascended that stream about fourteen mil'es, marked out several large tracts of land, shot several buffalo, which were then abundant in the Ohio Valley, and returned to the fort. Pittsburgh was at this time a trading post, about which was clus- tered a village of some twenty houses, inhabited by Indian traders. This same year, Capt. Pittman visited Kaskaskia and its neighboring villages. He found there about sixty-five resident families, and at Cahokia only forty-five dwellings. At Fort Chartres was another small settlement, and at Detroit the garrison were quite prosperous and strong. For a year or two settlers continued to locate near some of these posts, generally Fort Pitt or Detroit, owing to the fears of the Indians, who still main- tained some feelings of hatred to the English. The trade from the posts was quite good, and from those in Illinois large quantities of pork and flour found their way to the New Orleans market. At this time the policy of the British Government was strongly opposed to the extension of the colonies west. In 1763, the King of England forbade, by royal proclamation, his colonial subjects from making a settlement beyond the sources of the rivers which fall into the Atlantic Ocean. At the instance of the Board of Trade, measures were taken to prevent the settlement without the limits prescribed, and to retain the commerce within easy reach of Great Britain. The commander-in-chief of the king's forces wrote in 1769 : " In the course of a few years necessity will compel the colonists, should they extend their settlements west, to provide manufactures of some kind for themselves, and when all connection upheld by commerce with the mother country ceases, an independency in their government will soon follow." In accordance with this policy, Gov. Gage issued a proclamation in 1772, commanding the inhabitants of Vincennes to abandon their set- tlements and join some of the Eastern English colonies. To this they 46 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. strenuously objected, giving good reasons therefor, and were allowed to remain. The strong opposition to this policy of Great Britain led to its change, and to such a course as to gain the attachment of the French population. In December, 1773, influential citizens of Quebec petitioned the king for an extension of the boundary lines of that province, which was granted, and Parliament passed an act on June 2, 1774, extend- ing the boundary so as to include the territory lying within the present States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Michigan. In consequence of the liberal policy pursued by the British Govern- ment toward the French settlers in the West, they were disposed to favor that nation in the war which soon followed with the colonies ; but the early alliance between France and America soon brought them to the side of the war for independence. In 1774, Gov. Dunmore, of Virginia, began to encourage emigration to the Western lands. He appointed magistrates at Fort Pitt under the pretense that the fort was under the government of that commonwealth. One of these justices, John Connelly, who possessed a tract of land in the Ohio Valley, gathered a force of men and garrisoned the fort, calling it Fort Dunmore. This and other parties were formed to select sites for settlements, and often came in conflict with the Indians, who yet claimed portions of the valley, and several battles followed. These ended in the famous battle of Kanawha in July, where the Indians were defeated and driven across the Ohio. During the years 1775 and 1776, by the operations of land companies and the perseverance of individuals, several settlements were firmly estab- lished between the Alleghanies and the Ohio River, and western land speculators Were busy in Illinois and on the Wabash. At a council held in Kaskaskia on July 5, 1773, an association of English traders, calling themselves the " Illinois Land Company," obtained from ten chiefs of the Kaskaskia, Cahokia and Peoria tribes two large tracts of land lying on the east side of the Mississippi River south of the Illinois. In 1775, a mer- chant from the Illinois Country, named Viviat, came to Post Vincennes as the agent of the association called the " Wabash Land Company." On the 8th of October he obtained from eleven Piankeshaw chiefs, a deed for 37,497,600 acres of land. This deed was signed by the grantors, attested by a number of the inhabitants of Vincennes, and afterward recorded in the office of a notary public at Kaskaskia. This and other land com- panies had extensive schemes for the colonization of the West'; but all were frustrated by the breaking out of the Revolution. On the 20th of April, 1780, the two companies named consolidated under the name of the " United Illinois and Wabash Land Company. " They afterward mada THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. ' 47- strenuous efforts to have these grants sanctioned by Congress, but all signally failed. When the War of the Revolution commenced, Kentucky was an unor- ganized country, though there were several settlements within her borders. In Hutchins' Topography of Virginia, it is stated that at that time " Kaskaskia contained 80 houses, and nearly 1,000 white and black in- habitants—the whites being a little the more numerous. Cahokia con- tains 50 houses and 300 white inhabitants, and 80 negroes. There were east of the Mississippi River, about the year 1771 "—when these observa- tions were made — " 300 white men capable of bearing arms, and 230 negroes." From 1775 until the expedition of Clark, nothing is recorded and nothing known of these settlements, save what is contained in a report made by a committee to Congress in June, 1778. From it the following extract is made : "Near the mouth of the River Kaskaskia, there is a village which appears to have contained nearly eighty families from the beginning of the late revolution. There are twelve families in a small village at la Prairie du Rochers, and near fifty families at the Kahokia Village. There are also four or five families at Fort Chartres and St. Philips, which is five miles further up the river." St. Louis had been settled in February, 1764, and at this time con- tained, including its neighboring towns, over six hundred whites and one hundred and fifty negroes. It must be remembered that all the country west of the Mississippi was now under French rule, and remained so until ceded again to Spain, its original owner, who afterwards sold it and the country including New Orleans to the United States. At Detroit there were, according to Capt. Carver, who was in the Northwest from 1766 to 1768, more than one hundred houses, and the river was settled for more than twenty miles, although poorly cultivated — the people being engaged in the Indian trade. This old town has a history, which we will here relate. It is the oldest town in the Northwest, having been founded by Antoine de Lamotte Cadillac, in 1701. It was laid out in the form of an oblong square, of two acres in length, and an acre and a half in width. As described by A. D. Frazer, who first visited it and became a permanent resident of the place, in 1778, it comprised within its limits that space between Mr. Palmer's store (Conant Block) and Capt. Perkins' house (near the Arsenal building), and extended back as far as the public barn, and was bordered in front by the Detroit River. It was surrounded by oak and cedar pickets, about fifteen feet long, set in the ground, and had four gates — east, west, north and south. Over the first three of these 4g THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. gates were block houses provided with four guns apiece, each a six- pounder. Two six-gun batteries were planted fronting the river and in a parallel direction with the block houses. There were four streets running east and west, the main street being twenty feet wide and the rest fifteen feet, while the four streets crossing these at right angles were from ten to fifteen feet in width. At the date spoken of by Mr. Frazer, there was no fort within the enclosure, but a citadel on the ground corresponding to the present northwest corner of Jefferson Avenue and Wayne Street. The citadel was inclosed by pickets, and within it were erected barracks of wood, two stories high, sufficient to contain ten officers, and also barracks sufficient to contain four hundred men, and a provision store built of brick. The citadel also contained a hospital and guard-house. The old town of Detroit, in 1778, contained about sixty houses, most of them one story, with a few a story and a half in height. They were all of logs, some hewn and some round. There was one building of splendid appearance, called the " King's Palace," two stories high, which stood near the east gate. It was built for Governor Hamilton, the first governor commissioned by the British. There were two guard-houses, one near the west gate and the other near the Government House. Each of the guards consisted of twenty-four men and a subaltern, who mounted regularly every morning between nine and ten o'clock, Each furnished four sentinels, who were relieved every two hours. There was also an officer of the day, who per- formed strict duty. Each of the gates was shut regularly at sunset; even wicket gates were shut at nine o'clock, and all the keys were delivered into the hands of the commanding officer. They were opened in the morning at sunrise. • No Indian or squaw was permitted to enter town with any weapon, such as a tomahawk or a knife. It was a stand- ing order that the Indians should deliver their arms and instruments of every kind before they were permitted to pass the sentinel, and they were restored to them on their return. No more than twenty-five Indians were allowed to enter the town at any one time, and they were admitted only at the east and west gates. At sundown the drums beat, and all the Indians were required to leave town instantly. There was a council house near the water side for the purpose of holding council with the Indians. The population of the town was about sixty families, in all about two hundred males and one hundred females. This town was destroyed by fire, all except one dwelling, in 1805. After which the present *' new " town was laid out. On the breaking out of the Revolution, the British held every post of importance in the West. Kentucky was formed as a component part of Virginia, and the sturdy pioneers of the West, alive to their interests, THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOEY. 49 and recognizing the great benefits of obtaining the control of the trade in this part of the New World, held steadily to their purposes, and those within the commonwealth of Kentucky proceeded to exercise their civil privileges, by electing John Todd and Richard Gallaway* burgesses to represent them in the Assembly of the parent state. Early in September of that year (1777) the first court was held in Harrodsburg, and Col. Bowman, afterwards major, who had arrived in August, was made the commander of a militia organization which had been commenced the March previous. Thus the tree of loyalty was growing. The chief spirit in this far-out colony, who had represented her the year previous east of the mountains, was now meditating a move unequaled in its boldness. He had been watching the movements of the British throughout the Northwest, and understood their whole plan. Ht, saw it was through their possession of the posts at Detroit, Vincennes, Kaskaskia, and other places, which would give them constant and easy access to the various Indian tribes in the Northwest, that the British intended to penetrate the country from the north and soutn, ana annihi- late the frontier fortresses. This moving, energetic man was Colonel, afterwards General, George Rogers Clark. He knew the Indians were not unanimously in accord with the English, and he was convinced that, could the British be defeated and expelled from the Northwest, the natives might be easily awed into neutrality ; and by spies sent for the purpose, he satisfied himself that the enterprise against the Illinois settlements might easily succeed. Having convinced himself of the certainty of the project, he repaired to the Capital of Virginia, which place he reached on November 5th. While he was on his way, fortunately, on October 17th, Burgoyne had been defeated, and the spirits of the colonists greatly encouraged thereby. Patrick Henry was Governor of Virginia, and at once entered heartily into Clark's plans. The same plan had before been agitated in the Colonial Assemblies, but there was no one until Clark came who was sufficiently acquainted with the condition of affairs at the scene of action to be able to guide them. Clark, having satisfied the Virginia leaders of the feasibility of his plan, received, on the 2d of January, two sets of instructions — one secret, the other open — the latter authorized him to proceed to enlist seven companies to go to Kentucky, subject to his orders, and to serve three months from their arrival in the West. The secret order authorized him to arm these troops, to procure his powder and lead of General Hand at Pittsburgh, and to proceed at once to subjugate the country. With these instructions Clark repaired to Pittsburgh, choosing rather to raise his men west of the mountains, as he well knew all were needed in the colonies in the conflict there. He sent Col. W. B. Smith to Hoi- 50 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. ston for the same purpose, but neither succeeded in raising the required number of men. The settlers in these parts were afraid to leave their own firesides exposed to a vigilant foe, and but few could be induced to join the proposed expedition. With three companies and several private volunteers, Clark at length commenced his descent of the Ohio, which he navigated as far as the Falls, where he took possession of and fortified Corn Island, a small island between the present Cities of Louisville, Kentucky, and New Albany, Indiana. Remains of this fortification may yet be found. At this place he appointed Col. Bowman to meet him with such recruits as had reached Kentucky by the southern route, and as many as could be spared from the station. Here he announced to the men their real destination. Having completed his arrangements, and chosen his party, he left a small garrison upon the island, and on th& 24th of June, during a total eclipse of the sun, which to them augured no good, and which fixes beyond dispute the date of starting, he with his chosen band, fell down the river. His plan was to go by water as far as Fort Massac or Massacre, and thence march direct to Kaskaskia. Here he intended to surprise the garrison, and after its capture go to Cahokia, then to Vincennes, and lastly to Detroit. Should he fail, he intended to march directly to the Mississippi River and cross it into the Spanish country. .Before his start he received two good items of infor- mation : one that the alliance had been formed between France and the United States ; and the other that the Indians throughout the Illinois- country and the inhabitants, at the various frontier posts, had been led to- believe by the British that the " Long Knives" or Virginians, were the most fierce, bloodthirsty and cruel savages that ever scalped a foe. With this impression on their minds, Clark saw that proper management would, cause them to submit at once from fear, if surprised, and then from grati- tude would become friendly if treated with unexpected leniency. The march to Kaskaskia was accomplished through a hot July sun,, and the town reached on the evening of July 4. He captured the fort, near the village, and soon after the village itself by surprise, and without- the loss of a single man or by killing any of the enemy. After sufficiently working upon the fears of the natives, Clark told them they were at per- fect liberty to worship as they pleased, and to take whichever side of the great conflict they would, also he would protect them from any barbarity from British or Indian foe. This had the desired effect, and the inhab- itants, so unexpectedly and so gratefully surprised by the unlooked. for turn of affairs, at once swore allegiance to the American arms, and when Clark desired to go to Cahokia on the 6th of July, they accom- panied him, and through their influence the inhabitants of the place surrendered, and gladly placed themselves under his protection. Thus. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 51 the two important posts in Illinois passed from the hands of the English into the possession of Virginia. In the person of the priest at Kaskaskia, M. Gibault, Clark found a powerful ally and generous friend. Clark saw that, to retain possession of the Northwest and treat successfully with the Indians within its boun- daries, he must establish a government for the colonies he had taken. St. Vincent, the next important post to Detroit, remained yet to be taken before the Mississippi Valley was conquered. M. Gibault told him that he would alone, by persuasion, lead Vincennes to throw off its connection with England. Clark gladly accepted his offer, and on the 14th of July, in company with a fellow-townsman, M. Gibault started on his mission of peace, and on the 1st of August returned with the cheerful intelligence that the post on the " Oubache " had taken the oath of allegiance to the Old Dominion. During this interval, Clark established his courts, placed garrisons at Kaskaskia and Cahokia, successfully re-enlisted his men, sent word to have a fort, which proved the germ of Louisville, erected at the Falls of the Ohio, and dispatched Mr. Rocheblave, who had been commander at Kaskaskia, as a prisoner of war to Richmond. In October the County of Illinois was established by the Legislature of Virginia, John Todd appointed Lieutenant Colonel and Civil Governor, and in November General Clark and his men received the thanks of the Old Dominion through their Legislature. In a speech a few days afterward, Clark made known fully to the natives his plans, and at its close all came forward and swore alle- giance to the Long Knives. While he was doing this Governor Hamilton, having made his various arrangements, had left Detroit and moved down the Wabash to Vincennes intending to operate from that point in reducing the Illinois posts, and then proceed on down to Kentucky and drive the rebels from the West. Gen. Clark had, on the return of M. Gibault, dispatched Captain Helm, of Fauquier County, Virginia, with an attend- ant named Henry, across the Illinois prairies to command the fort. Hamilton knew nothing of the capitulation of the post, and was greatly surprised on his arrival to be confronted by Capt. Helm, who, standing at the entrance of the fort by a loaded cannon ready to fire upon his assail- ants, demanded upon what terms Hamilton demanded possession of the fort. Being granted the rights of a prisoner of war, he surrendered to the British General, who could scarcely believe his eyes when he saw the force in the garrison. Hamilton, not realizing the character of the men with whom he was contending, gave up his intended campaign for the Winter, sent his four hundred Indian warriors to prevent troops from coming down the Ohio, 52 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. and to annoy the Americans in all ways, and sat quietly down to pass the Winter. Information of all these proceedings having reached Clark, he saw that immediate and decisive action was necessary, and that unless he captured Hamilton, Hamilton would capture him. Clark received the news on the 29th of January, 1779, and on February 4th, having suffi- ciently garrisoned Kaskaskia and Cahokia, he sent down the Mississippi a " battoe," as Major Bowman writes it, in order to ascend the Ohio and Wabash, and operate with the land forces gathering for the fray. On the next day, Clark, with his little force of one hundred and twenty men, set out for the post, and after incredible hard marching through much mud, the ground being thawed by the incessant spring rains, on the 22d reached the fort, and being joined by his " battoe," at once commenced the attack on the post. The aim of the American back- woodsman was unerring, and on the 24th the garrison surrendered to the intrepid boldness of Clark. The French were treated with great kind- ness, and gladly renewed their allegiance to Virginia. Hamilton was sent as a prisoner to Virginia, where he was kept in close confinement. During his command of the British frontier posts, he had offered prizes to the Indians for all the scalps of Americans they would bring to him, and had earned in consequence thereof the title " Hair-buyer General," by which he was ever afterward known. Detroit was now without doubt within easy reach of the enterprising Virginian, could he but raise the necessary force. Governor Henry being apprised of this, promised him the needed reinforcement, and Clark con- cluded to wait until he could capture and sufficiently garrison the posts. Had Clark failed in this bold undertaking, and Hamilton succeeded in uniting the western Indians for the next Spring's campaign, the West would indeed have been swept from the Mississippi to the Allegheny Mountains, and the great blow struck, which had been contemplated from the commencement, by the British. " But for this small army of dripping, but fearless Virginians, the union of all the tribes from Georgia to Maine against the colonies might have been effected, and the whole current of our history changed." At this time some fears were entertained by the Colonial Govern- ments that the Indians in the North and Northwest were inclining to the British, and under the instructions of Washington, now Commander-in- Chief of the Colonial army, and so bravely fighting for American inde- pendence, armed forces were sent against the Six Nations, and upon the Ohio frontier, Col. Bowman, acting under the same general's orders, marched against Indians within the present limits of that State. These expeditions were in the main successful, and the Indians were compelled to sue for peace. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 53 During this same year (1779) the famous "Land Laws" of Virginia were passed. The passage of these laws was of more consequence to the pioneers of Kentucky and the Northwest than the gaining of a few Indian conflicts. These laws confirmed in main all grants made, and guaranteed to all actual settlers their rights and privileges. After providing for the settlers, the laws provided for selling the balance of the public lands at forty cents per acre. To carry the Land Laws into effect, the Legislature sent four Virginians westward to attend to the various claims, over many of which great confusion prevailed concerning their validity. These gentlemen opened their court on October 13, 1779, at St. Asaphs, and continued until April 26, 1780, when they adjourned, having decided three thousand claims. They were succeeded by the surveyor, who came in the person of Mr. George May, and assumed his duties on the 10th day of the month whose name he bore. With the opening of the next year (1780) the troubles concerning the navigation of the Missis- sippi commenced. The Spanish Government exacted such measures in relation to its trade as to cause the overtures made to the United States to be rejected. The American Government considered they had a right to navigate its channel. To enforce their claims, a fort was erected below the mouth of the Ohio on the Kentucky side of the river. The settle- ments in Kentucky were being rapidly filled by emigrants. It was dur- ing this year that the first seminary of learning was established in the West in this young and enterprising Commonwealth. The settlers here did not look upon the building of this fort in a friendly manner, as it aroused the hostility of the Indians. Spain had been friendly to the Colonies during their struggle for independence, and though for a while this friendship appeared in danger from the refusal of the free navigation of the river, yet it was finally settled to the satisfaction of both nations. The Winter of 1779-80 was one of the most unusually severe ones ever experienced in the West. The Indians always referred to it as the "Great Cold." Numbers of wild animals perished, and not a few pioneers lost their lives. The following Summer a party of Canadians and Indians attacked St. Louis, and attempted to take possession of it in consequence of the friendly disposition of Spain to the revolting colonies. They met with such a determined resistance on the part of the inhabitants, even the women taking part in the battle, that they were compelled to abandon the contest. They also made an attack on the settlements in Kentucky, but, becoming alarmed in some unaccountable ? manner, they fled the country in great haste. About this time arose the question in the Colonial Congress con- cerning the western lands claimed by Virginia, New York, Massachusetts 54 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. and Connecticut. The agitation concerning this subject finally led New- York, on the 19th of February, 1780, to pass a law giving to the deh* gates of that State in Congress the power to cede her western lands for the benefit of the United States. This law was laid before Congress- during the next month, but no steps were taken concerning it until Sep- tember 6th, when a resolution passed that body calling upon the States claiming western lands to release their claims in favor of the whole body, This basis formed the union, and was the first after all of those legislative measures which resulted in the creation of the States of Ohio, Indiana,. Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota. In December of the same- year, the plan of conquering Detrdit again arose. The conquest might have easily been effected by Clark had the necessary aid been furnished, him. Nothing decisive was done, yet the heads of the Government knew that the safety of the Northwest from British invasion lay in the capture and retention of that important post, the only unconquered one in the territory. Before the close of the year, Kentucky was divided into the Coun- ties of Lincoln, Fayette and Jefferson, and the act establishing the Town of Louisville was passed. This same year is also noted in the annals of American history as the year in which occurred Arnold's treason to the United States. Virginia, in accordance with the resolution of Congress, on the 2d day of January, 1781, agreed to yield her western lands to the United States upon certain conditions, which Congress would not accede to, and the Act of Cession, on the part of the Old Dominion, failed, nor was anything farther done until 1783. During all that time the Colonies- were busily engaged in the struggle with the mother country, and in. consequence thereof but little heed was given to the-western settlements. Upon the 16th of April, 1781, the first birth north o.f the Ohio River of American parentage occurred, being that of Mary Heckewelder, daughter of the widely known Moravian missionary, whose band of Christian Indians suffered in after years a horrible massacre by the hands of the frontier settlers, who had been exasperated by the murder of several of their neighbors, and in their rage committed, without regard to humanity* a deed which forever afterwards cast a shade of shame upon their lives. For this and kindred outrages on the part of the whites, the Indians committed many deeds of cruelty which darken the years of 1771 and 1772 in the history of the Northwest. During the year 1782 a number of battles among the Indians and frontiersmen occurred, and between the Moravian Indians and the Wyan- dots. In these, horrible acts of cruelty were practised on the captives, many of such dark deeds transpiring under the leadership of the notorious- THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 55 frontier outlaw, Simon Girty, whose name, as well as those of his brothers, was a terror to women and children. These occurred chiefly in the Ohio valleys. Cotemporary with them were several engagements in Kentucky, in which the famous Daniel Boone engaged, and who, often by his skill and knowledge of Indian warfare, saved the outposts from cruel- destrue- ns? » INDIANS ATTACKING FKONT1EKSMEN. tion. By the close of the year victory had perched upon the American banner, and on the 30th of November, provisional articles of peace had been arranged between the Commissioners of England and her uncon- querable colonies. Cornwallis had been defeated on the 19th of October preceding, and the liberty of America was assured. On the 19th of April following, the anniversary of the battle of Lexington, peace was 56 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. proclaimed to the army of the United States, and on the 3d of the next September, the definite treaty which ended our revolutionary struggle was concluded. By the terms of that treaty, the boundaries of the West were as follows : On the north the line was to extend along the center of the Great Lakes ; from the western point of Lake Superior to Long Lake ; thence to the Lake of the Woods ; thence to the head of the Mississippi River; down its center to the 31st parallel of latitude, then on that line east to the head of the Appalachicola River; down its center to its junc- tion with the Flint ; thence straight to the head of St. Mary's River, and thence down along its center to the Atlantic Ocean. Following the cessation of hostilities with England, several posts were still occupied by the British in the North and West. Among these was Detroit, still in the hands of the enemy. Numerous engagements with the Indians throughout Ohio and Indiana occurred, upon whose lands adventurous whites would settle ere the title had been acquired by the proper treaty. To remedy this latter evil, Congress appointed commissioners to treat with the natives and purchase their lands, and prohibited the set- tlement of the territory until this could be done. Before the close of the year another attempt was made to capture Detroit, which was, however, not pushed, and Virginia, no longer feeling the interest in the Northwest she had formerly done, withdrew her troops, having on the 20th of December preceding authorized the whole of her possessions to be deeded to the United States. This was done on the 1st of March following, and the Northwest Territory passed from the control of the Old Dominion. To Gen. Clark and his soldiers, however, she gave a tract of one .hundred and fifty thousand acres of land, to be situated any where north of the Ohio wherever they chose to locate them. They selected the region opposite the falls of the Ohio, where is now the dilapidated village of Clarksville, about midway between the Cities of New Albany and Jeffer- sonville, Indiana. While the frontier remained thus, and Gen. Haldimand at Detroit, refused to evacuate alleging that he had no orders from his King to do so, settlers were rapidly gathering about the inland forts. In the Spring of 1784, Pittsburgh was regularly laid out, and from the journal of Arthur Lee, who passed through the town soon after on his way to the Indian council at Fort Mcintosh, we suppose it was not very prepossessing in appearance. He says : " Pittsburgh is inhabited almost entirely by Scots and Irish, who live in paltry log houses, and are as dirty as if in the north of Ireland or even Scotland. There is a great deal of trade carried on, the goods being bought at the vast expense of forty-five shillings per pound from Phila- THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 57 delphia and Baltimore. They take in the shops flour, wheat, skins and money. There are in the town four attorneys, two doctors, and not a priest of any persuasion, nor church nor chapel." Kentucky at this time contained thirty thousand inhabitants, and was beginning to discuss measures for a separation from Virginia. A land office was opened at Louisville, and measures were adopted to take defensive precaution against the Indians who were yet, in some instances, incited to deeds of violence by the British. Before the close of this year, 1784, the military claimants of land began to occupy them, although no entries were recorded until 1787. The Indian title to the Northwest was not yet extinguished. They held large tracts of lands, and in order to prevent bloodshed Congress adopted means for treaties with the original owners and provided for the surveys of the lands gained thereby, as well as for those north of the Ohio, now in its possession. On January 31, 1786, a treaty was made with the Wabash Indians. The treaty of Fort Stanwix had been made in 1784. That at Fort Mcintosh in 1785, and through these much land was gained. The Wabash Indians, however, afterward refused to comply with the provisions of the treaty made with them, and in order to compel their adherence to its provisions, force was used. During the year 1786, the free navigation of the Mississippi came up in Congress, and caused various discussions, which resulted in no definite action, only serving to excite speculation in regard to the western lands. Congress had promised bounties of land to the soldiers of the Revolution, but owing to the unsettled condition of affairs along the Mississippi respecting its naviga- tion, and the trade of the Northwest, that body had, in 1783, declared its inability to fulfill these promises until a treaty could be concluded between the two Governments. Before the close of the year 1786, how- ever, it was able, through the treaties with the Indians, to allow some grants and the settlement thereon, and on the 14th of September Con- necticut ceded to the General Government the tract of land known as the " Connecticut Reserve," and before the close of the following year a large tract of land north of the Ohio was sold to a company, who at once took measures to settle it. By the provisions of this grant, the company were to pay the United States one dollar per acre, subject to a deduction of tine-third for bad lands and other contingencies. They received 750,000 acres, bounded on the south by the Ohio, on the east by the seventh range of townships, on the west by the sixteenth range, and on the north by a line so drawn as to make the grant complete without the reservations. In addition to this, Congress afterward granted 100,000 acres to actual settlers, and 214,285 acres as army bounties under the resolutions of 1789 and 1790. 58 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. While -Dr. Cutler, one of the agents of the company, was pressing its claims before Congress, that body was bringing into form an ordinance for the political and social organization of this Territory. When the cession was made by Virginia, in 1784, a plan was offered, but rejected. A motion had been made to strike from the proposed plan the prohibition of slavery, which prevailed. The plan was then discussed and altered, and finally passed unanimously, with the exception of South Carolina. By this proposition, the Territory was to have been divided into states PRESENT SITE OF LAKE STKEET BK1DGE, CHICAGO, IX 1833. by parallels and meridian lines.' This, it was thought, would make ten states, which were to have been named as follows — beginning at the northwest corner and going southwardly : Sylvania, Michigania, Cher- sonesus, Assenisipia, Metropotamia, Illenoia, Saratoga, Washington, Poly- potamia and Pelisipia. There was a more serious objection to this plan than its category of names, — the boundaries. The root of the difficulty was in the resolu- tion of Congress passed in October, 1780, which fixed the boundaries of the ceded lands to be from one hundred to one hundred and fifty miles THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 59 square. These resolutions being presented to the Legislatures of Vir- ginia and Massachusetts, they desired a change, and in July, 1786, the subject was taken up in Congress, and changed to favor a division into not more than five states, and not less than three. This was approved by the State Legislature of Virginia. The subject of the Government was .again taken up by Congress in 1786, and discussed throughout that year anduntil July, 1787, when the famous "Compact of 1787" was passed, and the foundation of the government of the Northwest laid. This com- pact is fully discussed and explained in the history of Illinois in this book, and to it the reader is referred. The passage of this act and the grant to the New England Company was soon followed by an application to the Government by John Cleves Symmes, of New Jersey, for a grant of the land between the Miamis. "This gentleman had visited these lands soon after the treaty of 1786, and, being greatly pleased with them, offered similar terms to those given to the New England Company. The petition was referred to the Treasury Board with power to act, and a contract was concluded the following year. During the Autumn the directors of the New England Company were preparing to occupy their grant the following Spring, and upon the _23d of November made arrangements for a party of forty-seven men, under the superintendency of Gen. Rufus Putnam, to set forward. Six boat-builders were to leave at once, and on the first of January the sur- veyors and their assistants, twenty-six in number, were to meet at Hart- ford and proceed on their journey westward ; the remainder to follow as soon as possible. Congress, in the meantime, upon the 3d of October, had ordered seven hundred troops for defense of the western settlers, and to prevent unauthorized intrusions ; and two days later appointed Arthur St. Clair Governor of the Territory of the Northwest. AMERICAN SETTLEMENTS. The civil organization of the Northwest Territory was now com- plete, and notwithstanding the uncertainty of Indian affairs, settlers from the East began to come into the country rapidly. The New England Company sent their men during the Winter of 1787-8 pressing on over the Alleghenies by the old Indian path which had been opened into Braddock's road, and which has since been made a national turnpike from Cumberland westward. Through the weary winter days they toiled on, and by April were all gathered on the Yohiogany, where boats had been built, and at once started for the Muskingum. Here they arrived on the 7th of that month, and unless the Moravian missionaries be regarded as the pioneers of Ohio, this little band can justly claim that honor. 60 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. Gen. St. Clair, the appointed Governor of the Northwest, not having- yet arrived, a set of laws were passed, written out, and published by- being nailed to a tree in the embryo town, and Jonathan Meigs appointed to administer them. Washington in writing of this, the first American settlement in the Northwest, said : " No colony in America was ever settled under- such favorable auspices as that which has just commenced at Muskingum. Information, property and strength will be its characteristics. I know many of its settlers personally, and there never were men better calcu- lated to promote the welfare of such a community." A PIONEER DWELLING. On the 2d of July a meeting of the directors and agents was held, on the banks of the Muskingum, " for the purpose of naming the new- born city and its squares." As yet the settlement was known as the "Muskingum," but that was now changed to the name Marietta, in honor of Marie Antoinette. The square upon which the block -houses stood was called " Campus Martins ;" square number 19, " Capitolium ;" square number 61, "Cecilia;" and the great road through the covert way, " Sacra- Via." Two days after, an oration was delivered by James M. Varnum,. who with S. H. Parsons and John Armstrong had been appointed to the judicial bench of the territory on the 16th of October, 1787. On July 9, Gov. St. Clair arrived, and tjie colony began to assume form. The act. of 1787 provided two district grades of government for the Northwest* THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 61 .under the first of which the whole power was invested in the hands of a governor and three district judges. This was 'immediately formed upon the Governor's arrival, and the first laws of the colony passed on the 25th of July. These provided for the organization of the militia, and on the next day appeared the Governor's proclamation, erecting all that country that had been ceded by the Indians east of the Scioto River into the County of Washington. From that time forward, notwithstanding the doubts yet existing as to the Indians, all Marietta prospered, and on the 2d of September the first court of the territory was held with imposing ceremonies. The emigration westward at this time was very great. The com- mander at Fort Harmer, at the mouth of the Muskingum, reported four thousand five hundred persons as having passed that post between Feb- ruary and June, 1788 — many of whom would have purchased of the "Associates," as the New England Company was called, had they been ready to receive them. , On the 26th of November, 1787, Symmes issued a- pamphlet stating the terms of his contract and the plan of sale he intended to adopt. In January, 1788, Matthias Denman, of New Jersey, took an active interest in Symmes' purchase, and located among other tracts the sections upon which Cincinnati has been built. Retaining one-third of this locality, he sold the other two-thirds to Robert Patterson and John Filson, and the three, about August, commenced to lay out a town on the spot, which was designated as being opposite Licking River, to the moulh of which they proposed to have a road cut from Lexington. The naming of the town is thus narrated in the "Western Annals " : — " Mr. Filson, who had been a schoolmaster, was appointed to name the town, and, in respect to its situation, and as if with a prophetic perception of the mixed race that were to inhabit it in after days, he named it Losantiville, which, being interpreted, means : ville, the town ; anti, against or opposite to ; os, the mouth ; L. of Licking." Meanwhile, in July, Symmes got thirty persons and eight four-horse teams under way for the West. These reached Limestone (now Mays- ville) in September, where were several persons from Redstone. Here Mr. Symmes tried to found a settlement, but the great freshet of 178& caused the " Point," as it was and is yet called, to be fifteen feet under water, and the settlement to be abandoned. The little band of settlers removed to the mouth of the Miami. Before Symmes and his colony left the " Point," two settlements had been made on his purchase. The first was by Mr. Stiltes, the original projector of the whole plan, who, with a colony of Redstone people, had located at the mouth of the Miami, whither Symmes went with his Maysville colony. Here a clearing had 62 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. teen made by the Indians owing to the great fertility of the soil. Mr. Stiltes with his colony came to this place on the 18th of November, 1788, with twenty-six persons, and, building a block-house, prepared to remain through the Winter. They named the settlement Columbia. Here they were kindly treated, by the Indians, but suffered greatly from the flood of 1789. On the 4th of March, 1789, the Constitution of the United States went into operation, and on April 30, George Washington was inaug- urated President of the American people,- and during the next Summer, an Indian war was commenced by the tribes north of the Ohio.- The President at first used pacific means ; but these failing, he sent General Harmer against the hostile tribes. He destroyed several villages, but LAKE BLUFF. The frontage of Lake Bluff Grounds on Lake Michigan, -with one hundred and seventy feet of gradual ascent. was defeated in two battles, -near the present City of Fort Wayne, Indiana. From this time till the close of 1795, the principal events were the wars with the various Indian tribes. In 1796, General St. Clair was appointed in command, and marched against the Indians ; but while he was encamped on a stream, the St. Mary, a branch of the Maumee, he was attacked and defeated with the loss of six hundred men. General Wayne was now sent against the savages. In August, 1794, he met them near the rapids of the Maumee, and gained a complete victory. This success, followed by vigorous measures, compelled the Indians to sue for peace, and on the 30th of July, the following year, the treaty of Greenville was signed by the principal chiefs, by -which a large tract of country was ceded to the United States. Before proceeding in our narrative, we will pause to notice Fort Washington, erected in the early part of this war on the site of Cincinnati. ■Nearly all of the great cities of the Northwest, and indeed of the THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 63 whole country, have had their nuclei in those rude pioneer structures, known as forts or stockades. Thus Forts Dearborn, Washington, Pon- chartrain, mark the original sites of the now proud Cities of Chicago, Cincinnati and Detroit. So of most of the flourishing cities east and west of the Mississippi. Fort Washington, erected by Doughty in 1790, was a rude but highly interesting structure. It was composed of a number of strongly-built hewed log cabins. Those designed for soldiers' barracks were a story and a half high, while those composing the officers quarters were -more imposing and more conveniently arranged and furnished. The whole were so placed as to form a hollow square, enclosing about an acre of ground, with a block house at each of the four angles. The logs for the construction of this fort were cut from the ground upon which it was erected. It stood between Third and Fourth Streets- of the present city (Cincinnati) extending east of Eastern Row, now Broadway, which was then a narrow alley, and the eastern boundary of of the town as it was originally laid out. On the bank of the river, immediately in front of the fort, was an appendage of the fort, called the Artificer's Yard. It contained about two acres of ground, enclosed by small contiguous buildings, occupied by workshops and quarters of laborers. Within this enclosure there was a large two-story frame house, familiarly called the " Yellow House," built for the accommodation of the Quartermaster General. For many years this was the best finished and most commodious edifice in the Queen City. Fort Washington was for some time the headquarters of both the civil and military governments of the Northwestern Territory. Following the consummation of the treaty various gigantic land spec- ulations were entered into by different persons, who hoped to obtain from the Indians in Michigan and northern Indiana, large tracts of lands. These were generally discovered in time to prevent the outrageous schemes from being carried out, and from involving the settlers in war. On October 27, 1795, the treaty between the United States and Spain was signed, whereby the free navigation of the Mississippi was secured. No sooner had the treaty of 1795 been ratified than settlements began to pour rapidly into the West. The great event of the year 1796 was the occupation of that part of the Northwest including Michigan, which was this year, under the provisions of the treaty, evacuated by the British forces. The United States, owing to certain conditions, did not feel justified in addressing the authorities in Canada in relation to Detroit and other frontier posts. When at last the British authorities were called to give them up, they at once complied, and General Wayne, who had done so much to preserve the frontier settlements, and who, before the year's close, sickened and died near Erie, transferred his head- £4 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. quarters to the neighborhood of the lakes, where a county named after him was formed, which included the northwest of Ohio, all of Michigan, and the northeast of Indiana. During this same year settlements were formed at the present City of Chillicothe, along the Miami from Middle- town to Piqua, while in the more distant West, settlers and speculators began to appear in great numbers. In September, the City of Cleveland was laid out, and during the Summer and Autumn, Samuel Jackson and Jonathan Sharpless erected the first manufactory of paper — the " Red- stone Paper Mill" — in the West. St. Louis contained some seventy houses, and Detroit over three hundred, and along the river, contiguous to it, were more than three thousand inhabitants, mostly French Canadians, Indians and half-breeds, scarcely any Americans venturing yet into that part of the Northwest. The election of representatives for the territory had taken place, and on the 4th of February, 1799, they convened at Losantiville — now known as Cincinnati, having been named so by Gov. St. Clair, and ■considered the capital of the Territory — to nominate persons from whom the members of the Legislature were to be chosen in accordance with a previous ordinance. This nomination being made, the Assembly adjourned until the 16th of the following September. From those named the President selected as members of the council, Henry Vandenburg, of Vincennes, Robert Oliver, of Marietta, James Findlay and Jacob Burnett, of Cincinnati, and David Vance, of Vanceville. On the 16th ■of September the Territorial Legislature met, and on the 24th the two houses were duly organized, Henry Vandenburg being elected President of the Council. The message of Gov. St. Clair was addressed to the Legislature September 20th, and on October 13th that body elected as a delegate to Congress Gen. Wm. Henry Harrison, who received eleven of the votes cast, being a majority of one over his opponent, Arthur St. Clair, son of Gen. St. Clair. The whole number of acts passed at this session, and approved by the Governor, were thirty-seven — eleven others were passed, but received his veto. The most important of those passed related to the militia, to the administration, and to taxation. On the 19th of December this pro- tracted session of the first Legislature in the West was closed, and on the 30th of December the President nominated Charles Willing Bryd to the office of Secretary of the Territory vice Wm. Henry Harrison, elected to Congress. The Senate oonfirmed his nomination the next day. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 65 , DIVISION OF THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. The increased emigration to the Northwest, the extent of the domain, and the inconvenient modes of travel, made it very difficult to conduct the ordinary operations of government, and tendered the efficient action of courts almost impossible. To remedy this, it was deemed advisable to divide the territory for civil purposes. Congress, in 1800, appointed a committee to examine the question and report some means for its solution. This committee, on the 3d of March, reported that : " In the three western countries there has been but one court having cognizance of crimes, in five years, and the immunity which offenders experience attracts, as to an asylum, the most vile and abandoned crim- inals, and at the same time deters useful citizens from making settlements in such society. The extreme necessity of judiciary attention and assist- ance is experienced in civil as well as in criminal cases. * * * * To minister a remedy to these and other evils, it occurs to this committee that it is expedient that a division of said territory into two distinct and separate governments should be made ; and that such division be made by a line beginning at the mouth of the Great Miami River, running directly north until it intersects the boundary between the United States and Canada." The report was accepted by Congress, and, in accordance with its suggestions, that body passed an Act extinguishing the Northwest Terri- tory, which Act was approved May 7. Among its provisions were these : " That from and after July 4 next, all that part of the Territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio River, which lies to the westward of a line beginning at a point on the Ohio, opposite to the mouth of the Kentucky River, and running thence to Fort Recovery, and thence north until it shall intersect the territorial line between the United States and Canada, shall, for the purpose of temporary government, constitute a separate territory, and be called the Indiana Territory." After providing for the exercise of the civil and criminal powers of the territories, and other provisions, the Act further provides: " That until it shall otherwise be ordered by the Legislatures of the said Territories, respectively, Chillicothe on the Scioto River shall be the seat of government of the Territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio River ; and that St. Vincennes on the Wabash River shall be the seat of government for the Indiana Territory." Gen. Wm. Henry Harrison was appointed Governor of the Indiana Territory, and entered upon his duties about a year later. Connecticut also about this time released her claims to the reserve, and in March a law gg THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. was passed accepting this cession. Settlements had been made upon- thirty-five of the townships in the reserve, mills had been built, and seven hundred miles of road cut in various directions. On the 3d of November the General Assembly met at Chillicothe. Near the close of the year, the first missionary of the Connecticut Reserve came, who found no township containing more than eleven families. It was upon the first of October that the secret treaty had been made between Napoleon and the King of Spain, whereby the latter agreed to cede to France the province of Louisiana. In January, 1802, the Assembly of the Northwestern Territory char- tered the college at Athens. From the earliest dawn of the western colonies, education was promptly provided for, and as early as 1787,. newspapers were issued from Pittsburgh and Kentucky, and largely read throughout the frontier settlements. Before the close of this year, the- Congress of the United States granted to the citizens of the Northwestern territory the formation of a State government. One of the provisions of the "compact of 1787" provided that whenever the number of inhabit- ants within prescribed limits exceeded 45,000, they should be entitled to- a separate government. The prescribed limits of Ohio contained, from a census taken to ascertain the legality of the act, more than that number,, and on the 30th of April, 1802, Congress passed the act defining its limits,, and on the 29th of November the Constitution of the new State of Ohio, so named from the beautiful river forming its southern boundary, came into existence. The exact limits of Lake Michigan were not then known, but the territory now included within the State of Michigan was wholly within the territory of Indiana. Gen. Harrison, while residing at Vmcennes, made several treaties- with the Indians, thereby gaining large tracts of lands. The next year is- memorable in the history of the West for the purchase of Louisiana from France by the United States for 115,000,000. Thus by a peaceful mode, the domain of the United States was extended over a large tract of country west of the Mississippi, and was for a time under the jurisdiction of the Northwest government, and, as has been mentioned in the early part of this narrative, was called the "New Northwest." The limits of this history will not allow a description of its territory. The same year large grants of land were obtained from the Indians, and the House of Representatives of the new State of Ohio signed a bill respecting the College Township in the district of Cincinnati. Before the close of the year, Gen. Harrison obtained additional grants of lands from the various Indian nations in Indiana and the present limits of Illinois, and on the 18th of August, 1804, completed a treaty at St. Louis, whereby over 51,000,000 acres of lands were obtained from th& THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 67 aborigines. Measures were also taken to learn the condition of affairs in and about Detroit. C. Jouett, the Indian agent in Michigan, still a part of Indiana Terri- tory, reported as follows upon the condition of matters at that post : "The Town of Detroit.— The charter, which is for fifteen miles square, was granted in the time of Louis XIV. of France, and is now, from the best information I have been able to get, at Quebec. Of those two hundred and twenty-five acres, only four are occupied by the town and Fort Lenault. The remainder is a common, except twenty-four acres r which were added twenty years ago to a farm belonging to Wm. Macomb. * * * A stockade incloses the town, fort and citadel. The pickets, as well as the public houses, are in a state of gradual decay. The streets are narrow, straight and regular, and intersect each other at right angles. The houses are, for the most part, low and inelegant." During this year, Congress granted a township of land for the sup- port of a college, and began to offer inducements for settlers in these wilds, and the country now comprising the State of Michigan began to nil rapidly with settlers along its southern borders. This same year, also, a law was passed organizing the Southwest Territory, dividing it into two portions, the Territory of New Orleans, which city was made the seat of government, and the District of Louisiana, which was annexed to the domain of Gen. Harrison. On the 11th of January, 1805, the Territory of Michigan was formed, Wm. Hull was appointed governor, with headquarters at Detroit, the change to take effect on June 30. On the 11th of that month, a fire occurred at Detroit, which destroyed almost every building in the place. When the officers of the new territory reached the post, they found it in ruins, and the inhabitants scattered throughout the country. Rebuild- ing, however, soon commenced, and ere long the town contained more houses, than before the fire, and many of them much better built. While this was being done, Indiana had passed to the second grade of government, and through her General Assembly had obtained large tracts of land from the Indian tribes. To all this the celebrated Indian, Tecumthe or Tecumseh, vigorously protested, and it was the main cause of his attempts to unite the various Indian tribes in a conflict with the settlers. To obtain a full account of these attempts, the workings of the British, and the signal failure, culminating in the death of Tecumseh at the battle of the Thames, and the close of the war of 1812 in the Northwest, we will step aside in our story, and relate the principal events of his life, and his connection with this conflict. 68 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. TECUMSEH, THE SHAWANOE CHIEFTAIN. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 69 TECUMSEH, AND THE WAR OF 1812. This famous Indian chief was born about the year 1768, not far from the site of the* present City of Piqua, Ohio. His father, Puckeshinwa, was a member of the Kisopok tribe of the Swanoese nation, and his mother, Methontaske, was a member of the Turtle tribe of the same people. They removed from Florida about the middle of the last century to the birthplace of Tecumseh. In 1774, his father, who had risen to be chief, was slain at the battle of Point Pleasant, and not long after Tecum- seh, by his bravery, became the leader of his tribe. In 1795 he was declared chief, and then lived at Deer Creek, near the site of the- present City of Urbana. He remained here about one year, when he returned to Piqua, and in 1798, he went to White River,\ Indiana. In 1805, he and his brother, Laulewasikan (Open Door), who had announced himself as a prophet, went to a tract of land on the Wabash River, given them by the Pottawatomies and Kickapoos. From this date the chief comes into prominence. He was now about thirty-seven years of age, was five feet and ten inches in height, was stoutly built, and possessed of enormous powers of endurance. His countenance was naturally pleas- ing, and he was, in general, devoid of those savage attributes possessed by most Indians. It is stated he could read and write, and had a confi- dential secretary and adviser, named Billy Caldwell, a half-breed, who afterward became chief of the Pottawatomies. He occupied the first house built on the site of Chicago. At this time, Tecumseh entered upon the great work of his life. He had long objected to the grants of land made by the Indians to the whites, and determined to unite all the Indian tribes into a league, in order that no treaties or grants of land could be made save by the consent of this confederation. He traveled constantly, going from north to south ; from the south to the north, everywhere urging the Indians to this step. He was a matchless orator, and his burning words had their effect. Gen. Harrison,\ then Governor of Indiana, by watching the move- ments of the Indians, became convinced that a grand conspiracy was forming, and made preparations to defend the settlements. Tecumseh's plan was similar to Pontiac's, elsewhere described, and to the cunning artifice of that chieftain was added his own sagacity. During the year 1809, Tecumseh and the prophet were actively pre- paring for the work. In that year, Gen. Harrison entered into a treaty with the Delawares, Kickapoos, Pottawatomies, Miamis, Eel River Indians and Weas, in which these tribes ceded to the whites certain lands upon the Wabash, to all of which Tecumseh entered a bitter protest, averring TO THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. ^ as one principal reason that he did not want the Indians to give up any lands north and west of the Ohio River. Tecumseh, in August, 1810, visited the General at Vincennes and held a council relating to the grievances of the Indians. Becoming unduly angry at this conference he was dismissed from the village,*and soon after departed to incite the southern Indian tribes to the conflict. Gen. Harrison determined to move upon the chief's headquarters at Tippecanoe, and for this purpose went about sixty-five miles up the Wabash, where he built Fort Harrison. From this place he went to the prophet's town, where he informed the Indians he had no hostile inten- tions, provided they were true to the existing treaties. He encamped near the village early in October, and on the morning of November 7, he was attacked by a large force of the Indians, and the famous battle of Tippecanoe occurred. The Indians were routed and their town broken up. Tecumseh returning not long after, was greatly exasperated at his brother, the prophet, even threatening to kill him for rashly precipitating the war, and foiling his (Tecumseh's) plans. Tecumseh sent word to Gen. Harrison that he was now returned from the South, and was ready to visit the President as had at one time previously been proposed. Gen. Harrison informed him be could not go as a chief, which method Tecumseh desired, and the visit, was never made. In June of the following year, he visited the Indian agent at Fort Wayne. Here he disavowed any intention to make a war against the United States, and reproached Gen. Harrison for marching against his people. The agent replied to this ; Tecumseh listened with a cold indif- ference, and after making a few general remarks, with a haughty air drew his blanket about him, left the council house, and departed for Fort Mai- den, in Upper Canada, where he joined the British standard. He remained under this Government, doing effective work for the Crown while engaged in the war of 1812 which now opened. He was, ' however, always humane in his treatment of the prisoners, never allow- ing his warriors to ruthlessly mutilate the bodies of those slain, or wan- tonly murder the captive. In the Summer of 1813, Perry's victory on Lake Erie occurred, and shortly after active preparations were made to capture Maiden. On the 27th of September, the American army, under Gen. Harrison, set sail for the shores of Canada, and in a few hours stood around the ruins o£ Mai- den, from which the British army, under Proctor, had retreated to Sand- wich, intending to make its way to the heart of Canada by the Valley ol the Thames. On the 29th Gen. Harrison was at Sandwich,, and Gen. McArthur took possession of Detroit and the territory of Michigan. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 71 On the 2d of October, the Americans began their pursuit of Proctor, whom they overtook on the 5th, and the battle of the Thames followed. Early in the engagement, Tecumseh who was at the head of the column of Indians was slain, and they, no longer hearing the voice of their chief- tain, fled. The victory was decisive, and practically closed the war in the Northwest. \4>««« t ^tt f> INDIANS ATTACKING A STOCKADE. Just who killed the great chief has been a matter of much dispute ; but the weight of opinion awards the act to Col. Richard M. Johnson, who fired at him with a pistol, the shot proving fatal. In 1805 occurred Burr's Insurrection. He took possession of a beautiful island in the Ohio, after the killing of Hamilton^and is charged by many with attempting to set up an independent government. His plans were frustrated by the general government, his property confiscated and he was compelled to flee the country for safety. 72 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. In January, 1807, Governor Hull, of Michigan Territory, made a treaty with the Indians, whereby all that peninsula was ceded to the United States. Before the close of the year, a stockade was built about Detroit. It was also during this year that Indiana and Illinois endeavored to obtain the repeal of that section of the compact of 1787, whereby slavery was excluded from the Northwest Territory. These attempts, however, all signally failed. In 1809 it was deemed advisable to 1 divide the Indiana Territory. This was done, and the Territory of Illinois was formed from the western part, the seat of government being fixed at Kaskaskia. The next year, the intentions of Tecumseh manifested themselves in open hostilities, and then began the events already narrated. While this war was in progress, emigration to the West went on with surprising rapidity. In 1811, under Mr. Roosevelt of New York, the first steamboat trip was made on the Ohio, much to the astonishment of the natives, many of whom fled in terror at the appearance of the " monster." It arrived at Louisville on the 10th day of October; At the close of the first week of January, 1812, ijt arrived at Natchez, after being nearly overwhelmed in the great earthquake which occurred while on its downward trip. The battle of the Thames was fought on October 6, 1813. It effectually closed hostilities in the Northwest, although peace was not fully restored until July 22, 1814, when a treaty was formed at Green- ville, under the direction of General Harrison, between the United States^ and the Indian tribes, in which it was stipulated that the Indians should cease hostilities against the Americans if the war were continued. Such, happily, was not the case, and on the 24th of December the treaty of Ghent was signed by the representatives of England and the United States. This treaty was followed the next year by treaties with various Indian tribes throughout the West and Northwest, and quiet was again restored in this part of the new world. On the 18th of March, 1816, Pittsburgh was incorporated as a city. It then had a population of 8,000 people, and was already noted for its manufacturing interests. On April 19, Indiana Territory was allowed to form a state government. At that time there were thirteen counties organized, containing about sixty-three thousand inhabitants. The first election of state officers was held in August, when Jonathan Jennings was chosen Governor. The officers were sworn in on November 7, and on December 11, the State was formally admitted into the Union. For some time the seat of government was at Corydon, but a more central location being desirable, the present capital, Indianapolis (City of Indiana), was laid out January 1, 1825. , THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 73 On the 28th of December the Bank of Illinois, at Shawneetown, was chartered, with a capital of $300,000. At this period all banks were under the control of the States, and were allowed to establish branches at different convenient points. Until this time Chillicothe and Cincinnati had in turn enjoyed the privileges of being the capital of Ohio. But the rapid settlement of the northern and eastern portions of the State demanded, as in Indiana, a more central location, and before the close of the year, the site of Col- umbus was selected and surveyed as the future capital of the State. Banking had begun in Ohio as early as 1808, when the first bank was chartered at Marietta, but here as elsewhere it did not bring to the state the hoped-for assistance. It and other banks were subsequently unable to redeem their currency, and were obliged to suspend. In 1818, Illinois was made a state, and all the territory north of her northern limits was erected into a separate territory and joined to Mich- igan for judicial purposes. By the following year, navigation of the lakes was increasing with great rapidity and affording an immense source of revenue to the dwellers in the Northwest, but it was not until 1826 that the trade was extended to Lake Michigan, or that steamships began to navigate the bosom of that inland sea. Until the year 1832, the commencement of the Black Hawk War, but few hostilities were experienced with the Indians. Roads were opened, canals were dug, cities were built, common schools were estab- lished, universities were founded, many of which, especially the Michigan University, have achieved a world wide-reputation. The people were becoming wealthy. The domains of the United States had been extended, and had the sons of the forest been treated with honesty and justice, the record of many years would have been that of peace and continuous pros- perity. BLACK HAWK AND THE BLACK HAWK WAR. i This conflict, though confined to Illinois, is an important epoch in the Northwestern history, being the last war with the Indians in this part of the United States. Maf-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiah, or Black Hawk, was born in the principal Sac village, about three miles from the junction of Rock River with the Mississippi, in the year 1767. His father's name was Py-e-sa or Pahaes ; his grandfather's, Na-na-ma-kee, or the Thunderer. Black Hawk early distinguished himself as a warrior, and at the age of fifteen was permitted to paint and was ranked among the braves. About the year 1783, he Went on an expedition against the enemies of his nation, the Osages, one 74 THE KORTHWEST TERRITORY. BLACK HAWK, THE SAC CHIEFTAIN. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 75 of whom he killed and scalped, and for this deed of Indian bravery he was permitted to join in the scalp dance. Three or four years after he, at the head of two hundred braves, went on another expedition against the Osages, to avenge the murder of some women and children belonging to his own tribe. Meeting an equal number of Osage warriors, a fierce battle ensued, in which the latter tribe lost one-half their number. The Sacs lost only about nineteen warriors. He next attacked the Cherokees for a similar cause. In a severe battle with them, near the present City of St. Louis, his father was slain, and Black Hawk, taking possession of the " Medicine Bag," at once announced himself chief of the Sac nation. He had now conquered the Cherokees, and about the' year 1800, at the head of five hundred Sacs and Foxes, and a hundred Iowas, he waged war against the Osage nation and subdued it. For two years he battled successfully .with other Indian tribes, all of whom he conquered. Black Hawk does not at any time seem to have been friendly to the Americans. • When on a visit to St. Louis to see his " Spanish Father," he declined to see any of the Americans, alleging, as a reason, he did not want two fathers. The treaty at St. Louis was consummated in 1804. The next year the United States Government erected a fort near the head of the Des Moines Rapids, called Fort Edwards. This seemed to enrage Black Hawk, who at once determined to capture Fort Madison, standing on the west side of the Mississippi above the mouth of the Des Moines River. The fort was garrisoned by about fifty men. Here he was defeated. The difficulties with the British Government arose about this. time, and the War of 1812 followed. That government, extending aid to the Western Indians, by giving them arms and ammunition, induced them to remain hostile to the Americans. In August, 1812, Black Hawk, at the head of about five hundred braves, started to join the British forces at Detroit, passing on his way the site of Chicago, where the famous Fort Dearborn Massacre h:.c T a few days before occurred. Of his connection with the British Grcvernment but little is known. In 1813 he with his little band descended the Mississippi, and attacking some United States troops at Fort Howard was defeated. In the early part of 1815, the Indian tribes west of the Mississippi were notified that peace had been declared between the United States and England, and nearly all hostilities had ceased. Black Hawk did not sign any treaty, however, until May of the following year. He then recog- nized the validity of the treaty at St. Louis in 1804. From the time of signing this treaty in 1816, until the breaking out of the war in 1832, he and his band passed their time in the common pursuits of Indian life. Ten years before the commencement of this war, the Sac and Fox 76 THE NOETHWEST TERRITORY. Indians were urged to join the Iowas on the west bank of the Father of Waters. All were agreed, save the band known as the British Band, of which Black Hawk was leader. He strenuously objected to the removal, and was induced to comply only after being threatened with the power of the Government. This and various' actions on the part of the white set- tlers provoked Black Hawk and his band to attempt the capture of his native village now occupied by the whites. The war followed. He and his actions were undoubtedly misunderstood, and had his wishes been acquiesced in at the beginning of the struggle, much bloodshed would have been prevented. Black Hawk was chief now of the Sac and Fox nations, and a noted warrior. He and his tribe inhabited a village on Rock River, nearly three miles above its confluence with the Mississippi, where the tribe had lived many generations. When that portion of Illinois was reserved to them, they remained in peaceable possession of their reservation, spending their time in the enjoyment of Indian life. The fine situation of their village and the quality of their lands incited the more lawless white settlers, who from time to time began to encroach upon the red men's domain. From one pretext to another, and from one step to another, the crafty white men gained a foothold, until through whisky and artifice they obtained deeds from many of the Indians for their possessions. The Indians were finally induced to cross over the Father of Waters and locate among the Iowas. Black Hawk was strenuously opposed to all this, but as the authorities of Illinois and the United States thought this the best move, he was forced to comply. Moreover other tribes joined the whites and urged the removal. Black Hawk would not agree to the terms of the treaty made with his nation for their lands, and as soon as the military, called to enforce his removal, had retired, he returned to the Illinois side of the river. A large force was at once raised and marched against him. On the evening of May 14, 1832, the first engagement occurred between a band from this army and Black Harwk's band, in which the former were defeated. This attack and its result aroused the whites. A large force of m,en was raised, and Gen. Scott hastened from the seaboard, by way of the lakes, with United States troops and artillery to aid in the subjugation of the Indians. On the 24th of June, Black Hawk, with 200 warriors, was repulsed by Major Demont between Rock River and Galena. The Ameri- can army continued to move up Rock River toward the main body of the Indians, and on the 21st of July came upon Black Hawk and his band, and defeated them near the Blue Mounds. Before this action, Gen. Henry, in command, sent word to the main army by whom he was immediately rejoined, and the whole crossed the THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 77 "Wisconsin in pursuit of Black Hawk and his band who were fleeing to the Mississippi. They were overtaken on the 2d of August, and in the battle which followed the power of the Indian chief was completely broken. He -fled, but was seized by the Winnebagoes and delivered to the whites. On the 21st of September, 1832, Gen. Scott and Gov. Reynolds con- cluded a treaty with the Winnebagoes, Sacs and Foxes by which they ■ceded to the United States a vast tract of country, and agreed to remain peaceable with the whites. For the faithful performance of the provi- sions of this treaty on the part of the Indians, it was stipulated that Black Hawk, his two sons, the prophet Wabokieshiek, and six other chiefs •of the hostile bands should be retained as hostages during the pleasure of the President. They were confined at Fort Barracks and put in irons. The next Spring, by order of the Secretary of War, they were taken to Washington. From there they were removed to Fortress Monroe, "there to remain until the conduct of their nation was such as to justify their being set at liberty." They were retained here until the 4th of June, when the authorities directed them to be taken to the principal cities so that they might see the folly of contending against the white people. Ever}'where they were observed by thousands, the name of the •old chief being extensively known. By the middle of August they reached Fort Armstrong on Rock Island, where Black Hawk was soon after released to go to his countrymen. As he passed the site of his birth- place, now the home of the white man, he was deeply moved. His village where he was born, where he had so happily lived, and where he had hoped to die, was now another's dwelling place, and he was a wanderer. On the next day after his release, he went at once to his tribe and his lodge. His wife was yet living, and with her he passed the remainder •of his days. To his credit it may be said that Black Hawk always re- mained true to his wife, and served her with a devotion uncommon among the Indians, living with her upward of forty years. Black Hawk now passed his time hunting and fishing. A deep mel- ancholy had settled over him from which he could not be freed. At all times when he visited the whites he was received with marked atten- tion. He was an honored guest at the old settlers' reunion in Lee County, Illinois, at some of. their meetings, and received many tokens of esteem. In September, 1838, while on his way to Rock Island to receive his annuity from the Government, he contracted a severe cold which resulted in a fatal attack of bilious fever which terminated his life on October 3. His faithful wife, who was devotedly attached to him, mourned deeply •during his sickness. After his death he was dressed in the uniform pre- sented to him by the President while in Washington. He was buried in •a grave six feet in depth, situated upon a beautiful eminence. " The 78 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. body was placed in the middle of the grave, in a sitting posture, upon a seat constructed for the purpose. On his left side, the cane, given him by Henry Clay, was placed upright, with his right hand resting upon it. Many of the old warrior's trophies were placed in the grave, and some Indian garments, together with his favorite weapons." No sooner was the Black Hawk war concluded than settlers began rapidly to pour into the northern parts of Illinois, and into Wisconsin, now free from Indian depredations. Chicago, from a trading post, had grown to a commercial center, and was rapidly coming into prominence. In 1835, the formation of a State Government in Michigan was discussed, but did not take active form until two years later, when the State became a part of the Federal Union. The main attraction to that portion of the Northwest lying west of Lake Michigan, now included in the State of Wisconsin, was its alluvial wealth. Copper ore was found about Lake Superior. For some time this- region was attached to Michigan for judiciary purposes, but in 183(5 was made a territory, then including Minnesota and Iowa. The latter State was detached two years later. In 1848, Wisconsin was admitted as a. State, Madison being made the capital. We have now traced the various- divisions of the Northwest Territory (save a little in Minnesota) from the time it was a unit comprising this vast territory, until circumstances, compelled its present division. THE UOBTH.-WEST TERRITORY. 79 PRESENT CONDITION OF THE NORTHWEST Preceding chapters have brought us to the close of the Black Hawk ■war, and we now turn to the contemplation of the growth and prosperity of the Northwest under the smile of peace and the blessings of our civili- zation. The pioneers of this region date events back to the deep snow OLD FORT DEAKBOEN, 1830. of 1831, no one arriving here since that date taking first honors. The inciting cause of the immigration which overflowed the prairies early in the '30s was the reports of the marvelous beauty and fertility of the region distributed through the East by those who had participated in the Black Hawk campaign with Gen. Scott. Chicago and Milwaukee then had a few hundred inhabitants, and Gurdon S. Hubbard's trail from the former city to Kaskaskia led almost through a wilderness. Vegetables and clothing were largely distributed through the regions adjoining the 80 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. lakes by steamers from the Ohio towns. There are men now living in Illinois who came to the state when barely an acre was in cultivation, and a man now prominent in the business circles of Chicago looked over the swampy, cheerless site of that metropolis in 1818 and went south- ward into civilization. Emigrants from Pennsylvania in 1830 left behind LINCOLN MONUMENT, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS. them but one small railway in the coal regions, thirty miles in length, and made their way to the Northwest mostly with ox teams, finding in Northern Illinois petty settlements scores of miles apart, although the southern portion of the state was fairly dotted with farms. The water courses of the lakes and rivers furnished transportation to the second great army of immigrants, and about 1850 railroads were pushed to that extent that the crisis of 1837' was precipitated upon us, THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 81 from the effects of which the "Western country had not fully recovered at the outbreak of the war. Hostilities found the colonists of the prairies fully alive to the demands of the occasion, and the honor of recruiting the vast armies of the Union fell largely 'to Gov. Yates, of Illinois, and Gov. Morton, of Indiana. To recount the share of the glories of the campaign won by our Western troops is a needless task, except to mention the fact that Illinois gave to the nation the President who save4 82 THE NOKTETWEST TEEEITOEY. it, and sent out at the head of one of its regiments tne general who led i the Union we have since been- compelled to atone therefor by foui THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 83 years of depression of values, of scarcity of employment, and loss of fortune. To a less degree, however, than the manufacturing or mining regions has the West suffered during the prolonged panic now so near its end. Agriculture, still the leading feature in our industries, has been quite prosperous through all these dark years, and the farmers have cleared away many incumbrances resting over them from the period of fictitious values. The population has steadily increased, the arts and sciences are gaining a stronger foothold, the trade area of the region is becoming daily more extended, and we have been largely exempt from the financial calamities which have nearly wrecked communities on the seaboard dependent wholly on foreign commerce or domestic manufacture. At the present period there are no great schemes broached for the Northwest, no propositions for government subsidies or national works of improvement, but the capital of the world is attracted hither for the purchase of our products or the expansion of our capacity for serving the nation at large. A new era is dawning as to transportation, and we bid fair to deal almost exclusively with the increasing and expanding lines of steel rail running through every few miles' of territory on the prairies. The lake marine will no doubt continue to be useful in the warmer season, and to serve as a regulator of freight rates; but experienced navigators forecast the decay of the system in moving to the seaboard the enormous crops of the West. Within the past five years it has become quite common to see direct shipments to Europe and the West Indies going through from the second-class towns along the Mississippi and Missouri. As to popular education, the standard has of late risen very greatly, and our schools would be creditable to any section of the Union. More and more as the events of the war pass into obscurity will the fate of the Northwest be linked with that of the Southwest, and the next Congressional apportionment will give the valley of the Mississippi absolute control of the legislation of the nation, and do much toward securing the removal of the Federal capitol to some more central location. Our public men continue to wield the full share of influence pertain- ing to their rank in the national autonomy, and seem not to forget that for the past sixteen years they and their constituents have dictated the principles which should govern the country. In a work like this, destined to lie on the shelves of the library for generations, and not doomed to daily destruction like a newspaper, one can not indulge in the same glowing predictions, the sanguine statements of actualities that fill the columns of ephemeral publications. Time may bring grief to the pet projects of a writer, and explode castles erected on a pedestal of facts. Yet there are unmistakable indications before us of 84 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. the same radical change in our great Northwest which characterizes its history for the past thirty years. Our domain has a sort of natural geographical border, save where it melts away to the southward in the cattle raising districts of the southwest. Our prime interest will for some years doubtless be the growth of the food of the world, in which branch it has already outstripped all competitors, and our great rival in this duty will naturally be the fertile plains of Kansas, Nebraska and Colorado, to say nothing of the new empire so rapidly growing up in Texas. Over these regions there is a continued progress in agriculture and in railway building, and we must look to our laurels. Intelligent observers of events are fully aware of the strides made in the way of shipments of fresh meats to Europe, many of these ocean cargpes being actually slaughtered in the West and transported on ice to the wharves of the seaboard cities. That this new enterprise will continue there is no reason to doubt. There are in Chicago several factories for the canning of prepared meats for European consumption, and the orders for this class of goods are already immense. English capital is becoming daily more and more dissatisfied with railway loans and investments, and is gradually seeking mammoth outlays in lands and live stock. The stock yards in Chicago, Indianapolis and East St. Louis are yearly increasing their facilities, and their plant steadily grows more valuable. Importations of blooded animals from the pro- gressive countries of Europe are destined to greatly improve the quality of our beef and mutton. Nowhere is there to be seen a more enticing display in this line than at our state and county fairs, and the interest in the matter is on the increase. To attempt to give statistics of our grain production for 1877 would be useless, so far have we surpassed ourselves in the quantity and quality of our product. We are too liable to forget that we are giving the world its first article of necessity — its food supply. An opportunity to learn this fact so it never can be forgotten was afforded at Chicago at the outbreak of the great panic of 1873, when Canadian purchasers, fearing the prostration of business mightbring about an anarchical condition of affairs, went to that city with coin in bulk and foreign drafts to secure their supplies in their own currency at first hands. It may be justly claimed by the agricultural community that their combined efforts gave the nation its first impetus toward a restoration of its crippled industries, and their labor brought the gold premium to a lower depth than the government was able to reach by its most intense efforts of legislation and compulsion. The hundreds of millions about to be disbursed for farm products have already, by the anticipation common to all commercial THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 85 nations, set the wheels in motion, and will relieve us from the perils so long shadowing our efforts to return to a healthy tone. Manufacturing has attained in the chief cities a foothold which bids fair to render the Northwest independent of the outside world. Nearly HTrNTIJTft PRAIRI.E WOLVES IN AN EARLY DAY. our whole region has a distribution of coal measures which will in time support the manufactures necessary to our comfort and prosperity. As to transportation, the chief factor in the production of all articles excep *■■ food, no section is so magnificently endowed, and our facilities are yearly increasing beyond those of any other region. 86 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. The period from a central point of the war to the outbreak of the panic was marked by a tremendous growth in our railway lines, but the depression of the times caused almost a total suspension of operations. Now that prosperity is returning to our stricken country we witness its anticipation by the railroad interest in a series of projects, extensions, and leases which bid fair to largely increase our transportation facilities. The process of foreclosure and sale of incumbered lines is another matter to be considered. In the case of the Illinois Central road, which formerly transferred to other lines at Cairo the vast, burden of freight destined for the Gulf region, we now see the incorporation of the tracks connecting through to New Orleans, every mile co-operating in turning toward the northwestern metropolis the weight of the inter-state commerce of a thousand miles or more of fertile plantations. Three competing routes to Texas have established in Chicago their general freight and passenger agencies. Four or five lines compete for all Pacific freights to a point as as far as the interior of Nebraska. Half a dozen or more splendid bridge structures have been thrown across the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers by the railways. The Chicago and Northwestern line has become an aggre- gation of over two thousand miles of rail, and the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul is its close rival in extent and importance. The three lines running to Cairo via Vincennes form a through route for all traffic with the states to the southward. The chief projects now under discussion are the Chicago and Atlantic, which is to unite with lines now built to Charleston, and the Chicago and Canada Southern, which line will con- nect with all the various branches of that Canadian enterprise. Our latest new road is the Chicago and Lake Huron, formed of three lines, and entering the city from Valparaiso on the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago track. The trunk lines being mainly in operation, the progress made in the way of shortening tracks, making air-line branches, and running extensions does not show to the advantage it deserves, as this process is constantly adding new facilities to the established order of things. The, panic reduced the price of steel to a point where the railways could hardly afford to use iron rails, and all our northwestern lines report large relays of Bessemer track. The immense crops now being moved have given a great rise to the value of railway stocks, and their transportation must result in heavy pecuniary advantages. Few are aware of the importance of the wholesale and jobbing trade of Chicago. One leading firm has since the panic sold $24,000,000 of dry goods in one year, and they now expect most confidently to add seventy per cent, to the figures of their last year's business. In boots and shoes and in clothing, twenty or more great firms from the east have placed here their distributing agents or their factories ; and in groceries THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOKY. 87 Chicago supplies the entire Northwest at rates presenting advantages over New York. Chicago has stepped in between New York and the rural banks as a financial center, and scarcely a banking institution in the grain or cattle regions but keeps its reserve funds in the vaults of our commercial insti- tutions. Accumulating here throughout the spring and summer months, they ' are summoned home at pleasure to move the products of the prairies. This process greatly strengthens the northwest in its financial operations, leaving home capital to supplement local operations on behalf of home interests. It is impossible to forecast the destiny of this grand and growing section of the Union. Figures and predictions made at this date -might seem ten years hence so ludicrously small as to excite only derision. TCTNZIE HOUSE. Early History of Illinois. The name of this beautiful Prairie State is derived from Illint, a Delaware word signifying Superior Men. It has a French termination, and is a symbol of how the two races — the French and the Indians — were 1 intermixed during the early history of the country. The appellation was no doubt well applied to the" primitive inhabit- ants of the soil whose prowess in savage warfare long withstood the combined attacks of the fierce Iroquois on the one side, and the no less savage and relentless Saos and Foxes on the other. The Illinois were once a powerful confederacy, occupying the most beautiful and fertile region in the great Valley of the Mississippi, which their enemies coveted and struggled long and hard to wrest from them. By the fortunes of war they were diminished in numbers, and finally destroyed. " Starved Rock," on the Illinois River, according to tradition, commemorates their last tragedy, where, it is said, the entire tribe starved rather than sur- render. EARLY DISCOVERIES. The first European discoveries in Illinois date back over two hun- dred years. They are a part of that movement which, from the begin- ning to the middle of the seventeenth century, brought the French Canadian missionaries and fur traders into the Valley of the Mississippi, and which, at a later period, established the civil and ecclesiastical authority of France from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico, and from the foot-hills of the Alleghanies to the Rocky Mountains. The great river of the West had been discovered by DeSoto, the Spanish conqueror of Florida, three quarters of a century before the French founded Quebec in 1608, but the Spanish left the country a wil- derness, without further exploration or settlement within its borders, in which condition it remained until the Mississippi was discovered by the agents of the French Canadian government, Joliet and Marquette, in 1673. These renowned explorers were not the first white visitors to Illinois. In 1671 — two years in advance of them— came Nicholas Perrot to Chicago. He had been sent by Talon as an agent of the Canadian government fcc 88 HISTOKY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. o o m A a «s A 'A > o 3 A H H O o g a 90 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. call a great peace convention of Western Indians at Green Bay, prepara- tory to the movement for the discovery of the Mississippi. It was deemed a good stroke of policy to secure, as far as possible, the friend- ship and co-operation of the Indians, far and near, before venturing upon an enterprise which their hostility might render disastrous, and which their friendship and assistance would do so much to make successful ; and to this end Perrot was sent to call together in council the tribes throughout the Northwest, and to promise them the commerce and pro- tection of the French government. He accordingly arrived at, Green Bay in 1671, and procuring an escort of Pottawattamies, proceeded in a bark canoe upon -a visit to the Miamis, at Chicago. Perrot was there- fore the first European to set foot upon the soil of Illinois. Still there were others before Marquette. In 1672, the Jesuit mis- sionaries, Fathers Claude Allouez and Claude Dablon, bore the standard of the Cross from their mission at Green Bay through western Wisconsin and northern Illinois, visiting the Foxes on Fox River, and the Masquo- tines and Kickapoos at the mouth of the Milwaukee. These missionaries penetrated on the route afterwards followed by Marquette as far as the Kickapoo village at the head of Lake Winnebago, where Marquette, in his journey, secured guides across the portage to the Wisconsin. The oft-repeated story of Marquette and Joliet is well known. They were the agents employed by the Canadian government to discover the Mississippi. Marquette was a native of France, born in 1637, a Jesuit priest by education, and a man of simple faith and of great zeal and devotion in extending the Roman Catholic religion among the Indians. Arriving in Canada in 1666, he was sent as a missionary to the far Northwest, and, in 1668, founded a mission at Sault Ste. Marie. The following year he moved to La Pointe, in Lake Superior, where he instructed a branch of the Hurons till 1670, when he removed south, and founded the mission at St. Ignace, on the Straits of Mackinaw. Here he remained, devoting a portion of his time to the study of the Illinois language under a native teacher who had accompanied him to the mission from La Pointe, till he was joined by Joliet in the Spring of 1673. By the way of Green Bay and the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, they entered the Mississippi, which they explored to the mouth of the Arkansas, and returned by the way of the Illinois and Chicago Rivers to Lake Michigan. On his way up the Illinois, Marquette visited the great village of the Kaskaskias, near what is now Utica, in the county of LaSalle. The following year he returned and established among them the mission of the Immaculate Virgin Mary, which was the first Jesuit mission founded , in Illinois and in the Mississippi Valley. The intervening winter he had spent in a hut which his companions erected on the Chicago River, a few leagues from its mouth. The. founding of this mission was the last HISTORY OF THE STATE OP ILLINOIS. 91 act of Marquette's life. He died in Michigan, on his way back to Green Bay, May 18, 1675. * FIRST FRENCH OCCUPATION. The first French occupation of the territory now embraced in Illi- nois was effected by LaSalle in 1680, seven years after the time of Mar- quette and Joliet. LaSalle, having constructed a vessel, the " Griffin," above the falls of Niagara, which he sailed to Green Bay, and having passed thence in canoes to the mouth of the St. Joseph River, by which and the Kankakee he reached the Illinois, in January, 1680, erected Fort Oreveeoeur, at the lower end of Peoria Lake, where the city of Peoria is now situated. The place where this ancient fort stood may still be seen just below the outlet of Peoria Lake. It was destined, however, to a temporary existence. From this point, LaSalle determined to descend the Mississippi to its mouth, but did not accomplish this purpose till two years later — in 1682. Returning to Fort Frontenac for the purpose of getting materials with which to rig his vessel, he left the fort in charge of Touti, his lieutenant, who during his absence was driven off by the Iro- quois Indians. These savages had, made a raid upon the settlement of the Illinois, and had left nothing in their track but ruin and desolation. Mr. Davidson, in his History of Illinois, gives the following graphic account of the picture that met the eyes of LaSalle and his' companions on their return : " At the great town of the Illinois they were appalled at the scene which opened to their view. No hunter appeared to break its death-like silence with a salutatory whoop ot welcome. The plain on which the town had stood was now strewn with charred fragments of lodges, which had so recently swarmed with savage life and hilarity. To render more hideous the picture of desolation, large numbers of skulls had been placed on the upper extremities of lodge-poles which had escaped the devouring flames. In the midst of these horrors was the rude fort of the spoilers, rendered frightful by the same ghastly relics. A near approach showed that the graves had been robbed of their bodies, and swarms of buzzards were discovered glutting their loathsome stomachs on the reeking corruption. To complete the work of destruction, the growing corn of the village had been cut down and burned, while the pits containing the products of previous years, had been rifled and their contents scattered with wanton waste. It was evident the suspected blow of the Iroquois had fallen with relentless fury." Tonti had escaped LaSalle knew not whither. Passing down the lake in search of him and his men, LaSalle discovered that the fort had been destroyed, but the vessel which he had partly constructed was still 92 HISTORY OF THE STATE OP ILLINOIS. on the stocks, and but slightly injured. After further fruitless search, failing to find Tonti, he fastened to a tree a painting representing himself and party sitting in a canoe and bearing a pipe of peace, and to the paint- 1 ing attached a letter addressed to Tonti. Tonti had escaped, and, after untold privations, taken shelter among the Pottawattamies near Green Bay. These were friendly to the French. . One of their old chiefs used to say, " There were but three great cap- tains in the world, himself, Tonti and LaSalle." GENIUS OF LaSALLE. We must now return to LaSalle, whose exploits stand out in such bold relief. He was born in Rouen, France, in 1643. His father r \vas wealthy, but he renounced his patrimony on entering a college of the Jesuits, from which he separated and came to Canada a poor man in 1666. The priests of St. Sulpice, among whom he had a brother, were then the proprietors of Montreal, the nucleus of which was a seminary or con- vent founded by that order. The Superior granted to LaSalle a large tract of land at LaChine, where he established himself in the fur trade. He was a man of daring genius, and outstripped all his competitors in exploits of travel and commerce with the Indians. In 1669, he visited the headquarters of the great Iroquois Confederacy, at Onondaga, in the heart of New York, and, obtaining guides, explored the Ohio River to the falls at Louisville. In order to understand the genius of LaSalle, it must be remembered that for many years prior to his time the missionaries and traders were obliged to make their way to the Northwest by the Ottawa River (of Canada) on account of the fierce hostility of the Iroquois along the lower lakes and Niagara River, which entirely closed this latter route to the Upper Lakes. They carried on their commerce chiefly by canoes, pad- dling them through the Ottawa to Lake Nipissing, carrying them across the portage to French River, and descending that to Lake Huron. This being the route by which they reached the Northwest, accounts for the fact that all the earliest Jesuit missions were established in the neighbor- hood of the Upper Lakes. LaSalle conceived the grand idea of opening the route by Niagara River and the Lower Lakes to Canadian commerce: by sail vessels, connecting it with the navigation of the Mississippi, and thus opening a magnificent water communication from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico. This truly grand, and comprehensive purpose seems to have animated him in all his wonderful achievements and the matchless difficulties and hardships he surmounted. As the first step in the accomplishment of this object he established himself on Lake Ontario, aiid built and garrisoned Fort Frontenac, the site of the present HISTORY OF THE STATE OP ILLINOIS. 93 city of Kingston, Canada. Here he obtained a grant of land from the French crown and a body of troops by which he beat back the invading Iroquois and cleared the passage to Niagara Falls. Having by this mas- terly stroke made it safe to attempt a hitherto untried expedition, his next step, as we have seen, was to advance to the Falls with all his ■outfit for building a ship with which to sail the lakes. He was success- ful in this undertaking, though his ultimate purpose was defeated by a .strange combination of untoward circumstances. The Jesuits evidently hated LaSalle and plotted against him, because he had abandoned them and co-operated with a rival order. The fur traders were also jealous of his superior success in opening new channels of commerce. At LaChine he had taken the trade of Lake Ontario, which but for his presence there would have gone to Quebec. While they were plodding with their bam canoes through the Ottawa he was constructing sailing vessels to com- mand the trade of the lakes and the Mississippi. These great plans •excited the jealousy and envy of the small traders, introduced treason and revolt into the ranks of his own companions, and finally led to the foul assassination by which his great achievements were prematurely ended. In 1682, LaSalle, having completed his vessel at Peoria, descended the Mississippi to its confluence with the Gulf of Mexico. Erecting a standard on which he inscribed the arms of France, he took formal pos- session of the whole valley of the mighty river, in the name of Louis XIV., then reigning, in honor of whom he named the country Louisiana. LaSalle then went to France, was appointed Governor, and returned with a fleet and immigrants, for the purpose of planting a colony in Illi- nois. They arrived in due time in the Gulf of Mexico, but failing to find the mouth of the Mississippi, up which LaSalle intended .to sail, his supply ship, with the immigrants, was driven ashore and wrecked on Matagorda Bay. With the fragments of the vessel he constructed a stockade and rude huts on the shore for the protection of the immigrants, calling the post Fort St. Louis. He then made a trip into New Mexico, in search of silver mines, but, meeting with disappointment, returned to find his little colony reduced to forty souls. He then resolved to travel on foot to Illinois, and, starting with his companions, had reached the valley of the Colorado, near the mouth of Trinity river, when he was shot by one of his men. This occurred on the 19th of March, 1687. Dr. J. W. Foster remarks of him : " Thus fell, not far from the banks of the Trinity, Robert Cavalier de la Salle, one of the grandest charac- ters that ever figured in American history — a man capable of originating the vastest schemes, and endowed with a will and a judgment capable of carrying them to successful results. Had ample facilities been placed by the King of France at his disposal, the result- of the colonization of this ■continent might have been far different from what we now behold." 94 HISTORY OE THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. EARLY SETTLEMENTS. A temporary settlement was made at Fort St. Louis, or the old Kas- kaskia village, on the Illinois River, in what is now LaSalle County, in 1682. In 1690, this was removed, with the mission connected with it, to Kaskaskia, on the river of that name, emptying into the lower Mississippi in St. Clair County. Cahokia was settled about the same time, or at least, both of these settlements began in the year 1690, though it is now pretty well settled that Cahokia is the older place, and ranks as the oldest permanent settlement in Illinois, as well as in the Mississippi Valley. The reason for the removal of the old Kaskaskia settlement and. mission, was probably because the dangerous and difficult route by Lake Michigan and the Chicago portage had been almost abandoned, and travelers and traders passed down and up the Mississippi by the Fox and Wisconsin River route. They removed to the vicinity of the Mississippi in order to be in the line of travel from Canada to Louisiana, that is, the lower part of it, for it was all Louisiana then south of the lakes. During the period of French rule in Louisiana, the population prob- ably never exceeded ten thousand, including whites and blacks. Within that portion of it now included in Indiana, trading posts were established • at the' principal Miami villages which stood on the head waters of the Maumee, the Wea villages situated at Ouiatenon, on the Wabash, and the Piankeshaw villages at Post Vincennes ; all of which were probably visited by French traders and missionaries before the close of the seven- teenth century. In the vast territory claimed by the French, many settlements of considerable importance had sprung up. Biloxi, on Mobile Bay, had been founded by DTberville, in 1699 ; Antoine de Lamotte Cadillac had founded Detroit in 1701 ; and New Orleans had been founded by Bien- ville, under the auspices of the Mississippi Company, in 1718. In Illi- nois also, considerable settlements had been made, so that in 1730 they embraced one hundred and forty French families, about six hundred " con- verted Indians," and many traders and voyageurs. In that portion of the country, on the east side of the Mississippi, there were five distinct set- tlements, with their respective villages, viz. : Cahokia, near the mouth of Cahokia Creek and about five miles below the present city of St. Louis; St. Philip, about forty-five miles below Cahokia, and four miles above Fort Chartres; Fort Chartres, twelve miles above Kaskaskia; Kaskaskia, situated on the Kaskaskia River, five miles above its conflu- ence with the Mississippi ; and Prairie du Rocher, near Fort Chartres. To these must be added St. Genevieve and St. Louis, on the west side of the Mississippi. These, with the exception of St. Louis, are among HISTORY OF THE STATE OP ILLINOIS. 95 the oldest French towns in the Mississippi Valley. Kaskaskia, in its best days, was a town of some two or three thousand inhabitants. After it passed from the crown of France its population for many years did not exceed fifteen hundred. Under British rule, in 1773, the population had decreased to four hundred and fifty. As early as 1721, the Jesuits had established a college and a monastery in Kaskaskia. Fort Chartres was first built under the direction of the Mississippi Company, in 1718, by M. de Boisbraint, a military officer, under command of Bienville. It stood on the east bank of the Mississippi, about eighteen miles below Kaskaskia, and was for some time the headquarters of the military commandants of the district of Illinois. In the Centennial Oration of Dr. Fowler, delivered at Philadelphia, by appointment of Gov. Beveridge, we find some interesting facts with regard to the State of Illinois, which we appropriate in this history : In 1682 Illinois became a possession of the French crown, a depend- ency of Canada, and a part of Louisiana. In 1765 the English flag was run up on old Fort Chartres, and Illinois was counted among the treas- ures of Great Britain. In 1779 it was taken from the English by Col. George Rogers Clark, This man was resolute in nature, wise in council, prudent in policy, bold in action, and heroic in danger. Few men who have figured in the his- tory of America are more deserving than this colonel. Nothing short of first-class ability could have rescued Vincens and all Illinois from the English. And it is not possible to over-estimate the influence of this achievement upon the republic. In 1779 Illinois became a part of Vir- ginia. It was soon known as Illinois County. In 1784 Virginia ceded all this territory to the general government, to be cut into States, to be republican in form, with " the same right of sovereignty, freedom, and independence as the other States." In 1787 it was the object of the wisest and ablest legislation found in any merely human records. No man can study the secret history of THE "COMPACT OF 1787," and not feel that Providence was guiding with sleepless eye these unborn States. The ordinance that on July 13, 1787, finally became the incor- porating act, has a most marvelous history. Jefferson had vainly tried to secure a system of government for the northwestern territory. He was an emancipationist of that day, and favored the exclusion of slavery from the territory Virginia had ceded to the general government; but the South voted him down as often as it came up. In 1787, as late as July 10, an organizing act without the anti-slavery clause was pending. ' This concession to the South was expected to carry it. Congress was in 96 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. session in New York City. On July 5, Rev. Dr. Manasseh Cutler, of Massachusetts, came into New York to lobby on the northwestern terri- tory. Everything seemed to fall into his hands. Events were ripe. The state of the public credit, the growing of Southern prejudice, the basis of his mission, his personal character, all combined to complete one of those sudden and marvelous revolutions of public sentiment that once in five or ten centuries are seen to sweep over . a country like the breath of the Almighty. Cutler was a graduate of Yale — received his A.M. from Harvard, and his D.D. from Yale. He had studied and taken degrees in the three learned professions, medicine, law, and divinity. He had thus America's best indorsement. He had published a scientific examination of the plants of New England. His name stood second only to that of Franklin as a scientist in America. He was a courtly gentle- man of the old style, a man of commanding presence, and of inviting; face. The Southern members said they had never seen such a gentleman in the North. He came representing a company that desired to purchase a tract of land now included in Ohio, for the purpose of planting a colony. It was a speculation. Government money was worth eighteen cents on the dollar. This Massachusetts company had collected e,nough to pur- chase 1,500,000 acres 'of land. Other speculators in New York made Dr. Cutler their agent (lobbyist). On the 12th he represented a demand for 5,500,000 acres. This would reduce the national debt. Jefferson and Virginia were regarded as authority concerning the land Virginia had just ceded. Jefferson's policy wanted to provide for the public credit, and this was a good opportunity to do something. Massachusetts then owned the territory of Maine, which she was crowding on the market. She was opposed to opening the northwestern region. This fired the zeal of Virginia. The South caught the inspira- tion, and all exalted Dr. Cutler. The English minister invited him to, dine with some of the Southern gentlemen. He was the center of interest. The entire South rallied round him. Massachusetts could not vote against him, because many of the constituents of her members were interested personally in the western speculation. Thus Cutler, making friends with the South, and, doubtless, using all the arts of the lobby, was enabled to command the situation. True to deeper convictions, he dictated one of the most compact and finished documents of wise states- manship that has ever adorned any human law book. He borrowed from Jefferson the term " Articles of Compact," which, preceding the federal constitution, rose into the most sacred, character. He then followed very closely the constitution of Massachusetts, adopted three years before. Its most marked points were : 1. The exclusion of slavery from the territory forever. 2. Provision for public schools, giving one township for a seminary,, HISTORY OF THE STATE OP ILLINOIS. 97 and every section numbered 16 in each township ; that is, one-thirty-sixth of all the land, for public schools. 3. A provision prohibiting the adoption of any constitution or the enactment of any law that should nullify pre-existing contracts. Be it forever remembered that this compact declared that " Religion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall always be encouraged." Dr. Cutler planted himself on this platform and would not yield. Giving his unqualified declaration that it was that or nothing — that unless they could make the land desirable they did not want it^-he took his horse and buggy, and started for the constitutional convention in Phila- delphia. On July 13, 1787, the bill was put upon its passage, and was unanimously adopted, every Southern member voting for it, and only one man, Mr. Yates, of New York, voting against it. But as the States voted as States, Yates lost his vote, and the compact was put beyond repeal. Thus the great States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wis- consin — a vast empire, the heart of the great valley — were consecrated to freedom, intelligence, and honesty. Thus the great heart of the nation was prepared for a year and a day and an hour. In the light of these eighty- nine years I affirm that this act was the salvation of the republic and the destruction of slavery. Soon the South saw their great blunder, and tried to repeal the compact. In 1803 Congress referred it to a committee of which John Randolph was chairman. He reported that this ordinance was a compact, and opposed repeal. Thus it stood a rock, in the way of the on-rushing sea of slavery. With all this timely aid it was, after all, a most desperate and pro- tracted struggle to keep the soil of Illinois sacred to freedom. It was the natural battle-field for the irrepressible conflict. In the southern end of the State slavery preceded the compact. It existed among the old French settlers, and was hard to eradicate. The southern part of the State was settled from the slave States, and this population brought their laws, customs, and institutions with them. A stream of population from the North poured into the northern part of the State. These sections misunderstood and hated each other perfectly. The Southerners regarded the Yankees ,as a skinning, tricky, penurious race of peddlers, filling the country with tinware, brass clocks, and wooden nutmegs. The North- erner thought of the Southerner as a lean, lank, lazy creature, burrowing in a hut, and rioting in whisky, dirt and ignorance. These causes aided in making the struggle long and bitter. So strong was the sympathy with slavery that, in spite of the ordinance of 1787, and in spite of the deed of cession, it was determined to allow the old French settlers to retain their slaves. Planters from the slave States might bring their 98 HISTORY OP THE STATE OB 1 ILLINOIS. slaves, if they would give them a chance to choose freedom or years of service and bondage for their children till they should become thirty years of age. If they chose freedom they must leave the State in sixty days or be sold as fugitives. Servants were whipped for offenses for which white men are fined. Each lash paid forty cents of the fine. A negro ten miles from home without a pass was whipped. These famous laws were imported from the slave States just as they imported laws for the inspection of flax and wool when there was neither in the State. These Black Laws are now wiped out. A vigorous effort was made to protect slavery in the State Constitution of 1817. It barely failed. It was renewed in 1825, when a convention was asked to make a new constitution. After a hard fight the convention was defeated., But slaves did not disappear from the census of the State until 1850. There were mobs and murders in the interest of slavery. Lovejoy was added to the list of martyrs — a sort of first-fruits of that long life of immortal heroes who saw freedom as the one supreme desire of their souls, and were so enamored of her that they preferred to die rather than survive her. The population of 12,282 that occupied the territory in A.D. 1800, increased to 45,000 in A.D. 1818, when the State Constitution was adopted, and Illinois took her place in the Union, with a star on the flag and two votes in the Senate. Shadrach Bond was the first Governor, and in his first message he recommended the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. The simple economy in those days is seen in the fact that the entire bill for stationery for the first Legislature was only $ 13.50. Yet this simple body actually enacted a very superior code. There was no money in the territory before the war of 1812. Deer skins and coon skins were the circulating medium. In 1821, the Legis- lature ordained a State Bank on the credit of the State. It issued notes in the likeness of bank bills. These notes were made a legal tender for every thing, and the bank was ordered to loan to the people $100 on per- sonal security, and more on mortgages. They actually passed a resolu- tion requesting the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States to receive these notes for land. The old French Lieutenant Governor, Col. Menard, put the resolution as follows: " Gentlemen of the Senate : It is moved and seconded dat de notes of dis bank be made land-office money. All in favor of dat motion say aye ; all against it say no. It is decided in de affirmative. Now, gentlemen, I bet you one hundred dollar he never be land-office money ! " Hard sense, like hard money, is always above par. This old Frenchman presents a fine figure up against the dark back- ground of most of his nation. They made no progress. They clung to their earliest and simplest implements. They never wore hats or HISTORY OF THE STATE OP ILLINOIS. 99 Tliey pulled their blankets over their heads in the winter like the Indians, with whom they freely intermingled. Demagogism had an early development. One John Grammar (otily in name), elected to the Territorial and State Legislatures of 1816 and 1836, invented the policy of opposing every new thing, saying, " If it succeeds, no one will ask who voted against it. If it proves a failure, he could quote its record." In sharp contrast with Grammar was the char- acter of D. P. Cook, after whom the county containing Chicago was named. Such was his transparent integrity and remarkable ability that his will was almost the law of the State. In Congress, a young man, and from a poor State, he was made Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee. He was pre-eminent for standing by his committee, regard- less of consequences. It was his integrity that elected John Quincy Adams to the Presidency. There were four candidates in 1824, Jackson, Clay, Crawford, and John Quincy Adams. There being no choice by the people, the election was thrown into the House. It was so balanced that it turned on his vote, and that he cast for Adams, electing him; then went home to face the wrath of the Jackson party in Illinois. It cost him all but character and greatness. It is a suggestive comment on the times, that there was no legal interest till 1830. It often reached 150 per cent., usually 50 per cent. Then it was reduced to 12, and now to 10 per cent. PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE PRAIRIE STATE. In area the State has 55,410 square miles of territory. It is about 150 miles wide and 400 miles long, stretching in latitude from Maine to North Carolina. It embraces wide . variety of climate. It is tempered on the north by the great inland, saltless, tideless sea, which keeps the thermometer from either extreme. Being a table land, from 600 to 1,600 feet above the level of the sea, one is prepared to find on the health maps, prepared by the general government, an almost clean and perfect record. In freedom from fever and malarial diseases and consumptions, the three deadly enemies of the American Saxon, Illinois, as a State, stands without a superior. She furnishes one of the essential conditions of a great people — sound bodies. I suspect that this fact lies back of that old Delaware word, Illini, superior men. The great battles of history that have been determinative of dynas- ties and destinies have been strategical battles, chiefly the question of position. Thermopylae has been the war-cry of freemen for twenty-four centuries. It only tells how much there may be in position. All this advantage belongs to Illinois. It is in the heart of the greatest valley in the world, the vast region between the mountains — a valley that could 100 HISTORY OF THE STATE OE ILLINOIS. feed mankind for one thousand years. It is well on toward the center of the continent. It is in the great temperate belt, in which have been found nearly all the aggressive civilizations of history. It has sixty-five miles of frontage on the head of the lake. "With the Mississippi forming the western and southern boundary, with the Ohio running along the southeastern line, with the Illinois River and Canal dividing the State diagonally from the lake to the Lower Mississippi, and with the Rock and Wabash Rivers furnishing altogether 2,000 miles of water-front, con- necting with, and running through, in all about 12,000 miles of navi- gable water. ' But this is not all. These waters are made most available by the fact that the lake and the State lie on the ridge running into the great valley from the east. Within cannon-shot of the lake the water runs away from the lake to the Gulf. The lake now empties at both ends, one into the Atlantic and one into the Gulf of Mexico. The lake thus seems to hang over the land. This makes the dockage most serviceable ; there are no steep banks to damage it. Both lake and river are made for use. The climate varies from Portland to Richmond ; it favors every pro- duct of the continent, including the tropics, with less than half a dozen exceptions. It produces every great nutriment of the world except ban- anas and rice. It is hardly too much to say that it is the most productive spot known to civilization. With the soil full of bread and the earth full of minerals; with an upper surface of food and an under layer of fuel $ with perfect natural drainage, and abundant springs and streams and navigable rivers ; half way between the forests of the North and the fruits of the South ; within a day's ride of the great deposits of iron, coal, cop- per, lead, and zinc ; containing and controlling the great grain, cattle, pork, and lumber markets of the world, it is not strange that Illinois has the advantage of position. This advantage has been supplemented by the character of the popu- lation. In the early days when Illinois was first admitted to the Union, her population were chiefly from Kentucky and Virginia. But, in the conflict of ideas concerning slavery, a strong tide of emigration came in from the East, and soon changed this composition. In 1870 her non- native population were from colder soils. New York furnished 133,290 ; Ohio gave 162,623 ; Pennsylvania sent on 98,352 ; the entire South gave us only 206,734. In all her cities, and in all her German and Scandina- vian and other foreign colonies, Illinois has only about one-fifth of her people of foreign birth. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 1Q1 PROGRESS OF DEVELOPMENT. One of the greatest elements in the early development of Illinois is the Illinois and Michigan Canal, connecting the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers with the lakes. It was of the utmost importance to the State. It was recommended by Gov. Bond, the first governor, in his first message. In 1821, the Legislature appropriated $10,000 for surveying the route. Two bright young engineers surveyed it, and estimated the cost at $600,000 or $700,000, It finally cost $8,000,000. In 1825, a law was passed to incorporate the Canal Company, but no stock was sold. In 1826, upon the solicitation of Cook, Congress gave 800,000 acres of land on the line of the work. In 1828, another law — commissioners appointed, and work commenced with new survey and new estimates. In 1834-35, George Farquhar made an able report on the whole matter. This was, doubtless, the ablest report ever made to a western legislature, and it became the model for subsequent reports and action. From this the work went on till it was finished in 1848. It cost the State a large amount of money ; but it gave to the industries of the State an impetus that pushed it up into the first rank of greatness. It was not built as a speculation any more than a doctor is employed on a speculation. But it has paid into the Treasury of the State an average annual net sum of over $111,000. Pending the construction of the canal, the land and town-lot fevei' broke out in the State, in 1834-35. It took on the malignant type in Chicago, lifting the town up into a city. The disease spread over the entire State and adjoining States. It was, epidemic. It cut up men's farms without regard to locality, aud jut up the purses of the purchasers without regard to consequences. It is estimated that building lots enough were sold in Indiana alone to accommodate every citizen then in the United States. Towns and cities were exported to the Eastern market by the ship- load. There was no lack of buyers. Every up-ship came freighted with speculators and their money. This distemper seized upon the Legislature in 1836-37, and left not one to tell the tale. They enacted a system of internal improvement without a parallel in the grandeur of its conception. They ordered the construction of 1,300 miles of railroad, crossing the State in all direc- tions. This was surpassed by the river and canal improvements. There were a few counties not touched by either railroad or river or canal,, and those were to be comforted and compensated by the free dis- tribution of $200,000 among them. To inflate this balloon beyond cre- dence it was ordered that work should be commenced on both eads of 102 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. each of these railroads and rivers, and at each river-crossing, all at the same time. The appropriations for these vast improvements were over $12,000,000, and commissioners were appointed to borrow the money on the credit of the State. Remember that all this was in the early days of railroading, when railroads were luxuries ; that the State had whole counties with scarcely a cabin ; and that the population of the State was less than 400,000, and you can form some idea of the vigor with which these brave men undertook the work of making a great State. In the light of history I am compelled to say that this was only a premature throb of the power that actually slumbered in the soil of the State. It was Hercules in the cradle. At this juncture the State Bank loaned its funds largely to Godfrey Gilman & Co., and to other leading houses, for the purpose of drawing trade from St. Louis to Alton. Soon they failed, and took down the bank with them. In 1840, all hope seemed gone. A population of 480,000 were loaded with a debt of $14,000,000. It had only six small cities, really only towns, namely: Chicago, Alton, Springfield, Quincy, Galena, Nauvoo. This debt was to be cared for when there was not a dollar in the treas- ury, and when the State had borrowed itself out of all credit, and when there was not good money enough in the hands of all the people to pay the interest of the debt for a single year. Yet, in the presence of all these difficulties, the young State steadily refused to repudiate. Gov. Ford took hold of the problem and solved it, bringing the State through in triumph. Having touched lightly upon some of the more distinctive points in the history of the development of Illinois, let us next briefly consider the MATERIAL RESOURCES OF THE STATE. It is a garden four hundred miles long and one hundred and fifty miles wide. Its soil is chiefly a black sandy loam, from six inches to sixty feet thick. On the American bottoms it has been cultivated for one hundred and fifty years without renewal. About the old French towns it has yielded corn for a century and a half without rest or help. It produces nearly everything green in the temperate and tropical zones. She leads all other States in the number of acres actually under plow. Her products from 25,000,000 of acres are incalculable. Her mineral wealth is scarcely second to her agricultural power. She has coal, iron, lead, copper, zinc, many varieties of building stone, fire- clay, cuma clay, common brick clay, sand of all kinds, gravel, mineral paint— every thing needed for a high civilization. Left to herself, she has the elements of all greatness. The single item of coal is too vast for an appreciative HISTORY OF THE STATE OP ILLINOIS. 103 handling in figures. We can handle it in general terms like algebraical signs, but long before we get up into the millions and billions the human mind drops down from comprehension to mere symbolic apprehension. When I tell you that nearly four-fifths of the entire State is under- laid with a deposit of coal more than forty feet thick on the average (now estimated, by recent surveys, at seventy feet thick), you can get some idea of its amount, as you do of the amount of the national debt. There it is, ! 41,000 square miles — one vast mine into which you could put any of the States ; in which you could bury scores of European and ancient empires, and have room enough all round to work without know- ing that they had been sepulchered there. Put this vast coal-bed down by the other great coal deposits of the world, and its importance becomes manifest. Great Britain has 12,000 square miles of coal; Spain, 3,000; France, 1,7,19; Belgium, 578; Illinois about twice as many square miles as all combined. Virginia has 20,000 square miles ; Pennsylvania, 16,000 ; Ohio, 12,000. Illinois has 41,000 square miles. One-seventh of all the known coal on this continent is in Illinois. Could we sell the coal in this single State for one-seventh of one cent a ton it would pay the national debt. Converted into power, even with the wastage in our common engines, it would do more work than could be done by the entire race, beginning at Adam's wedding and working ten hours a day through all the centuries till the present time, and right on into the future at the same rate for the next 600,000 years. Great Britain uses enough mechanical power to-day to give to each man, woman, and child in the kingdom the help and service of nineteen untiring servants. No wonder she has leisure and luxuries. No wonder the home of the common artisan has in it more luxuries than could be found in the palace of good old King Arthur. Think, if you can conceive of it, of the vast army of servants that slumber in the soil of Illinois, impatiently awaiting the call of Genius to come forth to minister to our comfort. At the present rate of consumption England's coal supply will be exhausted in 250 years. When this is gone she must transfer her dominion either to the Indies, or to British America, which I would not resist; or to some other people, which I would regret as a loss to civilization. COAL IS KING. At the same rate of consumption (which far exceeds our own) the deposit of coal in Illinois will last 120,000 years. And her kingdom shall be an everlasting kingdom. Let us turn now from this reserve power to the annual products of 104 HISTOKY OF THE STATE OP ILLINOIS. the State. We shall not be humiliated in this field. Here we strike the secret of our national credit. Nature provides a market in the constant appetite of the race. Men must eat, and if we can furnish the provisions we can command the treasure. All that a man hath will he give for his life. According to the last census Illinois produced 30,000,000 of bushels of wheat. That is more wheat than was raised by any other State in the Union. She raised In 1875, 130,000,000 of bushels of corn— twice as much as any other State, and one-sixth of all the corn raised in the. United States. She harvested 2,747,000 tons of hay, nearly one-tenth of all the hay in the Republic. It is not generally appreciated, but it is true, that the hay crop of the country is worth more than the cotton crop. The hay of Illinois equals the cotton of Louisiana. Go to Charleston, S. C, and see them peddling handfuls of hay or grass, almost as a curiosity, as we regard Chinese gods or the cryolite of Greenland; drink your coffee and condensed milk ; and walk back from the coast for many a league through the sand and burs till you get up into the better atmos- phere of the mountains, without seeing a waving meadow or a grazing herd ; then you will begin to appreciate the meadows of the Prairie State, where the grass often grows sixteen feet high. The value of her farm implements-is $211,000,000, and the value of her live stock is only second to the great State of New York. in 1875 she had 25,000,000 hogs, and packed 2,113,845, about one-half of all that were packed in the United States. > This is no insignificant item. Pork is a growing demand of the old world. Since the laborers of Europe have gotten a taste of our bacon, and we have learned how to pack it dry in boxes, like dry goods, the world has become the market. The hog is on the march into the future. His nose is ordained to uncbver the secrets of dominion, and his feet shall be guided by the star of empire. Illinois marketed $57,000,000 worth of slaughtered animals — more than any other State, and a seventh of all the States. Be patient with me, and p&rdon my pride, and I will give you a list of some of the things in which Illinois excels all other States. Depth and richness of soil ; per cent, of good ground ; acres of improved land 5 large farms — some farms contain from 40,000 to 60,000 acres of cultivated land, 40,000 acres of corn on a single farm ; number of farmers ; amount of wheat, corn, oats and honey produced ; value of ani- mals for slaughter ; number of hogs ; amount of pork ; number of horses — three times as many as Kentucky, the horse State. Illinois excels all other States in miles of railroads and in miles of postal service, and in money orders sold per annum, and in the amount of lumber sold in her markets. HISTORY OF THE STATE OP ILLINOIS. 105 Illinois is only second in many important matters. This sample list comprises a few of the more important : Permanent school fund (good for a young state) ; total income for educational purposes ; number of pub- lishers of books, maps, papers, etc.; value of farm products and imple- ments, and of live stock ; in tons of coal mined. The shipping of Illinois is only second to New York. Out of one port during the business hours of the season of navigation she sends forth a vessel every ten minutes. This does not include canal boats, which go one every five minutes. No wonder she is only second in number of bankers and brokers or in physicians and surgeons. She is third in colleges, teachers and schools; cattle, lead, hay, flax, sorghum and beeswax. She is fourth in population, in children enrolled in public schools, in law schools, in butter, potatoes and carriages. She is fifth in value of real and personal property, in theological seminaries and colleges exclusively for women, in milk sold, and in boots and shoes manufactured, and in book-binding. She is only seventh in the production of wood, while she is the twelfth in area. Surely that is well done for the Prairie State. She now has much more wood and growing timber than she had thirty years ago* A few leading industries will justify emphasis. She manufactures $205,000,000 worth of goods, which places her well up toward New York and Pennsylvania. The number of her manufacturing establishments increased from 1860 to 1870, 300 per cent.; capital employed increased 350 per cent,, and the amount of product increased 400 per cent. She issued 5,500,000 copies of commercial and financial newspapers — only second to New York. She has 6,759 miles of railroad, thus leading all other States, worth $636,458,000, using 3,245 engines, and 67,712 cars, making a train long enough to cover one-tenth of the entire roads of the State. Her stations are only five miles apart. She carried last year 15,795,000 passen- gers, an average of 36£ miles, or equal to taking her entire population twice across the State. More than two-thirds of her land is within five miles of a railroad, and less than two per cent, is more than fifteen miles away. The State has a large financial interest in the Illinois Central railroad. The road was incorporated in 1850, and the State gave each alternate sec- tion for six miles on each side, and doubled the price of the remaining land, so keeping herself good. The road received 2,595,000 acres of land, and pays to the State one-seventh of the gross receipts. The State receives this year $350,000, and has received in all^bout $7,000,000. It is practically the people's road, and it has a most able and gentlemanly management. Add to this the annual receipts from the canal, $111,000, and a large per cent, of the State tax is provided for. 106 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. THE RELIGION AND MORALS of the State keep step with her productions and growth. She was born of the missionary spirit. It was a minister who secured for her the ordi- nance of 1787, by which she has been saved from slavery, ignorance, and dishonesty. Rev. Mr. Wiley, pastor of a Scotch congregation in Randolph County, petitioned the Constitutional Convention of 1818 to recognize Jesus Christ as king, and the Scriptures as the only necessary guide and book of law. The convention did not act in the case, and the old Cove- nanters refused to accept citizenship. They never voted until 1824, when the slavery question was submitted to the people ; then they all voted against it and cast the determining votes. Conscience has predominated whenever a great moral question has been submitted to the people. But little mob violence has ever been felt in the State. In 1817 regulators disposed of a band of horse-thieves that infested the territory. The Mormon indignities finally awoke the same spirit. Alton was also the scene of a pro-slavery mob, in which Lovejoy was added to the list of martyrs. The moral sense of the people makes the law supreme, and gives to the State unruffled peace. "With $22,300,000 in church property, and 4,298 church organizations, the State has that divine police, the sleepless patrol of moral ideas, that alone is able to secure perfect safety. Conscience takes the knife from the assassin's hand and the bludgeon from the grasp of the highwayman. We sleep in safety, not because we are behind bolts and bars — these only fence against the innocent ; not because a lone officer drowses on a distant corner of a street; not because a sheriff may call his posse from a remote part of the county ; but because conscience guards the very portals of the air and stirs in the deepest recesses of the public mind. This spirit issues within the State 9,500,000 copies of religious papers annually, and receives still more from without. Thus the crime of the State is only one-fourth that of New York and one-half that of Pennsylvania. Illinois never had but one duel between her own citizens. In Belle- ville, in 1820, Alphonso Stewart and William Bennett arranged to vindi- cate injured honor. The seconds agreed to make it a sham, and make' them shoot blanks. Stewart/was in the secret. Bennett mistrusted some- thing, and, unobserved, slipped a bullet into his gun and killed Stewart. He then fled the State. After two years he was caught, tried, convicted, and, in spite of friends and political aid, was hung. This fixed the code of honor on a Christian basis, and terminated its use in Illinois. The early preachers were ignorant men, who were accounted eloquent according to the strength of their voices. But they set the style for all public speakers. Lawyers and political speakers followed this rule. Gov. HISTORY OP THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 107 Ford says: "Nevertheless, these first preachers were of incalculable benefit to the country. They inculcated justice and morality. To them are we indebted for the first Christian character of the Protestant portion of the people." In education Illinois surpasses her material resources. The ordinance of 1787 consecrated one thirty-sixth of her soil to common schools, and the law of 1818, the first law that went upon her statutes, gave three per cent, of all the rest to EDUCATION. The old compact secures this interest forever, and by its yoking morality and intelligence it precludes the legal interference with the Bible in the public schools. With such a start it is natural that we should have 11,050 schools, and that our illiteracy should be less than New York or Pennsylvania, and only about one-half of Massachusetts. We are not to blame for not having more than one-half as many idiots as the great States. These public schools soon made colleges inevitable. The first college, still flourishing, was started in Lebanon in 1828, by the M. E. church, and named after Bishop McKendree. Illinois College, at Jackson- ville, supported by the Presbyterians, followed in 1830. In 1832 the Bap- tists built Shurtleff College, at Alton. Then the Presbyterians built Knox College, at Galesburg, in 1838, and the Episcopalians built Jubilee College, at Peoria, in 1847. After these early years colleges have rained down. A settler could hardly encamp on the prairie but a college would spring up by his wagon. The State now has one very well endowed and equipped university, namely, the Northwestern University, at Evanston, with six colleges, ninety instructors, over 1,000 students, and $1,500,000 endow- ment. Rev. J. M. Peck was the first educated Protestant minister m tne State. He settled at Rock Spring, in St. Clair County, 1820, and left his impress on the State. Before 1837 only party papers were published, but Mr. Peck published a Gazetteer of Illinois. Soon after John Russell, of Bluffdale, published essays and tales showing genius. Judge James Hall published The Illinois Monthly Magazine with great ability, and an annual called The Western Souvenir, which gave him an enviable fame all over the United States. From these beginnings Illinois has gone on till she has more volumes in public libaaries even than Massachusetts, and of the 44,000,000 volumes in all the public libraries of the United States, she has one-thirteenth. In newspapers she stands fourth. Her increase is marvelous. In 1850 she issued 5,000,000 copies; in 1860, 27,590,000 ; in 1870, 113,140,000. In 1860 she had eighteen colleges and seminaries ; in 1870 she had eighty. That is a grand advance for the war decade. This brings us to a record unsurpassed in the history of any age, THE STATE OF IOWA. GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION. The State of Iowa has an outline figure nearly approaching that . of a rec- tangular parallelogram, the northern and southern boundaries being nearly due east and west lines, and its eastern and western boundaries determined by southerly flowing rivers — the Mississippi on the east, and the Missouri, together with its tributary, the Big Sioux, on the west. The northern boundary is upon the parallel of forty-three degrees thirty minutes, and the southern is approxi- mately upon that of forty degrees and thirty-six minutes. The distance from the northern to the southern boundary, excluding the small prominent angle at the southeast corner, is a little more than two hundred miles. Owing to the irregularity of the river boundaries, however, the number of square miles does not reach that of the multiple of these numbers ; but according to a report of the Secretary of the Treasury to the United States Senate, March 12, 1863, the State of Iowa contains 35,228,200 acres, or 55,044 square miles. When it is understood that all this vast extent of surface, except that which is occupied by our rivers, lakes and peat beds of the northern counties, is susceptible of the highest cultivation, some idea may be formed of the immense agricultural resources of the State. Iowa is nearly as large as England, and twice as large as Scotland ; but when we consider the relative area of surface which may be made to yield to the wants of man, those countries of the Old World will bear no comparison with Iowa. TOPOGRAPHY. No complete topographical survey of the State of Iowa has yet been made. Therefore all the knowledge we have yet upon the subject has been obtained from incidental observations of geological corps, from barometrical observations by authority of the General Government, and levelings done by railroad en- gineer corps within the State. Taking into view the facts that the highest point in the State is but a little more than twelve hundred feet above the lowest point, that these two points are nearly three hundred miles apart, and that the whole State is traversed by 109 110 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. gently flowing rivers, it will be seen that in reality the State of Iowa rests wholly within, and comprises a part of, a vast plain, with no mountain or hill ranges within its borders. A clearer idea of the great uniformity of the surface of the State may be obtained from a statement of the general slopes in feet per mile, from point to point, in straight lines across it : , From the N. E. corner to the S. E. corner of the State 1 foot 1 inch per mile. From the N. E. corner to Spirit Lake 5 feet 5 inches per mile. From the N. W. corner to Spirit Lake 5 feetO inches per mile. From the N. W. corner to the S. W. corner of the State 2 feet inches per mile. From the S. W. corner to the highest ridge between the two great rivers (in Ringgold County) 4 feet 1 inch per mile From the dividing ridge in the S. E. corner of the State 5 feet 7 inches per mile. From the highest point in the State (near Spirit Lake) to the lowest point in the State (at the mouth of Des Moines River) 4 feet inches per mile. It will be seen, therefore, that there is a good degree of propriety in regard- ing the whole State as a part of a great plain, the lowest point of which within its borders, the southeast corner of the State, is only 444 feet above the level of the sea. The average height of the whole State above the level of the sea is not far from eight' hundred feet, although it is more than a thousand miles inland from the nearest sea coast. These remarks are, of course, to be under- stood as applying to the surface of the State as a whole. When we come to consider its surface feature in detail, we find a great diversity of surface by the formation of valleys out of the general level, which have been evolved by the action of streams during the unnumbered years of the terrace epoch. It is in the northeastern part of the State that the river valleys are deepest] consequently the country there has the greatest diversity of surface, and its physical features are most strongly marked. DRAINAGE SYSTEM. The Mississippi and Missouri Rivers form the eastern and western bounda- ries of the State, and receive the eastern and western drainage of it. The eastern drainage system comprises not far from two-thirds of the en- tire surface of the State. The great watershed which divides these two systems is formed by the highest land between those, rivers along the whole length of a line running southward from a point on the northern boundary line of the State near Spirit Lake, in Dickinson County, to a nearly central point in the northern part of Adair County.' From the last named point, this highest ridge of land, between the two great rivers, continues southward, without change of character, through Ringgold County into the State of Missouri ; but southward from that point, in Adair County, it is no longer the great watershed. From that point, another and lower ridge bears off more nearly southeastward, through the counties of Madi- son, Clarke, Lucas and Appanoose, and becomes itself the great watershed. HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. Ill RIVERS. All streams that rise in Iowa rise upon the incoherent surface deposits, occupying at first only slight depressions in the surface, and scarcely percept- ible. These successively coalesce to form the streams. The drift and bluff deposits are both so thick in Iowa that its streams not only rise upon their surface, but they also reach considerable depth into these deposits alone, in some cases to a depth of nearly two hundred feet from the general prairie level. The majority of streams that constitute the western system of Iowa drainage run, either along the whole or a part of their course, upon that peculir deposit known as bluff deposit. Their banks are often, even of the small streams, from five to ten feet in height, quite perpendicular, so that they make the streams almost everywhere unfordable, and a great impediment to travel across the open country where there are no bridges. The • material of this deposit is of a slightly yellowish ash color, except where darkened by decaying vegetation, very fine and silicious, but not sandy, not very cohesive, and not at all plastic. It forms excellent soil, and does not bake or crack in drying, except limy concretions, which are generally dis- tributed throughout the mass, in shape and size resembling pebbles ; not a stone or pebble can be found in the whole deposit. It was called "silicious marl " by Dr. Owen, in his vgeological report to the General Government, and its origin referred to an accumulation of sediment in an ancient lake, which was afterward drained, when its sediment became dry land. Prof. Swallaw gives it the name of " bluff," which is here adopted ; the term Lacustral would have been better. The peculiar properties of this deposit are that it will stand securely with a precipitous front two hundred feet high, and yet is easily excavated with a spade. Wells dug in it require only to be walled to a point just above the water line. Yet, compact as it is, it is very porous,, so that water which falls on its surface does not remain, but percolates through it; neither does it accumulate within its mass, as it does upon the surface of and within the drift and the stratified formations. The bluff deposit is known to occupy a region through which the Missouri runs almost centrally, and measures, as far as is known, more than two hun- dred miles in length and nearly one hundred miles in width. The thickest part yet known in Iowa is in Fremont County, where it reaches two hundred feet. The boundaries of this deposit in Iowa are nearly as follows : Com- mencing at the southeast corner of Fremont County, follow up the watershed between the East Nishnabotany and the West Tarkio Rivers to the southern boundary of Cass County ; thence to the center of Audubon County ; thence to Tip Top Station, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway ; thence by a broad curve westward to the northwest corner of Plymouth County. This deposit is composed of fine sedimentary particles, similar to that which the Missouri River now deposits from its waters, and is the same which 112 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. that river did deposit in a broad depression in the surface of the drift that formed a lake-like expansion of that river in the earliest period of the history of its valley. That lake, as shown by its deposit, -which now remains, was about one hundred miles wide and more than twice as long. The water of the river was muddy then, as now, and the broad lake became filled with the sedi-. ment which the river brought down, before its valley had enough in the lower portion of its course to drain it. After the lake became filled with the sedi- ment, the valley below became deepened by the constant erosive action of the waters, to a depth of more than sufficient to have drained the lake of its first waters ; but the only effect then was to cause it to cut its valley out of the de- posits its own muddy waters had formed. Thus along the valley of that river, so far as it forms the western boundary of Iowa, the bluffs which border it are composed of that sediment known as bluff deposit, forming a distinct border along the broad, level flood plain, the width of which varies from five to fifteen miles, while the original sedimentary deposit stretches far inland. All the rivers of the western system of drainage, except the Missouri itself, are quite incomplete as rivers, in consequence of their being really only branches of other larger tributaries of that great river , or, if they empty into the Missouri direct, they have yet all the usual characteristics of Iowa rivers, from their sources to their mouths. Chariton and Grrand Rivers both rise and run for the first twenty-five miles, of their courses upon the drift deposit alone. The first strata that are exposed by the deepening valleys of both these streams belong to the upper coal meas- ures, and they both continue upon the same formation until they make then- exit from the State (the former in Appanoose County, the latter in Ringgold County), near the boundary of which they have passed nearly or quite through: the whole of that formation to the middle coal measures. Their valleys gradu- ally deepen from their upper portions downward, so that within fifteen or twenty miles they have reached a depth of near a hundred and fifty feet below the gen- eral level of the adjacent high land. ' When the rivers have cut their valleys, down through the series of limestone strata, they reach those of a clayey com- position. Upon these they widen their valleys and make broad flood plains (commonly termed "bottoms"), the soil of which is stiff and clayey, except where modified by sandy washings. A considerable breadth of woodland occupies the bottoms and valley sides- along a great part of their length ; but their upper branches and tributaries are mostly prairie streams. Platte River. — This river belongs mainly to Missouri. Its upper branches pass through Ringgold County, and, with the west fork of the Grand River, drain a large region of country. Here the drift deposit reaches its maximum thickness on an east and west line across the State, and the valleys are eroded in some instances to a depth of two hundred feet, apparently, through this deposit alone. HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. 113 The term " drift deposit " applies to the soil and sub-soil of the greater part of the State, and in it alone many of our wells are dug and our forests take root. It rests upon the stratified rocks. It is composed of clay, sand, gravel aud boulders, promiscuously intermixed, without stratification, varying in char- acter in different parts of the State. The proportion of lime in the drift of Iowa is so great that the water of all our wells and springs is too " hard " for washing purposes ; and the same sub- stance is so prevalent in the drift clays that they are always found to have suffi- cient flux when used for the manufacture of brick. One Hundred and Two River is represented in Taylor County, the valleys of which have the same general character of those just described. The country around and between the east and west forks of this stream is almost entirely prairie. Nodaway River. — This stream is represented by east, middle and west branches. The two former rise in Adair County, the latter in Cass County. These rivers and valleys are fine examples of the small rivers and valleys of Southern Iowa. They have the general character of drift valleys, and with beautiful undulating and sloping sides. The Nodaways drain one of the finest agricultural regions in the State, the soil of which is tillable almost to their very banks. The banks and the adjacent narrow flood plains are almost everywhere composed of a rich, deep, dark loam. Nishnabotany River. — This river is represented by east and west branches, the former having its source in Anderson County, the latter in Shelby County. Both these branches, from their source to their confluence — and also the main stream, from thence to the point where it enters the great flood plain of the Missouri — run through a region the surface of which is occupied by the bluff deposit. The West Nishnabotany is probably without any valuable mill sites. In the western part of Cass County, the East Nishnabotany loses its identity by becoming abruptly divided up into five or six different creeks. A few good mill sites occur here on this stream. None, however, that are thought reliable exist on either of these riversj or on the main stream below the confluence, except, perhaps, one or two in Montgomery County. The valleys of the two branches, and the intervening upland, possess remarkable fertility. Boyer River. — Until it enters the flood plain of the Missouri, the Boyer runs almost, if not quite, its entire course through the region occupied by the bluff deposit, and has cut its valley entirely through it along most of its pas- sage. The only rocks exposed are the upper coal measures, near Reed's mill, in Harrison County. The exposures are slight, and are the most northerly now known in Iowa. The valley of this river has usually gently sloping sides, and an ndistinctly defined flood plain. Along the lower half of its course the adjacent upland presents a surface of the billowy character, peculiar to the bluff deposit. The source of this river is in Sac County. 114 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Soldier River. — The east and middle branches of this stream have their source in Crawford County, and the west branch in Ida County. The whole course of this river is through the bluff deposit. It has no exposure of strata along its course. Little Sioux River. — Under this head are included both the main and west branches of that stream, together with the Maple, which is one of its branches. The west branch and the Maple are so similar to the Soldier Eiver that they need no separate description. The main stream has its boundary near the northern boundary of the State, and runs most of its course upon drift deposit alone, entering the region of the bluff deposit in the southern part of Cherokee County. The two principal upper branches, near their source in Dickinson and Osceola .Counties, are small prairie creeks, with indistinct valleys. On entering Clay County, the valley deepens, and at their confluence has a depth of one hundred feet, which still further increases until along the boundary line between Clay and Buena Vista Counties, it reaches a depth of two, hundred feet. Just as the valley enters Cherokee County, it turns to the southward and becomes much widened, with its sides gently sloping to the uplands. When the valley enters the region of the bluff deposit, it assumes the billowy appearance. No exposures of strata of any kind have been found in the valley of the Little Sioux or any of its branches. Floyd River. — This river rises upon the drift in O'Brien County, and flow- ing southward enters the region of the bluff deposit a little north of the center of Plymouth County. Almost from its source to its mouth it is a prairie stream, with slightly sloping valley sides, which blend gradually with the uplands. A single slight exposure of sandstone of cretaceous age occurs in the valley near Sioux City, and which is the only known exposure of rock of any kind along its whole length. Near this exposure is a mil] site, but farther up the stream it is not valuable for such purposes. Rock River. — This stream passes through Lyon and Sioux Counties. It was evidently so named from the fact that considerable exposures of the red Sioux quartzite occur along the main branches of the stream in Minnesota, a few miles north of our State boundary. Within this State the main stream and its branches are drift streams, and strata are exposed. The beds and banks of the streams are usually sandy and gravelly, with occasional boulders intermixed. Big Sioux River. — The valley of this river, from the northwest corner of the State to its mouth, possesses much the same character as all the streams of the surface deposits. At Sioux Falls, a few miles above the northwest corner of the State, the stream meets with remarkable obstructions from the presence of Sioux quartzite, which outcrops directly across the' stream, and causes a. fall of about sixty feet within a distance of half a mile, producing a series of cas- cades. For the first twenty -five miles above its mouth, the valley is very broad, with a broad, flat flood plain, with gentle slopes occasionally showing indistinctly defined terraces. These terraces and valley bottoms constitute some of the finest HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. .„ 115 agricultural land of the region. On the Iowa side of the valley the upland presents abrupt bluffs, steep as the materials of which they are composed will stand, and from one hundred to nearly two hundred feet high above the stream. At rare intervals^ about fifteen miles from its mouth, the cretaceous strata are found exposed in the face of the bluffs of the Iowa side. No other strata are exposed along that part of the valley which borders our State, with the single exception of Sioux quartzite at its extreme northwestern corner. Some good mill sites may be secured along that portion of this river which borders Lyon County, but below this the fall will probably be found insufficient and the location for dams insecure. Missouri River. — This is one of the muddiest streams on the globe, and its waters are known to be very turbid far toward its source. The chief pecul- iarity of this river is its broad flood plains, and its adjacent bluff deposits. Much the greater part of the flood plain of this river is upon the Iowa side, and continuous from the south boundary line of the State to Sioux City, a distance of more than one hundred miles in length, varying from three to five miles in width. This alluvial plain is estimated to contain more than half a million acres of land within the State, upward of four hundred thousand of which are now tillable. The rivers of the eastern system of drainage have quite a different character from those of the western system. They are larger, longer and have their val- leys modified to a much greater extent by the underlying strata. For the lat- ter reason, water-power is much more abundant upon them than upon the streams of the western system. Des Moines River. — This river has its source in Minnesota, but it enters Iowa before it has attained any size, and' flows almost centrally through it from northwest to southeast, emptying into the Mississippi at the extreme southeast- ern corner of the State. It drains a greater area than any river within the State. The upper portion of it is divided into two branches known as the east and west forks. These unite in Humboldt County. The valleys of these branches above their confluence are drift-valleys, except a few small exposures of subcarboniferous limestone about five miles above their confluence. These exposures produce several small mill-sites. The valleys vary from a few hun- dred yards to half a mile in width, and are the finest agricultural lands. In the northern part of Wjebster County, the character of the main valley is modified by the presence of ledges and low cliffs of the subcarboniferous limestone and gypsum. From a point a little below Fort Dodge to near Amsterdam, in Ma- rion County, the river runs all the way through and upon the lower coal-meas- ure strata. Along this part of its course the flood-plain varies from an eighth to half a mile or more in width. From Amsterdam to Ottumwa the subcarbon- iferous limestone appears at intervals in the valley sides. Near Ottumwa, the sub- carboniferous rocks pass beneath the river again, bringing down the coal-measure strata into its bed ; but they rise again from it in the extreme northwestern part 116 ' f HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. of Van Buren County, and subcarboniferous strata resume and keep their place along the valley to the north of the river. From Fort Dodge to the northern part of Lee County, the strata of the lower coal measures are present in the valley. Its flood plain is frequently sandy, from the debris of the sandstone and sandy shales of the coal measures produced by their removal in the process of the formation of the valley. The principal tributaries of the Des Moines are upon the western side. These are the Raccoon and the three rivers, viz.: South, Middle and North Riv- ers. The three latter have their source in the region occupied by the upper coal-measure limestone formation, flow eastward over the middle coal measures, and enter the valley of the Des Moines upon the lower coal measures. These streams, especially South and Middle Rivers, are frequently bordered by high, rocky cliffs. Raccoon River has its source upon the heavy surface deposits of the middle region of Western Iowa, and along the greater part of its course it has excavated its valley out those deposits and the middle coal measures alone. The valley of the Des Moines and its branches are destined to become the seat of extensive manufactures in consequence of the numerous mill sites of immense power, and the fact that the main valley traverses the entire length of the Iowa coal fields. Skunk River. — This river has its source in Hamilton County, and runs almost its entire course upon the border of the outcrop of the lower coal meas- ures, or, more properly speaking, upon the subcarboniferous limestone, just where it begins to pass beneath the coal measures by its southerly and westerly dip. Its general course is southeast. From the western part of Henry County, up as far as Story County, the broad, flat flood plain is covered with a rich deep clay soil, which, in time of long-continued rains and overflows of the river, has made the valley of Skunk River a terror to travelers from the earliest settle- ment of the country. There are some excellent mill sites on the lower half of this river, but they are not so numerous or valuable as on other rivers of the eastern system. Iowa River. — This river rises in Hancock County, in the midst of a broad, slightly undulating drift region. The first rock exposure is that of subcarbon- iferous limestone, in the southwestern corner of Franklin County. It enters the region of the Devonian strata near the southwestern corner of Benton County, and in this it continues to its confluence with the Cedar in Louisa County. Below the junction with the Cedar, and for some miles above that point, its valley is broad, and especially on the northern side, with a well marked flood plain. Its borders gradually blend with the uplands as they slope away in the distance from the river. The Iowa furnishes numerous and valua- ble mill sites. Cedar River. — This stream is usually understood to be a branch of the Iowa, but it ought, really, to be regarded as the main stream. It rises by numerous branches in the northern part of the State, and flows the entire length HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 117 of the State, through the region occupied by the Devonian strata and along the trend occupied by that formation. The valley of this river, in the upper part of its course, is narrow, and the sides slope so gently as to scarcely show where the lowlands end and the up- lands begin. Below the confluence with the Shell Bock, the flood plain is more distinctly marked and the valley broad and shallow. The valley of the Cedar is one of the finest regions in the State, and both the main stream and its branches afford abundant and reliable mill sites. Wapsipinnicon River. — This river has its source near the source of the Cedar, and runs parallel and near it almost its entire course, the upper half upon the same formation — the Devonian. In the northeastern part of Linn County, it enters the region of the Niagara limestone, upon which it continues to the Mississippi. It is one hundred miles long, and yet the area of its drain- age is only from twelve to twenty miles in width. Hence, its numerous mill sites are unusually secure. Turkey River. — This river and the Upper Iowa are, in many respects, un- like other Iowa rivers. The difference is due to the great depth they have eroded their valleys and the different character of the material through which they have eroded. Turkey River rises in Howard County, and in Winnesheik County, a few miles from its source, its valley has attained a depth of more than two hundred feet, and in Fayette and Clayton Counties its depth is increased to three and four hundred feet. The summit of the uplands, bordering nearly the whole length of the valley, is capped by the Maquoketa shales. These shales are underlaid by the Galena limestone, between two and three hundred feet thick. The valley has been eroded through these, and runs upon the Trenton limestone. Thus, all the formations along and within this valley are Lower Silurian. The valley is usually narrow, and without a well-marked flood plain. Water power is abundant, but in most places inaccessible. Upper Iowa River. — This river rises in Minnesota, just beyond the north- ern boundary line, and enters our State in Howard County before it has attained any considerable size. Its course is nearly eastward until it reaches the Mis- sissippi. It rises in the region of the Devonian rocks, and flows across the out- crops, respectively, of the Niagara, Galena and Trenton limestone, the lower magnesian limestone and Potsdam sandstone, into and through all of which, except the last, it has cut its valley, which is the deepest of any in Iowa. The valley sides are, almost everywhere, high and steep, and cliffs of lower magne- sian and Trenton limestone give them a wild and rugged aspect. In the lower part of the valley, the flood plain reaches a width sufficient for the location of small farms, but usually it is too narrow for such purposes. On the higher surface, however, as soon as you leave the valley you come immediately upon a cultivated country. This stream has the greatest slope per mile of any in Iowa, consequently it furnishes immense water power. In some places, where creeks come into it, the valley widens and affords good locations for farms. The town 118 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. of Decorah, in Winnesheik County, is located in one of these spots, which makes it a lovely location ; and the power of the river and the small spring streams around it offer fine facilities for manufacturing. This river and its tributaries are the only trout streams in Iowa. Mississippi River. — This river may be described, in general terms, as a broad canal cut out of the general level of the country through which the river flows. It is bordered by abrupt hills or bluffs. The bottom of the valley ranges from one to eight miles in width. The whole space between the bluffs is occupied by the river and its bottom, or flood plain only, if we except the occasional terraces or remains of ancient flood plains, which are not now reached by the highest floods of the river. The river itself is from half a mile to nearly a mile in width. There are but four points along the whole length of the State where the bluffs approach the stream on both sides. The Lower Silurian formations com- pose the bluffs in the northern part of the State, but they gradually disappear by a southerly dip, and the bluffs are continued successively by the Upper Silurian, Devonian, and subcarboniferous rocks, which are reached near the southeastern corner of the State. Considered in their relation to the present general surface of the state, the relative ages of the river valley of Iowa date back only to the close of the glacial epoch ; but that the Mississippi, and all the rivers of Northeastern Iowa, if no others, had at least a large part of the rocky portions of their valleys eroded bypre-glacial, or perhaps even by palaeozoic rivers, can scarcely be doubted. LAKES. The lakes of Iowa may be properly divided into two distinct classes. The first may be called drift lakes, having had their origin in the depressions left in the surface of the drift at the close of the glacial epoch, and have rested upon the undisturbed surface of the drift deposit ever since the glaciers disappeared. The others may be properly termed fluvatile or alluvial lakes, because they have had their origin by the action of rivers while cutting their own valleys out from the surface of the drift as it existed at the close of the glacial epoch, and are now found resting upon the alluvium, as the others rest upon the drift. By the term alluvium is meant the deposit which has accumulated in the valleys of rivers by the action of their own currents. It is largely composed of sand and other coarse material, and upon that deposit are some of the best and most productive soils in the State. It is this deposit which form the flood plains and deltas of our rivers, as well as the terraces of their valleys. The regions to which the drift lakes are principally confined are near the head waters of the principal streams of the State. We consequently find them in those regions which lie between the Cedar and Des Moines Rivers, and the Des Moines and Little Sioux. No drift lakes are found in Southern Iowa.. The largest of the lakes to be found in the State are Spirit and Okoboji, in HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. 119 Dickinson County ; Clear Lake, in Cerro Gordo County ; and Storm Lake, in Bunea Vista County. - Spirit Lake. — The width and length of this lake are about equal ; and it contains about twelve square miles, of surface, its northern border resting directly on the boundary of the State. It lies almost directly upon the great watershed. Its shores are mostly gravelly, and the country about it fertile. Okoboji Lake. — This body of water lies directly south of Spirit Lake, and has somewhat the shape of a horse-shoe, with its eastern projection within a few rods of Spirit Lake, where it receives the outlet of the latter. Okoboji Lake extends about five miles southward from Spirit Lake, thence about the same distance westward, and then bends northward about as far as the eastern projec- tion. The eastern portion is narrow, but the western is larger, and in some places a hundred feet deep. The surroundings of this and Spirit Lake are very pleasant. Fish are abundant in them, and they are the resort of myriads of water fowl. Clear Lake. — This lake is situated in Cerro Gordo County, upon the watershed between the Iowa and Cedar Rivers. It is about five miles long, and two or three miles wide, and has a maximum depth of only fifteen feet. Its shores and the country around it are like that of Spirit Lake. Storm LaTee. — This body of water rests upon the great water shed in Buena Vista County. It is a clear, beautiful sheet of water, containing a surface area of between four and five square miles. The outlets of all these drift-lakes are dry during a portion of the year, ex- cept Okoboji. Walled Lakes. — Along the water sheds of Northern Iowa great numbers of small lakes exist, varying from half a mile to a mile in diameter. One of the lakes in Wright County, and another in Sac, have each received the name of " Walled •Lake," on account of the existence of embankments on their borders, which are supposed to be the work of ancient inhabitants. These embankments are from two to ten feet in height, and from five to thirty feet across. They are the result of natural causes alone, being referable to the periodic action of ice, aided, to some extent, by the force of the waves. These lakes are very shallow, and in winter freeze to the bottom, so that but little unfrozen water remains in the middle. The ice freezes fast to everything upon the bottom, and the expansive power of the water in freezing acts in all directions from the center to the cir- cumference, and whatever was on the bottom of the lake has been thus carried to the shore, and this has been going on from year to year, from century to century, forming the embankments which have caused so much wonder. SPRINGS. Springs issue from all formations, and from the sides of almost every valley, but they are more numerous, and assume proportions which give rise to the name of sink-holes, along the upland borders of the Upper Iowa River, owing 120 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. to the peculiar fissured and laminated character and great thickness of the strata of the age of the Trenton limestone which underlies the whole region of the valley of that stream. No mineral springs, properly so called, have yet been discovered in Iowa, ' though the water of several artesian wells is frequently found charged with soluble mineral substances. ORIGIN OF THE PRAIRIES. It is estimated that seven-eighths of the surface of the State was prairie when first settled. They are not confined to level surfaces, nor to any partic- ular variety of soil, for within the State they rest upon all formations, from those of the Azoic to those of the Cretaceous age, inclusive. Whatever may have been their origin, their present existence in Iowa is not due to the influ- ence of climate, nor the soil, nor any of the underlying formations. The real cause is the prevalence of the annual fires. If these had been prevented fifty years ago, Iowa would now be a timbered country. The encroachment of forest trees upon prairie farms as soon as the bordering woodland is protected from the annual prairie fires, is well known to farmers throughout the State. The soil of Iowa is justly famous for its fertility, and there is probably no equal area of the earth's surface that contains so little untillable land, or whose soil has so high an average of fertility. Ninety-five per cent, of its surface is tillable land. GEOLOGY. The soil of Iowa may be separated into three general divisions, which not only possess different physical characters, but also differ in the mode of their origin. These are drift, bluff and alluvial, and belong respectively to the deposits bearing the same names. The drift occupies a much larger part of the surface of the State than both the others. The bluff has the next greatest area of surface, and the alluvial least. All soil is disintegrated rock. The drift deposit of Iowa was derived, to a considerable extent, from the rocks of Minnesota ; but the greater part of Iowa drift was derived from its own rocks, much of which has been transported but a short distance. In general terms the constant component element of the drift soil is that portion which was transported from the north, while the inconstant elements are those portions which were derived from the adjacent or underlying strata. For example, in Western Iowa, wherever that cretaceous formation known as the Nishnabotany sandstone exists, the soil contains more sand than elsewhere. The same may be said of the soil of some parts of the State occu- pied by the lower coal measures, the sandstones and sandy shales of that forma- tion furnishing the sand. In Northern and Northwestern Iowa, the drift contains more sand and gravel than elsewhere. This sand and gravel was, doubtless, derived from the HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA 121 cretaceous rocks that now do, or formerly did, exist there, and also in part from the conglomerate and pudding-stone beds of the Sioux quartzite. In Southern Iowa, the soil is frequently stiff and clayey. This preponder- ating clay is doubtless derived from the clayey and shaly beds which alternate with the limestones of that region. The bluff soil is that which rests upon, and constitutes a part of, the bluff deposit. It is found only in the western part of the State"! and adjacent to the Missouri River. Although it contains less than one per cent, of clay in its composition, it is in no respect inferior to the best drift soil. The alluvial soil is that of the flood plains of the river valleys, or bottom , lands. That which is periodically flooded by the rivers is of little value for agricultural purposes ; but a large part of it is entirely above the reach of the highest floods, and is very productive. The stratified rocks of Iowa range from the Azoic to the Mesozoic, inclu- sive ; but the greater portion of the surface of the State is occupied by those of the Palaeozoic age. The table below will show each of these formations in their order: SYSTEMS. ACES. GRO0PS. PERIODS. FORMATIONS. EPOCHS. Drift Inoceramous bed. Woodbury Sandstone and Shales. Nishnabotany Sandstone Upper Coal Measures Middle Coal Measures Lower Coal Measures St. Louis Limestone Keokuk Limestone Burlington Limestone Kinderhook beds Hamilton Limestone and Shales Niagara Limestone Maquoketa Shales Galena Limestone Trenton Limestone St. Peter's Sandstone Lower Magnesian Limestone Potsdam Sandstone Sioux Quartzite THICKNESS. IN FEET. Cretaceous Carboniferous.. I Devonian Upper Silurian Lower Silurian, Azoic Post Tertiary Lower Cretaceous. Coal Measures. Subcarboniferous. 10 Hamilton Niagara 'Cincinnati Trenton. Primordial. Huronian...'. to 200 50 , 130 100 200 200 200 75 90 196 175 200 350 80 250 200 80 250 300 50 THE AZOIC SYSTEM. The Sioux quartzite is found exposed in natural ledges only upon a few acres in the extreme northwest corner of the State, upon the banks of the Big Sioux River, for which reason the specific name of Sioux Quartzite has been given them. It is an intensely hard rock, breaks in splintery fracture, and a color varying, in different localities, from a light to deep red. The process of metamorphism has been so complete throughout the whole formation that the rock is almost everywhere of uniform texture. The dip is four or five degrees to the northward, and the trend of the outcrop is eastward and westward. This 122 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. rock may ,be quarried in a few rare cases, but usually it cannot be secured in dry forms except that into which it naturally cracks, and the tendency is~to angular pieces. It is absolutely indestructible. LOWER SILURIAN SYSTEM. PRIMORDIAL GROUP. Potsdam Sandstone. — This formation is exposed only in a small portion of the northeastern portion of the State. It is only to be seen in the bases of the bluffs and steep valley sides which border the river there. It may be seen underlying the lower magnesian limestone, St. Peter s sandstone and Trenton limestone, in their regular order, along the bluffs of the Mississippi from the northern boundary of the State as far south as Guttenburg, along the Upper Iowa for a distance of about twenty miles from its mouth, and along a few of the streams which empty into the Mississippi in Allamakee County. It is nearly valueless for economic purposes. No fossils have been discovered in this formation in Iowa. Lower Magnesium Limestone. — This formation has but little greater geo- graphical extent in Iowa than the Potsdam sandstone. It lacks a uniformity of texture and stratification, owing to which it is not generally valuable for building purposes. The only fossils found in this formation in Iowa are a few traces of crinoids, near McGregor. St. Peter s Sandstone. — This formation is remarkably uniform in thickness throughout its known geographical extent ; and it is evident it occupies a large portion of the northern half of Allamakee County, immediately beneath the drift. TRENTON GROUP. Trenton Limestone. — With the exception of this, all the limestones of both Upper and Lower Silurian age in Iowa are magnesian limestones — nearly pure dolomites. This formation occupies large portions of Winnesheik and Alla- makee Counties and a portion of Clayton. The greater part of it is useless for economic purposes, yet there are in some places compact and evenly bedded layers, which afford fine material for window caps and sills. In this formation, fossils are abundant, so much so that, in some places, the rock is made up of a mass of shells, corals and fragments of tribolites, cemented by calcareous material into a solid rock. Some of these fossils are new to science and peculiar to Iowa. The Galena Limestone. — This is the upper formation of the Trenton group. It seldom exceeds twelve miles in width, although it is fully one hundred and fifty miles long. The outcrop traverses portions of the counties of Howard, Winnesheik, Allamakee, Fayette, Clayton, Dubuque and Jackson. It exhibits its greatest development in Dubuque County. It is nearly a pure dolomite, with a slight admixture of silicious matter. It is usually unfit for dressing, HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 123 though sometimes near the top of the bed good blocks for dressing are found. This formation is the source of the lead ore of the Dubuque lead mines. The lead region proper is confined to an area of about fifteen miles square in the vicinity of Dubuque. The ore occurs in vertical fissures, which traverse the rock at regular intervals from east to west ; some is found in those which have a north and south directi6n. The ore is mostly that known as Galena, or sul- phuret of lead, very small quantities only of the carbonate being found with it. CINCINNATI GROUP. Maquoketa Shales. — The surface occupied by this formation is singularly long and narrow, seldom reaching more than a mile or two in width, but more than a hundred miles in length. Its most southerly exposure is in the bluffs of the Mississippi near Bellevue, in Jackson County, and the most northerly yet recognized is in the western part of Winnesheik County. The whole formation is largely composed of bluish and brownish shales, sometimes slightly arena- ceous, sometimes calcareous, which weather into a tenacious clay upon the sur- face, and the soil derived from it is usually stiff and clayey. Its economic value is very slight. Several species of fossils which characterize the Cincinnati group are found in the Maquoketa shales ; but they contain a larger number that have been found anywhere else than in these shales in Iowa, and their distinct faunal char- acteristics seem to warrant the separation of the Maquoketa shales as a distinct formation from any others of the group. UPPER SILURIAN SYSTEM. NIAGARA Q50UP. Niagara Limestone. — The area occupied by the Niagara limestone is nearly one hundred and sixty miles long from north to south, and forty and fifty miles wide. This formation is entirely a magnesian limestone, with in some places a con- siderable proportion of silicious matter in the form of chert or coarse flint. A large part of it is evenly bedded, and probably affords the best and greatest amount of quarry rock in the State. The quarries at Anamosa, LeClaire and Farley are all opened in this formation. DEVONIAN SYSTEM. HAMILTON GROUP. Hamilton Limestone. — The area of surface occupied by the Hamilton lime- stone and shales is fully as great as those by all the formations of both Upper and Lower Silurian age in the State. It is nearly two hundred miles long and from forty to fifty miles broad. The general trend is northwestward and south- eastward. Although a large part of the material of this formation is practically quite ■worthless, yet other portions are valuable for economic purposes ; and having a 124 HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. large geographical extent in the State, is one of the most important formations, in a practical point of view. At Waverly, Bremer County, its value for the production of hydraulic lime has been practically demonstrated. The heavier and more uniform magnesian beds furnish material /for bridge piers and other material requiring strength and durability. All the Devonian strata of Iowa evidently belong to a single epochs and re- - ferable to the Hamilton, as recognized by New York geologists. The most conspicuous and characteristic fossils of this formation are bra- chiopod, mollusks and corals. The coral Acervularia Davidsoni occurs near Iowa City, and is known as " Idwa City Marble," and " bird's-eye marble." CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM. Of the three groups of formations that constitute the carboniferous system, viz., the subcarboniferous, coal measures and permian, only the first two are found in Iowa. * SUBCARBONIFEROUS GROUP. The area of the surface occupied by this group is very large. Its eastern border passes from the northeastern part of Winnebago County, with consider- able directness in a southeasterly direction to the northern part of Washington County. Here it makes a broad and direct bend nearly eastward, striking the Mississippi River at Muscatine. ' The southern and western boundary is to a considerable extent the same as that which separates it from the coal field. From the southern part of Pocahontas County it passes southeast to Fort Dodge, thence to Webster City, thence to a point three or four miles northeast of El- dora, in Hardin County, thence southward to the middle of the north line of Jasper County, thence southeastward to Sigourney, in Keokuk County, thence to the northeastern corner of Jefferson County, thence sweeping a few miles eastward to the southeast corner of Van Buren County. Its area is nearly two hundred and fifty miles long, and from twenty to fifty miles wide. The Kinderhook Beds. — The most southerly exposure of these beds is near the mouth of Skunk River, in Des Moines County. The most northerly now known is in the eastern part of Pocahontas County, more than two hundred miles distant. The principal exposures of this formation are along the bluffs which border the Mississippi and Skunk Rivers, where they form the eastern and northern boundary of Des Moines County, along English River, in Wash- ington County; along the Iowa River, in Tama, Marshall, Hamlin and Frank- lin Counties ; and along the Des Moines River, in Humboldt County. The economic value of this formation is very considerable, particularly in the northern portion of the region it occupies. In Pocahontas and Humboldt Counties it is almost invaluable, as no other stone except a few boulders are found here. At Iowa Falls the lower division is very good for building pur- poses. ^ In Marshall County all the limestone to be obtained comes from this formation, and the quarries near LeGrand are very valuable. At this point HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 125 some of the layers are finely veined with peroxide of iron, and are wrought into ornamental and useful objects. In Tama County, the oolitic member is well exposed, where it is manufac- tured into lime. It is not valuable for building, as upon exposure to atmosphere and frost, it crumbles to pieces. The remains of fishes are the only fossils yet discovered in this formation that can be referred to the sub-kingdom vertebrata ; and so far as yet recog- nized, they all belong to the order selachians. Of articulates, only two species have been recognized, both of which belong to the genus phillipsia. The sub-kingdom mollusca is largely represented. The badiata are represented by a few crinoids, usually found in a very im- perfect condition. The sub-kingdom is also represented by corals. The prominent feature in the life of this epoch was molluscan ; so much so in fact as to overshadow all other branches of the animal kingdom. The pre- vailing classes are : lamellibranchiates, in the more arenaceous portions ; and braehiopods, in the more calcareous portions. No remains of vegetation have been detected in any of the strata of this formation. The Burlington Limestone. — This formation consists of two distinct calca- reous divisions, which are. separated « by a series of silicious beds. Both divi- sions are eminently crinoidal. The southerly dip of the Iowa rocks carries the Burlington limestone down, so that it is seen for the last time in this State in the valley of Skunk River, near the southern boundary of Des Moines County. The most northerly point at which it has been recognized is in the northern part of Washington County. It probably exists as far north as Marshall County. This formation affords much valuable material for economic purposes. The upper division furnishes excellent common quarry rock. The great abundance and variety of its fossils — crinoids — now known to be more than three hundred, have justly attracted the attention of geologists in all parts of the world. The only remains of vertebrates discovered in this formation; are those of fishes, and consist of teeth and spines ; bone of bony fishes, like those most common at the present day, are found in these rocks. On Bumngton Creek, in Louisa County, is a stratum in an exposure so fully charged with these remains that it might with propriety be called bone breccia. Remains of articulates are rare in this formation. So far as yet discovered, they are confined to two species of tribolites of the genus phillipsia. Fossil shells are very common. The two lowest classes of the sub-kingdom radiata are represented in the genera gaphrentis, amplexus and syringapora, while the highest class — echino- derms— are found in most extraordinary profusion. 126 HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. The Keokuk Limestone. — It is only in the four counties of Lee, Van Buren, Henry and Des Moines that this formation is to be seen. ' In some localities the upper silicious portion of this formation is known as the Geode bed. It is not recognizable in the northern portion of the formation, nor in connection with it where it is exposed, about eighty miles below Keokuk. The geodes of the Geode bed are more or less spherical masses of silex, usually hollow and lined with crystals of quartz. The outer crust is rough and unsightly, but the crystals which stud the interior are often very beautiful. They vary in size from the size of a walnut to a foot in diameter. The economic value of this formation is very great. Large quantities of its stone have been used in the finest structures in the State, among which are the post offices at Dubuque and Des Moines. The principal quarries are along the banks of the Mississippi, from Keokuk to Nauvoo. The only vertebrate fossils found in • the formation are fishes, all belonging to the order selachians, some of which indicate that their owners reached a. length of twenty-five or thirty feet. Of the articulates, only two species of the genus phillipsia have been found in this formation. Of the mollusks, no cephalopods have yet been recognized in this formation in this State ; gasteropods are rare ; brachiopods and poly zoans are quite abundant. Of radiates, corals of genera zaphrentes, amplexus and aulopera are found, but crinoids are most abundant. Of the low forms of animal life, the protozoans, a small fossil related to the sponges, is found in this formation in small numbers. The St. Louis Limestone. — This is the uppermost of the subcarboniferous group in Iowa. The superficial area it occupies is comparatively small, because it consists of long, narrow strips, yet its extent is very great. It is first seen resting on the geode division of the Keokuk limestone, near Keokuk. Pro- ceeding northward, it forms a narrow border along the edge of the coal fields in Lee, Des Moines, Henry, Jefferson, Washington, Keokuk and Mahaska Counties. It is then lost sight of until it appears again in the banks of" Boone River, where it again passes out of view under the coal measures until it is next seen in the banks of the Des Moines, near Fort Dodge. As it exists in Iowa, it consists of three tolerably distinct subdivisions — the magnesian, arena- ceous and calcareous. The upper division furnishes excellent material for quicklime, and when quarries are well opened, as in the northwestern part of Van Buren County, large blocks' are obtained. The sandstone, or middle division, is of little economic value. The lower or magnesian division furnishes a valuable and durable stone, exposures of which are found on Lick Creek, in Van Buren County, and on Long Creek, seven miles west of Burlington. Of the fossils of this formation, the vertebrates are represented only by the remains of fish, belonging to the two orders, selachians and ganoids. The HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 127 articulates are represented by one species of the trilobite, genus phillipsia, and two ostracoid, genera, cythre and beyrieia. The mollusks distinguish this formation more than any other branch of the animal kingdom. Radiates are exceedingly rare, showing a marked contrast between this formation and the two preceding it. The rocks of the subcarboniferous period have in other countries, and in other parts of our own country, furnished valuable minerals, and even coal, but in Iowa the economic value is confined to its stone alone. The Lower Silurian, Upper Silurian and Devonian rocks of Iowa are largely composed of limestone. Magnesia also enters largely into the subcarbon- iferous group. • With the completion of the St. Louis limestone, the production of the magnesian limestone seems to have ceased among the rocks of Iowa. Although the Devonian age has been called the age of fishes, yet so far as Iowa is concerned, the rocks of no period can compare with the subcarbon- iferous in the abundance and variety of the fish remains, and, for this reason, the Burlington and Keokuk limestones will in the future become more famous among geologists, perhaps, than any other formations in North America. It will be seen that the Chester limestone is omitted from the subcarbon- iferous group, and which completes the full geological series. It is probable the whole surface of Iowa was above the sea during the time of the formation of the Chester limestone to the southward about one hundred miles. At the close of the epoch of the Chester limestone, the shallow seas in which the lower coal measures were formed again occupied the land, extending almost as far north as that sea had done in which the Kinderhook beds were formed, and to the northeastward its deposits extended beyond the subcarbon- iferous groups, outlines of which are found upon the next, or Devonian rock. THE COAL-MEASURE GROUP. The coal-measure group of Iowa is properly divided into three formations, viz., the lower, middle and upper coal measures, each having a vertical thick- ness of about two hundred feet. A line drawn upon the map of Iowa as follows, will represent the eastern and northern boundaries of the coal fields of the State : Commencing at the southeast corner of Van Buren County, carry the line to the northeast corner of Jefferson County by a slight easterly curve through the western portions of Lee and Henry Counties. Produce this line until it reaches a point six or eight miles northward from the one last named, and then carry it northwest- ward, keeping it at about the same distance to the northward of Skunk River and its north branch that it had at first, until it reaches the southern boundary of Marshall County, a little west of its center. Then carry it to a .point 128 HISTORY OF THE STATE OJF IOWA. three or four miles northeast from Eldora, in Hardin County ; thence west- ward to a point a little north of Webster City, in Hamilton County; and thence further westward to a point a little north of Fort Dodge, in Webster County. Lower Coal Measures. — In consequence of the recedence to the southward'' of the borders of the middle and upper coal measures, the Tower coal measures alone exist to the eastward and northward of Des Moines River. They also occupy a large area westward and southward of that river, but their southerly dip passes them below the middle coal measures at no great distance from the river. No other formation in the whole State possesses the economic value of the lower coal measures. The clay that underlies almost every bed of coal furnishes a large amount of material for potters' use. The sandstone of these measures is usually soft and unfit, but in some places, as near Red Rock, in Marion County, blocks of large dimensions are obtained which make good building material, samples of which can be seen in the State Arsenal, at Des Moines. On the whole, that portion of the State occupied by the lower coal measures, is not well supplied with stone. But few fossils have been found in any of the strata of the lower coal meas- ures, but such animal remains as have been found are without exception of marine origin. Of fossil plants found in these measures, all probably belong to the class aerogens. Specimens of ealamites, and several species of ferns, are found in all of the coal measures, but the genus lepidodendron seems not to have existed later than the epoch of the middle coal measures. Middle Coal Measures. — This formation within the State of Iowa occupies a narrow belt of territory in the southern central portion of the State, embrac- ing a superficial area of about fourteen hundred square miles. The counties more or less underlaid by this formation are Guthrie, Dallas, Polk, Madison, Warren, Clarke, Lucas, Monroe, Wayne and Appanoose. This formation is composed of alternating beds of clay, sandstone and lime- stone, the clays or shales constituting the bulk of the formation, the limestone occurring in their bands, the lithological peculiarities of which offer many con- trasts to the limestones of the upper and lower coal measures. The. formation is also characterized by regular wave-like undulations, with a parallelism which indicates a widespread disturbance, though no dislocation of the strata 1 have been discovered. , Generally speaking, few species of fossils occur in these beds. Some of the shales and sandstone have afforded a few imperfectly preserved land plants — three or four species of ferns, belonging to the genera. Some of the carbonif- erous shales afford beautiful specimens of what appear to have been sea-weeds. Radiates are represented by corals. The mollusks are most numerously repre- sented. Trilobites and ostracoids are the only remains known of articulates-..: HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 129 Vertebrates are only known by the remains of salachians, or sharks, and ganoids. Upper Goal Measures. — The area occupied by this formation in Iowa is very great, comprising thirteen whole counties, in the southwestern part of the State. It adjoins by its northern and eastern boundaries the area occupied by the middle coal measures. The prominent lithological features of this formation are its limestones, yet it contains a considerable proportion of shales and sandstones. Although it is known by the name of upper coal measures, it contains but a single bed of coal, and that only about twenty inches in maximum thickness. The limestone exposed in this formation furnishes good material for building as in Madison and Fremont Counties. The sandstones are quite worthless. No beds of clay for potter's use are found in the whole formation. The fossils in this formation are much more numerous than in either the middle or lower coal measures. The vertebrates are represented by the fishes of the orders selachians and ganoids. The articulates are represented by the trilobites and ostracoids. Mollusks are represented by the classes cephalapoda, gasteropoda, lamelli, branchiata, brachiapoda wt&.polyzoa. Radiates are more numerous than in the lower and middle coal measures. Protogoans are repre- sented in the greatest abundance, some layers of limestone being almost entirely composed of their small fusiform shells. CRETACEOUS SYSTEM. There being no rocks, in Iowa, of permian, triassic or Jurassic age, the next strata in the geological series are of the cretaceous age. They are found in the western half of the State, and do not dip, as do all the other formations upon which they rest, to the southward and westward, but have a general dip of their own to the north of westward, which, however, is very slight. Although the actual exposures of cretaceous rocks are few in Iowa, there is reason to believe that nearly all the western half of the State was originally occupied by them ; but being very friable, they have been removed by denuda- tion, which has taken place at two separate periods. The first period was during its elevation from the cretaceous sea, and during the long tertiary age that passed between the time of that elevation and the commencement of the glacial epoch. The second period was during the glacial epoch, when the ice produced their entire removal over considerable areas. It is difficult to indicate the exact boundaries of these rocks ; the following will approximate the outlines of the area : From the northeast corner to the southwest corner of Kossuth County ; thence to, the southeast corner of Guthrie County; thence to the southeast corner of Cass County; thence to the middle of the south boundary of Mont- gomery County ; thence to the middle of the north boundary of Pottawattamie County; thence to the middle of the south boundary of Woodbury County; 130 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. thence to Sergeant's bluffs; up the Missouri and Big Sioux Rivers to the northwest corner of the State ; eastward along the State line to the place of beginning. All the cretaceous rocks in Iowa are a part of the same deposits farther up the Missouri River, and in reality form their eastern boundary. Mshnabotany Sandstone. — This rock has the most easterly and southerly extent of the cretaceous deposits of Iowa, reaching the southeastern part of Guthrie County and the southern part of Montgomery County. To the north- ward, it passes beneath the Woodbury sandstones and shales, the latter passing beneath the inoceramus, or chalky, beds. This sandstone is, with few excep- tions, almost valueless for economic purposes. The only fossils found in this formation are a few fragments of angiosper- mous leaves. Woodbury Sandstones and Shales. — These strata rest upon the Nishna- botany sandstone, and have not been observed outside of Woodbury County, hence their name. Their principal exposure is at Sergeant's Bluffs, seven miles below Sioux City. This rock has no value except for purposes of common masonry. Fossil remains are rare. Detached scales of a lepidoginoid species have • been detected, but no other vertebrate remains. Of remains of vegetation, leaves of salix meekii and sassafras cretaceum have been occasionally found. Inoceramus Beds. — These beds rest upon the Woodbury sandstones and shales. They have not been observed in Iowa, except in the bluffs which border the Big Sioux River in Woodbury and Plymouth Counties. They are composed almost entirely of calcareous material, the upper portion of which is extensively used for lime. No building material is to be obtained from these beds ; and the only value they possess, except lime, are the marls, which at some time may be useful on the soil of the adjacent region. The only vertebrate remains found in the cretaceous rocks are the fishes. Those in the inoceramus beds of Iowa are two species of squoloid selachians, or cestratront, and three genera of teliosts. Molluscan remains are rare. PEAT. Extensive beds of peat exist in Northern Middle Iowa, which, it is esti- mated, contain the following areas : Counties. Acres. Cerro Gordo 1,500 Worth T 2,000 Winnebago 2,000 Hancock 1,500 Wright &)0 Kossuth 700 Dickinson 80 Several other counties contain peat beds, but the character of the peat is inferior to that in the northern part of the State. The character of the peat HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 131 named is equal to that of Ireland. The beds are of an average depth of four feet. It is estimated that each acre of these beds will furnish two hundred and fifty tons of dry fuel for each foot in depth. At present, owing to the sparse- ness of the population, this peat is not utilized ; but, owing to its great distance from the coal fields and the absence of timber, the time is coming when their value will be realized, and the fact demonstrated that Nature has abundantly compensated the deficiency of other fuel. i *i GYPSUM'. The only deposits of the sulphates of the alkaline earths of any economic value in Iowa are those of gypsum at and in the vicinity of Fort Dodge, in Webster County. All others are small and unimportant. The deposit occupies a nearly central position in Webster County, the Des Moines River running nearly centrally through it, along the valley sides of which the gypsum is seen in the form of ordinary rock cliff and ledges, and also occurring abundantly in similar positions along both sides of the valleys of the smaller streams and of the numerous ravines coming into the river valley. The most northerly known limit of the deposit is at a point near the mouth of Lizard^ Creek, a tributary of the Des Moines River, and almost adjoining the town of Fort Dodge, The most southerly point at which it has been found exposed is about six miles, by way of the river, ftom this northerly point before mentioned. Our knowledge of the width of the area occupied by it is limited by the exposures seen in the valleys of the small streams and in the ravines which come into the valley within the distance mentioned. As one goes up these ravines and minor valleys, the gypsum becomes lost beneath the over- lying drift. There can be no doubt that the different parts of this deposit, now disconnected by the valleys and ravines having been cut through it, were orig- inally connected as a continuous deposit, and there seems to be as little reason to doubt that the gypsum still extends to considerable distance on each side of the valley of the river beneath the drift which covers the region to a depth of from twenty to sixty feet. The country round about this region has the prairie surface approximating a general level which is so characteristic of the greater part of the State, and which exists irrespective of the character or geological age of the strata beneath, mainly because the drift is so deep and uniformly distributed that it frequently almost alone gives character to the surface. The valley sides of the Des Moines. River, in the vicinity of Fort Dodge, are somewhat abrupt, having a depth there from the general level of the upland of about one hundred and seventy feet, and consequently presents somewhat bold and interesting features in the land- scape. As one walks up and down the creeks and ravines which come into the valley of the Des Moines River there, he sees the gypsum exposed on either side of them, jutting out from beneath the drift in the form of 132 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. ledges and bold quarry fronts, having almost the exact appearance of ordinary limestone exposures, so horizontal and regular are its lines of stratification, and so similar in color is it to some varieties of that rock. The principal quarries now opened are on Two Mile Creek, a couple of miles below Fort Dodge. The reader will please bear in mind that the gypsum of this remarkable deposit does not occur in "heaps" or "nests," as it does in most deposits of gypsum in the States farther eastward, but that it exists here in the form of a regularly stratified, continuous formation, as uniform in texture, color and quality throughout the whole region, and from top to bottom of the deposit as the granite of the Quincy quarries is. Its color is a uniform gray, result- ing from alternating fine horizontal lines of nearly white, with similar lines of darker shade. The gypsum of the white lines is almost entirely pure, the darker lines containing the impurity. This is at intervals barely sufficient in amount to cause the separation of the mass upon those lines into beds or layers, thus facilitating the quarrying of it into desired shapes. These bedding sur- faces have occasionally a clayey feeling to the touch, but there is nowhere any intercalation of clay or other foreign substance in a separate form. The deposit is known to reach a thickness of thirty feet at the quarries referred to, but although it will probably be found to exceed this thickness at some other points, at the natural exposures^' it is seldom seen to be more than from ten to twenty feet thick. Since the drift is usually seen to rest directly upon the gypsum, with noth- ing intervening, except at a few points where traces appear of an overlying bed of clayey material without doubt of the same age as the gypsum, the latter probably lost something of its thickness by mechanical erosion during the glacial epoch ; and it has, doubtless, also suffered some diminution of thickness since then by solution in the waters which constantly percolate through the drift from the surface. The drift of this region being somewhat clayey, partic- ulary in its lower part, it has doubtless served in some degree as a protection against the diminution of the gypsum by solution in consequence of its partial imperviousness to water. If the gypsum had been covered by a deposit of sand instead of the drift clays, it would have no doubt long since disappeared by being dissolved in the water that would have constantly reached it from the sur- face. Water merely resting upon it would not dissolve it away to any extent, but it rapidly disappears under the action of running water. Where little rills of water at the time of every rain run over the face of an unused quarry, from the surface above it, deep grooves are thereby cut into it, giving it somewhat the appearance of melting ice around a waterfall. The fact that' gypsum is now suffering a constant, but, of course, very slight, diminution, is apparent in the fact the springs of the region contain more or less of it in solution in their waters. An analysis of water from one of these springs will be found in Prof. Emery's report. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 133 Besides the clayey beds that are sometimes seen to rest upon the gypsum, there are occasionally others seen beneath them that are also of the same age, and not of the age «f the coal-measure strata upon which they rest. Age of the Gypsum Deposit. — In neither the gypsum nor the associated clays has any trace of any fossil remains been found, nor has any other indica- tion of its geological age been observed, except that which is afforded by its stratigraphical relations ; and the most that can be said with certainty is that it is newer than the coal measures, and older than the drift. The indications afforded by the stratigraphical relations of the gypsum deposit of Fort Dodge are, however, of considerable value. As already shown, it rests in that region directly and unconformably upon the lower coal measures ; but going southward from there, the whole series of coal-measure strata from the top of the subcarboniferous group to the upper coal measures, inclusive, can be traced without break or unconformability. The strata of the latter also may be traced in the same manner up into the Permian rocks of Kansas; and through this long series, there is no place or horizon which suggests that the gypsum deposit might belong there. Again, no Tertiary deposits are known to exist within or near the borders of Iowa to suggest that the gypsum might be of that age ; nor are any of the palaeozoic strata newer than the subcarboniferous unconformable upon each other as the other gypsum is unconformable upon the strata beneath it. It therefore seems, in a measure, conclusive, that the gypsum is of Mesozoic age, perhaps older than the Cretaceous. Lithohgical Origin. — As little can be said with certainty concerning the lithological origin of this deposit as can be said concerning its geological age, for it seems to present itself in this relation, as in the former one, as an isolated fact. None of the associated strata show any traces of a double decomposition of pre-existing materials, such as some have supposed all deposits of gypsum to have resulted from. No considerable quantities of oxide of iron nor any trace of native sulphur have been found in connection with it ; nor has any salt been found in the waters of the region. These substances are common in association with other gypsum deposits, and are regarded by some persons as indicative of the method of or resulting from their origin as such. Throughout the whole region, the Fort Dodge gypsum has the exact appearance of a sedimentary deposit. It is arranged in layers like the regular layers of limestone, and the whole mass, from top to bottom, is traced with fine horizontal laminae of alter- nating white and gray gypsum, parallel with the bedding surfaces of the layers, but the whole so intimately blended as to form a solid mass. The darker lines contain almost all the impurity there is in the gypsum, and that impurity is evidently sedimentary in its character. Frcn these facts, and also from the further one that no trace of fossil remains has been detected in the gypsum, it seems not unreasonable to entertain the opinion that the gypsum of Fort Dodge •originated as a chemical precipitation in comparatively still waters which were »;;.!• 134 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. saturated with sulphate of lime and destitute of life ; its stratification and impurities being deposited at the same time as clayey impurities which had been held suspended in the same waters. # Physical Properties. — Much has already been said of the physical proper- ties or character of this gypsum, but as it is so different in some respects from that of other deposits, there are yet other matters worthy of mention in connec- tion with those. According to the results of a complete and exhaustive anal- ysis by Prof. Emery, the ordinary gray gypsum contains only about eight per cent, of impurity ; and it is possible that the average impurity for the whole deposit will not exceed that proportion, so uniform in quality is it from to top to bottom and from one end of the region to the other. When it is remembered that plaster for agricultural purposes is sometimes prepared from gypsum that contains as much as thirty per cent, of impurity, it will be seen that ours is a very superior article for such purposes. The impu- rities are also of such a character that they do not in any way interfere with its value for use in the arts. Although the gypsum rock has a gray color, it becomes quite white by grinding, and still whiter by the calcining process nec- essary in the preparation of plaster of Paris. These tests have all been practi- cally made in the rooms of the Geological Survey, and the quality of the plaster of Paris still further tested by actual use and experiment. No hesitation, therefore, is felt in stating that the Fort Dodge gypsum is of as good a quality as any in the country, even for the finest uses. In view of the bounteousness of the primitive fertility of our Iowa soils, many persons forget that a time may come when Nature will refuse to respond so generously to our demand as she does now, without an adequate return. Such are apt to say that this vast deposit of gypsum is valueless to our com- monwealth, except to the small extent that it may be used in the arts. This is undoubtedly a short-sighted view of the subject, for the time is even now rapidly passing away when a man may purchase a new farm for less money than he can re-fertilize and restore the partially wasted primitive fertility of the one he now occupies There are farms even now in a large part of the older settled portions of the State that would be greatly benefited by the proper application of plaster, and such areas will continue to increase until it will be difficult' to estimate the value of the deposit of gypsum at Fort Dodge. It should be remembered, also, that the inhabitants of an extent of country adjoining our State more than three times as great as its own area will find it more convenient to obtain their supplies from Fort Dodge than from any other source. For want of direct railroad communication between this region and other parts of the State, the only use yet made of the gypsum by the inhabitants is for the purposes of ordinary building stone. It is so compact that it is found to be comparatively unaffected by the frost, and its ordinary situation in walls of houses is such that it is protected from the dissolving action of water, which HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 135 can at most reach it only from occasional rains, and the effect of these is too slight to be perceived after the lapse of several years. One of the citizens of Fort Dodge, Hon. John F. Duncombe, built a large, fine residence of it. in 1861, the walls of which appear as unaffected by exposure and as beautiful as they were when first erected. It has been so long and successfully used for building stone by the inhabitants that they now prefer it to the limestone of good quality, which also exists in the immediate vicinity. This preference is due to the cheapness of the gypsum, as compared with the stone. The cheapness of the former is largely due to the facility with which it is quarried and wrought. Several other houses have been constructed of it in Fort Dodge, including the depot building of the Dubuque & Sioux City Rail- road. The company have also constructed a large culvert of the same material to span a creek near the town, limestone only being used for the lower courses, which come in contact with the water. It is a fine arch, each stone of gypsum being nicely hewn, and it will doubtless prove a very durable one. Many of the sidewalks in the town are made of the slabs or flags of gypsum which occur in some of the quarries in the form of thin layers. They are more durable than their softness would lead one to suppose. They also possess an advantage over stone in not becoming slippery when worn. The method adopted in quarrying and dressing the blocks of gypsum is peculiar, and quite unlike that adopted in similar treatment of ordinary stone. Taking a stout auger-bit of an ordinary brace, such as is used by carpenters, and filing the cutting parts of it into a peculiar form, the quarryman bores his holes into the gypsum quarry for blasting, in the same manner and with as great facility as a carpenter would bore hard wood. The pieces being loosened by blasting, they are broken up with sledges into convenient sizes, or hewn into the desired shapes by means of hatchets or ordinary chopping axes, or cut by means of ordinary wood-saws. So little grit does the gypsum contain that these tools, made for working wood, are found to be better adapted for working the former substance than those tools are which are universally used for work- ing stone. MINOR DEPOSITS OF SULPHATE OF LIME. Besides the great gypsum depos.it of Fort Dodge, sulphate of lime in the various forms of fibrous gypsum, selenite, and small, amorphous masses, has also been discovered in various formations in different parts of the State, includ- ing the coal -measure shales near Fort Dodge, where it exists in small quanti- ties, quite independently of the great gypsum deposit there. The quantity of gypsum in these minor deposits is always too small to be of any practical value, and frequently minute. They usually occur in shales and shaly clays, asso- ciated with strata that contain more or less sulphuret of iron (iron pyrites). Gypsum has thus been detected in the coal measures, the St. Louis limestone, the cretaceous strata, and also in the lead caves of Dubuque. In most of these cases it is evidently the result of double decomposition of iron pyrites and car- 136 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. bonate of lime, previously existing there ; in which cases the gypsum is of Course not an original deposit as the great one at Fort Dodge is supposed to be. The existence of these comparatively minute quantities of gypsum in the shales of the coal measures and the subcarboniferous limestone which are exposed within the region of and occupy a stratigraphical position beneath the great gypsum deposits, suggests the possibility that the former may have originated as a precipitate from percolating waters, holding gypsum in solution which they had derived from that deposit in passing over or through it. Since, however, the same substance is found in similar small quantities and under similar con- ditions in regions where they could have had no possible connection with that deposit, it is believed that none of those mentioned have necessarily originated from it, not even those that are found in close proximity to it. The gypsum found in the lead caves is usually in the form of efflorescent fibers, and is always in small quantity. In the lower coal-measure shale near Fort Dodge, a small mass was found in the form of an intercalated layer, which had a distinct fibrous structure, the fibers being perpendicular to the plane of the layer. The same mass had also distinct, horizontal planes of cleavage at right angles with the perpendicular fibers. Thus, being more or less transpa- rent, the mass combined the characters of both fibrous gypsum and selenite. No anhydrous sulphate of lime (anhydrite) has been found in connection with the great gypsum deposit, nor elsewhere in Iowa, so far as yet known. SULPHATE OF STRONTIA. (Celesiine.) The only locality at which this interesting mineral has yet been found in Iowa, or, so far as is known, in the great valley of the Mississippi, is at Fort Dodge. It occurs there in very small quantity in both the shales of the lower coal measures and in the clays that overlie the gypsum deposit, and which are regarded as of the same age with it. The first is just below the city, near Kees' coal bank, and occurs as a layer intercalated among the coal measure shales, amounting in quantity to only a few hundred pounds' weight. The mineral is fibrous and crystalline, the fibers being perpendicular to the plane of the layer. Breaking also with more or less distinct horizontal planes of cleavage, it resem- bles, in physical character, the layer of fibro-crystalline gypsum before men- tioned. Its color is light blue, is transparent and shows crystaline facets upon both the upper and under surfaces of the layer ; those of the upper surface being smallest and most numerous. It breaks up readily into small masses along the lines of the perpendicular fibers or columns. The layer is probably not more than a rod in extent in any direction and about three inches in maxi- mum thickness. Apparent lines of stratification occur in it, corresponding with those of the shales which imbed it. The other deposit was still smaller in amount, and occurred as a mass of crystals imbedded in the clays that overlie the gypsum at Cummins' quarry in HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 137 the valley of Soldier Creek, upon the north side of the town. The mineral is in this case nearly colorless, and but for the form of the separate crystals would closely resemble masses of impure salt. The crystals are so closely aggregated that they enclose but little impurity in the mass, but in almost all cases their fundamental forms are obscured. This mineral has almost no real practical value, and its occurrence, as described, is interesting only as a mineralogical fact. SULPHATE OF BARYTA. (Barytts, Heavy Spar.) This mineral has been found only in minute quantities in Iowa. It has been detected in the coal-measure shales of Decatur, Madison and Marion Counties, the Devonian limestone of Johnson and Bremer Counties and in the lead caves of Dubuque. In all these cases, it is in the form of crystals or small crystalline masses. SULPHATE OF MAGNESIA. {Epsomite.) Epsomite, or native epsom salts, having been discovered near Burlington, we have thus recognized in Iowa all the sulphates of the alkaline earths of natural origin ; all of them, except the sulphate of lime, being in very small quantity. Even if the sulphate of magnesia were produced in nature, in large quantities, it is so very soluble that it can accumulate only in such positions as afford it complete shelter from the rains or running water. The epsomite mentioned was found beneath the overhanging cliff of Burlington limestone, near Starr's mill, which are represented in the sketch upon another page, illus- trating the subcarboniferous rocks. It occurs in the form of efflorescent encrus- tations upon the surface of stones and in similar small fragile masses among the fine debris that has fallen down beneath the overhanging cliff. The projection of the cliff over the perpendicular face of the strata beneath amounts to near twenty feet at the point where epsomite was found. Consequently the rains never reach far beneath it from any quarter. The rock upon which the epsom- ite accumulates is an impure limestone, containing also some carbonate of mag- nesia, together with a small proportion of iron pyrites in a finely divided con- , dition. It is doubtless by double decomposition of these that the epsomite re- sults. By experiments with this native salt in the office of the Survey, a fine article of epsom salts was produced, but the quantity that might be annually obtained there would amount to only a few pounds, and of course is of no prac- tical value whatever, on account of its cheapness in the market. CLIMATOLOGY. No extended record of the climatology of Iowa has been made, yet much of great value may be learned from observations made at a single point. Prof. T. S. Parvin, of the State University, has recorded observations made from 1839 to the present time. Previous to 1860, these observations were made at Mus- 138 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. catine. Since that date, they were made in Iowa City. The result is that the atmospheric conditions of the climate of Iowa are in the highest degree favor- able to health. The highest temperature here occurs in August, while July is the hottest month in the year by two degrees, and January the coldest by three degrees. The mean temperature of April and October most nearly corresponds to the mean temperature of the year, as well as their seasons of Spring and Fall, while that of Summer and "Winter ie best represented in that of Augustand December. The period of greatest heat ranges from June 22d to August 31st ; the next mean time being July 27th. The lowest temperature extends from December 16th to February 15th, the average being January 20th — the range in each case being two full months. The climate of Iowa embraces the range of that of New York, Pennsyl- vania, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. The seasons are not characterized by the frequent and sudden changes so common in the latitudes further south. The temperature of the Winters is somewhat lower than States eastward, but of other seasons it is higher. The atmosphere is dry and invigorating. The surface of the State being free at all seasons of the year from stagnant water, with good breezes at nearly all seasons, the miasmatic and pulmonary diseases are unknown. Mortuary statistics show this to be one of the most healthful States in the Union, being one death to every ninety-four persons. The Spring, Summer and Fall months are delightful ; indeed, the glory of Iowa is her Autumn, and nothing can transcend the splendor of her Indian Summer, which lasts for weeks, and finally blends, almost imperceptibly, into Winter. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. DISCOVERY AND OCCUPATION. Iowa, in the symbolical and expressive lauguage of the aboriginal inhab- itants, is said to signify " The Beautiful Land," and was applied to this magnificent and fruitful region by its ancient owners, to express their apprecia- tion of its superiority of climate, soil and location. Prior to 1803, the Mississippi' River was the extreme western boundary of the United States. All the great empire lying west of the "Father of Waters," from the Gulf of Mexico on the south to British America on the north, and westward to the Pacific Ocean, was a Spanish province. A brief historical sketch of the discovery and occupation of this grand empire by the Spanish and French governments will be a fitting introduction to the history of the young and thriving State of Iowa, which, until the commencement of the present century, was a part of the Spanish possessions in America. Early in the Spring of 1542, fifty years after Columbus discovered the New World, and Tme hundred and thirty years before the French missionaries discov- ered its upper waters, Ferdinand De Soto discovered the mouth of the Mississippi River at the mouth of the Washita. After the sudden death of De Soto, in May of the same year, his followers built a small vessel, and in July, 1543, descended the great river to the Gulf of Mexico. In accordance with the usage of nations, under which title to the soil was claimed by right of discovery, Spain, having conquered Florida and discovered the Mississippi, claimed all the territory bordering on that river and the Gulf of Mexico. But it their white brother of the same great river, and Allouez promised to the assembled tribes the protection of the French nation against all their enemies, native or foreign. The purpose of discovering the great river about which the Indian na- tions had given such glowing accounts appears to have originated with Mar- quette, in 1669. In the year previous, he and Claude Dablon had established the Mission of St. Mary's, the oldest white settlement within the present limits of the State of Michigan. Marquette was delayed in the execution of his great undertaking, and spent the interval in studying the language and habits of the Illinois Indians, among whom he expected to travel. About this time, the French Government had determined to extend the do- minion of France to the extreme western borders of Canada. Nicholas Perrot was sent as the agent of the government, to propose a grand council of the Indian nations, at St. Mary's. When Perrot reached Green Bay, he ' extended the invitation far and near ; and, escorted by Pottawatomies, repaired on a mission of peace and friend- ship to the Miamis, who occupied the- region about the present location of Chicago. In May, 1671, a great council of Indians gathered at the Falls of St. Mary, from all parts of the Northwest, from the head waters of the St. Law- rence, from the valley of the Mississippi and from the Red River of the North. Perrot met with them, and after grave consultation, formally announced to the assembled nations that their good French Father felt an abiding interest in their welfare, and had placed them all under the powerful protection of the French Government. Marquette, during that same year, had gathered at Point St. Ignace the remn ants of one branch of the Hurons. This station, for a long series of years, was considered the key to the unknown West. The time was now auspicious for the consummation of Marquette's grand project. The successful termination of Perrot's mission, and the general friend- liness of the native tribes, rendered the contemplated expedition much less per- ilous. But it was not until 1673 that the intrepid and enthusiastic priest was finally ready to depart on his daring and perilous journey to lands never trod by white men. The Indians, who had gathered in large numbers to witness his departure, were astounded at the boldness of the proposed undertaking, and tried to dis- courage him, representing that the Indians of the Mississippi Valley were cruel and bloodthirsty,' and would resent the intrusion of strangers upon their domain. The great river itself, they said, was the abode of terrible monsters, who could swallow both canoes and men. But Marquette was not to be diverted from his purpose by these fearful re- ports. He assured his dusky friends that he was ready to make any sacrifice, even to lay down his life for the sacred cause in which he was engaged. He prayed with them ; and having implored the blessing of God upon his undertak- ing, on the 13th day of May, 1673, with Joliet and five Canadian-French voy- ageurs, or boatmen, he left the mission on his daring journey. Ascending Green Bay and Fox River, these bold and enthusiastic pioneers of religion and discovery proceeded until they reached a Miami and Kickapoo village, where Marquette was delighted to find " a beautiful cross planted in the middle of the town, ornamented with white skins, red girdles and bows and arrows, which these good people had offered to the Great Manitou, or God, to thank Him for HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 141 the pity He had bestowed on them during the Winter, in having given them abundant chase." This was the extreme point beyond which the explorations of the French missionaries had not then extended. Here Marquette was instructed by his Indian hosts in the secret of a root that cures the bite of the venomous rattle- snake, drank mineral water with them and was entertained with generous hos- pitality. He called together the principal men of the village, and informed them that his companion, Joliet, had been sent by the French Governor of Can- ada to discover new countries, to be added to the dominion of France ; but that he, himself, had been sent by the Most High God, to carry the glorious religion of the Cross ; and assured his wondering hearers that on this mission he had no fear of death, to which he knew he would be exposed on his perilous journeys. Obtaining the services of two Miami guides, to conduct his little band to the Wisconsin River, he left the hospitable Indians on the 10th of June. Conduct- ing them across the portage, their Indian guides returned to their village, and the little party descended the Wisconsin, to the great river which had so long been so anxiously looked for, and boldly floated down its unknown waters. On the 25th of June, the explorers discovered indications of Indians on the west bank of the river and land d a little above the mouth of the river now known as Des Moines, and for the first time Europeans trod the soil of Iowa. Leaving the Canadians to guard the canoes, Marquette and Joliet boldly fol- lowed the trail into the interior for fourteen miles (some authorities say six), to an Indian village situate on the banks of a river, and discovered two other vil- lages, on the rising ground about half a league distant. Their visit, while it created much astonishment, did not seem to be entirely unexpected, for there was a tradition or prophecy among the Indians that white visitors were to come to them. They were, therefore, received with great respect and hospitality, and were cordially tendered the calumet or pipe of peace. They were informed that this band was a part of the Illini nation and that their village was called Mon- in-gou-ma or Moingona, which was the name of the river on which it stood. This, from its similarity of sound, Marquette corrupted into Des Moines (Monk's River), its present name. Here the voyagers remained six days, learning much of the manners and •customs of their new friends. The new religion they boldly preached and the authority of the King of France they proclaimed were received without hos- tility or remonstrance by their savage entertainers. On their departure, they were accompanied to their canoes by the chiefs and hundreds of warriors. Marquette received from them the sacred calumet, the emblem of peace and safeguard among the nations, and re-embarked for the rest of his journey. ' It is needless to follow him further, as his explorations beyond his discovery of Iowa more properly belong to the history of another State. In 1682, La Salle descended the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico, and in the name of the King of France, took formal possession of all the immense region watered by the great river and its tributaries from its source to its mouth, and named it Louisiana, in honor of his master, Louis XIV. The river he called " Colbert," after the French Minister, and at its mouth erected a column and a cross bearing the inscription, in the French language, "Louis the Great, King of France and Navarre, i Reigning April 9th, 1682." At the close of the seventeenth century, France claimed, by right of dis- covery and occupancy, the whole valley of the Mississippi and its tributaries, including Texas, as far as the Rio del Norte. 142 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. The province of Louisiana stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to the sources of the Tennessee, the Kanawha, the Allegheny and the Monongahela on the east, and the Missouri and the other great tributaries of the Father of Waters on the west. Says Bancroft, " France had obtained, under Providence, the guardianship of this immense district of country, not, as it proved, for her own benefit, but rather as a trustee for the infant nation by which it was one day to be inherited." By the treaty of Utrecht, France ceded to England her possessions in Hudson's Bay, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. France still retained Louisiana; but the province had so far failed to meet the expectations of the crown and the people that a change in the government and policy of the country was deemed indispensable. Accordingly, in 1711, the province was placed in the hands of a Governor General, with headquarters at Mobile. This govern- ment was of brief duration, and in 1712 a charter was granted to Anthony Crozat, a wealthy merchant of Paris, giving him the entire control and mo- nopoly of all the trade and resources of Louisiana. But this scheme also failed. Crozat met with no success in his commercial operations ; every Spanish harbor on the Gulf was closed against his vessels ; the occupation of Louisiana was deemed an encroachment on Spanish territory ; Spain was jealous of the am- bition of France. Failing in his efforts to open the ports of the district, Crozat "sought to develop the internal resources of Louisiana, by causing trading posts to be opened, and explorations to be made to its remotest borders. But he actually accomplished nothing for the advancement of the colony. The only prosperity which it ever possessed grew out of the enterprise of humble indi- viduals, who had succeeded in instituting a little barter betwesn themselves and the natives, and a petty trade with neighboring European settlements. After a persevering effort of nearly five years, he surrendered his charter in August, 1717." Immediately following the surrender of his charter by Crozat, another and more magnificent scheme was inaugurated. The national government of France was deeply involved in debt; the colonies were nearly bankrupt, and John Law appeared on the scene with his famous Mississippi Company, as the Louisiana branch of the Bank of France. The charter granted to this company gave it a legal existence of twenty-five years, and conferred upon it more extensive powers and privileges than had been granted to Crozat. It invested the new company with the exclusive privilege of the entire commerce of Louisiana, and of New France, and with authority to enforce their rights. The Company was author- ized to monopolize all the trade in the country ; to make treaties with the Indians ; to declare and prosecute war ; to grant lands, erect forts, open mines of precious metals, levy taxes, nominate civil officers, commission those of the army, and to appoint and remove judges, to cast cannon, and build and equip ships of war. All this was to be done with the paper currency of John Law's Bank of France. He had succeeded in getting His Majesty the French King to adopt and sanction his scheme of financial operations both in France and in the colonies, and probably there never was such a huge financial bubble ever blown by a visionary theorist. Still, such was the condition of France that it was accepted as a national deliverance, and Law became the most powerful man in France. He became a Catholic, and was appointed Comptroller General of Finance. Among the first operations of tire Company was to send eight hundred emigrants to Louisiana, who arrived at Dauphine Island in 1718. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 143 In 1719, Philipe Francis Renault arrived in Illinois •with two hundred miners and artisans. The war between France and Spain at this time rendered it extremely probable that the Mississippi Valley might become the theater of Spanish hostilities against the French settlements ; to prevent this, as well as to extend French claims, a chain of forts was begun, to keep open the connection between the mouth and the sources of the Mississippi. Fort Orleans, high up the Mississippi River, was erected as an outpost in 1720. The Mississippi scheme was at the zenith of its power and glory in January, 1720, but the gigantic bubble collapsed more suddenly than it had been inflated, and the Company was declared hopelessly bankrupt in May following. France was impoverished by it, both private and public credit were overthrown, capi- talists suddenly found themselves paupers, and labor was left without employ- ment. The effect on the colony of Louisiana was disastrous. While this was going on in Lower Louisiana, the region about the lakes was the theater of Indian hostilities, rendering the passage from Canada to Louisiana extremely dangerous for many years. The English had not only extended their Indian trade into the vicinity of the French settlements, but through their friends, the Iroquois, had gained a marked ascendancy over the Foxes, a fierce and powerful tribe, of Iroquois descent, whom they incited to hostilities against the French. The Foxes began their hostilities with the siege of Detroit in 1712, a siege which they continued for nineteen consecutive days, and although the expedition resulted in diminishing their number^ and humbling their pride, yet it was not until after several successive campaigns, embodying the best military resources of New France, had been directed against them, that were finally defeated at the great battles of Butte des Morts, and on the Wisconsin River, and driven west in 1746. The Company, having found that the cost of defending Louisiana exceeded the returns from its commerce, solicited leave to surrender the Mississippi wilderness to the home government. Accordingly, on the 10th of April, 1732, the jurisdiction and control over the commerce reverted to the crown of France. The Company had held possession of Louisiana fourteen years. In 1735, Bien- ville returned to assume command for the King. A glance at a few of the old French settlements will show the progress made in portions of Louisiana during the early part of the eighteenth century. As early as 1705, traders and hunters had penetrated the fertile regions of the Wabash, and from this region, at that early date, fifteen thousand hides and skins had been collected and sent to Mobile for the European market. In the year 1716, the French population on the Wabash kept up a lucrative commerce with Mobile by means of traders and voyageurs. The Ohio River was comparatively unknown. In 1746, agriculture on the Wabash had attained to greater prosperity than in any of the French settlements besides, and in that year six hundred barrels of flour were manufactured and shipped to New Orleans, together with consider- able quantities of hides, peltry, tallow and beeswax. In the Illinois country, also, considerable settlements had been made, so that, in 1730, they embraced one hundred and forty French families, about six hundred "converted Indians," and many traders and voyageurs. ' In 1753, the first actual conflict arose between Louisiana and the Atlantic colonies. From the earliest advent of the Jesuit fathers, up to the period of which we speak, the great ambition of the French had been, not alone to preserve their possessions in the West, but by every possible means to prevent the slightest attempt of the English, east of the mountains, to extend their settle- 144 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. ments toward the Mississippi. France was resolved on retaining possession of the great territory which her missionaries had discovered and revealed to the world. French commandants had avowed their purpose of seizing every Englishman within the Ohio Valley. The colonies of Pennsylvania, New York and Virginia were most affected by the encroachments of France in the extension of her dominion, and particularly in the great scheme of uniting Canada with Louisiana. To carry out this purpose, the French had taken possession of a tract of country claimed by Vir- ginia, and had commenced a line of forts extending from the lakes to the Ohio> River. Virginia was not only alive to her own interests, but attentive to the vast importance of an immediate and effectual resistance on the part of all the English colonies to the actual and contemplated encroachments of the French. In 17£3, Governor Dinwiddie, of Virginia, sent George Washington, then a young man just twenty-one, to demand of the French commandant " a reason for invading British dominions while a solid peace subsisted." Washington met the French commandant, Gardeur de St. Pierre, on the head waters of the Alleghany, and having communicated to him the object of his journey, received the insolent answer that the French would not discuss the matter of right, but would make prisoners of every Englishman found trading on the Ohio and its waters. The country, he said, belonged to the French, by virtue of the dis- coveries of La Salle, and they would not withdraw from it. In January, 1754, Washington returned to Virginia, and made his report to the Governor and Council. Forces were at once raised, "and Washington, as Lieutenant Colonel, was dispatched at the head of a hundred and fifty men, to the forks of the Ohio, with orders to "finish the fort already begun there by the Ohio Company," and to make prisoners, kill or destroy all who interrupted the English settlements." On his march through the forests of Western Pennsylvania, Washington, through the aid of friendly Indians, discovered the French concealed among the rocks, and as they ran to seize their arms, ordered his men to fire upon them, at the same time, with his own musket, setting the example. An action lasting about a quarter of an hour ensued ; ten of the Frenchmen were killed, among them Jumonville, the commander of the party, and twenty-one were made pris- oners. The dead were scalped by the Indians, and the chief, bearing a toma- hawk and a scalp, visited all the tribes of the Miamis, urging them to join the Six Nations and the English against the French. The French, however, were soon re-enforced, and Col. Washington was compelled to return to Fort Necessity. Here, on the 3d day of July, De Villiers invested the fort with 600 French troops and 100 Indians. On the 4th, Washington accepted terms of capitulation, and the English garrison withdrew from the valley of the Ohio. This attack of Washington upon Jumonville aroused the indignation of France, and war was formally declared in May, 1756, and the " French and Indian War" devastated the colonies for several years. Montreal, Detroit and all Canada were surrendered to the English, and on the 10th of February, 1763, by the treaty of Paris — which had beensigned, though not formally ratified by the respective governments, on the 3d of November, 1 762 — France relinquished to Great Britian all that portion of the province of Louisiana lying on the east side of the Mississippi, except the island and town of New Orleans. On the same day that the treaty of Paris was signed, France, by a secret treaty, ceded to Spain all her possessions on the west side of the Mississippi, including the HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 145 whole country to the head waters of the Great River, and west to the Rocky Mountains, and the jurisdiction of France in America, which had lasted nearly a century, was ended. At the close of the Revolutionary war, by the treaty of peace between Great Britain and the United States, the English Government ceded to the latter all the territory on the east side of the Mississippi River and north of the thirty- ' first parallel of north latitude. At the same time, ■ Great Britain ceded to Spain all the Floridas, comprising all the territory east of the Mississippi and south of the southern limits of the United States. At this time, therefore, the present State of Iowa was a part of the Spanish possessions in North America, as all the territory west of the Mississippi River was under the dominion of Spain. That government also possessed all the territory of the Floridas east of the great river and south of the thirty-first parallel of north latitude. The Mississippi, therefore, so essential to the pros- perity of the western portion of the United States, for the last three hundred miles of its course flowed wholly within the Spanish dominions, and that govern- ment claimed the exclusive right to use and control it below the southern boun- dary of the United States. The free navigation of the Mississippi was a very important question during all the time that Louisiana remained a dependency of the Spanish Crown, and as the final settlement intimately affected the status of the then future State of Iowa, it will be interesting to trace its progress. The people of the United States occupied and exercised jurisdiction over the entire eastern valley of the Mississippi, embracing all the country drained by its eastern tributaries ; they had a natural right, according to the accepted in- ternational law, to follow these rivers to the sea, and to the use of the Missis- sippi River accordingly, as the great natural channel of commerce. The river was not only necessary but absolutely indispensable to the prosperity and growth of the western settlements then rapidly rising into commercial and # political importance. They were situated in the heart of the great valley, and with wonderfully expansive energies and accumulating resources, it was very evident that no power on earth could deprive them of the free use of the river below them, only while their numbers were insufficient to enable them to maintain their right by force. Inevitably, therefore, immediately after the ratification of the treaty of 1783, the Western people began to demand the free navigation of the Mississippi — not as a favor, but as a right. In 1786, both banks of the river, below the mouth of the Ohio, were occupied by Spain, and military posts on the east bank enforced her power to exact heavy duties on all im- ports by way of the river for the Ohio region. Every boat descending the river was forced to land and submit to the arbitrary revenue exactions of the Spanish authorities. Under the administration of Governor Miro, these rigor- ous exactions were somewhat relaxed from 1787 to 1790 ; but Spain held it as her right to make them. Taking advantage of the claim of the American people, that the Mississippi should be opened to them, in 1791, the Spanish Govern- ment concocted a scheme for the dismembership of the Union. The plan was to induce the Western .people to separate from the Eastern States by liberal land grants and extraordinary commercial privileges. Spanish emissaries, among the people of Ohio and Kentucky, informed them that the Spanish Government would grant them favorable commercial privileges, provided they would secede from the Federal Government east of the mountains. The Spanish Minister to the United States plainly declared to his confidential correspondent that, unless the Western people would declare their independence 146 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. and refuse to remaia in the Union, Spain was determined never to grant the free navigation of the Mississippi. By the treaty of Madrid, October 20, 1795, however, Spain formally stip- ulated that the Mississippi River, from its source to the Gulf, for its entire width, should be free to American trade and commerce, and that the people of the United States should be permitted, for three years, to use the port of New Orleans as a port of deposit for their merchandise and produce, duty free. In November, 1801, the United States Government received, through Rufus King, its Minister at the Court of St. James, a copy of the treaty between Spain and France, signed at Madrid March 21, 1801, by which the cession of Loui- siana to France, made the previous Autumn, was confirmed. The change offered a favorable opportunity to secure the just rights of the United States, in relation to the free navigation of the Mississippi, and ended the attempt to dismember the Union by an effort to secure an independent government west of the Alleghany Mountains. On the 7th of January, 1803, the American House of Representatives adopted a resolution declaring their " unalterable determination to maintain the boundaries and the rights of navi- gation and commerce through the River Mississippi, as established by existing treaties." In the same month, President Jefferson nominated and the Senate confirmed Robert R. Livingston and James Monroe as Envoys Plenipotentiary to the Court of France, and Charles Pinckney and James Monroe to the Court of Spain, with plenary powers to negotiate treaties to effect the object enunciated by the popular branch of the National Legislature. These envoys were in- structed to secure, if possible, the cession of Florida and New Orleans, but it does not appear that Mr. Jefferson and his Cabinet had any idea of purchasing that part of Louisiana lying on the west side of the Mississippi. In fact, on the 2d of March following, the instructions were sent to our Ministers, contain- ing a phin which expressly left to France " all her territory on the west side of the Mississippi." Had these instructions been followed, it might have been that there would not have been any State of Iowa or any other member of the glori- ous Union of States west of the "Father of Waters." In obedience to his instructions, however, Mr. Livingston broached this plan to M. Talleyrand, Napoleon's Prime Minister, when that courtly diplo- matist quietly suggested to the American Minister that France might be willing to cede the whole French domain in North America to the United States, and asked how much the Federal Government would be willing to give for it. Liv- ingston intimated that twenty millions of francs might be a fair price. Talley- rand thought that not enough, but asked the Americans to "think of it." A few days later, Napoleon, in an interview with Mr. Livingston, in effect informed the American Envoy that he had secured Louisiana in a contract with Spain for the purpose of turning it over to the United States for a mere nominal sum. He had been compelled to provide for the safety of that province by the treaty, and he was" anxious to give the United States a magnificent bargain for a mere trifle." The price proposed was one hundred and twenty-five million francs. This was subsequently modified to fifteen million dollars, and on this basis a treaty was negotiated, and was signed on the 30th day of April, 1803. This treaty was ratified by the Federal Government, and by act of Congress, approved October 31, 1803, the President of the United States was authorized ■ to take possession of the territory and provide for it a temporary government. Accordingly, on the 20th day of December following, on behalf of the PresK dent, Gov. Clairborne and Gen. "Wilkinson took possession of the Louisiana HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 147 purchase, and raised the American flag over the newly acquired domain, at New Orleans. Spain, although it had by treaty ceded the province to France in 1801, still held quasi possession, and at first objected to the transfer, but with- drew her opposition early in 1804. By this treaty, thus successfully consummated, and the peaceable withdrawal of Spain, the then infant nation of the New World extended its dominion west of the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean, and north from the Gulf of Mexico to British America. If the original design of Jefferson's administration had been accomplished, the United States would have acquired only that portion of the French territory lying east of the Mississippi River, and while the American people would thus • have acquired the free navigation of that great river, all of the vast and fertile empire on the west, so rich in its agricultural and inexhaustible mineral resources, would have remained under the dominion of a foreign power. To Napoleon's desire to sell the whole of his North American possessions, and Liv- ingston's act transcending his instructions, which was acquiesced in after it was done, does Iowa owe her position as a part of the United States by the Louisiana purchase. By authority of an act of Congress, approved March 26, 1804, the newly acquired territory was, on the 1st day of October following, divided: that part lying south of the 33d parallel of north latitude was called the Territory of Orleans, and all north of that parallel the District of Louisiana, which was placed under the authority of the officers of Indiana Territory, until July 4, 1805, when it was organized, with territorial government of its own, and so remained until 1812, when the Territory of Orleans became the State of Louisiana, and the name of the Territory of Louisiana was changed to Missouri. On the 4th of July, 1814, that part of Missouri Territory comprising the present State of Arkansas, and the country to the westward, was organized into the Arkansas Territory. On the 2d of March, 1821, the State of Missouri, being a part of the Terri- tory of that name, was admitted to the Union. June 28, 1834, the territory west of the Mississippi River and north of Missouri was made a part of the Territory of Michigan ; but two years later, on the 4th of July, 183% Wiscon- sin Territory was erected, embracing within its limits the present States of Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota. By act of Congress, approved June 12, 1838, the TERRITORY OF IOWA was erected, comprising, in addition to the present State, much the larger part of Minnesota, and extending north to the boundary of the British Possessions. THE ORIGINAL OWNERS. Having traced the early history of the great empire lying west of the Mis- sissippi, of which the State of Iowa constitutes a part, from the earliest dis- covery to the organization of the Territory of Iowa, it becomes necessary to give some history of THE INDIANS OF IOWA. According. to the policy of the European nations, possession perfected title to any territory. We have seen that the country west of the Mississippi was first discovered by the Spaniards, but afterward, was visited and occupied by the French. It was ceded by France to Spain, and by Spain back to France again, 148 HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. and then was purchased and occupied by the United States. During all that time, it does not appear to have entered into the heads or hearts of the high contracting parties that the country they bought, sold and gave away was in the possession of a race of men who, although savage, owned the vast domain before Columbus first crossed the Atlantic. Having purchased the territory, the United States found it still in the possession of its original owners, who had never been dispossessed ; and it became necessary to purchase again what had already been bought before, or forcibly eject the occupants; therefore, the his- tory of the Indian nations who occupied Iowa prior to and during its early set- tlement by the whites, becomes an important chapter in the history of the State,, that cannot be omitted. For more than one hundred years after Marquette and Joliet trod the virgin soil of Iowa, not a single settlement had been made or attempted ; not even a. trading post had been established. The whole country remained in the undis- puted possession of the native tribes, who roamed at will over her beautiful and fertile prairies, hunted in her woods, fished in her streams, and often poured out their life-blood in obstinately contested contests for supremacy. That this State so aptly styled "The Beautiful Land," had been the theater of numerous, fierce and bloody struggles between rival nations, for possession of the favored region, long before its settlement by civilized man, there is no room for doubt. In these savage wars, the weaker party, whether aggressive or defensive, was either exterminated or driven from their ancient hunting grounds. In 1673, when Marquette discovered Iowa, the Illini were a very powerful people, occupying a large portion of the State ; but when the country was again visited by the whites, not a remnant of that once powerful tribe remained on the west side of the Mississippi, and Iowa was principally in the possession of the Sacs and Foxes, a warlike tribe which, originally two distinct nations, residing in New York and _ on the waters of the St. Lawrence, had gradually fought their way westward, and united, probably, after the Foxes had been driven out of the Fox River country, in 1846, and crossed the Mississippi. The death of Pontiac, a famous Sac chieftain, was made the pretext for war against the- Illini, and a fierce and bloody struggle ensued, which continued until the Illinois were nearly destroyed and their hunting grounds possessed by their victorious foes. The Iowas also occupied a portion of the State for a time, in, common with the Sacs, but they, too, were nearly destroyed by the Sacs and Foxes, and, in "The Beautiful Land," these natives met their equally warlike foes, the Northern Sioux, with whom they maintained a constant warfare for the posses- sion of the country for many years. When the United States came in possession of the great valley of the Mis- sissippi, by the Louisiana purchase, the Sacs and Foxes and Iowas possessed the entire territory now comprising the State of Iowa. The Sacs and Foxes, also, occupied the most of the State of Illinois. The Sacs had four principal villages, where most of them resided, viz. : Their largest and most important town — if an Indian village may be called such — and from which emanated most of the obstacles and difficulties encoun- tered by the Government in the extinguishment of Indian titles to land in this region, was on Rock River, near Rock Island ; another was on the east bank of the Mississippi, near the mouth of Henderson River ; the third was at the head of the Des Moines Rapids, near the present site of Montrose, and the fourth was near the mouth of the Upper Iowa. The Foxes had three principal villages, viz. : One. on the west side of the Mississippi, six miles above the rapids of Rock River ; another about twelve. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 149 miles from the river, in the rear of the Dubuque lead mines, and the third on "Turkey River. The Iowas, at one time identified with the Sacs, of Rock River, had with- drawn from them and become a separate tribe. Their principal village was on the Des Moines River, in Van Buren County, on the site where Iowaville now stands. Here the last great battle between the Sacs and Foxes and the Iowas was fought, in which Black Hawk, then a young man, commanded one division of the attacking forces. The following account of the battle has been given : " Contrary to long establiahed custom of Indian attack, this battle was commenced in the day time, the attending circumstances justifying this departure from the well settled usages of Indian warfare. The battle field was a level river bottom, about four miles in length, and two miles wide near the middle, narrowing to a point at either end. The main area of this bottom rises perhaps twenty feet above the river, leaving a narrow strip of low bottom along the shore, covered with trees that belted the prairie on the river side with a thick forest, and the immediate bank of the river was fringed with a dense growth of willows. Near the lower end of this prairie, near the river bank, was situated the Iowa village. About two miles above it and near the middle of the prairie is a mound, covered at the time with a tuft of small trees and underbrush growing on its summit. In the rear of this little elevation or mound lay a belt of wet prairie, covered, at that time, with a dense growth of rank, coarse grass. Bordering this wet prairie on the north, the country rises abruptly into elevated broken river bluffs, covered with a heavy forest for many miles in extent, and in places thickly clustered with undergrowth, affording a convenient shelter for the stealthy approach of the foe. " Through this forest the Sac and Fox war party made their way in the night and secreted themselves in the tall grass spoken of above, intending to remain in ambush during the day and make such observations as this near proximity to their intended victim might afford, to aid them in their contemplated attack on the town during the following night. From this situation their spies could take a full survey of the village, and watch every movement of the inhabitants, by which means they were soon convinced that the Iowas had no suspicion of their presence. " At the foot of the mound above mentioned, the Iowas had their race course, where they diverted themselves with the excitement of horse racing, and schooled their young warriors in cavalry evolutions. In these exercises mock battles were fought, and the Indian tactics of attack and defense carefully inculcated, by which means a skill in horsemanship was acquired rarely excelled. Unfortunately for them this day was selected for their equestrian sports, and wholly uncon- scious of the proximity of their foes, the warriors repaired to the race ground, leaving most of their arms in the village and their old men and women and children unprotected. " Pash-a-po-po, wjio was chief in command of the Sacs and Foxes, perceived at once the advantage this state of things afforded for a complete surprise of his now doomed victims, and ordered Black Hawk to file off with his young warriors through the tall grass and gain the cover of the timber along the river bank, and with the utmost speed reach the village and commence the battle, while he remained with his division in the ambush to make a simultaneous assault on the unarmed men whose attention was engrossed with the excitement of the races. The plan was skillfully laid and most dexterously executed. Black Hawk with his forces reached the village undiscovered, and made a furious onslaught upon the defenseless inhabitants, by firing one general volley into their midst, and completing the slaughter with the tomahawk and scalp- ing knife, aided by the devouring flames with which they enveloped the village as soon as the fire brand could be spread from lodge to lodge. " On the instant ol the report of fire arms at the village, the forces under Pash-a-po-po leaped from their couchant position in the grass and sprang tiger-like upon the astonished and unarmed Iowas in the midst of their racing sports. The first impulse of the latter naturally led them to make the utmost speed toward their arms in the village, and protect if possible their wives and children from the attack of their merciless assailants. The distance from the place of attack on the prairie was two miles, and a great number fell in their flight by the bullets and tomahawks of their enemies, who pressed them closely with a running fire the whole way, and the survivors only reached their town in time to witness the horrors of it3 destruction. Their whole village was in flames, and the dearest objects of their lives lay in slaughtered heaps amidst the devouring element, and the agonizing groans of the dying, mingled with the exulting shouts of the victorious foe, filled their hearts with maddening despair. Their wives and children who had been spared the general massacre were prisoners, and together with their arms were in the hands nf the victors ; and all that could now be done was to draw off their shattered and defenseless forces, and save as many lives as possible by a retreat across the Des Moines River, which they effected in the best possible manner, and took a position among the Soap Creek Hills." The Sacs and Foxes, prior to the settlement of their village on Rock River, had a fierce conflict with the Winnebagoes, subdued them and took possession 150 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. of their lands. Their village on Rock Eiver, at one time, contained upward of sixty lodges, and was among the largest Indian villages on the continent. In 1825, the Secretary of War estimated the entire number of the Sacs and Foxes at 4,600 souls. Their village was situated in the immediate vicinity of the upper rapids of the Mississippi, where the beautiful and nourishing towns of Rock Island and Davenport are now situated. The beautiful scenery of the island, the extensive prairies, dotted over with groves; the picturesque bluffs along the river banks, the rich and fertile soil, producing large crops of corn, squash and other vegetables, with little labor; the abundance of wild fruit, game, fish, and almost everything calculated to make it a delightful spot for an Indian village, which was found there, had made this place a favorite home of the Sacs, and secured for it the strong attachment and veneration of the whole nation. North of the hunting grounds of the Sacs and Foxes, were those of the Sioux, a fierce and warlike nation, who often disputed possession with their rivals in savage and bloody warfare. The possessions of these tribes were mostly located in Minnesota, but extended over a portion of Northern and Western Iowa to the Missouri River. Their descent from the north upon the hunting grounds of Iowa frequently brought them into collision with the Sacs and Foxes ; and after many a conflict and bloody struggle, a boundary line was established between them by the Government of the United States, in a treaty held at Prairie du Chien, in 1825. But this, instead of settling the difficulties, caused them to quarrel all the more, in consequence of alleged trespasses upon each other's side of the line. These contests were kept up and became so unre- lenting that, in 1830, Government bought of the respective tribes of the Sacs and Foxes, and the Sioux, a strip of land twenty miles in width, on both sides of the line, and thus throwing them forty miles apart by creating between them a "neutral ground," commanded them to cease their hostilities. Both the Sacs and Foxes and the Sioux, however, were allowed to fish and hunt on this ground unmolested, provided they did not interfere with each other on United States territory. The Sacs and Foxes and the Sioux were deadly enemies, and neither let an opportunity to punish the other pass unimproved. In April, 1852, a fight occurred between the Musquaka band of Sacs and Foxes and a band of Sioux, about six miles above Algona, in Kossuth County, on the west side of the Des Moines River. The Sacs and Foxes were under the leadership of Ko-ko-wah, a subordinate chief, and had gone up from their home in Tama County, by way of Clear Lake, to what was then the " neutral ground." At Clear Lake, Ko-ko-wah was informed that a party of Sioux were encamped on the west side of the East Fork of the Des Moines, and he deter- mined to attack them. With sixty of his warriors, he started and arrived at a point on the east side of the river, about a mile above the Sioux encampment, in the night, and concealed themselves in a grove, where they were able to dis- cover the position and strength of their hereditary foes. The next morning, after many of the Sioux braves had left their camp on hunting tours, the vin- dictive Sacs and Fqxes crossed the river and suddenly attacked the camp. The conflict was desperate for a short time, but the advantage was with the assail- ants, and the Sioux were routed. Sixteen of them, including some of their women and children, were killed, and a boy 14 years old was captured. One of the Musquakas was shot in the breast by a squaw as they were rushing into the Sioux's camp. He started to run away, when the same brave squaw shot him through the body, at a distance of twenty rods, and he fell dead. Three other Sac braves were killed. But few of the Sioux escaped. The victorious HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. 151 party hurriedly buried their own dead, leaving the dead Sioux above ground, and made their way home, with their captive, with all possible expedition. pike's expedition. Very soon after the acquisition of Louisiana, the United States Government adopted measures for the exploration of the new territory, having in view the conciliation 1 of the numerous tribes of Indians by whom it was possessed, and, also, the selection of proper sites for the establishment of military posts and trading stations. The Army of the West, Gen. James Wilkinson commanding, had its headquarters at St. Louis. From this post, Captains Lewis and Clark, with a sufficient force, were detailed to explore the unknown sources of the Missouri, and Lieut. Zebulon M. Pike to ascend to the head waters of the Mis- sissippi. Lieut. Pike, with one Sergeant, two Corporals and seventeen privates, left the military camp, near St. Louis, in a keel-boat, with four months' rations, on the 9th day of August, 1805. On the 20th of the same month, the expe- dition arrived within the present limits of Iowa, at the foot of the Des Moines Rapids, where Pike met William Ewing, who had just been appointed Indian Agent at this point, a French interpreter and four chiefs and fifteen Sac and Fox warriors. At the head of the Rapids, where Montrose is now situated, Pike held a council with the Indians, in which he addressed them substantially as follows : " Your great Father, the President of the United States, wished to be more intimately acquainted with the situation and wants of the different nations of red people in our newly acquired territory of Louisiana, and has ordered the General to send a number of his warriors in different directions to take them by the hand and make such inquiries as might afford the satisfaction required." At the close of the council he presented the red men with some knives, whisky and tobacco. Pursuing his way up the river, he arrived, on the 23d of August, at what is supposed, from his description, to be the site of the present city of Burlington, which he selected as the location of a military post. He describes the place as being " on a hill, about forty miles above the River de Moyne Rapids, on the west side of the river, in latitude about 41° 21' north. The channel of the river runs on that shore ; the hill in front is about sixty feet perpendicular ; nearly level on top ; four hundred yards in the rear is a small prairie fit for gardening, and immediately under the hill is a limestone spring, sufficient for the consumption of a whole regiment." In addition to this description, which corresponds to Burlington, the spot is laid down on his map at a bend in the river, a short distance below tbe mouth of the Henderson, which pours its waters into the Mississippi from Illinois. The fort was built at Fort Madison, but from the distance, latitude, description and map furnished by Pike, it could not have been the place selected by him, while all the circumstances corroborate the opinion that the place he selected was the spot where Burlington is now located, called by the early voyagers on the Mississippi, "Flint Hills." On the 24th, with one of his men, he went on shore on "a hunting expedition, and following a stream which they supposed to be a part of the Mississippi, they were led away from their course. Owing to the intense heat and tall grass, his two favorite dogs, which he had taken with him, became exhausted and he left them on the prairie, supposing that they would follow him as soon as they should get rested, and went on to overtake his boat. Reaching the river, he waited some time for his canine friends, but they did not come, and as he deemed it inexpedient to detain the boat longer, two of his men volunteered to go in pur- 152 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. suit of them, and he continued on his way up the river, expecting that the two men would soon overtake him. They lost their way, however, and for six days were without food, except a few morsels gathered from the stream, and might have perished, had they not accidentally met a trader from St. Louis, who in- duced two Indians to take them up the river, and they overtook the boat at Dubuque. At Dubuque, Pike was cordially received by Julien Dubuque, a Frenchman, who held a mining claim under a grant from Spain. Dubuque had an old field piece and fired a salute in honor of the advent of the first Americans who had visited that part of the Territory. Dubuque, however, was not disposed to pub- lish the wealth of his mines, and the young and evidently inquisitive officer obtained but little information from him. After leaving this place, Pike pursued his way up the river, but as he passed beyond the limits of the present State of Iowa, a detailed history of his explo- rations on the .upper waters of the Mississippi more properly belongs to the his- tory of another State. It is sufficient to say that on the site of Fort Snelling, Minnesota, at the mouth of the Minnesota River, Pike held a council with the Sioux, September 23, and obtained from them a grant of one hundred thousand acres of land. On the 8th of January, 1806, Pike arrived at a trading post belonging to the Northwest Company, on Lake De Sable, in latitude 47°- At this tirne the then powerful Northwest Company carried on their immense operations from Hudson's Bay to the St. Lawrence; up that river on both sides, along the great lakes to the head of Lake Superior, thence to the sources of the Red River of the north and west, to the Rocky Mountains, embracing within the scope of their operations the entire Territory of Iowa. After successfully accomplishing his mission, and performing a valuable service to Iowa and the whole Northwest, 1 Pike returned to St. Louis, arriving there on the 30th of April, 1806. INDIAN WARS. The Territory of Iowa, although it had been purchased by the United States, and was ostensibly in the possession of the Government, was still occupied by the Indians, who claimed title to the soil by right of ownership and possession. Before it could be open to settlement by the whites, it was indispensable that the Indian title should be extinguished and the original owners removed. The accomplishment of this purpose required the expenditure of large sums of money and blood, and for a long series of years the frontier was disturbed by Indian wars, terminated repeatedly by treaty, only to be renewed by some act of oppression on the part of the whites or some violation of treaty stipulation. As previously shown, at the time when the United States assumed the con- trol of the country by virtue of the Louisiana purchase, nearly the whole State was in possession of the Sacs and Foxes, a powerful and warlike nation, who were not disposed to submit without a struggle to what they considered the encroachments of the pale faces. Among the most noted chiefs, and one whose restlessness and hatred of the Americans occasioned more trouble to the Government than any other of his tribe, was Black Hawk, who was born at the Sac village, on Rock River, in 1767. He was simply the chief of his own band of Sac warriors, but by his energy and ambition he became the leading spirit of the united nation of Sacs and Foxes, and one of the prominent figures in the history of the country from 1804 until his death. In early manhood he attained some distinction as a fighting chief, having led campaigns against the Osages, and other neighboring HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. 153 tribes. About the beginning of 'the present century he began to appear prom- inent in affairs on the Mississippi. Some historians have added to the statement that " it does not appear that he was ever a great general, or possessed any of the qualifications of a successful leader." If this was so, his life was a marvel. How any man Avho had none of the qualifications of a leader became so prom- inent as such, as he did, indicates either that he had some ability, or that his cotemporaries, both Indian and Anglo-Saxon, had less than he. He is said to have been the " victim of a narrow prejudice and bitter ill-will against the Americans," but the impartial historian must admit that if he was the enemy of theAmericans, it was certainly not without some reason. , It will be remembered that Spain did not give up possession of the country to France on its cession to the latter power, in 1801, but retained possession of it, and, by the authority of France, transferred it to the United States, in 1804. Black Hawk and his band were in St. Louis at the time, and were invited to be present and Avitness the ceremonies of the transfer, but he refused the invitation, and it is but just to say that this refusal was caused probably more from regret that the Indians were to be transferred from the jurisdiction, of the Spanish authorities than from any special hatred toward the Americans. In his life he says : " I found many sad and gloomy faces because the United States were about to take possession of the town and country. Soon after the Americans came, I took my band and went to take leave of our Spanish father. The Americans came to see him also. Seeing them approach, we passed out of one door as they entered another, and immediately started in our canoes for. our village, on Rock River, not liking the change any more than our friends appeared to at St. Louis. On arriving at our village, we gave the news that strange people had arrived at St. Louis, and that we should never see our Spanish father again. The information made all our people sorry." On the 3d day of November, 1804, a treaty was concluded between William Henry Harrison, then Governor of Indiana Territory, on behalf of the United States, and five chiefs of the Sac and Fox nation, by which the latter, in con- sideration of two thousand two hundred and thirty-four dollars' worth of goods then delivered, and a yearly annuity of one thousand dollars to be paid in goods at just cost, ceded to the United States all that land on the east side of the Mississppi, extending from a point opposite the Jefferson, in Missouri, to the Wisconsin River, embracing an area of over fifty-one millions of acres. To this treaty Black Hawk always objected and always refused to consider it binding upon his people. He asserted that the chiefs or braves who made it had no authority to relinquish the title of the nation to any of the lands they held or occupied ; and, moreover, that they had been sent to St. Louis on quite a different errand, namely, to get one of their people released, who had been imprisoned at St. Louis for killing a white man. The year following this treaty (1805), Lieutenant Zebulon M. Pike came up the river for the purpose of holding friendly councils with.the Indians and select- ing sites for forts within the territory recently acquired from France by the United States. Lieutenant Pike seems to have been the first American whom Black Hawk ever met or had a personal interview with ; and he was very much prepossessed in Pike's favor. He gives the following account of his visit to Rock Island : " A boat came up the river with a young American chief and a small party of soldiers. We heard of them soon after they passed Salt River. Some of our young braves watched them every day, to see what sort of people he had on board. The boat at length arrived at Rock River, and the young chief came on 154 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. shore with his interpreter, and made a speech and gave us some presents. We in turn presented them with meat and such other provisions as we had to spare. We were well pleased with the young chief. He gave us good advice, and said our American father would treat us well." The events which soon followed Pike's expedition were the erection of Fort Edwards, at what is now Warsaw, Illinois, and Fort Madison, on the site of the present town of that name, the latter being the first fort erected in Iowa. These movements occasioned great uneasiness among the Indians. When work was commenced on Fort Edwards, a delegation from their nation, headed by some of their chiefs, went down to see what the Americans were doing, and had an in- terview with the commander ; after which they returned home apparently satis- fied. In like manner, when Fort Madison was being erected, they sent down another delegation from a council of the nation held at Rock River. Accord- ing to Black Hawk's account, the American chief told them that he was build- ing a house for a trader who was coming to sell them goods cheap, and that the soldiers were coming to keep him company — a statement which Black Hawk says they distrusted at the time, believing that the fort was an encroachment upon their rights, and designed to aid in getting their lands away from them. It has been held by good American authorities, that the erection of Fort Madison at the point where it was located was a violation of the treaty of 1804. By the eleventh article of that treaty, the United States had a right to build a fort near the mouth of the Wisconsin River ; by article six they had bound ■themselves "that if any citizen of the United States or any other white persons should form a settlement upon their lands, such intruders should forthwith be removed." Probably the authorities of the United States did not regard the establishment of military posts as coming properly within the meaning of the term "settlement," as used in the treaty. At all events, they erected' Fort Madison within the territory reserved to the Indians, who became very indig- nant. Not long after the fort was built, a party led by Black Hawk attempted its destruction. They sent spies to watch, the movements of the garrison, who ascertained that the soldiers were in the habit of marching out of the fort every morning and evening for parade, and the plan of the party was to conceal them- selves near the fort, and attack and surprise them when they were outside. On the morning of the proposed day of attack, five soldiers came out and were fired upon by the Indians, two of them being killed. The Indians were too hasty in their movement, for the regular drill had not yet commenced. However, they kept up the attack for several days, attempting the old Fox strategy of setting fire to the fort with blazing arrows ; but finding their efforts unavailing, they soon gave up and returned to Rock River. When war was declared between the United States and Great Britain, in< 1812, Black Hawk and ■ his band allied themselves with the British, partly because he was dazzled by their specious promises, and more probably because they had been deceived by the Americans. Black Hawk himself declared that they were "forced into the war by being deceived." He narrates the circum- stances as follows: " Several of the chiefs and head men of the Sacs and Foxes were called upon to go to Washington to see their Great Father. On their return, they related what had been said and done. They said the Great Father wished them, in the event of a war taking place with England, not to interfere on either side, but to remain neutral. He did not want our help, but wished us to hunt and support our families, and live in peace. He said that British traders would not be permitted to come on the Mississippi to furnish us with goods, but that we should be supplied with an American trader. Our HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 155 chiefs then told him that the British traders always gave them credit in the Fall for guns, powder and goods, to enable us to hunt and clothe our families. He repeated that the traders at Fort Madison would have plenty of goods ; that we should go there in the Fall and he would supply us on credit, as the British traders had done." Black Hawk seems to have accepted of this proposition, and he and his people were very much pleased. Acting in good faith, they fitted out for their Winter's hunt, and went to Fort Madison in high spirits to receive from the trader their outfit of supplies. But, after waiting some time, they were told by the trader that he would not trust them. It was in vain that they pleaded the promise of their great father at Washington. The trader was inexorable ; and, disappointed and crestfallen, they turned sadly toward their own village. "Few of us," says Black Hawk, "slept that night; all was gloom and discontent. In the morning, a canoe was seen ascending the river ; it soon arrived, bearing an express, who brought intelligence that a British trader had landed at Rock Island with two boats loaded with goods, and requested us to come up imme- diately, because he had good news for us, and a variety of presents. The . express presented us with tobacco, pipes and wampum. The news ran through our camp like fire on a prairie. Our lodges were soon taken down, and all started for Rock Island. Here ended all hopes of our remaining at peace, having been forced into the war by being deceived." He joined the British, who flattered him, styled him " Gen. Black Hawk," decked him with medals, excited his jealousies against the Americans, and armed his band ; but he met with defeat and disapppintmeAt, and suon aban- doned the service and came home. With all his skill and courage, Black Hawk was unable to lead all the Sacs and Foxes into hostilities to the United States. A portion of them, at the head of whom was Keokuk ("the Watchful Fox"), were disposed to abide by the treaty of 1804, and to cultivate friendly relations with the American people. Therefore, when Black Hawk and his band joined the fortunes of Great Britain, the rest of the nation remained neutral, and, for protection, organized, with Keokuk for their chief. This divided the nation into the " War and the Peace party." Black Hawk says he was informed, after he had gone to the war, that the nation, which had been reduced to so small a body of fighting men, were unable to defend themselves in case the Americans should attack them, and having all the old men and women and children belonging to the warriors who had joined the British on their hands to provide for, a council was held, and it was agreed that Quash-qua-me (the Lance) and other chiefs, together with the old men, women and children, and such others as chose to accompany them, should go to St. Louis and place themselves under the American chief stationed there. They accordingly went down, and were received as the "friendly band" of the Sacs and Foxes, and were provided for and sent up the Missouri River. On Black Hawk's return from the British army, /he says Keokuk was iritroduced to him as the war chief of the braves then in the village. He inquired how he had become chief, and was informed that their spies had seen a large armed force going toward Peoria, and fears were entertained of an attack upon the village ; whereupon a council was held, which concluded to leave the village and cross over to the west side of the Mississippi. Keokuk had been standing at the door of the lodge where the council was held, not being allowed to enter on account of never having killed an enemy, where he remained until Wa-co-me came out. Keokuk asked permission to speak in the council, which Wa-co-me 156 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. obtained for him. Keokuk then addressed the chiefs ; he remonstrated against the desertion of their village, their own homes and the graves of their fathers, and offered to defend the village. The council consented that he should be their war chief. He marshaled his braves, sent out spies, and advanced on the trail leading to Peoria, but returned without seeing the enemy. The Americans did not disturb the village, and all were satisfied with the appointment of Keokuk. Keokuk, like Black Hawk, was a descendant of the Sac branch of the nation, and was born on Rock River, in 1780. He was of a pacific disposition, but possessed the elements of true courage, and could fight, when occasion required, with a cool judgment and heroic energy. In his first battle, he en- countered and killed a Sioux, which placed him in the rank of warriors, and he was honored with a public feast by his tribe in commemoration of the event. Keokuk has been described as an orator, entitled to rank with the most gifted of his race. In person, he was tall and of portly bearing ; in his public speeches, he displayed a commanding attitude and graceful gestures ; he spoke rapidly, but his enunciation was clear, distinct and forcible ; he culled his fig- ures from the stores of nature and based his arguments on skillful logic. Un- fortunately for the reputation of Keokuk, as an orator among white people, he was never able to obtain an interpreter who could claim even a slight acquaint- ance with philosophy. With one exception only, his interpreters were unac- quainted with the elements of their mother-tongue. Of this serious hindrance to his fame, Keokuk was well aware, and retained Frank Labershure, who had received a rudimeittal education in the French and English languages, until the latter broke down by dissipation and died.- But during the meridian of his career among the white people, he was compelled to submit his speeches for translation to uneducated men, whose range of thought fell below the flights of a gifted mind, and the fine imagery drawn from nature was beyond their power of reproduction. He had sufficient knowledge of the English language to make him sensible of this bad rendering of his thoughts, and often a feeling of morti- fication at the bungling efforts was depicted on his countenance while speaking. The proper place to form a correct estimate of his ability as an orator was in the Indian council, where he addressed himself exclusively to those who under- stood his language, and witness the electrical effect of his eloquence upon his , audience. Keokuk seems to have possessed a more sober judgment, and to have had a more intelligent view of the great strengtikand resources of the United States, than his noted and restless cotemporary, Black Hawk. He knew from the first that the reckless war which Black Hawk and his band had determined to carry on could result in nothing but defeat and disaster, and used every argument against it. The large number of warriors whom he had dissuaded from following Black Hawk became, however, greatly excited with the war spirit after Stillman's defeat, and but for the signal tact displayed by Keokuk on that occasion, would have forced him to submit to their wishes in joining the rest of the warriors in the field. A war-dance was held, and Keokuk took part in it, seeming to he , moved with the current of the rising storm. When the dance was over, he called the council to prepare for war. He made a speech, in which he admitted the justice of their complaints against the Americans. To seek redress was a noble aspiration of their nature. The blood of their brethren had been shed by the white man, and the spirits of their braves, slain in battle, called loudly for vengeance. " I am your chief, '^ he said, " and it is my duty to lead you to bat- tle, if, after fully considering the matter, you are determined to go. But before a ( HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 157 you decide on taking this important step, it is wise to inquire into the chances of success." He then portrayed to them the great power of the United States, against whom they would have to contend, that their chance of success was utterly hopeless. " But," said he, " if you do determine to go upon the war- path, I will agree to lead you, on one condition, viz.: that before we go, we will kill all our old men and our wives and children, to save them from a lingering death of starvation, and that every one of us determine to leave our homes on the other side of the Mississippi." This was a strong but truthful picture of the prospect before them, and was presented in such a forcible light as to cool their ardor, and cause them to aban- don the rash undertaking. But during the war of 1832, it is now considered certain that small bands of Indians, from the west side of the Mississippi, made incursions- into the white settlements, in the lead mining region, and committed some murders and dep- redations. When peace was declared between the United States and England, Black Hawk was required to make peace with the former, and entered into a treaty at Portage des Sioux, September 14, 1815, but did not "touch the goose-quill to it until May 13, 1816, when he smoked the pipe of peace with the great white chief," at St. Louis. This treaty'was a renewal of the treaty of 1804, but Black Hawk declared he had been deceived ; that he did not know that by signing the treaty he was giving away his village. This weighed upon his mind, already soured by previous disappointment and the irresistible encroachments of the whites ; and when, a few years later, he and his people were driven from their possessions by the military, he determined to return to the home of his fathers. It is also to be remarked that, in 1816, by treaty with various tribes, the United States relinquished to the Indians all the lands lying north of a line drawn from the southernmost point of Lake Michigan west to the Mississippi, except a reservation five leagues square, on the Mississippi River, supposed then to be sufficient to include all the mineral lands on and adjacent to Fever River, and one league square at the mouth of the Wisconsin River. THE BLACK HAWK WAR. The immediate cause of the Indian outbreak in 1830 was the occupation of Black Hawk's village, on the Rock River, by the whites, during the absence of tbe chief and his braves on a hunting expedition, on the west side of the Mississippi. When they returned, they found their wigwams occupied by white families, and their own women and children were shelterless on the banks of the river. The Indians were indignant, and determined to repossess their village at all hazards, and early in the Spring of 1831 recrossed the Mississippi and menacingly took possession of their own cornfields and cabins. It may be well to remark here that it was expressly stipulated in the treaty of 1804, to which they attributed all their troubles, that the Indians should not be obliged to leave their lands until they were sold by the United States, and it does not appear that they occupied any lands other than those owned by the Government. If this was true, the Indians had good cause for indignation and complaint. But the whites, driven out in turn by the returning Indians, became so clamorous against what they termed the encroachments of the natives, that Gov. Reynolds, of Illinois, ordered Gen Gaines to Rock Island with a military force to drive the Indians again from their homes to the west side of the Mississippi. Black Hawk says he did not intend to be provoked into war by anything less than the blood of 158 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. some of his own people ; in other words, that there would be no war unless it should be commenced by the pale faces. But it was said and probably thought by the mili- tary commanders along the frontier that the Indians intended to unite in a general war against the whites, from Rock River to the Mexican borders. But it does not appear that the hardy frontiersmen themselves had any fears, for their experi- ence had been that, when well treated, their Indian neighbors were not danger- ous. Black Hawk and his band had done no more than to attempt to repossess the the old homes of which they had been deprived in their absence. No blood had been shed. Black Hawk and his chiefs sent a flag of truce, and a new treaty was made, by which Black Hawk and his band agreed to remain forever on the Iowa side and never recross the river without the permission of the President or the Governor of Illinois. Whether the Indians clearly understood the terms of this treaty is uncertain. As was usual, the Indian traders had dictated terms on their behalf, and they had received a large amount of pro- visions, etc., from the Government, but it may well be doubted whether the Indians comprehended that they could never revisit the graves of their fathers without violating their treaty. They undoubtedly thought that they had agreed never to recross the Mississippi with hostile intent. However this may be, on the 6th day of April, 1832, Black Hawk and his entire band, with their tyomeh and children, again recrossed the Mississippi in plain view of the garrison of Fort Armstrong, and went up Rock River. Although this act was construed into an act of hostility by the military authorities, who declared that Black ' Hawk intended to recover his village, or the site where it stood, by force ; but it does not appear that he made any such attempt, nor did his apearance create any special alarm among the settlers. They knew that the Indians never went on the war path encumbered with the old men, their women and their children. The Gralenian, printed in Galena, of May 2, 1832, says that Black Hawk was invited by the Prophet and had taken possession of a tract about forty miles up Rock River ; but that he did not remain there long, but commenced , his march up Rock River. Capt. W. B. Green, who served in Capt. Stephen- son's company of mounted rangers, says that " Black Hawk and his band crossed the river with no hostile intent, but that his band had had bad luck in hunting during the previous Winter, were actually in a starving condition, and had come over to spend the Summer with a friendly tribe on the head waters of the Rock and Illinois Rivers, by invitation from their chief. Other old set- tlers, who all agree that Black Hawk had no idea of fighting, say that he came back to the west side expecting to negotiate another treaty, and get a new supply of provisions. The most reasonable explanation of this movement, which resulted so disastrously to Black Hawk and his starving people, is that, during the Fall and Winter of 1831-2, his people became deeply indebted to their favorite trader at Fort Armstrong (Rock Island). They had not been fortunate in hunting, and he was likely to lose heavily, as an Indian debt was outlawed in one year. If, therefore, the Indians could be induced to come over,, and the fears of the military could be sufficiently aroused to pursue them, another treaty could be negotiated, and from the payments from the Government the shrewd trader could get his pay. Just a week after Black Hawk crossed the river, on the 13th of April, 1832, George Davenport wrote to Gen. Atkinson : " I am informed that the British band of Sac Indians are determined to make war on the frontier settlements. * * * From every information that I have received, I am of the opinion that the intention of the British band of Sac Indians is to commit depredations on the inhabitants of the frontier." And HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. 159 yet, from the 6th day of April until after Stillman's men commenced war by firing on a flag of truce from Black Hawk, no murders nor depredations were committed by the British band of Sac Indians. It is not the purpose of this sketch to detail the incidents of the Black Hawk war of 1832, as it pertains rather to the history of the State of Illinois, It is sufficient to say that, after the disgraceful affair at Stillman's Run, Black Hawk, concluding that the whites, refusing to treat with him, were determined to exterminate his people, determined to return to the Iowa side of the Missis- sippi. He could not return by the way he came, for the army was behind him, an army, too, that would sternly refuse to recognize the white flag of peace. His only course was to make his way northward and reach the Mississippi, if possible, before the troops could overtake him, and this he did ; but, before he could get his women and children across the Wisconsin, he was overtaken, and a , battle ensued. Here, again, he sued for peace, and, through his trusty Lieu- tenant, "the Prophet," the whites were plainly informed that the starving Indians did not wish to fight, but would return to the west side of the Missis- sippi, peaceably, if they could be permitted to do so. No attention was paid to this second effort to negotiate peace, and, as soon as supplies could be obtained, the pursuit was resumed, the flying Indians were overtaken again eight miles before they reached the mouth of the Bad Axe, and the slaughter (it should not be dignified by the name of battle) commenced. Here, overcome by starvation and the victorious whites, his band was scattered, on the 2d day of August, 1832. Black Hawk escaped, but was brought into camp at Prairie du Chien by three Winnebagoes. He was confined in Jefferson Barracks until the Spring of 1833, when he was sent to Washington, arriving there April 22. On the 26t-h of April, they were taken to Fortress Monroe, where they remained till the 4th of June, 1833, when orders were given for them to be liberated and returned to their own country. By order of the President, he was brought back to Iowa through the principal Eastern cities. Crowds flocked to see him all along his route, and he was very much flattered by the attentions he received. He lived among his people on the Iowa River till that reservation was sold, in 1836, when, with the rest of the Sacs and Foxes, he removed to the Des Moines Reservation, where he remained till his death, which occurred on the 3d of October, 1838. INDIAN PURCHASES, RESERVES AND TREATIES. At the close of the Black Hawk War, in 1832, a treaty was made at a council held on the west bank of the Mississippi, where now stands the thriving city of Davenport, on grounds now occupied by the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad Company, on the 21st day of September, 1832. At this council, the United States were represented by Gen. Winfield Scott and Gov. Reynolds, of Illinois. Keokuk, Pash-a-pa-ho and some thirty other chiefs and warriors of the Sac and Fox nation were present. By this treaty, the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States a strip of land on the eastern border of Iowa fifty miles wide, from the northern boundary of Missouri to the mouth of the Upper Iowa River, containing about six million acres. The western line of the purchase was parallel with the Mississippi. In consideration of this cession, the United States Government stipulated to pay annually to^the confederated tribes, for thirty consecutive years, twenty thousand dollars in specie, and to pay the debts of the Indians at Rock Island, which had been accumulating for 160 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. seventeen years and amounted to fifty thousand dollars, due to Davenport k Farnham, Indian traders. The Government also generously donated to the Sac and Fox women and children whose husbands and fathers had fallen in the Black Hawk war, thirty-five beef cattle, twelve bushels of salt, thirty barrels of pork, fifty barrels of flour and six thousand bushels of corn. This territory is known as the " Black Hawk Purchase." Although it was not the first portion of Iowa ceded to the United States by the Sacs and Foxes, ■ it was the first opened to actual settlement by the tide of emigration that flowed across the Mississippi as soon as the Indian title was extinguished. The treaty was ratified February 13, 1833, and took effect on the 1st of June following, when the Indians quietly removed from the ceded territory, and this fertile and beautiful region was opened to white settlers. By the terms of the treaty, out of the Black Hawk Purchase was reserved for the Sacs and Foxes 400 square miles of land situated on the Iowa River, and in- lcuding within its limits Keokuk's village, on the right bank of that river. This tract was known as " Keokuk's Reserve, ' and was occupied by the Indians until 1836, when, by a treaty made in September between them and Gov. Dodge, of Wisconsin Territory, it was ceded to the United States. The council was held on the banks of the Mississippi, above Davenport, and was the largest assem- blage of the kind ever held by the Sacs and Foxes to treat for the sale of lands. About one thousand of their chiefs and braves were present, and Keokuk was their leading spirit and principal speaker on the occasion. By the terms of the treaty, the Sacs and Foxes were removed to another reservation on the Des Moines River, where an agency was established for them at what is now the town of Agency City. Besides the Keokuk Reserve, the Government gave out of the Black Hawk Purchase to Antoine Le Claire, interpreter, in fee simple, one section of land opposite Rock Island, and another at the head of the first rapids above the island, on the Iowa side. This was the first land title granted by the United States to an individual in Iowa. Soon after the removal of the Sacs and Foxes to their new reservation on the Des Moines River, Gen. Joseph M. Street was transferred from the agency of the Winnebagoes, at Prairie du Chien, to establish an agency among them. A farm was selected, on which the necessary buildings were erected, including a comfortable farm house for the agent and his family, at the expense of the Indian Fund. A salaried agent was employed to superin- tend the farm and dispose of the crops. Two mills were erected, one on Soap Creek and the other on Sugar Creek. The latter was soon swept away by a flood, but the former remained and did good service for many years. Connected, with the agency were Joseph Smart and John Goodell, interpreters. The latter was interpreter for Hard Fish's band. Three of the Indian chiefs, Keo- kuk, Wapello and Appanoose, had each a large field improved, the two former on the right bank of the Des Moines, back from the river, in what is now " Keokuk's Prairie," and the latter on the present site of the city of Ottumwa. Among the traders connected with the agency were the Messrs. Ewing, from. Ohio, and Phelps & Co., from Illinois, and also Mr. J. P. Eddy, who estab- lished his post at what is now the site of Eddyville. The Indians at this agency became idle and listless in the absence of their natural and wonted excitements, and many of them plunged into dissipation. Keokuk himself became dissipated in the latter years of his life, and it has been reported that he died of delirium tremens after his removal with his tribe to Kansas. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 161 In May, 1843, most of the Indians were removed up the Des Moines River, above the temporary line of Red Rock, having ceded the remnant of their lands in Iowa to the United States on the 21st of September, 1837, and on the 11th of October, 1842. By the terms of the latter treaty, they held possession of the " New Purchase " till the Autumn of 1845, when the most of them were removed to their reservation in Kansas, the balance being removed in the Spring of 1846. 1. Treaty with the Sioux — Made July 19, 1815 ; ratified December 16, 1815. This treaty was made at Portage des Sioux, between the Sioux of Minnesota and Upper Iowa and the United States, by William Clark and Ninian Edwards, Commissioners, and was merely a treaty of peace and friendship on the part of those Indians toward the United States at the close of the war of 1812. 2. Treaty with the Sacs. — A similar treaty of peace was made at Portage des Sioux, between the United States and the Sacs, by William Clark, Ninian Edwards and Auguste Choteau, on the 13th of September, 1815, and ratified at the same date as the above. In this, the treaty of 1804 was re-affirmed, and the Sacs here represented promised for themselves and their bands to keep entirely separate from the Sacs of Rock River, who, under Black Hawk, had joined the British in the war j UBt then closed. 3. Treaty with the Foxes. — A separate treaty of peace was made with the Foxes at Portage des Sioux, by the same Commissioners, on the 14th of September, 1815, and ratified the same as the above, wherein the Foxes re-affirmed the treaty of St. Louis, of November 3, 1804, and agreed to deliver up all their prisoners to the officer in command at Fort Clark, now Peoria, Illinois. 4. Treaty with the Iowas. — A treaty of peace and mutual good will was made between the United States and the Iowa tribe of Indians, at Portage des Sioux, by the same Commissioners as above, on the 16th of September, 1815, at the close of the war with Great Britain, and ratified at the same date as the others. 5. Treaty with the Sacs of Rock River — Made at St. Louis on the 13th of May, 1816, between the United States and the Sacs of Rock River, by the Commissioners, William Clark, Ninian Edwards and Auguste Choteau, and ratified December 30, 1816. In this treaty, that of 1804 was re-established and confirmed by twenty-two chiefs and head men of the Sacs of Rock River, and Black Hawk himself attached to it his signature, or, as he said, " touched the goose quill." 6. Treaty of 1826 — On the 4th of August, 1824, a treaty was made between the United States and the Sacs and Foxes, in the city of Washington, by William Clark, Commissioner, wherein the Sac and Fox nation relinquished their title to all lands in Missouri and that portion of the southeast corner of Iowa known as the " Half-Breed Tract" was set off and reserved for the use of the half-breeds of the Sacs and Foxes, they holding title in the same manner as In- dians. Ratified January 18, 1825. 7. Treaty of August 19, 1825. — At this date a treaty was made by William Clark and Lewis Cass, at Prairie du Chien, between the United States and the Chippewas, Sacs and Foxes, Me- nomonees, Winnebagoes and a portion of the Ottawas and Pottawatomies. In this treaty, in order to make peace between the contending tribes as to the limits of their respective hunting grounds in Iowa, it was agreed that the United States Government should run a boundary line between the Sioux, on the north, and the Sacs and Foxes, on the south, as follows : Commencing at the mouth of the Upper Iowa River, on the west bank of the Mississippi, and ascending said Iowa River to its west fork ; thence up the fork to its source ; thence cross- ing the fork of Red Cedar River in a direct line to the second or upper fork of the Des Moines River ; thence in a direct line to the lower fork of the Calumet River, and down that river to its junction with the Missouri River. 8. Treaty of 1830.— On the 15th of July, 1830, the confederate tribes of the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States a strip of country lying south oTHhe above line, twenty miles in width, and extending along the line aforesaid from the Mississippi to the Des Moines River. The Sioux also, whose possessions were north of the line, ceded to the Government, in the same treaty, a like strip on the north side of the boundary. Thus the United States, at the ratification of this treaty, February 24, 1831, came into possession of a portion of Iowa forty miles wide, extend- ing along the Clark and Cass line of 1825, from the Mississippi to the Des Moines River: This territory was known as the " Neutral Ground," and the tribes on either side of the line were allowed to fish and hunt on it unmolested till it was made a Winnebago reservation, and the Winnebagoes were removed to it in 1841. 9. Treaty with the Sacs and Foxes and other Tribes.— At the same time of the above treaty re- specting the " Neutral Ground" (July 15, 1830), the Sacs and Foxes, Western Sioux, Omahas, Iowas and Missouris ceded to the United States a portion of the western slope of Iowa, the boun- daries of which were defined as follows : Beginning at the upper fork of the Des Moines River, and passing the sources of the Little Sioux and Floyd Rivers, to the fork of the first creek that falls into the Big Sioux, or Calumet, on the east side ; thence down said creek and the Calumet 162 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. River to the Missouri River ; thence down said Missouri River to the Missouri State line above the Kansas ; thence along said line to the northwest cbrner of said State ; thence to the high lands between the waters falling into the Missouri and Des Moines, passing to said high lands along the dividing ridge between the forks of the Grand River ; thence along said high lands or ridge separating the waters of the Missouri from those of the Des Moines, to a point opposite the source of the Boyer River, and thence in a direct line to the upper fork of the Des Moines, the place of beginning. It was understood that the lands ceded and relinquished by this treaty were to be assigned and allotted, under the direction of the President of the United States, to the tribes then living thereon, or to such other tribes as the President might locate thereon for hunting and other pur- poses. In consideration of three tracts of land ceded in this treaty, the United States agreed to pay to the Sacs three thousand dollars ; to the Foxes, three thousand dollars ; to the Sioux, two thousand dollars ; to the Yankton and Santie bands of Sioux, three thousand dollars ; to the Omahas, two thousand five hundred dollars; and to the Ottoes and Missouris, two thousand five hundred dollars — to be paid annually for ten successive years. In addition to these annuities, the Government agreed to furnish some of the tribes with blacksmiths and agricultural imple- ments to the amount of two hundred dollars, at the expense of the United States, and to set apart three thousand dollars annually for the education of the children of these tribes. It does not appear that any fort was erected in this territory prior to the erection of Fort Atkinson on the Neutral Ground, in 1840-41. This treaty wis made by William Clark, Superintendent of Indian affairs, and Col. Willoughby Morgan, of the United States First Infantry, and came into effect by proclamation, February 24, 1831. 10. Treaty with the Winnebagoes. — Made at Fort Armstrong, Rock Island, September 15, 1832, by Gen. Winfield Scott and Hon. John Reynolds, Governor of Illinois. In this treaty the Win- nebagoes ceded to the United States all their land lying on the east side of the Mississippi, and in part consideration therefor the United States granted to the Winnebagoes, to be held as other Indian lands are held, that portion of Iowa known as the Neutral Ground. The exchange of the two tracts of country was to take place on or before the 1st day of June, 1833. In addition to the Neutral Ground, it was stipulated that the United States should give the Winnebagoes, begin- ning in September, 1833, and continuing for twenty-seven successive years, ten thousand dollars in specie, and establish a school among them, with a farm and garden, and provide other facili- ties for the education of their children, not to exceed in cost three thousand dollars a year, and to continue the same for twenty-seven successive years. Six agriculturists, twelve yoke of oxen and plows and other farming tools were to be supplied by the Government. 11. Treaty of 1832 with the Sacs and Foxes. — Already mentioned as the Black Hawk purchase. 12. Treaty of 18S6, with the Sacs and Foxes, ceding Keokuk's Reserve to the United States; for which the Government stipulated to pay thirty thousand dollars, and an annuity of ten thou- sand dollars for ten successive years, together with other sums and debts of the Indians to various parties. 13. Treaty of 1837.— On the 21st of October, 1837, a treaty was made at the 'city of Wash- ington, between Carey A. Harris, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and the confederate tribes of Sacs and Foxes, ratified February 21, 1838, wherein another slice of the soil of Iowa was obtained, described in the treaty as follows: "A tract of country containing 1,250,000 acres, lying west and adjoining the tract conveyed by them to the United States in the treaty of September 21, 1832. It is understood that the points of termination for the present cession shall be the north- ern and southern points of said tract as fixed by the survey made under the authority of the United States, and that a line shall be drawn between them so as to intersect a line extended westwardly from the angle of said tract nearly opposite to Rock Island, as laid down in the above survey, so far as may be necessary to include the number of acres hereby ceded, which last mentioned line, it is estimated, will be about twenty-five miles." This piece of land was twenty-five miles wide in the middle, and ran off to a point at both ends, lying directly back of the Black Hawk Purchase, and of the same length. 14. Treaty of Relinquishment. — At the same date as the above treaty, in the city of Washing- ton, Carey A. Harris, Commissioner, the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States all their right and interest in the country lying south of the boundary line between the Sacs and Foxes and Sioux, as described in the treaty of August 19, 1825, and between the Mississippi and Mis- souri Rivers, the United States paying for the same one hundred and sixty thousand dollars The Indians also gave up all claims and interests under the treaties previously made with them for the satisfaction of which no appropriations had been made. 15. Treaty of 18^.—1he- last treaty was made with the Sacs and Foxes October 11, 1842 . ratified March 23, 1843. It was made at the Sac and Fox agency (Agency City), by John Chambers, Commissioner on behalf of the United States. In this treaty the Sac and Fox Indians " ceded to the United States all their lands west of the Mississippi to which they had any claim or title." By the terms of this treaty they were to be removed from the country at the expira- tion of three years, and all who remained after that were to move at their own expense. Part of them were removed to Kansas in the Fall of 1845, and the rest the Spring following. HISTOKY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 163 SPANISH GRANTS. , While the territory now embraced in the State of Iowa was under Spanish rule as a part of its province of Louisiana, certain claims to and grants of land were made by the Spanish authorities, with which, in addition to the extinguishment of Indian titles, the United States had to deal. It is proper that these should be briefly reviewed. Dubuque. — On the 22d day of September, 1788, Julien Dubuque, a French- man, from Prairie du Chien, obtained from the Foxes a cession or lease of lands on the Mississippi River for mining purposes, on the site of the present city of Dubuque. Lead had been discovered here eight years before, in 1780, by the wife of Peosta Fox, a warrior, and Dubuque's claim embraced nearly all the lead bearing lands in that vicinity. He immediately took possession of his claim and commenced mining, at the same time making a settlement. The place became known as the " Spanish Miners," or, more commonly, " Dubuque's Lead Mines." In 1796, Dubuque filed a petition with Baron de Carondelet, the Spanish Governor of Louisiana, asking that the tract ceded to him by the Indians might be granted to him by patent from the Spanish Government. In this petition, Dubuque rather indefinitely set forth the boundaries of this claim as " about seven leagues along the Mississippi River, and three leagues in width from the river," intending to include, as is supposed, the river front between the Little Maquoketa and the Tete des Mertz Rivers, embracing more than twenty thou- sand acres. Carondelet granted the prayer 'of the petition, and the grant was subsequently confirmed by the Board of Land Commissioners of Louisiana. In October, 1804, Dubuque transferred the larger part of his claim to Auguste Choteau, of St. Louis, and on the 17th of May, 1805, he and Choteau jointly filed their claims with the Board of Commissioners. On the 20th of September, 1806, the Board decided in their favor, pronouncing the claim to be a regular Spanish grant, made and completed prior to the 1st day of October, 1800, only one member, J. B. C. Lucas, dissenting. Dubuque died March 24, 1810. The Indians, understanding that the claim of Dubuque under their former act of cession was only a permit to occupy the tract and work the mines during his life, and that at his death they reverted to them, took possession and continued mining operations, and were sustained by the military authority of the United States, notwithstanding the decision of the Commissioners. When the Black Hawk purchase was consummated, the Du- buque claim thus held by the Indians was absorbed by the United States, as the Sacs and Foxes made no reservation of it in the treaty of 1832. The heirs of Choteau, however, were not disposed to relinquish their claim without a struggle. Late in 1832, they employed an agent to look after their interests, and authorized him to lease the right to dig lead on the lands. The miners who commenced work under this agent were compelled by the military to abandon their operations, and one of the claimants went to Galena to institute legal proceedings, but found no court of competent jurisdiction, although he did bring an action for the recovery of a quantity of lead dug at Dubuque, for the purpose of testing the title. Being unable to identify the lead, however, he was non-suited. By act of Congress, approved July 2, 1836, the town of Dubuque was sur- veyed and platted. After lots had been sold and occupied by the purchasers, Henry Choteau brought an action of ejectment against Patrick Malony, who 164 HISTORY OP THE STATE OP IOWA. held land in Dubuque under a patent from the United States, for the recovery of seven undivided eighth parts of the Dubuque claim, as purchased by Auguste Choteau in 1804. The case was tried in the District Court of the United States for the District of Iowa, and was decided adversely to the plaintiff. The case was carried to the Supreme Court of the United States on a writ of error, when it was heard at the December term, 1853, and the decision of the lower court was affirmed, the court holding that the permit from Carondolet was merely a lease or permit to work the mines ; that Dubuque asked, and the G overnor of Louisiana granted, nothing more than the "peaceable possession " of certain lands obtained from the Indians ; that Carondelet had no legal authority to make snch a grant as claimed, and that, even if he had, this was but an " inchoate and imperfect title." Giard. — In 1795, the Lieutenant Governor of Upper Louisiana granted to Basil Giard five thousand eight hundred and sixty acres of land, in what is now Clayton County, known as the "Giard Tract." He occupied the land during the time that Iowa passed from Spain to France, and from France to the United States, in consideration of which the Federal Government granted a patent of the same to Giard in his own right. Bis heirs sold the whole tract to James H. Lockwood and Thomas P. Burnett, of Prairie du Chien, for three hundred dollars. Honori. — March 30, 1799, Zenon Trudeau, Acting Lieutenant Governor of Upper Louisiana, granted to Louis Honori a tract of land on the site of the present town of Montrose, as follows : " It is permitted to Mr. Louis (Fresson) Henori, or Louis Honore Fesson, to establish himself at the head of the rapids of the River Des Moines, and his establishment once formed, notice of it shall be given to the Governor General, in order to obtain for him a commission of a space sufficient to give value to such establishment, and at the same time to render it useful to the commerce of the peltries of this country, to watch the Indians and keep them in the fidelity which they owe to His Majesty." Honori took immediate possession of his claim, which he retained until 1805. While trading with the natives, he became indebted to Joseph Robe'doux, who obtained an execution on which the property was sold May 13, 1803, and was purchased by the creditor. In these proceedings the property was described as being " about six leagues above the River Des Moines." Robedoux died soon after he purchased the proprerty. Auguste Choteau, his executor, disposed of the Honori tract to Thomas F. Reddeck, in April, 1805, up to which time Honori continued to occupy it. The grant, as made by the Spanish government, was a league square, but only one mile square was confirmed by the Uuited States. After the half-breeds sold their lands, in which the Honori grant was included, various claimants resorted to litigation in attempts to invalidate the title of the Reddeck heirs, but it was finally confirmed by a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1839, and is the oldest legal title to any land in the State of Iowa. THE HALF-BREED TRACT. Before any permanent settlement had been made in the Territory of Iowa, white adventurers, trappers and traders, many of whom were scattered along the Mississippi and its tributaries, as agents and employes of the American Fur Company, intermarried with the females of the Sac and Fox Indians, producing a race of half-breeds, whose number was never definitely ascertained. There were some respectable and excellent people among them, chiidren of men of some refinement and education. For instance : Dr. Muir, a gentleman educated HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 165 at Edinburgh, Scotland, a surgeon in the United States Army, stationed at a military post located on the present site of Warsaw, married an Indian woman, and reared his family of three daughters in the city of Keokuk. Other exam- ples might be cited, but they are probably exceptions to the general rule, and the race is now nearly or quite extinct in Iowa. A treaty was made at Washington, August 4, 1824, between the Sacs and Foxes and the United States, by which that portion of Lee County was reserved to the half-breeds of those tribes, and which was afterward known as " The Half-Breed Tract." This reservation is the triangular piece of land, containing about 119,000 acres, lying between the Mississippi and Des Moines Rivers. It is bounded on the north by the prolongation of the northern line of Missouri. This line was intended to be a straight one, running due east, which would have caused it to strike the Mississippi River at or below Montrose ; but the surveyor who run it took no notice of the change in the variation of the needle as he proceeded eastward, and, in consequence, the line he run was bent, deviating more and more to the northward of a direct line as he approached the Mississippi, so that it struck that river at the lower edge of the town of Fort Madison. " This errone- . ous line," says Judge Mason, "has been acquiesced in as well in fixing the northern limit of the Half-Breed Tract afe in determining the northern boundary line of the State of Missouri." The line thus run included in the reservation a portion of the lower part of the city of Fort Madison, and all of the present townships of Van Buren, Charleston, Jefferson, Des Moines, Montrose and Jackson. Under the treaty of 1824, the half-breeds had the right to occupy the soil, but could not convey it, the reversion being reserved to the United States. But on the 30th day of January, 1834, by act of Congress, this reversionary right was /relinquished, and the half-breeds acquired the lands in fee simple. This" was no sooner done, than a horde of speculators rushed in to buy land of the half-breed owners, and, in many instances, a gun, a blanket, a pony or a few quarts of whisky was sufficient for the purchase of large estates. There was a deal of sharp practice on both sides ; Indians would often claim ownership of land by virtue of being half-breeds, and had no difficulty in proving their mixed blood by the Indians, and they would then cheat the speculators by selling land to which they had no rightful title. On the other hand, speculators often claimed land in which they had no ownership. It was diamond cut diamond, until at last things became badly mixed. There were no authorized surveys, and no boundary lines to claims, and, as a natural result, numerous conflicts and quarrels ensued. To settle these difficulties, to decide the validity of claims or sell them for the benefit of the real owners, by act of the Legislature of Wisconsin Territory, approved January 16, 1838, Edward Johnstone, Thomas S. Wilson and David Brigham were appointed Commissioners, and clothed with power to effect these objects. The act provided that these Commissioners should be paid six dollars a day each. The commission entered upon its duties and continued until the next session of the Legislature, when the act creating it was repealed, invalidat- ing all that had been done and depriving the Commissioners of their pay. The repealing act, however, authorized the Commissioners to commence action against the owners of the Half-Breed Tract, to receive pay for their services, in the Dis- trict Court of Lee County. Two judgments were obtained, and on execution the whole of the tract was sold to Hugh T. Reid, the Sheriff executing the deed. Mr. Reid sold portions of it to various parties, but his own title was questioned and he became involved in litigation. Decisions in favor of Reid 166 HISTORY OP THE STATE" OF IOWA. and those holding under him were made by both District and Supreme Courts, but in December, 1850, these decisions were finally reversed by the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Joseph Webster, plaintiff in error, vs. Hugh T. Reid, and the judgment titles failed. About nine years before the "judgment titles " were finally abrogated as above, another class of titles were brought into competition with them, and in the conflict between the two, the final decision was obtained. These were the titles based on the " decree of partition " issued by the United States District Court for the Territory of -Iowa, on the 8th of May, 1841, and certified to by the Clerk on the 2d day of June of that year. Edward Johnstone and Hugh T. Reid, then law partners at Port Madison, filed the petition for the decree in behalf of the St. Louis claimants of half-breed lands. Francis S. Key, author of the Star Spangled Banner, who was then attorney for the New York Land Company, which held heavy interests in these lands, took a leading part in the measure, and drew up the document in which it was presented to the court. Judge' Charles Mason, of Burlington, pre- sided. The plan of partition divided the tract into one hundred and one shares and arranged that each claimant should draw his proportion by lot, and should abide the result, whatever it might be. The arrangement was entered into, the lots drawn, and the plat of the same filed in the Recorder's oflice, October 6, 1841. Upon this basis the titles to land in the Half-Breed Tract are now held. EARLY SETTLEMENTS. The first permanent settlement by the whites within the limits of Iowa was made by Julien Dubuque, in 1788, when, with a small party of miners, he set- tled on the site of the city that now bears his name, where he lived until his death, in 1810. Louis Honori settled on the site of the present town of Mon- trose, probably in 1799, and resided there until 1805, when his property passed into other hands. Of the Giard settlement, opposite Prairie du Chien, little is known, except that it was occupied by some parties prior to the commencement of the present century, and contained three cabins in 1805. Indian traders, although not strictly to be considered settlers, had established themselves at various points at an early date. A Mr. Johnson, agent of the American Fur Company, had a trading post below Burlington, where he carried on traffic with the Indians some time before the United States possessed the country. In 1820, Le Moliese, a French trader, had a station at what is now Sandusky, six miles above Keokuk, in Lee County. In 1829, Dr. Isaac Gallaud made a set- tlement on the Lower Rapids, at what is now Nashville. The first settlement in Lee County was made in 1820, by Dr. Samuel C. Muir, a surgeon in the United States army, who had been stationed at Port Edwards, now Warsaw, 111., and who built a cabin where the city of Keokuk now stands. Dr. Muir was a man of strict integrity and irreproachable char- acter. While stationed at a military post on the Upper Mississippi, he had married an Indian woman of the Fox nation. Of his marriage, the following romantic account is given : The post at which he was stationed was visited by a beautiful Indian maiden— whose native name, unfortunately, has not been preserved— who, in her dreams, had seen a white brave un- moor his canoe, paddle it across the river and come directly to her lodge. She felt assured, according to the superstitious belief of her race, that, in her dreams, she had seen her future husband, and had come to the fort to find him. Meeting Dr. Muir, she instantly recognized him as the hero of her dream, which, with childlike innocence and simplicity, she related to him. Her dream was, indeed, prophetic. Charmed with Sophia's beauty, innocence and devo- tion, the doctor honorably married her; but after'a while, the sneers and gibes of his brother HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 167 officers — less honorable than he, perhaps — made him feel ashamed of his dark-skinned wife, and when his regiment was ordered down the river, to Bellefontaine, it is said he embraced the opportunity to rid himself of her, and left her, never expecting to see her again, and little dreaming that she would have the courage to follow him. But, with her infant child, this in- trepid wife and mother started alone in her canoe, and, after many days of weary labor and a lonely journey of nine hundred miles, she, at last, reached him. She afterward remarked, when speaking of this toilsome journey down the river in search of her husband, " When I got there I was all perished away — so thin ! " The doctor, touched by such unexampled devotion, took her to his heart, and ever after, until his death, treated her with marked respect. She always pre- sided at his table with grace and dignity, but never abandoned her native style of dress. In 1819-20, he was stationed at 'Fort Edward, but the senseless ridicule of some of his brother officers on account of his Indian wife induced him to resign his commission. After building his cabin, as above stated, he leased his claim for a term of years to Otis Reynolds and John Culver, of St. Louis, and went to La Pointe, afterward Galena, where he practiced his profession for ten years, when he returned to Keokuk. His Indian wife bore to him four children — Louise (married at Keokuk, since dead), James, (drowned at Keokuk), Mary and Sophia. Dr. Muir died suddenly of cholera, in 1832, but left his property in such condition that it was soon wasted in vexatious litigation, and his brave and faithful wife, left friendless and penniless, became discouraged, and, with her children, disappeared, and, it is said, returned to her people on the Upper Missouri. Messrs. Reynolds & Culver, who had leased Dr. Muir's claim at Keokuk, subsequently employed as their agent Mr. Moses Stillwell, who arrived with his family in 1828, and took possession of Muir's cabin. His brothers-in-law, Amos and Valencourt Van Ansdal, came with him and settled near. His daughter, Margaret Stillwell (afterward Mrs. Ford) was born in 1831, at the foot of the rapids, called by the Indians Puch-a-she-tuck, where Keokuk now stands. She was probably the first white American child born in Iowa. In 1831, Mr. Johnson, Agent of the American Fur Company, who had a station at the foot of the rapids, removed to another location, and, Dr. Muir having returned from Galena, he and Isaac R. Campbell took the place and buildings vacated by the Company and carried on trade with the Indians and half-breeds. Campbell, who had first visited and traveled through the southern part of Iowa, in 1821, was an enterprising settler, and besides trading with the natives carried on a farm and kept a tavern. Dr. Muir died of cholera in 1832. In 1830, James L. and Lucius H. Langworthy, brothers and natives of Vermont, visited the Territory for the purpose of working the lead mines at Du- buque. They had been engaged in lead mining at Galena, Illinois, the former from as early as 1824. The lead mines in the Dubuque region were an object of great interest to the miners about Galena, for they were known to be rich in lead ore. To explore these mines and to obtain permission to work them was therefore eminently desirable. In 1829, James L. Langworthy resolved to visit the Dubuque mines. Cross- ing the Mississippi at a point now known as Dunleith, in a canoe, and swim- ming his horse by his side, he landed on the spot now known as Jones Street Levee. Before him spread out a beautiful prairie, on which the city of Du- buque now stands. Two miles south, at'the mouth of Catfish Creek, was a vil- lage of Sacs and Foxes. Thither Mr. .Langworthy proceeded, and was well re- ceived by the natives. He endeavored to obtain permission from them to mine in their hills, but this they refused. He, however, succeeded in gaining the con- fidence of the chief to such an extent as to be allowed to travel in the interior for three weeks and explore the country. He employed two young Indians as guides, and traversed in different directions the whole region lying between the Maquoketa and Turkey Rivers. He returned to the village, secured the good Will of the Indians, and, returning to Galena, formed plans for future opera- tions, to be executed as soon as circumstances would permit. 168 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. In 1830, with his brother, Lucius H., and others, having obtained the con- sent of the Indians, Mr. Langworthy crossed the Mississippi and commenced, mining in the vicinity around Dubuque. At this time, the lands were not in the actual possession of the United States. Although they had been purchased from France, the Indian title had not been extinguished, and these adventurous persons were beyond the limits of any State or Territorial government. The first settlers were therefore obliged to be their own law-makers, and to agree to such regulations as the exigencies of the case demanded. The first act resembling civil legislation within the limits of the present State of Iowa was done by the miners at this point, in June, 1830. They met on the bank of the river, by the side of an old cottonwood drift log, at what is now the Jones Street Levee, Dubuque, and elected a Committee, con- sisting of J. L. Langworthy, H. F. Lander, James McPhetres, Samuel Scales, and E. M. Wren. This may be called the first Legislature in Iowa, the mem- bers of which gathered around that old cottonwood log, and agreed to and re- ported the following, written by Mr. Langworthy, on a half : sheet of coarse, un- ruled paper, the old log being the writing desk : We, a Committee having been chosen to draft certain rules and regulations (laws) by which we as miners will be governed, and having duly considered the subject, do unanimously agre,e that we will be governed by the regulations on the east side of the Mississippi River,* with the following exceptions, to wit : Article I. That each and every man shall hold ZOO yards square of ground by working said ground one day in six. Article II. We further agree that there shall be chosen, by the majority of the miners present, a person who shall hold this articles and who shall grant letters of arbitration on appli- cation having been made, and that said letters of arbitration shall be obligatory on the parties so applying. The report was accepted by the miners present, who elected Dr. Jarote, in accordance with Article 2. Here, then, we have, in 1830, a primitive Legisla- ture elected by the people, the law drafted by it being submitted to the people for approval, and under it Dr. Jarote was elected first Governor within the limits of the present State of Iowa. And it is to be said that the laws thus enacted were as promptly obeyed, and the acts of the executive officer thus elected as duly respected, as any have been since. The miners who had thus erected an independent government of their own on the west side of the Mississippi River continued to work successfully for a long time, and the new settlement attracted considerable attention. But the west side of the Mississippi belonged to the Sac and Fox Indians, and the Gov- ernment, in order to preserve peace on the frontier, as well as to protect the Indians in their rights under the treaty, ordered the settlers not only to stop mining, but to remove from the Indian territory. They were simply intruders. The execution of this order was entrusted to Col. Zachary Taylor, then in com- mand of the military .post at Prairie du Chien, who, early in July, sent an officer to the miners with orders to forbid settlement, and to command the miners to remove within ten days to the east side of the Mississippi, or they would be driven off by armed force. The miners, however, were reluctant about leaving the rich "leads" they had already discovered and opened, and were not dis- posed to obey the order to remove with any considerable degree of alacrity. In due time, Col. Taylor dispatched a detachment of troops to enforce his order. The miners, anticipating their arrival, had, excepting three, recrossed the river, and from the east bank saw the troops land on the western shore. The three who had lingered a little too long were, however, permitted to make their escape * Established by the Superintendent of U. S. Lead Mines at Fever Kiyci'. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 169 unmolested. From this time, a military force was stationed at Dubuque to prevent the settlers from returning, until June, 1832. The Indians returned, and were encouaged to operate the rich mines opened by the late white occupants. In June, 1832, the troops were ordered to the east side to assist in the annihilation of the very Indians whose rights they had been protecting on the west side. Immediately after the close of the Black Hawk war, and the negotia- tions of the treaty in September, 1832, by which the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States the tract known as the "Black Hawk Purchase," the set- tlers, supposing that now they had a right to re-enter the territory, returned and took possession of their claims, built cabins, erected furnaces and prepared large quantities of lead for market. Dubuque was becoming a noted place on the river, but the prospects of the hardy and enterprising settlers and miners were again ruthlessly interfered with by the Government, on- the ground that the treaty with the Indians would not go into force until June 1, 1833, although they had withdrawn from the vicinity of the settlement. Col. Taylor was again ordered by the War Department to remove the miners, and in January, 1833, troops were again sent from Prairie du Chien to Dubuque for that purpose. This was a serious and perhaps unnecessary hardship imposed upon the settlers. They were compelled to abandon their cabins and homes in mid-winter. It must now be said, simply, that "red tape" should be respected. The purchase had been made, the treaty ratified, or was sure to be ; the Indians had retired, and, after the lapse of nearly fifty years, no very satisfactory reason for this rigorous action of the Government can be given. But the orders had been given, and there was no alternative but to obey. Many of the settlers recrossed the river, and did not return ; a few, however, removed to an island near the east bank of the river, built rude cabins of poles, in which to store their lead until Spring, when they could float the fruits of their labor to St. Louis for sale, and where they could remain until the treaty went into force, when they could return. Among these were James L. Lang- worthy, and his brother Lucius, who had on hand about three hundred thousand pounds of lead. Lieut. Covington, who had been placed in command at Dubuque by Col. Taylor, ordered some of the cabins of the settlers to be torn down, and wagons and other property to be destroyed. This wanton and inexcusable action on the part of a subordinate clothed with a little brief authority was sternly rebuked by Col. Taylor, and Covington was superseded by Lieut. George Wil- son, who pursued a just and friendly course with the pioneers, who were only waiting for the time when they could repossess their claims. June 1, 1833, the treaty formally went into effect, the troops were withdrawn, and the Langworthy brothers and a few others at once returned and resumed possession of their home claims and mineral prospects, and from this time the first permanent settlement of this portion of Iowa must date. Mr. John P. Sheldon was appointed Superintendent of the mines by the Government, and a system of permits to miners and licenses to smelters was adopted, similar to that which had been in operation at Galena, since 1825, under Lieut. Martin Thomas and Capt. Thomas C. Legate. Substantially the primitive law enacted by the miners assembled around that old cottonwood drift log in 1830 was adopted and enforced by the United States Government, except that miners were required to sell their mineral to licensed smelters and the smelter was required to give bonds for the payment of six per cent, of all lead manufactured to the Government. This was the same rule adopted in the United States mines on Fever River in 170 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Illinois, except that, until 1830, the Illinois miners ■were compelled to pay 10 per cent. tax. This tax upon the miners created much dissatisfaction among the miners on the west side as it had on the east side of the Mississippi. They thought they had suffered hardships and privations enough in opening the way for civilization, without being subjected to the imposition of an odious Govern- ment tax upon their means of subsistence, when the Federal Government could better afford to aid than to extort from them. The measure soon became unpop- ular. It was difficult to collect the taxes, and the whole system was abolished in about ten years. During 1833, after the Indian title was fully extinguished, about five hun- dred people arrived at the mining district, about one hundred and fifty of them from Galena. In the same year, Mr. Langworthy assisted in building the first school house in Iowa, and thus was formed the nucleus of the now populous and thriving City of Dubuque. Mr. Langworthy lived to see the naked prairie on which he first landed become the site of a city of fifteen thousand inhabitants, the small school house which he aided in constructing replaced by three substantial edifices, wherein two thousand children were being trained, churches erected in every part of the city, and railroads connecting the wilderness which he first explored with all the eastern world. He died suddenly on the 13th of March, 1865, while on a trip over the Dubuque & Southwestern Railroad, at Monticello, and the evening train brought the news of his death and his remains. Lucius H. Langworthy, his brother, was one of the most worthy, gifted and influential of the old settlers of this section of Iowa. He died, greatly lamented by many friends, in June, 1865. The name Dubuque was given to the settlement by the miners at a meeting held in 1834. In 1832, Captain James White made a claim on the present site of Montrose. In 1834, a military post was established at this point, and a garrison of cavalry was stationed here, under the command of Col. .Stephen W. Kearney. The soldiers were removed from this post to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1837. During the same year, 1832, soon after the close of the Black Hawk War, Zachariah Hawkins, Benjamin Jennings, Aaron White, Augustine Horton, Samuel Gooch, Daniel Thompson and Peter Williams made claims at Fort Madison. In 1833, these claims were purchased by John and Nathaniel Knapp, upon whiph, in 1835, they laid out the town. The next Summer, lots were sold. The town was subsequently re-surveyed and platted by the United States Government. At the close of the Black Hawk War, parties who had been impatiently looking across upon "Flint Hills," now Burlington, came over from Illinois and made clai'ms. The first was Samuel S. White, in the Fall of 1832, who erected a cabin on the site of the city of Burlington. About the same time, David Tothero made a claim on the prairie about three miles back from the river, at a place since known as the farm of Judge Morgan. In the Winter of that year, they were driven off by the military from Rock Island, as intruders upon the rights of the Indians, and White's cabin was burnt by the soldiers. He retired to Illinois, where h tract was signed November 7, 1868, and Mr. Armstrong at once commenced work. Mr. George Josselyn was appointed to superintend the work. The main buildings were constructed of dressed limestone, from the quarries at Anamosa and Farley. The basements are of the local granite worked from the immense boulders found in large quantities in this portion of the State. In 1872, the building was so far completed that the Commissioners called the first meeting of the Trustees, on the 10th day of July of that year. These Trustees were Maturin L. Fisher, Mrs. P. A. Appleman, T. W. Fawcett, C. C. Parker, B. G. Morgan, George W. Bemis and John M. Boggs. This board was organized, on the day above mentioned, by the election of Hon. M. L. Fisher, President ; Rev. J. G. Boggs, Secretary, and George W. Bemis, Treas- urer, and, after adopting preliminary measures for organizing the local govern- ment of the hospital, adjourned to the first Wednesday of the following Septem- ber. A few days before this meeting, Mr. Boggs died of malignant fever, and Dr. John G. House was appointed to fill the vacancy. Dr. House was elected Secretary. At this meeting, Albert Reynolds, M. D., was elected Superintendent; George Josselyn, Steward, and Mrs. Anna B. Josselyn, Matron. September 4, 1873, Dr. Willis Butterfield was elected Assistant Physician. The building was ready for occupancy April 21, 1873. In the Spring of 1876, a contract was made with Messrs. Mackay & Lundy, of Independence, for furnishing materials for building the outside walls of the two first sections of the south wing, next to the center building, for $6,250. The carpenter work on the fourth and fifth stories of the center building was completed during the same year, and the wards were furnished and occupied by patients in the Fall. In 1877, the south wing was built, but it will not be completed ready for occupancy until next Spring or Summer (1878). October 1, 1877, the Superintendent reported 322 patients in this hospital, and it is now overcrowded. The Board of Trustees at present (1878) are as follows : Maturin L. Fisher, President, Farmersburg ; John G. House, M. D., Secretary, Indepen- dence ; Wm. G. Donnan, Treasurer, Independence ; Erastus G. Morgan, Fort Dodge ; Mrs. Prudence A. Appleman, Clermont ; and Stephen B. Robinson, M. D.> West Union. RESIDENT OFFICERS. Albert Reynolds, M. D., Superintendent; G. H. Hill, M. D., Assistant Physician ; Noyes Appleman, Steward ; Mrs. Lucy M. Gray, Matron. IOWA COLLEGE FOR THE BLIND. Vinton, Benton County. In August, 1852, Prof. Samuel Bacon, himself blind, established an Insti- tution for the Instruction of the Blind of Iowa, at Keokuk. By act of the General Assembly, entitled " An act to establish an Asylum for the Blind," approved January 18, 1853, the institution was adopted by the State, removed to Io-wa City, February 3d, and opened for the reception of pupils April 4, 1853, free to all the blind in the State. The first Board of Trustees were James D. Eads, President ; George W. McClary, Secretary ; James H. Gower, Treasurer ; Martin L. Morris, Stephen Hempstead, Morgan Reno and John McCaddon. The Board appointed Prof. 198 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Samuel Bacon, Principal; T. J. McGittigen, Teacher of Music, and Mrs. Sarah K. Bacon, Matron. Twenty-three pupils were admitted during the first term. In his first report, made in 1854, Prof. Bacon suggested that the name should be changed from " Asylum for the Blind," to that of " Institution for the Instruction of the Blind." This was done in 1855, when the General As- sembly made an annual appropriation for the College of $55 per quarter for each pupil. This was subsequently changed to $3,000 per annum, and a charge of $25 as an admission fee for each pupil, which sum, with the amounts realized from the sale of articles manufactured by the blind pupils, proved sufficient for the expenses of the institution during Mr. Bacon's administration. Although Mr. Bacon was blind, he was a fine scholar and an economical manager, and had founded the Blind Asylum at Jacksonville, Illinois. As a mathematician he had few superiors. On the 8th of May, 1858, the Trustees met at Vinton, and made arrange- ments for securing the donation of $5,000 made by the citizens of that town. In June of that year, a quarter section of land was donated for the College, by John W. O. Webb and others, and the Trustees adopted a plan for the erection of a suitable building. In 1860, the plan was modified, and the con- tract for enclosing let to Messrs. Finkbihe & Lovelace, for $10,420. In August, 1862, the building was so far completed that the goods and fur- uiture of the institution were removed from Iowa City to Vinton, and early in October, the school was opened there with twenty-four pupils. At this time, , Rev. Orlando Clark was Principal. In August, 1864, a new Board of Trustees were appointed by the Legisla- ture, consisting of James McQuin, President; Reed Wilkinson, Secretary; Jas. Chapin, Treasurer; Robert Gilchrist, Elijah Sells and Joseph Dysart, organized and made important changes. Rev. Reed Wilkinson succeeded Mr. Clark as Principal. Mrs. L. S. B. Wilkinson and Miss Amelia Butler were appointed Assistant Teachers ; Mrs. N. A. Morton, Matron. Mr. Wilkinson resigned in June, 1867, and Gen. James L. Geddes was appointed in his place. In September, 1869, Mr. Geddes retired, and was succeeded by Prof. S. A.Knapp. Mrs. S. C. Lawton was appointed Matron, and was succeeded by Mrs. M. A. Knapp. Prof. Knapp resigned July 1, 1875, and Prof. Orlando Clark was elected Principal, who died April 2, 1876, and was succeeded by John B. Parmalee, who retired in July, 1877, when the present incumbent, "Rev. Robert Carothers, was elected. Trustees, 1877-8. — Jeremiah L. Gay, President ; S. H. Watson, Treasurer; H. C. Piatt, Jacob Springer, C. 1 L. Flint and P. F. Sturgis. Faculty. — Principal, Rev. Robert Carothers, A. M. ; Matron, Mrs. Emeline E. Carothers; Teachers, Thomas F. McCune, A. B., Miss Grace A. Hill, Mrs. C. A. Spencer, Miss Mary Baker, Miss C. R. Miller, Miss Lorana Mat- tice, Miss A. M. McCutcheon ; Musical Director, S. O. Spencer. The Legislative Committee who visited this institution in 1878 expressed their astonishment at the vast expenditure of money in proportion to the needs of the State. The structure is well built, and the money properly expended; yet it was enormously beyond the necessities of the State, and shows an utter disregard of the fitness of things. The Committee could not understand why $282,000 should have been expended for a massive building covering about two and a half acres for the accommodation of 130 people, costing over eight thou- sand dollars a year to heat it, and costing the State about five hundred dollars a year for each pupil. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 199 INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB. Council Bluffs, Pottawattomie County. The Iowa Institution for the Deaf and Dumb was established at Iowa City by an act of the General Assembly, approved January 24, 1855. The number of deaf mutes then in the State was 301 ; the number attending the Institution, 50. The first Board of Trustees were : Hon. Samuel J. Kirkwood, Hon. E. Sells, W. Penn Clarke, J. P. Wood, H. D. Downey, William Crum, W. E. Ijams, Principal. On the resignation of Mr. Ijams, in 1862, the Board appointed in his stead Mr. Benjamin Talbot, for nine years a teacher in the Ohio Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. Mr. Talbot was ardently devoted to the interests of the institution and a faithful worker for the unfortunate class under his charge. A strong effort was made, in 1866, to remove this important institution to Des Moines, but it was located permanently at Council Bluffs, and a building rented for its use. In 1868, Commissioners were appointed to locate a site for, and to superintend the erection of, a new building, for which the Legislature appropriated $125,000 to commence the work of construction. The Commis- sioners selected ninety acres of land about two miles south of the city of Coun- cil Bluffs. The main building and one wing were completed October 1, 1870, and immediately occupied by the Institution. February 25, 1877, the main building and east wing were destroyed . by fire ; and August 6 following, the roof of the new west wing was blown off and the walls partially demolished by a tornado. At the time of the fire, about one hundred and fifty pupils were in attendance. After the fire, half the classes were dismissed and the number of scholars reduced to about seventy, and in a week or two the school was in run- ning order. The Legislative Committee which visited this Institution in the Winter of 1857-8 was not well pleased with the condition of affairs, and reported that the building (west wing) was a disgrace to the State and a monument of unskillful workmanship, and intimated rather strongly that some reforms in management were very essential. Trustees, 1877-8.— Thomas Officer, President ; N. P. Dodge, Treasurer ; Paul Lange, William Orr, J. W. Cattell. Superintendent, Benjamin Talbot, M. A. Teachers, Edwin Southwick, Conrad S. Zorbaugh, John A. Gillespie, John A. Kennedy, Ellen J. Israel, Ella J. Brown, Mrs! H. R. Gillespie ; Physician, H. W. Hart, M. D.; Steward, N. A. Taylor; Matron, Mary B. Swan. SOLDIERS' ORPHANS' HOMES. Davenport, Cedar Falls, Glenwood. The movement which culminated in the establishment of this beneficent in- stitution was originated by Mrs. Annie Wittenmeyer, during the civil war of 1861-65. This noble and patriotic lady called a convention at Muscatine, on the 7th of October 1863, for the purpose of devising measures for the support and education of the orphan children of the brave sons of Iowa, who had fallen in defense of national honor and integrity. So great was the public interest in the movement that there was a large representation from all parts of the State on the day named, and an association was organized called the Iowa State Or- phan Asylum. 200 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. The first officers were : President, William M. Stone ; Vice Presidents, Mrs. G. G. Wright, Mrs. R. L. Cadle, Mrs. J. T. Hancock, John R. Needham, J. W. Cattell, Mrs. Mary M. Bagg ; Recording Secretary, Miss Mary Kibben ; Cor- responding Secretary, Miss M. B. Shelton; Treasurer, N. H. Brainerd; Board of Trustees, Mrs. Annie Wittenmeyer, Mrs. C. B. Darwin, Mrs. D. T. Newcomb, Mrs. L. B. Stephens, 0. Fayville, E. H. Williams, T. S. Parvin, Mrs. Shields, Caleb Baldwin, C. C. Cole, Isaac Pendleton, H. C. Henderson. The first meeting of the Trustees was held February 14, 1864, in theRepre-' sentative Hall, at Des Moines. Committees from both branches of the General Assembly were present and were invited to participate in their deliberations. Gov. Kirkwood suggested that a home for disabled soldiers should be connected with the Asylum. Arrangements were made for raising funds. At the next meeting, in Davenport, in March, 1864, the Trustees decided to commence operations at once, and a committee, of which Mr. Howell, of Keo- kuk, was Chairman, was appointed to lease a suitable building, solicit donations, and procure suitable furniture. This committee secured a large brick building in Lawrence, Van Buren County, and engaged Mr. Fuller, of Mt. Pleasant, as Steward.. At the annual meeting, in Des Moines, in June, 1864, Mrs. C. B. Baldwin, Mrs. G. G. Wright, Mrs. Dr. Horton, Miss Mary B. Shelton and Mr. George Sherman were appointed a committee to furnish the building and take all neces- sary steps for opening the "Home," and notice was given that at the next meeting of the Association, a motion would be made to change the name of the Institution to Iowa Orphans' Home. The work of preparation was conducted so vigorously that on the 1 3th day of July following, the Executive Committee announced that they were ready to receive the children. In three weeks twenty-one were admitted, and the num- ber constantly increased, so that, in a little more than six months from the time of opening, there were seventy children admitted, and twenty more applica- tions, which the Committee had not acted upon — all orphans of soldiers. Miss M. Elliott, of Washington, was appointed Matron. She resigned, in February, 1865, and was succeeded by Mrs. E. G. Piatt, of Fremont County. The " Home " was sustained by the voluntary contributions of the people, until 1866, when it was assumed by the State. In that year, the General Assembly provided for the location of several such "Homes" in the different counties, and which were established at Davenport, Scott County ; "Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County, and at Glenwood, Mills County. The Board of Trustees elected by the General Assembly had the oversight -and management of the Soldiers' Orphans' Homes of the State, and consisted of one person from each county in which such Home was located, and one for the State at large, who held their office two years, or until their successors were elected and qualified. An appropriation of $10 per month for each orphan actually supported was made by the General Assembly. The Home in Cedar Falls was organized in 1865, and an old hotel building was fitted up for it. Rufus C, Mary L. and Emma L. Bauer were the first children received, in October, and by January, 1866, there were ninety-six in- mates. October 12, 1869, the Home was removed to a large brick building, about two miles west of Cedar Falls, and was very prosperous for several years, but in 1876, the General Assembly established a State Normal School at Cedar Falls and appropriated the buildings and grounds for that purpose. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 201 By " An act to provide for the organization and support of an asylum at Glenwood, in Mills County, for feeble minded children," approved March 17, 1876, the buildings and grounds used by the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at that place were appropriated for this purpose. By another act, approved March 15, 1876, the soldiers' orphans, then at the Homes at Glenwood and Cedar Falls, were to be removed to the Home at Davenport within ninety days thereafter, and the Board of Trustees of the Home were authorized to receive other indigent children into that institution, and provide for their education in industrial pursuits. STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County. Chapter 129 of the laws of the Sixteenth General Assembly, in 1876, estab- lished a State Normal School at Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County, and required the Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home to turn over the property in their charge to the Directors of the new institution. The Board of Directors met at Cedar Falls June 7, 1876, and duly organ- ized by the election of H. C. Hemenway, President ; J. J. Toleston, Secretary, and E. Townsend, Treasurer. The Board of Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home met at the same time for the purpose of turning over to the Directors the property of that institution, which was satisfactorily done and properly receipted for as required by law. At this meeting, Prof. J. C. Gilchrist was elected Principal of the School. On the 12th of July, 1876, the Board again met, when executive and teachers' committees were appointed and their duties assigned. A Steward and a Matron were elected, and their respective duties defined. The buildings and grounds were repaired and fitted up as well as the appro- priation would admit, and the first term of the school opened September 6, 1876, commencing with twenty-seven and closing with eighty-seven students. The second term closed with eighty-six, and one hundred and six attended during the third term. The following are the Board of Directors, Board of Officers and Faculty : Board of Directors. — H. C. Hemenway, Cedar Falls, President, term expires 1882 ; L. D. Lewelling, Salem, Henry County, 1878 ; W. A. Stow, Hamburg, Fremont County, 1878 ; S. G. Smith, Newton, Jasper County, 1880 ; E. H. Thayer, Clinton, Clinton County, 1880 ; G. S. Robinson, Storm Lake, Buena Vista County, 1882. Board of Officers. — J. J. Toleston, Secretary; E. Townsend, Treasurer; William Pattes, Steward; Mrs. P. A. Schermerhorn, Matron — all of Cedar Falls. Faculty. — J. C. Gilchrist, A. M., Principal, Professer of Mental and Moral Philosophy and Didactics ; M. W. Bartlett, A. M., Professor of Lan- guages and Natural Science ; D. S. Wright, A. M., Professor of Mathematics ; Miss Frances L. Webster, Teacher of Geography and History ; E. W. Burnham, Professor of Music. ASYLUM FOR FEEBLE MINDED CHILDREN. Glenwood, Mills County. Chapter 152 of the laws of the Sixteenth General Assembly, approved March 17, 1876, provided for the establishment of an asylum for feeble minded children at Glenwood, Mills County, and the buildings and grounds of the 202 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Soldiers' Orphans' Home at that place were to be used for that purpose. The asylum was placed under the management of three Trustees, one at least of whom should be a resident of Mills County. Children between the ages of 7 and 18 years are admitted. Ten dollars per month for each child actually sup- ported by the State was appropriated by the act, and $2,000 for salaries of officers and teachers for two years. Hon. J. W. Cattell, of Polk County ; A. J. Russell, of Mills County, and W. S. Robertson, were appointed Trustees, who held their first meeting at Glenwood, April 26, 1876. Mr. Robertson was elected President; Mr. Russell, Treasurer,, and Mr. Cattell, Secretary. The Trustees found the house and farm which had been turned over to them in a shamefully dilapidated condition. The fences were broken down and the lumber destroyed or carried away ; the win- dows broken, doors off their hinges, floors broken and filthy in the extreme, cellars reeking with offensive odors from decayed vegetables, and every conceiv- able variety of filth and garbage ; drains obstructed, cisterns broken, pump demoralized, wind-mill broken, roof leaky, and the whole property in the worst possible condition. It was the first work of the Trustees to make the house tenable. This was done under the direction of Mr. Russell. At the request of the Trustees, Dr. Charles T. Wilbur, Superintendent of the Illinois Asylum, visited Glenwood, and made many valuable suggestions, and gave them much assistance. 0. W. Archibald, M. D., of Glenwood, was appointed Superintendent, and soon after was appointed Secretary of the Board, vice Cattell, resigned. Mrs. S. A. Archibald was appointed Matron, and Miss Maud M. Archibald, , Teacher. The Institution was opened September. 1, 1876 ; the first pupil admitted September 4, and the school was organized September 10, with only five pupils, which number had, in November, 1877, increased to eighty-seven. December 1, 1876, Miss Jennie Van Dorin, of Fairfield, was employed as a teacher and in the Spring of 1877, Miss Sabina J. Archibald was also employed. THE REFORM SCHOOL. Eldora, Hardin County. By "An act to establish and organize a State Reform School for Juvenile Offenders," approved March 31, 1868, the General Assembly established a State Reform School at Salem, Lee (Henry) County ; provided for a Board of Trustees, to consist of one person from each Congressional District. For the purpose of immediately opening the school, the Trustees were directed to accept the proposition of the Trustees of White's Iowa Manual Labor Institute, at Salem, and lease, for not more than ten years, the lands, buildings, etc., of the Institute, and at once proceed to prepare for and open a reform school as a temporary establishment. The contract for fitting up the buildings was let to Clark & Haddock, Sep- tember 21, 1868, and on the 7th of October following, the first inmate was received from Jasper County. The law provided for the admission of children of both sexes under 18 years of age. In 1876, this was amended, so that they are now received at ages over 7 and under 16 years. April 19, 1872, the Trustees were directed to make a permanent location for the school, and $45,000 was appropriated for the erection of the necessary buildings. The Trustees were further directed, as soon as practicable, to organize a school for girls in the buildings where the boys were then kept. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 203 The Trustees located the school at Eldora, Hardin County, and in the Code of 1873, it is permanently located there by law. The institution is managed by five Trustees, who are paid mileage, but no compensation for their services. The object is the reformation of the children of both sexes, under the age of 16 years and over 7 years of age, and the law requires that the Trustees shall require the boys and girls under their charge to be instructed in piety and morality, and in such branches of useful knowledge as are adapted to their age and capacity,, and in some regular course of labor, either mechanical, manufac- turing or agricultural, as is best suited to their age, strength, disposition and capacity, and as may seem best adapted to secure the reformation and future benefit of the boys and girls. A boy or girl committed to the State Reform School is there kept, disci- plined, instructed, employed and governed, under the direction of the Trustees, until he or she arrives at the age of majority, or is bound out, reformed or legally discharged. The binding out or discharge of a boy or girl as reformed, or having arrived at the age of majority, is a complete release from all penalties incurred by conviction of the offense for which he or she was committed. This is one step in the right direction. In the future, however, still further advances will be made, and the right of every individual to the fruits of their labor, even while restrained for the public good, will be recognized. FISH HATCHING ESTABLISHMENT. Near Anamosa, Jones County. The Fifteenth General Assembly, in 1874, passed " An act to provide for the appointment of a Board of Fish Commissioners for the construction of Fishways for the protection and propagation of Fish," also "An act to provide for furnishing the rivers and lakes with fish and fish spawn." This act appro- priated $3,000 for the purpose. In accordance with the provisions of the first act above mentioned, on the 9th of April, 1874, S. B. Evans of Ottumwa, Wapello County ; B. F. Shaw of Jones County, and Charles A. Haines, of Black Hawk County, were appointed to be Fish Commissioners by the Governor. These Commissioners met at Des Moines, May 10, 1874, and organized by the election of Mr. Evans, President ; Mr. Shaw, Secretary and Superintendent, and Mr. Haines, Treasurer. The State was partitioned into three districts or divisions to enable the Commissioners to better superintend the construction of fishways as required by law. That part of the State lying south of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad was placed under the especial supervision of Mr. Evans ; that part be- tween that railroad and the Iowa Division of the Illinois Central Railroad, Mr. Shaw, and all north of the Illinois Central Railroad, Mr. Haines. At this meeting, the Superintendent was authorized to build a State Hatching House ; to procure the spawn of valuable fish adapted to the waters of Iowa ; hatch and prepare the young fish for distribution, and assist in putting them into the waters of the State. In compliance with these instructions, Mr. Shaw at once commenced work, and in the Summer of 1874, erected a " State Hatching House" near Anamosa, 20x40 feet, two stories ; the second story being designed for a tenement ; the first story being the "hatching room." The hatching troughs are supplied with water from a magnificent spring four feet deep and about ten feet in diam- eter, affording an abundant and unfailing supply of pure running water. During 204 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. the first year, from May 10, 1874, to May 10, 1875, the Commissioners distributed within the State 100,000 Shad, 300,000 California Salmon, 10,000 Bass, 80,000 Penobscot (Maine) Salmon, 5,000 land-locked Salmon, 20,000 of other species. By act approved March 10, 1876, the law was amended so that there should be but one instead of three Fish Commissioners, and B. F. Shaw was appointed, and the Commissioner was authorized to purchase twenty acres of land, on which the State Hatching House was located near Anamosa. In the Fall of 1876, Commissioner Shaw gathered from the sloughs of the Mississippi, where they would have been destroyed, over a million and a half of small fish, which were distributed in the various rivers of the State and turned into the Mississippi. In 1875-6, 583,000 California Salmon, and in 1877, 303,500 Lake Trout were distributed in various rivers and lakes in the State. The experiment of stocking the small streams with brook trout is being tried, and 81,000 of the speckled beauties were distributed in 1877. In 1876, 100,000 young eels were distributed. These came from New York and they are increasing rapidly. At the close of 1877, there were at least a dozen private fish farms in suc- cessful operation in various parts of the State. Commissioner Shaw is en- thusiastically devoted to the duties of his office and has performed an important service for the people of the State by his intelligent and successful operations. The Sixteenth General Assembly passed an act in 1878, prohibiting the catching of any kind of fish except Brook Trout from March until June of each year. Some varieties are fit for food only during this period. THE PUBLIC LANDS. The grants of public lands made in the State of Iowa, for various purposes, are as follows : 1. The 500,000 Acre Grant. 2. The 16th Section Grant. 3. The Mortgage School Lands. 4. The University Grant. 6. The Saline Grant. 6. The Des Moines River Grant. 7. The Des Moines River School Lands. 8. The Swamp Land Grant. 9. The Railroad Grant. 10. The Agricultural College Grant. I. THE FIVE HUNDRED THOUSAND ACRE GRANT. When the State was admitted into the Union, she became entitled to 500,000 acres of land by virtue of an act of Congress, approved September 4, 1841, which granted to each State therein specified 500,000 acres of public land for internal improvements ; to each State admitted subsequently to the passage of the act, an amount of land which, with the amount that might have been granted to her as a Territory, would amount to 500,000 acres. All these lands were required to be selected within the limits of the State to which they were granted. The Constitution of Iowa declares that the proceeds of this" grant, together with all lands then granted or to be granted by Congress for the benefit of schools, shall constitute a perpetual fund for the support of schools throughout the State. By an act approved January 15, 1849, the Legislature established HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 205 a board of School Fund Commissioners, and to that board was confided the selection, care and sale of these lands for the benefit of the School Fund. Until 1855, these Commissioners were subordinate to the Superinteodent of Public Instruction, but on the 15th of January of that year, they were clothed with exclusive authority in the management and sale of school lands. The office of School Fund Commissioner was abolished March 23, 1858, and that officer in each county was required to transfer all papers to and make full settlement with the County Judge. By this act, County Judges and Township Trustees were made the agents of the State to control and sell the sixteenth sections ; but no further provision was made for the sale of the 500,000 acre grant until April 3d, 1860, when the entire management of the school lands was committed to the Boards of Supervisors of the several counties. II. THE SIXTEENTH SECTIONS. By the provisions of the act of Congress admitting Iowa to the Union, there was granted to the new State the sixteenth section in every township, or where that section had been sold, other lands of like amount for the use of schools. The Constitution of the State provides that the proceeds arising from the sale of these sections shall constitute a part of the permanent School Fund. The control and sale of these lands were vested in the School Fund Commissioners of the several counties until March 23, 1858, when they were transferred to the County Judges and Township Trustees, and were finally placed under the supervision of the County Boards of Supervisors in January, 1861. III. THE MORTGAGE SCHOOL LANDS. These do not belong to any of the grants of land proper. They are lands that have been mortgaged to the school fund, and became school lands when bid off by the State by virtue of a law passed in 1862. Under the provisions of the law regulating the management and investment of the permanent school fund, persons desiring loans from that fund are required to secure the payment thereof with interest at ten per cent, per annum, by promissory notes endorsed by two good sureties and by mortgage on unincumbered real estate, which must be situated in the county where the loan is made, and which must be valued by three appraisers. Making these loans and taking the required securities was made the duty of the County Auditor, who was required to report to the Board of Supervisors at each meeting thereof, all notes, mortgages and abstracts of title connected with the school fund, for examination. When default was made of payment of money so secured by mortgage, and no arrangement made for extension of time as the law provides, the Board of Supervisors were authorized to bring suit and prosecute it with diligence to secure said fund ; and in action in favor of the county for the use of the school fund, an injunction may issue without bonds, and in any such action, when service is made by publication, default and judgment may be entered and enforced without bonds. In case of sale of land on execution founded on any such mortgage, the attorney of the board, or other person duly authorized, shall, on behalf of the State or county for the use of said fund, bid such sum as the interests of Kaid fund may require, and if struck off to the State the land shall be held and disposed of as the other lands belonging to the fnnd. These lands are known as the Mortgage School Lands, and reports of them, including description and amount, are required to be made to the State Land Office. 206 . HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. IV. UNIVERSITY LANDS. By act of Congress, July 20, 1840, a quantity of land not exceeding two entire townships was reserved in the Territory of Iowa for the use and support jf a university within said Territory when it should become a State. This land was to be located in tracts of not less than an entire section, and could be used for no other purpose than that designated in the grant. In an act supplemental to that for the admission of Iowa, March 3, 1845, the grant was renewed, and it was provided that the lands should be used "solely for the purpose of such university, in such manner as the Legislature may prescribe." Under this grant there were set apart and approved by the Secretary of the Treasury, for the use of the State, the following lands : ACRES. In the Iowa City Land District, Feb. 26, 1849 20,150.49 In the Fairfield Land District, Oct. 17, 1849 9,685.20 In the Iowa City Land District, Jan. 28, 1850 2,571.81 In the Fairfield Land District, Sept. 10, 1850 3,198.20 In the Dubuque Land District, May 19, 1852 , 10,552.24 Total 45,957.94 These lands were certified to the State November 19, 1859. The University lands are placed by law under the control and management of the Board of Trustees of the Iowa State University. Prior to 1865, there had been selected and located under 282 patents, 22,892 acres in sixteen counties, and 23,036 acres unpatented, making a total of 45,928 acres. V. — SALINE LANDS. By act of Congress, approved March 3, 1845, the State of Iowa was granted the use of the salt springs within her limits, not exceeding twelve. By a subsequent act, approved May 27, 1852, Congress granted the springs to the State in fee simple, together with six sections of land contiguous to each, to be disposed of as the Legislature might direct. In 1861, the proceeds of these lands then to be sold were constituted a fund for founding and support- ing a lunatic asylum, but no sales were made. In 1856, the proceeds of the saline lands were appropriated to the Insane Asylum, repealed in 1858. In 1860, the saline lands and funds were made a part of the permanent fund of the State University. These lands were located in Appanoose, Davis, Decatur, Lucas, Monroe, Van Buren and Wayne Counties. VI. — THE DES MOINES RIVER GRANT. By act of Congress, approved August 8, 1846, a grant of land was made for the improvement of the navigation of Des Moines River, as follows : Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there be, and hereby is, granted to said Territory of Iowa, for the purpose of aiding said Territory to improve the navigation of the Des Moines River from its mouth to the Raccoon Fork (so called) in said Territory, one equal moiety, in alternate sections, of the public lands (remaining unsold and not otherwise disposed of, incumbered or appropri- ated), in a strip five miles in width on each side of said river, to be selected within said Terri- tory by an agent or agents to be appointed by the Governor thereof, subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That the lands hereby granted shall not be conveyed or disposed of by said Territory, nor by any State to be formed out of the same, except as said improvement shall progress ; that is, the said Territory or State may sell so much of said lands as shall produce the sum of thirty thousand dollars, and then the sales shall cease until the Gov- ernor of said Territory or State shall certify the fact to the President of the United States that one-half of said sum has been expended upon said improvements, when the said Territory or HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 207 State may sell and convey a quantity of the residue of said lands sufficient to replace the amount expended, and thus the sales shall progress as the proceeds thereof shall be expended, and the fact of such expenditure shall be certified as aforesaid. Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That the said River Des Moines shall be and forever remain a public highway for the use of the Government of the United States, free from any toll or other charge whatever, for any property of the United States or persons in their service passing through or along the same : Provided always, That it shall not be competent for the said Territory or future State of Iowa to dispose of said lands, or any of them, at a price lower than, for the time being, shall be the minimum price of other public lands. Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That whenever the Territory of Iowa shall be admitted into the Union as a State, the lands hereby granted for the above purpose shall be and become the property of said State for the purpose contemplated in this act, and for no other : Provided the Legislature of the State of Iowa shall accept the said grant for the said purpose." Approved Aug. 8, 1846. By joint resolution of the General Assembly of Iowa, approved January 9, 1847, the grant was accepted for the purpose specified. By another act, ap- proved February 24, 1847, entited "An act creating the Board of Public Works, and providing for the improvement of the Des Moines River," the Legislature provided for a Board consisting of a President, Secretary and Treasurer, to be elected by the people. This Board was elected August 2, 1847, and was organized on the 22d of September following. The same act defined the nature of the improvement to be made, and provided that the work should be paid for from the funds to be derived from the sale of lands to be sold by the Board. Agents appointed by the Governor selected the sections designated by "odd numbers" throughout the whole extent of the grant, and this selection was ap- proved by the Secretary of the Treasury. But there was a conflict of opinion as to the extent of the grant. It was held by some that it extended from the mouth of the Des Moines only to the Raccoon Forks ; others held, as the agents to make selection evidently did, that it extended from the mouth to the head waters of the river. Richard M. Young, Commissioner of the General Land Office, on the 23d of February, 1848, construed the grant to mean that " the State is entitled to the alternate sections within five miles of the Des Moines River, throughout the whole extent of that river within the limits of Iowa." Under this construction, the alternate sections above the Raccoon Forks would, of course, belong to the State; but on the 19th of June, 1848, some of these lands were, by proclamation, thrown into market. On the 18th of September, the Board of Public Works filed a remonstrance with the Com- missioner of the General Land Office. The Board also sent in a protest to the State Land Office, at which the sale was ordered to take place. On the 8th of January, 1849, the Senators and Representatives in Congress from Iowa also protested against the sale, in a communication to Hon. Robert J. Walker, Sec- retary of the Treasury, to which the Secretary replied, concurring in the opinion that the grant extended the whole length of the Des Moines River in Iowa. On the 1st of June, 1849, the Commissioner of the General Land Office directed the Register and Receiver of the Land Office at Iowa City " to with- hold from sale all lands situated in the odd numbered sections within five miles on each side of the Des Moines River above the Raccoon Forks." March 13, 1850, the Commissioner of the General Land Office submitted to the Secretary of the Interior a list "showing the tracts falling within the limits of the Des Moines River grant, above the Raccoon Forks, etc., under the decision of the Secretary of the Treasury, of March 2, 1849," and on the 6th of April following, Mr. Ewing, then Secretary of the Interior, reversed the decision of Secretary Walker, but ordered the lands to be withheld from sale until Con- 208 HISTOEY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. gress could have an opportunity to pass an explanatory act. The Iowa author- ities appealed from this decision to the President (Taylor), who referred the matter to the Attorney General (Mr. Johnson). On the 19th of July, Mr. Johnson submitted as his opinion, that by the terms of the grant itself, it ex- tended to the very source of the Des Moines, but before his opinion was pub- lished President Taylor died. When Mr. Tyler's cabinet was formed, the question was submitted to the new Attorney General (Mr. Crittenden), who, on the 30th of June, 1851, reported that in his opinion the grant did not extend above the Raccoon Forks. Mr. Stewart, Secretary of the Interior, concurred with Mr. Crittenden at first, but subsequently consented to lay the whole sub- ject before the President and Cabinet, who decided in favor of the State. October 29, 1851, Mr. Stewart directed the Commissioner of the General Land Office to "submit for his approval such lists as had been prepared, and to proceed to report for like approval lists of the alternate sections claimed by the State of Iowa above the Raccoon Forks, as far as the surveys have progressed, or may hereafter be completed and returned." And on the following day, three lists of these lands were prepared in the General Land Office. The lands approved and certified to the State of Iowa under this grant, and all lying above the Raccoon Forks, are as follows : By Secretary Stewart, Oct. 30, 1851 81,707.93 acres. March 10, 1852 143,908.37 " By Secretary McLellan, Dec. 17, 1853 33,142.43 " Dec. 30, 1853 12,813.51 " Total i 271,572.24 acres. The Commissioners and Register of the Des Moines River Improvement, in their 'report to the Governor, November 30, 1852, estimates the total amount of lands then available for the work, including those in possession of the State and those to be surveyed and approved, at nearly a million acres. The indebtedness then standing against the fund was about $108,000, and the Commissioners estimated the work to be done would cost about $1,200,000. January 19, 1853, the Legislature authorized the Commissioners to sell " any or all the lands which have or may hereafter be granted, for not less than $1,300,000." On the 24th of January, 1853, the General Assembly provided for the elec- tion of a Commissioner by the people, and appointed two Assistant- Commission- ers, with authority to make a contract, selling the lands of the Improvement for $1,300,000. This new Board made a contract, June 9, 1855, with the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company, agreeing to sell all the lands donated to the State by Act of Congress of August 8, 1846, which the State had not . sold prior to December 23, 1853, for $1,300,000, to be expended on the im- provement of the river, and in paying the indebtedness then due. This con- tract was duly reported to the Governor and General Assembly. By an act approved January 25, 1855, the Commissioner and Register of the Des Moines River Improvement were authorized to negotiate with the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company for the purchase of lands in Webster County which had been sold by the School Fund Commissioner as school lands, but which had been certified to the State as Des Moines River lands, and had, therefore, become the property of the Company, under the provisions of its contract with the State. March 21, 1856, the old question of the extent of the grant was again raised and the Commissioner of the General Land Office decided the. it was limited to HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 209 the Raccoon Fork. Appeal was made to the Secretary of the Interior, and by him the matter was referred to the Attorney General, who decided that the grant extended to the northern boundary of the State ; the State relinquished its claim to lands lying along the river in Minnesota, and the vexed question was supposed to be finally settled. The land which had been certified, as well as those extending to the north- ern boundary within the limits of the grant, were reserved from pre-emption and sale by the General Land Commissioner, to satisfy the grant of August 8, 1846, and they were treated as having passed to the State, which from time to time sold portions of them prior to their final transfer to the Des Moines Navi- igation & Railroad Company, applying the proceeds thereof to the improve- ment of the river in compliance with the terms of the grant. Prior to the final sale to the Company, June 9, 1854, the State had sold about 327,000 acres, of which amount 58,830 acres were located above the Raccoon Fork. The last , certificate of the General Land Office bears date December 30, 1853. After June 9th, 1854, the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company carried on the work under its contract with the State. As the improvement progressed, the State, from time to time, by its authorized officers, issued to the Company, in payment for said work, certificates for lands. But the General Land Office ceased to certify lands under the grant of 1846. The State had made no other provision for paying for the improvements, and disagree- ments and misunderstanding arose between the State authorities and the Company. March 22, 1858, a joint resolution was passed by the Legislature submitting a proposition for final settlement to the Company, which was accepted. The Com- pany paid to the State $20,000 in cash, and released and conveyed the dredge boat and materials named in the resolution ; and the State, on the 3d of May, 1858, executed to the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company fourteen deeds or patents to the lands, amounting to 256,703.64 acres. These deeds were intended to convey all the lands of this grant certified to the State by the Gen- eral Government not previously sold ; but, as if for the purpose of covering any tract or parcel that might have been omitted, the State made another deed of conveyance oh the 18th day of May, 1858. These fifteen deeds, it is claimed, by the Company, convey 266,108 acres, of which about 53,367 are below the Raccoon Fork, and the balance, 212,741 acres, are above that point. Besides the lands deeded to the Company, the State had deeded to individual purchasers 58,830 acres above the Raccoon Fork, making an aggregate of 271,- 571 acres, deeded above the Fork, all of which had been certified to the State by the Federal Government. By act approved March 28, 1858; the Legislature donated the remainder of the grant to the Keokuk, Fort Des Moines & Minnesota Railroad Company, Upon condition that said Company assumed all liabilities resulting from the Des Moines River improvement operations, reserving 50,000 acres of the land in security for the payment thereof, and for the completion of the locks and dams at Bentonsport, Croton, Keosauqua and Plymouth. For every three thousand dollars' worth of work done on the locks and dams, and for every three thousand dollars paid by the Company of the liabilities above mentioned, the Register of the State Land Office was instructed to certify to the Company 1,000 acres of the 50,000 acres reserved for these purposes. Up to 1865, there had been pre- sented by the Company, under the provisions of the act of 1858, and allowed, claims amounting to $109,579.37, about seventy-five per cent, of which had been settled. 210 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. After the passage of the A.ct above noticed, the question of the extent of the original grant was again mooted, and at the December Term of the Supreme Court of the United States, in 1859-60, a decision was rendered declaring that the grant did not extend above Raccoon Fork, and that all certificates of land above the Fork had been issued without authority of law and were, therefore, void (see 23 How., 66). The State of Iowa had disposed of a large amount of land without authority, according to this decision, and appeal was made to Congress for relief, which was granted on the 3d.day of March, 1861, in a joint resolution relinquishing to the State all the title which the United States then still retained in the tracts of land along the Des Moines River above Raccoon Fork, that had been im- properly certified to the State by the Department of the Interior, and which is now held by bona fide purchasers under the State of Iowa. In confirmation of this relinquishment, by act approved July 12, 1862, Congress enacted : That the grant of lands to the then Territory of Iowa for the improvement of the Des Moines River, made by the act of August 8, 1846, is hereby extended so as to include the alternate sec- tions (designated by odd numbers) lying within five miles of said river, between the Raccoon Fork and the northern boundary of said State ; such lands are to be held and applied in accord- ance with the provisions of the original grant, except that the consent of Congress is hereby given • to the application of a portion thereof to aid in the construction of the Keokuk, Fort Des Moines & Minnesota Railroad, in accordance with the provisions of the act of the General Assembly of the State of Iowa, approved March 22, 1858. And if any of the said lands shall have been sold or otherwise disposed of by the United States before the passage of this act, except those released by the United States to the grantees of the State of Iowa, under joint resolution of March 3, 1861, the Secretary of the Interior is hereby directed to set apart an equal amount of lands within said State to be certified in lieu thereof; Provided, that if the State shall have sold and conveyed any portion of the lands lying within the limits of the grant the title of which has proved invalid, any lands which shall be certified to said State in lieu thereof by virtue of the provisions of this act, shall inure to and be held as a trust fund for the benefit of the person or persons, respect- ively, whose titles shall have failed as aforesaid. The grant of lands by the above act of Congress was accepted by a joint resolution of the General Assembly, September 11, 1862, in extra session. On the same day, the Governor was authorized to appoint one or more Commis- sioners to select the lands in accordance with the grant. These Commissioners were instructed to report their selections to the Registrar of the State Land Office. The lands so selected were to be held for the purposes of the grant, and were not to be disposed of until further legislation should be had. D. W. Kil- burne, of Lee County, was appointed Commissioner, and, on the 25th day of April, 1864, the General Land Officer authorized the selection of 300,000 acres from the vacant public lands as a part of the grant of July 12, 1862, and the selections were made in the Fort Dodge and Sioux City Land Districts. Many difficulties, controversies and conflicts, in relation to claims and titles, grew out of this grant, and these difficulties were enhanced by the uncertainty of its limits until the act of Congress of July, 1862. But the General Assem- bly sought, by wise and appropriate legislation, to protect the integrity of titles derived from the State. Especially was the determination to protect the actual settlers, who had paid their money- and made improvements prior to the final settlement of the limits of the grant by Congress. VII. — THE DES MOINES RIVER SCHOOL LANDS. These lands constituted a part of the 500,000 acre grant made by Congress in 1841 ; including 28,378.46 acres in Webster County, selected by the Agent of the State under that grant, and approved by the Commissioner of the General Land Office February 20, 1851. They were ordered into the market June 6, HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 211 1853, by the Superintendent of Public Instruction, who authorized John ToL man, School Fund Commissioner for Webster County, to sell them as school lands. Subsequently, when the act of 1846 was construed to extend the Des Moines Kiver grant above Raccoon Fork, it was held that the odd numbered sections of these lands within five miles of the river were appropriated by that act, and on the 30th day of December, 1853, 12,813.51 acres were set apart and approved to the State by the Secretary of the Interior, as a part of the Des Moines River grant. January 6, 1854, the Commissioner of the General Land Office transmitted to the Superintendent of Public Instruction a certified copy of the lists of these lands, indorsed by the Secretary of the Interior. Prior to this action of the Department, however, Mr. Tolman had sold to indi- vidual purchasers 3,194.28 acres as school lands, and their titles were, of course, killed. For their relief, an act, approved April 2, 1860, provided that, upon application and proper showing, these purchasers should be entitled to draw from the State Treasury the amount they had paid, with 10 per cent, interest, on the contract to purchase made with Mr. Tolman. Under this act, five appli- cations were made prior to 1864, and the applicants received, in the aggregate, $949.53. By an act approved April 7, 1862, the Governor was forbidden to issue to the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad Company any certificate of the completion of any part of said road, or any conveyance of lands, until the company should execute and file, in the State Land Office, a release of its claim — first, to cer- tain swamp lands ; second, to the Des Moines River Lands sold by Tolman ; third, to certain other river lands. That act provided that " the said company shall transfer their interest in those tracts of land in Webster and Hamilton Counties heretofore sold by John Tolman, School Fund Commissioner, to the Register of the State Land Office in trust, to enable said Register to carry out and perform said contracts in all cases when he is called upon by the parties interested to do so, before the 1st day of January, A. D. 1864. The company filed its release to the Tolman lands, in the Land Office, Feb- ruary 27, 1864, at the same time entered its protest that it had no claim upon them, never had pretended to have, and had never sought to claim them. The Register of the State Land Office, under the advice of the Attorney General, decided that patents would be issued to the Tolman purchasers in all cases where contracts had been made prior to December 23, 1853, and remaining uncanceled under the act of 1860. But before any were issued, on the 27th of August, 1864, the Des Moines Navigation & /Railroad Company commenced a suit in chancery, in the District Court of Polk County, to enjoin the issue of such patents. On the 30th of August, an ex parte injunction was issued. In January, 1868, Mr. J. A. Harvey, Register of the Land Office, filed in the court an elaborate answer to plaintiffs' petition, denying that the company had any right to or title in the lands. Mr. Harvey's successor, Mr. C. C. Carpen- ter, filed a still more exhaustive answer February 10, 1868. August 3, 1868, the District Court dissolved the injunction. The company appealed to the Supreme Court, where the decision of the lower court was affirmed in December, 1869. VIII. — SWAMP LAND GRANT. By an act of Congress, approved March 28, 1850, to enable Arkansas and other States to reclaim swampy lands within their limits, granted all the swamp and overflowed lands remaining unsold within their respective limits to the several States. Although the total amount claimed by Iowa under this act 212 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. does not exceed 4,000,000 acres, it has, like the Des Moines River and some of the land grants, cost the State considerable trouble and expense, and required a deal of legislation. The State expended large sums of money in making the selections, securing proofs, etc., but the General Government appeared to be laboring under the impression that Iowa was not acting in good faith ; that she had selected a large amount of lands under the swamp land grant, transferred her interest to counties, and counties to private speculators, and the General Land Office permitted contests as to the character of the lands already selected by the Agents of the State as " swamp lands." Congress, by joint resolution Dec. 18, 1856, and by act. March 3, 1857, saved the State from the fatal result of this ruinous policy. Many of these lands were selected in 1854- and 1855, immediately after several remarkably wet seasons, and it was but natural that some portions of the selections would not appear swampy after a few dry seasons. Some time after these first selections were made, persons desired to enter parcels of the so-called swamp lands and offering to prove them to be dry. In such cases the General Land Office ordered hearing before the local land officers, and if they decided the land to be dry, it was permitted to be entered and the claim of the State rejected. Speculators took advantage of this. Affidavits were .bought of irresponsible and reckless men, who, for a few dollars, would confidently testify to the character of lands they never saw. These applica- tions multiplied until they covered 3,000,000 acres. It was necessary that Congress should confirm all these selections to the State, that this gigantic scheme of fraud and plunder might be stopped. The ' act of Congress of March 3, 1857, was designed to accomplish this purpose. But the Commis- sioner of the General Land Office held that it was only a qualified confirma- tion, and under this construction sought to sustain the action of the Department in rejecting the claim of the State, and certifying them under act of May 15, 1856, under which the railroad companies claimed all swamp land in odd num- bered sections within the limits of their respective roads. This action led to serious complications. When the railroad grant was made, it was not intended nor was it understood that it included any of the swamp lands. These were already disposed of by previous grant. Nor did the companies expect to receive any of them, but under the decisions of the Department adverse to the State the way was opened, and they were not slow to enter their claims. March 4, 1862, the Attorney General of the State submitted to the General Assembly an opinion that the railroad companies were not entitled even to contest the right of the State to these lands, under the swamp land grant. A letter from the Acting Commissioner of the General Land Office expressed the same opinion, and the General Assembly by joint resolution, approved April 7, 1862, expressly repudiated the acts of the railroad companies, and disclaimed any intention to claim these lands under any other than the act of Congress of Sept. 28, 1850. A great deal of legislation has been found necessary in rela- tion to these swamp lands. IX. — THE RAILROAD GRANT. One of the most important grants of public lands to Iowa for purposes of internal improvement was that known as the "Railroad Grant," by act of Congress approved May 15, 1856. This act granted to the State of Iowa, for' the purpose of aiding in the Construction of railroads from Burlington, on the Mississippi River, to a point on the Missouri River, near the mouth of Platte River ; from the city of Davenport, via Iowa City and Fort Des Moines to- HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. 213 Council Bluffs ; from Lyons City northwesterly to a point of intersection with the main line of the Iowa Central Air Line Railroad, near Maquoketa ; thence on said main line, running as near as practicable to the Forty-second Parallel ; across the said State of Iowa to the Missouri River ; from the city of Dubuque to a point on the Missouri River, near Sioux City, with a branch from the mouth of the Tete des Morts, to the nearest point on said road, to be com- pleted as soon as the main road is completed to that point, every alternate section of land, designated by odd numbers, for six sections in width on each side of said roads. It was also provided that if it should appear, when the lines of those roads were, definitely fixed, that the United States had sold, or right of pre- emption had attached to any portion of said land, the State was authorized to select a quantity equal thereto, in alternate sections, or parts of sections, within fifteen miles of the lines so located. The lands remaining to the United States within six miles on each side of said roads were not to be sold for less than the double minimum price of the public lands when sold, nor were any of said lands to become subject to private entry until they had been first offered at public sale at the increased price. Section 4 of the act provided that the lands granted to said State shall be disposed of by said State only in the manner following, that is to say : that a quantity of land not exceeding one hundred and twenty sections for each of said roads, and included within a continuous length of twenty miles of each of said roads, may be sold ; and when the Governor of said State shall certify to the Secretary of the Interior that any twenty (Continuous miles of any of said roads is completed, then another quantity of land hereby granted, not to exceed one hundred and twenty sections for each of said roads having twenty continuous miles completed as aforesaid, and included within a continuous length of twenty miles of each of such roads, may be sold ; and so from time to time until said roads are completed, and if any of said roads are not completed within ten years, no further sale shall be made, and the lands unsold shall revert to the United States." At a special session of the General Assembly of Iowa, by act approved July 14, 1856, the grant was accepted and the lands were granted by the State to the several railroad companies named, provided that the lines of their respective roads should be definitely fixed and located before April 1, 1857 ; and pro- vided further, that if either of said companies should fail to have seventy-five miles of road completed and equipped by the 1st day of December, 1859, and its entire road completed by December 1, 1865, it should be competent for the State of Iowa to resume all rights to lands remaining undisposed of by the company so failing. 4 The railroad companies, with the single exception of the Iowa Central Air Line, accepted the several grants in accordance with the provisions of the above act, located their respective roads and selected their lands. The grant to the Iowa Central was again granted to the Cedar Rapids & Missouri River Railroad Company, which accepted them. By act, approved April 7, 1862, the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad Com- pany was required to execute a release to the State of certain swamp and school lands, included within the limits of its grant, in compensation for an extension of the time fixed for the completion of its road. A careful examination of the act of Congress does not reveal any special reference to railroad companies. The lands were granted to the State, and the act evidently contemplate the sale of them by the State, and the appropriation of the proceeds to aid in the construction of certain lines of railroad within its 214 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. limits. Section 4 of the act clearly defines the authority of the State in dis- posing of the lands. Lists of all the lands embraced by the grant were made, and certified to the State by the proper authorities. Under an act of Congress approved August 3, 1854, entitled "An act to vest in the several States and Territories the title in fee of the lands which have been or may be certified to them," these certified lists, the originals of which are filed in the General Land Office, conveyed to the State "the fee simple title to all the lands embraced in such lists that are of the char- acter contemplated " by the terms of the act making the grant, and "intended to be granted thereby ; but where lands embraced in such lists are not of the character embraced by such act of Congress, and were not intended to be granted thereby, said lists, so far as these lands are concerned, shall be perfectly null and void; and no right, title, claim or interest shall be conveyed thereby." Those certified lists made under the act of May 15, 1856, were forty-three in number, viz.: For the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad, nine ; for the Mississippi & Missouri Railroad, 11 ; for the Iowa Central Air Line, thirteen ; and for the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad, ten. The lands thus approved to the State were as follows : Burlington & Missouri River R. R 287,095.34 acres. Mississippi & Missouri River R. K 774,674.36 " Cedar Rapids & Missouri River R. R 775,454.19 " Dubuque & Sioux City R„ R 1,226,558.32 " A portion of these had been selected as swamp lands by the State, under the act of September 28, 1850, and these, by the terms of the act of August 3, 1854, could not be turned over to the railroads unless the claim of the State to them as swamp was first rejected. It was not possible to determine from the records of the State Land Office the extent of the conflicting claims arising under the two grants, as copies of the swamp land selections in some of the counties were not filed of record. The Commissioner of the General Land Office, however, prepared lists of the lands claimed by the State as swamp under act of September 28, 1850, and also claimed by the railroad companies under act of May 15, 1856, amounting to 553,293.33 acres, the claim to which as swamp had been rejected by the Department. These were consequently certified to the State as railroad lands. There was no mode other than the act of July, 1856, prescribed for transferring the title to these lands from the State to the companies. The courts had decided that, for the purposes of the grant, the lands belonged to the State, and to her the companies should look for their titles. It was generally accepted that the act of the Legislature of July, 1856, was all that was neces- sary to complete the transfer of title. It was assumed that all the rights and powers conferred upon the State by the act of Congress of May 14, 1856, were by the act of the General Assembly transferred to the companies ; in other words, that it was designed to put the companies in the place of the State as the grantees from Congress — and, therefore, that which perfected the title thereto to the State perfected the title to the companies by virtue of the act of July, 1856. One of the companies, however, the Burlington & Missouri River Rail- road Company, was not entirely satisfied with this construction. Its managers thought that some further and specific action of the State authorities in addition to the act of the Legislature was necessary to complete their title. This induced Gov. Lowe to attach to the certified lists his official certificate, under the broad seal of the State. On the 9th of November, 1859, the Governor thus certified to them (commencing at the Missouri River) 187,207.44 acres, and December 27th, 43,775.70 acres, an aggregate of 231,073.14 acres. These were the only HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 215 lands under the grant that were certified by the State authorities with any design of perfecting the title already vested in the company by the act of July, 1856. The lists which were afterward furnished to the company were simply certified by the Governor as being correct copies of the lists received by the State from the United States General Land Office. These subsequent lists embraced lands that had been claimed by the State under the Swamp Land Grant. It was urged against the claim of the Companies that the effect of the act of the Legislature was simply to substitute them for the State as parties to the grant. 1st. That the lands were granted to the State to be held in trust for the accomplishment of a specific purpose, and therefore the State could not part with the title until that purpose should have been accomplished. 2d. That it was not the intention of the act of July 14, 1856, to deprive the State of the con- trol of the lands, but on the contrary that she should retain supervision of them and the right to withdraw all rights and powers and resume the title condition- ally conferred by that act upon the companies in the event of their failure to complete their part of the contract. 3d. That the certified lists from the Gen- eral Land Office vested the title in the State only by Virtue of the act of Con- gress approved August 3, 1854. The State Land Office held that the proper construction of the act of July 14, 1856, when accepted by the companies, was that it became a conditional contract that might ripen into a positive sale of the lands as from time to time the work should progress, and as the State thereby became authorized by the express terms of the grant to sell them. This appears to have been the correct construction of the act, but by a sub- sequent act of Congress, approved June 2/1864, amending the act of 1856, the terms of the grant were changed, and numerous controversies arose between the companies and the State. The ostensible purpose of this additional act was to allow the Davenport & Council Bluffs Railroad "to modify or change the location of the uncompleted portion of its line," to run through the town of Newton, Jasper County, or as nearly as practicable to that point. The original grant had been made to the State to aid in the construction of railroads within its limits and not to the com- panies, but Congress, in 1864, appears to have been utterly ignorant of what had been done under the act of 1856, or, if not, to have utterly disregarded it. The State had accepted the original grant. The Secretary of the Interior had already certified to the State all the lands intended to be included in the grant within fifteen miles of the lines of the several railroads. It will be remembered that Section 4, of the act of May 15, 1856, specifies the manner of sale of these lands from time to time as work on the railroads should progress, and also provided that "if any of said roads are not completed within ten years, no fur- ther sale shall be made, and the lands unsold shall revert to the United States." Having vested the title to these lands in trust, in the State of Iowa, it is plain that until the expiration of the ten years there could be no reversion, and the State, not the United States, must control them until the grant should expire by limitation. The United States authorities could not rightfully require the Secretary of the Interior to certify directly to the companies any portion of the lands already certified to the" State. And yet Congress, by its act of June 2, 1864, provided that whenever the Davenport & Council Bluffs Railroad Com- pany should file in the General Land Office at Washington a map definitely showing such new location, the Secretary of the Interior should cause to be cer- tified and conveyed to said Company, from time to time, as the road progressed, out of any of the lands belonging to the United States, not sold, reserved, or 216 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. otherwise disposed of, or to which a pre-emption claim or right of homestead had' not attached, and on which a bona fide settlement and improvement had not been made under color of title derived from the United States or from the State of Iowa, within six miles of such newly located line, an amount of land per mile equal to that originally authorized to be granted to aid in the construction of said road by the act to which this was an amendment. The term " out of any lands belonging to the United States, not sold,' re- served or otherwise disposed of, etc.," would seem to indicate that Congress did intend to grant lands already granted, but when it declared that the Company- should have an amount per mile equal to that originally authorized to be granted, it is plain that the framers of the bill were ignorant of the real terms of the original grant, or that they designed that the United States should resume the title it had already parted with two years before the lands could revert to the United States under the original act, which was not repealed. A similar change was made in relation to the Cedar Rapids & Missouri Railroad, and dictated the conveyance of lands in a similar manner. Like provision was made for the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad, and the Company was permitted to change the location of its line between Fort Dodge and Sioux City, so as to secure the best route between those points ; but this change of location was not to impair the right to the land granted in the orig- inal act, nor did it change the location of those lands. By the same act, the Mississippi & Missouri Railroad Company was author- ized to transfer and assign all or any part of the grant to any other company or person, "if, in the opinion of said Company, the construction of said railroad across the State of Iowa would l*e thereby sooner and more satisfactorily com- pleted ; but such assignee should not in any case be released from the liabilities and conditions accompanying this grant, nor acquire perfect title in any other manner than the same would have been acquired by the original grantee." Still further, the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad was not forgotten, and was, by the same act, empowered to receive an amount of land per mile equal to that mentioned in the original act, and if that could not be found within the limits of six miles from the line of said road, then such selection might be made along such line within twenty miles thereof out of any public lands belonging to the United States, not sold, reserved or otherwise disposed of, or to which a pre-emption claim or right of homestead had not attached. Those acts of Congress, which evidently originated in the "lobby," occa- sioned much controversy and trouble. The Department of the Interior, how- ever, recognizing the fact that when the Secretary had certified the lands to the State, under the act of 1856, that act divested the United States of title, under the vesting act of August, 1854, refused to review its action, and also refused to order any and all investigations for establishing adverse claims (except in pre-emption cases), on the ground that the United States had parted with the title, and, therefore, could exercise no control over the land. May 12, 1864, before the passage of the amendatory act above described, Congress granted to the State of Iowa, to aid in the construction of a railroad from McGregor to Sioux City, and for the benefit of the McGregor Western Railroad Company, every alternate section of land, designated by odd numbers, for ten sections in width on each side of the proposed road, reserving the right to substitute other lands whenever it was found that the grant infringed upon pre-empted lands, or on lands that had been reserved or disposed of for any other purpose. In such cases, the Secretary of the Interior was instructed to select, in lieu, lands belonging to the United States lying nearest to the limits specified. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 217 X. — AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND FARM LANDS. An Agricultural College and Model Farm was established by act of the General Assembly, approved March 22, 1858. By the eleventh section of the act, the proceeds of the five-section grant made for the purpose of aiding in the. erection of public buildings was appropriated, subject to the approval of Con- gress, together with all lands that Congress might thereafter grant to the State for the purpose, for the benefit of the institution. On the 23d of March, by joint resolution, the Legislature asked the consent of Congress to the proposed transfer. By act approved July 11, 1862, Congress removed the restrictions imposed in the "five-section grant," and authorized the G-eneral Assembly to make such disposition of the lands as should be deemed best for the interests of the State. By these several acts, the five sections of land in Jasper County certified to the State to aid in the erection of public buildings under the act of March 3, 1845, entitled " An act supplemental to the act for the admission of the States of Iowa and Florida into the Union," were fully appropriated for the benefit of the Iowa Agricultural College and Farm. • The institution is located in Story County. Seven' hundred and twenty-one acres in that and two hundred in Boone County were donated to it by individuals interested in the success of the enterprise. By act of Congress approved July 2, 1862, an appropriation was made to each State and Territory of 30,000 acres for each Senator and Representative in Congress, to which, by the apportionment under the census of 1860, they were respectively entitled. This grant was made for the purpose of endowing colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts. Iowa accepted this grant by an act passed- at an extra session of its Legis- lature, approved September 11, 1862, entitled "An act to accept of the grant, and carry into execution the trust conferred upon the State of Iowa by an act of Congress entitled ' An act granting public lands to the several States and Territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts,' approved July 2, 1862." This act" made it the duty of the Governor to appoint an agent to select and locate the lands, and provided that none should be selected that were claimed by any county as swamp lands. The agent was required to make report of his doings to the Governor, who was instructed to submit the list of selections to the Board of Trustees of the Agricultural College for their approval. One thousand dollars were appro- priated to carry the law into effect. The State, having two Senators and six Representatives in Congress, was entitled to 240,000 acres of land under this grant, for the purpose of establishing and maintaining an Agricultural College. Peter Melendy, Esq., of Black Hawk County, was appointed to make the selec- tions, and during August, September and December, 1863, located them in the Fort Dodge, Des Moines and Sioux City Land Districts. December 8, 1864, these selections were certified by the Commissioner of the General Land Office, and were approved to the State by the Secretary of the Interior December 13, 1864. The title to these lands was vested in the State in fee simple, and con- flicted with no other claims under other grants. The agricultural lands were approved to the State as 240,000.96 acres ; but as 35,691.66 acres were located within railroad limits, which were computed at the rate of two acres for one, the actual amount of land approved to the State under this grant was only 204,309.30 acres, located as follows : In Des Moines Land District 6,804.96 acres. In Sioux City Land District 69,025.37 " In Fort Dodge Land District 138,478.97 " 218 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. By act of the General Assembly, approved March 29, 1864, entitled, " An act authorizing the Trustees of the Iowa State Agricultural College and Farm to sell all lands acquired, granted, donated or appropriated for the benefit of said college, and to make an investment of the proceeds thereof," all these lands were granted to the Agricultural College and Farm, and the Trustees were au- thorized to take possession, and sell or lease them. They were then, under the control of the Trustees, lands as follows : Under the act of July 2, 1852 204,309.30 acres. Of tbe five-section grant 3,200.00 " Lands donated in Story County 721.00 " Lands donated in Boone County 200.00 " Total 208,430.30 acres. The Trustees opened an office at Fort Dodge, and appointed Hon. G. W- Bassett their agent for the sale of these lands. THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The germ of the free public school system of Iowa, which now ranks sec- ond to none in the United States, was planted by the first settlers. They had migrated to the " The Beautiful Land " from other and older States, where the common school system had been tested by many years' experience, bringing with them some knowledge of its advantages, which they determined should be enjoyed by the children of the land of their adoption. The system thus planted was expanded and improved in the broad fields of the West, until now it is justly considered one of the most complete, comprehensive and liberal in the country. Nor is this to be wondered at when it is remembered humble log school houses were built almost as soon as the log cabin of the earliest settlers were occupied by their brave builders. In the lead mining regions of the State, the . first to be occupied by the white race, the hardy pioneers provided the means for the education of their children even before they had comfortable dwellings for their families. School teachers .were among the first immigrants to Iowa. Wherever a little settlement was made, the school house was the first united public act of the settlers; and the rude, primitive structures of the early time only disappeared when the communities had increased in population and wealth, and were able to replace them with more commodious and comfortable buildings. Perhaps in no single instance has the magnificent progress of the State of Iowa been more marked and rapid than in her common school system and in her school houses, which, long since, superseded the log cabins of the first settlers. To- day, the school houses which everywhere dot the broad and fertile prairies of Iowa are unsurpassed by those of any other State in the great Union. More especially is this true in all her cities and villages, where liberal and lavish appropriations have been voted, by a generous people, for the erection of large, commodiou3 and elegant buildings, furnished with all the modern improvements, and costing from $10,000 to $60,000 each. The people of the State have ex^ pended more than $10,000,000 for the erection of public school buildings. The first house erected in Iowa was a log cabin at Dubuque, built by James L. Langworthy and a few other miners, in the Autumn of 1833. When it was completed, George Cabbage was employed as teacher during the Winter of , 1833-4, and thirty-five pupils attended his school. Barrett Whittemore taught the second term with twenty-five pupils in attendance. Mrs. Caroline Dexter HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 219 commenced teaching in Dubuque in March, 1836. She was the first female teacher there, and probably the first in Iowa. In 1839, Thomas H. Benton, Jr., afterward for ten years Superintendent of Public Instruction, opened an English and classical school in Dubuque. The first tax for the support of schools at Dubuque was levied in 1840. Among the first buildings erected at Burlington was a commodious log school house in 1834, in which Mr. Johnson Pierson taught the first school in the Winter of 1834-5. The first school in .Muscatine County was taught by George Bumgardner, in the Spring of 1837, and in 1839, a log school house was erected in Musca- tine, which served for a long time for school house, church and public hall. The first school in Davenport was taught in 1838. In Fairfield, Miss Clarissa Sawyer, James F. Chambers and Mrs. Reed taught school in 1839. When the site of Iowa City was selected as the capital of the Territory of Iowa, in May, 1839, it was a perfect wilderness. The first sale of lots took place August 18, 1839, and before January 1, 1840, about twenty families had settled within the limits of the town ; and during the same year, Mr. Jesse Berry opened a school in a small frame building he had erected, on what is now College street. The first settlement in Monroe County was made in 1843, by Mr. John R. Gray, about two miles from the present site of Eddyville; and in the Summer of 1844, a log school hou^e was built by Gray, William V. Beedle, C. Renfro, Joseph McMullen and Willoughby Randolph, and the first school was opened by Miss Urania Adams. The building was occupied for school purposes for nearly ten years. About a year after the first cabin was built at Oskaloosa, a log school house was built, in which school was opened by Samuel W. Caldwell in 1844. <• At Fort Des Moines, now the capital of the State, the first school was taught by Lewis Whitten, Clerk of the District Court in the Winter of 1846-7, in one of the rooms on " Coon Row," built for barracks. The first school in Pottawattomie County was opened by George Green, a Mormon, at Council Point, prior to 1849 ; and until about 1854, nearly, if not quite, all the teachers in that vicinity were Mormons. The first school in Decorah was taught in 1853, by T. W. Burdick, then a young man of seventeen. In Osceola, the first school was opened by Mr. D. W. Scoville. The first school at Fort Dodge was taught in 1855, by Cyrus C. Carpenter, since Governor of the State. In Crawford County, the first school house was built in Mason's Grove, in 1856, and Morris McHenry first occupied it as teacher. During the first twenty years of the history of Iowa, the log school house pre- vailed, and in 1861, there were 893 of these primitive structures in use for , school purposes in the State. Since that time they have been gradually dis- appearing. In 1865, there were 796 ; in 1870, 336, and in 1875, 121. Iowa Territory was created July 3, 1838. January 1, 1839, the Territorial Legislature passed an act providing that " there shall be established a common school, or schools in each of the counties in this Territory, which shall be open and free for every class of white citizens between the ages of five and twenty-one years." The second section of the act provided that "the County Board shall, from time to time, form such districts in their respective counties whenever a petition may be presented for the purpose by a majority of the voters resident within such contemplated district." These districts were gov- erned by boards of trustees, usually of three persons ; each district was required 220 HISTORY OP THE STATE OP IOWA. to maintain school at least three months in every year; and later, laws were enacted providing for county school taxes for the payment of teachers, and that whatever additional sum might be required should be assessed upon the parents sending, in proportion to the length of time sent. When Iowa Territory became a State, in 1846, with a population of 100,- 000, and with 20,000 scholars within its limits, about four hundred school dis- tricts had been organized. In 1850, there were 1,200, and in 1857, the number had increased to 3,265. In March, 1858, upon the recommendation of Hon. M. L. Fisher, then Su- perintendent of Public Instruction, the Seventh General. Assembly enacted that " each civil township is declared a school district," and provided that these should be divided into sub-districts. This law went into force March 20, 1858, and reduced the number of school districts from about 3,500 to less than 900. This change of school organization resulted in a very material reduction of the expenditures for the compensation of District Secretaries and Treasurers. An effort was made for several years, from 1867 to 1872, to abolish the sub- district system. Mr. Kissell, Superintendent, recommended, in his report of January 1, 1872, and Governor Merrill forcibly endorsed his views in his annual message: But the Legislature of that year provided for the formation of inde- pendent districts from the sub-districts of district townships. The system of graded schools was inaugurated in 1849 ; and new schools, in which more than one teacher is employed, are universally graded. The first official mention of Teachers' Institutes in the educational records of Iowa occurs in the annual report of Hon. Thomas H. Benton, Jr., made December 2, 1850, who said, "An institution of this character was organized a few years ago, composed of the teachers of the mineral regions of Illinois, Wisconsin and Iowa. An association of teachers has, also, been formed in the county of Henry, and an effort was made in October last to organize a regular institute in the county of Jones." At that time — although the beneficial influence of these institutes was admitted, it was urged that the expenses of attending them was greater than teachers with limited compensation were able to bear. To obviate this objection, Mr. Benton recommended that " the sum of f 150 should be appropriated annually for three years, to be drawn in install- ments of $50 each by the Superintendent of Public Instruction, and expended for these institutions." He proposed that three institutes should be held annu- ally at points to be designated by the Superintendent. No legislation in this direction, however, was had until March, 1858, when an act was passed authorizing the holding of teachers' institutes for periods not less than six working days, whenever not less than thirty teachers should desire. The Superintendent was authorized to expend not exceeding $100 for any one institute, to be paid out by the County Superintendent as the institute might direct for teachers and lecturers, and one thousand dollars was appropriated to defray the expenses of these institutes. December 6, 1858, Mr. Fisher reported to the Board of Education that institutes had been appointed in twenty counties within the preceding six months, and more would have been, but the appropriation had been exhausted. The Board of Education at its jirst session, commencing December 6, 1858, enacted a code of school laws which retained the existing provisions for teachers' institutes. In March, 1860, the General Assembly amended the act of the Board by appropriating " a sum not exceeding fifty dollars annually for one such institute, held as provided by law in each county." HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. 221 In 1865, Mr. Faville reported that "the provision made by the State for the benefit of teachers' institutes has never been so fully appreciated, both by the people and the teachers, as during the last two years." By act approved March 19, 1874, Normal Institutes were established in each county, to be held annually by the County Superintendent. This was regarded as a very decided step in advance by Mr. Abernethy, and in 1876 the Sixteenth General Assembly established the first permanent State Normal School at Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County, appropriating the building and property of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at that place for that purpose. This school is now " in the $ill tide of successful experiment." The public school system of Iowa is admirably organized, and if the various officers who are entrusted with the educational interests of the commonwealth are faithful and competent, should and will constantly improve. " The public schools are supported by funds arising from several sources. The sixteenth section of every Congressional Township was set apart by the General Government for school purposes, being one-thirty-sixth part of all the lands of the State. The minimum price of these lands was fixed at one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre. Congress also made an additional donation to the State of five hundred thousand acres, and an appropriation of five p«r cent, on all the sales of public lands to the school fund. The State gives to this fund the proceeds of the sales of all lands which escheat to it ; the proceeds of all fines for the violation of the liquor and criminal laws. The money derived from these sources constitutes the permanent school fund of the State, which cannot be diverted to any other purpose. The penalties collected by the courts for fines and forfeitures go to the school fund in the counties where collected. The proceeds of the sale of lands and the five per cent, fund go into the State Treasury, and the State distributes these proceeds to the several counties accord- ing to their request, and the counties loan the money to individuals for long terms at eight per cent, interest, on security of land valued at three times the amount of the loan, exclusive of all buildings and improvements thereon. The interest on these loans is paid into the State Treasury, and becomes the avail- able school fund of the State. The counties are responsible to the State for all money so loaned, and the State is likewise responsible to the school fund for all moneys transferred to the counties. The interest on these loans is apportioned by the State Auditor semi-annually to the several counties- of the State, in pro- portion to the number of persons between the ages of five and twenty-one years. The counties also levy an annual tax for school purposes, which is apportioned to the several district townships in the same way. A district tax is also levied for the same purpose. The money arising from these several sources constitutes the support of the public schools, and is sufficient to enable every sub-district in the State to afford from six to nine months' school each year." The taxes levied for the support of schools are self-imposed. Under the admirable school laws of the State, no taxes can be legally assessed or collected for the erection of school houses until they have been ordered by the election of the district at a school meeting legally called. The school houses of Iowa are the pride of the State and an honor to the people. If they have been some- times built at a prodigal expense, the tax payers have no one to blame but themselves. The teachers' and contingent funds are determined by the Board of Directors under certain legal restrictions. These boards are elected annually, except in the independent districts, in which the board may be entirely changed every three years. The only exception to this mode of levying taxes for support 222 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. of schools is the county school tax, which is determined by the County Board of Supervisors. The tax is from one to three mills on the dollar ; usually,, however, but one. Mr. Abernethy, who was Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion from 1872 to 1877, said in one of his reports : There is but little opposition to the levy of taxes for the support of schools, and there would he still less if the funds were always properly guarded and j udiciously expended. How- ever much our people disagree upon other subjects, they are practically united upon this. The opposition of wealth has long since ceased to exist, and our wealthy men are usually the most liberal in their views and the most active friends of popular education. They are often found upon our school boards, and usually make the best of school officers. It is not uncommon for Boards of Directors, especially in the larger towns and cities, to be composed wholly of men who represent the enterprise, wealth and business of their cities. At the close of 1877, there were 1,086 township districts, 3,138 indepen- dent districts and 7,015 sub-districts. There were 9,948 ungraded and 476 graded schools, with an average annual session of seven months and five days. There were 7,348 male teachers employed, whose average compensation was $34.88 per month, and 12,518 female teachers, with an average compensation of $28.69 per month. The number of persons between the ages 5 and 21 years, in 1877, was 567,859; number enrolled in public schools, 421,163; total average attendance, 251,372'; average cost of tuition per month, $1.62. There are 9,279 frame, 671 brick, 257 stone and 89 log school houses, making a grand total of 10,296, valued at $9,044,973. The public school libraries number .17,329 volumes. Ninety-nine teachers' institutes were held during 1877. Teachers' salaries amounted to $2,953,615. There was expended for school houses, grounds, libraries and apparatus, $1,106,788, and for fuel and other contingencies, $1,136,995, making the grand total of $5,197,428 expended by the generous people of Iowa for the support of their magnificent public schools in a single year. The amount of the permanent school fund, at the close of 1877, was $3,462,000. Annual interest, $276,960. In 1857, there were 3,265 independent districts, 2,708 ungraded schools, and 1,572 male and 1,424 female teachers. Teachers' salaries amounted to- $198,142, and the total expenditures for schools was only $364,515. Six hun- dred and twenty-three volumes were the extent of the public school libraries twenty years ago, and there were only 1,686 school houses, valued at $571,064. In' twenty years, teachers' salaries have increased from $198,142, in 1857, to $2,953,645 in 1877. Total school expenditures, from $364,515 to $5,197,428. The significance of such facts as these is unmistakable. Such lavish expen- ditures can only be accounted for by the liberality and public spirit of the people, all of whom manifest their love of popular education and their faith in the public schools by the annual dedication to their support of more than one per cent, of their entire taxable property ; this, too, uninterruptedly through a series of years, commencing in the midst of a war which taxed their energies and resources to the extreme, and (Continuing through years of general depression in business — years of moderate yield of produce, of discouragingly low prices, and even amid the scanty surroundings and privations of pioneer life. Few human enterprises have a grander significance or give evidence of a more noble purpose than the generous contributions from the scanty resources of the pioneer for the purposes of public education. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. < 223 POLITICAL RECORD. TERRITORIAL OFFICERS. Governors— -Robert , Lucas, 1838-41 ; John Chambers, 1841-45 ; James Clarke, 1845. Secretaries— William B. Conway, 1838, died 1839 ; James Clarke, 1839 ; 0. H. W. Stull, 1841 ; Samuel J. Burr, 1843 ; Jesse Williams, 1845. Auditors— Jesse Williams, 1840 ; Wm. L. Gilbert, 1843 • Robert M. Secrest, 1845. Treasurers — Thornton Bayliss, 1839 ; Morgan Reno, 1840. Judges — Charles Mason, Chief Justice, 1838 ; Joseph Williams, 1838 ; Thomas S. Wilson, 1838. Presidents of Council — Jesse B. Browne, 1838-9 ; Stephen Hempstead, 1839-40; M. Bainridge, 1840-1; Jonathan W. Parker, 1841-2; John D. Elbert, 1842-3 ; Thomas Cox, 1843-4 ; S. Clinton Hastings, 1845 ; Stephen Hempstead, 1845-6. Speakers of the Souse — William H. Wallace, 1838-9 ; Edward Johnston, 1839-40 ; Thomas Cox, 1840-1 ; Warner Lewis, 1841-2 ; James M. Morgan, 1842-3 ; James P. Carleton, 1843-4 ; James M. Morgan, 1845 ; George W. McCleary, 1845-6. First Constitutional Convention, 181^ — Shepherd Leffler, President ; Geo. S. Hampton, Secretary. Second Constitutional Convention, 18J/.6 — Enos Lowe, President; William Thompson, Secretary. OFFICERS OF THE STATE GOVERNMENT. Governors — Ansel Briggs, 1846 to 1850 ; Stephen Hempstead, 1850 to 1854; James W. Grimes, 1854 to 1858 ; Ralph P. Lowe, 1853 to 1860; Sam- uel J. Kirkwood, 1860 to 1864 ; William M. Stone, 1864 to 1868 ; Samuel Morrill, 1868 to 1872 ; Cyrus C. Carpenter, 1872 to 1876 ; Samuel J. Kirk- wood, 1876 to 1877; Joshua G. Newbold, Acting, 1877 to 1878; John H. Gear, 1878 to . Lieutenant Governor — Office created by the new Constitution September 3, 1857— Oran Faville, 1858-9 ; Nicholas J. Rusch, 1860-1 ; John R. Needham, 1862-3; Enoch W. Eastman, 1864-5; Benjamin F. Gue, 1866-7; John Scott, 1868-9; M. M. Walden, 1870-1; H. C. Bulls, - 1872-3 ; Joseph Dy- sart, 1874-5 ; Joshua G. Newbold, 1876-7 ; Frank T. Campbell, 1878-9. Secretaries of State — Elisha Cutler, Jr., Dec. 5, 1846, to Dec. 4, 1848; Josiah H. Bonney, Dec. 4, 1848, to Dec. 2, 1850; George W. McCleary, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 1, 1856 ; Elijah Sells, Dec. 1, 1856, to Jan. 5, 1863 ; James Wright, Jan. 5, 1863, to Jan. 7, 1867 ; Ed. Wright, Jan. 7, 1867, to Jan. 6, 1873 ; Josiah T. Young, Jan. 6, 1873, to . Auditors of State— Joseph T. Fales, Dec. 5, 1846, to Dec. 2, 1850 ; Will- iam Pattee, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 4, 1854 ; Andrew J. Stevens, Dec. 4, 1854, resigned in 1855 ; John Pattee, Sept. 22, 1855, to Jan. 3, 1859 ; Jonathan W. Cattell, 1859 to 1865 ; John A. Elliot- 1865 to 1871 ; John Russell, 1871 to 1875 ; Buren R. Sherman, 1875 to . Treasurers of State — Morgan Reno, Dec. 18, 1846, to Dec. 2, 1850 ; Israel Kister, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 4, 1852 ; Martin L. Morris, Dec. 4, 1852, to Jan. 2, 1859 ; John W. Jones, 1859 to 1863 ; William H. Holmes, 1863 to 224 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. 1867 ; Samuel E. Rankin, 186T to 1873 ; William Christy, 1873 to 1877 ; George W. Bemis, 1877 to . Superintendents of Public Instruction — Office created in 1847 — James Harlan, June 5, 1845 (Supreme Court decided election void) ; Thomas H. Benton, Jr., May 23, 1844, to June 7, 1854 ; James D. Eads, 1854-7 ; Joseph C. Stone, March to June, 1857 ; Maturin L. Fisher, 1857 to Dec, 1858, when the. office was abolished and the duties of the office devolved upon the Secretary of the Board of Education. Secretaries of Board of Education — Thomas H. Benton, Jr., 1859-1863 ; Oran Faville, Jan. 1, 1864. Board abolished March 23, 1864. Superintendents of Public Instruction — Office re-created March 23, 1864 — Oran Faville, March 28, 1864, resigned March 1, 1867 ; D. Franklin Wells, March 4, 1867, to Jan., 1870 ; A. S. Kissell, 1870 to 1872 ; Alonzo Abern'ethy, 1872 to 1877 ; Carl W. Von Coelln, 1877 to . State Binders — Office created February 21, 1855 — William M. Coles, May 1, 1855, to May 1, 1859; Frank M. Mills, 1859 to 1867; James S. Carter, 1867 to 1870; J. J. Smart, 1870 to 1874; H. A. Perkins, 1874 to 1875; James J. Smart, 1875 to 1876; H. A. Perkins, 1876 to . Registers of the State Land Office — Anson Hart, May 5, 1855, to May IS, 1857 ; Theodore S. Parvin, May 13, 1857, to Jan. 3, 1859 ; Amos B. Miller, Jan. 3, 1859, to October, 1862 ; Edwin Mitchell, Oct. 31, 1862, to Jan 5, 1863 ; Josiah A. Harvey, Jan. 5, 1863, to Jan. 7, 1867 ; Cyrus C. Carpenter, Jau. 7, 1867, to January, 1871 ; Aaron Brown, January, 1871, to to January, 1875 ; David Secor, January, 1875, to . State Printers — Office created Jan. 3, 1840 — Garrett D. Palmer and George Paul, 1849; William H. Merritt, 1851 to 1853; William A. Hornish, 1853 (resigned May 16, 1853); Mahoney & Dorr, 1853 to 1855; Peter Moriarty, 1855 to 1857 ; John Teesdale, 1857 to 1861 ; Francis W. Palmer, 1861 to 1869 ; Frank M. Mills, 1869 to 1870 ; G. W. Edwards, 1870 to 1872 ; R. P. Clarkson, 1872 to . Adjutants Greneral — Daniel S. Lee, 1851-5 ; Geo. W. McCleary, 1855-7 ; Elijah Sells, 1857; Jesse Bowen, 1857-61; Nathaniel Baker, 1861 to 1877; John H. Looby, 1877 to . Attorneys Greneral— David C. Cloud, 1853-56 ; Samuel A. Rice, 1856-60 ^ Charles C. Nourse," 1861-4; Isaac L. Allen, 1865 (resigned January, 1866); Frederick E. Bissell, 1866 (died June 12, 1867); Henry O'Connor, 1867-72; Marsena E. Cutts, 1872-6 ; John F. McJunkin, 1877. Presidents of the Senate — Thomas Baker, 1846-7 ; Thomas Hughes, 1848 ; John J. Selman, 1848-9 ; Enos Lowe, 1850-1 ; William E. Leffing- well, 1852-3; Maturin L. Fisher, 1854-5; William W. Hamilton, 1856-7. Under the new Constitution, the Lieutenant Governor is President of the Senate. Speakers of the House — Jesse B. Brown, 1847-8 ; Smiley H. Bonhan, 1849-50; George Temple, 1851-2; James Grant, 1853-4; Reuben Noble, 1855-6; Samuel McFarland, 1856-7 /Stephen B. Sheledy, 1858-9; John Edwards, 1860-1 ; Rush Clark, 1862-3 ; Jacob Butler, 1864-5 ; Ed. Wright, 1866-7 ; John Russell, 1868-9 ; Aylett R. Cotton, 1870-1 ; James Wilson, 1872-3; John H. Gear, 1874-7 ; John Y. Stone, 1878. New Constitutional Convention, 1859 — Francis Springer, President ; Thos. J. Saunders, Secretary. HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. 225 STATE OFFICERS, 1878. John H. Gear, Governor ; Frank T. Campbell, Lieutenant Governor ; Josiah T. Young, Secretary of State ; Buren R. Sherman, Auditor of State ; George W. Bemis, Treasurer of State; David Secor, Register of State Land Office; John H. Looby, Adjutant General; John F. McJunken, Attorney General; Mrs. Ada North, State Librarian ; Edward J. Holmes, Clerk Supreme Court ; John S. Runnells, Reporter Supreme Court ; Carl W. Von Coelln, Superintend- ent Public Instruction ; Richard P. Clarkson, State Printer ; Henry A. Perkins, State Binder; Prof. Nathan R. Leonard, Superintendent of Weights and Measures; William H. Fleming, Governor's Private Secretary; Fletcher W. Young, Deputy Secretary of State ; John C. Parish, Deputy Auditor of State ; Erastus G. Morgan, Deputy Treasurer of State; John M. Davis, Deputy Reg- ister Land Office ; Ira 0. Kling, Deputy Superintendent Public Instruction. THE JUDICIARY. SUPREME COURT OF IOWA. Chief Justices. — Charles Mason, resigned in June, 1847 ; Joseph Williams, Jan., 1847, to Jan., 1848 ; S. Clinton Hastings, Jan., 1848, to Jan., 1849 ; Joseph Williams, Jan., 1849, to Jan. 11, 1855; Geo. G. Wright, Jan. 11, 1855, to Jan., 1860 ; Ralph P. Lowe, Jan., 1860, to Jan. 1, 1862 ; Caleb Baldwin, Jan., 1862, to Jan., 1864 ; Geo. G. Wright, Jan., 1864, to Jan., 1866 ; Ralph P. Lowe, Jan.,1866, to Jan., 1868; John F. Dillon, Jan., 1868, to Jan., 1870; Chester C. Cole^ Jan. 1, 1870, to Jan. 1, 1871; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1871, to Jan. 1, 1872; Joseph M. Beck, Jan. 1, 1872, to Jan. 1, 1874; W. B. Miller, Jan. 1, 1874, to Jan. 1, 1876 ; Chester C. Cole, Jan. 1, 1876, to Jan. 1, 1877 ; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1877, to Jan. 1, 1878; James H. Rothrock, Jan. 1, 1878. Associate Judges. — Joseph Williams; Thomas S. Wilson, resigned Oct., 1847; John F. Kinney, June 12, 1847, resigned Feb. 15, 1854; George Greene, Nov. 1, 1847, to Jan. 9, 1855; Jonathan C. Hall, Feb. 15, 1854, to succeed Kinney, resigned, to Jan., 1855; William G. Woodward, Jan. 9, 1855; Norman W. Isbell, Jan. 16, 1855, resigned 1856 ; Lacen D. Stockton, June 3, 1856, to succeed Isbell, resigned, died June 9, 1860 ; Caleb Baldwin, Jan. 11, 1860, to 1864; Ralph P. Lowe, Jan. 12, 1860; George G. Wright, June 26, 1860, to succeed Stockton, deceased; elected U. S. Senator, 1870; John F. Dil- lon,- Jan. 1, 1864, to succeed Baldwin, resigned, 1870; Chester C. Cole, March 1, 1864, to 1877 ; Joseph M. Beck, Jan. 1, 1868 ; W. E. Miller, October 11, 1864, to succeed Dillon, resigned; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1871, to succeed Wright. SUPREME COURT, 1878. James H. Rothrock, Cedar County, Chief Justice ; Joseph M. Beck, Lee County, Associate Justice ; Austin Adams, Dubuque County, Associate Justice ; William H. Seevers, Oskaloosa County, Associate Justice; James G. Day, Fre- mont County, Associate Justice. CONGRESSIONAL REPRESENTATION. UKITED STATES SENATORS. I (The first General Assembly failed to elect Senators.) George W. Jones, Dubuque, Dec. 7, 1848-1858 ; Augustus C. Dodge, Bur- lington, Dec. 7, 1848-1855; James Harlan, Mt. Pleasant, Jan. 6, 1855-1865; James W. Grimes, Burlington, Jan. 26, 1858-died 1870 ; Samuel J. Kirkwood, Iowa City, elected Jan. 13, 1866, to fill vacancy caused by resignation of James 226 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Harlan ; James Harlan, Mt. Pleasant, March 4, 1866-1872 ; James B. Howell, Keokuk, elected Jan. 20, 1870, to fill vacancy caused by the death of J. W. Grimes — term expired March 3d ; George G. Wright, Des Moines, March 4, 1871-L877 ; William B. Allison, Dubuque, March 4, 1872 ; Samuel J. Kirk- wood, March 4, 1877. MEMBERS OF HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES. Twenty-ninth Congress — 184-6 to 184-7. — S. Clinton Hastings; Shepherd Leffler. Thirtieth Congress — 1847 to 1849. — First District, William Thompson; Second District, Shepherd Leffler. Thirty-first Congress — 1849 to 1851. — First District, First Session, Wm. Thompson ; unseated by the House of Representatives on a contest, and election remanded to the people. First District, Second Session, Daniel F. Miller. Second District, Shepherd Leffler. Thirty-second Congress — 1851 to 1853.. — First District, Bernhart Ilenn. Second District, Lincoln Clark. Thirty-third Congress — 1853 to 1855. — First District, Bernhart Henn. Second District, John P. Cook. Thirty-fourth Congress — 1855 to 1857. — First District, Augustus Hall. Second District, James Thorington. Thirty-fifth Congress— 1857 to 1859.— First District, Samuel R. Curtis. Second District, Timothy Davis. Thirty-sixth Congress — 1859 to 1861. — First District, Samuel R. Curtis. Second District, William Vandever. Thirty-seventh Congress — 1861 to 1863. — First District, First Session, Samuel R. Curtis.* First District, Second and Third Sessions, James F. Wil- son. Second District, William Vandever. Thirty-eighth Congress — 1863 to 1865. — First District, James F. Wilson, Second District, Hiram Price. Third District, William B. Allison. Fourth District, Josiah B. Grinnell. Fifth District, John A. Kasson. Sixth District, Asahel W. Hubbard. Thirty-ninth Congress — 1865 to 1867. — First District, James F. Wilson ; Second District, Hiram Price ; Third District, William B. Allison ; Fourth District, Josiah B. Grinnell ; Fifth District, John A. Kasson ; Sixth District, Asahel W. Hubbard. Fortieth Congress — 1867 to 1869. — First District, James F. Wiison ; Sec- ond District, Hiram Price ; Third District, William B. Allison, Fourth District, William Loughridge; Fifth District, Grenville M. Dodge; Sixth District, Asahel W. Hubbard. Forty-first Congress — 1869 to 1871. — First District, George W. McCrary ; Second District, William Smyth ; Third District, William B. Allison ; Fourth District, William Loughridge ; Fifth District, Frank W. Palmer ; Sixth Dis- trict, Charles Pomeroy. Forty-second Congress— 187 1 to 1873. — First District, George W. Mc- Crary ; Second District, Aylett R. Cotton ; Third District, W. G. Donnan ; Fourth District, Madison M. Waldon ; Fifth District, Frank W. Palmer ; Sixth District, Jackson Orr. Forty-third Congress— 1873 to 1875.— First District, George W. McCrary; Second District, Aylett R. Cotton ; Third District, William Y. Donnan ; Fourth District, Henry 0. Pratt; Fifth District, James Wilson; Sixth District, * Vacated seat by acceptance of commission as Brigadier General, and J. F. Wilson chosen his aucceHSor. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 229 William Loughridge; Seventh District, John A, Kasson; Eighth District, James W. McDill ; Ninth District, Jackson Orr. ■Forty-fourth Congress — 1875 to 1877. — First District, George W. Mc- Crary ; Second District, John Q. Tufts ; Third District, L. L. Ainsworth ; Fourth District, Henry 0. Pratt ; Fifth District, James Wilson ; Sixth District, Ezekiel S. Sampson; Seventh District, John A. Kasson; Eighth District, James W. McDill ; Fifth District, Addison Oliver. Forty-fifth Congress— 1877 to 1879:— -First District, J. C. Stone; Second District, Hiram Price ; Third District, T. W. Burdick ; Fourth District, H. C. Deering ; Fifth District, Rush Clark ; Sixth District, E. S. Sampson ; Seventh District, H. J. B. Cummings ; Eighth District, W. F. Sapp ; Ninth District, Addison Oliver. WAR RECORD. The State of Iowa may well be proud of her record during the War of the Rebellion, from 1861 to 1865. The following brief but comprehensive sketch of the history she made during that trying period is largely from the pen of Col. A. P. Wood, of Dubuque, the author of " The History of Iowa and the War," one of the best works of the kind yet written. '' Whether in the promptitude of her responses to the calls made on her by the General Government, in the courage and constancy of her soldiery in the field, or in the wisdom and efficiency with which her civil administration was conducted during the trying period covered by the War of the Rebellion, Iowa proved herself the peer of any loyal State. The proclamation of her Governor, responsive to that of the President, calling for volunteers to compose her First Regiment, was issued on the fourth day after the fall of Sumter. At the end of only^a single week, men enough were reported to be in quarters (mostly in the vicinity of their own homes) to fill the regiment. These, however, were hardly more than a tithe of the number who had been offered by company com- manders for acceptance under the President's call. So urgent were these offers that the Governor requested (on the 24th of April) permission to organize an additional regiment. While awaiting an answer to this request, he conditionally accepted a sufficient number of companies to compose two additional regiments. In a short time, he was notified that both of these would be accepted. Soon after the completion of the Second and Third Regiments (which was near the close of May), the Adjutant General of the State reported that upward of one hundred and seventy companies had been tendered to the Governor to serve against the enemies of the Union. " Much difficulty and considerable delay occured in fitting these regiments for the field. For the First Infantry a complete outfit (not uniform) of clothing was extemporized — principally by the volunteered labor of loyal women in the different towns — from material of various colors and qualities, obtained within the limits of the State. The same was done in part for the Second Infantry. Meantime, an extra session of the General Assembly had been called by the Governor, to convene on the 15th of May. With but little delay, that body authorized a loan of $800,000, to meet the extraordinary expenses incurred, and to be incurred, by the Executive Department, in consequence of the new emer- gency. A wealthy merchant of the State (Ex-Governor Merrill, then a resident of McGregor) immediately took from the Governor a contract to supply a com- plete outfit of clothing for the three regiments organized, agreeing to receive, should the Governor so elect, his pay therefor in State bonds at par. This con- 230 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. tract he executed to the letter, and a portion of the clothing (which was manu- factured in Boston, to his order) was delivered at Keokuk, the place at which the troops had rendezvoused, in exactly one month from the day oh which the contract had been entered into. The remainder arrived only a few days later. This clothing was delivered to the regiment, but was subsequently condemned by the Government, for the reason that its color was gray, and blue had been adopted as the color to be worn by the national troops." Other States also clothed their troops, sent forward under the first call of President Lincoln, with gray uniforms, but it was soon found that the con- federate forces were also clothed in gray, and that color was at once abandoned by the Union troops. If both armies were clothed alike, annoying if not fatal mistakes were liable to be made. But while engaged in these efforts to discharge her whole duty in common with all the other Union-loving States in the great emergency, Iowa was compelled to make immediate and ample provision for the protection of her own borders, from threatened invasion on the south by the Secessionists of Missouri, and from danger of incursions from the west and northwest by bands of hostile Indians, who were freed from the usual restraint imposed upon them by the presence of regular troops stationed at the frontier posts. These troops were withdrawn to meet the greater and more pressing danger threatening the life of the nation at its very heart. To provide for the adequate defense of her borders from the ravages of both rebels in arms against the Government and of the more irresistible foes from the Western plains, the Governor of the State was authorized to raise and equip two regiments of infantry, a squadron of cavalry (not less than five companies) and a battalion of artillery (not less than three companies.) Only cavalry were enlisted for home defense, however, "but," says Col. Wood, "in times of special danger, or when calls were made by the Unionists of Northern Missouri for assistance against their disloyal enemies, large numbers of militia on foot often turned out, and remained in the field until the necessity for their services had passed. " The first order for the Iowa volunteers to move to the field was received on the 13th of June. It was issued by Gen. Lyon, then commanding the United States forces in Missouri. The First and Second Infantry immediately embarked in steamboats, and moved to Hannibal. Some two weeks later, the Third Infantry was ordered to the same point. These three, together with' many other of the earlier organized Iowa regiments, rendered their first field service in Missouri. The First Infantry formed a part of the little army with which Gen. Lyon moved on Springfield, and fought the bloody battle of Wilson's Creek. It received unqualified praise for its gallant bearing on the field. In the following month (September), the Third Iowa, with but very slight support, fought with honor thfe sanguinary engagement of Blue Mills Landing ; and in November, the Seventh Iowa, as a part of a force commanded by Gen. Grant, greatly distinguished itself in the battle of Belmont, where it poured out its blood like water — losing more than half of the men it took into action. "The initial operations in which the battles referred to took place were fol- lowed by the more important movements led by Gen. Grant, Gen. Curtis, of this State, and other commanders, which resulted in defeating the armies defending the chief strategic lines held by the Confederates in Kentucky, Tenn- nessee, Missouri and Arkansas, and compelling their withdrawal from much of the territory previously controlled by them in those States. In these and other movements, down to the grand culminating campaign by which Vicksburg was HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 231 captured and the Confederacy permanently severed on the line of the Mississippi River, Iowa troops took part in steadily increasing numbers. In the investment and siege of Vicksburg, the State was represented by- thirty regiments and two batteries, in addition to which, eight regiments and one battery were employed on the outposts of the besieging army. The brilliancy of their exploits on the many fields where they served won for them the highest meed of praise, both in military and civil circles. Multiplied were the terms in which expression was given to this sentiment, but these words of one of the journals of a neigh- boring State, ' The Iowa troops have been heroes among heroes,' embody the spirit of all. " In the veteran re-enlistments that distinguished the closing months of 1863 above all other periods in the history of re-enlistments for the national armies, the Iowa three years' men (who were relatively more numerous than those of any other State) were prompt to set the example of volunteering for another term of equal length, thereby adding many thousands to the great army of those who gave this renewed and practical assurance that the cause of the Union should not be left without defenders. " In all the important movements of 1864-65, by which the Confederacy was penetrated in every quarter, and its military power finally overthrown, the Iowa troops took part. Their drum-beat was heard on the banks of every great river of the South, from the Potomac to the Rio Grande, and everywhere they rendered the same faithful and devoted service, maintaining on all occasions their wonted reputation for valor in the field and endurance on the march. " Two Iowa three-year cavalry regiments were employed during their whole term of service in the operations that were in progress from 1863 to 1866 against the hostile Indians of the western plains. A portion of these men were among the last of the volunteer troops to be mustered out of service. The State also supplied a considerable number of men to the navy, who took part in most of the naval operations prosecuted against the Confederate power on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, and the rivers of the West. " The people of Iowa were early and constant workers in the sanitary field, and by their liberal gifts and personal efforts for the benefit of the soldiery, placed their State in the front rank of those who became distinguished for their exhibitions of patriotic benevolence during the period covered by the war. Agents appointed by the Governor were stationed at points convenient for ren- dering assistance to the sick and needy soldiers of the State, while others were employed in visiting, from time to time, hospitals, camps and armies in the field, and doing whatever the circumstances rendered possible for the health and comfort of such of the Iowa soldiery as might be found there. " Some of the benevolent people of the State early conceived the idea of establishing a Home for such of the children of deceased soldiers as might be left in destitute circumstances. This idea first took form in 1863, and in the following year a Home was opened at Farmington, Van Buren County, in a building leased for that purpose, and which soon became filled to its utmost capacity. The institution received liberal donations from the general public, and also from the soldiers in the field. In 1865, it became necessary to pro- vide increased accommodations for the large number of children who were seeking the benefits of its care. This was done by establishing a branch at Cedar Falls, in Black Hawk County, and by securing, during the same year, for the use of the parent Home, Camp Kinsman near the City of Davenport. This property was soon afterward donated to the institution, by act of Congress. 232 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. " In 1866, in pursuance of a law enacted for that purpose, the Soldiers' Orphans' Home (which then contained about four hundred and fifty inmates) became a State institution, and thereafter the sums necessary for its support were appropriated from the State treasury. A second branch was established at Gleriwood, Mills County. Convenient tracts were secured, and valuable improve- ments made at all the different points. Schools were also established, and em- ployments provided for such of the children as were of suitable age. In all ways the provision made for these wards of the State has been such as to chal- lenge the approval of every benevolent mind. The number of children who have been inmates of the Home from its foundation to the present time is considerably more than two thousand. " At tbe beginning of the war, the population of Iowa included about one hundred and fifty thousand men presumably liable to render military service. The State raised, for general service, thirty-nine regiments of infantry, nine regiments of cavalry, and four companies of artillery, composed of three years' men ; one regiment of infantry, composed of three months' men ; and four regi- ments and one battalion of infantry, composed of one hundred days' men. The original enlistments in these various organizations, including seventeen hundred and twenty-seven men raised by draft, numbered a little more than sixty-nine thousand. The 're-enlistments, including upward of seven thousand veterans, numbered very nearly eight thousand. The enlistments in the regular army and navy, and organizations of other States, will, if added, raise the total to upward of eighty thousand. The number of men who, under special enlistments, and as militia, took part at, different times in the operations on the exposed borders of the State, was probably as many as five thousand. > "Iowa paid no bounty on account of the men she placed in the field. In some instances, toward the close of the war, bounty to a comparatively small amount was paid by cities and towns. On only one occasion — that of the call of July 18, 1864 — was a draft made in Iowa. This did not occur on account of her proper liability, as established by previous rulings of the War Department, to supply men under that call, but grew out of the great necessity that there existed for raising men. The Government insisted on temporarily setting aside, in part, the former rule of settlements, and enforcing a draft in all cases where subdistricts in any of the States should be found deficient in their supply of men. In no instance was Iowa, as a whole, found to be indebted to the General Government for men, on a settlement of her quota accounts." It is to be said to the honor and credit of Iowa that while many of the loyal States, older and larger in population and wealth, incurred heavy State debts for the purpose of fulfilling their obligations to the General Government, Iowa, while she was foremost in duty, while she promptly discharged all. her obligations to her sister States and the Union, found herself at the close of the war without any material addition to her pecuniary liabilities incurred before the war com- menced. Upon final settlement after the restoration of peace, her claims upon the Federal Government were found tobefully equal to the amount of her bonds issued and sold during the war to provide the means for raising and equipping her troops sent into the field, and to meet the inevitable demands, upon her treasury in consequence of the war. HISTOKY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 233 INFANTRY. THE FIRST INFANTRY was organized under the President's first proclamation for volunteers for three months, with John Francis Bates, of Dubuque, as Colonel ; William H. Mer- ritt, of Cedar Rapids, as Lieutenant Colonel, and A. B. Porter, of Mt. Pleas- ant, as Major. Companies A and C were from Muscatine County ; Company B, from Johnson County; Companies D and E, from Des Moines County; Company F, from Henry County; Company G, from Davenport; Companies H and I, from Dubuque, and Company K, from Linn County, and were mus- tered into United States service May "14, 1861, at Keokuk. The above com- panies were independent military organizations before the war, and tendered their services before breaking-out of hostilities. The First was engaged at the battle of Wilson's Creek, under Gen. Lyon, where it lost ten killed and fifty wounded. Was mustered out at St. Louis Aug. 25, 1861. THE SECOND INFANTRY was organized, with Samuel R. Curtis, of Keokuk, as Colonel ; Jas. M. Tuttle, of Keosauqua, as Lieutenant Colonel, and M. M. Crocker, of Des Moines, as Major, and was mustered into the United States service at Keokuk in May, 1861. Company A was from Keokuk; Company B, from Scott County; Com- pany C, from Scott County ; Company D, from Des Moines ; Company E, from Fairfield, Jefferson Co. ; Company F, from Van Buren County ; Company G, from Davis County ; Company H, from Washington County ; Company I, from Clinton County ; and Company K, from Wapello County. It participated in the following engagements : Fort Donelson, Shiloh, advance on Corinth, Corinth, Little Bear Creek, Ala.; Tunnel Creek, Ala.; Resaca, Ga.; Rome Cross Roads, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Nick-a-Jack Creek, in front of Atlanta, January 22, 1864 ; siege of Atlanta, Jonesboro, Eden Station, Little Ogeechee, Savannah, Columbia, S. C. ; Lynch's Creek, and Bentonsville. Was on Sherman's march to the sea, and through the Carolinas home. The Second Regiment of Iowa Infantry Veteran Volunteers was formed by the consolidation of the battalions of the Second and Third Veteran Infantry, and was mustered out at Louisville, Ky., July 12, 1865. THE THIRD INFANTRY was organized with N. G. Williams, of Dubuque County, as Colonel ; John Scott, of Story County, Lieutenant Colonel ; Wm.-N. Stone, of Marion County, Major, and was mustered into the United States service in May, 1861, at Keokuk. Company A was from Dubuque County ; Company B, from Marion County ; Company C, from Clayton County ; Company D, from Winneshiek Cpunty ; Company E, from Boone, Story, Marshall and Jasper Counties ; Com- pany F, from Fayette County ; Company G, from Warren County ; Company H, from Mahaska County; Company I, from Floyd, Butler Black Hawk and Mitchell Counties, and Company K from Cedar Falls. It was engaged at Blu« Mills, Mo. ; Shiloh, Tenn. ; Hatchie River, Matamoras, Vicksburg, Johnson, Miss., Meridian expedition, and Atlanta, Atlanta campaign and Sherman's march to Savannah, and through the Carolinas to Richmond and Washington. The veterans of the Third Iowa Infantry were consolidated with the Second, and mustered out at Louisville, Ky., July 12, 1864. 234 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. THE FOURTH INFANTRY was organized with G. M. Dodge, of Council Bluffs, as Colonel ; John Galligan, of Davenport, as Lieutenant Colonel ; Wm. R. English, Glenwood,, as Major. Company A, from Mills County, was mustered in at Jefferson Bar- racks, Missouri, August 15, 1861 ; Company B, Pottawattamie County, was mustered in at Council Bluffs, August 8, 186] ; Company C, Guthrie County,, mustered in at Jefferson Barracks, Mo., May 3, 1861 ; Company D, Decatur County, at St. Louis, August 16th ; Company E, Polk County, at Council Bluffs, August 8th ; Company F, Madison County, Jefferson Barracks, August 15th ; Company G, Ringgold County, at Jefferson Barracks, August 15th ; Company H, Adams County, Jefferson Barracks, August 15th ; Company I, "Wayne County, at St. Louis, August 31st; Company K, Taylor arid Page Counties, at St. Louis, August 31st. Was engaged at Pea Ridge, Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, Vicksburg, Jackson, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, Ringgold, Resaca, Taylor's Ridge; came home on veteran furlough February 26, 1864. Returned in April, and was in the campaign against Atlanta, and Sherman's march to the sea, and thence through the Carolinas to Washington and home. Was mustered out at Louisville, Kentucky, July 24, 1865. THE FIFTH INFANTRY was organized with Wm. H. Worthington, of Keokuk, as Colonel ; C Z. Mat- thias, of Burlington, as Lieutenant Colonel; W. S. Robertson, of Columbus City, as Major, and was mustered into the United States service, at Burlington, July 15,- 1861. Company A was from Cedar County; Company B, from Jasper County; Company C, from Louisa County; Company D, from' Marshall County; Company E, from Buchanan County ; Company F, from Keokuk County ; Com- pany G, from Benton County ; Company H, from Van Buren County ; Company I, from Jackson County ; Company K, from Allamakee County ; was engaged at New Madrid, siege of Corinth, Iuka, Corinth, Champion Hills, siege of Vicks- burg, Chickamauga ; went home on veteran furlough, April, 1864. The non- veterans went home July, 1864, leaving 180 veterans who were transferred to the Fifth Iowa Cavalry. The Fifth Cavalry was mustered out at Nashville, Tennessee, Aug. 11, 1865. THE SIXTH INFANTRY. was mustered into the service July 6, 1861, at Burlington, with John A. McDowell, of Keokuk, as Colonel ; Markoe Cummins, of Muscatine, Lieuten- ant Colonel ; John M. Corse, of Burlington, Major. Company A was from Linn County; Company B, from Lucas and Clarke Counties; Company C, from Hardin County ; Company D, from Appanoose County ; Company E, from Monroe County ; Company F, from Clarke County ; Company Gr, from Johnson County; Company H, from Lee County; Company I, from Des Moines County ; Company K, from Henry County. It was engaged at Shiloh, Mission Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Jackson, Black River Bridge, Jones' Ford, etc., etc. The Sixth lost 7 officers killed in action, 18 wounded ; of enlisted men 102 were killed in action, 30 died of wounds, 124 of disease, 211 were discharged for disability and 301 were wounded in action, which was the largest list of casualties, of both officers and men, of any reg- iment from Iowa. Was mustered out at Louisville, Kentucky, July 21, 1865. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 235 THE SEVENTH INFANTRY ■ was mustered into the United States service at Burlington, July 24, 1861, with J. G. Lauman, of Burlington, as Colonel ; Augustus Wentz, of Daven- port, as Lieutenant Colonel, and E. W. Rice, of Oskaloosa, as Major. Com- pany A was from Muscatine County ; Company B, from Chickasaw and Floyd Counties ; Company C, from Mahaska County ; Companies D and E, from Lee County ; Company F, from Wapello County ; Company. G, from Iowa County ; « Company H, from Washington County; Company I, from Wapello County; Company K,"from Keokuk. Was engaged at the battles of Belmont (in which it lost in killed, wounded and missing 237 men), Fort Henry, Forh Donelson, Shiloh, siege of Corinth, Corinth, Rome Cross Roads, Dallas, New Hope Church, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Nick-a-Jack Creek, siege of Atlanta, f battle on 22d of July in front of Atlanta, Sherman's campaign to the ocean, through the Carolinas to Richmond, and thence to Louisville. Was mustered out at Louisville, Kentucky, July 12, 1865. THE EIGHTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service Sept. 12, 1861, at Davenport, Iowa, with Frederick Steele, of the regular army, as Colonel ; James L. Geddes, of Vinton, as Lieutenant Colonel, and J. C. Ferguson, of Knoxville, as Major. Company A was from Clinton County ; Company B, from Scott County ; Company C, from Washington County ; Company D, from Benton and Linn Counties: Company E, from Marion County; Company F, from Keokuk County; Company G, from Iowa and Johnson Counties; Company H. from Mahaska County ; Company I, from Monroe County ; Company K, from Lou- isa County. Was engaged at the following battles : Shiloh (where most of the regiment were taken prisoners of war), Corinth, Vicksburg, Jackson and Span- ish Fort. Was mustered out of the United States service at Selma, Alabama, April 20, 1866. THE NINTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service September 24, 1861, at Dubuque, with Wm. Vandever, of Dubuque, Colonel ; Frank G. Herron, of Dubuque, Lieutenant Colonel; Wm. H. Coyle, of Decorah, Major. Company A was from Jackson County ; Company B, from Jones County ; Company C, from Bu- chanan County; Company D, from Jones County; .Company E, from Clayton County ; Company F, from Fayette County ; Company G, from Black Hawk County ; Company H, from Winneshiek County ; Company I, from Howard County and Company K, from Linn County. Was in the following engage- ments : Pea Ridge, Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, siege of Vicksburg, Ringgold, Dallas, Lookout Mountain, Atlanta campaign, Sherman's march to the sea, and through North and South Carolina to Richmond. Was mustered out at Louisville, July 18, 1865. THE TENTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service at Iowa City September 6, 1861, with Nicholas Perczel, of Davenport, as Colonel ; W. E. Small, of Iowa City, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and John C. Bennett, of Polk County, as Major. Com- pany A was from Polk County ; Company B, from Warren County ; Company C, from Tama County ; Company D, "from Boone County ; Company E, from Washington County ; Company F, from Poweshiek County ; Company G, from 236 HISTORY OP THE STATE OP IOWA. Warren County ; Company H, from Greene County ; Company I, from Jasper County ; Company K, from Polk and Madiso*n Counties. Participated in the following engagements : Siege of Corinth, Iuka, Corinth, Port Gibson, Ray- mond, Jackson, Champion Hills, Vicksburg and Mission Ridge. In Septem- . ber, 1864, the non-veterans being mustered out, the veterans were transferred to the Fifth Iowa Cavalry, where will be found their future operations. THE ELEVENTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service at Davenport, Iowa, in September and October, 1861, with A. M. Hare, of Muscatine, as Colonel ; Jno. C. Aber- crombie, as Lieutenant Colonel; Wm. Hall, of Davenport, as Major. Com- pany A wasfrom Muscatine ; Company B, from Marshall and Hardin Counties; Company C, from Louisa County ; Company D, from Muscatine County ; Com- pany B, from Cedar County ; Company F, from Washington County ; Company G, from Henry County ; Company H, from Muscatine County ; Company I from Muscatine County ; Company K, from Linn County. Was engaged in the battle of Shiloh, siege of Corinth, battles of Corinth, Vicksburg, Atlanta cam- paign, battle of Atlanta, July 22, 1864. Was mustered out at Louisville, Ky., July 15, 1865. THE TWELFTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service November 25, 1861, at Dubuque, with J. J. Wood, of Maquoketa, as Colonel ; John P. Coulter, of Cedar Rapids, Lieutenant Colonel ; Samuel D. Brodtbeck, of Dubuque, as Major. Company A was from Hardin County ; Company B, from Allamakee County ; Company C, from Fayette County ; Company D, from Linn County ; Company E, from Black Hawk County ; Company F, from Delaware County ; Company G, from Winne- shiek County ; Company H, from Dubuque and Delaware Counties ; Company I, from Dubuque and Jackson Counties ; Company K, from Delaware County. It was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, where most of the regiment was captured, and those not captured were organized in what was called the Union Brigade, and were in the battle of Corinth; the prisoners were exchanged November 10, 1862, and the regiment re-organized, and then participating in the siege of Vicksburg, battle of Tupelo, Miss.; White River, Nashville and Spanish Fort. The regiment was mustered out at Memphis, January 20, 1866. THE THIRTEENTH INFANTRY was mustered in November 1, 1861, at Davenport, with M. M. Crocker, of Des Moines, as Colonel ; M. M. Price, of Davenport, Lieutenant Colonel ; John Shane, Vinton, Major. Company A was from Mt. Vernon ; Company B, from Jasper County ; Company C, from Lucas County ; Company D, from Keokuk County ; Company E, from Scott County ; Company F, from Scott and Linn Counties ; Company G, from Benton County ; Company H, from Marshall County ; Company I, from Washington County ; Company K, from Washington County. It participated in the following engagements : Shiloh, siege of Corinth, Corinth, Kenesaw Mountain, siege of Vicksburg, Campaign against Atlanta. Was on Sherman's march to the sea, and through North and South Carolina. Was mustered out at Louisville July 21, 1865. THE FOURTEENTH INFANTRY was mustered in the United States service October, 1861, at Davenport, with Wm. T. Shaw, of Anamosa, as Colonel ; Edward W. Lucas, of Iowa City, as HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. 237 Lieutenant Colonel ; Hiram Leonard, of Des Moines County, as Major. Com- pany A was from Scott County ;* Company B, from Bremer County ; Company D, from Henry and Van Buren Counties ; Company E, from Jasper County ; Company F, from Van Buren and Henry Counties ; Company Gr, from Tama and Scott Counties ; Company H, from Linn County ; Company I, from Henry County ; Company K, from Des Moines County. Participated in the follow- ing engagements : Ft. Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth (where most of the regiment were taken prisoners of war), Pleasant Hill, Meridian, Ft. De Russey, Tupelo, Town Creek, Tallahatchie, Pilot Knob, Old Town, Yellow Bayou, etc., etc., and was mustered out, except veterans and recruits, at Davenport, IoWa, No- vember 16, 1864. THE FIFTEENTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service March 19, 1862, at Keokuk, with Hugh T. Reid, of Keokuk, as Colonel ; Wm. Dewey, of Fremont County, as Lieutenant Colonel ; W. W. Belknap, of Keokuk, as Major. Company A was from Linn County; Company B, from Polk County; Company C. from Mahaska County ; Company D, from Wapello County ; Company E, from Van Buren County; Company F, from Fremont and Mills Counties; Company G, from Marion and Warren Counties; Company H, from Pottawattamie and. Harrison Counties ; Company I, from Lee, Van Buren and Clark Counties ; Company K, from Wapello, Van Buren and Warren Counties. Participated in the battle of Shiloh, siege of Corinth, battles of Corinth, Vicksburg, campaign against At- lanta, battle in front of Atlanta, July 22, 1864, and was under fire during the siege of Atlanta eighty-one days; was on Sherman's march to the sea, and through the Carolinas to Richmond, Washington and Louisville, where it was mustered out, August 1, 1864. THE SIXTEENTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service at Davenport, Iowa, December 10, 1861, with Alexander Chambers, of the regular army, as Colonel; A. H. Sanders, of Davenport, Lieutenant Colonel; Wm. Purcell, of Muscatine, Major. Company A was from Clinton County ; Company B, from Scott County; Company C, from Muscatine County ; Company D, from Boone County; Company E, from Muscatine County ; Company F, from Muscatine, Clinton and Scott Counties ; Company G, from Dubuque County ; Company H, from Du- buque and Clayton Counties ; Company I, from Black Hawk and Linn Counties; Company K, from Lee and Muscatine Counties. Was in the battles of Shiloh, siege of Corinth, Iuka, Corinth, Kenesaw Mountain, Nick-a Jack Creek, battles around Atlanta; was in Sherman's campaigns, and the Carolina campaigns. Was mustered out at Louisville, Ky., July 19, 1865. THE SEVENTEENTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service at Keokuk, in March and April, 1862, with Jno. W. Rankin, of Keokuk, Colonel ; D. B. Hillis, of Keokuk, as Lieutenant Colonel; Samuel M. Wise, of Mt. Pleasant, Major. Company A was from Decatur County; Company B, from Lee County; Company C, from Van Buren, Wapello and Lee Counties ; Company D, from Des Moines, Van Buren and Jefferson Counties ; Company E, from Wapello County ; Com- pany F, from Appanoose County; Company G, from Marion County; Com- pany H, from Marion and Pottawattamie Counties; Company I, from Jefferson and Lee Counties; Company K, from Lee and Polk Counties. They were in 238 HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. the following engagements : Siege of Corinth, Iuka, Corinth, Jackson, Cham- pion Hills, Fort Hill, siege of Vicksburg, Mission Ridge, and at Tilton, Ga., Oct. 13, 1864, most of the regiment were taken prisoners of war. Was mus- tered out at Louisville, Ky., July 25, 1865. THE EIGHTEENTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service August 5, 6 and 7, 1862, at Clin- ton, with John Edwards, of Chariton, Colonel ; T. Z. Cook, of Cedar Rapids, Lieutenant Colonel ; Hugh J. Campbell, of Muscatine, as Major. Company A, was from Linn and various other counties ; Company B, from Clark County ; Company C, from Lucas County; Company D, from Keokuk and Wapello Counties ; Company E, from Muscatine County; Company F, from Appanoose County ; Company G, from Marion and Warren Counties ; Company H, from Fayette and Benton Counties; Company I, from Washington County; Com- pany K, from Wapello, Muscatine and Henry Counties, and was engaged in the battles of Springfield, Moscow, Poison Spring, Ark., and was mustered out at Little Rock, Ark., July 20, 1865. THE NINETEENTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service August 17, 1862, at Keokuk, with Benjamin Crabb, of Washington, as Colonel ; Samuel McFarland, of Mt. Pleas- ant, Lieutenant Colonel, and Daniel Kent, of Ohio, Major. Company A was from Lee and Van Buren Counties ; Company B, from Jefferson County; Com- pany C, from Washington County; Company D, from Jefferson County; Com- pany E, from Lee County; Company F, from Louisa County; Company G, from Louisa County; Company H, from Van Buren County; Company I, from. Van Buren County ; Company K, from Henry County. Was engaged a Prairie Grove, Vicksburg, Yazoo River expedition, Sterling Farm, September 29, 1863, at which place they surrendered ; three officers and eight enlisted men were killed, sixteen enlisted men were wounded, and eleven officers and two hundred and three enlisted men taken prisoners out of five hundred engaged; they were exchanged July 22d, and joined their regiment August 7th, at New Or- leans. Was engaged at Spanish Fort. Was mustered out at Mobile, Ala., July 10, 1865. THE TWENTIETH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service August 25, 1862, at Clinton, with Wm. McE. Dye, of Marion, Linn Co., as Colonel ; J. B. Leek, of Davenport, as Lieutenant Colonel, and Wm. G. Thompson, of Marion, Linn Co., as Major. Companies A, B, F, H and I were from Linn County ; Companies C, D, E, G and K, from Scott County, and was engaged in the following battles : Prairie Grove, and assault on Fort Blakely. Was mustered out at Mobile, Ala., July 8, 1865. THE TWENTY-FIRST INFANTRY was mustered into the service at Clinton in June and August, 1862, with Samuel Merrill (late Governor of Iowa) as Colonel ; Charles W. Dunlap, of Mitchell, as Lieutenant Colonel ; S. G. VanAnda, of Delhi, as Major- Com- pany A was from Mitchell and Black Hawk Counties ; Company B, from Clayton County ; Company C, from Dubuque County ; Company D, from Clayton County ; Company E, from Dubuque County ; Company F, from Du- buque County ; Company G, from Clayton County ; Company H, from Dela- HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 239 ware County ; Company I, from Dubuque County ; Company K, from Delaware County, and was in the following engagements : Hartsville, Mo. ; Black River Bridge, Fort Beauregard, was at the siege of Vicksburg, Mobile, Fort Blakely, and was mustered out at Baton Rouge, La., July 15, 1865. THE TWENTY-SECOND INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service Sept. 10, 1862, at Iowa City, with Wm. M. Stone, of Knoxville (since Governor of Iowa), as Colonel ; Jno. A. Garrett, of Newton, Lieutenant Colonel ; and Harvey Graham, of Iowa City, as Major. Company A was from Johnson County ; Company B, Johnson County ; Company C, Jasper County; Company D, Monroe County ; Company E, Wapello County; Company F, Johnson County; Company G, Johnson County ; Company H, Johnson County ; Company I, Johnson County ; Com- pany K, Johnson County. Was engaged at Vicksburg, Thompson's Hill, Cham- pion Hills, Sherman's campaign to Jackson, at Winchester, in Shenandoah Val- ley, losing 109 men, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek. Mustered out at Savannah, Ga., July 25, 1865. THE TWENTY-THIRD INFANTRY was mustered into United States service at Des Moines, S«pt. 19, 1862, with William Dewey, of Sidney, as Colonel ; W. H. Kinsman, of Council Bluffs, as Lieutenant Colonel, and S. L. Glasgow, of Corydon, as Major. Companies A, B and C, were from Polk County ; Company D, from Wayne County ; Com- pany E, from Pottawattamie County ; Company F, from Montgomery County ; Company G, from Jasper County ; Company H, from Madison County ; Com- pany I, from Cass County, and Company K, from Marshall County. Was in Vicksburg, and engaged at Port Gibson, Black River, Champion Hills, Vicks- burg, Jackson, Milliken's Bend, Fort Blakely, and was mustered out at Harris- burg, Texas, July 26, 1865 THE TWENTY-FOURTH was mustered into United States service at Muscatine, September 18, 1862, withEber C. Byam, of Mount Vernon, as Colonel; John Q. Wilds, of Mount Vernon, as Lieutenant Colonel, and Ed. Wright, of Springdale, as Major. Company A was from Jackson and Clinton Counties ; Companies B and C, from Cedar County; Company D, from Washington, Johnson and Cedar Counties ; Company E,. from Tama County ; Companies F, G and H, from Linn County ; Company I, from Jackson County, and Company K, from Jones County. Was engaged at Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Gen. Banks' Red River expedition, Winchester and Cedar Creek. Was mustered out at Savan- nah, Ga., July 17, 1865. THE TWENTY-FIFTH INFANTRY was organized with George A. Stone, of Mount Pleasant, as Colonel ; Fabian Brydolf as Lieutenant Colonel, and Calom Taylor, of Bloomfield, as Major, and was mustered into United States service at Mount Pleasant, September 27, 1862. Companies A and I were from Washington County ; Companies B and H, from Henry County ; Company C, from Henry and Lee Counties ; Com- panies D, E and G, from Des Moines County ; Company F, from Louisa County, and Company K, from Des Moines and Lee Counties. Was engaged at Arkansas Post, Vicksburg, Walnut Bluff, Chattanooga, Campain, Ring- 240 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. gold, Ga., Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, battles around Atlanta, Love- joy Station, Jonesboro, Ship's Gap, Bentonville, and on Sherman's march through Georgia and the Carolinas, to Richmond and Washington. Was mustered out at Washington, D. C, June 6, 1865. THE TWENTY-SIXTH was organized and mustered in at Clinton, in August, 1862, with Milo Smith, of Clinton, as Colonel ; S. G. Magill, of Lyons, as Lieutenant Colonel, and Samuel Clark, of De Witt, as Major. Company A was from Clinton and Jackson Counties ; Company B, from Jackson County ; Companies C, D, E, F, G, H, I and K, from Clinton County. Was engaged at Arkansas Post, Vicksburg, Snake Creek Gap, Ga., Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, De- catur, siege of Atlanta, Ezra Church, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station, Ship's Gap, Sherman's campaign to Savannah, went through the Carolinas, and was mus- tered out of service at Washington, D. C, June 6, 1865. THE TWENTY-SEVENTH was mustered into United States service at Dubuque, Oct. 3, 1862, with James I. Gilbert, of Lansing, as Colonel ; Jed Lake, of Independence, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and G. W. Howard, of Bradford, as Major. Companies A, B and I were from Allamakee County ; Companies C and H, from Buchanan County ; Companies D and E, from Clayton County; Company F, from Delaware County ; Company G, from Floyd and Chickasaw Counties, and Company K, from Mitchell County. Engaged at Little Rock, Ark., was on Red River ex- pedition, Fort De Russey, Pleasant Hill, Yellow Bayou, Tupelo, Old Town Creek and Fort Blakely. Was mustered out at Clinton\ Iowa, Aug. 8, 1865. THE TWENTY-EIGHTH was organized at Iowa City, and mustered in Nov. 10, 1862, with William E. Miller, of Iowa City, as Colonel; John Corinell, of Toledo, as Lieutenant Colonel, and H. B. Lynch, of Millersburg, as Major. Companies A and D were from Benton County ; Companies B and G, from Iowa County ; Companies C, H and I, from Poweshiek County; Company E, from Johnson County; Company F, from Tama County, and Company K, from Jasper County. Was engaged at Port Gibson, Jackson and siege of Vicksburg ; was on Banks' Red River expedition, and engaged at Sabine Cross Roads ; was engaged in Shen- andoah Valley, Va., and engaged at Winchester, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek. Was mustered out of service at Savannah, Ga., July 31, 1865. THE TWENTY-NINTH was organized at Council Bluffs, and mustered into the United States service December 1, 1862, with Thomas H. Benton, Jr., of Council Bluffs, as Colonel; R. F. Patterson, of Keokuk, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and Charles B. Shoe- maker, of Clarinda, as Major. Company A was from Pottawattamie County; Company B, from Pottawattamie and Mills Counties ; Comuany C, from Harrison County ; Company D, from Adair and Adams Counties , Company E, from Fremont County ; Company F, from Taylor County ; Company G, from Ring- gold County. Was engaged at Helena, Arkansas and Spanish Fort. Was mustered out at New Orleans August 15, 1865. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 241 THE THIRTIETH INFANTRY was organized at Keokuk, and mustered into the United States service September 23, 1862, with Charles B. Abbott, of Louisa County, as Colonel; Wm. M. G. Tor- rence, of Keokuk, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and Lauren Dewey, of Mt. Pleasant, as Major. Companies A and I were from Lee County ; Company B, from Davis County ; Company C, from Des Moines County ; Company D, from Van Buren County ; Companies E and K from Washington County ; Company F, from Davis County; and Companies Gr and H, from Jefferson County. Was engaged at Arkansas Post, Yazoo City, Vicksburg, Cherokee, Ala., Ringgold, Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Lovejoy Station, Jonesboro, Taylor's Ridge; was in Sherman's campaigns to Savannah and through the Carolinas to Richmond ; was in the grand review at Washington, D. C, where it was mus- tered out June 5, 1865. THE THIRTY-FIRST INFANTRT was mustered into the service at Davenport October 13, 1862, with William Smyth, of Marion, as Colonel ; J. W. Jenkins, of Maquoketa, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and Ezekiel Cutler, of Anamosa, as Major. Company A was from Linn County; Companies B, C and D, from Black Hawk County; Companies E. G and H, from Jones County ; Companies F, I and K, from Jackson County. Was engaged at Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, Raymond, Jackson, Black River, Vicksburg, Cherokee, Lookout Mountain, Mission Ridge, Ringgold, Taylor's Hills, Snake Creek Gap, Resaca, Dallas, New Hope Church, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Jonesboro ; was in Sherman's campaign through Georgia and the Carolinas, and was mustered out at Louisville, Ken- tucky, June 27, 1865 THE THIRTY-SECOND INFANTRY was organized at Dubuque, with John Scott, of Nevada, as Colonel ; E. H. Mix, of Shell Rock, as Lieutenant Colonel, and G. A. Eberhart, of Waterloo, as Major. Company A was from Hamilton, Hardin and Wright Counties ; Company B, from Cerro Gordo County ; Company C, from , Black Hawk County ; Company D, from Boone County; Company E, from Butler County; Company F, from Hardin County ; Company G, from Butler and Floyd Coun- ties ; Company H, from Franklin County ; Company I, from Webster County, and Company K, from Marshall and Polk Counties, and was mustered into the United States service October 5, 1862. Was engaged at Fort De Russey, Pleasant Hill, Tupelo, Old Town Creek, Nashville, etc., and was mustered out of the United States service at Clinton, Iowa, Aug. 24, 1865. THE THIRTY-THIRD INFANTRY was organized at Oskaloosa, with Samuel A. Rice, of Oskaloosa, as Colonel ; Cyrus H. Maskey, of Sigourney, as Lieutenant Colonel, and Hiram D. Gibson, of Knoxville, as Major. Companies A and I were from Marion County ; Com- panies B, F and H, from Keokuk County ; Companies C, D, E and K, from Makaska County, and Company G, from Marion, Makaska and Polk Counties, and mustered in October 1, 1862. Was engaged at Little Rock, Helena, Sa- line River, Spanish Fort and Yazoo Pass. Was mustered out at New Orleans, July 17, 1865. 242 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. THE THIRTY-FOURTH INFANTRY / was organized with George W. Clark, of Indianola, as Colonel ; W. S. Dungan, of Chariton, as Lieutenant Colonel, and R. D. Kellogg, of Decatur County, as Major, and mustered in at Burlington, October 15, 1862. Companies A and I were from Decatur County ; Companies B, C and D, from Warren County; Com- pany E, from Lucas County; Company F, from Wayne County; Company G, from Lucas 'and Clark Counties; Company H, from Madison and Warren Counties, and Company K, from Lucas County. Was engaged at Arkansas Post, Ft. Gaines, etc., etc. Was consolidated with the Thirty-eighth Infantry, January 1, 1865, and mustered out at Houston, Texas, August 15, 1865. THE THIRTY-FIFTH INFANTRY was organized at Muscatine, and mustered in the United States service Sep- tember 18, 1862, with S. G. Hill, of Muscatine, as Colonel ; James H. Roth- rock, as Lieutenant Colonel, and Henry 0' Conner, of Muscatine, as Major. Companies A, B, C, D and E, were from Muscatine. County; Company F, from Muscatine and. Louisa Counties; Companies G, H and I, from Muscatine and Cedar Counties, and Company K, from Cedar County. Participated in the battles. of Jackson, siege of Vicksburg, Bayou Rapids, Bayou de Glaze, Pleasant Hill, Old River Lake, Tupelo, Nashville, etc. Was mustered out at Davenport, August 10, 1865. THE THIRTY-SIXTH INFANTRY was organized at Keokuk, with Charles W. Kittredge, of Ottumwa, as Colonel ; F. M. Drake, of Unionville, Appanoose County, as Lieutenant Colonel, and T. C. Woodward, of Ottumwa, as Major, and mustered in October 4, 1862 ; Com- pany A was from Monroe County; Companies B, D, E, H and K, from Wapello County, and Companies C, F, G and I, from Appanoose County. Was engaged in the following battles : Mark's Mills, Ark. ; Elkins' Ford, Camden, Helena, Jenkins' Ferry, etc. At Mark's Mills, April 25, 1864, out of 500 engaged, lost 200 killed and wounded, the balance being taken prisoners of war ; was exchanged October 6, 1864. Was mustered out at Duvall's Bluff, Ark., August 24, 1865. THE THIRY-SEVENTH INFANTRY (OR GRAY BEARDS; was organized with Geo. W. Kincaid, of Muscatine, as Colonel ; Geo. R. West, of Dubuque, as Lieutenant Colonel, and Lyman Allen, of Iowa City, as .Major, and was mustered into United States service at Muscatine December 15, 1862. Company A was from Black Hawk and Linn Counties ; Company B, from Muscatine County ; Company C, from Van Buren and Lee Counties ; Company D, from Johnson and Iowa Counties ; Company E, from Wapello and Mahaska Counties ; Company F, from Dubuque County ; Company G, from Appanoose, Des Moines, Henry and Washington Counties ; Company H, from Henry and Jefierson Counties ; Company I, from Jasper, Linn and other counties, and Company K, from Scott and Fayette Counties. The object of the Thirty- seventh was to do garrison duty and let the young men go to the front. It was mustered out at Davenport on expiration of three years' service. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 243 THE THIRTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY was organized at Dubuque, and mustered in November 4, 1862, with D. H. Hughes, of Decorah, as Colonel ; J. 0. Hudnutt, of Waverly, as Lieutenan, Colonel, and Charles Chadwick, of West Union, as Major. Companies A, Ft G and H were from Fayette County ; Company B, from Bremer County ; Com- pany C, from Chickasaw County ; Companies D, B and K, from Winneshiek County, and Company I, from Howard County. Participated in the siege of Vicksburg, Banks' Red River expedition, and on December 12, 1864, was consolidated with the Thirty-fourth Infantry. Mustered out at Houston, Texas, August 15, 1865. THE THIRTY-NINTH INFANTRY was organized with H. J. B. Cummings, of Winterset, as Colonel; James Red- field, of Redfield, Dallas County, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and J. M. Griffiths, of Des Moines, as Major. Companies A and F were from Madison County : Companies B and I, from Polk Couuty; Companies C and H, from Dallas County ; Company D, from Clark County ; Company E, from Greene County ; Company G, from Des Moines and Henry Counties ; and Company K, from Clark and Decatur Counties. Was engaged at Parker's Cross Roads, Tenn.; Corinth, Allatoona, Ga.; Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Sherman's march to Savannah and through the Carolinas to Richmond, and was mustered out at Washington June 5, 1865. THE FORTIETH INFANTRY was organized at Iowa City November 15, 1862, with John A. Garrett, of Newton, as Colonel; S. F. Cooper, of Grinnell, as Lieutenant Colonel; and S. G. Smith, of Newton, as Major. Companies A and H were from Marion County; Company B, from Poweshiek County; Company C, from Mahaska County ; Companies D and E, from Jasper County ; Company F, from Ma- haska and Marion Counties ; Company G, from Marion County ; Company I, from Keokuk County ; and Company K, from Benton and other counties. Par- ticipated in the siege of Vicksburg, Steele's expedition, Banks' Red River expedition. Jenkins' Ferry, etc. Was mustered out at Port Gibson August 2, 1866. THE FORTY-FIRST INFANTRY, formerly Companies A, B and C of the Fourteenth Infantry, became Compa- nies K, L and M of the Seventh Cavalry, under authority of the War Depart- ment. Its infantry organization was under command of John Pattee, of Iowa City. Company A. was from Black Hawk, Johnson and other counties ; Com- pany B, from Johnson County ; and Company C, from Des Moines and Various counties. THE FORTY-FOURTH INFANTRY (100 DAYS) was organized at Davenport, and mustered in June 1, 1864. Company A was from Dubuque County ; Company B, Muscatine County ; Company C, Jones, Linn and Dubuque Counties ; Company D, Johnson and Linn Counties ; Com- pany E, Bremer and Butler Counties; Company F, Clinton and Jackson Counties ; Company G, Marshall and Hardin Counties ; Company H, Boone and Polk Counties; Companies I and K, Scott County. The Forty-fourth did garrison duty at Memphis and La Grange, Tenn. Mustered out at Daven- port, September 15, 1864. 244 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. THE FORTY-FIFTH INFANTRY (100 DAYS) was mustered in at Keokuk, May 25, 1864, with A. H. Bereman, of Mount Pleasant, as Colonel ; S. A. Moore, of Bloomfield, as Lieutenant Colonel, and J. B. Hope, of Washington, as Major. The companies were from the following counties : A, Henry ; B, "Washington ; C, Lee ; D, Davis ; E, Henry and Lee ; F, Des Moines ; G, Des Moines and Henry ; H, Henry ; I, Jefferson, and K, Van Buren. Was mustered out at Keokuk, September 16, 1864. THE FORTY-SIXTH INFANTRY (100 DAYS) was organized with D. B. Henderson, of Clermont, as Colonel ; L. D. Durbin, of Tipton, as Lieutenant Colonel, and G. L. Tarbet, as Major, and was mus- tered in at Dubuque, June 10, 1864. Company A was from Dubuque ; Com- pany B, from Poweshiek; C, from Dallas and Guthrie; D, from Taylor and Fayette; E, from Ringgold and Linn ; F, from Winneshiek and Delaware ; G, from Appanoose and Delaware ; H, from Wayne ; I, from Cedar, and K, from Lucas. Was mustered out at Davenport, September 23, 1864. THE FORTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY (100 DAYS) was mustered into United States service at Davenport, June 4, 1864, with James P. Sanford, of Oskaloosa, as Colonel ; John Williams, of Iowa City, as Lieutenant Colonel, and G. J. Wright, of Des Moines, as Major. Company A was from Marion and Clayton Counties; Company B, from Appanoose County; Company C, from Wapello and Benton Counties; Company B, from Buchanan and Linn Counties ; Company E, from Madison County ; Company F, from Polk County ; Company G, from Johnson County ; Company H, from Keokuk County; Company I, from Mahaska County, and Company K, from Wapello. THE FORTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY — BATTALION — (100 DAYS) was organized at Davenport, and mustered in July 13, 1864, with O. H. P. Scott, of Farmington, as Lieutenant Colonel. Company A was from Warren County; Company B, from Jasper County; Company C, from Decatur County, and Company D, from Des Moines and Lee Counties, and was mustered out at Rock Island Barracks Oct. 21, 1864. CAVALRY. THE FIRST CAVALRY was organized at Burlington, and mustered into the United States service May 3, 1861, with Fitz Henry Warren, of Burlington, aslColonel ; Chas. E. Moss, of Keokuk, as Lietftenant Colonel; and E.W. Chamberlain, of Burlington, James O. Gower, of Iowa City, and W. M. G. Torrence, of Keokuk, as Majors. Company A was from Lee, Van Buren and Wapello Counties ; Company B, from Clinton County ; Company C, from Des Moines and Lee Counties ; Com- pany D, from Madison and Warren Counties; Company E, from Henry County ; Company F, from Johnson and Linn Counties ; Company G, from Dubuque and Black' Hawk Counties ; Company H, from Lucas and Morrison Counties ; Company I, from Wapello and Des Moines Counties ; Company K, from Allamakee and Clayton Counties ; Company L, from Dubuque and other . HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 245 counties; Company M, from Clinton County. It was engaged at Pleasant Hill, Mo.; Rolla, New Lexington, Elkins' Ford, Little Rock, Bayou Metoe, Warrensburg, Big Creek Bluffs, Antwineville, Clear Creek, etc. "Was mustered out at Austin, Texas, February 15, 1866. THE SECOND CAVALRY ■was organized with W. L. Elliott, of the regular army, as Colonel ; Edward Hatch, of Muscatine, as Lieutenant Colonel; and N. P. Hepburn, of Marshall- town, D. E. Coon, of Mason City, and H. W. Love, of Iowa City, as Majors, and was mustered into the United States service at Davenport September 1, 1861. Company A was from Muscatine County ; Company B, from Marshall ' County ; Company C, from Scott County ; Company D,. from Polk County ; Company E, from Scott County; Company F, from Hamilton and Franklin Counties ; Company G, from Muscatine County ; Company H, from Johnson County ; Company I, from Cerro Gordo, Delaware and other counties ; Com- pany K, from Des Moines County ; Company L, from Jackson County, and Company M, from Jackson County. The Second Cavalry participated in the following military movements : Siege of Corinth, battles of Farmington, Boone- ville, Rienzi, Iuka, Corinth, Coffeeville, Palo Alto, Birmingham, Jackson, Grenada, Collierville, Moscow, Pontotoc, Tupelo, Old Town, Oxford, and en- gagements against Hood's march on Nashville, battle of Nashville, etc. Was mustered out at Selma, Ala., September 19, 1865. THE THIRD CAVALRY was organized and mustered into the United States service at Keokuk, in Au- gust and September, 1861, with Cyrus Bussey, of Bloomfield, as Colonel; H. H. Bussey, of Bloomfield, as Lieutenant Colonel, and C. H. Perry, H. C. Cald- well and W. C. Drake, of Corydon, as Majors. Companies A and E were from Davis County ; Company B, from Van Buren and Lee Counties ; Company C, from Lee and Keokuk Counties; Company D, from Davis and Van Buren Counties ; Company F, from Jefferson County ; Company G, from Van Buren County ; Company H, from Van Buren and Jefferson Counties ; Company I, from Appanoose County ; Company K, from Wapello and Marion Counties ; Company L, from Decatur County, and Company M, from Appanoose and De- catur Counties. It was engaged in the following battles and skirmishes : Pea Ridge, La Grange, Sycamore, near Little Rock, Columbus, Pope's Farm, Big Blue, Ripley, Coldwater, Osage, Tallahatchie, Moore's Mill, near Monte- vallo, near Independence, Pine Bluff, Botts' Farm, Gun Town, White's Station, Tupelo, Village Creek. Was mustered out of United States service at Atlanta, Ga., August 9, 1865. THE FOURTH CAVALRY was organized with Asbury B. Porter, of Mount Pleasant, as Colonel ; Thomas Drummond, of Vinton, as Lieutenant Colonel ; S. D. Swan, of Mount Pleas- ant, J. E. Jewett, of Des Moines, and G. A. Stone, of Mo^nt Pleasant, as Majors, and mustered into United States service at Mount Pleasant November 21, 1861. Company A was from Delaware County ; Company C, from Jef- ferson and Henry Counties ; Company D, from Henry County ; Company E, 246 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. from Jasper and Poweshiek Counties ; Company F, from Wapello County ; Company G-, from Lee and Henry Counties ; Company H, from Chickasaw County; Company I, from Madison County; Company K, from Henry County ; Company L, from Des Moines and other counties ; and Company M, from Jefferson County. The Fourth Cavalry lost men in the following engage- ments : Guntown, Miss.; Helena, Ark.; near Bear Creek, Miss.; near Mem- phis, Tenn.; Town Creek, Miss.; Columbus, Ga.; Mechanicsburg,Miss.; Little Blue River, Ark.; Brownsville, Miss.; Ripley, Miss.; Black River Bridge, Miss.; Grenada, Miss.; Little Red River, Ark.; Tupelo, Miss.; Yazoo River, Miss.; White River, Ark.; Osage, Kan.; Lick Creek, Ark.; Okalona, Miss.; St. Francis River, Ark. Was mustered out at Atlanta, Ga., August 10, 1865. THE FIFTH CAVALRY was organized at Omaha with Wm. W. Lowe, of the regular army, as Colo- nel ; M. T. Patrick, of Omaha, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and C. S. Bernstein, of Dubuque, as Major, and mustered in September 21, 1861. Companies A, B, C and D were mostly from Nebraska ; Company E, from Dubuque County ; Company F, from Des Moines, Dubuque and Lee Counties ; Company G, from Minnesota ; Company H, from Jackson and other counties ; Companies I and K were from Minnesota ; Company L, from Minnesota and Missouri ; Com- pany M, from Missouri ; Companies G, I and K were transferred to Minnesota Volunteers Feb. 25, 1864. The new Company G was organized from veterans and recruits and Companies C, E, F and I of Fifth Iowa Infantry, and trans- > ferred to Fifth Cavalry August 8, 1864. The second Company 1 was organ- ized from veterans and recruits and Companies A, B, D, G, H and K of the Fifth Iowa Infantry, and transferred to Fifth Iowa Cavalry August 18, 1864. Was engaged at second battle of Fort Donelson, Wartrace, Duck River Bridge, Sugar Creek, Newnan, Camp Creek, Cumberland Works, Tenn.; Jonesboro, Ebenezer Church, Lockbridge's Mills, Pulaski, Cheraw, and mustered out at Nashville, Tenn., August 11, 1865. THE SIXTH CAVALRY. was organized with D. S. Wilson, of Dubuque, as Colonel ; S. M. Pollock, of Dubuque, as Lieutenant Colonel ; T. H. Shephard, of Iowa City, E. P. Ten- Broeck, of Clinton, and A. E. House, of Delhi, as Majors, and was mustered in at Davenport, January 31, 1863. Company A was from Scott and other counties ; Company B, from Dubuque and other counties ; Company C, from Fayette County; Company D, from Winneshiek County; Company E, from Southwest counties of the State; Company F, from Allamakee and other counties ; Company G, from Delaware and Buchanan Counties ; Company H, from Linn County ; Company I, from Johnson and other counties ; Company K, from Linn County ; Company L, from Clayton County ; Company M, from Johnson and Dubuque Counties. The Sixth Cavalry operated on the frontier against the Indians. Was mustered out at Sioux City, October 17, 1865. THE SEVENTH CAVALRY was organized at Davenport, and mustered into the United States service April 27, 1863, with S. W. Summers, of Ottumwa, as Colonel ; John Pattee, of Iowa City, as Lieutenant Colonel ; H. H. Heath and G. M. O'Brien, of Dubuaue, HISTORY OF THE STATE Of IOWA. 247 and John S. Wood, of Ottumwa, as Majors. Companies A, B, C and D, were from Wapello and other counties in immediate vicinity ; Companies B, F, G and H, were from all parts of the State ; Company I, from Sioux City and known as Sioux City Cavalry; Company K was originally Company A of the Fourteenth Infantry and afterward Company A of the Forty-first Infantry, was from Johnson and other jounties ; Company L was originally Company B, of the Forty-first Infantry and afterward Company B, of the Forty , and was from Johnson County ; Company M was originally Company C, of the Fourteenth Infantry, and afterward Company C, of the Forty-first and from Des Moines and other counties. The Seventh Cavalry operated against the Indi- ans. Excepting the Lieutenant Colonel and Companies K, L and M, the regi- ment was mustered out at Leavenworth, Kansas, May 17, 1866. Companies K, L, and M were mustered out at Sioux City, June 22, 1866. THE EIGHTH CAVALRY was organized with J. B. Dorr, of Dubuque, as Colonel ; H. G. Barner, of Sidney, as Lieutenant Colonel ; John J. Bowen, of Hopkinton, J. D. Thompson, of Eldora, and A. J. Price, of Guttenburg, as Majors, and were mustered in at Davenport September 30, 1863. The companies were mostly from the follow- ing counties : Company A, Page ; B, Wapello ; C, Van Buren ; D, Ring- gold ; E, Henry ; F, Appanoose ; G, Clayton ; H, Appanoose ; I, Marshall ; K, Muscatine; L, Wapello ; M, Polk. The Eighth did a large amount of duty guarding Sherman's communications, in which it had many small engagements. It was in the battles of Lost Mountain, Lovejoy's Station, Newnan, Nashville, etc. Was on Stoneman's cavalry raid around Atlanta, and Wilson's raid through Alabama. Was mustered out at Macon, Ga., August 13 r 1865. THE NINTH CAVALRY was mustered in at Davenport, November 30, 1863, with M. M. Trumbull, of Cedar Falls, as Colonel ; J. P. Knight, of Mitchell, as Lieutenant Colonel ; E. T. Ensign, of Des Moines, Willis Drummond, of McGregor, and William Had- dock, of Waterloo, as Majors. Company A was from Muscatine County ; Company B, Linn County; Company 0, Wapello and Decatur Counties ; Com- pany D, Washington County ; Company E, Fayette County ; Company F, Clayton County ; Companies G and H, various counties ; Company I, Wapello and Jefferson Counties ; Company K, Keokuk County ; Company L, Jasper and Marion Counties ; Company M, Wapello and Lee Counties. Was mustered out at Little Hock, Ark., February 28, 1866. ARTILLERY. THE FIRST BATTERY OF LIGHT ARTILLERY was enrolled in the counties of Wapello, Des Moines, Dubuque, Jefferson, Black Hawk, etc., and was mustered in at Burlington, Aug. 17, 1861, with C. H. Fletcher, of Burlington, as Captain. Was engaged at Pea Ridge, Port Gibson, in Atlanta campaign, Chickasaw Bayou, Lookout Mountain, etc. Was mus- tered out at Davenport July 5, 1865. 248 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. THE SECOND BATTERY OF LIGHT ARTILLERY was enrolled in the counties of Dallas, Polk, Harrison, Fremont and Pottawat- tamie, and mustered into United States service at Council Bluffs and St. Louis, Mo, Aug. 8 and 31, 1861, with Nelson T. Spear, of Council Bluffs, as Captain. Was engaged at Farmington, Corinth, etc. Was mustered out at Davenport, Aug. 7, 1865. THE THIRD BATTERY OF LIGHT ARTILLERY was enrolled in the counties of Dubuque, Black Hawk, Butler and Floyd, and mustered into United States service at Dubuque, September, 1861, with M. M. Hayden, of Dubuque, as Captain. Was at battle of Pea Ridge, etc., etc. Was mustered out at Davenport, Oct. 23, 1865. THE FOURTH BATTERY OF LIGHT ARTILLERY was enrolled in Mahaska, Henry, Mills and Fremont Counties, and was mus- tered in at Davenport, Nov. 23, 1863, with P. H. Groode,'of Grlenwood, Cap- , tain. Was mustered out at Davenport, July 14, 1865. MISCELLANEOUS: THE FOURTH BATTALION Company A, from Fremont County, W. Hoyt, Captain ; Company B, from Taylor County, John Flick, Captain; Company C, from Page County, J. Whitcomb, Captain. THE NORTHERN BORDER BRIGADE was organized by the State of Iowa to protect the Northwestern frontier, James A. Sawyer, of Sioux City, was elected Colonel. It had Companies A, B, C, D and E, all enlisted from the Northwestern counties. THE SOUTHERN BORDER BRIGADE was organized by the State for the purpose of protecting the Southern border of the State, and was organized in counties on the border of Missouri. Com- pany A, First Battalion, was from Lee County, Wm. Sole, Captain; Company B, First Battalion, Joseph Dickey, Captain, from Van Buren County ; Company A, Second Battalion, from Davis County, Capt. H. B. Horn; Company B, Sec- ond Battalion, from Appanoose County, E. B. Skinner, Captain; Company A, Third Battalion, from Decatur County, J. H. Simmons, Captain ; Company B, Third Battalion, from Wayne County, E. F. Estel, Captain ; Company C, Third Battalion, from Ringgold County, N. Miller, Captain. THE FIRST INFANTRY — AFRICAN DESCENT — (SIXTIETH U. S.) was organized with John G. Hudson, Captain Company B, Thirty-third Mis- souri, as Colonel; M. F. Collins, of Keokuk, as Lieutenant Colonel, and J. L. Murphy, of Keokuk, as Major. Had ten companies, and were mustered in at various places in the Fall of 1863. The men were from all parts of the State and some from Missouri. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 249 During the war, the following promotions were made by the United States Government from Iowa regiments:* MAJOR GENERALS Samuel R. Curtis, Brigadier General, from March 21, 1862. ( Frederick Steele, Brigadier General, from November 20, 1862. Frank J. Herron, Brigadier General, from November 29, 1862. Grenville M. Dodge, Brigadier General, from June 7, 1864. BRIGADIER GENERALS. . Samuel B. Curtis, Colonel 2d Infantry, from May 17, 1861.' Frederick Steele, Colonel 8th Infantry, from February 6, 1862. Jacob G. Lauman, Colonel 7th Infantry, from March 21, 1862. Grenville M. Dodge, Colonel 4th Infantry, from March 31, 1862. James M. Tuttle, Colonel 2d Infantry, from June 9, 1862. Washington L. Elliott, Colonel 2d Cavalry, from June 11, 1862. Fitz Henry Warren, Colonel 1st Cavalry , from July 6, 1862. Frank J. Herron, Lieutenant Colonel 9th Infantry, from July 30, 1862. Charles L. Matthies, Colonel 5th Infantry, from November 29, 1862. William Yandever, Colonel 9th Infantry, from November 29, 1862. Marcellus M. Crocker, Colonel 13th Infantry, from Nov. 29, 1862. (Since died.) Hugh T. Beid, Colonel 15th Infantry from March 13, 1863. Samuel A. Rice, Colonel 33d Infantry, from August 4, 1863. John M. Corse, (jolonel 6th Infantry, from August 11, 1863. Cyrus Bussey, Colonel 3d Cavalry, from January 5, 1864. Edward Hatch, Colonel 2d Cavalry, from April 27, 1864. Elliott W. Rice, Colonel 7th Infantry, from June 20, 1864. Wm. W. Belknap, Colonel 15th Infantry, from July 30, 1864. John Edwards, Colonel 18th Infantry, from September 26, 1864. James A. Williamson, Colonel 4th Infantry, from January 13, 1864. James I. Gilbert, Colonel 27th Infantry, from February 9, 1865. BREVET MAJOR GENERALS. John M. Corse, Brigadier General from October 5, 1864. Edward Hatch', Brigadier General, from December 15, 1864. Wm. W. Belknap, Brigadier General, from March 13, 1865. W. L. Elliott, Brigadier General, from March 13, 1865. Wm. Vandever, Brigadier General, from June 7, 1865. BREVET BRIGADIER GENERALS. Wm. T. Clark, A. A. G., late of 13th Infantry, from July 22, 1'864. Edward F. Winslow, Colonel 4th Cavalry, from December 12, 1864. S. G. Hill, Colonel 35th Infantry, from December 15, 1864. (Since died.) Thos. H. Benton, Colonel 29th Infantry, from December 15, 1864. Samuel L. Glasgow, Colonel 23d Infantry, from December 19, 1864. Clark R. Wever, Colonel 17th Infantry, from February 9, 1865. Francis M. Drake, Lieutenant Colonel 36th Infantry, from February 22, 1865. George A. Stone, Colonel 25th Infantry, from March 13, 1865. Datus E. Coon, Colonel 2d Cavalry, from March 8, 1865. George W. Clark, Colonel 34th Infantry, from March 13, 1865. Herman H. Heath, Colonel 7th Cavalry, from March 13, 1865. J. M. Hedrick, Colonel 15th Infantry, from March 13, 1865. W. W. Lowe, Colonel 5th Cavalry, from March 13, 1865. ♦Thomas J. McKean was appointed Paymaster in V. S. A. from Iowa, and subsequently promoted Brigadier General, to date from Nov. 21, 1661. 250 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. TWL ■^uain CO lO CO CN 05i-ii-t(N ImnHt-^CHOH^I mwHf-soaHio : -%>>'d d h h ► Ch Cm co oa £b W ■ ■** 9 ? "£ - >^ m o Si h tK. | "3 fe u h ti, "g jj S 9 s Sh >z; <1 v GQCGOT ^£ -a -q If »h.s -■ a .s 43 »" ,d jj HISTORY Of THE STATE OF IOWA. 251. lOWWCTOHN HWHC1H tO N N ifl M H N H(Ni-«Wh NCOHifl U5H . rH i-t MWr 1 iNMiOW^HHOiO^WeO I t— (M»0»OC0 .iQNWCOWNH HeOHHNINH :cNTt* bl* ^bb^ -fe J >»bfl-£3£5 .2 «* n oa r3 g g T3 rt IlfflilJi^P^flp^ s?hg a •a ■3 r9 H M fl -" 5 n if Ullll SSSSSSsSS EHHEHE-iEHHEHHE-i £- t- ^ t- tH t- HHHHHH .s.s.s.a.s-s.-g-g-s-s-s g 252 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 'T*» X ■juaui -imoddy Xg ■sdJoo-a'Aox •pOJtl'jd'BQ --MHO© CM £- ^ di O CO ;W*!N(NiM ; t- CO ; 10 rHCOCM-^OScor-COCMi-i ■BBT^imEPBO l«*ox CO(MOO(MeC(M , *CO'*WQr-l , 'OCO»OCOCBt^ffiCOeO©L'SiffliH«IOS •2lITSSIJ\[ 'l«?ox CO rH ■**( CO rl!M CO (N IM O rn tH Oi ri W CO CO CO H 13 O co CM co co CM co (N '^[pjjTiappoy CO W Cl Th CO CO H (N (N H H rt CO rH ^ CO -^ o •* ■uorjoy uj t- Tti r-l CO CO CO -^H "^ CO rH CM CO CI CO rH CO O Tfl N rH 1— CO CM rH lO iO CO CM CO CO (N CO CN TOOX WQiOCOCOiffl'r) , *(M^CD!DH L— OCOOCOCMQOThcDcOCOrHCMrH CM rH CO CM CM CM COCOOOOi— I 00 L-- 00 CO CO OS OONiOWCO CO CM CM CM rH rH rH rH CO CO •+ N O O O O ^ CM 1M ?D O rHCMrHCM'MrHaSCM'Ot-COCOr- rH , rH CNHrlHHCMH ■Sutuavojq; ^g '*COCM i ^iCMTtiL--H^CO CM rH — rH •apiomg £g | ■9SB9Sta JO t— rH^CDt-CiCMrHCMrHCSCOlO oooiCMcocMiccnas^Di.ocMco rH rH CM rH rH rH r-t-rHNCiQNO^i-Qt-CO^ O rH CM OS CO Q5 CM CO CO © CO rH CM ph rH rH CM iH •epunoAV JO 'IBjox ; CO : y—\ i-\ I : r-^CM i-t •^IVBiaapiooy I CO W ■* «l CD CO CO CO H •uoipy UJ £>> «3 c3 eg ?*" J : m « "3 03 u '"' 3 ^ CO B H ► t-DJ 6 .--Sra_flJ3^^^ & b- >.'-' I0QEH _, "S •" « .2 .2 .2 .2 ST P< a i:~.«s:f.sS£S£3e°.§l t> 3 a d o o « o 02 03 fa rf?"S si's m *$4&' } 5si- \m**l ■3* 3 as "S > tofl « 5^ HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 253 CO CN CO CN NlNNrt^MiO^TjiLCKDCD^TjiM^b-COIMIM r-COiOOn*rO«ia«INOWHCDOO (D03«OmHM^MiOr-'XiOJCHOOiCOO«r-iXi(NL , -CO l M NriHH rH CN CN CN©S^^^H< I _itDTticOCOHit--!NrHCM '!tilNOiCOOiM«)COaD USODQO^ . t— ^ O CO O rn CO CN : W(N cn OCO^ltOHOJCSTtlCSIMC. H^OHTjIWOOHCJOOJOHOtOOOWHOHl HOO(NH(NrHHTHOl'3mCOI-!£)CDOMQrHTfifQOCOCD CO rH t— I O CO O CD r CO £- CO U3 O CO CD ^ W 03 lO © 13 f- id O U3 CO O !D O LO C lO lO CD lO HH ^ o2 -^ ;o f r-THCO ; ; ! 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Solution. Require the interest of J462.50 for one month and eighteen days at 6 per cent. An interest month is 30 days; one month and eighteen days equal 48 days »4b2-50 multi- Pliedby .48 gives $222 0000; 360 divided by 6 (the percent of M west) gives 60, and — — fe-OOOO divided by 60 will give you the exact interest wtoieli is $3.70. r| therate of ,|i£2 n ° Interest in the above example were 12 per cent., we would divide the S222. 0000 by 30 6)360 \ 185000 (because 360 divided by 12 gives 30); if 4 per cent., we would divide by 90; If 8 per _ ) cent., by 45: and in like manner for any other per cent. S463.50 .48 60/5222.0000(83.70 180 420 420 MISCELLANEOUS TABLE. oo long, 1 Cord Wood. 290 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. NAMES OF THE STATES OF THE UNION, AND THEIR SIGNIFICATIONS. Virginia. — The oldest of the States, was so called in honor of Queen Elizabeth, the "Virgin Queen," in whose reign Sir Walter Raleigh made his first attempt to colonize that region. Florida. — Ponce de Leon landed on the coast of Florida on Easter Sunday, and called the country in commemoration of the day, which was the Pasqua Florida of the Spaniards, or " Feast of Flowers." Louisiana was called after Louis the Fourteenth, who at one time owned that section of the country. Alabama was so named by the Indians, and signifies " Here we Rest." Mississippi is likewise an Indian name, meaning " Long River." Arkansas, from Kansas, the Indian word for "smoky water." Its prefix was really arc, the French word for " bow." The Carolinas were originally one tract, and were called "Carolana," after Charles the Ninth of France. Georgia owes its name to George the Second of England, who first established a colony there in 1732. Tennessee is .the Indian name for the " River of the Bend," i. e., the Mississippi which forms its western boundary. Kentucky is the Indian name for " at the head of the river." Ohio means " beautiful ; " Iowa, " drowsy ones ; " Minnesota, " cloudy water," and Wisconsin, " wild-rushing channel." Illinois is derived from the Indian word Mini, men, and the French suffix ois, together signifying " tribe of men." Michigan was called by the name given the lake, fish-weir, which was so styled from its fancied resemblance to a fish trap. Missouri is from the Indian word " muddy," which more properly applies to the river that flows through it. Oregon owes its Indian name also to its principal river. Cortes named California. Massachusetts is the Indian for *' The country around the great hills." Connecticut, from the Indian Quon-ch-ta-Cut, signifying "Long River." Maryland, after Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles the First, of England. New York was named by the Duke of York. Pennsylvania means " Penn's woods," and was so called after William Penn, its orignal owner. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 291 Delaware after Lord De La Ware. New Jersey, so called in honor of Sir George Carteret, who was Governor of the Island of Jersey, in the British Channel. Maine was called - after the province of Maine in France, in compli- ment of Queen Henrietta of England, who owned that province. Vermont, from the French word Vert Mont, signifying Green Mountain. New Hampshire, from Hampshire county in England. It was formerly called Laconia. The little' State of Rhode Island owes its name to the Island of Rhodes in the Mediterranean, which domain it is said to greatly resemble. Texas is the American word for the Mexican name by which all that section of the country Was called before it was ceded to the United States. POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. States add Territories. Alabama Arkansas California Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa. Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts — Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri ■ Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire Mew Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon .- ; Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia. West Virginia Wisconsin Total States Arizona :.. . Colorada Dakota District of Columbia Idaho Montana New Mexico Utah.--. Washington Wyoming. Total Territories Total United States Total Population. 996.992 484,471 560,347 537,454 135,015 187,748 1.184,109 3,539,891 1,680,637 1,491,793 364,399 1,321,011 736,915 626,915 780,894 1,457,351 1,184,059 439,706 827,932 1,731,295 122,993 42,491 318.300 906.096 4,382.759 1,071,361 2,665,260 90,933 3,531,791 217,353 705,606 1,258,520 818.579 330,551 1,225,163 442,014 1,054,670 38,113,253 39,864 14,181 131.700 14,999 20,595 91,874 86,786 23,955 9.118 442,730 38.555,983 POPULATION OF FIFTY PRINCIPAL CITIES. New York, N. Y Philadelphia, Pa Brooklyn, N. Y St. Louis, Mo Chicago, 111 Baltimore, Md Boston, Mass Cincinnati, Ohio New Orleans, La. .. San Francisco, cal. . Buffalo, N. Y Washington, D. C... Newark. N.J Louisville, Ky Cleveland, Ohio Pittsburg, Pa Jersey City, N.J Detroit, Mich Milwaukee, "Wis — Albany, N. Y Providence, R. I — Rochester, N. Y Allegheny, Pa Richmond, Va New Haven, Conn. . Charleston, S. C — Indianapolis, Ind. .. Troy, N. Y Syracuse* N. Y Worcester, Mass.*. .. Lowell, Mass Memphis, Tenn Cambridge, Mass. .. Hartford, Conn Scranton, Pa Reading, Pa Paterson, N.J Kansas City, Mo.... Mobile, Ala Toledo. Ohio Portland, Me Columbus, Ohio "Wilmington, Del... Dayton, Ohio Lawrence. Mass Utica, N. Y Oharlestown, Mass Savannah, Ga Lynn. Mass Fall River, Mass. . . Agp-regate Population. 942, 674, 396, 310, 298, 267, 250, 216, 191, 149, 117. 109, 105, 100, 92. 86, 82, 79, 71, 69. 68. 62, 53. 51. 50, 48, 48, 46, 43/ 41, 40, 40. 39, 37, 35, 33, 33, 32, 32, 31. 31 31. 30 30 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 26, 292 022 099 864 977 354 526 239 418 473 714 199 059 753 829 076 546 577 440 422 904 386 180 038 840 956 244 465 Q51 105 928 226 634 180 092 930 579 260 034 584 ,413 274 841 .473 ,921 ,804 323 235 ,233 ,766 292 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. States and Territories. States. Alabama Arkansas... California Connecticut Delaware "Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts... Michigan* Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire. New Jersey New York North Carolina.. Ohio Oregon Area in square Miles. 50, 52, 188 4 2. 59, 58, 55. 33, 55, 81, 37, 41, 31, 11, 7, 56, 83, 47, 65. 75, 112, 9, 8. 47, 50, 39, 95, Population. Miles E. R. 1872. States and Territories. Area in square Miles. Population. Miles R. B. 1872. 1870. 1875. 1870. 1875. 996,992 1,671 25 1,013 820 227 466 2,108 5,904 3,529 3.160 1,760 1,123 539 871 820 1,606 2,235 1,612 990 2,580 828 593 790 1,265 4,470 1,190 3,740 109 States. South Carolina... 46,000 1,306 29,385 45,600 237,504 10,212 40,904 23,000 53,924 3,521,791 217,353 705,606 1,258,520 818.579 330,551 1,225,163 442,014 1,054.670 258,239 925,145 5,113 136 1,201 1,529 865 675 1,490 484.471 560,247 537,454 125,015 187,748 1,184,109 2,539,891 1,236,729 1,680,637 1,191.792 364,399 1,350,544 528,349 857,039 1,725 Total States Territories. 1,950,171 113,916 104,500 147,490 60 90,932 143,776 121,201 8O\056 69,944 93,107 38,113,253 9,658 89,864 14,181 131,700 14,999 20,595 91.874 86,786 23,955 9,118 59,587 1,321,011 726,915 626,915 780,894 1,457,351 1,651,912 1,334,031 598,429 1,184,059 Dist. of Columbia. * 439,706 827,922 1,721,295 246,280 52,540 1,026,502 4,705,208 Utah 123,993 42,491 318,300 906,096 4,382,759 1,071,361 2,665,260 Total Territories. Aggregate of U. S.. 965,032 442,730 1,265 2,915,208 38,555,983 90,923 60,852 * Last Census of Michigan taken in 1874. * Included in the Railroad Mileage of Maryland. PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD; Population and Area. Countries. Population. Date of Census. Area in Square Miles. Inhabitants to Square Population. China British Empire Russia United States with Alaska, France Austria and Hungary Japan Great Britain and Ireland. German Empire Italy Spain Brazil....' Turkey Mexico Sweden and Norway Persia Belgium Bavaria Portugal Holland New Grenada Chill Switzerland Peru Bolivia Argentine Republic Wurtemburg Denmark Venezuela Baden Greece.: Guatemala Ecuador Paraguay Hesse Liberia San Salvador Hayti Nicaragua Uruguay Honduras San Domingo CostaRlca Hawaii 446,500.000 226,817,108 81,925,400 38,925,600 36,469,800 35,904,400 34,785,300 31,817,100 29,906,092 27,439,921 16,642,000 10,000,000 16,163,000 9,173.000 5,921.500 5,000,000 5,021,300 4,861,400 3,995,200 3,688,300 3,000,000 2,000,000 2,669,100 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,812,000 1,818,500 1,784,700 1,500,000 1,461,400 1,467,900 1,180,000 1,300,000 1,000,000 823,138 718,000 600,000 572.0110 350,000 300,000 350,000 136,000 165.000 62.950 1871 1871 1871 1870 1866 1869 1871 1871 1871 1871 1867 1869 1870 1870 1869 1871 1868 1870 1870 1869 1870 1871 '1869 1871 1870 '1871 1870 1871 '1871 '1871 1871 1871 1871 1871 1870 3.741,846 4,677,432 8,003,778 !, 603, 884 204,091 240,348 149,399 121,315 160,207 118,847 195,775 3,253,029 672,621 761,526 292,871 635,964 11,373 29,292 34,494 12.680 357,157 132.616 15,992 471,838 497,321 871,848 7,533 14,753 368,238 5,912 19,353 40,879 218,928 63,787 2,969 9,576 7,335 10,205 58,171 66,722 47,092 17,827 21,505 7,633 119.3 48.6 10.2 7.78 178.7 149.4 232.8 262.3 187. 230.9 85. 3.07 24.4 20. 7.8 441.5 165.9 115.8 290.9 8.4 15.1 166.9 5.3 4. 2.1 241.4 120.9 4.2 247. 75.3 28.9 5.9 15.6 277. 74.9 81.8 56. 6. 6.5 7.4 7.6 7.7 80. Pekin London St. Petersburg... Washington Paris Vienna Yeddo London Berlin Rome Madrid Rio Janeiro Constantinople .. Mexico Stockholm Teheran Brussels Munich Lisbon Hague Bogota Santiago Berne Lima Chuquisaca Buenos Ayres.... Stuttgart Copenhagen Caraccas Carlsruhe Athens Guatemala Quito Asuncion Darmstadt Monrovia Sal Salvador.... Port au Prince., Managua Monte Video Comayagua ...... San Domingo. . . . San Jose Honolulu 1,648,800' 3,251,800 667,000 109,199 1,825,309 833,900 1,554,900 3,251,800 825,400 244,484 332,000 420,000 1,075,000 210,800 136,900 120,009 314,100 leg.Boo' 224,063 90,100 45,000 115,400 36,000 160,100 25,000 177,800 91,600 162,042. 47,000 86,600 43,400 40,000 70,000 48,009 30,000 3,000 15,000 80,000. 10,000 44,500... 120001..- "If' ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. BILLS OF EXCHANGE AND PROMISSORY NOTES. Upon negotiable bills, and notes payable in this State, grace shall be allowed according to the law merchant. All the above mentioned paper falling due on Sunday, New Year's Day, the Fourth of July, Christmas, or any day appointed or recommended by the President of the United States or the Governor of the State, as a day of fast or thanksgiving, shall be deemed as due on the day pre- vious. No defense can be made against a negotiable instrument (assigned before due) in the hands of the assignee without notice, except fraud was used in obtaining the same. To hold an indorser, due diligence must be used by suit against the maker or his representative. Notes payable to person named or to order, in order to absolutely transfer title, must be indorsed by the payee. Notes payable to bearer may be transferred by delivery, and when so payable, every indorser thereon is held as a guarantor of payment, unless otherwise expressed. In computing interest or discount on negotiable instruments, a month shall be considered a calendar month or twelfth of a year, and for less than a month, a day shall be figured a thirtieth part of a month. Notes only bear interest when so expressed ; but after due, they draw the legal interest, even if not stated. INTEREST. The legal rate of interest is six per cent. Parties may agree, in writing, on a rate not exceeding ten per cent. If a rate of interest greater than ten per cent, is contracted for, it works a forfeiture of ten per cent, to the school fund, and only the principal sum can be recovered. DESCENT. The personal property of the deceased (except (1) that necessary for pay- ment of debts and expenses of administration ; (2) property set apart to widow, as exempt from execution ; (3) allowance by court, if necessary, of twelve months' Support to widow, and to children under fifteen years of age), including life insurance, descends as does real estate. " One-third in value (absolutely) of all estates in real property, possessed by husband at any time during marriage, which have not been sold on execution or other judicial sale, and to which the wife has made no relinquishment of her right, shall be set apart as her property, in fee simple, if she survive him. ,, ( 293 ) 294 ABSTRACT. OF IOWA STATE. LAWS. The same share shall be set apart to the surviving husband of a deceased The widow's share cannot be affected by any will of her husband's, unless she consents', in writing thereto, within six months after notice to her of pro- visions of the will. The provisions of the statutes of descent apply alike to surviving husband or surviving wife. Subject to the above., the remaining estate of which the decedent died siezed, shall in absence of other arrangements by will, descend First. To his or her children and their descendants in equal parts ; the descendants of the deceased child or grandchild taking the share of their deceased parents in equal shares among them. Second. Where there is no child, nor descendant of such child, and no widow or surviving husband, then to the parents of the deceased in equal parts ; the surviving parent, if either be dead, taking the whole ; and if there is no parent living, then to the brothers and sisters of the intestate and their descend- ants. Third. When there is a widow or surviving husband, and no child or chil- dren, or descendants of the same, then one-half of the estate shall descend to such widow or surviving husband, absolutely ; and the other half of the estate shall descend as in other cases where there is no widow or surviving husband, or child or children, or descendants of the same. Fourth. If there is no child, parent, brother or sister, or descendants of either of them, then to wife of intestate, or to her heirs, if dead, according to like rules. Fifth. If any intestate leaves no child, parent, brother or sister, or • de- scendants of either of them, and no widow or surviving husband, and no child, parent, brother or sister (or descendant of either of them) of such widow or surviving husband, it shall escheat to the State. WILLS AND ESTATES OF DECEASED PERSONS. No exact form of words are necessary in order to make a will good at law. Every male person of the age of twenty-one years, and every female of the age of eighteen years, of sound mind and memory, can make a valid will ; it must be in writing, signed by the testator, or by some one in his or her presence, and by his or her express direction, and attested by two or more competent wit- nesses. Care should be taken that the witnesses are not interested in the will. Inventory to be made by executor or administrator within fifteen days from date of letters testamentary or of administration. Executors' and administra- tors' compensation on amount of personal estate distributed, and for proceeds of sale of real estate, five per cent, for first one thousand dollars, two and one-half per cent, on overplus up to five thousand dollars, and one per cent, on overplus above five thousand dollars, with such additional allowance as shall be reasona- ble for extra services. Within ten days after the receipt of letters of administration, the executor or administrator shall give such notice of appointment as the court or clerk shall direct. Claims (other than preferred) must be filed within one year thereafter, are forever barred, unless the claim is pending in the District or. Supreme Court, or unless peculiar circumstances entitle the claimant to equitable relief. ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 295 Claims are classed and payable in the following order : 1. Expenses of administration. 2. Expenses of last sickness and funeral. , 3. Allowance to widow and children, if made by the court. 4. Debts preferred under laws of the United States. 5. Public rates and taxes. i 6. Claims filed within six months after the first publication of the notipe given by the executors of their appointment. 7. All other debts. 8. Legacies. The award, or property which must be set apart to the widow, in her own right, by the executor, includes all personal property which, in the hands of the deceased, as head of a family, would have been exempt from execution. TAXES. The owners of personal property, on the first day of January of each year, and the owners of real property on the first day of November of each year, are liable for the taxes thereon. The following property is exempt from taxation, viz. : 1. The property of the United States and of this State, including univer- sity, agricultural, college and school lands and all property leased to the State ; property of a county, township, city, incorporated town or school district when devoted entirely to the public use and not held for pecuniary profit ; public grounds, including all places for the burial of the dead ; fire engines and all implements for extinguishing fires, with the grounds used exclusively for their buildings and for the meetings of the fire companies ; all public libraries, grounds and buildings of literary, scientific, benevolent, agricultural and reli- gious institutions, and societies devoted solely to the appropriate objects of these institutions, not exceeding 640 acres in extent, and not leased or otherwise used with a view of pecuniary profit ; and all property leased to agricultural, charit- able institutions and benevolent societies, and so devoted during the term of such lease ; provided, that all deeds, by which such property is held, shall be duly filed for record before the property therein described shall be omitted from the assessment. 2. The books, papers and apparatus belonging to the above institutions; used solely for the purposes above contemplated, and the like property of stu- dents in any such institution, used for their education. 3. Money and credits belonging exclusively to such institutions and devoted solely to sustaining them, but not exceeding in amount or income the sum pre- scribed by their charter. 4. Animals not hereafter specified, the wool shorn from sheep, belonging to the person giving the list, his farm produce harvested within one year previous to the listing; private libraries not exceeding three hundred dollars in value; family pictures, kitchen furniture, beds and bedding requisite for each family, all wearing apparel in actual use, and all food provided for the family ; but no person from whom a compensation for board or lodging is received or expected, is to be considered a member of the family within the intent of this clause. 5. The polls or estates or both of persons who, by reason of age or infirm- ity, may, in the opinion of the Assessor, be unable to contribute to the public 296 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. revenue ; such opinion and the fact upon which it is based being in all cases reported to the Board of Equalization by the Assessor or any other person, and subject to reversal by them. 6. The farming utensils of any person who makes his livelihood by farming, and the tools of any mechanic, not in either case to exceed three hundred dollars in value. 7. Government lands entered or located or lands purchased from this State, should not be taxed for the year in which the entry, location or purchase is made. There is also a suitable exemption, in amount, for planting fruit trees or forest trees or hedges. Where buildings are destroyed by fire, tornado or other unavoidable casu- alty, after being assessed for the year, the Board of Supervisors may rebate taxes for that year on the property destroyed, if same has not been sold for taxes, and if said taxes have not been delinquent for thirty days at the time of destruction of the property, and the rebate shall be allowed for such loss only as is not covered by insurance. All other property is subject to taxation. Every inhabitant of full age and sound mind shall assist the Assessor in listing all taxable property of which he is the owner, or which he controls or manages, either as agent, guardian, father, husband, trustee, executor, accounting officer, partner, mortgagor or lessor, mortgagee or lessee. Road beds of railway corporations shall not be assessed to owners of adja- cent property, but shall be considered the property of the companies for pur- poses of taxation ; nor shall real estate used as a public highway be assessed and taxed as part of adjacent lands whence the same was taken for such public purpose. The property of railway, telegraph and express companies shall be listed and assessed for taxation as the property of an individual would be listed and assessed for taxation. Collection of taxes made as in the case of an individual. The Township Board of Equalization shall meet first Monday in April of each year. Appeal lies to the Circuit Court. The County Board of Eqalization (the Board of Supervisors) meet at their regular session in June of each year. Appeal lies to the Circuit Court. Taxes become delinquent February 1st of each year, payable, without interest or penalty, at any time before March 1st of each year. Tax sale is held on first Monday in October of each year. Redemption may be made at any time within three years after date of sale, by paying to the County Auditor the amount of sale, and twenty per centum of such amount immediately added as penalty, with ten per cent, interest per annum on the whole amount thus made from the day of sale, and also all sub- sequent taxes, interest and costs paid by purchaser after March 1st of each year, and a similar penalty of twenty per centum added as before, with ten per cent, interest as before. If notice has been given, by purchaser, of the date at which the redemption is limited, the cost of same is added to the redemption money. Ninety days' notice is required, by the statute, to be published by the purchaser or holder of certificate, to terminate the right of redemption. ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS 297 JURISDICTION OF COURTS DISTRICT COURTS have jurisdiction, general and original, both civil and criminal, except in such cases where Circuit Courts have exclusive jurisdiction. District Courts have exclusive supervision over courts of Justices of the Peace and Magistrates, in criminal matters, on appeal and writs of error. CIRCUIT COURTS have jurisdiction, general and original, with the District Courts, in all civil actions and special proceedings, and exclusive jurisdiction in all appeals and writs of error from inferior courts, in civil matters. And exclusive jurisdiction in matters of estates and general probate business. JUSTICES OP THE PEACE have jurisdiction in civil matters where $100 or less is involved. By consent of parties, the jurisdiction may be extended to an amount not exceeding $300. They have jurisdiction to try and determine all public offense less than felony, committed within their respective counties, in which the fine, by law, does not exceed $100 or the imprisonment thirty days. LIMITATION OF ACTIONS. Action for injuries to the person or reputation; for a stutute penalty; and to enforce a mechanics' lien, must be brought in two (2yyears. Those against a public officer within three (3) years. Those founded on unwritten contracts; for injuries to property; for relief on the ground of fraud ; and all other actions not otherwise provided for, within five (5) years. Those founded on written contracts; on judgments of any court (except those provided for in next section), and for the recovery of real property, within ten (10) years. Those founded on judgment of any court of record in the United States, within twenty (20) years. All above limits, except those for penalties and forfeitures, are extended in favor of minors and insane persons, until one year after the disability is removed — time during which defendant is a non-resident of the State shall not be included in computing any of the above periods. Actions for the recovery of real property, sold for non-payment of taxes, must be brought within five years after the Treasurer's Deed is executed and recorded, except where a minor or convict or insane person is the owner, and they shall be allowed five years after disability is removed, in which to bring action. JURORS. All qualified electors of the State, of good moral character, sound judgment, and in full possession of the senses of hearing and seeing, are competent jurors in their respective counties. United States officers, practicing attorneys, physieians and clergymen, acting professors or teachers in institutions of learning, and persons disabled by 298 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. bodily infirmity or over sixty-five years of age, are exempt from liability to act as jurors. Any person may be excused from serving on a jury when his own interests or the public's will be materially injured by his attendance, or when the state of his health or the death, or sickness of his family requires his absence. CAPITAL PUNISHMENT was restored by the Seventeenth General Assembly, making it optional with the jury to inflict it or not. A MARRIED WOMAN may convey or incumber real estate, or interest therein, belonging to her ; may control the same or contract with reference thereto, as other persons may con- vey, encumber, control or contract. She may own, acquire, hold, convey and devise property, as her husband may. Her husband is not liable for civil injuries committed by her. She may convey property to her husband, and he may convey to her. She may constitute her husband her attorney in fact. EXEMPTIONS FROM EXECUTION. A resident of the State and head of a family may hold the following prop- erty exempt from execution : All wearing apparel of himself and family kept for actual use and suitable to the condition, and the trunks or other receptacles nec- essary to contain the same ; one musket or rifle and shot-gun ; all private libraries, family Bibles, portraits, pictures, musical instruments, and paintings not kept for the purpose of sale ; a seat or pew occupied by the debtor or his family in any house of public worship ; an interest in a public or private burying ground not exceeding one acre ; two cows and a calf; one horse, unless a horse is exempt as hereinafter provided ; fifty sheep and the wool therefrom, and the materials manufactured from said wool ; six stands of bees ; five hogs and all pigs under six months ; the necessary food for exempted animals for six months ; all flax raised from one acre of ground, and manufactures therefrom ; one bed- stead and necessary bedding for every two in the family ; all cloth manufactured by the defendant not exceeding one hundred yards ; household and kitchen fur- niture not exceeding two hundred dollars in value ; all spinning wheels and looms ; one sewing machine and other instruments of domestic laber kept for actual use; the necessary provisions and fuel for the use of the family for six months ; the proper tools, instruments, or books of the debtor, if a farmer, mechanic, surveyor, clergyman, lawyer, physician, teacher or professor; the horse or the team, consisting of not more than two horses or mules, or two yokes of cattle, and the wagon or other vehicle, with the proper harness or tackle, by the use of which the debtor, if a physician, public officer, farmer, teamster or other laborer, habitually earns his living ; and to the debtor, if a printer, there shall also be exempt a printing press and the types, furniture and material nec- essary for the use of such printing press, and a newspaper office to the value of twelve hundred dollars ; the earnings of such debtor, or those of his family, at any time within ninety days next preceding the levy. Persons unmarried and not the head of a family, and non-residents, have exempt their own ordinary wearing apparel and trunks to contain the same. ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 299 There is also exempt, to a head of a family, a homestead, not exceeding forty acres; or, if inside city limits, one-half acre with improvements, value not limited. The homestead is liable for all debts contracted prior to its acquisition as such, and is subject to mechanics' liens for work or material furnished for the same. An article, otherwise exempt, is liable, on execution, for the purchase money thereof. Where a debtor, if a head of a family, has started to leave the State, he shall have exempt only the ordinary wearing apparel of himself and family, and other property in addition, as he may select, in all not exceeding seventy-five dollars in value. A policy of life insurance shall inure to the separate use of the husband or wife and children, entirely independent of his or her creditors. ESTRAYS. An unbroken animal shall not be taken up as an estray between May 1st and November 1st, of each year, unless the same be found within the lawful enclosure of a householder, who alone can take up such animal, unless some other person gives him notice of the fact of such animal coming on his place ; and if he fails, within five days thereafter, to take up such estray, any other householder of the township may take up such estray and proceed with it as if taken on his own premises, provided he shall prove to the Justice of the Peace such notice, and shall make affidavit where such estray was taken up. Any swine, sheep, goat, horse, neat cattle or other animal distrained (for damage done to one's enclosure), when the owner is not known, shall be treated as an estray. Within five days after taking up an estray, notice, containing a full descrip- tion thereof, shall be posted up in three of the most public places in the town- ship ; and in ten days, the person taking up such estray shall go before a Justice of the Peace in the township and make oath as to where such estray was taken up, and that the marks or brands have not been altered, to his knowledge. The estray shall then be appraised, by order of the Justice, and the appraisement, description of the size, age, color, sex, marks and brands of the estray shall be entered by the Justice in a book kept for that purpose, and he shall, within ten days thereafter, send a certified copy thereof to the County Auditor. When the appraised value of an estray does not exceed five dollars, the Justice need not proceed further than to enter the description of the estray on his book, and if no owner appears within six months, the property shall vest in the finder, if he has complied with the law and paid all costs. Where appraised value of estray exceeds five and is less than ten dollars, if no owner appears in nine months, the finder has the property, if he has com- plied with the law and paid costs. An estray, legally taken up, may be used or worked with care and moderation. If any person unlawfully take up an estray, or take up an estray and fail to comply with the law regarding estrays, or use or work it contrary to above, or work it before having it appraised, or keep such estray out of the county more than five days at one time, before acquiring ownership, such offender shall forfeit to the county twenty dollars, and the owner may recover double damages with costs. If the owner of any estray fail to claim and prove his title for one year after the taking up, and the finder shall have complied with the law, a comolete title vests in the finder. 300 ABSTRACT OP IOWA STATE LAWS. But if the owner appear within eighteen months from the taking up, prove his ownership and pay all costs and expenses, the finder shall pay him the appraised value of such estray, or may, at his option, deliver up the estray. WOLF SCALPS. A bounty of one dollar is paid for wolf scalps. MARKS AND BRANDS. Any person may adopt his own mark or brand for his domestic animals, and have a description thereof recorded by the Township Clerk. No person shall adopt the recorded mark or brand of any other person residing in his township. DAMAGES FROM TRESPASS. When any person's lands are enclosed by a lawful fence, the owner of any domestic animal injuring said lands is liable for the damages, and the damages may be recovered by suit against the owner, or may be made by distraining the animals doing the damage ; and if the party injured elects to recover by action against the owner, no appraisement need be made by the Trustees, as in case of distraint. When trespassing animals are distrained within twenty-four hours, Sunday not included, the party injured shall notify the owner of said animals, if known ; and if the owner fails to satisfy the party within twenty-four hours thereafter, the party shall have the township Trustees assess the damage, and notice shall be posted up in three conspicuous places in the township, that the stock, or part thereof, shall, on the tenth day after posting the notice, between the hours of 1 and 3 P. M., be sold to the highest bidder, to satisfy said damages, with costs. Appeal lies, within twenty days, from the action of the Trustees to the Cir- cuit Court. Where stock is restrained, by police regulation or by law, from running at large, any person injured in his improved or cultivated lands by any domestic animal, may, by action against the owner of such animal, or by distraining such animal, recover his damages, whether the lands whereon the injury was done were inclosed by a lawful fence or not. FENCES. A lawful fence is fifty-four inches high, made of rails, wire or boards, with posts not more than ten feet apart where rails are used, and eight feet where boards are used, substantially built and kept in good repair ; or any other fence which, in the opinion of the Fence Viewers, shall be declared a lawful fence — provided the lower rail, wire or board be not more that twenty nor less than six- teen inches from the ground. , The respective owners of lands enclosed with fences shall maintain partition fences between their own and next adjoining enclosure so long as they improve them in equal shares, unless otherwise agreed between them. If any party neglect to maintain such partition fence as he should maintain, the Fence Viewers (the township Trustees), upon complaint of aggrieved party, may, upon due notice to both parties, examine the fence, and, if found insuf- ' ABSTRACT OF IQWA STATE LAWS. 301 ficient, notify the delinquent party, in writing, to repair or re-build the same within such time as they judge reasonable. If the fence be not repaired or rebuilt accordingly, the complainant may do so, and the same being adjudged sufficient by the Fence Viewers, and the value thereof, with their fees, being ascertained and certified under their hands, the complainant may demand of the delinquent the sum so ascertained, and if the same be not paid in one month after demand, may recover it with one per cent a month interest, by action. In case of disputes, the Fence Viewers may decide as to who shall £rect or maintain partition fences, and in what time the same shall be done ; and in case any party neglect to maintain or erect such part as may be assigned to him, the aggrieved party may erect and maintain the same, and recover double damages. No person, not wishing his land inclosed, and not using it otherwise than in common, shall be compelled to maintain any partition fence ; but when he uses or incloses his land otherwise than in common, he shall contribute to the parti- tion fences. Where parties have had their lands inclosed in common, and one of the owners desires to occupy his separate and apart from the other, and the other refuses to divide the line or build a sufficient fence on the line when divided, the Fence Viewers may divide and assign, and upon neglect of the other to build as ordered by the Viewers, the one may build the other's part and recover as above. And when one incloses land which has lain uninclosed, he must pay for One-half of each partition fence between himsejf and his neighbors. Where one desires to lay not less than twenty feet of his lands, adjoining his neighbor, out to the public to be used in common, he must give his neighbor six months' notice thereof. Where a fence has been built on the land of another through mistake, the owner may enter upon such premises and remove his fence and material withn six months after the division line has been ascertained. Where the material to build such a fence has been taken from the land on which it was built, then, before it can be removed, the person claiming must first pay for such material to the owner of the land from which it was taken, nor shall such a fence be removed at a time when the removal will throw open or expose the crops of the other party ; a reasonable time must be given beyond the six months to remove crops. MECHANICS' LIENS. Every mechanic, or other person who shall do any labor upon, or furnish any materials, machinery or fixtures for any building, erection -or other improve- ment upon land, including those engaged in the construction or repair of any work of internal improvement, by virtue of any contract with the owner, his agent, trustee, contractor, or sub-contractor, shall have a lien, on complying with the forms of law, upon the building or other improvement for his labor done or materials furnished. It would take too large a space to detail the manner in which a sub- contractor secures his lien. He should file, within thirty days after the last of the labor was performed, or the last of thematerial shall have been furnished, with the Clerk of the District Court a true account of the amount due him, after allowing all credits, setting forth the time when such material was furnished or labor performed, and when completed, and containing a correct description of 302 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. the property sought to be charged . with the lien, and the .whole verified by affidavit. A principal contractor must file such an affidavit within ninety days, as above. Ordinarily, there , are so many points to be examined in order to secure a mechanics' lien, that it is much better, unless one is accustomed to managing such liens, to consult at once with an attorney. Remember that the proper time to file the claim is ninety days for a princi- pal contractor, thirty days for a sub-contractor, as above ; and that actions to enforce these liens must be commenced within two years, and the rest can much better be done with an attorney. ROADS AND BRIDGES. Persons meeting each other on the public highways, shall give one-half of the same by turning to the right. All persons failing to observe this rule shall be liable to pay all damages resulting therefrom, together with a fine, not exceed- ing five dollars. The prosecution must be instituted on the complaint of the person wronged. Any person guilty of racing horses, or driving upon the public highway, in a manner likely to endanger the persons or the lives of others, shall, on convic- tion, be fined not exceeding one hundred dollars or imprisoned not exceeding thirty days.' It is a misdemeanor, without authority from the proper Road Supervisor, to break upon, plow or dig within the boundary lines of any public highway. ~~ The money tax levied upon the property in each road district in each town- ship (except the general Township Fund, set apart for purchasing tools, machin- ery and guide boards), whether collected by the Road Supervisor or County Treasurer, shall be expended for highway purposes in that district, and no part thereof shall be paid out or expended for the benefit of another district. The Road Supervisor of each flistrict, is bound to keep the roads and bridges therein, in as good condition as the funds at his disposal will permit ; to put guide boards at cross roads and forks of highways in his district; and when noti- fied in writing that any portion of the public highway, or any bridge is unsafe, must in a reasonable time repair the same, and for this purpose may call out any or all the able bodied men in the district, but not more than two days at one time, without their consent. Also, when notified in writing, of the growth of any Canada thistles upon vacant or non-resident lands or lots, within his district, the owner, lessee or agent thereof being unknown, shall cause the same to be destroyed. Bridges when -erected or maintained by the public, are parts of the highway, and must not be less than sixteen feet wide. A penalty is imposed upon any one who rides or drives faster than a walk across any such bridge. The manner of establishing, vacating or altering roads, etc., is so well known to all township officers, that it is sufficient here to say that the first step is by petition, filed in the Auditor's office, addressed in substance as follows : The Board of Supervisors of County : The undersigned asks that a' highway, commencing at and running thence and terminating at , be established, vacated or altered (as the case may be.) When the petition is filed, all necessary and succeeding steps will be shown and explained to the petitioners by the Auditor. ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 303 ADOPTION OF CHILDREN. Any person competent to make a will can adopt as his own the minor child of another. The consent of both parents, if living and not divorced or separ- ated, and if divorced or separated, or if unmarried, the consent of the parent lawfully having the custody of the child ; or if either parent is dead, then the consent of the survivor, or if both parents be dead, or the child have been and remain abapdoned by them, then the consent of the Mayor of the city where the child is living, or if not in the city, then of the Clerk of the Circuit Court of the county shall be given to such adoption by an instrument in writing, signed by party or parties consenting, and stating the names of the parties, if known, the name of the child, if known, the name of the person adopting such child, and the residence of all, if known, and declaring the name by which the • child is thereafter to be called and known, and stating, also, that such child is given to the person adopting, for the purpose of adoption as his own child. The person adopting shall also sign said instrument, and all the parties shall acknowledge the same in the manner that deeds conveying lands shall be acknowledged. The instrument shall be recorded in the office of the County Recorder. SURVEYORS AND SURVEYS. There is in every county elected a Surveyor known as County Surveyor, who has power to appoint deputies, for whose official acts he is responsible. It is the duty of the County Surveyor, either by himself or his Duputy, to make all surveys that he may be called upon to make within his county as soon as may 'be after application is made. The necessary chainmen and other assist- ance must be employed by the person requiring the same to be done, and to be by him paid, unless otherwise agreed ; but the chainmen must be disinterested persons and approved by the Surveyor and sworn by him to measure justly and impartially. Previous to any survey, he shall furnish himself with a copy of the field notes of the original survey of the same land, if there be any in the office of the County Auditor, and his survey shall be made in accordance there- with. Their fees are three dollars per day. For certified copies of field notes, twenty-five cents. SUPPORT OF POOR. The father, mother and children of any poor person who has applied for aid, and who is unable to maintain himself by work, shall, jointly or severally, maintain such poor person in such manner as may be approved by the Town- ship Trustees. In the absence or inability of nearer relatives, the same liability shall extend to the grandparents, if of ability without personal labor, and to the male grand- children who are of ability, by personal labor or otherwise.- 1 The Township Trustees may, upon the failure of such relatives to maintain a poor person, who has made application for relief, apply to the Circuit Court for an order to compel the same. Upon ten days' notice, in writing, to the parties sought to be charged, a hearing may be had, and an order made for entire or partial support of the poor person. 304 ABSTRACT OP IOWA STATE LAWS. Appeal may be taken from such judgment as from other judgments of the Circuit Court. When any person, having any estate, abandons either children, wife or hus- band, leaving them chargeable, or likely to become chargeable, upon the public for support, upon proof of above fact, an order may be had from the Clerk of the Circuit Court, or Judge, authorizing the Trustees or the Sheriff to take into possession such estate. The Court may direct such personal estate to be sold, to be applied, as well as the rents and profits of the real estate, if any, to the support of children, wife or husband. If the party against whom the order is issued return and support the per- son abandoned, or give security for the same, the order shall be discharged, and the property taken returned. The mode of relief for the poor, through the action of the Township Trustees, or the action of the Board of Supervisors, is so well known to every township officer, and the circumstances attending applications for relief are so varied, that it need now only be said that it is the duty of each county to pro- vide for its poor, no matter at what place they may be. , LANDLORD AND TENANT. A tenant giving notice to quit demised premises at a time named, and after- ward holding over, and a tenant or his assignee willfully holding over the prem- ises after the term, and after notice to quit, shall pay double rent. Any person in possession of real property, with the assent of the owner, is presumed to be a tenant at will until the contrary is shown. Thirty days' notice, in writing, is necessary to be given by either party before he can terminate a tenancy at will ; but when, in any case, a rent is reserved payable at intervals of less than thirty days, the length of notice need not be greater than such interval betweeu the days of payment. In case of tenants occupying and cultivating farms, the notice must fix the termination of the tenancy to take place on the 1st day of March, except in cases of field tenants or croppers, whose leases shall be held to expire when the crop is har- vested ; provided, that in case of a crop of corn, it shall not be later than the 1st day of December, unless otherwise agreed upon. But when an express agreement is made, whether the same has been reduced to writing or not, the tenancy shall cease at the time agreed upon, without notice. But where an express agreement is made, whether reduced to writing or not, the tenancy shall cease at the time agreed upon, without notice. If such tenant cannot be found in the county, the notices above required may be given to any sub-tenant or other person in possession of the premises ; or, if the premises be vacant, by affixing the notice to the principal door of the building or in some conspicuous position on the land, if there be no building. The landlord shall have a lien for his rent upon all the crops grown on the premises, and upon any other personal property of the tenant used on the premises during the term, and not exempt from execution, for the period of one year after a year's rent or the rent of a shorter period claimed falls due ; but such lien shall not continue more than six months after the expiration of the term. The lien may be effected by the commencement of an action, within the period above prescribed, for the rent alone ; and the landlord is entitled to a writ ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 305 of attachment, upon filing an affidavit that the action is commenced to rcover rent accrued within one year previous thereto upon the premises described in the affidavit. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. Whenever any of the following articles shall be contracted for, or sold or delivered, and no special contract or agreement shall be made to the contrary, the weight per bushel shall be as follows, to-wit : Apples, Peaches or Quinces 48 Cherries, Grapes, Currants or Gooseberries, 40 Strawberries, Raspberries or Blackberries, 32 Osage Orange Seed 32 Millet Seed 45 Stone Coal 80 Lime 80 Corn in the ear 70 Wheat 60 Potatoes 60 Beans 60 Clover Seed 60 Onions 57 Shelled Corn 56 Rye 56 Flax Seed 56 Sweet Potatoes 46 Sand 130 Sorghum Seed 30 Broom Corn Seed 30 Buckwheat 52 Salt 50 Barley 48 Corn Meal 48 Castor Beans 46 Timothy Seed 45 Hemp Seed 44 Dried Peaches 33 Oats 33 Dried Apples 24 Bran 20 Blue Grass Seed 14 Hungarian Grass Seed ' 45 Penalty for giving less than the above standard is treble damages and costs and five dollars addition thereto as a fine. DEFINITION OF COMMERCIAL TERMS. $ means dollars, being a contraction of IT. S., which was formerly placed before any denomination of money, and meant, as it means now, United States Currency. £ means pounds, English money. @ stands for at or to; ft) for pounds, and bbl. for barrels ; ^ for per or by tie. Thus, Butter sells at 20@30c f ft, and Flour at $8@$12 f bbl. % for per cent., and # for number. May 1. Wheat sells at $1.20@$1. 25, "seller June." Seller June means that the person who sells the wheat has the privilege of delivering it at any time during the month of June. Selling short, is contracting to deliver a certain amount of grain or stock, at a fixed price, within a certain length of time, when the seller has not the stock on hand. It is for the interest of the person selling "short" to depress the market as much as possible, in order that he may buy and fill his contract at a profit. Hence the " shorts " are termed " bears." Buying long, is to contract to purchase a certain amount of grain or shares of stock at a fixed price, deliverable within a stipulated time, expecting to make a profit by the rise in prices. The " longs " A.LLEN. PREFATORY. " Upon the world's great battle-field the brave Struggle, and win and fall. They proudly go, Some to unnoticed graves, and some to stand With earth's bright catalogue of great and good." Less than half a century has passed since the extinguishment of the Indian title and the pioneer entrance of the white man to these fertile lands, now bearing the rich fruits of civilization. Less than a half-century has witnessed the wonderful transformation of a vast area, redeemed from a "howling waste," over which a few savages roamed, into a populous and wealthy State, environed and bisected with railways, teeming with an intelligent, industrious and thriv- ing population, dotted with prosperous cities and villages and with a future outlook that can only promise as rapid and wonderful a growth in wealth and population for the next half century. Measured by the historian's work, whose chapters record meridian lines of time by cycles, and whose ranges are centu- ries, and who writes of the rise and downfall of nations ; whose story is of con- quests and "feats of broil and battle," the compiler of the history of a peaceful conquest of a single county in a State in the line of civilization where '•Westward the course of Empire takes its way," may seem to be an humble task. Nevertheless, the faithful gathering of the facts connected with the early settlement of this county, and the dangers, privations and hardships encoun- tered by the hardy pioneers who advanced the standards of civilization across the " Father of Waters" is a work that is worthy of attention, and one which, we trust, will meet with a cordial reception. If this work is ever to be done, the time is opportune. A true history can only be written from "actual facts." The preserved facts are meager and not easily found. The pioneers are rapidly passing away, and the few yet remaining must soon be " gathered to their fathers." The difficulties to be overcome in the preparation of the work h;ive been beyond the anticipation of the compiler, as " forty years '' have warped the memories of the " Old Settlers " who remain. Effort has, however, been made to verify dates and statements by such records as are obtainable, and to corroborate by cumulative testimony. Errors will doubtless be found, bur, we believe that, in the main, the history will be found to be accurate and authentic. The early history must necessarily be largely narrative of a personal or biographical character, as the history of a few individuals is the history of the county at that date. The records of the county, of cities and towns, have been consulted, as well as the early records of churches, societies and incorporations. The files of newspapers in existence have been pored over, and the " Old Set- tlers" have been interviewed and diligent effort made to clean all possible facts. 324 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. NAME. Clinton County was named in honor of De Witt Clinton, a most worthy namesake, a prominent literary and public man in the State of New York, and one of the prime movers and most efficient advocates of the scheme for build- ing the Erie Canal. He was twice Governor of that State, held many offices of public trust, and was a proficient classical and belles-lettres scholar, a man of incorruptible integrity and stainless purity of character. He died in 1828, at the age of 59 years. DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. Clinton County embraces an area of about seven hundred and fifty square miles, composed of Congressional Townships 80 north, Ranges 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 east ; 81 north, Ranges 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 east ; 82 north, Ranges 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 east, and 83 north, Ranges 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and. 7 east, and is bounded north by Jackson County, east by the Mississippi River, south by the Wapsipinicon River and Township 80 north, Range 2 east, being the boundary line between Clinton and Scott Counties, and west by Cedar and Jones Counties. The county is about thirty-six miles long, east and west, by about eighteen miles north and south. Being in a latitude where the heat of sum- mer is modified by the cool breezes from the north, and yet far enough south to escape the rigor of the extreme northern winters, its location is healthful and desirable. The Mississippi River forms the eastern boundary line, and flows in a bend sweeping around toward the east, nearly midway on the eastern boundary of the State. Being due west from Chicago, it is the nearest point in the State between that great commercial entrepot and the Mississippi. Thus, geographical position made it the gate to theinterior, and the initial point for the first railroad enterprises which were projected westward to reach the Mis- souri River. Its western boundary is the Fifth Principal Meridian of the Sur- vey of the State, which is 91° W. longitude, and extreme eastern point 90° 35 v W. Its approximate latitude is 41° 50* to 42° 05 1 N. The 42d degree of N. latitude divides the northern tier of townships from the tier to the southward. *GEOLOGY. The rock underlying the soil or drift deposit of Clinton County is the Niag- ara limestone. In some earlier geological epoch, it was either deposited at a uniform' level with the surface of the sea, or the water receded from it, leaving it dry. It was never greatly disturbed by earthquakes or upheavals, so that it now remains in nearly horizontal strata. Its chemical composition is a car- bonate of lime and magnesia, with a small amount of silica and alumina, col- ored yellow by the hydrated oxide of iron. At a later period, it was submerged and then cut and worn into an uneven surface, by deep channels and fissures, through which numerous streams found their way, oftentimes cutting entirely through the formation. The Niagara limestone belongs to the upper part of the Silurian of the English geologist. It has a wide range in this country, covering a large part of Wisconsin, the upper part of Illinois, and extending east to Western New' York, being prominent at Niagara Falls, from which it is named. In this county, it is very rich in fossils, which, owing to the softness of the rock, are generally preserved as casts, and only occasionally found in per- fection. *Tlie Historian is indebted to Prof. P. J. Farnswortb, M. D., for the chapter on Geoloev. and for other valuable scientific data. 6J ' HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 325 Certain strata appearing at the river at Lyons, and in places in the north- ern part of the county, are almost entirely made up of casts of the pentamer- ous ; in other strata, encrinites or sea-lilies are abundant. Othoceritites are found everywhere, and many specimens of trilobites and fragments of them appear, some of them being of large dimensions. Also, corals of many varie- ties are found, characteristic of the formation. It has many outcrops, especially along the streams. The bank of the Mississippi, from Lyons to the northern line of the county, is a precipitous bluff, from one hundred to one hundred and fifty feet above the river. At the base of the cliff another and lower formation is exposed, called the Cincinnati group or formation, consisting of a bluish clay shale, and thin beds of fossiliferous limestone. This stratum is impervious to water and its junction is marked by a line of springs, some of them quite large. It has an exposure of from ten to' twenty feet. As we go north, the Niagara has been entirely eroded, or washed away, and this formation caps the bluffs at Dubuque, beneath which lies the galena or lead-bearing rocks of Iowa. In places, there, it has a thickness of from sixty to eighty feet, so that only a small portion of it is exposed in this county. From Clinton, the river bears to the west, and the bluffs trend to the southwest, and are rounded and covered with soil, and raise more gradually to the prairie level. Some of the strata furnish excellent lime, and a very fair quality of building stone, but it is not very durable, being soft and porous, and disintegrates under the influence of air and moisture. It makes a very poor material for roadways, as it soon slacks and falls to pieces when exposed to moist- ure and wear. Street? macadamized with it show nothing but mud or dust in> a year's time. Over this uneven surface, in a later epoch, was again deposited, at a uni- form level, the drift, or the soil and subsoil of the prairie. When the water again receded, it cut numerous channels, sometimes coinciding with those in the bed-rock, at other times not. These great floods have left their marks, so that the surface of the county, especially in its eastern portion, is very uneven. The material of the drift is the same as that over the greater part of the eastern slope of the State and of Illinois. A stratum of clay rests on the rock, then a sandy loam and clay, then the stratum composed of clay and sand, and the accumulated vegetable matter of long' ages, making a soil surpassed in depth, and fertility by none in the world. It contains bowlders and gravel of granite, quartz and other primitive rocks, with an occasional module of native copper, showing that the material came from the upper part of Dakota and the lower part of Lake Superior. In many places in the limestone there are found large caves, or pockets, filled with fire-clay, containing carbonaceous materials. This clay is white and pure, unless colored by vegetable matter. These caves are always connected with openings at the surface of the rock, and must have been filled during the period when the water swept over them and vegetation flourished elsewhere., but prior to the " Drift Period," as they are covered by that deposit, and hold nothing in common with it. The lower bluffs, along the Mississippi, are another formation, called the "modified drift," which is made up of materials that have been dissolved from the original drift and redeposited. These deposits are left on the banks of the present river, at a height of from eighty to a hundred feet, showing that at some not very remote geological period the river flowed at a much higher level, through which it cut its present channel. In these bluffs of "modified drift " are found pieces of wood, land shells and bones of extinct land animals,. 320 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. demonstrating that, at some time after the prairies became dry land, the river was obstructed and its bed filled up. Geologists refer to this as the " Glacial " or ice period, when this northern hemisphere had a climate like that of Green- land. No mineral deposits have ever been found in this county. The Niagara limestone generally shows no indications of such. Another formation of eighty feet or more separates it from the "Galena," which contains the lead. Silver, iron or copper have never been found in such rock. The occasional pieces of lead ore, native copper, iron, and perhaps silver, found in the soil, have been, brought from a long distance by the ice and currents, that deposited the other materials of the drift. It is evident that the bed-rock came to the surface, or Avas in a very shallow sea, for a long time, while the vegetable mat- ter was deposited to form the coal in the lower part of the State ; and there are occasional basins, where the carboniferous formation rests on this rock. So that it is not impossible that indications of coal may be found, but there is no probability of anything more, as, generally, the bed-rock is near the surface, and no coal ever existed below that. We have no space to discuss the question of the origin of treeless prairies. There is no doubt, however, but that the annual fires prevented'the growth, or spread of forests. Along the alluvial bottoms of the rivers, trees flourished, and on the then clay soil of some of the bluffs, a hardy race of trees existed. The soil everywhere bears forest and fruit trees luxuriantly, when planted, and protected from fires. Most, or all of the prairie is now cultivated, but many of the old settlers can remember when annual fires swept over the uncultivated land. Oak openings, or groves of thinly-scattered trees of a hardy kind, existed in many places on the clayey knolls, which did not produce much grass. On the moist alluvial bottoms, a thick growth of silver maples, white birch, ash and elms flourished, together with willows, water-oaks and black walnuts. Next to the precipitous banks, especially of the Mississippi, a high, rocky soil was formed, where the hard or sugar maples are found, and a Flora common to high, stony land. The geology of the county furnishes an interesting .study of considerable variety, as we have briefly indicated. There is no promise of mineral wealth, but a deep, rich soil abounds, capable of bringing to perfection fruit and forest trees, and all the grains and vegetables of the latitude. METEOROLOGY. From railway surveys, it has been pretty acccurately determined that low water in the Mississippi, at Clinton, is 587 feet above the sea level. It is fifty- nine feet higher than at Davenport, forty miles below. The level portions of Clinton and Lyons are from fifteen to twenty feet above low Water, and from 150 to 200 feet lower than the prairie, so that the greater part of the county is from 600 to 700 feet above the level of the sea. From meteorological records kept at Lyons and Clinton, since 1857, the mean yearly temperature of three daily observations, is a little over 45.5 degrees Fah., varying from 45.5° to 45.75°. The lowest recorded temperature was during the last days of December and the first weeks of January, when, for three of the years observed, the mercury fell from twenty -four to thirty degrees below zero, Fah. These were exceptional years, usually 10°, and often zero is the lowest mark noted. July is the warmest month, and in several seasons the thermometer has reached 96°, or even higher. Many thermometers have recorded temperature various degrees above 100° ; but, of course, they were HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. J 327 either cheap and unreliable instruments, or so located that they were valueless for scientific purposes. Many seasons, the July heat has not ranged above 85°. The daily mean recorded from 1860 to 1872, for January, was 21°, for July, 72.6°. Several points of coincident low temperature have been observed dur- ing a period of fifteen years. One occurs about the middle of May ; another, usually producing frost, happens during the last days of August, or the first of September. In 1863, the corn was greatly injured by this latter cold snap. Since then, there has not been one so severe. Snow makes its first appear ance in the week of the 20th of October. It disappears, and is followed by a^ong period of "Indian summer," sometimes lasting into December. Ice forms in the Mississippi in some seasons by the 10th of November, but only in a few sea- sons has it been frozen across before December, when it is almost always frozen over ; sometimes, however, to again open and re-close during the cold days above mentioned, of the last of December and first of January. The Mississippi generally opens by the first of March. Some seasons it has scarcely closed, and in a few the ice has remained until the first of April. The latest frost noted, was May 26, the earliest September 1, except in 1863, when frost occurred in every month of the year, except July. Generally the climate is warmer than in the same latitudes in the Eastern States, and also more equable. For about half the time observed, March was a fine spring month, the others were cold and blustering. December has about the same record. For some seasons, the fall of snow was very slight. In 1862, 1864 and 1870, the fall was only from seven to ten inches. In other years is has been as much as sixty inches, but it rarely remains long, so that sleighing it quite uncertain. In only two of the years noted did it last for one hundred days. The rainfall, including melted snow, ranges from twenty-eight to forty- eight inches. At Iowa City, 74.49 inches of water are reported to have fallen in 1851, and, in 1854, but 23.35 inches. Probably the amount of rainfall in Clinton County did not vary greatly from the above record during those years. The heaviest rainfalls on record were in August, 1866, and July, 1879, when fully three inches of rain fell in as many hours. The proximity of the county to the Great Lakes modifies its climate and prevailing winds, as well as the rainfall. It has been shown that the isothermal line passes in a southwesterly direction across the county. While it is on the parallel of Chicago, the easterly winds and storms came from the direction of Milwaukee or Racine. An atmosphere charged with moisture comes with a north-of-east wind, which is precipitated by a cool northwest current. East winds bear moisture ; northwest winds are dry. Violent winds and rain-storms with tornadoes, come from the southwest, changing to west and northwest. Northwest winds, after the moisture is condensed by them and precipitated as rain, are dry and oftentimes cool. The lowest temperature of winter is usually ushered in by a fierce northwest wind, blowing from one to three days, and called an Iowa "blizzard." There are occasional periods of drought during the latter part of summer, when it is noticed that the upper current of air blows constantly from the northwest. This wind is healthful and stimulating to the human system, and during its prevalence there is always a marked improve- ment in the public health. The absolute difference in temperature or average moisture between the different portions of the county are, contrary to. general opinion, very slight; but in localities sheltered from the northwest wind, the apparent cold is much less and heat considerably augmented. The meteorological disturbances known as tornadoes have been the worst enemy with which dwellers in Clinton County 328 - HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. have had to contend. Not only have they done vast pecuniary injury, and •caused an amount of personal suffering, immeasurable in money, but by exag- gerated reports of their terrors and frequency, both investments and immigrants -have been to a certain extent frightened away from the State and county. Not only has this been the case but the tradition and recollection of the " rushing, mighty winds " of '44 and '60, fully discussed elsewhere, has always sufficed to throw the timid and nervous into a panic, and sometimes intimidate those usually brave enough, whenever a summer wind and thunder storm arises of unusually threatening appearance. The advance of scientific knowledge, though as yet unable to suggest any way of preventing or neutralizing such storms has, by increasing popular knowledge into their laws, somewhat shorn them of their pristine terrors, as positive knowledge always lessens the terrors of the vague and unknown. It is now pretty well established that any such visitation as that of 1860 is altogether exceptional, and that tornadoes, so far from being a peculiarity of Iowa, or even the plains of Jhe Mississippi Valley, prevail at cer- tain seasons of the year in every State in the Union, and that it is a popular error to suppose there is any tendency for them to increase in frequency or violence. A good barometer will always give sufficient warning of any severe storm. The cause of tornadoes is not definitely understood, but they are probably due to counter-currents of air, caused by unequal heating and rarefication, con- joined with the meeting of serial currents flowing in the same direction, result- ing in the same spiral whirl or funnel as may be observed in similar currents of water. Possibly the science of the future will show their intimate correlation with electric conditions. BOTANY. The botany of Clinton County is rich in species both of exogens — plants having a true wood and bark, and increasing in size by the growth of outside layers, and endogens — plants having no true wood and bark, and growing from within. The cryptogamia are also quite numerous, the musci, Alices and fungi being quite plenty. As a list of all the plants would occupy too much space we shall only enumerate the principal species. That the forest-trees are so comparatively insignificant in size and variety of species, except along the bluffs, and in certain timber belts by the margin of streams, is evidently due to the prevalence of prairie fires before the period of white occupancy began. Judicious tree-planting has done much, and promises to do much more toward replenishing the following rather scanty catalogue of native trees : The forest trees and shrubs embrace the Cottonwood, yellow poplar, quaking asp ; oak — white, black, yellow, chestnut ; black walnut ; coffee bean, gymno- cladus ; elms — ulmus Americana and ulmus fulva ; willows, several species; mulberry, morus rubus ; box elder, negundo aceroides; soft maple, acer rubrus ; hard maple, acer saccharum ; sycamore ; plane-tree, platanus oeci- denlalis ; ash, black and blue; basswood, or linn tree; honey-locust; three- thorned acacia, gledithschia tricanthus ; .sassafras, sassafras officinale ; plum ; crab-apple; wild cherry, cerasus serotinus; witch-hazel; dogwood, cornus ; shadberry ; Juneberry, amalenchier canadensis ; thorn, crategus tomentosus and crategus crusgalli ; sumac — rhus glabra, rhus typhina, rhus radicans, climbing ; staff-tree ; false bitter-sweet — celastrus scandens, climbing ; birch, hazel ; elder ; button-bush, cephalanthus ; black alder ; red cedar, juniperus Virginiana. A noticeable feature of this list is that the finest timber trees of the East are wanting here. Neither the tulip nor cucumber are present, and the linn is of less size. The oaks are more scrubby and less valuable. The hard maple is found in a few places only ; the beech, not at all. HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 329 Of the herbs and small shrubs the number is very great, many of them worthy of notice on account of the beauty of their foliage and flowers. From early spring, when the anemone nuttalliana appears upon the sandy hillsides, until the chill wind of winter browns the foliage with its icy breath, there is a constant succession of floral beauties. Several species of ranunculus enliven pastures and roadsides, and are known to all under the familiar name of crow- foot or buttercups. Liverwort, hepatiea triloba ; spring beauty, claytonia ; cowslip, c'altha palustris ; Dutchman's breeches, dicentria oucullaria and cana- densis ; dentaria diphylla, or pepper root ; cardamine rhomboidia ; Arabis can- adensis, or wild cress; barbarea vulgaris, or watercress ; viola pedata; viola cucullata ; dodecatheon media, or prairie points ; prairie pink, or Mead's cow- slip; thalictrum cornuti ; geranium maculatum, or crane's-bill; sanguinaria canadense, or bloodroot ; oxalis violacea, or purple sorrel ; spirea ; phlox, macula- turn and several other species make up a constant succession of flowers from spring to midsummer, while the compositm through the spring are represented by but few species — dandelion, leontodon taravensis and troximon, with cirsium pumilam, a large, beautiful thistle. Lilies now begin to appear, and two species — L. superbum and L. Philadelphicum, are quite common. Resin-weed, silphium of three species ; sunflowers, helianthus, of six species ; coreopsis, of four spe- cies ; rudebeekia, four species ; solidago, golden-rod, of six species ; vernonia fasieulata ; liatris, four species ; aster, ten or twelve species ; cirsium thistle, four species; lepachys ; echinacea; purpurea, purple cone-lower ; parthenium; heliopsis Icevis ; erigeron, three species ; eupatorium, boneset or thoroughwort, four species ; dysodia, dog-fennel ; cacalia ; Cynthia Virginiana and several other genera make a splendid display of composite flowers until frost. Lobelia,, four species ; cardinalis, red cardinal-flower ; syphilitica, blue cardinal-flower ; leptostachys — slender lobelia, inflata, lobelia; campanula Americana; 0. rotundifolium, in rocky ground ; lysimachia stricta ; L. longifolia ; gerardia auriculata ; the curious and beautiful castilleja coccinea — painted cup ; 0. ses- sifolia ; dasystoma fiava ; gerardia ; pentestemon grandiflorus ; mimulus ringens, monkey-flower ; eryngium yuccacefolium ; petalostemon violaceum ; dalea-alopecuroides ; lespedza capitata, bush clover; cassia baptisia, two species ; Lathem's wild pea, three species ; desmodium, four species ; podo- phyllum peltatum, may-apple, mandrake, are some of the most common ; sev- eral species of aselepidiacea, or milkweeds, among them the lovely butterfly weed, with its large scarlet heads of flowers, is a very conspicuous objectby roadsides and in fields ; the calystegia sepium, usually called " morning-glory," a great pest to the farmers from its creeping roots and spreading vines of rapid growth; ipomea panduratus, man-root, "man of the earth," a splendid plant, with large, morning-glory-like flower, having a purple tube and white border, and large, fleshy root, very difficult to kill — is frequently met with and cannot fail to attract the attention of the lover of nature. The curious euphorbias are not generally striking in foliage or flower, but E. carollata is very common in dry fields and, from its large white umbellate heads, is a very conspicuous object. The remainder of the species common in the county are creeping plants, and cover plowed lands, if not frequently stirred, with a web of varigated green or red. Of course, a number of plants and grasses have been introduced that have become practically indigenous. The Canada thistle is sometimes seen, but, fortunately, has not become the pest that it has in some other portions of the country. The tame grasses have found a congenial home in the rich prairie soil, and afford the most luxuriant pasturage possible for all kinds of live stock. But space is lacking to speak of the wild and tame grasses in detail, and the 330 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. filices, or ferns, very luxuriant and beautiful in shaded dells, the musci, or mosses, and liverworts must, for the same reason, be omitted. , ZOOLOGY. The natural history of Clinton County deserves to be studied with more care and scientific accuracy than has yet been bestowed thereon. As far as known there now exists no complete collection of its animals, birds, reptiles, fishes and insects. This is to be regretted, as species once common are becom- ing extinct or scarce, and others not native here are appearing year by year and taking the place of those that are disappearing. , The principal mammalia found in the county by the early settlers were the , gray wolf, the prairie wolf, lynx, wildcat, raccoon, skunk,, mink, weasel, bea- ver, otter, muskrat, hare (rabbit), gray squirrel, fox squirrel, striped and gray, spermophile or ground squirrel, improperly termed gopher, chipmunk (probably an immigrant), mice and moles of several species. Rats were so early an importation by steamers that it would not be surprising to see some gray veteran, with the impudence of his race, appear and claim a share of the banquet at a pioneers' meeting. Since white men settled in the county, its prairies have been shaken by the tramp of the herds of bison or buffalo (bos Americanus) as they emigrated in search of pasturage. In 1839, the tide of these majestic animals for two days, just north of the county limits, obstructed the march of a United States convoy. Such prairies as those of Clinton County were then congenial transitory feeding-grounds, but not the proper lat- itudes for their breeding. The bear was also an occasional resident of the tim- ber thickets along rocky margins of streams, but within the county there is but little broken ground suited for the lair of Bruin. Elk and red deer were found at first very plentifully for many years after the country was settled, though they have long been extinct. The birds of Clinton County are those of a large section of North America. Several species are only occasional visitors ; many others go southward dur- ing the winter, to return in early spring, while a small number remain here the year around. Among the birds of prey (raptores) the bald eagle (Halicetus leucoeephalus) holds the first place, and may, still be seen perched in solitary state on lofty trees surmounting the river bluffs. The buzzard, sparrow-hawk, goshawk, snowy owl, barn-owl, screech-owl, butcher-bird or shrike, kingbird, kingfisher, bluejay, woodpecker, yellow-hammer, meadow- lark, snowbird, wren, redstart, chipping-bird, bluebird, brown- thresher, tom- tit, yellow-bird, Baltimore oriole) robin, peewee, Phoebe cheewink or ground- finch, cuckoo, plover, snipe, wild goose, several varieties of duck, crane, heron, gull, brant, swan, partridge, prairie-chicken or pinnated grouse, quail, turkey, nighthawk, whip-poor-will, barn-swallow, chimney-swallow, martin, dove, pigeon, crow, bittern or pump-thunder, blackbird, woodcock, rail and humming-bird are found at some seasons of the year within our borders. Some of them are nbw seldom seen, while others are constantly met with. The prac- tice once too. common, but now, happily, abolished in Clinton County, of ruth- lessly shooting everything with feathers and wings, has tended to greatly diminish the number of birds, and several species, for this- reason, have, in this region, verged upon extinction. That king of game-birds — the wild turkey — was abundant for many years after the county's settlement. Reptiles are now neither very numerous nor formidable, though, when set- tled, several sections of the county were considerably infested by more or less dangerous specimens. Of the ophidians — the serpents — the yellow rattlesnake HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 331 (crotalus horridus), and the prairie rattlesnake were frequently encountered, and sometimes attained great size. The former found a most congenial habitat in the rocks along the line of bluffs, and there are traditions of dens of these hideous jeptiles, similar to that described by Dr. 0. W. Holmes in "Elsie Venner," inhabited by monsters of fabulous number and size. But, except where the ledges are inaccessible, the snake family have been practically exter- minated by their natural enemy, the hog, whose method of destroying them is too well known to require description. Very large rattlesnakes have, how- ever, -been quite recently killed by excursionists on the bluffs above Lyons, and their real or supposed presence is still, to the timid, a terror in those otherwise delightful dells that break through the bluff wall. The water-snake survives in the streams, though its range has been greatly narrowed by the draining of sloughs and lowering of lakes and ponds. The blow-snake— a kind of viper — the blue-racer, the ground-snake and garter-snake — the most common — com- prise the other species. They are, every year, decreasing in number, owing to the land of the county being so generally arable, thus depriving them of their lurking places. Of the turtle, there are four species, two of which attain considerable size. The newts, or TritQns, are represented by one or two species. The monstrous mennobranahus inhabits the still water of sloughs. Frogs are numerous in their usual aquatic homes. The tree-toad (katydid) is often heard, if not seen, and the crawfish is a well-known denizen of the lowlands. Fishes abound in all the streams of any size, ranging from the minnow to the gigantic buffalo and catfish. They and the striped and black bass, pout, sunfish, perch, pickerel, pike, sucker, sheepshead, spoonfish, sturgeon, eel, carp, Missouri sucker, gar and ring-perch, are the principal species. They are caught in great quantities, in both the Mississippi and the Wapsipinicon. Except as the sloughs along the river, in some places, are filled up by the silt carried into them from the prairies, and thereby depriving fish of their natural haunts in deep water, and causing them to be frozen out in severe winters, there seems to be np diminution of their numbers. The introduction of foreign varieties has been attended with doubtful success thus far, according to the tes- timony of the most reliable observers. The insects include representatives of all the great families. The lepidop- tera (moths and butterflies) have many species, varying greatly in size, from the great cecropia moth, five inches across the wings, to the tiny tema, less than a half-inch in breadth. The neuroptera are common, dragon-flies of sev- eral kinds frequenting the streams. The corydalis frequent the same places, especially near the mouth of the Wapsie. Mosquitoes are in many places too numerous for comfort. The coleoptera are numerous, and many of them large and beautifully colored. The beetles embracing the troublesome and destruc- tive borers of many species belong to this class, as do the carrion or scavenger bugs. Many of the borers are remarkable for the length of their antennae, and for the strangeness and elegance of their forms. The beautiful and useful lady-bugs also belong to this division. The hemiptera, diptera and hymenop- tera are represented by the flies and bees, of which there are several genera and many species. The bumblebee, wasp, hornet, yellow-jacket, mason-wasp, mining-bee and hornet are well known. The arachnida (spiders) are found everywhere, many of them, as might be expected, where the wild flowers were so varied and brightly-tinted, being highly colored, and some of large size. The chintz-bug, potato bug and locust are not likely to be forgotten by the farmers of the county, even if left out of entomologists' catalogues. 3S2 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. The mollusca are represented by about forty species of unio, varying greatly in size, form, exterior surface of shell and internal structure. The viviparow, melania and planorbis are also easily found in most of the streams. Many of these shells are beautiful objects, and offer a fine field to the naturalist, being easily obtained. The land species, physa, helix, etc., are found in the woods and marshy lands. It will be seen that the geology and natural history of this county offers an ample field for the amateur collector or the naturalist who seeks to lay a broad foundation for future investigations by first acquiring a thorough knowledge of the local fauna. It is far from creditable to the scientific spirit of the county, and especially to its high schools, that no better collections illus- trating local botany, geology, entomology or zoology exist within its borders. Teachers, especially the able principals of schools, could easily awaken an interest in the minds of their pupils that ^night not only result in the develop- ment of enthusiastic and promising naturalists, but in the formation of collec- tions that would both be of value in accurate teaching and objects of interest in the future. Moreover, knowledge derived from the study of nature has a pecuniary value not easily estimated. The man who has even a superficial geological knowledge will not spend time and money in digging in Devonian and Silurian strata for coal that might be in rocks above instead of below, working drift for silver or copper, or boring in Niagara limestone for petroleum, found only in its own proper shales. He who has a knowledge of botany is not liable to be tricked into buying worthless vegetable wonders. The locust, the potato-beetle, the many borers and enemies of grain all demonstrate the need of at least a passing acquaintance with insects and their habits, and teachers should lead in impressing on the minds of all the importance of such knowledge. The loss annually sustained by Iowa farmers by the ravages of insects can safely be placed above $10,000,000, of which Clinton County bears its full quota, a vast tax to be paid by every man, woman and child in the State, and most of it a tax levied by ignorance on those who despise scientific knowledge. ETHNOLOGY AND ARCHAEOLOGY. When Europeans first penetrated the country that has since become the States of the Middle and Northwest, and drained by the Ohio and Upper Mis- sissippi and their tributaries, they found it either dense forests or wild prairie, presenting no evidence of ever having been cultivated. But here and there were hillocks of regular form, and mounds, some of them of great size, evidently of artificial construction, usually occupying commanding sites on high lands overlooking streams. Besides these elevations, there were walls of consid- erable extent^ sometimes inclosing an area of 100 acres. Of these works, the Indians could give only vague and unsatisfactory accounts, and even acute research of archaeologists has resulted but in theories and conjectures. In Clinton County, there are scarcely any of these mounds now visible, though some have been plowed over and obliterated ; but as there are a great many just across the river, especially at Albany, it is altogether probable that the same Mound-Builders occupied both banks of the Mississippi, and therefore a brief study of the little that is known and the great deal that is conjectured, about these extinct people, is germane to the purposes of this history. The articles found in these mounds are of considerable variety. The most complete collection in the world is in the Museum of the Davenport Academy of Sciences. It comprises stone, bone and copper spear-heads, arrow-heads, of endless variety and all degrees of finish, «tone axes, hammers and celts, shaped HISTORY OP CLINTON COUNTY. 333 and pierced fragments of stone, intended either as ornaments or charms, earthen- ware, coarse and unglazed, but usually ornamented with some simple design, curiously similar to those characteristic of the stone age in Europe, and stone pestles, hoes and scrapers. Pieces of native copper and other minerals, from such points as to indicate a rude commerce, have also been exhumed. It is probable that the local mounds, though not necessarily all of the same age within many decades, were built by the same people, and probably by the ancestors of the present Indians. That the Indians knew nothing of these ancient tumuli proves nothing. An Italian peasant is ignorant of the history of the mighty monuments of Rome. Moors could not now build an Alhambra, nor Egyptian fellahs the temples of Karnak ; and, even if some Indian tribes in the West developed some skill in mechanic arts, it could be lost by war, or other causes of tribal degeneration, decay or extermination. Retrogression is easy, not only among red, but white men, as may be readily observed on any frontier. It is very possible that Indian tribes that had attained to a rude agricultural condi- tion, while undisturbed, by the frequent incursions of some more warlike tribe, as the Iroquois, who did extend their raids to the Mississippi Valley, might be compelled to revert to the hunting and fishing state. But in Iowa and Illinois buffalo and other large game were always so abundant, as far as can be inferred from the records of early explorers, that it is very dubious whether the Indians who dwelt in Clinton and adjacent counties ever attained even so advanced a civilization in regard to houses, agriculture and clothing as the Iroquois of the East, or even the Navajos of the Far Southwest. It is doubtful whether any of the mounds indicate any very great antiquity, though so far the really ancient mounds have furnished but very few implements, except those of stone or native copper ; but this does not indicate the same age as such relics do in Europe, for, at the time of the Spanish invasion of Mexico (1519—21), stone and copper implements were in use among even the highly civilized Aztecs-. The problem of the past in regard to this part of our continent is even more insoluble than that of the Etrurian cities in Italy, whose inscriptions are as yet unreadable even by the wisest philologists. Tablets covered with rough hieroglyphics and apparently intended as records have also been found in local mounds. But they do not indicate as high order of mind as did the neat bark-writing of later tribes. The question prises, what was the design of chese mounds ? While the large ones farther east were undoubtedly intended to serve as fortresses, those in this vicinity seem to be tombs, points for sentries' lookouts or places for religious exercises and sacrifices, often, there is reason to believe, of human beings. Some contain only bones and articles usually buried with the dead ; others contain nothing, at least that has survived decay. The flint arrow-heads, spear-heads and knives vary greatly in workman- ship, some being finished with astonishing skill ; others are dull and clumsy. The material varies from a semi-translucent horn stone to a dull chert. The forms are of very different shapes, from a spike-shaped flint two and one-half inches long by one-fourth of an inch thick and an inch wide to a stout ovate blade two inches long by one and one-fourth wide. It would be very easy to make out at least twenty types of these weapons. The axes, hatchets and chisels are generally made of dolerite, a greenish, tough rock, or of grayish syenite, and in a few cases of a beautiful flesh-colored granite elegantly finished. " Tools, probably used for skinning animals, seem to be in most cases made of dolerite, as it retained an edge longer than most other stones. Pieces of these are found in the drift gravels 334 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. and were probably the sources of supply. The cherts came from the Niagara limestone ; the copper, from the Lake Superior veins ; the obsidian, from Mexico ; pipestone, from Minnesota ; the mica, evidently used for ornaments, from North Carolina, and the best arrows from a certain flinty ridge in Central Ohio ; hence there must have been an infant traffic carried on by courier and canoe, the barbaric precursor of the steam caravans that now traverse the same regions. The earthenware is of various colors, some a cream tint like fine flower- pots, and from this running through all shades to a dark brown. It is gener- ally rough and coarse in material and ornamented in straight lines of one or two series, though several specimens exhibit a higher degree of ornamentation. The beads or other personal ornaments or amulets are of copper, stone or bone. Wampum does not appear to have been used, as among Eastern Indians. Some copper may have been obtained from the drift, as several considerable pieces have been found within the county, evidently brought by glaciers from the north coast. The Mound-Builders wore some sort of cloth as well as the dressed skins of animals. Some of the implements are found wrapped in wonderfully ■well- preserved cloth much resembling canvas. Trepanned skulls and flattened shin- bones are met with, showing that a rude sort of surgery, either for medical or superstitious reasons, was practiced, and that the skeletons are similar in con- formation to the present tribes of Indians. No ethnological differences have been observed sufficient to give weight to the theory that these regions were inhabited by a previous race distinct from the' copper-colored Aborigines. Anatomically judged, the Mound-Builders were neither larger nor stronger than men of to-day. In some instances, the skull departs from the ordinary Caucasian or present Indian type, " the frontal bone receding from a prominent superciliary ridge, leaving no forehead, or rather the eye looks out from the frontal plate very similar to a turtle's shell and no more elevated." But the low forehead may have been artificially caused as in the case of the Flatheads in the Northwest, who may be congeners of the Mound-Builders forced from their old homes by more powerful adversaries. MYTHICAL. Probably by far the most dramatic and tragic portion of the history of Clinton County is that of which there is neither tradition or record, antedating the arrival of the white man. Probably every romantic bluff along the river and deep grove along the creeks, has 'been the scene of attack and defense, ambuscades and massacres, as thrilling as those which, embalmed in the pages of poets and romancers, have made Scotland, Wyoming, New York and New England historic and classic ground. But the warfares and feuds of the Indian or other tribes are of no more moment now than " the conflicts of kites and crows," to which a great writer has compared the squabbles of the old German barons. Now sagamore and warrior, denizen and invader, " — all are gone, Alike without a monumental atone," unless a few crumbling and scattered earthen mounds serve as memorials. When the first white settlers took possession of their claims in Clinton County they must— if they paused from their labors to meditate — have felt very much as did the Israelites who ventured into the deserted Assyrian camp and there found such great treasures defended or owned by no man. Future generations will read of how their forefathers entered in and possessed the virgin prairies of Clinton County, finding farms, compared with the rugged East or arid West, virtually HISTORY OF 'CLINTON COUNTY. 335 prepared by Nature's hand, very much as people now marvel at the gold and silver. found by Cortez and Pizarro. But how different is the title to the fruits of the prairies, won by honest toil, from that to the wealth wrenched by the Spanish conquistadores from the Aztec and Inca, and the blessing that has fol- lowed the former contrasted to-day with the curse that has settled over the latter, is attested by the comparative result of the forty years of white occu- pancy in Clinton County and the two centuries since the Spanish conquests in the tropics. It is not to be regretted, if the highest interests of the race are considered, that the red man had practically vacated Iowa's prairies before the territory was overspread by the westward-rolling wave of white immigration. Several alternatives would have been the result — a war of extermination as in Massa- chusetts, the "dark and bloody ground" of Ohio and Kentucky, and in the Gulf States, causing scores of desolated homes and the decimation of the bravest and best among the settlers, or the growth of a system of peonage as in the Southwest and Mexico, and troublesome negotiations as to the respective rights of savage and white man, varied by massacres like those in Minnesota. The moral status and nationality of the settlers would have secured them against amalgamation. Probably there were none of the settlers so engrossed in considerations of possible profit from the bounteous soil which could not help, by its luxuriant primeval growth, testifying to its richness, that they failed to appreciate the vastness, gorgeousness and sublimity of the landscape, as they prospected for or selected, the sites of their homesteads. . The whistle of the steamer echoed for miles over the quiet prairie, preventing loneliness from being felt by the set- tlers in the eastern part of the county, and hinting of the busy and fast approach- ing world of traffic, into which the new country they were developing would soon be incorporated. Never was there a fairer fresh field for pioneers to create a State as near perfect as permitted to men, to mould one that would worthily succeed the prairies which Bryant has so fully and poetically pictured. THE PRAIRIES. "These are the gardens of the Desert, these The unshorn fields, boundless and beautiful, For which the speech of England has no name- Tie Prairies. I behold them for the first, And my heart swells, while the dilated sight Takes in the encircling vastness. Lo, they stretch In airy undulations, far away, As if the ocean in its gentlest swell, Stood still with all rounded billows fixed, And motionless forever. Motionless ? No — they are all unchained again. The clouds Sweep over with their shadows, and, beneath, The surface rolls and fluctuates to the eye. Dark hollows seem to glide along and chase The sunny ridges. Breezes of the South ! Who toss the golden and the flame-like flowers, And pass the prairie-hawk that, poised on high, Flaps his broad wings, yet moves not — ***** have ye fanned A nobler or a lovelier scene than this ? Man hath no part in all this glorious work ; The hand that built the firmament ha,th heaved And smoothed these verdant swells, and sown their slopes With herbage, planted them with island groves, And hedged them round with forests. Fitting floor For this magnificent temple of the sky — With flowers whose glory and whose multitude 336 HISTORY OP CLINTON COUNTY. Rival the constellations ! The great heavens Seem to slope down upon the scene in love, — A nearer vault, and of a tenderer blue Than that which bends above our eastern hills. " As o'er the verdant waste I guide my steed Among the high, rank grass that sweeps his sides. The hollow beating of his footstep seems , A sacrilegious sound. I think of those Upon whose rest he tramples. Are they here — The dead of other days ? — and did the dust Of these fair solitudes once stir with life And burn with passion ? Let the mighty mounds That overlook the rivers, or that rise In the dim forest, crowded with old oaks, Answer. A race, that long has passed away, Built them ; a disciplined and populous race Heaped with long toil the earth, while yet the Greek Was hewing the Pentilicus to forms Of symmetry, and rearing on its rocks The glittering Parthenon. These ample fields Nourished their harvests, here their herds were fed, When haply by their stalls the bison lowed And bowed his maned shoulder to the yoke. All day this desert murmured with their toils, Till twilight blushed, and lovers walked and wooed In a forgotten language, and old tunes, From instruments of unremembered forms, Gave the soft wind a voice. The red man came — The roaming hunter tribes, warlike and fierce, And the mound-builders vanished from the earth. "The solitude of centuries untold Has settled where they dwelt. The prairie-wolf Hunts in their meadows, and his fresh-dug den Yawns by my path. The gopher mines the ground Where stood their swarming cities. All is gone ; All save the piles of earth that hold their bones. The platforms where they worshiped unknown gods, The barriers which they builded from the soil To keep the foe at bay — till o'er the walls The wild beleaguers broke, and, one by one, The strongholds of the plain were forced, and heaped With corpses. The brown vultures of the wood Flocked to these vast, uncovered sepulchres, And sat, unscared and silent, at their feast. Haply, some solitary fugitive, Lurking in marsh and forest till the sense Of desolation and of fear became Bitterer than death, yielded himself to die. Man's better nature triumphed then. Kind words Welcomed and soothed him ; the rude conquerors Seated the captive with their chiefs ; he chose A bride among their maidens, and, at length, Seemed to forget — yet ne'er forgot — the wife Of his first love, and, her sweet little ones, Butchered amid their shrieks, with all his race. " Thus change the forms of being ; thus arise Races of living beings, glorious in strength. And perish as the quickening breath of God Fills them or is withdrawn. The red man, too, Has left the blooming wilds he ranged so long, And, nearer to the Rocky Mountains, sought A wilder hunting ground. The beaver builds No longer by those streams, but, far away, On waters whose blue surface ne'er gave back The white man's face — among Missouri's springs, And pools, whose issues swell the Oregon — HISTORY OP CLINTON COUNTY. 337 He rears his little Venice. On these plains The bison feeds no more. Twice twenty leagues Beyond remotest smoke of hunter's camp, Roams the majestic brute in herds that shake The earth with thundering steps — yet here I meet His ancient footprints stamped be'side the pool. "Still the great solitude is quick with life — Myriads of insects, gaudy as the flowers They flutter over ; gentle quadrupeds, And birds that scarce have learned the fear of man, Are here, and sliding reptiles of the ground, Startlingly beautiful. The graceful deer Bounds to the woods at my approach. The bee, A more adventurous colonist than man, With whom he came across the eastern deep, Fills the savannas with his murmurings, And hideB his sweets, as in the golden age, Within the hollow oak. I listen long To his domestic hum, and think I hear The sound of that advancing multitude Which soon shall fill these deserts. From the ground, Comes up the laugh of children, the soft voice Of maidens, and the sweet and solemn hymn Of Sabbath worshipers. The low of herds Blends with the rustling of the heavy grain Over the dark-brown furrows. All at once, A fresher wind sweeps by and breaks my dream, And I am in the wilderness alone." EARLY SETTLEMENT. The earliest settlements made in Iowa were along the Mississippi River. In 1833, miners from the east side of the Mississippi, at Galena and the adja- cent district in Wisconsin, were permitted to cross the river and settle upon the- land included in the Black Hawk Purchase. The galena section around Du- buque was the first great center of attraction, but, as soon as settlers commenced raising mineral, the United States appeared, by an agent, and assumed direct control of all the mineral-bearing lands, requiring miners to take out permits for limited privileges, and to deliver the ore to a licensed smelter, who paid the Government a royalty on the lead manufactured. These restrictions became so. hard to enforce that the Government abandoned them in 1846, and put the lands into market. * The men who first came to the Dubuque region were not long in discover- ing the exceeding beauty and fertility of the lands embraced in the Black Hawk Purchase, and the story of this "garden land" began to spread east- ward. Eastern Illinois was pretty well filled with the tide of immigration which had rushed in since her admission in 1818, and pushing along into her western boundaries, adventurous men and women soon began to cross the "Father of Waters" and penetrate the unbroken wilderness beyond. Elijah Buel is a native of Utica, N. "Y., and was born in 1801. He had been from an early age a sea-faring man for years upon the lakes, then a pilot on the Ohio and Lower Mississippi. Becoming wearied of this life, he had decided to become a pioneer, his ambition being to secure land upon which to make a home for himself and family. His mind was directed toward the Govern- ment lands in Illinois on the eastern side of the Mississippi, and which were then in market. Leaving his wife and child in St. Louis, he embarked at that point on the old steamboat Dubuque, commanded by Capt. Cole, an old acquaintance, and who, in the language of our informant, was " one of the best men who ever traveled the river." On his arrival at Cordova, he stopped at. 338 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. the cabin of a settler, and with this as his "base of operations" started on a tour of exploration. The habits of a life-time still clung to him, and although he had quit steamboating, yet he desired to locate where he could " see steam- boats." Reaching the Meredosia in May, 1835, he found there a solitary squatter, Mr. John Baker. They decided to prospect together, and traveling up the river they reached the narrows, where Fulton and Lyons are now sit- uated. In the language of Mr. Buel, " We thought that this would be a favorable point for a ferry, and our only object was to secure to ourselves this expected privilege. We agreed to locate, Mr. Baker to take the Illinois side and I theTowa side." Bent's " History of Whiteside County" says, in the history of Fulton Township and City, that John Baker, a native of Maryland, had settled upon the Meredosia, below Albany, in the fall of 1833. He remained here some year or more, and, in 1835, made a claim where the city of Fulton now stands. Upon this claim, near the Cat-tail Creek, he erected a small building. In the fall of 1836, John W. Baker, a nephew of the original John, came, and brought his wife, three sisters and a niece, the latter of whom, Miss Elizabeth Skinner, died the following year, aged twenty-two years, and was buried on the high bluff nearly opposite Oulbertson, Smith & Co's. saw mill. Some idea of the privations of that time may be gathered from the following extract from the same work : " The funeral was/a very primitive one, the coffin being made of an old wagon-box, and the remains conveyed to their last resting-place in a farm wagon drawn by a yoke of oxen. There was such a dearth of nails and other materials for the proper construction of a coffin, that John W. Baker was compelled to sit in the wagon and hold it together while John Baker and Edward Rolph drove the oxen from the house to the burial-place." Mr. John W. Baker opened the first store in Fulton in 1837, in the fall, in company with Moses Barlow, and they were succeeded in the spring by Church & Wing. In 1835, log dwellings were put up in Albany, 111., by — Mitchell, and Edward Corbin, his brother-in-law, and, in the spring of 1836, others settled there, among them being 0. McMahon, Esq., now of Lyons, who erected a frame building in the spring of 1837, which was used as a hotel. In the fall of 1837, Joy Buck opened a small grocery store. From these stores at Fulton and Albany, the few settlers on the west side of the river obtained some of the necessaries of life. Mr. Buel, having decided upon his location went below for supplies and" returned in a pirogue, loaded with his purchases, and accompanied by Henry Carson, whom he had hired, landing here July 25, 1835. Mr. Buel com- menced at once to make preparations for a permanent home. During the months of August and September, he and Carson built him a log house on the bank of the river. They cut the logs along the bluffs above, and floated them down and " crabbed " them up the bank to the place where needed, having some assistance from the Indians. His cabin was sixteen feet square, with a puncheon floor and a roof of shakes. He then went back for his family, and for additional supplies. On his return, he left his wife and child for a time at Cordova, they having been attacked with chills and fever, but, after their recov- ery, he brought them to their home. Having thus become "settled "in a "home," which consisted of one room, which answered all the purposes of par- lor, dining-room, bedroom, kitchen and storeroom, Mr. B. commenced his labors on the "farm." His first business was cutting hay. Having employed David S. Osborn, known as the " Green Mountain Yankee," whom he found in a cabin near the Meredosia, where he was trapping and trading with the Indians, they cut a good supply of prairie hay, which they stacked on the fields AJm^i&o^y CLINTON HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 341 where cut. He then commenced cutting cord-wood, which he expected to sell to the steamboats the next season. Having no vegetables and his other supplies running low, in the fall of 1835, he went down to St.- Louis to purchase the necessary winter stores, such as potatoes, onions, fish, flour, meat, etc. The potatoes he purchased of a Mr. Armstrong, who lived at Sand Prairie, between Cordova and the Meredosia, and who had raised a "sod crop" of these esculents. For these he paid 60 cents per bushel, and, with his man Carson, they loaded forty bushels into a pirogue and started homeward, but just as they reached the mouth of the Cat- tail slough, their boat was capsized and his potatoes were planted on the bottom of the slough. Nothing daunted, and quite satisfied with results in view of the fact that they had saved their lives by clinging to their overturned craft, they ran up and down the shore until they had warmed themselves and "drained" their clothing of surplus water, and then returned to Mr. Arm- strong's for another load, with which they reached home safely during the night. The next effort was to procure a team, and Mr. Buel went down to Cordova, to a Mr. Allen's, where he expected the loan of an Indian pony to go to Mon- mouth, 111., where there was a comparatively old settlement, and where he had heard there were cattle for sale. While eating breakfast here, a party of men came along driving a fine yoke of oxen, three cows and three calves, on their way to Galena. Mr. Buel followed along, and, entering into conversation with the owner of the stock, learned that he was a disgusted pioneer, who had buried his wife, got the ague, and was pushing for the lead district to sell out his stock so as to return East. Mr. B. purchased the whole outfit, paying $50 per yoke for the best pair and $40 each for the others, $20 per head for the cows and calves. Reaching the river where Fulton now is, the stock were swum across, and, so far as can be learned, were the first work and domesticated cattle in the county. Having constructed a large ox-.-ded, he hauled his hay-cocks together and stacked them. That winter was a very open one and no snow fell, to remain, during the whole winter. Mr.' B. therefore was obliged to snake his cord-wood over the bare ground on his ox-sled to the river bank. In the spring of 1836, he commenced his first breaking. To illustrate the privations undergone by these pioneers, the following incident will be of interest. Soon after getting into his cabin with his family, Mrs. Buel and her infant son and only child, who was one and a half years old, were both taken sick. Before leaving St. Louis, Mr. B. had procured from his family physician a small chest of medicines with a little manuscript book of prescriptions, prepared by this physician, and instructions as to administering. There was no physician within fifty miles. He used his best skill and judg- ment, but the little boy died, and, with only his hired man, Carson, they made n rude coffin, and those two, with George W. Harlan, the only other settler, carried the little first-born, as dear to these grief-stricken parents as though encoffined in rosewood casket and borne beneath nodding plumes from the home of luxury, and buried him beneath the prairie sods. The wife grew worse until they despaired of her life. Mr. Buel gave directions to Carson, and, leaving her in his charge, went on foot to Elk River, where there was an Indian camp. Making known his necessities, two squaws came down with him, and, after carefully examining his wife, they went out and dug various roots, which they made into a tea, very weak at first and then stronger, and administered it to her. For six days and nights they watched her with sleepless vigilance, until she was on the way to recovery. In relating this incident, Mr. Buel exhibited, even at this far-off day, a depth of emotion a+ the revival of the 342 HISTORY OP CLINTON COUNTY. memories of that trying time that gave an indication of the mental struggle he must have passed through, and he closed his narration with the remark, " I would not pass through another such ordeal for the whole State of Iowa." In 1837 and 1838, he hauled wheat and pork from here to Chicago, which he sold there for 40 cents per bushel, and at $2.25 per hundred, and loaded back with salt, at $1.25 per barrel. The trip, with horse teams, took eight days. At the time of his arrival, and for some time after, Mr. Buel says, there was an encampment of Sac and Fox Indians on Elk River. They frequently visited him, and, as he could speak their language and always treated them fairly, they were friendly to him, an.d exchanged venison and other game for such things as he had to give in exchange. Frequently, however, they would come down to " New York," and, getting a supply of " fire-water " at Bartlett's store, would become intoxicated, and on their return, would stop at Mr. Buel's cabin to sleep off their potations. Sometimes his cabin floor would be covered with their dusky forms. At one of these visits, they had put their guns and tomahawks overhead and laid down to sleep, but, in the morning, one of them demanded of Mr. Buel more whisky. He was told that there was none in the cabin. He became enraged, and, taking down his rifle, with threats, began to load it. Mr. Buel, his wife and Carson were all there were to contend with those fifteen savages. Coolness and courage must stand in place of num- bers. The Indian would bite his rifle-ball, and make a feint of pushing it down the barrel. He was assured by Mr. Buel that he would kill him if he put down the ball. At last the ball went down, when instantly Mr. Buel seized an iron skillet and knocked him senseless on the cabin floor. His com- rades took him away without any interference in his behalf. For some time, Mr. B. lived in some apprehension that the result might be unpleasant to him, and one day, while he was chopping in the timber, this Indian suddenly and silently stood at his back. But his mission was a conciliatory one. He said, "Too much whisky; served right." When Mr. Buel reached his cabin at night-fall, he found that this Indian had been there and left with his wife a bucket of honey. Being the pioneer, and a man of energy and enterprise, it was natural that he should at once become prominent in public affairs, and selected to represent - the interests of his community. He was one of the first Board of Commis- sioners of the county, and held other offices, but he had no taste for public preferment. In 1837, he traveled over the county and circulated a petition for the first mail-route through the county, from Fulton, Lyons to Vandenburg (now De Witt) to Gower's Ferry, on the Cedar, which was established, and a horseback mail put on. Mr. Buel has lived to see his property become valuable, and the county where he was "monarch of all he surveyed," one of the wealthiest and most prosperous in the State. Mr. Daniel H. Pearce, who died at his residence in Clinton, January 5, 1878, had prepared a manuscript, in which he gave some incidents relative to the early settlement of this locality, from which we gather the following > Mr. Pearce came here in the latter part of October, 1838. As he says, " The footprints of the red man had scarcely been obliterated ; indeed, many still lingered here, reluctant to quit the hunting-grounds of their fathers ; but the rush of immigration soon crowded them toward the setting sun, where they may be permitted to linger a few years longer, but will ultimately become extinct." HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 343 On the 4th of July, 1838, Iowa Territory was organized, it having pre- viously been a part of Wisconsin Territory. Iowa was known as the "Black Hawk " country, and emigrants would simply say they wished to go to " Black Hawk," and the steamboat captains would put them off anywhere along the Mississippi which suited his convenience, and they would be satisfied, so that they were landed in " Black Hawk." The first claim, where the principal part of Clinton now is, was made previous to his arrival by Joseph M. Bartlett. " At any rate, he owned it the year pre- vious to our arrival, but had sold out his claim, I think, some time in the spring or summer of 1838, to Capt. C. G. Pearce, of Cincinnati, Ohio, and Col. Beal Randall, of Baltimore." Bartlett, he says, had previously laid out a town called New York, and established a ferry to Whiteside Point in Illinois. This was previous to the Government Survey, as this town (New York) is noted on the field-notes of the Surveyor. The plat of the city was quite extensive, as, in breaking up the prairie for farming purposes, we plowed up large quantities of stakes, which marked the streets and alleys of the imaginary city." The following is an extract from a letter written by Capt. C. G. Pearce, a former proprietor of New York, to Mr. D. H. Pearce: " In the summer of 1836, 1 found J. M. Bartlett squatted on the little town- site, keeping a small store, the only building within a mile or more of this spot. He was the sole proprietor and monarch of all he surveyed — quite a funny- talking fellow, who liked whisky full as well as he did money. He was ready for a trade of any kind, and was always anxious to sell town lots, which he often accomplished, for some commodity, such as old harness, horses, wagons, plows, etc. — generally, in those days, minus the money ; more commonly, a great deal of time, called credit, was given, particularly to such lot-holders as our old friend Hogan, who owned the eighty over against the side-hill." " As I was running the steamboat Missouri Fulton between St. Louis and Dubuque, and sometimes going up as far as St. Anthony Falls and Fort Snell- ing, I had a chance to watch the little town of New York and its sole proprie- tor, upon whom I used to call nearly every trip. Besides its natural and com- mercial advantages, he would argue, when trying to sell me the §ite for a town, that there was gold enough in the earth in and about this site, if properly worked, to run the United States Mint. He always insisted that he was dig- ging for gold, and that he found it in large quantities. In the spring of 1838, I think it was myself and Col. B. Randall and Col. Jennings purchased the town from Mr. Bartlett, but I have no recollection that we gave any more for it on account of its mineral wealth." Mr. Pearce continues his narrative : " The laW not being in market, it was held by claim-titles alias ' squatter sovereignty.' One reason why this locality did not settle up in subsequent years more rapidly was on account of /these ' claim-titles,' by which specula- tors held large bodies of land as ' squatters,' and which they held against the actual settler, until bought off. This also led to interminable brawls. Some of the chivalry, or gentlemen of elegant leisure, followed the business of making claims and selling them to emigrants as they arrived in the Territory. The method of operation was this : As soon as a new settler arrived, the above- named gentry would ascertain the ' size of his pile,' by some means best known to themselves. They would have a claim ready to suit his purse, and, if he demurred paying anything to them, contending that his right to the public domain was as good as theirs, they would very soon convince him of his error. He would be summoned to appear before a Justice of the Peace as a trespasser, 344 HISTORY OF CLINTON COTJNTY. or, in the language of the times, a ' claim-jumper.' The magistrate issuing the summons belonged to the fraternity, and the poor devil of a settler would have to shell out or leave, and, even if he we at, would have to go a poorer if not a sadder man. " Our Justice Courts were a mere farce. The laws of Michigan were pre- tended to be used as a legal guide ; but the party who furnished the most whisky would, as a matter of course, always gain the suit. " I had some little experience in a case brought as trespass, in order to get possession of a piece of land that myself and others were in possession of at the time. Previous to the suit, we had purchased the land from the Government ; and, at the trial, we introduced the Government patent, yet the jury gave the cause against us, and the Justice issued a writ, to dispossess us of our property. " Col. Randall, one of the proprietors, kept a small store near where Flour- noy's warehouse now stands. The principal commodities kept were whisky, Dr. Sappington's ague pills and tobacco — all of ' which were more or less used as antidotes for ague, and other malarial diseases incident to a new coun- try. Col. Randall's store was the general resort for the surrounding country. Here they would congregate ; hold caucuses, talk politics, take a little whisky for the ague, and sometimes indulge in a free fight. "New York, at this time — 1838 and 1839 — did not appear in a very flour- ishing condition, although there had been many lots sold at high figures, but mostly in barter trade. For instance, a person having an old horse or broken- down team, would trade it for a city lot, get his deed, and consider himself worth some hundreds of dollars in real estate. There were, at this time, three buildings in the city proper. These were Bartell's store, the Perrin House, and that of the Pearces. " The first election held in this part of the county, I think, was held in the fall of 1839. The writer sat as one of the judges of the election. We kept the polls open all day, and the electors came from a circuit of ten or twelve miles; and after counting our votes at sundown, we found we had just sixteen votes, and every masculine voted who was old enough, and no questions asked. " Some enterprising genius had plowed a furrow on the section line, between Townships 81 and 82, to some indefinite place towards sundown, following the surveyor's mark, and this was the only road we had leading into the interior of the county. Crossing the small water-courses was sometimes a rather hazard- ous enterprise. We were sometimes fortunate in finding a fallen tree or drift- log, on which we could cross, coon-fashion, but more frequently had to ford or swim. There was no settlement, after leaving the river, for a distance of twenty miles ; at Round Grove, near where De Witt was afterwards built, A. G. Har- rison had a small, log house at the edge of the grove. "During the fall and winter of 1838, myself and my father's family, consist- ing of ten persons, occupied a small, log house, located about half-way between where the Iowa Central House now stands and the river. We had no great surplus of room, it is true ; but being resolved to make the best of everything, we passed the winteT very pleasantly. "Among the earliest manufacturing enterprises established in the county was Bigelow's Mint. This establishment was located about one and a half miles below town, on the place now occupied by Mr. Howe. Here hard money was coined in large quantities, and distributed in every direction. So great was the demand for coin, and such the briskness of business at this mint at one time, that the workmen confiscated the machinery of a small grist-mill on Mill Creek, with which to increase the facilities and capacity of their institution. HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 345 " Tim Bigelow's money was very well executed, and circulated quite current. In many places it was quite as current as much of the Eastern currency, wild- t cat bills, and was about equally as good. Such, however, was the pressure of the Democratic party, in Iowa, at this time, against " Banks of Issue," that our mint was forced to suspend operations. Bigelow was driven from his strong- hold, for he had previously made a fortress of his house, the upper story being pierced with loopholes for musketry, determined to defend himself to the last. But he was forced to capitulate by a posse of regulators ; his old blacksmith- shop (the mint), was demolished, and he was threatened with dire vengeance if he ever showed himself in this part of the county again." Other informants give us the following statements in regard to Bigelow and his " mint : " The first telegraph in this part of the country was probably erected in this county. Bigelow, who was a "hard-money" man, and whose coin went current even at the land office, and with which many acres of land in this county are said tq have been paid'for, had his " mint " in a log house situated in Riverside, below where Davis's lime-kiln now stands. Near where the pres- ent railroad bridge now reaches the shore, there was a bridge across the slough on the road between Lyons and Camanche. Another bridge crossed Mill Creek near the present site of the Mill Creek bridge. From each of the bridges a wire was extended to the " mint," so arranged that any one passing over would ring a bell at the house, upon which labor was suspended, tools carefully laid aside, and the artisans at once became agricul- turists, and assiduously devoted themselves to the labors of the farm. It is said that this bogus coin was so well executed that much of it passed current at the land office, and was paid out with other coin at the land sales. Mr. Pearce continues : "There were several stations along the Mississippi in those early days, where sporting gentlemen stopped to trade horses and other property. They were asked no questions, supplied with coin and creature com- forts, and passed on their course of dissipation and crime. The ' mint ' was one of these stations. " The names of the old settlers in this immediate vicinity were Noble Perrin, T. K. Peck, Robert Thomas and J. L. Pearce. Capt. C. Gr. Pearce, whose interest in the town of New York our family subsequently purchased, and Col. Randall, never considered themselves citizens. " The old Perrin homestead stood on the bank of the river, between where the railroad bridge and W. J. Young & Co. 's saw-mill now stands ; the old Bartlett house and store, near the Farmers' Mills, and the old Pearce ' mansion,' near the Clinton Lumber Co.'s mill. The only land-mark that remains is the old well. The old Frank Weir's house stood in Young and Arnold's Addition to South Clinton, near where Davis and Co.'s saw-mill used to stand. " Little Rock Island, in its primitive state, was a beautiful spot. Memory still loves to linger around its stately trees. Here was our sugar camp, where each spring we manufactured our supply of sugar for the coming year. The hand of improvement, I had almost said of desecration, has stripped it of its beauty, and left it in its nakedness. " The act of the Territorial Legislature organizing the county of Clinton, located the county seat at Camanche. Previous to this, Clinton County was attached to Scott for judicial purposes. " The first District Court held in this county was in October, 1839, if my memory serves me right. Hon. Thos. S. Wilson, of Dubuque, was the Judge, James D. Bourne, Sheriff, and Martin Dunning, Clerk. It took nearly all the adult male population of the county for grand and petit jurors and constables. 346 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. Persons would frequently have to serve several terms in succession, there being not men enough in the county to change. " A ferry was run from Camanche to Albany. The boat was an old mud- scow, propelled by sweeps, and it was considered a good half-day's work to cross over and return. Some years latef, a horse power-boat was used. This innovation created quite a sensation in the community, and the time of its trips from shore to shore, was often the basis for wagers among the sporting gentle- men ; these trips varying from five to thirty minutes, according to the favor- ableness of wind and weather." GENERAL SUMMARY. The earliest settler upon any territory within the State of Iowa of which history gives us any account, was an adventurous Frenchman named Julien Dubuque. He is believed to have been a Canadian Frenchman, and, it is sup- posed, obtained his first knowledge of the Upper Mississippi country from the reports made of the explorations of James Marquette and Louis Joliette, who, in 1673, under authorization from the French Government of Canada, voyaged along the northern shore of Lake Michigan, through Green Bay, up the Fox River and Lake Winnebago, and down the Wisconsin River, having made a portage between the two latter waters, to the Mississippi. They entered the latter stream on the 17th of June, 1673, and floated down to the solitudes below, gazing with wonder and admiration upon the bold bluffs and beautiful prairies along its western shore. They were the discoverers of Iowa — the " Beautiful Land." At this time, and until 1788, this newly-discovered territory was inhabited by Indians, of whom no authentic history is known. Marquette and his com- panions only record a brief paragraph in regard to the tribes they found. On the 21st day of June, 1673, the fourth day of their journey down the Missis- sippi, they landed on the west bank, and " discovered footprints of some fellow- mortals and a little path leading into a pleasant meadow." They followed that trail, with their companions, five French Canadians, a short distance, when they heard the Indians talking, and, making their presence known by a loud cry, they were conducted to an Indian village. Various conjectures have been v made as to the probable location of this village, but it seems to be only con- jecture. It is reasonable to believe it was near the present site of the city of Davenport. The inhabitants of this Indian village are said to have been of the Illini, meaning " tribe of men," who are supposed to have occupied a large portion of the country bordering upon the Mississippi. The Illini were suc- ceeded by the Winnebagoes, who in turn gave place to the Iowas. The Iowas, after having been defeated in a sanguinary conflict by the Sacs and Foxes, yielded up their prairie homes to their victors, and pushed westward to more peaceful hunting-grounds, leaving their name to the beautiful State which has risen upon their aboriginal possessions. A remnant of these Sacs and Foxes remained here when the first settlers arrived. Albert Gallatin,Jn writing upon Indian history, says, " The Sauks, or Saukies (white clay), and the Foxes, or Outagamins (so called by Europeans), and Algonquins respectively, but whose true name is Mus-quaq-kiuk (red clay), are, in fact, but one nation." A'rem- nant, called " Musquakies," now reside upon their reservation in Tama County, Iowa. For a century following the discovery by Marquette and Joliette, France claimed jurisdiction over the country, when it was ceded to Spain ; but in 1801, the Spanish Government ceded back to the French all interest in the HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 347 Mississippi Valley, and, under treaty dated April 30, 1803, these possessions were ceded by the French Government to the United States. It was while a province of Spain that, in 1788, Dubuque found his way into this wilderness, and, reaching the galena section of Iowa, he obtained from Blondeau and two other chiefs of the Fox tribe of Indians, what he claimed to be a grant of lands. His claim was described as follows: "Seven leagues (twenty-one miles) on the west bank of the Mississippi, from the mouth of the Little Maquoketa River to the Tete Des Mortes, and three leagues (nine miles) in depth." This grant from the Indian chief Blondeau was subsequently qualifiedly confirmed by Carondelet, the Spanish Governor at New Orleans. Dubuque intermarried with the Indians among whom he had cast his fortunes, and continued to operate his mines until the time of his death, in 1810. In 1854, a case hav- ing been made, the United States Supreme Court decided that his grant from the Indian chief Blondeau, qualifiedly confirmed by the Spanish Governor Carondelet, was nothing more than a " temporary license to dig ore, and con- stituted no valid claim to the soil." [16 Howard Rep., 224]. The oldest settlement in the State, is, therefore, Dubuque, which, as a trad- ing post, is identified with the French pioneer whose name it bears. The territory embraced within the boundaries of Iowa has been purchased by four different treaties. The first, known as the " Black Hawk Purchase," in 1832 ; the second, in 1836 ; the third, in 1837, and the fourth and last in 1842. At about the time of the first purchase, a settlement had been made at Galena, 111., and Forts Madison and Bellevue were military posts. Early in the spring of 1833, several companies of settlers crossed from Illinois into Iowa at and near Burlington, and, from this period, the extension of settle- ments and increase of population became more rapid than in the history of any territory. On the 16th of March, 1804, the boundary line between Upper and Lower Louisiana was established. The lower country was called the Territory of New Orleans, and the upper country, the District of Louisiana. The District of Louis- iana embraced the present States of Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa and Minnesota, and was attached to the Territory of Indiana for political and judicial purposes. In 1807, Iowa was organized with the Territory of Illinois, and, in 1812, it was included in the Territory of Missouri. In 1821, when Missouri was admitted into the Union as a State, Iowa was, for a time, a " political orphan, ' ' remaining as such until June, 1834, when it was attached to Michigan Territory for temporary jurisdiction, and two large counties — Dubuque and Des Moines — were organized. The line between these two counties commenced at the flag-staff at Fort Arm- strong, Rock Island, and ran due west forty miles. The population at the time of their organization was 10,531, as returned by the census in 1836. By an act of Congress, approved April 20, 1836, and which took effect July 3, of the same year, the territory now comprising the States of Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota was organized as Wisconsin Territory, and Henry Dodge appointed Governor. The Territory of Iowa was organized on the 4th of July, 1838, and Robert Lucas, a former Governor of Ohio, was appointed Governor and Superintend- ent of Indian affairs. "At the close of the Black Hawk war," says Hon. C. C. Nourse, in his State Address, delivered at the Centennial Exhibition, at Philadelphia, Thurs- day, September 7, 1876, " and on the 15th of September, 1832, Gen. Winfield Scott concluded a treaty, at the present site of the city of Davenport, with the confederate tribes of Sac and Fox Indians, by which the Indian title was 348 HISTORY OP CLINTON COUNTY. extinguished to that portion of Iowa known as the ' Black Hawk Purchase.' This was a strip of land on the west bank of the Mississippi River, the western boundary of which commenced at the southeast corner of the present county of Davis ; thence to a point on Cedar River, near the northeast corner of John- son County ; thence to the Mississippi to a point above Prairie du Chien, and contained about six million acres of land. By the terms of the treaty, the Indians were to occupy this land until June 1, 1833." In 1829, Caleb Atwater was appointed a United States Commissioner to negotiate with the Indians of the Upper Mississippi for the purchase of the " mineral country." He published an account of his trip in a volume entitled, " Remarks Made on a Tour to Prairie du Chien, thence to Washington City, in 1829." In that volume, while describing the country along the Mississippi from Keokuk north, he utters the following prophetic words :. " When locomo- tive engines are brought to the perfection -to which experience and ingenuity will soon bring them, goods and passengers could pass between the two seas in ten days. That this will be the route to China within fifty years from this time, scarcely admits of a doubt. From sea to sea, a dense population would dwell along the whole route, enliven the prospect with their industry, and animate the scene." He seems also to have a humorous side, as, after prophesying of the future greatness of the West, he says : " At this moment, 50,000 old maids could find industrious husbands in the Western States. For my author- ity, I refer to the late census." Mr. Atwater describes St. Louis as a town with about forty stores, and a population of 7,000. On the 30th of June, 1829, he left St. Louis with "a great number of passengers, male and female, bound mostly either to Galena or Prairie du Chien," and "on the morning of July 4, we landed under a dis- charge of cannon at Keokuk, 240 miles north of St. Louis, at the foot of the rapids of Des Moines." " Keokuk belongs to the half-breeds, whose capital it is, on the western side of the Mississippi." It took him three days to reach Rock Island. "Fort Armstrong and the village," he says, " occupies the extreme lower end of the island. The village adjoins the fort on the north, and a few families live here ; Mr. Davenport, who keeps a store for the American Fur Company, being a principal man among them." He notices no other evidences of civilization until he reaches Fever River and Galena. , At Galena, the great treaty with the Winnebagoes, Chippewas, Ottawas, Pottawatomies, Sioux, Sauks, Foxes and Menominees was held, at which, in July and August, 1829, a tract was ceded from the upper end of Rock Island to the mouth of the Wisconsin, from latitude 41 degrees and 30 minutes, to latitude 43 degrees and 15 minutes on the Mississippi. At this council, the Winnebagoes became turbulent, and threatened to massacre the whites, but Keokuk, who was present with 200 war- riors of Sauks and Foxes, and who was friendly to the United States, began a war dance, reporting that steamboats with United States troops and 400 warriors of his own were near at hand, and by his firmness and faithfulness turned the tide and prevented any bloodshed. At the first session of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature, held in 1836, the counties of Des Moines, Lee, Van Buren, Henry, Muscatine, and Cook (now called Scott), and Slaughter (now called Washington), were organized out of the original county of Des Moines. At the second session, which convened at Burlington, Des Moines Co., in November, 1837, the following counties were erected from the original Dubuque County : Dubuque, Clayton, Fayette, Dela- ware, Buchanan, Jackson, Jones, Linn, Benton, Clinton and Cedar. Loring Wheeler was a member of the House which numbered thirteen, the Council HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 349 consisting of six members. In the fall of 1837, the question of a separate Territorial organization for Iowa 'began to be agitated. A convention was called to meet at Burlington on November 1, to devise " ways and means" to accomplish that end. The Wisconsin Legislature, then in session, were favor- able to the movement, and united in a petition to Congress. A bill was pre- pared in answer to the prayer of the petitioners, which, on the 12th of June, 1838, became a law, and went into effect on the 3d of July following. The Legislature of Wisconsin Territory had convened in Burlington in June, 1838, but the passage of the law creating the new Territory rendered their action nugatory so far as related to Iowa, and they adjourned sine die on July 3. On the next day, July 4, 1838, Robert Lucas assumed the functions of Governor, under appointment from President Van Buren. William B. Conway was appointed Secretary; Charles Mason, Chief Justice, and Thomas S. Wilson and Joseph Williams, Judges. Burlington was designated as the temporary seat of Government. The population had increased from 10,531 in 1836, to 22,860 in 1838. Soon after assuming the duties of his office, Gov. Lucas issued a proclama- tion for an election of members of the first legislative Assembly, and dividing the Territory into suitable districts for that, purpose. The election was held September 10, 1838, and the members of the Assembly, composed of a Council of thirteen, and a House of Representatives, composed of twenty-six members, were elected. Samuel R. Murray, of Camanche, was returned as elected to the House for the counties of Clinton and Scott, but his election was successfully contested by Joseph A. Burchard, of Scott. By act of Congress, approved March 3, 1845, provision was made for the admission of Iowa, with boundaries extending on the north to the parallel of latitude passing through the mouth of the Mankato or Blue Earth River, and on the West only to 17° 30 v west from Washington, corresponding very nearly with the line between Ringgold and Union Counties and Taylor and Adams. The Constitutional Convention, in 1844, had adopted much more extensive boundaries even than those of the present State, the northwestern line extend- ing from the mouth of the Big Sioux or Calumet River direct to the St. Peter's River, where the Watonwan River (according to Nicollet's map) enters the same ; thence down the Mississippi, embracing within the proposed limits some of the richest portions of the present State of Minnesota. The reduction of these boundaries by Congress was so distasteful to the people, that the whole Con- stitution, which was framed at the first Constitutional Convention, which con- vened October 7, 1844, at Iowa City and adjourned November 1 following, was rejected by a vote of the people at the election held August 4, 1845. 7,235 votes being cast "for the Constitution," and 7,656 votes "against the Consti- tution." Lyman Evans and Ralph R. Benedict were the members of that Convention from Clinton County. In 1846, the present boundary lines were proposed by Congress, which were embodied in the Constitution framed at the second Constitutional Convention, which convened at Iowa City May 4, 1846, and adjourned May 19 following, and, at the election held on the 3d day of August, 1846, the Constitution was ratijSed by the people, the vote being 9,492 for and 9,036 against its adoption. Henry P. Haun was the member of this Convention from Clinton County. ORGANIZATION. As has been stated, Iowa was embraced in what was known as the Louisiana Purchase, was a part of the District of Louisiana in 1804 ; in 1807, was 350 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. included in the Territory of Illinois, and, in 1812, in the Territory of Missouri until the admission of the State in 1821 ; was unattached to any organized Ter- ritory until 1834, when it became a part of Michigan Territory, and, in 1836, became a part of Wisconsin Territory; in 1838, was established as the Terri- tory of Iowa. . On the 11th of January, 1840, the Territorial Legislature, by enactment, organized the county of Clinton, the law to take effect March 1, 1840, and making Camanche, which, it was stated, had polled more votes than all the bal- ance of the county, the seat of justice. The act of organization declares that three County Commissioners and other officers shall be elected on the first Monday in April, 1840. No record, however, exists of any proceedings of the Commissioners until January 5, 1841. We have verbal statements of old settlers which place "it almost beyond doubt that there were meetings held during the year 1840, and that Elijah Buel, George Griswold and Robert C. Bourne were the first Commissioners, and it N appears that the next election was held in August, 1840. The act organizing Clinton County also provided that the Commissioners of Scott County should select the names of persons resident in Clinton County to serve as grand jurors. The following names were returned in accordance therewith : Peter H. Groat, James Claborne, Richard Crawshaw, Robert Thomas, Samuel Doolittle, John C. Holbrook, Frederick Hess, John'Emory, Shubel Coy, Benjamin Baker, Oliver A. Crary, Alfred Brown, Otis Bennett, Daniel Smith, Richard H. Daw- son, Eldad Beard, David H. Brown, Henry Strickler, Robert C. Bourne, Philip D. Bradley, Eli Goddard, Alanson Dickerman and Arthur Smith. Of these, there appeared at the opening of the Court, October 12, 1840, James Claborne, Benjamin Baker, Otis Bennett, Richard H. Dawson, Eldad Beard, Henry Strickler, Robert C. Bourne, Alanson Dickerman and Arthur Smith. The Court selected Samuel N. Bedford, George W. Harlan, John Welsh and Absalom Dennis as talesmen to complete the required number, and the first grand jury of Clinton County was sworn in, with Richard H. Daw- son as foreman. James D. Bourne had been appointed Sheriff by Governor Dodge, and Martin Dunning held appointment as Clerk of the Court. Thomas S. Wilson was the Judge, and William J. A. Bradford, District Prosecuting Attorney. At the election for county officers, Robert C. Bourne, Eli Goddard and Elijah Buel were elected County Commissioners. Mr. Bourne, having the highest number of votes, was declared elected for three years. There was a tie between Messrs. Goddard and Buel, and the Clerk cut the Gordian knot by declaring Mr. Goddard to be the two years' man, and Mr. Buel elected for one year. James D. Bourne was elected Sheriff ; Richard H. Dawson, County Asses- sor ; Shubel Coy, Treasurer ; Gardner, Recorder. BOARD 'OP COUNTY COMMISSIONERS. EXPLANATORY. From the organization of the county, in the spring of 1840, to August, 1851, the management of county affairs was vested in a Board of three Com- ' missioners, chosen by the people, and were recognized and known as a Board of County Commissioners. This system of county management originated with Virginia, whose early settlers soon became large landed proprietors, aris- tocratic in feeling, living apart in almost baronial magnificence on their own estates, and owning the laboring part of the population. Thus the materials HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 351 for a town were not at hand, the voters being thinly distributed over a great area. The county organization, where a few influential men managed the whole business of the community, retaining their places almost .at their pleas- ure, scarcely responsible at all, except in name, and permitted to conduct the county concerns as their ideas or wishes might direct, was, moreover, consonant with their recollections or traditions of the judicial and social dignities of the landed aristocracy of England, in descent from whom the Virginia gentlemen felt so much pride. In 1834, eight counties were organized in Virginia, and the system, extending throughout the State, spread into all the Southern States and some of the Northern States, unless we except the nearly similar division into " districts " in South Carolina, and that into " parishes " in Louisiana, from the French laws. In 1851, a County Court was created (see Code of Iowa, 1851, Chap. 15). The act creating that Court gave the County Judge jurisdiction of probate affairs, and clothed him with all the powers previously exercised by the Board of County Commissioners. In short, it legislated the Commissioners out of existence. The Township System. — On the 22d of March, 1860, the Legislature passed an act entitled "An Ace creating a Board of Supervisors, and defining their duties." (See Revision of Iowa, p. 48). This law went into effect July 4, 1860, and provided for the election of one Supervisor from each civil town- , ship. When assembled together for the transaction of county business, these town representatives were known as the Board of County Supervisors. The township system had its origin in Massachusetts, and dates back to 1635. The first legal enactment concerning this system provided that, whereas " particu- lar towns have many things which concern only themselves, and the ordering of their own affairs, and disposing of business in their own town," therefore "the freemen of every town, or the major part of them, shall only have power to dispose of their own lands and woods, with all the appurtenances of said towns, to grant lots, and to make such orders as may concern the well- ordering of their own towns, not repugnant to the laws and orders estab- lished by the General Court." They might also impose fines of not more than twenty shillings, and " choose their own particular officers, as constables, surveyors for the highways, and the like." Evidently, this enactment relieved the General Court, which was composed of the Governor and a Coun- cil selected from among the most influential inhabitants, and possessed and exercised both legislative and judicial powers, hardly limited — in fact, did all the public business of a colony — of a mass of municipal details, without any danger to the powers of that body in controlling general measures of public policy. Probably, also, a demand from the freemen of the towns was felt for the control of their own home concerns. Similar provisions for the incorporation of towns were made in the first Constitution of Connecticut, adopted in 1639, and the plan of township organ- ization became universal throughout New England, and came westward with the emigrants from New England into' New York, Ohio and other Western States, including the northern part of Illinois ; and, there being a large New England element among the population of Iowa, it is fair to presume that their influence secured the adoption of this system in Iowa, as created in the act already quoted. It seems, however, that the township system did not continue in general favor with the people of the State. Objections were made that the body was unwieldy and expensive, and that the populous townships wielded an undue 352 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. proportion of voting power in the Board to the disadvantage of the less thickly populated townships, and, in 1871, the system was abolished or modified, so as to yest the powers of the former Board of Township Supervisors in a Board of three County Supervisors. (See Code of Iowa, Title IV, Chapter 2). From the time of this law going into effect, the affairs of the county have been under the control of a Board of Supervisors, consisting of three members, one of whom is annually elected at the general election, for a term of three years. RESUME. The first meeting of the Board of County Commissioners was held at the house of Samuel Doolittle, who kept a pioneer hotel, in the town of Camanche, on Tuesday, January 5, 1841. Martin' Dunning was appointed Clerk of the Board. Richard H. Dawson having failed to qualify, George W. Harlan was appointed by the Board to be Assessor for Clinton County, and took the neces- sary oath and filed his bond. William J. A. Bradford was allowed $25 as his compensation as the Pros- ecuting Attorney at the October term of the District Court. A very modest . sum as compared with the allowances of the present day. The Recorder was furnished with an outfit of the necessary books for his office, and Reuben Root was allowed the sum of $7.35 in payment for the same. David Smith, Milton Mclntire, Oliver A. Crary, David Hess, Robert Smith, George W. Parker, Oliver Alger, John Homer, John D. Simmons, Joseph Miller, Reuben Root, James Claborne and John C. Holbrook were each allowed $1, and Eli Goddard $4.50, and Phillip D. Bradley $2.70 as Judges of Election at the October election. The following persons were also allowed $1 each as Clerks of the Elec : tion : Otis Bennett, John Emory, George Goddard, William Lawton, Anson Weed, Philip Deeds, R. R. Benedict, John Thomas, Thomas Watts, Simeon Gardner. The following were selected from which to draw the grand jury' for the next term of the District Court: James Hall, Charles Burgoon, David H. Brown, H. B. ShafF, Eli G. Boice, Otis Bennett, Isaac Ramsay, John A. Kernan, John Brophy, David Hess, Leroy Dutton, Robert Smith, Oliver Alger, A. F. Bedford, Samuel Doolittle, J. R. Pierce, John D. Simmons, John R. Boyd, William Hogan, Lyman Evans, William Lawton, F. K. Peck and , Charles Harrison. The petit jurors selected were : M. A. Harrington, Frederick Fordham, William D. Follett, Samuel Lawring, John Peck, Norman Evans, Reuben Root, Absalom Dennis, David W. Fisher, Joseph Loveland, Seth Sands, John Laughray, Adoniram Kindall, Shelton Summers, Amos Holoway, Robert Thomas, George W. Harlan, William Welch, Charles Bovard, F. W. Rowe, David Cass and William Knight. The rate of taxation was fixed for the year 1841, as follows : Poll Tax, as established by Territorial statute, $1. "First-rate lands shall be $3 per acre ; second-rate lands shall be $2.50 per acre ; third-rate lands shall be $2 per acre. Ad valorem tax on all property, as valued and returned by the Assessor, five mills on the dollar." As this would make the annual tax on 160 acres of "first-rate lands $2.40, we can not> include among the hardships of the early settlers, the burden of excessive taxation. It would, however, be accurate history, very probably, if it was here stated that there were tax grumblers then the same as now, so prone is mankind to fault-finding. HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 353 The Clerk was directed to give notice of a special election to be held on, the first Monday in April, 1841, to elect a Judge of Probate, a Recorder, and a Coroner. The whisky question came up early in the history of the county, and we find that the final action of the first meeting of the Board was as follows : Ordered — That the Clerk of this Board be authorized to issue permits to sell spirituous liquors, or for other purposes, as the law may require ; Provided, that in all oases, whenever he shall grant such permit, or license, during vacation, he shall render an account of the same to this Board at their next session. The next meeting of the Board was commenced April 5, 1841, at the house of Samuel Doolittle in Camanche, but it being the day of election, the Board adjourned until the following day. W. A. Warren, A. F. Russell and William Miller were allowed their bills for their services as Commissioners to re-locate the county seat. The re-location of the county seat was done in response to a petition of the citizens of the county to the Territorial Legislature, which petition was drawn and circulated by George Griswold, and was induced by the usual jealousy and spirit of rivalry which arises between various localities. In response to the petition, the Legislature passed ah act January 14, 1841, from which we extract. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Council and the House of Representatives of the Territory of Iowa, that William Miller, of Cedar County, Andrew Russell, of Scott County, William A. Warren, of Jackson County, be, and are hereby appointed Commissioners to re-locate the seat of justice of Clinton County. Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of said Commissioners to meet at the house of Abram Folcks, in Clear Creek Precinct, in said county, on some day within six months from the date of this act, and proceed to locate said seat of justice as near the geographical center of said county as a good and suitable situation, convenient to wood and water, can be found, having reference to the present and future population of the county. Sec. '■>. The Commissioners aforesaid, shall, before entering upon their duties as Commissioners, take and subscribe before some Justice of the Peace, the following oath or affirmation. [Here follows the oath that they shall faithfully and justly perform their duty, etc.]. Sec. 4, That so soon as said Commissioners shall have determined upon the place where said seat of j ustice shall be located, it sh»ll be the duty of said Commissioners to name it by some name, as they may think proper and agreeable to the- people of said county ; and they shall forthwith commit their proceedings to writing, and sign the same, and file them in the office of the Clerk of the District Court of said county, whose duty it shall be to record the same in the record book. The remaining sections of the act are the usual provisions of taking effect, notice, etc., etc. In compliance with this act the Commissioners made their report to the Dis- trict Court in vacation April 10, 1841 : Territory of Iowa, 1 Clinton County. / ss ' We, the Commissioners to locate the seat of justice of Clinton County, do solemnly swear that we will perform the duties imposed on us by our appointment, honestly and faithfully and according to the best of our abilities and according to the law relative to locating said seat of justice, and we do further swear that we are not directly or indirectly interested in said loca- tion, and that, in locating said seat of justice, we will act without the slightest partiality toward any person or persons, without bias from fear, favor or recompense, or the hope of any gain or advantage to ourselves in any respect whatever. William Miller, Andrew Rcssell, William A. Warren. Sworn to and subscribed this 18th day of March, 1841, before me, Robert Smith, Justice of the Peace. We, the Commissioners appointed by an act of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Iowa, having met at the house of Abraham Folk, in Clear Creek Precinct, in Clinton County, and having taken and subscribed the oath prescribed by said act (as above) proceeded to the performance of our duties, and located the seat of justice of said county by setting the stake in or near the center of the north half of Section Eighteen, Township Eighty-one (81) north, Range 354 HISTORY ,OF CLINTON COUNTY. four east of the Fifth Principal Meridian ; and by naming the said seat of justice, as the law pre- scribes, being in accordance with the will of the people, aB near as we could ascertain the same, Vandenburq. Witness our hands and seals this eighteenth day of March, A. D. eighteen hundred and' forty-one. William Miller, [Seal.' Andrew F. Russell, [Seal.' William A. Warren, [Seal." It is said that the name " Vandenburg " was the family name of the " sweetheart " of Commissioner Warren, in whose honor it was given. We have digressed from the record of the County Commissioners' proceed- ings to give this history of the removal of the county seat, and now resume the proceedings at their April session in 1841. The boundaries of the several precincts or townships had been somewhat vaguely defined, and, at this session, the Board ordered that their boundaries be spread upon the records. At this time there were but six precincts or townships in the county — Camanche, Lyons, Elk River, Deep Creek, Clear Creek and Liberty. They were described as having boundaries as follows : " The Township of Camanche — Commencing at the Mississippi River, on the south line of the second tier of sections in fractional township eighty-one north, range seven east ; thence in a direct west course until it arrives at the southeast corner of section nine, in range four east ; thence south to the Wau- besepinicon River ; thence to the Mississippi River, being the south line, and the Mississippi River being the east line." This township began at the head Oi Beaver Island, and extended due west to near where the city of DeWitt now is, and south to the Wapsie, which also formed the county line. It included the present township of Camanche, part of Clinton and Lincoln, nearly all of Eden and a part of DeWitt Townships, as they now exist. " Township of Lyons — Commencing at the Mississippi River, on the south line of the second tier of sections in fractional township eighty-two north, range seven east;' thence in a direct line west to the east line of range four east; thence south to the line dividing Camanche from Lyons ; thence on said line to the Mississippi." This township was bounded on the south by the Camanche line and extended west to the present line between Washington and Center, and north to the south line of the second tier of sections in Center Township and east to the Mississippi River. It included in its boundaries all but the two north tiers of sections of Lyons, Hampshire and Center, and nearly all of Clint ton and Lincoln Townships as they now exist. '■'•Elk River Township — Includes all north of Lyons in Clinton County, as far west as the east line of range five east." The boundaries of Elk River included its present territory and two tiers of sections on the south across the present townships of Lyons and Hampshire. "Deep Creek Township — Includes township eighty-three north, range five east." The boundaries of Deep Creek Township were a Congressional Town- ship and have not been changed. " Clear Creek Township — Commencing at the southeast corner of section nine, township eighty-two north, range four east ; thance west and north, includ- ing the west half of township eighty-one north, and range four east, and town- ship eighty-one north, range two and three east, and township eighty-two north, range two and three east, together with the fractional townships eighty north, range two and three east." This township included in its boundaries the majoi part of the present township of DeWitt and all of Orange, Olive,. Welton and Berlin, as now mapped. HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 355 " Liberty Township — Includes townships eighty-one and eighty-two north, range one east." This township included the present townships of Liberty and Spring Rock. ' The territory which now comprises the townships of Washington, Waterford, Bloomfield, Brookfield and Sharon were as yet unorganized. The next, business of the Board was to lay out Road Districts and appoint Supervisors for the same. The record of surveyed roads shows that the following Territorial Roads had been established and were all the lawful roads then in existence in the county. By act of Legislature, James Ross, A. C. Sutleff and Stephen Tripp, were 1 appointed, in July, 1840, Commissioners to locate a Territorial road from Lyons to Iowa City, which was duly established, January 21, 1841. This road commenced at the center of Main street (Sixth street), in Lyons, running through the middle of Sixth street to its termination. It then ran in a southwesterly direction a distance of thirty-eight miles, in Clinton County, and eighty miles to Iowa City. Road No. 2 was a Territorial road from Davenport to Bellevue. The Com- missioners to lay out this road, appointed by the Legislature November 27, 1840, were W. Barrows, Simeon Gardner and Charles Swan. The two latter resigned, and Otis Bennett and Daniel H. Pearce were appointed by the County Commis- sioners to fill the vacancy. They made their final report October 4, 1841. No. 3 was a Territorial road from Lyons to Tipton, but no plat or proceed- ings are of record concerning it. It was established by legislative act January 10, 1842. Road No. 4 was a Territorial road from Denson's Ferry to Dubuque, estab- lished by act of the Legislature July 7, 1842. No record exists of its having ever been laid out or used. No. 5 was a county road. The petitioners were R. R. Bedford and others- of Clear Creek Township, praying for a road from the Wapsipinicon, in Range 4 east, thence through the township of De Witt ; thence north, to terminate and intersect the Territorial road from Davenport to Dubuque, at or near Negro' Grove. Ashbel F. Bedford, Thomas W. Clark and Absalom Dennis were appointed Commissioners to establish this road. The location of this road is uncertain. No. 6 was a county road. The petitioners were Jonas M. Oaks and others, who asked for a road from De Witt via Wright's Grove to the north line of Clinton County, at or near Levi Decker's house. The petition was dated July 3, 1843, and the same day the following persons were appointed Commis- sioners to locate it : James M. Kirtley, Absalom Dennis and S. A. Bedford. The location of this road is uncertain. No. 7 was a Territorial road from Camanche to Iowa City. . This appears to be the same road as No. 1, from Camanche to Iowa City, while the Davenport and Dubuque road (No. 2) was the continuation of No. 1, from Camanche northward. This road terminated in this county at the Wapsipinicon, in Town- ship 80, Range 2 east, in what is now Olive Township, at Alger's Ferry, run- ning through Camanche, Eden, De Witt, Orange and Olive. Shubel Coy was appointed Supervisor of Road District No. 1, but the- boundaries of his empire do not seem to have been stated in the record. Benjamin Baker was appointed Supervisor of the highway in Lyons Town- ship, commencing at Congressional Township 82 and 83 north, Range 7 east, thence south to the northeast corner of Section 30, which was from the present town line between Elk River and Hampshire, south to Lyons City. 356 HISTORY OF CLIKTON COUNTY. Oliver P. Ackerman was appointed Supervisor of the district from the termination of Baker's district south to Riverside, at the town line of Camanche. Daniel Pearce was given the highway in Lyon's Township, commencing at north line of fractional Township 81 north, Range 7 east, thence southwesterly to the west line of Township 81 north, Range 7 east. Franklin K. Peck had the district in the township of Camanche from the west line of fractional Township 81 north, Range 7 east, southerly to the south side of Mill Creek. Richard Crawshaw superintended the district in Camanche from the south side of Mill Creek southwesterly to the southwest side of Spring Creek. Heman B. Shaff's district was from the southwest side of Spfing Creek southwesterly to the Waubesepinicon River. John Brophy's district was from his own house, in the township of Camanche, west to the west line of said township. Trails across the prairie must have been the principal thoroughfares of travel in those days, when eight road districts represented the whole of the public highway upon which the revenues of the county were expended. How much the aggregate of the road fund was we have had no means of ascertaining, but as we give immediately following a statement of the total revenue of the county for the previous year, the reader can make the estimates to suit his own ideas of the needs of this branch of county expenditures. The next business which engrossed the attention of the Commissioners was a settlement with James D. Bourne, who, in. addition to his duties as Sheriff, Postmaster, etc., was also the Collector of the county revenue. We here insert in full the Collector's first report of tax collections, being the revenue for the year 1840 : > James D. Bourne, in account with Clinton County. DR. To Tax-list for 1840 $377.55 Order to balance 58 Total f $378.13 "Cffi. By delinquent tax $ 31.16J Excessive tax 24.50 Treasurer's receipts 299. 93£ Per cent for collecting 22.63 Total 1378.13 The amount of the tax-list for the year 1878, for Clinton County, levied and returned to the Treasurer and receipted for by him to the Auditor, is $319,402.58. No more striking statement could be made to show, by comparison, the wonderful increase in population and wealth that has been made during the thirty-eight years past. We here insert the names of the Judges of Election as selected by the Com- missioners, among which will be many which are to-day familiar names, as men of prominence in their respective communities, and whose early struggles have met with the recompense of pecuniary comfort in their declining years, and who have maintained the confidence and respect of their fellow-citizens. Many, however, have removed, or "passed beyond :" Samuel Doolittle, P. K. Peck, H. B. Shaff, for Camanche ; Robert Smith, Jr., George W. Parker, Charles Burgoon, for Liberty ; John R. Boyd, Oliver &*i Ordered, That the sum of eight dollars and sixty-two and a half cents be allowed Loring Wheeled for two days service as Clerk of this Board, and paper and quills furnished District Court." Robert C. Bradford is appointed agent " to sell the lots in the town of De Witt, the county seat of said county, in accordance with an act of the Legisla- ture, approved February 17, 1842," and he is to receive five per cent for his services. Elijah Buel is directed to procure a set of weights and measures for the county. Mr. Bourne settles with the county for the taxes of the year, which amount to $563.50$. The Board hold their next session in October, 1842. George W. Parker having been elected at the August election, took his seat, the Board now being R. C. Bourne, Elijah Buel and George W. Parker. William L. Potts appears and files his bond as Clerk. HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 363 Shubel Coy is allowed $10.50, percentage on his collections, which were $517.22. Lyman Buck is allowed $21 for surveying twenty blocks in De Witt. The citizens of Clear Creek petition that a township may be established with the following boundaries : "Beginning at the mouth of Silver Creek, thence up said creek to the mouth of Clear Creek ; from thence up said creek to Abraham Folk's Mill ; thence westerly to the Wapsipinicon, so as to include fractional Township 81 north, Range 1 east, being that part of said township which is on the east side of said river, and from thence down said river to the place of beginning, and that said township shall be called Olive Township, and that the place of holding elections may be established at the house of Charles Dutton." The petition was granted, to take effect April 1, 1843. It was further ordered that the township of Clear Creek from this time shall be called De Witt, and the elections shall be held at the Court House. On January 1, 1843, the Board again assembled. Samuel Weicks is allowed $300 for the amount due him for money lent to the county, and the interest thereon, and it is resolved that he be paid from the treasury of Clinton County, "with interest, at the rate of 15 per cent per annum until paid." The appointment of R. R. Bedford to sell lots in De Witt is rescinded, and Robert C. Bourne and Elijah Buel are authorized to do the county real estate business. At the April term, 1843, Benjamin Lake and Eli Goddard were appointed to meet with the Assessor at De Witt, to assist him in placing a valuation upon all property assessed by him. The Clerk is directed to advertise in the Daraiport Q-azette for proposals to build a Court House. At the July term, 1843, Benjamin Lake is allowed $5 for drawing plans for the proposed Court House. The contracts were let for the building. William Lawton was the con- tractor "for the brick walls and gable ends of a Court House," for $900. He also contracted to do the plastering for $292.50, but, at a special term, August 25th, the order for building the Court House was rescinded. Zebulon Metcalf was appointed Recorder to fill a vacancy. Loring Wheeler was appointed to sell the lots in De Witt, but he is instructed "that no lot must be sold for less than $10." v The amount of the tax list for this year was $579.32. Samuel Doolittle, having been elected to the office of Commissioner, took, his seat at the January session, 1844. During this and subsequent sessions the usual routine business was done, but of no especial interest for a work of this character. At the October session, 1844, the township of Bloomfield was organized. " Commencing at the line of Clinton County and running south nine miles, and commencing at the west line of range two east, and extending to the east line of range three east." The election was ordered to be held at the house of R. Bagley. A petition was also received from citizens of Liberty Township, asking that the south part of said township be erected into a new township, under the name' of Rock Spring. It was ordered that Township 81 north, Range 1 east, be erected into a township to be called Spring Rock, and that the election be held at the house of Peter Goddard. 364 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. At the January session, 1845, orders were drawn to the amount of $58, to different parties, for fifty-eight wolf scalps, and for a number of years the records of the Board are quite largely devoted to " wolf-scalp reward " entries. At this session the "license question" came up again, like "Banquo's ghost." The license for selling spirituous liquors was raised to $100, but, after a night's reflection, the Board rescinded this action and placed the license fee at the original figure, f 25. Samuel B. Murray had been appointed Probate Judge, but having died on October 6, 1845, J. S. Stowrs was appointed to fill the vacancy. Lorenzo D. Dutton was appointed Assessor, George Churchill having failed to qualify. The tax list of 1845 was $932.73. At the January session, 1846, Mathew A. Harrington took his seat as one of the Commissioners. In answer to a petition, all the inhabitants " west of Brophy's Creek, includ- ing Center Grove, be attached to the township of De Witt." At the April term, 1846, the township of Olive was divided. The new boundaries were as follows : ' ' Beginning on the Waubesepinicon River one hundred and sixty rods west of range line dividing ranges two and three, and that the east part thereof be known as the township of Union." The restriction upon the fiscal agent against his disposing of lots in De Witt at less than $10 per lot was rescinded. At the July session, 1846, Lorenzo D. Dutton was allowed $42 for assessing the county. William E. JJeffingwell was allowed $70 for his services as Prosecuting Attorney from December, 1845, to July 1, 1846, which would indicate that this office paid the munificent salary of $140 per annum. Samuel Wick was allowed $16.82 for receiving and disbursing the county revenue. At the August session, 1846, it was ordered that a tax of three mills on the dollar be levied for a school tax on all the real and personal property in the county. This is the first record of a school tax that appears, such schools as had been established having been supported by the private contributions or tuition fees of their patrons. A petition was presented by citizens of Camanche praying that the county pay for 2,000 feet of plank, to build a bridge across Welch's Creek, but the. Board declined to incur the expense. At the January session, 1847, John Cotton took his seat as one of the Board, that body now consisting of George W. Harlan, M. A. Harrington and John Cotton, and John P. Soliss, Clerk. James D. Bourne is allowed $80 as his Sheriff's fees from January 1, 1846, to January 1, 1847, and for posting notices for three elections and summoning grand and petit jurors for the, October term of the District Court, which, as compared with the present allowances, would indicate that the criminal business was not large, or that the officials of that time were satisfied with quite reason- able, if not, indeed, meager fees for their services. At this term, " wolf-scalp " business was flourishing. A public sale of lots in De Witt is ordered to be held on the first Monday •in February, 1847, "for cash, one-half payable in six months and one-half in twelve months from the day of sale." A session of routine business was held in April, 1847, and Thomas F. But- terfield was the Clerk. HISTORY OP CLINTON COUNTY. 365 At the July session the rate of taxation was fixed as follows : " Four mills for county purposes, two mills for State purposes, one mill for school purposes and twelve cents on a hundred dollars for road purposes." At the October session, 1847, Daniel Smith took his seat as one of the Board, and Mr. Butterfield was continued as Clerk. L. D. Dutton was appointed agent for the sale of lots in De Witt at the public sale in February, " and that the moneys arising from the sale be applied on an order which he, the said Dutton, holds against the county in favor of Samuel Wicks, deceased." The usual sessions were held during the year, and at the September term, 1848, R. R. Benedict became a member of the Board. The regular sessions were held during the year, and the usual routine busi- ness transacted. _ At the October session, 1849, Amasa Nims took his seat, the Board now being Daniel Smith, Amasa Nims and R. R. Benedict. At the January session, 1850, a deed of Lots 1 and 2, in Block 31, in De Witt, was made to the Trustees of the Congregational Society, in consideration of $1, and that they should build a church edifice thereon. The deed was exe- cuted to E. B. Humiston and Mr. Goff, April 23, 1853. At the same session, a deed was also ordered made to the Baptist and Christian Churches upon the same conditions, of Lots 4 and 5 in Block 14, and a frame building was erected thereon, and occupied as a Union Church, court-room and concert hall. It was thus occupied for many years. At the July term, 1850, the matter of a new Court House is again agi- tated, and John Cotton, James D. Bourne and Thomas F. Butterfield were appointed a committee to build a Court House, and an appropriation of $2,000 is made, to be paid ou,t of the county funds whenever the citizens of said county shall subscribe $1,500 to assist in building it. The building was to be 36 feet wide and 45 feet long; to be of brick with stone foundations. The $2,000 is to be paid in county orders of $20 each, one-fourth to be issued when the $1,500 is subscribed, one-fourth when the foundation is commenced, and the balance to be drawn as the committee shall see fit. At the October session, 1850, the members of the Board are Amasa Nims, Boughton Roscoe and R. I. Jencks ; Mr. Butterfield still acting as Clerk. By an act of the Legislature of January 15, 1849, John M. Whitaker, of Van Buren County, William H. Morrison, of Dubuque County, and Robert Brown, of Jefferson County, were appointed agents to select the remaining school lands granted to the State of Iowa by the General Government, after which the Trustees of the several townships, in accordance with Section 1044 of the Code of Iowa, had proceeded to an examination and appraisement of these school lands. At the January session of the Board in 1851, numerous orders were issued to these Trustees for their services in viewing and allotting the school sections in the various townships. At the April term, 1851, it was ordered that Township 83 north, Range 1 east, be cut off from all or any townships to which it may have been attached, and that it be called Sharon, and that the election be held at Abram Frank's. That Township 82 north, Range 5 east, and the east half of Township 82 north, Range 4 east, arid the northeast quarter of Township 81 north, Range 4 east, and all of Township 81 north, Range 5 east, which is north of Sections 19 and 20 and west of Brophy's Creek, and all north of Sections 16, 15, 14 366 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. and 13 in said township, are set off as a township, to be called Center, and an election is to be held in June, at the house of Jacob Leppers. The price of town lefts does not seem to advance rapidly at the " seat of justice," notwithstanding the prospect of the erection of new county buildings and the permanent abiding of the county seat, as lots are selling at from $6 to $12 per lot. At the July session, 1851, the rate of taxation is fixed as follows : For State purposes, 3 mills ; for county purposes, 6 mills ; poll tax, 50 cents ; school tax, 1 mill ; for road purposes, every person liable to pay a county poll tax shall pay $2, and 1 mill shall be levied for roads and bridges. The final meeting of the Board of Commissioners was convened August 9, 1851, the * commissioner system having been legislated out of existence, and their powers and duties vested in a County Judge. Aylett R. Cotton had been elected as the first incumbent in this newly- created position, and organized his court on the 12th day of August, 1851. The Court opened for business on the morning of the 13th, and the first proceeding was tbe issuance of a marriage license to Dr. A. L. Ankeny and Miss Valeria M. Perrin. Two days after a license was issued for the marriage of Joseph D. Fegan and Anna Potts. James D. Bourne filed two bonds, one as Recorder and the other as Treasurer and Collector for Clinton County. The bond of D. P. McDonald, as Sheriff, was also approved. The Court ordered five lots in Block 9 to be deeded to S. D. Golder for $40. These lots, it is said, have, at a subsequent period, had a market value of from $300 to $500 per lot. From the following transaction, which is recorded as of January 26, 1852, a just idea may be gathered of the financial condition of the county at that date. A contract was made with E. Berold " for the construction of Maps and Plats for the county as required by the Code." The compensation was to be $90. Judge Cotton ordered that county warrants be issued to the amount of $100, and that they " be sold as opportunity may permit, at ninety cents on the dollar, to raise money to pay said E. Berold." As compared with the record of too many of the counties in this State, this is a most satisfactory showing, and indicates a degree of economy and honesty in the management of county affairs alike creditable to the heads and hearts of those to whose care the people had intrusted the public interests. On February 27, 1852, a warrant was issued to Luther Teeple, a citizen of Sharon Township, authorizing the legal voters of that township to hold an election at the house of Luther Teeple, in said township, on Monday April 5, 1852, for the purpose of organizing that township, electing township officers, and voting for a School Fund Commissioner and a Judge for the Second Judicial District. On the first day of March, 1852, action was had in relation to Center Township, on petition of W. E. Leffingwell, and the election ordered at the house of Jacob Leppers. The description of the township was as follows : " Center Township consists of township 82 north, and the north two tiers of sections in township 81 north, range 5 east, and the east half and the north- west quarter of township 82 north, range 4 east." CHANGE OF TOWNSHIP BOUNDARIES. , On the 3d of April, 1852, the following important action was had in refer- ence to the boundaries of townships in the county. The number of townships HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 367 had increased from the original six to twelve organized ones, at the time of this definition of boundaries : " Whereas, the boundaries of the political townships in this county, by- changes and alterations at different times heretofore made, have become uncer- tain and confused ; and whereas, some portions of the county have never been legally attached to any township of which there can any record be found, it is therefore ordered by the Court that the boundaries of the several political townships in the county be established as follows : " Oamanehe Township — Bounded as follows : Commencing on the Miss- issippi River, 160 rods south of the south line of Section 7 in Township 81 north, Range 7 east, of the Principal Meridian ; thence west to the range line between Ranges 6 and 7 east ; thence north to the northeast corner of Section 13 in Town- ship 81 north, Range 6 east ; thence west to the northwest corner of same section ; thence north to the northeast corner of Section 11 in same Township ; thence west to the range line between Ranges 5 and 6 east ; thence south to the northwest corner of Section 18 in Township 81 north, Range 6 east ; thence west to Brophy's Creek ; thence down said creek to the Waubesepinicon River ; thence down said river to the Mississippi River ; thence up said Mississippi River to the place of • beginning. " Lyons Township — Commencing on the Mississippi River, two miles south of the north line of fractional Township 82, north of Range 7 east, being on the south line of the second tier of sections in that township, counting from the north side; thence west on section lines to the range-line between Ranges 5 and 6 east; thence south on said range-line to the northwest corner of Section 7 in Township 81 north, Range 6 east, intersecting the north line of Camanche Township; thence to the Mississippi River on the northern boundary of Camanche Township ; thence up said river to the place of beginning. "Mk River — Commencing on the Mississippi River at the northeast corner of Clinton County ; thence west on the north line of said county to the range- line between Ranges 5 and 6 east ; thence south on said range-line to the north- west corner of Section 18, in Township 82 north, Range 6 east, being the northwest corner of Lyons Township ; thence east on the north line of said township to the Mississippi River ; thence up said river to the place of beginning.. " Deep Creek — Contains Township 83 north, Ranges 4 and 5 east, being therefore twelve miles in length, east and west, and six miles in width from north to south, and lying immediately west of Lyons Township. " Bloomfield — Commencing at the northeast corner of Township 83 north, Range 3 east ; thence south nine miles ; thence west twelve miles to the range- line between Ranges 1 and 2 east ; thence north nine miles to the northwest corner of Township 83 north, Range 2 east ; thence east twelve miles to the place of beginning. " Sharon— Contains Township 83 north, Range 1 east of the Fifth Princi- pal Meridian. " Liberty — Consists of Township 82 north, Range 1 east. " Spring Bock— Contains all of Township 81 north, Range 1 east, lying west of the Waubesepinicon River. » Olive — Commencing on the Waubesepinicon River 160 rods west of the range-line between Ranges 2 and 3 east ; theiice north to the south line of Bloom-^ field Township ; thence west on said line to the east line of Liberty ; thence south on said line to the northwest corner of Township 81 north, Range 2 east ; thence west to the Waubesepinicon River ; thence down said river to the place of beginning. 368 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. " Union — Commencing on the Waubesepinicon River at the mouth of Silver Creek ; thence up said creek to the mouth of Clear Creek ; thence up said creek to the east line of Section 16, in Township 81 north, Range 3 east ; thence north to the northeast corner of said section ; thence west to the east line of Olive Township ; thence south on said township line, to the Waubese- pinicon River ; thence down said river to the place of beginning. "DeWitt — Commencing on the Waubesepinicon River at the mouth of Brophy's Creek ; thence up said creek to the south line of Section 8 in Town- ship 81 north, Range 5 east ; thence west to the range line between Ranges 4 and 5 east ; thence north to the northeast corner of Township 81 north, Range 4 east ; thence west to the northeast corner of Section 4 in said township ; thence north to the northeast corner of Section 21, in Township 82 north, Range 4 east ; thence west to the northeast corner of Olive Township, being 160 rods west of the northwest corner of Section 19, in Township 82 north,' Range 3 east ; thence south to the north quarter-stake of Section 13, in Township 81 north, Range 2 east, being the northwest corner of Union Township ; thence east to the northeast corner of Section 16, in Township 81 north, Range 3 east; thence south to Clear Creek ; thence down said creek to Silver Creek ; thence down Silver Creek to the Waubesepinicon River ; thence down said ■ river to the place of beginning. "Center — Shall consist of Township 82 north, Range 5 east; the north two tiers of sections in Township 81 north, in same range, and the east half and the northwest quarter of Township 82 north, Range 4 east." "The above boundaries correspond with old boundaries as near as can be ascertained, with a few necessary alterations. A. R Cotton, "County Judge Clinton County." On the 27th of April, 1852, Sections 1, 2, 3, 12, and 13, in Township 81 north, Range 4 east, and Section 18 and so much of Section 17 as lies west of Brophy's Creek in Township 81 north, Range 5 east, was taken from De Witt and attached to Center Township. ' On the 7th of September, 1852, land is donated to the Catholic society for a church site in De Witt, and, also, for $60 the ground for a cemetery is sold to the same society. On November 1, 1852, the boundaries of De Witt Township are again changed. "The boundaries are to be altered in the following respect, and that it shall be as follows : Commencing where Clear Creek crosses the west line of Section 15, in Township 81 north, Range 3 east, it shall run thence south to the northwest corner of Section 22 in said township ; thence east to the northeast corner of said Section 22 ; thence south on the section line to the Waubesepinicon River ; thence down said river to the mouth of Silver Creek, and that all land east of said boundary line, heretofore belonging to Olive Township, shall be attached to De Witt Township." On the 9th of April, 1853, a change was also made in the boundaries of Center and Deep Creek Townships, as follows : Ordered, That the north half of Township 82 north, Eange 4 east, be taken from Center Township and attached to Deep Creek Township. This term of Court closed April 14, 1853, and Judge Cotton resigned) desiring to engage in the practice of his profession. By the provisions of the law the District Attorney became his successor to fill the vacancy. On the 16th of the same month, Court is opened by B. Graham, " Prosecuting Attorney and Acting County Judge," and A. R. Cotton, Prosecuting Attorney, the latter having been appointed to this position to fill the vacancy caused by Mr. Graham's becoming County Judge. HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 369 From the frequency of the orders for delivery of deeds of town lots in De Witt, it is inferred that the " seat of justice " is enjoying a degree of prosperity hoped for, but long deferred. The deeding of lots, issuing of marriage licenses and the allowance of claims is for a time the principal business of the Court. On the 23d of June, 1853, the contract for the building of a Court House is let to S. N. Bedford and T. P. and S. M. Butler, they being the lowest bid- ders. The building was to be 40x50 feet in size, with a front projection for a portico, walls of brick, the lower story to be nine feet in the clear, the upper story to be fourteen feet in the clear, and brick partition walls, " equal in style of mechanism and construction to the Scott County Court House." By the terms of the contract, it was to be completed by the first day of October, 1854. The contract price was $5,900. It was completed at or near the specified day, and the attention of county authorities of some other localities is called to the fact that only $50 were allowed the contractors for "extras." John Cotton, James D. Bourne and Thomas Butterfield had been appointed by Judge Graham to act in conjunction with him in superintending its building. Previous to this time, the permanency of the location of the county seat at De Witt had been questioned. Strong opposition had been manifested against the erection of permanent buildings, and efforts had been made to obtain a vote of the people upon the question of a removal of the county seat. Both Lyons and Camanche were aspirants for the honor and profit of the removal. To this opposition may be attributed the failure of previous action, which has been noted in the abstract of Commissioners' proceedings upon the question of public buildings. But now, as the power to "provide suitable buildings " was vested in the County Judge without any vote of the people, Judge Graham proceeded, immediately after becoming Judge through a vacancy, to erect the buildings, and, as was then supposed, to permanently settle the vexed question of the location of the "seat of justice" of Clinton County. His action, of course, occasioned severe criticism from the friends of other localities. On the 18th of March, 1854, an order was issued to A. D. Park, " a citi- zen of Henry Township," authorizing an election at the schoolhouse near Conrad Van Ness', on the first Monday in April, for the purpose of organizing that township and the election of officers. The boundaries were given as "Township 83 north, Range 4 east." In the May following, however, the name of this township was changed to Waterford ; in July, the Union Town- ship was named Orange. In the previous April, one tier of sections were taken off the south side of Bloomfield and attached to De Witt. On the 2d of July, 1855, the boundaries of Spring Rock Township were ordered to be as follows : "Township 81 north, Range 1 east." Judge Graham closed his official career August 15, 1855, and, on the same day, the record is resumed by Judge Daniel McNeil. During the year 1855, a jail was built at the county seat. Scott & Quick were the contractors, and the contract price was $1,668.75. At a session of the Court held February 11, 1856, another attempt was made to satisfactorily arrange the boundaries of the several townships in the county. ' The boundaries of Bloomfield Township were fixed as follows : " Beginning on the line between Jackson and Clinton Counties, at the northeast corner of Township 83 north, Range 3 east ; thence west along the north line of said township, between the counties aforesaid, to the northwest corner of said Township 83 north, Range 3 east ; thence south along the west line of said township, and along the west line of Township 82 north, Range 3 370 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. east, between Ranges 2 and 3 east to the southwest corner of Section 7, in Township 82 north, Range 3 east ; thence east to the southeast corner of Sec- tion 12 in said Township 82 north, Range 3 east; thence north along the range line between Ranges 3 and 4 to the place of beginning." A new township was also organized, and called Brookfield, the bounda- ries of which were as follows : " Beginning on the line between Jackson and Clinton Counties, at the northeast corner of Township 83 north, Range 2 east ; thence west along the north line of said township to the northwest corner of Township 83 north, Range 2 east ; thence south along the west side of said township, between Ranges 1 and 2 east, to the southwest corner of said township ; thence east along the south line of said township, between Townships 82 and 83 north, to the southeast corner of said Township 83 north, Range 2 east ; thence north on the range line between Ranges 2 and 3 east to the place of beginning." The first election was held on the first Monday in April, 185§, at Spark's schoolhouse. A new township was also organized, and called Berlin. Its boundaries were as follows : "Beginning at the northeast corner of Township 82 north, Range 2 east; thence west along the township line between Townships 82 and 83 north to the northwest corner of Township 82 north, Range 2 east ; thence south along the range lines, between Ranges 1 and 2 east, to the southwest corner of Township 82 north, Range 2 east ; thence east along the township line, between Town- ships 81 and 82, to the southeast corner of said township ; thence north along the line between Ranges 2 and 3 east to the place of beginning." The first election was held on the first Monday in April, 1856, at the dwelling of Lewis Sherwood. The organization of this township compelled changes in the boundaries of Olive and De Witt Townships, and the record says : " Olive Townshrp will not extend further north than to the township line between Townships 81 and 82 north, but will embrace all of Sections 1 and 12 in said township." De Witt Township will not embrace any part of Sections 24, 25 and 36, in Township 82 north, Range 2 east, those sections being in Berlin Township ; nor any part of Sections 1 and 12 in Township 81 north, Range 2 east, the same being in Olive Township." On March 3, 1856, on petition, a new township was formed, and called Clinton, from territory taken from Lyons and Camanche. Its boundaries were as follows : " Commencing at the middle of the Mississippi River, on the State line between the States of Illinois and Iowa, where the line between Townships 81 and 82 north intersects said State line, running west on said township line to where it intersects the range line between Ranges 5 and 6 east ; thence south on said range line, between Ranges 5 and 6, to the southwest corner of Section 18, in Township 81 north, Range 6 east; thence east on the section line between Sections 18 and 19, Township 81 north, Range 6 east, and the same course until it intersects the State line befween Illinois and Iowa; thence northerly on said State line to the place of beginning." It was further ordered, March 3, 1856, that a new township, to be called Eden, be formed from parts of De Witt, Center and Camanche Townships, with boundaries as follows : " Commencing at a point on the Waubesipinicon River, between Sections 34 and 35 in Township 81 north, Range 4 east ; thence eastwardly down that HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 371 river to a point where the section line between Sections 14 and 15 in Township 80 north, Range 5 east, crosses said river ; thence north on the section line to the northeast corner of Section 10 in Township 81 north, Range 5 east ; thence west on the section line to the northwest corner of Section 11 in Township 81 north, Range 4 east; thence south on the section line to the place of begin- ning." , The first election was held on the first Monday in April, 1856, at the stone schoolhouse " on the east side of Brophy's Creek." These new townships necessitated changes in the boundaries of Lyons, Camanche, Center and De Witt Townships, which were accordingly modified to correspond with the lines of Center so far as they were changed by its erection. On the 15th of March, 1856, Washington Township was organized. Its boundaries were those of Congressional Township 82 north, Range 4 east. The first election was held the first Monday in April, at the house of Joel King. The boundaries of De Witt, Waterford and Center were modified by its organization, and they were changed accordingly. However, by action had March 11, on petition, all those sections which had been taken from the town- ship of De Witt were returned to and again included in its boundaries. On the 20th of February, 1857, the town of Hampshire was organized : " Beginning on the range line between Ranges 6 and 7 east, on the section line between Sections 12 and 13 in Township 82 north, Range 6 east ; thence west to the range line between Ranges 5 and 6 east ; thence south to the south- west corner of Section 6 in Township 81 north, Range 6 east ; thence east on the section line between Sections 6 and 7 to the range line between Ranges 6 and 7 east; thence north on said range line to the place of beginning." The first election was held on the first Monday in April, 1857, at the Hess schoolhouse. This necessarily caused a change in the boundaries of Lyons and Clinton Townships, out of whose territory the township was taken, and their bound- aries were changed accordingly. On the 11th of March, 1858, on petition of citizens, Congressional Town- ship 82 north, Range 3 east, was taken from the townships of De Witt and Bloomfield and organized as a township, and called Welton. The first election was held at the Walrod schoolhouse, on the first Monday in April, 1858. By this organization, the six original townships at the organization had, by the increased population and its demands for convenience in the dispatch of business, been more than trebled, now numbering twenty civil townships. This number has since been increased to twenty-one by the organization of Lincoln Township in 187, and which was taken from Clinton Township. Judge McNeil's term of service as County Judge continued until December 31, 1859, v when he was succeeded by John C. Polley, who performed the duties of the office until December 31, 1860, when the powers and duties of the office were vested in a Board of Supervisors, elected by and sent from each civil township. The first meeting of the Board of Supervisors convened at De Witt, Janu- ary 7, 1861. The following were the members of that body : Berlin, John A. Hyde ; Bloomfield, Robert Williams ; Brookfield, John S. Maxwell ; Camanche, J. V. Van Epps ; Center, J. Henry Smith ; Clinton, J. Van De Venter ; Deep Creek, J. McLellan; De Witt, John F. Homer; Eden, R. B. Millard; Elk River, George A. Griswold; Hampshire, Elbert Ham- mond ; Liberty, James Cummings ; Lyons, Norman Boardman ; Olive, James Vance,; Orange, A. S. Allison; Sharon, Arthur Lillie; Spring Rock, S. H. 372 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. Rogers ; Washington, Patrick Lawler ; Waterford, John Crouch ; Welton, R. J. Crouch. Norman Boardman was elected Chairman, and Loring Wheeler, Clerk. Having thus followed down the chain of this branch of the history as fully as the limits of the work will permit, and to the inauguration of the " Supervisor system," we shall only incidentally refer to their record as it becomes identified with events or measures of a public character. It may be to some a chapter -of dry detail, but to the thoughtful reader the story of the wonderful develop- ment of the county is graphically pictured because truthfully done, by the extracts from the musty records of the doings of the people's representatives. BOARD OF SUPERVISORS. In accordance with the new system, the following persons were elected as Supervisors from the respective townships, and took their seats and organized the first Board of Supervisors of Clinton county in January, 1861. Berlin, John A. Hyde; Bloomfield, Robert Williams; Brookfield, John S. Maxwell (who, however, resigned, and J. R. Twiss was appointed to fill vacancy); Camanche, J. R. Van Epps ; Center, J. Henry Smith ; Clinton, J. Van De Venter ; Deep Creek, James McLellan (resigned, G. W. Davis, appointed) ; De Witt, John F. Homer ; Eden, R. B. Millard (resigned, Silas Freeman appointed); Elk River, George A. Griswold ; Hampshire, Elbert Hammond ; Liberty, James Cummings ; Lyons, Norman Boardman ; Olive, James Vance ; Orange, A. S. Allison; Sharon, Arthur Lillie; Spring Rock, S. H. Sogers; Washington, Patrick Lawler ; Waterford, John Crouch ; Welton, R J. Crouch. Norman Boardman was elected Chairman. During the existence of this system of township representation, which con- tinued until December 31, 1870, the townships were represented as given in the following record : Berlin. — 1861, John A. Hyde; 1862, Alfred Warren (died during his term, and Abram Correll appointed); 1863-65, Abram Cornell; 1866-67, Thomas S. Flathers ; 1868-69, J. S. Risley ; 1870, C. L. Sherwood. Bloomfield.— 1861-62, Robert Williams ; 1863-64, Amos Morse ; 1865-66, Levi Kettle; 1867-70, Benjamin Spencer. Brookfield. — 1861. John S. Maxwell (resigned, J. R< Twiss appointed); 1862-1870, Jacob L. Stamen. Camanche.— 1861-62, J. V. Van Epps ; 1863-64, Oscar A. Anthony ; 1865-66, A. B. Ireland; 1867-68, Horace Anthony; 1869-70, Homer Car- penter. Center.— 1861, J. Henry Smith ; 1862, Rufus A. Traver; 1863-68, John A. Young; 1869-70, Thomas Murphy. Clinton.— 1861, James Van DeVenter ; 1862-63, G. A. Rogers ; 1864-65, W. F. Coan ; 1866-67, M. H. Tyrrell ; 1868-70, A. P. Hosford and Charles H. Toll. Beep Creek. — 1861, James McLellan. resigned, G. W. Davis, appointed ; 1862-64, Thomas Watts ; 1865-66, Daniel Conrad ; 1867-68, Thomas Watts ; 1869-70, Darius Wilcox. Be Witt— 1861, John F. Homer ; 1862-63, Thomas F. Butterfield ; 1864- 67, Loring Wheeler ; 1868-69, William Familton ; 1870, Samuel Saddoris. Eden. — 1861, R. B. Millard (resigned, Silas Freeman appointed) ; 1862, Silas Freeman; 1863-64, L. D. Winne; 1864-85, Benjamin Palmer; 1866, E. R. Townsend ; 1867, Enoch F. Byng ; 1868, E. R. Townsend ; 1869-70, Henry Muhs. HISTORY OP CLINTON COUNTY. 373; Elk River.— 1861, George A. Griswold ; 1862-63, John Lowry ; 1864-65 Thomas Calderwood; 1866-67, George A. Griswold; 1868-69, Hiram Polley' 1870, Henry Ingwersen. ' Hampshire.— 1861-65, Elbert Hammond; 1866, George B. Pearce- 1867- 70, B. Albright. Liberty. — 1861-62, James Cummings ; 1863-64, James Devitt ; 1865-70, George W. Thorn. Lyons.— 1861, Norman Boardman ; 1862-65, A. C. Root ; 1866-67, Nor- man Boardman ; 1868-69, David H. Scott ; 1870, A. C. Root and D. H. Scott. Olive.— 1861, James Vance ; 1862-65, Leroy D. Dutton ; 1866-67, John, A. Boyd ; 1868-69, J. W. S. Robinson ; 1870, William Scott. Orange.— 1861-62, A. S. Allison ; 1863-66, Hiram Brown ; 1867-68, Archibald Buchanan ; 1869-70, John R. Merrill. Sharon.— 1861, Arthur Lillie ; 1862-63, B. F. Monroe ; 1864-67, Stephen Bennett ; 1868-69, A. C. Bligh ; 1870, A. A. Gardner. Spring Rock.— 1861, S. H. Rogers; 1862, James A. Hicks ; 1863, C. E. Leffingwell, appointed ; 1864-65, S. H. Templeton ; 1866-67, N. M. Ever- hart ; 1868-69, Jesse Stine ; 1870, George Goddard. Washington.— 1861-64, Patrick Lawler ; 1865-68, Patrick Craney ; 1869- 70, Patrick Lawler. Waterford.— 1861-64, John Crouch ; 1865-66, John Preffer ; 1867-68, A. J. Albright ; 1869-70, Henry Nurre. Welton.— 1861, R. J. Crouch ; 1862, N. N. Walrod ; 1863-66, S. O. Web- ster; 1867-68, T. A. Maxson ; 1869-70, A. G. Clement. The following gentlemen served as Chairmen of the Board: In 1861, Norman Boardman; 1862-63, A. C. Root; 1864, Loring Whee- ler; 1865, W. F. Coan ; 1866, Loring Wheeler ; 1867, Norman Boardman; 1868, Horace Anthony; 1869, Charles H. Toll; 1870, J. L. Stamen. By the change of system to the one existing at the present time, that of" three Supervisors, on the 2d of January, 1871, the Board organized, and the following have composed the Boards each year up to the present time : 1871 — Jesse Stine, Chairman, Carl. H. Ingwersen and Charles H. Toll. 1872 — Jesse Stine, Chairman, Charles H. Toll, J. L. Stamen. 1873 — Charles H. Toll, Chairman, J. L. Stamen, John Shambaugh. 1874 — J. L. Stamen, Chairman, John Shambaugh, Francis Brogan. 1875 — John Shambaugh, Chairman, Francis Brogan, William Lake. 1876 — William Lake, Chairman, Henry Nurre, Arthur Lillie. By an error in printing the ballots the wrong man was elected, it being the intention to vote for B. A. Lillie, a brother of the above. Arthur Lillie ^signed and B. A. Lillie was duly appointed and served during the year. 1877 — William Lake, Chairman, Henry Nurre, Claus C. Ruus. 1878 — Henry Nurre, Chairman, Claus C. Ruus, William Lake. 1879 — Claus C. Ruus, Chairman, William Lake, Edward Svendsen. FIRST COURTS. The first term of the United States District Court held in Clinton County, convened at Camanche, the first seat of justice, October 12, 1840. Hon.. Thomas S. Wilson, now in active practice at Dubuque, where he then resided, was the Judge ; James D. Bourne, also from Dubuque before he became a resi- dent of this county in 1836, and now hale and hearty at his home in De Witt, was the Sheriff; Martin Dunning, of Camanche, and who died there in. 1874, was the Clerk, and William J. A. Bradford, Prosecuting Attorney., 374 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. The names of the grand jurors are given in the record of County organiza- tion. The District comprised the counties of Jackson, Dubuque, Scott and Clay- ton, and was the Second Judicial District of the Territory of Iowa. The first entry after the organization of the Court and the empanelment of the Grand Jury was that of James Claborne against J. S. McCullough, assump- sit. The plaintiff dismissed his suit and the Court taxed the cost to him. On the 13th of October, the Prosecuting Attorney moves the Court in the case of the United States against Timothy Bigelow, for a scire facias against the defendant, to show cause why his recognizance should not be forfeited. Bigelow had been indicted for forgery of United States coins. He, hpwever, appeared in court and the default was set aside. The first jury trial was held October 14, 1840, an appeal case in which John Thomas was plaintiff and John Eldred, defendant. The jury empaneled were William H. Onley, John Sloan, Philip Deeds, Nathaniel Barber, William Pearsall, Reuben Root, Daniel Hess, Robert Aikman, Stephen Tripp, Charles E. Langford, Francis F. Ketchum and Stephen Briggs, who gave a verdict for the appellee for $5.25. The suit was originally brought by Thomas against Eldred before Abner Beard, one of the Justices of the Peace of Clinton County (attached to Scott for judicial purposes). He lived at De Witt and still resides there. The suit was originally commenced before Justice Beard, December 13, 1839, and was for "five dollars cash lent and interest." Judgment was ren- dered for plaintiff for $ 5 damages and $6.87 costs. The defendant appealed and gave the requisite bond for judgment and costs. The bondsman was Robert Calder. The amount of the judgment and costs was $32.81. Attached to the papers in the case are receipts from John F. Homer, Abraham Folck, and James W. Kirtley, for their witness fees. Mr. Kirtley dates his " Point Pleas- ant, October 11, 1842." Levy was made upon one yoke of Cattle and one silver watch, which were sold for $17.25, " being all the property to be found at this time, November 10, 1842. James D. Bourne, Sheriff of Clinton County." Execution was then issued against the bondsman, but is recalled by the Clerk of the Court. Every paper in the case is wholly in manuscript, except the District Court subpoenas, the typographic appearance of which is indicative of the limited resources of the printers of that day. They are issued in the name of the United States of America, and are signed, " Witness the Honorable Thomas S. Wilson, Judge of the Third Judicial District of the Territory of Iowa, and the tempor-^ ary seal of said Court, affixed this fifteenth day of September, A. D. 1840. "M. Dunning, Clerk." The " temporary seal" was a wafer and diamond-shaped paper. The first case, however, the papers in which are found and indorsed No. 1, was the United States against Erastus Fairman, who was indicted by the grand jury for arson, October 14, 1840. The information was sworn out April 25, 1840, by Joseph P. Brown. The indictment recites that " Erastus Fairman, of said county, on the 24th day of April, 1840, in the night-time of said day, with force and arms did feloniously and maliciously, willfully and knowingly, set on fire and burn a dwelling-house, in said county then standing and being, the said dwelling-house then and there being the property of Madison E. Hollister, against the peace of the United States of America," etc. Simeon Gardnier, HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 377 Elias Day, Joseph P. Brown and Charles Bovard entered each their recogniz- ance in the sum of $50 to appear as witnesses. At the April term this action was discontinued by the Prosecuting Attorney, and the defendant was directed by the Court to "go hence without day," and the costs are ordered to be paid out of the County Treasury. DISTRICT CO CRT. Judges, 18Jfi to 1879 — Second Judicial District, Territory of Iowa, Hon. Thomas S. Wilson, 1840 to 1845. This Judicial District comprised the counties of Jackson, Dubuque, Scott and Clayton. Clinton County was attached to Scott for judicial purposes. Third' Judicial District, Territory of Iowa, Hon. Thomas 3. Wilson, 1846. This district comprised the same territory as the former. Second Judicial District, State of Iowa, Hon. James Grant, 1847 to 1851; Hon. Thomas S. Wilson, 1852. This District comprised Muscatine, Scott, Cedar, Clinton, Jackson, Jones, Dubuque, Delaware and Clayton, and the counties north and west of Delaware and Clayton attached to Clayton for judicial purposes. Eighth Judicial District, Hon. William E. Leffingwell, 1853 ; Hon. John B. Booth, 1854 ; Hon. William H. Tuthill, 1855 and 1856. This district comprised the counties of Muscatine, Scott, Cedar, Jones, Clinton and Jackson. The Fourteenth Judicial District, Hon. Gilbert C. R. Mitchell, 1857 (resigned) ; Hon. A. H. Bennett (appointed), 1857 and 1858. This district comprised the counties of Scott, Clinton and Jackson. Seventh Judicial District, Hon. John F. Dillon, 1858 to 1863 ; Hon. J. Scott Richman, 1863 to 1872 ; Hon. W. F. Brannan, 1872 to 1876 ; Hon. W._ I. Hayes, 1876, and the present incumbent. This district comprises the counties of Muscatine, Scott, Clinton and Jackson. COUNTY JUDGES. Hon. Aylett R. Cotton served from 1851 to April 4, 1853, when he resigned, and Edward Graham, Prosecuting Attorney, became his successor, in accordance with the law ; Hon. Edward Graham, 1853 to 1855 ; Hon. Daniel McNeil, 1856 to 1859 ; Hon. John C. Polley, 1860 to 1863 ; Hon. Pitkin C. Wright, 1864 and 1865 ; Hon. George B. Young, 1866 to 1868, when the office of County Judge was discontinued, and Judge Young became ex officio Auditor until the close of his term, December 31, 1869. CIRCUIT COURT. The Circuit Court was established by act of Legislature in 1868. Each Judicial District in the State was by the act divided into two circuits, in each of which, at the general election in November, 1868, a Circuit Judge was elected for four years. Clinton and Jackson Counties constitute the Second Circuit in the Seventh Judicial District. It has concurrent jurisdiction with the District Court except as to criminal business, and has exclusive jurisdiction in probate matters. The Judges who have presided are : Hon. George B. Young, 1870 to March, 1872, when he resigned, and Hon. Daniel W. Ellis was appointed to the vacancy, and was afterward elected, and, by re-election, is the present incumbent. DISTRICT ATTORNEYS. The following gentlemen have held the office of Prosecuting Attorney : William J. A. Bradford, 1840 ; James Thorington, 1841; James Crawford, 1842 to 1846; E. S. Hewitt, 1847; William L. Burge, 1848 and 1849; Edward Graham, 1850 and 1852 ; Aylett R. Cotton, 1853 ; Thomas J. W. , Long, 1854 and 1855; William T. Graham, 1856 and 1857; Henry 378 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. O'Connor, 1858 to 1861 ; Lyman A. Ellis, 1862 to 1878 ; H. H. Benson, 1879, and present incumbent. ^ CLERKS OF THE COURT. The roster of the Clerks of the Courts is as follows : Martin Dunning, 1840 and 1841 ; Loring Wheeler, 1842 to 1846 ; R. L. Westbrook, 1847 and 1848 ; S. H. Samuels, 1849 to 1853; Loring Wheeler, 1854 to 1862; William Famil- ton, 1863 to 1866 ; Noel B. Howard, 1867 to 1870 ; Charles W. Chase, 1871 to 1874 ; W. Bruce Leffingwell, 1875 to 1879, and present incumbent. SHERIFFS. James D. Bourne, 1840 to 1850; Hiram Brown, 1851 and 1853; D. P. McDonald, 1854 and 1855; R. H. Dawson, 1856, and resigned March 14, 1857. Special election ordered, and William H. Buchanan elected; William H. Buchanan, 1857 to 1859; Charles H. Toll, 1860 and 1861 ; George A. Griswol'd, 1862 to 1865 ; Robert Hagle, 1866 to 1869 ; Thomas G. Ferreby, 1870 and 1871 ; Charles H. Ingwersen, 1872 and 1873; Jacob H. Walliker, 1874 and 1875; E. M. Purcell, 1876 to 1879, and present incumbent. COUNTY OFFICERS. Recorder and Treasurer. — Until 1865, the offices of Recorder and Treas- urer were combined in one incumbent. The names of those who held these offices are : James D. Bourne, 1840 to 1842 ; Z. Metcalf, 1843 ; Alexander' Work, 1844 to 1846; R. R. Bedford, 1847; Lyman Buck, 1848 to 1852; Thomas F. Butterfield, 1853 to 1856 ; James Allison, 1857 to 1859; Stephen Lockwood, 1860 to 1862 (Mr. Allison was a defaulter, and resigned by request, and Mr. Lockwood, having been already elected, was, by appointment, installed at once into office) ; Horace Anthony, 1863 to 1865. Recorders. — Dennis Whitney, 1865 and 1866 ; Joseph D. Fegan, 1867 to 1870; Henry F. Bowers, 1871 to 1874; Daniel Correll, 1875 to 1878; Thomas H. Ellis, 1879, and present incumbent Treasurers.— Robert Williams, 1866 to 1869 ; Edwin R. Lucas, 1870 to 1877 ; B. H. A. Henningsen, 1878, and present incumbent. County Auditor. — The office of County Auditor was created by act of Legis- lature at its session of 1868. The first election was held at the general election fol- lowing, and the duties of the office began January 1, 1869. The then County Judge became ex officio Auditor until the expiration of his term. The follow- ing have filled this office : Kirke W. Wheeler, 1870 and 1871 ; John Pollock, 1872 to 1875 ; A. A. Wagner, 1876 to 1879, and present incumbent. Qounty Superintendent of Common Schools. — John Van Antwerp, 1858 and 1859 ; P. L. Hyde, elected in October, 1859, but declined to serve and Samuel S. Burdette appointed to fill the vacancy, 1860 and 1861 ; Isaac Bald- win, 1862 anoU1863; Richard J. Crouch, 1864 to 1869 ; RoswellB. Millard, 1870 to 1873 ; Miss Lucy Curtis, 1874 and 1875 ; Miss Kate Hudson, 1876 and 1877 ; M. J. Wilcox, 1878 and 1879, and present incumbent. School-Fund Commissioners. — R. R. Bedford, 1848 ; A. R. Bissell, 1848- 1856 ; E. Graham, 1856-1858. The office of School-Fund Commissioner was discontinued in 1858. The following early record of the proceedings of Commissioner Bedford will give an index to the condition of the School Fund at that date, 1848 : Office of Schoql-Fund Commissioner, \ Clinton County, Iowa, March 11, 1848. J Called to my assistance two School Inspectors to apportion the same according to law ; awt herewith is a true record of our proceedings. We, Hiram G. Warner and John P. Soliss, School Inspectors of Clinton County, and Robert R. Bedford, acting School. Fund Commissioner, of saw HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 379 county, this day made an apportionment of school funds in the hands of said School-Fund Com- missioner, and herewith annex a true statement of said school funds as follows, to wit : To De Witt, $43.17 ; Lyons Township, $34.33 ; Camanche Township, $31.92* ; Bloomfield Township, $24.30f ; Elk River Township, $21.76J. Hikam G. Warner, John P. Soliss, School Inspectors. R. R. Bedford, School-Fund Commissioner. Drainage Commissioner. — William Dinwoodie, 1853 to 1856 ; James N. Miles, 1857 to 1860 ; George W. Thorn, 1861 to 1865 ; Charles L. Sherwood, 1866 and 1867 ; William W. A. Huntington, 1867 and 1869 ; J. H. Noble, 1870 and 1871 ; John Dawson, 1872 and 1873 ; J. R. Merrell, 1874 and 1875, when the office was abolished. Coroners.^-E. M. Downs, 1853 ; Joseph D. Fegan, 1857 ; William B. La Mont, 1858 (to fill vacancy); H. W. Perkins, 1858"; James Harvey, 1859 to 1862 ; Asa Morgan, 1863 ; Jacob Soy, 1866 and 1867 ; Daniel McNeil, 1868 and 1869 ; Charles H. Lothrop, 1870 and 1871 ; John Mathews, 1872 to 1875 ; Lyman P. Adams, 1876 and 1877; E. Lukins, 1878 and 1879, and present incumbent. County Surveyors. — Lyman Buck, 1840 to 1847 ; Thomas Watts, 1848 to 1852; T. E. Davidson, 1853; Roswell B. Millard, 1854; John O'Brien, 1855 ; Amos Matthews, 1856 ; George Lilly, 1857 ; resigned, James Runyon, 1858, appointed to fill vacancy ; Thomas S. Flathers, 1859 to 1861 ; Benjamin B. Hart, 1862 to 1871 ; T. N. Boutelle, 1872 and 1873 ; B. B. Hart, 1874 and 1875 ; Allen Slack, 1876 and 1877 ; R. G. Brown, 1878 and 1879, and present incumbent. LEGISLATIVE. Representation in Congress — Delegates. — William W. Chapman, in the XXVth and XXVIth Congresses ; Augustus C. Dodge, in XXVIIth, XXVIIIth and XXIXth Congresses. Senators. — (See page 225.) Members of Congress, Second District. — Shepherd Leffler, 1846 to 1851 ; Lincoln Clark, 1851 to 1853 ; John P. Cook, 1853 to 1855 ; James Thoring- ton, 1855 to 1857 ; Timothy Davis, 1857 to 1859 ; William Vandever, 1859 to 1863 ; Hiram Price, 1863 to ,1869 ; William Smyth, 1869 to 1870 (died during his term) ; W. P. Wolf, 1870 (to fill vacancy) ; Aylett R. Cotton, 1871 to 1875 ; John G. Tufts, 1875 to 1877 ; Hiram Price, 1877 to 1879, and present incumbent. TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURE. Council. — Scott and Clinton Counties : Jonathan W. Parker, 1838 to 1843 ; Robert Christie, 1843 to 1845; Laurel Summers, 1845 to 1846. House of Representatives. — Scott and Clinton Counties : Laurel Summers, Jabez A. Burchard Jr. (after contest with Samuel R. Murray), 1838 and 1839 ; Laurel Summers, Joseph M. Robertson, 1839 to 1841 ; Joseph M. Rob- ertson, James Grant, 1841 to 1842. Clinton County : Eli Goddard, 1842 to 1843; John Brophy, 1843 to 1845; Shubael Coy, 1845 to 1846. STATE LEGISLATURE. Senators. — Scott and Clinton Counties: Loring Wheeler, 1846 to 1850; William E. Leffingwell, 1850 to 1852 for Scott and Clinton, 1852 to 1854 for Cedar and Clinton Counties. Cedar and Clinton Counties : Julius J. Mathews,- 1854 to 1856, and for Clinton County 1856 to 1858 ; George M. Davis, 1858 to 1862 ; Norman Boardman, 1862 to 1866 ; John Henry Smith, 1866 to 1870 ; 380 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. A. B. Ireland, 1870 to 1874 ; N. A. Merrill, 1874 to 1879, and present incum- bent. Representatives. — William E. Leffingwell, 1846 to 1848 ; James D. Bourne, 1848 to 1850 ; William G. Haun, 1850 to 1854 ; Joseph H. Brown, 1854 to 1856 ; George Smith, floating member from Cedar, Clinton and Scott, 1854 to 1856 ; Charles H. Toll, 1856 to 1858 ; Horace Anthony, Thomas Watts, 1858 to 1860 ; Nathaniel B. Baker, George W. Parker, 1860 to 1862 ; George W. Parker, John S. Maxwell, 1862 to 1864 ; George W. Parker, Samuel G. Magill, 1864 to 1866 ; B. R. Palmer, George W. Thorn, 1866 to 1868 ; Charles G. Truesdell, Aylett R. Cotton, Charles E. Leffingwell, 1868 to 1870; Aylett R. Cotton, Benjamin Spencer, Samuel H. Rogers, 1870 to 1872 ; James Van Deventer, George Rule, N. A. Merrill, 1872 to 1874 ; Edward Svendsen, Eben- ezer Dorr, Henry Muhs, 1874 to 1876 ; John A. Young, Edward H. Thayer, H. Horstman, 1876 to 1878; A. A. Gardner, J. A. Young, 1878 to 1880. POLITICAL ECONOMY. Had such great naturalists as Humboldt or Agassiz visited the Northwest before it was settled, it is possible that their contemplative eyes might have dis- cerned that the speedy settlement and comfortable habitation of the Iowan rolling prairies by civilized men, would depend upon the growth of industrial enter- prises, fed by raw material from the pine forests of Wisconsin. But, it is not at all likely that even the most prophetic ken would have foreseen the complexity and extent of the commerce to which the unpromising prairies of Clinton would owe an unexcelled prosperity. Many were the croakers, on the other hand, who scoffed at the idea of treeless prairies ever being profitably or thickly settled. "With what do you intend to build?" said they, disdainfully regarding as insufficient the timber belts along the rivers. Few would have had the hardi- hood, even those then thought most sanguine, to have even imagined, much less prophesied the acres and square miles of log rafts, and leagues of lumber- loaded cars, destined not only for the people of Clinton County, but of the illimitable prairies beyond. Still less did any one dip " into the future, far as human eye could see," and dream that those houses would be warmed by coal from other prairies in Iowa or Illinois, or that the surplus products, the beef, pork, eggs and butter of those prairies, would find a market in Europe. Still less did any one dream that the creaking emigrant wagon would be superseded by through trains from sea to sea, or that these prairies would, before half a cen- tury had passed, echo to the clattering thunder of a train traversing the con- tinent in seventy hours. Nathaniel Hawthorne's tale of the man who roamed over the world, in search of a treasure really at his very door, is recalled and paralleled by the trains of emigrants that, during the years from 1840 to 1847, streamed across the river at the Lyons ferry, and passed westward further into the wilderness, and away from water communication, disdainfully driving over, or overlooking what are now the fairest prairie farms of Clinton County. Having left timbered sections, they were in search of locations near, or in the belts along the interior rivers. Little did they dream of the advantages the Mississippi was destined to offer in supplying building material and fuel from the great northern pineries. But even those pioneers who located in the prairies of Clinton County thought it necessary to also take up a timber claim, if possible. Many laboriously hauled therefrom, a distance of from two to fifteen miles, the materials for the first hewn or frame houses, and for fencing the first inclosures of land broken for seeding. But what was the result of these various surroundings and locations, in the HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 381 view of an apparently acute and impartial observer, may be inferred from the letter of a tourist through the country, who, it is to be hoped, was not writing in the interest of any one who had prairie lands to sell. The letter appeared in 1855, in "the Lyons Mirror : Here is another conclusion that I have lately come to — that prairie farms look the best, and are the most profitable. I have come to this conclusion after traveling through several States. * * * To illustrate this, and to compare the farmer of one part of the Union with another, will the reader accompany me to look at a farm in the New England States ? There the soil will scarcely produce anything unless manured, and will not afford the farmer a living unless all work — the inmates of the house at the spinning-wheel or at some useful employment, as well as the father and sons in the field. This is so true, that the New England family has become noted for its industry and economy. It is not so with the farmers around me ; they live in com- parative luxury compared with the former. Let us look at Pennsylvania. The soil there is richer than in Maine, and withal they have plenty of timber, a thing so greedily hunted by some that they sometimes pass by a valuable soil for it. A respectable farmer from Pennsylvania remarked to me this morning that he had come here to get away from timber ; and well he might, for in Pennsylvania it takes one man's life to make a farm, and then he is called to leave it for others to enjoy. It is not so here. A man can make one in two or three years, and enjoy the benefits of it the remainder of his life. This morning I started from Camanche, taking a westerly course toward De Witt. I came to one of the finest prairies I ever saw. It is spotted with groves, and plenty of springs of good water. The soil is, a rich, black loam. The land is all bought, and mostly improved. In fact, the large fields and good frame buildings present the appearance of an old-settled country, although it is only three or four years since the majority of the farmers settled there". Yet I see a number of 80 or 160 acre cultivated fields that have yielded thirty bushels of wheat per acre, without manure. That is truly rich. The houses are good, large frame buiidings, and painted. The barns and sheds have a neat appearance. The farm-yard is well stocked with cattle, sheep, hogs and horses, all of which they raise. The whole — even the fields — have a neat- ness almost equal to a gentleman's country residence. I do not think I have seen, anywhere, a more prosperous community of farmers. . Let us compare the prairie farms with those in the timber or oak openings.. Everything about the latter has a meager appearance. The houses, outbuildings and fences look generally as though a botch- workman had been the only person who had done anything. The soil is about half-cultivated. The owners are of the poorer class, and not the best-informed. How does this compare with the prairie farm I have described? The cause of the difference between these kinds of farms and their owners is, I think, easily accounted for. On the timbered farm, there is the material for making a house, outbuildings, fences, etc., so that, if the land is bought of Government, the purchaser gets, .with the soil, the material for making a farm, at ten shillings per acre. Consequently, such is generally bought up by such of the first settlers as have little or no capital, but avail themselves of the pre-emption law. Such land requires almost endless labor to clear, but less capital to get along with, and, as labor is the poor man's only capital, perhaps such land is the best for him. If I have capital, give me prairie to make a farm out of, provided I get a grove sufficiently near to supply me with firewood. I am not the only one with these views. The moneyed farmer who comes West, by his actions says he is of the- same opin- ion. I would advise such men, coming West to look for land, to travel through the country, as there is some fine prairie, which I presume can be bought at $4 or $5 per acre. . From the previous survey of the characteristics of the soil, climate and transportation facilities of Clinton and, sister counties, it is readily perceived that they present an environment in the highest degree favora- ble to the evolution of an exalted type of humanity. Whether these natural advantages and bounties would have been equally improved bad they remained within the grasp of the Frenchman or fallen into the hands of the Spaniard, may be greatly doubted. The great-souled La Salle and the iron-hearted De Soto had but few kindred spirits among their followers. Had such been t\e decree of destiny, the fair lands of Iowa would have been peopled by the sluggish and stupid counterpart of the French-Canadian — too indolent to catch the spirit of modern enterprise ; or, the prairies of the upper river might have been polluted by such a population as the degenerate Spanish of Cuba or Mexico. But a beneficent Providence ordained that the fruitful and well- watered garden and granary of the West should be had and held by the North- ern type of man, with whom individualism was the dominant sentiment, liberty 382 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. j and self-government his strongest passions, and toleration his broadest creed. As the Hindoo Koosh Mountains of Central Asia were the cradle of the pro- gressive white races, whence they set out on a westward course, to diverge into the various nationalities of Europe, so the Mississippi Valley seems inevitably destined to become the home of these nations' manhood, where they will again converge and unify, soberly applying, in peace and tranquillity, the lessons learned during their stormy youth in Europe. SOCIOLOGICAL. The life of the early settlers, compared with the pioneers in Eastern for- ests, was quiet and uneventful. It has been well said, " Happy is the people that has no history," and the relative freedom of early Iowa from turmoil and adventure, was one of the principal causes, of the rapidity and stability of its prosperity. The red man had vanished years before, leaving scarcely a relic behind, and never again to revisit his old haunts, such as the picturesque bluff above Lyons, except as an exile or captive. Perhaps social life would have been more intense had there been a common enemy to knit the settlers frater- nally together for the general defense. But none of them would have been likely to consider that a compensation for the '' terror by night and the arrow that flieth by day," that on other frontiers afflicted the pioneers of civilization. Nor were many popular amusements of the sections whence those came who first located in Clinton County thoroughly naturalized with them beyond the Mississippi. Many of the conditions of life were too completely changed. The fertile acres, with soil inviting the plow, prevented there being in any occasions for neighborly clearing-bees or log-rollings, as well as permitting settlers, to improve larger claims. However, in the very earliest days, " raisings " were frequent and jolly occasions. Corn was so plenty that it would have been absurd to stack or house the stalks, so that the husking or " shucking " bee was rarely transplanted to Clinton County. But, in the winter time, social gather- ings were frequent and merry. Though many of. the elders disapproved of dan- cing, the frolicsome juniors managed to console themselves with lively kissing games, so that, as the night wore on, the romping and the fun grew fast and furious, the evolutions of youthful feet more rhythmical, keeping time to vocal music in the absence of orchestral strains, till it became impossible for the most watchful observer to tell where " carrying-on " ended and dancing began. Dis- tance was nothing when a frolic was on hand. Spirited young men, and gay young ladies as well, thought nothing of riding a dozen miles to a sportive gathering. With it all there was a freedom from care, an absolute equality and freedom from snobbishness and hearty enjoyment of the hour's merriment, that those who participated regretfully aver are now absent from such gather- ings. And that idea is not an illusion, due entirely to the glamour of by-gone days, but is a fact due to the changed conditions of social life and the differen- tiation of even rural communities into classes. To sketch the social development of a community requires the consideration of so many complex elements that any historian less brilliant than Macau- lay, Green or Taine may well pause before undertaking it. Especially must it be difficult to portray the changes in a peaceful community like Clinton County, where they have been almost imperceptible in their stages, like the growth of a tree or animal. There has been a visible development, not by leaps, but by a steady upward and forward movement. Without attempting an elaborate and full analysis of all the factors that have made Clinton County what it is, it is not unprofitable to examine some of the causes that have not HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 383 only made the county what it is, but have also given the family of Iowa com- monwealths to which it belongs, their distinguishing characteristics. While the vast distances of the flat and rolling Western prairies cannot help affecting the human mind, the development of the American inhabiting them has been materially modified by other circumstances. The Spanish European who settled on South America's grassy oceans, the pampas or llanos of La Plata, has degenerated into the Guacho scarcely less savage than the Indian he has dispossessed, but whose habits he has acquired. A matchless horseman and master of wild cattle, he is incapable of progress. The wildness of nature and the isolated and roaming condition of his life have been too strong not to quench the desire for the habits and conditions of civilization ; so that the Argen- tine Republic is still a comparative wilderness, while the prairies of Iowa and the Northwest present the highest average civilization to be observed on the globe. Part of this is due to race, but, if such close observers and able philos- ophers as Prof. John W. Draper and H. A. Taine are to be trusted, man is as helplessly molded by nature and surroundings as metal by the die. Had the tide of emigration been turned elsewhere, or cut off so that Clin- ton County for many years would have remained sparsely settled, and with an exclusively agricultural population, without markets for their surplus, or to supply their wants being accessible, residents could not well have helped suffer- ing the fate of other isolated and bucolic peoples to a certain extent, even though not sinking to the level of the South American, Boer or French Cana- dian. Happily, however, everything conspired to make the transition period of Clinton County from frontier to a fully- developed commonwealth as short as possible. Had Iowa been settled many years before the introduction of railroads, so that several generations could have had time to grow, up comparatively isolated, it is evident that in the sections remote from water communications would have grown up communities not unlike those who inhabit the inaccessible mountain, districts of the South. But before the children of the pioneers had time to grow up, they were awakened by the tread of the locomotive, rattle of the printing press and the click of the telegraph, to take their position in the advance guard of progress. Iowa, and especially Clinton County, could not have been settled at a time more auspicious for being peopled not only by a prosperous and contented but an aspiring and cultivated people. In the plain regions of the Old World and in South America, man has been dwarfed and depressed by the illimitable and monotonous expanse. Hence many of the characteristics of the peoples that inhabit the steppes of Asia, the bound- less southern plains of Russia. Indolence, sloth, conservatism there contrast with the reverse qualities in the counties of the Northwest. The railroad enabling man to scorn distance, is one of the principal reasons that the energy of the immigrant to the Northwest has been augmented rather than diminished. The general introduction of horse-power and steam farming implements has likewise contributed to the mental emancipation of the farmers of Clinton County, by releasing them from the thralldom of exhausting and excessive phys- ical labor to which their fathers were subjected, and made it possible for them to till an amount of land that would have been impossible for them to handle with hand labor. Few inventions have been more opportune than the reaper, .threshing machine and improved plows. Had any of these elements been lack- ing, a plentiful food supply, a healthy and reasonably regular climate, cheap water and swift railway communication, abundant and cheap building material, labor-saving implements, abundant books and newspapers, the civilization of 384 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. this county would have been less complete. Or had these benefits not been realized and utilized by faithful, courageous and industrious men and women, undisturbed by foreign or domestic enemies, Clinton County would not in one generation have made such rapid advance toward the golden goal toward which enlightened humanity is ever pressing. DOMESTIC LIFE. Compared with the pioneers in the forest regions of the East, or with those who have of late years occupied the treeless plains beyond the Missouri, the early settlers of Clinton County were exceptionally favored in their facilities for sheltering themselves. The abundant timber-belts along the numerous water-courses, referred to elsewhere, furnished material for many substantial log houses that sufficed till more commodious structures could be erected. These picturesque log houses were more numerous in the western than in the eastern part of the county, for the reason that, in the latter sections, pine lumber was much sooner and easier obtained from the yards and mills on the river, and wrought into the earlier habitations. But much quicker than in most other sections of the United States, these primitive structures have been replaced often by stately mansions, in some cases as comfortably appointed as English manor-houses, and nearly everywhere by elegant and cheerful homes. In many cases, the old houses have been allowed to remain in mute and eloquent contrast with the new homes. To the older members of the family, those unpretending old homes are full of sacred memories and tender reminiscences. Every nook and corner about them is filled with shadows and lights of the past wherewith " all houses in which men have lived and died are haunted." Inconvenient, cramped and rugged as they were, about them rests the halo of the fireside, the family altar, the cradle, anjd possibly the deathbed of dear ones. In verses of equal poetic inspiration and truth has one of America's most recent and popu- lar poets commemorated the associations that inevitably cluster about a dwelling which a passing stranger might not think as worthy of attention as a new cattle shed. Probably there are few old settlers who did not echo the sentiments in Carle- ton's charming poem : " Things looked rather new, though, when this old house was built, And things that blossomed you would've made some women wilt ; And every day, then, as sure as day would break, Our neighbor ' Ager' come this way, invitin' me to ' shake.' " Look at our old log-house, how little it now appears, But it's never gone back on us for nineteen or twenty years ; And I won't go back on it now, or go to pokin' fun ; There's such a thing as praising a thing for the good that it has done. ***** " Never a handsomer house was seen beneath the sun ; Kitchen and parlor and bedroom we had 'em all in one ; And the fat old wooden clock, that we bought when we came West, Was tickin' away in the corner, and doin' its level best. " Trees was all around us, a-whisperin' cheering words, Loud was the squirrel's chatter, and sweet the songs of birds ; And home grew sweeter and brighter, our courage began to mount, And things looked hearty and happy then, and work appeared to count. ***** " Yes, a deal has happened to make the old house dear : Christenings, funerals, weddin's — what hav'nt we had here? Not a log in this building but its memories has got, And not a nail in this old floor but touches a tender sp»t. HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 385 " Out of the old house, Nancy, moved up into the new ; All the hurry and worry is just as good as through ; But I tell you a thing rjght here I ain' t ashamed to say : There's precious things in this old house we never can take away. " Here the old house will stand, but not as it stood before ; Winds will whistle ,through it, and rains will flood the floor ; And over the hearth, once blazing, the snow drifts oft will pile, And the old thing seem to be a-mournin' all the while. " Fare you well, old house ! .You're naught that can feel or see, But you seem like a human being, a dear old friend to me ; And we never will have a better home, if my opinion stands, Until we commence a-keepin' house in ' the House not made with hands.' " To the housewife of these days, who, in her admirably equipped kitchen, re-enforced with all the helps presented to her by modern invention, and even where aided by a corps of domestics, is still "cumbered with much serving," it must always be a great marvel how the now venerable matrons of by-gone days accomplished their tasks, and s':ill live, sprightly and vivacious. It may well be a wonder to the ladies of this generation how, without cooking-ranges or refrigerators, or the multifarious conveniences few kitchens or dairies are now without, they managed not only to feed their large families, with often a large force of hired men in addition, but also to rear and assist in making clothing for goodly numbers of sturdy children. However, the lot of the first citizens of Clinton County was fortunate in comparison with many in the coun- ties and States further westward. There was no positive suffering except of an accidental or unusual nature. Privation, except in possibly some rare and unreported cases, was unknown. The first crops were visited by neither drought, blight, or hail. Aided by the spontaneous products of the prairie, grove, and waters, even if they did not fare sumptuously every day, old and young throve apace, and waxed fat on the fruit of their own labors. For many years after the settlement of the county, such an object as a pauper was not known within its boundaries. As far as the average condition of its inhabitants, in regard to material comfort, was concerned, Clinton County, while still sparsely settled, was about as near a Utopia as the boldest social reformer would dare to hope for. It is a common remark among the older residents that they never lived better in their lives than they did in the early days of the county, before the dawn of railroad communication and the influence of travel and transient population. The river furnished a reasonably accessible market, and fish, flesh and fowl were supplied in abundance by the rivers, lakelets, prairie and timber ; prairie chickens, ducks, wild turkeys and deer replenished the larder, and strengthened the frames of the pioneers for their labors. There was never any lack of whole- some, if sometimes a rude, plenty. Blackberries, wild plums and crab-apples grew in spontaneous profusion, and furnished welcome luxuries till fruit-orchards and gardens could be planted and brought to maturity. With abundance of these, many of which would now be esteemed as the rarest delicacies, supple- mented by corn, milk, and home-fed pork, and appetites sharpened, digestions strengthened, and lungs expanded by the keen prairie air, it was small wonder that both elders and children were robust, families prolific, and there was much less sickness than is usual in a country where the original soil containing a mass of vegetable humus is being, after ages of repose, exposed to the decomposing influences of sunlight and air. It is almost impossible to now comprehend the difficulty, at an early day, of procuring even the most necessary household utensils. Of course, for the first few years, fire-places were almost universally used ; but, with the help of 386 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. tin or brick ovens, from their capacious recesses came forth the most appetizing roasts of which epicure ever dreamed, flanked by pies, bread and cake never excelled by the most famous metropolitan caterers. A broken dish could not then be replaced within a few minutes, and, accordingly, earthen and tin ware was cared for as if it had been china or silver. Culinary skill and " elbow-grease " atoned for the lack of the elaborate appurtenances that have since become so common as to be scarcely regarded. Washing machines, clothes-wringers and sewing machines were undreamed of, and their absence was supplied by increased strength and energy on the part of the female portion of the household. Too frequently was their task rendered unnecessarily arduous by the indifference of the "men folks " to providing proper facilities for lightening' domestic cares. Water fre- quently had to be brought from too great a distance. In some cases, consider- ate husbands hauled it on sleds, in hogsheads, from limpid springs at some distance. The supply of firewood was too often in unmanageable shape, and brought in from the piles exposed to the weather by the women, heated by exercise and fires during cold and raw weather, a practice that indirectly laid many a blooming maid and useful matron prematurely in their graves. The spinning-wheel and loom were for years found in many houses, and the house- hold kept warm and dry by the industry of the mothers, wives and sisters. The labors of the settlers in procuring a food-supply did not end with the harvesting of the ripened ears. The problem was how to get them ground to flour. Though the pioneers did not have to submit to the privations and make- shifts of those in the interior counties, where they for many tedious months had to prepare grain for baking by pounding it in rude mortar-mills, they many) times and oft underwent great inconvenience and labor to procure flour. The first mills were located where the streams, descended from the upper levels to the river valleys, and though they did not grind as close as the improved structures, there are few old residents who will not affirm that the flour therefrom made sweeter and more wholesome bread than any new patent process whatever. Corn fixings, of course, figured largely in the domestic bill of fare, and no one thought himself poisoned by a few atoms of golden meal being mixed with wheaten flour. Many heavy boat-loads of grain were pro- pelled by oars, handled by muscular pioneers, against the swift Mississippi current from Lyons up to Sabula, there to be ground at the custom-mill that for a long time supplied the settlers along the river margin of Clinton County. SECURITY. During the county's early days, people dwelt in a security of person, and, except horses, of property that is now (the historian regretfully records) prac- tically too much of the past. Unlike many counties on the south and west, Clinton County was not long dr seriously infested by local desperadoes or wander- ing marauders. Highway robberies and burglaries were for many years so rare as to scarcely be dreaded. This was partly due, not only to the fact that sus- picious characters could, where people were so well acquainted, be readily noted and watched, but to there being so little money and so few valuables to tempt rascals. Accordingly, when the men of the scattered pioneer households were at work in distant fields, or gone many miles to market, leaving women and children, guarded only by perhaps a faithful dog, the former suffered no anxiety, and the latter no apprehension. People slept with unfastened doors, without fearing that among the wayfarers might be desperate ruffians, ready for a trifle to become murderers, robbers or incendiaries. Then women alone in houses felt safer, and actually were more secure from insults or violence in the most HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 387 solitary farm-houses, than they now are, even in the suburbs of cities, since the highways havd been thronged by the horde of lawless vagrants, furnished by the criminal classes of Europe, and developed by the license of civil war, like the wandering Thugs of Hindostan, to swarm over the country, wherever led by the instincts of rapine or plunder. The short shrift and long rope, or ready bullet, that would then so quickly have avenged any of the crimes that now fill the criminal bulletins, were also a salutary deterrent to desperadoes, who might have otherwise sought to spoil the farmers of Clinton of their val- uables. To this day, burglars give a wide berth to portions of this county. The risk is too great. A little booty would be small compensation for the chance of falling into the strong, and, to criminals, merciless grasp of the yeo- manry, who have what Bret Harte so happily terms " a strict attention to detail, likely to prove unpleasant in a difficulty." Of course, in regard to horses, absolute security could not be hoped for in a new, open, and, in many places, trackless country. But, as elsewhere noted, the evil was as far as possible erad- icated with a summary vigor that proved a most salutary example to not only horse-thieves, but other evil-doers as well. Hence, though a river county, and therefore on the line of travel for the worst possible characters, ever since its settlement, the criminal record of Clinton County has been so comparatively clear, as to bear the strongest testimony, not only to the high character of her citizens, but their energy in preserving order. ROADS AND TRAVELING. Before the country began to fill up, the roads were better than they after- ward became. At first, when a farmer started to market with a heavy load, he had the option of the entire prairie for a turnpike of nature's paving. Swampy places could be avoided, and dry and level ridges followed for long distances. The firm sod prevented the wheels from sinking in many places where the soil was saturated with water, and after the heaviest rains there was no mud to impede journeying. But as section after section was occupied, and the roads were crowded into straight lines surveyed for them, they frequently became, especially in the spring, almost impassable quagmires, that have in many places required an amount of work for ditching and grading sufficient to construct an equal length of railroad embankment through similar country. During the days before railroads, many men followed transportation as a business, using ox, horse or mule teams. It is amusing to hear, as it must have been vexatious to undergo, how loads of hay, corn or wheat would often "bog," and then wait, sinking deeper and deeper into the mire, until assist- ance arrived in another teamster's cattle, and the doubled force successively hauled the wagons to firmer ground. Old settlers agree that during the " early fifties " the roads were most horrible, but at no time were they much, if at all, worse than during the detestable open winter of 1877-78. As the country has been more thoroughly settled, the rivulets wash both fields and roads much worse, bringing down much debris from the cultivated acres, to the great detri- ment both of them and of the highways. How difficult and sometimes dangerous it was to travel, even short distances, across the prairies, when they were whitened with snow to dismal monotony, scarcely less depressing and bewildering than the Siberian steppes, it is scarcely possible to now comprehend. Especially as snow-laden blizzards, " When the long dun wolds are ribbed with snow, And loud the Norland whirlwinds blow," obliterated familiar outlines and landmarks, even the experienced resident was 388 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. likely to miss his way and drive miles out of the proper route. Until when, in the sixties, fences became general, such misadventures were not at all uncom- mon. As the direction of the wind was often a guide, people were not seldom disgustingly led astray by its varying several points during their journey. Once a prominent lawyer, E. S. Hart, started during a storm to drive from DeWitt to Clinton, and brought up at Camanche, having made lee-way very much as if sailing. In the severe winter of 1856-57, an adventure, of which H. V. Morrill, of the Lyons and Elvira firm of Gates & Morrill, was the hero, furnished " the boys" at the time with considerable fun at his expense. Having left his wife at a friend's house, near Mill Creek, about four miles west of Lyons, he started about 8 o'clock in the evening, to drive homeward during a severe wind and snow storm. His turn-out was a crockery-crate rigged upon runners, suitable to the irregular track the ground afforded, and, as he was well muffled in buf- falo and bear robes, and the team was good, he expected to very speedily arrive in town. But as he drove busily on, no sign appeared through the driving tempest of city lights or of any of the familiar surroundings. Still he drove on, expecting every moment to be able- to take his bearings. Finally it seemed that he must be north of Lyons, and nearing the precipitous bluffs which were then open, clear through to the wide prairies. Fearful of driving over some treacherous precipice, Morrill concluded that it would be wise to bivouac. Accordingly, he bound blankets on his horses and turned them loose. Then he tipped his sledge on its side as a barricade against the icy wind, and rolled himself up under its lee in many folds of warm fur. But the intense cold pierced through them all, so that he was often fain to rise and anticipate the long-distance pedestrians of future years, by walking in a circle to keep his circulation awake. After, as may be imagined, a long and dreary night, morn- ing slowly dawned, and a barn became dimly visible through the snow. Going there, he found that he had passed the night within twenty-five rods of the house whence he had started on the previous evening, having, as may be readily supposed, actually driven in a circle. He was naturally invited to stay to breakfast, and, also, on the story leaking out among his acquaintances, the propriety of treating was delicately but forcibly hinted at. The best road in the old times was the one which the ice afforded ; an unbroken stretch for scores of miles over the congealed Mississippi, sheltered by the high bluffs from the west and northwest winds. A sharp lookout for air-holes was the price of safety, or at least, of comfort, though an adventurous citizen somewhat exalted by potations, once refused to go round half a mile, and, "accoutered as he was, plunged in," succeeding in crossing the dangerous icy pitfall. Caution was also exercised when the ice in spring began to rot and wear away underneath by the action of the swift current. MAIL ROUTES. It is probable that the arrival of the mail was, from the first, looked for with just about the same eagerness as now. Human hopes, desires and affec- tions are unchanged from one generation to another, and while, on one hand, tidings then came more seldom, and might, therefore, presumably be more highly prized, the greater intensity of modern business life, and wider spread of interest in the world's affairs, due to the telegraph, has made the morning and evening mail almost as much of a necessity as was once the tri-weekly, or even less frequent one. The first news of importance, of foreign or domestic events, usually arrived in New York papers during the era before HISTORY OP CLINTON COUNTY. 389 Chicago dailies began to reach Clinton County by rail. As America was more provincial before the war than after she then passed at one bound into national maturity, there was undoubtedly, relatively, a greater interest in foreign affairs than can now possibly be developed. Since the West has grown to be the full- est exponent of the national life, its citizens are not likely to experience anything like a repetition of the American enthusiasm over the Hungarian , revolt, or the exploits of " Liberator Garibaldi." Any possible foreign war since the rebellion seems petty by comparison with that colossal struggle. There was probably far more excitement over the news of the Crimean battles and of Solferino and Magenta than there has been over the news of any simi- lar events since, except when the Northwestern regiments hewed/their way to the sea. When foreign news arrived by steamer, frequently one would bring the- tidings of two weeks' events that changed the map of Europe and affected the price of commodities in the remotest hamlet of Iowa. But now news comes in such light daily installments that is not nearly so impressive as it was then. But it is probable that a larger proportion of financial business and political advices were received in Clinton County previous to the completion of the telegraph line and advent of Chicago dailies, in sealed letters, than there has been since. Accordingly, the post office was the general exchange and forum where neighbors expected to find each other, as a matter of course, upon the arrival of the mail, and, when it was tardy or long distributing, the long hours of waiting were beguiled in discussion and argument, carried on with a zest unknown in these days_of ubiquitous newspapers,, and enlivened by spicy stories and practical jokes. The post office, then as now, was a favorite trysiing place for swains and lassies, and the corn-colored and fantastic envelopes of the time, decorated with. Cupids, turtle-doves, etc., carried as expressive missives as those contained in to-day's artistic covers. Among the other towns on the river between Davenport and Dubuque, it was a great day for those in Clinton County when . they knew that Uncle Sam had arranged to give them a mail three times a week. One Mark Westlake, who kept the Ohio House, upon the river bank in Flat-iron Square, since the Five Points and cholera-nest of Davenport, was the opulent mail-contractor who, for the sum of about $400, furnished a horse and boy carrier for that portion of the route lying between Sabula and Davenport. Six dollars per month was the boy's salary, and for this sum Boy No. 1 arose at 3 A. M., took a cold lunch and, "rain or shine," rode till noon, when, at Camanche, he met Boy No. 2, who, with another horse, continued the journey to Sabula, and returned. The summer of 1851 was a wet season, and the raging Wapsie for two months held the upper carrier to his end of the route. He made headquarters at the famous Camanche boarding-house of the bustling Madame Aubrey, where the celebrated Uncle Johnny Doolittle (whose name was well deserved), a grey- haired bachelor, made fires and did chores, occasionally presenting his landlady with the deed to a piece of real estate, in order to hold the situation. During that season of high water, one boy was withdrawn arid the other carrier made an occasional trip to Davenport by the Illinois shore, or on a friendly steamer, and in those cases continued to Sabula, which town was reached by a horse fer- ry-boat. At one period of this flood, two weeks elapsed with no mail, and the topic of debate in the circles of wiseheads that gathered at Pearsall's store at Camanche, McCoy's tavern at Lyons, at Billy Haun's, at Hauntown, and at Stein's Hotel, at Sabula, was, who should foot the bills of the extra mail-service performed by these extraordinary routes not specified in the original contract. The mail-boy thus left with all the responsibilities of the situation, in order to 390 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. make up his financial deficit, sewed grain-sacks at Burroughs & Prettyman's warehouse, at one cent per sack, till he had earned $6, which the Fagin-like •contractor deducted from the lad's salary at the final settlement. But the con- tributions by the citizens for the extra mail service were never allowed either by Government or contractor. Among the instructions by the Davenport Postmaster was that ten minutes was the limit of time for changing mail. Postmasters would, however, notwith- standing the remonstrances of the carrier, while selecting the matter directed to their offices, leisurely examine, criticise and remark upon the various packages for other offices. Had postal cards then been in use, the mail would probably have had to make up much more lost time. It was not at all uncommon for the papers en route to be coolly opened and the news read and discussed. At other times, it was necessary to wait for a customer to be served, or a game of cards to be finished. One day, arriving at Stumbaugh's store at Princeton, the faith- ful Mr. United States official, who now lives in Clinton, found the Postmaster and waiting citizens all swimming in the river, while their clothes were piled on the rocky shore in front of the post office. Standing on the steps, he warned the plashing triflers that time would soon "be no longer," and, after waiting a full ten minutes, reloaded saddle-bags and journeyed on. That happened to be an unusually important mail, and, by the time it had made the round trip to Dubuque, the Princeton folks had held an indignation meeting, lasting several days, and when the boy returned, like " Bill Nye," their "remarks were frequent and painful and free." One of the most ludicrous incidents that diversified the early history of the county was the laying-out in 1842 of a Territorial post-road from Davenport to Dubuque. Edward Barrows, of the former city, a brother of Dr. Henry Bar- rows, well known to many of the old residents of Clinton, obtained from the United States Government, during Tyler's administration, the commission to establish the route between those two important settlements, by the .way of the evidently growing ones of Clinton County. In order to fulfill his commission with proper eclat, Barrows secured a four-horse coach, well filled with commis- sary stores, both solid and liquid, and engaged about a dozen kindred spirits as "assistant surveyors." They went about their task in much the same spirit as that later corps whom Gov. Nye, of Nevada, instructed to survey across the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, then "bridge the ocean, and then return and report." With due form and gravity, the Barrows engineering corps surveyed until well out of Davenport, when they mounted their coach and drove merrily along the emigrant road till they arrived at the wire ferry on the Wapsie, south- west of Camanche, kept by Follett, who happened to be away from home. The Chief Engineer politely accosted Mrs. Follett, a perfect type of the strong- armed and resolute pioneer woman, and blandly informed her that in order to lay out a new Government road it was necessary to drive a stake directly in front of her door where the road would have to pass, at the same time expressing his regret at thus being compelled by official duty to spoil their primitive home- stead and door-yard. At the same time, one of the assistants solemnly pro- duced astake of a magnitude equal to those at which martyrs were wont to suffer. But. as the lady was busily engaged in making soft soap, she was not in humor to take apy of that article from the strangers who proposed such a desecration of her grounds, but, on the contrary, prepared to give them a liberal supply of her manufacture. Dipping a brimming ladleful from the boiling caldron, she stood forth defiant and prepared to slush down with the scalding mixture any rash individual who dared to drive a stake near her door. Of course, a weapon HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 391 with such a scatter compelled a masterly retreat out of its range. After some parley, the insinuating Chief Engineer obtained permission to drive a much smaller stake merely as a guide-mark, promising that her inclosure should be respected by the road. But scarcely had the comedy been finished and the party disappeared than the vigilant Amazon repented even her partial conces- sion, tore up the stake and cast it into the river. • The engineers drove on to Camanche where, on making known their errand, they were received by the settlers with open arms. Summoning a meeting of the neighborhood, the " Commissioners " consulted the citizens as to their wishes concerning the location of the proposed route. After that had been sat- isfactorily settled, and a night of conviviality, the next morning, watched by an admiring assemblage of settlers, the surveyors, with due formality, laid out a road until out of sight, when they remounted their coach and drove gaily along the trail past the future sites of Clinton and Lyons, exchanging greet- ings at the latter place with Elijah Buel, Daniel Hess and the Aikmans, and other neighbors, and thence to Bellevue, where the same farce was essentially repeated. Through Clinton County they followed the romantic road, already well worn by emigrant wagons, following the base of the bluffs, which is now occu- pied by the Midland and C. D. & M. tracks, and superseded by the new boule- vard between Clinton and Lyons. Wherever Barrows and his party were over- taken by night, on their extremely easy journey toward Dubuque, they camped and made the woods echo with merriment. Game was plenty and the larder was well supplied. At the end of thirteen days, they arrived at Dubuque, made and forwarded their report, and the entire party received pay for that time as employed in the arduous labor of establishing a post-route over the emigrant road. The late James Hazlett, afterward an esteemed merchant and lawyer of Lyons, was one of this party of bold explorers, and frequently created mirth by relating it to an applauding group, and having it confirmed by Buel, Hess, or any other "grey-haired sires who know the past" who might happen to be at hand. But the excursionists did their duty, at least, for the mail was event- ually carried over that road, so artistically and scientifically laid out. EARLY RELIGIOUS HISTORY. Among the early settlers, of the county were Christian men and women who brought their religion with them into the wilderness, and who were not willing to abandon the public ordinances of the Gospel, even though no tem- ples, " with groined arch and vaulted aisle " reared their spires toward heaven. But in the settler's humble cabjn, or in a brush-covered inclosure, on rude rived benches, with no organ peal or trained choirs, they gathered at the sum- mons carried from house to house that "a preacher is coming," and raised the simple hymns of praise, the devout prayers, and listened to the earnest exhorta- tions of the devoted pioneer ministers, who traveled through heat and cold, through rain and shine, from settlement to settlement, fording swollen streams, miring through treacherous sloughs, and often wandering on the trackless prairies in their peripetatic pilgrimages. The ministers were given a hearty welcome in every home, whether a Christian or "pagan " one, as an old settler expressed it. and in the home of many a settler, whose rough speech and rugged ways did not indicate that they were of Puritan stock, these missionaries found a cordial entrance and a hospitality that made them a kind of oasis for man and beast. On their journeyings they preached the Gospel, brought news of the outer world, ministered consolation in the days of trial, buried their dead and married their sons and daughters. To-day, the memories of those faithful men, 392 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. and Christian teachers, who shared the hardships of primitive times in this county, are cherished by those of the pioneers who are still " on this side of the river." The earliest religious services by a minister of which information can be gained were held by Rev. Mr. Hall, a Methodist, who came over from Albany, 111., and held services in 18.37. He preached at what is now DeWitt, in that year. In June, 1840, Rev. Oliver Emerson, familiarly known as "Father Emer- son," came to Davenport. He was a graduate of Lane Seminary and a class- mate of Henry Ward Beecher. Mr. Emerson was a Baptist in creed, except that he was an " open communionist." This heresy interfering with his ordina- tion in Ohio, he came to Iowa, hoping that his " unorthodoxy" might be overlooked, and he receive ordination in the church of his choice. He preached to a Baptist society in Davenport a short time, when his views caused a separa- tion. A few persons, members of different denominations, then engaged him to preach to them, and agreed to pay him, $15 per month and board him on the "boarding-around " system. An unfinished building was secured, benches put in, and here he labored " on his own hook," for a brief term, being unlicensed to preach and under the pay or control of no ecclesiastical body. Davenport then had a population of about five hundred. At the close of this labor, he removed his headquarters to Dubuque — though it might be more appropriately said that his headquarters were in the field — and took Jackson and Clinton Counties for his territory. In September, 1840, he preached his first sermon in Clinton County, at the house of Joseph Turner, on Silver Creek, near De Witt. He reached there on Saturday evening, and in the morning T. W. Clark went around among the settlers and gave notice that a meeting would be held, and thus gathered a congregation. Making his base of operations Sabula, his custom was to preach on Sunday morning at that place, in the afternoon at the house of George Griswold, on Elk River, and at evening in Lyons. He also preached in Camanche and out on the Wapsie, at the Dutton settlement, and at the Alger settlement and at De Witt. Indeed, he ranged over the sparsely-settled country, and wherever he could gather a congregation, on Sabbath or weekday, he "spake for the Mas- ter; " in the language of another, " preaching at regular though distant inter- vals, and occasionally administering the sacrament." He had been ordained as a Congregational Minister, but was extremely catholic and was welcomed by Christians of every creed. He is everywhere spoken of with love and venera- tion. His face was welcome in every household, "even the sulky, in which he traveled through his circuit, is remembered as a vehicle quite as venerable as the deacon's 'one-hoss shay.'" From him we gather the following historical items. A Congregational church was organized at an early day, he thinks in 1842, in Bloomfield Town- ship, and was continued several years, but a large number of its members emigrated to Missouri and the church was disbanded. Services were held as early as 1843, in Deep Creek Township, at the Hunter Schoolhouse. In the fall of 1842, Mr. Emerson removed to De "Witt, it being nearer the center of his territory, a Congregational minister having been sent to Dubuque. In the spring of 1843, he married Miss Eliza Bedford, and built him a house there, but in 1847 moved back to Sabula. In speaking of those early days, he says the people were all poor. Many came without means, and those who did bring a little money with them, soon found their means invested in a cabin, in their improvements and supplies. WHEATLAND HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 395 Their first crops, on account of remoteness of markets, brought them but scanty returns, and so all were on a level. The poverty of the people was great. During his early ministrations, he had no salary or fixed compensation. He was welcome to the homely fare of the cabin and the best place to sleep that they could furnish, and, when his "clothes got seedy and worn, they clubbed together and provided him with a new suit." Cotemporaneous with Father Emerson was Rev. Barton H. Cartwright, who was the first Methodist circuit rider. His circuit was called the Charleston Circuit, including Charleston (now Sabula), Lyons, Camanche, De Witt, and, indeed, nearly all of Jackson and Clinton Counties. His residence was in the timber, between the two forks of the Maqubketa. The first Presiding Elder was Rev. Mr. Weed. Rev. John. H. Prentiss was also a pioneer minister, and the first Pastor of the Union Grove Congre- gational Church, which he organized in 1838, and which included Fulton and Lyons in its boundaries. Rev. John C. Holbrook was commissioned in "the winter of 1841-42 as a Home Missionary for Pleasant Valley, Clinton County, etc. He supplied the Church at Lyons, and preached in this vicinity. He removed to Dubuque, where he remained about twenty years, thence removing to Syracuse, where he is at present the Secretary of the New York Home Missionary Society. The first Sabbath school of which any report is found was gathered in Lyons, and was held at the house of Chalkley A. Hoag. Frederick Hess was the Superintendent, Daniel Hess, Librarian, and Margaret Hess (afterward Mrs. John Sloan) the Teacher. This school was discontinued during the winter months. Afterward, a Mr. Goodrich, who was a school teacher, was for a time the Superintendent, and until Father Vincent came, who then became the Super- intendent. Father Warner also gathered a school at his cabin, two miles from town, in 1847. Other early enterprises }n churches and Sabbath schools will be found men- tioned in the history of towns and cities. From these humble beginnings in church services and Sabbath schools has grown and ripened a plentiful harvest ; and now, scattered over prairie and rear- ing their spires in every town and village, are a multitude of temples of worship, from within whose walls arise the incense of prayer and praise to the Great Architect, whose hand unfolded these rich prairies for the homes of more than 35,000 people. TORNADOES. The tornado of June 4, 1844, was, doubtless, severe enough to have wrought fearful damage had it not passed over so thinly-settled sections of Clinton County. It first struck the ground in Springdale Township, near Tipton, Cedar County. It traveled at the rate of from forty to fifty miles an hour, sweep- ing a strip of about one-fourth of a mile wide. It was able to pick up cattle and hogs and carry them to some distance, dashing them to death against the ground. Its form was the usual funnel-shaped outline. In Clinton County, it tore through the northern part of the infant settle- ment where De Witt npw stands. It crossed Brophy Creek at the farm then owned by Mrs. Brophy, destroying her house and severely but not fatally injur- ing some of the inmates. Thence it followed the course of the Wapsie to the place owned by William D. Follett, where it destroyed a house and killed many cattle. Passing eastward, it destroyed some buildings on the farms of Messrs. Schoff and Wood, where some persons were considerably injured. Where Mr. Van Epps now lives, it destroyed the house where Mr. Peoples 396 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. then lived, severely injuring some of the inmates. Mr. P. was so badly hurt that he died within a few days — the only fatality caused by this storm within the county limits. The tornado crossed the river at the south part of Adams' Island, stripping Mr. Adams' farm and dwelling on the Illinois shore. The buildings were completely demolished, and his daughter killed by being carried to a great height and dropped into a tree, where she was afterward found. The storm was evidently a true whirlwind, and its course was south of east. It would have probably been considered and handed down in the annals of the State as a tremendous atmospheric disturbance, had it not been so surpassed by the immeasurable calamity of 1860. There is a tradition that, before white men came to Iowa, a similarly severe wind traversed the same region as that devastated by the storms of 1844 and 1860. Sunday, the 3d day of June, A. D. 1860, will long be remembered in the annals not only of Iowa, but of the Northwest, as the day of the most tre- mendous tornado on record, rivaling the cyclones of the Indian Ocean, the hurricanes of the West Indies and the typhoons of the China seas, in the dis- tance that it swept, from Central Iowa to the interior of Michigan, and surpass- ing most tropical storms in the force of the wind. Nothing like it had been supposed possible in Northern latitudes. A belt, varying from twenty rods to a mile in width, was swept literally with "the a besom of destruction." Not a fence, not a tree, not a house, and scarcely an animal or human being in its pathway was able to escape or withstand its fury. Death, devastation, almost annihilation, marked its track. So rapid was its approach, so unexpected its visitation, so indescribably awful its phenomena and horrible the ruin it left, that, owing, possibly, to physical and physiological causes affecting the nervous system (except a few gifted with remarkably robust constitutions and well-poised intellects), those who had felt Death pass in so swift and awful a guise seemed dazed and incapable of practical thought or action. Even those who were without its range, but who witnessed its ravages, we're often too appalled to render assistance until recalled to the ghastly actuality by the spectacle of car- nage and the groans of the wounded that roused them to the necessity of energetic and prompt action. Fortunately, many saw the terrible meteor's approach, and, by hiding in cellars, root-houses and similar refuges, although buried under the debris or exposed to the open sky, yet managed to escape the fate of many who were borne away on the wings of the blast — some to be hurled mangled corpses to the ground, others to be gently and safely deposited upon the earth. The first reported appearance of the atmospheric disturbance as a cyclone or whirlwind seems to have been in the western-central part of the State. It was in Hardin County where it first took on the appearance of a tornado, though undoubtedly the Storm centers originated further west. To the meteor- ologist who reviews the history of this remarkable phenomenon, it is a matter of great regret that Government signal stations and weather reports had not then been established, so that science could have been advanced by observations of the barometric and electric phenomena that must have coincided with the development of such a terrific meteor. From Hardin County, it reached the Mississippi in less than four hours, having traveled at an average rate equaling that of the swiftest express train. Of course, its rotary velocity was much greater than its rate of forward movement, which varied very greatly, as at some points it comparatively stood still, and then, upon the temporary equilib- rium of forces being destroyed, it again raced forward, as if by its rest endowed with new power. s HISTOKY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 3y7 In New Provideneo, Hardin County, only two houses were left, about thirty being scattered in the shape of kindling-wood over miles of prairie. But few- people were there hurt, the greater portion of the citizens being absent at a ,- Quaker meeting, at New Bangor, Marshall County, twelve miles distant. During the storm, a Methodist meeting was being held in a brick schoolhouse at New Providence. The building was moved five feet, and all the doors and windows blown out, but no one injured. The inference is that the storm had at that point not as yet, so to speak, massed itself as it did further east, nor yet acquired so great a rotary movement. However, the country was completely desolated, and fully $100,000 damage tlone around New Providence. At a farming settlement called Pritchard's Grove, six miles further east, the tornado was fiercer , and. a number of persons were killed. Here the timber and every movable thing was swept away like dust before a broom. A small village called Quebec, in the northern part of Marshall County; was absolutely obliterated, not a vestige of the town remaining where it stood, houses and contents being swept in fragments off" upon the wfde prairies. Many were seriously injured, but no lives were lost, though how any escaped alive seemed a mystery. At Fort Dodge and Webster City, the outer circles of the storm, terrific hailstones fell, six and seven inches in circumference, shattering windows and injuring stock. Through the fair, but then comparatively sparsely-settled rural regions of Tama County, the storm left a similarly-devastated swath. In Web- ster and Benton Counties, great damage was done. But the fury of the storm or storms was there as nothing compared to what it was further eastward. The- area of high wind was much wider west of the Cedar, where it appears to have converged as steadily toward an apex in the country between the Wapsie and the Mississippi, as if the aerial columns had been ordered by a strategist there to concentrate their forces as the German hosts thickened around the sleeping French at Sedan. West of the-Cedar there may have been several well-defined and distinct storm-centers. It is certain that there were at least two different tornadoes that formed about the same time in the sultry Sunday afternoon, and began a parallel eastward race from some undetermined point west of the Cedar River, probably about twelve miles apart. They proceeded eastwardly in separate and well-defined courses, until they reached the Wapsipinicon, where they united and advanced in a single column with increased and accelerated force and rapidity.- The first made its appearance about seven miles northeast from Cedar Rapids and about three miles west of the river. When first seen, it looked merely like a threatening cloud, but it soon assumed the appearance of an immense serpent, similar to that, as the Hindoo mythology chronicles, with which the air demons churned the ocean, a myth evidently derived from the appearance of water-spouts as they extended from angry sky to foaming sea. Twisting, writhing, with an undulating motion and accompanied by a dismal roaring, like that of a mighty cataract but infinitely more menacing, it traversed Cedar County, utterly wiping out every natural and artificial object in its path. At Lisbon, Linn County, it scattered broadcast the stone piers of Robinau & Prouty's warehouse and splintered that and other buildings into kindling-wood; yet, strangely enough, leaving untouched 1,500 bushels of bulk wheat in the warehouse. In a lumber-yard belonging to Chauncy Lamb, not a board remained. Loaded freight cars were blown from the track and empty ones were completely pulverized. It circled northeasterly, leaving Mechanicsville two miles to the south, devastating the country east of White Oak Grove, 398 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. killing hundreds of sheep and cattle and a score of persons. Many persons saved their lives by clinging to the underbrush in small thickets, which bent to the storm. A Mr. Cole with his wife and child were escaping to the cellar when the house was blown from over their heads, but leaving the floor. Mr. C. seized his wife who held their child in her arms, and flinging himself flat, grasped the edge of a trap-door. Until the storm was over, he was not aware that the floor had moved but upon taking his bearings he found they had sailed an eighth of a mile through the air, with no other injury than a fracture of the arm by which he held on. At Louden, both tornadoes were simultaneously visible, the one ,that struck Lisbon being about three miles north and the other about four miles south of that village. Both had preserved their original form and appearance, though swollen in size as the aerial giants raced eastward, apparently bounding like a ricocbetting cannon balls from ridge to ridge of the rolling prairie. At Wheatland, both were distinctly visible. In that section, as this tornado flew high, comparatively little harm was done, except blowing down a number of houses. Arriving at the Wapsipinicon, it followed the stream without doing much harm till it united with the south one, which was first observed about seven miles southwest of Cedar Rapids, in the Rogers settlement, on the west side of the Cedar. On starting on its journey, it demolished numerous build- ings, and actually tore several victims who were caught in its whirl limb from limb, only their trunks remaining. As it passed along a ridge south of Mt. Vernon and Lisbon its appearance was simply terrific. The air was loaded with fragments of wrecked buildings and branches of large trees, and darkened with dust and earth. Cloud flakes and spume were whirled from the sides of the atmospheric maelstrom, and its deafening roar as it swept over the champaign, a gloomy column, with a lurid red core glowing angrily through its murky envelope, it could be compared to nothing else than the chariot of the Omnipo- tent as pictured by Milton in " Paradise Lost." This tornado seems to have at this point attained its maximum of fury. Among the wrecks it left were the head of an infant and the arms and legs of a grown person brought from many miles westward. Three persons were taken up bodily and vanished forever from mortal eyes. Dwellings and barns were ground to pieces as completely as if they had been passed through a quartz- crushing machine. Poultry had their heads completely twisted from their bodies, and their feathers cleanly plucked. About three miles southwesterly from De Witt the two tornadoes, as if impelled by a mysterious affinity, united, presenting a scene that the' historian shrinks from attempting to describe lest the endeavor seem like hyperbole. The monstrous amalgamation could be fitly described only by Victor Hugo. Eye- witnesses affirm that the southern tornado ceased its advance and enlarged its ■dimensions until it towered from the earth to a sightless distance in the heavens. Por over a minute it remained stationary. The lowering clouds of the northern tornado rushed into its embrace until the latter had been fully absorbed, swell- ing its bulk to a portentous size. Then the huge mass, now bellying out and sway- ing like an inflated balloon, rose from the ground with a roar like the voice of many waters and down-pouring floods, swept over a grove, and then descending to the ground whirled onward with unparalleled swiftness and power, accompa- nied with a constant corruscation of dull phosphorescent lightning. Between De Witt and Camanche, twenty-eight persons were killed and fifty-one wounded. South of De Witt, it swooped upon the Parsell House, and then swept the farm -of Thomas Hatfield, where no less than sixteen persons perished. Among the HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. > 399 victims were James Foster, Henry Foster, Mrs. Sarah Foster, Matilda Foster, Catherine Henry, a Maynard child, Alexander Gregorie, wife and daughter, *Sarah Hatfield, N. R. Walrod, wife and two children, Jesse Parsell, John Klindt and wife, Mrs. Meyers and three children, Isaac Smith, Hatfield Fry, David W. Millard, a Winne child, a Jones child, Robert Boyd and an unknown German. On Tuesday, the dead who were killed in that section were buried in the presence of a vast concourse at De Witt, whence the wounded and destitute- also received unwearied aid and generous succor. In its route through the rather thinly-settled district just west of Camanche, a number of farm-houses were razed. Mr. Thomas Thornburg and others had just time to collect their families and place them in cellars, as their dwellings were swept from above them. At Camanche, a mellow but rather sultry June Sabbath was drawing to a close. People were engaged in the usual quiet avocations of the day and hour, a rather threatening horizon attracted no great amount of attention, and even a sudden darkening of the air did not create the same apprehension that it would at any other time than about sundown. But, with magical rapidity, a murky curtain spread over the western horizon, grew and towered like a solid wall built by the Genii, of the air, and approaching with .a porteptous appear- ance, that fascinated with fright all who saw it, advanced upon the doomed town as suddenly as a locomotive at full speed appears around a curve, and, in an instant, a torrent of midnight blackness, charged with missiles, bristling with electricity, so laden with water and hail-stones as to be almost solid, and rumbling like ten thousand swiftly-driven chariots, embraced everything in a deafening and blinding chaos. The fury of the tornado may be known from the fact that it lasted at Camanche only about two or three minutes, yet, during that brief period, the village, containing some twelve hundred people, was almost totally destroyed. A volume could be crowded with instances of the strange freaks and resistless power of the tornado. One very singular point was the almost entire absence of furniture from the wrecks. Here and there a chair-round or table-leg could be found, but that was about all. Trunks, clothing, beds, carpets and all kinds of furniture, including even stoves, absolutely vanished. All remaining from the numerous buildings destroyed, could have been packed into a sm^ll bedroom. The rest went into the river, or was strewn for miles over Illinois prairies. The Tiler's jewel of the Masonic Lodge was blown even to Ogle County, 111., where it was picked up by a lady and worn as her breast-pin for some time,, before its identity was discovered by the skillful eye of one of the craft. A plank, two inches thick, effectually closed the door of Walldorf 's new hotel, by driving in a slanting direction through the door and floor of the building. The lower story of a store on First street was cut away as. smoothly as if sawed, and blown into the river, when the upper story settled down in its place almost uninjured. The front of a frame house in the upper part of the town was whisked away, leaving the furniture uninjured, while in Mr. Park's house the windows were blown in and the furniture crushed to kindling, and yet the, house stood, only slightly injured. Partial destruction occurred only on the outer edge of the tornado. In its direct course, the destruction was absolute. One citizen said that his first realization of the power of the storm was in seeing, a horse coming flying through the air at about twenty feet from the ground, fol- lowed by a cow at about the same height, and who must have been carried over three hundred feet. Mr. Butler saw his stable carried away over the tree-tops, leaving his horses on the earth floor attached to their rack. Two horses were 400 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. blown from the front of Westfall's store into the middle of the river. A large raft was going down the river, endeavoring tp reach shelter on the west bank as the whirlwind arrived. Of the twenty-six persons thereon, the three who only* •escaped said that all they knew about it was, that they found themselves in Illi- nois, but whether they got there by land, air or water, or what was the fate of their companions, they were unable to say. The terrific momentum of the storm was best illustrated by a shingle stuck through the sides of Waldorf's store. The shingle, a cedar one, of ordinary size and thickness, struck on the butt end, in a direction directly opposite to the general course of the cyclone, andi was forced through clapboards, lath and plastering, without at all breaking. This incident also shows the rotary motion of such winds. The chimney of Mr. Anthony's house, weighing nearly a ton, was taken off and deposited in the garden ten feet from the building, in a perfectly upright position, without a single crack to show that it had been disturbed. Mr. Ralston, living three miles west of Camanche, saw the black column of destruc- tion directly advancing upon the house, and sent his family to a small grove of locusts, with directions to lie on the ground and cling to the trees. While lying there, they saw the house taken and carried about twenty rods west and returned to within a few feet 6f its original location. It was then, as Mr. R. expressed it, " rubbed out as you would rub a snow-ball between your hands," not a fragment remained. At De Witt, where the course was due east, a build- ing with a whole family in it was carried from the east to the west side of the highway, and deposited without so much as breaking the crockery. The most incredible instance of the cyclone's power was furnished by Mr. Reed, of Bertram, Cedar County. A large rock weighing over twenty tons, about twelve feet by eight and six, was imbedded in the bank of the Cedar River, only about eighteen inches of it projecting, the rest being firmly imbedded in the clay. The impact of the wind was so enormous that it actually wrenched the rock from its bed and turned it over like a chip, end for end, till it sur- mounted the bank and was carried about one hundred yards. In many places, plowed soil was wholly blown away, as if washed off by a freshet ; and, in several authenticated instances, the freshly-turned prairie sod was wholly swept away. Wagons were torn in pieces and wagon-tires straightened out perfectly flat. f At Albany, on the opposite side of the river, people were preparing to attend the Sunday services, and some had actually started from their homes. Looking from its elevated site toward the west they saw the storm-demon approaching, in his pavilion of darkness, and in guise that paralyzed the stoutest heart. Futile attempts were being made to secure doors and windows when the aerial hammer smote the then thriving town, killing five persons and wound- ing scores more or less severely. The town was almost as thoroughly demolished as Camanche, though, either owing to the heavier missiles being dropped in the . river, or a larger proportion of the people having time to escape to cellars, the loss of life was happily much lessened. Only about twenty dwellings were left upon their foundations, and but one available place of business. A bell was swept from the belfry and found quite a distance away, uninjured except from a nick in the rim. In Albany, the total damage to houses, barns, etc., was reliably estimated at $73,715 ; to personal property, etc., $18,000 ; total, $93,715. In Garden Plains, Portland, Union Grove and Tampico, considerable damage was done, but very few fatalities resulted. About seven hundred people were rendered homeless in Albany. HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 401 Some of the tornado's effects were as singular and capricious as on the other side of the river. Upon the roofs of several houses, the shingles were stripped off in fanciful shapes, leaving upon others a single covered spot. Others were entirely unshingled. One small frame building was lifted from its founda- tion and carried about a square, around another building which was torn to pieces and let down uninjured, within six feet of it. On each side of the path of the storm-fiend, the evidence of his power was visible in the shape of fragments of buildings, lumber, goods, splintered furniture, valuable papers books, etc. % ' The Clinton Herald, of June 9; gives a graphic description of how the doleful news was received at that point, as the messenger galloped onward, under circumstances as worthy of the poet's commemoration as " The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere," and as dramatic as the headlong race of the courier announcing the bursting dam at Ousely Reservoir, to the people in the path of the torrent, which Charles Reade so vividly describes in " Put Yourself in His Place:" " The storm was over at Clinton. There had not been much wind, and the torrents of rain which had deluged our streets, converting them into canals, had v ceased falling. The air was soft and balmy ; a few stars were glimmering through the fleeting clouds, and occasionally the full radiance of the moon would illumine river and town and the farther shore, and then, gliding behind a cloud, leave all again to the mournfulness of doubtful starlight. Far away in Illinois, the storm still raged, the violently-flashing lightning adding a weird beauty to the scene. We sat, looking from an open window and listening to the. mournful call of a whip-poor-will, upon the Island, when a man on horse- back came dashing furiously up the street, and, scarcely drawing bridle, cried out in an excited voice, ' Camanche is destroyed by a tornado, and half the inhabitants are buried in the ruins ! Send down all your doctors and materials to dress the wounded!' Without waiting to be questioned, he dashed on, repeating his request wherever he saw a group of people. . In an instant our town was all excitement. The courier's manner was evidence of his sincerity. All were eager to render any assistance in their power. Superintendent Milo Smith was at once sent for, and immediately des- patched all the hand-cars at hand, and gave orders for a train to at once be prepared to carry to the spot all who desired to go. The steamboat Queen City at Lyons was at once placed at the disposal of our charitable neighbors. Meanwhile, every vehicle was put in service, and soon a hun- dred willing hearts and hands were speeding along as an advance force. By this time, the storm had fully passed away, the moon shone bright and unclouded, and, as we dashed over the sandy road, now washed hard and firm, and could notice no signs of destruction on the way, we almost hoped we had been the victims of some heartless joke. We were, however, soon confirmed in our apprehensions. As we approached a house in the suburbs of the village, a man rushed out and hailed us : ' Are you the doctors ?' We found here three little children, who had been brought with broken limbs from the village. After assuring the distressed family that the doctors were following, we pushed for- ward, with our worst fears confirmed. " God save us from ever seeing again such a sight as that village pre- sented. To describe it would be impossible. No conception could be formed of the scene except by seeing it, and once seeing it would haunt the memory forever. Although almost as familiar there as in Clinton's streets, a particular quarter of the town could not be recognized. 402 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. " It was with great difficulty that we picked our way over fragments of build- ings, fences and loose materials of all kinds to the few shattered fragments of houses that still remained upon First street. Here were chiefly gathered together. the dead that were found and the wounded who still lived. Parents were weeping for their children and children for their parents. Here a husband bent sobbing over his dying wife, and here a mother, with frantic joy, pressed to her bosom the child she thought was lost and found to be alive. Many seemed blessed with a calmness from on high ; many were beside themselves, and many were bewildered and overcome with stupor. Here we could not stay, we could be of no service, so we rushed on as a relief to join the eager souls who were toiling like giants, removing the rubbish in search of other victims. Here- after, in lonely hours, in the still watches of the night, and in feverish dreams will come to many minds the vivid recollection of that sorrowful scene. The ruins strewed around, the hideous distortions of the dead, the mangled bodies of the living, the multitudes of eager, grimy workmen, the peaceful summer night and the clear moonlight overhead, form a grouping never to be erased from the minds of any who were present." All night the work continued. The next day, free special trains ran every two hours loaded with persons to assist and attend the wounded, care for the dead and feed and clothe the survivors. From the country all about teams poured in a continual stream, for those same purposes. Early in the day a mass meeting of the citizens of the county was held, and a committee, consisting of N. B- Baker, Milo Smith, A. R. Cotton, Benjamin Lake and Horace Anthony, was appointed for general purposes. Sub-committees were appointed for special objects, and some degree of order sprang from the chaos which had previously reigned. By night, it was ascertained that the following were among the dead: G. C. Westphal, wife and child, Hannah Ourran, Mary Greenleaf, A. Hoeft, Eliza- beth Rathbone, D. Waggoner, D. Stolenburg, Mrs. Amelia Davis and son, Philip Peper, Margaret and Mary Fass, Eli Millions, George Burnham and wife, Mrs. J. Stolenburg, Theo. Arpe, H. M'Kendrick, L. D. Bigelow, Jacob Meyle, Augustus Meyle and a Meyle child, Mary Knapp, a child of G. W. Chase, child of W. White, a Smith child and a German girl known as Liza. Many others afterward died of their wounds, and many more bear on their bodies scars, and, in their minds, equally indelible memories of that awful evening. The funeral services over the Camanche dead on the Tuesday following were most solemn and impressive. Over two thousand sympathising friends and neighbors were present, and frequent outbursts of grief amid the deep hush that pervaded the assemblage attested the profound grief of the stalwart men as well as tender-hearted women. The twenty-five coffins were ranged in front of M. Dunning's bank, where the services were conducted by Revs. Freer, Edmin- ston and Youngs, of Camanche ; Hebard and Brindell, of Clinton ; Kynett and White, of Lyons, and Gleason, of Low Moor. The rmmense concourse then, forming in procession, moved to the old burial-grounds, where the bodies were committed to the long row of graves prepared for them, there to slumber till awakened by a more pervading and awful trumpet-blast than even that of the fatal storm in which they perished, that of the Archangel. Wherever flew the news of the awful disaster, generous-hearted men and women anticipated the appeals of stricken humanity and contributed most liberally to the relief of the bereaved, afflicted and destitute sufferers. Not only did Clinton and Lyons vie with each other in measures of relief, but from HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. ' 403 all over the country, from the great marts of Chicago and New York to remote hamlets, came contributions. At Clinton, on Monday evening, was called a meeting to co-operate with the general meeting at Camanche. Messrs. W. H. Lunt, Simeon Baldwin, Lucius Howard, C. H. Toll and G. F. Lovejoy were appointed a committee on subscriptions, and $350 were raised on the spot. The Clinton and Lyons ladies, inspired with the same spirit that afterward developed during the war the great sanitary fairs, devoted themselves to pre- paring food for the destitute, supplies for the wounded and clothing for the naked. (Many victims' actually had their clothing completely stripped from their persons.) These noble women, whose works were sanctified with the very spirit of Dorcas, made hundreds of new garments, besides following their Savior's injunction to divide their own raiment with the unclothed. The reception-rooms of the Iowa Central presented the appearance of the work- rooms of a large ready-made clothing establishment. Chicago ladies also con- tributed from their wardrobes. Dubuque, Davenport, Le Claire, Keokuk, Rock Island, Moline, Savannah, Mt. Carmel and notably Wheatland sent generous contributions. Meetings were held and liberal collections taken on steamers and railway trains. The Masonic bodies nobly obeyed the charitable precepts of the craft, and the German portion of the community came energetically forward to the aid of their kinsmen. The large-hearted Rev. Robert Collyer was the fitting bearer of the munificent Chicago relief fund, and, as he moved among the sufferers, his cheerful presence broughl; scarcely less encouragement and comfort than his gifts. Pre-eminent among the local good Samaritans was Milo Smith, both as an individual and as Superintendent of the C, I. & N. Railway, and the aforementioned committee, of whom N. B. Baker, as chair- man, displayed the same capacity and energy that subsequently distinguished him as Adjutant General. They were ably aided by the distributing com- mittee — Messrs. C. H. Toll, 0. A. Anthony, Horace Anthony and T. W. J. Long. The irretrievable disaster was not without a certain compensation in knitting together the different portions of the community, and also illustrating some of the most shining and benevolent qualities of human nature. At a meeting, in Chicago, $2,085 were raised. The following poem was composed for, and read on the occasion, by Benjamin F. Taylor, who has, since then, become nationally celebrated for his glowing prose and brilliant verse. It was entitled TORNADO SUNDAY. "The winds sweetly sung, In the elms as they swung, And the woods were in time and the robins in tune ; One cloud just forgiven, Lay at anchor in heaven, And Iowa asleep on the threshold of June. "All the air a great calm, And the prairie a balm, For the Lord, when He blessed, left the print of His hand ; All the roses in blow, All the rivers aglow, Thus the Sabbath came down on the bud-laden land. " On the bride and the bold, On the clay and the gold, On the furrow unfinished, on fame to be won, On the turbulent tide, On the river's green side, Where the flocks of white villages lay in the sun. 404 HISTORY OP CLINTON COUNTY. "All the world was in rhyme, Bid good morning to time ! Oh, sweet bells and sweet words of the dear golden then ; It is fair all abroad, Frpm blue sky to green sod ; Let us pray while we can ; blessed Sabbath, amen ! "Not a murmur in the air, Nor a lament anywhere, And no footfall of God on the ledges of cloud ; 'Twas a breath, and it fled — Song and Sabbath were dead, And the threads of gold sunshine the woof of the shroud. "Oh, words never spoken, Oh, heart and health broken, Oh, beautiful paths, such as loving feet wear; All erased from the land Like a name on the sand, All like thistle-down drifts on a billow of air. "Like the sighing of leaves, When the winter wind grieves Like the rattle of chariots driving afar, Like the wailing of woods, Like the rushing of floods, Like the clang of huge hammers a-forging a star ! ' ' Like a shriek of despair In the shivering air, i Like the rustle of phantoms with tempest abroad, Like a soul out of heaven, Like a tomb trumpet-riven, Like a syllable dropped from the thunder of God. " Then these to their weeping, And those to their sleeping, And the blue wing of heaven was over them all ; Oh, sweet South that singeth, Oh, flower-girl that bringeth The gushes of fragrance to hovel and hall. "Oh, bluebird, shed spring With the flash of thy wing, Where December drifts cold in the bosom of June ; Set our hearts to the words, Dearest songs of first birds, We are brothers at night that were strangers at noon." There are no reliable figures, as to the amount of pecuniary damage done by the tornado at Camanche. Indeed, that seems immaterial, compared with the suffering and loss of life, the wreck of hearthstones, and disappearance of family heirlooms and keepsakes, and the town suffering an irretrievable dis- aster. Accurate enumeration, however, showed that there were totally destroyed, no less than ninety occupied dwellings, sixty-three barns and stables, five ware- houses, several new brick blocks, two hotels — one a three-story brick, 56x96 feet, being shattered to atoms — two churches and thirty-six places of business, in addition to twenty-three sheds, ice-houses, etc. There were more or less wrecked, seventy-six occupied dwellings, twenty-four barns, sheds, etc.; a school- house, two warehouses, a flour-mill and two saw-mills, besides twelve other places of business. Probably f 300,000 l would riot have covered the loss that could have been replaced. One peculiarity of the tornado was the singular belt of calms, that in some stages of its progress, appeared to flank it on either side, while at the same HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 405 time there must have been a tremendous widespread agitation in the upper regions of the atmosphere. At some farmhouses, back of Clinton and Lyons, it was noted, that the tropical pour of rain that occurred at the same time fell per- pendicularly, and there was not a breath of wind. At the same time, pieces of debris, some large boards, fell from the upper air into adjacent fields. Their edges were splintered and ragged, showing that they must have been brought from a distant point, and by a fierce wind far above the low and heavy rain- clouds. The rumble of the storm was distinctly heard at Charlotte, sixteen miles distant. The most reliable authorities estimate the total number of killed, by the storm in Iowa, at 134 at least, and over 2,500 people must have been rendered homeless. On March 10, 1876, Deep Creek was traversed by a furious storm, which was probably a true tornado. At least it certainly assumed the shape of one, and, though it fortunately missed doing damage as extensive as that inflicted by those that crossed the /Southern part of the county, gave some most alarming evidences of its power. It also manifested some rather peculiar meteorological features. The day had been wonderfully hot and sultry for so early in the sea- son. Late in the afternoon, the rotary center, it is presumed, formed some- where to the southeast of De Witt, and moved in a northwest direction, striking the farm of Thomas Cavanaugh, five miles from De Witt, and, passing thence toward Charlotte, providentially passed to the southward of the village, injuring the places of Thomas O'Toole, John McGary and Paul Engler very considera- bly, twisting up trees and carrying fence-rails and boards in its vortex, but seriously harming neither life nor limb. Its noise was so loud as to be alarm- ing to those who did not see it coming, and it was heralded by sharp thunder and lightning and tremendous hail. Coursing diagonally through Waterford and Deep Creek, its center passed close to the house of Thomas Watts, of the latter township. A considerable and abrupt rise in the ground to the wind- ward of his house and barns would have been thought sufficient protection from the most furious ordinary storm. Mr. Watts and a domestic, who were the only persons in the house, lost consciousness from the shock the wind gave the house, which, .though not destroyed, subsequently appeared to have been moved in four different directions in less than as many minutes. Two hired men had sought shelter in the solid barns, which were totally wrecked. One of them took hold of an iron reaper, thinking thereby to anchor himself against the blast. But he narrowly escaped being crushed by the machine, which was found resting upon him at some distance from where it had stood. His com- panion was nearly smothered in bulk grain — the singular phenomena of 1860 being repeated, of a building blowing away and leaving hundreds of bushels of loose" grain heaped upon the ground. Many horses, cattle and swine were killed by missiles, or by being dashed against the ground or fences, and fowls were, as in the more southern whirlwinds, stripped of their plumage. A short distance to the northwest were the farm and dwelling of Fenton Dolan, seem- ingly protected, even more perfectly than Watts' place, by being under the lee of a steep knoll. But again the wind, like water pouring over a dam, swooped down upon and destroyed the house, Mrs. Dolan being severely hurt. Hers was the worst injury done by the storm to any person, though narrow escapes were numerous and the panic great. As if satisfied with its work at Dolan's, ^he tornado, rising so suddenly that it spared outbuildings only a few rods "beyond in its track, rose like a gigantic bird in the air, to again seek terra firma many miles beyond the Mississippi, destroying the town of Hazel Green, in 406 H1STOKT OF CLINTON COUNTY. Wisconsin, almost as completely as the disaster of 1860 did Camanche. Probably $30,000 would not cover the money-loss inflicted in Clinton County by this storm, yet the people through whose territory it passed considered that they'had escaped quite cheaply. COURT-HOUSE CONTROVERSY. As the population in the river portion of the county increased more rapidly than in the interior, by the growth of the cities and the more dense settlement of the surrounding country, the question of changing the location of the county seat, which had always been a vexed one and never wholly concurred in by the river towns, was, from time to time, agitated. The De Witt Observer, in its issue of January 19, 1866, gives a warning note to its patrons, and the people of De Witt particularly, of the initiatory movement which resulted in the removal of the county seat to the river. It says : " The river folks have been talking of the removal of the county seat to Lyons or Clinton ever since it left Camanche. Heretofore, it has been all talk, and no work ; but now it seems that they are at work vigorously, circulating petitions and taking other preliminary steps for its removal to Ringwood (a piece of open country and duck-ponds between Lyons and Clinton). The people down there are in earnest in the matter, and unless De Witters bestir themselves and work faithfully, early and late, the thing will be accomplished." In its issue of January 2d, notice is given of a county-seat meeting. In the issue of February 2, the Observer contains the following burlesque petition : " To the Honorable Board of Supervisors of Clinton County, now running- at large : " Your petitioners would respectfully represent that, "Whereas, The Hogle House (vulgarly called the Jail), in this place, is patronized, to a great extent, by the city of Lyons, an uneasy little village at the Mississippi River, at the extreme eastern end of the county ; and, " Whereas, There is a numerous brood of attorneys in the aforesaid vil- lage who, occasionally, have a tax to pay (for a neighbor), or a case in Court which requires their personal attention, and which is attended with the expense of a journey to the county seat ; and, " Whereas, There are a righteous few men there who, for the sake of the public good, would consent to hold an office if the Court House were near enough to them to be convenient ; and, " Whereas, There are a few persons there who, to make capital for, and those who seek to promote the public good by being willing to sacrifice them- selves and their friends, and, if not stayed, will surely rush to destruction and future oblivion ; and, '' Whereas, It is of no consequence to the inhabitants of the western end of the county how far they will have to travel, or at what expense, as they are nothing but mudsills of society and spend their own money ; therefore, " To save feelings and promote the interests of the inhabitants of the afore- said village of Lyons ; to save them from a.nguish by day and nightmare o' nights ; to spare their pockets in the matter of railroad fares, and to gratify their laudable desire to promote the public good and save expense to the county at large, your petitioners would pray that you take into consideration and sub- mit it to a vote of the people whether — as the town of Elvira is sufficiently near for a short buggy ride from Lyons — the county seat be not re-located at the flourishing town of Elvira, or whether, as a matter of compromise, we cannot HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 407 surmount the difficulty and gratify their ambition of serving the public by removing the Hogle House (ycleped Jail) to the village of Lyons, and thus divide the honors in the manner that they will most appreciate." On the other hand, a movement had begun in Lyons to inaugurate measures to bring about a vote upon the question of a removal of the county seat to Ringwood. Some discussion and expression of opinion was had, and the field was looked over, but no active steps were taken, and the project slumbered, although not a dreamless sleep, for visions of the coming contest were frequent and vivid. , In the spring of 1869, the question, which had lain apparently dormant, began to assume an active shape again. The agitation came principally from among the attorneys of both cities, and through their discussion of the subject, and the possibilities of success, the public interest began to gather strength. The first fundamental step to be taken, was to decide upon the point of location. The rivalry between the two cities, which in the past had been carried on with more or less acrimony, and, as many residents in either city felt, greatly to the det- riment of each, made it a question of grave doubt whether the common good of both could be made to appear so vital as to bury old antagonisms and present selfishness and local pride. Semi-official committees from Lyons and Clinton held mutual conferences. At the outset, Lyons selected the location at Ring- wood, and Clinton named De Witt Park. Of course, no agreement to either location could be reached. Block 10, in Clinton, was then named by the Clin- ton representatives. At a meeting of the City Council of Clinton, held March 24, 1869, a special committee of three was appointed to confer with Lyons with reference to the time and place for a joint meeting of the two cities, then to consider the propriety and expediency of removing the county buildings. This seems to have been the first official or formal action on the part of the movers in this enterprise. This committee at the Council meeting on the 29th instant reported progress, and asked further time. On the 14th of April, the various confer- ences between committees constituted by authority and committees self-consti- tuted, resulted in a public meeting of Clintonians, pursuant to call, which was held at Union Hall, on the 14th of April, 1869, to take into consideration the Court House question and its location. At this meeting, the Committee, previously appointed by the City Council, made a report which was substantially, that Lyons proposed as her choice of location the slope near Mr. Felch's residence in Ringwood ; while Clinton pro- posed as her choice Block 10, which location was opposed as low and unfit for the purpose. After discussion of the questions before the meeting, the follow- ing resolutions were offered : " The people of Clinton in mass-meeting assembled, believing that the time has come when the cities of Clinton and Lyons can' afford to bury all dissensions and jealousies, and believing that it is for the interest of the people of both cities to labor for the union of the two, with the view of forming one large commercial and manufacturing center, and ultimately organizing under a single corporation ; and, being influenced solely by these objects, we present the following propo- sitions : " First — That the two cities unite with those towns favorable to the project, in removing the county seat to Block 10, North Clinton ; that we guarantee that said block, containing between four and five acres of ground, shall be donated to the county for the purpose of erecting the necessary public buildings thereon ; and, that the city of Clinton will grade, fill and properly improve Second street, 408 HISTORY OP CLINTON COUNTY. to the north line of the city of Clinton ; that upon the removal of the county seat, we agree to furnish, in the city of Clinton, free of charge, convenient apartments for holding court, and for the use of the county officers until such time as the county buildings shall be erected and ready for occupancy ; Provided, the time this portion of said proposition is to run shall not exceed three years ; and that we will guarantee a contribution of $10,000 toward the erection of said county buildings ; Provided, the citizens of Lyons will guarantee a contri- bution, for the same purpose, of $5,000, or in like proportion should any other sum be agreed upon. " Second — Believing the location of the county seat at the point herein named will materially advance the progress of those projected railroads which are to have their terminus at the center hereinbefore contemplated, and that the con- struction of roads which now lag for the want of means to push them forward, will have a new impetus given them by the removal of said county seat ; we, as citizens, encouraged by such removal, will do all in our power, by contribu- tions of material aid and otherwise, to hasten the completion of such roads. " Third — Believing that the construction of a horse-railroad between Clinton and Lyons will tend to the advantage and prosperity of both cities, and serve essentially in wiping out the conflicting local interests which might appear to exist, we agree to co-operate jointly with the citizens of Lyons in the con- struction of such a road as the necessities of the two cities may seem to demand. " Fourth — That a committee, of five be appointed by the President of this meet- ing, to co-operate with a similar committee appointed by the people of Lyons, to carry out, as far as the same can be done, the propositions herein contained." These resolutions were separately passed upon and adopted by nearly an unanimous vote, and the committee appointed in accordance therewith. On the 19th of April, a mass-meeting of the citizens of Clinton, together with a delegation from Lyons, was held at Union Hall. The Committee of Conference made a report, stating that the committees . from each city met upon Block 10, Clinton, and discussed the question of loca- tion, and finally came to an agreement, by compromise, that they would jointly name Block 8, Clinton, as the proposed site for the Court House. In the mean time, public meetings had been held in Lyons, and at one of these meetings the following report and resolutions had been introduced and adopted : " The Committee appointed by the City Council and citizens of Lyons City to confer with a committee appointed by the citizens of Clinton, upon the pro- priety of taking action upon the removal of the county seat to some point between Lyons and Clinton, and to designate such point, subject to the indorse- ment of the citizens, beg leave to make the following report : " At the first session of the Joint Committee of the two places, no site was definitely agreed upon satisfactory to all the members of the Committee, and, on motion, an adiournment was had for the purpose of further consultation with the citizens." Afterward, a public meeting was held at Clinton, at which resolutions were passed, which are herewith submitted. " On the 15th inst., the Committee again met, on ground in the vicinity of the proposed sites, and, after due deliberation, agreed upon Block 8, North Clinton, as the site upon which the people of the two cities would unite, sub- ject to the ratification by the people. " The Committee adjourned to the 16th inst., at the Central House, in Clinton, and at that time and place it. was considered by the Committee that HJSTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 409 the two cities might be united upon Block 8 as the site for county buildings, provided this block shall be donated by the Iowa Land Company for this pur- pose ; and provided further, to wit : " First — That the city of Clinton will grade Second street, to the northern limits of the city, and also Block 8, to above high-water mark. " Second — That the citizens of Lyons and Clinton will grant the right of way, to some company which shall be organized for that purpose, to construct a street railway on Second street, in Clinton, and Sixth street, in Lyons, between the depot of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway in Clinton," and Main street in Lyons, with the right of way for such extensions as the accommo- dation of the citizens may require. " The Lyons members then stated to the Committee that, inasmuch as the citizens of Lyons had undertaken, with the people of Maquoketa and others on the line of the road, the building of the Mississippi, Maquoketa & Northwest- ern Railroad, and as the construction of such road would greatly enhance the prosperity of both towns and the entire county ; and inasmuch as the citizens of Clinton, in mass-meeting assembled, had intimated their willingness to aid in that enterprise, they asked that this Committee adopt a further proviso, that the citizens of Clinton subscribe at least $40,000 to the capital stock of said railroad company. "The Lyons members further represented that such action on the part of the citizens of Clinton would promote harmony among the people of Lyons, and reconcile them to the concession of adopting said block as the site for the county buildings. This proviso was incorporated, subject to ratification, as follows : " Third — That the citizens of Clinton shall subscribe $40,000 to the capital stock of the Mississippi, Maquoketa & Northwestern Railroad Company, and as much as possible, and use their influence to secure the immediate commence- ment and early completion of the work." This action of the Joint Committee was indorsed by the citizens of Lyons. Upon motion, the first and third resolutions above were ratified. by this meeting of the 19th inst., and a committee appointed to canvass for subscrip- tions to the capital stock of the railroad, and the Joint Committee was con- tinued and empowered to appoint such committees as they deemed necessary to canvass the county for signatures to the petition for re-location of the county seat. Public notice was duly given on the 3d of May that a petition would be presented to the Board of Supervisors, at their next meeting, for a re-location of the county seat. Up to this time, the opponents of the»removal had taken little alarm, their firm opinion being, and perhaps with good grounds, that Clinton and Lyons would never so fully concede their grounds of difference and bury their animosities as to become faithful allies. Indeed, for a time the movement was seriously endangered through these very causes. Many citizens of Clinton demanded that the right of way for the street railway should be contingent upon the casting by Lyons of proportionately as large a vote in favor of the removal to Block 8 as might be cast by Clinton. This was a sort of " hostage " demanded for good faith, and must have provoked a smile of con- tentment over the situation upon the faces of the citizens of De Witt and her friends. That this should engender hot blood was natural, and the more cool and amicable heads in both communities found ample opportunity to exercise their talent in "pouring oil" upon troubled waters. However, at a public meeling held May 14, the Mayor, by resolution, was requested to issue his proclamation calling a special election to have an 410 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTT. expression of the citizens of Clinton upon this vexed question. The election was so ordered, and held on the 17th of May, 1869, and resulted in a favora- ble expression, the vote being 718 in favor of the immediate passage of an ordinance giving right of way for a street railway, and 189 votes opposed ; and on the 27th of the same month, the ordinance was passed. Thus the various differences between the two cities were harmoniously compromised, and the work of securing the required number of signatures was being rapidly pushed.' The opponents of the change now took alarm, and the county was alive with "colporteurs" soliciting signatures to petition and to remonstrance. The friends of the measure, however, secured the requisite number of signa- tures, and, at the June meeting, 1869, of the Board of Supervisors, presented the same for their action. The special committee to whom the matter was referred on the second day of the session, June 8, reported that they had examined the petitions for the " re-location of the county seat to and upon Block 8, in the North Addition to the city of Clinton, in said county," and found that 3,565 legal voters had signed said petitions as authenticated by the affidavits of credible witnesses, and that they constituted more than half of the legal voters, and recommended that their prayer be granted, and an election according to law, and the committee offered a resolution that, at the next gen- eral election, to be held on the second Tuesday of October, 1869, a vote should be taken upon the question, which was carried by the following vote : 19 ayes, 2 noes. The vote indicated that the opponents had resolved to accept the situation gracefully, and make a vigorous canvass before the people, and they did. The campaign now opened with earnestness. Every argument pro and con that could be originated in the regions of fact or the realms of fancy, was hurled at the startled voters. Circular sheets supplemented the press until the county was thatched with these missives. Bonds, "deeds in escrow," and vari- ous other documents were brought, like heavy artillery, into position to batter down that strongest fortification, the fear of taxation. Visions of a f 300,000 Court House were flashed over the county like the dissolving views of a camera. Pictures of a limpid sheet of water, labelled Block 8, with patient anglers sit- ting on its shores, told the story more strongly than words of what the new loca- tion would be. Such an election was never before nor since held in Clinton County. Presi- dential contests were tame and flavorless compared with this. The result of the election was a majority of 511 votes in favor of the re-location of the county seat on Block 8, with a total vote of 5,817. At the October meeting of the Board of Supervisors, the officers were ordered to remove their offices as soon as practicable. A stock company was at once organized and funds provided by citizens of Clinton and Lyons for the erection of a suitable building for the use of the county, in order that the ses- sion of the District Court, set for November 21, might convene on Block 8. Plans were made by W. W. Sanborn, bids advertised for, and Mr. L. P. Hara- don awarded the contract on the 18th day of October, at the price of $3,200, the building to be completed within thirty days, and in twenty-three days after the date of his contract, he delivered the building complete for occupancy, and on the 21st day of November, the Court House was occupied by the first session of the District Court in Clinton. This Court House was a neat two-story frame structure, 44x52 feet in size, and divided on the ground floor into offices for the Recorder, Clerk of the Courts, Auditor and Treasurer. The second floor contained the court-room, vKfo '^A^*^, ~LY0NS2> HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 413 the jury-room and two smaller rooms for Sheriff and District Attorney. This building was furnished free of charge to the county for three years, was then rented of the stockholders, and was subsequently purchased by the county at about seventy-five per cent of its original cost. It has been repaired, and a fire-proof vault built for the use of the Auditor. A fire-proof brick building was erected west of the Court House, 41x42 feet, and fourteen feet in the clear, and divided into two offices, one occupied by the County Recorder and the other by the Clerk of the Courts. This is a conve- nient and permanent building, erected at a cost of $5,000. The jail and jailor's residence at De Witt are still occupied by the county, which has also a number of cells in conjunction with the city of Clinton in its building, for convenience in confining prisoners during court term. The old Court House is practically unoccupied. To quote from the report of 1879, of the Board of Supervisors : " The Board are happy to say that the financial standing of Clinton County is one of the best in State of Iowa, and we hope it will always continue so. Clinton County has been fortunate in not issuing any railroad-aid bond's like many other counties, creating a heavy load for their citizens to carry ; yet Clinton County has more miles of railroad than any other county in the State of Iowa. Neither have the people of Clinton County burdened themselves with debt by building a great, unwieldy, cumbersome Court House, and, although our present Court House is not a very permanent structure, yet it is more con- venient for the transaction of business than some more expensive ones ; and, since the fire-proof vault was constructed, the past year, the more important records of the county are safe. And, should the people of Clinton County come to the conclusion to build a new Court House, at the present prices of labor and material, they could build a better Court House and a handsomer one for $30,000 than any $100,000 Court House there is in the State, if the money is honestly and judiciously handled; and the county being possessed of 2,773 acres of land in other counties, this land might be sold for enough, or nearly enough, to build a Court House, without costing the taxpayers one cent. The county has a block in Clinton City of six acres, for county buildings ; the Poor Farm consists of 240 acres, the property of the county, and the county has 40 acres of land near De Witt, which it had to take on the foreclosure of a school mortgage." THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD. The following sketch was furnished by one who was personally engaged with others in operating the underground railroad through Clinton County : At the present time, hundreds of our intelligent citizens are ignorant of the significance or meaning of the term prefixed to this chapter. It is a strange thing, indeed, where subjects of interesting and thrilling narrative are so much in demand as at the present, that the history of the underground railroad remains yet to be fully recorded. The incidents connected therewith, and the results ultimately accruing from the operation of that secret yet power- ful organization, so closely interwoven with the vital interests of universal liberty in America, surely furnish a rich field in which to delve for genuine material with which to adorn the historic page. To thrill the heart and quicken the pulse of the eager student of the grand progressive movement of human liberty in the past, .hairbreadth escapes, perilous journeys by land and water, incredible human sufferings, and all the various phases of misery incidental to an outraged and downtrodden people fleeing from an unjust bondage, are-not wanting to form at once one of the most interesting chapters of a nation's history. 414 HISTORY OP CLINTON COUNTY. At the time of ■which we write, embracing several years previous to the breaking- out of our civil war, a sad and disgraceful state of affairs prevailed with respect to the question of human slavery in the South. It was truly said by a celebrated writer of that time, that " the pulpit is muzzled, it cannot speak; the press is fettered, it cannot move; the right arm of the law. is manacled, it cannot stretch forth to maintain its own authority and supremacy ! " From the pulpit came no warning note of impending national danger, or words of sympathy for the flying fugitive. The boasted free press of the North avoided the antislavery question and the underground railroad as unclean things, and branded their advocates and adherents as wild fanatics and dan- gerous agitators. Notwithstanding this disheartening condition of affairs, the managers of the underground railroad, in the meantime, conscious of the justice and nobility of their aims and objects, and regardless of the obloquy and social ostracism leveled at them by even those who should have been their friends, continued to pursue the very uneven tenor of their way ; enduring abuse, vituperation and shame, besides subjecting themselves to the liability of hav- ing a heavy fine and imprisonment imposed upon them by an unjust law, in order that the higher law of love and mercy might be practiced and maintained, and that their enslaved fellows might be enabled to realize, though in a distant country, that liberty which they themselves enjoyed. In order to show the condition of public sentiment with regard to the anti- slavery question in Clinton County, as elsewhere, the following incident will speak for itself. Mr. A. T. Foss, agent of the Massachusetts Antislavery Society, came to this county for the purpose of delivering a series of lectures, circulating antislavery tracts, papers, etc., and to create a better feeling for the cause in which he was engaged. After having lectured several times in Clinton, under, we are sorry to say, very discouraging circumstances, it was decided by the friends here that he should deliver one lecture in the thriving little town of Camanche, in hopes that a little antislavery leaven buried there might, perchance, leaven the whole Clinton County lump. Handbills were accordingly struck off and posted, and the Baptist Church there engaged for the meeting. After all necessary preparations had been perfected, Mr. Foss accompanied by Mr. Andrew Bather, a resident of Clinton, proceeded in a buggy hired for the occasion to that enterprising burg. Upon arriving, their astonishment and chagrin may be imagined when,- although fully time for the commencement of the lecture, not a light was visible in the church or any signs of any one about the door who cared particularly about seeing one. Of course the sexton was immediately interviewed but with indifferent results, as he told them he didn't intend to open and light the church for a d — d Abolition lecture, not if he knew himself, and he rather thought he did. Somewhat dis- heartened, they proceeded to the hotel in hopes of finding parties there willing to assist in procuring a room and an audience to listen to the lecture. Their reception was decidedly warm — warmer in fact, than was at all comfortable. No sooner was the object of their visit made known than threats of personal violence were freely made, and a good deal of loud and angry talk indulged in at the expense of our two reformers. Judging from the burden of the uproar, tar and feathers seemed to be very important commodities in Camanche just then. As might be expected, our heroes "stood not on the order of their going," but went, glad to escape with a whole skin and unbroken bones. Among the inhabitants of Clinton County, but very few were found willing to engage in the dangerous work of assisting in operating the underground rail- road. Some there were who favored the idea of immediate and unconditional- HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 415 emancipation, and aided, by pecuniary means, in keeping the rolling-stock in motion ; but few, very few indeed could be found with the disposition or the necessary courage to stand by the throttle or conduct the trains. Of the latter class, we recognize as the principal agent in the work, not only in the State of Iowa, but in every locality where their co-operation could be of any avail, the Quakers, or Society of Friends, one community of which sect was located near West Branch, Cedar Co., Iowa. Agents from this number were constantly on the alert, principally operating in the State of Missouri, running off, as opportunity offered, all the fugitive slaves they could find into this State. Such were picked up by one section of the road at De Witt, pushed through, chiefly at night, to Low Moor, thence to Clinton, at which place they were generally kept for a few days, to rest and refresh themselves, then taken across the river in a skiff, and afterward transported in a wagon to Union Grove, Whiteside Co., 111. From the latter place,, they were conducted by similar stages, until Lake Michigan was reached, where, at several ports, agents of the underground took charge of and secreted them until a friendly sailing-master appeared to take the weary fugitive on his last stage to a land of liberty. The following is a partial list of the names of parties engaged on the "underground" in Clinton County: In De Witt, Capt. Burdette, Judge Graham and Mrs. J. D. Stillman ; in Low Moor, George W. Weston, Abel B. Gleason, B. R. Palmer, J. B. Jones, Lawrence Mix and Nelson Olin ; in Clin- ton, C. B. Campbell, Andrew Bather, J. R. Bather, G. W. Brindell, W. B. Star, T. Savage and H. Leslie. C. B. Campbell, of Clinton, George W. Weston, of Low Moor, and Capt. .Burdette and Judge Graham, of De Witt, were, in reality, the prime movers in the enterprise of aiding and assisting, and helping forward such fugitives as were passed over the line. On them devolved the responsibility of having agents promptly at their posts, and of warning such of approaching danger, of procuring the necessary funds, conducting the cor- respondence, etc. The following is a sample of the average correspondence : Mr C. B C : ^ow Moor, May 6, 1859. Dear Sir — By to-morrow evening's mail, you will receive two volumes of the "Irrepressible Conflict," bound in black. After perusal, please forward, and oblige Yours truly, G. W. W. By the peculiar wording of the correspondence, the receiver of the same obtained a pretty correct idea not only of the number of fugitive slaves coming on the line, but also, very frequently, the age, sex and complexion of the same. The slaves were generally carried from one station to another in the night- time, dark, cloudy nights being preferred — stations being from ten to fifteen miles apart. Some of the hunted race that passed through this county, how- ever, were so white as to require but little necessity for secrecy or concealment; such were easily cared for, and proceeded on their journey without much trouble. In one instance, two, a man and his wife, were being concealed in Mr. Bather's garret. A message was received from De Witt that the slave catchers were in hot pursuit. That garret being rather a suspected place in Clinton, in the eyes of the United States Marshal, it was thought advisable to have a "flitting" as soon as possible. Mr. Andrew Bather accordingly procured a covered family carriage, belonging to Mr. H. P. Stanley, and conveyed them to Lyons, pre- ceded by Mr. C. B. Campbell, who, in the meantime, had hired a skiff at a rather stiff price, and took them across the river. This was on Sunday forenoon, and the river full of ice. The woman had such a fair complexion that she could and did with perfect impunity represent herself as a free person and the owner 416 HISTORY OP CLINTON COUNTY. of her own husband. Their passage over the river was a slow, tedious and very dangerous one on account of the moving ice, but they finally succeeded in reach- ing the other side in safety. Did the limits of the chapter permit, many sim- ilar instances might be described as having actually occurred. In the city of Clinton, within a stone's-throw of the U. S. Marshal's res- idence, time and again were fugitive slaves concealed for days together. In the garret of a small frame building, near the corner of Sixth avenue and Second street, the residence at that time of C. B. Campbell, frequently were secreted large numbers of passengers by the underground railroad, waiting eagerly and nervously for the starting of the next train. Sometimes, for a change, they were kept for a few days in a cave used as a kind of cellar, in the garden belonging to J. R. & A. Bather, or in the garret of their house. Occa- sionally, the friends of the " underground " would meet by appointment at the home of Mr. Campbell, or some other rendezvous where the " chattels " were stored and waiting a favorable opportunity for shipment, to listen to their sad and -eventful experiences — the manner of their escape, the sufferings they endured previous to striking the underground railroad, and to infuse new zeal and courage into their ofttimes sinkjng hearts against the trials and dangers, suffering and fatigue yet in store for them ere the end of their toilsome journey should be reached. Many a sympathetic tear was shed by the friends of the Anti-slavery cause on occasions lil^e these — occasions which but added fresh fuel to the fire of liberty burning steadily in their hearts. Among the last of the fugitives that passed through Clinton County, just before the war broke out, was a party which consisted of nine persons in all, comprising a man and his wife and their four children and three men. Twice, already, had the first-mentioned member of the little band made the attempt to free the wife he loved, and been unsuccessful. His third attempt had been suc- cessful to this point, and, judging from the determined air he wore, and the fact that he was thoroughly armed, the officials of the underground railroad thought that it would be rather an unhealthy piece of business for any one to attempt to hinder him on the balance of his journey. After a very brief sojourn in Clinton, the entire party were safely ferried over the Mississippi and carried on their way rejoicing. This is, of course, but a brief outline of the history of the underground railroad in Clinton County. Enough, however, we hope, may be gleaned from its perusal to give the reader some idea of its character and operations. Some of its stockholders have passed over to the other side, the rolling-stock and fixtures have long since disappeared. Only one tie remains — the historic tie which binds the past to the present. OLD SETTLERS' MEETING. While attending a camp-meeting at Camanche, in the summer of 1868, Mrs. Jane Vincent Wilkes, a daughter of "Father Vincent," of whom much mention has been made in this work, and Mrs. John R. Pearce, who was Miss Hannah Ferguson, and who came here with the Hess family, met each other and talked over the "old times." Before separating, they resolved to, make an effort for the re-union of the " old settlers." Mrs. Wilkes soon wrote the following poetical call, which was published in the Clinton Herald of August 22, and in response to which the formal call was made : THE PIONEERS. " More than forty years have passed away Since first we came to Iowa. For the broad prairies, where we might roam, We left our kindred and Eastern home. HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 417 And made us farms on the prairie land, Where sod had never been turned by man. Far away it was from the civilized town, On the banks of the river of great renown — The broad Mississippi washed its shore, The red man was leaving, to return no more ; 'Twas beautiful ! Seem'd like a garden then, Waiting the plow of the first white men. For many a mile no house was seen, Only the waving grass so green — No wonder the Indian, when acting as guide To the first white man, who came to spy What beautiful land had this red race, Cried ' Iowa ! Iowa .♦This is the place ! ' — The white man's soul its beauty had touched — ' Answered the Indian with, "none-such, none-such." 1 The slow, plodding oxen were ' horses ' then, When they went anywhere, those women and men ; And when they would thresh out the wheat, The oxen did it with their feet. The grist was ground so far away That often it took more than a night and a day. When the time came 'round to hear the preaching, 'Twas the oxen they ' haw'd ' and ' gee'd ' to the meeting. In the quaint old days of an older time, They worshiped God with a reverent mind. No schoolhouse or church had these folks then, Only the cabins of the pioneer men. ' Little by little they grew more strong ; The schoolhouse was made, where to teach the young. And proud were they when the brick was built, For it cost them denials ; but the good was felt. There, many a prayer and word for God Was breathed by those now 'neath the sod. But some we know are living yet, Whose lives are good we can't forget. ' But time has made great change since then. There are plenty of homes and women and men, Houses and barns, bushes and trees, Now cover the ground where the grass waved free. ' The prairie is dotted all over with farms, While the grass and all its flowery charms Make way for the farmer to grow his bread, Where once the cattle and horses fed. They plow while sitting, three horses in team ; Some try to plow and thresh by steam ; They travel by railroad all through the land, Where once it was hard to go with a span. ' Yes, time has made a change since then ! There's some of them left, those pioneer men ; Not many years will ,pass along, Before that generation will be gone, They were straight and strong thirty years ago, Old people then we did not know ; But now the soul's house needs a deal of propping, The windows are dim, the roof needs thatching, The uprights totter and tremble around, A little more shaking and the house comes down. • And now, before the last roll-call Shall take some away, make an effort all Who used to be neighbors for many years, To have a re-union of the Old Pioneers. There are some in Lyons, Clinton, Camanche, Living in city, town and ranche, 418 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. Who would all be glad to meet once more, Before they leave for Eternity's shore ; To see the face and shake by the hand Those we knew as the pioneer band. " Friends, we've performed our promise to you, Wrote in the paper ; now what will you do? Be quick, set the time, the place, we ask, For the warm sun weather will soon be passed." The first formal gathering of the early settlers of Clinton County was held on the beautiful bluff at the head of Second avenue, west of Clinton, Thurs- day, September 19, 1878, and was attended % a large number of the pioneers, who, as they contrasted the scene at their feet with the same view when they first beheld it, must have experienced emotions too deep for ordinary words, and recollections not easy for the younger portion of the community to realize. Before 10 A. M., they began gathering, their carriages contrasting no less than the surrounding with those of the time when they located in the county. By 11:30, when the exercises began, there were on the grounds several hundred people, mostly Territorial residents of the county and their descendants. A speaker's stand and seats, swings, refreshments and other adjuncts of a real old- fashioned picnic were provided. The assembly was called to order by Mr. Daniel Hess, President of the day, who introduced Kev. J. K". Seeley, one of the oldest settlers, who made a most excellent and fervent prayer, thanking the Father for this happy occasion and for all the blessings that have come to the community through civilization, and hoping that all present might so live as to arrive at full Christian fruition, and, like the golden sheaf, ripe in the season, be finally gathered to an eternal home of bliss. Remarks were made by J. D. Bourne, Esq., of De Witt, who said he first passed along the Mississippi River on a pony in 1832j when there was not a house from Rock Island to Savannah. He related an amusing incident of how he and a party stopped at a log house on an island in Rock River and tarried all night, and how, after most of the inmates had gone to bed in the loft, the floor gave way, precipitating the gentlemen to the lower room, and when a light was struck none were found in a very presentable array, except a young couple who had been "sparking" in a corner of the room. (Laughter.) There were more people now present than could have been gathered together in two weeks in Territorial times. He thought the "young people" a little too fast, and that economy is what is now needed. The speaker had served eight years for Sheriff for $300, and done for $400 at the Recorder's office what the county is now paying $5,000 for. He said they lived just as well then as now — when they lighted their humble home at night with candles made from the tallow of wild deer killed near by on the prairie. The speaker was then living in one of the oldest frame houses in the county. He first came into Iowa in 1833, when Dubuque consisted of a single log cabin. Mr. Elijah Buel also made a few remarks, noting the great progress made in the county since he arrived, and the sturdy character of men of early times. Judge Cotton, the orator of the day, spoke as follows: PIONEER LIFE. ADDRESS OF HON. A. R. COTTON AT THE OLD SETTLERS' PICNIC, IN CLINTON, SEPTEMBER 19, 1878. Mr. President, and Pioneers or Clinton County : This is the first formal meeting of the old settlers of Clinton County. We have present with us to-day the men who were the first to build a cabin, to plow a furrow, to erect a schoolhouse, or to organize a church within the limits HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 419 of what is now Clinton'County ; and we have present the women who were the first of a civilized race to pluck a flower from its beautiful prairies. These are the men and these are the women who inaugurated the era of civilization in this land and will ever stand at the head of that interminable succession of free and enlightened- people who are to follow in the ages to come. Little do you old settlers appreciate the important work which it has been your mission to accomplish, or the part which you have had in that grand transformation whieh has changed what, for unknown centuries, had been the land of the savage to that which is to be during all future time, the abode of civilized man. ■ It was Bishop Berkeley, of England, a great friend to America, who, almost a century and a half ago, wrote those memorable lines ; " Westward the course of empire takes its way; The four first acts already past, A fifth shall close the drama with the day ; Time's noblest offspring is the last. " In happy climes, where from the genial sun And virgin earth such scenes ensue, The force of art by nature seems outdone, And fancied beauties, by the true. " There shall be sung another golden age, The rise of empire and of arts, The good and great inspiring epic rage, The wisest heads and noblest hearts." You led the van in this westward march of Empire, and joined in laying the foundations of a newState. You came intent on securing a home and independence, whatever hardships and privations that might involve. And now, away down in Time's course, in the year 1878, at a, long distance in the journey of life from the point at which you set out on your pioneer career, you have to look back over what once seemed a rugged, but now appears but a pleasant path in life's journey, to talk over the events that occurred by the way, and to read the names of those •who were your early comrades, but are with you no more. I have thought on this occasion it would not be inappropriate to give something of a history of Clinton County. Iowa is embraced in what is known as the Louisiana Purchase, which was acquired from France under treaty with Napoleon, in 1803. On the 12th day of June, 1838, Congress passed an act, which took effect July 3, 1838, creating the Territorial Government of Iowa. January 11, 1840, the Territorial Legislature enacted a law organizing the county of Clinton, the county to be established from and after the 1st day of March, 1840, and making t'amanche the seat of justice, at which place the first term of the United States District Court in Clinton County was begun, October 12, 1840, with the Hon. Thomas S. Williams as Judge; James D. Bourne, Sheriff; and Martin Dunning, Clerk. Judge Wilson continues to reside at Dubuque and is still engaged in the active practice of the law, and Mr. Bourne, whose home is in De Witt, is hale and youthful, and is on the gronnds with us to-day. Martin Dunning died at Camanche a few years since. The first trial was October 14, 1840, of an appeal case, in which John Thomas was plaintiff ■and John Eldred defendant; and the twelve good and lawful men who composed the jury were William H. Onley,- John Sloan, Philip Deeds, Nathaniel Barber, William Pearsoll, Reuben Root, Daniel Hess, Robert Aikman, Stephen Tripp, Charles E. Langford, Francis F. Ketchum and Stephen Briggs, who found a verdict of $5.25 for the appellee, but the record does not disclose, without an examination of the files in the case, who was the appellee and the winning man. The second jury trial did not occur until April 14, 1841, which was between James W. Kirtley and George W. H. Turner, and before a jury consisting of M. A. Harrington, R. R. Ben- edict, John Peck, Seth Lunn, William Welch, Robert Thomas, Simeon Gardner, William D. Follett, Charles Bovard, Absolam Dennis, Robert Aikman and Amos Holoway ; and the verdict was an improvement in .size on that at the first trial, having been for $J.'65 for the plaintiff, Kirtley. The grand jury empaneled at the organization of the court, October 12, 1840, to inquire of public offenses committed in the county of Clinton, embraced James Clayborn, Richard Craw- shaw, Robert Thomas, Shubael Coy, Benjamin Baker, Otis Benedict, Richard H. Dawson, Eldred Beard, Henry Strickler, Robert C. Bourne, Alanson Dickerman, Arthur Smith, Samuel N. Bed- ford, George W. Harlan, John Welsh, Absalom Dennis, John C. Holbrook, Simeon Gardiner and Ralph R. Benedict, with Richard H. Dawson, Foreman. The list of grand jurymen at the second term of court, which commenced April 12, 1841, also includes many familiar names : James Hall, Robert Smith, Herman B. Shaff, Jonathan L. Pearoe, Otis Bennett, John D. Simmons, Isaac Ramsey, John R. Boyd, John Aikmain, William Hogan, Lyman Evans, Daniel Hess, LeRpy Dutton, Franklin K. Peck and Charles Harrison, and had Lyman Evans for foreman. 420 HISTORY OP CLINTON COUNTY. The act organizing Clinton County declares that the County Commissioners and other officers should be elected on the first Monday in April, 1840, but I find no record of any proceedings by the Board of Commissioners until January 5, 1841, when Elijah Buel, Robert C. Bourne and Eli Goddard, who were elected October 6, 1840, met at the house of Samuel Doolittle, in manche. It is interesting to observe the moderate taxes of that day. The Board adopted a resolution, classifying lands, declaring that first-rate lands should be valued at $3 per acre ; second rate, at |2.50, and third rate, at $2 per acre ; and that the rate of tax should be 5 mills. In the state- ment of the account made in July, 1841, 'by the Board of Commissioners, with James D. Bourne, tax collector, he is charged with $472.33 as the amount of .the tax list of Clinton County for the year 1841. Those voluminous title records now appearing iD the office of the County Recorder had their beginning on the 5th day of May, 1840, with Reuben Root as Recorder, when a mortgage was recorded, made by John C. Holbrook to Melvin Lord, on the southwest quarter of Section 13, Town 81, Range 6, also on a quarter-section, stated to be adjoining, and on another quarter-sec- tion on Beaver Island, known as the Booth Claim. It was not until June 12, 1840, that the first deed of conveyance was recorded. That was a deed from Nathan At well to George Merriam for Lots 3 and 4 in Block 4, Range 1, with a house in Camanche, according to plat made by George Peck, consideration, $1,000, and title warranted against all claims but those of the United States, a rather superficial title. Camanche was platted in advance of the entry of the land at the United States Land Office, and this accounts for the character of the covenants of warranty. Those settlers who secured on the bank of the Mississippi what were regarded as favorable sites for future cities had a due appreciation of the natural advantages of these points, and soon had the plats planned and surveyed, and with such ample dimensions as not to cramp the growth of the rising cities, and the proprietors bestowed upon them names of no insignificant import. New York was located on a part of the now site of Clinton. The name New York appears on the official plat of the Government survey, but no plat of the town was ever recorded in the records of Clinton County, so New York vanished with the entry of the land on which it had been founded. Lyons was surveyed and platted in 1837, and the proprietors, Elijah Buell, Beal Randall, Dennis Warren, George W. Harlan and Chalkley A. Hoag, made division of lots by placing the numbers in a hat and drawing therefrom. The first survey was by Crawford, but, after the entry of the land, in 1840, John Brophy remodeled the plat and the parties made deeds to each other in pursuance of the division of the lots they had previously made. The name of Camanche, as well as that of Lyons, also appears on the plat of the United States survey. January 14, 1841, the Territorial Legislature passed a law appointing William Miller, of Cedar County, Andrew F. Russell, of Scott County, and William A. Warren, of Jaokson County, Commissioners to relocate the county seat of Clinton County, and they were directed to meet at the house of Abraham Folkes, in Clear Creek Precinct, within six months thereafter, and to proceed and locate the seat of justice as near the geographical center of the county as a good and suitable situation, convenient to wood and water, could be found : and the Commissioners were authorized to name the county seat. The law provided that Camanche should remain the temporary county seat until the Judge of the District Court should be notified in writing, b/the County Commissioners, that suitable buildings were erected at said seat of justice for the accom- modation of the court and suitors ; and that when the Judge should be so notified, the Sheriff should give notice that the next term of the Court would be held at the new seat of justice. The Commissioners accordingly met on the 18th day of March, 1841, and made the location, and reported that on that day they had located the seat of justice of Clinton County by setting a stake in or near the center of the north half of Section 18, Township 81, Range 4, and by nam- ing the seat of justice — in accordance with the will of the people as near as they could ascertain — Vandenburg. October 4, 1841, the Board of Commissioners adopted a resolution that Hon. Thomas S. Wilson be notified " that there are suitable buildings now erected at the town of Van- denburg tot accommodate the court and suitors of the District Court for the county of Clinton for the October term, 1841," and the court at that term commenced being held at Vandenburg. It was understood the name Vandenburg was chosen because it was that of a sweetheart of Col. Warren. By an act of the Legislature, February 17, 1842, the name Vandenburg was changed to DeWitt. 6 6 The accommodations thus provided for the court and suitors consisted of a very fair log building, which supplied the court-room and the jury-rooms, and it was in this court-room, in 1844, that I first saw a court in session in Iowa, and, in fact, the first court at which I was ever present. There was not a great pressure of law business in those days, and the 'Judge did not hesi- tate to adjourn court occasionally to and go prairie-chicken shooting with the Sheriff (Bourne), and, inasmuch as Uncle Sam paid the court expenses, the people had no ground for complaint. The lodging accommodations for suitors, witnesses and jurymen, during court, were furnished in a pretty compact form, chiefly at the houses of Seth Lum and Col. Lyman Evans. HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 421 De Witt continued the county seat until the removal, in 1869, to block 8, in North Clinton, •where the first term of court was begun November 22, 1869, J. Scott Ricbman, Judge. February 12, 1844, the first step was taken toward obtaining the admission of the State of Iowa into the Union, by the passage of a law by the Territorial Legislature, providing for the expression of the opinion of the people of the Territory at the April election of that year, upon the subject of the formation of a State Constitution. The method of taking this expression was rather novel. The law provided, that, as each elector approached the polls, he should be asked whether he was in favor or against a convention, and that he should respond, simply, •• Conven- tion," or "No Convention," and that the officers of the election should thereupon record his name and his decision. The majority-opinion proved to be favorable, and, in accordance with the law in that event, delegates to form a State Constitution were elected at the general election in August, 1844. They convened on the first Monday in October, and the Constitution formed by them was submitted to the people for adoption or rejection at the August election, 1845. In the mean time, and on the 3d dayof March, 1845, Congress passed a' law for the admission of Iowa under that Constitution ; but, in the law, the western boundary of the State was fixed at 17° 30' west of the Meridian of Washington, which is only some thirty miles west of Des Moines, the present capital of the State ; and when the people came to vote, the manner of doing which was also on the viva voce plan, each elector being interrogated and responding "Constitution," or " No Constitution," a majority answered " No Constitution." They decided wisely in rejecting admission, with a boundary with would have so detracted from the present limits and importance of the State. The question of admission was not suffered to rest long. The Legislature, on the 17th day of January, 1846, fixed the next April election as the time to elect delegates to another conven- tion. This convention, on the 18th day of the following May, completed the Constitution which was voted on and adopted by the people at the August election, 1846. And on the 28th day of December, of that year, Congress passed the final act, in which it is declared " that the State of Iowa shall be one, and is hereby declared to be one, of the United .States of America, and admitted into the Union on an equal footing with the original States in all resp'ects whatsoever." Let us take a little view of the marvelous growth and development in this county. We all remember well when it was thought that, in consequence of the distance to timber, the large- prairies in this county could not be settled, not certainly in our time, and when parties desired to enter Government land to obtain a little advance on it, they were careful to make selections as near timber as possible. The early settlements were made in the skirts of the groves. A good spring, or a lasting stream of water and a piece of timber, were decisive of the spot where the early settler would establish his home. By and by the speculators, in entering land, became a little bolder, and they came to believe that it was not very hazardous to locate land in the middle of our prairies. The settlements, in like manner, grew and extended from the groves out toward the center of ithe prairies, and we- began to find those meandering and pleasant roads by which we used to pass in any direction we pleased, in crossing the uninhabited prairie, obstructed by the obtrusive farmer, who persisted in having the roads straightened and put on the boundary lines of his farm, until at last the county has become one solid block of farms. At the organization of the county, in 1840, it had a population of 821 ; in 1850, it had 2,822. During the next ten years, it had a large increase in population, the census of 1860 showing- 18,938, against the 2,822 in 1850, and during the next ten years ending in 1870, the population, grew to 35,357. The acres of improved land in 1850, were 19,008, and in 1870, 323,182. The county produced in 1850, 61,945 bushels of wheat; in 1860, 592,117 bushels ; in 1870, 954,175 bushels, and, in 1874, 1,010,345 bushels. In 1850, there were 94,050 bushels of corn ; in 1860, 795,305 bushels ; in 1870, 2,493,660, and in 1874, 3,061,338 bushels ; so we have no reason to fear a famine in this county from the present outlook. The census of 1870 puts down the estimated true value of real and personal property in the- county at $20,207,080; and the census further shows what is unquestionably very satisfactory to the old settlers, as well as new, that the county has not one dollar of bonded debt. In securing railroads through its limits, the county has also been exceedingly fortunate. It was a marvel to you old settlers to see in your day the path of the Indian superseded by the railway. Within twenty years of the first settlement of this county, a railroad had been con- structed part-way through and put in operation. The county is now interlaced with railroads, there being within its limits 145 miles of railroad, believed to exceed the number of miles in any other county in the State. The first telegraph line and the first railroad extending to the Pacific coast were constructed, through Clinton County. \ • The first settlers were not mistaken in their opinion that they were locating where would pass a great line of railroad stretching across the continent. The theory of Mr. Elijah Buell and others was, that here the Mississippi approaches nearest to the lakes between this point and Chicago, the shortest line of transportation by land ; here 422 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. are the narrows in the river, a favorable crossing, and that a railroad from Chicago would be directed to this point. Before a railroad had reached the Mississippi, Dennis Warren used to tell us that the tea from China was bound to be shipped through to the East by a railroad passing right hy this point. These men have lived to see all these things come to pass. You old settlers have great reason to be gratified with the prosperity of the county, in the ■development of which you have taken so prominent a part ; and you who saw it in the days of its poverty and weakness, above all others, can appreciate its present strength and wealth ; and you are to be thanked, and your good judgment commended for that economical and successful management of its affairs during the years of its growth, which aided its rapid progress, and enables it to appear to-day in so sound a financial condition. I understand that for this meeting we are indebted to the ladies ; that they were the first to propose it ; and that it was one of these ladies who composed the poetry on early times in this •county, which was read with so much interest recently, in one of our newspapers, and we thank those ladies for having brought about this meeting. I have taken quite enough of your time. We are all anxious to hear from the old settlers present, many of whom preceded by a number of years the arrival of my father and his family/ including myself, and they can tell you of the county and its settlers before I had knowledge of it. The roll of old settlers, which it [is proposed to make to-day, we realize, will not be long responded to by all whose names will be thereon inscribed, and that as the advancing years increase the number will be reduced, until not one will remain as the custodian of this record — "Like as star by star declines, Till all are passed away, As morning higher and higher shines To pure and perfect day. Nor sink those stars in empty night- 1 — They hide themselves in heaven's own light." Other old settlers would have made remarks had it not been for the threatening weather, which made it advisable to proceed first with the dinner and organization of the Society, and have afterward any extempore speeches. Accordingly the well-filled baskets were opened and the next hour was a merry scene of alfresco feasting and sociability. Among the early settlers present were : Mrs. Mary Pearce, widow of J. L. Pearce, Sr., eighty-eight years of age, who arrived in 1837 ; Mrs. Elmira Sey- mour, widow of Judge Seymour, eighty-three years old, who arrived in 1841, was present, also Mr. and Mrs. William Roberts, who came in 1837. There were also present Dr. I. P. Yeomans, 1837 ; Capt. F. K. Peck, 1837, appointed by Gov. Dodge the first militia Captain in the Territory ; S. L. Horn, a Ter- ritorial resident of Muscatine County ; Charles and George N. Thomas, 1837; James Cassady, 1850; Elijah Buell, 1835; David Hess, 1839; Thomas Harbean, 1847 ; Adam and Aleck Dunn, 1839. and their wives, formerly the Misses Crawshaw, 1837 ; George P. Baker, 1838 ; Benjamin Lake, 1839 ; H. B. Schoff, of Camanche, 1837 ; C. L. Dutcher, 1841; Homer Carpenter, 1845 ; G. A. Griswold, Elk River, 1839 ; M. T. Sweeney, 1844 ; Samuel Perrin, 1836, and others, including Messrs. F. P. Wilcox, A. P. Hosford, J. C. Young and R. S. Seaman, who came from 1854 to 1858. As officers of the Pioneers' Society were chosen : President, Daniel Hess, of Lyons ; Vice Presidents, J. D. Bourne, of DeWitt; George A. Griswold, of Elk River, and H. B. Shaff, of Camanche ; Secretary, A. R. Cotton, of Clinton; Treasurer, Elijah Buel, of Lyons ; Executive Committee, E. Buel, Ira Stockwell, S. R. Pearce, G. N. Thomas, C L. Seymour, and Mmes. Jane C. Wilkes, Hannah P. Pearce, Ellen Hess, Jane T. Baker and Betsey Foster. It was desired to draw the line of membership in the association on the date of the Iowa's admission into the Union, December, 1846, and necessarily excluded many who would otherwise have joined, including Mr. H. Carpenter, of Camanche, who came in 1837 to the Territory; Dr. Yeomans, 1837; M. T. Sweeney, in 1841 ; but all locating since 1846 in the county. Others were present and entitled to join, but had left the grounds in apprehension of a HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 423 storm. Autographs were secured as members of the Society with Sate of locating in the Territory of the following old settlers : Name. GENTLEMEN. In Territory. James D. Bourne June, 1833 Elijah Buell July, 1835 Franklin K. Peck Feb., 1837 John R. Pearoe Nov., 1837 Daniel Hess :.June, 1838 O.I. Dutcher June, 1841 G. A. Griswold June, 1839 William Roberts 8ept., 1837 Ira Stookwell April, 1840 Herman B. Shaff. March, 1830 Sheldon Wood Oct., 1842 George N.Thomas July, 1844 Charles Thomas Oct.,* 1837 Jonathan L. Pearce Nov., 1838 George P. Baker June, 1838 Samuel T. Pen-in March, 1837 David Hess; June, 1839 Jackson Knapp June, 1839 Jesse N. Seeley Oct., 1843 Aylett Rains Cotton May, 1844 Christopher C. Roberts...Sept, 1837 William D. Follett Aug., 1837 C. L. Seymour March, 1838 In County. Sept., 1836 July, 1835 Feb., 1837 March, 1845 June, 1838 June, 1841 July, 1839 Sept., 1837 April, 1840 March, 1839 Oct., 1842 July, 1844 Oct., 1837 Nov., 1838 June, 1838 March, 1837 June, 1839 June, 1839 Oct., 1843 May, 1844 Sept., 1837 Aug., 1837 March, 1838 Name. LADIES. In Territory. Eunice H.Lake Nov., 1838 Frances Hess June, 1840 Tryphene 0. Snyder Nov., 1838 Hannah P. Pearce Oct., 1837 Jane Vincent Wilkes June, 1844 Sarah J. Roberts Sept., 1837 Jane T. Baker Feb., 1837 Hannah Dutcher Aug., 1842 Mary J. Strahan Nov., 1846 Emma E. Cone May, 1842 Jane B. Harrison March, 1837 Frances P. Hart Nov., 1846 Frances E. Peck March, 1838 Almira Seymour May, 1841 Teresa O. Thomas July, 1844 Mary F. Knapp Sept., 1837 Maggie A. Wilson June, 1841 In County. Nov., 1838 Aug., 1843 Nov., 1838 March, 1845 June, 1844 Sept., 1837 Feb., 1837 Aug., 1844 Nov., 1846 May, 1842 March, 1839 Nov., 1846 March, 1838 May, 1841 July, 1844 Sept., 1837 June, 1841 The book of autographs was placed in the charge of J. R. Pearce, who, by the next annual meeting, will probably have 100 names enrolled. The initial gathering of the Society was so heartily enjoyed — a re-union of the patriarchs of Clinton County and their branching families — that it is probable that this year's meeting (1879) will be even more largely attended, and that, as successive years diminish the numbers of the surviving pioneers, their gatherings will become occasions more and more sacred to both themselves and other participants. . From the first meeting, those present dispersed with quickened and revived sentiments such as Burns immortalized in — " Should auld acquaintance be forgot, And never brought.to min' ? Should auld acquaintance be forgot And days of auld lang syne 1 " We twa hae run about the braes, And pu'd the gowan fine ; But we've wandered mony a wearie foot Sin' auld lang syne. " And here's a hand, my trusty frere, And gie us a hand of thine, And we'll tak' a right gude willie-waught For auld lang syne." After the "picnic," Mrs. Wilkes wrote the following, which was also pub- lished in the Herald, and the sentiment of which the "old settlers" will fully appreciate and consider a proper addenda to the report of their proceedings : A MEMENTO OF THE OLD SETTLERS' MEETING. "We have looked on the face of our old-time friends, And received a friendly greeting ; We have heard the voice and clasped the hand, For we've been to the pioneers' meeting. We have listened to hear of the olden days When land was cheap and plenty, The cabin homes had enough always Though the money purse was empty. " How the wives, to help the ways and means, Parched peas and corn for coffee ; Sugar was scarce for cake, it seems, And none was left for taffy. 424 HISTORY OP CLINTON COUNTY. Sistera and mothers, 0. how they spun To make the cloth and yarn for stookings ; « Money was scarce — not every one Could run to the store to do the shopping. "No silks or worsteds for variety then, But colored cloth for Monday's working, While the pretty calico did service when Their work was done or for the Sunday's wearing. We met on the beautiful bluffs — 'Twas back of the city of Clinton ; How the wind blew the dust in puffs Was something that might be mentioned. " It blew so fierce and strong, Our speaker spoke more loudly, The dust had peppered the listening throng, And the sky above was cloudy ; The Storm King's voice was heard, Over our heads the clouds were chasing, ' It's going to rain,' some said and feared, And so for home were hastening. " It did not rain, and those who stayed Had dinner on the benches ; Their tongues — they were not afraid, For they talked and ate the lunches. 'Twas pleasant thus to meet again In times that* are so changing; Some we missed, and it was with pain — They are gone where we are hastening. " We missed among the living, with regret, One we had wished was near ; We missed the voice and halting step Of Emerson, the Parson Pioneer. One said, ' It makes me glad and makes me sad ; ' Glad to see once more the faces Of those we knew when youth with health was clad — On which time now had left such traces. " Sad to see the thin and pallid cheek Disease had made so feeble ; The quivering lips that scarce could speak, And mind so gone that once was able. When clouds of adversity hide our sun, Sorrow's wind blows the dust of repining; We'll think how sweet our rest erelong— God's love is always shining. " No wonder we love this house of clay, When for three score and ten we in it stay ; But when nature has had its longest day, Or disease has worn the props away, We will out of the old house and into the new, For there's One awaiting for me and for you ; Then never shall we 'be sad any more, But glad wo have reached a sinless shore ; In a re-union with those we love We are parted no more in that home above." MEDICAL. Previous to 1841, no physician had located within the limits of the county, and the settlers depended upon what little stock of medicine they chanced to bring with them, upon Indian remedies, as related elsewhere of Buel s family, and upon the indigenous roots and herbs gathered and prepared by the experienced elder ladies and administered with generally beneficial results. HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 425 Ipecac and boneset were the main specifics in Mr. Buel's medicine chest. Dr. Peck added to the local pharmacopoeia pills and ointment, especially blue and red precipitates, which there is a credible tradition the settlers had a "terrible itching " for about that time. Mr. James Bourne, in his part of the county, turned his attention to sur- gery as well as medicine, and probably performed the first surgical operation on the human subject after the Indian medicine man vanished westward. He first relieved Norman Evans, who had received a severe gash upon the knee, and afterward cut a rusty fish-gig from the hand of an unknown man and extracted a bean from the nose of a child of Mr. Dierk, then living on Mill Creek. In the spring of 1837, Robert Bourne brought to this section the first assortment of medicine, including calomel, jalap, cinchona, wormseed, Sappington's pills, which were dealt out to the settlers in heroic doses, and generally with excellent results, the hardy constitutions of that time enduring drastic remedies in a man- ner that would now surprise most young physicians. The obstetric department was managed by the wise and experienced matrons, and in the absence of any proof to the contrary must have been well performed. Prior to 1850, no medical organization existed in the State. In response to an urgent call from the American Medical Association for the formation of State medical societies, one was in June, 1850, organized for Iowa at Bur- lington. In turn, the State Association urged physicians to form county asso- ciations. The State at that time being very sparsely settled, and medical attainments sufficient to constitute a "doctor" not being very exalted, medical societies were of slow growth. The Clinton 1 County Medical Society was organized in 1857, and being one of the first six in the State, can claim to be one of the pio- neer associations. Pursuant to a general call, the initial meeting was held at Camanche June 16, 1857, at the office of Dr. A. B. Ireland, who presided, and with Dr. A. T. Hudson, Vice President, and Drs. Asa Morgan, Secretary, and George H. Noyes, George E. McPherson, and the President as Censors, the Clinton County Medical Society was organized. Measures were adopted to to examine all applicants for membership, so that no incompetent physician should be indorsed by the Society. Besides these and others who entered the service, and whose records will be found in the military department of this book, others, after the awful carnage at Shiloh, where Iowa regiments suffered so greatly, went to the front as volunteer surgeons. Drs. Ennis, McCormick, Lothrop and Ireland went on merciful errands to Shiloh and other field hospitals, carrying not only the enthusiasm of humanity, but liberal stores of sanitary supplies and comforts. The records show that out of sixteen practicing members of the Association, twelve were actively engaged in aiding the Union cause, and not a single dis- loyal name dims the Association's escutcheon. The first meeting after the war was held at De Witt, January, 1869, and the name " Association " was changed to " Society," and re-organized and .incorporated, the articles being signed by Drs. A. B. Ireland, C. H. Lothrop, P. J. Farnsworth, S. J. Hobart, H, S. Farnsworth, G. F. Wetherell, A. Reynolds, A. McCormick and 0. E. Deeds. At different times, thirty-three physicians were connected with the Association, and thirty-eight with the Society. The present officers are : Dr. H. S. Farns- worth, President; Dr. M. G. Sloan, Vice President; Dr. P. J. Farnsworth, Secretary and Treasurer ; Drs. Hobart, Morgan and Langon, Censors ; Drs. Dennison, Wallace and P. J. Farnsworth, Ethical Board ; Drs. Dennison and Booth, Delegates to the American Medical Association. 426 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. Appended are brief biographical notices of many who have practiced or are still practicing their profession in this county, for which acknowledgment is made to Drs. P. J. Farnsworth and Charles H. Lothrop. The first regularly-educated physician in the county was Dr. William Bas- sett, who came from De Kalb County, 111., to Camanche in 1841. From thence, he moved to Lyons in 1844, and practiced there until 1848, when he went across the river to Fulton, 111., and remained there until he died, in 1867. Born in Hinsdale, Mass., in 1808 ; educated at Berkshire Medical College, Pittsfield, Mass., and in Woodstock, Vt. Dr. Zebulon Metcalf came next ; located at De Witt in 1842, and resided there until his death in 1847. Born in Cherry Valley, N. Y., and educated in some Eastern college. He is said to have been a very successful physician and a man of fine education. Dr. C. H. Lothrop, of Lyons, compiled for the Clinton County Medical Society a Medical History of the county, from which we condense the following in the order of towns : Dr. J. P. Anthony settled in Camanche in 1850 ; removed to Sterling, 111., in 1855, where he now resides. He was Assistant Surgeon of the One Hun- dred and Twenty-seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and Surgeon of the Sixty-first Volunteer Infantry until the close of the war. Born in Washington County, N. Y., in 1823 ; educated at Pittsfield Medical College, Massachu- setts, j Dr. A. B. Ireland came to Camanche in 1852, where he practiced his pro- fession until his death, in 1878. He was born in a small town in Bast Tennes- see in 1816, and removed with his father to Tremont, 111. He received his medical education in the Illinois Medical College at Jacksonville, 111., graduat- ing in 1846. Dr. Ireland had a extensive practice, and was a man very widely known in the county for kindness and sterling integrity. He was elected to the State Senate in 1869 for two years, which position he very acceptably filled, He had held numerous local offices, and was President of the Clinton County Medical Society for six or seven years. Dr. E. T. Manning came to Camanche in 1850, in the capacity of a Bap- tist preacher, with which he combined the practice of medicine. He is not a graduate but holds an honorary degree from Bennett Eclectic Medical College, Chicago. When asked why he left preaching for medicine, he said men suf- fered more from colic than from fear of h — , and would pay better. CD. Manning, son of the above, graduated in Rush Medical College, Chicago, in 1870, and practices in Camanche. There have been several other physicians located here, but they only remained a short time, except Dr. William McQuigg, who received his medical education at Cleveland Medical College, Ohio, came to Camanche in 1852, practiced his profession there until 1866, when he removed to Lyons, where he now resides. Dr. A. L. Ankeny, well-known in business circles, was born in Jackson County, 111., and received a medical degree from Rush Medical College in 1850, came to Lyons and practiced medicine until 1855 ; after that, went into general business and now resides one mile west of Lyons. Dr. Joseph Beez, a native of Bavaria, located in Lyons in 1867, and practiced until he died in 1864, aged about forty. Dr. A. O. Blanning, -a native of Massachusetts, a graduate of Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1848, came to Lyons in 1856 and commenced the practice of homeopathy. In 1862, he was appointed Assistant Surgeon of the Twentieth Iowa Volunteers, promoted to Surgeon HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 427 and served during the war ; returned to Lyons and practiced until 1878, when he removed to Florida. Dr. George H. Bonney entered into partnership with Dr. Bassett, of Lyons, in 1847, practiced there and at Elk River until 1857, and removed to Indianola; graduated in St. Louis Medical College in 1860. Dr. Joseph Brown, a graduate of the Cincinnati Eclectic Medical School, came to Lyons in 1856 and practiced his profession until 1865, when he removed to Chicago, thence to Aurora, 111., where he died in 1876, aged about seventy. A man of pleasant address and fine literary attainments. Dr. G. M. Davis, born in Dayton County, Ohio, in 1819, studied medicine with his brother in 1833 ; commenced the practice of medicine in Greenville, Ind.; attended medical lectures in the Louisville Medical Institute ; came to- Clinton in 1855 ; was elected State Senator in 1858, served two years. He was appointed Postmaster in 1862, and held the position until 1870, when he- retired to his farm near Lyons. Dr. W. R. Downs, born in Franklin County, Vt., in 1823; came West and began the study of medicine, entering a medical school in La Porte, Ind.; becoming too deeply engaged in the resurrection (?) question, he pushed farther West and engaged in the practice of medicine in Camanche in 1847, and removed to Lyons in 1851. He is said to have been a successful practitioner and a keen speculator and his name figures conspicuously among the pioneers- of that place. In 1854, he removed to Texas, and is said to have been a med- ical director in the rebel army. Dr. A. P. Hudson, born in Oswego, N. Y., in 1818, received his medical education at Albany Medical College in 1847. Located first at Albany, 111., he removed to Lyons in 1856, where he very successfully practiced his pro- fession, giving considerable attention to surgery. He was appointed Surgeon of the Twenty-sixth Regiment in 1862, and served during the war ; he returned to Lyons, where his health became poor ; he moved to Stockton City r Cal., where he now resides. He paid considerable attention to the ornithology and botany of the county, leaving a valuable collection to Iowa College, Grinnell. Dr. C. H. Lothrop, born in Fulton, Mass., in 1831 ; received his medical education at Albany, N. Y., and at the University of New York, graduating in 1858. He came to Lyons in 1859. He was a very active member of the profession, perfecting several very useful surgical appliances. He was appointed Assistant Surgeon of the First Iowa Cavalry in 1862, and was pro- moted to place of Surgeon and served during the war. After that, in 1866, he returned to Lyons to active practice. In 1870, he became affected with a spinal disease that disabled him from walking, and since then he has been a very great sufferer, losing the entire use of his lower extremities. He has completed the first and second edition of a medical directory of the State, and other literary labors, and is the present examiner for pensions for that place. Dr. Freeman Thompson, born in Ohio ; attended lectures in Cleveland ; settled in Lyons in 1855, and remained there until 1867, and removed to Dr. J. E. Ennis, born in Blair County, Penn.; moved to Lyons and studied medicine ; attended lectures at Rush Medical College,, Chicago, in 1861. Acted as Assistant Surgeon for three months during the war and was for a time engaged as Inspecting Surgeon for the Sanitary Commission. In 1868,. he retired from the profession and is now engaged in the nursery business. 428 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. Dr. J. J. Mathews, born in Somerset, Ohio, 1837 ; received his medical education in Cincinnati ; graduated at Keokuk Medical School in 1852 ; entered into practice until 1859, when he was elected to the State Senate for two terms. In 1868, he became Postmaster, and held the office for ten years. He has abandoned the practice of medicine, and entered into other business. The name of Dr. A. G. Benedict appears as locating in Lyons for two years — 1856 to 1858 ; a graduate of College of Physicians and Surgeons, N. Y., 1855. Dr. George McPherson, a native of Pennsylvania; educated at Jefferson , Medical College, 1855 ; resided in Lyons from 1857 to 1859. Dr. A. P. Tenny located in Lyons, in 1863, and left in 1867 ; a graduate of Dartmouth Medical School. He returned to his native State, New Hampshire. Dr. E. M. Westbrook, born near Buffalo, N. Y., in 1822. He came to the State when it was new ; came to Sabula in 1847 ; from there removed to . Lyons, in 1865, where he is now in active practice. Dr. George F. Wetherell, a native of New York ; educated at Medical Department of the University of New York. He practiced medicine in Mechanicsville, in this State, until 1862, when he was appointed Assistant Surgeon of the Twenty-sixth Iowa Volunteers. At the close of the war, he settled in Lyons, where he now practices his profession. Several others have resided in Lyons for a few years ; several of them are now residents of other places in the county. Dr. H. McCormack, born near Harrisburg, Penn., 1852 ; educated in Med- ical Department of University of Pennsylvania, in 1856 ; came to Clinton the same year, and went into active practice. In 1862, he was Acting Assistant, or Post Surgeon, for the Twentieth and Twenty-sixth Regiments while in camp at Clinton ; now in active practice. Dr. David McClay, born in Harrisburg, Penn. ; educated at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia ; located in Clinton in 1855, and remained until 1857, when he removed on account of ill-health. Said to be the first settled physician in Clinton. Dr. B. A. Bowen, born in Howard County, Md., in 1830 ; attended med- ical lectures in the Cincinnati Eclectic Medical College ; located first in Water- loo, in this State, moved to Clinton in 1862, and remained until 1866, when he removed to Elizabeth, N. J. Dr. P. J. Farnsworth, born in Westford, Vt. ; educated in the University ■of Vermont, graduating in medicine in 1858 ; also received a degree from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, in 1860. Came to Lyons in 1862 ; removed to Clinton in 1865. In 1868, was elected to fill the chair ■of Materia Medica and Diseases of Children in the Medical Department of the State University. Practices medicine during the summer, and delivers lectures during the session of the medical school in the winter. Member of the County Medical Society, and State and American Medical Associations. Dr. H. S. Farnsworth, a native of Westford, Vt. ; received his medical education in the Medical Department of the University of Vermont, graduating in 1860. Located in Lyons in 1864, where he remained until 1872, and removed to Clinton, where he now practices his profession. Member of the County and State Medical Associations. Dr. A. J. Hobart, born in Yates County, N. Y. ; received his medical edu- cation in the University of Michigan, in 1859 ; has also a degree from Belle- vue Medical College, 1873. Came to Clinton from Michigan, in 1866, where' he now resides. He served during the war as Assistant Surgeon of the First mmf ■■ ■ ' ; : " 'i /t./^.Mc^>^^cy DBWITT HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 431 Michigan Infantry, in 1861 ; was promoted to Surgeon in 1862 ; resigned his position in 1864. Author of numerous papers read before the Clinton County Society. Member of the State and American Medical Associations. Dr. Charles W. Myers, a native of Greenbrier, Knox Co., Ohio ; received Jiis medical education at Cleveland Medical College, graduating in 1862 ; entered the army as Acting Assistant Surgeon, and was appointed Assistant Surgeon of the Eighty-second Ohio Infantry, in 1863 ; became Surgeon in the same reg- iment, and served during the war. He returned to the practice of medicine in Michigan, and removed to Clinton in 1870 ; now in practice. Dr. A. Reynolds, born in Grand Isle County, Vt., in 1837 ; received his medieal education in the University of Vermont, in 1863 ; located in Clinton, in 1869 ; remained here until 1873, when he received the appointment of Superintendent of the Hospital for the Insane at Independence, where he now remains. Dr. George H. Noyes, native of Nashua, N. H., 1834 ; graduated in medi- cine at Dartmouth, 1856 ; located in Clinton in 1857 : in 1862, he was appointed Assistant Surgeon in the Eighth Iowa Infantry, promoted to Sur- geon of the Second Iowa Cavalry ; mustered out in 1865 ; now lives in Nashua, N. H. Dr. H. Van Deventer, native of Buffalo, N. Y. ; received his degree in medicine from Buffalo Medical School, 1856; came to Clinton in 1866, remained until 1870, and removed to Roslyn, L. I. Dr. W. C. Pixon located in Clinton,' in 1867 ; now in practice. Dr. William Howell, a native of Buffalo and a graduate of the Medical School there in 1853 ; located in Clinton in 1856. He is often mentioned by the older residents as a good practitioner, but of very eccentric habits. He left in 1860, and died in Buffalo. Dr. E. H. King, born in DeWitt County, 111., 1841 ; graduated in the Hah- nemann Medical College, Chicago, 1868 ; located in Clinton in the same year ; still in practice. Dr. S. Yeomans, born in Herkimer Co., N. Y., in 1822 ; graduated in medicine at Rush Medical College, in 1854 ; and received a degree from Hahnemann Medical College in 1871 ; appointed Assistant Surgeon for the Seventh Iowa Cavalry ; located in Clinton in 1871. Dr. Clara Yeomans, wife of the above, studied medicine and graduated in Hahnemann Medical College, Chicago, in 1870 ; located in Clinton, in general practice and women's diseases, in 1871 ; now in practice. Dr. F. P. Cammuck, a native of England, came to Clinton in 1874 ; died in 1879. Dr. Davis, Dr. Freeze and Dr. Phillips' names appear in the records of Clinton as being residents for a short period. Dr. Marston located in Clinton in 1866 ; practiced homeopathy until his ■death in 1869. Dr. C. H. Coggswell, a graduate of Hahnemann Medical College ; located in Clinton in 187.0 ; practiced here until 1878 and removed to Cedar Rapids. Mrs. C. H. Coggswell, wife of the above, graduated in the New York Homeopathic Medical College, of New York, in 1874 ; now in Cedar Rapids. Dr. John Dennison, born in Hanover, N. Y., in 1818 ; educated at Albany Medical College in 1846 ; located in DeWitt in 1867, where he now practices his profession. i Dr. James Harvey, born in Canada in 1832 ; graduated in medicine at Castle- ton, Vt., in 1856, and located the same year. in DeWitt; in 1862, he received G 432 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. the appointment of Assistant Surgeon in the Eighteenth Iowa Volunteers ; served about a month and resigned, and resumed practice, removing to Romeo, Mich. Dr. J. R. Jones, born in Tippecanoe, Ohio, in 1843 ; came to De Witt with his parents in 1854 ; studied medicine and graduated from the Medical Depart- ment of the University of Michigan in 1868 ; practiced his profession until his death in 1874. Dr. John Kelley, native of Ireland, educated in Dublin, located in De Witt in 1852 for the practice of his profession. In 1861, he entered the army as a private in the First Cavalry. Died from sunstroke while in rendez- vous at Burlington in 1861. Dr. Daniel Langun, native of the North of Ireland ; born in 1837. Received one course of medical lectures in the University of Michigan ; grad- uated in the Keokuk Medical School in 1863. Commenced the practice of medicine in De Witt, where he now remains. Dr. George A. Meredith, born in Guernsey County, Ohio, in 1844; came with his parents to De Witt in 1850. Studied medicine and attended lectures in Michigan University in 1868, and commenced the practice of medicine. Graduated in 1872 ; now resides in Ames, Story County. Dr. Asa Morgan, born in Dayton, Ohio, in 1826. Came to Davenport, Iowa, in 1846, and commenced the study of medicine, and attended lectures in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Upper Mississippi, located at Davenport. This college was removed to Keokuk in 1852, from which he received his medical degree. He located the same year in De Witt. Went to California in search of gold in 1857 ; returned to De Witt in 1859 ; received an appointment as Assistant Surgeon in the Seventh Iowa Regiment in 1861. He resigned his position in 1862. In 1863, he accepted the appointment of Assistant Surgeon in the First Iowa Cavalry, and was promoted to be Surgeon of the Twelfth Illinois Cavalry, and served during the war, and was mustered out at Houston, Texas. He then located in Cedar Bayou in that State, where he now remains in the practice of his profession. Dr. A. W. Morgan, born in 1840 in Thorntown, Ind. ; came with his parents to Iowa in 1846. Commenced the study of medicine in Davenport in 1860 ; attended one course of lectures at Keokuk in 1863. Entered the service as Acting Assistant Surgeon of the Twelfth Illinois Cavalry ; became Assistant Surgeon and was promoted to be Surgeon of the Thirty-seventh Illinois Cavalry. Was mustered out at the close of the war, and settled at De Witt. Received his degree in medicine from Keokuk in 1868. Dr. D. C. McNeil, born in Springfield, 111., in 1825, received his medical degree from the Pennsylvania Medical College, was appointed Hospital Stew- ard and promoted to Assistant' Surgeon in the Mexican war. He practiced in various places, and came' to DeWitt in 1858, remaining there until 1862, when when he was appointed Assistant Surgeon to the Sixteenth Iowa Regiment; in 1865, was transferred to the Second Regiment United States Volunteers, and was discharged at the close of the war ; now resides in Osceola, Mo. M. R. Waggoner, born in Canada ; received his medical degree from Hahnemann Medical College, Chicago, in 1870 ; located in De Witt, 1864. Dr. W. J. Bonsteel, born in Oswego, N. Y., in 1842; located in Grand Mound in 1875, where he now practices his profession ; one course of medical lectures in the Medical College of Ohio. Dr. R. J. Hart, born in Indiana in 1843; reared in Camanche, Iowa; received his medical education in the Medical Department of the State University, HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 433 versi ty, graduating in 1876; located in Low Moor, where he is m successful practice. Dr. A. M. Frost, born in Hinsdale, Mass., in 1807; educated in Woodstock Medical College, Vermont, in 1843 ; lo.cated in Wheatland in 1863. He is the oldest graduate in the county. Dr. Thomas D. Gamble, born in Delaware in 1832 ; removed to Allegheny County, Penn., in 1836 ; came to Iowa in 1853 ; studied medicine and grad- uated at St. Louis Medical College in 1858 ; now in practice in Wheatland. Dr. M. G. Sloan, born in Lyons in 1849 ; graduated in Rush Medical Col- lege in 1873 ; located at Charlotte in 1875, where he now resides. Dr. George W. Van Zant, born in New Hope, N. J., in 1833 ; graduated in medicine at Rush Medical College, in 1864 ; located in Charlotte in 1865. Dr. Charles E. Lee, born in Clinton County, N. Y.; graduated in medicine at the Medical Department of the State University in 1873 ; located in Calmus, where he now practices his profession. Dr. 0. E. Deeds, born in Lyons, Iowa, in 1843 ; received his medical degree from Bellevue Hospital College in 1876 ; located at Delmar in the practice of his profession. Dr. William Fitzgerald, born in Rochester, N. Y., in 1853 ; received his degree in medicine at the Medical Department of the State University in 1876 ; located at DeWitt. Dr. P. F. Ryan, born in Wilmington, Del.; came to Iowa with his parents in 1855 ; received his medical degree from the Iowa State University in 1877, and located in DeWitt. Dr. A. Wetmore, born in , N. Y. ; graduated in the Medical Depart- ment of the University of New York in 1848 ; practices his profession in Clinton. Dr. A. H. Smith, received his medical degree from Chicago Medical Col- lege in 1872 ; entered into partnership with Dr. H. McCorinack in 1873 ; still in practice. ATTORNEYS. Through the courtesy of A. R. Cotton, the following brief notices of nearly all of the attorneys who have resided in the county, and are still resident here, are given : Samuel R. Murray located in Camanche in 1840, and died in Dubuque in 1844, while attending the land sales. He was Probate Judge at the timp of his death in 1846. John S. Stowrs located at De Witt in 1844 ; was elected Probate Judge to succeed Judge Murray. He now resides at Wheatland. William E. Leffingwell located at De Witt in 1845. He had resided in the State for several years previous ; now resides*at Lyons, but practices in Chicago. William W. Walcott located at De Witt in 1845, and died there in 1846. Henry P. Haun located at Hauntown in 1846. He went to California in 1849, and there died. Thomas C. Dyer, admitted to practice x in 1847. He resided in Camanche from 1842 until his death, in 1866. Aylett R. Cotton, admitted to practice May 8, 1848. His residence in De Witt began in June, 1844 ; his present residence is Clinton. Stark H. Samuels located at De'Witt in 1848, where he died in 1855. Edward Graham located in De Witt in 1850, and resided there until his death by accidental poisoning in 1860. 434 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. Thomas W. J. Long came from Winchester, Va., to Camanche, in 1853, and still resides there. Roswell B. Millard, located at Camanche in 1851, was admitted to practice in 1853. He now resides at Low Moor. Thomas S. Briscoe located at Lyons in 1853. He is now resident in Virginia. Philip W. Konkle located at Camanche in 1851, was admitted to practice in 1853. He died in the United States military service. George G. Blodgett located in Camanche in 1854. He went to New Orleans, where he now resides. William Ferguson located at De Witt in 1854, and died there. William W. Jerome was admitted to practice in 1854. He was then a resi- dent at Lyons ; he subsequently removed to Kansas, where he now resides. Daniel W. Ellis was admitted in 1854. He located at Lyons, where he has since resided. Nathaniel A. Merrell was admitted May 5, 1856; had been previously admitted in New York, in 1855. He located at De Witt, and is still in active practice there. John C. Polley, admitted in New York in 1854, and in Iowa May 5, 1856; located at De Witt. About 1870, removed to Chicago, where he now resides. Lyman A. Ellis, admitted May 5, 1856 ; was then a resident of Lyons, but now resides in Clinton. E. S. Bailey, admitted May 5, 1856, located at De Witt, but for many years a resident of Clinton. Isaac Baldwin, admitted in Massachusetts in 1853, and in Iowa, May 5, 1856. Located at Clinton, where he still resides. William B. La Motte, admitted May 5, 1856. Located at Lyons, but sub- sequently removed to St. Louis, where he died. James Van DeVenter, admitted September 5, 1856. Located at Clinton, where he has since resided. Eli S. Hart, admitted September 5, 1856. Located at Lyons ; removed to Chicago, and returned to Clinton, where he now resides. Frederick Walliker, admitted September 5, 1856. He located at Lyons, where he died. James N. Miles, admitted September 5, 1856. Located at De Witt; subse- quently removed to Kansas, where he now resides. George S. Manning, admitted September 15, 1856. Resides at Ringwood. Joseph H. Flint, admitted in Maine in 1850, and in Iowa in 1856. Located at Lyons ; subsequently removed to Clinton, where he now resides. Pitkin C. Wright, admitted in 1857. Located in De Witt; now at Nash- ville, Tenn. 1 Daniel W. Gray, admitted in New York in 1835, and in Iowa in 1857. Located at Clinton, and now resides there. Frank G. Noyes, admitted in 1857. Located in Clinton, where he resided until 1878. Residence not known. Charles Scott, admitted in 1857. Located at Lyons, where he resided until his death. William P. Graham, admitted in 1855. Located at De Witt; has removed; residence unknown. Thomas J. Wilson, admitted in 1857. Located at Camanche ; he removed to Marshall County, Iowa, and there died. William S. McKenzie was admitted in 1857. Located at Camanche the same year ; he died in the U. S. military service. HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 435 Jesse Stein was admitted in 1860. He located at Wheatland and is still a resident there. Robert T. T. Spence was admitted in 1859. He located at Lyons, and is still a resident of tha,t city. Charles W. Chase was admitted in New Hampshire in 1862, and in Iowa in 1865. Located at Clinton, and still resides there. Nathan Corning was admitted in' 1863. He located at Lyons, and is still residing there. A. J. Leffingwell was admitted at Muscatine in 1861. Subsequently located at Lyons, where he still resides. - Walter I. Hayes was admitted in Michigan in 1863, and in Iowa in 1866. He located at Clinton, and is still a resident there. Kirke W. Wheeler was admitted in New York in 1859, and in Iowa in 1860. He located at De Witt, and is now a resident there. A. T. Wheeler was admitted in Wisconsin in 1851, and in Iowa in 1860. He located at Lyons, and is still residing there. H. W. Smith was admitted in Illinois in 1860, and in Iowa in 1865. Located at Camanche, and has been a resident there since. Judson N. Cross was admitted in 1864. He located in Lyons, where he remained until about 1875, when he removed to Minneapolis, where he now resides. Wickliffe A. Cotton was admitted in 1867. He has been a resident of De Witt since 1844. George B. Young was admitted" in 1862. He was then a resident of Camanche. He subsequently removed to De Witt, and then to Clinton, where he now resides. H. S. Hyatt was admitted in 1866. . He then resided at Clinton, where he remained until 1872, when he removed to St. Louis. William W. Stevens was admitted in New Hampshire in 1861, in New York in 1864, and in Iowa in 1866, when he located at Clinton, and is now a resident there. William H. H. Hart was admitted in 1869. He located at De Witt, where he remained until about 1875, when he removed to California. J. S. Darling was admitted in Jackson County in 1854. He located at Andrew, and, subsequently, in 1870, removed to Clinton, where he now resides. Albert L. Levi was admitted in 1866. He located at De Witt, subse- quently removed to Clintdn, and, in 1874, went to Minnesota. John F. McGuire was admitted in Iowa in 1868. Located at Wheatland, came to Clinton in 1869 ; now resides at Lyons, though keeping his office still at Clinton. J. W. Brown, admitted in 1867. Located at De Witt, but subsequently removed to Des Moines, and still resides there. Ivers Monroe, admitted in New York in 1849, and, in 1868, in Iowa. Located in Fremont County in 1868, and, in 1870, removed to Clinton, where he now resides. Charles M. Nye, admitted in Missouri in 1858. Soon after located at De Witt, where he now resides. P. B. Wolfe was admitted in 1870. Located at De Witt, and has ever since resided there. J. C. S. Tate, was admitted in 1871. Located at Charlotte; subsequently removed to Clinton, and, in 1879, went to Nebraska. John J. Flournoy was admitted in 1871. Was a resident of Clinton, and still resides there. 436 HISTORY OP CLINTON COUNTY. W. C. Grohe was admitted in 1871. Located in Lyons, and still resides there. ( R. J. Crouch was admitted in 1871. Located at De Witt, and is now a resident there. E. C. Foster, admitted in Michigan in 1867, in Iowa in 1869, at which date he located in Clinton, and is still resident there. Mrs. J. Ellen Foster, admitted in 1874. Resident of Clinton. Mrs. F. is the first woman admitted in Iowa or any other State to practice in the Supreme Courts. C. M. Bice was admitted in Michigan in 1872, and in Iowa same year. Located in Clinton, where he still resides. Andrew Howat, admitted in 1870. Located at De Witt, and is still a resi- dent there. A. H. Paddock was admitted in 1875. Resident of Clinton. I. R. Andrews, admitted in 1872, and a resident of Clinton. J. H. Walliker, admitted in 1871. Has resided in Clinton from boyhood. A. R. McCoy, admitted in Illinois in 1869, and in Iowa in 1873. Resided at Fulton until 1875, when he removed to Clinton, where he now resides. William Lake was admitted in 1871. Was then a resident of Clinton, and still resides there. W. Bruce Leffingwell was admitted in 1872. Located at De Witt ; removed to Clinton in 1874, and now resides there. Charles A. Smith, admitted in 1874. Was a resident of Clinton, and still resides there. John I. Mullany, admitted at Dubuque in 1872. Removed to Clinton in 1876, and now resides there. E. R. Sayles, admitted in 1876. Located at Lyons, where he now resides. E. T. Taubman, admitted in 1878. Located at Delmar. Aylett L. Pascal, admitted in 1877. Located at De Witt. Henry F. Bowers, admitted in 1877. Resident of Clinton, and still resides there. C. C. Van Kuran, admitted in 1877. Resident of Clinton. PROVISION FOR INSANE AND POOR. For many years after the settlement of trie county, pauperism was practi- cally unknown. None were rich and none were dependent, except in case of especial "bad luck," upon their neighbors for favors freely granted and recip- rocated. Among the real pioneers were none shiftless or "feckless" enough to become a charge upon the community. But as the county began to fill up and the pinch of 1857 began to be felt, it became evident that the inevitable provision of civilized communities for the indigent would have to be promptly made. Accordingly in 1857, a "poor farm" of 200 acres, at $20 per acre,, located in Waterford and Washington Townships, besides sixty additional acres of timber were purchased. John McElhatton was appointed Superintendent, and held the position till succeeded four years ago by the present incumbent, John Blessington. At first, for some time, four or five was the average num- ber of inmates of the Poorhouse, and nine were considered an extraordinary crowd. But since the war pauperism has in this county, as elsewhere, rapidly increased, till the average number maintained at the county charge is about thirty, and no less than forty-six have at some times been boarded at the poor-farm. The healthful site, energetic yet considerate management and careful supervision have maintained the institution on a basis, both from a humanitarian and business HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTF. 437 point of view, eminently creditable to Clinton County, especially when compared with the inhuman and unhealthy surroundings of many poorhouses. The increase of insanity has necessitated additional provision for the county's incurable lunatics. They are no longer received at the State Asylum at Mount Pleasant, and in the absence of proper local accommodation, have hitherto been maintained in Mercy Hospital, at Davenport, at a cost much above the actual expense of keeping them in suitable local quarters. Hence, the present Board, Supervisors Ruus, Lake and Svendsen, wisely determined to build an insane asylum suitable for the present and future needs of the county, as a measure of both humanity and economy. It is now under construction and will be completed during 1879. W. W. Sanborn furnished the plans, embody- ing the results of the most recent investigations in both this country and Europe, as to the proper economic and sanitary arrangement of buildings occupied by imbeciles or defectives. The asylum will be three stories high, solidly built of brick and stone, and costing about $5,000. It admirably com- bines the features of a hospital, dwelling and prison. A large yard for the inmates' exercise-ground surrounds it. The rooms and cells contain twenty- five persons, and, at the present rate of increase of such unfortunates, it will probably not be long before it will be crowded to its utmost capacity, as some time ago fifteen incurables were, by the change in the Mount Pleasant system, thrown back upon the county's charge. For some time the pernicious custom of allowing children to be associated with the idle and depraved at -the county house, has been practically abandoned. Those who would formerly have nat- urally been contaminated by association with paupers, are now paternally cared for by Supt. Pierce at the beneficent Orphans' Home, at Davenport, where they are trained to become useful men and women. If, under the charitable spirit of the nineteenth century, a community's civilization is measured by the judicious care taken of its defectives and paupers, Clinton County need not hesitate to invite comparison with any similar commonwealth. The contract system of boarding paupers has been replaced by the better one of paying the Steward a fixed salary. Recently the propriety of adding a needed hospital to the other county buildings has been agitated. THE PIONEER DETECTIVES. It would be singular, did it not illustrate the persistence in human nature of the primitive man's instinct to acquire property by plunder, how many men in a new country take to horse-stealing. It seems as if there must have been some fascination about it, aside from its possible profits. For, in a virgin country like Iowa, where it was difficult to avoid naturally and honestly accumulating wealth, one cannot now otherwise understand why so many sought to gain a little pelf at the cost of tranquil existence, and at the hazard of losing liberty and even life at the hands of their justly incensed neighbors. Freebooters never became so troublesome in Clinton County as in the settle- ments above and below on the river and also further West. This was partly due to the prompt and severe repressive measures of the Regulators along the Mississippi and the "Wapsie Rangers" in the western part of Clinton and .Scott Counties. In 1851, horse-thefts in the Camanche and De Witt settlements were brought to an abrupt termination. Previously they had been annoyed by losing good horses in a most mysterious and inexplicable manner. These thefts were cotem- poraneous with the appearance of a family answering to the name of Jacques, who located on the edge of the bluff, about two miles from Camanche, toward 438 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. De Witt. They seemed to be not at all anxious to improve their claim, and, at the same time, kept a sufficient number of horses and cattle to do considerable farming if they had so desired. Adjacent were the places of Robert Welsh, who held the office of Constable, and Capt. R. A. Lyons, n:w of Elvira, who, after many years plowing the seas, was now making furrows in the more-stable prairie. Capt. L., having brought from Mexico a very swift horse that could not be caught except by a lasso, was, one day when sweeping the wide prairie with a powerful marine telescope, somewhat interested by seeing his precious neighbors in the distance endeavoring to catch the horse with a halter, in which they naturally failed. This, together with the frequent absence of the male members of the family and clumsily-explained borrowings of saddles, aroused the suspicions of Messrs. Lyons and Welsh, so that they, it being before the days of detective bureaus, determined to see what they could accomplish them- selves in the way of ascertaining the bottom facts as to whether the horse-trad- ing done by the family came within the domain of legitimate transactions. They concluded, that by exciting the women, the latter might be led to- involuntarily betray the "true inwardness" of their status as to honesty. Accordingly, Welsh repaired to the yard where the women were milking, about sundown, and engaging them in conversation, adroitly and casually introduced the subject of horse-stealing, mentioning, also, that the regulators were on the lookout, and that it would go hard with detected culprits. While this dialogue was going on, Lyons had, unperceived, approached through the tall grass, keeping on the other side of the house, entered it through a window, and snugly ensconced himself under a bed, in quarters, that to most landsmen would have been too contracted for comfort, but an old sailor, who had often slept in a narrow berth or hammock, could endure the position for a few hours without grumbling, though in some respects it was like Falstaff's in the buck-basket. After Welsh had detained the women till dark by his alarming, but seemingly neighborly and friendly discourse, the agitated women sat down without alight in the cabin, and in conversation lasting till midnight, fully disclosed to the keen-eared amateur detective, the dark secrets of the gang, their method of working, accomplices, haunts and routes of travel. As soon as they were asleep, Lyons quietly slipped out, artistically replacing the bar at the door, and, at daybreak, awaking Welsh and telling him to watch the lair, harnessed up and drove toward De Witt. Beyond Brophy Creek, as he expected, he met one of the Jacques, riding a remarkably fine steed, which, in response to Lyons' inquiry, he claimed to have bought at Dubuque. His rascally assur- ance so enraged the Captain as to attract Jacques' notice, and prompt the question: "What makes you so pale ? " Lyons answered that he was not feeling very well that morning, and rode on to Brown's cabin on Ames Creek, where he quickly unharnessed and followed Jacques' trail toward the timber belt upon, Brophy Creek. On the way, he notified the Cannons — father and sons — who at once gave chase (the old man on horseback, and the boys out- stripping him on foot), joining in the pursuit of the common enemy. Lyons succeeded in keeping his quarry in sight, notwithstanding the latter's efforts to elude him as they traversed the timber, and once on the open prairie rode straight at the fugitive, and after a short headlong chase and desperate resist- ance, overhauled and, single-handed, overpowered and tied the desperado before the Cannons, the fleet-footed boys still leading their mounted sire, came up. The culprit was taken to Camanche, and soon after escorted by a numerous and distinguished delegation to Swan Island, just below the city. There, by an inquisitorial process in vogue during those days, in which a rope materially HISTORY OP CLINTON COUNTY. 489 assisted the memory, but a process much less harmful than the Spanish inqui- sition, and also less tedious than a Congressional investigation, the prisoner, previously sullen and silent, suddenly concluded to expose all he knew of the gang. Subsequently, he was regularly tried and sent to the penitentiary. Acting on the information thus extorted, a posse, at once set out for Dubuque, where another Jacques was found, enjoying himself in carnal com- pany among wassailers of low degree. They politely waited for him to finish his dance, then brought him via Maquoketa to Clinton County, where, in a convenient grove near Welton, was held a special meeting of the Holy Broth- erhood, which also resulted in the noose procuring a satisfactory confession. That resulted in the trip of a still larger party to Farmersburg, Clayton County, where a regular robber's roost was surrounded and captured, together with a whole caballa of horses and arsenal of weapons. The rascals escaped, but the gang was effectually dispersed. When the Regulators returned to Dubuque, their formidable and disciplined appearance and numerous trophies attracted general attention and approval, and horses were thereafter safer along the lower Wapsie bottom. THE HANGING OF WARREN. Among the thrilling episodes connected with the history of this county is the summary taking-off, by the Regulators, of Bennett Warren. Warren, with his family, lived on Section 36, in Liberty Township. He owned' a farm there, and also kept a house of entertainment for travelers. During the days of horse- thieving and counterfeit money-issuing, it had become notorious that his house was a stopping-place for those engaged in these unlawful practices. It was also believed that he was aiding and abetting these criminals by secreting them and their stolen horses, and assisting them in running them off. No sufficient evidence could be obtained, however, to convict him of active participation in these crimes. He had been indicted once for stealing the traps and peltry of a trapper who came here from the East, but was acquitted upon the trial. The impossibility, almost, of securing a conviction in consequence of the difficulty in empaneling a jury which had not some friend to the criminal upon it, had incensed the people whose horses were being constantly stolen, beyond forbear- ance. | On the 24th of June, 1857, the vigilantes, to the number of about two hun- dred, left their rendezvous at Big Rock, having with them two prisoners whom they had taken in Cedar County, and crossed over into Clinton County. Upon reaching Warren's house and finding him at home, they took him , with them to a small grove near by, where the tragedy was to take place. There was no riotous proceedings, nor semblance to a mob. Everything was done with a kind of rude decorum and gravity befitting the occasion. No one was masked, or in any manner concealed his identity. Upon their arrival at the place, the "Captain" or "Chairman," whatever his title was, and whose authority was recognized by all, called the meeting to order, a jury of twelve of the number was selected by nomination, and took their places. Witnesses were sworn, and testified. The jury" then deliberated and returned into this court their verdict "That Bennett Warren was guilty of harboring horse-thieves, knowing them to be such ; of keeping and secreting stolen horses, knowing them to be such ; and of habitually passing counterfeit money, knowing it to be such." The jury passed no sentence, but upon the rendition of this verdict, the Captain called for an expression of all upon the following question : " Shall he be pun- ished ? " In taking this vote, those who wished to vote in the affirmative were 440 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. to step to one side of a road which passed through the grove, and those voting in the negative, to the other side of the road. The vote was unanimous, or nearly so, for punishing the man. The next question put was, '* Shall the pun- ishment be whipping or hanging ? " and the vote was taken the same way as the previous one. At the first, the majority was largely in favor of the milder punishment ; but now took place a running desultory argument, pro and con. Those who favored the extreme measure said, "What satisfaction will there be in whipping an old, gray-headed man ? " " What good will come of it ? " " We are here to make an example that will protect our property and deter others from these crimes." As the arguments progressed, one by one, or in knots of twos and threes, the people passed over this road, so fateful a one to the doomed man, who was a witness to all these proceedings, until a clear majority stood for the death sentence. The Captain called for a rope, which was soon forth- coming. It was placed around Warren's neck, and he was informed that his time was short, and opportunity given him to say anything he desired. If his executioners expected any confession or appeal for mercy, they were disap- pointed, for the man was brave and died unblanched. His only reply was, "I am an old man and you can't cheat me out of many years." Men in numbers enough to run him up, grasped the rope which had been thrown over the pro- jecting limb of a convenient tree. Amid silence that was awe-inspiring, the signal was given, and Bennett Warren was ushered into eternity. He was taken down, carried to his house, where the men who had executed him prepared him for burial and quietly dispersed. But one arrest was made, and no proceedings taken against any of those engaged in this transaction. The wife of Mr. Warren, it is said, she being his second wife, was the widow of one of the three Thayers who were hung at Buffalo for the murder of a peddler, and she was thus twice widowed by the draw of the rope. The head- quarters for this organized body of Regulators was at Big Rock, a place near where the lines of Scott, Cedar and Clinton Counties corner, and the members were drawn from all these counties. Upon the other hand, these freebooters who made free with the horses of the settlers and who flooded the country with counterfeit money, were scattered through all these counties, with an apparent organization. At the same time of the hanging of Warren, the party also captured in Cedar County two men named Charles Clute and Jacob A. Warner, who were under suspicion of being engaged in stealing horses. They were taken into custody and informed that a warrant was in the hands of the leader to bring them before Justice Gates, at Big Rock. The Justice was not there, and the party kept on until the residence of Warren was reached. After his trial and execution had taken place, Warner was tried and acquitted on condi- tion that he leave the county within ninety days and bring no suits against his captors. Clute was then arraigned and acquitted and given thirty days in which to leave the country. After these proceedings, the "court returned to Big Rock, where Clute and Warner wore kept over night at Goddard's tavern," and, the next morning, were permitted to depart unmolested. Clute decided to leave the country and find a new home elsewhere. Warner gave him a new set of bench tools, Clute being a carpenter by trade, and he left.. The tools were found soon after in Van Tuyle's store in Davenport, but no explanation is given how they got there, but, from that day, the family of Clute have never had any tidings from him. His family incline to the belief that he never got out of the country alive ; but others, and among them the best citizens of Cedar, do not believe that he was in any way hindered in his departure, but that he deserted his fcmily voluntarily. HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 441 Mr. Warner failed to obey the mandate of the vigilantes, but removed to Tipton with his family, and, after a year or more, returned to the Denson place, ■where he has since resided a respected citizen. During the same year, Alonzo Gleason and Edward Soper, the former of whom had no recognized habitation, and the latter residing three miles south- east of Tipton, with three accomplices, had made several successful raids upon the horses of that neighborhood and had run them out of the country and sold them. Their movements became so bold and open as to bring them under suspicion, and, in July, 18'57, they were arrested by the civil authorities and ■conveyed to Tipton, where they were held in custody by Sheriff John JBirely, who placed over them a guard of about twenty men. About midnight, the vigilantes, to the number of about forty men, overpowered (!) the guards, took the prisoners and marched to a grove near Louden and there tried them accord- ing to the forms of this court. They were given every latitude, the right to •challenge any juror, to cross-examine witnesses, etc. The people around, num- bering about two hundred, were cool and deliberate. The captives appreciated the situation and made a full confession of their guilt. The verdict, of course, was " Guilty." The question whether they should be at once hanged to death was submitted to the two hundred, and all but four voted in the affimative. A wagon was drawn under the projecting limb of an oak tree, the fated men placed in it, the rope thrown over the limb and securely fastened. Gleason, with a profane imprecation, jumped from the wagon into eternity. When life was extinct, a grave was dug beneath the gallows, and, uncoffined and unwashed, they were buried where they died. Soper was, however, exhumed by his friends a few days after and buried in the old grave-yard in Tipton. In the fall of the same year — 1857 — Hi Roberts, who really lived in Jones County, but who was much of the time operating in and about Cedar, Scott and Clinton Counties, and whose specialty was counterfeit money, having heard some threats from the vigilantes, in a bravado spirit, sent them an invitation to come and take him. He was then stopping at James W. Hanlin's, four miles northwest of Tipton. They accepted his invitation. He was taken from Han- lin's across the county line into Jones County, to the barn of George Saum, and there tried and hanged. Warrants were issued for the arrest of several per- sons implicated in this transaction, and the officers of Jones County came over into Cedar to make the arrests. No resistance was offered, and under advice of Judge Tuthill, bonds were given for their appearance before a Jones County Justice of the Peace for a preliminary examination. Their bonds were signed by one hundred or more of the most stable citizens of Cedar County. At the appointed time they appeared in Jones County, accompanied by nearly two hundred citizens of Cedar and Jones, but no indictment was found against them for want of testimony — no witnesses appearing. Whatever may be thought by people of this day of the irregular and severe measures then adopted, it is certain that the grievances of these men were deep, and the results of their summary punishments corrected an abuse that had defied the established forms for protection to property, and completely broke up a band of lawless men, who had subsisted by levying upon the property of their industrious fellow- citizens, and rid this section of their presence. While upon one of their marches, the vigilantes overtook Col. J. Van Deventer, who was then a stranger here. He was well mounted, and was riding alone into the west end of this county, on business connected with the railroad. They accosted him, and made many inquiries as to his identity, his point of ■departure, his destination, etc. To these inquiries, he gave courteous answers, 442 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY'. and they then informed him that it would be necessary, as he was a stranger, to report to the " Captain," and they desired him to accompany them — a request which he very readily complied with. They soon met that official, who, after a moment's conference, informed his followers that the gentleman was " all right," and that he was at liberty to depart, accompanying his remarks with profuse apologies for the detention. Mr. Van Deventer says, that he continued his journey with them for several miles, their routes being the same, and that they were very companionable and gentlemanly men. The proceedings of the " Wapsie Rangers " were not fully concurred in by all of the people through the western portion of the county, and in 1857, soon after the hanging of Warren, the " Anti-Horse-thief and Protection' Society" was organized at the Alger Schoolhouse. Its expressed object was to bring to justice all thieves and counterfeiters, and press their conviction before the courts of justice, and, also, to prosecute all unlawful acts of violence. A dep- utation was sent to confer with the vigilantes at Big Rock, and notice given of their aims and intents, and that their visits would not be tolerated, and that they proposed to maintain the objects for which they were organized. No collision, however, occurred between the two factions ; but, between the two, the country was cleared of the horse-thieves. A story is told of Josiah Hill — familiarly known as Si Hill — one of the early settlers, and now living there at a hale old age. After the hanging of Warren, at the the instance of his sons, Monroe and Alfred, a warrant was procured for the arrest of Hendrickson, which was placed in the hands of a Constable, who called Si to his assistance. The arrest was made, and Hen- drickson taken to JJe Witt ; but, giving the Constable the slip, he returned among his friends, who turned out in force, to intimidate those connected with the arrest. Mr. Hill was out at Syracuse, a place then in existence on the Wapsie, west of Calamus, accoutered, as was his habit, with his rifle, single-barrel rifle-pistol and hunting-knife. As the band approached him, he accosted such as he knew in his jovial way, until they informed him of their errand, when he at once took fire, and defied the entire assemblage, informing them, that when- ever called upon by the proper officer to assist him, "he should go to do it." His quiet determination was sufficient to deter those men who knew of his fear- lessness, from any further attempt to intimidate him. THE HANGING OF BARGER. In 1848, William Barger deliberately killed his wife at Bellevue, Jackson Co., Iowa, by boring a hole through the fence and shooting her as she appeared at the door in the morning. The crime was a premeditated one and the people were greatly incensed. Under the plea that he could not have a fair trial in that county in consequence of the feeling against him, his counsel obtained a change of venue to Clinton County. At his first trial, the jury disagreed, and he was lying in jail at De Witt, under the charge of Sheriff Buchanan, awaiting another trial. At about midday, a party of men known as the "Iron Hill Vigilance Committee," rode into town heavily armed and unmasked, and in open daylight made an attack upon the jail. Sheriff Buchanan made a determined resistance with all the help he could secure, but he and his friends were overpowered. The Regulators then broke off the locks with sledges and placing Barger in a wagon awaiting, surrounded him with a guard of armed horsemen and proceeded to Andrew, the county seat of Jackson County. There they hung him on a tree known as "hangman's tree." No arrests were ever made of any of the participants in the affair, HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 443 • though they made no attempt to conceal their identity. The public sentiment seemed to be that justice had been done. i HANGING OF HINER. The last criminal tried before Judge Lynch's tribunal in Clinton County was James Hiner, generally known as " Old Hiner."' He had been a some- what notorious criminal, ,and was constantly engaged in horse-stealing. On the night of June 16, 1865, a horse was stolen from Mr. J. G. Smith, of Elk River. Hiner was seen and recognized while riding the horse through Jackson County the morning after the horse was taken. A requisition had been made by G-ov. Stone upon Gov. Lewis, of Wisconsin, it having been ascertained that he was in that State. Armed with this authority, Sheriff George A. Griswold and Deputy Robert Hogle effected his arrest at Mt. Hope, Wis. On the 2d of October, 1865, they reached De Witt with their prisoner, and placed him in jail to await the examination. On their return, while at Dubuque, he was fully identified as the man who brought a mare and two colts there and sold them, they having been stolen from Mr. C. Ryan, of Lyons City, where he kept a livery stable. He had, where he lived, passed under the name of John Stanton, and professed to be dealing in Government horses. An indictment was also resting against him in Whiteside County, 111., where he was wanted to answer for crimes committed. On the night of October 18, at about midnight, Sheriff Griswold was awakened by a knocking at his door, and, upon responding to the call with the inquiry, "Who is it?" was answered by the response, "It's all right." Thinking it to be a belated Constable with a prisoner, or the City Marshal with a culprit, he opened the door to find himself confronted by a dozen or more armed men, who quietly seized him, and, entering the room where there was a dimly-burning lamp, and while a part of the number took charge of the Sheriff, the others took the keys to the cells, which were lying on the table, and saying, " We want that man," went into the jail, unlocked Hiner's cell and took him quickly and silently out, and, placing him in a wagon in waiting out- side, drove rapidly away. Before leaving, they securely locked everything and left all other prisoners undisturbed. While but one wagon came to the jail, a large number of men with wagons were in waiting outside of the town until joined by their comrades with the prisoner in charge. As soon as Sheriff Gris- wold could raise an alarm and rally assistance, he started in pursuit of the Regulators, and made every effort to strike their trail, but without success. The question as yet was an open one, whether Hiner had been rescued by his friends or taken by his enemies for the purpose of summary execution. The Sheriff, however, upon his return from the northern part of the county, expressed his belief that Hiner had been hung and buried before daylight. Indeed, a citizen remarked to the Sheriff, " Old Hiner will never steal another horse. The job was well done." But, in the following April, all doubt as to the fate of Hiner was set at rest by the discovery of his decomposed remains in Silver Creek, about five miles northwest of De Witt, by a little girl who was fishing in the stream. The verdict of the Coroner's jury was, "strangled by persons unknown," and so ended the career of a life-long criminal, who had made it his business to prey upon the property of others until, incensed beyond measure, they, unjustifiably, as must be said, though perhaps not inexcusably, executed him. No arrests were ever made, nor effort to discover who were participants in the tragedy. 444 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. THE BEAVER ISLAND "WAR." In the winter of 1842-43, there was burlesque war on Beaver Island. Albany had what was known as a town claim on the Island, whence the people took a great deal of wood, to which the people of Clinton County strenuously objected, claiming that it was on their side of the main channel, and the timber growing thereon belonged to them. Finally, to prevent further wood-cutting by Albany people, Deputy Sheriff Aiken, of Clinton County, with a strong posse, heavily armed, came down to the Island fully determined to expel the Albany wood-choppers, and take such energetic and complete possession as would prevent future trespassing. Couriers brought to Albany the news of this action of the Clinton County authorities, and, like angry bees from their hives, the people rallied, "not for their kingdom and crown," but to hold the fort of woodpiles and timber at all hazards. Soon upward of fifty men, with a motley arm- ament of rifles, muskets, pistols, swords, pitchforks and other deadly weapons, including loaded bottles, crossed the river and succeeded in effecting a landing unopposed. The bravest marched boldly up to a big fire which had been kindled by the Clintonians, and on one side of which the latter had taken posi- tion. A remarkably large proportion, however, preferred scouting duty, and so, deploying as skirmishers, took to the bush instead of advancing within point- blank range of a fusillade from their adversaries. Orders were given in loud enough tones to have echoed from the back bluffs on both sides for these strag- glers to join the main body, but a pistol-shot, perhaps accidental, reduced the " scouts " to such a demoralized state that neither threats, orders or coaxing could induce them to change their tactics of " bushwhacking." What the result would have been it is hard at this late day to determine, had not flags of truce been hung out on both sides, and the commanding officers of the two armies delegated to consult over the situation of the affairs and imitate the frequent action of Congress in ante-bellum days, by patching up a compromise. Long, loud and vehement were the arguments on both sides, but, finally, as night began to approach and both parties yearned for their firesides and warm suppers, a compromise was effected by dividing the timber and allotting Albany 400 acres as her share. No sooner was this agreed to and ratified by hearty hand-shak- ing and quaffing friendly pledges than the Illinois scouts emerged from their coverts and claimed their share of timber on the ground that their deploying as skirmishers was the reason for the Iowans partially yielding a point. For years they recounted, with the air of Falstaff relating his encounters with the men in buckram, the daring deeds when they faced the terrible champions of Clinton County, till, in 1861, many of them went to do their duty on fields that proved to be indeed bloody. CLAIM BUSINESS. Mr. David Hess, in giving an account of the settlement here of his family, relates his experience with the "claim agents." Frederick Hess and family, three sons and a daughter, afterward Mrs. John Sloan, came through here on their way from Camanche to Sabula, where they had friends and in the vicinity of whom they expected to locate. They stopped in Lyons where they found old neighbors in the East. Here they procured a guide to pilot them over the unbroken prairie to Sabula. This guide piloted them until he no longer knew the land-marks, and, securing another person to guide them the remainder of the way, returned. Upon their arrival at Sabula, they found that all the land about there had been " claimed," and the " claim speculators had HISTORY OP CLINTON COUNTY. 445 placed so high a price upon their "quit-claim" interests that it would be cheaper to buy of the Government in Illinois. They therefore decided to cross the river where the Government lands were in market and purchase lands. Being afraid to venture their teams in the small and leaky boat to cross the long ferry at that point, they retraced their way to Lyons to cross there where a larger scow was in use. They were solicited to locate here, but found that the "claim-makers" had ploughed their furrows and set their corner-stakes around all the land near the river, leaving their agents to " sell out," while they had sought new fields for similar enterprise, and they maintained their determination to cross the river. However, their old neighbors said to the settlers, " these are good settlers and we must keep them." The whole settle- ment was convened. As Mr. Hess said, " this did not take long, for only seven or eight houses were here." The matter w^as discussed, and, at the conclusion of the conference, at which of course the emigrants were not present, they were called upon and informed that they were at liberty to settle upon any lands not occupied by an actual settler, and that the settlers would protect them against all claimants. With this " warrantee deed " they selected their claims and became Iowans. In order to protect themselves in the absence of any other law, there was an organization formed of all the settlers, and " Squatter-Club laws " were established and by-laws adopted. Every man on the river was entitled to take a claim one mile deep and half a mile front on the river. Lines were to run east and west without regard to future Government lines. To constitute a claim a man must put a cabin and erect mounds at the corners of his claim. All claims purchased of others, if originally made in accordance with the rules, were protected the* same as if held by the original squatter. The President of the club was the Chief Justice, who heard testimony and decided all disputes about claims, and his decision was final, and, if not peacea- bly complied with, was enforced by the combined power of the association. At the land sales at Dubuque, in July, 1840, this court was in session nine days and nights without cessation, ^in settling claim disputes. At this sale, Elijah Buel purchased 600 acres of land upon which a portion of Lyons now stands, and upon which he has ever since resided. In a claim fight at Cordova, a man named McKinney shot and killed old Dr. Phillio in a dispute over a claim. His son, William McKinney, in the spring of 1838, jumped the claim of Charles Bovard, Sr., half a mile below Camanche, built a house and moved in. The settlers rendezvoused at Camanche to the number of seventy or more, and at once visited his house. Calling him out they asked him if he would surrender the " claim." He refused. They then directed him to vacate at once with his family. This he did. His visitors then removed his household goods, tore down his log house and burned the material. He was then directed to load his effects into a skiff and leave the county. The family of Keatley, his wife's family, who had taken part in this claim-jump- ing affair, was also requested to seek other climes, which they did without any delay, and neither family, or any of them, were ever seen here afterward. ' In the winter of 1836-37, James D. Bourne was appointed the first Post- master in the county. The office was called " Monroe" at first, but was soon changed to " Waubesepinicon." It was located on Section 6, Township 80 north, Range 5 east. The residence of Mr. Bourne then being in the south- west part of the present township of Eden, Elijah Buel circulated a petition through the county, for a mail-route from Lyons through the county by the way of Harrison's Grove, near what is now De Witt, and to the " Wapsipinicon " 446 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. post office, which was established, and a "horseback " mail was carried weekly over the route. During 1837 and 1838, quite a number of settlers had scattered along the banks of the Mississippi and of the "Wapsie " Rivers, and had also penetrated the interior to a limited extent. To the observer of the present day, it may appear singular that the settlers avoided the rich prairie lands and sought for the vicinity of timber and settled near the groves; but an early settler very sat- isfactorily explains this by his sententious reply to a query upon this point, "To keep from freezing." v In further explanation, he said that the winters were then more severe, the climate having become greatly modified since its settlement ; that the sudden and blinding storms then prevalent made it dangerous for jour- neys to any great distance from home, while there were no roads, fences} or other guides to the traveler. More than this, convenience in the erection of dwellings caused them to seek the groves: Lumber was worth at that time $100 per thousand feet, and all that was brought came down the Ohio and up the Mississippi, and the first settlers' houses were nearly all built of logs, though in some instances of stone. Settlements were made in 1837, at Folcks' Grove, in what is now Township, the principal family being that of Abraham Folcks ; and at Round •Grove near the present site of De Witt, by 0. G. Harrison, George W. Ames and others. At Evans' Grove, in 1839, Lyman Evans and his sons Norman and Charles settled, as did also John F. Horner and his brother, David H. Brown; George and John Eldred and others. But as the story of the wonderful fertility of this "Black Hawk " country spread, the tide of immigration increased, so that, in 1841, when Mr. James D. Bourne took the first census, he returned the population of Clinton County to be 816. A LOST CHILD. A Mr. O'Brien formerly resided a few rods from Goose Lake, on the Maquoketa road. One day in September, 1862, Mrs. O'Brien called upon a neighbor, who lived "but a short distance from* her house, accompanied by her little daughter, who was three years of age. Several children were playing about, and she did not give any particular attention to the little one until she was ready for her return home, when, not seeing the child, she was told by the children in answer to her inquiries, that the lktle girl had gone home. The mother, upon reaching home, could not find her child. Soon the alarm was given, the neighborhood turned out and made a general search, which was con- tinued for several days. Every nook and gully in the prairie was peered into and every field closely scrutinized, but without success. The father was inconsol- able, and, for more than two months, spent his whole time in endeavors to find his little daughter or some trace of her. It became a general impression that the child had been kidnaped. It was upon a road over which many emigrant wagons passed, and, of course, there were those who could remember the suspicious looks of some which had passed the day the child disappeared. About this time, the since notorious Tennessee Claflin came to Lyons, and was pretending by magnetic power to heal disease, to discover hidden property and the like. Catching, like a drowning man, at a straw, the disconsolate father consulted her, and was assured of her ability to reveal the whereabouts of his lost child. He cheerfully paid in advance the required fee of $25. Tennessee, without a moment's hesitation or a question, minutely related to him the fact that he had lost a little girl in September, described her, told him that several emigrant wagons had passed his house the day of the child's disappearance, TORONTO HISTORY OP CLINTON COUNTY. 449 and that a man and woman riding in a covered wagon, driving a brown and a white horse, had picked up the child and carried it awav with them ; that they were now living across a river that looked to her very muddy ; that there were Indians there and that the child was well, etc. The father returned home full of hope and began preparations for an immediate journey in pursuit of his child as indicated by the gifted " second- sight" seeress. The excitement among the neighbors over this wonderful unfolding of the mystery which surrounded the child's loss was great. Mean- while, the anxiety, grief and later excitement of the father induced a fever and delirium. Before his recovery, the winter had set in and the shallow lake had frozen over. One day, an old man, who was hunting for mink along the shore, discovered among the tall grass and weeds that grew in the- water the dress of a child partly above the ice. He broke the ice, and, carefully removing it, brought up the body of the little one remarkably preserved. It may be further added that a threatened prosecution of Tennessee by Mr. O'Brien, under the special statute of vagrancy, together with a prosecution which was actually commenced against her, induced her hasty exit from the State, but not, however, as is believed, by those who are conversant with the facts, before she had duped residents of the county out of something like $3,000 during her three months' career in Lyons. A PIONEER WOMAN'S EXPEDIENT. William Burton, with his family, came from Ohio in 1837, and settled near De Witt, where he now resides. His wife, who died many years since, related to our informant, in after years, the following anecdote, illustrative of the pri- vations of the time, and of woman's expedients in meeting them : She relates that one day, when she had nothing in the house in the way of flour, two pioneer neighboring ladies paid her a visit, ostensibly a social one, but really to ascertain how she was getting along, as they had heard that the family, being new-comers, were scanty of fare. Mrs. Burton received her guests, invited them to the hospitalities of her cabin, her mind already at work to solve the bread problem. Leaving her guests, as soon as etiquette would per- mit, to entertain themselves, she went to the wheat field, where she knew were some ripened heads, and reaped her apron full, rubbed them out with her hands, ground them in a coffee-mill, sifted her meal and baked her shortcakes, present- ing to her guests palatable bread at meal-time. Her visitors could not avoid an expression of surprise at being so bountifully entertained, particularly with w\eat bread, saying that they had had no wheat flour in months. Mrs. Burton gravely informed them that they had quite a supply, and were getting along nicely. THE LEGEND OF JAKET LEPPER AND THE GAME OF " PHARAOH." Among the humorous incidents connected with the early days, perhaps there are few that were more amusing than the experience of Mr. Lepper in his first acquaintance with the fascinating game of faro. Mr. Lepper resided near Center Grove, where he farmed it and kept a hotel. Loading up his wagon with a miscellaneous cargo — a little wheat, a lit- tle corn, a few oats, and surmounted with a couple of dressed hogs, he drove to Camanche, where he disposed of his produce to Butcher & Dailey. Mr. Butcher had a friend, Charles Mallette, who was a slick-looking man, and who could deal faro " so that players would win, or so that they wouldn't win." Mr. Lepper stepped into the room where Mallette was entertaining " the boys," 450 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. and soon laid down a quarter. It won. He laid down another, and was again the winner. After winning five or ( six dollars, he said : " This is the game I have been looking for. This is better than selling pork at $2.25 ; I am going to put out my team and try this game." Mr. Butcher gave him a cautionary word, that " the game doesn't always run so smooth, Mr. Lepper ; " but it did not do. After returning to the business of the hour, our friend soon found his luck changed, and his winnings and his load of produce was in the "banker's " till. On his way home, he met Judge Leffingwell, when the following colloquy passed: " Judge, I have been down to Camanche, and the boys have got a new game. It's a slick one." " What is the game, Mr. Lepper ?" ' ' I don't rightly remember, Mr. Leffingwell, the name they call it ; but it is a slick game. Why, it's the name of one of the old kings we read of in the Bible." " Was it Moses ?" "No; that's not the name." "Joshua?" " No, that don't sound like it. Why, it's the fellow who was drowned in the river." " Oh, the Red Sea, you mean ; his name was Pharaoh." " You've struck it, Mr. Leffingwell ; Pharaoh 's the game. It's a slick one." Gen. N. B. Baker rendered the legend in the style of Hiawatha. Judge Dillon, while holding court at De Witt, adjourned and announced that the General would read the poem, which he did, to the great amusement of all present. THE LEGEND OF JAKEY LEPPER AND THE GAME OF "PHARAOH." " Jakey Lepper, with his horses, Horses fierce and very pranky, Pranky as a prancing war-horse, War-horse rushing on to battle, 'Midst the clouds of powder-smoke, Started for the great Camanche, Down upon the Mississippi, Where the islands once were covered O'er with woods and wigwams, Wigwams for the dusky Indians. " Jakey Lepper, with his horses, Had a wagon, very creaking, Creaking, too, with load so loudly That the children of the neighbors Ran, in fright, across the prairies. " But Jakey Lepper's journey ended, Ended down at high Camanche, Where he sold his load of farm-stuff, Load of pork and wheat and such stuff. " Then he found a place, — a place to drink in ; Drink that kills at longest distance ; Whisky, known as ' forty-rodder,' 'Tangle-foot' or 'bug-juice.' " Soon he found the ' Camanche Chieftain,' Butcher, calm as summer's morning, Owner of the flatboat ' Peggy,' i And the flag-ship ' Roaring Gimlet,' Owner of the greatest grain-store; Funny fellow, and a joker, Joker, smiling, smooth and jolly. HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 451 " Ned proposed to go to Buster's, Buster's, where they had some toddy, Toddy, smooth and very charming, Charming for a weary fellow, Fellow who had sold his produce Just at highest price per bushel, And his hogs upon a market rising. " Here they had a little snifter, Snifter good for weary persons Who have traveled down from high Elvira, Down through mud and through the water. " Soon they saw a busy shuffling, Shuffling of the cards — cards with ' picturs,' Picturs on a piece of pasteboard. " Here, the legendary tale. Tale of Lepper and his ventures, Resteth, till, with wagon emptied, He drives his horses pranky O'er the trails of Center drove. ****** V " When are reached the groves of Center, Where stood the home of Jakey Leppe,r, He was met by the friendly ' Willyum,' William, since for legal lore distinguished, Who no longer, down in Center, Plows the soil and hoes the ' tater.' "Filled with the day's adventures was our hero, Sad adventures with the wild Camanches, And the conflict with the ' tiger,' In the house of Richard Buster. " ' William,' spoke our 'busted' granger, ' William, in the place that's kept by Buster, A funny game I saw the boys a-playing ; Such a game I never saw before. Edward looked, and was amaz-ed, Amazed to see such funny playing, Playing never seen before.' "One deck dealt from a box, the other spreaded, Spreaded out like Butcher's searches For lands of which he might be owner When, with Judge's sign and mandate, , Sammy Brown caught the ' Chieftain,' and in durance kept him. " Butcher soon saw what the game was, Told me also what the scheme was, Told me how I soon could learn it, And how to place my coin to beat it. ' ' A quarter on that covered table put I, Table where the spreaded cards lay, Lay so pretty and seductive, And I found in half a minute, Brought my coin another with it. "This repeated, soon within my pocket rested Coins that, as I counted, happy made me. Then thought I it will be better, Better thus to earn some money Than by selling wheat at only thirty, Thirty cents and nothing more. " So with larger coins I tried the faster To gather from the cards thus spreaded Gains I sometimes had dreamed of But had never seen before. 452 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. " 'In the stable put the horses pranky,' Said I to the grinning hostler, As his palm closed on the silver Taken from my growing store. " They called a fellow there a ' tiger,' Tiger fierce and very greedy, Greedy as the wolf in winter, Winter when the storm goes howling, Howling wild the prairies o'er. " At the tiger then I buck-ed, Bucked with money hard-earned Money got for all my farm load, Farm load raised up in Elvira, Elvira high, my prairie home. " Then I bet a paper dollar, Put it down, quite sure of winning, < Winning back a dollar more. Now no longer ran the game so smoothly, Smoothly as it ran before. " Malette he won my wealth, in he raked it, i Raked it from the cards there spreaded Out on the table, where they lay So pretty and seductive, Seductive now no more. " ' Do you know him, William, know Mallette ? Mallette who Butcher says a " heavy dog is ? " Heavy also in his " dealing," Heavy in his cards and counters, Heavy in his chips and checks, that is What they call the thing he bets with.' " In less time than I can tell you, Tell you of my rapid losses, Losses fighting that fierce tiger, I was stripped of every shilling. '* ' That's a curus game, William, curus, Curus in the way they play it, -^ Curus in the way you bet it, Curus in tl^e way you win it, Curus in the way you lose it, Curus in the way you deal it, Curus, any way you fix it.' " William knew not what the game was, And Jakey Lepper thus continued : " ' In the books of ancient story, Stories told of ancient fellows, Stories told somewhere in Scriptur, In some place that you may know of, It is told how some old monarch, Monarch fierce and wrathy, Chased some people or some ohildren O'er some creek, or muddy river, 0' er some brook or roaring water, Where the water in its fury, Rising on the ones pursuing, Swamped them, swamped them underneath it.' " Then out spake William, learned in sacred lore, ' Why, Jacob, you must speak of "Pharaoh.' " ' Pharaoh ! Pharaoh, it's right ; you struck it. Struck it, William ; the game's a slick one, And its name is Pharaoh.' " HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 453 WAR HISTORY. For outburst of patriotism in the first rush to arms, for continued devotion in the protracted contest, for unfaltering confidence in the final result, for unfailing courage in darkest hours, and for patient endurance under severest sacrifices, the history of the North is a grand one ; and the record made during the bloody days of the rebellion a proud one. When the contest was forced upon the country, the people, so long at peace that the clash of arms had never been heard by the generation, were quietly pursuing their peaceful employments, making farms or cultivating those already made, erecting homes, founding cities and towns, building shops and factories, or in the professions devoting mind and body to useful pursuits. The country was but just recovering in a degree from the depression and losses of the panic of 1857. The future was full of hope and promise. The threatened calamity, like the distant mutterings of a coming storm, was but a whisper. True patriots, the people of the North discredited the threats of the rebels, who were plotting the ruin of the best government the world had produced. But when the flag fell, in April, 1861, from the battlements of Sumter, the North awoke. Dazed for a moment, like a giant suddenly aroused from deep slumber, it stood breathless ; the next witnessed an outburst unparalleled in the annals of time. Scarce had the last click of the telegraph given the full tidings, and the call of our martyred President for 75,000 men, than the quota was filled ; and the night-shades had scarce fallen before regiments of men were moving toward the capital- of the nation. Men and means were offered without stint. Patriotism thrilled and pulsated every heart. The farm, the workshop, the office, the pulpit, the bar, the bench, the college, the school- house — every calling offered its best men, their lives and fortunes, in defense of the Government's honor and its unity. Party lines for the time were ignored. Bitter words, spoken in the heat of political contests, were forgiven and forgotten ; and, joining hands in a common cause, the masses of the people repeated the emphatic words of America's soldier-statesman, " By the great Eternal, the Union must and shall be preserved." v The gauntlet thrown down in insolence by the misguided men of the South, was taken up in sorrow, but with a determined spirit of patriotism and love of country. The belief that the war would be of short duration was soon dispelled, and the people were confronted with the dismal prospect of an internicine struggle, long, bloody and desperate. But the determination of the people was equal to the emergency. Call succeeded call, but to every demand came a ready response, until nearly three and a half millions of' men had taken the field in answer to the demands of the Government. Of the sacrifices of life, of the treasures of wealth poured out before the old flag waved triumphantly over the whole Union, the people well know. In this war the State of Iowa made a most glorious record. She was most nobly represented by her brave sons on every battle-field, and Clinton County promptly responded to her country's call. Instantly upon the fall of the flag the county was aflame, and, until the last armed foe had surrendered, her gallant sons, by birth or adoption, were .freely offering their lives in defense of the government they loved. On the 15th of April, President Lincoln issued his call for 75,000 men, and, three days later, recruiting began in Clinton County, in response to the call. 454 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. Capt. H. P. Cox prepared a muster-roll in Lyons, and Lieut. Thomas Snowden one in Clinton. On Thursday evening, April 18, a war meeting was held in Lyons which filled their largest hall to overflowing. It was presided over by Mayor Samuel G. Magill, and, as expressed in the report of the Lyons Advocate, " The speech of the President was earnest, forcible, and running over with patriotism.''' " The President took his seat amid deafening cheers of the assembled multitude, each one of whom seemed to be brimful of patriotism, as was the case also with quite a number of ladies present. The portrait of Washington was brought into the room as the cheers for the Chairman subsided, but, as the calm and placid face was placed above the seats occupied by the officers, a perfect furore of applause greeted it." Patriotic airs were sung,' doubtless, with an .expression and depth of feeling never before experienced by those present. Speeches were made and appropriate resolutions adopted, and 1 many expressed their will- ingness to " pledge their lives, their fortunes and their sacred honor " in the cause, if need be. On the next day, the proper muster-rolls were prepared, and seventeen men enrolled their names upon them at once. On the 19th of April, a large and enthusiastic meeting was held in Clinton, presided over by Mayor John 0. Bucher, and Dennis Whitney, Secretary. The lines of party were for the time obliterated, and the unanimous voice was that of patriotic sentiment. At the close of the meeting, nineteen men enrolled themselves as volunteers to serve for three months or during the war, and sums of money were pledged for the expenses of equipping and furnishing needed supplies. These men formed the nucleus for the first company raised in the county, and a week later its ranks were filled. The company was at first called the Clinton County Guards. The outburst of enthusiasm -had spread throughout the State. Five companies had hurried to the rendezvous at Davenport. As yet but little system or methodical action had developed. The storm had burst suddenly. No provision for equipping and placing troops in the field had been made by the State, and the executive officers for the moment were bewil- dered by the crisis with which they were confronted. In this emergency, the people sprang into the breach, and not only furnished the men, but also the material of war. On the 27th of April, the City Council of Lyons appropri- ated $650 to purchase the material with which to equip the " Clinton County Guards." The women, to whom and to their loyal sisters throughout the whole land the nation is ever a debtor for their unselfish devotion, sacrifices, ministra- tions and prayers from the hour when the first shock came until the hour when the memory of the last fallen patriot had been embalmed in the sorrow-stricken heart of mother, wife, sister or lover, to the number of about fifty assembled, and, as expressed by the editor of the Advocate, " all with busy hands and devoted hearts were preparing garments for those who have volunteered to defend what these ladies love next to their Father in Heaven — the flag of their country. What hand can falter when the ladies of the land show such devotion to the cause ? What heart will faint when encased in the uniform prepared by such hands, the seams of which may have been moistened by the tears of love — unbidden tears, that the necessity should exist for such a work." Two weeks later, a list of the names of eighty-seven ladies who had assisted in the work of preparing the uniforms of this company was published. This company soon went forward fully uniformed in gray, trimmed with red, and joined the Second Iowa Infantry as Company I June 5, 1861, with the following officers : Captain, H. P. Cox ; First Lieutenant, Noel B. Howard ; Second Lieutenant, HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 455 Thomas Snowden. The day previous to their departure, they were presented with an elegant silk flag by the ladies of Lyons. This company, the first of the many sent from Clinton County to defend the Union, was enlisted for three months ; but, upon their arrival at Keokuk, it was announced that no more three-months' enlistments were being accepted, and the term must be for three years unless sooner discharged. An eye-witness thus described the scene when this announcement was made : " Tuesday, at 9 A. M., we were suddenly called into line, and our Lieutenant read to us the articles of war and explained to us that we were to be sworn in for three years, unless sooner discharged. An opportunity was then given to any one to leave the ranks who did not wish to take the oath on those conditions. No one left the ranks. We then broke ranks, and, being called together at 11 o'clock A. M., one of the number did not wish to go, stating that he could not be away from his family so long. We had pretty fairly discussed the three-year question before, and, although some seemed to think that some fair ones would be looking for them before then, all came to the conclusion that they must wait. Country , first, and then home and those who make it, recognizing 'without a country there is no home.'" At 12 o'clock, they took their stand in line, the oath was administered and Clinton County had given its first company of brave men into the service of the United States. Out of this company the first soldier ' fell, Corporal Albert E. Winchell, who was killed by the accidental discharge of a comrade's musket while the company were on scouting service in Missouri, June 27, 1861. After arduous service for the term of their enlistment, many of the members who survived returned home in the summer of 1864, and those who re-enlisted were consolidated into six companies, known as the Second Iowa Veteran Infantry, Lieut. Col. N. B. Howard, and, in November follow- ing, the veterans of the Third Iowa were merged with them, with Col. Howard in command. Meanwhile, W. E. Leffingwell and others were engaged in raising a com- pany of cavalry, which was then known as the "Hawk -Eye Rangers." This company furnished their own horses and accouterments. Many of the horses were sold by the farmers to the young men who had more courage than cur- rency, upon securities that would give a bank discount clerk "awful pause." The ranks of this company were soon filled to one hundred strong, and, on the 25th of July, left for the rendezvous at Burlington. As indicated above, this company was raised and equipped without State or Government aid, and was the first fully equipped company of cavalrjyraised in Iowa. It became Company B, First Iowa Cavalry, and was officered as follows: Captain, W. E. Leffingwell; First Lieutenant, S. S. Burdette ; Second Lieutenant, William H. DeFreest. Julv 24, 1861, the company was presented with a beautiful flag of blue silk, and bordered with golden stars, the name of the company being displayed upon the one side while the reverse bore the name emblematically represented by a hawk and an eye. In the talons of the bird was the motto—" We will meet you on the border." Their departure is described as follows : ^ "At an early hour on Thursday morning, the bugle sounded the ' assembly,' and in a very short time the barracks were astir with the preparations for departure. There was but one attempt at cheering that we heard, the feelings of the people being entirely too much wrought up to indulge in a hearty cheer. With the dis- astrous results of the last few days in full recollection— all felt that going forth to war was no trifling matter." This was on July 25, only four days after the disastrous battle of Bull Run. The company marched overland to Burlington, and became Company B, First Iowa Cavalry. 456 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. At or about the same time, a company of cavalry with the nomme de guerre of "Black Plume Rangers" was being recruited at Clinton. This company was filled, and, on September 1, they departed for the rendezvous joining' the First Cavalry as Company M, with the following officers : Captain, W. H. Ankeny ; First Lieutenant, James Crissey ; Second Lieutenant, J. P. Crosby. The next organization from this county was Company A, Eighth Infantry. This company was raised in Camanche, Eden, De Witt, Orange and Center principally, and was mustered in September 5, 1861. The commanding officers were: Captain, Charles Stearns, DeWitt; First Lieutenant, Henry Muhs, Camanche; Second Lieutenant, Hezekiah Browning, De Witt. In a little more than a month later, October 22, 1861, still another com- pany took the field. A portion of this organization, however, was composed of men from Linn County. The officers who went out with this command were : Captain, John C. Marvin, Clinton ; First Lieutenant, William T. Bagley, Mount Vernon ; Second Lieutenant, Robert L. Wilson, Cedar Rapids, and was mus- tered in as Company K, Tenth Infantry. Within less than a month, November 15, 1861, Company A, Fifteenth Infantry, was mustered into the service. This company was recruited by Capt. Josiah Kittle ; First Lieutenant, William Swansen ; Second Lieutenant, Jesse Penniman, all of Lyons, and who went out in command of the company, and Sergeant (afterward Lieutenant) John F. Evans, and Sergeant Alonzo Hat- field, both of De Witt. All these gentlemen had been detailed on this service. This company was raised in Lyons, and about De Witt, though there were men in its ranks from various townships in the county, and they made a brilliant record during their service. The next organization to take the field was one recruited by John H. Smith and M. D. Madden, and was commanded as follows : Captain, J. Henry Smith, Camanche ; First Lieutenant, W. H. Hoyt, Camanche ; Second Lieutenant, M. D. Madden, Lyons. This company has been called the " Lion Company of Clinton County," and this without disparagement of any of the other com- panies, none of whom made other than a proud record. This regiment gained notice for its terrific fighting, and at Atlanta nearly the whole regiment was captured. Capt. Smith, with some comrades, escaped from the rebel prison hell, and, after the most terrible hardships, reached the sea-coast and found refuge on a Union war vessel. The whole command re-enlisted, and served until the close of the war. This company was mustered in, December 10, 1861, as Company A, Sixteenth Infantry. This company was recruited in Camanche and Lyons, although, of course, the surrounding townships con- tributed largely to the ranks. On the 28th of February, 1862, another company was mustered in. This was known as Company F, Sixteenth Infantry, and the following officers went to the field with it : Captain, Edward S. Fraser, Davenport ; First Lieuten- ant, Josiah Heavner, Wheatland ; Second Lieutenant, Peter Miller, Jr., Lyons. This company was raised in Wheatland and vicinity and in Lyons and vicinity, with a portion of the command from Scott County. On the 25th of August, 1862, the Twentieth Infantry was mustered into the service. There was not strictly a Clinton County organization in it, although many men from the county enlisted in its ranks, the regiment being raised in Scott and Linn Counties. Among the officers were Surgeon A. 0. Blanding, Lyons; First Lieut. B. F. Jordan, Wapsie, Co. F; Second Lieut. Frederick E. Starck, Clinton, in Company Gr. :• HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 45T i A number of men from this county were also in Company A, Twenty-fourth Infantry, which was raised in Linn, Scott, Cedar, Jackson and Jones Counties. The officers of Company A were : Captain, S. H. Henderson, Sabula ; First Lieutenant, Charles Davis, Deep Creek ; Second Lieutenant, George W. Davis, Deep Creek. This company was mustered in September 18, 1862. From this brief record, we find that ten companies wholly or in part com- posed of Clinton County men, had taken the field within about eighteen months from the first call for troops. The returns made by the enrolling officers September 13, 1862, give the total number of men between the military ages in the county as 4,741, with 720 exempt for cause, leaving the total military list liable to service in the county, 4,021 ; and the report further states that already 1,459 volunteers had taken the field, or nearly one-third of the able-bodied men who were in the county ■when the enlistment began; Every township, city and hamlet had contributed to this army of patriotic defenders of their country. Still the cry came for more men, and, though prolonged and disheartening campaigns had decimated and thrice decimated the ranks of those who had early rushed into the struggle, and the conflict grew vaster and the psril more- deadly, the hearts of the people did not falter, and hundreds of brave men stood ready to refill the shattered ranks and take the places of their fallen friends and townsmen. In 1862, it was determined to raise a full regiment in the county, to be known as the Clinton County Regiment. With already depleted numbers, it seemed as if this was a sacrifice beyond the ability of the people to bear. To do this was to call for the service of every third able-bodied man within the limits of the county. However, recruiting began at once, and, on the 30th of September, 1862, the Twenty-sixth Iowa Infantry was mustered into the ser- vice with full ranks. The roster of the field and staff officers was as follows : Colonel, Milo Smith, Clinton ; Lieutenant Colonel, Samuel G. Magill, Lyons - T Major, Samuel Clark, De Witt ; Surgeon, A. F. Hudson, Lyons ; Assistant Surgeon, William McQuigg, Lyons; Additional Assistant Surgeon, George F. Wetherell, Lyons ; Chaplain, Rev. John McLeish, Clinton ; Quartermaster,. Joseph H. Flint, Lyons. Company A was composed largely of men from 'the northeastern townships of the county and the adjoining vicinity in Jackson County, and was recruited, by and mustered into service under command of the following officers : Cap- tain, Sherman R. Williams, Lyons ; First Lieutenant, Asa Franklin, Lyons ;/ Second Lieutenant, A. D. Gaston, Lyons. Company B was nearly all of it from Jackson County, having been recruited by and was mustered in by the following officers : Captain, James W. Eckles, Maquoketa ; First Lieutenant, Alva Wilson, Maquoketa ; Second Lieutenant, Thomas B. Harrison, Maquoketa. Company C was largely from the city of Clinton. Its officers were : Cap- tain, George W. Johnson, Clinton; First Lieutenant, Peter L. Hyde, Clinton; Second Lieutenant, James McDill. Company D was raised in De Witt, Washington and Waterford, and in its ranks were many Irish patriots who took arms in defense of their adopted country. Its officers were : Captain, Nathaniel A. Merrell, De Witt ; First Lieutenant, James H. Runyon, De Witt ; Second Lieutenant, James F. Gil- more, De Witt. Company E was a German Company, largely made up of citizens of Lyons, Elk River and Deep Creek. It was mustered in under command of : Captain, 458 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. John Lubbers, Lyons ; First Lieutenant, Edward Svendsen,Elk River ; Second Lieutenant, Preban Hansen, Deep Creek. Company F was raised in De Witt, Olive and Orange Townships princi- pally. Its officers were : Captain, Joel B. Bishop, De Witt ; First Lieutenant, William R. Ward, De Witt ; Second Lieutenant, Silas Freeman, De Witt. Company G. was an Irish company, and was recruited in and about Lyons, and from around the mouth of the Maquoketa. Its officers were : Captain, James H. Heavey, Lyons ; First Lieutenant, John Quinn, Lyons ; Second Lieu- tenant, Philip MacOahill, Lyons. Company H was recr.uited in the vicinity of De Witt. Its officers were: Captain, C. M. Nye, De Witt; First Lieutenant, James S. Patterson, De Witt; Second Lieutenant, John Barrett, De Witt. Company I was raised from Wheatland and the townships of Spring Rock, Liberty, Berlin and a few men from the border of Cedar County. Its officers were : Captain, Edwin A. Wemple, Wheatland ; First Lieutenant, John L. Steele, Wheatland; Second Lieutenant, Edward W. Bennett, Wheat- land. Company K was raised in Lyons, Deep Creek, Elk River, Washington and Waterford Townships, principally. Its officers were : Captain, Nelson C. Roe, Lyons; First Lieutenant, Nathan D. Hubbard, Deep Creek; Second Lieutenant, Lucian Pomeroy, Lyons. The Twenty-sixth Regiment was mustered out June 6, 1865. The last company raised in the county was Company A, Sixth Iowa Cavalry, which was mustered in January 31, 1863. Its officers were : Captain, John Galligan, Clinton ; First Lieutenant, John M. Gates, De Witt; Second Lieu- tenant, Simon J. Toll, Lyons. Taking into account the fact that many scattering men had enlisted in other organizations and in batteries and in the naval service, it may be presumed that, up to this date. Clinton County had furnished over 2,500 volunteers. But, notwithstanding this great number of men, who had voluntarily gone into the service, the requirements of the General Government were not satisfied, and. in September, 1864, the draft, which the people had made so great sacrifices to avoid, was made, and about 200 men were drawn for service from Clinton County. Meanwhile, the women were equally as earnest and enthusiastic as their husbands, fathers, sons and brothers. "Soldiers' Aid and Relief Societies" were organized in the towns and townships of the county, and systematic work inaugurated and carried forward for providing the volunteers in field and in hospital with the necessaries and luxuries they so much needed. Clothing, bed-clothing, cots, slippers, books, papers, delicacies were forwarded in unlim- ited quantities. It will never be possible to fully estimate the mighty impulse given to the-cause, or the encouragement afforded to the soldiers enduring the hardships of the campaign, or the privations and dispiriting surroundings and sufferings in the hospitals, by the women of the North, by their indefatigable labors. - The Board of Supervisors took action at a special session held July 5, 1861, and voted $5,000 to equip and uniform the " Hawk-Eye Rangers," which vote only had two dissenting voices. This money was expended by a special committee of their number, viz. : James Van Deventer, George Gris- wold and John F. Homer, who so faithfully executed their trust as to receive a vote of thanks from their associate members. On September 30, 1861, the following resolution was unanimously passed : HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 459 " That each Supervisor be and is hereby appointed a committee to provide relief in his township to the destitute family of any volunteer who is now or - may be engaged in the military service of the State or the United States." This was continued throughout the war, being broadened in its scope at the September session, 1862, to include the needy families of those who had died in the service as well as those serving. On the 11th of August, 1862, the Supervisors, or a majority of them, informally pledged a bounty of $75 to each volunteer who had entered the service prior to that time ; and, at the September session, the matter being brought up for official action, it was found that this could not be legally done. The Board immediately prepared a memorial to the Legislature, then in session at Des Moines, praying for proper legislation to permit the granting of such bounty and dispatched one of their number to urge its immediate passage, and, at the October term, the provisions of the resolutions were extended to include the soldiers of the Twenty-sixth Regiment, which had just taken the field, and passed. About $75,000 were disbursed under this resolution. In January, 1864, a new stand of colors were voted to the Twenty-sixth Regiment by the Board with appropriate resolutions. It does not come within the province of this work to write of the history of the companies or of the Clinton County Regiment during their service. Suffice it, to say that on many a well-fought field the brave soldiers who went 'from Clinton County honored their State and their county, and made a glorious record for organized and individual bravery, while hundreds laid down their lives in defense of their country's flag. Fourteen years have passed since the last foe laid down his arms ; the great armies disappeared like the morning dew, and to-day we meet all about us engaged in the quiet avocations of merchant, professional man, husbandman and mechanic, men who have passed unflinchingly through more terrific scenes of carnage than veterans of historic time and received more terrible baptisms of shot and shell than Napoleon's " Old Guard." The weeds of the widow, mother and daughter have well-nigh disappeared, yet thousands of hearts still hold enshrined the memory of those of their household, who sleep in a soldier's grave in cemetery or unmarked trench on Southern battle-fields. " On Fame's eternal camping-ground Their snowy tents are spread, And glory guards with solemn round The bivouac of the dead." 460 H [STORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. VOLUNTEER ROSTER. TAKEN PRINCIPALLY FROM ADJUTANT GENERAL'S REPORTS. ^-SB^aETTI-A-'riO^TS- Adjt Adjutant Art -. Artillery Bat Battle or Battalion Col Colonel Capt. Captain Corp Corporal Comsy Commissary com commissioned cav , cavalry captd captured deartd deserted disab disabled disd discharged e enlisted excd exchanged hon. disd honorably discharged inv invalid inf. t infantry I. V. I Iowa Volunteer Infantry kid killed Lieut Lieutenant Maj Major m. o mustered out prmtd promoted prisr prisoner Regt Regiment re-e re-enlisted res resigned Sergt Sergeant trans transferred vet.., .....veteran V. R. C Veteran Reserve Corps wd ..wounded SECOND INFANTRY. [Note. — The non-veterans of this regiment were mustered out in April, May and June, 186k. The veterans and recruits were consolidated into Second Veteran Infantry. Lieut. Col. Noel B. Howard, com. 1st lieut. Co. I, May 28, 1861, prmtd. capt. April 1, 1862, prmtd. maj. Oct. 13, 1862, prmtd. lieut. col. Oct. 13, 1862. S. Maj. Josiah W. Kittle, e. May 5, 1861, from Co. I. Q. M. S. Geo. W. Bettesworth, e. May 5, 1861,. from Co. I, disd. for promn. Jan- uary, 1862. Company I. Capt. Hugh P. Cox, com. May 28, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, resd. April 1, 1864. Capt. Harry H. Goean, e. as corp. May 5, 1861, prmtd. capt. Nov. 24, 1862. v First. Lieut. Thos. Snowden, com. 2d lieut. May 28, 1861, prmtd.- 1st lieut. April 1, 1862, kid. at battle Corinth. First Lieut. Jos. F. Conway, e. as private May 5, 1861, prmtd. 1st lieut. Nov. 24, 1862. Second Lieut. Orange M. Langford, e. as private May 5, 1861, prmtd. 2d lieut. Dec. 16, 1862. First Sergt. W. L. Journey, e. May 5, '61, kid. at battle Fort Donelson. Sergt. Sam'l Terwilliger, e. May 5, 1861. Sergt. John T. Husband, e. May 5, 1861. Sergt. Spencer L. Toll, e. May 5, 1861, wd. Shiloh. Sergt. S. M. Howard, e. May 6, 1861. Sergt. Silas Flournoy, e. May 5, 1861. Sergt. Noble Perrin, e. May 6, 1861. Corp. Geo. Mescher, e. May 5, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Corp. Wm. F. Gauger, e. May 5, 1861, wd. at Fort Donelson, disd. Jan. 8, 1864. Corp. F. B. Bivers, e. May 5, 1861. Corp. Jas. H. Churcher, 'e. May 5, 1861, wd. Donelson, disd. July 10, 1862. Corp. Wilson Rogers, e. May 5, 1861, trans, to Inv. Corps. Corp. A. E. Winchell, e. May 5, 1861, ac- cidentally shot, died June, 1861. Corp. Robt. Beckington, e. May 5, 1861, disd. July 20, 1862. Corp. Jas. B. Bohart, e. May 5, 1861. Corp. Hugh Taylor, e. Sept. 28, 1861, wd. Fort Donelson, disd July 7, 1862. Corp. M. V. B. Groves, e. May 5, 1861. Corp. Richard A. Parsons, e. Sept. 28, 1861, wd. at Donelson. Corp. Wales F. Harrison, e. May 5, 1861. Corp. Frank Daily, e. May 5, 1861, wd. at Corinth, disd. March 30, 1863. Corp. Horace Ludwig, e. May 5, 1861. Musician Geo. P. Shaffer, e. May 5, 1861. Musician Jno. Parrish, e. May 5, 1861, captd. while foraging. Wagoner Philip Drake, e. May 5, 1861, disd. July 18, 1862. Aikman, Alex., e. May 5, 1861. Avery, T. W., e. May 5, 1861, disd. Oct. 18, 1862. i Beatty, M. M., e. May 5, 1861, disd. April 2, 1862. Banks, H. N., e. May 5, 1861. Banks, E. A., e. Sept. 28, 1861, kid. at Fort Donelson. Brown, R. C., e. May 5, 1861, disd. March 30, 1862. Banks, Geo. N., e. Sept, 28, 1861, died June 27, 1862. Burlingame, E. H, e. May 5, 1861, disd. Dec. 7, 1861. Burget, Wm., e. May 5, 1861, disd. July, 1862. Coleman, E. M., e. May 5. 1861, disd. Aug. 27, 1861. Carr, A. W., e. May 5, 1861, disd. Jan. 30, 1862. Cribbs, P. J., e. May 5, 1861. Cook, Geo. F., e. May 5, 1861, wd. Donel- son and Corinth, disd. March 13, 1863. HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 46] Christianson, E. A. F., e. May 5, 1861, prmtd. corp. Dobler, Oliver, e. May 5, 1861. De Armit, Vinton, e. May 5, 1861, disd. July, 1862. Banner, Jas. H., e. May 5, 1861, wd. Don- elson, died Feb. 17, 1862. Fahn, Jos., e. Sept. 2, 1861. Fassett, Thos. W., e. May 5, 1861. Greenough, Geo., e. Sept. 28, 1861. Gladwin, W. J., e. May 5, 1861. Getty, John, e. Aug. 30, 1862. Harbaugh, Isaac, e. May 5, 1861. Hurley, Milton, e. May 5, 1861. Herwick, John S., e. May 5, 1861, disd. July 3, 1862, for wds. at Shiloh. Hays, Edw., e. May 5, 1861. Hai, Aug. W., e. May 5, 1861. Howard, Geo. R., e. Aug. 21, 1862, disd. Dee. 22, 1863. Howard, Moses, e. May 5, 1861, disd. July 3 1862 Hoffman, G. R., e. May 5, 1861. Leulen, John, e. Sept. 28, 1861, wd. Shiloh, died April 19, 1862. Leslie, Cyrus, e. May 5, 1861. McKeen, Donald, e. Sept. 28, 1861, wd. at Donelson. McDonald, Hugh A., e. May 5, 1861, disd. Aug. 23, 1862. McCune, R., e. Sept. 28, 1861, disd. March 30, 1862. Muller, John C, e. May 5. 1861. Miller, Geo., e. Aug. 30, 1862. Miller, H. F., e. May 5, 1861, wd. Corinth. Miller, J. B., e. Aug. 30, 1862. Mays, Geo., e. May 5, 1861, died at Dan- ville, Va. Olney, F. W., e. May 5, 1861. Pardee, Henry, e. Sept. 24, 1864. Petrie, E., e. May 5, 1861, wd. Corinth. Petrie, S., e. May 5, 1861. Penneman. J. B., e. May 5, 1861. Perry, A. T., e. May 5, 1861, disd. April 28, 1862. Polley, E., e. Aug. 30, 1862. Pinkerton, John G., e. May 5, 1861, died in hospital June 28, 1862. Paine, Thos., e. May 5, 1861, wd. at Donel- son, died Feb. 17, 1862. Polley, Jerome, e. Sept. 28, 1861, wd. at Donelson, disd. 1862. Russell, M., e. Aug. 30, 1862. Rupert, F., e. May 5, 1861, wd. at Donel- son, died March, 1862. Robins, ffm. F., e. May 5, 1861, wd. at Corinth. Robinson, Wm, e. May 5, 1861. Reeder, Chas. H-, e. May 5, 1861. Shadduck, Foy, e. Aug. 30, 1862. Smith, F. M., e. May 5, 1861. Seamands, Jas. W., e. May 5, 1861, disd. March 18, 1862. Sloan, F., e. Aug. 30, 1862. Scott, Charles, e. May 5, 1861, disd. Oct. 1861. Sloan, L., e. Aug. 30, 1862. Smiley, H. A., e. May 5, 1861, wd. at Don- elson. Smiley, Jas. L., e. May 5, 1861, wd. at Ft. Donelson, disd. Aug. 22, 1862. Stephens, John, e. May 5, 1861, disd. Jan. 20, 1862. Schendel, G., e. May 5, 1861, wd. at Don- elson and Corinth. Thurston, Jas., e. May 5, 1861, disd. Oct. 18, 1861. Turner, T. F., e. Aug. 30, 1862. Van Alstine, N. H., e. May 5, 1861, died Nov. 6, 1861. Wettwood, Thos., e. May 5, 1861, died at Corinth July 12, 1862. Warren, Wm. H., e. May 5; 1861, disd. July, 1862. Welty, Jos. H., e. May 5, 1861, disd. Oct., 1862. Whittier, Geo. G. SECOND CONSOLIDATED VET- ERAN INFANTRY. Col. Noel B. Howard, com. lieut. col. April 10, 1864, prmtd. col. Nov. 8, 1864. Company B. Baker, Clinton, e. Feb. 25, 1864. Fuller, Geo. W., e. March 10, 1864. Company C. Buckley, Michael, e. June 9, 1863. Greenough, Geo. W., e. Sept. 28, 1861, vet. Miller, Jos. S., e. Aug. 30, 1862. Miller, George, e. Aug. 30, 1862. Shadduck, Foy, e, Aug. 30, 1862, wd. at Jonesboro, Ga. Turner, Thos. F., e. Aug. 30, 1862. Company G. Fahn, Joseph, e. Sept. 2, 1861. Getty, John, e. Aug. 30, 1862. Polley, Edward, e. Aug. 30, 1862. Russell, Monroe, e. Aug. 30, 1862. Sloan, F. H., e. Aug. 30, 1862. Company H. Sergt. L. T. Sloan, e. Aug. 30, 1862. EIGHTH INFANTRY. [Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Belma, Ala., April SO, 18B6.1 Company A. Capt. Charles Stearns, com. Sept. 23, 1861, resd. April 4, 1863. Capt. Henry Muhs, com. 1st lieut. Sept. 23, 1861, captd. Shiloh, prmtd. capt. April 5, 1863, bret. maj. IT. S. Vols. March 26, 1865. First Lieut. Spencer Smith, e. as corp. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. Shiloh, prmtd. 2d lieut. June 1, 1863, prmtd. 1st lieut. April 13, 1865, wd. at Spanish Fort. Second Lieut. Hezekiah Browning, com. Sept. 23, 1861, resd. Dec. 25, 1861. First Sergt. Jas. M. Redfleld, e. Aug. 12, 1861, died at St. Louis. Sergt. W. H. Cady, e. Aug, 12, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, trans, to Inv, Corps. 462 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. Sergt. David Dwier, 'e. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. Shiloh, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, kid. at Spanish Fort. Sergt. A. J. Plummar, e. Aug. 13, 1861, \vd. and captd. at Shiloh, wd. at Spanish Fort, died at New Orleans. Sergt. John R. McDougall, e. Aug. 12, '61, wd. Shiloh, disd. Aug. 4, 1862. Sergt. Dammitte Stearns, e. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. Shiloh. Sergt. E. E. Viekery, e. Aug. 12, 1861, disd. July 14, 1862, disab. Corp. William Little, e. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Corp. Peter Muhs, e. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, vet. Jan. 1, 1864,, wd. Spanish Fort. Corp. Jas. M. Shearer, e. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. Shiloh, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. at Spanish Fort. Corp. S. W. Dennis, e. Aug. 12, , 1861, captd. Shiloh. Corp. Lucien Beebe, e. Aug. 12, '61, captd. Shiloh. Corp. B. A. Swearengen, e. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. Shiloh, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. at Spanish Fort. Corp. Charles Hill, e. Aug. 12, 1861, disd. Apr}! 26, 1862, disab. Corp. Corbet Hall, e. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. Shiloh. Corp.Y. A, Shoekey, e. Aug. 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. at Spanish Fort, disd. April 10, 1866. Corp. Julius M. Walling, e. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. Shiloh. Corp. Geo. W. Babbington, e. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. at Spanish Fort. Corp. Dennis Kelley, e. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. Shiloh, kid. Bayou de Glaize, La. Corp. Lawrence Ferney, e. Aug. 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. Spanish Fort. Corp. Franklin Butler, e. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. Shiloh. Musician Thos. E. Griffin, e. Aug. 12, '61, disd. April 8, 1863, disab. Alger, Abner, e. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, died St. Louis. Alger, Jos., e. Feb. 24, 1864. Arnold, Waterman, e. Aug. 12, '61, captd. Shiloh. Anthony, John J., e. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. Shiloh, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Ballard, Wm. P., e. Aug. 12, 1861, disd. March 26, 1862. Babcock, John H, e. Jan. 26, 1864. Butz, F., e. Aug. 12, 1861, disd. March 26, 1862, disab. Butz, Aug., e. Aug. 12, 1861, died March 9, 1862. Babcock, P. H., e. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, died Duckport, La. Cameron, Wm., e. Aug. 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Canady, Wm. N, e. Aug. 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Clymen, Peter, e. Aug. 12, 1861, disd. Feb. 20, 1862. Cope, T. H, e. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. at Shiloh and Jackson, Miss. Coffman, Geo. M., e. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Dunster, I. H., e. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, trans, for prom. 4th Ark. Inf. Davis, A. H, e. Jan. 26, 1864. Dann, John, e. Aug. 12, 1861, died Oct. 10, 1862, at St. Louis. Davis, J. F., e. Aug. 12, 1861. Davis, Harvey, e. Aug; 12, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Eba, M. W. S., e. Aug. 12, 1861, died Jan. 8, 1862. Fry, Reuben, e. Aug. 12, 1861, died Nov. 24. 1861. Ford, 0. T., e. Aug. 12, 1861, disd. June 27. 1862, disab. Fitzgerald, Orlin, e. Aug. 12, 1861, died Nov. 5, 1861. Goodwill, A. D., e. Aug. 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Goddard, Hollowell, e. Aug. 12, 1861, disd. Jan. 26, 1862. Gosch, Wm., e. Sept. 29, 1864. Gorsch, H. C, e. Sept. 28, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, wd. Spanish Fort. Hall, C. L , e. Sept. 28, 1861, died Jan. 5, 1862, St. Louis. Howard, Nelson, e. Aug. 12, 1861, kid. at bat. Shiloh. Heller, Geo., e. Aug. 12, 1861, kid. at bat. Shiloh. ' Hannan, J ., e. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. Shiloh, died June 1, 1862. Haun, Aug., e. Aug. 12, 1861, kid. Shiloh. Howell, Jno. H., e. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. Shiloh, disd. Dec. 28, 1862. Kimble, Jacob, e. Aug. 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. King, Wm., e. Oct. 29, 1864. Lurant, Ceril, e. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Lucas, Jerome, e. Aug. 12, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Loofboro, Isaac N., ef. Aug. 13, 1861. Lacker, Wm. S., e. Aug. 12, 1861, disd. April 26, 1862, disab. Lewis, Egbert, e. Aug. 12, 1862, wd. at Corinth, yet. Jan. 1, 1864. Millard, Delos A., e. Aug. 12, 1861, disd. April 26, 1862, disab. Meredith, D. P., e. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. Shiloh. Nowels, M. V., e. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Nevill, Wm. T., e. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. O'Brien, Thos., e. Nov. 4, 1864. Powell, Geo., e. Aug. 12, '61, vet. Jan. 1, '64. Plum, Aram, e, Aug. 12, 1861. Purcell, Geo., e. Aug. 12, 1861. Record, A. P., e. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Swords, Chas., e. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Sage, R., e. Aug. 12, 1861, disd. for disab. Smith, P. A., e. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 46S Smith, Chas., e. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. , Smith, L. P., e. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Smith, Wm. E., e. Aug. 12, 1861, disd. Sept. 2, 1862, disab. Smith, A. B., e. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Swartout, Jno. L., e. Aug. 12, 1861. Swearengen, Alex. H., e. Aug. 12, 1861, died April 13, 1862, of wds. received at Shiloh. Smith, H. W., e. Aug. 12, 1861, disd. March 26, 1862, disab. Shadle, H. H., e. Aug. 12, 1861, died Nov. 11, 1861. Shadle, S. B., e. Sept. 28, 1862, disd. for disability. Smith, B. P., e. Aug. 12, 1861, disd. July 9, 1862, disab. Terry, A. H., e. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Valentine, S. A., e. Sept. 28, 1862. Woodward, H. W., e. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, disd March 13, 1863. Walling, August M., e. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, trans, for promn. 1st lieut. 61st U. S. Inf. Woolworth, Solomon, e. Aug. 12, 1861, died in hospital Dec. 22, 1861. Welker.R. P., vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Wilson, Chas. W., captd. at Shiloh, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Wilson, Chas. W., e. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Welch, Daniel, e. Aug 12,1861,'wd. Shiloh, disd. Jan. 25, 1862. Welker, R. P., e. Aug, 12, 1861, wd. and captd. at Shiloh, died March 30, 1864. Wisme, James, e. Aug. 12, 1861, disd. at Shiloh, disab. Company B. Arnold, John H„ e. Sept. 26, 1864. Durrisch, F. S., e. Sept. 30, 1864. Fisher, L. D., e. Sept. 19, 1864. Finegan, Geo., e. Sept. 28, 1864. Gallawav, Curtis, e. Aug. 15, 1861. Jansen, j. C, e. Sept. 29, 1864. Koons, Geo., e. Aug. 29, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Shutte, Jas., e. Sept. 21, 1864. Company I. Capt. DeWitt Stearns, e. as priv. Co. A, prmtd. 2d lieut. Dec. 25, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, prmtd. 1st lieut. April 5, 1863, prmtd. capt. this Co. March 10, 1865. ELEVENTH INFANTRY. Lieut. Col. John C. Marven, com-, capt. Co. K Oct. 22, 1861, prmtd. maj. Aug. 22, 1864, prmtd. lieut. col. July 29, 1865. Adjt. Oliver D. Kinsman, e. as sergt. maj., prmtd. 2d lieut. Co. K Jan. 1, 1862, prmtd. lieut. March 16, 1863, prmtd. adjt. July 2, 1863, capt. and A. A. G. U. S. V. Aug. 31, 1864, bvt. maj. U. S. V. March 13, '65, bvt. lieut. col. in 1866. Hobaugh, David, e. Sept. 17, 1861, captd. Corinth, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, kid. Atlanta, Ga. Main, Geo. G., e. 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864,. wd. Kenesaw Mt. Company K. Allen, Robt., e, Sept. 1, 1861. Kirland, Philip, e. Aug. 25, 1861, vet. Jan, " 1. 1864, wd. near Atlanta. COMPANY UNKNOWN. Mays, Wm. B., Aug. 25, 1862. FIFTEENTH INFANTRY. [Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Louisville, Ky. r July U, 1885.] Chaplain Wm. W. Estabrook, com. Dec. 2, 1861, resd. April 2, 1863. Company A. Capt. Josiah W. Kettle, com. Nov. 16, '61, for 1st sergt. Co. I, 2d inf., resd. Nov, 27, 1862. First Lieut. Michael Glynn, e. as priv, Nov. 9, 1861, prmtd. 1st lieut. May 31, 1865. Second Lieut. Jesse D. Penniman, e. as sergt. maj., prmtd. 2d lieut. Feb. 20, '62* kid. at Shiloh. Second Lieut. John P. Evans, e. as corp. Sept. 22, 1861, prmtd. 2d lieut. Dec. 10, 1862, wd Atlanta, Mo-, Jan. 4, 1865. Sergt. Alonzo Hatfield, e. Sept. 25, 1861, disd. July 27, 1862. Sergt. Lewis C. Brainard, e. Oct. 1, 1861, died June 2, 1862. Corp, David S. Meek, e. Sept. 17, 1861. Corp. Michael Glynn, e. Nov. 9, 1861, vet. Jan. 1,1864. l Corp. Sheldon Tobey, e. Oct. 7, 1861, disd. March 14, 1864. Corp. James A. Wheelock, e. Sept. 17, '61, disd. Sept. 6, 1862. disab. Musician James L. Bole, e. Oct. 5, 1861, disd. Sept. 4, 1862, disab. Musician William H. Bole, e. Oct. 5,1861, wd. near Atlanta. Bump, Horace, e. Oct. 25, 1861, vet. Jan.l, 1864. Bailie, Samuel, e. Oct. 20, 1861, wd. at Cor- inth and Atlanta. Connor, Michael, e. Sept. 28, 1861. Cooper, Geo., e. Oct. 25, 1861. Eberhart, Nicholas, e. Oct. 5, 1861, trans. to V. R. C March 15, 1864. Evans, Edw., e. Sept. 22, 1861. Poster, Jas. A., e. Oct. 1, 1861, disd. Dec. 2, 1862, disab. __ i . Gilbreth, Robert, e. Sept. 30, 1861, disd. April 20, 1862. Getty, Jas., e. Oct. 5, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. and captd. Atlanta. Hulbert, Augustus, e. Oct. 4, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, disd. May 31, 1862. ■ Kemp, George H, e. Oct. 1, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. , ,. ._, , Lawderbaugh, D., e. Oct. 7, 1861, died at Keokuk. 464 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. Lambard, F., e. Oct. 4, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, disd. May 30, 1864. Malany, John, e. Oct. 4, 1861, wd. Corinth. McLananan, Wm., e. Oct. 1, 1861, prmtd. corp. McKinster, Wm., e. Sept. 30, 1861, vet. Jan 1, 1864, wd. near Atlanta. McKinster, Daniel, e. Oct. 1, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. McLaughlin, John, Oct. 10, 1861, disd. April 26, 1862, disab. /McAllister, Barnard, e. Oct. 5, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Martin, Wm., e. Nov. 5, 1861, disd. July 31, 1862. Morey, Elanson, e. Sept. 24, 1861, died Dec. 29, 1861. Bapenn, Henry, e. Oct. 1, 1861, captd. place unknown. Boss, Wesley, Sept. 25, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Beed, Samuel, e. Sept. 18, 1861, wd. at Cor- inth, wd. and captd. at Atlanta. Eeid, Daniel, e. Nov. 16, 1861. Shull, Isaiah, e. Oct. 1, 1861, died Jan. 26, 1862. Shull, B. B., e. Oct. 9, 1861, vet. Jan 1,'64. Sells, Jacob, Oct. 18, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, disd. July 21, 1861. Trump, John, e. Sept. 19, 1861, kid. Oct. 3 18fi2 Trump, D. W., e. Feb. 10, 1862, disd. Oct. 9, 1862. Watson, Wm., Oct. 5, 1861, wd. at Shiloh and Kenesaw Mountain. Wheelock, Chas. M., e. Sept. 18, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, disd. June 1, 1862. Company H. Capt. Wm. M. Swanson, com. 2d. lieut. Co. A Nov. 16, 1861, prmtd. 1st lieut. Feb. 21, 1862, prmtd. capt. Sept. 14, 1862, resd. March 30, 1863. SIXTEENTH INFANTRY. [Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Louisville, Ey., July 19, 1865.] Lieut. Col. Jno. H. Smith, com. capt. Co. A Dec. 10, 1861, captd. at Atlanta, escaped and m. o., then com. maj. Feb. 18, 1865, prmtd. lieut. col. May 11, 1865, resd. June 21, 1865. Lieut. Col. Peter Miller, com. 2d lieut. Co. F Feb. 8, 1862, prmtd. 1st lieut Nov. 19, 1862, prmtd. capt. June 12, 1863, wd. and captd. at Atlanta, prmtd. maj. June 27, 1865, prmtd. lieut. col. July 1, 1865. Asst. Surg. D. C. McNeil, com. Aug. 19, 1862, resd. April 25, 1863. Sergt. Maj. O. P. Wharton, e. Feb. 15, '62. Drum Maj. John Berry, e. Nov. 3, 1861. Fife Maj. Bob. I. Dickey, e. Oct. 3, 1861. Company A. Capt. Wm. H. Hoyt, com. 1st lieut. Dec. 10, 1861, captd. near Atlanta, prmtd. capt. Feb. 19, 1865, m. o. March 1, 1865, term expired. Capt. Chas. N. Pierce, e. as sergt. Oct. 3, 1861, wd. at Nickajack Creek, prmtd. 1st lieut. Feb. 19, 1865, prmtd. capt. June 2, 1865. First Lieut. Chas. B. Else, e. as corp. Oct. 3. 1861, vet. Jan 5, 1864, prmtd 1st lieut. June 2, 1865. Second Lieut. Martin D. Madden, com. Dec. 10, 1861, resd. Sept. 3, 1862. Second Lieut. Harry W. Lee, e. as 1st sergt. Oct. 3, 1861, prmtd. 2d lieut. Sept. 4. 1862, m. o.May 27, 1865, term expired. Second Lieut. James H. W. Stallcop, e. as corp. Nov. 21, 1861, captd. Iuka, wd. at Nickajack Creek, prmtd. 2d lieut. July 5, 1865, m. o. as 1st sergt. Sergt. Jacob Shambaugh, e. Oct. 17, 1861, kid. at Iuka. Sergt. Joseph C. Kelly, e. Oct. 17, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, disd. Aug. 26, 1862. Sergt. Fenian Beatty, e. Oct. 17, 1861, vet. Feb. 28, 1864, kid. at Nickajack Creek. Sergt. Chas. N. Pierce, e. Oct. 3, 1861, vet. Jan. 5, 1864, wd. at Nickajack Creek. > Sergt. I. Y. Lawrence, e. Oct. 3, 1861, wd. at Iuka, disd. June 1, 1863, disab. Sergt. J. L. Miller, e. Oct. 3, 1861, vet. Jan. 5, 1864, wd. Kenesaw Mountain, captd. Corp. John Winters, e. Oct. 17, 1861, died June 14, 1862. Corp. John B. Smaller, e. Oct. 3, 1861, vet. Jan. 5, 1864, captd. at Atlanta. Corp. John Eighmy, e. Oct. 3, 1861, died June 9, 1862. Corp. Chas. Peak, e. Oct. 3, 1861, captd. at Iuka, disd. Feb. 26, 1863, disab. Corp. Joseph C. Bownan, e. Oct. 3, 1861, vet. Dec. 18, 1863, captd. at Atlanta. Corp. Jas. Balantine, e. Oct. 3, 1861, died Julv 2, 1862. Corp. Jas. S. Troop, e. Oct. 17, 1861, captd. at Iuka and Atlanta. Musician John D. Foy, e. Oct. 3, 1861, disd. Oct. 31, 1862, disab. Wagoner C. J. Hughson, e. Nov. 18, 1861. Allsbrow, Jno., e. Oct. 3, 1861, died Yicks- burg. Atchison, John M., e. Dec. 22, 1863, captd. at Atlanta. Brattstream, N. N., e. Jan. 1, 1864. Beatty, Jos., e. Nov. 17, 1861, captd. Iuka and paroled. Batcheler, Adna, e. May 2, 1864, wd. at Nickajack Creek. Blakely, Wm., e. Jan. 3, 1861, vet. Jan. 4, 1864, wd. at Nickajack Creek, captd. at Atlanta. Blakely, Lafayette, e. Dec. 16, 1861, disd. Feb. 15, 1863, disab. Blakely, Lyman, e. Oct. 3, 1861, disd. May 6, 1862, disab. Bird, Cornelius, e. Feb. 8, 1864. Conly, Michael, e. Dec. 7, 1861, wd. Iuka, disd. Oct. 28, 1862. Confare, Wm., e. Oct. 17, 1861, died June 18,1862. Cruthers, M., e. Dec. 7, 1863. Culp, P. J., e. Jan. 23, '62, vet. Jan. 26, '64. — -'-^ _^ -jl L-i^,l^_ • ,-.:.' .. (deceased) HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 467 Cullan, John, e. Nov. 9, 1861, vet. Jan. 5, 1864, kid. at Atlanta. Cummings. John, e. Oct. 17, 1861, died at Shiloh. Curran, John, e. Oct. 3, '61, vet. Jan. 5, '64. Dawes, Fred, e. Oct. 3, 1861, captd. Shiloh, vet. Jan. 5, 1864, captd. at Atlanta. Doty, Calvin, e. Dec. 15, 1863. Darling, Charles A., e. Feb. 10, 1862, vet. Feb. 28, 1864, wd. Kenesaw Mountain. Dertrich, R., e. Dec. 11, 1863, wd. at Nick- ajack Creek. Day, Geo. N., e. Dec. 9, 1861, wd. at Shi- loh, disd. Aug. 19, 1862. Dighton, John, e. Dec. 3, 1861, disd. July 5, 1862, disab. Drake, Virgil, e. Oct. 17, 1861, disd. March 10, 1863. Else, Wm. H., e. Oct. 3, '61, vet. Jan. 5, '64. Else, B. F., vet. March 20, 1864. Farnsworth, H. A., e. Oct. 3, 1861, vet. March 14, 1864. Fuller, Horace, e. Oct. 3, 1861, vet. Dec. 15, 1863, captd. at Atlanta. Fuller, A. D., e. Nov. 19, 1861, vet. Jan. 5, 1864, captd. at Atlanta. Gehrts, John, e. Oct. 17, 1861, disd. March 5, 1863, disab. Giese, Henry, e. Oct. 3, 1861, died June 16, 1862. Goddard, G., e. Oct. 3, 1861, vet. Jan. 5, 1864, captd. at Atlanta. Gordan, Alex., e. Oct. 17, 1861, wd. at bat- tle of Iuka, disd. Jan. 26, 1863. Greenleaf, John, e. Feb. 23, 1864. Grant, E. B., e. Oct. 17, 1861, vet. Dec 15, 1863. Griffiths, Geo., e. Oct. 17, 18ftl, disd. Oct. 18, 1862, disab. Hogle, Sandford, e. Jan. 29, 1864. Harkness, Wm., e. Oct. 17, 1861, died July 4, 1862. Harris, James, e. Dec. 19, 1863. Horn, Henry, e. Oct. 3, 1861, wd. at Iuka, died Sept, 28, 1862. Hughs, Peter, e. Dec. 29, 1861. Johnson, Oliver, e. Oct. 17, 1861, disd. Sept. 9, 1862, disab. Jarhl, Geo., e. Oct. 17, 1861, kid. at battle of Shiloh. Kindree, A. J., e. Jan. 5, 1864, wd. at Nickajack Creek, captd. at Atlanta. Kelly, R. B., e. Oct. 17, 1861, kid. at Iuka. Lepper, J. J., e. Dec. 4, 1863, wd. at Nick- ajack Creek. Lucas, R., e. Dec. 9, 1863. Manning, E. T., e. Oct. 3, 1861, disd. July 5, 1862, disab. Minneke, Henry, e. Dec. 5, 1863. Marrahan, H., e. Nov. 20, 1861, wd. at Iuka, vet. Dec. 18, 1863. Mann, Jacob, e. Feb. 29, 1864. McAffee, Dennis, e. Jan. 18, 1861, disd. July 8, 1862, disab. McNeal, L., e. Nov. 19, 1861. Miles, Daniel, e, Oct. 17, 1861, died May 16, 1862. Miller, Geo., e. Oct. 3, 1861, wd. at Iuka, disd. Nov. 17, 1862. Mumford, A. J., e. Nov. 21, 1861. Osborn, N. P., e. Nov. 13, 1861, supposed to be dead. Phillips, Nelson, e. Feb. 23, 1864, captd. at Atlanta. Rockwell, James, e. Nov. 13, 1861, disd. Oct. 28, 1862, disab. Root, Reuben, e. Oct. 3, 1861, kid. Shiloh. Royalty, D. B., vet. March 10, 1864. Snow, M. II., e. Jan. 1, 1864. Smith, Chas., e. Dec. 7, 1863. Sendt, John, e. Nov. 15, 1861, disd. Aug. 6. 1862. Smith, Benj., e. Oct. 17, 1861, died Shiloh. Smith, Alfred, e. Oct. 17, 1861, vet. March 11, 1864. Smith, Jas., e. Nov. 21, 1861, wd. at Shiloh and Iuka, captd. at Atlanta. Snow, Daniel E., e. Nov. 17, 1861, disd. July 31, 1862. Tripp, D.- M., e. Oct. 17, 1861, disd. Feb. 3. 1863, disab." Thompson, Wm., e. Jan. 4, 1864, died April 19, 1864. Tyler, C. A., e. Dec. 29, 1863. Tyler, E. I., e. Dec. 22, 1863, wd. Brandon, Miss. Wakefield, G., e. Oct. 17, 1861, kid. Iuka. Wakefield, Ray, e. Oct. 17, 1861, disd. Dec. 25, 1862. Wilson, W. C, e. Oct. 18, 1861. Company B. Humke, Carl, e. Oct. 8, 1861. John, Henry, e. Oct. 8, 1861, captd. at Atlanta. Landwehr, V., e. Nov. 14, 1861, died at Vicksburg. Silvester, F. A., e. Oct. 6, 1861, captd. at Shiloh and Atlanta. White, Wm., e. Nov. 21, 1862. . Company C. Cusick, Michael, e. Dec. 16, 1861. Fredericks, J. Q. A., e. Dec. 28, 1863, captd. at Atlanta, died at Anderson- ville. McCune, Robert, e. Dec. 29, 1863. Mullen, Samuel, vet. Jan. 5, 1864, wd. and died at Kenesaw Mt. Peth, Jos., e. Dec. 26, 1863, died at Daven- port. * Starr, Cornelius, e. Dec. 25, 1863. Company E. Corp. John Burrows, e. Jan. 29, 1862, vet. Jan. 17, 1864. Brice, T. L., e. Dec. 29, 1863. Company F. Capt. Josiah Heavner.com. 1st lieut. Jan. 28, 1862, prmtd. capt. Nov. 19, 1862, died at Lafayette, Tenn. Capt. Martin O'Hara, e. as sergt. Jan. 22, 1862, prmtd. 1st- lieut. June 12, 1863, prmtd. capt. July 4, 1863. First Lieut. Jonathan L. Miller, prmtd. 1st lieut. July 4, 1865. Sergt. Daniel McKellar, e. Dec. 25, 1861. 468 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. Corp. Geo. W. Glines, e. Dec. 20, 1861. Corp. Harvey E. Whitman, e. Feb. 15, 1862, kid. at Iuka. Corp. Wm. Kelso, e. Jan. 17, 1862, disd. Sept. 12, 1862, disab. Corp. Solomon Bonner, e. Dec. 21, 1861, vet. Dec. 26, 1863, captd. at Atlanta. Corp. Thomas Robinson, e. Jan. 21, 1862, disd. Aug. 21, 1862, disab. Baker, C. M., e. Jan. 2, 1864. Barse, Wm., e. Dec. 13, 1861. Bonner, Milton, e. Jan. 3, 1862, vet. Jan. 4, 1864. Carlin, Patrick, e. Feb. 11, 1862, disd. May 26, 1863. Coon, Geo., e. Feb. 1, 1862, captd. at At- lanta. Canian, Edward, e. March 7, 1862, died March 18, 1862. Caldwell, S. S., e. Eeb. 28, 1862. Dauber, Wm., e. Dec 22, 1861, died at Bolivar, Tenn. Dutcher. Austin, e. Jan. 28, 1862, vet. Jan. 29, 1864, kid. in Georgia, by guerrillas. Furgerson, Theo., e. Jan. '17, 1862, vet. Jan. 8, 1864. French, Orlo, e. Jan. 3,1862, disd. July 9, 1862, disab. Green, John, e. Dec. 15, 1861, captd. at Atlanta. Gunning, Thomas, Feb. 10, 1862, wd. at Shiloh, disd. Oct. 16, 1862. Gardner, Elias, e. Jan. 17, 1862, disd. Jan. 31, 1863, disab. Gire, Jos., e. Dec. 15, 1861. Harrington, Jas., e. Feb. 1, 1862. McGowan, M., e. Jan. 14, 1862, kid. at Iuka. Mackinson, Wm., e. Jan. 28, 1862, vet. Jan. 29, J864. Murphy, M., e. Feb. 12, 1862, vet. Jan. 29, 1864, disd. July 19, 1865. O'Bryan, e. Jan. 18, 1862, disd. Aug. 15, 1862. Page, L. K, e. Feb. 22, 1862, wd. Shiloh, vet. Feb. 23, 1864, captd. at Atlanta. Rimmer, William, e. Feb. 13, 1862, wd. at Shiloh. Rayner, William W., e. Jan. 22, 1862, vet. Jan. 23, 1864, captd at Atlanta. Shoemaker, William, e. Dec. 19, 1861, vet. Dec. 20, 1863. Welsh, Wm. C, e. Jan. 2, 1862, wd. at Iuka, trans, to Inv. Corps. Wilcox, Edw., e. Feb. 1, 1861, wd. at Shi- loh and Iuka, disd. Jan. 21, 1864. Company I. Second Lieut. William C. Wilson, com. March 24, 1862, from private Co. A, died Corinth, Miss. Baumgartle, Wm., e. Feb. 3, 1862, died June 3, 1862. EIGHTEENTH INFANTRY. [Note.— Thit regiment was mustered out at Little Roclc Ark., July W, 1865.] Asst. Surg. Wm. C. Finlaw, com. July 2, 1863, declined and canceled July 20, ''63. Adjt. Chas. Bracunlich, com. July 28, '62 maj. 2d Ark. Regt. May 17, 1864. Asst. Surg. Jas. Harvey. Company A. Sergt. Samuel H. Shoemaker, e. June 11 1862, disd. Dec. 29, 1862, disab. Corp. Milton H. Gear, e. June 10, 1862, wd. Springfield, Mo. Musician A. D. Coleman, e. June 10, '62, disd. Jan. 3, 1863. Wagoner Jno. MeCaughy, e. June 26, '62, disd. Oct. 10, 1863, disab. Buckley, Andrew, e. June 21, 1862. Herrington, John, e. June 22, 1862. Lowry, Reuben, e. July 19, 1862, wd. at Springfield, Mo. Latham, Jas., e. Sept. 19, 1862, disd. April 1, 1863, disab. Mummey, A.*R., e. July 21, 1862, kid. at Springfield, Mo. Miller, Z., e. June 12, 1862. Saxton, John H., e. June 10, 1862, wd. Springfield, Mo., captd. Poison Spring, Ark. Vancurren, Warren, e. July 21, 1862. Wright, B. B., e. June 14, 1862. Wright, Geo. W., e. June 10, 1862, wd. and captd. Poison Spring, Ark- Company C. Corp. Jas. Doland, e. July 27, 1862. Hesse, August E., e. July 27, 1862, disd. Dec. 18, 1862, disab. Company E. Williams, John, e. June 1, 1862. Company H. Blomk, John H. G., e. July 7, 1862. Head, B. R., e. July 7, 1862, disd. Dec. 29, 1862, disab. Johnson, John, e. July 10, 1862, wd. at Poison Spring, Ark. Lewman, J. A., e. July 7, 1862, kid. at Springfield, Mo. Myers, H. C, e. July 7, 1862, captd. Poison Spring, Ark., died Hampstead, Texas. Massey, Geo. W-, e. Julv 16, 1862, disd. Feb. 14, 1863, disab. Picket, Thos., e. July 11, 1862, disd. Dec. 29. 1862, disab. Shryer, John M., e. July 7, 1862, clisd. Feb. 14. 1863, disab. Shryer, Benj. F., e. July 7, 1862, disd. Dec. 31., 1862, disab. Whitman, N. R., e. July 7, 1862. Wright, A. J., e. July 7, 1862. Company K. McAllister, Thomas, e. June 6, 1862. TWENTY-FOURTH INFANTRY. [Note. — This regiment woe mustered out at Savannah, Oa., July 17, 1865.) Chaplain Elias Skinner, com. April 1. 6, 1863, resd. June 15, 1863. HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 469 Company A. Capt. Charles Davis, e. as Sergt. Aug. 13, 1862, prmtd. 1st lieut. Aug. 23, 1863, captd. Cedar Creek, Va., escaped, prmtd. capt. March 9, 1865. Second Lieut. George W. Davis, e. as 1st. sergt. Aug. 13, 1862, promtd. 2d lieut. May 17, 1863, died Memphis. Corp. Dana M. Caton, e. Aug. 13, 1862, kid. Champion Hills, Miss. Wagoner Henry Dunn, e. Aug. 13, 1862. Coe, Geo. W., e. Aug. 14, 1862, disd. April 20, 1863, disab. „ Calder, F. H., e. Aug. 23, 1864, wd. Cedar Creek. Crannel, James, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. Feb. 4, 1863, disab. Cuttell, Job, e. Aug. 11, 1862, missing at Champion Hills, supposed to have been kid. Cuttill, David, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Davis, Wm. D., e. March 29, 1864. Davenport, Thomas, e. Aug. 2, 1862, died .Jan. 18, 1863. Dalton, Wm. C, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Davis, John F., e. Aug. 11, 1862. • Dupue, Stephen, e. Aug. 14,, 1862, wd. at Champion Hills, disd, June 1, '65, wds. Heather, James, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Eichey, Thomas, e. Aug. 6, 1862, died at Helena, Ark. Ratcliffe, John M., e. Aug. 14, 1862, died Milliken's Bend. Ross, Lorenzo, e. Aug. 12, 1862, kid. at Champion Hills. Stevens, Leslie, e. Aug. 13, 1862, disd. Feb. 10, 1863, disab. Sizer, George, e. Aug. 13, 1862, trans, to V. R. C. Sizer, Robert, e. Aug. 13, 1862. Tolman, F. A., e. Aug. 14, 1862, died at Vicksburg. Walker, W. 8., e. Aug. 13, 1862. Walker, Johnson, e. Aug. 14, 1862, disd. Oct. 10, 1863. Company F. Gordon, Joseph, e. March 21, 1864, died July 2, 1864. Company I. Capt. Jesse W. McMichael, e. as sergt. Aug. 20, 1862, prmtd. 1st lieut. Aug. 1, 1863, prmtd. capt. Jan. 1, 1865. Sergt. McCourney B. Nichols, e. Aug. 11, 1862, wd. at Winchester and Cedar Creek, died Nov. 27, 1864. Sergt. Benj. H. Conery, e. Aug. 9, 1862, died at Vicksburg. Sergt. D. D. Comstock, e. Sept. 6, 1862, disd. March 7, 1863, disab. Sergt. Amasa O. Allen, e. Aug. 11, 1862, died at Memphis. Sergt. Geo. W. Sackrider, e. July 31, 1862. Sergt. R. P. Conery, e. Aug. 11, 1862, disd. Sergt. Sam'l Correll, e. Aug. 9, 1862, captd. Cedar Creek, Va. Cook, C. V., e. Aug. 11. 1862. Cook, E. M., e. Aug. 11, 1862, wd. at Cedar Creek, Va. Clark, H. D., e. Aug. 14, 1862, disd. Nov. 27, 1862. Gordon, H. V., e. Aug. 11, 1862, disd. Feb. 14, 1863, disab. Gordon, Joseph, e. March 21, 1864, died at New Orleans. Graver, James, e. Aug. 11, 1862, died at St. Louis. Henry, Milo N, e. Aug. 7, 1862, died at Helena, Ark. McCarter, Josiah, e. Aug. 11, 1862, disd. Feb. 20, 1863, disab. Nichol, John H, e. Jan. 18, 1864, died June 5, 1864. Nichol, Jas. B., e. Jan. 18, 1864. O'Kelley, Wm., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. and died at Champion Hills. Palmer, Geo. W., e. Jan. 9, 1864, captd. at Cedar Creek, Va. Porter, Jas. H., e. Aug. 11, 1862, wd. at Winchester. Rhodes, N. J., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Stanton, Jas.. e. Aug. 11, 1862. Sweet, Delos, e. Aug. 6, 1862, wd. at Champion Hills, died at Memphis. Thayer, A. H., e. July 31, 1862. Viers, S. D., e. Jan. 9, 1864. Whitney, Sam. H., e. July 31, 1862, died at New Orleans. TWENTY-SIXTH INFANTRY. [Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Washington, D. C, June 6, 1865.] Col. Milo Smith, com. Aug. 10, 1862. wd. Arkansas Post and Walnut Hills, Miss., resd. Jan. 28, 1865. Col. John Lubbers, com. capt. Co. E, Sept 30, 1862, prmtd. maj. Feb. 6, 1864, wd. Kenesaw Mountain, prmtd. lieut. col. May 11, 1865, prmtd. col. June 19, 1865. Lieut. Col. Saml. G. Magill, com. Aug. 10, 1862, captd. Helena, Ark., resd. Dec. 1, 1862. Lieut. Col. Nathan D. Hubbard, com. 1st lieut. Co. K, Sept. 30, 1862, wd. Ringgold, Ga., prmtd. capt. July 25, 1864, prmtd. maj. May 11, 1865, prmtd. lieut. col. J une 19, 1865. Maj. Samuel Clarke, com. Aug. 10, 1862, captd. Helena, Ark., resd. Dec. 1, 1862. Maj. Chas. M. Nye, com. capt. Co. H, Sept. 30, 1862, prmtd. maj. Jan. 8, 1863, resd. June 28, 1863. Maj. Wm. H. Hall, e. as private Aug. 13, 1862, Co. H, prmtd. 1st lieut. J une 8, 1863, prmtd. capt. Sept. 2, 1863, wd. Resaca, Ga., prmtd. maj. June 19, 1865. Surg. A. T. Hudson, com. Sept. 3, 1862. Asst. Surg. Wm. MacQuigg, com. Sept. 3, 1862, resd. Jan. 21, 1863. Adjt. Dennis G. Butterfleld, e. as corp. Aug. 6, 1862, prmtd. adjt. Dec. 12, 1863, wd. Resaca. Q. M. Jos. H. Flint, com. Sept. 9, 1862. Chaplain Jno. McLeish, Jr., com. Sept. 9, 1862, resd. June 11, 1863. 470 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. Chaplain Jno. Van Antwerp, com. June 24, 1863, resd. March 5, 1864. Sergt. Maj. Jos. D. Fegan, e. Aug. 12, 1862. Q. M. S. D. M. Cooper, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Com. Sergt. H. L. Walker, e. Aug. 15, '62. Hosp. Steward, Wm. H. Young, e- Aug. 19, 1862, died Nov. 3, 1862. ■ Hosp. Steward John H. Ladd, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Drum Maj. Albert Linton, e. Aug. 15, 1862, captd, Deep Creek, Ark., trans, to Y. R. C. Fife Maj. Kobt. Ralston, e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. and disd. Jan. 25, 1864. Company A. Capt. Sherman R. Williams, com. Sept. 30. 1862, resd. Dec. 29, 1862. Capt. Alanson D. Gaston, com. 2d lieut. Sept. 30, 1862, formerly Q. M. Sergt. Co. M, 1st cav., prmtd. capt. Jan. 1, 1863, wd. at Walnut Hills, resd. May 18, 1865. First Lieut. Elijah H. Frank, e. as 1st sergt. July 7, 1862, prmtd. 2d lieut. Feb. 11. 1863, prmtd. 1st lieut. Feb. 27, 1863, wd. and died at Atlanta. First Lieut. Robt. J. McLenahan, e. as corp. July 14, 1862, prmtd. 1st lieut. June 19, 1865. Second Lieut. John W. Mason, e. as pri- vate, June 6, 1862, prmtd. 2d lieut Feb. 27, 1863,wd. Vicksburg, resd. Aug. 21, '63. Corp- Chas. M. Butler, e. July 14,1862, kid. at Vicksburg. Corp. A. C. Hunter, e. July 14, 1862. Corp. R. J. McLenahan, e. July 14, 1862. Corp. John McLain, e. July 7, 1861, died Helena, Ark. Albright, I. W., e. July 11, 1862. Benton, Solon, e. Aug. 6, 1862, disd. May 16. 1863, disab. Campbell, Thos., e. Aug. 21, 1862. Case, B., e. Aug. 13, 1862, died Dec. 14, '62. Clark, R. S., e. Aug. 20, 1862. Crunch, Wm. W., e. Aug. 25, 1862. Drey, Jos., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Evans, E. B., e. June 23, 1862. Everhart, F., e. June 12, 1862. Linch, Geo. M., e. Aug. 13, 1862. Marcy, Jasper, e. June 23, 1862, captd. at Deer Creek, Ark., trans, to Inv. Corps. Murray, Patrick, e. Aug. 4, 1862, disd. Jan. 18. 1864, disab. McCullough', Chas., e. Aug. 15, 1862, died on steamer R. C. Wood. Oaks, Wm. R., e. July 11, 1862, captd. at Deer Creek, Ark. Peck, Geo. M., e. July 11, 1862, died at Memphis. Peck, Alonzo, e. July 20, 1862. Preffer, H., e. July 7, 1862, died on steamer D. A. January. Simpson, John, e. July 11, 1862. Shull, Lewis, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Travers, Wm., e. June 7, 1862. Varner, John W., e. Aug. 13, 1862. Wilcox, Justice, e. July 14, 1862, died near Milliken's Bend. Warren, H. D., e. July 7, 1862, died near Vicksburg. Wilson, Geo. W., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. Wilburn, John L., e. Aug. 20, 1862, trans. to V. R. C. Wood vine, A. C, e. Aug. 20, 1862, died at St. Louis. Company B. Capt. Joseph D. Fagan, e. as sergt. Co. I Aug. 12, 1862, prmtd, adjt. Jan. 11, 1863, prmtd. capt. June 12, 1863, capt. A. A. G. U. S. V, Feb. 3, 1865. Capt. Herbert D. Saye, e. as sergt. Co. C, prmtd. 2d lieut. Feb. 27, 1863, prmtd. capt. June 19. 1865. First Lieut. Wm. W. Shew, e. as sergt. Co. K, prmtd. 1st lieut. Feb. 27, 1863, died at Black River Bridge, Miss. First Lieut. Enoch F. Byng, e. as private Co. C Aug. 15, 1862, prmtd. 1st lieut. Feb. 18, 1864, resd. Nov. 22, 1864. First Lieut. Henry C. Forbes, e. as priv. July 5, 1862, prmtd. 1st lieut. March 13, 1865, m . o. as 1st sergt. Corp. Phineas Kenyon, e. July 19, 1862, disd. Sept. 4, 1863, disab. Corp. Geo. Farrell, e. Aug. 1, 1862, died at Young's Point, La. Corp. A. Newkirk, e. July 16, 1862. Corp. Clark C. Reed, e. Aug. 7, 1862, died St. Louis. Armitage, H., e. July 19, 1862, died at Memphis. Barton, Al-phonzo, e. July 28, 1862, wd. at Ezra Church, Ga. Bigelow, S. S., e. Aug. 7, 1862. Francke, R., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Gill, Win. H., e. Aug. 14, 1862, died at Memphis. Hierchie, R., e. July 28, 1862, wd. at Ar- McClelland, Hugh, e. Aug. 18, 1862, died Nov. 22, 1862. Morey, D. G., e. July 20, 1862, disd. Dec. 25, 1862. Parris, Geo., e. July 23, 1862, disd. Sept. 12, 1862, disab. Sutsman, Jos., e. Julv 21, 1862. Westbrook, Wm. H., e. Aug. 15, 1862, captd. at Helena, Ark. Company C. Capt. Geo. W. Johnson, com. Sept. 30, 1862, resd. Feb. 26, 1863. Capt. Jas. G. Crozer, e. as sergt. Aug. 6, 1862, prmtd. capt. Feb. 27, 1863, wd. Sept. 1, 1864. First Lieut. Peter L. Hyde, com. Sept. 30, 1862, kid. at Arkansas Post. First Lieut. Geo. W. "Weston, e. as sergt. Aug. 12, 1862, prmtd. 1st lieut. Feb. 27, 1863, died at Low Moor. First Lieut. Edward P. Sargent, e. as corp. Aug. 15, 1862, prmtd. 1st lieut. Aug- 21, 1863. Second Lieut. James McDill, com. Sept. 30, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post, died at home. HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 471 Second Lieut. Robt. B. Hoadley, e. as private Aug. 15, 1863, prmtd. 2d lieut. June 19, 1865. Sergt. Charles G. Rogers, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Sergt. H. D. Sage, e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. Ar- kansas Post. Sergt. Geo. F. McClure, e. Aug. 15, 1862, wd. Resaca. Sergt. Chas. D. Liscom, e. Aug. 13, 1862, Sergt. A. W- Miller, e. Aug. 15, 1862, wd. Resaca, died J eft'ersonville, Ind. Sergt. A. L. Ismon, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Sergt. Harvey H. Hunt, e. Aug. 12, 1862, wd. Jonesboro, Ga., disd. May 4, 1865. Corp. F. W. Morse, e. Aug. 13, 1862, died Memphis. Corp. R. A. Freeman, e. Aug. 12, 1862, wd. Bentonville, N. C. Corp. Hall Stoll, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Corp. Win. Rainer, e. Aug. 13, 1862, disd. April 14, 1863, disab. Corp. H. F. Shaffer, e. Aug. 15, 1862, kid. Arkansas Post. Corp. H. S. Gulick, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Corp. Geo. W. Thatcher, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Corp. John D. Schuyler, e. Aug. 12, 1862, died on str. D. A. January. Musician John Tierney, e. Aug. 13, 1862. Wagoner Wm. J. McCorney, e. Aug. 12, 1862. Allen, John D., e. Aug. 11, 1862, trans, to Inv. Corps. Ashpole, ¥., e. Aug. 15, 1862. Berryman, John D., e. Aug. 12, 1862, died Young's Point, La. Bowen, O. T., e. Aug. 14, 1862, wd. Ar- kansas Post, trans, to V. R. C. Brown, H., e. Aug. 15, 1862, trans, to Inv. Corps. Burlingame, O. F., e. Aug. 15, 1862, died Dec. 17, 1862. Byng, E. F., e. Aug. 15, 1862. Cassaday, L. V., e. Aug. 15, 1862. Church, R. M., e. Aug. 15,4862, disd. July 15, 1863, disab. Churchill, Enoch, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Coleman, Daniel, e. Aug. 14, 1862, trans. to V. R. C. Cone, Adolphrfs, e. Aug. 6, 1862, wd. Ar- kansas Post. Cunningham, Peter, e. Aug. 11, 1862, wd. Arkansas Post, died Memphis. Day, Nelson, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Dutcher, F., e. Aug. 14, 1862, disd. June 1863, disab. Dougherty, John, e. A u g- * 5 > * 863 - Folsom Jas. Z., e. Aug. 13, 1863, capt. at Tuscumbia, Ala., trans, to V- R- C. Foster, D. B., e. Aug. 14, 1862, disd. Dec. 15, 1862, disab. Greenlee, B. H., e. Aug. 15, 1862, died at Paw Paw Island, La. Greenlee, Wm., e. Aug. 15, 1862, died at Young's Point, La. Groves, Jos. H., e. Aug. 14, 1863. - Hall, C. C, e. Aug. 15, 1863, died St. Louis. Haney, Alex., e. Aug. 15, 1863, died at Memphis. Haskell, John L., e. xVug. 15, 1862, wd. at Walnut Hills. Hedges, Jesse, e. Aug. 14, 1862, wd. Ar- kansas Post. Hedges, Wm., e. Aug. 15, 1862, trans, to V. R. C. Ismon, A. L., e. Aug. 14, 1862, died at St. Louis.. Jackson, Mason, e. Aug. 6, 1862. Jackson, Milton, e. Aug. 6, 1862, wd. Ar- kansas Post, disd. April 3, 1863. Johnston, Chas., e. Aug. 6, 1862. Keal, Michael, e-. Aug. 12, 1862, kid. Ar- kansas Post. 1857, opened the road to De Witt, twenty miles distant. By December following, the locomotive reached the Wapsipinicon. The work was pushed by Mr. Smith in the face of great difficulties. In July, 1858, its whistle was heard in Clarence, forty-seven miles from Clinton ; in December, 1858, the road was open to Lisbon, sixty- four miles ; and, in June, 1859, the long and eagerly anticipated completion to Cedar Rapids, eighty 7 two miles distant, was accomplished. For that era of railroad building, it will be observed that the work was performed with remark- able expedition, as well as with, for that time, rare skill and thoroughness. It will also be observed that the work steadily progressed during the worst times following the financial explosion of 1857. Besides the difficulties naturally arising from this cause, the Directors had to encounter the fierce opposition of the Iowa Central Air Line, rejoicing in its magnificent land grant, supposed to be 1,250,000 acres, and really aggregating upward of 800,000, as well as the luke- warmnessof the Galena Company. But, though not a dollar of State or county aid was received, the road was steadily built, principally by Boston capital, supplemented by hard knocks, perseverance and thoroughly united and well- directed individual effort. Few who appreciate the obstacles met and over- come, the abysses of mud, the flooded country in fall and spring, the heat of summer and the cold of winter to be endured with inadequate protection, and the constant financial stress of 1857-60, will grudge the men who built the " road to the Rapids " a proper recompense for their courage, capital and labor. On March 17, 1860, the Iowa General Assembly resumed the land on the proposed route of the Iowa Central Air Line, that company having totally failed to comply with the land-grant requirements, that sixty miles of iron should be laid within three years from the passage of the Act. However, the Assembly, singularly enough, did not resume the land granted to other railroad corpora- tions which had also defaulted in meeting the conditions of the Land Grant Act. On the 26th of the same month, the Assembly hastened to confer the same land subsidy on the Cedar Rapids & Missouri River Railroad, coupled with a con- dition requiring the latter road to build a "plug," by January 1, 1861, from a point of intersection with the C, I & N., within the corporate limits of Clin- ton, to Pearl street in Lyons. This action poured oil on the flames in adding to and aggravating the rivalry and jealousy already existing between the two cities, and was beneficial to neither. The prospect of a plug connection was not considered sufficient to add materially to the development of Lyons, while Clinton citizens were positive that it would interfere with the growth of their city. The plug connection was for years vigorously opposed by the Clinton City authorities, who refused to grant a right of way, and by Iowa & Nebraska Directors, who refused it a connection with their line. HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 495 Upon the Cedar Rapids & Missouri Company breaking ground within the city limits of Clinton, an injunction was served, restraining them from continu- ing the work. The injunction forbidding the plug, was, for some years, on the ground that the charter of the C. R. & M. Company did not permit them to build a road within the corporate limits of Clinton. The charter was amended, and at the June term of the Supreme Court, 1868, Judge Dillon dissolved the injunction. The iron was laid to the junction of the C, I. & N., whose fran- chise extended to Second avenue, but nothing was done with the plug until, in 1869, the Clinton Institute took charge of the line, and for some months administered the affairs of the "line" with great enterprise and punctuality, and electing a full board of officials and promulgating a burlesque time-table and map of the road, as elaborate as if issued by a trunk line, providing for sleepers, palace cars, through trains, emigrant trains, and giving a list of a dozen impor- tant "stations," including places for refreshments, between Clinton and Lyons. The Institute Company, after administering the road with such eminent success, turned over to the Chicago & North-Western, whose engines and cars had been used for rolling-stock, a dividend of several hundred dollars. Sub- sequently the plug, of course, became an integral part of the Midland exten- sion of the Northwestern. It is safe to record that, in proportion to its mileage, no railroad, even the Erie, was productive of so much controversy, litigation and excitement. On July 3, 1862, the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad effected a perpetual lease of the lines west of Clinton, contemplating an early extension to the Mis- souri, in which work those who were foremost in building the C, I. & N. took a principal part. Hon. J. A. Blair, "a host in himself" in railroad construc- tion, became interested with others after the C, I. & N. was completed, and the work of westward extension, though not as rapid as that of the Union Pacific over the level plains, was pushed with equal energy and celerity till, in February, 1867, the line reached Council Bluffs, connecting with the three hundred miles of the Pacific Railroad, then already in operation west of the Missouri. As the Pacific Railway was pushed farther and farther toward the summit of the continent, in the exploit of its construction, with a constantly accel- erating rapidity unprecedented in the annals of the railroad world, its master- spirit, the indefatigable Durant, was largely indebted to the Clinton lumbermen for the material for bridges, snow-sheds and other structures, while the advantage to the lumber interest of Clinton of the market offered by the lines across the State and continent was simply incalculable. In August, 1862, the Galena Company took possession of the C, I. & N. road under the lease, and continued to operate it until June, 1864, when occurred the consolidation between the Galena and Chicago & North- Western Companies into the present mammoth corporation, radiating from Chicago throughout the Upper Mississippi and lake region. The Clinton Road, of course, passed under the management of the North-Western Company, subject to the terms of the original lease. Since the acquisition of the Midland and other branches within Iowa, all the lines within the State controlled by or belonging to the Company are collectively known as the Iowa Division of the Chicago and North- Western Railway. RAILROAD PROPERTY AND OFFICIALS. The railroad buildings were built upon land originally donated for that pur- pose by the Iowa Land Company, and occupying ample space between Eighth and Tenth avenues, the Mississippi River and Third street. £96 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. The old machine-shop, which had become inadequate to the demands of the company's increasing business, was destroyed by fire on the night of April 5, 1864. A new shop was at once erected, of a much more substantial nature than its ill-fated predecessor. It was built of cut stone laid in courses, the material being the yellow limestone which so plentifully abounds along the bluffs, and is of the massive early Norman style of architecture, at once presenting an imposing and solid appearance. The building was completed in December, 1864, and, exclusive of machinery, cost about $65,000. The front of the building is carried up two stories and fitted for offices of the Division Superin- tendent and assistants, train dispatchers and operators. The rear is also car- ried to a height of fifty-two feet, and contains, in the upper portion, an enor- mous iron tank, with a capacity of 27,000 gallons, which, from its elevation above the roofs of the surrounding buildings, serves the double purpose of a storage reservoir for supplying the works with abundance of water, and a pro- tection against fire that was indispensable before the construction of the city water works, and has ever since then demonstrated its usefulness, notably in the great fire of the present year (1879), when, had the conflagration passed the barrier of the railway buildings, it would have probably involved the entire city. Immediately beneath the tank is a boiler-room, thoroughly fire proof, walls and floor being of solid stone. The machine-shop proper is large, well lighted from both sides and roof, warmed by steam, and thoroughly equipped with powerful machinery of the latest and most approved patterns. Foreman, Harry Harri- son. The adjoining blacksmith-shop was constructed of brick, 120 feet long, 50 feet wide, and provided with the most serviceable appliances, to enable the swarthy Titans by whom it is manned to turn out an incredible amount of work in a given time. Foreman, R. H. Benson. The roundhouse is a brick structure on solid masonry from rock foundation, and is built in a circle 330 feet in diameter, iron trusses, walls 22 feet high, and supported by solid masonry abutments on the outside ; like the machine- shop, it is heated by steam. The sixty locomotives of the Iowa Division find quarters, from time to time, in this roundhouse. John Smith is foreman. The car-shops for repairing and building cars and passenger-coaches, under the superintendence of H. L. Preston, are comprised in three buildings. The amount of repairs, besides the numerous new cars turned out in the shops, is enormous and wholly incomprehensible to any one unacquainted with the rapid deterioration of rolling-stock, subjected to the severe wear and tear of the heavy Northwestern traffic. The carpenter-shop, on Eighth avenue, and paint-shop just south of the main track, which so narrowly escaped the fire of 1879, l/ogether employ a number of men varying with the volume of traffic, and turn out some very fine work. The first depot was located at the foot of Fourth avenue, where a frame structure was used both for passengers and freight, until, after the completion of the bridge, a structure, previously used as a coal-house on the island, was moved over to become the old depot on Second street that was for so many years exe- crated alike by citizens and travelers. In January, 1872, the despised, unsightly old frame passenger-depot that had, nevertheless, for so many years sheltered the traveler from the howling blizzard and dog-day sun, mysteriously vanished, leaving " not a wrack behind." However, no one mourned over the loss of such a relic of the city's antiquity, nor did the railroad company offer a reward for its return, as the present com- modious brick depot, costing about $5,000, had been already erected and HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 497 occupied at the beginning of the year. There is a legend that there was an assemblage of the Clinton Institute that evening, and that the members took some practice as a hook and ladder company. At any rate, the old depot was pretty much resolved into its ultimate elements. The first Superintendent of the C, I. & N. was Col. Milo Smith, who was succeeded, upon his undertaking the construction department, by C. W.*Bodfish, who served but a short time before he (in 1861) was followed by I. B. Howe' who, until his removal from Clinton, in 1879, was one of its most active and liberal citizens in the promotion of public improvements. Upon his resignation in 1868, on account of ill health, he was succeeded by the lamented John B. Watkins, who admirably administered the Iowa Divisions of the C. & N.'W. till his tragic death in October, 1873, in a collision west of Cedar Rapids ; a freight train, during a fog, unable to halt on a down grade, crashed into the Director's car, crushing Watkins between that and the next one, so that he died within a short time. He was succeeded by the present efficient Superin- tendent, J. S. Oliver ; J. S. Mills, is Assistant Superintendent ; G. J. Garvin and P. Helmer preside in the train dispatcher's office, assisted by J. D. Mills, Tracy Barnes and J. F. Watkins. Additional heads of departments are E. A. Wadleighj who has been freight and passenger agent almost since the building of the road, J. 0. Chap- man, Master Mechanic, and W. C. Halsey, Road Master. The railroad gives employment at Clinton and vicinity, to from five to six hundred men, disburses over $20,000 monthly to employes, and owns upward of $500,000 worth of property in the city limits. The character of the railroad men, and their high average intelligence, was sufficiently attested by their steadfastness in protect- ing all the rolling-stock that could be concentrated here during the communistic madness of 1877. THE CLINTON BRIDGE. The history of the bridge is naturally a corollary to that of the railway using it, as it was from the outset obvious that the business of the railroad com- pany would be measured by the capacity of the facilities for transferring freight across the river at this point. A bridge to connect the railway systems of Illinois and Iowa was therefore a part of the original plan of the Chicago, Iowa & Nebraska Railroad, and the advantages which Clinton presented for the site of the bridge was, as elsewhere remarked, one of the chief inducements which led to founding the town. But . as the control of the crossing would confer great advantages on the road possessing it by the power which would thereby accrue to it, of encouraging rival routes on the one side of the river, and excluding them on the other, or vice versa — considerations of railroad policy were involved in the question of location, and became as influential in deter- mining the selection as natural advantages of site. The Galena Company owned one bridge charter, granted by Illinois, and parties in the interest of the proposed Albany & Mendota line, a rival corporation, yet another. The former Company, in 1857, put on a surveying corps, under the direction of accomplished engineers, and caused a very thorough survey to be made of the river between the Narrows, just above Lyons, and a point below Clinton. This resulted in a recommendation in favor of a middle site, terminating on the Iowa shore, about opposite Philip Deeds' present residence, above the paper-mill. A conditional contract for land at this point for railroad and bridge purposes was entered into and another plug surveyed to Clinton. Negotiations between the C, I. & N. and the Galena Companies were meanwhile carried on with more or less vigor, but for some time without much more result than when the Peace 498 HISTOKY OF CLINTON COUNTY. Commissioners of the French and Allies amused themselves counting each others steps, so that neither would compromise his dignity by advancing toward the other more rapidly than did his visa-vis toward him. Finally, however, in the summer of 1859, the " pour-parlers " culminated in an agreement between their respective bridge committees to adopt the middle site reconmiended by the engineers. But by the terms of the agreement, rati- fication by the respective corporations was requisite to its validity. The Galena refused its assent, and thereby lost to it forever the golden opportunity. The whole subject being once more at loose ends, the other charter was speedily secured by interests favorable to the C, I. & N., and the work of construction on the original Clinton site immediately began, to the delight of residents of Clinton. The first pile for the piers was driven January 15, 1859, and the last span was dropped upon its bearings December 14, of the same year. The grading to connect with the Galena Company's track at Fulton was completed January 8, 1860, and at noon, January 19, 1860, the first train made its passage over the bridge from the Illinois shore to Little Rock Island, where it was received by a salute of twelve guns and the acclamations of a host of citizens assembled on the Island to greet its arrival. This portion of the bridge consisted of seven spans, each 200 feet long, of the McCollum " patent inflexible arch truss," supported by stone piers resting on piles. On the western end, it is reached by a pile-way trestle 1,400 feet long. The total cost of the bridge and approach was about $110,000, and though, possibly, it might be laughed at by the more pre- tentious bridge engineers of to-day, it served its purpose well for many a year, and for that period was a tolerably graceful and very scientific structure, and the best in the West. Up to this time, freight and passengers had, when the river was open, been transferred by the good steamer Commodore, commanded by Capt. Conant, and plying between Fulton and Clinton. When it was frozen heavily enough, loads were hauled across the ice by teams ; but the completion of the bridge from Illinois to Little Rock Island enabled the Company to trans- fer by the steamer Union, through the agency of inclined planes, similar to those used on similar boats made expressly for such transfers, as those between Detroit and Canada. With the exception of a bridge over the main channel, this was the best arrangement that could have been devised at that time, and several loaded cars could be simultaneously transferred. The late Capt. Esta- brook will always be remembered, by those who came in contact with him, for the promptness and celerity with which the Union was handled. The current was so swift between the Island and main land that the ice rarely froze heavy enough to impede the passage of the Union, driven by her powerful engines. But sometimes, during an unusually cold snap, the ice formed so heavily that a lane had to be chopped from shore to shore. Sometimes her wheels became clogged, and with infinite labor, frequently involving many hours delay, was the ponderous craft propelled across the channel. Quite a number of fatal acci- dents happened during the use of the Union, principslly caused by men falling overboard and being drowned in the rapid current, or being swept under the ice. In January, 1864, the bridge over the main channel, between Little Rock Island and Iowa, was begun, and though, owing to the great depth pf water, rocky bottom and swirling current, great engineering difficulties had to be sur- mounted, the labor was so vigorously pushed that on January 6, 1865, the people of Clinton not only congratulated each other on the nearing close of the civil war, but also on the fact that they enjoyed all-rail communication with the country east of the Mississippi. This bridge is 850 feet long, and consists of three HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 49$ spans of the " Howe Truss," besides the draw. Two of the spans are each 175 feet and one is 200 feet long. The draw is 300 feet over all, and is built of iron, on the plan known as Bollman's Patent. The Iowa abutment and one of the piers are founded on rock. A second pier is built upon piles, and a third and the draw-pier rest upon crib work, raised on a bed of hard sand. These cribs are sunk in water frequently over forty feet deep. The long crib is 400 feet long and 44 feet wide, not far from the dimensions of some recent iron- clads, to which the mailed bows increase the resemblance. The small one is of similar shape and is 100 by 44 feet on the bottom. All the masonry is of the most substantial character. The draw turns upon anti-friction rollers, and, when open, leaves two clear openings, each 123 feet wide. In the two cribs are 2,000,000 feet of timber, 50,000 cubic feet of dimension stone and 600,000 cubic feet of rubble stone from the quarries at Clinton. Ten miles of' oak-tree rails were also used. The iron. draw weighs 325 tons, and, when swung, is supported by iron rods running over the top of the center tower. The best evidence of the proper location and construction of the bridge is afforded by the fact that during the period since the completion of the structure, but few accidents have occurred, and these were due to the recklessness or carelessness of the steamboat captains and pilots, between whom and the bridge- men exists an undying feud. The completion of the bridge was hotly' opposed by the steamboat and rafting interest ; but though the contest was carried on with great acrimony, it never assumed an illegal shape. No efforts were made to injure the structure, like the desperate attempts of infuriated raftsmen to burn the old Rock Island bridge with petroleum. An injunction, forbidding the closing of the river at Clinton by a draw, was cleverly evaded by erecting the iron draw upon the long pier, and by an enormous force of workmen hurrying it to completion, so that it was swung into its place on the day that that injunction expired, to the great discomfiture of the St. Louis river-men and their keen attorney, Judge Grant, of Davenport, and the corresponding elation of not only the railroad men of Clinton, but of the citizens generally, who then for the first time felt that their crossing was irrevocably secured. But few accidents have happened in the way of collisions of boats with the draw-piers. Several barges have been sunk, one of them loaded with grain, being completely stove in, and resulting in a heavy lawsuit. The side-wheeler, Minnesota, also splintered her starboard paddle-box and wheel against the bridge. The Mitchell, on one occasion, stuck fast in the draw, with a barge on each side of the channel, and remained a long time perfectly immovable. But as pilots became familiar with the cross-current at the head of the chute, and with the various stages of water, the bridge has proven to be no such obstruction to navigation as its opponents prophesied. Rafts, when there is a fair stage of water, are usualjy pushed through the west channel. But with a high east wind it takes all a pilot's skill to expeditiously pass the bridge even stern foremost, as most of the larger boats are obliged to do. Capt. Estabrook, after the Union ceased running, became and remained Bridge Superintendent till his death, in January, 1878. As was appropriate with a citizen so identified with the growth of the town's interests, and socially so popular, his funeral was a public one, held Sunday afternoon, in the Opera House, attended by the North-Western officials, and Masonic and railroad dele- gations from points along the line. Fully 3,000 people assisted in the obsequies. He was succeeded by the present Superintendent of Bridges and Buildings, W. D. Walden. 500 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. In 1874, the wooden McOallum trusses, on the eastern bridge, having become shaky, they were replaced by Pratt & Post iron trusses. In the winter of 1877-78, the pile-way approach was also rebuilt. The renovations and repairs on the bridge since it was first erected, aggregate fully $75,000. For a long time after the building of the bridge, people were not permitted to walk across it, unless provided with a pass. It was a most salutary meas- ure in preventing the free ingress into the city of dangerous characters, and their easy escape after committing crime, into the jurisdiction of another State. It also prevented passing to and fro, except by water, of the habitues of disreputable dens that had grown up on the Illinois side, unfettered by legal supervision on either side, so that nothing prevented the most disgraceful orgies, besides their affording lurking-places for the most desperate criminals. But as the saw-mills of Clinton required more and more hands, quite a number made themselves homes in the settlement of East Clinton, on the opposite side of the river. Of course this indirectly led to a modification of the brder, and the permitting of persons to pass over the narrow foot-path, and, after the C, B. & Q. extension, in 1874, reached the other side, foot travel to and from its trains, and those of the Western Union, have made the hundreds of people that have trod the slippery ties since the foot-boards were removed, wish earnestly for the long-deferred wagon and foot bridge. On the evening of March 22, 1877, an occurrence transpired on the draw of the bridge, that has developed into one of the most mysterious cases in the annals of criminal jurisprudence, resembling somewhat, possibly, the Goshawk insurance case, narrated by Charles Reade, in "Put Yourself in his Place." B. Dickerson, a wealthy farmer from near Traer, Iowa, and his wife, arrived at the eastern end of the bridge by the C, B. & Q. He escorted her over to Clinton and returned for his trunk. He was met coming back with the trunk on his shoulder, by the bridge watchman at the island end of the draw-span. Since then, Dickerson has absolutely vanished. After his wife became alarmed at his absence, search discovered his trunk broken open and apparently rifled, with papers scattered about, standing on the draw-pier. There was no blood or other sign of violence or a struggle visible. His wife affirmed that he had $1,200 in his possession, and appeared frantic with apprehension that he had been murdered and thrown into the river. The mystery created more excitement than if a homicide had been plainly committed. No "floater" was ever found at all corresponding to that of the missing man. In no previous instance, since the settlement of the county, had a dead body escaped being found sooner or later, at some point below. The theory that D.'s corpse was weighted before being flung into the swift, deep pool below the bridge, led to the river bottom being fruitlessly explored by a diver. The relatives of the missing man were evidently firmly convinced that he had then and there met his death by foul play. Nothing in his pleasant domestic surroundings or tem- perament encouraged the belief that he had imitated Hawthorn's morbid man and deserted his family under such cruel circumstances. No attempt has yet been made to collect a heavy insurance policy on his life, and the case thus far bids fair to remain an impenetrable mystery. On the night of August 2, 1879, one of the bridge watchmen, while tight- ening a screw on the eastern draw- pier, was thrown off his balance by the wrench slipping and fell headlong into the river. Fortunately, being a stout swimmer, notwithstanding his clothing, he kept afloat in the raging eddies and current till rescued in a state of utter exhaustion, off W. J. Young's lower mill, just in time to prevent being swept into the broad channel below. . ..... .?•.„ LYONS \ " HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 503 CITY GOVERNMENT. On January 26, 1857, just a year after the incorporation of the 0., I. & N. Railroad Company, the General Assembly conferred a city charter upon Clinton. The charter was unanimously adopted March 7, 1857, ninety-seven votes being cast. An amended charter was adopted at the charter election, April 5, 1859, by which the city was divided into four wards, viz. : First Ward — All that portion north of the center of Fifth avenue and east of the center of Second street. Second Ward — All that portion lying between the center of Fifth and Eighth avenues. Third Ward — All that portion lying south of the center of Eighth avenue. Fourth Ward — All that portion lying north of the center of Fifth avenue and west of the center of Second street. Subsequently, the city was redistricted by avenues, so that the First Ward is that portion north of the middle of Fourth avenue ; the Second, that portion between the middle of Fourth and Seventh avenues ; the Third, between the middle of Seventh and Tenth avenues, and the Fourth, south of Tenth avenue. The city, in 1867, discarded its special charter and organized under the general law providing for cities of the second class, with a population not exceeding 15,000 inhabitants. The first Council-room was in a wooden building, which Capt. Crozer owned and used for a Justice's office, situated on the corner of First street a"d Third avenue. Afterward, the City Fathers met in the Iowa Central, the basement directly underneath being fitted with fastenings for a lock-up. Thence the Council chamber was transferred to rooms up-stairs, on the east side of Second street, in the block opposite the present City Hall, where were passed many of the ordinances that tended to make the city prosperous and orderly. An engine-house and Council chamber in one building were constructed in 1867-68, on Second street, between Fourth and Fifth avenues. The cost of the building, which was brick and of the most substantial style, and sur- mounted with a fire-alarm triangle of steel, was about $7,000. In 1876-77, by an arrangement with the county, a massive jail addition was built on the rear, and provided with impregnable walls and cells, both for keeping desperate criminals in durance, or possible lynchers on the outside. Not only are the walls thick, and the bolts and bars massive, but inside are cages of boiler iron, riveted together more secure than the similar ones in which Louis XI, King of France, used to immure prisoners of state, within the Bastile. The cost of this improvement was about $4,000. Previously, prisoners had been kept in an insecure little wooden " calaboose" in the same block, whence escapes were disgustingly frequent. On one occasion, twenty-seven prisoners escaped in a body. The course of municipal politics in Clinton has been singularly free from the too frequent evils of partisanship and extravagance. The public welfare has been generally sought by both parties, and many of the best men in the city have freely given their time and effort to the duties of city officers from no other motive than public spirit. The city has always been firmly controlled by the intelligent and responsible classes. The following is the roster of city offjcers since the first charter election in April, 1857. The pioneer officers were : Mayor, Samuel Crozer ; Treasurer, Henry B. Horton ; Recorder, R. H. Nolton ; Assessor, John Graham ; Marshal, John M. Start ; Wharf-Master, J. M. Ordway. The total vote affords some indication of the progress of the city 504 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. in population, though the light ballot in some elections is due somewhat to the reason that there was either no opposition, or to a dearth of interest. 1858, April 6. — Mayor, John C. Bucher ; Recorder, John M. McEnney ; Treasurer, Henry B. Horton ; Assessor, Francis Lee ; Marshal, John M. Start ; Wharf-Master, J. P. Bennett. Aldermen — First Ward, John W. Smith ; Second Ward, Franklin N. Holway ; Third Ward, William N. Magden. Total vote— 244. 1859, April 5. — Mayor, H. B. Horton; Recorder, R. H. Francis; Treas- , urer, F. P. Wilcox ; Marshal, J. M. Ordway ; Wharf-Master, J. P. Bennett. Aldermen — J. T. Vandeventer, T. J. Flournoy, T. S. Briscoe, G. H. Ayles- worth. Total vote — 241. 1860, March 5. — Mayor, T. J. Flournoy; Recorder, R. H. Francis; Treasurer, F. P. Wilcox ; Marshal, W. H. Ankeny ; Wharf-Master, J. P. Ben- nett. Aldermen — J. G. Irwin, F. E". Holway, Robert Hufman, Larkin Upton, and, to fill vacancy, Ed. Vosburg. 1861, March 4. — Mayor, J. C. Bucher ; Recorder, R. H. Francis ; Treas- urer, G. F. Lovejoy ; Marshal, S. C. Peverly ; Wharf-Master, J. P. Bennett. Aldermen — G. W. Johnson, W. J. Young, Thomas Shafto, E. Vosburg. Total vote— 282. 1862, March 3. — Mayor, T. S. Briscoe ; Recorder, R. H. Francis ; Treas- urer, F. P. Wilcox; Marshal, R. S. Seaman; Wharf-Master, J. P. Bennett. Aldermen — George Tuthill, Robert Leslie, Sr., Finley Barr, Francis Lee. Total vote— 257. 1863, March 2. — Mayor, W. H. Ankeny; Recorder, John Cooke ; Treasurer, C. M. Young; Marshal, J. Sherburne; Wharf- Master, J. P. Bennett. Aldermen —A. P. Hosford, W. J. Young, D. A. Parsons, S. T. Toll. Whole vote— 135. 1864, March 7. — Mayor, W. J. Young; Recorder. John Cooke; Treasurer, J. G. Irwin ; Wharf-Master, J. P. Bennett. Aldermen — George Tuthill, R. H. Francis, William Koons, R. Price. Total vote — 147. For Marshal, the election was a tie between R. S. Seaman and Parker Dexter. 1865, March 6. — Mayor, A. P. Hosford ; Recorder, John Cooke ; Treas- urer, F. P. Wilcox; Marshal, R. S. Seaman; Wharf- Master, J. P. Bennett; Assessor, F. P. Wilcox. Aldermen — F. R. Hollingsworth, E. Conant, W. O'Donnell, F. G. Clausin. Total vote— 176. 1866, March 5. — Mayor, W. H. Ankeny ; Recorder, John Cooke ; Treas- urer, F. P. Wilcox; Marshal, R. S. Seaman; Wharf-Master, J. P. Bennett; Assessor, F. P. Wilcox. Aldermen — J. D. Crosby, S. W. Smith (to fill vacancy), Thomas Shafto, William Koons, R. Price, S. Guiton (to fill vacancy). Total vote — 559. 1867, March 4. — Mayor, J. C. Young ; Recorder, John Cooke ; Treasurer, J. H. Churcher ; Marshal, John Hogendobler ; Wharf-Master, J. P. Bennett ; Assessor, F. P. Wilcox ; Street Commissioner, John Sheppard. Aldermen — First Ward, Jerome Schofield, Richard Price; Second Ward, John Voneiff, E. Conant; Third Ward, William O'Donnell, H. S. Hyatt; Fourth Ward, John Coleman, L. B. Wadleigh. Total vote — 707. 1868, March 2. — Mayor, L. B. Wadleigh; Recorder, John Cooke; Treas- urer, J. H. Churcher; Marshal, John Hogendobler; Wharf-Master, Charles Heupil ; Assessor, J. T. Harvey ; Street Commissioner, John Sheppard. Aldermen — Jerome Schofield, S. J. Bishop, Isaac Baldwin, D. S. Batchelder. Total vote— 859. 1869, March 1.— Mayor, J. W. Gottlob ; Treasurer, J. H. Churcher; Marshal, R. -S. Seaman ; Solicitor, W. I. Hayes ; Assessor, J. T. Harvey ; HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 505 Street Commissioner, E. P. Baton. Aldermen— Joseph Adler, Samuel Crozer B. S. DeForest, William Lake. Total vote— 864, 1870, March 7.— Mayor, C. S. Taylor; Treasurer, J. H. Churcher; Mar- shal, Peter McLow; Street Commissioner; J. D. Williams ; Assessor, F. H. Woodworth ; Wharf-Master, L. L. Abbott. Aldermen— Prentice Holmes, S. J. Bishop, R. H. Benson, James McCarty. Total vote — 956. 1871, March 6.— Mayor, C. S. Taylor; Treasurer, C. E. Bentley ; Mar- shal, Peter McLow ; Street Commissioner, F. H. Holway ; Assessor, John E. Voneiff. Aldermen— Richard Price, Samuel Crozer, William O'Donnell William Lake. Total vote— 962. 1872, March 5.— Mayor, C. S. Taylor; Treasurer, C. E. Bentley; Assessor, Martin W. Smith. Aldermen— Prentice Holmes, L. W. Buck, W. M. Shields, Robert Hufman. Total vote— 963. 1873, March 3.— Mayor, C. H. Toll ; Treasurer, C. E. Bentley ; Assessor, W. W. McClure; Solicitor, J. H. Flint. Aldermen — R. Price, Artemus Lamb, William O'Donnell, Dennis Magden, H. R. Whitehouse (to fill vacancy). Total vote— 920. 1873. — I. Munroe elected to fill vacancy. Total vote — 60.. 1874, March 2.— Mayor, C. H. Toll ; Treasurer, C. E. Bentley ; Assessor, W. P. Cubbage. Aldermen — Milo Smith, Ivers Munroe, H. H. Howard, Martin Hassett. Total vote — 882. 1875, March 1.— Mayor, J. J. Flournoy ; Treasurer, A. G. Smith ; Assessor, George Haywood. Aldermen — Richard Price, Amos G. Ewing, William O'Donnell, Dennis Magden ; Solicitor, Walter I. Hayes. Total — 1,286. 1876, March 6 — Mayor, J. T. Pierson ; Treasurer, Thomas Adams ; Assessor, John T. Harvey ; Solicitor, J. H. Walliker. Aldermen — James Leaden, Ivers Monroe, H. H. Howard, Martin White. Total — 1,307. 1877, March 5 — Mayor, J. J. Flournoy ; Treasurer, Thomas Adams ; Assessor, J. T. Harvey ; Solicitor, C. W. Chase. Aldermen — E. R. Lucas, J. E. Carpenter, P. S. Bannister, G. W. Holmes. Total— 1,416. 1878, March 4 — Mayor, Larkin Upton ; Treasurer, J. T. Pierson ; Assessor, J. T. Harvey. Aldermen — Joseph Adler, George G. Bauder, H. H. Howard, Martin White. Total— 1,421. October 8, 1878 — to fill vacancy, 211 votes. Hugh Leslie elected Alderman. 1879, March 3 — Mayor, Larkin Upton ; Treasurer, Thomas Adams ; Assessor, J. T. Harvey ; Solicitor, A. R. McCoy. Aldermen — John Sheppard, Thomas G. Haller, E. R. Mullett, A. G. Ewing, Edward Croake. Total— 1,405. EDUCATIONAL — PUBLIC SCHOOLS. From Clinton's very inception, unusual attention has been paid to the proper development and maintenance of a system of public schools. A policy, both liberal and provident, has always been followed, ever since the winter of 1855-56, when such pioneer Clintonians as the Pearces, Wallikers, Jurneys, Perrins and others, determined to have a school nearer than at Lyons. Accordingly, a dispensation was procured from the District Directors of Lyons Township, and the public-school system of Clinton inaugurated in an old log hut, that stood near the present location of W. J. Young's upper mill. There, Isaac Baldwin, during that winter, faithfully taught about thirty scholars, now dead, or scattered far and wide, and many of them sending their own children to school. Furniture, books and heating appliances were all equally primitive, the room being warmed by a cook-stove. The greatest annoyance was the 506 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTS. amount of tobacco juice left on the floor, after religious services were held in the antique "skule" house during evenings. The following is the complete roll of the school taught by Mr. Baldwin, and the present location where known, of those still living who attended. Those marked with an asterisk are deceased. James Arnold, Clinton ; Fanny Barrett, Chicago; Caroline Coggswell, Lyons; * George A. Coggswell, John Crowley, Clinton County; Charles Crozer, American Express Company; James Crozer, Clinton ; Frank Crozer, Colorado ; Emma Crozer, Clinton ; Eugene and Myrtin Davis, *Daniel Jurney, Frank M. Jurney, *John K, *Mary E. and * Millard F. Jurney; H. M. Parish, Adam C. Perry, Clinton; Eunice A. B. Pearce, *Sarah A. M. Pearce, *Laurence L. Pearce, Edgar and Rachel Perrin, *Noble Perrin, Elizabeth Perrin (Scott), Mary Perrin (Miller), Milton Shoecraft, *Melvina Starr (Perrin), *Edwin S. Stockwell, Charles Wal- liker, Princeton, 111. ; Jacob Walliker, Clinton ; Mary Walliker (Krom). Samuel Perrin did not come as a scholar, but frequently dropped in, to smile at one of the older girls — since then his wife — and now deceased. In July, 1856, was organized Clinton School District No. 1, and on July 25, 1856, was held the first school election, when the Board was elected with J. C." Bucher as President, H. McCormick as Secretary and D. H. Pearce as Treas- urer. The first Board meeting was held August 16, at Isaac Baldwin's office. In September following, 173 pupils were entitled to the benefits of the public school. During the next winter, the school occupied a frame building now standing on Fifth avenue, east of Third street. Mr. Baldwin was succeeded by Miss Lorena Clark, and after her came Mr. E. R. Morgan and Miss Jennie Lewis. One day, the two had so bitter a quarrel that they both appealed to and sent for the Directors, but, naturally enough, became reconciled, and, event- ually, were married. The above-mentioned and other rented frame buildings sufficed the schools until 1860. One of the early schoolhouses was an old frame, afterward changed to a " gothic " shape and located in the rear of Pippings' Sixth Avenue Market. That building was also used as a station on a trunk-line of the " Underground Railway," and in its basement or attic many a cowering fugitive was safely sheltered, waiting for the human blood hounds in pursuit to lose the trail and give up the search, before venturing on the road to Canada and freedom. As a double relic, this building merits preservation. September 1, 1858, the district embraced Sections 6, 7 and 8, in Town 81, Range 7, and Section 12, in Township 81. Range 6. In the winter of 1859-60, the schools were taught by Grove P. Jenks and Mary Fuller. Mr. E. P. Dole, who died several years ago in Bloomington, 111., was the Secretary of the Board in 1858, and made an inventory of the property then belonging to the District which is interesting as a contrast to the present : One table, thirty-two sound and seven damaged chairs, nine benches, two desks with broken locks, one black- board, one ditto, very small, two stoves and pipes, two pails and cups, two small bells. In the spring of 1858, a $6,000 tax was voted to erect a school building ; for some reason it was deemed illegal, was again voted September 6, and finally rescinded October 5. At the annual school meeting in March, 1860, the treas- ury was empty, but a tax, payable the following January, was anticipated, and the Board, Messrs. W. F. Coan, F. P. Wilcox, C. H. Toll and J. C. Bucher, by an ingenious scrip issue, advanced the amount, about $4,000. Thus was built on the east side of De Witt Park , the first and then ample schoolhouse, after plans by Robert Leslie, who, for $3 per day (good wages at that time), superintended its construction. In September, 1860, 445 pupils, between the HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNT?. 507 ages of five and twenty-one years, were registered in the District. In Novem- ber, the school opened with a corps of good teachers, viz., William Sanderson, who succeeded Jenks, as Principal, and afterward became a resident of Prince- ton, and a member of the Legislature, and Misses Jennie N. Clark and Sarah Rogers, assistants. Sanderson left in 1861, and Julia A. Titus took his place, followed, in 1862, by H. Grant, of Galena, succeeded by Simon Shoe- craft. The number of pupils steadily increased, till, in 1863, the school meeting instructed the Directors to build such a schoolhouse as they deemed necessary. Accordingly was built, by an issue of $5,000 of ten-year bonds, the present brick schoolhouse west of De Witt Park, which was, in 1865, enlarged to a seating capacity for 450, pupils. In the fall of 1864, C. H. Leadbetter became Principal, and, in the spring of 1866, was succeeded by George W. Frost, who for four years had charge of the schools. In 1866, a small building in the rear of the Episcopal Church was pur- chased and used to accommodate the swarming children, for whom Turner Hall was also fitted as a temporary schoolroom in 1869, while the magnificent South Clinton building was erecting. But even that, costing $15,000 and seating over four hundred pupils, did not adequately relieve the pressure in the central part of the town, so that in June, 1870, a special tax of $10,000 resulted, by January 1, 1871, in opening the immense three-story building west of Clinton Park, with a seating capacity for 475 scholars. W. B. Howe, of Sterling, was Superintendent from 1870 for a year, and from the same year till his removal West in 1877, C. E. Bentley was the effi- cient Secretary of the Board. In 1871, Prof. Henry Sabin became Superintendent, after Mr. Frost served a brief term in the spring and summer, and the new regime of the Clinton schools began. Prof. Sabin made the first real attempt to grade the city schools according to the method adopted in nearly all large cities, where proper systems are maintained, and his rare organizing ability, aided by exceptionally able assistants, all ladies, has resulted in making the public schools the pride of every Clinton citizen, and unsurpassed in thoroughness and morale by any in the land. The course of study from the primary to the graduating class requires, usually, twelve years, four of which are spent in the High School, graduates from which are admitted into the State University at Iowa City with- out examination. It is possible for a very bright child to pass from his A B C's to the valedictory on Commencement Day in from six to eight years. In the five years since the graded classes have begun finishing their prescribed course, there have been sixty High School graduates, and the classes are, of course, yearly more numerous. Since the Opera House has been completed, the Com- mencement exercises have been held on its ample stage, and the public interest and satisfaction in the city schools is attested by the thousands that, on those occasions, pack the auditorium. The sight must be a cheerful and suggestive one to both the pioneer teachers and patrons, who, twenty-three years ago, assisted at the humble beginning in the log hut on the levee. In South Clinton is opened, during the winter, an ungraded school for the benefit of those who work during the summer. In 1879, the number of pupils attending school was slightly lessened by the opening Roman Catholic parochial schools, taught by Sisters of Charity. In May, 1869, the number actually in attendance, out of about 3,000 minors over five years of age, was 1,424. The maximum hitherto was in June, 1878, 1,755. The present number of teachers 508 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. is twenty-nine, the average monthly pay-roll, $1,500. Truancy has been virtu- ally abolished, and the health of the school children is no less satisfactory. PUBLIC LIBRARIES. It would have indeed been strange if a population as exceptionably intelli- gent and enterprising as that of Clinton should long remain satisfied without the advantages of literary improvement and amusement. Probably the English travelers who, when they visited Lowell, were so surprised to find in the cotton- mills there, as operatives, young ladies of unmistakable culture conducting a newspaper and library of their own, would have been equally amazed at the efforts of the Railway Library Association of Clinton, which was organized "March 23, 1864, with the following officers : President, D. Mahoney ; Vice President, Robert Hay ; Secretary, William Lake ; Treasurer, George Leslie ; Librarian, Henry Harrison. The Association accumulated several hundred volumes, mostly of very solid and useful works, and, being well administered, accomplished a good work, most of the prominent citizens of the city being eventually identified therewith, until it was, on February 26, 1866, consolidated with the Y. M. L. A. The books of the Railroad Association were first kept in a building on Fifth avenue, below Second street, and then in the store of J. H. Churcher, who was very active in library matters. But these and other previous efforts being deemed inadequate to the require- ments of the rapidly growing city, in 1866 a number of prominent citizens vig- orously took the matter in hand, and organized the Young Men's Library Associa- tion of Clinton. A. P. Hosford was elected President, W. F. Coan, Treasurer*, and Isaac Baldwin, Secretary. These, aided and supported by a strong list of Vice Presidents and committees, among whom Dr. P. J. Farnsworth, afterward President, rendered invaluable services, soon placed the Association on a per- manent and highly encouraging basis. A large library of over five hundred admirably selected volumes was purchased and acquired by generous donations, and placed in rooms in the Toll Block January 23, 1867. Among those who, on payment of $ 50, became life members, besides the above, the. names are found of Messrs. C. H. Toll, D. Whitney, Chauncey Lamb, Artemus Lamb, Milo Smith, C. M. Young and Horace Williams, showing that the business men realized the importance of securing the intellectual, as well as the material interests of the city where they had pitched their tents. Among the early donors of valuable assortments of books to the Library Were I. B. Howe, Wil- lard Cutler, Gen. N. B. Baker and Senator Kirkwood. As a result, the library was remarkably rich in statistical compilations and books of reference. The public demand for books during Mr. Churcher's librarianship may be inferred from the fact that the total number of books annually loaned was over three times the entire list, and over ten entries on the average for each one of the 150 members. For several years, prominent citizens took a lively interest in the Library management. Dr. Farnsworth reports aroused public interest; lectures and donations realized funds, and for several years the catalogue grew at the rate of hundreds annually. C. E. Bentley, Clarence Van Kuran and Miss M. A. Rob- inson successively occupied the Librarian's chair on Wednesdays and Saturdays. In 1871, when Dr. F. was called to a chair at the State University, the Library numbered upward of one thousand two hundred books, worth over $2,500. Some months later, on returning to Clinton, in a letter through the Bee, he indignantly informed the Association and citizens that the Library had been greatly depreciated and nearly ruined — books had been stolen, mutilated, and HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 509 confusion worse confounded reigned on the shelves. Public-spirited citizens and members were aroused, and a new era of prosperity was inaugurated through their energetic efforts, and the Association placed on a sound basis. The Library was installed, in 1872, in commodious rooms in the Post Office Block, where it now remains, and augmented by donations and purchases, notably by a gift of 719 new volumes through the munificence of John Bertram, of Salem, Mass., one of the capitalists who early invested in Clinton interests. Though the number of members has been pruned down to less than one hun- dred, and profits from lectures, etc., are no longer relied upon, a steady and healthy growth is the destiny of the Library Association, as its value as an edu- cating agency complementary to the public schools, as well as a means of refined enjoyment, is more and more appreciated. ' Another decade will probably see. the books numbered by thousands, and stored in an appropriate special building, accessible every day and evening. The officers for 1869 are: President, Richard Flournoy ; Secretary, Eaton L. Moses ; Treasurer, A. H. Paddock ; Directors, Charles P. Fegan and Fowler P. Stone. THE POST OFFICE. The post office was established at Clinton in the spring of 1856. For some time, the office was said to be in the Postmaster's hat, and the mail was dis- tributed in the Central House, then the general rendezvous and exchange, where political business and social matters were arranged. Thence, after being kept for awhile in a building, a block south of the Central, the office was removed to the northeast corner of Fifth avenue and Second street, and thence to the little wooden building still standing east of Breitling's bakery, on the south side of Fifth avenue, between First and Second streets. Subsequently, in 1866, the removal of the office to the wooden building on Second street, then occu- pying the site of the present Gage Bank Building, showed the general movement of business up town, at that time. The citizens continued to get their mail at that place until the office received better quarters in the adjacent Toll Block, where it remained till, in 1873, it occupied its present commodious apartments in the marble front Post-Office Building on Fifth avenue, adjacent to Moses & Thompson's bookstore. It is one of the very few post-office buildings in the Mississippi Valley containing sufficient lobby and office room, and other facili- ties for the transaction of the business which has to be handled here. The first Postmaster was Charles Maclay, succeeded by C. H. Simmons. F. N. Holloway, who held the office for eight years ; J. H. Tierney, from 1868 to 1875 ; and Maj. C. H. Toll, the present incumbent. The first money order was issued in October, 1868. The present annual receipts of this office average $10,000. WATER-WORKS. In January, 1874, the matter of providing Clinton with water-works was first agitated, and the more the topic was discussed, the more decided and unani- mous became the- verdict, that a city where so many valuable industries were surrounded by acres of inflammable pine, should not be exposed to the fate which has befallen several northwestern towns, notably Oshkosh, of being nearly- ruined by a sweeping conflagration. Physicians also recognized the fact that it would be well to substitute river water for that supplied by wells sunk" through alluvial soil or porous rock. At first, it was proposed that the city should build the works, but having been ascertained that statutes limiting the contraction oi municipal debt debarred the city from undertaking the enterprise, it was then 510 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. taken up by a few leading business men with a view of forming a stock com- pany, building the works with private capital, the city enjoying fire protection at a fixed annual rental. On March 6, 1874, the first practical step was taken by a meeting, where subscription papers were drawn up and the nucleus of a company formed, it being desired to have $80,000 pledged to render the scheme certain of fulfill- ment. I. B. Howe, S. G. Magill and D; Joyce were chosen a Committee on Incorporation. Excursions were made to view the water-works of Davenport and Rock Island, where the Holly and Donahue systems were inspected and tested. At that time, the plan was to unite the capital of Clinton and Lyons in establishing one system of works for joint use by both cities ; but as Lyons people did not respond to the proposition, Clinton took the initiative by an ordi- nance passed March 26, 1874, granting twenty-year franchises to the Clinton Water- Works Company, and contracting for seventy hydrants at an annual rental of flOO each, and granting to the company, in consideration of the erection of tasteful buildings, the free use of a public park on First street. On April 9, the Company elected as Directors, I. B. Howe, Chauncey Lamb, W. J. Young, W. F. Coan, Oliver Messer, J. T. Pierson and E. S. Bailey, and sub- sequently chose the following officers : President, I. B. Howe ; Vice President, Oliver Messer ; Secretary, E. H. Thayer ; Treasurer, J. C. Weston ; Execu- tive Committee, I. B. Howe, Chauncey Lamb and W. J. Young; Superinten- dent, O. Messer ; Chief Engineer, W. C. Weir. About June 1, the Company awarded its first contract, and Messrs. Howe and Weir made a ten-days inspect- ing tour through the Central and Eastern States, examining the water-Works of various cities, with the result of a happy compromise of several systems, com- bining their leading principles and advantages, including pumping directly into the mains during a fire, which is the principal characteristic of the Holly sys- tem, employing the stand-pipe and reservoir for domestic supply, thus pre- senting a unique combination of the best devices for procuring, handling and distributing water for both protection and use, being the only works of the kind thus far in the world. June 4, ground was broken for the filter-bed ; on June 29, for the mains. August 26, the city established the fire-limits, extending 800 feet beyond the outer range of hydrants, and including the major part of the corporation territory. About November 1, the connections between the river and shore con- duits were made by submarine divers, and on December 2, the pumps were first started and the reservoir tested, and, on the 8th and 9th, informal tests of the works were made in the presence of the Council and spectators, and a 160-foot stream realized with only gravitation and the pressure of 13,600 gallons of water in the reservoir. December 12, it was announced that water would be delivered to private customers, and, a few days later, the city accepted the hydrants, which were first utilized at a fire on Seventh avenue December 28. In its journey from river to kitchen, the water is taken from the channel 167 feet from shore low-water mark, passed through filter-basins and into the reservoir at the top of the tower, through a two-inch stand-pipe. The tower is- 120 feet high and rests upon a solid stone and rock foundation. It is seventeen feet in diameter, tapering to twelve feet near the top, and buttressed to prevent oscillation. By 132 steps, one ascends to the observatory, just under the res- ervoir, that seems remarkably like' a chamber in the turret of a medieval castle, which the tower resembles in external appearance, whence is obtained a magnificent prospect of the broad valley, oak-crowned bluffs, three citie3, vil- lages and farm-houses, and the majestic current of the Mississippi for many HISTORY OP CLINTON COUNTY. 511 miles. The pumping engines are marvels of compactness and power, and, aided by powerful boilers, can redouble their work in an incredibly short time. The distributing system is fed by a sixteen-inch supply main, in which the flow is regulated by an air-chamber, so as to prevent bursting the mains when the pumps are crowded. The pipe was laid under great difficulties, a portion being cut through the solid rock at a depth of from five to six feet. The cost of the works aggregates $110,000. With the manifest decrease of danger from conflagrations, the promised reductions in insurance rates to property- owners, and the distribution of pure, healthful water for domestic uses, thus dispelling the anxiety of business men, preserving property from loss, and affording the sanitary precaution of proper drinking water, these works consti- tute a blessing to Clinton that will be more fully enjoyed and appreciated as their future use demonstrates their utility, not only in daily life, but in such a great crisis as that of May, 1879. On that occasion, the water-works fur- nished scores of streams. The present officers are : President, C. Lamb ; Sec- retary and Treasurer, J. C. Weston ; Superintendent, O. Messer ; Directors, I. Munroe, C. Lamb, W. J. Young, W. F. Coan, E. S. Bailey, J. B. Carpenter and J. T. Pierson. GAS WORKS. It has been neatly said that the self-styled cities become such in reality when they are lighted with gas. Assuming the truth of that definition of what really constitutes a nineteenth-century city, Clinton actually arrived at urban dignity in the spring of 1869, when the Gas Light and Coke Company was organized, with a capital of $60,000, and works built and mains laid through the principal streets. Previously, except where a private lamp shed its friendly rays, citizens groped about in utter darkness, or carried lanterns, as in the middle ages. The change to lighted streets was inexpressibly cheering. The mains now aggregate over seven miles. The present officers compris- ing the gentlemen most prominently identified with the work are W. J. Young, President; J. C. Weston, Secretary and Treasurer; O. Messer, Superin- tendent; W. J. Young, I. B. Howe, C. H. Toll, C. Lamb, E. S. Bailey, F. P. Wilcox, J. Vandeventer, Directors. RELIGIOUS. The first religious services were held in a little shanty, in November or December, 1855, temporarily used as the office of the Iowa Land Company. Prayer and social meetings, and occasional formal services, were held in the old log schoolhouse by various denominations. About the close of the year, meetings were held in the present dining-room of the Iowa Central House. At the first gathering there, Jephaniah K. Allen led the meeting and returned thanks that they were "gathered together where prayers were wont to be made," while on the outside were heard the noises of a profane quarrel, and the sound of the ax with which Patrick Noonan was cutting wood to keep the meeting-room warm. There were probably thirty or forty people present, in 1856, Reznor's warehouse was used as a place of worship. From these humble beginnings, and others related hereafter, the churches- of Clinton have grown to their present status. Probably there is not a town in the West where the churches, in proportion to their population are so well sustained and ably administered as in Clinton. Their influence has been no insignificant factor in the prosperity and order of the city. 512 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. Episcopal. — In the autumn of 1855, the lamented Rev. Henry W. Lee, Bishop of Iowa, organized St. John's Parish, and held services in a log house, belonging to Noble Perrin, near the levee. A small frame building was put up the ensuing year and was used for a private school, and also for church purposes whenever services could be obtained. The school ceased after awhile, but the Church continued its occupancy until the present edifice was completed. The old building was afterward used for a public primary school, after being removed to Clinton Park. Rev. James Trimble was called to the parish in 1 the spring of 1857, and remained in charge until the fall of the same year. Rev. H. W. Beers, Rector of Grace Church at Lyons, then added the parish io his charge, officiating in the afternoon of the same Sunday. In 1859, Rev. Samuel Chase was chosen Rector, but on account of ill-health, resigned in 1860. He was succeeded by Rev. Charles B. Stout, in the spring of 1862. In 1863, the parish became again vacant, the Church having suffered so severely' from members removing, and other causes, that it became impossible to properly sustain a Pastor. Prom this time until the completion of the present church, Rev. G. W. Watson, of Lyons Grace Church, officiated once every Sabbath. In the winter of 1864, the members of the parish determined to make a supreme effort to erect a suitable church, and earnestly organized for that pur- pose, notwithstanding apparently almost insurmountable obstacles. Their labors were, however, blessed beyond their expectations, and, on April 15, they had the pleasure, heartfelt and thankful, of participating in the solemn dedication, of their beautiful building, by Bishop Lee, assisted by the Rector, F. Humphrey, who had taken charge in April, and many of the diocesan clergy. The church is situated at the corner of Fourth avenue and Third street. It is built of the buff-colored limestone from the Iowa Land Company's quarries, and is of the .style known as the early English. In size, it is 76 by 30 feet, with a vestry at the northwest corner. The side walls are buttressed, thus adding much to the -quaint beauty of the structure, which is also enhanced by the neat eastward porch. The wood work of the open roof is grained in oak, and with the stained glass windows casting "a dim religious light," old-fashioned pews and neat chancel, makes an interior at once picturesque and associated with the j)oetry of religious edifices. Rector Humphrey remained in charge till his resignation in February, 1868. After an interval, during which the pulpit was not filled except by supplies or candidates, the present Rector, Rev. James F. Trimble, was again secured as Rector, and began his second rectorate April 1, 1869. One of the candidates during the vacancy was Rev. H. W. Woods, who largely aided in precipitating that ecclesiastical cause celebre, the Cheney- Whitehouse controversy. The Sunday school was kept in a flourishing condition during the long absence of a Rector, with a membership of from eighty to one hundred, by the efforts of Messrs. I. P. Brewer and John Flournoy, and others. S. J. Mills is the Superintendent. The present value of the church property, including the rectory, is fully $12,000, and the membership is about one hundred. Since several years ago, Prof. J. A. McKenney took charge of the choir, great attention has been paid to the church music till now, on the authority of Bishop Perry, the musical services at St. John's are the finest in the diocese, if not in the Northwest, outside of the great cities. Presbyterian. — The Presbyterian Church was organized October 26, 1856, in the west room of what was then known as Price's Block, Fourth avenue, HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 513 next west of Central House Block. Rev. George R. Moore and A. W. Piatt officiated. The members numbered but nineteen, of whom two, Mrs. Sophia Arnold and Dr. H. McCormick, are still connected. In November, Rev. Ovid Miner was engaged for six months, at a salary of $400. April 1, 1857, "the little church around the corner" of Third street and Sixth avenue, on a site donated by the Land Company, was begun, and on the 14th of the same month the first sermon was preached in it by Rev. Austin Roberts, of Lakeville, Mass. Rev. A. W. Piatt officiated during 1857, and was succeeded in April, 1858, by Rev. G. A. D. Hebard, who remained four and a third years, when he was called to Iowa City. In February. 1862, the Church secured the services of Rev. John McLeish, who remained eight months, when he entered the military service as Chaplain of the Twenty-sixth Iowa Regiment. About January 7, 1863, Rev. J. Knox became Pastor and remained about eighteen months, when he accepted a call from Cedar Rapids. In July, 1864, the Church engaged Rev. 0. D. W. White, who remained two years, when he was elected Professor of Natural Sciences in the college at Fulton, 111. After another vacancy, ending in February, 1867, Rev. J. R. Morse occupied the pulpit till November of the same year, when he assumed the Presidency of the Lyons Female College, then under the control of the Synod. He was succeeded in the same month by the present Pastor, Rev. J. G. Cowden, of Iowa City, who was the first formally installed Pastor of the Church. In the winter of 1868-69, was inaugurated one of the most useful of auxiliary church enterprises, in the organization, and estab- lishment on a permanant basis, of the South Clinton Sunday School, which, from a humble beginning in the little old wooden building, first used a public school- house in that part of the town, grew to such proportions as to overflow several rooms in the present fine brick building. Subsequently, after the old wooden church was evacuated, a portion of it was moved to South Clinton, where, close by a fine grove, it fulfills its purpose of supplying the extensive district south of the railroad with a needed house of worship. In 1871, it became manifest that the congregation was outgrowing its quarters,' but the inevitable discussions as to ways and means of rebuilding and the panic of '73 delayed any movement till in the spring of 1875. "Murray Church" (built in 1871 by a Universalist Society) was temporarily occupied, and the work of building an edifice, worthy of the society and city, prosecuted with vigor and efficiency. The corner-stone was laid July 29, 1876, with appropiate ceremonies. The following articles were deposited in the corner-stone : Copies of the Clinton and Chicago papers, report of the Clinton Centennial celebration of the Fourth of July and copy of oration by Waldo M. Potter, manual of Clinton Presbyterian Church, list of Church members, list of Clinton Church societies and officers, lists of trustees, building committee, contractors and subscribers to the building fund, historical sermon by Pastor, giving sketch of Church from its origin, copies of plans of visitation, benevolent schemes and praise meetings of the Church, Centennial medals, coins of the year, programme of ceremonies of laying corner-stone. The lecture-room of the new church was occupied in the spring of 1877, and on December 19, 1877, the upper auditorium was occupied and the edifice was dedicated, the sermon being preached by the Pastor. The church is built of brick, and contains not only the upper room, with a seating capacity of 700, but a basement story with lecture-rooms, parlors and classrooms, admirably arranged for Sunday-school purposes , and to be thrown together on special occasions. The cost of the structure was upward of $25,000, of which no less than $4,000 was raised by the indefatigable efforts of the ladies of the Church, who conducted sociables, excursions, entertainments and fairs with 514 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. equal discretion and zeal. The total value of the church property is fully $530,000, and the membership numbers over 200. The Sunday school began its independent existence in May, 1857, in the small frame building still standing in the rear of Pipping's market, with about ten scholars. J. G. Irwin was the first Superintendent. At present, there are 300 scholars and 20 teachers. J. S. Oliver is Superintendent. Under Prof. Lachmund's direction great improvement has been made in the musical services, while the labors of Mr. J. E. Carpenter and others have had the same result in developing musical taste in the Sabbath school. An orchestra has for several years directed and led the children's voices. Methodist.- — In the autumn of 1856, Rev. J. B. Taylor, Pastor of the Lyon's M. E. Church, organized a few persons into a class in Clinton, and, during the following year, a small wooden building was built and used for Church purposes until 1864, and afterward converted into a skirt factory and dwelling, having been removed from the church lot to Second street. The society, organized with twenty members, was soon increased to forty. A revi- val resulted in forty accessions. In the Conference of 1858, held at Lyons, Clinton's first report as a separate charge announced 77 members. At this Conference, Rev. G. W. Brindell was assigned to the Clinton Church, and re-appointed in 1859, completing two useful years. In 1860 and 1861, he was succeeded by Rev. R. Norton. In 1862, Rev. R. N. Earhart was appointed but resigned in the middle of the year, and was succeeded by Rev. N. Shaffer; who completed the Conference year. In 1863, Rev. L. Taylor was appointed to Clinton and completing a fruitful year reported a membership, including a class at the Central Schoolhouse, of 128 members and probationers. In the fall of 1864, Rev. C. G. Truesdell was appointed to Clinton, and, in 1865 and 1866, was re-appointed. His report in the latter year showed 200 members; 200 children in Sunday school, and 500 volumes in Sunday-school library. In the spring of 1865, the new and commodious brick church, at present occupied by the Society, was begun in the autumn, completed, and December 17, 1865, formally dedicated by the Rev. T. M. Eddy, D. D., of Chicago. The size of the building was 40 by 60 feet exclusive of tower. It was finished in fresco, and with stained-glass windows, and cost over $10,000. In the fall of 1868, Rev. J. W. Clinton's pastorate began, during which both congregation and membership so increased that it became necessary to enlarge the church building by lengthening the audience-room to 90 feet. In order to provide the Sunday school with room sufficient for its rapidly increas- ing size, and to have a convenient place for social meetings, a frame structure of two stories was erected north of the church at a cost of $4,000, divided into lecture-rooms, classrooms and parlors. Probably the gatherings in this build- ing have been almost as important agencies in unifying and vitalizing the Church as those in the lofty brick one adjacent. In the fall of 1870, Rev. Julius Stevens succeeded to the pastorate, and remained for one year, being followed by Rev. J. H. Rhea, who remained two years. During a furious storm, in the summer of 1871, the lofty south spire was struck by lightning, but an efficient rod saved it from serious injury. Rev. R. D. Parsons was next appointed to the Clinton charge, but resigned at the end of six months — in the spring of 1874. In the following fall, Rev. Emory Miller was appointed Pastor, and at the end of his first year was appointed Presiding Elder of the Cedar Falls District, and Rev. G. W. Brindell was again assigned to Clinton, and remained for the maximum time allowed by the Church rules for a minister to hold one charge, when, in the fall of 1878, the present Pastor, Rev. S. Watson HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 515 Ingham occupied the pulpit. The membership, at present, numbers nearly 400. The organization of "Chautauqua literary circles," by Mr. Ingham, has been of great intellectual benefit to the younger portion of the congregation. The choir has also been notably strengthened, and the Sabbath school, number- ing 300 pupils, increased in efficiency. Congregational. — The first preliminary meeting was held at the residence of Royce Jones, May 7, 1866, where it was resolved that it is expedient that a Congregational Church be organized in the city of Clinton, and a committee, composed of Isaac Baldwin, G. W. Hall and S. F. Bouton, was appointed to propose a plan of organization and to call a council as soon as possible, to whom the matter of organization should be referred. The second preliminary meeting was held at the Presbyterian Church May 12, where Articles of Faith and Covenant were presented and adopted, and an ecclesiastical council invited to meet in Clinton, June 5, 1866. The reason which led to the formation of the Congregational Church, as given by the movers, were: "First, the conviction that the growth of the city warrants the establishment of another Church of Christ; and, second, a desire to be united under a church polity which would secure to the majority the right to carry out their own acts of discipline and benevolence." Accordingly, on the ecclesiastical council convening, its meet- ings were held in the Methodist Church. The churches of Lyons, Dubuque, Sabula, De Witt and Grinnell were represented. Among the members of the council were G. F. Magon, D. E. Jones and Jesse Genung. After the facts, concerning which its advice was sought, were laid before the council, it approved of the preliminary steps and advised the speedy organization of the First Congregational Church of Clinton, whereupon the Articles of Faith were assented to by A. P. Hosford, W. H. Browning and wife, Royce Jones and wife, Mrs. Helen M. Hall, J. Matthews and wife, Mrs. Van Kuran, Mrs. E. Steinhouse, Miss C. McGregor and Mrs. 0. Smith, to whom, as the new church " Father,". 0. Emerson, extended the fellowship of the sister churches. Until Septem- ber, 1867, the new Church held its meetings in the High School room on De Witt Park. On that day, the present church edifice was dedicated, the sermon being preached by President G. F. Magoun. The first Pastor was Rev. J. W. White, who served for about four years. In 1871, Rev.. J. L. Ewell was installed as Pastor and remained in charge a trifle more than four years. Then A. J. Chittenden supplied the Church for about nine months. In August, 1875, the present Pastor, Rev. William L. Bray, was called to the pulpit and began his pastorate November 1, of the same year. The present value of the church property is about $8,500. The membership is about 190. The Sunday school, now numbering 250, was organized simultaneously with the Church. G. W. Hall was the first and Schiller Hosford the present Superintendent. The church contains one of the finest pipe organs in the West and has for many years had a remarkably strong and well-trained chorus choir. Catholic— St. Mary's Church was an attached mission, supplied princi- pally from Lyons, previous to the assignment to the parish of the late Rev. P. V. McLaughlin, in May, 1867. He remained in charge till his death, Janu- ary 16, 1879, and his remains repose under the altar of the church he served so faithfully as to prematurely wear out his life in the discharge of his arduous duties. During his twelve years as officiating priest, he was at various times efficiently assisted by Rev. Fathers Hayes, Spellissey, Swift, Lynch, Flan- nery— who had charge of the parish during Father McLaughlin's three-months' health trip to California in the fall of 1875, and was intimately related, until the spring of 1878, to the interests of the parish— Kelley, McCaffrey, O' Conner, 516 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. Hennessy and O'Reilley, who was officiating at the time of the late pas- tor's death, and assisted the present Father, E. J. McLaughlin, for a few months. The church edifice on the corner of Sixth avenue and Fourth street, was first built in 1867, and, in 187.2, enlarged to its present seating capacity of about one thousand, at a cost of $3,000. Still, it is too small for the con- gregation, comprising nearly five hundred families, and accordingly a new church will probably be built before long. With the usual foresight of the Church, valuable property was, at an early day in the history of Clinton, secured upon the commanding crest of the bluff between Eighth and Ninth avenues and Fifth and Sixth streets, where the priest's residence and parochial schools are located. Recently, the spacious house opposite, on the N corner of Ninth avenue and Fifth street, was purchased and converted into the " Holv Family Academy," conducted by the 'Sisters of Charity of the B. V. M., who also conduct the parochial schools, containing 600 pupils. Both these schools were founded by the lamented Father McLaughlin, whose zeal for the develop- ment and beautifying of his pastorate ceased not with his health, but only with his life. The value of the church property is upward of $20,000. Previous to the arrival of the Sisters of Charity in 1878, the Sunday school was conducted by an association, but since then ten Sisters have had full charge of the flock of between six and seven hundred pupils. The German ^Evangelical Church was organized in 1872, largely by the efforts of Revs. J. Heern and P. Berner. For some time, the society worshiped in the High School building, till in 1873 a large frame church edifice was erected on the corner of Third avenue and Fourth street, at a cost of about $5,000, on a site donated by the Land Company. The pulpit was filled for the first years by Rev. J. Heern, succeeded Rev. M. Gruner, B. Berner, C. Lagashulta and the present Pastor, J. Eckhard. The congregation numbers over one hundred and has grown rapidly, as has the Sunday school, of which C. Pfeil was the first and Fred Frehse is the present Superintendent. In 1875, so many Danes had settled in Clinton that a Danish Lutheran Church society was organized, and an edifice suited to the needs built at a cost of $2,000, at the corner of Elm and Fourth streets. Rev. D. Gielesen has been the Pastor from its formation. Baptist. — The preliminary meeting was held at the instance of Rev. Addison A. Sawin, then of Fulton, acting under the auspices of the Baptist Home Mis- sionary Association, on the 31st day of December, 1856. The Church was organized May 19, 1857. Among its original members were C. H. Toll, Will- iam and Susan Phillips, O. T. Bowen, Mrs. Charles Dixon, Robert Leslie, G. W. Patterson, John Dyer and wife. The organization was ratified by an ecclesiastical council, June 2, 1857 .For some time, the Church was without a settled Pastor. The first edifice was a temporary structure, on the present site, at the corner of Fourth street and Seventh avenue, on De Witt Park. While the present elegant structure was building, the congregation worshiped in Crandall Hall. The basement of the new church was dedicated May 13, 1870, and the upper auditorium on the 8th of March, 1874, $4,500 being raised on the latter occasion, to pay for the structure. The first regular Pastor was John Scott, who took charge of the infant Church from October, 1860, to August, 1861. He was followed by Revs. A. H. Starkweather, September, 1861, to April, 1865 ; W. G. Moore, April, 1865, to April, 1866 ; A. D. Freeman, August, 1866, to March, 1867 ; Will- iam Roney, July, 1867, to November, 1869 ; H. A. Guild, February, 1870, to May, 1870; C. H. Remington, April, 1870, to February, 1871; M. T. HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 51 J Lamb, May, 1872, to May, 1874; J. A. Aitchison, June, 1874, to September, 1876 ; and Rev. C. C. Smith, the present Pastor, whose labors began June, 1877. The membership is about one hundred and forty ; value of church property, $20,000. The Sunday school numbers nearly two hundred ; W. W. Leslie, Superintendent. The dedication sermon of the new church was preached by Rev. J. G. Johnson, of St. Louis, who refused to offer the dedicatory prayer until the debt on the building was removed. The prayer was not offered till the evening service, by which time the stumbling-block of incumbrance was removed, so that the Rev. Doctor was able to address 1 the Throne of Grace with even more than his usual unction. OTHER RELIGIOUS BODIES. Before 1873, the Scandinavian element had become so strong in Clinton that the Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church was organized, and, in that year, a large frame church built upon the beautiful bluff site at the corner of Ninth avenue and Fifth street. The value of the church property is $10,000, and the pulpit is supplied by Rev. G. Nelson. The membership numbers about seventy-five, and is increasing. In 1871, a Universalist Society was organized, and a frame edifice was built at the corner of Fourth street and Fourth avenue, on Clinton Park, and christened Murray Church. After several years, the society disbanded, and the building has since been leased to other religious bodies, it being occupied at present by the "Apostolic Church of God." ,, During the present year, 1879, the " Liberals " have held large Sunday- evening meetings at Music Hall, addressed by Mrs. M. E. Lake. In 1868, through the instrumentality of Mr. J. H. Young, and other mem- bers of the First Methodist Church, was originated the African M. E. Church. The society occupies a neat frame church, "on the east side of Clinton Park on Third street, and is presided over by Rev. E. Freeman. The Second Adventists also have a church organization, but are at present without an edifice. MASONIC. Though among the first residents of Clinton, there were a goodly number of worthy brothers of the craft, no organization was effected till in 1856, when it became evident that the city was a fixed fact. On December 19 of that year, a dispensation was granted by John F. Sanford, Grand Master, for Western Star Lodge, No. 100, E. H. Ring, W. M. On June 4, 1857, the Lodge began working under a charter with officers as follows : W. M., E. H. Ring ; S. W., Daniel Smith ; J. W., H. B. Ring ; Treasurer, Samuel Crozer ; Secretary, R. H. Nolton. The first hall occupied was in the Bucher Block, on the corner of First street and Fifth avenue, where the Lodge occupied very commodious quarters and flourished apace for seven years, and where many of the most distinguished of the men who have made this section of Iowa what it is, either visited or worked. Thence Western Star removed, in 1868, to the Dunbar Block, where rooms were used, and afterward shared with Emulation Lodge till in 1873, when the present hall, over Stone & Smith's bank, became the home of the Lodge. The present officers are W. M., William Lake ; S. W., George Laveder ; J. W., George Lea ; Treasurer, Francis Lee; Secretary, Alex. Fife. The mem- bership is at present, July, 1879, exactly 100. The dispensation was granted for Emulation Lodge, No. 255, January 8, 1869, and a charter the 2d of June following. It was recommended by Western Star 518 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. Lodge, and Reuben Nickel was Grand Master at the time. The first elective officers were W. M., F. P. Blakely ; S. W., W. L. Bates ; J. W., Horace Baker ; Secretary, P. J. Farnsworth. The present officers are W. M., F. S. Roberts ; 8. W., F. E. Bachelder; J. W., C. E. Fisher ; Treasurer, P. S. Towle ; Secretary, A. G. Ewing ; S. D., F. H. Oakes; J. D., George Knapp; S. S., Jesse Cole; J. S., H. Peters; Tiler, George Cole. The members number ninety-eight. The Lodge organ- ized and met in the Dunbar Block with Western Star Lodge for a short time, till they procured and fitted up their hall over Stone & Smith's bank, on Fifth avenue. The dispensation for Keystone Chapter, No. 32, Royal Arch Masons, was granted August 3, 1866, by H. H. Hemenway, G. H. P., to J. Van Deventer, H. P.; R. A. Lyons, K.; Thomas Thornburg, S.; T. J. Flournoy, T.; E. S. Bailey, Secretary, and sixteen others. The Chapter was chartered October 17, 1867, and instituted November 2, with the following officers : G. W. Frost, H. P.; Thomas Thornburg, K.; William Campbell, S.; H. B. Van Deventer, Treas- urer ; L. E. Watrous, Secretary ; F. L. Blakely, C. of H.; L. P. Ostrander, P. S.; F. H. Farr, R. A. C; W. H. Raymond, M. 1st V.; W. A. Scott, M. 2d V.; T. J. Flournoy, M. 3d V.; J. D. Roberts, Sentinel, and sixteen others. The Chapter has occupied the same hall, conjointly with the Commandery, and both grand bodies met at Clinton at the same time. The present membership is seventy. The present officers are: F. L. Blakely, H. P.; F. S. Roberts, K.; C. 0. Morton, S.; A. H. Smith, Secretary; F. Lee, Treasurer; Charles F. Curtis, C. H.; G. W. Lambert, R. A. C; G. W. Allen, P. Cannon, E. Kenneke, L. Moshier, E. S. Schooley. The Lodge is in a healthy, growing condition, and furnishes an endowment of $1,000 to the widow of a member upon his death, at a minimum cost. The place of meeting is at the hall of Schiller Lodge, A. 0. U. W., in the Hard- ing Block. * IOWA LEGION OF HONOR. Lumber City Lodge, No. 6, 1. L. ofH., was organized May 23, 1879, with forty charter members, by Grand President D.'H. Twomey. The first and present officers are : A. R. McCoy, President ; C. C. Van Kuran, Vice President; J. S. Blick, Recording Secretary; Thomas G. Haller, Treasurer; W. Thompson, Financial Secretary; H. R. Jones, U.; E. H. King, Chaplain; T. B. Rodgers, D. K. Trustees — A. H. Paddock, E. C. Foster and James Leslie. The present HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 523 membership is numbers seventy-seven. The Order is limited to the State and provides for a life insurance of from $2,000 to $4,000. Lumber City Lodge assembles in the Toll Block Hall used by the K. of P. and A. O. U. W. bodies. THE GERMAN SOCIETY. The Germans of Clinton, from an early day, have been a numerous, substan- tial and influential body of citizens, and soon organized two societies, the Turner and the Workingmen, who consolidated, September 3, 1877, into the present German Society, numbering eighty-five members, and owning valuable property, worth over $5,000, at the corner of Third avenue and Fourth street. It com- prises a gymnasium, theater, schoolroom, etc. A German school has been instituted, and the Turnhalle enlarged and improved during the winter of 1878-79. The officers are : Emil Diebner, President ; A. Gideonsen, Vice President; A. F. Frudden, P. Lorenzen, Secretaries; Fr. Voss, Treasurer. The annual Turner exhibitions and the frequent balls at the hall, have, for years, been a source of enjoyment not limited to the German-speaking popula- tion of the city, who have materially influenced the ideas of the community in regard to amusements. ° R. c. T. A. & e. s. The Roman Catholic Total Abstinence and Benevolent Society was organ- ized with fifty charter members, December 20, 1869, largely through the exer- tions of Rev. P. V. McLaughlin. The first President was John Coleman; Vice President, William Kerrivan. Several years ago, the benevolent feature was dropped in order to construct the Society's building, but will doubtless be again renewed. The Society's first meetings were held in the church and afterward successively in the old Union, now Music Hall, in the Toll Block, in the Pier- son Block, on Fourth street, and in the Ketterer Block on Fifth avenue, until, in 1877, they moved into their present fine hall on Third street, west of the railroad shops. The total value of the building, property and grounds belonging to the Society is fully $5,000. The membership numbers 130, comprising abotft an equal proportion of heads of families and young men, to whom the organization has been of incalculable value. The officers are : John Coleman, President ; Dennis Magden, Vice President ; John Furlong, Patrick Ryan and J. M. O'Neill, Secretaries ; Peter Scannon, Treasurer ; John Sheppard, Mar- shal ; Samuel Grace, Sergeant-at-Arms. The personnel and emblems of the Order always attract equal attention and admiration in civic parades. Knights of Honor. — Hawkeye Lodge, No. 160, K. of H., was instituted September 10, 1875, with the following officers and charter members : J. E. Carpenter, P. D.; H. H. Howard, D.; Eli Lanning, V. D.; J. W. Bulen, A. D.; Joseph Agin, Rep.; M. M. Tiffany, F. R.; Joseph Magee, Guide; G. V. Harris, G. ; P. Pierson, Sentinel ; John Ford, C. Charter members : C. H. Coggswell, H. C. Keeler, J. C. Vail, H. O. Hicks, John Whitsel, H. H. McCune. The present officers are: G. V. Harris, P. D. ; H. S. Farnsworth, D. ; F. R. Gilson, V. D. ; J. H. Flanagan, A. D. ; Frank Mattison, Rep. ; Alex. Fife, F. R. ; John Ford, Treasurer ; Eli Lanning, Guide ; W. L. Ains- worth, C. ; W. F. Ferguson, Guardian ; F. Bulow, Sentinel. The Order gives members the option of full or half rate life insurance for $2,000 or $1,000. The Lodge meets at Odd Fellows' Hall and numbers forty members. THE CLINTON BRIDGE COMPANY. With the development and settlement of the West, there comes an ever- increasing demand for good roads and bridges. Farmers find that the cost of 524 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. marketing produce by hauling over poor roads, eats up the profits of their lands to an amazing degree. Accordingly, one of the greatest wants of pros- perous farming communities, is a good system of bridges and approaches, especially as the richest bottom lands are in time of overflow the worst for vehicles to traverse. Many were "the moving adventures by flood and field," that the old settlers relate in the days of fords and ferries, when the heavily loaded wains slowly wallowed through the black and fertile soil — how the wheels mired — how the traces broke, and how the teamsters "exhorted the impenitent mule." The manufacturing and supplying of ready-made bridges has, therefore, naturally become a specialty with bridge companies and iron works. The Clinton Bridge Company was first organized March 1, 1875, and since then has not only furnished a multitude of the most compact and satis- factory county bridges, but has also constructed some of the most scientific and elaborate railroad bridges in the Northwest. The Engineers' and draughting- rooms are located in the Central Block, on First street, and the shops immedi- ately adjacent, on Fourth avenue. The latter are admirably planned, both in size and arrangement for preparing spans long enough for the largest needed wooden bridges. It is fitted with the largest machines of the kind in the Northwest. A span 150 feet in length can, if necessary, be turned out every twenty-four hours. The main shop is composed of a two-story section 40x60 feet, and the fitting-room 30x156 feet. The original officers were : President, Artemus Lamb; Vice President, J. J. Swigert, of Toledo; Secretary and Treasurer, E. S. Hart; Engineer, J. S. Jenkins; Directors, W. J. Young, Artemus Lamb, E. S. Hart, R. W. Smith and J. Swigert. In the spring of 1877, the Company was re-organized, and its present staff is; President and Treasurer, Artemus Lamb; Vice President, E. S. Hart; Secretary and Assistant Engineer, J. A. Patterson; Engineer, J. Scott Jenkins; Chief Draughtsman, P. J. Partenheimer, Jr.; Manager iron shops, Thomas R. Reeve; Directors, Messrs. Reeve, Lamb, Hart, Patterson and Jenkins. The Company have erected 267 structures of all kinds and combinations of wood and iron trusses and arches. The original working capital is $25,000. The num- ber of men employed during the busy season varies from fifty to one hundred and fifty. There is no kind of bridge, from the grandest railroad span to one over a diminutive brooklet, but that the company have put up in the most scientific and thorough manner, and their light but strong structures are every- where taking the place of the obsolete rural bridges made of heavy, mortised limbers, and the bottomless quagmires which creek fords become in wet weather. UNION IRON WORKS. The Union Works were erected by a stock company, organized September 3, 1868, and completed the following spring, with the following officers : Presi- dent, A. P. Hosford ; Vice President, C. E. Shattuck ; Secretarv and Treasurer, S. Keith ; Directors, A. P. Hosford, S. Moses, S. Keith, C. E. Shattuck, E. W. Goodale. The organization was at first an experiment in the co-operative plan of allowing the employes an interest in, the profits. The main structure was the machine-shop built in the most substantial manner of brick, and with the adjacent foundry, boiler and blacksmith shops covers a large share of a block, all the outlay being on the most lavish scale. Over $70,000 were first and last expended in real estate and " plant." Owing, however, to a lack of unity or practical efficiency attendant upon a divided responsibility, the works did not pay, though Mr. Hosford contributed money with a lavish hand, until the company was largely indebted to him. It became more and more evident HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 525 that the joint-stock management would hot become a paying one, so, in 1870, A. P. Hosford, by virtue of a mortgage foreclosure for the funds he had liber- ally advanced for the purchase of machinery and material, became sole owner. Since that time, under J. W. Brentlinger's superintendence, the works have so flourished that they have many times been unable to keep up with orders, and the output has comprised pieces of collossal and elaborate machinery, especially for saw- mills, that have been utilized throughout the Northwest. But the philanthropic owner has taken more pride and pleasure in the fact that the works have furnished remunerative employment to upward of from twenty-five to fifty skilled mechanics. PAPER COMPANY. In 1868, the Clinton Paper Manufacturing Company was organized, with A. P. Hosford, President, and A. Siddle, Secretary and Treasurer. Early in the summer the foundation for the needed buildings was laid, and, on the first day of December, 1868, they were completed, the complicated machinery in place, and the factory in successful operation.. The establishment is 132 by 128 feet ; the capacity of the engine 100 horse-power ; the average amount of wrapping-paper manufactured is 100 tons per month. When running to its full capacity, twenty-four hours per day, it consumes upward of seven tons of straw per day, thus affording a valuable market for a surplus raw product. In the upper part of the building is a tank holding some 10,000 gallons of water, which is thence distributed to necessary points in the building for use in prepar- ing the pulp and safety against fire. THE LUMBER INTEREST. The development of the saw-mill and lumbering interests .of Clinton is practically synchronous with that of the city. In that industry, Clinton may, without vain vaunting, claim, in many respects, to lead the world. Probably there has been more lumber manufactured within the past decade, within the distance between the lowest and uppermost mills along the Clinton and Lyons river front, than anywhere else in the same area. Not only, however, in the amount of capital invested and in the bulk and value of product, have the lumber kings of this vicinity attained pre-eminence ; but in the quality of their staples, ingenuity in improving facilities for rapid and economical cutting, wise foresight in securing plenty of raw material, have not only advanced their interests and those of their town, but, by diminishing the cost to the consumer, developed the lumber trade itself. The primitive method of bringing logs from the pineries to the mills along the Mississippi was by the floating raft, guided by powerful sweeps in the hands of its stalwart and, at a distance, picturesque crew, numbering from twenty-five to thirty men, whose wages figured very largely in the debit side ot the season's balance. The rafts, when brought down in this manner were necessarily strongly bound and pinned together. But, in 1865, Mr. W. J. Young made the then bold and iiovel experiment of pushing a raft by a stern- wheel steamer, in order to save both expense and time. The new method proved a success and revolutionized the system of furnishing the mills a log supply. It was also a relief to the passengers on the packets, that were no longer infested by the noisy and turbulent raft-crews returning to the lumber regions. The crews being kept together on their own proper boats under efficient management, have, during late years, become far more tractable ana orderly. The Clinton rafting-fleet alone numbers eight fine stern-wheel steam- ers, and gives employment to no less than 175 men. As the quality ot tuo 526 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. lumber was seriously impaired by the' augur-holes for the pins and poles sup- posed necessary to hold the old-fashioned raft together, Mr. Young'introduced another innovation, viz., brailed rafts — loose logs arranged in ranks and merely surrounded with a log boom, which, by the raft-boat system, were swiftly and safely propelled from the upper river to the Clinton mill booms. In the early part of the present decade, the necessity was foreseen of fore- stalling a possible insufficient supply of logs for the devouring Clinton mills. Accordingly, the Mississippi River Logging Company was formed, in which Messrs. Lamb & Young, of Clinton, have been among the most prominent members, and an ample supply of logs has since been secured from the Chip- pewa, and Beef Slough has been used by the company, virtually, as a distribut- ing-reservoir for logs. A bitter legal fight has been carried on in the United States Courts between the company and the local mill-men on the Chippewa, the latter seeking to prevent running loose logs down the, river, on the ground of its obstructing the navigation (?) of that stream. But the Mississippi men have hitherto carried their point, and, except when low water has prevented, have been able to secure plenty of raw material for Clinton's principal manu- facturing industry. C. LAMB 4 SONS. In the spring of 1856, Charles A. Lombard removed to Clinton from Augusta, Me., in which section, before the development of the Northwest, was the principal lumber region of the United States. He built a saw-mill on what is now railroad ground. This mill, at that time justly deemed a valuable addition to the business of the town, was located very near the spot where now stands the west bridge pier. Barring all accidents, and the logs running smoothly, it was capable of turning out four or five thousand feet of lumber per day. Becoming soon wholly engrossed with important affairs connected with the railroad, Mr. L. relinquished the amusement of his little mill, and assumed the more onerous' duties of Treasurer of the road. In January, 1857, Messrs. Gray & Lunt, also men from the Pine-tree State, having purchased the Lombard saw-mill and sold the machinery to the railroad, were rebuilding the mill under the supervision of a partner spoken of by the Herald of that date as " Chancey Lamb, an experienced millwright and lumber- man from "New York, who, after its completion, would attend exclusively to manufacturing lumber." Mr. Lamb aided the owners with all his skill and experience to enlarge and improve the (compared with the present) diminutive structure. Subsequently, Mr. Lamb purchased the entire mill of Gray & Lunt, but had scarcely got fairly under headway, congratulating himself upon judi- cious improvements and the favorable working of all his plans, when, on October 6, 1859, he suffered the first of a severe series of fire losses by the mill being burned to the ground. But, to a man of Mr. Lamb's temperament, such a mis- hap served only to stimulate his energy and ingenuity, so that before the charred embers had ceased smoking he was preparing to erect another mill of greatly superior capacity. It was as rapidly as possibly pushed forward, and began running in the spring of 1860. In 1868, the firm found it necessary to build another mill to meet the increasing demand. Accordingly, the stone mill was begun in March, and started on September 1. It had a capacity of 10,000,000 feet per season. In 1876, a second fire broke out in the lumber district and destroyed the upper mill belonging to Messrs. Lamb, inflicting a loss of $75,000. By stupendous efforts on the part of the firemen the flames were prevented from extending farther through the lumber-yards or to other mills. The mill, of course, HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 527 rebuilt and started up in May, 1877, with a capacity for turning out 125,000 feet per day. But even this was surpassed when, in the great fire of May, 1879, the magnificent new office of the firm was consumed, with an amount of lumber swelling the total loss to $50,000. But notwithstanding these severe reverses, the business of Messrs. Chancey, Artemus and Lafayette Lamb has unfalteringly progressed, and was never more flourishing than at present, employing between 500 and 600 men, and with a capacity of manufacturing during the current year 50,000,000 feet of lumber. W. J. YOUNG & CO. In the summer of 1858, W. J. Young opened a yard at Clinton to handle lumber manufactured by the Ohio Mill Company at La Crosse, Wis. Some idea of the increase since then of the Clinton lumber traffic may be obtained by contrasting the total sales of only about two million feet from 1858 to the winter of 1860, with the annual total sale of over fifty million feet in a good year for Clinton interests. On Mr. Young's suggestion it was determined to remove the mill to Clinton. Ground was broken May 1, 1860, for its foundation, and so vigorously was the work pushed that the mill was sawing lumber on August 15, following. At this time, the railroad extended only to Cedar Rapids, and the people along the line were not as swift as might have been expected to appreciate the advan- tages of the new lumber market growing up at. their very doors. But the quality, prices, and prompt shipping of Clinton, and the westward extension of the railroad caused such an increase in the demand that, in. 1866, W. J. Young & Co., sold 9,100,000 feet. In August, 1866, was begun the great mill on the point, at the junction of the river and Beaver Island Slough. It was finished within a year, and is undoubtedly one of the very largest in the world. An engine of 1,000 horse power, which, when put in, was by far the largest one west of the Mississippi, animated the machinery, the repair-room is a good sized machine-shop in itself, and nearly two hundred saws slice up the logs that pour in through three separate runways with a rapidity that would have seemed miraculous to the pit- sawyers who plied their laborious tasks a century ago. The productive capacity of both mills has been continually augmented by ingenious labor-saving machinery till they are now capable, with a force of 400 men, of turning out 50,000,000 feet of lumber annually. CLINTON LUMBER CO. The first saw-mill owned by the Clinton Lumber Company was built in Lyons in 1857, and was there operated in the fall of that year, and the following spring. It then remained idle till the summer of 1859, when m consideration of the difficulty in disposing of their lumber without railroad facilities for ship- ping, it was determined to remove both the mill and stock of lumber to Clinton. During the summer of 1859, this was accomplished, and considerable additions made to the mill, increasing its, capacity and convenience. In lSbl, the mill was again enlarged, and its capacity increased to 50,000 feet per day. On January 4, 1866, the Clinton Lumber Company bought of Hosford & Miller their mill property in Clinton, and, during the summer, built a new double-gang mill of about the same capacity as the other, besides improving the first mill to the amount of $5,000 ; and, in January 1867 increased their capital stock to $100,000. Since then, improvements have been made in the mills so that their total capacity is that indicated in the table annexed. 528 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. The following is the approximate capacity of the Clinton Mills during an average season of nine months, working ten hours per day : LUMBEK. W. J. Young & Co 50,000,000 feet. C. Lamb & Son 60,000,000 " Clinton Lumber Co 15,700,000 •'< Total 115,700,000 feet. LATHS. W. J. Young & Co 40,000,000 C. Lamb & Son 40,000,000 Clinton Lumber Co 1,680,000 Total 81,680,000 SHINGLES. W. J. Young & Co 30,000,000 C. Lamb & Sou 25,000,000 Clinton Lumber Co 8,200,000 Total 63,200,000 PLANING. W. J. Young & Co 20,000,000 feet. C. Lamb & Son 20,000,000 " Clinton Lumber Co 3,600,000 " Total 43,600,000 feet. The first attempt to develop the splendid saw-mill sites at the point about a mile and a half below W. J. Young's large mill at the junction, between the river and Beaver Island, a slough since known as Riverside, was made by Alfred Cobb, who, twenty-three years ago, almost simultaneously with the first similar enterprises at Clinton, started to build a flouring-mill, changed his plan to a saw-mill, and cut up one raft. After the mill remained idle for a number of years, the lumber business was revived at Riverside. Messrs. W. F. Coan, Ferreby, Milo Smith and Bomgardner, John Byng and S. W. Gardiner were successively identified with Riverside saw-mill interests, and with the latter the Lambs were for some time associated. They finally purchased the interests of their associates in the Lamb-Byng Company, and now exclusively control the Riverside property, which comprises, in addition to the above-mentioned struct- ure, the Bon Ton Mill, built by Wheeler & Warner, in 1872, and since then greatly enlarged and improved. The upper mill, the old Cobb structure, was the third of the serious fire losses in the Lamb mill property, it being burned on the morning of February 23, 1877, involving a loss of $60,000. It has since been replaced by a new structure that is confidently claimed to be the most admirably equipped and efficient saw-mill, in proportion to its size and cost, in the world. The Riverside property has been connected with the Clin- ton offices and mills of the firm by special horse railway and electric telephone, and is protected from fire by a system of water- works and a steam fire-engine. The crowd of employes employed by the Riverside mills and yards have virtually made the place conterminous with Clinton. THE SASH FACTORY. The great improvement made in machinery during the past twenty years marked a complete revolution in the manufacture of sash, doors, blinds, mold- ings, windows and door frames, etc. The establishment owned by Curtis Bros. & Co., was so recently built that all the modern improvements in machinery HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 529 have been used. The factory and store-room, were built by Messrs. Toll & Ankeny, who sold it to the present proprietors, they taking possession January 1, 1869. Since then, numerous improvements have been, made, both in the machinery and processes, owing largely to the mechanical ingenuity of Mr. F. L. Blakely. During the "hard times " succeeding the revulsion of 1873, the fac- tory was run nearly or quite to its full capacity, and the product turned out is of so superior quality, both of material and workmanship, and the reputation of the firm so enviable, that orders flowed in upon them from the older, as well as the newer, sections of the great West, from Salt Lake to Minneapolis, and from Montana to Galveston. In all that vast region, homes have been made hand- somer, cheaper and more convenient, owing to the facilities for light, warmth and ventilation furnished by Clinton's and similar establishments along the river. Since the factory was built, successive additions have been made thereto, and its capacity has been more ,than trebled, till it is a busy hive, composed of two immense buildings, packed full of labor-saving machines and industrious arti- sans. A new fire-proof storehouse was built on Twelfth avenue in 1877. The factory has several times narrowly escaped destruction by fire, especially when threatened on that night of November, 1876, by the severe fire that consumed Lamb's mill, the flames being arrested only by the heroic efforts of the firemen and employes. Constant vigilance delayed the loss that seems inevitable in every establishment of the kind, till the great fire of May, 1879, when 1,500,000 feet of seasoned lumber vanished in one hour, causing a loss of $50,000. At present, the number of workmen employed- is about one hundred and eighty, the monthly 'pay-roll amounting to over $5,000, resulting in an annual output of upward of a quarter of a million dollars' worth of manufactured products. The firm consists of Messrs. J. E. Carpenter, Charles Curtis and George Curtis. The following-named gentlemen are at heads of departments : George Allen, F. P. Stone, E. L. Carpenter, W. W. Leslie, J. M. Mallory, Eli Lan- ning, George V. Harris and Eugene Craig. The speed and energy with which the work moved on at these shops may be inferred from the wonderful glazing record bejow appended, being the, fastest ever performed and recorded in America or elsewhere, viz : John Stukas, assisted by O. Prunk, unpacked, set, pointed and puttied 4,008 8x10 window lights in ten hours. BANKS. Clinton National— The first bank in Clinton was opened by D. W. Dakin, in 1857, in the Iowa Central Block. In I860, he disposed of his business to Messrs., Budd & Baldwin, whose inter- ests were, in 1863, purchased by W. F. Coan, during whose administration the bank was removed from between Sixth and Seventh avenues, on Front street, to the corner of Fifth avenue, now occupied by S. Shoecraft, and, on May 1, 1865, merged in the Clinton National Bank, which was organized by some of the strongest capitalists of the city, with $60,000 capital. The first officers were : W. F. Coan, President ; Milo Smith, Vice President ; J. A. Townsend, Cash- ier; Directors— C. Lamb, W. J. Young, I. B. Howe, J. C. Bucher, L. Wheeler, P. C. Wright and A. S. Ruddock. The bank has enjoyed uninterrupted pros- perity, its surplus being $50,000. The present officers are : W. F. Coan, President — having occupied the place since the bank's organization ; G. B. Young, Vice President; J. C. Weston, Cashier; other Directors— W. J. Young, O. Lamb, A. Lamb, W. I. Hayes, I. B. Howe and C. H. Toll. In 1867, the bank purchased the lot on the corner of First street and Sixth avenue and erected their present commodious banking-house. 530 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. Mr. Weston has been identified with the bank for ten years. In charge of other departments are Messrs. R. Van Kuran, John Stuart ( and C. C. Coan. The Clinton County Savings Institution was organized in 1867, owing, more than for any other reason, to the desire of Messrs. C. Lamb and W. J. Young that their employes should have a secure place to deposit their surplus earnings, thereby being encouraged in economy and thrift. Its first officers were : W. J. Young, President ; C. Lamb, Vice President ; W. F. Coan, Treasurer. Its business has been transacted at the National. The experiment was astonishingly successful, the Scandinavians proving the most numerous class of depositors. To the prucJent habits of Clinton workingmen and their patron- age of savings institutions, may be largely ascribed their tiding over dull sea- sons with so little positive privation, and their building so many comfortable and even elegant cottages during the same time of depression. The Clinton savings-banks have always commanded the confidence of the community, even during panic, and when many in large cities were breaking like bubbles. The present officers are the same as above. The bank was re-organized in 1875. Stone tf Smith's. — Early in 1870, the business expansion of the city fully justified the establishment of a second bank; by Messrs. A. L. Stone and A. Gr. Smith, who had, for many years, conducted a successful business in New York State. Ample means and careful and straightforward business methods soon won for them a prominent place among our financial institutions, which has, to the present time, been steadily maintained. The bank occupies the Stratton Block, on Fifth avenue, built expressly for its purposes, in 1873-74. Farmers' and Citizens'. — On January 1, 1874, a second savings institution was established in Clinton, by Messrs. J. P. and Bidwell Gage, well-known Lyons financiers, the former being President of the Lyons National. They built a convenient banking-house on Second street, just north of the Clinton National, at a cost of $10,000, and opened the Farmers' and Citizens' Savings Bank, with a paid-up capital of $50,000. The institution has always been managed with equal prudence and integrity, and, therefore, has naturally com- manded the confidence alike of rural and city depositors ; its business extends largely into Illinois. Haywood £ Son's. — November 1, 1875, the Fourth street business section was more completely rounded out by the establishment of a bank by Messrs. G. Haywood & Son, in the building they put up expressly therefor, between Ninth and Tenth avenues. Having previously been identified with other extensive business operations in Clinton, including real estate, the firm undertook their banking enterprise with advantages that account for their subsequent success. To the banks of Clinton has been largely due the concentration and distribu- tion of the necessary capital for the development of many interests pertaining to trade, manufactures and farm improvements; judicious placing of funds from abroad in public and private loans and enterprises, and by their soundness and safety aiding the revival of the city and tributary country after the depres- sion of recent years. THE PRESS. The first number of the Clinton Herald was issued on. the 18th of Decem- ber, 1856, by Charles E. Leonard, now of Chicago. Mr. Leonard remained con- nected with it until October 1, 1863, having been, however, for the last few previous years associated with H. B. Horton, under the firm name of Horton & Leonard. When the general offices of the railroad company were removed to Chicago, after having passed under control of the Galena road, Horton & Leonard removed the fine job office connected with it to Chicago as the nucleus HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 531 for the extensive establishment that they acquired there. The remainder of the office was sold to Rev. John McLeish, whose career was the brief one of less than two months, and, on November 27, 1863, H. McAllaster and Hugh Leslie purchased the establishment under the firm name of Leslie & McAllaster. They successfully conducted it until January 1, 1867, .when they admitted Thomas J. Flournoy, Jr., to a third interest, and the firm became Leslie, McAllaster & Co., and large additions were made to the office and its facilities greatly increased ; and, on the 18th of September, 1867, a semi-weekly edition was commenced. In March, 1868, L. P. Allen purchased the interest of Mr. Flournoy and the firm name continued. In the latter part of the year, Mr. Leslie sold his interest to McAllaster & Allen, and, in the fall of 1869, Mr. McAllaster sold his interest to H. S. Hyatt. Soon after, Mr. Allen also sold his interest to Mr. Hyatt, who became sole owner, the retiring partner estab- lishing a job printing office and bindery. During 1868, a daily was published for a few months, but at that time it did not sustain itself financially, and it was discontinued, and a tri-weekly edition substituted. On the 6th of June, 1870, Mr. Hyatt established the Clinton Daily Herald, which has since been continuously published, and also a weekly edition. Mr. Hyatt, with the usual experience of the founders of dailies, met with financial disaster, and the paper, after various changes, was purchased by Josiah Russell, in April, 1873, who successfully and profitably conducted it until its sale to the present proprietor, Waldo M. Potter, in November, 1875. The Herald has always been an influential one in public and political affairs, having been Republican in politics from the beginning, and, under the present able management, wields a still more potent influence. The Iowa Age was established at Clarence, Iowa, by B. H.. Thayer, in the spring of 1868, but after a few weeks, was, in consequence of offers of finan- cial aid, removed to Clinton, and the name changed to the Clinton Age. It is still published by the original founder. It is Democratic in pontic's, and is ably edited. The Clinton Bee was established October 12, 1871, by L. P. Allen ; was successfully published until August 1, 1873, when it was merged into the Clin- ton Herald, the job printing business of both concerns being concentrated in the establishment now conducted by Mr. Allen. Iowa Volks Zeitung, the organ of the German citizens of the county, was -established in 1866. It was for many years published by Pffeifer Bros., now in Oregon. It is now published by Matzen & Lietz. Clinton Journal, Greenback organ, was established by Frank R. Bennett July 3, 1879, he having removed the material of the Delmar Journal, which he had published for several years, to this city. BUSINESS STATISTICS. The annual receipts at the freight office of the Chicago & North-Western Railway afford a very fair indication of the fluctuations in the business of the ■city, showing a steady increase for a series of years, and then a decline which it is the duty of the faithful historian to record, as well as the causes thereof, which were undoubtedly the damage done to the city's lumbering interests by heavy fires, successive seasons of low water, interfering with a full log sup- ply, and a tariff of freight charges, which operated against Clinton interests and enabled the lumbermen of Chicago to compete with the superior product and cheaper facilities of the Clinton dealers. 532 HISTORY OF CLJNTON COUNTY. The earliest obtainable statistics are those of the year ending October 25, 1866, for which time the records of the freight office showed as follows, in round figures : FREIGHT RECEIVED. Weight, in tons 8,000 Local charges on same $ 36,000 FREIGHT FORWARDED. Weight, in tons 38,000 Local charges $160,000 Thus showing, even at that early date, the value of this station to the rail- road» and the extent of responsibility resting on the agent, Mr. E. A. Wadleigh. Since that date, as might be expected, the business has increased enormously, as the following statement of tonnage and cash business done at this office for the last nine years will indicate, though, as above stated, conflicting interests have lowered the business for 1878 below others, and below the indications for the business for 1879. The following statement shows the amount of freight forwarded from Clinton during the years for which figures are obtainable, and illustrates the fluctua- tions owing to low water and injurious freight rates. The prospects for 1879 indicate a return to the normal average: 1869, 78,000 tons ; 1870, 94,000; 1871, 84,000; 1872, 71,000; 1873, 76,000; 1874, 85,000; 1875, 121,000; 1876, 128,000; 1877, 112,000; 1878, 62,000. The cash business done at the freight office during the past ten years, fluct- uated between the maximum, over $600,000, in 1876, and the minimum, about $300,000, in 1878. The following figures, as to the freight received, do not vary as much, nor owing to the same causes as those for city exports, but, nevertheless, show how the general business of the town depends upon the harvest, and, therefore, upon the rural trade: 1870, 22,500 tons; 1871, 19,000; 1872, 16,000; 1873, -20,000; 1874,23,000; 1875, 28,000; 1876, 27,500; 1877, 28,500; 1878, 22,000. FINANCES. The past and present financial status of the city of Clinton is one which furnishes ground for a just pride. Circumstances may have had, to. some extent, a contrpiling influence in shaping the financial policy of its early days. Before it had attained a position as a city the "ballooning" days had past, and the crash of 1857 had opened the eyes of many sister cities to the alarming fact of their almost hopeless plunge into the abyss of indebtedness. With their fate as a finger-post of warning, it did not require remarkable ability to read a monitory lesson. At all events the city wisely resisted the allurements of debt for unwarranted public improvements, by which more pretentious cities have so overwhelmed themselves with bonded indebtedness that they have been forced to choose between the Scylla of unbearable taxation, on the one hand, or the Charybdis of practical repudiation on the other, and has thus escaped their fate. Capitalists have, in investing here, no apprehension of being annually taxed to meet the interest on city liabilities nearly as great as the total valua- tion of the property within its jurisdiction. And yet the policy of the city has not been a niggardly one, but improve- ments have been carried rapidly -forward, and all that could be reasonably done in the way of those improvements necessary to the development of a rapidly increasing population was done. HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 533 With convenient city buildings, including a new jail; with ample fire apparatus and hose houses ; with her streets and sidewalks in excellent con- dition, at the age of twenty-five years the city finds itself with a debt of only $66,022, including all bonds and floating indebtedness. Her credit is such that her bonds, which have never been defaulted, either principal .or interest, are a popular security in Eastern money centers, and are, as they become due^ refunded at once at reduced rates of interest. The total assessment of property for the city of Clinton, for the year 1879, is, on real estate, $1,112,633; and, on personal property, $318,209, a total of $1,430,842. As the method is to make the valuation upon the assessment at, according to the judgment of the assessor, one-third the actual value of the property assessed, the above assessed valuation would make the actual value of the property within the city limits over four and a quarter millions of dollars, and the total city indebtedness would only be about one and one-half per cent upon that amount. In the' above statements ■ the indebtedness of the school district is not included, that being summarized under its appropriate head. The corporation taxes for the year 1878, were, for corporation, $19,967.40 ;. water tax, $6,405.96 ; a total of $26,373.36 ; to which must be added sidewalk assessments and street improvements levied upon adjoining property. THE CLINTON INSTITUTE. A history of Clinton City would not be complete without a notice of the " Clinton Institute," of whose doings so much is known and so much more surmised. The record of its corporators will not be given, for two reasons, the principal one of which is that it is a thing that "no feller can find out;" and, secondly, the compiler has an eye to his personal safety. Some matters have, however, become history, and these are proper for such a work as this. From these detached historical facts, the reader can, by the aid of his imagi- nation, complete a picture that is thus outlined. On the 15th of December, 1869, the following notice appeared in the Clinton Herald: Wanted. — By the Clinton Institute, responsible and well-known parties to furnish the name and residence of each poor family in this city deserving, but unable to purchase, a Christ- mas turkey. Also, wanted, the name and residence of each person in this vicinity owning turkeys. State where the turkeys roost, or are stored, and whether the owner keeps a dog or not. Address, Clinton Institute, Post Office. December 15, 1869. Similar advertisements had annually appeared for some years before, and did for some years thereafter, and in response to information or knowledge gained by personal investigation, every such family was supplied with a plump Christmas turkey, the number thus annually distributed reaching into the hundreds. On this annual recurrence of their Christmas benefaction, they included, among the needy, the family of a gentleman then one of the publishers of the Herald, who acknowledged the gift as follows : THE EDITOR'S TURKEY. " Witlaf, a king Of the Saxons, ; Ere yet his last he breathed, To the merry monks of Croyland, His drinking-horn bequeathed — 534 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. ' That, whenever they sat at their revels, And drank from the golden bowl, They might remember the donor, And breathe a prayer for his soul." — Longfellow. Witlaf, a king of the Saxons, Not alone has come to think That man's tenderest spot is touched With something to eat or drink. The " Institute" — right royal fellows, Each one that trains in its ranks, As the merry monks of Croyland, And as full, no doubt, of pranks, Have often had their feastings At other men's expense (I cannot say they prayed for them), And grew quite happy ; hence, When it was mooted around the board Whether poor editors were men, It was said, that if 'twere so ; And perchance it were ; ergo, then, An editor could eat of turkey, Without becoming ill ; Would be touched in his tenderloin — " We'll try it ; we will ! we will !" " Fat let it be, and juicy, One of those that roosted low ; How or where we got the bird He need not care to know." The bird was sent — was cooked — ■ Placed upon the board — and then The editor ate — was happy — And lived — like other men. And as he ate, at Christmas, Turkey and other things to suit, He breathed his kindest wishes For the " Clinton Institute." From the allusions in the above, it may be surmised that joviality entered largely into their composition, but tempered with -a, charity that covered a mul- titude of sins. Subscribing most liberally toward the purchase of the bell which now peals from the Methodist tower, they could not let the occasion pass without a prac- tical joke. After the arrival of the bell, and it had been receipted for to the railroad officials, the freight having been donated, the bell was placed on the freight-house platform. Preparations were all made to raise, but when the dray went for it, it was nowhere to be found. Diligent search was made, but without success. Suspicion had, of course, fastened upon " The Institute, but no revelation resulted. At last, an intimation to a prominent member of the Methodist society, that the members of the Institute were hungry, led to an immediate invitation for the whole fraternity to banquet at one of the lead- ing hotels. After initiating the minister into the secrets of the Order, they did honor to the viands, and adjourned. At daylight, the bell was found attached to the hoisting-rope in the tower of the Church. A lady who had achieved an enviable reputation as an elocutionist, in seek- ing for engagements for her readings, addressed one of her circulars to " The Clinton Institute," of which she had seen mention in some of the papers, HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 535 and which she supposed, naturally enough, to, be a literary institution. The Institute held a meeting and instructed their Secretary to correspond with the lady, which he did, asking her terms for an evening's entertainment. To this she replied, stating that the fee required was $50. They replied accepting her terms, and designating the time when her services would be desired. In the mean time, they invited their wives and a few friends, and secured the parlors at the Central House for their hall. Upon the arrival of the lady, she in some way learned that the " Clinton Institute " was an association of jokers, and not so much a literary organization. As she stated afterward, she was never in such a dilemma before, as she feared some practical joke during the evening that might be embarrassing, and almost meditated flight by the first train, and yet she desired to earn and receive the stipulated compensation. She decided to remain, and, when she entered the parlors, she was greeted by a small but quite select audience of ladies and gentlemen, who soon placed ner at her ease by the hearty exhibition of their appreciation of her really meritorious efforts. A volume might be filled with facts relating to their railroad enterprises, editorial toil, agricultural pursuits, and literary labors, but we leave this for the future historian. SUMMARY. There have been few sensational events in Clinton's history, and even the ' criminal calendar is remarkably free from blood-curdling crimes or causes celebres. What serious crimes there have been committed against persons or property, especially crimes of violence, have been perpetrated, as a general rule, by those transient desperadoes who have found harboring-places at the bagnios on the opposite bank of the river. At those places, several shocking crimes have been committed, especially the beheading of Rexford by O'Neill, in 1873, which it does not at all come within the province of this work to even outline. The most serious menaces to the peace of Clinton were during the beginning of the tramping era. In 1874, the vagrant nuisance was worst, some fifteen hundred to two thousand being estimated to be in the city at once, and their behavior becoming more and more ruffianly and insolent, until many were severely handled by the police authorities, Marshal Badger shooting one through the body after the desperado had covered him with a pistol ; and Marshal McKin- ley, with a huge elub, on one occasion, single-handed, knocking down and arresting a desperate and threatening crowd. Tramps and harvesters have every year poured into the city by hundreds, accompanied by still worse characters, but they have invariably been kept in order by the civil authorities, aided, on one occasion, by a show of military forces. Nor has the city suffered any overwhelming calamity by epidemic, fire or flood, though in 1865, and still more in 1871, the river rose obstreperously high. In April, 1871. the river covered two-thirds of the city, but the flood was neither deep nor swift, so no great damage was done, though great incon- venience was experienced in getting about. Street-car travel was greatly impeded for many weeks ; skiffs took the place of carriages in passing to and from the Court House. Owing to the raising of Second street and the Midland embankment, the city is now protected by a double dyke from the recurrence of a similar inconvenience. The water-works are aWeguard against a sweep- ing conflagration, and the general intelligence of the people, freedom from crowding and skill of physicians, against any epidemic more extensive than that of the cholera outbreak in 1866. Having previously indicated the condition of the city in 186d, when near- ing the close of the city's severe probation, it is interesting to observe, somewhat, 536 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. its course of after-growth. As the increase of Clinton's commercial and manufacturing interests, from 1864 to 1870, demanded a constantly increasing labor force, both real estate and building trades were, during that time, corres- pondingly active and buoyant. Daring the first half of the town's second decade, it grew like a tropical plant, almost visibly, day by day. In the cen- tral and northern parts of the city, blocks of plain but comfortable wooden houses, without much architectural pretension, but in well-kept and fenced yards, filled out and extended faster than the corresponding streets could be properly improved. During the same time, the business center of the town was definitely transferred to and concentrated on Second street and Fifth ave- nue, the former street being the natural thoroughfare between Lyons, the country, and the railroad and lower mills, and the latter avenue between the bluffs and the river. The expansion of the town to the southwest, on account of the fine bluff building-sites in that direction, led to the develop- ment, in 1868-70, of another distinct business center on Fourth street. When, in 1868, the late Charles Reed divided the lot on the corner of Tenth avenue and Fourth streets into store sites, the idea was thought by many to be absurd. At the end of but ten years from that date, there were seventeen brick and a large number of wooden business establishments in that quarter of the city. During the "good times" preceding. 1873, the temporary structures that cov- ered so large a territory south of the railroad were replaced by permanent and comfortable dwellings, in which change employers wisely co-operated. Most of the workingmen in Clinton have become freeholders. Scarcely a tenement has been built in the city. During the past five years, a large and thrifty , dwelling quarter has grown up between the slough in the northern part of the city and the former municipality of Ringwood, thereby extending the city vir- tually to the Court House, that, when built, was thought so far out of town, and beyond the old Pearce-Bennett stone house, that for so long stood solitary in that part of the city plat. That house was used as a hospital during the mus- tering of troops in war time. Since 1870, owing to the general awakening of Americans to the usual hideousness of their domestic architecture, and to peo- ple having leisure to build homes rather than houses for immediate shelter, as well as in deference to the necessities of the climate, there has been a vast improvement in the style and quality of the houses, new and rebuilt, in Clinton. Many specimens of tasteful architecture adorn the avenues, and Col. Van Deventer's suburban residence, at the head of Fifth avenue, has proved the pioneer of others scarcely less spacious. Since 1870, there has been an exten- sive transformation of temporary wooden business blocks into substantial brick and iron ones, till the business portion of the city compares favorably with that of any place of the same population. A tolerably accurate indication of the ebb and flow of the general business of the city is afforded by the statistics elsewhere, of the amount of tonnage shipped and received via C. & N.-W. It is to be regretted that no similar statistics as to river exports are available, so that a more accurate summary could be obtained of the absolute amount of trade and manufacture of the town, which the figures given show but relatively. A large section of prosper- ous farming country in Illinois, was brought within the diocese of Clinton merchants by the enterprise of a lady, Mrs. S. B^ Aiken, who, in 1871, estab- lished the ferry from South Clinton to Garden Plains, 111., that has since been acquired and run by the Lambs. The opening of the Midland Railway, in 1870-71, while of dubious benefit in some respects, has probably tended to increase the aggregate business of the city. HISTORY OP CLINTON COUNTY. 539 The depression of 1873, per se, had comparatively slight effect on Clinton, as the city's staple products were demanded no less than before. Probably the indirect results have been more or less injurious, but have not harmed the city's interests as much as local causes, alluded to elsewhere, such as low water and low prices for farm produce. From the moralists' view, even more creditable to Clinton than any degree of material prosperity has been the hopefulness and patience of her toilers during the period of falling wages, and, in the lumber business, several short seasons. This has been largely due to the sensible and manly course both of the large employers and the majority of their employes. During the strike epidemic of the summer of 1877, the disturbance in Clinton was but slight, no violence or destruction of property being attempted. Nor, however much inevitable low wages may have cramped workingmen, have they made their condition worse by ill-advised strikes against a state of things due to inex- orable causes, and as unwelcome to employers as to employed. Clinton secured, in the fall of 1872, a convenient northern route, by the opening of the Chicago, Clinton & Dubuque, an important link in the system of railways parallel with the river, as, during the summer of 1879, through cars beganrunning via the C, C. & D. and Clinton Bridge, between La Crosse and Rock Island, being the first passenger coaches other than those of the lines con- trolling the bridges that ever crossed it, except as specials. There have been numerous plans to build another bridge, so as to secure two competing shipping routes eastward, but hitherto none of the schemes for securing the desired railroad and wagon bridge have been realized. The C, B. & Q. halts its trains on the east side, and the extensive trade of Whiteside County has to come to Clinton by ferry, except when the friendly sealing of the river by an ice bridge perceptibly stimulates Clinton's mercantile business. During the past year, several new manufacturing industries have been inaugurated, notably the barbed-wire shop of Messrs. Charles Alden and Charles Armstrong, and the spring-bed factory of George Bauder & Co., which have together made the old car and chair factory again echo with the hum of industry, and proved the availability of Clinton as a distributing point. At present writing, the city of Clinton is visibly entering its second and permanent stage of prosperity — one neither exotic nor fictitious, but due to inward expansion rather than to external stimulus. With constantly growing trade, new manufactures developing, mills and factories running over time, the prospects are that speedily will again be realized the springtide of business in 1874, when July was probably the maximum month in Clinton's industrial history. Probably the present monthly pay-roll of wage-workers in the city does not fall much short of $100,000,"which argues a fair per-capita income for the masses, and consequent popular comfort, independence and an intel- lectual and social progress that in another quarter of a century, will still more wonderfully transform the prairie of twenty-five years ago. I 540 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. DE WITT TOWNSHIP. BY R. J. CROUCH. De Witt Township contains about fifty-five square miles of territory, and is composed of parts of Congressional Townships numbers 80, 81 and 82 north, Ranges 3 and 4 east, and in territorial extent is much the largest town- ship in the county. The northern, northeastern and western portions are beautiful, undulating prairie, well adapted to purposes of agriculture. Many of the finest farms to be found in the State are here situated. It is is also well watered and timbered. Silver Creek runs through the entire western portion of the township from north to south. Ames Creek, a stream about eight miles in length, takes its rise in the northeastern part of the township, runs southeasterly and empties its waters into the "Wapsie" River, which river forms the entire southern boundary of the township. Along the banks of these streams the timber is good, while Independence Grove, so called by reason of the first settlers (the Eldreds), having located here July 4, 1837, with Ames' timber in the southeastern part of the township and Round Grove in the center, are large groves of excellent timber, and although much timber and wood have been annually used for firewood and other purposes, there is, no doubt, that at present there is much more timber and of a better quality than at the original settlement of the township. EARLY HISTORY. From what can now be gathered from that mythical personage, the oldest inhabitant, it is pretty well settled that the first settlement in what is now the limits of this township was made at Round Grove by A. G. Harrison, in 1836. Mr. H. came down from Dubuque in company with his brother-in law, Col. Loring Wheeler, a short time before this, and both made claims. Harrison remained, put up a small cabin and proceeded to open a farm. Col. Wheeler returned to Dubuque, where he was engaged in business, and remained there until the year 1841, when he removed to this township, having accepted the appointment of Clerk of the Territorial Court from Judge Thomas S. Wilson, who was then Associate Justice of the Territory. Very soon after Harrison located here, in the same year, Abraham Folcke and family located at what is now known as the Campbell farm, in the western part of the township, about two and one-half miles west of the town of De Witt. This was the first fam- ily that settled in the town. In the autumn of the same year, George W. Ames, an old miner from Dubuque, and Dr. Ames, his brother, Thomas Hat- field, D. F. Bly, Hiram Loomis and John Black located in the southeastern portion of the township near what is known as Ames' timber, and made claims of large tracts of land. Dr. Ames, who was afflicted with consumption, remained one year, returned to Dubuque, where he died of that disease in 1837. J. W. Kirtley also located on what is now the Gillooley farm at about the same time. He made a claim of about four hundred acres of land, including a mill privilege, on Silver\ Creek, which he afterward sold to Dr. G. W. H. Turner, who moved here in 1840, with his family, consisting of four sons — Louis, Joseph L., George W. and John ; and two daughters — Harriet C, who afterward married Job Trites, and Eleanor, who married John F. Homer. Dr. Turner was accompanied by his sons-in-law, Thomas W. Clark and John Thomas, with their families. HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 541 lace. Dr. Turner built a log cabin at what is now known as the Bechtel pL« one mile west of De Witt, into which he moved with his family, and he' with, his sons and Clark, built a saw-mill, which was probably the second mill built in the county. His sons afterward built a grist-mill on the original , site of the saw-mill,, in the year 1848, which was the second grist-mill built in the county, and is now owned and operated by Capt. W. H. Hall. In the year 1837, John and George Eldred located in the timber on Silver Creek, near where is now the Eureka Mills, on July 4, and n&med the grove for that reason Independence Grove. They were bachelors, and withal rough speci- mens of humanity, usually engaged in drinking and carousing ; and besides, it was said, were equal to more infamous crimes. They remained until immi- gration began to pour in, when one of them went north to Minnesota, where he was killed in a drunken broil. The other met a like fate in California. One of them served a term in the State Prison from this county, for hog stealing. In 1838, John F. and Aaron Homer, Abner and Eldad Beard, from Massa- chusetts, settled at Independence Grove, where they engaged in farming. Aaron Homer died at the residence of Abraham Folcke, in 1839, of consump- tion. Eldad Beard died in Orange Township, in the year 1845, of typhoid fever. John F. Homer and Abner Beard are still living in the town of De Witt, both having been successful in business ; Mr. B. having retired, Mr. Homer still engages in the active duties of his business as hardware merchant, in company with his son George F. Mr. Homer has filled various positions of trust, having held the office of member of the Board of Supervisors, besides several municipal offices ; which positions he has filled with credit to himself and benefit to the community. Mr. Beard resides with his family in the town of De Witt, and is serenely stepping down the declivity ' of life, a much respected citizen. Dr. Turner died in October, 1845, and was among the first to be laid in the old cemetery, near the town of De Witt. John Walrod and family, consisting of four sons: Abram, Henry, William, David, and three daughters — Celinda, who afterward married Hon. W. E. Leffingwell, and Philinda, wife of Ira Lepper, and Lucia, wife of Jacob Lep- per, settled on what is now known as the Black farm, in Welton Township, which was then a part of this township. John Walrod. died in the year 1848, and was buried on his own farm. Henry was killed by the accidental discharge of his gun while hunting for deer, in 1844. It seems that in crossing " Nig- ger Creek," near the present residence of Martin Dobler, in Welton Township, in putting his gun down to cross the creek, it was discharged, killing him instantly. His body was found several days after the occurrence, and buried on his father's farm. Col. Lyman Evans and family, consisting of his son-in-law D. H. Brown and wife, and five sons — Norman, Lyman W., Charles, Barney and Walter, and Betsy, a daughter, who died in the year 1839, located at Independence Grove in the spring of 1839. Col. Evans held various positions of trust, and was universally respected. The Colonel's mother, widow of an old Revolu- tionary soldier, accompanied him to this township, where she resided until her death, in 1848, at the advanced age of 92 years. She was the second person buried in the burial ground in the wood. George W. Neville, wife, and family of two girls — Isabella, afterward wife of H. Browning ; Roseltha, afterward married to J. S. Casey — settled at what is known as the°Neville place, near Ames' Creek, in 1837. George W. Neville died in 1864. 542 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. David Bedford, wife and family, consisting of his three sons — Ashbel, wife and two children ; -Robert, wife and one child, and S. N. Bedford, unmarried— and one daughter, who married Rev. 0. Emerson, in 1842, settled in this town- ship, in 1839. S. N. afterward married Elizabeth Dunham, in 1849. Ashbel and Robert were each elected to and served as Recorder and Treasurer of the County during the early part of its history. Robert died in 1846, and Ashbel removed to Michigan, where he now resides. Samuel N. still resides in the town of De Witt. Robert built the first house in the town of De Witt, in the summer of 1841, on Harrison street, where Conwell's blacksmith-shop now stands. It was a log cabin. S. P. Burton and family located south of Independence Grove, about the year 1839, with his wife and family, consisting of three daughters — Sarah A. (afterward married R. L. Westbrook, Clerk of the Court in 1848), Harriet and Elmira. Seth Lum and wife, and Phineas Cass, a brother-in-law, settled in this town- ship in the spring of 1840, west of what is now the town of De Witt, and adjoining the corporation. Early in the spring of 1837, a man of the name of Miller, with his family, settled on Silver Creek, northwest from what is now the town of De Witt ; during that same year, in the winter, he went to Davenport for provisions ; came back to the Wapsie, having walked the entire distance ; was compelled to swim the river ; caught cold and died. His was the first death in the township. He was buried in the timber west of Silver Creek about eighty rods, a little southwest of the present Eureka Mills. John Firman, wife and seven children, located at the Kimball Place in 1839; at the same time, the Achords, three brothers, bachelors, boarded with him, but got the ague, and finally became discouraged, and all left the country. A child of Firman's, who died early in 1839, was the second person who died in the township. John Knott, a Frenchman, settled at the north side of Evans, or Independ- ence Grove, at an early date ; afterward, sold his farm to a man of the name of Titcomb, who lived here a few years ; sold out to Mr. Desmond, who now owns the farm. Titcomb removed to Missouri with his family ; was elected County Judge of the county in which he resided ; got. into a dispute with his son, which ended by his son's shooting him dead. The son was sent to the penitentiary for twenty years. Adoniram Kendall and wife, settled at what is known as Work's. Mill, and built a saw-mill in 1841. He built the mill in company with Ashbel Bedford, brother of Samuel N., now residing in De Witt. Absalom Dennis, wife and family, consisting of two daughters — Christiana, afterward married to Hon. J. D. Bourne, and Jane, who married J. W. Dear- born — settled at what is known as the Holmes place, southwest of De Witt, near Silver Creek, in 1839. Jonas Oaks and family, consisting of wife, one son, Chessman, and two daughters, Celinda and Rachel, settled in Independence Grove in 184l. Jonas Oaks died in 1846. Chess, or Dr. Oaks, married a Miss Olive Martin, of Scott County. Moved to Denver, Colo, (was appointed Indian agent to the Utes), where he now resides. Celinda married a man of the name of Healy in 1842, who died a year after their marriage, leaving one child. She, after- ward, in 1845, married Jonathan Shinn. Rachel married John Soliss in 1845, who died shortly after, and left her with one child. She then married a man of the name of Howard ; the family then moved to Nebraska. HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 543 A Mr. Dudley settled in Independence Grove in 1839 ; lived there two years, and sold out and moved away. In 1840, Daniel P. Soliss and family moved into the grove northwest of De Witt, and settled on Silver Creek. Abram and Nicholas Walrod, brothers of John Walrod, with their families, settled here in about*1841. Abram's family consisted of his wife and six sons —Michael, Benjamin, N. N., John, Abram, James, and three daughters— Bet- sey, married to Esquire Names; Sarah, married to Lyman Evans, Jr. ; Sylvia, married to George Scott. Abram settled in what is now known as the John Walrod farm, in Welton Township, then a part of this township. Nicholas' family consisted of his wife, four sons— Hiram, Nicholas, Abram and Jacob, and three daughters — Kate, married to Alonzo Names ; Anna, mar- ried to William Brown (Brown was drowned in the Wapsie River, while bath- ing, in 1864) ; Betsey, married to M. A. Harrington. The Walrods were quite a numerous family in rhose early days, and were a power in politics. It was said of them, that any aspiring politician, who was "solid " with the Walrods, was secure of his election. Long since that time, however, the population of this county has increased to such an extent that it has been beyond the power of any one family to con- trol the elections of this county. A. R. Bissell, wife and family, came to this town on the 12th day of May, 1840, and settled on the place now occupied by him just north and outside of the corporation. Mr. Bissell was, for several terms, School Fund Commissioner of the county, besides holding other offices of trust. He now resides at his home near De Witt, enjoying the fruits of his labors ; his daughter Helen is married to W. H. Talbot, a prosperous hardware merchant engaged in business in the town of De Witt. J. B. Bissell, a son, served in the war of the rebellion in the Twenty-sixth Iowa Infantry Regiment, and lost a limb in battle. Charles P., another son, is a physician in Dakota, and Evelyn is the wife of A. W. Jack, a merchant at New Jefferson, Iowa. Henry Strickler and William Strickler early made claims east of Thomas Hatfield's place, sold out to W. H. Bennett, and left the country, as did the Bassetts who lived on the Wapsie River. The Purcells were also early settlers near the Wapsie, south of De Witt, but early left the country. Ambrose Betts came to the township at an early date, resided here until 1870, when he sold his farm two miles southeast of De Witt, and removed to Oregon. A. G. Dearborn, wife and two sons, J. W. and Frank B., came to the township in 1846 ; he occupied a farm south of De Witt, and died in 1875. J. W. was, from 1871 to 1875, Deputy Sheriff and Jailer of the county, with his office at De Witt. Both J. W. and F. B. are residents of the town of De Witt. M. Gillooley was an early settler, and still occupies, with his family, the farm originally purchased by him' southwest and adjoining the town of De Witt. Grandfather Lepper, an old Revolutionary soldier, settled at an early date in the Grove north of the town, with his wife and three sons, Jacob, Ira and John. Grandfather Lepper died in 1840. The descendants of Jacob and Ira still live in the community. John also died at an early date. The Pomeroys/ two brothers, came in 1839, lived for awhile on Silver Creek, northwest of the town, and then moved away. David Cass, wife and family, came to the township in 1840 ; his children were John, Stephen and Betsey. He moved to Jackson County after residing here four years, where he died. Alex. Work cime to this township about the year 1838, located the farm now owned by his son Alex. Work, Jr., lived there a number of years and mov. <1 544 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. into the town of De Witt, where he resided with his wife. He went West in 1878. Mr. Work was the second Recorder in the county. R. C. Bourne, Esq., brother of Hon. J. D. Bourne, made a claim to the land now owned by Alfred Smith, southeast of the town of De Witt, in 1836. He also at the same time made a claim to land just below the mouth of Ames Creek, on the Wapsie River. He sold the first claim to David Bedford. He went to California, in 1849, returned in 1852, and returned to California with his family, consisting of his wife, formerly Margaret Brophy, and three chil- dren, William, Thomas and Mary C, and settled in Grass Valley, where he died. He was a member of the first Board of County Commissioners, and was elected in 1840. Louis Hayden and a man of the name of Chittenden, settled east of Ames' place, in 1839, between that place and Brophy Creek, made claims, remained for a short time and left the country. A Mrs. Holland settled west of the town of De Witt, on Silver Creek, in 1840 ; she was a widow. Married George Macomber, and afterward .moved to Davis County. Benjamin Rollins and family came to this township in 1840; he died in 1846. Moses Goff and family, and George Goudie and family, settled here in about the year 1841 or 1842. Alvin Ketchum and family came in 1840, remained a year and returned to Ohio. Edward West and wife, two sons, Daniel and Harry, and two daughters, Ellen, married to Volmer, Sarah, married to Israel Barr, Davenport, Iowa, came to this township in 1843, settled on a farm in the southwest part of the township, where Mr. West now resides, with his sons situated on good farms around him. Reuben Cudney and Zephaniah Allen, with their families, lived in the township for about one year, coming here in 1840. Father John Cotton, with his wife and family, consisting of three sons — Aylett R., Salem, John and Wickliffe, and sister-in-law, Miss Rachel Lane, who afterward married Robert Bedford, came to this township in 1844. His two daughters, Arcana, married to W. W. Wolcott, and Talitha, married to G. W. Pascal, came with their families a short time afterward. Father Cotton died January 20, 1870. Father Cotton was born on the old Plymouth farm in Massachusetts, which we believe he once owned and was a lineal descendant of the famous Puritan, Rev. John Cotton. Father Cotton died as he had lived, a zealous, faithful and devoted Christian. He formerly owned the farm now •owned by L. S. and N. S. Harrington. Aylett R., whom we mention in another place, is an eminent lawyer of ■Clinton, Iowa. John died in March, 1856. Salem and Wickliffe, the one an energetic business man and the other a leading lawyer, are residents of the town of De Witt. William Horan and family settled in this township on the north side of Round Grove in the year 1840. Monroe Warren and wife settled in thk township in 1844. R. L. Smith came to this township with his family in 1848, and settled on the place now owned by him, called the Rural Home. Mr. S. was an ardent Abolitionist, and his, house was for years a station on the underground railroad. Mr. S. often relates how negroes escaping from slavery were brought to him at jiight, and he, assisted by others, among whom we may mention. Judge B. HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 545 Graham and Hon. S. S. Burdett, would hitch up his team and take them to the next station on their way rejoicing to that then haven of the colored man- Canada. , John G. Wallace, wife and family, with two daughters— Emily, married to J. L. James, and Kate, married to T. H. Ellis, settled in this township in 1843. Mary, a daughter married to W. A. Cotton, Esq., and George and Albert are residents of the town of De Witt. Thomas Reed and family located on the old Reed farm in 1849, where he died. Patrick Lawler came at about the same time, remained a year or two, finally settled in Washington Township, where he how resides. In collecting the history of the old settlers, so far as it can be gleaned from the recollections of those who survive, we frequently hear the name of " Campo " mentioned. So far as we can gather his history, he appears to have been a half- breed French Indian, who flourished here at an early day. He employed his time in hunting and trapping, and was always welcomed at the homes of the early settlers. He was regarded as one of the finest shots with a rifle in the country, and that, too, with but one hand, one having been taken off at some- time before his career here. He was somewhat nomadic in his habits — here to-day and off to-morrow. Many interesting stories are told of him as a hunter, and were not this history of De Witt Township already exceeding its limits, we should certainly embalm some of them. More than one old settler has said to us that " Old Campo " deserved a conspicuous place in the early history of this county. He went West, it is said, to California, in about 1852, with Burrell Bassett, an early settler of this region, and has not been heard of since. INCIDENTS, ETC. In 1845, or thereabouts, David Cass had claimed 160 acres about two miles north of the town of De Witt, now owned by Moses Goff, W. Saltmarsh and M. H. Ha'skins, in the timber. But Willard Barrows, of Davenport, was desirous of laying claim to it, and sent up a party to the land, on which they put up a cabin, which was immediately torn down by the settlers. A claim meeting was held with reference to the matter, at the house of Jonas M. Oaks, at which the old settlers convened. Norman Evans was appointed Marshal. The claimants were heard, and the land divided between them. Barrows afterward forfeited his right to the land and the whole of it reverted to Cass. In 1841, J. W. Kirtley and Dr. Turner had a law suit over a claim to some land, in which Kirtley was successful. Kirtley celebrated his victory by giving a barbecue at Point Pleasant on the Wapsie, at which all the old settlers were present, among whom were Seth Lum and wife, A. Kendall and wife, S. P. Burton and wife, the Walrods, Norman Evans and wife, and many others. All joined in the festivities of the occasion and took part in the dance. The bill of fare was fresh pork, spare-ribs, ham, venison, cakes (a rarity in those days), and besides, a barrel of whisky with the head knocked out and several tin cups close at hand, with which the men helped themselves, and yet there was no drunkenness to mar the general joy of the occasion. Kirtley says that on the occasion of this barbecue he determined to have a " big blow- out," and that he had his cards of invitation printed on white satin, with the names of Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster, Martin Van Buren and other noted statesmen of that day, as managers of his ball, with Judges Grant, LefEngwell, Wilson and other prominent gentlemen of this State as deputy managers ; that the affair was a success, and was attended by every- body of note in the county at the time. 546 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. The first election held in the township was in April, 1840, at Abraham Folcke's, at which there were present about twenty persons, at which election John F. Homer was designated as Justice of the Peace, and Jacob Lepper: as Constable. Homer received his commission, and thereupon, it is said, the people began to quarrel and dispute over their claims and other matters, and law suits were the order of the day. The people concluded that'if they had no Justice of the Peace the people would cease quarreling, whereupon Mr. Homer resigned his office. At the election in the fall of that year for that office, there was a tie between Ashbel Bedford and John Thomas for the office of Justice. Both refused to qualify. Bedford was afterward appointed and served for a short time. For several years thereafter, it appears there was no Justice, and if one was needed, the people were compelled to go to Camanche and bring one out, whether to marry a party or to take an acknowledgment. In 1845, a family by name of Woodruff came to the township from Ohio. A daughter Dolly, aged sixteen years, had contracted the malignant scarlet fever, of which she died here. The people were so much afraid of the disease that they would not go near her. Miss Christiana Dennis, now the wife of Hon. J. D. Bourne, however, braved the danger and took care of the young lady until her death, being the third death in the township. The first celebration of Independence Day, held in the township, was on the 4th of July, 1841, at which' time Samuel Murray, a lawyer of Camanche, deliv- ered the oration. Rev. B. H. Cartright was Chaplain. The dinner was a regular barbecue, consisting of chickens, and pigs roasted whole, quarters of pork, all cooked in the woods in pits made for the purpose on the premises of Seth Lum. The attendance was large, and the occasion closed with a dance in the evening, at the residence of Lum. The first burial-ground was located in the wood west of what is now the Kimball place, north of the town of De Witt, where the people of the vicinity who died during the early settlement, were buried. Afterward, in 1844 or 1845, the old cemetery near the town of De Witt was established ; both have since been abandoned, and a new cemetery, called Elmwood, was laid out -by the town of De Witt, about three-fourths of a mile north of the corporation, in 1869. The Catholic Cemetery, just west of the town, was established about the year 1853 or 1854, and is still used by that Church as a burial-place. Lizzie Bedford, daughter of Robert Bedford, now wife of James Dunham, residing in California, was the first white child born in the township ; she was born July 16, 1839. Lyman, son of D. H. Brown and wife, born in 1840, was the second. The first sermon preached in the township was preached by Deacon Hall, as he was called, a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, at the residence of Thomas Hatfield, in September, 1837. Mrs. Hatfield was very anxious to hear preaching, whereupon Mr. Hatfield went to Camanche, opposite Albany, 111., crossed the River to that place in a skiff, took Deacon Hall back with him, and, after he had preached, returned with him in the same way. The first marriage in the township was that of Minerva Cass to Peter Ryan, which took place at the residence of Mr. Seth Lum in 1840 ; a Mr. Gardner, Justice of the Peace at Camanche, performed the ceremony. The first school taught in this township was taught by Miss Fannie Moore, in a log house near Silver Creek, on what is now the farm of Martin 111, two miles northwest of the town of De Witt. Her school was composed of seven HISTORY OP CLINTON COUNTY. 547 scholars, viz. : Hannah Brown, now Mrs. Stevens ; Mary A. Brown, now Mrs. Riggs, daughters of David H. Brown; Sarah A., now Mrs. Westbrook ; Elmira and Harriet, daughters of S, P. Burton ; Philena Walrod, now Mrs. Ira Lep- per, and Ephraim Cass. She taught one term of three months. Miss Moore- was from Massachusetts — a regular "Yankee school-marm." A great change has taken place since that time ; the township is now com- posed of some eleven subdistricts, with an elegant and commodious schoolhouse built on the most modern and improved plan, in each subdistrict. The school population of the township, irrespective of independent districts, numbers 500 persons. A school is taught in' each subdistrict for at least two terms of four months each, during the year, and every facility is provided for enabling the young of both sexes to acquire a good education. The years 1839 and 1845 are remembered by the old settlers as the years during which much sickness prevailed. In 1839, but few families escaped severe attacks of the ague ; in many families all were prostrated, and had to depend on their neighbors for help. In 1845, fevers of a severe type prevailed, many old settlers dying therefrom. In 1844, June 5, a terrible tornado passed over the town of De Witt, com- ing from the northwest, through Evans', or Independence Grove, through the town of De Witt, which at that time was thinly inhabited; a house of John Snow's was blown down, and one of J. D. Bourne's, the one he now lives in, was moved from its foundation ; and the fence west and north of the house was destroyed. The tornado passed through Round Grove, destroying the timber in its path, took a southeasterly course, crossing Brophy Creek at about the same place that the tornado of 1860 crossed it, and crossed the Mississippi River near the mouth of the Wapsie River. On June 3, 1860, the" tornado, known as the Camanche Tornado, passed through this township south of De Witt, creating havoc in its path. The day was a very sultry one, and about 5 o'clock, in the afternoon, a huge funnel- shaped cloud seemed to move out of a brazen sky in the southwest eastward, like a terrific monster, scattering death and destruction in its way ; houses, barns, fences, timber, and, in fact, everything in its path, was mown down as though with a besom ; fifteen persons in this township, alone, were killed by it; two persons, now living in De Witt— A. G. Wallace and George A Fuller- were taken up and carried over the highest tree-tops, and landed without injury. 1.4.1.1 Many stories are told of the privations and obstacles overcome by the early settlers. Money was out of the question ; there was none in the country ; -5 cents was the highest price paid- for wheat, and that out of the store, besides having to haul the wheat to Davenport to market. Yery often a man would take a load of wheat or pork to market, and after remaining all night, and pay- his necessary hotel expenses, would have nothing to bring home. The people were compelled to go twenty miles to mil 1, to get their meal and flow. Those, however, who endured to the end, reaped their reward After 1850, business increased; good prices were paid for produce of all kinds; farms were opened ; the prairies blossomed as the rose, and the rich harvests oi golden grain yielded bounteous incomes. Large and comfortable dwellings were erected ; and the result is, that all the comforts and enjoyments belonging to older localities are now accessible to all. Mrs. S. A. Westbrook relates, that frequently, when owing to bad roads which, in the early settlement of the country were notorious/the people cou d not get to the mills to get their grain ground, they were sometimes compelled 543 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. to grind their wheat in coffee-mills to make their bread ; and she says, that bread made of flour, thus ground, was as sweet as she ever ate. To accommodate the lawyers in attendance at Court, in early times, Hon. J. D. Bourne relates, that all the spare beds were collected in the community and taken to his house, he then being a bachelor, and Black Bill, of Camanche, was employed to do the chamber work, that the lawyers, among whom were Judge Grant, John P. and Eb. Cook, Charles Weston, United States District Attorney, and Fisher, a noted wag, of Davenport, the Judge Thomas S. Wil- son, Gen. James Wilson, and T. Crawford, of Dubuque, Ralph P. Lowe, after- ward Governor, the Starrs of Burlington, Judge W. E. Leffingwell, and old Joe Knox, a noted Illinois lawyer, were all thus lodged by him without charge. The evenings were passed in telling amusing stories, and in scientific discus- sions, to the profit and enjoyment of all. An amusing story is told of a trial in this town, in which Judge Leff is the central figure. It was during the preliminary examination of one Grabell, charged with murder, before Col. Evans, as Magistrate. One Burge, a fussy lawyer, residing here, was Prosecutor, and Judge Leff, then a young man, was attorney for the defendant. During the examination, which lasted all night, Burge would, at inopportune times, jump up and interrupt the proceedings. After being told to sit down several times by Col. Evans, without effect, Leff, losing all pat'ience, arose and said: That, being an officer of the Court, it was his duty to see its orders enforced, that if the prosecutor did not obey the Court and sit down, he should knock him down. After scanning Judge Leff's six feet of muscular frame, he evidently concluded that discretion was the better part of valor, sat quietly in his seat and the examination proceeded without fur- ther interruption. TOWN OF DE WITT. By act of the Council and House of Representatives of the Territory of Iowa, approved January 14, 1841, William Miller, of Cedar County, Andrew F. Russell, of Scott County, and William A. Warren, of Jackson County, were appointed as Commissioners to re-locate the seat of Justice of Clinton County. They were required to meet at the residence of Abraham Folcke within six months from the date of the passage of the act, and to proceed to locate said seat of justice as near the geographical center of said county as a good and suitable situation convenient to wood and water could be found, hav- ing reference to the present and future population of the county. In the early part of that year, about May, the Commissioners proceeded to their duties and made selection of the site, the same being 160 acres in the center of the north half of Section 18, Township 81, Range 4 east. Hon. J. D. Bourne was commissioned by the County Commissioners to enter the site selected, which he proceeded to do, going to Dubuque for that purpose. Immediately after this, Lyman Buck, the then County Surveyor, surveyed and platted the town. At the time of the selection of the site, the question of a name was submitted by the county seat Commissioners to a vote of the peo- ple in the vicinity. It is said that Miller, one of the Commissioners, who was a very large, portly man and withal very popular with the ladies of the vicinity, was very anxious that they should name the new town Millersburg, but it seems that Col. Warren was more of an adept at maneuvering and wire-working and suc- ceeded in securing a majority of votes in favor of the name of Vandenburg for the new county seat, in honor of the daughter of an old German burgher, to HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 549 whom he was paying his addresses. Afterward, by act of the Territorial Legis- lature, approved Feb. 17, 1342, the name of Vandenburg was changed to that of De Witt. Immediately after the location of the county seat, arrangements were made by Col. Loring Wheeler (who had moved to the house built by A. G. Harrison with his family) who, with Col. Lyman Evans, assisted by a few others, pro- ceeded to erect a log Court House on the northwest corner of Harrison and Jefferson streets. The building they erected was 24x36 feet in size, two stories high. This building was used for a Court House, and, indeed, for public gath- erings of all kinds, whether dances, religious services, political conventions, elections or otherwise, until the year 1846, at which time the frame building, known as the old Exchange Hotel building, was used for county offices and court purposes. This building was erected by John Snow in 1843, and was situated on the northeast corner of the public square, and was burned in the year 1865. The brick Court House on the east side of the public square was completed in 1854, the contract for building the same having been let to S. N. Bedford and John Butler, by Judge E. Graham, who was at that time County Judge, having succeeded to that position on the resignation of Hon. A. R. Cotton, who had previously been elected to that office. The Court House was erected at a cost of $6,000. William Lawton built the Jail and Jailer's house, which cost $4,000. From the time of its completion and occupancy, the Court House was retained for court purposes and public offices until 1869, when the seat of justice was removed by a vote of the people from this place to Clinton. The first "house built in the town was built in 1841, by Robert Bedford. The second house was the old De Witt House, by A. G. Harrison, in the same year. This was the tavern of the place for several years, and was kept by Col. L. Wheeler at one time, and was the house at which the Judge and lawyers stopped during the session of court. It is now owned by George L. Wheeler. Hon. J. D. Bourne built the first frame house, about the year 1842, which is still occupied by himself and family as a residence, and is believed to be the oldest frame house now standing in the county. Thomas F. Butterfield came to De Witt in 1844, in the month of March ; was the first merchant to com- mence business in the town. He is, at least, the only merchant in the county now in business who commenced at so early a period. Mr. Butterfield came to De Witt with a two-horse wagon, with his wife and son Dennis, and his stock of goods, consisting of needles, pins, nutmegs, spices, snuff and other things too tedious to mention. Mr. B. located on the north side of the public square, and occupied the building as a store and dwell- ing. Since that time, he has followed the course of business, and with his son Charles, has a large stock of merchandise on Jefferson street. Mr. U. has been unexceptionally successful, having acquired a large property at legitimate business. He has at various times been honored with public positions by his fellow-citizens, having served the county as Treasurer and Recorder and as member of the Board of Supervisors, and always to the entire satisfaction ot his constituents. Dennis G., the son, served his country faithfully as Adju- tant of the Twenty-sixth Iowa Infantry Regiment, and is now engaged in the lumber and grain trade in this town. . . „ , In 1844, the town population consisted of the following families, viz., Rob- ert Bedford, wife and one child; Rev. O. Emerson and wife, John ^now, wife and family ; Monroe Warren and wife, John Cotton and family, John tfunler and family Dr. Metcalfe, William Horan and family, J. D. Bourne (who was 550 HISTORY OP CLINTON COUNTY. at that time unmarried), Alonzo Names, Jacob Lepper a Hon. W. B. Leffing- well, J. S. Stowrs, T. F. Butterfield, wife and child. The population remained nearly stationary until 1850, the business and population being chiefly located' around and in the vicinity of the public square. In the year 1856, the build- ing of the Chicago, Iowa & Nebraska Railroad from Clinton to this town gave business a new impetus, and the Iowa Land Company, a corporation with head- quarters at Clinton, purchased of Thomas W. Clark ,160 acres of land, being the east half of the southwest quarter of Section 18, Township 81 north, Range 4 east, and the west half of the southeast quarter of Section 18, Town- ship 81 north, Range 4 east, paying therefor the sum of $9,225, and situated immediately south of the original town plat, and laid the same out into lots, which they proceeded to dispose of, and named the same South De Witt. Austin Myers, in 185T, laid out and platted eighty acres, being the west half of the southwest quarter of Section 18, Township 81 north, Range 4 east, and called it Myers' Addition to the town of De Witt. The same year, the Iowa Land Company laid out and platted sixteen acres on the north side of the northeast quarter of the southeast quarter of Section 18, Township 81 north, Range 4 east, and called the same the Iowa Land Company's Addition. Fif- teen acres were also laid off in the southeast quarter of the northeast quarter of Section 18, Township 81 north, Range 4 east, afterward, ajid called Riggs' Addition. INCORPORATION. In accordance with an act of the Legislature, passed March 23, 1858, a petition, asking that the necessary steps be taken for the incorporation of the town, was presented to Hon. D. McNeil, County Judge, September 20, 1858, who appointed Samuel Clark, A. R. Butler, John C. Polley, E. S. Bailey, Loring Wheeler, E. P. Hubbard and P. J. Shoecraft as agents for such purpose. An election was ordered by said agents to be held January 7, 1859, at which election the following officers were chosen : Mayor, N. A. Merrell ; Recorder, Alexander Jones ; Trustees — C. A. Jones, J. F. GHlmore, E. P. Hubbard, James Allison, E. R. Lee. The first Council met at the office of E. S. Bailey, and organized January 14, 1859, and passed an ordinance creating the offices of Treasurer, Corpo- ration Counsel, Marshal and Street Commissioner. E. S. Bailey was elected Treasurer; P. C. Wright, Corporation Counsel; S. Maynard, "Marshal, and John M. Gates, Street Commissioner. ROSTER OP TOWN OFFICERS. Mayors— N. A. Merrell, 1859-60 ; A. R. Bissell, 1861 ; P. C. Wright, 1862 ; G. H. Lowe, 1863 ; George Beach, 1864 ; A. R. Butler, 1865 ; N. A. Merrell, 1866 ; Dennis Whitney, 1867 ; J. M. Gates, 1868 ; Charles Schhv bach, 1869 ; P. C. Wright, 1870 ; William Fuller, 1871 ; K. W. Wheeler, 1872; T. F. Butterfield, 1873; J. M. Gates, 1874-75; Andrew Howat, 1876; W. A. Cotton, 1877-78 ; Andrew Howat, 1879. Recorders— J. C. Godley, 1859 ; Samuel S. Burdett, 1860 ; F. A. Howig, 1861-62 ; William T.' Campbell, 1863 ; John Pollock, 1865-66 ; H. Bairley, 1867 ; C. Schlabach, 1868 ; R. J. Crouch, 1869 ; A. W. Jack, 1870-71 ; W. A. Cotton, 1872-74 ; G. A. Fuller, 1875 ; C. J. Hadley, 1876 ; J. G. Pearse, 1877 ; J. H. Kelley, 1878 ; R. J. Crouch, 1879. Trustees— Allison, Lee, Hubbard, Gilmore, C.A.Jones, 1859; C.'A. Jones, W. R. Ward, John Kelley, S. N. Bedford, C. Egleston, 1860 ; J. Van- degriff, Jr., C. M. West, Thomas F. Butterfield, J. B. Bishop, J. F. Homer, HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 551 1861 ; George Beach, Israel Conery, C. E. Webb, G. W. Pearson, H. Bairley 1862 ; C. Egleston, S. Jones, A. K. Bissell, C. M. West, W. Weymouth, 1863 C. Schlabach, J. S. Gilmore, W. H. McCracken, S. Jones, J. M. Norris, 1864 C. Schlabach, J. M. Norris, B. F. Page, William Rule, Jr., W. H. Talbot, 1865 C. Schlabach, William Rule, Jr., H. Bairley, W. Wevmouth, B. R. Ward, 1866 William Rule, Jr., W. Familton, S. Cotton, D. Langan, W. Fuller, 1867; W R. Ward. Isaac Rhodes, William Rule, Jr., H. Cleveland, J. C. Polley, 1868 J. C. Polley, W. Familton, T. H. Ellis, T. W. Butler, C. M. Nye, 1869 ; A. H Runyon, W. R. Ward, H. Bairley, M. Purcell, G. W. Leonard, 1870 ; C Schlabach, T. F. Butterfield, J. T. Waters, T. T. Hobbs, James Hedden, 1871 J. T. Waters, William Rule, Jr., T. F. Butterfield. G. W. Wallace, T. T. Hobbs 1872 ; J. M. Gates, E.H. Wood, T. T. Hobbs, J. F. Homer, J. T. Waters, 1873 M. Purcell, E. H. Wood, J. B. Bissell, Schlabach, W. R. English, 1874 ; W R. Ward, W. R. English, D. W. Forbes, G. W. Wallace, J. B. Bissell, 1875 W. R. English, C. S. Harrington, W. H. Talbot, T. T. Hobbs, Adam Bloom 1876; W. H. Talbot, A. Bloom, P. Flannery, D. Whitney, G. K. Ryder, 1877 G. K. Ryder. F. P. Kettenring, E. R. Townsend, C. Schlabach, T. F. Butter field, 1878 ; T. F. Butterfield, T. T. Hobbs, P. Flannery, D. Whitney, W. H. Talbot, W. R. English, 1879. Treasurers — E. S. Bailey, 1859 ; James D. Bourne, 1860 ; George Beach, 1861 ; N. A. Merrell, 1862 ; S. N. Bedford, 1863 ; M. Warren, 1864 ; H. Cleaveland, 1865-66 ; John Rule, 1867 ; T. H. Ellis, 1868 ; H. Cleaveland, 1869-71 ; T. H. Ellis, 1872-74 ; L. H. Sanford, 1870-78 ; D. Drew, 1879. Corporation Counsel— P. C. Wright, 1859 ; Charles Whitaker, 1860 ; C. M. Nye, 1861 ; Kirke W. Wheeler, 1862 ; N. A. Merrell, 1863 ; K. W. Wheeler, 1864-65; J. N. Miles, 1866; W. A. Cotton, 1867-68; R.W.Henry, 1869 ; W. H. H. Hart, 1870 ; C. J. Hadley, 1871-72 ; W. B. Leffingwell, 1873-74 ; W. A. Cotton, 1875-76 ; P. B. Wolfe, 1877-79. Marshals— S. Maynard, 1859 ; L. Morton, 1860-62 ; E. A. Bird, 1863 ; D. W. Forbes, 1864-65 ; L. F. Brown, 1866 ; A. H. Runyon, 1867-68. Vacancy, 1869-70. H. S. Keller, 1871 ; W. M. Desmond. 1872-75 ; E. W. McCracken, 1876-77 ; Thomas Kelley, Jr., 1878 ; E. W. McCracken, 1879. Street Commissioners— John M. Gates, 1859-60 ; E. T. Vary, 1861 ; S. Maynard, 1862 ; Robert McBride, 1863 ; S. Wickes, 1864-65 ; G. VV. Mor- ton, 1866 ; Charles Wilbur, 1867 ; H. Allemong, 1868 ; E. P. Leach, 1869 ; H. S. Keller, 1870 ; C. AVilbur, 1871 ; Thomas Jack, 1872-77*; S. Maynard, 1878 ; Thomas Jack, 1879. The Council met from the date of its organization until 1875 in rented apartments, in which year, a commodious council-house was built on the south- west corner of the public square, or Lincoln Park as it is now called, at a cost of $1,000. The building is two stories high, with a large upper chamber used for Council-meetings and election purposes, and^ a lower room used for storing the engine and other fire apparatus belonging to the fire company. The fire company, Rescue No. 1, was organized in 1875, with a large membership. A large hand engine was purchased, with hose, hose cart and other equipments at this time for the company's use. The present officers (1879) are W. M. Desmond, Foreman ; E. W. McCracken, First Assistant ; Will Schlabach, Second Assistant ; W. A. Latham, Foreman of Hose ; C. E. Gould, Assistant ; J. T. Waters, Treasurer ; W. Schlabach, Acting Secretary. After the advent of the Chicago, Iowa & Nebraska Railroad (now con- trolled and operated by the C. & N. W. R. R.) in 1857, the town of De Witt began at once to increase in population. Business of all kinds prospered, this 552 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. being the entrepot of a large section of country. Among the dealers in grain, etc., who established warehouses at the depot and dealt largely in stock, grain and lumber, may be mentioned the following, viz., C. H. Toll, lumber; H. A. Fay, grain ; W. R. Ward, grain, lumber and coal ; Seth Sheldon, John Morse, E. P. Savage, E. R. Spear, J. F. Gilmore, grain, up to the year 1860 and afterward. Then followed T. F. Butterfield, T. H. Ellis, McKinney, But- ler & Co., J. T. Waters, Eggleston & Brown, N. W. Wood and E. H. Wood, and Clark Bros/ and D. G. Butterfield. To show the amount of business done, I give the following exhibit of the year 1868, which may be considered as an average showing for ten years, from 1860 to 1870: RECEIPTS. Feet of lumber 3,000,000 Number of shingles 1,500,000 Number lath 500,000 Pounds of merchandise 3,987,640 SHIPMENTS. Bushels of grain 396,998 Pounds dressed hogs 262,970 Number live hogs 11,180 Number cattle 816 Pounds hides 53,290 Pounds wool ; 46,640 i Pounds butter 150,160 Pounds poultry 3,140 Pounds seeds 41,580' This may be considered a fair statement ; however, since 1870, the grain trade has fallen off to some extent, while the trade in stock of all kinds has gradually increased. The Davenport & Northwestern Railroad was completed to this town in 1870, running from Davenport northward to Maquoketa. The citizens of this place and vicinity contributed f 65, 000 to the building of this road. The following is a list of the business men and firms of De Witt, viz : Attorneys— Merrell & Howat, Cotton & Wolfe, K. W. Wheeler, D. Whit- ney, C. M. Nye, R. J. Crouch, Pascal & Armentrout. Agricultural Implements — T. F. Butterfield, J. A. Cranston, P. Flannery. Auctioneers — T. Scholey, Thomas Kelley. Bakers — M. J. Hey, Joseph McCormick. Banker — J. H. Price. Books, Drugs and Stationery — J. B. Webb, C. V. Baxter, J. H. Kelley. Boots and Shoes — Charles Schlabach, D. White, H. Bricker. Carpenters and Builders — L. L. Neville & Co., Small & Son, F. P. Ket- tenring, L. H. Thorn, J. W. & F. B. Dearborn. Carriage Makers and Blacksmiths — Fred Driffill, D. W. Forbes, John Dignan, Conwell Bros., Warren & Son, Isaac Rhodes. Cigar Maker — George N. Hubbard. Coal and Wood Dealers — C. M. Nye & Co., R. S. Beach, A. J. Clark, Hubbard & Campbell. Coopers— R. McBride, T. M. Carson. Dentists— Dr. Potter, J. B. Gould. Dry Goods— T. F. Butterfield & Son, Chardavoyne, Drew & Co., Wallace Bros., Farmer's Store, J. C. Reed, F. S. Jacobs. Farriers— A. Partridge, Ed. O'Connell. HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 553 R. R Z7' MUS ~ Ca?t - W ' Hl Hal1 ' T ° WnSend & Harrison > Kin S & Miles, Foundry — A. B. dimming. Furniture Dealers and Undertakers-llohbs & Meredith, A. Nonemacher Gram and Produce Dealers— T. F. & D G ButtPrfipld P « w ! A. J. Clark, James Thornton, C. M. Nye & Co JiUtterfield ' C ' S " Har nngton, Groceries-A Bloom C. W. Cressler & Co., Fuller & Connole, T. J. Scallan, Kelly & Hern, Quigley Bros., C. Christiansen. Gunsmith — Fred Johnson. Hardware Dealers-W. H. Talbot, P. Flannery, J. F. Homer & Son Harness Makers — James Hedden, John Dobler. Hotels— Gates House, George B. Earle, proprietor; Pacific House, J. Foote, proprietor; Grill House, P. Grill, proprietor; Franklin House H Johnson, proprietor. Ice Dealers — J. W. Dearborn, V. Yegge. Insurance Agents— Cotton & Wolfe, Merrell & Howat^ K W WIippIpv ' C. M. Nye & Co., W. R. Ward. Justices of the Peace — R. J. Crouch, H. A. Fay. Loan Brokers— W. R. English, Jno. Peaslee. Live Stock Dealers — L. S. Harrington, B. H. Wood, M. Horan. Livery Stable — A. W. Johnson. Lumber Dealers— Campbell & Hubbard, T. F. & D. G. Butterfield. Masons and Bricklayers— J. Alton, J. Holsaple, George K. Ryder. Meat Markets— H. C. Cressler, Wendleborn & Co., J. Hirschberg, George Stephenson. Merchant Tailors — C. M. Mellor, John Craig. Milliners and Dressmakers — Mrs. John Craig, Misses Harrison & Norton, Mrs. J. B. Van Court, Misses A. Partridge & A. Sanger, Mrs. E. E. Kellogg' Musical Instruments — L. F. Brown. Newspaper and Job Office — De Witt Observer, S. H. Shoemaker, editor and proprietor. Painters — John Jebson & Co. Photographer — S. Smith. Physicians — J. H. Boyd, J. Dennison, W. Fitzgerald, A. W. Morgan, P. Ryan, D. Langan, M. R. Waggoner. 1 Pehsion Agent — W. R. Ward. Watchmakers and Jewelers — Barr & Bairley, J. Buckley. The following institutions of De Witt deserve somewhat of an extended notice, viz : The Farmer's Store, a corporation founded February 22, 1874, by an association of farmers for the purchase and sale of goods, wares and merchandise required by a farming community, and to carry on a general mercantile business, buy and ship produce, and agricultural implements and seeds on commission. The capital stock originally was $5,000, now increased to $8,000. The incorporators were Fred. Suiter, H. N. Hahn, H. Dwire, A. S. Allison, S. Saddoris, P. Twogood, L. P. Lambertson, David Robb, John Rathje and Hiram Brown. The first dividend declared was 31 per cent. Second dividend, 63 per cent. The present officers are L. S. Harrington, President; A. S. Allison, Secretary; S. Saddoris, H. N. Hahn, Fred Suiter, Directors ; H. Cleaveland, Manager of store. The Pioneer Cheese Factory, established by J. B. Rose in the autumn of 1877, has proved a success, the reputation of the cheese at this factory being second to none, it having gained the First Award at the American Institute 554 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. Fair, in New York City and at other noted exhibitions of dairy products. Mr. Noyes, the cheese-maker in charge of the factory, is an adept in his vocation. The Izaak Walton Fishing Club — objects, the promotion of angling as a recreation, the culture and study of fish with the enforcement of the fish law — was established in 1870. W. H. Talbot, Prax., R. J. Crouch, Registrar, A. Howat, W. M. Desmond, T. Quigley, Advisors, have already done much to stock the streams with excellent varieties of fish in the vicinity, being in con- stant communication with the State Fish Commissioner. The Be Witt Opera Home, built in 1878, by the De Witt Opera House Association, is a model of its kind and commends itself for architectural beauty of design and for convenience for the purposes for which it was erected, to all who see it. The seating capacity, including both gallery and auditorium, is about nine hundred persons. The officers of the Association are : Dr. D. Langan, President ; R. J. Crouch, Secretary ; T. T. Hobbs, S. Cotton, D. Whitney, G. K. Ryder, Directors. The schools of the town of De Witt are justly its pride. A noble structure was erected for school purposes in 1867, at a cost of $25,000, since which time a graded school, with the best instructors to be procured, has been main- tained. And now (in 1879) instead of the little band of a dozen pupils as in 1842, all that could be got together in those days, with Mr. Edgar as the mas- ter in the old log Court House, we have 300 pupils, seated in comfortable rooms with all the modern conveniences for instruction, with seven competent teachers, and, as a consequence, our children are acquiring an education that will fit them for any sphere of usefulness in life. Achilles Robb and H. M. White established general stores here at an early date. They were succeeded by John M. Lyter, Beard, Homer and Eggleston, J. Vandegriff & Co., Miles & Co., Higbee, fl. Cleaveland, H. Bairley and others. The first tailor was William Fuller, who, with his family, came here in 1849. He afterward purchased a farm near De Witt, then removed into town and engaged in the wagon-making business, erecting a large factory for that pur- pose. Sold out to Fred Driffil, who now operates in that line. The first lawyer was J. S. Stowrs in 1844, who was at one time Probate Judge of the county, followed by Hon. W. E. Leffingwell in 1845, then Hon. A. R. Cotton, Stark H. Samuels, Hewitt, Burge, Chaffee, Ferguson, E. Gra- ham and W. T. Graham, Polley, Merrell, E. S. Bailey, S. R. Hull, S. S. Bur- dett, J. N. Miles and P. C. Wright. Hon. W. E. Leffingwell was for several terms a member of the Legislature at an early date, being at one time member and President of the State Sen- ate. He was also at one time District Judge of this Judicial District. Was Captain of a company in the First Iowa Cavalry, and is noted as a successful criminal lawyer. Hon. A. R. Cotton was elected County Judge in 1853, while residing here; afterward removed to Lyons, and has since been a member of the Iowa Consti- tutional Convention, member of the Iowa House of Representatives and Speaker, and has served two terms in the National Congress. Samuels served as Clerk of the Court of the county for several terms and died here in 1856. Hewitt was at one time Prosecuting Attorney, was accused of passing counterfeit money, was arrested, escaped and was not heard of afterward. Burge remained but a short time. HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 555 Ferguson was an exceptionally brilliant man and good lawyer, but was his own worst enemy. He died here in 1866. Hon E. Graham came here about 1849 ; was County Judge for one or two terms ; he was also School Fund Commissioner for one term, and died in May 1860. He was an earnest advocate of Temperance, for which reason he has been called its apostle in this county; was universally respected wherever known His death was caused by one of those fatal mistakes— the administra- ™ V str ychnine— supposing it to be quinine, during an attack of fever Chaffee located here in 1855, and died the next year. W. T. Graham was Prosecutor of the county for one term, but unfortu- nately was addicted to drink, and left the State about 1860. Judge Polley served the county for some time as County Judge ; was appointed one of the Commissioners to revise the Code of Iowa ; removed to Chicago, to attend to large interests in real estate, where he with his family now reside. Hon. N. A. Merrell was chosen Captain of Company D, Twenty-sixth Iowa Regiment Infantry, August, 1862 ; served until the battle of Arkansas Post, where he was severely wounded, then resigned. He returned, resumed practice, and is now the senior member of the law firm of Merrell & Howat, of this place. Capt. M. has also served the county as member of the Lower House for one term, and is now a member for the second term of the State Senate. Judge Wright was County Judge for one term ; now resides in Nashville, Tenn. Hon. S. S. Burdett was a member of the First Iowa Cavalry ; served, during the war of the rebellion, as Provost Marshal Gqneral, with headquar- ters at St. Louis, Mo. ; was afterward Member of Congress for two terms from Missouri ; also, was Commissioner of the General Land Office, which he resigned, and is now practicing his profession in Washington City. E. S. Bailey, Esq., removed from this town to Janesville, Wis. ; entered the army; was Paymaster during the late war; returned to Clinton, in this county, after its close, and is now one of the leading attorneys of the Chicago & North- Western Railway, as well as one of the best railroad lawyers in the State. J. N. Miles removed to Missouri in 1874. Among the later attorneys, I may here mention the name of John L. Mer- rell, son ^of Senator Merrell, who was raised in this town; received his primary education in the public schools here ; graduated with honor, at an excellent institution of learning, in Lowville, N. Y. ; returned here, where he studied law with Senator Merrell ; was admitted to practice, and early gave evidence of extraordinary ability in his profession^ He, however, succumbed to the dis- ease of the lungs, with which he was afflicted, and died on the 2d day of April, 1871, at the early age of twenty years, universally regretted. Among the earliest physicians, who located here, may be mentioned Drs. Metcalfe, Collins, Golder, Scott, East, Ayers, Asa W. Morgan, Vary, Harvey and Estes. Dr. Metcalfe was the first regular physician- who settled in the town ; was, withal, a cultured gentleman, besides being an author of some rep- utation ; a political writer and regular contributor to Eastern magazines. He died in 1844. Drs. Golder and East remained but a few years and then went West, as did Scott and Ayers. Dr. Asa W. Morgan went into the war of the rebellion as a Surgeon ; after the war, settled in Texas, where he now resides. Drs. Har- vey and Estes returned East. Vary resides in Luverne, Minn. Hon. J. D. Bourne came to this town in 1840, at which time he was Sheriff of the county, having been appointed by Gov. Dodge, who was then Governor of Wisconsin Territory. - He had, prior to this time, resided on the Wapsie 556 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. River, near the mouth of Ames Creek, with his brother, R. C. Bourne, Esq.; had served as Postmaster, under appointment of Amos Kendall, Postmaster General in 1837, being the first Postmaster in the county ; the name of the post office was Waubesipinicon. He at once took an active interest in the affairs of the town and county, it being the duty of the Sheriff, in those days, to order and superintend the elections and collect the taxes. He was, there- fore, the most important functionary in the new county ; that he did his duties well, and to the entire satisfaction of his constituents, is evidenced by his being continued in office for at least three terms, or more. He was, at one time, a member of the State Legislature, the first one held under the State organ- ization. He also served the county, as Treasurer and Recorder for one term. Mr. Bourne settled in this county in September, 1836, and he claims to be the first white settler who cast his lot in this county, and made a permanent settlement. He says that he came down on a steamboat to Pinnacle Point — now Princeton — disembarked, came out to where he made choice of a location before mentioned, and was soon after followed by his brother, and then by others. He feels confident, that if there had been a settlement at Lyons, as claimed by Buell, he should have known it ; and that having occasion to pro- cure some grain, he should have procured it there, instead of going to Sabula for it. Mr. B.'s family consisted of James, Z. T., Sarah, Mary, Jennie, Pauline, Notley A. and Robert Lee. James went to Virginia City, Nev., where he died a few years since. Sarah married J. H. Simpson, and afterward died of consumption ; as did Pauline, who married A. Hess, of Clinton. Mary is the wife of Judge B. D. Hadley, and resides in Luverne, Minn. Jennie married George Lambertson, and resides. in Carroll County, Iowa. Z. T., married to Miss Mary Beard, died about a year ago, leaving a wife and three children to mourn his loss. Mr. Bourne was, during the early days of the Territory and State, in politics a Whig, and organized the party in this county in 1840. He afterward, when the Whig party ceased to exist, united with the Democratic party, but now for a number of years has taken no active part in politics. He showed us the Tax Collector's book used by him in collecting the taxes, in which the largest amount assessed to any one person in this county was $6.08. He has acquired a large property, and is comfortably enjoying life at home. Col. Loring Wheeler, before coming to this county, served one or more terms in the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature, as a member of that body, representing, as he says, the whole country belonging to the United States north of Rock Island and west of the Mississippi River. He was a member of the State Senate immediately after the admission of the State into the Union, being the first Senator from this county. Col. Wheeler, besides being for a number of terms Clerk of the Court, was also a member of the County Board of Supervisors. He went to California in 1849, and returned in 1852, in com- pany with his brother-in-law, A. G. Harrison. Col. Wheeler still enjoys good health, and, at the ripe age of eighty years, is still able to walk down town and converse with his friends, and is universally respected. A. G. Harrison, having never, married, made it his home with his brother- in-law, at whose residence he died on the 26th day of November, 1879. He died seized of a large property, which reverted to his heirs by will — Miss Melissa Harrison and Mrs. Col. Wheeler, sisters receiving the greater portion. Hon. D. McNeil came here with his family in 1853. He was for two terms County Judge of the County, and was for fifty years a Mason, and was a HISTORY OP CLINTON COUNTY. 55- member of the M. E Church. He died on the 28th day of February 1869 He was for a long time Justice of the Peace for DeWitt Township/and was an upright Judge, a good citizen, a faithful Mason and an earnest Christian CHUKCHES. Congregational Church.- At a meeting held at the Court House, in De Witt, convened by public notice July 10, 1842, for the purpose of organizing a Church of the Congregational faith, the Rev. A. B. Hitchcock wa S g chosen Chairman, and Rev. 0. Emerson, Jr., was appointed Secretary. At the meeting the following resolution was adopted, viz. : Rcolved That it is expedient to proceed immediately to organize a church of Christ to be known and -designated as the First Congregational Church of De Witt. Articles of Faith and Form of Covenant, previously prepared, were read and assented to by those present. Certificates of good standing in Christian Churches in other parts of the country were presented by the following per sons, viz. : Charles Dutton, Jonas M. Oaks, Rev. 0. Emerson, Jr Ambrose Betts, David Bedford, Eliza F. Bedford and Polly Evans. These certificates being mutually satisfactory, these persons at once agreed to enter publicly into church covenant with each other. _ Mrs. Betsy Hatfield related her Christian experience, and was requested to unite with the proposed organization. David Bedford was requested to serve as Deacon until further action was taken. Jonas M. Oaks was appointed Clerk. On the following Sabbath, July 11, 1842, in accordance with the resolution, adopted the day previous, the Articles of Faith and Covenant were publicly assented to, and the communion administered to the following-named persons viz. : Charles Dutton, Jonas M. Oaks, Rev. Oliver Emerson, Jr., Ambrose Betts, Eliza F. Bedford, Polly Evans and Betsy Hatfield, who were evid- ently the original members of this Church at its organization. Robert R. Bedford, Clarinda Betts, Rufus Percival, Sarahette Percival, David W. Shinn united with the Church ; Bedford by letter, the rest by profession of faith, in the year 1843 ; Rachel Oaks, by profession, in 1844 ; Francis Work, John P. Soliss and Sarah Goff, in the year 1845 ; George Goudie, Mrs. J. Goudie and Mrs. Dearborn, in 1847. Nancy Oaks, Betsy Warren, Elnathan Bassett, Mrs. Bassett and James Bassett, in 1848. Rev. A. B. Hitchcock acted as ministerial supply during the first year of the Church's existence. Rev. 0. Emerson, Jr.. who was undoubtedly the father of this organization, served as its regular Pastor from the year 1843 up to 1853 and also during the year 1856, but, being in charge of a large circuit, his services being required in other places, he was assisted in the year 1849 in his ministrations to this church by Rev. S. J. Francis. Rev. J. S. Mowry was Pastor during the year 1854 and occasionally until June, 1857, when Rev. J. Van Antwerp, of New York, was called to the pastorate, which position he filled with much success until April, 1871, a period of fourteen years, except one year, during which he was Chaplain of the Twenty-sixth Iowa. Infantry Regiment in the war of the rebellion ; in his absence there was no Pastor. Mr. Van Antwerp was greatly beloved by all classes. During his pastorate he was elected as the first County Superintendent of Common Schools for Clinton County and filled the office acceptably for one term. The number of members added while Mr. Van Antwerp was Pastor was 114. The new church building was erected in 1864-65 and dedicated in June, 1865, through his exertions on the northeast corner of Dodge and Washington streets, size 34 558 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. by 52 feet, exclusive of towers, and is a neat frame structure, well furnished inside. Rev. Rufus Apthorp was called to the pastorate August 18, 1871, and continued as such Pastor until April 18, 1875, at which time, by a vote of the membership, a call was extended to Rev. E. P. Whiting, of Durant, Iowa, which position he accepted and filled until the date of his decease in January, 1877. By a vote of the Trustees of the Church, May 7, 1877, a call was extended to Rev. J. W. Hubbard, President of the Northern Illinois College, Fulton, 111., to the pastorate, which was accepted, and Mr. H. removed to De Witt and occupied the pulpit until the 6th day of April, 1879, at which time he accepted a similar position in the Presbyterian Church at Wilton, Iowa. Negotiations are now pending with Rev. E. Kent, of Michigan City, Ind., at this date (July 9), looking to his settlement as Pastor for the ensuing year. The present number of resident members of the Church is 107. St. Simon's Catholic Church. — The good Bishop Loras, of Dubuque, as he was called by the old settlers, passed through the town of De Witt some time during the year 1848, at which time, he purchased a lot where is now the Stevens Block, on which was a log house, built by William Horan, for the use of the Catholic Church. It seems that, prior to this time, the good Bishop had held services in the old log Court House, for it is reported of him that after- ward, when on a visit to his native France, in addressing some theological students at the Sorbonne, as an inducement to return with him and engage in missionary labor that, as an evidence of the liberality of the people in this region, he told them that he had been invited to hold services in the Court House of the seat of justice of a prominent county in this State, by the officials of the county. It was no doubt this county to which he referred. In September, 1850, at the request of Patrick Lawler, then a resident of this township, Thomas Reed, Francis Brogan and others, the Bishop came down from Dubuque and celebrated mass in the log building heretofore men- tioned as having been purchased by him. After this, during the next year, Rev. Father Dougherty and Rev. Father Travis, Rev. Father McEvoy'and Rev. Father Jean officiated as celebrants of mass at various times. In the year 1852, Father Francis McKenna was established as Priest in charge, the parish then including the present parishes of Center Grove, Deep Creek, Walnut Grove, Grand Mound, Spring Rock and Toronto. The families connected with the Church here at the time were those of Patrick Lawler, M. Gillooley, M. Desmond, Thomas Reed, John Lucy, William Horan, J. Cassidy, C. Boyle, P. Burke, the Brophys, Dr. John Kelley, P. Pendergast, Patrick Neelan, James Harrington, John Brogan, Francis Brogan and Henry Winters. The present church building was erected in 1853. Rev. Thomas McDermott was Pastor during the year 1856, and part of the year 1857, and was succeeded by Father O'Syrne, who remained until the summer of 1859. November 1, 1859, Rev. J. W. Scallan took charge of the parish as resident Priest, and remained as such until 1876, a period of seven- teen years. During Father Scallan 's administration of the affairs of the parish, it enjoyed great prosperity. About the year 1866, Father Scallan established a parochial school, and placed it' in charge of the Sisters of Charity, a number of that Order being brought here for that purpose. A two-story building was removed to the grounds adjoining the Catholic Church, additions were made and the building fitted up. The Sisters of Charity remained until 1868, when Father Scallan procured the services of Sister Borromeo, of Chicago, a relative, HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 559 who came to De Witt with four others of the Order of Mercy, and founded the Mother House of that Order here, and took charge of the school, which pros- pered greatly under their care. They also purchased a part of the Morgan farm — forty acres — with the intention of erecting a large building thereon for educational purposes. Mother Borromeo was afterward induced by leading citizens of Davenport to found at that city a hospital for insane persons and others afflicted with chronic diseases, which she did. A^ branch of the Order was also established at Independence ; and also a hospital at Iowa City in con- nection with the Medical Departmant of the. State University. The constant labors of Mother Borromeo in the supervision of these insti- tutions, with her untiring labors in behalf of the cholera patients at Davenport, in 1873, no doubt hastened her demise, which occurred September 2, 1874, at the hospital in Davenport. The Seminary about this time at De Witt was closed. During Father Scallan's pastorate, the priest's house near the church was also erected. Father Scallan,, owing to continued ^ill-health, was assisted by a coadjutor priest, Father O'Reilly, for some time, and was finally succeeded by Father Brady as Pastor, who continued in charge until September, 1878, when he was succeeded by Father Thomas McCormick, who is now (1879) the Parish Priest. Father McCormick, soon after his accession to the pastorate, made an addition to the church, and opened a parochial school, which is now in a flourishing condition. He has quite recently purchased the south half of the Wright Block, and has secured plans for an excellent school-building, where he intends immediately to establish a first-class school, to be placed in charge of competent instructors, and where all the higher branches and accomplishments will be taught. It is also his intention to purchase the north half of the same block, and to erect thereon a magnificent church commensurate with the wants of the parish, which at present consists of 155 families. Henry Bairley, who came to this town about 1853, has been an active mem- ber of this Church, and has done much to promote its interests. Baptist Church — The Baptist Church of De Witt was organized January 3, 1852, with the following members : Newton Hays and wife, T. W. Clark and wife, Amy Clark, Elizabeth Wallace, Adaline Dennis; joined the Daven- port Association in September, 1852, five having joined in the meantime, mak- ing twelve in number belonging. Rev. T. W. Clark was licensed to preach August 28, 1852; preached to this church two years. Elder J. P. Cook preached one year, to* June, 1855. Elder Clark preached two years, to 1857. Elder William Wood took pastoral charge in May, 1857, and preached one year. During the year 1858, the present large brick church building was erected. This, year seventeen were baptized and thirteen united by letter, making a total membership of forty-two. Elder T. W. Clark was ordained March 17, 1858, and was Pastor for one year thereafter. Rev. D. D. Gregory was called to the pastorate in 1859, and served the Church until June, 1861 ; membership fifty-eight. Elder Gregory studied law while Pastor of the Church, and subsequently removed to Afton, Union Co., Iowa, where he engaged in practice, and now (1879) is Circuit Judge of the Third Judicial District of Iowa. The pastorate was vacant from June to August, 1861. Elder T. W. Clark was Pastor one year to October, 1862. Another vacancy until May, 1863, when Elder D. H. Paul was called and remained until Novem- ber, 1865. The new house of worship, built in 1855, was dedicated August 10, 1865 Elder J. M. Lackey was Pastor for one year from October 15, 1865 ; membership seventy-seven. April 1, 1867, Elder ,J. Edminster became 560 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. Pastor and remained about two years. Elder S. H. D. Vaughn was chosen Pastor and remained four years. Elder W. H. Irwin succeeded and remained one year. Elder J. C. Douglas was chosen Pastor in May, 1876, and remained two years. At the present time, the Church is supplied by Elder Asa Rand- !ett, of Groton, Mass., with a view to settlement as Pastor. Elder T. W. Clark was Stated Clerk from the organization until his ordination, a period of about six years. Charles E. Webb followed as Clerk ; W. A. Ten Eyck suc- ceeded ; Albert Needham followed, and at present William Saltmarsh is Stated Clerk. The present membership is 130. Be Witt Methodist Episcopal Church. — For some time before any Methodist society was organized in De Witt, Methodist missionaries visited the place and preached the Gospel. Prominent among these was Barton H. Cartright, of Rock River Conference, whose pastoral labors, in the years 1840 and 1841, extended over the country from Maquoketa to Davenport. Late in the year 1843 or early in 1844, the first society was organized by John Roberts, an Englishman, a local preacher, and consisted of S. P. Burton and wife, David H. Brown and wife, and Moses Gear and wife. For some time, Brother Rob- erts acted as Pastor of the society, but in the summer of 1844 it was taken into the Bellevue Circuit ; Revs. Howard and Bushnell, Pastors. The Circuit at that time embraced Bellevue Circuit, Maquoketa and De Witt. At the Conference in 1844, it was joined to the Delaware Circuit and Maquoketa Mission, with Revs. J. B. Taylor and George Larkin as Pastors. In 1845 Revs. Farlow and Dennis were Pastors. From this time to 1850, there is no record of the pastors to be found. In 1850, Rev. Hurlburt succeeded in erecting a small church for the use of the society, on the site of the present church. In 1851, we find the charge known as De Witt Mission, embracing De Witt, Lyons and Camanche, and other/ places in the vicinity of each, such as Center Grove, Buena Vista, War- ren's Settlement, etc. >. The officers of the Church at this time were Alcinious Young, Presiding Elder ; John Walker, Preacher-in-charge. Leader and Stewards — William Dunbar, Maj. Nottingham, George Macomber, David Hess, S. P. Burton, A. Robb, J. Kimble, Sweeny, James Shaw, C. L. Dutcher, Z. Allen and 0. W. Denham. Camanche at this time was the residence of the preacher in •charge. This arrangement of the work continued the next two years, with Ira Black- ford as Pastor in 1852-53 and George Larkin in 1854. In the fall of 1854, Rev. A. N. Odell was appointed to the work. At the first Quarterly Meeting, at the suggestion of Judge McNeil, it was ■determined to divide the work, making De Witt and vicinity one work, and Lyons and Camanche and places in their vicinity another ; and Rev. Thomas Thompson was employed for the De Witt work. In the following year, the work was regularly organized as De Witt Circuit, the appropriation from the Missionary Society being discontinued. The Circuit included the following appointments: DeWitt, Center Grove, Deep Creek, Welton, and other adjacent points. The officers' roll was as follows : J. G. Dimmitt, Presiding Elder ; F. Amos, who afterward abandoned the ministry for the law, Preacher-in-charge. Exhorters— Willis Rowland and William Traver. Stewards— Daniel McNeil, H. Weston, Harrington, James Rossiter and D. H. Brown. Leaders- Norman Evans, I. W. Jones, David Goff, Jesse Rowland, William H. Bennett, -John Stone and Dotey. Sabbath-school Superintendents — Alexander HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 561 Mummey and John Pierce. In 1856-57, John R. Balser was appointed to the •work, with J. C. Ayers as Presiding Elder. At the Conference of 1857, De Witt was first made a station, and Joseph Ridlington was appointed Pastor. During this year, De Witt charge was duly incorporated, and the present parsonage secured for the use of its Pastors. During the next two years, Rev. W. W . Easterbrook, now a minister in the Pro- testant Episcopal Church, was Pastor. They were years of prosperity, as indi- cated by the following resolution passed at a meeting held November 8, 1859 : Resolved, that in view of the absolute want of a larger church in which to wor- ship, we proceed to build. Thereupon, the following building committee was appointed : W. W. East- erbrook, J. B. Bishop, J. Collom, S. P. Burton, D. H. Brown, S. Shoecraft and C. M. West. In 1860, Rev. Andrew Coleman, already known as Father Coleman, though still living at this date, was appointed Pastor. He is remembered for his genial spirit and faithfulness in all his works, and especially for the zeal with which -he labored for the erection of the new church. He was followed, in 1862, by Rev. Elias Skinner, Rev. A. J. Kynett being Presiding Elder. During the two years of his pastorate, valuable additions were made to the parsonage property. During a temporary absence o l f Brother Skin- ner, as Chaplain in the army, his place was supplied by Rev. F. W. Vinson. In 1864, Rev. Joel B. Taylor returned to the charge, Rev. R. W. Keeler being Presiding Elder. During the two years of his ministry, the church build- ing was remodeled and completed, and dedicated by Rev. A. J. Kynett. The next three years, Rev. W. Frank" Paxton, now Presiding Elder of Davenport District, was Pastor. They were years of prosperity, marked by a great increase in the membership of the Church. In 1869-70, Rev. J. S. Anderson 'was Pastor ; in 1870-71, Rev. L. Catlin ; in 1871-72, Rev. Jeremiah S. Eberhart ; in 1872-73-74, Rev. I. K. Fuller. From 1874 to 1877, Rev. M. H. Smith. During part of these years, Rev. Emory Miller and Rev. J. S. Anderson were Presiding Elders. The events of these years are so recent as to be in the memory of those' most interested in the Church. The past two years, the present Pastor. Rev. J. H. Rigby, has been in charge of the work. The Church membership at present, September, 1879, numbers 116 members, in full connection, and eight probationers. The following is its official roll : Presiding Elder, Rev. W. Frank Paxton ; Preacher- in-charge, Rev. J. H. Rigbv. Leaders— J. E. Gould, Robert M. Smith. Stewards— J. N. Arthur, J. E. Gould, J. B. Rose, G. H. Dickenson, Robert M. Smith, Mrs. C. M. West, Mrs. Frances Webb, Mrs. Mary Cotton, Mrs. Edith Thorn. Trustees— J. N. Arthur, S. P. Burton, D. H. Brown, Isaac Jones, S. H. Shoemaker, J. B. Webb and John Layton. United Presbyterian Church.— -In the autumn of 1854, William Campbell and family, who were connected with the Associate Reformed Church of Guern- sey County, Ohio, removed to Iowa, and settled near De Witt. During the winter and following spring, they were joined by the families of John Barrett, R. J. Jamison, John B. Cranston, and others of the same faith. Early in the summer of 1855, Rev. John B. Clark, Pastor of the congre- gations of Le Claire, Port Byron and Pleasant Prairie (now Elvira) made an appointment to preach in De Witt, being, however, unable to fill it, his place was supplied by Rev. S. F. Van Atta, who held the first service and preached the first sermon of the Associate Reformed Church in De Witt. Services were 562 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. afterward held by Rev. Henry Allen, Rev. John Chambers, Rev. Mr. Miller and Rev. R. S. Campbell, ministers of the Associate Reformed Church. Application having been made to the Associate Reformed Presbytery of Iowa for an organization, a committee was appointed by that body consisting of Rev. Henry Allen and Elders W. W. Beatty and John McConnell, who met at De Witt, September 8, 1855, and organized the Associated Reformed Presbyterian congregation of De Witt, of sixteen members, as follows : William Campbell, Mrs. Ann Campbell, John B. Cranston, Mrs. Margaret Cranston, John Barrett, Mrs. S. A. Barrett, R. J. Jamison, Mrs. Jane Jam- ison, James A. Cranston, Mrs. Caroline Cranston, Susana Halliday, Mrs. Mary White, Robert Bartlett, James Bartlett, William Campbell and 1 Mrs. Rebecca Campbell. At this meeting, John Barrett and James, Bartlett were ordained and installed Ruling Elders. " Rev. R. S. Campbell, who was then preaching at Bloomington, 111., on invitation, preached to this congregation for a few Sabbaths in December, 1855. Rev. R. S. Campbell having received a call to the pastorate of this congrega- tion in connection with the one at Pleasant Prairie (now Elvira), began his labors as Pastor elect March 13, 1856 ; was ordained and installed by the Iowa Associate Reformed Presbytery, at De Witt, June 12, following. During the first year of Mr. Campbell's pastorate, eleven persons were received into membership in the congregation. March 17, 1857, William Camp- bell was ordained by the Presbytery as a Ruling Elder. In the year 1859, the congregation being without a church building, erected and partially inclosed the frame for a house of worship, which was blown down by a storm and totally demolished. They were not, however, discouraged by this accident, and again went to work with a will and completed and occupied their house of worship in 1860. After the consummation of the union of the Associate and Associate Reformed Churches, at Pittsburgh, Penn., in May, 1858, which assumed the name of the United Presbyserian Church, this congregation assumed and still retains the name of the United Presbyterian Congregation of De Witt, and, after the organ- ization of the Le Claire Presbytery has been ever since connected with that body. At the commencement of the war of the rebellion in 1861, nine members of this congregation took their lives in their hands and enlisted in defense of their country, viz., John Barrett, Alexander P. Meikleham, John Henderson, William H. Hyde, James Barnes, John F. Baird, Lieut. James S. Patterson, D. J. Cranston and John A. Hyde. Of these, only one, D. J. Cranston, survived to the close of the war, and he returned a cripple for life, having lost a limb at the battle of Chattanooga in 1863. Lieut. Patterson lost his life while leading his company in that terrible charge made by the Twenty-sixth Iowa Regiment at the battle of Arkansas Post ; John F. Baird died amid the horrors of Andersonville Prison. Rev. R. S. Campbell, having continued to labor with the congregations at De Witt and Elvira, dissolved his relations with the Elvira Church, on account of the labor having become too great for one man, August 16, 1865. He, however, devoted his whole time to the De Witt congregation until the spring of 1868, when he resigned his pastoral relations, which, after great hesitation on the part of the Presbytery, was accepted, having served them for a period of nearly twelve years. One hundred and fifty-nine persons were received into membership in the congregation during Mr. Campbell's pastorate, 117 by certificate, and 42 by profession. HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 56.5 vwf r r rs i n \ R - ?« u «J a T and \ j - Hannum had been eiected ™™g ft%l P ^ y ' }£\ t l ree J memherS ' Viz ' Messrs " Rober * McClenahan John McConnell and N. T. Baird were elected Ruling Elders Rev. D. Niooll the present Pastor (1879), having just completed his the- ological course at Monmouth, 111, was called to the pastorate of this Church T„ ^ d 1 t o« Q 0n % a r t E1 7 ira - September 19, 1869, and was ordained thereto November 17, looy. Membership at this time, eighty. Mr. William Campbell, who may be said to have been the founder of the Church, while in his usual health and while speaking at a service held at the Christian Chapel in De Witt, during a revival meeting, on the evening of Jan- uary 4, 1871, was stricken with paralysis, and died the next day, esteemed by 3ill. During the present pastorate, 100 members have been received, 53 by pro- fession and 47 by certificate. The whole number received into membership is 281. r M. R. Buchanan, a Ruling Elder, died July 23, 1876. John McConnell also Ruling Elder, died August 19, 1878. On the 30th day of May, 1879, James S. Mayes and J. 0. Buchanan were ordained Ruling Elders, which, in addition to the names of James Bartlett, N. T. Baird and Robert McClenahan, constitute the members of Session. October 1, 1875, the church-building was repaired and much improved, at a cost of $900. The present membership is ninety-five. Christian, or Disciple Church. — The first sermon preached in this town- ship by a preacher of this denomination, was at the court-room at the north- east corner of the public square, in 1848, by Elder Le Van. Father John Cotton, D. P. Meredith and a few others, moved in the matter of a church organization, and in the winter of 1852-53 an organization was effected, at which meeting Elders N. A. McConnell, of Marion, Iowa, and James Gaston, of Illinois, were present, with the following membership : Father John Cotton and wife, D. P. Meredith and wife, Monroe Warren and wife, a Mr. Miller, wife and three sons, a Mr. Chapman and wife. John Cotton and Miller were elected Elders ; D. P. Meredith and Chapman were chosen Deacons. Miller and family afterward moved to California. Father Cotton, prior to this time, in 1850, had united with Rev. T. W. Clark, and had btiilt a small church on Harrison street, which was called the Union Church, and was occupied by this Church and the Baptists jointly, until 1857, when it was purchased of the Baptists by this Church. Elder E. Phillips was Pastor of this Church for a year or two, commencing in 1854 ; then followed Rev. George Rich, who remained about two years. The Church was then without a regular Pastor until 1865, when the Rev. G. W. Sweeny, of Kentucky, was called to the pastorate and remained until 1868. In the year 1869, the old Union Church was removed, and an elegant new chapel, through the untiring zeal of Father Cotton, aided by the members and others, was built at a cost of $3,000, and was dedicated April 10, 1870, by Rev. G. W. Sweeny. Rev. James Stover, of Indiana, preached for three months in 1873, and was followed by Elder E. A. Pardee, who remained for about one year ; then Elder William Martin was in charge for a few months, when Elder W. H. Benton, of Chicago, preached for about eight months in 1878. Elder William Sweeny, the present Pastor, took charge in 1878. The present membership of the Church numbers about fifty. St. Peter's Episcopal Church. — This Church was organized by the adoption of Articles of Association and Incorporation, May 25, 1858. The following 564 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. are the names of the incorporators : R. H. Nolton, P: J. Shoecraft, E. S. Bailey, Samuel Clark, S. R: Hull, A. Chace, H. M. Cook, M. B. Wright, C. A. Jones, P. C. Wright; Charles Egleston, J. F. Gilmore, 0. C. Bates, E. E. Spear, J. H. Sage and J. C. Smyles. July .6, following, Rev. A. Bush was chosen to take charge of the parish, and a church building was immediately commenced, and completed in September of the same year, and was consecrated by Rt. Rev. H. W. Lee in December following. The church building was located on Church street, on land given by the Iowa Land Company. The first elected officers of the parish were : Samuel Clark, Senior Warden ; H. W. Cook, Junior Warden ; Vestrymen, E. S. Bailey, C. A. Jones, P. J. Shoe- craft, S. R. Hull ; R. H. Nolton, Clerk. On Easter Monday, the following Vestrymen were elected : C. A. Jones, E. S. Bailey, P. J. Shoecraft, S. R. Hull, C. Egleston, J. K. Clark, N. A. Merrell, J. F. Gilmore. The following officers were elected : Samuel Clark, Senior Warden ; P. C. Wright, Junior Warden ; J. C. Smyles, Clerk. The Rev. A. Bush was unanimously elected Rector of the Parish. May 23, 1859, E. S. Bailey, J. K. Clark and John F. Gilmore, were chosen Delegates to the Diocesan Convention, to be held at Davenport May 25, 1859. The church building was afterward conveyed to the Rt. Rev. H. W. Lee, Epis- copal Bishop of the Diocese. July 11,. 1860, Rev. A. Bush resigned as Rector. Easter Monday, 1861, Charles Egleston, W. R. Ward, N. A. Merrell, R. G. Cole and James D. Bourne were chosen Vestrymen ; Samuel Clark, Senior Warden ; P. C. Wright, Junior Warden ; and W. B. Webb, Clerk. May 20, 1861, W. W. Estabrook was chosen Delegate to the Diocesan Con- vention. W. W. Estabrook, candidate for the priesthood, served as lay reader of sermons for four months in 1861. There has been no settled Rector since, the church building became vacant and was afterward destroyed, and the organization ceased to exist. The Free Methodist Church — Was organized in the year 1868 by Rev. C. H. Underwood, with a membership of eleven. . Rev. B. F. Doughty was the first Pastor. The names of some of the prominent members at the organization are as follows : Mrs. Robinson, Miss Florinda Schaeffer, Mrs. Abby Haney, Samuel Mummy, R. L. Smith and others. The present church building, situ- ated on the northwest corner of Jefferson and Bluff streets, was erected in the year 1870. The present membership of the Church is about forty; the present Pastor, Rev. Mr. Hall. THE PRESS. The first newspaper was established in this town in the month of December, 1855, by 0. C. Bates and J. McCormick, publishers, and was called the De Witt Glintonian; 0. C. Bates, editor; politics, Republican. In the fall of 1859, the paper was turned over to P. C. Wright, as editor, for the purpose of opposing the election of Hon. John F. Dillon as District Judge. Having sig- nally failed of its object, Judge Dillon having been elected by an overwhelm- ing majority, the paper very soon closed out for lack of support. The Stand- ard, Republican in politics, was established in December, 1859, with 0. 0. Bates and Hon. D. McNeil as editors and publishers. The Clinton County Journal, Democratic, Lawrence & McDonnell, publishers, with R. S. Lawrence as editor, was published for a few months in 1860, and was followed by a short- lived Democratic journal, called the Clinton County Democrat, by C. P. Cotter. The Wide Awake, a Lincoln and Hamlin campaign paper, was edited and pub- lished by P. C. Wright and 0. C. Bate's during the campaign of I860. The. HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 565 Standard was edited for a time in 1861 by a Mr. Stewart, who was followed by James S. Patterson, who continued its publication until July, 1862, when he joined the Twenty-sixth Iowa Infantry Volunteers, and was chosen First Lieutenant of Company H. He lost his life while leading his company in the memorable charge at the battle of Arkansas Post. About this time, 0. C. Bates leased the Standard office of Hon. D. McNeil, and commenced the publication of the Signal, which he continued until 1863, when he suspended it to let two of his typos join the 100-day service. During the suspension his lease expired and the printing material was turned over to S. H. Shoemaker, who, July 15, 1864, commenced the publication of the De Witt Observer, which has been continued until the present time. This paper is Republican in politics, and has a circulation of 1,000 copies, besides a good advertising patronage. SECRET SOCIETIES. Be Witt Lodge, No. 34, A., F. $■ A. M.—The first meeting of De Witt Lodge, A., F. & A. M., was held at the house of brother George Goudie, on Thursday, January 8, A. L. 5852, A. D. 1852, under a dispensation granted by the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Iowa, bearing date December 4, A. L. 5851, A. D. 1851, in which dispensation brother R. H. Dawson, Sr., is named Worshipful Master; S. D. Golder, Senior Warden, and George Goudie, Junior Warden. The following pro-tem. officers were appointed at this meeting : A. R. Cotton, Secretary ; George Hasting, Treasurer ; S. N. Bedford, Senior Deacon ; A. Dennis, Junior Deacon, and D. C. Oaks, Tiler, with brothers A. R. Bissell and George W. Ames present. At an election held at this meeting, Brother A. R. Cotton was elected Senior Deacon ; A. R. Bissell, Secretary ; 4i. W. Ames, Treasurer ; S. N. Bedford, Junior Deacon, and D. C. Oaks, Tiler ; S. D. Golder was deputed to attend Grand Lodge, held at Bloomington (now Muscatine), January 12, 1852. R. H. Dawson, Jr., and S. G. Dawson applied for admission. Brothers Goudie, Cotton and Bedford were appointed a Com- mittee on By-Laws. At the second meeting, held January 30, 1852, R. H. Dawson, Jr., and S- G. Dawson were initiated. These two were the first Masons made in this Lodge. At the meeting held April 30, 1852, William G. Haun's name appears as Acting Secretary. A charter was granted this Lodge by the Grand Lodge June 3, 1852. The first elected officers under the char- ter were R. H. Dawson, W. M.; A. R. Cotton, S. W.; S. N. Bedford, J. W.; G. W. Ames, Treas.; A. R. Bissell, Sec; S. D. Golder, S. D.; S. G. Dawson, J. D.; A. Dennis, Tiler. At the meeting held March 24, 1853, S. H. Samuels' name first appears as being in attendance. At the meeting held June 17, 1853, A. R. Cotton was elected W. M.; S. N. Bedford, S. W.; George W. Ames, J. W.; R. H. Dawson, Treas.; A. R. Bissell, Sec. At the regular meeting in September, 1853, Brother Daniel McNeil's name first appears as a visiting member. Father McNeil was afterward a leading member of the Lodge, faithful in his attendance, was its Worshipful Master, and died in 1869, and was buried with its honors, the leading Masons throughout the county par- ticipating at the funeral obsequies. On the 13th day of March, 1854, at a meeting of De Witt Lodge, A., F. & A. M., at which meeting Grand Master Humphrey was present, the three degrees of Masonry were conferred by this Lodge on Hon. W. B. Leffingwell, who has, since that time, become eminent in its rites. This was done by special dispensation of the Grand Master. At the' same meeting, the name of Thomas Hudson, then and now of Lyons, was proposed for membership, and he was made a Mason at the next subsequent meeting. At the meeting of the Grand Lodge in 1854, Brother A. R. Cotton, 566 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. Worshipful Master of this Lodge, was elected Grand Junior Warden, and, at the meeting of the Grand Lodge in 1855, Brother A. R. Cotton was elected Most Worshipful Grand Master, while a member of this Lodge. The follow ingare the names of the Worshipful Masters: R. H.Dawson, Sr., 1852, 1853 and 1856; A. R. Cotton, 1854 ; S. N. Bedford, 1854; R. H. Dawson, Jr., 1855- William McKim, 1857 and 1860 ; Daniel McNeil, 1858 ; N. A. Merrell 1859 and 1867; John C. Polley, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865 and 1866; i A. H. Runyon, from 1868 to 1870 ; W. H. Talbot, 1871 ; R. J. Crouch, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878 and 1879. The present •» officers areR. J. Crouch, W. M.; J. W. Dearborn, S. W.; Isaac Rhodes, J. W.; W. H. Tal- bot, Treas.; J. T. Waters, Sec. Number of members, sixty-eight. Righi-Hand Lodge, No. 281, organized under charter at De Witt,' Iowa, June 18, 1870 ; the charter members being chiefly from De Witt Lodge. No. 34, De Witt, Iowa, the charter was granted by the Grand Lodge, at its annual session held in Davenport, Iowa, arid dated June 8, 1870, and signed by the following Grand Lodge officers : John Scott, Grand Master ; W. P. Allen, S. G. Warden ; William J. Ross, J. G. Warden ; T. S. Parvin, Grand Secre- tary. The organization of this Lodge was made with the following officers : P. C. Wright, W. M. ; R. G. Brown, S. W. ; A. J. McGarvey, J. W. ; J. M. Gates, Treasurer ; D. G. Butterfield, Secretary. The following shows the membership for each year. For the year ending May 1, 1871, 47 members 1 ; j for the year ending May 1, 1872, 53 ; for the year ending May 1, 1873, 58 ; I for the year ending May 1, 1874, 66 ; for the year ending May 1, 1875, 67 ; •< for the year ending May 1, 1876, 64 ; for the year ending May 1, 1877, 60 ; for the year ending May 1, 1878, 60 ; for the year ending May 1, 1879, 62. The present officers of this Lodge are : C. S. Harrington, W. M. ; M. J. Alworth, S. W. ; T. Wilson, J. W. ; W. R. English, Treasurer; W. R. Ward, Secretary ; C. A. Butterfield, S. D. ; H. F. Bricker, J. D. ; John F. Homer, S. Steward ; John H. Boyd, J. Steward. Kilwinning Chapter, Royal Arch Masons. — Kilwinning Chapter was organ- ized under dispensation at De Witt, Iowa, April 18, 1870, with the following charter members, to wit : W. A. Cotton, E. P. Hubbard, R. G. Brown, W, H. Talbot. R. J. Crouch, W. R. Ward, T. F. Butterfield, George Rule, George B. Young, A. J. McGarvey, Moses Gage, K. W. Wheeler, A. H. Runyon, D. Whitney, T. Wilson, W. H. Buchanan, M. H. Haskins, J. M. Gates, Williaifi Familton. The same having been recommended by Mount Moriah Chapter, No. 17, Camanche, Iowa, the dispensation was granted by P. C. Wright, then G. H. P., and William B. Langridge, Grand Secretary, under date of April 15, 1870. The final organization was made with the following officers: W. A. Cotton, High Priest; George Rule, King; and W. R. Ward, Scribe. Charter No. 56, was granted by the Grand Chapter, October 17, 1870, and signed by the following Grand officers, viz. : Z. C. Luse, G. H. P. ; D. Baugh, D. G. H. P. ; D. S. Deering, G. K. ; T. Schreiner, G. S. ; William B. Lang- ridge, G. Secretary. The following shows the membership for each year: For the year ending October 1870, 29 members ; October, 1871, 38 ; October, 1872, 39 ; October, 1873, 42 ; October, 1874, 42 ; October, 1875, 49 ; October, 1876, 52 ; October, 1877, 50 ; October, 1879, 52. The present officers pf this Chapter are : C. S. Harrington, High Priest ; R. J. Crouch, King ; L. i S. Harrington, Scribe ; T. F. Butterfield, Treasurer ; W. R. Ward, Secretary; J. W. Dearborn, C. H. ; Isaac Rhodes, P. S. ; A. W. Johnson, R. A. C. ; M. J. Alworth, G. M. 3d V. ; T. Wilson, G. M. 2d V. ; H. F. Bricker. G. M. ; 1st V. ; L. L. Neville, Sentinel. HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 567 Eagle Lodge, No. 86, I. 0. 0. I 7 .— Eagle Lodge, I. 0. 0. F., was, upon petition of Charles Schlabach, Isaac F. Morgan, A. J. Kellar, Samuel Jones and John Jones, members of the Independent Order of Odd Fellowship, organized and instituted on the 22d day of March, 1856, by John Pope, of Maquoketa, then Most Worthy Grand Master, at which time A. J. Kellar was elected Noble Grand; C. Schlabach, Vice Grand; M. Gage, Eecording Secre- tary ; William H. Buchanan, Treasurer ; after which, they were duly installed. At this meeting the following-named persons were, upon proper application, duly admitted as members of the Order, viz. : W. S. Norman, J. P. Butler, J. W. Haney, F. Amos, Levi Clark. T. G. Hide, W. E. Vary, E. W. Prest'onj William McKim, G. G. Adams, Jonathan Morgan, Israel Hall, T. W. Butler' David White, Isaac Rhodes, Ephraim Cameron and David Goff, and the mysteries of Odd Fellowship conferred on all of them, except William McKim and W. S. Norman, who, with A. McLaughlin, were received at a subsquent meeting ; Dr. Asa Morgan was also present and was admitted a member at the date of the institution of the Lodge. The following appointments were made by the Noble Grand : Isaac F. Morgan, Warden ; G. G. Adams, Conductor ; John Jones, 0. Guardian ; J. P. Butler, I. Guardian ; Asa Morgan, R. S. to N. G. ; T. W. Butler, L. S. to N. G. ; F. Amos, Chaplain ; W. E. Vary, R. S. S. ; Levi Clark, L. S. S. The V. G. appointed the following : Isaac Rhodes, R. S. to V. G. : E. Cameron, L. S. to V. G. This Lodge, from and after its organization, had a good degree of prosperity with a large membership. Lately, however, owing to removals, etc., the membership has been reduced until at present it numbers but forty-two. Of that number, there are fourteen Past Grands. The financial standing of the Lodge is in excellent condition, with $1,300 at interest, and money besides sufficient for ordinary expenses, a good lodge-room, furniture and fixtures. The present officers are, D. Whitney, N. G. ; H. M. Johnson, V. G. ; J. T. Waters, Secretary, and C. Schlabach, Treasurer. Be Witt Lodge, No. If.0, A. 0. U. W. — This Lodge was organized and instituted December 30, 1875, with sixteen charter members, by A. H. Smith, of Clinton, D. G. M. W., on December 30, 1875. The names are as follows : K. W. Wheeler, P. M. W. ; W. A. Cotton, M. W. ; John Peaslee, G. F. ; J. G. Pearse, 0. ; S. H. Shoemaker, R. ; J. W. Dearborn, G. ; J. T. Waters, ¥.; W. R. English, R.; J. H. Saxton, I. W. ; S. W. Dennis, 0. W. ; Dr. A. W. Morgan, Ex. Sur., with D. Whitney, C. M. Nye, R. T. Shearer, S. G. Hall and F. P. Kettenring. The present membership (July, 1879), forty- eight; total membership since organization, fifty-three; two withdrew, two withdrew by card, one death — Z. T. Bourne, who died March 6, 1879. CAMANCHE. The city of Camanche is located upon the Mississippi River, in Sections 27, 33 and 34, Township 81 north, Range 6 east. It is not wonderful to us that when the orginal prospector saw this beautiful location, as nature had made it, that he was struck with its fitness for the site of a busy mart and for the homes of its citizens. Lying high above the river, upon a swell of ground that slopes to the stream, which here sweeps in a grace- ful bend from south to southwest, its water-front is beautiful to the eye and most convenient for business purposes, while the natural drainage and the sandy soil makes it a most delightful spot for residences. 568 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. In the summer of 1836, Dr. George Peck emigrated to the "Black Hawk'' country and made his home at the cabin of Elijah Buel, at what is now Lyons. He was a prospector and in the round of his journeys saw this spot and at once settled upon it as the site of the great metropolis west of the Mississippi. He immediately laid out a city, named it Camanche, and, in the winter of 1836-37, went on foot to Chicago and offered his city lots for sale. Induce- ments were offered to mechanics to emigrate, by the gift of a lot in the embryo city. It is related by his son, Capt. F. K. Peck, that among others who desired to accept of these gratuitous deeds was a young lawyer named Samuel R. Murray. He gravely informed Mr. Peck, when questioned as to his hand- icraft, that he was a shoemaker, and he of course received his deed, but before he had left for his possession, it leaked out that he was a limb of the law. Mr. Peck remarked that he exhibited ability in his profession and giving him $10 as a retainer fee, told him to go to Camanche and consider himself permanently retained for any business that he might have. From a copy of a lithographed map of the "paper survey " of Camanche, in the possession of Mr. B. M. Osborn, now the oldest resident there, called the Osborn, Peck & Armstrong Plat, we find that the original plat contained twenty ranges of twenty blocks each, with eight lots in a block, in all 3,200 lots. This was certainly a city of "magnificent distances." It was laid out with streets at right-angles and of the uniform width of one hundred feet. This plat gives neither date nor surveyor, but was doubtless issued in 1836 or 1837, as many lots were sold in those years. Of course all the title that could then be given was a quit-claim deed and subject to the rights of the Government. In February, 1837, Franklin K. Peck, son of Dr. Peck, arrived in com- pany with a hired man and team, having purchased a lot from his father. Leaving his team at a cabin near where he how lives, he went with his man to where the town site was described to be, found the corner stakes, which were all that indicated a city, and with logs cut on the island opposite, built a hewed log house 18x20 feet in size, the first structure ever built in that city. This building was covered with shakes, and here he and his hired man, who acted as cook, kept a house of entertainment for the incomers, the first hotel in the county. He soon sold out this building to Messrs. Dunning & Munroe, of ■ Chicago, who were shipping goods into the county by team from their store in Chicago. Mr. Martin Dunning came on as the resident partner, and in this building they opened a store. All of the early purchasers held under the Osborn, Peck & Armstrong titles. Great anticipations were had as to the future of the city, and specu- lation in city lots ran high. Many lots we're sold to Eastern parties. Pending the Government land sales in 1845, parties who had pur- chased lots in the town concluded to "pool their issues," which they did by making up a purse by shares to furnish the necessary means with which to pay the Government price. Mr. E. M. Osborn was selected as the agent to represent the " pool," and at the sale he purchased about three hundred acres. The town was re-surveyed that year by August Brion, a French surveyor, who, in the absence of a chain, made his measurements with a grape-vine. In this old plat, also in the possession of Mr. Osborn, the original Osborn, Peck & Armstrong plat was adopted as to the blocks in the two ranges nearest the river, and the remainder of the 300 acres was laid off into lots varying from one to ten acres each. All the lots outside of the improved lots were HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 569 designated the " Hotchpotch," and were divided among the shareholders in proportion to their shares in the purse. From all that we can gather, we judge that the growth and progress of Camanche was not rapid ; but it rather retrograded, indeed, we might say decayed. In 1851, there came a revival of the hopes and anticipations of its citizens and a brightening of its prospects. At this time, all the buildings, including one pretentious structure of three stories in height, were built of pole frames, with clapboarding hewed or rived out of the timber, and with " shake" roofs, and even these buildings gave evidence of ruinous neglect. The palmy days of Camanche were from 1851 to 1856. There was a larger volume of trade done here during those years than at any point in the county. Wheat, and other grains, pork, etc., were drawn to Camanche from long dis- tances for a market, and Maquoketa and other points equally distant found this their best market town. At this time, there were as many as ten or twelve dry goods stores here, besides numerous other lines represented. Burroughs, Prettyman & Pearsall were heavy traders, and large purchasers of produce as well as buyers and sellers of real estate. Mcllvaine, Happer & Co., also did an extensive business of a similar character. Two large hotels were also kept, one by Wilson Mudgett and the other by Millard & Boyington, who also had an extensive livery stable in connection. The latter gentlemen had a sum- mary and somewhat energetic manner of dealing with genteel " dead-beats." On one occasion, a man of apparent means, and who represented himself as a capitalist in search of land investments, put up at their hostelry, and patron- ized the livery stable extensively while "land-hunting." After a time, they presented him with his bill, when he informed them that he had no money, but would give them a check. Boyington replied that he would give him a ''check," and, leading him into the street, with a buggy whip gave him a thorough whipping. The capitalist was seen no more in these parts. Already the air was being stirred with discussions about great railroad enter- prises. The Legislature of Illinois, in this year, 1851, had chartered a railroad projected from Beloit, Wis., to Albany, 111., which would demand a western exten- sion from Camanche. Another project was also inaugurated, called the Camanche, Albany & Mendota Railroad, but which was not pushed to any great extent. The Camanche & Council Bluffs Railroad was the pet project in 1851 with the people of Albany and Camanche, as the extension of the Dixon Air Line, as it was afterward called, and the struggle between these two towns and Fulton and Lyons was very warm and spirited. The most strenuous efforts were made by both parties. Among the leading spirits in Albany were Gilbert Bucking- ham, John Mcllvaine, Samuel Happer, and in Camanche, were Horace Anthony, Dr. Ireland, Martin Dunning, T. C. Dyer and others. A proposition had been made by parties, in the interest of the so-called Dixon Air Line, looking toward a western extension, provided sufficient aid was proffered by the people along the line ; and the Mississippi crossing-point was believed to be hinging upon the amount of subscriptions obtained ; the largest pile to take the prize. The amount deemed necessary to secure the road at Camanche was $250,000. Of this amount, about $150,000 in subscriptions was obtained, and so sanguine were the people, that its success would pour wealth in upon them, many had subscribed more than their entire property, expecting to realize from the advance in real estate the amount of their subscription and a fortune 7,™ P. P. Mudgett, then a large land-owner, had pen in hand to add $100,000 to the subscription to bring it to the required amount, when his brother persuaded him to desist. 570 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. ' An amusing incident is related which will show the feverish state of the public pulse on this railroad matter. While the result of the negotiations between the rival localities' was pending, Mr. Doolittle came up from the river landing in an excited state of mind and announced that the engineers of the Dixon Air Line were crossing the river for the purpose of making the survey from Fulton, locating the route and securing the right of way upon or near the proposed route of the Camanche & Council Bluffs Line to Iowa City, and that Mitchell had run his ferry-boat on a sandbar to impede their crossing. Excite- ment was intense, and, though it was near night, it was felt that something must be done at once, and it was decided that Dr. Ireland must start at the moment for Iowa City to do something, no one knew what, to circumvent them. The doctor said that his horse was tired, the roads were bad and he must have a fresh horse. Dame Aubrey at once tendered her favorite beast, and the doctor set out on his journey. At early morning, the engineers arrived at Miss Aubrey's hotel, and she at once recognized them as some stock men who had a herd of horses at Thomas Hatfield's, and were going out to see them. It is the tradition that Miss Aubrey made it decidedly warm for Mr. Doolittle, who had given currency to the rumor, and Dr. Ireland was ever after very reticent as to what action he took or as to the results of his mission to Iowa City. A ferry was established, in 1840, between Camanche and Albany, by David and Samuel Mitchell, under license granted in Whiteside County, September 8, 1840, and also granted by the Commissioners of this county at their July session, 1841, and which was regularly run by horse-power until 1850, when a steam ferry-boat was purchased at Galena, 111. This was succeeded by a larger and more commodious boat, built for the Messrs. Mitchell. Later, a Mr. Clay- borne purchased the interest of David Mitchell, and the new proprietors ran the ferry until the great tornado, in which the boat was destroyed. For some years since, only a skiff ferry has been maintained, until recently a horse ferry- boat has been put on. This ferry, in its palmy days, was extensively patron- ized, and was a great crossing-place for the emigrants into Iowa and the Far West. Had one of the several railroad projects been carried out, this ferry would have, without question, been supplanted by a bridge spanning the great river at this point, and Camanche and Albany would have been large and pros- perous cities to-day. In fact, such was the projected future event, and, in furtherance of it, a bridge company was organized in the interest of the Chi- cago, Camanche & Mendota Road, and a charter granted by the Legislatures of Illinois and Iowa. This charter was afterward secured by parties in the inter- est of the Chicago, Iowa & Nebraska Railroad, under which the present bridge was built at Clinton. There is no doubt that the citizens of Camanche made strenuous exertions to secure such railway and bridge connections ; and we find that, at almost the first meeting of their City Council, after being incorporated, in 1857, action was taken to give aid to the "Great Western Railway." An election was called to vote upon the question of taking $50,000 stock in this enterprise, which was carried— ayes, 125 ; noes, none. This vote is significant. Evi- dently the adult male population was but about 125, and this stood unanimous for the tax, which would, if carried out, burden them with a per capita indebted- ness of $400. But the " Great Western " was not built. Aid was voted to other enterprises, but the combinations were against Camanche, and when the Chicago, Iowa & Nebraska Road became an established fact, leaving the plucky little city as a way-station, instead of the terminus of a great railway, the hopes of her people were darkened. However, when the Southwestern project, in HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. . 571 these later years, promised them a direct line through their city, they again bravely came to the front and voted liberal' aid to this enterprise. But this scheme "sleeps the sleep that knows no -waking." When the county of Clinton was organized, in 1840, Camanche was designated as the seat of justice, and, for a time, nearly the entire business of the county was done here, both judicial, political und commercial. But there were jealousies in other quarters, and the county seat was soon removed to " Van- denburg," which occurred in the fall of 1841. THE FIRST SCHOOLS. The first schools in Camanche were taught in rooms hired for the purpose in the private houses of different persons. The first school we believe to have been taught in 1838, by Miss Ann Eliza Thomas, who married Horace Root and emigrated to Oregon. She was succeeded by Mr?. Jane Mobbs, who was her sister. Next in the succession of instructresses to the young Camanches, was Mrs. Sarah Root, and she was followed by Hannah Marks, now Mrs. Rob- ert Hogle, of Lyons. These schools were supported by subscription, and our narrator remarked that the heaviest demands were made upon the old bachelors of the city, of which he then was one. The first school supported wholly or in part by public money was taught by Mr. Banker, who came from Troy, N. Y. The school building in which he presided was a log house, which was put up as a claim-house, and was situated about one-half mile northwesterly from the village, on what is now the Bovard farm. This schoolhouse was used for some two years, and the pupils came for long distances in all the section around, as far west as the Wapsie, and north nearly to the present site of Clinton. In the winter of 1850, this school was taught by D. W. Millard, a brother of R. B. Millard, of Low Moor. A brick schoolhouse was then built, in 1851, in Camanche, which was used for school purposes and also for religious meetings during the early days until 1860, when it was totally destroyed in the great tornado. A new frame structure was soon after erected upon the site of the old one, which has since been enlarged to its present capacity. The present school building is a two-story frame building, about 30x40 feet in dimension, with an extensive wing on the west of about 20x30 feet, with a tower and bell, and is divided into four departments. The present corps of teachers are as follows : Mr. A. P. Barker, Principal ; Mr. George A. Smith, First Intermediate ; Mrs. John Wilson, Second Intermediate ; Miss Martha Seymour, Primary. NEWSPAPERS. The first newspaper in Camanche was the Camanche Chief, which was established in 1854 by Bates & Knapp. The firm was afterward changed to Bates, McCormick & Co. It had, however, a short life, and was succeeded, in 1856, by the Iowa Register, published for a brief period by N. G. Parker, who was succeeded by L. D. Bradley. This venture was of about one year's duration. In April, 1860, B. C. Galliday established the Camanche Repub- lican; but, from all we can learn, this, too, was a short-lived enterprise. In May, 1866, S. J. Brown re-established the Camanche Chief, which he pub- lished until about November, of the same year, when he removed the office to Minnesota. CHURCHES. The information obtainable in reference to the churches of Camanche was somewhat meager. Of the early religious history we gather that Rev. O. 572 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. Emerson, a pioneer home missionary, held religious services in the dwellings, of the settlers at an early day. His headquarters were at De Witt. Barton H. Cartwright, who made his home in Jackson County, a Methodist circuit rider, is also recalled by the old settlers as one of the earliest of the pioneer preach- ers. As we remarked at the first, their services were held from house to house, wherever they could find an audience ; then in -the schoolhouses, until the erection of houses of worship. The Methodists. — Camanche was at first a station on the Charleston (now Sabula) Circuit, which comprised Charleston, Lyons, De Witt and Camanche. Mr. Cartwright was the first preacher on the circuit, in 1840. Afterward, this was made a separate charge, and/ in 1855, the people completed a brick church edifice, which cost $3,000. This was completely demolished in the tornado in June, 1860. In the fall of 1861, they dedicated a new house of worship, and which they now occupy. It is a frame building, with a seating capacity of about four hundred. This charge has recently been connected with the one at Low Moor, and the present Pastor is Rev. W. E. McCormac. Baptist. — The Baptist Church of Camanche was organized in 1851. The following were the first members of this little band of Christians : Mr. and Mrs. Robert Thomas, Mr. and Mrs. William Thomas, R. B. Millard, Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Wilson, Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Davison, Mrs. Samuel Dannatt, and Mrs. Dr. L. D. Manning. In 1852, they erected the first church building in Camanche, a neat and comfortable frame edifice in which they worshiped until June, 1860, when it was destroyed by the tornado. They, however, at once proceeded to rebuild, and their new edifice was completed in the fall of the same year. Their present house of worship is a neat and commodious frame building. The present membership is 160. The present Pastor is Rev. Edward Jones. Presbyterian. — A Presbyterian Church and society was organized in 1858, and Rev. George D. Young was settled as Pastor. In 1860, they built a church edifice, which they still occupy. Mr. Young remained with them until 1870, and was succeeded by Rev. Mr. Hanna, who supplied the pulpit for some two years. Since then no regular services have been maintained, the society, by death and removals, having become depleted. A Sunday scnoo^ is main- tained, of which Oscar A. Anthony is Superintendent. SOCIETIES. Shekinah Lodge, No. 42, 1. O. O. F., was organized September 22, 1852, and flourished until the tornado in 1860, when, for a time, it became extinct. On the 7th of September, 1874, it was re-organized. The charter members were A. B. Ireland, John Kahl, Robert Wilkes, Samuel F. Dillon, H. W. Smith, S. Hyman and M. H. Spooner. The present membership is about fifty. The present officers are : William Welch, N. G. ; J. B. Chamberlain, V. G. ; W. S. Wallace, Secretary ; M. H. Spooner, Treasurer; H. W. Smith, Warden; George Waldorf, Conductor ; L. R. Heilman, R. S. ; S. F. Dillon, L. F. ; H. Wendt, I. S. In 1855, Camanche Lodge, No. 60, A., F. & A. M., was instituted. The - following were the charter members : Samuel Doolittle, John McLoskey, Amos W. Gordon, H. A. Hart, Lewis Birkhead, George W. Miller, Corley Tyler and A. M. Littig. Lewis Birkhead was the first Master of the Lodge; John McLoskey, S. W., and Samuel Doolittle, J. W. The Lodge is still in a pros- perous condition. In 1857, Mt. Moriah Chapter of Royal Arch Masons was chartered. This was the first Chapter organized in this county, and for many years was the only HISTORY OP CLINTON COUNTY. 573' one. In the tornado, their Hall was demolished, their furniture, jewels and charter blown away. They, however, continued their organization, and now occupy a hall in Dunning's Block. Their charter, which went away in the wind, was picked up by a farmer near Sterling, 111., who not having " traveled in the East,'' did not know what his parchment indicated. He often exhibited the document as a relic of the cyclone. After some three years, a traveler, passing through the country, stopped for the night with this farmer. During the evening, the tornado being the subject of conversation, the host exhibited the charter. The stranger at once informed the possessor that he ought to return the parchment, which was done, and the original charter of the Chapter now hangs upon the wall of their lodge-room. The Tiler's jewel was also found, as we are informed, near Thompson, 111. It came into the possession of a lady who had it metamorphosed into a silver shawl-pin. She was also informed as to where it belonged, and returned it, and it is now in the possession of the Chapter, an interesting relic of that terrible day. Hope Lodge, No. 13, A. 0. IT. W., was organized January 22, 1875, and is a flourishing branch of this beneficiary brotherhood. >"' The officers at present (1879) are as follows : C. C. Judd, P. M. W.; G. V. Vandever, M. W.; William Forsyth, F. ; C. D. Manning, 0.; Theodore Hoyt, Recorder; J. J. Anthony,. Treasurer; P. Muhs, Receiver; A. Bailey, G. ; B. H. Johuk, I. W. ; W. H- Tallman, 0. W. ; C. D. Manning, Medical Examiner. INCORPORATION. The city of Camanche was incorporated by act of Legislature passed Janu- ary 28, 1857, with a special charter, and which act was to take effect after pub- lication in the Iowa Register, published in Camanche, and the Clinton Mirror,. published in Lyons. It was signed by James M. Grimes, Governor ; Samuel McFarland,- Speaker of the House of Representatives; W. W. Hamilton,. President of the Senate, and Elijah Sells, Secretary of State. The charter was submitted to the people at an election held on the first Monday in March, 1857, and was adopted. An election of officers was held on the first Monday in April, at which Dr_ A. B. Ireland was elected Mayor; 0. A. Anthony and Isaac Hess, Aldermen- for the First Ward ; E. M. Ward and A. N. Lettig, Aldermen for the Seconds'' Ward ; S. Hyman was the first Recorder ; Samuel Doolittle, Treasurer ; Rob- ert Miller, Marshal ; S. F. Dillon, Assessor. The first meeting of the City Council was held April 22, 1857. CITY OFFICERS. The following is the list of city officers from date of incorporation until the present time, with the year during which they served : Mayors.— A. B. Ireland, 1857; Thomas W. J. Long, 1858 ; A. B Ire- land, 1859; William Botsford, 1860; S. F. Dillon, 1861 ; S. Hyman, 1863; George B. Young, 1864; E. G. Butcher, 1865; H. W. Smith 186b; E G. Butcher, 1867 and 1868; A. T. Anthony, 1869 and 1870 ; ; WiUmm R. Hart, 1871 to 1875; S. Hyman, 1876; J. H. Smith, 1877; R. B. Hoadley, 1878; JohnJHart, 1879. m , , » It will be observed that no name appears for 1862. There is no record of any proceedings from September 4, 1861, to April 8, 1863 The disastrous tornado and the civil war had so decimated the men, and the entire engross- ment of all in these events had caused a neglect of lesser affairs, and the incum- bents of the previous year held over by common consent. 574 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. Aldermen. — Oscar A. Anthony, Isaac Hess, B. M. Ward, A. N. Lettig, 1857 ; W. McQuigg, I. W. Wilcoxson, T. C. Dyer, 1858 ; John Berry, John E. Brooks, C. H. Weise, T. C. Else, S. F. Dillon, T. C. Dyer, 1859 ; James M. Redfield, William Sennett, William R. Hart, 1860 ; William H. Hoyt. Henry Gode, A. F. Ketchum, T. C. Dyer, 1861 ; A. Lillo, W. Beck, A. W. Lettig, 1863 ; Rosalvo Sage, William McQuigg, B. Bailey, 1864 ; 0. H. Colwell, Henry Gode, James Neill, 1865 ; E. Greenough, A. Arp, James Gregwire, Hiram Leach, 1866 ; William E. Kernan, J. Henry Smith, S. F. Dillon, 1867 ; S. Hyman, A. H. Thompson, H. A. Seifert, 1868 ; Henry Tanner, J. H. Gosch, B. Bailey, 1869 ; H. Schlottman, J. D. Toy, H. A. Romahn, 1870 ; R. B. Hoadley, J. H. Smith, S. F. Dillon, 1871 ; H. Schlottman, A. Arp, A. A. Wagner, 1872 ; M. Palmer, J. H. Anthony, R. Wilkes, 1873 ; F. Hoyt, A. Arp, S. F. Dillon, 1874 ; W. R. Anthony, H. C. Gosch, A. A. Wagner, 1875; F. Landt, J. H. Smith, S. F. Dillon, 1876; William Ecker- man, W. H. Tallman, H. A. Romahn, 1877 ; John McLoskey, Thomas Butler, John Hart, 1878 ; J. H. Anthony, J. B. Finney, L. R. Heilman, 1879. Recorders.— S. Hyman, 1857 ; H. W. Perkins, 1858 ; W. W. Pierce, 1859 ; P. C. McLean, 1860 ; R. J. Rickey, 1861 ; George B. Young, 1863 ; Oaklev P. Lawton, 1864 ; W. R. Hart, 1865 ; George Tong, 1866 ; A. A. Wagner, 1867 ; H. C. Gosch, 1868 ; James Smoller, 1869 to 1873 ; H. C. Romahn, 1874 and 1875; B. F. Hatcher, 1876; S. K. Monroe, 1877; L.R. Heilman, 1878 ; W. H. Hoyt, 1879. Treasurers. — Samuel Doolittle, 1857 ; 0. A. Anthony, 1858 ; H. W. Perkins, 1859 ; S. Hyman, 1860 : H. W. Lee, 1861 ; Martin Dunning, 1863 and 1864 ; J. G. Anthony, 1865 ; W. B. Hoyt, 1866 ; W. R. Hart, 1867 to 1870: William H. Tallman, 1871 to 1875; John Hart, 1876 and 1877; L. B. Chamberlain, 1878 : Miles Palmer, 1879. Assessors.— S. F. Dillon, 1857; W. Sennett, 1858; Orange Still, 1859; B. Barker, 1860 ; H. W. Lee, 1861 ; Orange Still, 1863 ; Charles Colwell, 1864 ; A. T. Anthony, 1865 and 1866 ; H. P. Hart, 1867 ; George Willis, 1868 to 1872 ; Frederick Horn, 1873 to 1879. Marshals.— Robert Miller, 1857; F. Campbell, 1858; W. H. Day, 1859; B. Barker, 1860; J.S.Butler, 1861; Eli Banning, 1863; Edward Lum, 1864 ; William Beck, 1865 ; E. C. Lum, 1866 ; J. S. Butler, 1867 ; Lewis Barker, 1868 ; J. S. Butler, 1869 to 1871 ; Alvin Bigelow, 1872 ; J. S. But- ler, 1873 ; James Prichart, 1874 ; S. J. Thomas, 1875 ; V. O. Wilcox, 1876 and 1877 ; William W. Skiff, 1878 ; A. L. Stringham, 1879. Wharfmasters.— I. Stoutenburg, 1858 ; T. C. Dyer, 1859 ; William Bots- ford, 1860 ; E. G. Butcher, 1861 ; O. A. Anthony, 1863 ; Asa Perkins, 1864 ; A. T. Anthony, 1865 ; J. H. Mudgett, 1866 ; M. Romahn, 1867 ; John Brenkman, 1868; M. Romahn, 1869; P. G. Monroe, 1870; W. W. Skiff, 1871 and 1872 ; Peter Kruse, 1873 to 1875 ; A. J. Romahn, 1876 ; J. B. Wiley, 1877; P. G. Monroe, 1878; S. Hyman, 1879. EARLY BUSINESS MEN. Among the early business Mnen of Camanche was Martin Dunning, of the firm of Dunning & Monroe, of Chicago. This firm were engaged in business in Chicago, but in 1836, Mr. Dunning came to Camanche, bringing with him a stock of goods, hauled by wagons, and opened business in a building erected by F. K. Peck. They did business for several years, and also erected the first grist-mill in the county, which was situated a short distance above Camanche, HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 575 on Mill Creek. Mr. Dunning afterward engaged in banking, which he suc- cessfully conducted for many years. He retired from business, and died at his residence in Camanche in 1875. Charles Darrow, in 1836, engaged in general merchandising in Camanche, and was soon afterward succeeded by Mcllvaine, Happer & Co., who carried on the business, and also that of grain-buying, for many years. Joseph W. Waldorf was among the pioneer merchants, and was one of the most enterprising men of the place. In 1858, he erected a large brick block, a part of which is still standing, a memento of his enterprise and also of the great tornado, in which it was sadly demoralized. David Loy and John Smith kept hotels. Johnson Butler kept a livery stable. Dr. Manning was practicing medicine. E. M. Osborn was a cabinet- maker. BURGLARIES. An amusing story is told of the awakened fears of some burglarious- persons who had entered Dunning & Monroe's store, in 1847. After securing such plunder as they desired, they left their compliments, in writing, upon the counter, with the facetious explanation of their reasons for not levying a heavier contribution upon these gentlemen, which was, " that the goods were marked so high that they could not dispose of them except at such a ruinous sacrifice that they feared it would break them up." Mr. Dunning was also levied upon while engaged in banking, meeting with a heavy loss. During the night of August 9, 1866, his dwelling-house was- entered by a party of masked men, who over-awed and bound every inmate, Mr. Dunning was then taken by a portion of the gang to his banking-house,, and there compelled, under threats of his 'life, to unlock the safe and witness the robbery of its contents. The robbers secured between $8,000 and $9,000, and made their escape. Notwithstanding the most diligent efforts were made and continued for many months, no trace was ever discovered of the perpe- trators of the deed. AN ECCENTRIC CHARACTER. James Claiborne was an eccentric gentleman who lived at Camanche, and will be remembered by its old citizens. In 1842, under the Territorial Gov- ernment, he was appointed a Justice of the Peace. He imbibed the idea that this was a life-appointment, and he assumed to exercise the functions and pre- rogatives of this office for years after his judicial powers, had ceased. His idiosyncrasy was humored by the waggish denizens of the town ; and many mock trials, it is said, were conducted before him, over which he presided with great dignity, although his inability to collect his costs was always a source of much vexation to him. He went overland to California in 1849, and the tradition is, that when last heard from, he was holding a court at a camping- place -of the trajn on the plains. BUSINESS DIRECTORY. The following is a directory of those now engaged in business in Camanche : W. R. Anthony & Co., saw-mill and lumber ; V. R. Benham & Co., dry goods, boots, shoes and clothing ; Thomas Cutter, stoves and tinware ; Cham- berlain & Carpenter, groceries and hardware ; William Eckerman, blacksmith ; William Forsyth, engineer ; J. H. Grosch, dry goods, boots and shoes ; John Grregoire, saloon ; L. R. Heilman, agricultural implements ; 8. Hyman, grain, flour and feed ; U. S. Hart, real estate and Notary ; William H. Hoyt, carpen- ter and millwright; T. H. B. Hatcher, sign and house painter; Charles Judd*. 576 HISTORY UK CLLNTON COUNTY. dealer in pumps ; A. F. Ketchum, fruit grower and dealer ; William Living- ston, shoemaker ; Barrett & Losee, butchers ; T. W. J. Long, attorney ; August Lille, carriage-maker; 0. E. Lum, stock-dealer; A. J. MeKendrick, apiary ; Charles Muhs, painter ; Peter Muhs, druggist ; A. R. Nessly, tobacco and cigars ; Miles Palmer, provisions and hardware ; Frank Rice, Phoenix Flouring-Mills ; H. W. Smith, attorney ; Charles Seward, machinist ; B. F. Smith, saloon ; William Stark, tailor ; J. C. Smaller, ice-dealer ; A. R. String- ham, New Haven House; A. L. Tryon, wagon-maker; John C. Wilkes, groceries and restaurant ; A. J. Wolfe, bakery and confectioneries ; J. B. Wiley, blacksmith. CAMANCHE TOWNSHIP. The history of Camanche Township is so intimately related to that of the ^oity of Camanche, that it will suffice to say that it was one of the original townships of the county, and formerly included the larger part of Eden Town- ship, extending west to Brophy's Creek, that stream forming the western boun- dary line. Among its earliest settlers, many of whose names appear in the record as being identified with public affairs at an early day in the history of the county, .as well as of Caman6he, may be named (yharles Bovard, Joseph Wilcoxon, Robert Welch, William D. Follett, Mr. Peoples, Aleck Dunn, John Dunn, iDaniel Davidson, John Mathews, Samuel Lanning, Richard Crawshaw, Thomas Hudson, John Strahn, John Rempke (the hermit, who lived near what was ■ called Rempke's Mill, a little northeast of Mill Creek Bridge), Frank Ketchum, John Brophy, Robert C. Bourne, William Watts (Black Bill) and Aunt Hannah, JFriend Russells, Heman Shafto and others. SPRING ROCK TOWNSHIP. The township of Spring Rock was organized in October, 1844, and com- prises Congressional Township 81 north, Range 1 east. It was originally a part of Liberty Township. It is bounded on the north by Liberty Township ; on the east, by Olive Township ; on the south, by Scott County, and on the west by Cedar County. The Wapsipinicon River meanders through the eastern portion from north to south. Yankee Run Creek, with its north branch rising in Cedar County, enters the town near the northwest corner of the, town- ship, and flows southeasterly ; its south branch enters nearly midway on its north and south line, and, flowing northeasterly, unites on Section 16 ; then flows east and south, emptying into the Wapsie on Section 23. Rock Creek also waters a portion of the southern part of the township. It is traversed from east to west by the Chicago & North-Western Railway, and from north to south by the Davenport & St. Paul. Among the early settlers of this township were Eli Goddard, George God- dard, Peter Goddard, Martin Goddard, R. H. Randall, L. Snyder, J. H. Sny- 1 , der,' J. Cummings, George W. Parker, Abner Davidson, Benjamin Davidson, Ira Cortright, Anthony Cortright. The eastern portion of the township is bottom-land, and subject to inunda- tion, and is devoted to grazing and meadow-land. The north and northwest portions are rolling prairie, and is a choice farming section, and the southern part is rolling and somewhat rocky, with a fine growth of young timber where ihe land is not under cultivation. Along the Wapsie, originally, belts of heavy HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 577 timber were found by the early settlers, such as white, burr, red and black oak ash, hickory elm, soft maple, etc. Some fine pieces of timber are yet remain mg, having been reserved by the owners. y emd,m The population of this township is largely German Eh Goddard was one of the earliest settlers and was a member of the first Board of Commissioners in the county and was always a prominent man in pub- lic affairs in that part of the county. F WHEATLAND. The land upon which the city of Wheatland is built was purchased in 1855, by John L Bennett. Upon the opening of the C. & N. W. Railway, in 1858, Mr. Bennett platted the city, and, being a great admirer of James Buchanan, he named the city after the residence of the President— Wheatland. It is sit- uated in Spring Rock Township, on the southeast quarter of Section 9, and the southwest quarter of Section 10, in Township 81 north, Range 1 east. The first lot was sold to Jesse Stine and is the lot now occupied by him as a law office. . The first building erected aside from Mr. Bennett's farm house, was built by Case & Munroe for a hotel. The same building, having been enlarged and mproved, is now the Tucker House. W. J. Mecorney then built a dwelling- house and blacksmith-shop. Martin L. Rogers first commenced trade at Wheatland in a shanty, where he sold clothing and groceries to the hands engaged in the construction of the railroad, and was the pioneer merchant. The station was first called Yankee Run, but the name of the town was afterward adopted. The first dry goods store was opened by William Hicks, in 1858. A post office was established, and M. L. Rogers appointed Postmaster in 1858, and continued as such until 1861. His successors have been : S. H. Rogers, 1861-70 ; John Walraven, 1870-71 ; W. H. Bayliss, 1871-75 ; Charles G. Rogers, 1875-79 ; John Wal- raven, 1879, and present incumbent. William M. Magden was the first attorney, and located here in 1861; he was followed by Jesse Stine, who opened an office in 1862. Dr. Thomas D. Gamble was the first physician to locate here in 1858, and is still engaged in the practice of his profession here. Wheatland soon gave promise of becoming an important point for trade and for a grain market, having a rich and extensive farming country all around it, and which rapidly settled up under the impetus giveu by the opening of the railroad. The growth of the city was rapid, and many fine brick business •blocks were erected as well as a large number of frame business houses, and also neat and commodious dwellings, some of which might properly be called elegant. By the opening, however, of the Midland, the Sabula, Ackley & Dakota and the De Witt branch of the Davenport & St. Paul Railroad, the area of territory from which their trade was drawn was greatly circumscribed. Added to this, Wheatland has twice severely suffered by fire. The first fire occurred Decem- ber 12, 1872, in which several business houses were swept away ; and, on July 4, 1874, came a still more disastrous conflagration, in which about forty build- ' n g s > great and small, were totally destroyed, among them some of the best business blocks in the city. The loss was over $50,000, and was a severe blow for a small city. But a portion of these buildings have been rebuilt. During the winter of 1870, the main line of the Davenport & St. Paul Railroad was opened through Wheatland and was continued north, and is now a part of the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. 578 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. For the aid of this enterprise, the citizens subscribed and paid $32,000. It seems questionable whether the results have proved sufficiently beneficial to them to reimburse them for this sacrifice. Wheatland was incorporated July 13, 1869, and the first election held July 29. The following gentlemen have held official position under the city govern- ment : Mavors— E. Woods, 1869-71 ; C. H. Sanford, 1872 ; E. Woods, 1873 ; T. D. Gamble, 1874-78 ; 0. J. Thornton, 1879. Recorders— A. M. Hall, 1869-70 ; H. C. June, 1871 ; L. B. Manwarring, 1872-73; H. J. Hoskin, 1874-75 ; A. M. Hall, 1875-79. Aldermen — T. D. Gamble, T. P. Farrington, Henry Bullmer, John Schmidt, David Moohr, 1869 ; Jesse Stine, A. Smith, E. Carter, David Moohr, H. C. Potter, 1870 ; E. M. Tucker, James Welsh, O. J. Thornton, T. D, Gamble, Peter Goddard, 1871 ; T. D. Gamble, E. M. Tucker, J. Stine, W. H. Bayliss, L. Smith, 1872 ; Jerome Dutton, J. Stine, O. J. Thornton, D. Moohr, A. Smith, 1873 ; 0. J. Thornton, D. Moohr, A. Smith, D. B. McCullough, J. C. Growell, 1874 ; W. H. Bayliss, D. Moohr, A. M. Hall, H. A. Pickie, 0. J. Thornton. 1875 ; H. A. Fickie, 0. J. Thornton, J: Stine, James F. Scott, George Matthews, 1876 ; H. A. Fickie, J. Stine, 0. J. Thornton, W. L. Nick- els, J. F. Scott, 1877 ; C. C. Churchill, W. L. Nickels, H. A. Fickie, 0. J. Thornton, L. Munson, 1878 ; L. Munson, W. L. Nickels, H. C. Ford, H. A. Fickie, M. C. Jones, Jacob Worth, 1879. Treasurers— E. Carter, 1870 ; T. D. Gamble, 1871 ; D. B. McCullough, 1872; C. H. Sanford, 1873; D. B. McCullough, 1874; S. M. Batterson,, 1875-79. Marshals— James F. Scott, 1869 ; J. H. Barrett, 1870 ; W. H. Hicks, 1871; 0. J. Thornton. 1872; W. H. Hicks, 1873; J. F. Scott, 1874; G. P. Matthews, 1875-79. Assessors— J. F. Scott, 1872 : D. Brown, 1873-74 ; J. C. Growell, 1875-79. The city has a neat two-story brici City Hall, which was erected in 1876. The present population is 1,000. churches. - The Presbyterian Society is a flourishing one and; has a heat and com- modious church edifice, which was erected in 1858. It was the first Church organized in Wheatland, and has maintained a prominent position in the religious affairs of the city. St. Paul German Reformed. — This Church and society erected a church building in 1859, but this has been supplanted by a fine church building, which they have recently completed ; they have a flourishing society, the German element being largely represented both in Wheatland as well as in the surround- ing farming country. The Pastor of the Church is Rev. Frederick Deickmann. The Disciples organized a Church here in 1869, which is still one of the leading sects in the city ; they have a pleasant house of worship. The Methodists have an organization, but have never erected a house of worship ; they occupy the church building of the Presbyterians. Rev. Mr. Harmer is their supply. The first school building occupied in Wheatland was a frame building, but the demands of the town soon outgrew its capacity, and, in 1868, an imposing and commodious brick edifice was erected sufficient for the accommodation of HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 57& 400 pupils. It has four departments. The average attendance is 280. The present corps of teachers are : Miss Flora Brown, Principal ; Miss Libbie Eogers, Intermediate ; Eva C. Brown, Primary ; , German Department (no appointment having been made for the ensuing school year). LODGES. Zaradatha Lodge, No. 181,., A., F. $■ A. M., was organized in 1865, and has been in prosperous existence to the present time. Its present W. M. is J. A. Frost. Wheatland Lodge, No. 123, A. 0. U. W., was organized June 8, 1877, and has a "present membership of 35. Its officers are T. D. Gamble, P. M. W. ; C. C. Churchill, M. W. ; Riley Whitmarsh, Recorder; Adolph Smith, F. ; Jacob Worth, R. , THE PRESS. I In October, 1864, Robert S. Baker and Charles Graham established a paper at Wheatland, which they called the Clinton County Advocate. In December of the same year, Mr. Baker retired, and the firm became Graham & Gault. So far as can be learned, this was the first paper established there. This paper did not continue for a great length of time. In 1872 or 1873, Dr. Carothers removed the material of an office from Clarence and established the Wheatland News, which he successfully conducted until his death, in the winter of 1875-76. He was succeeded by Frank L, Dennis, who purchased the material and conducted the paper until August, 1878, when it was suspended, the material taken to Wall Lake, in Sac County, where Mr. Dennis established a paper. > Mr. W. H. Bayliss has also for nearly a year published a small paper called ' the Wheatland Enterprise. In the fall of 1868, H. C. Ford, who had for some months published a paper at Lost Nation, called the Chief, discontinued that enterprise, and, mov- ing the material to Wheatland, established the Wheatland Union, which he is. now successfully conducting. The following directory gives the present business status of Wheatland : George W. Alt, jeweler; S. M. Batterson, dry goods; W. H. Bayliss, Wheatland Enterprise;. J. R. Bielenburgh, veterinary surgeon; T. B. Bissell, tailor; C. C. Churchill, wagon-maker; D. S. Cook, physician; F. Deickman,. physician; Jerome Dutton, real estate; John Durkee, blacksmith; F. C, Fifield, hardware; H. C. Ford, Wheatland Union; Fleig & Thompson, black- smiths; Mrs. R. B. Fleming, millinery; T. D. Gamble, druggist and ^ physi- cian; H. Guenther, druggist; Reul George, carriage-shop; John Growell, gunsmith; George Hornrighausen, dry goods and clothing; C. Hoffmaster, saloon; W. P. Hills, physician; W. C. Jones, express agent; Mrs. J. Kidd, millinery; P. Kroger and H. Kokberg, shoe dealers; J. Lohman and Joseph Loeptien, saloons; Lohman & Booth, groceries; George Matthews, cattle- buyer; L. Munson, wood and coal: David McMillin, pumps and wind-mills; H. Meyer, cigar manufacturer; L. Murray, bridge-builder; Petersen Brothers, dry goods, groceries, and grain-buyers; C. L. Pasche, tailor; D. D. Ronck, attorney; Jesse Stein, J. S. Stowrs, attorneys; D. W. Scott, dentist; William Seigmund, butcher; E. M. Tucker, Tucker House; 0. J. Thornton, livery; A. Van Bogert, restaurant; John Walraven, Postmaster and stationer; Miss S.J. Wade7 millinery; Woods & Hall, lumber-dealers; J. Wirth, furniture dealer. 580 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. LYONS. Among the thousand actual and possible sites for cities and towns along the Mississippi, that of Lyons is the peer of any in beauty and healthfulnesa of location, and natural adaptation for the demands of commerce and business. The broad and dry plateau stretching from the gradually receding bluffs, affords excellent and salubrious sites for dwellings, with natural drainage without the need of expensive artificial grading or filling. This plain, being protected toward the north and west by imposing bluffs, which form a graceful' detour, is remarkably well sheltered from the cold northwestern storms, so that indeed the temperature averages perceptibly milder, and vegetation more forward in spring, than out on the prairies. The gently rising and naturally terraced bluffs were also duly considered by the keen-sighted early prospectors and proprie- tors, as destined to be what they have since proven, residence sites unsurpassed -along the river, above any possible dust or malaria ; and, though, perhaps, not so warm in winter as the lower levels, in summer swept by reviving breezes. As the bluffs recede from the river, they become steeper, till the acclivity finally melts into the rolling prairie. Lyons has one of those exceptionally fortunate loca- tions, whose pristine beauty cannot be obliterated by the too frequently " vandal hand" of the march of improvement. At the present date, to a contemplative spectator on the top of the' " Lone Grave " Bluff, just northwest of the upper saw-mill, the indestructible beauty of the scene is manifest. Toward the east, wrapped/in the purple haze of distance, are the rounded or abrupt bluffs that were J^e river's primitive banks. Nearer, and from their height apparently rendering the river narrower, are the bolder bluffs above Fulton. Toward the northward, the river winds between a broad labyrinth of islands and bayous, overlooked by limestone cliffs on the west, and the wide, level expanse of its eastern bank ; but toward the south, the vision rarely combines landscape beauty with the evidences of prosperity and civilization. At the base of the bluff stretch the tree-embowered streets of Lyons, chalet and cottage roofs lending the scene picturesqueness From close by to the horizon at Riverside, extends an almost unbroken line of towering mill and factory chimneys, the smoke from which being from pine and not from soft coal, instead of darkening the air, floats like a veil over the cities or river, lending enchantment to the view of what might, though useful, otherwise seem prosaic and commonplace ; through this hazy canopy the church steeples and the water-works tower appear idealized, and the bridge stretches like a wire lattice from shore to shore. The gleaming river curves to the west and vanishes between Beaver Island and the Albany bluffs, where the aborigines sleep in their mounds. To the east, the bluffs and prairie, dotted with stately houses and comfortable farms, meet the horizon. Even fairer, if less busy, was the landscape when first viewed by the pioneers of Lyons. No one can well wonder at their pitching their tents, or literally, driving their claim stakes. As stated in a previous chapter, the father of the settlement, Elijah Buel, arrived in 1835, soon followed by George W. Harlan. By that time, Mr. Buel's improvements had somewhat relieved the primeval aspect of the local- ity. Messrs. Buel and Harlan joined together to attract others, and by dili- gent labor made their site appear quite civilized during the two years before 1837, that they were the only residents. In April, 1837, in connection with Dennis Warren, Ohalkley A. Hoag and Sewel Foster they laid off a plat into HISTORY OP CLINTON COUNTY. 581 town lots and named the place Lyons, in honor of the city of that name by the rushing Rhone, in France. The land upon which the town was laid off was entered and a patent received from the Government in 1840, at which time some adjoining land was added thereto. Until the proposed advent of the Lyons & Iowa Central Railroad, the town grew but slowly. Settlements were in the mean time being made at Ful- ton, and a ferry, noted elsewhere, established between the two' places, though no mail crossed the river till 1843. The social and business life of the settle- ment was essentially that of a rural community, and not unlike that indicated in the general sketch of the county. Order prevailed, the germs of religion and education were fostered. All the settlers had unbounded faith in the good time coming and a warm welcome for those who chose to locate among them. The first township election for town and county officers was held in April, 1850, at the house of George Norton. The following poll-list comprises the adult male settlers, and is also valuable as showing how far Lyons then extended: Alexander. John, Harrison, Edward, Oliver, Robert and William Aikman, Benjamin, Chester and Isaac G. Baker, Leonard Barton, Lyman Buck, Elijah Buel, James and John R. Boyd, Cicero and Shubael Coy, Jara Emory, Allan Gilson, Daniel, Charles and Frederick Hess, A. and Edward Hatfield, G. W. Harlan, D. W. Fisher, Roger Glenning, William Lewis, T. Loomis, John Latta, John Long, Joseph Loveland, Philip Monroe, James Goff, William Hogan, John Horseacke, Elijah Owen, Noble Perrin, William Potts, Jonathan L. Pearce, G. L. Pearce, Jr., Barney Reynolds, Isaac Ramsay, John Sloan, Stephen Tripp, Martin Smith, Thomas Watts, Francis Wier, Henry Francheir. Fifty-one in all. Among time-stained documents belonging to the late John Sloan, now in possession of Supt. L. T. Sloan, are several that are very suggestive as to the condition of the dwellers in Lyons at that time, and the contrast between the past and the present resources of the community. Among them is the first school subscription circulated in this part of Iowa, and, indeed, the Northwest. It is dated, " Lyons, Iowa Territory, February 1, 1841," and shows not only by that early date, so soon after the town's beginning, but by its sentiments, and still more by the subscriptions, the concern of the signers for establishing the future city upon a sound, moral and educational foundation. It reads : " We, the undersigned, being anxious to encourage morality, and to diffuse education through the country, and viewing at the same time the importance of a permanent school establishment in this neighborhood, and, also, the ulti- mate advantages attendant on such an institution, for the growth and prosperity of our country, are willing to aid and assist in erecting a building for the above purposes, which is to be located in the town of Lyons, I. T., on certam land donated for that purpose by the proprietors of said town. lhe above building to be free for all denominations for religious meetings at any time when the same is not occupied for school purposes. Signed: Oliver r. Aikman (in produce), $5; John Aikman (in team work) $5; John K. Uoya (in plastering), $3 ; Philip Deeds (in work), $3 ; James Boyd (in team work), $5; Joseph Boyd (in team work), $1.50; Alex. Aikman (in produce), $5; Shubael Coy (in produce, labor or timber), $15. In these quiet, early, days of Lyons, the monotony of ordinary occupations was rarely stirred, except by the advent of the mail carrier, who brought news that now seems like that of a previous age, the arrival of steamers, the passage of emigrant trains, and perchance a wedding or the arrival, of a very young immigrant, unable to state exactly just where it did hail from. In both Lyons 582 HISTORY OP CLINTON COUNTY. and Camanche, there were some citizens who appreciated the opportunity for aquatic sport offered by the glorious river rolling past their doors, then flashing like crystal, because uncontaminated by the sedimentary washings from millions of acres of plowed fields. Pleasure-sailing on the river afforded hearty and wholesome enjoyment. But the intelligent forefathers of Lyons did not allow their minds to rust, but kept their intellectual faculties alive by, for several years about 1855, maintaining a debating club, which, avoiding political and religious grounds of dispute, discussed moral and economic questions with equal ardor and friendli- ness. It is interesting to note that one of the first questions was proposed and opened in the affirmative by Mr. Daniel Hess : " Is a railroad from the Atlan- tic to the Pacific Ocean practicable?" Probably no one, not even Mr. EL, was quite sanguine enough to anticipate that, within less than the time for the youngest infant in the settlement to attain his majority, those who survived would hear the clattering thunder of a train whirling from New York to San Francisco in less than ten days. For newspapers, Eastern publications were the only reliance for many years. Books were not uumerous, but were carefully read. Patriotic and political meetings were not neglected. Partisan animosity did not run very high, though the enthusiasm of the Harrison campaign of course extended to the voters of Iowa, in a moderate degree. The national anniversary was duly observed, dinners being served in tem- porary booths, where all feasted together royally and sociably. Anvils were used for cannon to fire patriotic salutes. In 1841, one Warren brought to Fulton and Lyons a flat-boat loaded with lumber. On the Fourth of July, Daniel Hess and other citizens, while firing salutes from an anvil as the boat passed to and fro from one village to the other, were challenged by the Fulton men, who were also waking the echoes with anvil detonations, to fire a com- petitive series of rounds — one for each State and Territory — the party ^ho accomplished their task first to be entertained at dinner by their rivals. The challenge was accepted, and the "artillerymen" prepared for some firing unsurpassed in rapidity by a battery of modern breech-loaders. But, owing to some awkwardness, the first shot had been barely fired when the Fulton maga- zine exploded, fortunately killing no one, but wounding and burning several men very severely. It is unnecessary to add that the Lyons party bought their own dinners. In 1852, the Lyons & Iowa Central Railroad was organized and began opera- tions. H. P. Adams, of New York, was its leading and controlling spirit. In the spring of 1854, the Company came to an inglorious end ; several hundred employes having been unpaid for months, except by goods sold from a store controlled by the Company ; hence its immortalization as the " Calico Road." Its history in the interval has been briefly and sufficiently alluded to in connec- tion with that of the Chicago, Iowa & Nebraska. Authentic details as to its true inwardness are utterly lacking. There are no records except the technical memoranda preserved by the honest and competent engineer, the venerable Allen Slack, now residing in Lyons, who was too busy with his work to give consideration to the financial condition of the Company. How many bonds were issued, at how enormous a discount negotiated, how much money was realized from their sale", and what became of the funds, are matters as fruitful of conjecture as the "Man in the Iron Mask," or the authorship of the Junius letters. It was claimed that the failure of the Cochituate Bank, of Boston, precipitated the Company's failure. Probably it was largely due to the fact HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 583 that they wasted their resources, by scattering their work over a long line, instead of following Engineer Slack's advice, and completing one section of line at a time. > Mr. Slack's plans for the proposed high bridge were very maturely consid- ered, and the finely drawn original profile was well calculated to inspire confi- dence in the feasibility of building the lofty structure. Its clear length would have been 2,700 feet ; it would have been 80 feet above high -water, and the piers 200 feet apart, in water from 22 to 40 feet in depth. Its abutments would have been near the Fulton cemetery and on the Lone Grave Bluff, near the upper saw-mill. The approach on the Illinois side could have been made by grades of from 20 to 40 feet per mile, and the westward gradients were equally practicable. Messrs. Buel, Lake, and other Lyons citizens subscribed liberally, considering that there were probably not over two hundred people in Lyons at the time, for the preliminary survey. That did not seem like the indifference to railroad interests, of which Lyons has been so freely and unthinkingly accused. But as usual, when a public undertaking < fails, there were carping and cynical persons in Lyons who were not slothful in freely criti- cising others. One of the satirical pasquinades of that time is quaint enough to preserve. It is entitled : A CHAPTER FROM THE BOOK OF CHRONICLES, BEING AN EXTRACT FROM THE HISTORY OF LYONS, IOWA. Chapter I. 1. And it cime to pass that after these things, that in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and thirty-four, certain Gentiles from the East, even from the land of New England, emigrated to the Territory of Wisconsin, which is Iowa. 2. And when they had crossed the great river of America, which is the Mississippi, they saw that the country was very beautiful, producing fragrant flowers and the choicest fruits, while the wild elk and deer roamed over its prairies. 3. And when they had journeyed many days in search of a place whereon they might build a city, they pitched their tents over against the Narrows of the Mississippi, on an elevated plain. 4. And lo ! when they had lifted up their eyes, they saw that the place upon which they then were, was one of exceeding great beauty. Then they tarried there many days. 5. And it came to pass on the evening of the tenth day, while they were sleeping, they saw a vision, as of a chariot crossing the great river on a bridge of wire, which was suspended from the bluffs on either side, elevated five and fifty cubits abo\e the water. The same vision did each of them see. 6.' And straightway they, with one accord, determined to build there their city. And they "squatted" upon that place, and claimed it and held it as their own. And they called the city Lyons. 7; Now the city of Lyons improved greatly for a time, and promised to be one of the finest among the great commercial towns in the country which lies in the Upper Valley of the Missis- 8. But when the Gentiles who had founded the city saw that they had hit upon the right place in which to invest their spare cash, and that by holding on to what property they then had, they would eventually become exceeding rich, their hearts were hardened— as many others have been under like circumstances— and they said among themselves, " Let us travel into a far country, and when our lands have become valuable we will return." 9. And the names of these Gentiles were Don. whose surname is Juan, and Felix whose surname is Orundy, and one Crandall. . , , 10. And Crandall traveled to the eastward and came to a great city where he fared sumptu- ously every day. And he died. And his heirs came in possession of his property; and hold it even unto this day, and refuse to sell even the smallest part. 11. And Don journeyed to the northward, where he is even unto this day. But he hath not sold his lots, neither hath he given any of them unto the poor ; so that the part of the city of Lyons which he owneth is not yet improved. 12. But the heart of Felix relented, and he went not away, but did what he could to improve the city ; and his possessions waxed great, and he is very rich. He hath more than either of his partners. 584 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 13. And it came to pass that after the two Gentiles left the city, it ceased to improve for a time, because there were no lots for sale. And other towns sprang up in the neighborhood. 14. And, because the proprietors of these towns held out inducements to settlers, they prospered. And many left Lyons and went to reside in the villages round about. 15. Now in the city of Davenport there lived a certain scribe, called Alfred, whose sur- name is Sanders. He exulted over the humiliation of Lyons, and despitefully treated her in his newspaper. He hath received his reward. 16. For when certain rich men came from the East and saw how many natural advantages were possessed by Lyons, they determined to build a railroad, so that the people of that city might reach New York in two days' journey, and so carry their produce where it would sell for a fair price. And this railroad is nearly completed. 17. Now it is expected that when Don readeth this chapter, he will cloth himself and repent in sackcloth and ashes ; and that he will return unto Lyons and do what is in his power to make reparation for this great sin which is upon him. 18. And now that Lyons is beginning to be appreciated and is acknowledged to possess at least as many natural advantages as any other place on the Upper Missisippi, the scribe, Alfred, should cease to use his efforts to retard her progress, or divert capital from her borders. 19. For, know ye not, ye great men of Davenport, that ye are in danger of bringing upon yourselves great tribulation, even to the breaking-down of the mighty bridge whereof ye have boasted yourselves, with a great raft from above. Bochih. Lyohs, October 9, 1854. After the failure of the L. & I. C. project, all but the most sanguine resi- dents of Lyons, for some time, felt as if their hopes of seeing the city a railroad center were indefinitely deferred. Many removed to other points, but new arrivals maintained, and, in fact, increased the population. In 1855, the city was re-surveyed by Allen Slack. On July 17, 1855. it was. first publicly announced in Lyons that a town was to be inaugurated on the site of Clinton, but then, and for several years after, the prospect of Clinton appeared so vis- ionary that it was scarcely regarded as a possible future rival. It is impossible for the historian to determine whether, during Lyons' golden opportunity in 1854-56, her citizens, as a body, were or were not apathetic to their true interests. Many certainly were not, judging from the substantial aid that they gave the Air Line, even to the extent of mortgaging their homes, to subscribe for stock. This second enterprise was a scheme of S. S. Jones, the late editor of the Religio- Philosophical Journal, of Chicago. His murder by Pike, in the winter of 1876-77, is fresh in the memories of those who knew him in early days as a shrewd and capable railroad man. He was Secretary of a line proposing to cross the river at Sabula, and thence traverse Iowa. He proposed to extend a branch from Maquoketa to Lyons, but, on the failure of the Sabula crossing scheme, planned to connect the Dixon & Iowa Central Air Lines at the Pulton- Lyons crossing. According, a company was organized, and again the prospects of Lyons brightened, and both population and business rapidly increased. Grading began on the Air Line in the fall of 1855, and was vigorously prose- cuted, till interrupted by frost. In the spring it was resumed, and the grading was done at intervals between Lyons and Maquoketa. The means for the work in 1855-56, were supplied by local subscriptions, and farm mortgages, and naturally proved rather scanty. Indeed, railroad engineering was not the exact science that it is to-day, and the ideas of many railroad projectors as to the ultimate cost of their lines were comparatively somewhat vague. The views of people along proposed lines were still more misty. In the spring of 1856, S. S. Jones, President of the Air Line, who had wintered at Washington, concluded that his railroad could as easily have a "land grant" as the Illinois Central, which had just secured its magnificent appro- priation. Accordingly, members enough were "seen " and land grants secured for four railroads across Iowa, from east to west, the Air Line and railroads crossing at Dubuque, Burlington and Davenport. Jones returned to Lyons to HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 585 look after interests there, and during his absence the clause conferring the land upon the Air Line was stricken from the bill, presumably through the influ- ence of the Dubuque and Davenport Congressmen. The unconquered Jones rushed back to the capital, and, by demonstrating to the members in the inter- est of the rival lines the impossibility of keeping their own appropriations without also giving his line its share, compelled them, by arguments potent at Washington, to aid him in again securing the grant. A plan somewhat similar to that so successful on the Illinois Central was adopted to raise funds, by bonding the road and lands. Contracts were let to responsible Eastern parties for the speedy construction of the railroad across the State, and, during 1857 until the panic, work was pushed along vigorously. Had it not been for that disaster, discussed elsewhere, forty miles of iron would have been laid by January 1, 1858, the road would have retained its land grant, and the subsequent history of Clinton County would have been materially mod- ified by its being the terminus and crossing-place of two trans-Iowan railways instead of one. Indeed, Thomas Walker of New York, who so successfully negotiated the bonds of the Illinois Central, was one of the Trustees of the Air Line. But the financial revulsion of course stopped the bond negotiation, and, on September 16, 1857, orders came to stop work, when nearly all the grading and culverts between Lyons and Maquoketa were completed. As related elsewhere, the land grant was resumed and given to the Cedar Rapids & Missouri Railway, and the roadbed utilized by the Midland fourteen years afterward. In the meantime, the progress "of the C, I. & N. Railway, narrated in the history of Clinton, its projectors having safely weathered the panic, had revolutionized the local railroad situation, and, unfortunately for the interests of both cities, Lyons remained till 1870 without direct railroad facil- ities. CITY GOVERNMENT. The rapid growth of Lyons, at that time, fully justified the obtaining of a citv charter, April 23, 1855, under which the city was administered till in 1873, it was incorporated under the general law. The first election was a very excit- ing affair, partisan feeling running very high. Of the first Council, five were Whigs, and two Democrats. One of the arguments used was to accuse an opponent of being what has since been termed a "carpet-bagger," a word for which the vocabulary of the time unfortunately furnished no synonym. It seems odd; at this time, that in so new a community there should have developed an antagonism between the old residents and new-coders ; but, doubtless, some of the political methods of to-day will seem equally grotesque after twenty-five years. The following is the roster of city officers and total votes : April 23, 1855— Mayor, C. H. Toll; Aldermen — Ben Lake, J. J. Mathews, Charles Maclay, Thomas Crew, Michael Daly; Marshal, J. R. Robertson; Recorder, D. W. Ellis; Wharfmaster, Joseph Boyd. Total vote, 161. 1856— Mayor, A. R. Cotton ; Recorder, J. C. Jefferey ; Treasurer, H. E. Gates; Marshal, Henry Bassett ; Assessor, John Sloan; Wharfmaster, Charles Grant. Aldermen— First Ward, Ben Lake, J. J. Mathews ; Second Ward, A. C. Root, Thomas Crew; Third Ward, Elijah Buell, M. Daly. 1857— Mayor, Ezra Batcheller ; Treasurer, C. S. Hurlbert ; Recorder, J. C. Jefferey; Marshal, Henry Bassett; Wharfmaster, E. S. Hawley; Asses- sor, G. W. Stumbaugh. Aldermen— First Ward, Ben Lake, W. E. Leffing- well ; Second Ward, D. H. Scott, A. C. Root ; Third Ward, John Garton, Elijah Buell. Total vote, 408. 586 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 1858 — Mayor, Z. T. Wilson; Marshal, James Cressy; Recorder, George Burton ; Treasurer, John B. Ennis ; Assessor, P. T. Roe ; Wharfmastefj Peter Rowan. Aldermen — First Ward, Derrick Adams, W. E. Leffingweilf Second Ward, C. Liembach, D. H. Scott ; Third Ward, John Garton, H. A. Truax. In July, Alderman Leffingwell resigned, and F. G. Heinrich was duly elected in his stead. Total vote, 549. 1859 — Mayor, John Sloan ; Recorder, J. G. Smith ; Treasurer, Alex. Ennis ; Marshal, William H. Defreest ; Assessor, B. W. Powers ; Wharfmaster, John Denahy. Alderman — First Ward, D. Adams, N. Boardman ; Second Ward, C. Liembach, John Tierney; Third Ward, H. A. Truax, R. C. Johnson; Fourth Ward, G. W. Stumbaugh, P. Carolan ; Fifth Ward, E. Buell, S. Penn; Sixth Ward, J. C. Jefferey, J.. H. Hawes. Total vote, 502. I860 — Mayor, S. G. Magill; Recorder, H. P. Cox; Treasurer, Alex. Ennis ; Marshal, D. P. McDonald ; Assessor, John Aughenbaugh ; Wharf- master, Henry Hoag. Aldermen — First Ward, N. Boardman, C. D. Cunnings- ham ; Second Ward, James Tierney, Thomas Leedham ; Third Ward, John B. Crosby, John Gallion ; Fourth Ward, E. Buell, L. Sheppard ; Fifth Ward, G. W. Stumbaugh, H. Schaale; Sixth Ward, J. H. Hawes, Benj. Lake. Total vote, 461. 1861 — S. G. Magill, Mayor; George Parker, Recorder; J. G. Smith, Marshal ; Robert Spear, Assessor ; John Sloan, Treasurer ; A. Bristol, Wharf- toaster. Aldermen — First Ward, N. Boardman, C. D. Cunningham; Sec- ond Ward, William Marquis, Thomas Leedham ; Third Ward, Charles Rich, John Gallion; Fourth Ward, D. W. Ellis, L. Sheppard; Fifth Ward, P T. Roe, H. Schaale; Sixth Ward, P. Davidson, W. H. Gibbs. Total vote, 442. 1862 — Dead lock between S. G. Magill and E. Baldwin for Mayor, each having 275 votes, Magill, however, continuing in the office by a special election until his resignation, December 30, 1862. Robert Spear succeeded J. C. Miller as Recorder in June, and also resigned at the same time with Magill, R. M. Rockwell being his successor ; the other officers were, R. Ball, Marshal ; John Keyser, Wharfmaster. Aldermen — First Ward, N. Boardman, J. E. Le Cavellier ; Second Ward, A. C. Root, William Marquis ; Third Ward, C. Moezinger, G. J. Wilson ; Fourth Ward, D. W. Ellis, E. Buel ; Fifth Ward, Frank Lohberg, P. T. Roe ; Sixth Ward, H. J. Wright, W- H. Gibbs. On the resignation of Mayor Magill, Recorder Spear and Aiderman Boardman, a special election was held January 14, 1863. Total vote, 231. F. G. Hein- rich was elected Mayor ; R. M. Rockwell, Recorder, and N. Showerman, Alderman, First Ward. Total vote, 553. ' 1863— F. G. Heinrich, Mayor; W. D. Clark, Marshal; I. N. Manville, Recorder; A. Ennis, Treasurer; D. W. Scott, Assessor; C. Griffin, Wharf- master. Aldermen — First Ward, J. E. Le Cavellier, N. Showerman; Second Ward, Thomas Crew, A. C. Root; Third Ward, David Joyce, C. Moezinger; Fourth Ward, Robert Spear, E. Buel ; Fifth Ward, William Buel, F. Loh- berg; Sixth Ward, W. H. Gibbs, H. J. Wright. Thomas Britt succeeded William Buell in July, on latter's resignation. Total vote, 432. 1864— F. G. Heinrich, Mayor; W. W. Sanborn, Marshal; I. N. Man- ville, Recorder; J. M. Rice, Treasurer; Robert Spear, Assessor; A. Bristol, HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 587 Wharfmaster Aldermen-First Ward, William Lyall, N. Showerman; Second Ward, Thomas Crew, E. Batcheller; Third Ward— James Tierney Sr David Joyce; Fourth Ward, John- Ott, Robert Spear; Fifth Ward, John Lee,' Thomas Bntt ; Sixth Ward, J. H. Barnum, W. H. Gibbs Total vote, 490. 1865— J. M. Rice, Mayor ; W. W. Sanborn, Marshal ; I. N. Manville Recorder ; R. C. Bosworth, Treasurer ; E. Lukens, Assessor ; R. H. Stewart' Wharfmaster. Aldermen— First Ward, Ira Stockwell, William Lyall- Sec- ond Ward, A. C. Root, E. Batcheller ; Third Ward, G. W. Stumbaugh, James Tierney, Sr.; Fourth Ward, R. Spear, John Ott ; Fifth Ward, F. Bierman John Lee ; Sixth Ward, W. W. Sparks, J. H. Barnum. Total vote, 377. 1866— D. H. Scott, Mayor; C. J. Heule, Marshal; I. N. Manville, Recorder; C. D. Wohlenberg, Treasurer; A. Bristol, Wharfmaster; John Lee, Assessor. Aldermen— First Ward, A. B. Gleason, Ira Stockwell ; Sec- ond Ward, J. B. Franklin, A. C. Root; Third Ward, William Williams, G. W. Stumbaugh ; Fourth Ward, C. D. Scott, R. Spear ; Fifth Ward, Michael Connelly, F. Bierman ; Sixth Ward, A. T. Wheeler, W. W. Sparks. Total vote, 562. 1867— D. H. Scott, Mayor ; I. N. Manville, Recorder ; C. J. Heule, Mar- shal ; C. D. Wohlenberg, Treasurer ; Peter Rowan, Wharfmaster ; John Lee, Assessor. Aldermen — First Ward, L. T. Sloan, A. B. Gleason ; Second Ward, C. M. Baldwin, J. B. Franklin ; Third Ward, James Tierney, Jr. ; William Williams; Fourth Ward, G. A. Allen, C. D. Scott; Fifth Ward, J. B. Dunn, M. Connelly ; Sixth Ward, Hiram Gates, A. T. Wheeler. Total vote, 534. 1868 — C. M. Baldwin, Mayor; I. N. Manville, Recorder; James Tierney, Sr., Treasurer; John Lee, Assessor.. John Blessington, Marshal. James Haz- lett, Wharfmaster. Aldermen — First Ward, G. A. Buffum, L. T. Sloan; Second Ward, C. Moezinger, J. G. McDonnell ; Third Ward, S. A. Hubbell, James Tierney, Jr. ; Fourth Ward, E. M. Westbrook, G. A. Allen; Fifth Ward, B. H. A. Henningsen, J. B. Dunn; Sixth Ward, R. g T. T. Spence, Hiram Gates. . Total vote, 579. 1869 — C. M. Baldwin, Mayor; I. N. Manville, Recorder; John Blessing- ton, Marshal; Bid. Gage, Treasurer; John Lee, Assessor; W. M. Bentley, Wharfmaster. Aldermen — First Ward, Ira Stockwell, G. A. Buffum ; Second Ward, L. P. Adams, J. A. Tierney ; Third. Ward, D. H. Scott, E. Lanning ; Fourth Ward, E. Buell, E. M. Westbrook ; Fifth Ward, Henry Pape, B. H. A. Henningsen ; Sixth Ward, Thomas Leedham, R. T. T. Spence. Total vote, 443. 1870 — A. C. Root, Mayor ; E. P. Savage, Marshal ; William Holmes, Treasurer ; I. N. Manville, Recorder ; Charles Weinkoop, Assessor ; W. M. Bentley, Wharfmaster. Aldermen — First Ward, A. T. Pierpont, Ira Stock- well; Second Ward, G. A. Earl, L. P. Adams; Third Ward, C. Hass, D. H. Scott ; Fourth Ward, R. Spear, E. Buell ; Fifth Ward, D. Denehy, Henry' Pape ; Sixth Ward, H. Gates, Thomas Leedham. Total vote, 528. 1871— J. N. Cross, Mayor; J. A. Nattinger, Recorder; A. F. Hill, Mar- shal ; John Garton, Treasurer ; G. W. Hammond, Assessor ; W. M. Bentley, Wharfmaster. Aldermen — First Ward, L. T. Sloan, A. T. Pierpont ; Second Ward, A. C. Root, G. A. Earl; Third Ward, Thomas Murtha,.F. Winkler; 588 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. Fourth Ward, H. Wohlenberg, R. Spear; Fifth "Ward, B. H. A. Henningsen, D. Denehy ; Sixth Ward, Bid. Gage, H. Gates. Total vote, 544. 1872— David Joyce, Mayor ; H. F. Schaale, Marshal ; D. 0. C. McCarthy, Recorder ; S. W. Baldwin, Treasurer ; J. Garton, Assessor ; W. M. Bentley, Wharfmaster. Aldermen — First Ward, G. W. Hammond, L. T. Sloan; Second Ward, J. J. McDonnell, A. C. Root; Third Ward, D. H. Scott, Thomas Murtha ; Fourth Ward, Reuben Ball, H. Wohlenberg ; Fifth Ward, T. C. Hannaher, B. H. A. Henningsen ; Sixth Ward, H. Gates, Bid Gage. Total vote, 477. 1873 — David Joyce, Mayor ; H. F. Schaale, Marshal ; D. 0. C. McCarthy, Recorder ; John Dolan, Treasurer ; C. Moezinger, Assessor ; William Ken- nedy, Wharfmaster. Aldermen — First Ward, L. T. Sloan, G. W. Hammond; Second Ward, Samuel Davy, J. J. McDonnell; Third Ward, Phin. Snyder, D. H. Scott; Fourth Ward, B. Buell, Reuben Ball; Fifth Ward, C. Wynkoop, T. C. Hannaher ; Sixth Ward, John Gallion, H. Gates. Total vote, 538. 1874 — J. J. McDonnell, Mayor; A. J. Leffingwell, Solicitor; J. ( M. Rice, Treasurer; Thomas Kington, Assessor; D. O. C. McCarthy, City Clerk. Aldermen — First W&rd, C. D. Cunningham, James Hadlow ; Second Ward, A. C. Root, Samuel Davy; Third Ward, Phin. Snyder, D. H. Scott; Fourth Ward, G. W. Brayton, S. Briggs ; Fifth Ward, T. C. Hannaher, B. H. A. Henningsen ; Sixth Ward, T. P. Crew, L. P. Adams. Total vote, 671. J. M. Rice, Treasurer, died in September, and D. S. Balch was appointed to fill the term ; Robert Hogle, appointed Marshal. 1875 — C. M. Baldwin, Mayor ; S. W. Baldwin, Treasurer ; Thomas King- ton, Assessor. Aldermen — First Ward, James Hadlow, C. D. Cunningham; Second Ward, John Braun, Adam Schneider ; Third Ward, D. H. Scott, Phin. Snyder; Fourth Ward, S. Briggs, G. W. Brayton; Fifth Ward, John Simmons, T. C. Hannaher; Sixth Ward, M. H. Westbrook, L. P. Adams. V Total vote, 600. J. C. Hopkins, appointed City Clerk ; J. Borman, Marshal ; R. Hogle, Marshal, vice Borman, resigned. S. W. Baldwin did hot qualify, and D. S. Balch was again appointed. 1876— T. C. Hannaher, Mayor ; B. H. A. Henningsen, Treasurer ; Thomas Kington, Assessor ; A. J. Leffingwell, Solicitor. Aldermen — First Ward, C. D. Cunningham, James Hadlow; Second Ward, A. Schneider, J. Braun; Third Ward, D. J. Batchelder, D. H. Scott ; Fourth Ward, John Hersam, 6. W. Brayton; Fifth Ward, S. Van Doran, H. Baker; Sixth Ward, T. R. Beers, M. H. Westbrook. J. C. Hopkins, City Clerk ; R. Hogle, Marshal. Total vote, 712. 1877 — C. Moeszinger, Mayor ; B. H. A. Henningsen, Treasurer ; Thomas Kington, Assessor ; A. J. Leffingwell, Solicitor. Aldermen— First Ward, L. T. Sloan, C. D. Cunningham ; Second Ward, M. Longini, J. Braun ; Third Ward, John Tolson, D. J. Batchelder; Fourth Ward, Reuben Ball, John Hersam ; Fifth Ward, Hobart Baker, A. Schneider ; Sixth Ward, M. W. Barry, T. R. Beers. D. 0. C. McCarthy, City Clerk ; R. Hogle, Marshal. Total vote, 713. Mayor Moeszinger resigned in February, 1878, and B. R. Sayles was appointed to fill balance of term. HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 589 1878-W. M Bentley Mayor ; D. B. Snyder, Treasurer ; Thomas King- ton Assessor ; A. J Leffingwell, Solicitor. Aldermen-First Ward, S. I ? m p ; > J' IT ; rr S r° nd Ward L t;°- Root ' M - Lon g ini ; Thir d Ward, D. J. Batchelders John Tolson ; Fourth Ward, A. Corning, R. Ball ; Fifth Ward, P Caro an, H. Baker; Sixth Ward, C. B. McDowell, M. W. Barry DOC McCarthy, City Clerk ; R. Hogle, Marshal. " Total vote, 770 ; vote on annexation, 115 for, 494 against. 1879— J. S. Stratton, Mayor; S. W. Baldwin, Treasurer; Thomas King- ton, Assessor ; A.J. Leffingwell, Solicitor. Aldermen— First Ward J H Potts, S. I. Smith ; Second Ward, L. L. Stahle, A. C. Root ; Third Ward' Thomas Rowan, D. H. Scott; Fourth Ward, M. D. Madden, William Hodg- kins ; Fifth Ward, H. Baker, P. Carolan ; Sixth Ward, M. W. Barry C B McDowell ; D. 0. C. McCarthy, City Clerk ; R. Hogle,- Marshal. Total vote, 638. CHURCHES. Congregational— In 1839, when the present Lyons Congregational Church was organized, there were only three churches of that denomination in Iowa. The society was originally instituted at the house of Henry Ustick, at Union Grove, 111. It was a one-story, old-fashioned pioneer dwelling, built of logs, rough outside, hewn within. One large, apartment served as parlor, sitting- room and dining-room combined. The furniture consisted of a few chairs and stools and a large plain table in the center. A huge back-log blazed in the ample fireplace, and rough boards furnished temporary seats for the initial gathering of Christian people. As a majority of the members resided in Ful- ton, the meetings were soon transferred thither. In 1845, the society assumed the name of the Congregational Church of Lyons and Fulton. Rev. J. H. Prentiss was the first Pastor, followed by Revs: Oliver and Thomas P. Emerson, J. C. Holbrook and A. Hitchcock. After its change of name, the Church held its meetings mostly in Lyons. For a time, it had no regular abiding place. The first preaching services were held in the log cabin of Daniel Hess, on Second street, just north of the foundry, and last used as a blacksmith-shop, and in the cabin of William Hogan, rented for a time as a schoolhouse, which stood nearly upon the site of the old St. Louis House, near the landing. Services were also held successively at the cabin of Elijah Buell, in the Thomas neighborhood, at Rev. Hiram G. Warner's and in what is now Clinton. Most of the region now regularly laid out in streets and covered with stores and dwellings was then a comparative waste. In 1847, the Fourth Street brick schoolhouse became the center of public worship for a congregation coming from a large circuit, including Teed's Grove and five miles south of Clinton's site. The building was shared in turn by the Congregationalists and Methodists, while both societies held occasional services in the outlying districts. In 1846, William K. Vincent, afterward better known as " Deacon Vin- cent," was received into membership by letter. His portrait, still hanging in the place of honor in the chapel, by its high brow, determined eyes, thin and tightly compressed lips, indicates a character of the antique Puritan type — one that Hawthorne would have loved to have studied. For a long time he carried the Church almost alone, acting as Sunday-school superintendent, preacher, chorister and sexton, in fact doing everything that needed to be done. He never returned to his home without service because there chanced to be no minister present. 590 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. Living about two miles west of town, he was to be seen driving up with his ox team, each Lord's Day, "rain or shine," to whatever chanced to be the place of worship. He was as regular at Sabbath school and prayer-meeting; First unfastening his oxen and caring for their comfort, he would straightway unload the wood he had brought from his own pile, the supply for the day, and also material for lighting in the evening, and then, in his business-like way, build the fires and prepare for meeting. When the congregation had assembled^ in his simple-hearted and fervent manner, he would take that part of the service in which he was most needed ; generally with tuning-fork in hand, pitching the tunes, lining off the hymns, and leading the dhoir in the peculiar style of those times ; sometimes even acting as preacher. At one time, he went with his ox team to the interior of the State, hoping to there secure a minister for his destitute flock. His zeal was such that he once offered, as an amendment to the covenant, this article: "And that you avoid the use of intoxicating drinks as a beverage, and gambling and cheating, and quarreling, and dancing, and slaveholding, and all other vices." During 1847, Rev. Hiram G. Warner preached in his log cabin, two miles from town, and also in town until near the close of the year, when Mr. Emer- son renewed his engagement for the next two years. Rev. J. S. Francis, under the auspices of the Home Missionary Society, and Rev. J. T. Morey, a Free- Will Baptist — sectarianism in those days gave way to Christian fraternity — each served as Pastor for two years, and Father Emerson filled another year's vacancy in 1853 and 1854. May 4, 1854, fifteen years after its origin in Union Grove, the Church was incorporated, with Daniel Reed and J. R. Pearce as the first Trustees. In July following, the members residing in Illinois formed a Church at Fulton. In 1854, Rev. J. C. Strong, formerly a missionary among the Choctaws, began a pastorate of two years, during which, owing to a disagreement as to the relations the Church sustained to Missionary Societies, a portion of the members withdrew to form the Presbyterian Church. For six months, the pulpit was occupied by supplies which could not have been very expensive, judging from an entry of $15 paid to Rev. N. Grant for preaching four Sab- baths. In 1854 was begun the movement for building the brick church, the first Protestant Church edifice in Lyons, on the corner of Fifth street and Sixth avenue, in what was then called Newtown. The welfare of the community was quite closely identified with it, according to Deacon Vincent's quaint bit of his- tory in the record : " In the spring of 1854, the attention of Eastern men of property was directed to Lyons as a safe place to make profitable investments. Among them were some professors, or, we might say, some rich Christians, who naturally inquired for the churches of the place, and the property-holders had to say, or tell them, that there were none. To which they answered : ' We feel that if a place like Lyons has not religion enough to maintain the worship of God, it cannot be a safe place to make investments ; ' and they, therefore, turned away to some other place. As one and another left the place in this way, property- holders began to feel that it would be to their interest to build a church at Lyons, if, by so doing, they could keep these rich Christians among us. It was then suggested that, if we undertook to build a church, we should be liber- ally assisted. I went into Lyons, and, on inquiry, found the impression very gen- eral that we ought to have* and must have, a church in the place. I, therefore, HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 591 immediately wrote to Mr. Emerson as the oldest and most influential min- ister in our neighborhood, who came to see for himself what the prospects were for such an undertaking. We visited almost every family in town, and the impression on his mind was that the prospects were favorable. He, therefore, drew up a subscription paper with the following result." Among the names are many citizens now living, including Elijah Buell, who donated $125 and two lots. The edifice was erected in 1855-56 ; but, money failing, one lot was sold in order to put on the roof. It resembled the present German Catholic Church. It was dedicated July 11, 1856, President Blanchard, then of Knox College, preaching the sermon. For several Sundays, between leaving the brick schoolhouse and occupying the new church, services" were held in the building known as the old " Brick Catholic Church," just back of Snyder's drug store, which has since illustrated the mutability of circumstances by being used as a saloon. For some time the Church enjoyed the services of two pas- tors, Rev. G. R. Moore preaching in the forenoon and Rev. 0. Miner in the evening. During the ministry of Rev. L. J. White — 1857-60— their Church expe- rienced many changes and great prosperity. About a year from the dedication of the "Pioneer Church," it seemed expedient to build again. The failure of the railroad to cross the river at that point, and as a large part of the congre- gation living on the south side of the creek, rendered the Newtown location undesirable. J. Q. Root and Deacon Vincent selected the present site for the second building. Instead of the present streets, much ground then (1857) between that point and where the railroad now runs, was a brush-covered waste. It was dedicated by President George F. Magoun just a year after the brick church. Its style was very much like that of the present structure, and cost $3,300. Crowded revivals were held in the lecture-room before the walls were lathed and plastered, with the wind and snow blowing through large open cracks. In 1859, a bell was procured, which became virtually the city curfew, or, at least, what the great historic bell Roland was to Ghent. It announced noon, it rang out fire alarms and jubilant peals over Union victories, it tolled the requiem of the dead and finally, January 16, 1860, when the church burned, passed through a fiery ordeal. The fire caught in the chapel ; the first alarm was sounded from the old belfry, the peal not ceasing till the rope was burned and the bell fell amid the crashing timbers into the debris below. After several years' service in the present steeple, it cracked and was mustered out; now inverted on a granite block, it serves as a flower-vase on the lawn of J. Q. Root, and, also, as one of the most tangible relics of Lyons' past. The present church was dedicated while yet unfinished, June 24, 1860, by Prof. Haven, D. D., of Chicago; and Rev. G. F. Magoun, in November, began a four-years' pastorate, after which he resigned, to become President of Iowa College at Grinnell. He was succeeded by Revs. M. W. Fairfield, T. M. Boss, 1866-70, during whose pastorate the present 1,200-pound bell was hung ; Rev. L. Curtis, 1870-75, and in May, 1875, by the present able Pastor, Rev. Sidney Crawford, whose judicious and successful service may be inferred from the present condition of the Church— 170 members, fine choir and babbatn school, and church property worth $10,000, and with seats for 500 people. The Sabbath school, as a distinct body, dates back to 1854. It began with thirty-seven scholars, and Frances Page and Dr. Joseph Brown were the first Superintendents. The present Superintendent is J. C. Root, and number ot pupils and teachers 250. The choir is, and has been, harmonious in every 592 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNT?. sense. Mr. M. M. Jones and Mmes. C. H. Scott and M. 0. Page and others having aided in its development. The Woman's Board of Missions, organized in 1871, has been one of the most efficient arms of the Church. Two devoted women have gone from the Church to make a noteworthy record as missionaries — Miss Mary Patrick, to Constantinople, and Miss Laura Day, to South Africa. Presbyterian. — The Lyons First Presbyterian Church was organized in the brick schoolhouse, by Rev. 0. Clark, of Fredonia, N. Y., on November 11, 1855. Its first officers were: Ruling Elders — P. T. Roe, Allen Slack and William B. Godley. Other members, Mmes. S. Godley, A. M. Roe, A. B. Gaylord, E. M. Jerome and A. Hurlbert ; Misses A. and M. and Charles IS. Hurlbert.' The first place of meeting was the Concert Hall on Pearl street, where Mr. Clark, the first Pastor, earnestly labored to establish the Church on a sound foundation, in which he was well sustained by the Session. The zeal of the Church in withstanding the flood of worldliness is testified to, not only by the stringent resolutions adopted against " traveling or riding on the Lord's Day, 'dancing, card-playing, billiards, ten-pins, or whatever games of skill or chance possess marked or decided gambling associations, use of or traffic in intoxicating liquors," but also by the way the Church discipline was enforced, as evidenced by the records of excommunication and suspension. Mr. Clark occupied the pulpit till November, 1861. During his pastorate the Church increased to a membership of fifty-eight, and the brick church on Seventh street, now occupied by the German Catholics, was built, but proved to be incon- veniently located. Accordingly, the present edifice on Seventh street was erected at a cost, including the land, of $6,000, and dedicated in 1861. Rev. H. L. Stanley began the second pastorate October 17, 1862, and labored efficiently till 18"68. He was succeeded by Rev. A. N. Keigwin, in 1868-69, and Thomas Lawrence, in 1869-70, after which, for several years, the church was either closed or depended upon a temporary supply, till in November, 1873, began the pastorate of Rev. E. R. Mills, who remained till his removal to Nevada, Iowa, in June, 1879. His successor and the present Pastor is Rev. C. A. Lombard. During the past several years, the Church has suf- fered greatly by the removal from the city of stanch members, but the courage and liberality of the remnant have maintained the Church life and work with unabated vigor, especially the Sabbath school, of which John Lay is Super- intendent. Methodist. — The pioueer church organized on the soil of Clinton County is the Lyons Methodist Episcopal. Its origin is due to the labors of Rev. H. B. Curtwright, one of the famous family of heroic itinerants who did so much toward planting the .Gospel in the frontier settlements of the young West. In 1840, and for several years afterward, meetings were held by a faithful few {only seven), in each other's houses until when the old schoolhouse was occupied 'until the congregation took possession of their present large and convenient brick church edifice on Sixth street, which was built in 1855-56, since which the Church has prospered finely. The following is the list of clergymen who labored in the Lyons charge: Rev. McMurtry, 1841-42 ; Holman, 1842-43; Stinson, 1843-44 ; John Walker, 1844-46; Revs. Roberts and Greenough, 1846-47 ; George Larkin, 1847-48 ; Crawford, 1848-49 ; Blackburn, 1849- 50; Guile, 1850-51; John Walker, George Larkin, 1852-53; N. Odell, 1853-55; Joel B. Taylor, 1856-58; A. J. Kynett, 1858-60; G. W. Brin- dell, 1860-61 ; A. H. Ames, 1861-63 ; S. N. Fellows, 1863-66 ; Casebeer, 1866-67; R. D. Parsons, 1867-69; E. L. Miller, 1869-72; J. S. Eberhart, HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 593 1872-74; John Bowman, 1875-77; W. Lease, 1877-79. The present num- ber of members is 160, and value of church property, $6,500. The Sunday school was organized in 1840. It now numbers 150. J. L. Pollock is Superintendent. Catholic . — Lyons was for some time a mission adjunct to Dubuque. In 1852, a church was built on an open lot, on what is now Pearl street, which afforded somewhat of a contrast with the present great stone pile of St. Irenaeus Church, which was built in 1869-71. Its organ was dedicated in that year, with a grand evening musical festival. In 1874-75, Father Jean, at that time the incumbent, becoming involved in a controversy with the Bishop, was deposed. Rev. Father Thomas Dunn is the present Pastor. The Church is prosperous, both numerically and financially. The edifice has cost, with the towers still truncated, upward of |40,000, and has seating-room for 2,000 worshipers. Its fine site on the bluff, in the northern part of the city, and its mellow look, owing to the material — yellow limestone — give it a very impressive and cathedral-like appearance. Episcopal. — Some time in 1855, Rev. H. W. Beers began to officiate every Sunday at Metropolitan Hall, in Lyons. On December 22, 1855, a meeting was held at the town hall, at which the Right Rev. Henry W. Lee, then Bishop of Iowa, presided. At this meeting, Grace Church Parish was organ- ized, and James Hazlett, Andrew R. West, Harvey B. Ring, William D. Rob- inson and Leander Smith were elected a Vestry to serve until the next regular Easter election. The present church edifice was consecrated by Bishop Lee on May 21, 1857. In 1860, Rev. H. W. Beers accepted a call elsewhere, and was succeeded in the same year by Rev. George W. Watson, who was the Rec- tor until 1866, in which year Rev. Henry Adams was chosen Rector. Upon his resignation, in 1867, there was an interregnum. Rev. Lyman N. Freeman was chosen Rector in 1869, and was succeeded by Rev. A. P. Crouch, upon whose resignation in 1873, the parish remained without any regular incumbent until Rev. Samuel Currie, the present able Rector, assumed the rectorship September 1, 1875. In the report of the parish for 1879, there is a record of twenty-nine fam- ilies, one hundred and thirty-five individuals, sixty communicants, eight Sunday-school teachers and forty-three Sunday-school scholars. The church and grounds are valued at f4,000. MASONIC. Though a goodly proportion of those who had, during the forties, located, either temporarily or permanently, at Lyons, had been known to each other as Masons of various degrees, the transitory state of society and constant changing of locality and unsettled feeling due thereto, so inevitable in all new communi- ties, delayed the formation of a local organization till September 13, 1849, when a dispensation was granted St. John's Lodge, No. 19, with John S. Bope appointed W. M. Both records and reminiscences are lacking of this Lodge, save that it was chartered and instituted June 6, 1850, with fifteen members, and James McCoy, now of Fulton, as W. M., and that the charter was surren- dered in June, 1855, Judge A. R. Cotton being G. M., largely on account of the removal of brethren during that gloomy year. But the next year the prospects of the town brightened, and Masonry was revived by a dispensation being granted April 3, 1856, to W. E. Leffingwell, G. H. Bonney, James Hazlett and six others, for Eureka Lodge, which was soon organized as Lyons Lodge. No. 93, with about twelve members. The destruction of the lodge records by the great 594 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. fire of 1870 deprived the order in Lyons of many valuable souvenirs of its inception and early days. However, it is known that William E. Leffingwell was the fft-st W. M., and among the charter members were Thomas Crew, Rev. Beers, William Soules and Stephen Fuller. The first meetings were held in the brick building on Pearl street, since used for manufacturing purposes. Then the Lodge, for several years, met in Rice's block, on the corner of Fourth and Main streets. Thence the lodge- room was remoyed to the present post-office block, where it occupied one room for six years, and thereafter remained for eight years in the rooms where the Mirror is now published, until the present rooms in the new temple were taken possession of in 1872, and where the older members complacently contrast the appointments with those of the old Pearl street rooms, around which, however, hangs the halo of old-time associations, and the chastening reflections of how remorselessly Time, in Tennyson's words, "unsolders the goodliest fellowships whereof this world holds record." In 1867, another stage in the progress of Masonry in Lyons was marked by the institution of Oriental Chapter, No. 39, of Royal Arch Masons. W. B. Leffingwell was the first H. P. The records also perished by fire, but have been largely reconstructed by the labors of Dr. Wetherell, C. W. Magill and T. R. Beers. Until the temple was completed, the Chapter convened in the old lodge-room over the post office. The charter members were Dr. W. McQuigg, Judge A. R. Cotton, S. W. Baldwin, G. W. Parker, J. B. Denison, L. A. Ellis, C. W. Warner, A. J. Kynett, Dr. G. F. Wetherell, J. S. Hart, T. R. Beers, W. E. Marquis, S. Rand and F. L. Blakely. The present offi- cers are: C. W. Warner, H. P. ; J. H. Potts, K ; S. W. Baldwin, S.; A. D. Palmer, T. ; William Dolan, Secretary. In 1869, Masonry in Lyons culminated in the establishment of the only complete Scottish Rite in Iowa. The bodies were instituted on the 12th of May. The charter members were W. E. Leffingwell, C. W. Warner, G. M. Parker, S. W. Baldwin, W. E. Marquis, J. S. Hart, F. L. Blakely, T. R. Beers, Fred Bourne and Pitkin Wright. Since the Scottish Rite organizations have occupied their stately halls in the new temple, elsewhere described, annual State Conventions have been held there, closing with grand receptions, at some of which guests have been permitted to view the encampment of the S. P. R. S., fully spread in the upper hall, and otherwise the occasions have been made memorable as social as well as Masonic gatherings. The following are the present officers of Iowa Grand Lodge of Perfection, No. 5 : A. R. Cotton, T. P. G. M. ; C. W. Warner, S. W.; E. A. Wadleigh, J. W.; J. H. Potts, Treasurer; Gr. W. Ashton, Secretary. Delphic Chapter, Rose Croix, No. 5. — W. W. Sanborn, W. M.; F. Bourne, S. W.; M. H. Westbrook, J. W.; J. H. Potts, Treasurer; J. W. Ashton, Secretary. Hugh de Pay ens Council, Knights of Kadosh. — J. Scott Jenkins, V. L; C. W. Warner, First Lieutenant ; A. R. Cotton, Second Lieutenant, Sec- retary and Treasurer, ut supra. Be Molay Consistory, S. P. R. S. — Buren R. Sherman, Commander-in- Chief; C. W. Warner, Prior; W. W. Sanborn, P.; J. H. Potts, Treasurer; T. R. Beers, Secretary. The laying of the corner-stone of the Masonic Temple, August 15, 1871, was an occasion memorable among the Fraternity, as a notable milestone in marking its progress in Iowa and the Northwest, and by people in general, who witnessed the imposing Masonic array and ceremonies, and for the melting HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 595 solar rays of the day. Representatives were present from Lyons Lodge, of Lyons; Western Star Lodge, of Clinton; Camanche Lodge, of Camanche; Right Hand Lodge, of De Witt; Fulton Lodge, of Fulton, 111.; Thompson Lodge, Thompson, 111.; De Molay Consistory of Knights of Kadosh, and individuals from many distant bodies. The Knights, whose nodding crests, glittering swords and beautiful jewels made them look, as they were, equally worthy with the noble Crusaders to uphold the banner with the legend "Dieu le veut" (God wills it), followed by 150 Masons and a band of music, appeared, and, after marching in procession* through the principal streets, returned to the Temple site where, and at neigh- boring " coignes of vantage " for viewing, several thousand people had assem- bled. The ceremonies were opened by prayer by Grand Chaplain Hamilton, followed by appropriate music from the quartette, Messrs. Hollingsworth, Coggswell, Bockel and Jones. Then was deposited in the foundation, to prob- ably there remain for many years before re-opened, a box containing the fol- lowing relics : 1. Iowa Grand Lodge Report, 1870. 2. Iowa Grand Chapter Report, 1870. 3. Iowa Grand Commandery Report, 1870. 4. Iowa Grand Consistory Report, 1870. 5. By-Laws of Lyons Lo 475 16 County poll tax 432 00 Special city tax 336 70 Delinquent city tax : 7 *° "« Delinquent road tax 56 °" Total S 524811 59 FINANCES. Lyons may be congratulated on her exceptionally clear record as to finan- cial condition. It is a matter of just pride with her people. It is almost mar- velous that, during the "kiting times" when so many cities throughout the West were voting heavy debts upon themselves, and the speculative mania had reached such proportions, and when, too, So many important railroad end bridge schemes had this city for their initial point, that it should have escaped the contagion. 606 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. During its whole career as a city, there are found evidences of a conserva- tive action in incurring expenses and promptness in liquidating those incurred, ' and, at this date, the financial exhibit, furnished from its records, gives as its present indebtedness, which includes its schools and schoolhouses, $2,500 bonded. Few cities in the whole land, of like age and population, can present so satisfactory a financial showing. LYONS' LUMBER INTERESTS. As in many other river towns, so in Lyons, when the railroad system began to cross the Mississippi and stretch westward into the illimitable treeless prairies, there came to be an enormous development of the lumber interest. To those men who, under many adverse circumstances, without direct railway communication for many years, pluckily pushed the saw-mill business, Lyons' prosperity is largely due. The levee afforded admirable high and dry sites for saw-mills, and the sloughs just above Fulton and between Lyons and Clinton presented inviting harbors for rafts. To Samuel Cox and G. W. Stumbaugh belongs the honor of being the pioneer lumbermen at the point which has since proved to be one of the most advan- tageous oh the river. They built; in 1855, the first saw-mill upon the present site of Cummings Bros.' machine shop. It had barely time to surround itself with lumber piles sufficient for the temporary wants of the growing town and farming region in the vicinity, when, in 1856, it was totally destroyed by fire. Immediately the mill was rebuilt by Stumbaugh alone, and, for many years, until after the death of its proprietor, continued in active operation. In 1867, it was dismantled and since then has been used as an ice house. At the same time, another mill was built at a location just above, by Cox, Johnson & Cox, which firm did a very flourishing business till, in the financial crash of 1857, they "were, with other firms then engaged in the infant lumber business of the Mississippi, overwhelmed and borne down. In the mean time, 1855-56, a lumber interest had been developed along the Ringwood Slough, a mill having been built by John Pickering just above Joyce's present location. He afterward took a partner named Raymond, but the firm was crippled by the crash, and it was finally dismantled, after an existence of about three years. Somewhat later, Capt". Beckwith built and operated a mill near the upper debouchment of the slough into the main river. It was operated in a small way until near the opening of the war. Beckwith was a more ardent hunter than lumberman. Another saw-mill was operated by A. T. Cross, on the present site of the paper-mill warehouse. For several years after the panic, very little was done in the saw-mills at Lyons. The general growth of the adjacent towns and building of railroads was checked, and no business is more a barometer of the community's prosperity, or reverse, than the manufacture of lumber ; but with the opening of the war, recuperation of the West from the crisis and a healthier currency, another era of activity began. . In 1860, Ira Stockwell bought the old Cox Mill, and steadily making improve- ments and additions to the machinery ; in 1867, acquired the old Stumbaugh Mill, and for three years worked them both to their fullest capacity. Then, to con- centrate facilities, the machinery of the latter was moved into the former, increas- ing the output to 100,000 feet per day. Sparks from a passing locomotive, in 1874 caused a loss of $60,000, by a conflagration among the lumber piles, and, in 1864, a scanty log supply materially affected the general prosperousness of HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 607 Mr. Stockwell's interests, aside from being dependent, until the opening of rail communication in 1870 upon hauling by wagon to shipping Q r marketing points. Nevertheless, pluck and sagacity were reaping their inevitable reward, and the extension of the Midland was opening new markets, the panic of 1873 had been triumphantly weathered, when, on May 19, 1876, just as a busy a^T™ t oPf 1111 ^ the mill s were burned, entailing a direct loss of nearly $50 000, besides the season s trade, inflicting the greatest blow ever sustained by Lyons industry, in permanently throwing out of their former employment upward of one hundred and fifty men. In 1869, Messrs. David Joyce and S. I. Smith erected the present mill on the Rmgwood Slough, the structure, machinery and grounds costing $48 000 and the average capacity being 60,000 feet per day. Since its completion, the business has enjoyed a career of uninterrupted prosperity, under Mr. Joyce's sole ownership and management, assisted by Mr. J. F. Conway, and giving employment to a maximum force of 120 men. Mr. Joyce became sole owner in February, 1864. He is also a large stockholder and prominent member of the Mississippi Logging Company. In the spring of 1874, through the enterprise of Messrs. L. B. Wadleigh, E. P. Welles and D. J. Batchelder, activity once more began in the lumber manufacture at the Lyons upper sites. The firm purchased the old Haun property, enlarged and virtually reconstructed the old saw-mill, converted the grist-mill into an auxiliary building, closed the gap between the two with a brick engine and boiler room, built an immense storehouse holding 2,000,000 feet of lumber, wherein cars could be directly loaded. In 1877, the firm became Welles, Gardiner & Co., Mr. Stimpson Gardiner and his sons, Silas L. and George, having purchased the interest of Mr. Wadleigh. The mill and yards occupy half a mile on river-front; the output is 15,000,000 feet of lumber per annum, and the number of men employed is over one hundred and twenty-five. In 1856, a shingle-mill was built by Daniel Dean and William .Swanson, just above Stockwell's old site. After several years, it was purchased by Charles Boynton, who organized the Lyons Manufacturing Company, and undertook several chimerical experiments, including running machinery by wind-mill. The enterprise was hardly a success. Hosford & Miller erected their mill above the slough in 1857. Its history is found elsewhere in the section devoted to county finance and to Clinton lum- bering interests. ° BANKS. The first bank in Lyons was established by A. C. Root, in 1845, and for many years carried on a thriving business in the diminutive structure still standing on Exchange street, near the levee, and looking scarcely large enough for the vault of a modern style banking-house. Nevertheless, financial opera- tions of considerable magnitude and great importance to the growing city were carried on in those quarters till, in 1855, Mr. Root removed to the old bank building at the corner of Main and Second streets, where he remained till he sold his interest, in 1860, to Messrs. O. McMahan and W. N. Evans, who continued it till, in August, 1865, the bank was merged into the Lyons First National, instituted with a capital of $50,000, soon augmented to $100,000. The first and present officers are : J. P. Gage, President ; O. McMahan, Vice President ; William M. Holmes, Cashier. Messrs. Otto Lachmund, William Holmes, Jr., and Charles McMahan also have charge of departments. R. N. ,Rand was for some vears identified with the bank as Cashier. The business 608 HlriTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. of the bank has been administered with rare financial skill, its clientage extend- ing not only among the solid farmers of Clinton and Jackson Counties, as far as Lost Nation and Maquoketa, but also in Illinois, from Savanna to Albany, of which latter place the Vice President was one of the pioneers. In the spring of 1872, was occupied the present specially built banking-house in the Masonic Temple, at the corner of Third and Main streets. In June, 1878, Messrs. William Lyall and Thomas Galderwood, old residents and experienced business men, the former having been identified with the Farmers' and Citizens' Bank, in Clinton, opened a new banking-hpuse in Lyons, on the north side of Main street, between Third and Fourth streets. The extensive transactions of the bank, especially with its rural clientele, amply prove that Lyons, as a financial center, is probably excelled by ^no town of its population in this section, and amply justifiy the addition of the sixth to the list of sound banking institutions within the two adjoining cities. OTHER INDUSTRIES. Conspicuous from river and railroad is the sash and wood-work factory of M. A. Disbrow, established in 1856, rebuilt in 1859 and enlarged in 1878, with $30,000 invested, and employing a maximum force of seventy -five hands. In 1855, Mr. C. Moeszinger established an iron foundry in Buel's Addition, which he subsequently removed to its present site on Main street. It has always prospered and contributed largely to the modern buildings which grace Clin- ton and Lyons, besides giving employment to a large number of skilled mechan- ics. Since 1874, the business has been ably conducted by his son, John Moes- zinger. The new tape-line factory of L. B. Wadleigh, and Reed & McCutchen's wind- mill factory, represent a class of infant industries due to the inventive genius of their proprietors, and which promise well for future growth. f TELEPHONIC. The Clinton & Lyons Bell Telephone Company was organized in June, 1878, and, on July 4, opened the line between the two towns. Since then there have been stretched twenty-six: and a half miles of wire, including fifty-four stations, comprising city and suburban residences, and nearly all the leading business oflices and manufacturing establishments of both cities. In Clinton, the tele- phone line is utilized as a fire-alarm, and a complete electric burglar alarm is also being arranged. The invention has already proven to be of inestimable value to business and professional men. Besides the Company's lines, the independent ones to Camanche and Riverside have become indispensable. The Company's officers are : J. K. P. Balch, President ; J. C. Root, Secretary ; William Ins- lee, Treasurer. NEWSPAPERS. Lyons Mirror.— On the 19th of May, 1854, Cornelius and William Teal, brothers, issued the first newspaper published in the county, and which they then called the Clinton Mirror. Daniel W. Ellis, in May, 1855, purchased the interest of William Teal, and was associated with Cornelius Teal for a few months. Mr. Ellis retired, and C. Teal continued alone until during 1856, when Thomas A. Stone, of Cleveland, became a part owner, under the style of Teal & Stone. In April, 1858, Teal sole his interest to J. H. Hawes, and Mr. Stone sold his interest to Theron R. Beers, February 1, 1859. In Octo- ber, 1861, William D. Eaton succeeded Mr. Hawes, and the firm name became HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 609 Beers & Eaton, who still publish the Mirror. In the big fire of 1869, their office was totally destroyed, and they were heavy losers ; but, with characteristic energy, they replaced their material, with increased facilities. The Mirror has a large and solid subscription list, is Republican in politics, and is an influen- tial coup ty journal. The Lyons Advocate was established in 1855, by A. P. Durlin, who con- tinued its publication as a " straight" Democratic paper, with the exception of a brief suspension during the war, until, in April, 1873, the office was pur- chased by M. V. B. Phillips and J. C. Hopkins, who, in May of the same year, issued the paper as the Clinton County Advertiser. In the same year, Mr. Hopkins, the present proprietor, assumed sole control of the paper. It is now a seven-column quarto, Democratic in politics, with a very large circulation and influence, especially in the interior of the county. "AN OLD-FASHIONED FOURTH OF JULY." Old citizens refer to the celebration of the Fourth of July, 1855, as the biggest day in the county up to that date, and point with pride to that " day's doin's." A national salute of thirty-one guns, reverberating from bluff to bluff, awoke the citizens and echoes. At 9 o'clock, the Sunday schools assembled at the brick schoolhouse, whence a procession, presenting what the cotempo- rary account calls an "imposing appearance," marched to the music of the Le Claire Brass Band to Buel's Grove, where addresses were delivered by Rev. J. C. Strong, Prof. Gibbs and A. Scott. A dinner, spread in the bountiful and hospitable style of those days followed, and that the children all showed prop- erly patriotic appetites is recorded by trustworthy tradition, of those, now men and women, who were there. At 11 o'clock, another procession formed at the Clinton House, comprising the Common Council, Odd Fellows, officials of the day and citizens generally, and were escorted by the band, and Marshals on horseback, to the same grove. G. W. Stumbaugh presided ;, Rev. Starkweather acted as Chaplain; W. W. Jerome read the Declaration of Independence; W. A. Groves, of Chicago, delivered the oration. Afterward, as in ancient Sparta, the entire body of citizens dined together, though with anything but Spartan frugality. After dinner, were read the following regular and volunteer toasts : i. The Day we Celebrate. / 2. George Washington. 3. The Signers of the Declaration. 4. Gen. Lafayette. 5. Soldiers of the Revolution. 6. The Flag of Our Union. 7. The Army and Navy — the right and left arm of our nation. 8. The President of the United States. 9. The Orator of the Day. . . 10. Our Literary Institutions— more potent in maintaining our liberties than standing armies or numerous navies. . 11. Lyons— a new planet ; a rising star in the eastern horizon of Iowa. 12. The Great West— possessed of all the elements of prosperity, containing a population at once enterprising and intelligent, it is destined at no distant day to become the center of our g onous R ^ b ^j on _ may political factions never sever her, that united she may stand a per- fect pattern of liberty, happiness and prosperity. The volunteer toasts were offered as follows : 1. The Ladies of Lyons— unsurpassed for industry, intelligence and beauty 2. By D. W. Ellis-Old Bachelors-devotees to single blessedness, dark spots on the inhabitable globe, at their lone condition may their feelings revolt and they offer themselves sacrifices on Hymen's altar. 610 . HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 3. By Prof. Gibbs — Our City — A young Lyon whose roaring will soon be heard from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and to the extreme north and south of the America! Continent. 4. By A. R. Cotton — The President of the Day — may his shadow never grow less. 5! The Marshals of the Day — as to-day in Lyons City they marshal their hundreds, may they on the next National Anniversary marshal their thousands. 6. By T. H. Baker — Farmers — the true source of our National wealth ; the pride and glory of our country. 7. By Dr. Matthews— The Sucker State— distinguished for its good farmers, able lawyers, broad prairies and beautiful women. 8. By Prof. Gibbs — The Band — it was music that inspired the bold soldiers in those "times that tried men's souls," and it is music that cheers us to-day in celebrating their achievements. 9. By Benjamin Lake — The Fair Daughters of Iowa — may they add beauty to virtue, sub- tract envy from friendship, multiply amiable accomplishments by sweetness of temper, divide time by sociability, and reduce scandal to its lowest denomination. 10. By A. Scott — The Father of Waters — as it excels the Thames, the Tiber and the Rhine, so may its hundred cities outrival London, Paris and ancient Rome. 11. By Mrs. W. W. Jerome — Long lives and pretty wives to the temperate young men of Lyons. Some 2,500 people were present, and no disturbance marred the gayety of the celebration. ORDER, ETC. The order that has always prevailed in Lyons, even during the compara- tively lawless period in the history of the State, is one of the most just causes for citizens' pride in their city's record. Crimes against either person or prop- erty have been notably rare and trivial. The public peace has been seri- ously threatened on but few occasions, all but one of which were rather creditable than otherwise to the community, and for even that, there was some provocation. It was in May, 1854, when the failure of the L. & I. C. became manifestly irreparable, that a mob of several hundred " navvies " and other railroad employes, comprising the section gangs as far west as De Witt, assembled, armed with all sorts of weapons, and virtually sacked the company's store in Lyons, plundering it of some $20,000 worth of goods. Among the mob were many desperate characters, who had been implicated in the murder of a contractor on the Illinois Central, and many of course shared in the booty who were not creditors of the company. The officers of the law and honest citizens who desired to have the property equitably divided, were helpless, as many of the guard set over the goods were in sympathy with the rioters. When the Air Line suspended operations, there was happily no recurrence of any such scene, as the laborers and other employes were paid off in full, entirely at the contractors' expense, leaving those gentlemen heavy financial losers, but rich in the consciousness of integrity. During the years previous to and during the war, several times disorderly houses' became so objectionable to the community that abrupt notices to quit were served upon the inmates through the nozzle of the old Resolute fire engine, in the shape of a deluge of water, usually similar in purity to the parties receiving such heroic hydropathic treatment. I In May, 1876, one Paddy Hand, a notorious rough, was arrested for an assault outside of the city limits, and confined for trial in the engine-house, the usual cells being unavailable. Though a one-armed man, his pugnacity had made him a terror to the community. His maimed stump was armed with an iron hook, so that in prowess he was a modern edition of " Goetz of the Iron Hand." The night watchman being decoyed away, on his return, Hand was found dangling by the neck in the tower for drying hose, having been neatly and expeditiously lynched. Nothing ever transpired to indicate who rid the city of a dangerous ruffian and highwayman. HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 611 SUMMARY. In 1851-52, previous to the railroad excitement, there were no buildings, except a few isolated houses, west of what is now Fourth street. The river- bank was dotted with small houses, interspersed with a few stores. The old Exchange Hotel was close to the present Midland Depot. A small Catholic Church on Fourth street, now used as a liquor store, stood out on a sort of green. The plateau back to the bluffs, except where the pioneers had made improvements, was covered with clumps of dense chaparral, interspersed with timber. The north side of the slough, which at one time it was planned to- utilize as a steamboat harbor, was thickly covered with large timber and under- growth. When that portion was afterward platted in 1855, and annexed to the city as Newtown or Bud's Addition, many of the first houses were surrounded with brush fences. From 1853 to 1857 was the period of Lyons' most rampant growth The beginning of work on the L. & I. C. attracted both capital and population, especially during the latter part of 1853. Notwithstanding the retarding of the town's growth by its failure," the check was slight and brief, as with the Air- Line project, local prosperity and activity were redoubled. Many intelligent and thrifty Germans, driven from their Fatherland by the political re-action, were among the numbers who came to settle up and to add to Lyons' thrift. In 1854 was built upon the present site of the Masonic Temple, the Clin- ton House, afterward rechristened the Adams, the first brick hotel, and marking the migration of business away from the levee — inevitable in all large river towns. In 1855-57, there was a strong business rivalry between Pearl and Main streets. At one time, the former seemed to have a decided advantage. Wash- ington Hall, well-stocked stores, hotels and a good trade made Pearl street, for some years, very lively. But business gradually and irresistibly, after several years, concentrated on Main street, partly owing to what were apparently its misfortunes, viz., fires that have swept away most of the old ante-bellum land- marks, and transformed it from its appearance when it was first built up in 1856-57. Some of the first buildings were, for that time, very imposing. During 1855-56, particularly on Sixth street, were built many elegant and roomy residences, such as Dr. Matthews', now W. A. Lyall's ; 'H. E. Gates', now Mrs. Ezra Baldwin's ; Capt. N. C. Roe's, now belonging to the estate of the late L. Manz, and the Ferris place,now belonging to J. P. Gage. During the same time, additions to the city were rapidly platted, and lots sold, both for occupancy and speculation, at prices above their present valuation. Even the open land now lying west of the depot was held at high figures. An undivided half of the old Exchange Hotel was sold during those flush times for $5,500. Money was so abundant that it is probable that every lot within the city plat could have been easily sold if the owners had not held for still higher prices. The country tributary to the city was meanwhile also filling up and developing very rapidly. The growing rural trade assisted in building up the city's busi- ness, while the latter supplied a long-needed market for agricultural products. Lyons became a very heavy grain depot. The roads for miles inland were, at some seasons of the year, fairly choked with incoming teams, and weighing- scales counted the day's business by hundreds of loads. During, the war, Lyons attained its growth, but its prosperity was unabated till the opening of the Mid- land Railroad, which cut off a great share of the city's most profitable trade, though enterprising merchants have since struggled energetically against adverse circumstances. The great want of the city has been more varied and extensive ^22 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. manufactures to give full employment to the population. However, in real comfort, refinement and happiness, Lyons need not fear comparison with more> ; bustling towns. Its people have had leisure and means to evolve a social life distinguished for heartiness, culture and tranquillity. The elements of society have had time to assume stability and to outgrow the crudeness so common in comparatively new cities. The literary and esthetic character of Lyons has been materially aided by the influence of the Germans among her population; who have from an early day been a factor equally respected and influential in busi- ness and social affairs. RINGWOOD. Eingwood was until recently the name of a proposed town and corporation lying between and adjoining Clinton and Lyons, extending half a mile from north to south, and three-fourths mile west from the river, and comprising 260 acres. It was entered by Ward Williams in 1843, platted in 1856, and, as a proposed bridge would have terminated within its borders, quite a number of lots were sold and houses built in 1856-58. The plat was largely covered with magnificent groves of Druidical oaks, free from underbrush, similar to those still standing about the residences of Messrs. Hart, Stone, Gibbs and Mills. In 1870, the building of the street railway led to the building of more houses, and soon the city of Clinton endeavored to absorb the territory, to prevent which, after several legal fights, in which the Ringwood people were successful in preventing premature annexation, in August, 1873, Ringwood was regularly incorporated under the general law as a city, just in time to save it being gobbled, the sharp practice of the lawyers, and the way in which Clinton was outgeneraled, calling out much mirth at the time. A special act of the Legisla- ture was passed, confirming the action of the new city and thereby effectually fortifying it against either neighbor. The first and only officers were: Mayor, D. P. McDonald ; Recorder, J. Pollock ; Aldermen, A. L. Stone, E. S. Hart, Fred Rumble, W. Hannoecke and George Bryant. However, in 1878, Ring- wood, having carried its point, unanimously voted for annexation to Clinton, thereby making that city and Lyons conterminous, and removing' all impedfc ments to their union when mutually thought advisable. At one of the meetr ings during the consolidation excitement in 1878, E. S. Hart, Esq., convulsed the assemblage by suggesting that if Lyons and Clinton could not otherwise agree to unite, Ringwood would magnanimously agree to annex both. The opening of the new boulevard in 1878, by the continuation of Fourth street in Clinton through Ringwood, has been a great benefit to both cities. DEEP CREEK TOWNSHIP. Deep Creek Township is bounded on the north by Jackson County, on the -west by Waterford Township, on the south by Center Township, and on the east by Elk River Township. It comprises Congressional Township 83 north;. Range 5 east. The township is obviously named from the stream that waters it so amply, running first to the east and then making an elbow toward the north and flow ; ing toward the Maquoketa, through a superb alluvial valley averaging a mile •and a half wide, bordered by rounded bluffs, and forming the celebrated " Deep Creek Bottom," unsurpassed in the world for farming lands. The creek ■derives its name not so much from the depth of water in its channel, though there are occasional holes of dangerous depth, as from the height of the banks HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 613 as compared with the shallow eastern streams. The township, aside from the floor-like valley, is prairie, more and more rolling as one proceeds northward toward the county line. The timber also increases in the same direction, and the more broken ground in the northwestern part was and is quite well wooded. At the time of its settlement, there were also thick belts of timber along the streams, as well as several groves, so that the pioneers were supplied with building and fencing stuff without having to go very far for it. In the southern part of the township, the valley widens into a vast savanna, in the center of which is the famous Goose Lake, now diminished to a fraction of the expanse that formerly gleamed from the grassy sea surrounding it, when its permanent area was more than : a square mile, and its surrounding marshes much greater. The lake owed its existence to the peculiar conformation of the country. It occupies about the summit of the water-shed between the Maquoketa and the Wapsipinicon, so that when its waters overflowed, they flowed both north through Deep Creek into the former, and southward through Brophy Creek into the latter, though the actual crest is about half a mile south of the lake. Evidently, the magnificent valley formed by these two con- terminous creeks was once the bed of a vast bayou, when the present bluffs of the Mississippi were its shores. East of Goose Lake is also the divide between the drainage by Elk River to the Mississippi and where the Midland Railway passes from the grade formed by the course of the former to that of Deep Creek. Goose Lake has no inlet, being fed by copious springs. Though they, of course, must vary with the rainfall, the lessening of the lake's depth is not due to their diminishing, but to drainage by county ditches, in order to reclaim the swamp lands mentioned elsewhere. The drainage has added hundreds of acres of fat pasture land to the resources of the township and county, and its expanse resembles astonishingly the far-famed fen county in Lincolnshire, in old England, with its reeds, lush meadows and fat, cattle. The lake took its name from the myriads of water-fowl that from ages before the, time the country was settled (though lately comparatively few in number) to the present day, find in its sedgy shallows congenial haunts and breeding-grounds. The sight that the lake presented before its feathered inhabitants were decimated by the shot-gun, during the migrating and breeding seasons, especially in the months of April and October and November, would throw the amateur duck- hunter of to-day into ecstasies. One of the most reliable and soberest in state"- ment of the old settlers, Mr. Thomas Watts, remembers that many times he has stood upon the bluffs overlooking the lake and seen swans alight upon the lake in such numbers that acres and acres of water appeared as white as a snowdrift. And as they new to and fro, the glitter of long lines of snowy white pinions was a spectacle of dazzling beauty. Besides swans, the lake was frequented by pelicans, brant, wild geese and clouds of ducks. The clatter of their wings and the loud honking and quacking as they assembled at night, fairly darkening the horizon with their long columns, was absolutely deafening. For many years, there was no apparent thinning of their numbers, though the lake was a valuable source of food supply to the settlers. Not only were vast numbers of fowl shot and snared, but wagon-loads of eggs were taken during the breeding season. Many eggs of wild geese were hatched by domestic fowl, and for many years wild geese were no rarity in Deep Creek farm-yards. Probably the first white man to locate in Deep Creek Township was one Boone, a nephew of the famous Daniel, who took up a claim at what has since been known as Boone's Springs, near the present residence of Sylvester Hunter, where he made some slight improvements. Before the land in the township 614 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. was surveyed, John Jonas and Dennis Collins resided within the township, but did not enter claims for themselves, though they were engaged by non-rest: dents to look after their interests. The first permanent settlers were Matthew Fliun, James Kerwin, Thomas Watts, afterward County Surveyor, and Capt. Hubbard. About the same time, 1836-1838, came the Simmonses, James, Hiram and Egbert, father and sons, and soon after John Mormon, William L. Potts and Isaac Ramsay and family. The pioneers were from diverse localities, but lived together in enviable peace and tranquillity. Most of them secured the enormous claims of 600 to 1,000 acres, and even more, by the comprehensive process, as " Tom" Watts recounts, with but little of humorous exaggeration, of going up on a rising ground till a place was found that suited the prospector, who then went and staked off all the land in sight. Very little land was ' obtained in Deep Creek by the original settlers, except at the Government? offices. They were not annoyed by speculators or claim jumpers (the former getting only " odds and ends ") in this township. Though the Indians gave possession of the country in 1837, for ten years thereafter, every winter, large bands, sometimes numbering 'fifty or twenty per- sons, of friendly and honest Sacs and Foxes, would return to the Deep Creek ' and Goose Lake region and there encamp, attracted by the abundance of game and fur, and pass the winter hunting and trapping. Otter, mink and muskrat swarmed in the streams, and deer were so numerous, till about 1855, that it was almost impossible to take a walk for half a mile without seeing several. Small game was also abundant. The wives and families of the settlers were on the most cordial terms with the Indians, who paid a liberal tribute of game for occasional luxuries furnished them by the good housewives, who found them far more civil and grateful than are the white vagrants of to-day. Frequently, when Mr. Watts was reading in his bachelor cabin, before 1842, the window would be darkened by a tawny savage's painted face, full of curiosity at seeing the pale-face so intently regarding a sheet of paper. The pioneer would step out, perhaps invite the red man in ; and, after getting comfortably warmed and exchanging compliments, the latter would noiselessly glide away upon the hunting trail. The last elk in the township, and possibly in the county, was killed after a chase so long and exciting as to fully task the hunter's powers, by an Indian, well known as ; 'Jim," he having adopted the name of James Bourne, after the aboriginal custom, paying a delicate compliment to a person by assuming his name. The first farms occupied were naturally those along the rich bottoms and adjacent slopes ; the last, those in the" almost hilly north of the township. The bottom lands had another most powerful attraction in the magnificent springs that gushed out of the rocks at the base of the bluffs. Perhaps the presence of such choice "Adam's ale" was a cause of the remarkable temper- ance that, for that period, prevailed among the settlers along Deep Creek. Inebriation was very rare, and therefore quarrels and accidents were unknown and sickness very rare at that time. Nevertheless people enjoyed themselves. The level sward encouraged ball-playing and pitching quoits ; and raisings and similar gatherings prevented sociality from decaying. The first child was born to William L. Potts, in September, 1839. The first funeral was that of Charles C. Smith, held soon after. The first wedding was in 1844, when Thomas Watts was married to Bmmeline, daughter of Robert Hunter, at the house of the bride's father ; William Hunter, Justice, performing the ceremony, there being no clergyman within thirty or forty HISTORy OF CLINTON COUNTY. 615 miles. It must have been an auspicious wedding-day ; for though the then blooming prairie bride has entered into her heavenly rest, the husband and father still survives, stalwart and vigorous, with his descendants multiplying about him. The first post office was, as before mentioned, at Boone's Springs, in Sec- tion 5, Township 85 north, Range 5 east, established in 1850, with Philo Hunter as Postmaster. His successor was John Evans, who dispensed the weekly mail, by the Bellevue and De Witt horseback route,, till, in 1872, the office was removed and changed to Goose Lake, where John Dickey has ■ever since served as Postmaster. The first stated religious services in the township were held at Hunter's Log Schoolhouse, in the north part, in 1844. by both Methodists and Congre- gationalists. Rev. 0. Emerson and other missionaries officiated. In 1854, congregations met in the log schoolhouse near B. T. Cook's. The names of those energetic workers, Larkins and Blackford, are found among those who dispensed spiritual food in the decade ending with 1850. In 1862," a Methodist Church, costing $3,000, was built by a general con- tribution. Rev. Daniel Conrod is the present local clergyman in the Congre- gational Church of Deep Creek, and Waterford assisted in building a Union Church at Preston, in Jackson County, in 1876. Among the early teachers in the. old log schoolhouses above mentioned were Philo Hunter, Miss Marietta Rhodes and Mrs. Rodman. The schools were quiet and orderly, insubordination being less common than in these days. ' The inconveniences of the buildings were patiently endured. Teachers boarded around and were sustained in their legitimate functions by the school patrons. Deep Creek was one of the first townships to renew its schoolhouses at an aver- age cost of about $91. The panic of 1857 was weathered very comfortably by the farmers of this township, as few of them then had any interest to carry. Since that date, the financial history of the township has substantially been that of the rest of the county. In common with the others of the two northern tiers of townships, substantial benefit was derived from the building of the recent railways. The Midland crosses the north part of Goose Lake on a solid embankment, just north of the old stage-route from Lyons to Maquoketa, which has, by the expenditure of much toil and money, been converted from a quagmire, in which coaches stuck and through which perspiring, muddy and profane travelers wallowed, into a firm and dry highway. . The winter of 1842-43 was memorable for its intense windless cold during January, February and March, so that on the first Monday of April, a load of 1,000 bricks was hauled across Deep Creek on the ice. In 1849-50, was the deepest snow remembered by old settlers, twenty inches being measured on a level. The greatest annoyances were prairie fires and wolves. Ihe latter have, indeed, not lessened in numbers or in boldness, owing to the increase ol lurk- ing-places in ditches and groves. Formerly, when swine were allowed to run at large outside of the fenced and broken fields, a large tribute of young porkers was secured by the wolves. Now the sheep are the victims, and farmers have generally been compelled to give up their flocks. Prairie fires, till as late as 1855, were an almost annual visitation either in rainless winters or m the fall, when the grass had been killed by frost. As they swept over the broad valley and climbed the bluffs, the sight was often inexpressibly grand. Sometimes they advanced at a speed of not less than twelve miles per hour, 616 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. though the usual rate was only two. to four miles. The settlers usually pr e . served their fences and property by building counter-fires, which burned against the wind, so as to leave an open space, over which the advancing billow of fire could not leap. It is a mistake to suppose that these fires ceased when the Indians left the country. Owing either to carelessness of hunters or to design they were just as frequent as long as there was a grassy jungle as dry as tinder for the flames to feed upon. Old settlers tell of the curious way in which it used to advance by wedges, so to speak. Many fences were burned and ditches were, therefore, at first often used for dividing lines. Next came the board 1 fence, destined to give place to wire. Little did the emigrants ever expect to get their fencing material from Pittsburgh or Cleveland. Many acres have been added to the arable area of farms by sloughs drying up, owing to culti- vation and the wash from plowed land filling them up. Where were once oozy bogs now wave fields of corn. Much land has also been reclaimed by ditching. In 1865, in Section 16, transpired the only capital crime chronicled in the annals of Deep Creek since its settlement, but a murder so melodramatic and fiendish in its motive and circumstances, as to savor of the climes where vol- canic passions invoke the dagger to settle rivalries. One J. M. Mattoon, a man of ugly and licentious disposition, had, in his household, a comely hand- maid named Hannah, whose position was, by the neighbors, pretty accurately supposed to be similar to that of Hagar, in Abraham's household. However, she appeared not to be at all exclusive in her affections, but to divide them with tolerable impartiality between Mattoon, whose wife bore the infliction with sin- gular equanimity, and a rather aged but ardent admirer named Ray. Miss Hannah's course of polyandry ran smoothly enough, till Ray's son, Oliver, a gallant soldier in Company K, of the Twenty-sixth Regiment, arrived home. He, too, became enamored of the voluptuous domestic, and she very naturally preferred the frank, martial young man to either the senior Ray or morose Mattoon. The old man Ray, upon being notified by Oliver, of the latters liking for the girl, gracefully withdrew, but into Mattoon entered the green- eyed devil of jealousy. Upon Oliver's calling upon the girl at the house, he was ordered out of the house by Mattoon, and went to the adjacent house of W. D. Weir, whither the lassie followed him. Presently Mattoon made his appearance and picked a quarrel with young Ray, finally calling him a liar, for which he was promptly knocked down by the veteran. Mattoon then went into the pantry, obtained a large, sharp butcher-knife, and, concealing jt in his sleeve, walked into the door-yard, and soon returning renewed the quarrel, and plunged the knife twice into Ray's body, who fell, bathed in blood, to the floor, and, after lingering some days died, killed in a trivial broil, after having gone through the war without a wound. Owing to the culpable apathy of the neigh- borhood, Mattoon was neither lynched nor arrested, but made his escape to the Far West, and was never heard of again, though one of the settlers, Mr. Bron- son, of Goose Lake, found traces of him. ' The buxom cause of war married and went West. The only fatal accidents, aside from the drowning of a child recorded elsewhere, were the suffocation of Messrs. Kruse and Wilson, while dig- ging a well in Section 15, and the death of Samuel Cooper, by driving off an embankment near Bryant. Henry Boock committed suicide in Bryant. A post office was established at Bryant, a station on the Midland in the southeastern part of the township, in 1870, the railroad being completed to that point in December of that year. The first Postmaster was C. Hass, suc- ceeded by Otto Behrns, E. Reiff, and the present official, E. N. Nagel. In 1877, a great need of that section of the county was met by the building of HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 6 IT the Bryant Steam-Mills by a stock company, 100 shares at $50, being sub- scribed m the neighborhood. The officers are James Sewell, President • N E. Ingwersen, Secretary ; 0. H. Buck, Treasurer; P. H. Dunn and Hans Bruch, Directors. The first business men were E. N. Nagel, B. Reiff and C. Anderson. An independent school district was organized, and a school build- ing costing $2,400 erected in 1874. Among the older settlers and large farm- ers in this part of the county are the Ingwersens, Patrick Laughlen, P. H. Petersen and Josiah Davis. Many of the farms run from 600 to 700 acres in size, and compare in cultivation with any in the United States. Previous to 1854, the settlers around Goose Lake had been greatly annoyed by losing horses and cattle, owing to a regular line of horse-thieves from St. Paul to Missouri and Kansas, where the border-ruffian element then made it a snug harbor for all kinds of desperadoes. In that year was organized a Home Protection Society, of which Capt. C. B. Hubbard was President. Six- teen active citizens were chosen as riders, and thereafter the mere existence of the organization rendered property in live stock secure. About this time, James Spurrell lost a valuable steer, which the thief took to Lyons. The culprit was tracked in the snow and captured, but succeeded in making his temporary escape during biting cold weather, on horseback, without boots, hat or coat, and was horribly frozen. ELK RIVER . TOWNSHIP. Elk River Township is- the northeast township in Clinton County, and .is bounded on the east by the Mississippi River, on the north by Jackson County, on the west by Deep Creek Township, and on the south by Hampshire and Lyons Townships. It comprises Congressional Township 83 north, Range 6 east, and fractional Township 83 north, Range 7 east. It is one of the original six townships organized, though its boundaries were then more extended. The present population is about fourteen hundred. The name of this township and the stream which flows through it was sug- gested by the number of elk-horns found along the banks of the stream by the first settlers, and which indicated that large numbers of these noble animals must have roamed these prairies. One "last survivor" was killed in the township since its settlement. It was the best-timbered township in the county, probably, there haying been seven or eight sections in the township that were covered with original timber. Its surface is somewhat broken and hilly, along the Mississippi and the streams, and the surface generally is undulating. A valley extends west, giving an outlet for two railroads, the Midland and the Sabula, Ackley & Dakota, and, by the peculiar conformation of the surface, these two roads, one approaching from the north and the other from the south, where they seek their western route, approach each other to within sixty-four rods. From Teed's Grove to the mouth of Elk River, a distance of about four miles, as the stream winds, the banks are lined with quarries of excellent stone, in every desired size and thickness, and in almost inexhaustible quantity. The splendid residence of Mr. David Shadduck, on Section 24, Town 83, Range 6, costing $15,000, was built of stone from these quarries. The Elk River has two* branches, one flowing southeasterly from Jackson County and the other in a northeasterly direction, until they unite at Teed s #18 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. Grove, and thence flows with a very tortuous channel, but in a general south- easterly direction, until it empties into the Mississippi. After the junction of the two branches, the rapid fall in the stream affords several excellent mill- sites. The oldest settler in Elk River was Teed, from whom Teed's Grove takes its name. He settled in the thickest oak timber in the grove, on Sec- tion 16, Township 83 north, Range 6 east. This was in 1836, and, although surrounded with rich- prairie land, he girdled the oak timber to make him a clearing, as they did "down Bast." When the Government surveyors came through, in July, 1837, they informed him that he had located upon a school section. He immediately pulled up in disgust and left, saying that "he wouldn't stay where he couldn't have timber." He was never heard from in this section since. On the 8th of July, 1839, the following settlers were in the township: Arthur Smith, Otis Bennett, C. B. Langford, Levi Shadduck, David Shad- duck, George Hollis, John Hollis, James Mclntire, 0. A. Crary, Joseph McCrary, John Carr, William Alexander, William Dinwoodie, Martin Toel, Michael Toel, George Griswold, Alfred Brown, Thomas Calderwood, Daniel Smith, James Leonard, Sr., Robert Cruthers, William Smilley. The township, by a vote of the settlers, was at first named Fair Haven, after a town of that name in Connecticut, from which several of them came. This, however, was previous to the organization of the township, which was then called after the name of the principal stream. A petition was then made for a post office, and, in the fall of 1839, the petition was granted, and the office was established on Section 11, Town 83 north, .Range 6 east, and James Leonard, Jr., commissioned the first Post- master. This office was shortly after discontinued for want of patronage. While in operation, the mail was carried on horseback on the Davenport and Dubuque route. The next post office was established November 11, 1843, and called Elk River, and John Sloan was the first Postmaster. This is the post office now called Almont, and is at the station by the same name on the Midland. The following have been the Postmasters at this office since Mr. Sloan : Thomas Calderwood, William G. Haun, A. J. Bingham, J. S. Herwick (with whose in-coming it was changed to Almont) and E. 0. Langford, the present incumbent. A post office was established on the Sabula, Ackley & Dakota Road in 1874, and called Mead, Isaac C. Finch, Postmaster ; but, two years after, the office burned and was then discontinued. There is also a post office at Teed's Grove, on the Sabula, Ackley & Dakota > Railroad. There are three churches in the township. The oldest is an Episcopal Church at Hauntown. In was originally built, in 1846, by William G. Haun, for store purposes, but was afterward rebuilt into a church. Occasional ser- vices have been held there, but no regular preaching is maintained. A Union Church was erected near Almont Station in 1872, the title to which is in the Methodist denomination. No regular services have ever been maintained, and services are seldom held at the present time. When the Almont Church was built, " Uncle Harmer," as the Rev. S. T. Harmer was familiarly known, was a pretty strong Methodist, and he insisted upon a denominational Church, and a building costing about $3,000 was erected, upon ground to be donated by the owner. After the building was completed, HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 619 the owner's wife would not sign the deeds unless it was made a Union Church which was accordingly done. A Congregational Church was organized at Teed's Grove in 1854, and a church building erected and dedicated in 1855. Rev. 0. Emerson was the first minister. He remained with them for about two years. He was succeeded by Rev. Mr. Butterfield, and Rev. Mr. Littlefield was his successor. In 1861, Mr. Emerson returned, and has preached here from that time until the present on each alternate Sabbath. The old church having grown gray and dilapidated, in 1871, a new Union Church was erected, jointly by the Congregationalists and the Methodists, who occupy it upon alternate Sabbaths. It is on Miles Circuit. The first school was taught in a log cabin where Chester Babcock now lives, near the Almont Church. The first teacher was Miss Julia Carpenter, of Fulton, 111., who taught in the summer of 1842. There are now thirteen school districts, all having good schoolhouses or about to have them, as all the old buildings are now being replaced with new ones at an average cost of $1,000. The people cheerfully pay their taxes for education and seem inter- ested in the welfare of their children in this direction. The average wages of teachers is $25 per month. When this township was first settled, great fears were entertained "by the settlers that the supply of timber would be insufficient for the necessities of the inhabitants, and the fencing was all done by ditching, but to-day it is believed that there is more timber growing in the township than there was when the first settler cut the first tree. There are only 700 acres of non-resident lands in the township ; 300 acres are owned by Mr. Rand, of Burlington, and 400 acres by Robert Knowles, of Moline, 111. The last piece of Government land was entered in 1852. The farms are generally of moderate size, the largest in the township being 500 acres. The population is quite largely German or of German descent, and their proportionate number is yearly increasing. There are nearly twenty miles of railway in this township on the Midland, Sabula, Ackley & Dakota and the Dubuque lines. In 1837, O. A. Crary and James Leonard built a saw-mill on Elk River, on Section 11, Township 83 north, Range 6 east. It was operated as a saw- mill from that date until 1842, and did a large amount of business until the supply of timber was diminished. It was then 'taken down and removed to a stream in Jackson County near Green Island. The next attempt at mill-building was in 1843, when John Sloan, William Sloan, George Griswold and M. L. Barber began the erection of a mill for the manufacture of hemp, at the place where Hauntown now is. Hemp-seed was purchased for sowing at $2 per bushel and large quantities of it raised for the purpose of being converted here into rope, twine, bagging, etc. Like many other visionary schemes, it was found to be impracticable, owing to the immense amount of labor required in the process. After this result, the manufacture of these goods was abandoned and the mill was to be converted into a grist- mill. The Messrs. Sloan and Griswold sold out their interest to William Gray, Mr. Barber, who was a millwright, retaining his. In the winter of 1845-46, Mr. Gray went to St. Louis, where he fell in with William G. Haun, and, in the spring of 1846, they returned, bringing with them all the necessary machinery for a flouring-mill. This enterprise was pushed rapidly to com- pletion, a distillery being also immediately built, together with a store, g20 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. malt-house and warehouse, and in November the mill and distillery were in full operation. The capacity of the distillery was nine barrels per day.' It s product was mostly sold in the pineries^ and as the reputation of Elk River whisky was not yet fully established, it was customary to brand the barrels "Old Rectified Whisky, from B. J. Moore & Co., Cincinnati. Ohio." Prom this date until 1857, Hauntown was one of the most important business points in this section of the country, and "Billy G. Haun " considered to be one of the financial "heavy dogs." Mr, Haun also built a steam saw-mill at the mouth of Elk River. In 1859, his creditors had dispossessed him of his Hauntown property, and he went down midway between there and the Missis- sippi, to which point he removed his steam saw-mill and converted it into a distillery. Both these have long since gone to decay. The grist-mill at Hauntown, now owned by Wood & Struve, has been from time to time repaired and improved, and is now in successful operation. Mr. Gray, before mentioned, sold out his interest to W- G. Haun and went to Teed's Grove and built a new flouring-mill, which is the one now in ope- ration-there. In 1841, Messrs. Calderwood & Dinwiddie commenced the erection of a saw-mill on the Elk River, on ' Section 18, Township 83 north, Range 7 east, After two failures, resulting from the imperfection of the water-wheels, Mr. Dinwiddie withdrew from the firm. Mr. Calderwood, however, succeeded, late in the fall of 1842, in completing a mill that was of ample capacity for the wants of the locality. The supply of timber being good — plenty of Govern- ment land — lumber was shipped to Galena and various other points, for wagon- building, etc., until 1850, when Mr. Calderwood went to California, selling the mill shortly after to Mr. C. E. Langford, who operated it for several years, and there laid the foundation for the present extensive and first-class steam saw-mill owned by himself and Mr. Hall, in Fulton, 111. The Calderwood mill is now owned by Mr. Daniel Favorgue, but the supply of timber having given out, little or nothing is done in the. way of manufacturing lumber. A 'grist-mill, however, built by Mr. Favorgue, is in successful operation. An attempt was made, in 1842, to build a " current mill " in the sloughs of the Mississippi, on Section 17, Township 83, Range 7, by Messrs. Frederick Hess and George Griswold. The frame was raised in March, 1843, but the enterprise was abandoned. The last encampment of Indians was in the fall of 1839, at the mouth of Elk River, at a place where an old trading-house had been previously built, the chimney of which is still partially standing. Not regarding the laws of " meum et tuum," they were speedily driven away. That part of the township known as fractional Township 83, Range 7, being the timbered part of the township, was brought into market in 1840, of which considerable was entered shortly afterward. The first piece of land bought in Township 83, Range 6, was purchased by W. G. Haun, being the east half of the northeast quarter of Section 13, at the land sale in Dubuque in 1846. Few "claim difficulties" occurred, most of the settlers being allowed to purchase at private sale. A Mr. James Hall caused the only difficulty which took place. Mr. Beatty had improved an eighty, which he had fenced, and one of the forties he had purchased. Mr. Hall entered the other forty from him, and so the neighbors turned out one night and assisted Mr. Beatty in drawing his fence off from the forty which Hall had entered. Hall took his revenge by entering tbe claims of each settler who assisted Beatty, wherever he HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 621 could find the opportunity. This created very bitter feeling in the neighbor- hood. In 1840, Zara Emory, who lived in Lyons, desired to go to the saw-mill of Leonard & Crary, at Teed's Grove. He took the divide between the east and west flow of water, and marked a road by guess. That trail is 'almost the identical route of the road as afterward located and known as the " prairie road." John Hollisls said to be the longest continuous resident in the townshiD of Elk River. F Charles G. Forrest, as a successful farmer and business man, stands pre- eminent in the township, having originally settled there with his hands and head as his only capital. In 1856, a man named O'Brien killed his wife, on the Robert Cruther's faim, by beating her to death with a piece of board, while on a drunken spree. He confessed his v crime, and was committed to jail in De Witt, and while con- fined there he broke jail and has never since been heard of. In 1860, Abner Munger and Austin Baldwin, who owned lands adjoining, quarreled about the division line. Mr. Baldwin's son, Walter, together with his cousin, Ransom Baldwin, met Mr. Munger on Sunday morning, on the highway. Walter said, " there comes Munger, and I will give him a licking." He attacked Mr. Munger, who drew ajackknife and kept him at bay, until Walter found a piece of fence board, and, picking it up, struck at Mr. Munger until he knocked him down, as afterward developed, fracturing his skull. Walter immediately after the affray surrendered himself to Justice Crawford, who fined him $1 for breach of the peace. Three days after, Mr. Munger died. When his death became evident, Walter fled the country, remaining away sev- eral months. Upon the advice of his attorney, he returned and stood his trial, which took place in March, 1862. The jury, after being out forty-six hours, brought in a verdict of manslaughter. Judge Dillon sentenced him to pay a fine of $1,000, and to one year's imprisonment. An appeal being taken to the Supreme Court, a new trial was granted. Meanwhile, Ransom Baldwin, the only eye-witness, had enlisted in the army, from which he deserted and could not be found, and a nolle prosequi was entered in the case. WATERFORD TOWNSHIP. Waterford is bounded on the north by Jackson County, on the east by Deep Creek, on the south by Washington and on the west by Bloomfield Town- ships. It comprises Congressional Township 83 north, Range 4 east, and was set off as related elsewhere. Its surface is very agreeably diversified. Deep Creek flows in an easterly direction through the southern part of the township, though the bottom-lands are not so extensive as in the wider vale through which the stream flows after bending to the north. But the prairie, through which it has cut a rather narrow and, in some places, rocky channel, is excellent rolling land, which, toward the northern part of the town- ship, becomes more and more broken and abrupt. Sugar Creek flows eastward in the northern part of the township, and along its course are some very good farming sections, adjacent to land decidedly rocky and hilly. The pools of Deep Creek, where it flows over a stony and rocky bed, afford magnificent fish- ing. Pike weighing twenty-eight pounds have been caught by the old settlers. Indeed, the creek was a favorite fishing resort of Indians long after the settlers 622 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. were domiciled along its banks. By injudicious taking of the young fry and fishing out of season, the finny tribe were, a few years ago, nearly exterminated, but since the passage of the game laws the fish, notably bass, have had a chance to multiply, so that now they furnish rare sport and much choice food, good sport being obtained in the very streets of Charlotte. Among the senior settlers were William Hunter, who was probably the first to take up a claim on the brawling creek within the present township limits., not far from where is now the business centre of Charlotte ; Henry Nurre, one of the first of the honest Teutons who spied out the land of plenty in Clinton County, arriving in 1840; 0. P. Aikman, an old Lyons settler; Miles R. Louderbaugh, a mighty hunter; John Costolo, Sr., 0. W. Denham, W. D. Hanrahan, the Monahans, C. Spain, Lewis Shull, John Clary, John P. Prefer, the original proprietor of the town plat of Charlotte ; A. J. Riggs, Charles and A. J. Albright, M. F. Quigley, Conrad Varner, Elias Stalcup, Jeremiah Dingwall, Elijah Markham, John Adams and John Crouch. Many of the «arly settlers came from New York and Indiana, but a large German and Irish influx at an early day materially aided in the development of the township and gave the population a composite character. For a long time game was very abundant. The herds of red deer then pastured throughout the natural glades or browsed in the abundant thickets and rather well-timbered northern portion of the township would have gratified the stalwart border hunters or astonished those sportsmen who now invade the north- ern woods, with the most elaborate equipment and consider themselves lucky when they get a single buck or doe. Miles Lawderbaugh, one of those patriarchal Kentuckians who believed not a word of the Malthusian creed, having over twenty children in his family, was, in his younger days, renowned through the length and breadth of the Deep Creek country as an indefatigable and skillful hunter, astonishingly successful even after the deer became so wild that it required great skill in woodcraft to get a fair shot at the shy creatures. Lawderbaugh, armed with his trusty long Kentucky rifle, would mount his mare, that enjoyed the chase as much as her owner, and, frequently using the intelligent beast as a stalking-horse behind which to walk within range, he would fairly hunt down and secure sometimes four deer in half a day — a record that none of the Indian hunters of the time were able to surpass or even equal. Land titles were established peaceably and permanently, as a general- thing, though, owing to the speculative excitement in the bubble years preceding the panic of 1857, most of the eligible farms in the township have changed hands. The effect of the plethora of paper money at that time, and the sanguine spirit fostered by the beginning of the construction of the Iowa Air Line, may be inferred by the fact that some lands favorably located along Deep Creek bot- tom were sold, before the war, as high as $75 per acre, and, after the crash, tumbled to $15, to undergo, during the war and after the construction of the Midland, a second and more healthy and permanent appreciation in value. Claim-jumpers were, however, wide awake in Waterford. One day in 1847, William Hunter — as before stated, the earliest settler — observed two men, one a neighbor and the other a stranger, riding around the claim he had located. His suspicions being aroused, as soon as it was dark, he went on foot seven miles, to where his father and brothers were farming on rented land in Deep Creek Township. In such emergencies, not only vigilance, but promptness, was necessary ; so the brothers at once yoked their two pairs of cattle, obtained a plow from their brother-in-law, Thomas Watts, and when the rising sun gilded the prairie knolls, the brothers, with their two yoke of cattle, had already HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 623 turned up the virgin sod upon the claim. Soon after, the two men, who had been discovered reconnoitermg; arrived on the scene with a load of Turner with wh,ch „ was their intention to construct a cabin on the claim, thereby dispossessing the rightful owners. But the plowing saved the farmers' acres and the invaders retired crestfallen at being outgeneraled by the wide-awaS fn U 1853 wl ^ r aS1 ° nS ,' the h ° ld r ° f ClaimS ™ e » ot so lunate 6 In 1853, Wash. Stalcup and a man of the name of Chapin, succeeded in obtaining a claim of enormous size— tradition affirms of upward of 1200 acres-which certain neighbors coveting, they so artfully worked on the appre- hens.ons of the partners that they abandoned their claim and left the country leaving their plantation to be divided among the authors of the "put-up" iob of which details are lacking, but which was probably of very doubtful credit to any ot the parties concerned. During the palmy days of 1856, when business and speculation were- booming along the proposed route of the Air Line, most enormous interests- were paid by sanguine persons, who borrowed money on real estate, ranging from 15 to as high as 30 per cent. After the panic, speculators, as a general thing, were glad to unload their land to actual settlers at almost any figure, SO' that the result was that most of the farms in the section around Charlotte were obtained by the original settlers or present owners, at comparatively reasonable- prices. In the spring of 1853, the present post office of Charlotte was established; and named after the wife of the first Postmaster, the late Albert Gilmore. The office was then kept by Jerry Case, who was consecutively succeeded b\r William Hunter, A. J. Albright, R. J. McLanahan, William Hunter, re-appointed r H. A. Wickes, Patrick Murphy, A. M. Gohlmann, H. Junger, N. Harrison,, and the present official, W. H. Junger. The mail, till the arrival of the rail- way, was nominally a weekly one on the route from De Witt to Sabula. Fre- quently, in the seasons of floods and bad roads, the people had to wait an unconscionable time for tidings from the outer world. On one occasion it was delayed six weeks by high water in the Maquoketa River. Principal among the older Justices were William Hunter, Andrew Hevener and Joe Case. A. J. Albright and E. H. Rowell at present occupy the position. Originally, the towns of Deep Creek, Waterf'ord, and the north half of the present township of Washington, constituted one school district. The first school was taught by Celeste Jenne, in the summer of 1849, in a log school- house, built by private subscription and located on the farm now occupied by Will- iam McClure. Among the other earnest workers in the cause of education were such teachers as Ann A. Ritchie, Mary Wise, Delia and Maria Hall and R. J. Crouch. For some time, several of the primitive log schoolhouses had only rounded puncheon seats, uncomfortable alike for the children and the worship- ers, when on Sunday they were used for church purposes. Elijah Markham was the first public-spirited man to move in the direction of substituting seats and desks made of lumber. How teachers and children endured the winter in those crazy structures is one of the mysteries that would perplex a medical faculty. Yet, somehow, the pupil not only lived but learned. Now, the town- ship is dotted with very commodious schoolhouses, and Charlotte possesses a very creditable graded school, built in 1875, costing $3,500, and seating 150 pupils. Mr. Houck and Miss Conwell are the teachers. In the early days, spelling schools were frequent and jolly. The rivalry between the north and south sides of the creek was as great as that described in the "Hoosier Schoolmaster," and often ambitious leaders would commit to~ 624 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. memory the entire speller, so that the real sport began when the propounder of words, often "Dick" Crouch, now of De Witt, produced the "extra" list of geographical and newly-coined words, before which the sturdiest spellers went down like squadrons before a well-served Gatling battery. As in the other townships, the schoolhouses were the first churches. Denominational lines were disregarded in the general eagerness to hear the Word. The pioneer clergy were itinerants and circuit-riders. Among the earlier Methodist clergymen were Rev. Mulholland, a relative of the ftiggs family, who preached in the old log schoolhouse at Charlotte, and in settlers' houses. Revs. Larkins. William Moore and Amos are also remembered as faithful workers in a field where the laborers were indeed few. In 1871, a neat Methodist Church, costing $3,000, was built at Charlotte, and is now presided over by Rev. W. 0. Glassner, who also labors efficiently at Preston and Fairfield, in Jackson County. The names of Peter Varner, W. C. White, William Rossiter, William Marshall and J. ,S. Ellis appear on f the records as the founders of the re-organized society. Several edifying camp- meetings were held in the vicinity before the war. Lately, the general ren- dezvous at Camanche, during the District Camp-Meeting, has prevented their revival. A Lutheran Church was also organized, and for some years met on private houses till in 1872, when the present combined church and parsonage was erected, at a cost of $2,500. Rev. E. Riedel is the present Pastor. The Roman Catholic Church has, for many years, been strongly represented in Waterford. Almost from the time the township was organized, services were held, and the first mass was celebrated at a log house by the zealous pioneer priest, Rev. Father McKinney. From that time, the congregation has steadily and rapidly increased till it now numbers 150 families, and occupies a commo- dious church on Section 30, costing over $4,000. Rev. Father James Scallen ■Was the second Pastor of the infant Church, and was succeeded by the first resident priest, Rev. Father J. J. Cadden, followed by Rev. Father Eugene O'Keefe, and in November, 1877, by the present Father, Rev. J. J. O'Farrell. Not only has the influence of the Church been directly felt in the work of regenerating a formerly rather recklessly convivial community, but the co-op- eration of Rev. Fathers Cadden and O'Farrell with the Roman Catholic Total Abstinence and Benevolent Society, organized October 25, 1871, has been of great value to that useful and flourishing body. Its first officers were : Presi- dent, William Hanrahan : Vice President, G. H. Knight ; Secretary, B. J. Moynahan ; Treasurer, M. Conwell. Charter members — M. McDermott, Wil- liam Williams and T. Conolly. When the Society was instituted at Charlotte, there was only* three men in the vicinity who did not occasionally get, if not on the "war-path," at least take a social glass with very little provocation. But the Roman Catholic Total Abstinence Society and other wholesome influences have changed all that. It has over one -hundred and fifty members enrolled. Its present officers are: President, Thomas O'Toole ; Vice President, James Hurley; Secretary, James O'Meara; Treasurer, John O'Donnell. The temperance cause in Waterford received another decided impetus when, in February, 1878, a Reform Club was organized, with A. T. Carny, President, and J. G. Spellman, Vice President. The membership was quickly increased to over fifty, and a large and well-stocked reading-room opened near the res- idence of A. J. Albright ; and the organization prospers with, for present offi- cers, President, Thomas Spellman ; Vice President, Josiah Shaw ; Secretary, Stephen Williams. HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 625 In 1864, a German Catholic Church was built in the Sugar Creek settle- ment. It has since been renovated and enlarged. Rev. Father Liersmann is the present Pastor. About the beginning of the past decade, there was a very lively debating society in Charlotte, which used to meet in the old schoolhouse and discuss many knotty problems of morals and social science. As in the spelling-schools, great was the feud between the north and the south sides of the creek, and Dick Crouch often attended to assist in the discussion*. Sometimes personali- ties ran high, and a scene between L. B. Nixon and William Hunter is still remembered with considerable glee. Putnam Lodge, No. 102, of the Ancient Order of United Workmen, was instituted February 22, 1877, with the following charter members and first officers: M. G. Sloan, P. M. W. ; John Pieffer, M. W. ; E. F. Hill, F. ; C. Christiansen, 0.; E. C. Rowell, Recorder; J. P. Spellman, Financier; G. W. Van Zandt, Receiver; Charles Gilmore, Guide; H. Bedford, I. W. : S. P. Reed, 0. W. The present officers are: Samuel Hansen, P. M. W. ; P. A. Gohlmann.M.W.; John Lund, 0.; H.Bedford,F.; Stephen Williams, Recorder ; Peter Schmidt, Financier. The Lodge occupies snug quarters in Gohlmann's Block, and has enrolled over a hundred members. Charlotte .dragged a rather slow existence during the tedious interval between the suspension of operations on the Air Line and the celebration that welcomed the arrival of the Midland, in November, 1870. Gilmore's mill had been the nucleus of the settlement, and from 1852-53, supplied, notwith- standing several interruptions due to raging floods, a wide area of country with flour. Another mill was built a short distance below, about the same time, by Wash Crabb. Both mills cut lumber as well as ground grain. Especially when logs were easily obtainable from Government claims in the northern part of the township was the lumbering interest lively along Deep Creek. One Claiborne undertook to start a saw-mill at a site above Gilmore's, but before he was ready to begin cutting, a heavy freshet washed out his dam, and the location was bought by Gilmore to prevent his own supply of water being shut off by a dam above. After the completion of the Midland Railroad to Charlotte, business naturally revived, and several enterprising houses, Moynahan Bros., Thomas Carny, Gohlmann & Junger and others, have made it the supply and shipping point for quite an extensive farming region. Since then, the population has doubled till that of the Independent School District, organized in 1873, number about four hundred and fifty. Real estate has permanently appreciated at least 25 per cent on the average. Cattle-raising is largely displacing other and less profit- able interests, and the future outlook of that portion of the country is one of encouragement to the dwellers therein. During the past decade, quite a settle- ment of Bohemians, Austrians and Poles has grown up in the Sugar Creek Valley ; their farms being usually of only a few acres, and in rugged, and, com- pared with the more fertile portions of the county, unproductive localities. But they toil and live on what the American, German or Irishman would despise as anything but a sheep pasture. The rushing waters of Deep Creek have been productive of tragedy. On St. Patrick's Day, 1865, Patrick Clary and his wife were drowned while endeavoring to ford the swollen stream, at a point a shore distance west of Charlotte. On the evening of March 6, 1873, when the creek was very high, and an ice-gorge had formed just below the ford in Charlotte, used while the bridge was undergoing repairs, a wagon and team were swept under the ice by 626 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. the swift current, and Johann Jochimsen and wife, Martin Paulsen, and a stranger from Chicago were drowned. In the fall of 1869, a serious shooting affray happened in Charlotte. Deputy Constable Thomas Henderson, having arrested Hugh and Daniel Han- rahan, for some trifling offense, their brother Martin, having arrived in town. and becoming intoxicated near Murphy's store,' endeavored to assault the offi- cer, who, being unable to retreat, as the creek was at his back, after warning Hanrahan, shot him fatally through the body. An infuriated crowd of the friends of Hanrahan surrounded Justice Aikman's house, threatening to lynch Henderson and to burn the house. Finally, how'ever, the mob was pacified, and he was taken to De Witt jail, where several unsuccessful attempts were made to take and lynch him. He was eventually acquitted on the ground of self-defense. At a cost of much labor and many hundred dollars, a broad causeway has been built across the once miry Deep Creek bottom at Charlotte, as the course of the stream straightened so that floods are neither as annoying or dangerous as in times past. The first inn between Lyons and Maquoketa was kept by Elijah Markham in the flush air-line days, when a daily stage ran between those two points. The points of departure and arrival were the Clinton House at Lyons and the Decker House at Maquoketa, passengers dining at Markham 's. The vehicles and horses were both first-class, and the trip along the territorial ridge road was, except through the morasses near Goose Lake, a pleasant and rapid one. Until after the war, the trail was mostly unfenced, and wound through the beautiful open prairie. The coaches carried from twelve to fifteen passengers,, who sometimes had to get out and pass through muddy places on foot. Near Goose Lake, a settler had a claim through which the coach sometimes passed to find firm ground in wet weather. One day, however, the owner's son appeared with a gun and forbade the driver trespassing on their land, but, by a moderate bribe, was induced to imitate the medieval barons and allow travelers to pass through his dominion upon the payment of toll. In 1857, supplies bore fancy prices in Waterford. Hay was $40 per ton ; potatoes were $1 per bushel ; beef, 16 cents per pound, and other articles in like proportion. Many cattle perished during that severe winter of 1856-57, and there were but few who did not fully realize what " hard times " really were. The convulsion of 1873 was scarcely felt in comparison., The Sabula, Ackley & Dakota Railroad traverses the northern part of the township, and affords the farmers in that part an outlet at Riggs' and Brown's Stations. BROOKFIELD AND BLOOMFIELD. When Brookfield Precinct was first established, comprising what are now the townships of Brookfield, Bloomfield, Berlin and Welton, there were but six voters in the township to fill its nine offices. Afterward, about 1855, Congressional/ Townships 82 and 83 north, of Range 3 east, were set off from Brookfield and; named Bloomfield, by Russell Perham. He, Sylvanus S. Norton and Alva McLaughlin were the first Justices of the Peace, and S. S. Norton the first Town Clerk. Among the settlers of Bloomfield Township at the time of its organization were also Joseph Benjamin, Nicholas Koon, Joseph Willey, Anson Norton, N. and Eli Hatfield 0. J. Hinckley, Calvin Davis, Ben Ogden, Sr, Parvin Davis, Royal Goodenow, John and Solomon Smith, Abraham Names, HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. ' 627 James and Abe Walrod, John Q. Jenkins, Robert Williams, Henry C. Cowgill, Grove, Henry and William Gillett, Lewis De Laun, David Rhodes, Levi Decker, Jack Brahmer, Peter Sleeper, Edson Hoyt, Charles and John Riggs, Ransom Haines, Seneca Williams, Dean Davis, Jacob Bollinger, Thomas Snowden, John Burgess and Truman Clarke. Probably the place now owned by Niles Wright, on Section 6, entered in 1841, was the firs>t claim located in that portion of the county. Bloomfield and Brookfield Townships, when settled, contained very little timber. One solitary tree stood conspicuous on a high rise in the rolling prairie, and as a landmark was known far and near as the "lone tree." The earliest pioneers were, in 1838-39, the Riggs and Decker families, Levi Decker being still alive, hale and hearty, able to do work in the harvest-field. John Riggs died while en route to California. The first houses were of logs thatched with hay. The first frame house was built by Decker, in 1841. The Hatfields were also one of the earliest families. Nearly all the farmers had timber claims in the belt along the Maquoketa, in Jackson County, where the groves also furnished an abundance of the choicest maple sugar and sirup, which were a welcome addition to the fare at the settlers' cabins. In this portion of the county the old-fashioned, hearty rural amusements of Eastern sections obtained quite extensively, and rendered social life quite gay, considering the sparseness of the population. Everybody entered into merry-makings with a spirit that insured a jolly time to all that assembled. There were no envious aspirations for " style," neighborly feeling prevailed, and more absolute social democracy could not be well imagined, Corn-plowing " bees " were frequent, neighbors co-operating with each' other, so that sometimes from twenty to thirty teams would be at work in one field, When the weather was favorable, husking-bees, not unlike those of New England, celebrated by Whittier and Barlow, with the difference that in the absence of the roomy barns, considered necessary in the older States, the husking parties assembled in the fields* under the clear dewless sky, whence the moon shed a flood of clear light that made the work, if prolonged into the night, as easy as by daylight. The husking more often was finished by the, hour of sunset, and the evening devoted to a bountiful supper, and, more frequently than in other rural portions of the county, to a merry dance. Turkey-shoots were a favorable amusement in the fall and early winter. Some* times there were friendly trials of speed between rival horses. So large -a pro* portion of the earliest settlers were from New York and Pennsylvania, that there was an amount of sport carried on that would have seemed out of place to a New England community. The great drawback to the township's prosperity was the distance to market. The cost of hauling in many cases ate up the entire proceeds of the crops so laboriously raised. In one instance, a young man raised nearly a thousand bushels of golden corn, which he was com- pelled to actually let rot on the ground, in the winter of 1859-60, because he neither owned a team, nor could he at current prices afford to hire a team to haul it to Camanche or Lyons. It would command only seven cents a bushel at De Witt. Sheep-raising would have been remunerative had it not been tor the depredations of wolves, who would travel incredible distances from their lurking* places in the timber, ravage the flocks, and escape before the farmers could effectively pursue them. During the past ten years, the annoyance has been greatly lessened, in the opinion of some, owing to the frightening away of the cowardly brutes by the whistles of the frequent railway trains traversing the ".ownship. 628 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. In 1858-60, a Horse- Thief Protection Society was organized to protect settlers from the incursions of illegal "horse-raising." Russell Perham was President, Stephen Lockwood, Vice President, and Dr. Henry Sheppard, Treasurer. Riders were appointed by couples, with authority to draw upon the Treasurer for any amount of money necessary to pursue thieves or seek stolen property. The energy with which these couriers did their work is attested by their following the thieves of James Walrod's horses 100 miles beyond the Missouri, at Council Bluffs, and not only recapturing the animals, but securing the arrest and conviction of the rascals. Many other valuable animals were recovered, and the organization proved a deterrent sufficiently strong to finally make horses as safe as any other property. Before the exten- sion of railways to the west side of the river, the market was so often glutted that farmers for a time lacked the stimulus of remunerative prices, and there- fore did not push their work with the same spirit that characterized subsequent years. The first, Methodist Church was in a little schoolhouse in the northwest part of the town, near the present place of Mr. J. 0. Hinckley. The first election was held at Reuben Riggs' house, and it is not at all probable that there was any repeating, unless the whole population ' consented. The first Sabbath school was held at Levi Decker's. He, Mrs. Decker and Gilbert Marshal and his wife were the first teachers. Instruction was not con- fined to religious topics, but savored of the primary school and kindergarten, the Bible being freely used as a text-book to teach children to read and spell. For many years, there was scarcely any sectarianism. Neighbors joined heartily with each other in religious worship, without thinking of comparing shades of views. But their zeal did not wax cold. It was common to ride ten to twelve miles to prayer-meetings, on a buck-board. Meetings held under such circumstances, though not over from a dozen to twenty persons were present, could not well be otherwise than edifying. Among the pioneer cler- gymen were Revs. Hosmer, Kirkpatrick, Carpenter (Baptist), of Dubuque, and C. E. Brown, an earnest home missionary. The first Baptist Church and par- sonage were built of logs hauled five miles, and located on the above-mentioned Riggs' first claim. Owing to the distance from market, household arrangements, for many years, Were quite primitive, but none the less comfortable. Chills and fever, and a sort of dumb ague, were about the only diseases that annoyed the elders ; deaths were few, and the children, except for the maladies of childhood, almost uni- formly healthy. Venerable matrons relate with pride how successful some medical treatment proved in cases where the early physicians, Drs. Usher and Bell, were not obtainable. Even an epidemic of smallpox, in 1864, was weathered with scarcely any serious result. Such simples as Culver's Physio, or blackroot, stewed hops, for summer complaints ; white-root, for colds, butter- fly weed, and other •' yarbs," were used with results that argued either from them, or the hygienic lives and hardy constitutions of the families of Brookfield and Bloomfield, notable low death-rate, especially among children. However, a most terrible and mysterious epidemic of cerebro-spinal meningitis, or spotted fever, has several times, during recent years, baffled alike the best medical skill and domestic nursing. For a long time, tubs, spinning-wheels, pails and other utensils were home- made. Local blacksmiths made serviceable plows. Garments were both spun and woven at home. Noth withstanding the tribute exacted by wolves and other vermin, the supply of pigs and chickens was ample to replenish the tables, HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 629 Tfhich were also frequently loaded with maple sugar and sirup and wild honey which with their dairy products, enabled the settlers to fare sumptuously every ■day, though the pioneer dames relate with gusto how they often secured "white " flour by grinding wheat in a coffee-mill, and sifting the grist an untold number of times. Since the- advent of three railways, the ancient "state of Brookfield" is being rapidly transformed from its primitive condition. Accessible and com- peting markets have totally changed the condition of things from the time when Albany, m Illinois, was the best point to sell produce. With excellent schools, increasing wealth, tranquil and friendly neighborhoods, and the clearest record of any portion of the county in criminal matters, the present and future ot the northwestern part of the county need not feat comparison with any agricultural section of Iowa or the world. Delmar, the principal town in Brookfield, is built upon the original lands of S. S. Norton, E. P. Sparks, W. T. Willey and Amos Hurst. It was sur- veyed and flatted by Ben C. Rich in October, 1871, who had the plat recorded in February, 1872, before which time there were several houses erected. There were originally thirty-nine blocks, comprising over six hundred and fifty lots in the town, but, subsequently, the number was reduced to twenty-five. The public road running north and south between Sections 9 and 12, 15 and 16, was the main street. The Davenport & St. Paul and the Midland completed their grades and tracks into the town within a few days of each other and began running their trains on the same day — December 1, 1870. Both trains arrived at the same time, and the Davenport & St. Paul, having the right of way, took the lead into Maquoketa. Tradition records that the place was named upon this occasion by the Midland conductor, taking the first letters of the names of six ladies on the train and combining them to make the word Delmar. It is also claimed that the railroad authorities named the station to continue the alphabetical order of those on the line, viz.: Almont, Bryant and Charlotte. The post 'office had previously been called Brookfield, the name of the aforesaid original township. The Davenport railroad had established their location for a station on E. C. Hinckley's land, half a mile south of town, but the managers of the Midland put in a " plug " side track and left a superannuated North-western car for a depot and named the infant town. The Sabula, Ackley & Dakota track was laid across Main street October 10, 1871, at which point the depot and side tracks were located. Delmar owed its existence more to the efforts of S. S. Norton in securing the crossing of the road at this point than to any other cause. It was doubtful whether the other roads would have made a town where Delmar now stands at all had the Sabula, Ackley & Dakota crossed elsewhere. In 1872 was when the town really began its growth. Pre- viously, the business had been limited to light shipments of stock and hogs, and the principal retail trade had been the thriving one of several saloons that had supplied wet groceries to the thirsty construction gangs on the new lines. In 1872, building and improvement was brisk. In 1874, an independent school district was organized, with W. M. Trout, M. W. Tipple and W. E. Roberts as Directors. In 1875, a two-story brick schoolhouse was erected, perhaps the finest in the State in any town of no greater population, at a cost of $5,000. The character of the school has corresponded with the building. The first echool in the town was a select school conducted, in 1872, by Ben C. Rich and Mrs. Jennie E. Rich at their residence. Their school numbered eighteen pupils. During the summer of 1873 and the following wmter, Miss Lizzie Shuley taught a similar school in Thompson's Hall. These fi30 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. schools were succeeded by the first public school, in the summer of 1874, Miss Delia Hall being the teacher, in Amos Hurst's old store building. The census of the platted town at the time of organizing the independ:, ent district, in the spring of 1874, indicated a population of 317. The winter term of 1874-75 was taught by E. T. Taubman ; Miss Delia Hall again teach- ing in the summer. J. H. Orcutt was the first and present Principal of the Graded School, Miss Addie Ooe as the Assistant. The old schoolhouse of District No. 12, of the original township, has stood as a relic and used as a carpenter shop and barn, just north of the Sabula rail- road on Main street. William T. Willey's storehouse, built over twenty years ago, still stands as good as ever, in the northern part of the town, and bids fair to outlast several generations. In the winter of 1874-75, a literary society was organized, meeting in the Hurst Building. It was very successful and was the nucleus of the Delmar Mutual Literary Association, under the control of which a literary society was run some time and a permanent library established. The recent consolidation (August, 1879) of the S., A. & D. Railway with the Milwaukee & St. Paul bids fair to greatly benefit Delmar and surrounding country. In October, 1872, Gen. Dan McCoy started the Delmar Journal, at fjrst having the paper printed elsewhere. In February, 1874, the paper having been consolidated with the Preston Clipper, the office was removed to Delmar, and McCoy remained in charge till January, 1875, when F. R. Bennett took control, and ran the paper till the office was destroyed in the big fire of 1878. Previous to the fire, Mr: McCoy had started the Delmar Independent, which he still conducts. The Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in 1873, and a church built in the upper, part of the town, which, during the present year, has been renovated. Rev. H. H. Green was the first clergyman, succeeded by Revs. 0. L. Fisher, N. S. Green, I. C. Lusk, and the present earnest Pastor, W. L. R. Burnett. The church property is worth upward of $3,000. The Presbyterian society was organized in 1877, Rev. George J. E. Rich- ards being the first and present Pastor. A large and comfortable church was built in 1878, in the central part of the town, at a cost of $2,500, andthe- prospects of the society are very flattering. Delmar Lodge, No. 170, first met under dispensation November 5, 1873, in Masonic Hall, Ashton Block, where it has since remained. Its charier was granted June 4, and the Lodge fully instituted June 17, 1874. The first offi- cers were: B. C. Rich, W. M. ; George Herritage, S. W. ; M. W. Tipple, J. W. ; S. R. Gold, Treasurer; A. G. Thompson, Secretary ; C. C. Smith, S. D.; Harvey George, J. D. ; C. W. Pitson, C. ; E. C. Hinckley, S. Present offi- cers : J. N. Dodd! W. M. ; E. T. Taubman. S. W. ; J. C. Spencer, J. W. ; S. R. Gold, Treasurer ; J. B. McLaughlin, Secretary ; C. C. Smith, S. D. ; A.. G. Thompson, J. p. ; J. Klotz, S. S. ; W. J. Norton, J. S. ; T. B. Rossner,T. Present membership, thirty-five. Delmar Lodge, No. 4.9, A. O. U. W., was instituted Feb. 17, 1876, with the following charter members : J. F. Moreland, E. C Hinckley, L. W. Par- ker, H. J. Burgess, Henry Parker, C. W. Pearson, I. S. Hinckley, E. H. McGinty, E. H. Eyer, M. M. Trout, L. H. Macomber, S. S. Norton, 0. B. Deeds, F. T. Hess. The Lodge first met at Westover's Hall, but, subsequently, arrangements were made with the Masonic Lodge, by which both occupv rooms in the Ashton Block. The present officers are : Robert Sadler, M. W."; C C. HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 631 Smith, F. ; E. C. Hinckley, 0. ; L. W. Parker, Financier ; I. S. Hinckley, Receiver; B. T. Taubman, Recorder; John Nusz. I. W. ; H. B. Smith, 0. W. ; T. B. Rossner, S. S. Norton, L. W. Parker, Trustees. Present member- ship, eighteen. Elwood is a village on the S., A. & D. Railroad, where a post office was established in 1872, Mrs. 0. H. Rythe, Postmistress. It is one of the most thriving plaees of its size in the county, owing to the rich country surrounding it, and the enterprise of Messrs. Claus C. Ruus and F. P. Wilcox, and the immense creameries of Messrs. Clark & Beard. OLIVE TOWNSHIP. Olive Township was organized in October, 1842. The boundaries as then designated have been previously given. Its present territory includes nearly all of fractional Townships 80 and 81 north, Range 2 east. It is bounded north by Berlin Township, west by -Spring Rock Township, south by the Wapsie, which is the county line, and east by Orange Township. Among the early settlers in this township were Hiram Brown, Charles Dut- ton, Sr., Lorenzo, Charles, Jr., Leroy and Jerome Dutton, his sons, Lyman Alger, Joseph Alger, E. F. Owen, William Scott, Bennett Warren, Mr. Edgar, D. C. Curtis, Josiah Hill, Abram Hendrickson and others. The Dutton family came early into the township. Their total possessions were about $60 in cash and a few household effects. They purchased a pair of cattle, and the first season broke about ten acres of prairie and sowed white winter wheat. This crop was harvested and hauled to Davenport, through sloughs and mud-holes, the load having frequently to be unloaded to get out, and was sold for 30 cents per bushel, one half in store pay, and a part of the balance in cash articles, which meant groceries. The store pay was calico and similar dry goods. In 1849, they hauled pork to Dubuque and sold for $1.75, three-fourths store pay and the balance cash. J. S. Stowrs, Esq., opened a law office in De Witt in 1844, building the first building for such an office erected there, a brick one, and he relates that his first fee was a load of pumpkins which were drawn to him by Mr. Names, and his second fee a load of wood drawn to him by Mr. James Kirtley. Find- ing it necessary to eke out his income, he resorted to school-teaching, and, in 1846, he says, he opened the first school in Olive Township. There was no schoolhouse, few school-books and those of every variety, such as had been brought by the settlers from their various starting-points. When he arrived at the place, he found the School Director making ready for his coming. The building was an old log-house and the Director was boring holes in slabs for seats and into the logs to drive pins, upon which a board was laid for the desk t A stone chimney in one end served for heating purposes. Being an attorney and having been Probate Judge in the county, Mr. Stowrs commanded mutiih- cent wages, and he was paid $12 per month and boarded around, ihe chil- dren were eager to learn, and, despite these disadvantages, improved the time. He also organized a Sunday school, Rev. Mr. Emerson coming down and giv- ing it a start, but Mr. Stowrs says that the day school was the most successtul, the Sunday school interfering with the fishing. _ In 1839, there was a trail known as Boone's Trail, over which a man named Boone drove cattle from Missouri to Galena, by way of Maquoketa. g32 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. His usual crossing-place on the Wapsie was on Section 5, Township 80 north,. Range 2 east. The first ferryman was an old pioneer of the name of John Shook, who had a small flat-boat which would just take on one team and which was run by a rope. R. I. Jencks succeeded him, whether by purchase or by entry of the landings, is not certainly known. He named the ferry Buena Vista, after that celebrated battle had been fought. He also succeeded in securing a post office here, which was called Buena Vista, which has since been removed to Roth- stein's Mill, but still bears the same name. Jencks sold out the ferry franchise to George Atherton in 1849, and a few weeks later he sold out to Dr. Amos Witter, a gentleman who was emigrating to California overland, but when he had reached this point had wearied of his journey. He afterward died in the service as a. Brigade Surgeon. Dr. Witter sold out to a man named Edgar, some time pre- vious to 1854. J. E. McArthur succeeded him and ran the ferry until 1858, when he sold to James Merritt, and, in the spring of 1859, he sold to Jerome Dutton, who continued to operate it until the spring of 1865, when the land on the Clinton County side was sold to J. W. S. Robinson and James Dumphy, Mr. Dutton still owning the lands on the Scott County side, and the ferry was dis- continued. This had been one of the most profitable ferries on the Wapsie for many years, and particularly during the Pike's Peak excitement in 1859, but the erection of the Rothstein bridge destroyed its value. Lyman Alger also had a ferry in this township for many years and is one of the first settlers of record to whom license was issued to keep a ferry across the Wapsie. The Chicago, Iowa & Nebraska Railroad also temporarily operated a ferry for the transfer of passengers on the stage-route until the railroad was completed across the river. This township is mostly level and has considerable bog or swamp land, but drainage and cultivation is bringing nearly all of it into arable fields. Much of this land was held out of market as mineral lands until 1850 to 1855, as there were considerable deposits of bog-iron ore, but never found in paying quantities. There are several good quarries in this township, and, on the farm of William V. Cruson, there was opened this year a limestone quarry which is producing a fine quality of lime. There are several peat-.beds in the township, and, in 1867, an attempt was made to manufacture peat on the farm of John A. Boyd. The quality of the peat made was excellent but the enterprise was not a financial success. In I860, the total vote polled in the township was 140, and before any draft was ordered seventy-nine men had volunteered into the service, mostly in the Second, Eighth and Twenty-sixth Infantry, and the First and Seventh Cavalry. This was conceded to be the banner township in the State. After the close of the war, a Post of the G. A. R. was organized and maintained for a number of years. A large representation in the present population is of Norwegians, an industrious and thriving people. They have a Lutheran Church in the south- eastern part of the township and have recently erected a very fine church j edifice. They also have a parsonage and sustain a Pastor, who preaches to them in their native tongue. About one or two miles south from the Norwegian Church, the German Lutherans also have a church edifice and parsonage. Their Pastor, in addition to his ministerial duties, also teaches a German school. The oldest church organization, however, in the township, is a Free- Will Baptist Church, which used to worship in the old log schoolhouse, mentioned before, and which HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 633 now worships in the Alger Schoolhouse, and whose spiritual shepherd is Rev. D. C. Curtis. r A post office was established in 1858. Joseph D. Fegan was deputized to go there and establish the office. No one could suggest a name. Mr. Fegan said "Is there no creek or anything?" "Yes, Calamus Creek." "Then let it be Calamus." The creek takes its name from the great quantities of "sweet flag" growing in it. Probably no occurrence ever occasioned greater excitement throughout Olive Township, and, indeed, throughout the whole surrounding country, than that of the murder of Mrs. Esther Alger, the aged wife of Lyman Alger, both of whom were among the earliest settlers in the township as well as in the county. Mr. Alger had accumulated a large property, and was in the habit of loaning money to quite an extent, and frequently had quite considerable sums of money in the house. To obtain a large amount supposed to be in the house at the time of the crime, it is conjectured, was the object of its commission. Mrs. Alger was an aged lady of seventy-two years, and her husband a year her senior. They lived alone, except a grandson, Judson Curtis. On the evening of September 25, 1872, Mr. Alger had gone to the schoolhouse, a short distance away, to attend a prayer-meeting. Judson had gone over to his father's barn, about forty rods distant, and the old lady was left alone at home. She was evidently busily engaged in some household duties about the door, having her sun-bonnet on. While thus engaged, she was shot down and, afterward beaten to death with some blunt instrument, supposedly an ax. Judson heard the shot fired, and, running to the house, found the dead body of his grandmother lying in the path near the door, the house opened, and the trunk where the money was kept rifled. He gave the alarm at the schoolhouse, and the people hurried to the scene to find that one of the most brutal of murders had been committed, almost in broad daylight. Between $1,000 and $1,500 were taken from the trunk. Although some arrests were made, and diligent efforts put forth to discover the perpetrators of the crime, it is still an unsolved mystery. CALAMUS. Calamus, a post office and small village on the C. & N. W. Railway, was platted in 1860, by R. S. Dickinson, who owned the land on the north side of the railroad, and Milo Smith, who owned that on the south. It was replatted in 1865. James Keith opened the first store here, a small stock of groceries and notions. R. S. Dickinson and his son A. L., in 1861, built the first store of consequence, and opened a large and complete stock of general merchandise, and engaged in grain-buying. Two or three years later, R. E. Houck opened a small store, and has continued in trade there since, building up a successful business. The following persons represent the present business interests of Calamus: H. Brezee, boots and shoes; S. Brehm, meat market; Buck & Martin, wagon, makers; James Brown, harness- shop ; Leroy Cushman, barber; Damon Brothers, general store ; Robert Daschler, general store ; R. E. Houck, gen^ eral store ; John Hand, Northern House ; Mrs. Hoover, Farmers' Home i ; J, W. Libler, groceries and lumber; M. W. McCartha, hardware; George M or- gan, blacksmith ; D. Merritt, livery ; E. F. Owen, Justice ; F. H. Richards, blacksmith ; Mrs. E. Smith, millinery ; William Scott, hardware ; Chester Stroud, boots and shoes ; S. B. Walker, Postmaster, drugs and furniture. gg4 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. Calamus was incorporated in 1876, and E. F. Owens was elected the first Mayor. His successors have been F. Buck, in 1877, and J. C. Bowman, in 1878 and 1879. The United "Workmen have a nourishing Lodge here of forty-five members, known as Loyalty Lodge, No. 76. (Che Methodist Episcopal denomination has a neat church edifice at Calamus. The society was organized January 1, 1868, and, soon after, erected their church-building. They are supplied jointly with Grand Mound. For audaciousness and recklessness, the financial operations of John W. S. Bobinson, of Olive, stand pre-eminent in the county. Bobinson came to the county in 1865, and purchased the old Dutton farm at the Buena Vista Ferry. He commenced improving it, rapidly bringing it under cultivation, cutting off and marketing the timber, laboring industriously himself. He soon began to preach, calling himself a Disciple. During the campaign of 1868, he was an active Bepublican, and made many speeches in different parts of the county. He was of fine presence, a ready speaker and a companionable man. He became very popular, through the section where he lived, with all classes, par- ' ticularly with the poor, to whom he furnished employment at liberal wages, and had made an extensive acquaintance throughout the county. He soon began to enlarge his sphere of operations, made additional purchases of land, and also rented land quite largely, having at one time nearly one thousand acres of corn, besides other crops. He purchased a section or more of wild land near State Center, broke it all and sold out in smaller farms with crops on. He was reputed to have cleared nicely by this transaction. "No pent-up Utica con- fined his powers." He bought property at Calamus, erected a fine residence, and was the great power there, a leader in finance, politics and society. He purchased real estate in Clinton, which he announced was for the site of a resi- dence at no distant day. The area of his operations rapidly increased until his name was a familiar one in business circles throughout the county, and he had the unlimited confidence of all, for his paper was always backed with "ample real estate security." He became an extensive purchaser of real estate, buying farm after farm, as well as large tracts of timber land. • One of the latter pur- chases was made of William Scott, of Buena Vista, for -some $500. He told Scott that he was going to Clinton, and would take the deed down to have it recorded, and would bring the money back with him. This he did, but it developed at last that the $500 was raised upon a note with the forged signature of Scott, and indorsed by Bobinson. He would borrow money in sums of $50, $100 and $200, for a few days, which were always paid with great promptness, fre- quently being returned the following day. These transactions were, doubtless, for the purpose of gaining a reputation for promptness and integrity. But the final movement was the forgery of titles and other documents of record. By obtaining access to notarial seals, he had obtained impressions of them upon Various needed blanks, and he then forged satisfaction pieces to mortgages upon farms he had owned, and made new loans, and then forged deeds to property of which he held possession by lease, and even carried his transactions to such a bold extent as to forge deeds to farms upon which the owners resided ; and it is stated that he made a loan from Lyman Alger, secured by a mortgage upon a farm of which he (Alger) himself was the owner. With his abstracts of titles and his mortgages, he effected loans to a large amount, it is said, aggregating more than $50,000, in various parts of the county, mostly in De Witt, Clinton and Lyons, the shrewdest financial institutions and individuals being the victims of his villainy. But his chef d'ceuvre was a loan of $30,000, for which HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 635 he had completed arrangements, and was just about to grasp when the bubble burst. The agent for the capitalist, in company with John C. Polley. Esq., then of De Witt, was at Calamus to make investigation of the property to which he claimed title, and of which he had perfect abstracts, being nearly all the land south of Calamus to the Wapsie. He drove with his visitors over the country, pointing out to them his possessions, and satisfying them fully of the sufficiency of his security. Arrangements were therefore made for Robinson to accompany the gentleman to Chicago, and there transfer his securities and receive his money. In the mean time, some suspicion had been aroused in the Recorder's office by the vastness of his operations and the rapidity of his purchases, and the facility he seemed to have in effecting loans, and the apparent ease with which he paid them. Among other deeds filed for record, was one from the Keublers, which bore nine forged signatures, part of them females. J. D. Fegan, the Recorder, being acquainted with the Keublers, called the attention of J. E. McArthur, then an attorney at Calamus, to the fact of this deed being on record, and requested him -to confer with the Keublers. McArthur neglected to do so, and the matter passed along for some weeks, until Mr. Fegan, in passing Calamus on a railroad train, again called McArthur 's attention to the fact confidentially, and told him that if he could not afford to go out to Keubler's, he would pay him for doing so. McArthur immediately went out, and one of the Keubler boys came back to Calamus with him. This was the day on which the two gentlemen mentioned above were exam- ining the property precedent to effecting the $30,000 loan. As Robinson reached town from the tour with them, he learned that Mr. Keubler was waiting for the train to go to Clinton to investigate the matter. Sending his guests to his house in company with his Superintendent, he found Keubler and went on the train with him to Clinton. On Keubler's return, he reported matters all right. What explanation he made to him to convince him of this is not known. Robinson returned at about 6 o'clock in the evening, and while seeing his guests off on a later train, two interested parties from Clinton arrived, and, taking him aside, informed him of their suspicions, and insisted upon other security for their loan. Robinson saw that the game was up, settled with them as best he could, and when daylight came, he had disappeared. In 1877, his whereabouts was discovered in Georgia; a requisition was obtained, and. one who had been a a heavy loser by him was deputized to go and make the arrest. This he did, and brought him as far as Nashville where, as he reports, he- escaped from him. The criminal career of Robinson, so far as is known, began the first of April, 1870, and ended about the middle of August, following ; and during this brief period, he had forged paper of various kinds to the amount of about $90,000. Of these forgeries, twelve were forged deeds, ten were forged satisfaction pieces. In addition to these, were a large number of forged notes, being a series of notes which he had taken for the purchase of the Marshall County property, and which he had duplicated. In an article written soon after the explosion, by a gentleman whose business made him familiar with the facts, the amount of money realized by Robinson upon these notes was said to be about $65,000, $11,000 being, however, genuine notes, leaving the balance in forged paper $54,000. His estate was thrown into bankruptcy, and paid the victims about 20 per cent. It is not believed that he carried away much money, his failure to secure the $30,000 loan having made his largest real estate forgeries unpro- ductive, and large sums having been squandered in wild financial transactions, and in extravagant living. (536 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. EDEN TOWNSHIP. Eden Township first formed a part of Camanche Precinct. In 1856, if was organized as a separate township. This is one of the finest farming town- ships in the county. It is well watered, its southern boundary being the Wapsie, and it is traversed from north to south near its center by Brophy's Creek. Much attention is given to stock-raising, and some of the finest farms and largest herds of cattle to be found in the county are in Eden Township. Its population, according to the last census, is about one thousand. This township is less than a Congressional township in area, and includes portions of Townships 80 north, Range 5 east, and 81 north, Ranges 4 and 5 east, the principal area being in 81 north, Range 5 east. Among the early settlers were James D. Bourne, Robert C. Bourne, John ' and Thomas Brophy", William Shelden (on the old Abbey place), J. D. and William A. Davidson, who entered the Cherry wood farm ; Jonathan Waterbury, who lives on southwest quarter Section 4, Township 80 north, Range 5 east; William Simpson, who settled on the place now owned by the Payne Brothers; William Ten Eyck, who lived on the place now owned by Thomas McCone ; John Maxson, who was a surveyor, and located on the place now owned by R. J. Dannatt; William Cope, who still resides on his claim. In 1851, the English settlers came into this township and vicinity, among whom were Samuel Dannatt and his sons Benjamin, Thomas, Samuel and John, John Bower and his sons Thomas and Humphrey, George Hardy, George Hill and his son Thomas, George Pearson and his two sons Henry and George ; and afterward came Thomas B. Dannatt, John B. Dannatt and C. B. Dannatt, John Tate and his sons William, Thomas and Charles, William Canty, George Houston, William Richardson and his sons William, Thomas and Amos. These nearly all came from the village of Killingholme in Lincoln- shire, England, and, bringing capital with them, they bought out the original claim-takers and engaged in successful farming. They are thrifty and enter- prising, largely engaged in stock-raising and feeding, and their broad fields, fine farm-houses and outbuildings make Eden Township a model one. The first schoolhouse in the township was a log structure built in 1849, and stood upon the farm now occupied by Peter Hill in the Union district, which comprised in its limits then nearly the whole township. There are now nine school districts in the township, all being provided with neat and commodious school-buildings. x There are but two churches in the township — the Methodist Church at Low Moor and a chapel at Malone, which was erected under the auspices of the Baptist Church at De Witt. Low Moor is a post village, and is situated on Section 22, Township 81, Range 51, in Eden Township. Low Moor is an outgrowth of the Chicago & North-Western Railway, and is a station on that road. It was surveyed and platted in the spring of 1858, the original proprietors being J. Tong, Wilson Mudgett and Milo Smith. The first house was built by William Gulick ; the second, by Richard Wagner, and the third by Roswell B. Millard, who was the first station agent and Post- master. The post oflfice was established in August, 1857, on the opening of the railroad and before the platting, but the town had been projected and its name selected. George Weston, P. J. Schuyler, Charles Seward and John M. Haskill have succeeded to the honors and emoluments of the postmastership, HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 63f the latter being the present incumbent. The population is about two hundred A neat frame school-bu.ld.ng, with commodious "grounds in a beautiful maple fe r ve V nV- CC ° mm S AmeriCaS '" Ae atten ^nce at which is about A £ h l Me + th 1 odist , Church i« * small, but very tastv frame building in c£^a?fe5o. S6atS ^ ^^ hUndred - * ™ - Cted in Religious services were held in the " Jones " Schoolhouse in the early days, it was then m Camanche, in what is now District No. 1, in Eden -All denominations held their meetings here. In 1858, a class was organized, and, at this date, the organization of the Low Moor Methodist Church can be prop- erly reckoned When the railroad was opened and a population began to gather there, this was thought to be a more central point, and at first the meet- ings were held in the depot until. the schoolhouse was erected in 1867 which was occupied for religious services until the completion of the church The Church now numbers about fifty members. It is at present attached to Caman- che, and the Pastor is Rev. W. E. McCormac. A stock company own and -operate a steam grist-mill. The building was formerly a grain warehouse. The machinery was put in in the spring of 1878. It has two runs of stones. Mr. Dannatt, in erecting a fine store-building, provided the people of Low Moor with a commodious public hall on the second floor. DIRECTORY. Crone & Manley, general merchandise ; Haskill & Son, general merchan- dise ; J. L. Haskill, Postmaster ; John Hoifmire, blacksmith ; Thomas Rowe, wagon-maker; Henry Etter, shoemaker ; Charles Collins, watchmaker ; S. C. Bauder, grain and agricultural implements ; R. J. Hart, physician and drug- gist ; E. L. Penfield, attorney ; S. W. Brazell, agricultural implements ; G. E. Mudgett, hotel ; Thomas Fetchett, saloon ; Chris. Bristley, saloon. MURDERS. In the fall of 1848, a murder was committed in Center Township. John Foley, an Irishman, was murdered by a neighbor known as Yankee Grable. Grable had borrowed a yoke of oxen from Foley. The latter sent a boy for the cattle, and Grable, for some reason, refused to return them. Foley then went to Grable's and demanded his cattle. An altercation took place between them, during which Foley made some demonstration of a threatening character, upon which Grable seized a stake from a hay-rack and with one blow killed him oh the spot. Grable was arrested, indicted and tried, but was cleared. He then left the State and lived a number of years in Missouri, but finally returned to this county, where he lived in Olive Township until his death a few years since. Hiram Brown was the Sheriff at the time, and, after his indict- ment, he permitted him to go at large upon his honor. The man was worthy of his confidence and appeared at Court at the proper'time for his trial. Ten years later, or in 1858, another murder took place in this township. It occurred at the stone schoolhouse on election day. A young man named Quick had a difficulty with Thomas Kelly at a saloon at Ramessa, and, on the day of election came to the voting-place and an altercation ensued ; after a few words, Kelly drew a dirk-knife and stabbed Quick to the heart, killing him instantly. He fled but was pursued by citizens and' captured by Mr. Garrett Davenpeck and others. He was indicted, tried and brought in "not guilty." g38 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. Washington Township comprises the north half and the southeast quarter and Sections 21 and 28 of Township 82 north, Range 4 east; and the north half of Sections 1, 2 and 3, in Township 81 north, Range 4 east, being bounded east by Center Township, north by Waterford, west by Welton and De Witt, and south by De Witt. This" township was organized March 15, 1856, and the first election held' on the first Monday in April at the house of Joel King. As then organized, the township was a full Congressional township, but its area has since been diminished, and a portion attached to De Witt. Washington was a well timbered township originally, Center Grove extend- ing through this and Center Townships. The most heavily timbered portions were on Sections 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21 and 24, and were known as Center Grove in Washington Township. A slough running north and south, near the east line of this township, protected the timber from the prairie fires, and the timber area widened in Center Township on the east. Through this timbered portion of the township, the land is somewhat broken, and the timber is now nearly all gone, having been used for building, fencing, and other farm purposes, and the land, having been grubbed out, is mostly under cultivation in small farms. There are no streams of any size, nor are there any mill-sites in the town- ship. The prairie portions are somewhat rolling, but very eligible for cultiva- tion. Washington has been noted as one of the best wheat sections in this part of the State. The northeastern portion is settled quite largely by Ger- mans ; in the remainder of the township, the people are mostly Irish. Many of the first of these latter settlers, who came in about 1850, were from the same neighborhood in Ireland ; and as they soon built a church of their own faith, others were attracted by the convenience of church privileges, and settled in this neighborhood. Perhaps another dominant reason for their consolida- tion was the fact that the latest entries to Government lands were to be had in this locality, the more eligible lands in this section having all been taken prior to their immigration. Among the early settlers in this township were Elias Stallcup, Jerry Ding- well, John Smith, 0. W. Denham, whose farm is now the County Farm, Washington Stallcup, George Benton, John Brogah, Christopher McGinn, Thomas O'Toole, John Cavanagh, H. M. White, Who for a great number of years was Justice of the Peace ; Burrill Bassett and John Southers, who settled here in the spring of 1851, on a spring on Section 11, which they found cov- ered by an Indian wigwam ; Old Campo spent the winter with them, and in the spring of 1852, he accompanied Bassett to California ; Thomas Wilson, now of De Witt, Joseph Stone, George Farrell, Barney Flannery, John Lawler, Patrick Lawler, Daniel Lawler, Michael Trimble, James Harkins, the Burkes, the Cassadys, Patrick Shannon and others. The first school meeting was held at the house of Rouse P. Brown, in the winter of 1854, and a Board of Directors elected and district organized. The officers elected were James Harkins, James Cornwall and Thomas Wilson. The township is now well supplied with commodious and neat school buildings. On the northeast quarter of the northwest quarter, Section 23, is located the only church in the township. It is a Catholic Church, and they also have a pastoral residence and out-buildings and a cemetery. The HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 639 original church, which has been twice enlarged, was built in 1856, during the pastorate of Father Frances McKenna. Father John Scallan succeeded him in 1860. Father Thomas McCormick, now of De Witt, succeeded, being the first resident Pastor. During his stay, the church was enlarged, and a par- sonage and out-buildings erected. He was succeeded by Father Gaffney, who is the present incumbent. The church has been enlarged a second time. During the pastorate of Father McCormick, a great revolution was made in the community on the question of total abstinence. In December, 1875, he held a mission, at the conclusion of which the temperance pledge was given by him to nearly every member in his parish. In February, 1876, St. Patrick's Total Abstinence Society, of Center Grove, was organized. At the first, they held their meetings in the church, but in the fall they erected a hall, 18x36, for their exclusive occupancy. The Society now numbers about eighty members. Under their auspices, a large circulating library has been established, and is doing much for the intellectual culture of the people. There are no paupers in Washington Township, which speaks strongly for the industry and economy of its citizens. The farms are mostly small ones, or rather there are few large land-owners in the township, and the farms are mostly of eighty to one hundred and sixty acres each. John Dolan, who is the largest land-owner, settled in the northeastern part of the township in 1853. Patrick Lawler is a prominent man in this township, and represented it for several years in the old Board of Supervisors. James Harkins, when he settled in the township, in 1850, for a time lived in a hole in the ground ; then he built a log house, since replaced by a fine residence. Only an instance of the success which attends industry and economy. CENTER TOWNSHIP. Center Township comprises Township 82 north, Range 5 east, and Sections 1 to 6 and 11 and 12, in Township 81 north, Range 5 east. It is bounded north by Deep Creek Township, west by Washington and De Witt Townships, south by Eden and Camanche Townships, and east by Lincoln and Hampshire Townships. . Center was organized in March, 1852, and the first election held m April, at the house of Jacob Lepper. The township then included all of Washington Township, and a part of what is now De Witt Township. Its subsequent changes of boundary are recorded in the chapter devoted thereto. Its surface is gradually rolling. Though admirably watered for agriculture and pasturage, there are are no large stream? or mill sites within the township limits. It was originally very fairly timbered, affording the farmers ample fuel and fencing material, and, until 185b, a covert for many deer, when they were hunted down by the Grove boys. The gently sloping prairies of Center Township, with their rank growth of wild vegetation indicating inexhaustible fertility, and easily arable naturally, at an early date became the home of the industrious and thrifty class of settlers who have since established its claim to be the garden township of the county, and one of the model agricultural sections of the entire West. So evident were the advantages of its arable slopes for settlement, owing to the contiguous £40 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. Center Grove belt of timber and proximity to river markets, that before 1850 quite a number of claims bad been entered. When, in 1851, Adam Kelley, the present patriarch of Elvira, located on the knoll where Joseph Bair now lives, there was only one house, the small {Bohart) place, between there and Camanche, and Daniel Earhart was the only resident on the road to Lyons. Henry Winters, W. E. Leffingwell, N. S. Warren and J. Lepper were living in the vicinity, toward the northwest. Lewis R. Buckhead lived where Sam Kelley is now located, and owned an enormous «laim, since subdivided into many productive farms. Soon afterward, many energetic settlers arrived and began to convert the prairie into homesteads. Among them were the Thiessens, Ahrens, John Kinkaid, L. K. Kellogg, the Ingwersens, Travers and the Rices. However, 1852-57 were the years during which Center received not only the largest immigration, but an influx of those substantial citizens who have made the township what it is for prosperity and progressiveness. American, English, German and Irish elements, from the first, combined to develop its marvelous agricultural resources. Circumstances did not require any severe privations on the part of the settlers of Center ; they were comparatively near both market and supplies. The first tavern on the stage-route, between Lyons and De Witt, was kept by Jacob Lepper, at the grove in Section 13. It was. of brick, and a well-known wayside inn. The post office was established in , at Suffolk. Its present name of Elvira was bestowed by W. H. Gibbs, in honor of his wife, when he laid out the town-plat. In 1855-57, the flush times extended even to Elvira, which was then a very lively trading point, the stores of Hinman and Allen, the latter kept by one Huntington, doing an immense business for a large tributary section. As people could not very well transport many goods with them in moving to a new country, it was necessary for them to stock up, and the build- ing up of new homesteads necessarily involved a gross amount of purchases, difficult to conceive in a well-settled country. Then, it is probable that the township, during those years, had a larger population than at present, owing to the concentration of land by the permanent residents buying- the farms of those who, for various reasons, removed from the county. A post office was, in 1865, -established at Elvira through the efforts of Judge Cotton and R. A. Lyons. Jesse Travers was the first Postmaster, and at his death, in September, 1874, was succeeded by the present official, N. E. Brooks. United Presbyterian Church. — On the 26th of December, 1853, Rev. Alex- ander Pattison organized an Associated Reformed Presbyterian Church at the house of Jacob Bohart, in Center Township, to be called the Congregation of Pleasant Prairie, and under the care of the Presbytery of Keokuk. The per- sons present at the organization were W. W. Beatty, Adam Kelly, Peter and Jacob Bohart. Messrs. Beatty and Peter Bohart were at this time elected Ruling Elders, and ordained on the 29th of January, 1854, at which time the first communion was celebrated, there being fifteen communicants. Rev. Mr. Pattison officiated and also administered the sacrament of baptism to two adults and twelve children. During the winter of 1854-55, a call was extended to Rev. John B. Clark and he was installed as the first Pastor, his charge includ- ing Le Claire Prairie, Port Byron and this Church. Mr. Clark was, however, during the following summer, killed by lightning, at his home in Le Claire Prairie. Eleven more members had been added to the Church, May 31, 1855. March 23, 1856, Rev. R. S. Campbell began his labors, preaching on alternate .Sabbaths here and at De Witt, where a Church had been organized. " HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 641 During this period, the congregation had held their services in private houses or in schoolhouses. On the 16th of March, 1856, at a meeting held at the house of Jacob Bohart, it was decided to build a house of worship, and, during that fall, a church, 36x44, was erected in the village of Elvira, on ground donated by R. A. Lyons, and which was formally occupied in the fol- lowing spring. In 1857, the Church, by the adoption of the basis of union between the Associate and Associate Reformed Churches became the United Presbyterian Church. Mr. Campbell continued his pastoral relations until August, 1865, when he resigned this charge and remained at De Witt. The membership had increased to forty-seven. In 1866, Rev. Thomas Calohan was called to the pastorate and remained until September, 1868, when he was deposed from the ministry by the Presbytery of Le Claire. The name of the Church had, dur- ing his stay, been changed to the Elvira U. P. Church. During the summer of 1869, Rev. D. Nicoll was called to the charge, in connection with the Church at De Witt, two-thirds of his time at the latter place, and commenced his labors October 1, 1869. Rev. Johnson succeeded Mr. Nicoll in 1875, remaining one year. After his removal, Rev. G. W. Hamilton was called, as the Pastor, in 1876, and is still with this people. Since his connection with the Church, their house of worship has been repaired, frescoed and refurnished, making it one of the neatest country church buildings in the county. WELTON TOWNSHIP. The township of Welton comprises nearly all of Township 82 north, Range 3 east, the eastern half of Sections 24 and 25 and Sections 34, 35 and 36, being included in De Witt Township. It is bounded north by Bloomfield Township, west by Berlin Township, south by Orange and De Witt Townships, and east by De Witt and Washington Townships. The township was organ- ized in March, 1858, and the first election held in the Walrod Schoolhouse, the first Monday in April, 1858. With the exception of Lincoln, organized many years later, this was the last township organized, and its territory was taken from Bloomfield and De Witt Townships. In an early day, a negro had settled on a small stream tributary to Silver Creek, which has since been called "Nigger Creek." He remained but a short time and his name even could not be obtained. Among the early settlers were Erastus Wright, Washington Wright, who settled at the piece of timber since known as Wright's Grove, about the center of the township. There weje, also, some skirtings of timber along the banks of Silver Creek, which runs southeasterly through near the center of the township. The northwestern portions of the township are known as " barrens,' being oak-openings of scattered timber ; the remainder was rolling prairie, the eastern portion being particularly fine. David Cass, John Walrod, N. N., John and Michael Walrod, his sons; Abram Walrod second, and Charles Wickwire, were also early settlers. At near the center of the township, is a station of the Milwaukee & bt. Paul Railroad, which runs through the town from north to south, and a post office, both called Welton. It is the shipping-point for this vicinity and Irons & Perrin carry a general stock of merchandise here. There is also a black- smith-shop, etc. 042 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. In 1850, an Englishman named Shepherd, came over as the agent of a colony of English artisans, to locate their lands for them. He made his selec- tion in this vicinity and located a large tract. Upon their arrival, they com- menced to build a village about a mile from the present station and which they called Welton. Each member of the colony had forty acres of land and two town lots. Quite a number of buildings were erected, stores, a hotel, shops and dwellings. But these men did not take kindly to pioneer farming, all of them having been trained to mechanical employments, having among their number a furrier — Mr. Skinner, of Lyons; — tailors, bookbinders, painters, paper-hangers, etc., and one after another they returned to their respective callings, locating at different points in the West. Christopher Buck retained his farm ; is now the only one of the original colony who remains there. Mr. Skinner has retained ownership of his farm, but has for many years resided in Lyons. The town has all disappeared. On the southwest quarter of Section 10, there is located a Free-Will Baptist Church, which is a flourishing society, and where regular services are maintained. South of the above is also the church of the Seventh-Day Baptists, on the northwest quarter of Section 15. As their doctrines are somewhat peculiar, and it being the only church of this faith in this vicinity, the following history of their settlement as a col- ony and as a Church, furnished by their Pastor, is appended*- HISTORY OF THE SEVENTH-DAY BAPTIST CHURCH OF WELTON. " Stephen Mumford was the first Seventh-Day Baptist that set foot on American soil. He came from London to Newport, R. I., in 1664. Six years after his arrival, several members of the First Baptist Church of Newport, embraced his views of the Bible Sabbath, and, on the 23d of December, 1671, they covenanted together and became a Seventh-Day Baptist Church. " The Welton Church was organized on the 7th of January, 1855, under the officiating hand* of Elders L. A. and John Davis. *' The following are the names of the constituent members : L. A. Davis, Pastor ; John Babcock, Deacon ; Leven Hurley, Clerk ; John Davis, Elder ; Elizabeth Babcock, Rebecca Davis, Marvel Davis, Mariah Davis, Permilla Davis, Anna Davis, Mary Ellen Davis, Sarah Davis, Martha Babcock, J. 0. Babcock, Sarah Hurley, Uriah Davis, Vianna Davis, Luther Davis, Abel Davis, Permilla Davis, 2d, Gilbert Hurley. " Some of the doctrinal points : They believe that the observance of the first day of the week as the Sabbath or a day of rest, is of Romish origin, and a direct violation of the fourth commandment ; therefore they observe the sev- enth or last day of the week, believing it to be the only Sabbath or day' of rest established by Jehovah or mentioned in any way in the Bible. They have no fellowship with persons who use intoxicating liquors as a beverage, nor with slaveholders and their abettors. Card-playing or gambling in any form is not countenanced by the Church. " The names of the Pastors and their terms of pastorate are as follows : " First — Elder Lewis A. Davis came to this county from Peoria County, 111. Being a very conscientious man, he won the love of the Church under his care, and the respect of all with whom he came in contact. The epitaph on his monument emphatically expresses the truth, as follows : ' OUE PASTOR. ' Honest, Faithful, Kind and True. ' His first term commenced in 1856, and closed in 1861.' HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 643 " Second — Elder Charles A. Burdick was a young man from New York. He became at once interested in the young folks, and did much for their advancement. He served the Church from 1861 to 1864. " Third — Elder Thomas A. Maxson was received by the Church as Pastor, in 1864, and remained till 1866. Many were added to the Church under his labors, but he became disaffected toward the Church, and joined the Free-Will Baptist, in the same neighborhood. Following him, the Church again employed. Elder Davis from 1866 till his death, in 1867. " Fourth — Elder Varnum Hull was secured as Pastor of the Church in 1868, and was released in 1875. He came from Milton, Wis. ; was a deep thinker, a thorough and clear reasoner. A part of the time he spent as a mis- sionary in this State and Nebraska, and was quite successful in his labors. "Fifth — Elder Henry B. Lewis, of Albion, Wis. His labors began in December, 1875, and continued till May, 1879. After the first year, the Seventh-Day Baptist Missionary Society employed him half the time in differ- ent parts of the State. He was an earnest worker, strong in the faith, and devoted to the cause. He preached the practical duties of religion, and his untiring efforts were not in vain. Elder Lewis was the last Pastor of the Church up to this date, August 1. "In the years 1853 and 1854, several families of the Seventh-Day Baptist faith emigrated to this county from Ohio and Illinois, with the intention of securing homes ; and, being a religious people, they were wont to meet on the Sabbath Day and listen to the preaching of the word. As this was the first organization of the kind in the vicinity, and they not yet having built a church house, a schoolhouse near by was obtained for their use. But, through the workings of prejudice and jealousy, they were deprived of this accommodation, and were obliged to meet from week to week in the dwellings of the different families. In the spring of 1858, a Sabbath school was organized, and in the winter following, a church house was built. " Two sessions of the Seventh-Day Baptist Northwestern Association were- held with this. Church — one in June, 1861, and one in June, 1869. Another and more commodious church building was erected in the spring before the last association. " Twenty-rwo men from this society were soldiers in the civil war of 1861. Four died in the army, and three were maimed for life. The Mission Society and other benevolent institutions received liberal donations from the Church. " In the last ten years, at least half the membership have sold their posses- sions here and emigrated to Nebraska and Tama County, in this State, and. joined churches there. In October, 1874, the Tama County and Welton Churches established a yearly meeting, to be held with the churches alter- nately. At present, there are only fifty-eight members in the organization. There are two hundred and twenty-three names on the list, and there are but three of the first members now belonging to the Church. " The Church is stronger, spiritually, than ever before." ORANGE TOWNSHIP. At the January session of the Board of Commissioners, in 1846, the town- ship of Olive was divided, the line running north and south lbO rods west ot the range line, between Ranges 2 and 3 ; the eastern part to be called Union Township, and, in July, 1854, the name was changed to Orange. This town- ■644 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. ship contains the four west tiers of sections in fractional Townships 80 and 81 north, Range 3 east, and the east half of the first tier of sections west of range line, between Ranges 2 and 3. It is bounded on the north by De Witt, Welton and' Berlin Townships, west by Olive Township, on the south by the Wapsipin- icon River and on the east by De Witt Township. The North-Western Railway passes through the township from east to west, north of its center, and Barber Creek waters a portion of its southern territory, and on this stream is located the grist mill of George W. King, which was built some ten years since. The township is mostly level prairie, except along the Wapsie, where it is liable to overflow, and is used for grazing purposes. It was well timbered all along the Wapsie, but the balance of the township was open prairie. Among the old settlers may be named Hiram Brown, Richard H. Dawson, Sr., the Lowreys, A. Barber, George W. Pascal, A. S. Allison, D. Dwire, the Suitors, William Lawton, the Pearsalls, A. J. Smith, D. Names and others. This is a fine farming township, and the land is mostly divided into small farms. Orange Post Office is situated in the southeastern portion of the town- ship. Grand Mound, a village and station on the North-Western Railway, is located on Section 18, near the west line of the township, and north of the center. It was an outgrowth of the railroad, is surrounded by a prosperous farming community, and is quite a point for trade and shipments of grain and stock. The "oldest inhabitant" is Mr. John R. Merrill, who is comparatively a young man. He settled here in 1862, at which time there were but two houses near. He was the station agent, the first Postmaster, represented the town in the Board of Supervisors and has held other offices. In 1867, he, with Claus Weise, built the store now occupied by G. R. Nowels, and put in a stock of general merchandise, and dealt also in grain, continuing in this business until 1873. In 1873, Roger Kelsey removed from De Witt, and engaged in busi- ness here, dealing in groceries, boots and shoes, grain and cattle, building up a large and lucrative business. The present business houses are : J. R. Merrill, general merchandise ; Roger Kelley, groceries, boots and shoes ; Kahler Bros., extensive dealers in general merchandise, grain and live stock; M. Bricken, hotel and livery; Muhs & Co., saddlery; Claus Weise, agricultural implements; M. H. Merrill, grain-dealer ; H. D. Miller, Postmaster and drugs and books ; Jones & Jensen, general merchandise ; Tuttle & Sunderlin, hardware ; Sunderlin & Hansen, bakery and confectionery ; G. R. Nowels, general merchandise ; Miss B. B. Kelley, millinery ; Utof & Hahn, carpenters and wagon-makers ; G. W. Ingram, blacksmith ; E. L. Barnes, Justice and harness shop ; Harmon & Twiss, wagon and carriage builders ; W. J. Bonesteel, physician ; J. A. Carson, homoeopathic physician ; Lewis Artis, Phenix House. The Methodists are the oldest organized Church at Grand Mound. In 1869, a neat frame church was erected 20x34 feet in size. For some years previous, their services had been held in the schoolhouse. Rev. G. M. Hedges was the first Pastor. The membership is about thirty. A Sabbath school, numbering about eighty, meets each Sunday at 12 o'clock. The Baptists had also an organization. The inauguration of this Church enterprise was by Rev. Mr. Fish, an Evangelist, and services were continued for a period, but were some time since discontinued. The United Presbyterians have also a Church here, resulting from the labors ■of Rev. D. Nichol, of De Witt, who preaches here every alternate Sabbath, HISTORY OF CMNTON COUNTY. 645 and who has a large and increasing congregation. This society have recently purchased the schoolhouse, which they will remove to another lot and convert into a chapel. The Catholic Church, of SS. James and Philip, is a fine edifice 36x60 feet in size, with a spire 82 feet in height. This was erected in 1876. The first mass was celebrated here on the 17th of April, 1876, by Father Brady, of De Witt, and, the same day, subscription books were opened for the erection of this Church, and, on the 16th of July following, the first services were held in it, although it was not consecrated until in the fall. The building cost $3,000. The Catholics have a large and wealthy society here, a considerable number of the membership being Germans. Father McCormick officiates here each Sun- day. A new school building is being erected to accommodate the increasing popu- lation, at a cost of $1,500. LIBERTY TOWNSHIP. Liberty Township comprises Congressional Township 82 north, Range 1 east, and is bounded, north by Sharon ; west by Cedar County ; south by Spring Rock, and east by Berlin. The township was organized at the October session of the Board of Com- missioners in 1844, and the first election held at the house of R. Bagley. Among the early settlers of this township were the Cortrights, Robert Smith, the first Justice of the Peace, R. Bagley, Whipple and Barnes, who broke prairie together, Alanson Dickerson, Burgoyne, the Shoemakers, Gr. W. Thorne, Jesse Stine, James Devitt, Mr. Rea, Mr. Priest, John R. Wolfe, James McAndrew, the Kanes, P. More, and others. - The main line of the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad passes through this township northwesterly, entering the southern boundary about midway, and, curving to the west, passes out of the township about midway on its western boundary. The Wapsie runs diagonally through the township, running southeasterly. The surface along the Wapsie is somewhat broken, but after leaving the stream the land is fine rolling prairie. The population of this township is largely Irish farmers, like Washington Township. The last of the Government lands in the county were in this town- ship, and were largely entered in and near 1850. The land is now mostly held in small farms of eighty to one hundred and sixty acres, there being but few large land-holders in this township, and almost every farmer is in comfortable circumstances. The largest land-owners are John R. Wolfe, who formerly owned 1,100 acres and who now holds 840 acres ; Morris Wolfe, who owns 640 acres, and James Devitt, who has 550 acres. This township escaped the draft, having furnished its full quota by volun- teers. There are good schoolhouses throughout the entire township, and all of them comparatively new ones. The post'office is Toronto, on the Wapsie, and also a station on the railroad. Toronto is an old settlement, and has been a smart business point. In 1848 George W. Thorne built a saw-mill at this point, and, in 1850, a grist-mill. In 1853, a carding-machine was put up, being run by the mill-power by Jacob and Francis Ellis Mr. Thorne also kept a general stock of merchandise, in 646 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 1852, Jesse Stine, Esq., now of Wheatland, entered the employ of Mr. Thome, and, in 1854, became his partner, and continued in business with him until 1865. During this period, they used to sell $40,000 to $50,000 worth of goods per annum. Mr. Thorne still continues in business there, and is the Post- master, having succeeded Mr. Stine in 1862. In 1854, the Cortright Brothers opened a store here, which they continued until 1869, when they sold out to Hoskin & Dickinson, who failed after about two years. In 1856, B. A. E. Davidson opened a store' here, but was unsuccessful, and,, after about three years, failed. In 1867, Hugh Forbes established himself here as a merchant, and is still in business here. E. P. Simmons is a prominent man in this locality, and is the Justice of the Peace. In 1853, John P. Ackerman opened a blacksmith-shop and has continued it until the present time. He also keeps a hotel and a livery stable, and does quite an extensive business. A Mr. Jenks opened the first hotel in 1853, and continued it for a number of years, but sold out and the building is now occupied by Mr. Thorne for his store. In 1860, the Catholics of this vicinity erected a neat frame church at Toronto, under the pastoral charge of Father Scallan. He was succeeded by Father Ezecle, Father Rice and Father Murphy, the present incumbent. SHARON TOWNSHIP. Sharon Township is the northeast township in the county, and comprises Congressional Township 83 north, Range 1 east, and is bounded on the north by Jackson County, west by Jones County, south by Liberty Township, and east by Brookfield Township. This township was organized in April, 1851, at which time it is ordered that this territory "be cut off from all or any townships to which it may have been attached," an unnecessary order, as it had, as yet, been nowhere attached. This would, however, save the officer the trouble of investigating that fact, and give a clear record. The first election was held at the house of Luther Teeple. The settlers did not locate in Sharon at so early a date as in many of the other townships, probably from the fact that in consequence of the absence of streams through this section, there was little or no timber except occasional oak openings. The land in the south and east is fine farming land, but the northwest part of the township is somewhat broken and rough. Among the early settlers of this township are named David Smith, George Lillie, Arthur Lillie, Henry Armstrong, Luther Teeple, J. B. Current, John Wilcox, James H. Porter, the Gruvers, Jacob Burwell, George C. Read, D. D. Comstock, the Batchelders, Piatt Armstrong, the Sandersons and others. In the northwestern portion of the township at an early day, a large num- ber of Swedenborgians located, known as the Church of the New Jerusalem. They are ministered to spiritually by Rev. Prof. Stephen Wood. Their former place of worship was at Burgess. In the northeastern portion of the township, many German Dunkards, a, Baptist sect, settled. They are a most worthy, industrious and peaceful people, HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 647 having some marked peculiarities in custom, dress and religious rites, but are thriving and successful farmers. There are two post offices in the township. Burgess, situated in Section 17, •where also is a store, blacksmith-shop, etc., and where, for a time, there prom- ised to be a business point, but the opening of the Sabula, Ackley & Dakota Railroad which passes through the town from east to west along the southern part, has transferred the business point to Lost Nation, a station in the south- east, and where quite a thriving little village has sprung up. The legend is that its name is acquired in this wise : A German named Balm was searching for some relatives near this point, while the country all about him was an unbroken prairie, and the prairie grass was man and horse high. He was asked whe e he was going, and in reply, said he was looking for the "Lost Nation." Lost Nation is fast growing to be an important station on the S., A. & D. Railroad. It has a population of about three hundred, and, being surrounded by a class of able farmers, does a large business in handling grain, cattle, hogs, butter, etc. There are two church organizations, both occupying the Union Sabbath School Church, in which a union Sabbath school is held each Sabbath. The Methodists occupy the church two Sabbaths in each month, and the Church of the New Jerusalem (Swedenborgian) has services once a month. -Comstock & Wood are a leading firm, carrying a general stock. The senior member is D. D. Comstock, who formerly was established at Burgess, and who removed here after the opening of the railroad. He is well known throughout the county, having represented Sharon for years in the Board of Supervisors. Mr. Wood is the Postmaster. Beckon & Page also carry a general stock of merchandise. The following are the principal business establishments' at Lost Nation : Clark & Skiff, general merchandise; E. P. Gillette, hardware ; E. R. Dutt, cattle and grain dealer; J. E. Gable, lumber and coal dealer; Dr. J. R. Boyd, druggist and physician ; Mrs. M. H. Boyd, millinery ; Ludwig Balster, furni- ture ; H. Steiniger, Garden City House ; P. J. & J. D. Jenkins, house and sign painters ; Robert Appleton, butcher ; J. G. # Stettler, dentist ; C. C. Rug- gles, agricultural implements; 0. F. Hedager, Simon Johnson and J. W. Cramer, harness work; H. Hagadorn, shoemaker; J. Jorgensen, builder; Buck & Weldon, W. J. Martin, blacksmiths and carriage shops ; L. H. Peck, restaurant; Scott & Tufts, Lost Nation Hotel; Myers & Mewes, grain-dealers. BERLIN TOWNSHIP. Berlin was formerly included in the township of Olive, and was erected into a new township in February, 1856. The first election was held on the first Monday in April, 1856, in Spark's Schoolhouse. Berlin comprises Congressional Township 82 north Range 2 east, and is bounded on the north by Brookfield Township, west by Liberty Township south by Olive and Orange Townships and east by Welton Township. In the northeastern portion of the township are edges of groves, extending in from Brookfield Township on the north and Welton Township on the east. Ihe northern portion of the township is prairie land some of whicn however has more or less of sand hills. The eastern portxon of the township is h gh prairie land and is very fine, but as the township slopes to he ™*™"^° *™ becomes lower and has some wet lands. In this portion of the township are 648 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. some of the heaviest ditches made by the county, which greatly improved the character of the land and reclaimed a large area of swamp lands. Among the oldest settlers of this township may be named Thomas Flathers, the oldest settler, who resides in the northeastern part of the township. Mr. Flathers has been County Surveyor and has represented the township in the Board of Supervisors. Michael Hughes and his sons Richard and Michael L., Joseph Russell, Matthias Hoffman, who was recently killed by the overturning of his wagon while returning to his home from Maquoketa, Charles L. Sherwood, who filled the important office of Drainage Commissioner for one or more terms and did much for the township in the way of county ditches. He has removed to Sac County, Iowa. W. Hiersche and his son Rudolph, G M. Gohlmann, the largest resident land owner in the township, having entered and now owning Section 13. An amusing story is told of the trip to Iowa City, where this entry was made. Mr. Gohlmann and Mr. Henningsen, the present County Treasurer, left Sabula for Iowa City to enter land, and the strife was who should first reach the land office. The Gohlmanns had a crack team, while our county official had a poor plug of a horse. . Before reaching Tipton, the Gohl- manns were far in advance and stopped for the night, thinking the race was won. Mr. Henningsen, however, nothing daunted, pushed on through the night, and when the Gohlmanns reached the land office they met their com- petitor coming away from the office, having secured his entry. It is pleasantly told further that Mr. Henningsen, knowing the section they desired to enter, made choice for his friend of another section, having the pleasure of heating them in the race without prejudice to them. There were Mr. Correll and his sons Abraham and Daniel, the latter of whom lost his arm at Arkansas Post, and who has been County Recorder for the last two terms ; James R. Risley, who has represented the county in the Board of Supervisors ; John Hyde, Governor Nowels, and others. The lands are now mostly owned in small farms, and are occupied hy an intelligent and thriving community of farmers. The market place of this town- ship has been divided between Maquoketa and De Witt, although now Grand Mound comes in for a portion. I The schoolhouses in this township are excellent, and much attention, given to the education of their children. Indeed, this has become a stereotyped state- ment in writing of the townships and cities of Clinton County, where, as one man expressed it, after having made a tour of the South, he would " bet that there were more square feet of floor-room to educate children on in Clinton County than in the whole State of Georgia." HAMPSHIRE TOWNSHIP. When the early settlers began to locate in this county they passed over Hampshire and sought, as they then supposed, more desirable localities. This, probably, arose from a comparative scarcity of timber and water. But future developments show the error into which they were led, for to-day there is not a township of finer farming land within the limits of the county than Hampshire. The land is all, or nearly so, fine rolling prairie, without waste, and is all under cultivation, there being only 2,692 acres of unimproved land reported by the census returns of 1875, and which number has been largely reduced since that time. 5 J HISTORY OP CLINTON COUNTY. 64& Hampshire Township was organized on the 20th of February, 1857, and the first election thereafter was held at the Hess Schoolhouse on the first Mon- day in April, 185 1. Hampshire comprises Congressional Township 82 north, Ranee 6 east, except the south half of the southern tier of sections which are included in Clinton and Lincoln Townships. It is bounded north by Elk River Township west by Center Township, south by Lincoln and Clinton Townships, and east by Lyons Township. Among the first settlers of Hampshire may be named Robert Horner, Charles Finch, J. J. Determari, Henry Determan, John Hamilton B McLaughlin, Mr. Lillie, G. W. Creveling, George Pearce, E. Albright, A. J. Albright, Samuel Albright, Albert Hammond, Asa Hammond, Mr. Blessington and his four sons, the Mannings, Mr. Bouck, the Keelers, Mr. Ryder, the Diercks, Nicholas Schwartz, the Stuedemans, George and Chester Baker, James Dolan, Martin Dolan, James Rogan, Mr. Kessler and others. This township would have been bisected by a railway had not the old "Calico" road failed; but — having no railway through its territory, nor mill sites, and being contiguous to Lyons and Clinton, which are its market towns — no villages have sprung up within its limits. On Section 17, at the residence of Mr. J. C. Teitjens, is a hamlet, and some manufacturing of wagons, etc., is carried on. Ennis & Patton's extensive nurseries are also in this township in the southeastern part. The township is largely settled by German and Irish farmers, and, with few exceptions, the farms are moderate in area, and are under an excellent state of cultivation. The schools are numerous, and school buildings good. In the northeastern part of the township on Section 7, the Catholics have a neat church called the " Prairie Church," which is under the pastoral care of Father Gaffney, who also is in charge of Center Grove Church. Old Mr. Blessington, whose name is mentioned among the early settlers in Hampshire, used to relate of himself that he commenced the world for himself in Wisconsin, where he purchased 40 acres of land, and borrowed the money to pay for it at 40 per cent interest. In three years, he had extinguished the debt. He then sold out for f 800, and came to this township and entered a half- section. MISCELLANEOUS. The financial annals of the county and the cities within its borders are essentially the same as of the Northwest. Three periods are tolerably well defined. The first was one, of slow, steady and rather crude development, by the arrival and settlement of pioneers, poor in nothing but financial resources. For some years, they were too few to inaugurate any scheme for public improve- ments. Though, as previously noted, the necessities of life were abundant, money, for almost indispensable luxuries, were lacking. Then in the later forties and earlier fifties, began the period of activity, based partly on capital and more largely on credit and discounting a rather indefinite but rosy future. In 1850-53, the recent discovery of gold in California filled even the pru- dent with visions of riches, and affected every county in the same stage of growth as Clinton at that time! Into her limits there came companies of railroad and land speculators, together with substantial settlers, who were destined to become the real authors of its wealth. As observed in the detailed chronicle of railroad ,350 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. and land enterpri8es, for a season all went prosperously till it crumbled- before the panic of '57 like the baseless fabric of a dream. A digression is necessary to explain to the younger generation of readers how certain sections of the country could then have been brought to such a permanent standstill, and for them to appreciate the severity of the storm their sires had to weather, and to afford them useful lessons for the future. The crisis of '57 was due partly to excessive importation of foreign goods and partly to the too rapid construction of railways with borrowed capital — just such enterprises as the projected L. & I. C. A partial crop failure dimin- ished the capacity of the country to pay for its imports in produce and com- pelled heavy coin exports. Confidence was disturbed by the failure of indi- viduals and corporations. It became impossible to negotiate paper. As in 1837, a struggle was inaugurated between banks and merchants, which ended as such struggles must, in the suspension of both. In October, the New York City banks suspended specie payments, and the example was followed through- out the country. Merchants and railway companies generally failed. The failure of a highly esteemed corporation, the Ohio Life and Trust Company, has generally been considered the starting-point of the panic. But the elements of a radical revulsion, in the shape of unduly expanded bank credits, excessive conversion of floating capital into fixed capital, the construction of an extensive railway system, with capital borrowed on call, chiefly from abroad, and last of all a partial crop failure, had been present for some time, and the result had been foreseen and predicted. Prices fell 50 per cent in a few days. Money was so stringent that bankers were actually unable to borrow currency on gold bullion. The Michigan Southern sold a guaranteed 10 per cent stock at 50 cents, and the Michigan Central an 8 per cent mortgage bond at the same price. When the banks suspended in monetary centers relief came. Confidence gradually returned, money flowed into Wall street, prices improved, and many banks resumed in December. Many who had lost fortunes during the depres- sion recovered at least a part of them during the winter and spring. But it was several years before the commercial classes recovered from the blow and the West and South remained poor quite as long. The stringency of commercial and financial matters, and the dullness of times during the months immediately following the break-up of 1857, cannot be understood except by those who went through those troublous days. Not only was the country without money, but it was also poor in commodities — not as in 1873, overloaded with products, and with merely the machinery of trade and business deranged. Those who remember only the latter panic, have no adequate conception of the earlier disaster. An incident connected with the lumber trade will show how Lyons, previously so prosperous and confident as to the future, was utterly prostrated. Hosford & Miller, had, in the spring of 1857, begun their mill at Lyons, and in the summer started the saws. Mr. Hosford had bought two rafts of a Galena banker, paying $1,000 advance. On the timber being delivered, Mr. Hosford declined to take it, the financial storm having darkened the whole horizon, offering to resign his advance, and preferring not to risk working up the logs, or risk wintering them in the swift current of that year's high water. But upon the seller insisting upon sharing the risk, the rafts were delivered, as much lumber as possible cut therefrom before the early and severe winter that added so much to the gloom and distress of that time set in, and the rest of the logs hauled high on the bank by main force of the " bull-wheel." Discouraged by the outlook, Messrs. Hosford and Miller, like many other firms, busied HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 651 themselves temporarily elsewhere, leaving the Lyons interests in the hands of an agent, and the severity of the pinch can be perhaps appreciated, by the fact that in a place of about one thousand people, with a large back country, the agent did not transact business enough to pay his expenses, and had to be supplied with funds to live upon. In the spring, Mr. Hosford thinking that greater energy might revive trade, gave his personal attention to the yard ; but though they sawed up great piles of lumber, it was impossible to dispose of any worth mentioning. Then Miller, thinking that he could, perhaps, stir up some trade endeavored to work off some lumber ; but so torpid was the market, and so utterly depressed and inactive every building interest, that he only succeeded after many weeks in selling on credit one bill of about $80, to help build a small house owned by Peter Dick, just east of the present Riverside Institute, for- merly the Randall House, which was built by Ben Lake in '57. RIVER REMINISCENCES. Without reference to the great river that washes its eastern border, any his- tory of Clinton County would be decidedly incomplete. Not only has the Mississippi been one of the principal factors in the material development of the county, but, by its providing natural and ample drainage, has exercised a decided influence upon the health of the community, to say nothing of the magnificence that the rolling flood, whether tawny with melted snow, or glow- ing in the summer sun, lends to the landscape. For thirty years, the river steamer, except the crawling wagon or stage, was the only means of public transit or transportation. Without steamboats to stem the rushing current of the river, the full settlement of the Northwest, and especially of Eastern Iowa, would have been delayed, at least, a decade or two. While no town in Clinton County became so exclusively interested in navigation as several further down the river, yet, during their early days, the arrival of the steamer was the prin- cipal event in their somewhat monotonous life. The irregularity of their move- ments naturally stimulated the public interest. " As uncertain as a steamboat," was a popular expression that testifies to their erratic time-tables. However, in those days, travel on Mississippi crafts was more delightful, in some respects, than it has ever since been. The stream was, compared with its present pollu- tion by the wash from fields and town debris and sewage, clear and trans- lucent, the bluffs had not been shorn by the ax, the prairies stretched like a carpet down to the water's edge, or heaved their " soundless breakers " of vivid green against the horizon. Nor was there any lack of life, either, on board the boat crowded with the diverse elements that flock to a new country. There was a freshness and fascination in the river trip, now departed from these waters. The sloughs and bayous during the season swarmed with wild fowl that, sometimes scared by the steamer's whistle, rose into the air in a whirring cloud. Deer standing on the bluffs, or cautiously stealing from one covert to another, occasionally added grace to the picture. A voyage up the Mississippi by steamer, in those days, was an enchanting journey. Even at a comparatively late day, so extensive a traveler as that great lover of Nature as well as Science, Prof. Louis Agassiz, could scarcely express his enthusiastic delight at the beauty as well as the fertility of the country along the grand river. Noble and beautiful as was the stream when the pioneers first beheld it, and, as related elsewhere, concluded to pitch their tents within sight of its waters, the imagination cannot help picturing what it must have been at a previous and g52 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. not very distant day in geologic time, when the expanse of waters spread across the present bottom, when the present bluffs were merely the banks, when such valleys as the trough in which Goose Lak,e lies, and the wide plain between the Fulton and the back bluffs, were the beds of the parallel bayous and through the broad channel poured the floods fed by the outlets of the whole southern system of British American Lakes, when the Red River of the North flowed southward, and the Minnesota, instead of being a mere tributary, was really the Upper Mississippi. Without steamboats, the traffic on the river would have been small. Though the flat-boat and keel-boat might have furnished available transport down stream, the current would have prevented schooners being profitably employed, and made towing up stream too tedious and slow. ' For many years, boats ran independently of each other, though by tacit agreement, they often adopted a sort of system that brought them along at tolerably regular intervals. Fuel was at first, fortunately, very cheap. Squatters established yards at every available point along the river and their axes rapidly denuded much Government land of its most, valuable timber, and many settlers quickly stripped their own timber claims to furnish the steamers with fuel, which could be consumed in the clumsy and wasteful engines in quantities that would make an English or Continental engineer faint. Though snags and sawyers were more numerous than now, low water was not so annoying nor did bars shift so rapidly as since the land has been plowed and the woods extensively cut down. Considering the craziness of some of the primitive craft, it is surprising that accidents were so rare. However, many were very stanchly built. Racing was not so prevalent as in the lower river, between the rival St. Louis and New Orleans packets, but there are traditions of many lively brushes between opposition boats, though it is doubtful whether any in the old time equalled some of the late trials of speed between the Keokuk Northern side-wheel and the Diamond Jo stern-wheel craft, notably the race in 1878, between the Alex. Mitchell and the Josie. In 1864-65, the development of soft-coal mines near the river, led to that fuel displacing wood, to the great advantage of steamboat men. For about ten vears, 1863 to 1873, steamboat business was very profitable, and for a number of years after building the bridge at Clinton, the city was a great transfer point, being virtually the funnel through which flowed river and rail freight converging for re-shipment. But the multiplication of north and south Towa railways, and the construction of numerous bridges, has greatly dimin- ished that traffic. The river has been of great service to both Clinton and Lvons, as well as the back country, in providing cheap fuel, wood and coal being brought by barges at minimum cost. Discriminating railway tariffs, obliging shippers to send grain through to Chicago, have prevented the devel- opment of the warehouse and elevator business that was fondly hoped for in the early days before the practical omnipotence of railroads was demonstrated. RAILROADS VS. RIVERS. The records kept by bridges across the Mississippi, of the steamboats and barges passing up and down through them, show that the tonnage of the rivers through traffic is materially diminishing each successive year, and gradually seeking the railroads. If the same decline continues for the next decade that has existed for the past one, the remuneration for river transportation compan- ies will produce small profits for those engaged in the business. The navigable season is growing shorter year by year. The brief space of time between the HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. S53 opening and closing of navigation on the Upper Mississippi, at a season of the year when but a small portion of the cereals of the Northwest are seeking a market, seriously impairs its usefulness for carryingpurposes. Before the advent of the immense net-work of railroads that now invade every productive portion of the Western States and Territories, it was customary to haul the products from great distances in the interior to the river towns, store them and await the opening' of navigation; but the railroads have revolutionized this custom, and the products that formerly sought the river towns for re-shipment, now pass through on the great trunk lines leading to Chicago. The uncertain stnges of water in the river destroy the confidence in shipping, and persons desiring to ship ordinary classes of products prefer the rail lines that run almost parallel with it from St. Paul to St. Louis, at even greater rates than could be secured by the water route. The volume of water in the river is gradually growing less, and various causes are assigned for it. We do not know that any scientific investigation has ever been had as to the real cause, but innumerable theories are set forth. Among them we present the following as having come to our knowledge : The settlement of the country and breaking-up of the land adjacent to the great river and its tributaries, causing the heavy rain-falls, that formerly augmented these streams, to soak into the ground, is assigned by some as the cause. Ey others, it is claimed that the fall of snow is diminishing in the upper country, and the cutting of such immense quantities of the pine forests onuses the actual snow-fall to melt very rapidly in the spring, and pass away with such rapidity as to make the volume of water reaching the Mississippi of such brief benefit, and to recede so quickly, as to make its results less apparent than in-, former years. These and many other various reasons are put forth for the low water, but all concede the great points, viz. : that the volume of water in the river is gradually diminishing ; that navigation is becoming more difficult and expensive, and that the business seeking the river is, year after year, falling on> while the railroad tonnage is rapidly increasing. As to the benefit to the navi- gation of the river by the improvement of the Rock Island and Keokuk Rapids, there are conflicting opinions, and the question admits of many views from diverse standpoints. Looking at it practically, and in the light of the last ten years' experience, it can hardly be claimed that the benefit from this improve- ment has been commensurate with the expenditure upon it. Nature has decreed that the river will ever stand as a monitor and regulator of rates of transhipment from the interior States to the seaboard, and as an invincible champion of the millions of people on its banks against any future extortions by all-rail routes, and viewed from this light, th V^ ™?d P W been, and will continue to be, of great value. The reasons for the ge « d ecLne in the river business are obvious. First, the change in the mod e > ar 1 manner of doing produce business requires it to be done m the shortest possible time and the railroads, crossing the river at all important .P omts ' Pf" 6 ^^! ™ country where the bulk of grain is raised, gather it up in car- load , an d w hen once in the train, consume no more time in reaching the market at Chicago than it would by stopping for re-shipment at the river cro s ng , "Jwhite Chicago is a market at all times of the year having unequ al J ^.l' 1 ^o handle 8 jt expeditiously, there is no town on the Mississippi R iver p«« *»mg these advantages. They can only take what is ^™ ed ^Tel™2 T* on All towns tndcitiesontheupper river ^^^Vff^^ll^^ the rail and water routes, Chicago, the great entrepot of theWest e ng a tran up ping point for all Western products, and a market that can be « ed on qu.ckly reached, and making rapid returns to the provincial grain- dealer, enabling him 654 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. to do a heavy business on a small capital. No such facilities are offered by any other point on the river route. Returns are naturally so slow, and a market so uncertain by river lines, consequently making a heavy capital necessary, that they are being practically abandoned, and almost the entire product of the West is seeking the all-rail routes to the seaboard. Notwithstanding the facts and observations herein set forth, we must not lose sight of the item of the enormous lumber business done on the Mississippi River, which amounts alone, in 1879, to 1,350,000,000 feet, making this grand stream of incalculable value as a means for the transportation and distribution of this business ; and in point of value, its greatest benefits to the people at the present time are in this direction. The following table gives the number of boats passing Clinton Bridge in both directions. The figures are suggestive : Year, Boats. 1865 1,049 1866 865 1867 726 1868 1,252 1869 1,058 1870 1,508 1871 1,334 The large increase from 1867 to 1878 indicates not so much the growth of river through traffic, as the development of the "tow" method of bringing down rafts, and the number of trips made by the raft steamers. The following table of the first and last boats each year to pass the Clinton Bridge, affords a record of the virtual opening and closing of navigation: ROES. 514 Yfab 1872 697 1873 391 1874 321 1875 540 1876 439 1877 540 1878 Boats. Barges. 1872 1,614 556 2,035 393 2,405 641 2,461 736 2,986 991 2,763 617 1,950 913 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 FIRST BOAT. Benton March 20 Means March 31 Savanna April 7 Iowa City March 19 I. C. Gault March 30 I. C. Gault March 29 Lyons City March 9 Clyde March 31 Tidal Wave March 27 Emma March 18 D. A. McDonald April 5 Augusta Jan. 2 Lyons City Feb. 28 D. A. McDonald Feb. 25 Niota Belle March 14 LAST BOAT. Flora Dec. 1 Lyons City Dec. 9 Imperial Nov. 28 Lone Star Deo. 7 I. C. Gault Nov. 30 Lyons City Dec. 16 Minnie Wells Nov. 22 C. Lamb Nov. 20 Lyons City Nov. 19 LafeLamb Nov. 19 Savanna Nov. 22 Lyons City Nov. 28 Emma Dec. 20 Park Painter Dec. 7 During nearly all of the winter of 1877-78, steamers could have run above this point without being impeded by ice. The first company organized by a consolidation of various independent owners, was the Galena, Dubuque & Minnesota Packet Company. The Itasca, War Eagle, Alhambra, Galena and Northern Light, are well remem- bered as old favorites. In 1858, the Northern Line was organized and for many years ran power- ful packets between St. Louis and St. Paul. The Pembina, Minnesota, arid and their consorts, for several years offered safe and convenient transit to points above and below. In 1867, the "White Collar Line," so named from a white band about the smoke-stacks, extended their trips southward to St. Louis. HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 655 In 1873. another consolidation resulted in the establishment of the Keokuk Northern Line, which has, notwithstanding severe losses by fire and ice in Alton slough and at the St. Louis levee, as well as from low water delays, bravely maintained river travel and greatly increased the comfort of travelers, especially by abolishing the bars on the boats. Commodore W. F. Davidson con- trols the line, which is represented at Clinton by F. A. Seavey, who occupies the Bucher warehouse. The present fleet numbers from nine to twelve steamers, both side and stern wheel, ranging in carrying capacity from five hundred to one thousand tons. With an increasing summer pleasure travel stimulated by the opening of new Northern resorts and epidemics in the South, passenger traffic bids fair to develop to an extent that will make the river men as sanguine and prosperous as ever. The use of the river for cheap excursions has afforded wholesome recreation to thousands of persons in Clinton County dur- ing the past twenty years. To many they are the only available opportunity for an ''outing." In 1867, the "Diamond Jo" Line was established, plying between Fulton and St. Paul, and affording a competing route northward for Clinton and Lyons. In 1877, the line was extended southward to Burlington, and during the present year to St. Louis. The line comprises seven large boats, Joseph Reynolds, of Winona, its owner and manager, believing that stern-wheelers are more profitable than side-wheel boats, especially in consideration of frequent seasons of low water and the fact that the debris from saw-mills in Minnesota, is perceptibly increasing the number and height of the bars in the upper river. Col. I. G. Magill is the Clinton manager of the line's business, occupying two warehouses, one constructed during the past year upon a massive artificial levee of stone. G. W. Bray ton & Son are the Lyons agents for both lines. THE ENVOY. In the palmy old days of steamboating, before railway competition began to be felt, and while river communication was considered to be the main factor in building future trading entrepots, the boats did not (as since) run in regular lines, but each was a rival of all others. Many were the ludicrous incidents of such a " cut-throat," Ishmaelitish competition. The business was almost as uncertain as placer mining. Sometimes a boat cleared an almost fabulous percentage of her value, and sometimes her roaring furnaces and big payroll ate up the receipts and surplus as well. As debts held against the boat, Captains were sometimes put to singular shifts to avoid being tied up by officers of the law on collecting bent. Probably one of the most reckless of those captains who used to exercise their ingenuity in running the blockade was N. C. Roe, who, during 1855-56, ran the steamer Envoy, a trim, swift boat, which he purchased of the Nugents, of Lyons, when she did not owe a dollar on the river, and succeeded in running her in debt to the amount of about $50,000, thereby, of course, making her too expensive a luxury for any one to undertake to run. Frequently did R. pre- sage the tactics of the /ailroad kings of New York dunng the great Erie imbroglio, by-in order to have reliable, legal advice at hand when suddenly wanted-navigating the river with- a shrewd lawyer retained on board to secur the boat's release if levied upon by legal minions. Roe had no thing of the river swagger about his style. " He was the mildest-mannered man that ever scuttled a ship," by loading her with claims. „ nmmaT1( l n f The adventures and oSapad*. of the Envoy while , ™»« *« "J?™ ™ h f t this aquatic << Ancient Pistol "-in that he bel.eved "Base is the slave that 656 iiisToiiv or clinton county. p a y S '* — should be chronicled by a pen no less vivacious than Mark Twain's, in " Old Times on the Mississippi," and they would afford material for a burlesque as absurdly funny, in regard to steamboating, as is " Pinafore " on the Royal Navy. Once, the Envoy lay at the Lyons levee to take on a Masonic excur- sion to Dubuque. The boat was crowded, but, when just about to cast off, a legal officer remorselessly tied her up, affixing a strong hawser to a stout post on the levee. But, acting on legal advice, Capt. Estabrook, who was then run- ming as mate, emulating " Old Hickory " at New Orleans, took the responsi- bility ; gradually paying out cable, he let the boat drift down stream till close ,on the ferry-boat, and at the same time swung her head out into the stream; ithea the engines were started under a full head of steam, the wheel swiftly ^revolved and the craft dashed off toward the channel, the deck hands simul- taneously paying out cable as rapidly as possible. By the time it stretched and ^tightened, the boat was well out in the stream, and under tremendous head- way. As the rope drew taut an effort was made to make it more secure on shore just as a sudden jerk brought up the steamer, so suddenly that she careened as if about to capsize. The passengers rushed to the other side, and R., for once, cursed the men and the levee loudly and compendiously, as the irresistible momentum of the boat, drawing on the rigid rope, tore the post from the ground with such force that it gyrated into the river, and was hauled -.on board as a trophy. After several lurches, as the crowd on deck rushed from -one side of the boat to the other, she finally straightened up for Dubuque, where new trials awaited the "gallant captain." Officers of that city, with liens on the boat, boarded her, and, thinking to make sure work of the slippery -skipper, removed the piston-heads from the engine. But they grievously under- estimated the resources of the irrepressible company of the Envoy. Upon finding that so doing would be strictly " legal," the Captain had his carpenters ^construct temporary piston-heads of stout oak, the engineers, as the hour for •^departure approached, quietly got up steam, and, when all were ready, the lines were quickly cast off, the bells jingled, and before the eyes of the astonished, Dubuque officials, the crippled craft, as if by magic, floated out into the broad stream, majestically rounded to, and, with bands playing and whistles screaming in derisive triumph, aided by the powerful current, vanished toward Lyons and Clinton, where the excursionists were safely landed. That trip will always be memorable to many old residents of the three " cluster cities " who participated. But, at Lyons, the Captain was cited to appear before Justice , to answer for resisting an officer. But as it was proved that, he had stood pas- sively on the hurricane deck, and Estabrook, in his frank, bluff way, and with resounding expletives, shouldered the entire responsibility, stating that " it was time to start, and he didn't know of any reason for delaying," and as E. S. Hart was the counsel for the defense it is needless to say that no cause of action was found. The goings and comings of the Envoy were often as mysterious and uncer- tain as those of the legendary "Plying Dutchman." Indeed she was on the river the counterpart of the sailor's terror upon the ocean, only she was the terror of wood-yards and other depots of boat supplies. Sometimes she would land at a dozen wood-yards before she succeeded in finding one where the pro- prietors were away. Then all hands would pile up the Envoy's hold and guards till she looked like a floating wood-pile, and, leaving a card acknowledging receipt of blank cords of wood, the bristling craft would clatter away. Sometimefshe would put off up stream in the evening in gallant style, blazing with lights, and, presently, with glims doused and exhausts hushed, would glide like a phantom HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 657 down the channel on the opposite side, and, perhaps, next be heard of on the Ohio or Red River, THE DUBCQUE MELEE. Difficulties between insubordinate " roosters " and bullying mates and between the officers collecting fares and ruffianly deck passengers were inevit- able. But owing to " nerve " and moral force, the authority of the boat offi- cers was always maintained till the bloody riot on the Northern Line steamer Dubuque, on July 29, 1869, memorable as the most murderous melee that ever occurred on the river in time of peace. The boat was bound for St. Paul. At Quincy and Davenport, several, hundred rough, turbulent deck passengers swarmed on board, reckless with natural pugnacity and drink. Many had liberal supplies of liquor with them. There was a full complement of cabin passengers, including ladies, but, as the raftsmen and harvesters remained below, quiet prevailed till the boat was nearing Hampton, when the clerk went below to collect fare, leaving a negro deck-hand to guard the stairway; A fight took place between the sentinel and a rough who was whipped by the African. That trivial fracas proved to be but the prelude to a tragedy. Inflamed by alcohol, the mob of deck passengers espoused their comrade's quarrel, and demanded that Capt. Rhodes put his colored crew ashore. His scornful refusal of the mutineers' demand was the signal for a scene of riot and massacre. In a few minutes, the steamer's decks presented a spectacle more like those of a vessel boarded by Algerine or Malay pirates than of a peaceful craft in American inland water. The steamboat men, except the pilots, being without available weapons, and the mob armed with knives, clubs and lumps of coal, the conflict was too unequal. After a brief resistance, the crew was overpowered, and the steamer, from hold to hurricane deck, pervaded by a howling, blaspheming, bloodthirsty crowd of rioters, who surged through the cabins and swarmed over the decks in pursuit of the hated negroes, who were shot, stabbed, trampled, clubbed, thrown or chased overboard and then pelted with missiles till not one was visible on board, those who had not been dispatched being hidden in the hold or ladies' staterooms, or protected by the armed and resolute pilots in the wheel-house. The officers were powerless to protect the crew and were fully employed in protecting passengers from insult and injury from whisky-crazed desperadoes. Capt. Rhodes' family Were on board and his apprehensions tor their safety may have paralyzed him as an official. At Hampton, Col. S. G. Magill, who happened to be there, and Capt. Khoaes, telegraphed to Clinton and Rock Island. Accordingly, on the boat arriving at Clinton it was met by a detachment of police from Rock Island, in addition to the Clinton Marshal with a large posse, backed by several hundred well-armea citizens. With the exception of several of the ringleaders who had escapea at Camanche, one of whom was afterward secured by officer Tompkins, of Win- ton, the mob was arrested and the leading spirits put in irons, bix ot me dead were identified by name, but the total number of killea was, probably, never accurately ascertained. Nothing of the kind has since happened on tne boats, and the license that returning raftsmen and harvesters had previously sometimes usurped has been rigorously prevented. l8 . ft The first Lyons warehouse was built by "Old Dad" Fisher about 1840. It was built of stone, and owing to some controversy with the city as to loca- tion, its construction was authorized by special act of the Legislature. The first Clinton forwarders were Messrs. Lamb & Low. Gmton & ^Jody J. C. Bucher and the Flournoys, were also prominently identified with the river trade, as has been Col. Magill, in both Clinton and Lyons for many years. 658 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. It is claimed by experienced river men that the annual June rise comes, on the average, earlier, thereby abridging the season for satisfactory navigation^ However, there appears to be a seven years cycle of high and low water, which, it is claimed, coincides with magnetic and sun-spot variations. EARLY STATISTICS. In 1850, the population of Clinton County was 1,822. In 1854, the cen- sus showed that it had been swollen to 7,200, an increase of 4,376, or 1,094 a year. The increase was mainly during the last two years of the interval, owing to the expectation of a railroad soon traversing the county, stimulating, local immigration. The total number of males were 3,795 ; of females, 3,390. The voters numbered 1,320, the aliens 706. Of able-bodied men liable for militia duty, 840 were enrolled. These figures are suggestive as to the subse- quent development of the community. There was no such disparity between the number of men and women as there was too frequently in comparatively new commonwealths. It is evident that the majority of settlers were substan- tial men, who had brought their families with them and intended to stay. The rapid progress that Clinton County has made in culture and refinement, should be justly attributed to the character no less than the number of the matrons and maids, whose beneficial influence was so promptly and strongly manifested as a social factor. That the aliens numbered about 10 per cent of the popula- tion, was of itself a sufficient reason why the sentiment of Know-Nothingism never obtruded into Clinton County politics or neighborhoods. By association with those of other nationalities who located near them, prejudices were oblit- erated, and within her borders Saxon, Teuton, Celt and Norseman have ever dwelt in fraternity. The population of the several townships was as follows : Lyons, 1,148 ; Camanche, 1,275; De Witt, 981; Elk River, 722; Center, 516;- Waterford, 348; Liberty, 321; Bloomfield, 776; Olive, 289; Sharon, 270; Orange, 140; Deep Creek, 211; Spring Rock, 203. The respective villages numbered: Camanche, 569; Lyons, 513, having doubled in eight months, and De Witt, 243. There were in the county 15 colored persons, all at Camanche. SANITARY. The sanitary condition of all the cities and towns in Clinton County has been, since their foundation, remarkably good. Hitherto, no epidemic has been able to obtain a foothold within the county's borders ; neither those likely to be imported, such as small-pox, cholera or yellow fever, or those usually ger- minated on the spot where they break out, such as typhus or typhoid fevers or ague. This favorable health record is, due to several causes. The intensely cold winters generally prevent disease germs or morbific conditions from so accumulating as to threaten the public health. The drainage of the county is so good that, except in a few isolated districts, the first settlers have not had to combat that sallow enemy of the pioneers to such an extent as in States further east and south — the "shakes." But it is probable that the greatest causes of the satisfactory exhibit of the vital statistics of Clinton County are the prosperity and intelligence of the people. Their prosperity had provided them with abundant supplies of excellent food, which has been shown by the best authori- ties to be one of the most potent conservators of vitality. Their intelligence- prevented their falling, even when the country was new, into the shiftless habits ■ so characteristic of the latitudes but little further south, and also quickened' their individual wants and social aspirations. All this had a most beneficial HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 65& effect, nothing being more clearly proven than that mental activity conduces to, health. Open spaces and ample room, thereby preventing the worst cause of filth and disease in cities— overcrowding— energetic health oflScers, and the introduction of water-works, have had their beneficial effects upon the health reports of the largest towns. Though twice since the county has been devel- oped, cholera in a malignant form has appeared on the Upper Mississippi ; it has, though located directly in the natural course of the scourge, not been able to secure more than casual victims who had directly or indirectly communicated with infected steamboats. In 1854, several persons who had been landed from! steamboats while sick, died of cholera at Lyons, causing considerable indigna- tion and excitement, but no panic. In 1866, in Clinton, occurred an outbreak of cholera that did create a panic, and would have been serious had it not been for the generally favorable- hygienic condition of the locality, though the houses where the pest unmasked its terrors were in a condition almost as bad as some quarters of London at the time of the great plague. The disease broke out on the north side of the east- ern end of Fourth avenue, causing a dozen deaths before vigorous measures stayed its progress. In 1873, though the same malady terribly ravaged the lower portion of Davenport, it obtained no foothold in Clinton County. During the past decade, not only has the death-rate diminished, but also. the proportion of both chronic and acute sickness, especially among children, This has been partly due to the population beconjing acclimated, children bom in the county being visibly hardier than those who have immigrated. But the- great improvement in public health has been due to the popularization and dif- fusion of hygienic and culinary knowledge. The spread of the idea that to. make a living is not all there is of living, has also had its influence. But, contrary to the usual idea, children living in villages and cities appear to, possess a higher average vital development than those living on farms. Why this is so, may be left to the future medical history of the county to discuss. MISCELLANEOUS INCIDENTS. In running over the files of the De Witt Observer the following item attracted notice. It was copied from the Wheatland Advocate, of January 12, 1864 : " Twenty-one hogs were brought into Wheatland one day last week, the property of one man, and sold for $700." As compared with the prices the the pioneers of this county used to receive when they hauled their pork long distances, and sold it for $1.25 to $1.75 per hundred, it seemed a fabulous price. Those were war times. Black Bill. — Among the early settlers in Camanche was William Watts, who was born a slave in Missouri. He was a large, athletic man, very erect, and exceedingly courteous in his bearing. He is said to have purchased him- self and his wife by his own labor. Others assert that his former owner gave- them their freedom, and purchased him a farm near Camanche. At all events, he at one time was the owner of a fine farm near that city. William was a popular man with the white people. He used to keep a hotel in Camanche, which was well patronized. Many of the officers of the court, attorneys and, others stopped with " Bill." He kept a station on the " underground railroad, and assisted many of his colored brethren in escaping from bondage. William used to say that he " was the first white man in Camanche." He reared quite- a large family, and for a time was prosperous, but reverses overtook him and, as some charge/he was over-reached by some whom he counted as his friends, losing his farm, which was a quarter-section, and living in poverty until too old tor .QQQ HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. further labor, he was removed to the County House, where he died a few year! since, at the extreme age of one hundred and four years. In 1869, in Spring Rock Township, a man named Alonzo Page, who was •a thief, and notoriously so, stealing and delivering horses from his own neigh- borhood to the " runners," was visited by a company of Regulators, who invested his house on a November night, for the purpose of* capturing him and " inter- viewing " him for a confession. He was armed, and made a determined defense, firing upon the crowd. As his assailants approached nearer, he came out of the house with his gun and started in pursuit of one of the number, but had taken but a few steps when he fell mortally wounded, surviving his wounds but a few days. A gentleman who was, in an early 'day, engaged in mercantile business in the western part of the county, in speaking of the times when " Judge Lynch " was presiding on the bench, relates that among the visitors through this section was a man known by the soubriquet of "Old Man Roberts." His visits were quite frequent, until he was familiar to most of the people. He was always going westerly ; was never observed on his return journeys. After he had passed, it always, by a singular coincidence, happened that a new counterfeit began to circulate. The bills were frequently so well executed as to pass quite ■current, even among those most accustomed to handling currency. He says that the only note reporter they had was Thompson's, published in New York. Before the detection of the counterfeit, its transmission to New York, the receipt of the Monthly Reporter here, weeks, and even months would elapse. In the mean time, they must rely upon their own judgment in accepting the currency offered. This led to the practice of using all the suspected money in settling their transactions with persons suspected of being engaged in "shoving the queer, " and it was always accepted by them without a question, and by a bank then •doing business in a city not far distant. Our narrator states that he has paid his St. Louis drafts with money which he strongly suspected of being counterfeit, and which, indeed, had been described in the Reporter. He says that this was always a somewhat mysterious circumstance. An amusing incident is related in connection with the draft. A number of gentlemen in Clinton had formed one of the then numerous " Draft Insur- ance Companies " or " pools." They numbered twenty-three and paid in $300 each. Four of their number were drafted, and it became the business of the hour to find the necessary substitutes. They had money enough in the " pool," but men were not plenty. Having learned that out west a party of Indians Were encamped and engaged in cutting wood, two of their number, one a prom- inent business man and the other a well-known attorney, were dispatched to see if they could not secure their number of men from these. They engaged five to go down to Davenport to be examined. On arriving there, they found the officers greatly overwhelmed with the pressure upon the office, and it was several days before they could obtain a hearing. Meanwhile, they had to watch their substitutes, and day and night they had them under espionage. At last their turn came ; their Indians were passed into the military court- room, but soon an officer rushed out and said, " Here, take away your Indians; they're all squaws." The gentlemen above mentioned have always contended that the officials were mistaken and were guilty of perpetrating an immense .joke on them, and their protestations to their partners in. the pool gained additional weight from the fact that the government officially announced that no Indians would be enlisted. HISTORY OP CLINTON COUNTY. 661 *m^i[iin jo jeqmn^ ■pazilumvBU ;ou sienSiejoj jo "o^i •sjq;oa jo jaqnni^t TjiC^HHrH^iOCOOlNCOWCOO '. O (3» H N » N » HNHHHnNCOHIN^HNHH' COIN H IN rl H HH r^ o^tNTtia>OJQ©i>tDOiaiHrHTjico^mo(Ncocoo3HiflQ C^ CT i£D r-H i— ih i— I i— I i— I t-^H^H i— |i— I "W.8T a J sq^ap jaqum^i 'W81 u l sqi^iq jeqionii ^COHOJOiOTl<05'*OCOI>COCOcOiNCOr-0'*HKi(N(NCTiiO ©HQO^NOHCDOlCClNQDrHOJt-OliiOtNCOHCOaiOCDiO i—i i— I i-H CO i— I ^i r- i CO i— ( t— I t— I H Is *IJJ JSpUTl pUU pfO SJCBSX 9X -0^1 '91 Jopnn pa-e 'p[oe.ic.*A' 0'°H lOCOOONCOCONOr-OOJCOOONOiOINCONiMMH & 2* COcOt'OQOt-OOim^HOJt-INHffiiOOb-'^CTiracOOcOtD nW(NHH(MMCOIMCOMHIN(N(N COCO-h s=5 sajntmoo uSia -aoj at aioq 'o^ ODvO©H'*MrcOl>«iI-©00050- , *HI>t-T)HD(NOaiCO INOiOIXHCHNHHOJtOCntOCOHMr'ONiOffiCOCOtOCDCD'* (N1NH i-l O Th CT> CO 1M (N CM rtl Ttl (M HOJ^riMMMHHH baox ux ^oa jnq •g -a m uioq -ojsc QOMtONOlOlOJCOOCOCOGOOKMOCJlTlilNiOlNOOmOQCOt- iOi£>C0O3T-(C0©0ir-<£>©t— nir-fflCTCBI»eociJ[-'*OlH00O>CO00t- ,_, ,_, ,_ cc> ,-| ,-| rl CO l-H i-H mS^CTMwSS'*i000'#O'JIMHH0!t0'*i0»«-*'*ffl 5lSo(NCOCOCOCOiOCOOO>Ot-iOTllCDMtN^O»2COt-;ncOcoro-*coe»«g» MH rtCTCT^HNM^NMH l-Nr-'r-lr-lr-li-li-IT-l 5. « % r a> -^ -5 •nonBindoj i«l<>x ° 2 •s § § a a naaoo 5>B ^{0 0)03 C- CO os tJi r- c a.S CO CD tM ■* (M CO Ofl ^ a) Q B P<"5 o a « 2 ■3^ M > -ZH CD - ) tO •* I 1 t- OS.' < CO lO CO . CD CO -— <5& H OS ■* '-O 00 CO OS O >0 CM C5 i-t 00 OS 00 CO i— « 00 It- 662 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 6 ° O M Cu as •piojjeqwff M *S ;:::r:::::co::::::o^co::«r-i :::::::::: :::•::: 0i^:,,- '::' •snauunjf *g uqoj* OCOCOQO'^OlCDO-^OO'OKHNHINdlOSHOlNOffi i-HrH^H rH CN H H CN CN H H 00 74 "Woiiia "3 T — ■ WH CN CN H H CO H H H O o CO I O O O CO THOO *03*00»OWiNi-iNH •88UIIOH '£ "pg I ^Or- if-COQOWCvlOOOiirSaaCO'^llOCOCiO CDCDN^Q^ICOM^030 *9aoqOlf) aUOP lOKHOCOQPJWOJO^OiCDOCBOMOJOKDCDCD^UJt- ONffiCOOOoeo^oO'OtiMHcqcO'tOJHor-ooi iH rH rH .^H; (N T"H rH Col CN ^H ^^ WLO-XOCOCOCO^^iOCOHD-OCDINMCfiCOifflKI^OJrt 'd&BlI'W "^ * P U5WOCOQ(MlNCTiai , *OCDOC530M03HHNCD'^ifM> - a,Ji H (NH CN CO H H MHH HHH OlNQOCCiOCO«ia>'*OlO«OMCNH(MiO'^Olr-ia)l>00 •bj9av.oj "5i senref rt(^iONcDco^(Mcocciac»QOTfno«NHT|i(NOi t- t— H ~ rH H CN i-H H P4j •no^SauiBj "n; COOCOOcDNCDCOiHiOkOHNiCCDCNICC^QOtDIN^ffiH u3'*>ococBiMcoroOT , *otDOcnoccoiHHt-.tO'i^CO'^iOiOHI--COCD(NCOC»'^>COC>l^C?. O) iOM>OCOa!iM'M030:^OCDOCBOeOC»H05l>t0^iON rH CNHCNCOhHCOH rH rH r-t ' •neSuLreaMS "A'l) •nuuLiaqg *g; n.uny OMr-CO^tDWOi^ON-OWWHMMCONHOt^HCft '^■rHOt^COQOrHCNQOCS-^OSOO'^L^.COr-rH^ICNOl I> l> rH H h rH CN H r^ CN CNrH rH MOJI>OI N -05I>00'*iOt-iHr-!DOCN , 1lOt-WCO'*COO ' ' ' CO CN rH CN CN rH , rH CO HHH ■ira 'i v t CWCOCOU3XMCBTri030iOCO(NH(NiOT}taJHCTif-Ha) ■* , *OI>!DCCiHC>]OOCOiOOiCO'*iO'COI>iH'iilNO: I- t- — I — rH r-CNr-rH CN CNrH T-t COO^CDOCOL^^iXiTj1ijDO'^I^'^COCN ,, *CTSOOCDCN , owiooOQCNcoaiaTtio«offiOeooJHHi>cO'#ioi'- H CNrH CN CO rH -H MHH HHH 2ti i» «= ='i-s'l ■ ri 5) « r o h 5 > g cu £ P 1 * .S3 » J3 o j. •S a S I Sj § "g § e 1 g^ = BBHOoS o3 p.-^ 5.3 ^l- III -1.5 5 3, OS (3 ifSiatsll^iii^ff HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 663 •Surg 'M.0 °° rH t- OTH00C0t-Mt-HNC0OMC0J>(N«0C0TH CM CM "ONCOO 0(N taOiOHHH i-i P o o o Q H W ■eilia H 'L KlTjCl^CO(MTj((NWCOHJ>COO(N^(NH CM rH MHIMO ■* "M CNWtNHHH rH £2 ■*^nr»A h t ■a^x s "f XMMOJt'CDt-OOHO^iTf(OHHOlWCDCli>CWC«CO cocoC3^cocMcoc^irHr^coaot--co(NCDT|iCDiOU3iO , *HOailMK)'^anOOIN(OiO i i— ii— i i— I i— I oOr-i(MCT;asioaiGOTjiT^coir~)— i^imoj coco rH CM rH r- (M (Mr-t rH •aonnB£> \ *h IH^CO^OCOCOOOiOaOJSDHCOCJINCOt--"* ■lOOiOiO'flli-fMaiOJCNIMHiOiOiOHiOtO i-HrHrHT^l rH CO ,_, ,_i rH ■U9Ai3aBff9T. *a -^\ I lO iO ^ ^ O O O OO't- iOC000iOtJ(0003>OHCO rH CO rH O rH H9i«H 'I *A\. >Q0^>Ooa5 :io»-HTjiTt ^ 9 o.S ooo .5-3 te9 p3 e<- 8 ^ .2 •* 8 .-9 .S a s « S ■ » .9 -g I 2 5 • -S 3 S 5 .3 >,S A ^ 5-te fe fe ORHKWiJhWOOiiDa!??? 664 HISTORY OP CLINTON COUNTY. •pa^seA-tun O^^t-ifliOxO^OO ■* O O O to TO OB PW ■^oo) t-co i>imco w .03hWiH(mco iocoho : t- co sieqsnq jo jaqrann rH rH W3 .' 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CO . l— 1 KIO«OQOC005HCOCOC00510(NH IS M Bieqsnq jo jeqran^ ■* CO CC CO • t- iOCOrHCO©COCR>CO T*( CO •* H ih CO ifli rH ; CO rH i— 1 rH CO CN CM rH rH rH rH CO CO CM '© lO iO iO ; CM •cDOtDOi-itDQOO'^ ;05H00<0O0iO -os F -«iM©©QOTH-^'— iiocoococo-^ooina: o sieqsnq jo jeqmn& r-HOOCTi TtfiOiO'OMHMCCHNHkO U3 W O CO O CO CO CM EH O CM ■* CM CM iO CO CD iO O CO CM O t-TtlOH0505^l>C0C0l>^03H O siaqsnq jo jaqrariK CO OS CO rH T^ (M Tt< CM rH CO rH rH CM CO rH © CM CD OS CM rH l£> to o la rH rH r- 1 rH CM rHCM rH CM rH t— 1 Ol H H HHM o TO COCO(MrH©©C»rHC-©CO©lOCOCOCO NffiiOCOOHQOX r- ■^t-HOOCNHCOHCOOlO^THHCO CDu3©COcOo CO 00 ShH 'p9}fi9A.req i— I CM h3 lag sigqsnq jo -requiti^ CO 1-1 TP Ol CO cDOHCoa "O 05r-t—C5'HH'*-^CO©aaCD-<*CMCM©CO CONOCHHINC #M r-OHOr-'MO , *TH03HH©CDCOH COCMCOC-tM^QO^ CO' "p9^99AI«q ©co ©cd GNcoi^O'^TticMr-r-r-co Ht-r-o^cn^ o- n s[oqsnq jo i9qnm& iQCOiOH CO 7<1 ■"* t- COCOCOCMrH iO ^ "^ CO CD CO CO r-t o l>C0CDO0000lNNH03C0OWHOJH a>00©iOCO©Or- TO S5 ©CD©t-rtlCO©CM00CMCDt^CM©COTH CJ CO CO W5 IO O W 't , CO 1 CO ■89J0B jo J9qnm^i LOHCOOi rH(MrHU0(MO5G0COrH©lO CO CeOC *^i8T ui not} M(NCD^T|1^MI>COCN0001COOJO(NiHt>.«;>OCO^tOHi- ,-co -BAp IQO m S9J0B JO *o^ CDOlMTji IOHN'*1M01CMOI>'*H' CO CO CT> t~- t- rH rH t- i— ' rH i— i ,— ( ,— | rHt—f rH lOHH, lO CM CO0O©LOcOCO'MCO©CqCOCOrHrHCOTt< 00 CR CO 'Q U3 CO O C Ifl NIMt-O3HHQ0Ht-CN(N(NiO!NC0CO t-©coioco*ot-t- ,o *90U9J JO BpOJ JO "0J$ COi— iCMcoOS-^Ht— OiCM©asOiiOI>-CO© ©OC^cDt^OiCOCC iO ©OOiO>OCOCOiO©CDrH'ctlTt1©COCO© I> CO fli O H O iO * •OCSOiCM COHCOOHI>05CD'^COH CD IO t- U5 tM ■*# iO CO ■*»OcoOi- icoascDco^cocMoocncM Oi CD CO ^ M Ol I> l> *pn«x paAOJd — 'iO©CDCOrHTflC5COCD(MliOa>CMCS , 'Ct< ■^ © CTJ O 00 ^ OJ co ■* ;m ■* co lOcocooicOkO^toiNOiO © rH CM CO CO »0 CO TO -mnj Tl JO S9I0U JO *0K CM rH CM CD ^COCNiOHH HCOiOOHTHH »0 COCD©CDCMrHCMOCOtf3©iOCOCft , **(M©COCT iO i ■pn-ei Xl>-rHCOI>>rpcO©COOrHCOCOCOTt-COrH-^r->rH^CNCMC<- lit) i i paAo HO5»0 00«3C:HHt^tDHHIMCIDWHHINOOCDO 'c ■» a 93 1 tdS o 'a 2 a SI O "m 3 si f. o M c J - 4 ! 3 ! «(H o ffi "o P M.t > o o M o i ■p5t It <15 J 4 «r C ' c E c ■ + : i • e ■ > : ■ i' ! J 1 -S CQ S3 c a 1 C i 1 1 1 A t 1 1 P OP 1 1 > c a T ft l» h > c IE i S c ■> r 0* ?c a J C ■1 1 M.S J 03 S ! « is Si Si 1 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 665. STATEMENT OF EXPENSES OF CLINTON COUNTY FOR 1878. 1878. Supervisors a, »jg j. Salaries — Treasurer, Auditor and County Superintendent !.'.'.!."!".."....' 5 435 66 District Attorney, ....'....'.'.'....'...'.'..'.... 1940 00- Cpunty Clerk " Attorney fees *'" i 025 00 Sheriff and Deputies .'........' 2111 75 Bailiffs ..".!".... 532 00 Clerk hire 285 50- Short-hand reporter 477 qq Watchmen 726 00 Inquests 75 74 Township officers 4,755 59 Jurors 7^696 15 Witnesses 2,727 52 Justices and Constables 2,856 7ft Jail 4,528 85 Insane, blind, orphans^and deaf and dumb 7,293 89 Fuel, insurance, lights and repairs 3,306 38 Books and stationery 968 10 Printing 2,588 57 Taxes refunded 755 75 Taxes paid in other counties 409 04 Wolf scalps 67 00 Bridges 10,276 67 Surveying 75 50 Teachers' Institute 630 30 Poor 11,275 20 Sundries ."> 879 66 Total $74,415 83 Expenses, 1874 $58,011 46 1875 65,052 80 1876 71,996 8a .. 1877 75,493 36 " 1878.'.'.'".'.'.'.':.'"." 74,415 83 AMOUNT OF TAXES FOR 1878 ITEMIZED. Consolidated tax $1 °!'nn2 ?2 Delinquent road tax iQ'<>in k7 Schoolhouse tax Aa'toi 11 Teachers' tax **'™= ^ Contingent tax ;~.Z" Zfibi 00 County poll tax • x ' 464 H City special tax Q ' 00 , ,„ Water tax °'°° i * vvaiertax 28 6gl g3 ffl ta ?"; 2,528 50 City poll tax ' 588 Q0 S°!> ta *"/ '. .".' 86,302 60 Kailroad tax • _ , . $319,402 58 Total 666 HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. VALUATION, BY TOWNSHIPS, FOR 1878, AND AMOUNT OF TAXES IN CLINTON COUNTY TO BE COLLECTED IN 1879. TOWNSHIPS. Value of Lands. Value of Lots. Value of Personal. Value of Railways. Total Value. Total Tax, P 191302 241443 8790 235532 173440 12821 319593 88922 P 44690 57269 15955 63751 51807 46421 82300 21765 323096 18755 74701 77416 93959 67093 69100 41564 45432 26236 17093 124582 75845 16880 65210 75110 37580 20943 25435 36485 41620 $ P 235992 338797 64134 316657 282914 116572 401893 129738 1374705 61654 359358 564222 239991 419581 492861 ,275187 225602 147106 112312 588931 346118 49143 265767 277855 315615 72506 221519 277224 258944 5 5759 66 40085 9090 13243 57667 5963 25 30299 4131 3888 06 6169 29 5087 68 57330 8792 05 '" 18447 20842 9910 15494 87001 12939 57315 51832 7560 06 604 1030767 11753 8858 72 137144 45* 21236 269163 399895 4739 73 7093 59 Dfe Witt 11025 38 133093 6364 47 Eden 295173 381929 233623 165895 120870 84881 19332 229073 7893 85 ilk River 10759 42 4983 37 14275 4584 40 2656 19 10338 18073 41200 15450 43614 12799 70444 12090 2297 03 431944 24811 59 " 6369 33 16813 , 1403 91 166943 189946 207591 1045 196084 213560 202526 5564 29 5824 85 6046 02 38428 1681 79 5924 41 27179 14798 5283 80 Welton 4871 94 $4670518 $1755162 $1738093 $ 669125 $8832898 $319402 58* * From the total tax of Clinton City should be deducted $86,302.60 aid tax, Toted to the Chicago, Clinton 4 Wafr ern Railway, but which, by terms of contract, lapsed and has been annulled ; leaving the actual tax for Clinton Uty 450.841.85, and for the county, $233,099.98. BIOGRAPHICAL DIRECTORY. Co dlr I. V. A I.V.C company or county dealer Iowa Volunteer Artillery Iowa Volunteer Cavalry p J.- l Iowa Volunteer Infantry 5 "•■• Post Office S; or Sec Section Bt street CLINTON. WILLIAM ABBE, passenger conductor on the C. & N. W. Railroad- resi- dence corner Tenth avenue and Fifth streets ; is a native of Linn Co., Iowa, and was born July 10, 1843 ; his parents were among the earliest settlers of Linn Co.. and came there in 1838 ; his father was a member of Seventh and Eighth Legislative Assemblies of the State of Iowa. William was brought up and lived in Linn Co., until 16 years of age ; then went to Ohio, and upon the breakingout of the war, he enlisted in the three-months service in the Eighth Ohio Infantry ; he afterward enlisted in the Ninth Regiment Iowa Infantry, Co. K, and served three years. He was in all the battles of the regiment. After the war, he engaged in railroading, and has been connected with the Chicago & North-Western Railroad since April, 1866, when he removed to Clinton. On the 15th of July, 1869, he was united in marriiige to Miss Estella Clendenning, from Salem, Ohio ; they have two daughters— Edith and Mary ; they have lost one daughter — Pearl. GEORGE ALLEN, of the firm of Owen & Allen, Clinton Boiler Works, is a native of England, and was born in 1828 ; he emigrated to America in 1850, and came to Iowa and located in Lyons in 1856 ; he started a restaurant and began making vinegar ; he was afterward engaged in the wholesale liquor and cigar and glassware trade, and carried on the business for some years ; he became interested in the Clinton Brewery about two years ago ; it is the oldest brewery here and they do a large bus- iness ; Mr. Allen became associated with Mr. Owens in the Clinton Boiler Works in 18*78, but previous to t\iat had been in the same business. He has held the office of city Alderman in Lyons. In 1859, he married Elizabeth Fovargue ; she was born in England, but came to Iowa when only 7 years of age ; they have two children — George and Thomas ; he has two children by a former wife — ; William and Emma. A. M. ANGUISH, dealer in hats and caps and gents' furnishing goods, No. 208 Fifth avenue; is a native of Syracuse, N. Y ; he came to Iowa and located in Clinton in 1869, and engaged in his present business ; it was the first house established in Clinton in his line of goods, and he has built up a large business and does a leading trade. DR. A. L. ANKENY, capitalist ; residence, one-half mile west of Lyons, on Section 25 ; P. 0. Clinton ; one of the oldest and best known citizens of Lyons and Clinton; he is a native of Jo Daviess Co., 111.; was born March 13, 1828 ; son of John and Mary Ankeny, nee Kimmel ; his father came to Illinois in 1818, and was one of the earliest settlers of that State ; he kept the hotel in Kaskaskia dur- ing tjie first session of the Legislature ; he and two of his sons were in the Black Hawk war ; they were stationed at White Oak Springs, twelve miles from Galena ; Dr. A. L. was the youngest of the family, and recollects many little things that happened during the war ; he distinctly remembers the time when the Indian chief Peppernong, chief of the Pottawatomies, came to his father's house at Elkhorn Grove, 111., at mid- night, to warn the family to flee for safety, as the Indians were coming ; Dr. Ankeny 670 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: lived in Jo Daviess Go. until 14 years of age, then entered school at Mt. Morris, Ogle Co. III. ; he studied medicine at Elizabethtown, near Galena, and graduated at Rush Medical College, Chicago, in the winter of 1848-49 ; he came to Iowa and located at Lyons in April, 1850, and engaged in the practice of medicine; he pursued his profes- sion for some years, and since, then he has been dealing in real estate. He has been actively identified with the interests and improvements of Lyons and Clinton for the paw thirty years. In 1851, Dr. Ankeny married Miss Valeria M. Perrin, a native of Indiana ; her parents came here in 1837, and were among the earliest settlers ; Dr. and Mrs. Ankeny have six children — Maud, Harry K., Maggie, B. Frank, Belle, Mollie. CHARLES ARLEN, of the firm of Charles Arlen & Son, manufacturers of soda water, lemon beer and pure grape wine, and agents for Peaslee's bottled ale and porter and Milwaukee lager beer, cor. Sixth av. and First st. ; was born in Germany April 1, 1820 ; he emigrated to this country in 1837, and lived in Buffalo, N. Y., ten years, and from there emigrated to Wisconsin, living in Sheboygan and Fond du Lac until 1865 ; while living in Fond du Lac, he held the office of City Marshal two terms, and the office of Deputy Sheriff for two years ; he came to Clinton in 1865 ; engaged in shoemaking ; in 1870, he began bottling lemon beer, and in 1872, began bottling pop, and in 1873, they engaged in a general bottling business ; they have built up a large trade and have established a high reputation for their goods ; they also make a very superior article of grape wine. Mr. Arlen married Magdalena Hornberger, a native of Claye, France ; they have three children — Francis W., born in Buffalo; Magdalena and Edward A., both born in Sheboygan, Wis. Mr. Arlen joined the Sara- toga Lodge in the Order of Odd Fellows, in Buffalo, in 1844 ; he is a member and Past Grand of Walhalla Lodge of Clinton. EDWARD A. ARLEN, 'of the firm of Arlen & Son ; was born in She- boygan, Wis., Aug. 26, 1849 ; he lived there and in Fond du Lac until 1865, when he came with his parents to Clinton ; he has been engaged in business with his father since 1868, and has charge of the manufacturing department of the business. He married Miss Eliza Fisher, a native of Vienna, Aug. 28, 1871 ; they have three children- Charles A., Francis L. and Edith F. ; they lost one daughter — Carrie, GEORGE ARNOLD, engineer of passenger train on C. & N. W. Railroad; residence Second avenue, west of Fifth street ; is a native of England, and was born Sept. 14, 1836 ; he came to America when 16 years of age. He came West to Chicago in 1853, and entered the employ of the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad, and lived at Babcock's Grove, now Lombard, near Chicago. He came to Clinton in 1864, and since then, for fifteen years, has run an engine on this division of the road ; he has been in the employ of the road for twenty-five years, and he was never laid off a day, since run- ning on the road, through misconduct ; he runs passenger train from Clinton to Boone. He belongs to the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, Knights of Pythias, and the Order of Workmen. In January, 1859, he was united in marriage to Miss Eliza Con- ner, from New York ; they have four children — Mary, Robert, Nellie, Eddie. E. S. BAILEY, attorney and counselor at law, Post Office Block ; is a native of Ashtabula, Ohio ; he attended school there ; entered Union College, and graduated in 1849 ; he studied law at Hamilton and Syracuse, N. Y., and was admit- ted to the bar in 1853 ; he came to Iowa, and located in Clinton Co., Nov. 10 ; 1855, and engaged in the practice of law at De Witt. During the war, he was commissioned Paymaster in the army, and served three years, and was mustered out April 30, 1866 ; he returned to Clinton Co., and since then, has practiced law here. Maj. Bailey has been attorney for the C. & N. W. R. R. since 1867. P. S. BANNISTER, of the firm of Bannister Bros., proprietors of the Oriental Mills, is a native of Lawrence Co., N. Y. ; born in 1841 ; when 15 years of age, his parents removed to Whiteside Co., 111., where he lived until coming to. Clinton, in 1870 ; he engaged in the grain and pork trade ; the following year engaged in the milling business ; they do both custom and merchant business, and have built up a good trade. Mr. Bannister enlisted in the 75th Regt., 111. V. I., Co. C; served in the Army of the Cumberland, and was in every battle of the regiment, among them, Perryville, Resaca, Chickamauga, Stone River, Lookout .Mountain, Mission Ridge and Atlanta. CLINTON. 671 He went out as Sergeant of the company ; was promoted to First Lieutenant. In 1877 Mr. Bannister married Miss Sadie Bentley, a native of Syracuse, N. Y. GEORGE G. BAUDER, of the firm of Smith & Bauder, law and real estate, Toll Block ; is a native of Bridgeport, Conn., but was brought up in Rochester, N. Y. ; he came to Iowa and located in Clinton in December, 1868, and entered the employ of J. C. Bucher as book-keeper ; he afterward engaged in the crockery busi- ness, and has been in his present business for the past six years ; he is also engaged in manufacturing spring-beds, of the firm of Bauder & Co., on Front street ; they are building up a large trade. Mr. Bauder married Miss Sue Bucher Feb. 14, 1878 ; she is a native of this county ; was the second child born in Clinton ; is a daughter of the late J. C. Bucher. PETER BENT, proprietor of the Iowa Central House ; is a native of Lewis Co., N. Y., where he was brought up and received his education; with his father, he was engaged in manufacturing cheese ; they operated three large factories in Lewis and St. Lawrence Cos.. taking the milk from 500 to 1,000 cows at each factory; they car- ried on the business more extensively than any firm in Northern New York ; during the winter season, they were engaged in dealing in furs. Mr. Bent came to Iowa in 1869, and located in Clarence, Cedar Co., and engaged in banking; established the house of Bent & Cotrell ; he continued in the business with Mr. Cotrell until recently ; in 1876, they came in possession of the Iowa Central House, and it became necessary for Mr. Bent to come here in the interest of their investment ; he has remained here since then, still retaining his interest in the bank until June of the present year, when he retired from the firm, and became sole owner of the Iowa Central House, the largest hotel in this section of the State. Mr. Bent married Miss Nancy M. Cotrell, a native of Lewis Co., N. Y. ; they have one son — Byron D. ; he is in a bank in Cedar Rapids. C. M. BICE, attorney at law, Toll Block ; is a native of Canada ; he was brought up and attended school there, and went through the B. A. course ; during his collegiate course, he also took an honorary course, and received his degree; in 1870, he entered the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, and graduated in 1872 ; after grad- uating, he was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of Michigan ; he came to Iowa the same year and located at Clinton, and since then has practiced his profession here ; he is attorney for the Perpetual Building Association. Mr. Bice married Miss Anna Bothwell, of Dubuque, Dec. 29, 1874; they have one son — Edward M. S. J. BISHOP, proprietor of the Farmers' Mills ; was born in Cortland Co., N. Y., Jan. 23, 1835 ; he was brought up and lived there until 1864, when he came to Iowa, and located in Clinton, and engaged in the grocery trade for several years, and then engaged in the milling business ; he does both custom and merchant work, and has built up^a good trade ; it is the oldest mill in Clinton. Mr. Bishop has held the office of School Director, and was a member of the City Council four years. He married Miss E. A. Woodruff, of Onondaga Co., N. Y. ; they have two children— Alletta E. and Willie C. HENRY F. BOWERS, law, real estate and abstracts; is a native of Baltimore, Md., and was born in 1837 ; he was brought up and attended school there ; after reaching manhood, he came to Iowa and located in Clinton County ; the railroad was then completed as far as De Witt ; he says he went on the railroad as far as he could and jumped off; engaged in farming until 1860, then engaged in the cabinet busi- ness, and entered the office of Clerk of the Courts, and afterward served as Deputy Recorder ; in 1 870, he was elected Recorder of Clinton County, and was in 1872, re-elected by the largest majority on a party vote with one exception (Mr. Chase) ; he holds special commission as Aid-de-Camp on the Governors staff , with rank of Lieu- tenant Colonel of cavalry. Mr. Bowers married Miss Emma V. Crawford, a native of Belmont Co., Ohio, Oct. 25, 1870; she died Oct. 23, 1878 leaving three children- Clyde C, Homer R., Emma V. Mr. Bowers has given much attention to the study of geology; has one of the finest collections of geological and mineralogical and fossil specimens in the State. TT . T „ 7 , . „ J. W. BRENTLOGER, manager of the Union Iron Works ; a native of Pittsburg Penn., and resided there until 1861. Enlisted in the Friend Riflea, of 072 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Pittsburgh, a company armed and equipped at their own expense; by vote, joined Sickle's Brigade (Co. E), 70th N. Y. S. V. He was in all the battles from Williams- burg to Gettysburg and a number of others ; was in the service over three years ; he came to Iowa, and was in Adjutant Baker's office in Davenport for two years, and then engaged in the iron and machinists' trade ; he has had the management of the Union Iron Works for several years past ; they do a large business, employing about fifty men ; they manufacture saw-mill machinery largely, and do an extensive business. Mr. Brentlinger married Miss Annie Robinson, a native of Pittsburgh ; they have five children, all sons. B. C. RROWBJ, foreman of the large lower mill of W. J. Young & Co.; is a native of New York State, and was born at Elton, near Buffalo, March 19 1840 • he grew up to manhood there, and, in 1860, went to Fond du Lac, Wis., and remained there five years; he returned to Rochester, N. Y., and came to Iowa and located at Clinton in 1865, and has been connected with the mills since then; he has held the position of foreman of Mr. Young's mill since 1872. The spalt and shingle mill in use in this mill, and in all the mills here, was invented and patented by Mr. Brown in January, 1877 ; it is acknowledged to be the best in use by such men as W. J. Youn»- & Co., 0. Lamb & Sons, and the Clinton Lumber Co. Mr. Brown has also made improvements in several other machines now in use in the mills. He married Miss Mary Wilbcr, a native of Rochester, N. Y , in 1865. GEORGE BRYANT, of the firm of Drake & Bryant, carriage and wagon making, Second street, was born in Norwich, Windsor Co., Vt., Nov. 29, 1824. When 16 years of age, he went to New York, where he learned his trade of his pres- ent partner, Mr. Drake. Mr. Bryant came to Iowa and arrived in Clinton March 1, 1856, and engaged in his present business; his first shop was on Front street, corner of Third avenue. He has been in this business longer than any one in Clinton ; there were only a few houses here when he came. He married Elizabeth Abbey, of Onon- daga Co., N. Y., Dec. 13, 1866; they have had two sons and one daughter and lost them all — Milo, aged 4 years 8 months and 12 days ; William, 2 years 4 months and 10 days; Alice, 1 year 8 months an i 20 days. JOHN BYNG, retired; Riverside ; is a native of England, and was born in 1820 ; he grew up to manhood there, and came to America in 1842. He went to Wisconsin and engaged in farming for a short time, then returned to England. In the spring of 1850, he again came to America ; he came to Iowa the same year and located in Clinton Co., about seven miles west of Camanche. He engaged in farming until 1868, when he bought an interest in the mills at Riverside, and the firm became Lamb, Byng & Co. ; they continued in the business until January, 1878, when he disposed of his interest to 0. Lamb & Son. Since then, he has retired from active business. He married Elizabeth Bird, from England, and they lived together until her death in Febru- ary, 1874, leaving one son, Enoch F. In October, 1876, he married Emma Hulme, a native of England. Mr. Byng had nothing when he began life, and his success is owing to the industry and good management of himself and wife. Enoch F. Byng, his son, was in the army ; he enlisted in the Twenty-sixth Regiment Iowa Infantry ; he was wounded before Atlanta ; he resigned his commission of First Lieutenant on account of the wounds he received there. Afer his return, he was in the County Treasurer's office for one year; he was with his father in the mills here, and was foreman of the yard ; he went to Paducah in 1877, and is now engaged in the saw-mill business there. ED. H. CAL'LENDER, dealer in guns, revolvers, fishing-tackle, etc., No. 215 Fifth avenue, Clinton ; is a native of Michigan and was born Aug. 16) 1850; his parents came to Fulton in 1851, and in 1853 they removed across the river to Lyons, where he was brought up. There are few persons of his age now living in Clinton Co. that have been here as long as he has ; he has been engaged in business here since 1872 ; he is connected with the Kuights of Pythias Endowment Rank, and also is connected with the Order of Workmen. On the 28th of November, 1872, he married Miss Carrie A. Evans, a native of New Hampshire ; they have two children- Lilly Belle and Carrie E. CLINTON. 673 JOHN O. CHAPMAN, Master Mechanic of the Iowa Division of the Chicago Division of the Chicago & North-Western R. R. ; is a native of Hartford, Conn., and was born Aug. 19, 1832. He learned the trade of machinist ; after serving an apprenticeship of five years, he ran a locomotive for some years ; he held the posi- tion of Master Mechanic of the Hartford & New Haven Railroad, and also held the position of Superintendent of the Woodruff Iron Works. He has letters from the management of both of these corporations, testifying to his superior ability as a mechan- ical engineer. He came West and accepted the position of Chief Engineer of the famous Calumet and Hecla Copper Mine at Lake Superior, Mich., and the first heavy machinery in that mine was placed there under his direction. He became connected with the North- Western Railroad in February, 1877, for one year having charge of the shops at Boone, and the following year was transferred to Clinton as general Master Mechanic of the Iowa Division of the C. & N.-W. R. R. He is a self-made man, and has earned his position by his own efforts. He married Miss Louisa Martinson, a native of the city of New York, June 13, 1857 ; they have three sons and two daughters. C W. CHASE, attorney at law, of the firm of Chase & Monroe, Post Office Block ; is a native of Loudon, N. H. He received his education in that State, gradu- ating at New Hampton Seminary and entered Dartmouth College in 1858. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1862. He enlisted in the 12th N. H. V. I., and was commissioned Captain of Co. G. ; was wounded in the battle of Fredericksburg ; he remained in the service about three years. He came to Iowa in 1865, located in Clin- ton, and engaged in the practice of law; in 1870, he was elected Clerk of the Courts of Clinton Co.; re-elected in 1872, holding that office four years ; since then, he has practiced his profession here ; he has also held town and school offices. He married Miss Susan M. Coe, of Lake Village, N. H., in 1862; they have four children— Kate M., Charles P., Annie Laurie and a little girl not named. W. F. CO AN, President of the Clinton National Bank; is a native of Seneca Co., N. Y., a son of Dr. C. C. Coan and Sarah M. Coan, who are both still living, at Ovid, in that county. Mr. Coan grew up to manhood there, came to Iowa and located in Clinton in August, 1856 ; he engaged in real estate and banking until 1865, when he organized the Clinton National Bank ; he was elected President of the bank, and has served in that position since its organization ; he has been actively identified with the interests of the city and county since 1856. Mr. Coan married Miss Catharine L. Peck, of Trumansbufg, Tompkins Co., N. Y., in 1842 ; they have five children— Francis L. (now Mrs. Judge Hayes), Stella (now Mrs. A. G. Ewing), Claudine H., Claudius C. and William F., Jr., at home. JESSE J. COLE, firm of Harroun & Cole, blacksmiths, Fifth avenue ; was born in Madison Co., N. Y., in 1835 ; lived there until 20 years of age; he came to Iowa and located in Clinton in March, 1856, and learned his trade here ; he served in the army two years, in the 20th I. V. I. ; he has been engaged in business here since 1870. He married Miss Margaret Gilmore, of this city, m 1865. C APT S C COM STOCK, yard master of the Chicago &> Northwestern Railroad at Clinton ; 'is a native of Philadelphia, Jefferson Co. N. Y. ; was born in 1835 ; he began railroading at an early age ; he came West, and was connected with the Illinois Central Railroad for some years ; he was conductor of a passenger train on that road when the war broke out ; he resigned his position and enlisted in the Railroad Begiment-89th 111. V. L, and was commissioned Captain Co. I ; he was wounded May 27, 1864, and was also slightly wounded at the battle of Stone River; after the war he returned, was given his old position as conductor on the Illinois Central Railroad bu was obliged to give it up on account of injuries received from an accident oo tatam, heengafed in contracting and building the Houston & Great Northern Railroad in Texas ; llso, had a contract on the Chicago & Alton Railroad ; he w» appmntad to 1 bs present position Dec. 2, 1876. He married Miss Fidelia L. Evans, of New Hampshire , they have one daughter — May. . , n -p E. CONANT, Street Commissioner; is a native of Susquehanna Co J _enn and was bo" Feb. 26 1825 ; he was raised > Lockport, N. Y. ; came to ,111 no, in 1852, and was conductor on the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad; he ran the tn>c 674 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES : passenger train that reached Fulton City Dec. 5, 1855 ; in March, 1857, he began to run a steamboat across the river to Pulton for the old Iowa & Nebraska Railroad ; con- tinued four years; he engaged in the milling business with Mr. Hofman, running a small mill for six years ; then bought the stone mill and rebuilt it and sold it to Mr. Lamb ; in the summer of 1867, with others, he built the Farmers' Mills, at a cost of over $20,000, and ran the mills, with his partner, until 1878. Mr. Conant has served as City Alderman five years, Town Trustee five years, and Poor Director. In 1845, he married Miss Harriet E. Webb ; she was born in Ohio, but was brought up in New York ; they have one daughter — Edna L. AYLETT R. COTTON, attorney and counselor at law, Opera-House Block; native of Trumbull Co., Ohio; born Nov. 29, 1826; attended school there; attended Cottage Hill Academy at Ellsworth, Ohio, two years ; when 17 years of age,' came with his parents to Iowa ; they landed in Davenport May 5, 1844 ; came to Clin- ton Co. June 18, 1844; fall of same year, he returned to Ohio and taught school ; the following summer, entered Alleghany College at Meadville, Penn. ; engaged in teaching in Fayette Co.. Tenn., for two years; returned to Clinton Co. and read law; admitted to the bar in 1848 ; spring of 1849, went overland to California ; returned in 1851, and engaged in law practice at De Witt; August, 1851, was elected County Judge; resigned in 1853; following year he removed to Lyons ; was elected Prosecuting Attor- ney ; held office of Mayor of Lyons from December, 1855, until 1857 ; was member of the State Constitutional Convention in 1857 ; member of House pf Representatives of Iowa in 1868 and 1870 ; during the last term, was Speaker of the House ; was Repre- sentative from this district to the Forty-second Congress ; re-elected to the Forty-third Congress. He married Miss Hattie E. Walker ; she was born in Pennsylvania ; her parents came to Iowa when she was an infant. W. P. CUB B AGE (retired), residence, Ninth avenue ; is a native of Kent Co., Del., and was born Sept. 12, 1812 ; he was brought up and lived there until 1837, when he started for the West; he walked all the way through the State of Pennsylvania, and came up the river as far as Galena ; he landed there April 17, 1837 ; he arrived there without money or friends, without education and experience ; but he says he had something, and that was the " bilious fever " ; in 1840, he came to Jack- son Co., Iowa, and made a claim in Washington Township, and began making a farm ; he was one of the earliest settlers in that county ; he returned to Galena, and, after clerking in a store two years, he started in business for himself with a cash capital of $93; he remained there thirteen years, and came, in 1855, to Jackson Co., and was engaged in mercantile business and farming, and carried on a brick-yard, and remained there until 1868, when he sold his property and retired from active business, and removed to Clinton, and since then has resided here. He is Vice President of the Fourth street Building Association, and has held the office - of Assessor. Mr. Cubbage owes his success in life to his own efforts. He has been married three times ; he has four daughters, two of whom are married. GEORGE M. CURTIS, of the firm of Curtis Bros. & Co., manufactur- ers of sash, doors, blinds and moldings, corner Second street and Thirteenth avenue; is a native of Oxford, Chenango Co., N. Y., and was born April 1, 1844 ; he came to Ill- inois in 1856; he came to Iowa, and located in Clinton in 1867, and established their present business. They began business in the small building adjoining the Farmers' Mills; in 1869, they purchased of Toll & Ankeny the mill property they now occupy; they have built up a large business, which extends throughout the West and South; they manufacture more extensively than any, similar house in the State, and employ from 175 to 200 hands; they also dispose of the entire product of building-paper made by the Lyons Paper Company. Mr. Curtis married Miss Ettie Lewis, of Michigan, Sept. 4, 1872 ; they have one son— Lewis, born Aug. 23, 1878. CHRIS DAHM, manager for J. H. C. Peterson & Sons, dry goods house, 218 Fifth avenue; is a native of Schleswig, Germany; was born Feb. 22, 1849; he came to America in March, 1874 ; he engaged in the mercantile business in Moline, 111., having the management of the business there three years ; he came to Clinton in April, 1879 ; while living in Moline, he was elected President of the Scandinavian CLINTON. 675 Co-operative Home Association, an organization chartered by the State for the purpose of buying land farther west, to establish a colony. He is connected with the Swedish Olive Lodge, I. O. 0. F. ; upon leaving Moline, he was presented by the Lodge with a handsome ebony, gold-headed cane, inscribed — " Presented to C. Dahm by the members of Swedish Olive Lodge, No. 583, 1. 0. 0. F." J. S. D ARLUVO, attorney at law, Post Office Block, Fifth avenue ; is a native of Niagara, Canada; born March 3, 1830; when 10 years of age, his father removed to the London District, near St. Thomas ; he received a common-school education, and, when 18 years of age, he went to Oberlin, Ohio, and studied two years, then returned to Canada, and commenced reading law ; in 1850, he came with his parents to Iowa, and located in Jackson Co. ; he went east with his brother, Thomas C. Darling, now of Kansas, and attended the State and National Law School, at Ballston Spa, and also attended the same institution, after its removal to Poughkeepsie ; he was admitted to the bar Aug. 11, 1853, and was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of the State at the same time ; he returned to Iowa, and located at Sabula, where he practiced law until 1870, then came to Clinton, and since then has practiced here. He was elected County Judge of Jackson Co. in 1867, and served two years. He married Miss Charlotte F. Cheney, a native of Essex Co., N. Y. ; they have one son — Douglass Jer- rold, now in the law department of the State University. E. H. DAVIS, owner of Davis' Opera House, and Davis' Opera House Block, corner Second street and Sixth avenue ; is a native of Pottsville, Schuylkill Co., Penn. ; he was left an orphan when 4 years of age, and had not a relative in the world. He was apprenticed to the machinist's trade, studying nights, and learning what he could in that way ; when 19 years .of age, he ran an engine. In 1852, he came West to Indiana ; in the following year came to Chicago, and was engineer on the old Galena & Chicago Union Railroad. He held the position of master mechanic of the New Albany & Salem Railroad for some years ; when he resigned his position, he was presented by the employes of the road with an elegant English chronometer gold watch and chain, inscribed as follows : " Presented to E. M. Davis, master mechanic of the New Albany & Salem Railroad, by the employes, as a token of their regard ; Michigan City, Ind., Aug. 21, 1858." He was in the army during the war, and served over three years, and was connected with the railroad transportation department. In October, 1845, he mar- ried Miss Margaret Waters, from Schuylkill Co., Penn. They came to Clinton, Novem- ber 1865 ■ since coming here, Mr. Davis has been very successful in his investments ; in 1876 he built, on the corner of Sixth avenue and Second street, the finest business block in Clinton Co. ; it fronts ninety-five feet on Second street, and eighty-seven feet on Sixth avenue, and is five stories in height; there is a high stone basement under the whole building extending out under the sidewalk all round ; the first floor ib finished off in five stores, all occupied ; the second floor is finished off in offices all large and com- modious, and finely frescoed ; there is also a nice Music Hall, with ante-rooms adjoining, on the south side of this floor, in the rear of the front offices ; the Opera House occu- pies the third and fourth floors of the building, and it is one of the ^to*w»™m in the West, and will seat 2,000 persons ; there is not a pillar or post, or an obstruction of any kind on the first floor or gallery; the gallery is held up by strong iron rods from the top of the building, attached to the main trusses that span the building ; the dome • cost of *1,500 ; the lull h«. . logo and comoodi o» . a S= « h j»» *£ "t^T ana L-^r^y-^ -% %*s& 676 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: enterprise of its owner, Mr. Davis. Mr. Davis also owns other property, including Davis' addition to Clinton, and the limekilns and stone quarries on the river below the mills embracing twelve acres of valuable property. Mr. Davis is emphatically a self- made man, being an orphan from a child, with no education only what he obtained study- ing nights, and he never had a dollar given him ; he worked his way unaided and alone. Mr. and Mrs. Davis have one daughter — Laura Margaret, now attending the high school. W. E. DRAKE, proprietor of the " Chicago Store," Opera House Block, corner Sixth avenue and Second street ; dealer in dry goods, trimmings and notions ; native of Dutchess Co., N. Y. ; upon reaching manhood, he went to Chicago, where he was connected with mercantile business for nine years ; he came to Clinton in 1877, and engaged in his present business, and is building up a good trade. JAY H. DUNHAM, of the firm of Leslie, Dunham & Co., dealers in gro- ceries and provisions, Fifth avenue; is a native of Kalamazoo, Mich; born July .17 1849 ; when 9 years of age, he came with his parents to Iowa ; they located at Lyons; he received his education there ; engaged in the grocery business, and has since con- tinued it. The firm of Leslie, Dunham & Co. have built up a large and leading trade. Mr. Dunham is connected with the Knights of Pythias and the A. 0. U. W. AD AM DUNN, farmer, Sec. 14 ; P.O.Clinton; is a native of County Antrim, near Belfast. Ireland, and emigrated to America when only 14 years of age. He lived in Monroe Co.-, N. Y., until the fall of 1839, when he and his brother came to Iowa, to Clinton Co., and bought a claim. The following summer, he returned to New York State, and came, out here again in the fall; the next summer, it being very sickly, he again went to York State, and remained two and a half years ; jbhen came ba,ck to this county and located where he now lives, near Clinton. He is one of the early settlers of this county ; there are few here now that were here when he came. He had nothing when he began life ; by industry and good management, he now owns 500 acres of good land. He married Elizabeth Crawshaw, a native of England, in 1845 ; she came to America with her parents when only 7 years of age ; they have three children — William, who is married and living in this county ; Alice Ann, who married Reuben Huntoon, of Evanston, 111., and lives in this county ; Elizabeth Frances, at home. JOHN EDEN, firm of Eden & Hansen, manufacturers of vinegar, Second avenue ; was born in Germany, in 1833 ; came to America in 1853, and in the follow- ing year, came to Clinton Co. ; worked at brick-making until January, 1878, when he engaged in manufacturing vinegar. He is the oldest German settler in Clinton. He married Dora Heide, a native of Germany, in 1864 ; they have three children — Lizzie, John and Emma. A. G. EWING, Superintendent of W. J. Young & Co.'s lumber-yards; is a native of Pittsburgh, Penn., and was born Feb. 11, 1838; he was brought up and attended school there, and completed his education at Jefferson College, Cannons- burg, Penn., where he graduated in 1860 ; he came to Iowa and located in Clinton in 1865, and engaged in mercantile business, the firm being Ewing & Young ; for the past three years, he has been connected with W. J. Young & Co., holding the position of Superintendent of the yards. He is a member of the City Council, and is serving his second term. He married Miss Stella C. Coan, daughter of W. F. Coan, President of the Clinton National Bank, Dec. 21, 1871 ; they have two daughters — Kate and Sarah. GEORGE W. EYRE, of the firm of Leake & Eyre, proprietors of the Central Market, Fifth avenue ; is a native of England, and emigrated to America in 1858 ; he lived in Pennsylvania ten years, came to Iowa and located in Clinton, in 1868 ; he has been associated with Mr. Leake, in his present business, for the past five years, and they have built up a large trade ; he was in the army in Pennsylvania when that State was invaded during the war. Mr. Eyre married Miss Maria Stephens, of Schuylkill Co., Penn. ; they have one daughter— Mary E. D. Eyre. !*• J- EARNS WORTH, physician and surgeon, Sixth avenue ; is a native of Burlington, Vt. ; he received his education there ; he studied medicine and gradu- ated in Vermont, in 1857 ; he graduated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, in the city of New York, in 1860 ; he came to Iowa and located in Clinton Co., and since has practiced here; only one practicing physician here now was here when he came | since 1870, he has been one of the Professors of the State University, and fills the CLINTON. 677 ehair of Materia Medica. Dr. Farnsworth has given much attention to geology, and has the nucleus of a fine cabinet of specimens. At the annual meeting of the State Medical Society, at Davenport, Dr. Farnsworth was appointed a delegate to the Inter- national Medical Congress, to be held in Amsterdam, Holland, in September, 1879. Dr. Farnsworth married Elizabeth D. Eaton, a native of Maine ; they have one daugh- ter — Florence. J. D. FEfjjAN, abstracts and dealer in real estate, Fifth avenue ; was born in Franklin Co., Penn., July 26, 1831 ; he learned the tailor > trade when 18 years of age; he came to Iowa in 1849; after spending a short time in Scott and Jefferson Cos., he came to Clinton Co. June 7, 1850, and located in Elk River Township ; engaged as clerk in a store and worked at his trade. He married, on Aug. 26, 1851 r ' Miss Ann M. Potts, a native of Wisconsin ; her parents were among the early settlers, and came here in 1839. Mr. Fegan took up land and made a farm ; after two years, removed to Lyons, where he served as Deputy Sheriff and County Assessor ; in the spring of 1858, he removed to Wheatland and engaged in the lumber business, and buying and shipping grain ; he enlisted in Co. I, 26th I. V. I., and was appointed Ser- geant Major; he was appointed Adjutant, was promoted and commissioned Captain of Co. B ; afterward, by recommendation of Gen. Charles R. Wood, of the regular army, was promoted to Assistant Adjutant General of the First Brigade, First Division, Fif- teenth Army Corps, commissioned by President Lincoln ; he was in a great many battles ; though not wounded, had several narrow escapes ; he was mustered out Sept. 19, 1865; after his return, in the fall of 1866, he was elected County Recorder, and held that office four years, and since then has been engaged in abstract business and buying and selling real estate ; when he came to this State, he only had one five-franc piece, and his success in life is owing entirely to his own efforts. Mr. and Mrs. Fegan have three children — Charles P., Bessie (now Mrs. Ben C. Wilkins), and Maggie, at home. C. C. FENLON, manager of the feeding and stock-yards; is a native of Canandaigua, Ontario Co., N. Y.; after reaching manhood, he came West in 1852, and entered the employ of the construction company engaged in building the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad, which, at that time, was completed as far as Turner Junction ; the following year, he came to Chicago and entered the train-service of the company, and continued on that line of railroad until the fall of 1864, when he came to Clinton and continued in train-service, and was yard master for a time. He was conductor of the mail and express train for nine years, and ran from Clinton to Boone until Oct. 1, 1874, when he resigned his position, and took the active management of the stock-yards here, having had an interest in them since they were removed from Fulton, and established here. When he left the railroad, he was one of the oldest employes of this extensive corporation from Chicago to Omaha. He had nothing when he began life, and owes his success to his own efforts. On the 4th of July, 1858, he married Miss L. W. Stedman, from Jefferson Co., N. Y. ; they have two children, one son— Charles E , telegraph operator, and one daughter— Anna Maud, at home. CHARLES E. FISHER, bill clerk in the freight office of the C. & JN. W. Railroad, and also senior member of the firm of Fisher & Co., dealers in staple and fancy groceries, No. 1008 Fourth street; is a native of Princeton, Bureau Co., 111., ana was born April 1, 1854; he was brought up there until 14 years of age, when he came to Mechanicsville Iowa. He came to Clinton April 1, 1874, and since then has been connected here with the C. & N. W. Railroad. He was united in marriage to Miss Mary F. Pierson, of Crystal Lake, McHenry Co., Ill, Sept 12, 187b. J. M. FEANAGAff , of the firm of Peck & Flanagan manufacturers of carriatesf born k Albany in 1845; he came to Clinton in 1868 ; for the past three years, he has been associated with Mr. Peck in his present business. He married Marian Dickenson, of Wisconsin, in 1873 ; they have three children. J. H. FEINT, attorney and counselor at law, Opera House Block • is a native of Some" Co. Me.; b'orn Sept 12, 1826 ; he attended school there rea HjJ ^and was admitted to the bar in June, 1850 ; in the fall of the same year went £ C-Wta™, spring of 1854, he returned to Maine, remained a short time, went to C ahforma again, and returned East in 1855 ; he came to Iowa the following year, locat ^ >' ^•™J 3, 1856, and engaged in the practice of law; he was commissioned Quartermaster or 678 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: the 26th I. V. I ; he was Quartermaster of the Post, Black River Bridge, rear of Vicks- burg, and also Quartermaster of the First Brigade, in the First Division of the Fifteenth Army Corps ; went with Sherman to the sea, and was with him in his campaign-) through the Carolinas, then to Washington, where he was mustered out in June,-1865f,i.. after his return from the service, he located in Clinton, and since then he has practiced his profession here ; he has held the office of City Attorney for five years, and is Chair- man of the Clinton Co. Republican Committee. He married Miss Ada Rowe, a native of Somerset Co., Me., Oct. 25, 1855 ; they have one son — Fletcher Ware Flint, born July 22. 1868. WILIiARD P. FOOTE, conductor of passenger train on the Iowa Division of the C. &. N. W. R. R. ; residence, No. 626 Tenth avenue; is a native of Potsdam, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., and was born Oct. 9, 1842 ; he grew up to manhood in that State ; when the war broke out, he entered the army, in the 16th N. Y. V. I. ; he was afterward transferred to 121st N. Y. V. I. ; he was in the service three years ; he came to Iowa in 1867, and has been connected with the C. & N. W. K. R. since July, 1868 — over eleven years; is conductor of passenger train from Clinton to Boone. Mr. Foote married Miss Julia McComber, of Watertown, N. Y. She died, leaving one son — Henry Herbert. He married Miss Gertrude E. Thompson, from Michigan, in 1877 ; they have one daughter — Florence H. BID GAGE, cashier of the Farmers' & Citizens' Saving Bank ; is a native of Canada, and was born Aug. 25, 1837 ; when 18 years of age, he came with his parents to Iowa ; they located in Jackson Co., and lived there until 1861 ; then came to Lyons, and was engaged in mercantile business for some years. He has held the position of cashier of the Farmers' & Citizens' Bank since its organization. He has held town offices, and is connected with the Order of Masons, and the Knights of Honor. He married Miss Agnes Graham, a native of Canada ; they have four children — Mary, Frank, Carrie and Myra. HENRY GERHARD, proprietor of the Gerhard House, corner Front street and Sixth avenue ; was born in Germany, in 1832 ; he emigrated to America in 1853, and came to Iowa and located in Clinton in the spring of 1865 ; he bought the Mississippi House, which was entirely destroyed by fire June 8, 1865 ; he immediately, rebuilt the hotel ; moved into the new hotel and occupied it the following 3d of July, less than one month from the time the fire occurred ; in 1869, he bought the Clinton brewery, and ran that for two years, which was a losing investment ; he then returned and opened the Gerhard House again, and he has continued in the business since. The Gerhard House is one of the most convenient and best-arranged hotels in the State, being well kept, well furnished and comfortable in all of its appointments. When Mr. Gerhard began life, he had nothing, and, notwithstanding his losses, by attending to business, he owns the hotel and the brick building adjoining it, and half a block on Sixth avenue, from Front street. He is a man of strict integrity. In 1864, he mar- ried Louise Heiser, a native of Germany ; they have three children. He also has three children by former wife. J. GLATTS, of the firm of J. Glatts & Co., furniture dealers, Fifth avenue; is a native of Newcastle Co., Del. ; he learned the furniture business at Wilmington, in that State ; after reaching manhood, he came to Fulton, 111., in 1858, and engagedin the furniture business ; in 1865, he removed to Clinton, and since then has been engaged in the same business here. The firm of J. Glatts & Co. are the oldest furni- ture dealers in Clinton; they also carry on the undertaking branch of the business; their best hearse is the finest west of Chicago. Mr. Glatts married Miss Sarah Ann Hitchen, a native of Newcastle Co., Del. ; they have no children. HEBTRY Cil ODE, dealer in groceries and provisions, corner Fifth avenue and Second street; was born in Oldenburg, Germany, in 1826 ; he there learned the bak- ers' trade; he emigrated to this country in 1849, landed in Texas; he came to Daven- port, Iowa, in 1850, to Clinton Co., and located at Camanche May, 12, 1853; he started a bakery ; afterward engaged in the mercantile business, and continued there until 1868, when he came to Clinton, and engaged in the same business here, on the corner where he is now- located ; he was here when the town was dedicated,- in Augusts 1855 ; he afterward bought the lot and built the store he now occupies. There are CLINTON. 679 very few men in this county that have been in business as long as he has In 1 853 at Davenport, he married Miss Elizabeth Mandler • she was W Tin rt, Phi p ■ ' t Prussia; came to America in 1835, when only 4 yearl^g "tS^h' Z ^ITZ' dren, two sons and six daughters J g SENIUS GODSKESEJJ, of the firm of Ries & Godskesen dealers in groceries and provisions, corner of Second street and Seventh avenue a naiive of Sen mark; came to Amenca in 1859 and lived in Ohio until the war broke ou; enlSted m the Is Ohio Light Artillery; he was in the battles of Shiloh, Murfreesboro, P fry lit- w ", TlT' J f * Geor S ia u and Atlant * ^mpaigns, and the battle of Nash- ville; was in the service four years, then returned to Ohio ; afterward visited his home in Denmark; he returned to this country, and came to Clinton Co. in 1868- he was engaged as traveling salesman for six years, and has been engaged in his present busi- ness for the past four years He married Miss Barbara Metzger, a native of Frankfort Otto ' maDy ' m 187 ° ; the y have four "hildren-Botilda, Annie, Selma and L. P. HARADON, manufacturer of windows, doors, blinds, screen-doors, and dealer in paints and oils ; is a native of Steuben Co, N. Y, and was born Nov. 16 T7 ' ,° t, yearS ° age ' he came t0 Wisc onsin, and came to Iowa in June, 1860 and located in Buchanan Co. ; he came to Clinton in October, 1867, and engaged in his present business ; he built his factory in 1868, with a capacity of employing twenty- five to fifty hands. Mr. Haradon married Miss Hannah M. Pierce from Steuben Co. N. Y, in 1856 ; they have four children— Ida, Edwin, Hattie and Nathaniel ; they have lost one daughter. \ H. W. HARRISON, foreman of the machine-shops of the Chicago & North- Western Railway, at Clinton ; is a native of England, and was born in 1842 ; his parents came to this country when he was only 4 years of age, and lived in the city of New York, where he began learning his trade. He came to Cedar Rapids, Iowa, in 1857, and came to Clinton in February, 1863, and since then he has been connected here with the Chicago & North- Western Railway, and has held the position of foreman of the machine-shops since 1868. He had charge of the Fire Department of Clinton for a long time, and he assisted in organizing the new department, and was its chief for a short time. In 1866, Mr. Harrison was united in marriage with Miss Cornelia Brown, from Dutchess Co, N. Y. ; they have three children — Ednsr,, Estella and Benjamin. CHARLES C. HARROUlf, of the firm of Harroun & Cole, black- smiths, Fifth avenue ; was born in Monroe Co, N. Y., in 1826 ; he lived in Michigan, learned his trade in Albion ; he came to Iowa in 1852 ; he was in the army, enlisted in the 31st Regt. I. V. I, Co. I ; he was in a number of battles ; served three years. He came to Clinton in 1865, and has been in business here since. He married Helen J. Bucklin, of New York ; they have three children — Mary, Jennie and Frank. E. S. HART, Vice President of the Clinton Bridge Company ; is a native of Rochester, N. Y, and was born Oct. 20, 1832 ; he was brought up and attended school there, and entered Hamilton College; he completed his collegiate education there, taking the law course, and graduating at the Hamilton College Law School in 1855 ; he came to Iowa and located in Lyons in June, 1856 ; he associated with J. H. Flint, and engaged in the practice of law, and continued until 1861 ; he then removed to Chi- cago, where he practiced his profession about ten years ; on account of failing health, he returned to Clinton Co. in 1870. Mr. Hart is Vice President of the Clinton Bridge Company, and gives his attention to the active management of the business of the com- pany. In 1861, Mr. Hart married Miss Olive M. Williams, the eldest daughter of " Ward W. Williams, one of the early settlers of this county ; he came here and bought a claim in the spring of 1842 ; Mr. and Mrs. Hart have three children— two daughters and one son. J. T. HARVEY, apothecary and chemist. Second street; is a native of Dover, County Kent, England, and was born Aug : 22, 1816 ; he there learned the business of apothecary and chemist ; he lived in Loudon and various other places until 1851, when he came to America; he lived in New York and Cincinnati, and was engaged in business in Sterling, Whiteside Co, 111, for eight years ; he came to Clinton July 6, 1865, and engaged in the drug business ; he holds the office of City Assessor, 680 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: and is serving his seventh term ; he built the first store south of Lee's drug store, on Second street. He married Emily J. Smith, a native of Massachusetts ; he has one son by a former wife. t WALTER I. HAYES, Judge of the Seventh Judicial District of Iowa; is a native of Marshall, Mich., and was born Dec. 9, 1841, and is the son of Dr. Andrew L. and Clarissa Selden Hayes ; he was brought up and attended school there, and, at the age of 19 years, he entered the law office of Hughes & Woolley, at Marshall, and commenced reading law. He subsequently graduated at the Law School of Ann Arbor, Mich., and was admitted to the bar of that State in 1863 ; the following year, he became a member of the firm of his late preceptors, which was changed to Hughes, Woolley & Hayes. In 1866, being offered a desirable partnership by Gen. N. B. Baker, late Adjutant General of Iowa, he removed to Clinton, Iowa, and engaged in the practice of law, the firm being Baker & Hayes ; this partnership continued until Gen. Baker removed permanently to Des Moines ; he remained without a partner until 1872, when he became associated with Hon. George B. Young, then Circuit Judge, which position he resigned in order to resume his practice ; the firm of Hayes & Young continued until August, 1875, when, upon the recommendation of the bar of the Sev- enth Judicial District, he was appointed by Gov. Carpenter to complete the unexpired term of Judge Brannan, resigned, and, in October following, was elected to the same position by the people, without opposition, and since then has filled this honored posi- tion. He was United States Commissioner for the Eastern District of Michigan, from 1864 until coming to Iowa, and was City Attorney for his native city in 1865. He was appointed United States Commissioner for Iowa in 1867, and held the office until he went upon the bench. He was elected City Attorney of Clinton in 1869, and was City Solicitor in 1870 and 1871, and again in 1875. He is a stockholder and also a Director in the Clinton National Bank. On the 28th of June, 1865, Judge Hayes was united in marriage with Miss Frances L., daughter of William F. Coan, Esq., President of the Clinton National Bank ; they have' no children. GEORGE HAYWOOD, of the firm of George Haywood & Son, bank- 1 ers, Fourth street; is a native of Columbia Co., N. Y., and was born June 19, 1823; he grew up and lived there until coming to Iowa in 1857 ; he located in Louisa Co., and was connected with the railroad there ; he came to Clinton in 1871, and was engaged in buying and shipping grain until 1874 ; he engaged in banking in 1875. Mr. Haywood is one of the organizers of the Fourth Street Building Association, and is Treasurer of the Association, which has its office in his bank. His son, Murray Haywood, who is associated with his father in the bank, is Secretary of the Associa- tion. Mr. Haywood has held the office of Assessor. He married Miss Margaret M. Murray, a native of Columbia Co., N. Y., in 1847 ; they have three children— Murray, who is associated with his father ; George, Jr., attorney at law in Minnesota ; William, at home. DAJTIEL HESS, farmer, Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Lyons ; was born in Otego, Otsego Co., N. Y, 1807 ; in 1824, he, with his parents, removed to Oxford Co., or District of the Province of Upper Canada, where they resided about fourteen years ; removed to Michigan, tarrying there about one year ; in 1839, they crossed the Mississippi River at Camanche, to the part of Iowa that was then known as the Black Hawk Purchase. They laid claim to quite a large tract of land, and, when it came into market, entered the same. Mr. H. still resides on some of the same land ; his farm consists of 120 acres. In 1839, he was appointed Deputy Postmaster at Lyons, under Mr. C. A. Hoag, who had been appointed to the office, but, owing to failing health, did not accept the ofl&ce, and, before his commission came, left the State, appointing Mr. H. as his deputy and recommending him for the office ; in the same year, he received his appoint- ment and commission from Postmaster General Niles, so that he was the first acting and appointed Postmaster of Lyons, and the third in the county ; he held the office for some seven years, when he resigned and moved on his farm. He married, in 1843, Miss Frances Wright, of Pleasant Valley, Scott Co., of this State. She was a native of Union Co.. Ind. ; born in 1821. They have had seven children ; three are still liv- ing— Elvira A., Louie O. (now Mrs. Kerr) and Elmer A. Mr. H. and wife have been members of the Methodist Episcopal Church for over fifty years. His parents, CLINTON. ggl Frederick and Mary (McDougal) Hess, were natives of New York, and raised eight cl.il- dren-Katharme (Mrs Calvin L. Dutcher), Daniel, Eve, Eliza (Mrs. Stephen Tripp), ^T^' ^fo ga - ret ^ Mr w S n^° hn Sl0an )' Charles and David " Th « mother departed this life in 1852, in the 70th year of her age. The father died in 1870, in hi* 86th year. Mr. H. was formerly a Democrat, but, at the breaking out of the war ioined the Republican party, and has acted with it since. ' DR. A. J. HOB ART, physician and surgeon, Fifth avenue ; is a native of Yates Co., N. Y., and was born July 15, 1829 ; when 8 years of age, his parents removed to Michigan, where he attended school and completed his education at Oberlin College; he studied medicine and graduated at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, in 1859 ; he also took the Ad eundem degree at Bellevue Hospital College, New York, in the spring of 1873, taking a special course in Normal and Pathological His- tology; he came to Clinton in the fall of 1866, and sinee then has practiced here ; dur- ing the war, he was appointed Assistant Surgeon of the 1st Mich. V. I. ; after serving fifteen months, he was commissioned Surgeon of the regiment, and served two years ; he is connected with the County and State Medical Societies, and the American Med- ical Association. Dr. Hobart married Miss Alice G-. Holmes, in October, 1864; ; she was born in Cleveland, but was brought up in Detroit, Mich. ; they have three children. ABRAM P. HOSFORD, President of the Clinton Lumber Company ; is a native of Orange County, Vermont, and is a son of John and Lydia (Perkins) Hosford, and was born Dec. 8, 1811 ; he attended the common schools of the neighbor- hood, and afterward received a thorough and practical course of instruction, both liter- ary and scientific, in an academic institution intermediate between the common school and college; when 19 years of age, he engaged in teaching, and continued for five years; in the fall of 1836, he left home and started for Chicago, coming from Buffalo by lake ; owing to the lateness of the season, he could come no further than Toledo, or where the city now stands ; from there, he continued his journey on foot to La Salle Co., 111., where he determined to settle ; he walked back to where Toledo is now located, and, taking twenty-eight pounds of baggage on his shoulders, returned to La Salle Co. on foot, averaging thirty-five miles daily for the entire distance and requiring some seven days to accomplish the journey. He began making a farm, built a log house, and, in 1837, married Miss Julia C. Carter, daughter of Joel Carter, of New York ; she died Jan. 24, 1844. He continued in agricultural pursuits, adding to his original purchase until he owned between seven hundred and one thousand acres of land, finely improved ; in 1853, he disposed of his interests in Illinois, and, in 1854, he came to Iowa and located in Black Hawk Co.; in 1857, he established himself in Lyons, Clinton Co., and built a saw-mill ; in 1859, he removed his saw-mill to Clinton, and the firm of Miller & Hos- ford continued until 1866, when he purchased his partner's interest, and, the same year, organized the Clinton Lumber Company, a majority of the stock being held and owned by himself, the mill having a capacity of manufacturing, annually, 15,000,000 feet of lumber, independent of a large amount of lath and shingles, employing 125 men and boys. Mr. Hosford, in addition to his extensive lumber business, is President of the Union Iron Works, which do an extensive business, and is also President of the Clinton Paper Company ; he is actively identified with the interests of the city and county. He is a Republican in politics, and is a consistent member of the Congregational Church. On the 10th of September, 1844, Mr. Hosford, while living in La Salle Co., 111., married Priscilla N. Davis, a native of Maine ; she died Feb. 13, 1863. He was again united in marriage to his present wife, Lucy M. Bonney, from St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., May 10, 1864. He has three children living, two daughters and one son. PHILIP HOWES, proprietor of Howes' Nurseries and Gardens, Camanche avenue; is a native of England, and came to America when only 6 years of age; he lived in Schuylkill Co., Penn., until 1849, then lived in Indiana three years and returned to Pennsylvania, and, on the 2d of March, 1852, he married Esther Waters, and they came to Chicago the same year; he lived there and in Aurora, 111., until 1855, and was in the employ of the O, B. & Q. R. R. ; he came to Clinton in 1859, and ran on the Chicago, Iowa & Nebraska Railroad; he continued in the train- service of the railroad until June, 1872, when he gave it up and engaged in the fruit 682 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: t and nursery business ; he owns thirty-six acres of land, finely improved with fruit and ornamental trees and small fruits. Mr. Howes was left an orphan at an early age, and had to depend upon himself; he began railroading in 1849, and has' succeeded by his own efforts ; has held the offices of Town Trustee and Alderman. They have nine sons and two daughters— Edward M., Archie F., Thomas, William, Philip, George W., Richard N., Benjamin, John Lewis, Elizabeth and Esther. GEORGE W. HUSTON, druggist, corner Fourth street and Tenth ave- nue ■ is a native of Cincinnati, born July 18, 1838; he received his education there; he came to Illinois and was engaged in the drug business in Ashton, Lee Co. ; he came to Clinton, August, 1877, and since then has been engaged in business here, and is buildino' up a good trade ; while living in Illinois, he held the office of Treasurer of the School Fund, and other town offices. He married Miss Mary L. Robinson, a native of Hamilton, Ohio, Oct. 4, 1859 ; they have five children — James T., Nellie M., Will- iam R., Mary L.. Grace A. ; they are members of the Presbyterian Church. JUDSON HYDE, saw-filer in W. J. Young & Co.'s upper mill ; is a native of Madison Co., N. Y.; born in 1827; he was brought up in Oswego Co.; he came to Clinton in 1859 ; the following year he entered the employ of Mr. Young and has been with him for nineteen years ; he is filer, in charge of the upper mill. He married Miss Mary Wesson, from Dundee, 111., in 1856. AliBERT INSCHO, of the firm of Pierson & Inscho, dealers in dry goods and notions, Fourth street ; is a native of Tioga Co., Penn.; he lived there until 1866, when he came to Clinton, and entered the employ of P. S. Towle, as salesman; he was with Mr. Towle over ten years. He became associated with Mr. Pierson in the dry goods business in 1878, and he has the management of the business ; they are building up a large trade. In November, 1874, Mr. Inscho married Miss Jennie E. Noble, a native of the State of New York ; they have one daughter — Inez Isabel. A. JENSEN, dealer in groceries and provisions, South Second street, opposite Lamb & Son's lumber-yard ; is a native of Germany, and was born Aug. 14, 1845 ; he emigrated to America in 1869 ; the following year, in 1870, he came to Clinton, and has been engaged in business here for the past five years. He married Rosina Wogens, from Germany, in 1871 ; they have three children — Oscar, Gustav and John. GEO. KENDAlili, plumber, gas and steam fitter, and dealer in guns, revolvers and sporting goods, 519 Second street ; was born in England Oct. 1, 1850 ; came to America when only 5 years of age, coming to Davenport, Iowa, the same year, and lived there five years ; he learned his trade in Rock Island, and came to Clinton in April, 1874, and engaged in his present business, and is building up a good trade, doing the largest part of the plumbing and gas-fitting that is done here. > He was married in Rock Island Aug. 1, 1874, to Miss Florence H. Johnson, a native of England; they have two children — Pearl and Alice, and have lost one daughter. S. B. KEN RICK, of Fisher & Kenrick, proprietors of the Clinton Ice Co., office, Fifth avenue ; is a native of Franklin, N. H. ; he was brought up there and in Concord, N. H.; he has been engaged in railroading for the past twenty years ; he came West, and for a number of years held the position of Superintendent of the Green Bay & Minnesota Railroad, from Green Bay to Winona and LaCrosse. He purchased a one-half interest in the Clinton Ice Co., and came to Clinton and assumed the financial management of the business in October, .1878 ; increasing the business from 2,500 tons to 6,000 tons— doing the principal part of the trade here. Mr. Kenrick married Miss Lizzie R. Rowe, a native of Grafton Co., N. H. E. H. KING, physician and surgeon, cor. Fifth avenue and Second street ; was born in De Witt Co., Illinois, Aug. 21, 1841 ; he was brought up in Clinton, the county seat of that county; when the war broke out, he enlisted in Co. B, 107 th Eegt. I. V. I.; was in the service until the close of the war ; he was not absent from duty, nor would he receive a furlough during the whole time ; he returned a non-commis- sioned officer with his company, in. July, 1865 ; after his return, he came to Fairfield, Jefferson Co., Iowa ; studied medicine, and graduated in the spring of 1868 at Hahne- mann Medical College, Chicago ; he came to Clinton, March 21, 1868, and engaged in his profession ; since then he has built up a large and successful practice ; has occupied CLINTON. 683 the same office on the corner of Fifth avenue and Second street. He is a member of the Homoeopathic State Medical Society and the American Institute of Homoeopathy Dr. King s father and grandfather and his great-grandfather were physicians. Dr Kino- married Miss H. M. Case, of Fairfield, Iowa, a native of Ohio, Sept. 1 1868- they have two sons— Walter J., born May 23, 1873, and George H., Aug. 9. 1875. ' WrLIilAM KOONS, retired ; residence corner Camanche avenue and Har- rison street, Riverside ; is a native of Perry Co.. Penn., and was born in 1820 ; he was brought up there, and then he removed to New York State, where he learned the trade of carpenter and joiner ; he lived in that State for seventeen years, and came to Iowa and located at Clinton Nov. 1, 1856, and engaged in building; there was very little here when he came, and Clinton was only about one year old ; he continued contracting and building for a number of years, and then, after erecting for himself a fine, large^ commodious home, he retired from active building business ; when he began life hp only had $6 in his pocket, and walked 350 miles to Lockport, N. Y., and his success in life is owing to his own efforts and good management. He has been twice married ; his first wife was Ann Tomlinson, a native of England; she died, leaving two children — George B. and Sarah S. ; his present wife is Philipi Jane Retallick, a native of England ; they have three children — Nellie, Charles and Frank. HENRY li RKUI, dealer in hardware, cutlery and nails, Second street ; is a native of Cologne, River Rhine, Germany, and was born in 1822 ; he there learned the trade of baker and confectioner ; after reaching manhood, he emigrated to America in 1846 ; he came to Iowa City in the spring of 1848 ; lived there one year, and in Davenport two years ; came to Lyons in 1851, and opened a hotel ; he afterward started a bakery and confectionery and then a grocery store, and for the past four years he has carried on the hardware business ; he built and owns the block where he now carries on the hardware and grocery trade ; when he began life he had nothing ; had but $16 when he reached this country. He married Mary C. Myers, from Germany, in 1849 ; they have four children — Harmonn, Mary. Henry and Willie. Mr. Kreim and Henry carry on the hardware store ; his sons Harmonn and Willie carry on the grocery store. PBOF. CARL, V. LACHMUND, Director of the German Conservatory of Music, Eighth avenue, west of Fourth street ; is a native of Missouri, and was born March 27, 1853; he was brought up principally in this State; he very early in life developed a taste for music, and having determined to make the profession a study, he went abroad and studied six years, under the ablest professors in music, enjoying rare advantages; after perfecting himself in his profession, he engaged in teaching; in 1877, he organized the Conservatory of Music, and is meeting with an unusual degree of suc- cess, having over two hundred names enrolled, and having pupils from throughout the State ; he has labored indefatigably to raise the standard of classical music, and there are very few professors of music his equal in piano, organ and violin theories combined ; his sister, Miss Emma Lachmund, is also connected with the Conservatory ; she studied in Europe, and received a thorough musical education, and in piano, violin and vocal music she enjoys a high reputation. Prof. Lachmund has had several offers to become professor of music in several Eastern institutions of high standing, but has declined. In 1877, he was united in marriage to Miss Carrie J. Culbertson, of Fulton, 111. ; she, also, has a good musical education ; they have one daughter — Helen Reed. WILiIilAM LAKE, attorney at law ; office over Stone & Smith's Bank ; is a native of Monmouthshire, England ; he received his education there ; came to Amer- ica in 1849, and lived in Elgin, HI. ; he arrived in Clinton March 9, 1857. He has held the office of Justice of the Peace for seven years, and- was City Alderman for four years, and is a member of the Board of Education ; he also holds the office of County Supervisor. He has practiced law here for the past seven years. Mr. Lake married Miss Elizabeth Meredith, a native of Monmouthshire, England; they have three chil- dren — William, John and Eleanor E. ARTEMUS IiAMB, of the firm of C. Lamb & Sons ; is a native ot bteu- ben Co., N. Y. ; was born Sept. 11, 1840 ; when 16 years of age, he came with his parents to Clinton, Iowa; he entered his father's mills; after reachmg manhood, he became interested in the business with his father ; their business is very extensive, and 6g4 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: has grown to great magnitude, and, to a great extent, the management devolves upon him. He has had charge of the Fire Department of Clinton for the past five years and has been a member of the City Council. Mr. Lamb married Miss Henrietta S.' Smith, a native of Ohio ; they have five children — Emma. E., Garrett D., James D., Clara J. and Lafayette B. LA FAYETTE LAMB, of the firm of C. Lamb & Sons, manufacturers of lumber; is a native of Carroll Co., 111., and was born Feb. 26, 1845 ; when 12 years of ace, his parents came to Iowa and located in Clinton, where he was brought up and attended school, and afterward entered his father's mills ; in 1875, he became interested in the business with his father and brother, the firm becoming C. Lamb & Sons, and they carry on a very extensive business ; he is connected with the Order of Masons and the Consistory of Lyons, the Order of Workmen and the Knights of Pythias. He married Miss Olivia Hufman, a native of Schuylkill Co., Penn., Aug. 21, 1866; they have two children — Merette and Chauncey. J. W. LiEAKE, dealer in fresh and salt meats, Fifth avenue ; is a native of Jefferson Co., N. Y. ; born in 1833; lived there until 1850; removed to Kochester, and lived there until 1869, when he came to Iowa, and located in Clinton, and since then he has been engaged in business here. He was in the army, and served in the 1st Battalion, New York Sharp-Shooters ; he was wounded three times. When he began life, he had nothing; he only had $3 when he left home in 1850, and walked thirty miles to Sackett's Harbor, and owes his success to his own efforts. He married Jennette Campbell, of New York, in 1854. FRANCIS LEE, druggist and dealer in fancy goods, corner Second street and Fifth avenue; a native of Onondaga Co., N. Y. ; after reaching manhood, he came. to Iowa,, in the spring of 1856; located in .Clinton Co., and engaged in buying lots and building ; on the 1st of January, 1860, he engaged in the drug trade in the same build- ing, and in the same location he now occupies ; it was built by Ward & Taylor in 1857 ; they established the business in the spring of 1858, and, two years later, Mr. Lee suc- ceeded them; it is the oldest and best-known drug-house in the county. When Mr. Lee first came to his present location, the business part of Clinton was on Front street, and his was the only business house for several years on the corner of Fifth avenue and Second street, which is now the business center of the city. Mr. Lee has held town and school offices. He married Mrs. Mary Pratt, a native of Massachusetts ; of six children, only two daughters survive. W. B. LEFFINGWELL, Clerk of the Courts of Clinton Co.; one of the oldest native-born settlers of Clinton Co. now living here ; son of Hon. William E. Leffingwell, one of the early settlers of this county ; Bruce attended school here, then entered college, where he remained two years, then entered his father's law office, and was admitted to the bar in March, 1872. He practiced law in De Witt until the fall of 1 874, when he was elected Clerk of the Courts of Clinton Co. ; he was re-elected in the fall of 1876, and again in the fall of 1878, and is now serving his third term. Mr. Leffingwell married Miss Lida Wallace, a native of Illinois ; they have three children- Robert Bruce, Hugh Wallace and Earl. REV. JOSIAH LEONARD ; residence, Seventh avenue, east of Third street ; is a native of Johnstown, Fulton Co., N. Y ; he grew up and received his edu- cation there and studied for the ministry ; after completing his theological studies, lie began preaching in 1840; he came West to Fulton, Whiteside Co., 111., in 1856, and became Pastor of the Presbyterian Church ; he continued preaphing in Fulton and Garden Plains for twelve years; since then, he has had no pastoral charge, though he has preached regularly ; he preached at Newton and Albany for four years, and is now supplying the church at Spring Valley, near Fulton. Mr. Leonard has been preaching since 1840, and has had an experience of nearly a quarter of a century in church and pastoral work on the bank of the Mississippi River, and, daring that length of time, there are few pastors who have been and are more familiar with the needs TTi n e ° ple and the church fchan he ' He married Miss Eliza Isham, a native of Ulster Co., N. Y ; they have two children— James R., living in Belvidere, III, and Mary C, now Mrs. George S. Brintnell, of Chicago. CLINTON. 685 _ JAIIES IiESIilE, of the firm of Leslie, Dunham & Co., dealers in grocer- ies and provisions, Fifth avenue; is a native of Scotland ; was born in 1845 • when 6' years of age, his parents came to America ; they lived in New York until 1855 then came to Iowa, and located here before the town was laid out ; when Mr. Leslie was only 13 years of age, he entered the store of J. C. Bucher, one of the earliest merchants of Clinton ; in 1866, Mr. Leslie engaged in the mercantile business, the firm being W. W. Leslie & Co., afterward James Leslie & Co. ; he is now senior member of the firm of Leslie, Dunham & Co. He has been connected with the mercantile trade here as long as any merchant now in Clinton. He is prominently connected with several Lodges here. In the fall of 1869, Mr. Leslie married Miss Martha McGregor, a native of Massachusetts; they have three children— Gertrude Evelyn, James McGregor and Robert Jay. GEORGE T. McCLURE, foreman of Lamb & Son's saw-mill, Riverside; was born in Terre Haute, Ind., in 1831 ; he was brought up there, and came to Iowa, in November, 1855, to Charlotte, Clinton Co.; in 1859, he came to Clinton and entered the employ of C. Lamb, aud, with the exception of one year, he has been with Mr. Lamb and Lamb & Sons since then, and is one of the oldest employes in the mills. He married Mary S. McLenahan, from Ohio, in 1872 ; they have one son — George F. ; he has five children by a former wife — John D. C, William W., Franklin J., Ella and Maria B. HEJTRY McCORMICK, physician and surgeon, Third street; is a native of Harrisburg, Dauphin Co, Penn., and was born Jan. 10, 1827 ; when 16 years of age, his father removed to Springfield, Ohio ; he received his education in Pennsylvania and Ohio ; afterward studied medicine and graduated at the University of Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia, in /the spring of 1856 ; he came to Iowa and located here and engaged in the practice of medicine, and has practiced longer than any physician in Clinton. Dr. McCormick was a member of the first School Board in Clinton, but that closed his official life for he afterward refused to serve officially in church, State or society. In 1856, he married Miss Amanda Williams, of Fort Wayne, Ind. They have six chil- dren, three sons and three daughters. ALBERT R. McCOY, attorney at law, office in Toll's Block, corner of Fifth avenue and Second street ; is a native of Fulton, Whiteside Co., Ill, and was born Sept. 24, 1846 ; he is the son of James and Elizabeth Russell McCoy; his father, Hon. James McCoy, is a native of Greenbrier Co., Va., and came to Fulton City May 9, 1837 ; he was one of the earliest settlers in Whiteside Co., and has practiced' his pro- fession there since 1840. There are very few persons who have been more actively identified with the interests of that county and the whole section of Northern Illinois than Judge McCoy. Albert R. was brought up and attended school in Fulton, com- pleting his education at Western Union College ; he afterward entered the law office of his father, and commenced reading law ; he completed his law studies and was admitted to the bar in June, 1869, and engaged in the practice of law ; he held the office of Supervisor in Whiteside Co., and was chosen Chairman of the Board for two years ; he was elected to the State Legislature in the fall of 1874 ; he removed to Clinton in 1875, and since then he has successfully practiced his profession here ; he holds the office of City Solicitor. In December, 1870, he was united in marriage to Miss Fanny A. Conger a native of New York ; they have one son— Russell B„ born in November, 1871. REV. E. J. McEAUGHJLIW, Pastor of St. Mary's Catholic Church ; is a native of Ireland, and came with his parents, in infancy, to America ; they came to Dubuque, Iowa; he was brought up and received part of his education there^ then went Eas« and entered the seminary of " Our Lady of Angels,' at Suspension Bridge, Niagara Falls; he then entered Notre Dame University, at South Bend, Ind., and grad- uated, taking the degree of A. B. ; he completed his theological studies at St. Francis Seminary, near Milwaukee, Wis ; he was ordained Priest by Bishop Hennessy at the Cathedral in Dubuque, May 26, 1878; his first charge was at Sigourney, where he remained only a short time, and upon the death of his brother Rev P V McLaugh- lin, he was appointed to succeed him in the Pastorate of St. Mary's Catholic Church, Clinton, Jan. 17, 1879. v 686 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: REV. P. V. McIAUGHLIN, deceased, Pastor of St. Mary's Catholic Church ; was a native of Ireland, and came with his parents to America, when only 9 years of age ; they came to Dubuque ; he received his education at Bardstown, Ky., and then entered St. Vincent Seminary, at Cape Girardeau, Mo., and completed his theological studies at St. Francis Seminary, near Milwaukee ; he was appointed Pastor of St. Mary's Catholic Church, Clinton, in May, 1867 ; he labored acceptably and suc- cessfully in the interests of the church and schools'; founded the Temperance Society of the church, and was greatly beloved by his people ; he died Jan. 16, 1879, and was buried in the church. B. S. MARVIN, passenger conductor on the C. & N. W. R. R. ; is a native of Orange Co., N. Y., and was born May 27, 1825 ; he was brought up there and learned the trade of wagon-maker ; he came to Illinois in 1855 ; he came to Iowa and located in Clinton Co., at De Witt ; was there two and a half years, and then came to Clinton, and has lived here since then, except a few years in Cedar Rapids ; he began railroading in 1852, on the Eastern Division of the New York & Erie Railroad ; he has run longer than any conductor now on the N. W. R. R. ; has been conductor on passenger train since 1870, and runs from Clinton to Boone, and has only lost three months' time in seventeen years. He married Miss Letitia Lum, a native of Brooklyn, N. Y. ; they have one daughter — Hannah, now Mrs. Temple, living in Clinton. B. F. M ATTISON, saw-filer in Lamb & Son's Stone Mill ; was born in Oswego, N. Y., March 25, 1844 ; he was brought up in that State ; he was in the army, enlisted in Co. D, 81st Regt. N. Y. V. I.; served three years ; came to Clinton in 1865, and entered the employ of Lamb & Son, and has been filer in their mills for eleven years. He married Miss Helen C. Eaton, of Oswego, New York, in 1869; they have one son — George E. Mr. Matteson was Secretary of the Mercantile Association for two years. JOHN I. MUIili AN Y, attorney at law, Opera House block ; was born in Ireland, April 1, 1847 ; his parents came to America when he was very young, and located at La Salle, 111. ; when he was ten years of age, his parents came to Dubuque, Iowa, in 1857, where he was brought up'; he received his education there and in New York ; he studied law in Dubuque, and was admitted to the bar in 1872 ; he practiced law there until February, 1876, when he came to Clinton, and since then has practiced his profession here. He married Miss Aggie C. Murphy, from Chicago, May 3, 1877 ; hey have one son — Robert E., born July 21, 1878. CHRISTIAN MUMiER, saloon, Fifth avenue; was born in Saxony, Germany, May 7, 1826 ; he was brought up there and learned the shoemaker's trade; in 1852, he emigrated to America, and worked at his trade in Brooklyn for three years, then came to Illinois, and lived in Aurora eleven years ; was foreman and cutter in a boot and shoe store; he came to Clinton in 1866 ; worked at his trade two years; in January, 1868, he was burned out ; he owns the building he now occupies, which he built two years ago ; when he came to this county and began keeping house, he only had 75 cents. He married Henrietta Schodt ; she was born in Germany in 1851 ; they have seven children — Augustus, Charles, Victor, Oscar, Rosa, Bertha and Louise ; have lost four children. Augustus enlisted in the regular army and served in Co. F, 6th Regt. U. S. troops. W. H. O'DOMELL, of the firm of W. H. O'Donnell & Co., dealers in groceries and provisions, corner of Fourth street and Thirteenth avenue ; was born in Elgin, Kane Co., 111., Feb. 24, 1851 ; his parents came to Clinton when he was very young ; are old settlers ; he received his education here, and has been engaged in busi- ness here for the past six years, and has built up a large trade. He married Miss Delia Hannaher, daughter of P. Hannaher, of Lyons ; they have one daughter- Winnie. WSI. O'DONNEIili, section boss on the C. & N. W. R. R. ; residence on Tenth avenue, west of Third street ; is a native of Ireland, and was born in 1819 ; he grew up to manhood there, and emigrated to America in 1849 ; he came to Chicago and entered the employ of Col. Smith, on the Galena & Chicago Union R. R, in 1851 ; he was section boss and had charge of the track at Cottage Hill, Elgin, Belvidere, CLINTON. 687 Cherry Valley; he came to Clinton in 1856, and is the oldest employe on this division of the road ; he is one of the early settlers of Clinton, coming the next year after the town started. Mr. O'Donnell has been a member of the City Council for twelve years, and is also a member of the School Board. He married Winnifred Leahy, a native of Ireland, in 1849 ; they have five children — William H., David J., Mary, Winnie, Joseph H. ; they attend the Catholic Church. EDWARD OWENS, of the firm of Owens & Allen, proprietors of the Clinton Boiler Works; was born in England, in 1840; when 12 years of age, he came to America and learned his trade in the works of the Baltimore & Ohio R. R., at Cumberland, Md. ;, in 1861, he came to Peoria, 111., and became foreman of the shops of the Chicago & Rock Island R. R. at that place ; he made a record, while there, of driving a larger number of rivets in one day than any machinist in Illinois ; he came to Iowa in 1871, and established the boiler works in Clinton. Mr. Owens has earned a deservedly high reputation for the character of his work ; he employs from ten to twenty men ; the Government Inspector testifies that the best boilers on the river are made at the Clinton Boiler Works ; during the war, he enlisted, but at that time the regulars could not get arms, and he did not go in the field ; his father and two brothers were in the army. In 1862, Mr. Owens married Miss Catharine Long, of St. Louis; they have had six children ; five survive — three sons and two daughters. D. A. PARSONS, foreman of Lamb & Son's Brick Saw-Mill ; is a native of Vermont, and was born in 1829 ; he was brought up in New York State, at Ticon- deroga : he came to Iowa and located in Clinton, in 1856 ; he entered the employ of Mr. Lamb, and, with the exception of two years, has been connected with the mills since he came ; he has occupied the position of foreman about sixteen years ; he has held the office of City Alderman. He married Miss Lucy J. Walling, a native of Steuben Co., N. Y. ; they have two children— Sophia M., now Mrs. B. F. Holway, of Lemars, Plymouth Co., Iowa ; Olive J., now Mrs. John Shafer, of this city. DANIEL H. PEARCE, deceased ; was one of the earliest settlers of Clin- ton Co. ; he was born in Rhode Island, in 1815 ; he emigrated to Iowa and located in Clinton, in 1838. On the 11th of June, 1845, he was united in marriage to Miss Hannah Ferguson, a native of New York; she came to Lyons, Iowa, when only 11 years of age ; there are very few who have lived in Clinton Co. as many years as they have, until the death of Mr. Pearce, which occurred in 1878 ; he left five children- Emma I., Wallace H., Albert E., Jasper K., Inez B. ; Mrs. Pearce is still living on the home place in Clinton. . JONATHAN Ii. PEARCE, farmer and gardener ; was born in Wash- ington Co., R. I., May 1, 1816 ; when 17 years of age, he went to Fall River, Mass., and lived five years ; when 22 years of age, he came, with his parents, to Iowa ; in 1 838, they located where Clinton now stands, and were among the earliest settlers in this county ; there are few persons now living who were here when he came. In April, 1850, he married Miss Helen E. Aiken, a native of Cleveland, Ohio; her parents came to Iowa in 1845. Mr. and Mrs. Pearce have three children-Lura Delia and Alice. Jonathan Pearce, Sr, the father of Mr. Pearce, died Jan 15, 1857; his wife, the mother of Mr. Pearce, died July 4, 1879; they had nine children; of these, six sur- ™ e 'wALL4CE PECK, of the firm of Peck & Flanagan, manufacturers of carrialL Kfth aVenue ; was born in Dix, Oneida Co N. Y in 1841 ; he learned h- trade there ; he was in the army during the war; enlisted in the 161st ; N Y VI, Co. B ; he was in the service three years, and was honorably discharged ; te held th e offices of Postmaster and Treasurer of Dix, N. Y. ; he came to Clinton in 1872 and, for the st "years has been associated with M.Flanagin %*™^J™^£ are building up a good trade. He married Miss Lydia ^f^J^^Z 1874. Mr Peck's father was an early settler in New York ; he has lived in Dix since 1805 and is still ^| residence co , Fourth street and Seventh ave, L a nttive of Oran*Co^ Y.; was born Dec. 5, 1806 ; when his father died and he bein" £ orJy 7on% , o re of the family devolved upon him ; he hired out for $16 , 688 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: month ; he was engaged in building in Auburn, N. 3f., and afterward engaged in mer- cantile business in Buffalo. He married Miss Mary C. Woodruff, a native of Suffolk Co., N. Y., in 1832. They came to Illinois at an early day and located at Crystal Lake McHenry Co., in 1840 ; he was one of the early settlers there engaged in mercantile business and farmings he lived there over thirty years, and during that time he built up an enviable reputation for business ability and sterling integrity, and was honored by the people with offices of honor and trust. He held the office of County- Treasurer for four years and was elected Representative to the State Legislature, and held the offioe of Justice of the Peace for twenty years. He came to Iowa and located in Clinton in 1872, and engaged in building and has made some of the most substantial improvements in Clinton. He was elected Mayor of the city in 1876, and in 1877 was elected City Treasurer. He is senior member of the dry goods house of Pierson & Inscho, but does not give his attention to the business ; he began life with only $350, and owes his suc- cess to his own efforts ; and, although over 70 years of age, looks more than ten»years younger. CHARLES PIPPING, wholesale, and retail- dealer in fresh, salted and smoked meats, hams and lard, cor. Second street and Sixth avenue ; was born in Germany July 23, 1827 ; he emigrated to America in 1852; he came to Illinois, and lived in Aurora and Oswego over nine years ; he came to Iowa in 1866 and located in Clinton, since then has been engaged in his present business and has built up a large trade. He married Miss Theresa Riesner, a native of Germany ; they have six children — Frank, Charles, William, Lewis, Matilda, Lillie ; they lost one daughter. FRANK PIPPING, proprietor of meat market, Fifth avenue ; was born ia Oswego, Kendall Co., 111., in 1856 ; when 10 years of age, his parents removed to Iowa, located in Clinton and he was brought up here ; he has been engaged in business here for the past four years, and is building up a good trade. He belongs to the Ger- man Workman Society, and also is a member of the Wapsie Boat Club. WAIiDO II. POTTER, proprietor of Clinton Herald. RICHARD PRICE, manufacturer of brick ; is a native of England ; born Aug. 13, 1824 ; he emigrated to America in 1842,; lived in Ohio, and went to Galena, 111., in 1845. He served in the Mexican war; enlisted in the 8th Regt. U. S. Infantry, Co. A, the grenadier company of the regiment ; served two years. He came to Sabula, Iowa, in 1853, to Clinton in May, 1859, and engaged in manufacturing brick. He has held the office of City Alderman for eleven years, and was Chairman of Streets and Alleys, for eight years. He married Louisa M. NefF, a native of Ohio, in September, 1852 ; they have seven children — Henry Clay, Thomas J., Bertha, Richard, Stella, Willie and Ada ; they have lost three children. C. D. PUliFORD, dealer in foreign and domestic fruits, manufacturer of cigars, and j obber in teas, oysters and tobacco, Second street ; was born in Cazenovia, N. Y., in 1845 ; he came to Iowa in 1867 ; he was connected with the Chicago & North-West- ern R. R. for eight years ; he was baggage-master from Clinton to Boone ; while run- ning on the road, he built up a large cigar trade ; he established his business here and gave up his position on the road, devoting his whole time to his business, and is build- ing up a large trade, making a specialty of teas, cigars, oysters and fruits ; he is agent for Booth's oysters, and does the largest oyster and fruit trade in Clinton. He was in the army during the war ; he enlisted in the 41st Regt. Wis. V. I., Co. C, and after- ward served in the 29th Regt. Wis. V. I., Co. A ; he was wounded at Memphis dur- ing Gen. Forrest's raid on that city. Mr. Pulford married Miss Lizzie Ash, of Des Moines, Iowa; they have three children — Edna, Frank and Baby. E. II. PURCELIi, Sheriff of Clinton Co. ; is a native of Pittsburgh, Penn., and was born Feb. 20, 1836 ; when 17 years of age, he came with his parents to Iowa, in 1853 ; they lived in Scott Co. until the following year ; came to Clinton Co. in June, 1854, and located in Orange Township, on Section 29 ; he remained on the farm four- teen years, teaching school some during the winter season; in February, 1868, he removed to DeWitt and engaged in mercantile business for a short time, then engaged in contracting in building the Davenport & St. Paul R. R. While living in DeWitt, he was burned out and lost several thousand dollars ; he was engaged in building bridges CLINTON. - ggg for the county for two or three years; he afterward went to New York City, and grad- uated in the school of Mental Science. In the fall of 1875, Mr. Purcell was elfeted Sheriff of Clin on Co. ; served two years, and was re-elected in 1877 ; he has also held town and school offices. Mr. Purcell has been twice married ; he married Miss Cath- erine Scalkn from Dubuque, m May, 1862 ; she died Oct. 26, 1872, leaving three daughters -Mary, Catherine and Alice. In September, 1878, he married Miss Kate Hudson, a native of Canada. She was formerly Superintendent of schools of this county. ISAAC 1. RAMSEY, carpenter and builder ; is a native of Lawrence Co., Penn.; born in 1809; he learned the trade of carpenter and joiner ; he lived in that btate until 1856, when he came to Iowa, and located at Bellevue ; in February 1866 he came to Clinton, and since then has been engaged in building. He married Miss Mary Jordan, of Lawrence Co., Penn., Oct. 25, 1830 ; they have had ei°ht children • seven survive. C. S. RAYMOND, jeweler, Post Office Block ; is a native of Vermont ; he was brought up there until 18 years of age; he lived in New York and in Chicago, and came to Iowa in 1871 ; he has been engaged in business here for the past seven years, and has built up a leading trade. Married Miss E. E. Shattuck, a native of Vermont, July 30, 1874; they have one son— Burt O, born Sept. 14, 1875. JAMES H. REED, photograph artist, Fifth avenue ; he was born in Joliet, 111., Jan. 26, 1836, and was educated in Galesburg and Fulton, III, to which latter place his family moved in 1838. He is a photographic artist of unusual ability, and is a leading member of the National Photographic Association of the United States. He has been more or less identified with the interests of Clinton from its foundation to the present time, part of the time making his home just across the river in Fulton, 111., but for the past seven years a permanent resident of Clinton. He married Miss Anna A. Pomeroy, of Milwaukee, Wis., on the 25th of February, 1871, and has two children — Mabel W. and Kalph ; his family are members and regular attendants of the Protestant Episcopal Church. He was a poor man when he commenced business with a borrowed capital of $300, and is now worth from $15,000 to $20,000, with unlimited credit, THOMAS RICHARDSON, barber and Secretary of the Union Building Association, Fourth street ; is a native of England, born in 1836 ; when 6 years of age, his parents came to America, and he was brought up in Missouri ; he lived in Central Illinois for six years, and came to Clinton County in 1865, and engaged in his present business ; he has been connected with the Union Building Association since it was organized, Sept. 26, 1873, holding the office of Secretary. Mr. Kichardson had noth- ing when he began life ; never went to school after he was 11 years old ; is now worth over $8,000 ; he is the first charter member of both the Walhalla Lodge, I. O. O. F., of Clinton, and Schiller Lodge, A. O. U. W. ; although an Englishman, he speaks German very fluently. In 1858, he married Miss F. M. Kraus ; she lived in Missouri, but is a native of Germany ; they have five children — John, George, Henry, Anna C, Sarah. SYLVESTER RYDER, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. Clinton ; was born in Ashtabula Co., Ohio, in 1823, residing and attending school there till about 12 years old, when his parents removed thence to Illinois ; he remained there till 1850, in which year he came to Iowa, locating at Clinton. Mr. R. married, in 1850, before leaving Illinois, Miss Marcia A. Chaffee, a native of Vermont ; she came to Illinois, with her parents, in 1839 ; they have six children— Lillian C. (now Mrs. Martin), Hattie A. (now Mrs. Duncan), Edmond S., Flora M., Chester and Burney W. Mr. R. has a fine farm of sixty acres ; his occupation is that of horticulturist. HENRY SABIBJ", Superintendent of Public Schools ; is a native of Con- necticut, and was born in 1829 ; graduated at Amherst College, in 1852 ; came to Clin- ton in 1871. , , a . ,_ LEWIS SAMCO, proprietor of " The Fair," Second street, between bixth and Seventh avenues ; is a native of Germany, and was born May 21, 1846 ; his parents came to this country in 1849, and he was brought up in Buffalo, N. Y. ; during the war, he enlisted and. served in the 33d N. Y. Battery, under Capt. Wheeler ; he came to Iowa and located at Clinton, in 1873; he engaged in business here June 14 ot that 690 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: year, and has built up a good trade. He married Miss Marietta Mason, a native of New York, in 1872 ; they have two children — Nannie and Mason. A. J. SANTEE, dealer in books, stationery, sheet music and wall paper, No. 204 Fifth avenue; is a native of ' Luzerne Co., Penn., and was born Jan. 1, 1840' when 15 years of age, his parents came to Illinois and lived there eleven years; he came to Iowa in 1865, and entered a store as clerk ; he was afterward connected with the Express Company; in April, 1869, he engaged in his. present business, and has built up a large and leading trade in this branch of business. In 1870, Mr. Santee married Miss Minnie Ramsey, a native of Pennsylvania ; they have two children — Ruth and a little boy not named ; they attend the Presbyterian Church. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias and is Vice Chancellor of the Lodge, and a member of the Ancient Order of Workmen, and is Master Workman of Clinton Lodge; has taken 32 degrees; belongs to Emulation Lodge No. 255, Keystone Chapter No. 32, Commandery No. 10 and De Ma Lay No. 5. CHARLES F. SCHMIDT, retired, Fifth avenue ; was born in Bavaria, Germany, in 1816 ; he came to America in 1845, and lived in Blair Co., Penn., for some years ; was engaged in the nursery and butcher business ; while living here, he married Miss Anna Catharine Weller, March 1, 1849 ; she was born in Prussia, Ger- many, and came to America in 1836, when only 9 years of age ; they came to Clinton Jan. 15, 1865, and have lived here since ; they attend the Lutheran Church ; they had very little when they began, and their success in life is owing entirely to their own good management. Id. H. SEEKER, proprietor of Fifth Avenue Shaving Parlor; is a native of Milwaukee, Wis., and was born June 21, 1852; he came to Clinton May 21, 1870; he worked for W. H. Hess for two and a half years, and then went into partnership with him, and afterward bought out the interest of Mr. Hess, and since then he has carried on the business alone ; he has built up a good business, and does the leading trade. He married Miss Caroline Neesley, a native of Lisbon, Linn Co., Iowa, July 23, 1872; they have one son — Artemus Lewis, born Dec. 6, 1876. SIMON SHOECRAFT, wholesale and retail dealer in coal, salt, cement and building material, corner First street and Fifth avenue ; is a native of Oneida, Mad- ison Co., N. Y., and was born Sept. 22, 1836; he attended school there; he lived in York State until 1858, when he came to Iowa and located ia Clinton Co., and engaged in teaching for one year, at De Witt ; the following year, he entered Cornell College and remained there three years, and graduated in 1862 ; he came to Clinton and had charge of the public school here ; at that time the only schoolhouse was the little brown building adjoining the Presbyterian Church, with only three teachers — Miss Earhart, Miss Rogers and Miss Berry. Mr. Shoecraft afterward taught in De Witt and Lyons; in 1866, he engaged in business in Clinton, and has continued since then; in August, 1865, he married Miss J. Mcintosh, a native of Vernon, N. Y. ; they have two chil- dren, one son and one daughter — Louie, 10 years of age, and Lettie, 3 years of age. A. SIDDIjE, Secretary of the Clinton Paper Company; is a native of York- shire, Eng., and was born Feb. 23, 1818 ; he came to this country when a small boy, and was brought up in Dutchess Co., N. Y. ; he came to Iowa in the fall of 1858: he located in Clinton Co. and engaged in farming for seven years, until the spring of ] 866, when he removed to the city, and has been connected with the Clinton Paper Company since its organization in 1868. He married Mrs. Sarah Potter, 'daughter of Valentine Santee ; they have three children, and Mr. Siddle also has three children by a. former wife. LEANDER SISCO, engineer of passenger train on the C. & N. W. R. R.. residence corner Tenth avenue and Fifth street ; is a native of Baldwinsville, Onondaga Co., N. Y., and was born Feb. 27, 1836 ; he was brought up there and, after reaching manhood, came to Iowa in April, 1857, and entered the employ of the Railroad Com- pany ; at that time, the road was Only completed as far west as Wheatland ; he is one of the oldest employes on the road — over twenty-two years ; he runs a passenger train from Clinton to Cedar Rapids ; he is a member of the Locomotive Brotherhood of Engineers, the Knights of Pythias, and the Order of United Workmen. He married CLINTON. 691 Miss Mary Ann Cook, a native of Pennsylvania ; they have one son— William Cook Sisco, and have lost one son — Frank. NEES A. SKONBERG, foreman of Angel & Stone's lime kilns ; is a native of Sweden, and was born in 1849 ; he emigrated to America in 1872, and came to Clinton the same year, and has been in the employ of this firm since then ; he has been foreman for three years. He married Ida Anderson, a native of Sweden Au". 26,1878. ' ° WM. SKINNER, proprietor of Northwestern Fur Manufacturing Company, Fourth street and Eighth avenue, Clinton, and Main street, Lyons ; is a native of Ports- mouth, Eng., and was born March 25, 1805 ; he was brought up mostly in London, and learned there the business of furrier ; in 1850, he emigrated to America; on board of the ship, he met a party coming to this county, and he gave them money to pur- chase land for him here ; he remained in New York, working at his business, for five years. He married Belinda Alexander, a native of England, in 1856 ; the following year, he came to Chicago ; was there one year, then came to this county and settled on his farm ; in 1866, he was importuned to open the furrier business in Lyons, and since then he has been engaged in it, and has built up a large trade ; he has earned an excel- lent reputation for the superior manufacture of his goods, and has shipped them as far west as Oregon ; he buys and selects all of his skins personally, and has them dressed as he directs ; when Mr. Skinner began life, he had nothing ; he now owns the store he occupies, corner Fourth street and Eighth avenue, and owns the Midland Hotel, at Maquoketa, besides his farm in this county, and other property ; he has one daughter, Mrs. Mary A. Gay, of Lyons, and one adopted son, Daniel, who has charge of the store in Clinton. A. H. SMITH, M. D., physician and surgeon, Third street, between Fifth and Sixth avenues ; is a native of Rockfbrd, 111., where he was brought up and attended school ; he completed his collegiate education at Beloit College, and studied medicine and graduated at the Chicago Medical College ; in 1872, after graduating, he spent one year in Mercy Hospital, and, in the spring of 1873, he came to Iowa and located in Clinton, and associated with Dr. McCormick, and, since then, has practiced his profes- sion here. CHARLES A. SMITH, attorney at law, of the firm of Smith & Bauder, Toll Block ; is a native of Clinton Co., and was born in Center Township, Sept, 5, 1852 ; he attended school here, completing his education at the State Agricultural Col- lege, graduating in 1872 ; he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1874, and since then he has practiced here ; he was appointed Deputy Collector of Internal Reve- nue in 1874. He married Miss Emma A. Painter, a native of Lycoming Co., Penn. ; they have one son — Latimer P., 2 years of age. GEO. C. SMITH, Treasurer of the Clinton Paper Co. ; is a native of England, and was born March 5, 1831 ; grew up to manhood there, and came to this country in 1851, and lived in Chicago six years; he came to Clinton in 1858, and engaged in running an engine ; he entered the employ of the Clinton Lumber Co., and was connected with that company for a number of years ; he has been connected with the Clinton Paper Mill since its organization, and is Treasurer of the company and has charge of the manufacturing department. Mr. Smith married Miss Ceha Hosford, daughter of A. P. Hosford, Esq., in September, 1861 ; she died in July, 1863. He married Miss Sarah Carll, from Waterloo, Iowa, in January, 1866 ; they have six chil- dren—Herbert, Georgiana, Artie, Verner, Lulu M. and Willie. JOHN SMITH, foreman of the roundhouse ; residence, Fourth avenue ;_ is a native of -Middlebury, Addison Co., Vt., and was born July 5, 1830 ; he was raised there, and went in a machine-shop to learn the trade of machinist when only 15 years of age ; he went to New York State and lived five years ; in October 1854 he came West to Illinois, and ran on the Fox River Valley Railroad, and, m December, 1856, he came here and entered the employ of the old Chicago, Iowa & Nebraska Railroad he run on the road until 1868, when he was appointed foreman of the roundhouse and t since then has occupied that position; he has been connected with this line of road over twenty-two years. In 1852, he was united in marriage to Miss Mary E. Totman, from 692 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Keysville, Essez Co., N. Y. ; they have three children— Laura E., Ira Herbert and Charles Edwin. COL. MILO SMITH, dealer in agricultural machinery, corner of Front street and Fifth avenue ; is a native of Shoreham, Addison Co., Vt., and was born Jan. 25, 1819; his early education was received in the public schools, supplemented by a thorough and liberal course in the Newton Academy, a scientific and literary institution in his native town ; at the age of 20 years, he left home, and came West, and reached Chicago in 1840 ; he devoted a few years to teaching and surveying lands, and subse- quently settled in Belvidere, Boone Co., 111. ; in 1848, when the first railroad enterprise was originated west of Chicago, he assisted as Civil Engineer in the construction of the first 100 miles of the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad; in 1852, he was appointed Chief Engineer of the Elgin & State Line Eailroad; in 1855, he came to Iowa, and was made Chief Engineer and Superintendent of the Chicago, Iowa & Nebraska Rail- road ; in this position, his ability as a financier and his skill as an engineer were severely taxed ; he carried the road through the panic of 1857, and continued to superintend the operation of the road after its completion to Cedar Rapids until leased to the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad, in 1862. After the breaking-out _of the war, Gov. Kirkwood, without his knowledge or solicitation, commissioned him Colonel of the 26th I. V. I. ; his regiment formed a part of the 1st Division of the 15th Army Corps, and continued in service until the close of the war ; during eighteen months, he was in command of the 1st Brigade of the 1st Division of that Corps ; although justly entitled to promo- tion, he declined it, and preferred to remain in command of his regiment ; . he received three wounds while in the service. Since his return from the service, he has been engaged in various railroad enterprises. In politics, he is a Republican, but not strictly a partisan ; he has invariably declined public office. Col. Smith has been married three times ; is now living with his third wife ; he has no children living. GEORGE SPENCER, dealer in hardware, stoves and tinware, Fifth ave- nue; is a native of Wayne Co., N. Y. ; after reaching manhood, he was engaged in business in the city of New York for some years ; he came to Iowa and located in Clin- ton in December, 1866, and engaged in the hardware business — firm of Spencer & Paddock ; the following year, Mr. Spencer bought out his partner's interest and has continued the business ; he has been engaged in the hardware business longer than any one in Clinton, and is having a large trade. CHARLES SPORMANN, saloon, tobacco and cigars, corner Second street and Fifth avenue ; was born in Germany, in 1839 ; he emigrated to America in 1861 ; he lived in Illinois, in Carroll and Whiteside Cos., until he came to Clinton, in 1864 ; he has carried on his present business since 1868. He married Johanna Boden- sheen, from Germany, July 4, 1863 ; they have nine children, and have lost two. W. W. STEVENS, attorney at law, Second street, over First National Bank ; is a native of Methuen, Essex Co., Mass ; born Feb. 14, 1841 ; when 12 years of age, he removed to Belknap Co., N. H., where he received his education ; he studied law and was admitted to the bar in that county, in 1861 ; after the breaking-out of the war, he enlisted in Co. I, 12th N. H. V. I., and was commissioned Lieutenant of Co. I ; he was in the service over a year, when he resigned his commission on account of ill health ; after leaving the army, he was located in the city of New York ; was admit- ted to the bar, and remained there fifteen months, and then went South to Atlanta, Ga., with the intention of forming a partnership in the practice of law with the late Col. R. A. Alston ; in the spring of 1866, Mr. Stevens came to Iowa and located in Clinton, and since thea he has practiced his profession here. Mr. Stevens married Miss Caroline R. Cornell, a native of New Hampshire, and daughter of Capt. Cornell* of the United States Navy ; Mr. and Mrs. Stevens have two children, one son and one daughter— George C. and Mary Alice. , P AVID W - SWITZER, foreman of C. Lamb & Sons' Stone Mill; was born in Steuben Co., N. Y., Nov. 30, 1833 ; he was brought up and lived there until he came to Iowa, in the fall of 1857,, and located in Clinton ; he entered the employ of Mr. Lamb and has been with him ever since he came, and is one of the oldest employes in the mills here ; he has held the position of foreman for eight years. He married CLINTON. 593 "2^:^yj:T of Massacwts ' in j ^> i869 > *«j w two chii. Fifth™e C1LIWTO]S ' NATIO]VAL BAWK > ™™ of Second street and , C : ®: i . TA - Y 1 IjOR, jeweler, Fifth avenue: proprietor of the oldest ieweiry house in Clinton ; he is a native of Vermont, but was brought up in Canada, and learned the jewelry business there ; he came to Iowa and located here in the spring of 1863, and engaged in his present business on Front street; there are only two other merchants in business now who were here when he came ; Mr Taylor has held the office of Mayor for three terms— a longer time than any other person elected to this office ; has also held the office of Town Trustee for a number of years, and is actively identified with the interests of the city and county. He married Miss Harriet Smith a native of Canada ; they have six children. JOHN TAYEOR, foreman of machinists in the large lower mill of W. J. Young & Co. ; is a native of Albany Co., N. Y., and was born Nov. 18, 1832 ; he was brought up there until 18 years of age; he learned his trade in Worcester, Mass., and came West to Moline in 1855 ; he came to Iowa in 1859, and came to Clinton in 1862, and entered the employ of W. J. Young & Co., and, with the exception of two years, he has been connected with his mills since then ; he has had charge of the machine- shops since 1867. He married Miss Emma E. Alverson, a native of Whitewater, Mich., in 1867 ; they have three children— Charles J., Herbert Koy, Fred Bernard. WM. TA YL.OR, foreman of W. J. Young & Co.'s upper saw-mill ; is a native of Albany Co., N. Y. ; born March 23, 1835 ; he learned the trade of machinist ; came to Illinois in 1856 ; when the war broke out, he enlisted in the first call ; three months' service in Co. H, 6th Ind. V. I., and afterward enlisted in the 2d Ind. Bat. ; he was in the service three years, and was in sixteen battles; he came. to Clinton in 1865, and entered the employ of W. J. Young as engineer, and has been with him fourteen years, and for four years has been foreman of this mill. He married Miss Alice V. Soper, a native of Kome, N. Y., in 1867 ; they have four children — William, Susie, Eva, Belle. E. H. THAYER, publisher of the Clinton Age; is a native of Windham, Cumberland Co., Me. ; he attended school until 18 years of age ; then came to Cleve- land, Ohio, where he read law and was admitted to the bar in all the courts of the State ; he came to Iowa in 1853, located at Muscatine, and practiced law for three years ; was elected Comity Judge, and served two terms ; he established the Muscatine Daily Courier, and conducted that paper for six years ; in April, 1868, he came to Clarence, Cedar Co., and established the Age; after being there only two months, the citizens of Clinton held out superior inducements, and he removed to this city, where he has conducted, this journal since. Judge Thayer married Miss Delia E. Payne, a native of Essex Co., N. Y. ; they have three children — Nellie, Maude and May. MAJOR CHARLES H. TOLL,, Postmaster ; residence, corner Third street and Eighth avenue ; is a native of Van Buren, Onondaga Co., N.I. ; born April 18, 1817. In 1840, he married Miss Eliza H. Lusk, daughter of Kichard Lusk, of Lysander, N. Y. ; in 1853, Major Toll came to Chicago, remained a short time, and the following year came to Iowa, and located at Lyons ; soon after coming here, he was made Assistant Treasurer of the Iowa Land Company, and assisted in superintending the building of the railroad from the Mississippi River to Council Bluffs; in 1855, he was elected Mayor of Lyons ; he afterward resigned the office of Mayor, and located in Clinton, where his business interests called him ; during his connection with the Rail- road Company, he was elected Assistant Treasurer of the Iowa Land Company; in 1859, he was elected Sheriff of Clinton Co., and served two years ; in 1862, he was appointed United States Commissary for a Division of the Union army ; during his term of service, he was assigned to duty in various departments, and in every position he increased the efficiency of the department in which he was called to serve ; his dunes were extremely trying and arduous, and his responsibilities very great. As a Commis- sary, he was one of the most efficient in the Union army; he served until the close of the war; was relieved in January, 1866, and returned home ; in December, 1875, he 694 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: •was appointed Postmaster of Clinton, and still holds that office ; he has also held vari- ous town offices, and, has been actively identified in the improvement of the city and county. While living in Onondaga Co., N. Y., he was Supervisor of the town of Lysan- der, and, in 1856, he was elected Representative to the State Legislature. He "is a member of the Order of Odd Fellows ; united with that fraternity in 1846. He is a con- sistent member of the Baptist Church, uniting with that denomination in 1839. Is a Republican, but an independent thinker. Major Toll and wife have five children, two sons — Spencer L. (Postal Clerk on the C. & N. W. R. R. from Chicago to Cedar Rap- ids) ; Charles H, Jr. (attending school at Mt. Vernon) ; three daughters — Mary Lou- ise, Sarah B. (at home) ; Martha M. (now Mrs. George W. Lainhart, of New York City). D. IS. TOL.1J, livery, sale and boarding stable, Fifth avenue ; was born in Onondaga Co., N. Y., Nov. 22, 1826 ; after reaching manhood, in April, 1850, he went to California and engaged in mining there four and one-half years ; he returned in 1854; came to Iowa, and arrived at Lyons Jan. 12, 1855; in the following November, he engaged in the livery business ; there is no one in the county now who was in the liv- ery business when he came ; there are only a very few men engaged in business in this county who were here when he came. Mr. Toll married Miss S. M. Graham, a native of Utica, N. Y., in June, 1859 ; they have six children — Charles F., Fannie E., Frank P., Grace E., Rensselaer H. and Walter G. P. S. TOWIiE, dealer in dry goods, corner Second street and Fifth avenue; is a native of Bath, Steuben Co., N. Y. ; he was brought up there j upon the breaking- out of the war, he was commissioned Assistant Paymaster in the U. S. Navy, and served for three years ; after the close of the war, he came to Iowa, and located in Clinton in 1866, and engaged in mercantile business on Front street; he has built up a large and extensive trade, the largest exclusively dry goods trade in this city. Mr. Towle has been prominently connected with the "Ancient Order of United Workmen," and has been Grand Master of the State, and has been Supreme Lodge Representative for three years. In 1867, Mr. Towle married Miss Mary Brother, a native of Bath, Steuben Co., N. Y., daughter of Henry Brother ; they have three children — Henry. Stewart, born April 13, 1871; Charles Brother, Sept. 10, 1875; Stewart Warren, Jan. 29, 1877. CALVIN UPTON, stone-mason ; was born in Reading, Mass., June 15, 1828, and learned his trade in that State ; he came to Iowa, and located in Davenport in 1855 ; came to Clinton in Jiine, 1857, and engaged in his present business in 1859 ; he engaged in manufacturing brick, and carried it on until 1870 ; he was engaged in con- tracting and building for the C. &, N. W. R. R. from Clinton to Council Bluffs for some years. He married Miss Maria A. Rennard, of Salem, Mass., Jan. 30, 1853; they have five, children— Charles E., George, Aldebronto, Henry E. and Charlotte; have lost two children. LARKIX UPTON, Mayor of Clinton ; is a native of North Reading, Mid- dlesex Co., Mass., and was born Feb. 4, 1832 ; in that State he learned the trade of stone mason ; after reaching manhood, he emigrated to Iowa, and came to Clinton in 1855 ; remained a short time, then lived in Davenport and in Durant, Cedar Co., until the fall of 1858, when he located in Clinton and engaged in building ; he has erected some of the best buildings in the city ; he has also done considerable contracting and building for (he C. & N- W. R. R. here and on the line of the road at Boone and Dun- lap ; he has held the office of City Alderman, and was elected Mayor of the city in March, 1878 ; re-elected in March, 1879. E. A. WADL/EIGH, freight and ticket agent of the Chicago & North- West- ern Railroad ; is a native of Sutton, Merrimac Co., N. H. ; he was brought up and received his education there ; he came to Iowa, and located at Clinton in November, 1856 ; the following spring, April 14, 1857, he entered the employ of the Chicago, Iowa & Nebraska Railroad, and was appointed agent at Clinton, April 14, 1857 ; the day previous, April 13, the first train for business ran out of Clinton; he remained with that company until it was leased to and became a part of the Chicago & North- Western Railroad, and has occupied his present position over twenty-two years, a longer time than any other official connected with the road here. Mr. Wadleigh is one of theearly CLINTON. 695 settlers of Clinton, coming; here the year after Clinton was laid out. He has served as a member of the School Board for twelve years. , He married Miss Emeline Emmons, of the State of Vermont ; they have one son — Frank A. W. D. W AEDEN, Superintendent of Buildings and Bridges of the Iowa Division of the Chicago &' North-Westem Railway ; is a native of Hampshire, England, and was born in 1825 ; he was brought up there, and studied architecture; in 1850, he Qarae to America, and lived in Brooklyn, N. Y., for five years, and was engaged in building ; he came to Iowa in October, 1855, and entered the employ of the Iowa Land Company ; he was the architect and builder of the Iowa Central House. On the 11th of February, 1856, he sold three lots to Francis Lee, and it was the first sale of lots in Clinton that was made second hand, or after purchased were resold again. Mr. Walden has held the position of Superintendent of Buildings and Bridges since 1865 ; he had charge of the construction of the Mississippi River Bridge. He was united in marriage with Miss Mary Ann Bennett, a native of England, in 1852 ; they have eleven chil- dren, and attend the Episcopal Church. EDWARD WARE, with C. Lamb & Son ; is a native of England, and was born June 13, 1830 ; he came to America in 1842, and was brought up in York State ; he came to Fulton in 1854, and came to Clinton Co. in 1855 ; he was engineer of the first saw-mill in Clinton ; when the war broke out, he enlisted, in June, 1861, in the 1st I. V. C, Co. M ; he remained in the service until March, 1866 ; he was pro- moted to hold commission of Second Lieutenant when the war closed ; since then, he has been engaged in steamboating and in the lumber-yard of C. Lamb & Sons. He married Miss Augusta Lamb, daughter of C. Lamb, Esq., in 1859 ; they have six chil- dren — Fred, Jennie, Willie, Lettie, Eddie, Artemus. JOHN WEBBER, dealer in ready-made clothing and gents' furnishing goods, Second street; was born in Germany Jan. 14, 1826 ; after reaching manhood, he emigrated to America in 1850 ; he lived in New York and Iowa until 1861, then came to Iowa; the following year, he came to Clinton Co. ; he has been engaged in business here for the W fourteen years; he carries a large stock of clothing, and has built up a good trade He married Miss Christina Stetter, a native of Germany, Feb. 11, 1853 ; they have two children— Mary and Bertha ; they have lost one son. MARTIN WHITE, foreman in charge of loading cars at W. J. Young & Co.'s mills; is a native of Ireland, and was born Dec. 15, 1829, he emigrated to America in 1853 ; he came to Iowa and located in Clinton, in 1857 ; there was very little here when he came ; he has been connected with the mills in the employ of Mr Young, for a long time, and has lived here twenty-two years; he holds the office of City Alderman, and is serving his fourth year ; .he is President of the Roman Cathohc Total Abstinence Society, and has been offic ally connected with _the : Society -for five years. He married Miss Judith Reddan, a native of Ireland, in 1852 ; they have eight child™; he and ^famityattend 1 .^Catholic Churchy ^ T q . bornSSko^wTnnrb^o Co.,Vis., Oct 19 1849; he ™£^P «J™E* his education there • he came to Clinton in 1870, and entered the employ ot the West e n UnLrTelegraph Co., and has been connected with the company since then, and has Lid the pSion of Manager of the office here for the past ^rje^OnOot 21, 1877, he was united in marriage to Miss Bessie F. Fegan, daughter of Capt. J. D. Fegan of CHntoa Extract rf Eucalypt er f Sixth avenuta^STe'et Linton; is a native of Rochester NY -, and was bom m 1815 ; he was brought up and lived in that Sta e untj ^f6 when ^ e m g * <* ctet^ntn^^^^ great discovery of the « Eucalyptus," which conUins *£^£g£2 are now well tralian gum tree ; the method ot its discovery and the merits 01 for known last and west, and is rapidly growing into favor, and he has large 696 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: it. In 1837, Mr. Wilkins was uuited in marriage to Miss Cornelia Cook,- a native of Chautauqua Co., N. Y. ; they have four children. MRS. CLARA YEOMAN'S, homoeopathic physician, Seventh avenue, west of Fourth street ; is a native of Summit Co., Ohio ; she was born of New England parentage, in 1841 ; she came West to Washington Co., Iowa, while it was yet a Terri- torv, before the State was organized, in 1845. She was united in marriage with Dr. S. "P. Yeomans ; he was brought up in Herkimer Co., N. Y., and came to Iowa in 1838 ; he studied medicine and graduated at Rush Medical College,- Chicago, in 1853; he afterward graduated from Hahnemann Medical College, Chicago ; he held the posi- tion of Register of the Land Office at Sioux City a number of years, and is now prac- ticing medicine at Charles City, Iowa. Mrs. Yeomans studied medicine in Hahnemann Medical College, Chicago, graduating from that institution and taking her degree in 1870, being the first lady in the West taking the degree of Doctor of Medicine, and she was the first lady who attended clinics in the Cook County Hospital, in Chicago ; after graduating from Hahnemann, she went East and attended a course in the New York Medical College for Women, and attended clinics at Bellevue Hospital. Mrs. Yeomans came to Clinton March 1, 1870, and since then she has successfully practiced her pro- fession here ; they have two children, one daughter, in Minnesota, and one son, who has just completed his college course. GEOR&E B. YOrHfG, attorney and counselor at law, Post Office Block; is a native of Hartford, Trumbull Co., Ohio; born May 20, 1840; he attended the common schools, then entered Oberlin College, where he completed his education ; he studied law in Cleveland, Ohio, and was admitted to the bar June 24, 1862 ; he is also a graduate of the Cleveland Law College ; he enlisted on the first call for troops in Co. C, 19th 0. V. I. ; in July, 1862, he came to Iowa and located in Clinton Co., at Camanche, and commenced the practice of law ; in 1865, he was elected County Judge; served two years, and was re-elected in 1867 ; after serving one year of his second term, he resigned to accept the position of Judge ^of the Circuit Court, to which he was elected in November, 1868 ; he remained on the bench until March, 1873, when he resigned, and since then has practiced here, being associated with Judge Hays until the latter was elected Judge. There are very few men in Clinton Co. who are as conver- sant with its interests and its people as Judge Young ; he came here a stranger, and began without a dollar, and his success in life and position in his profession are owing to his own eiForts. He married Miss Frances Hinman, at Lansing, Mich., in 1863; they have had three children, only one surviving, a son — Henry M., now 12 years of age. W. J. YOUJf€r, of the firm of W. J. Young & Co., manufacturers of lumber; is one of the most enterprising business men of Clinton ; he is a native of Belfast, Ire- land, and was born Feb. 27, 1827 ; he came to Clinton June 7, 1858 ; before coming here, was engaged in railroading, and held the position of General Freight Agent of the Cincinnati, Logansport & Chicago Railroad ; after coming here, he opened a lumber yard, and continued that for two or three years ; in May, 1860, he commenced to remove their, saw-mill from La Crosse to Clinton, and the 15th of August, he was cut- ting lumber; in August, 1866, he began building what is known as his large lower mill, which, with one exception, is the largest mill of the kind in this country ; the mills of this company have a capacity of manufacturing yearly 50,000,000. feet of lum- ber, 30,000,000 shingles, and 10,000,000 laths, employing 350 hands in the mills and yards at Clinton, beside the men. employed in their own logging camps and their interest in the Mississippi logging camps ; he gives his personal attention ; has the entire man- agement of his business, which is of great magnitude, his sales of lumber extending over the West, Northwest and South. When Mr. Young began life, he says he had all the capital he required, which was good health ; and, by constant attention to his business and good management, he has built up the extensive business of W. J. Young & Co. to its present magnitude. Mr. Young is actively identified with the interests of the city of Clinton ; he is one of the Directors of the Clinton National Bank, and is President of the Clinton Savings Bank. He has held the office of Mayor of Clinton, being elected without any opposition. LYONS TOWNSHIP. 697 HENRY ZWEIGART, dealer in fresh, salted and smoked meats, Second street, between Second and Third avenues ; he was born in Germany April 16 1854 • when 19 years of age in 1873, he came to America; the following year became to Clinton, in 1874 ; he has been engaged in business here for the past three years, and is building up a nice trade ; his parents are living in the old country. LYONS TOWNSHIP. Ii YfflAU P. ADAMS, Deputy Sheriff, Lyons ; he was born in Pawtucket, R. I. ; at the age of 14, he went to Jones Co., Ga. ; thence to Barbour Co., Ala. ; then returned to Rhode Island, and in 1853 he attended the Providence Conference Seminary, having first attended the Lyon & Frieze University Grammar School; afterward attended Bryant & StrattonV Commercial College; in 1856-57. was employed by the Providence & Worcester Railroad; in 1858, returned to Barbour Co., Ala. ; remained there till the spring of 1859, when he went North on a visit ; he then went to Mem- phis, and again went North, traveling with W. H. Seward and party, electioneering for President Lincoln ; in the winter of 1860, he returned to Memphis, and, in 1861, went to Holly Spring, Miss. ; then returned home ; remained there till the capture of Island No. 10 ; on a permit issued by S. P. Chase, he was one of four who were permitted to return by the first steamer to take charge of the Chickasaw steam cotton press, owned by D. G. Dwight, of Boston ; held this till taken for Quartermaster purposes by order of Gen. Sherman ; afterward used as Port Pickering ; he then accepted a position with the Quartermaster's Department of the Fifteenth Army Corps, under J. Condit Smith ; remained in this capacity till 1863, when he resigned on account of ill health, and came to Lyons; in 1866, he went to Nebraska City; in 1867, he returned to Lyons; has been Alderman, Township Treasurer, and now Deputy Sheriff. He married, in 1866, Miss Eliza, daughter of Judge E. Hatton, formerly of Hillsdale, Michigan ; they have three children — Myron Henry, Maude and Robert Hatton. In 1864, he pur- chased the Clinton House, disposing of it in 1871 ; soon after, it was destroyed by fire. FRED. BAER, grocer, Main street, Lyons ; he was born Dec. 4, 1838, in Germany ; in 1860, came to Lyons. Married Eliza Jansen March, 1863 ; she was born August, 1843, in Germany ; had five children — Francisca, Emma, Ida, Mena and Anna. C. P. RAKER, farmer, Sec. 24; P. 0. Lyons; born Aug. 20, 1813, in Massachusetts; in 1838, came to Clinton Co., Iowa; owns 179 acres of land. Married Mrs. Brown in 1836 ; she was born in Onondaga Co., N. Y., May 20, 1813 ; have four children — Clinton D., Louisa M., W. S. and Chester L. ; she has one child by a former marriage — Samuel A. Brown, now in Nebraska. Clinton D. served in the late war. D. S. RAECH, boots and shoes, residence on Seventh street, Lyons ; he was born in ' Groveland, Massachusetts, in 1856; he came to Freeport, 111., and taught school two winters ; in 1858, he removed to Lyons, and commenced the boot and shoe business with his brother, John K. P. ; this they controlled till 1874 ; since then he has been alone in business. He married Mary J. George in 1861; she was born in Haverhill, Mass. ; they' have three children — L. Anne, Clifton and Jennie F. D. J. BATCHELDER, firm of Welles, Gardiner & Co., lumber, Lyons;, born June 6, 1825, in Peacham, Vt., in 1851 ; moved to Peoria, III. ; thence to Mitchell Co., Iowa; in 1861, came to Clinton Co., Iowa. Married Miss M. McFar- land in 1850 ; she was born in Lunenburg, Essex Co., Vt. ; have four children— Hen- rietta and Marietta (twins), Emma and D. J. T. R. BEERS, Postmaster, residence on Fifth street, Lyons; born Dec. 28, 1836, in Tompkins Co., N. Y.; in 1858, he came to Lyons; has been a resident here since; he was appointed Postmaster in March, 1879 ; he has been engaged in the publishing business since he came to Lyons. Married Sarah Roe in July, 1866 ; she was born in Elmira, N. Y. ; they have five childre— Anna, Maria, Charles E., Louise and Clara. 698 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: C APT. W. M. BENTIjE Y, proprietor of the Lyons & Fulton Ferry, Lyons ; was born in Warren Co., N. Y., March 3, 1831 ; when 14 years of age, his parents emigrated to Iowa, and located in Jackson Co., one mile south of Maquoketa,, and engaged in farming ; after reaching manhood, he started the first livery business carried on in Maquoketa; he continued there until 1862, when he came to Lyons, and engaged in the same business for two years, then bought the ferry, and has managed that for a num- ber of years ; he also owns a good farm of 200 acres two and one-half miles south of Maquo- keta, one of the first settled farms in that section of country. Capt. Bentley was elected Mayor of Lyons in 1878. and has held other town offices. He married Miss Alvira E. Goodenow, a native of Warren Co., N. Y. ; her parents came to Maquoketa in 1847 ; they have three children— Carlotta Florence, George and. Leon. ' A. B. BLAEELI, farmer, Sec. 24; P. 0. Lyons; born Aug. 3, 1811, at Saratoga Springs, N. Y.; when a boy, he went with his mother to Connecticut ; in 1856, came to Lyons Township ; owns 102 acres of land. Has been Township Trustee and Secretary of the Township School Board for about ten years. Married Lucy A. Baldwin in October, 1832; she was born May 1, 1813, in Derby, Conn. ; have two children — Fred L. and Georgiana. His son, William H., enlisted in 1862, in Co. K, 26th I. V. I.; was wounded at the battle of Arkansas Post, and died at Memphis in February, 1863. HON. NORMAN BOARD1IM, capitalist, Lyons ; he is a native of Lamoille Co., Vt.; he was born April 30, 1813 ; he attended school and engaged in teaching till about the age of 25, when he completed his education at the Johnson Academy ; he read law with H. P. Smith, of Hyde Park, Vt., now a resident of Chi- cago ; was admitted to the bar in 1839 ; he practiced about fourteen years, and during that time was Deputy Collector of Customs and State's Attorney, holding the latter office from 1850, to 1852 ; in 1855, he settled in Lyons, having two years previous visited this State and located lands ; real estate has been his principal business, although he has been engaged in the mercantile trade in Anamosa, Jones Co., about five years ; in the fall of 1854, he bought eighty acres of land in Mitchell Co., and laid out the town of Osage, now one of the most thriving towns of the county ; in 1856, he entered about three thousand acres of land at Council Bluffs, and has speculated largely in lands in different parts of this State. He was nominated in 1861 by the Republicans for State Senator ; was elected by a majority of 1,100 ; he held this position four years ; in May, 1869, he was appointed, by President Grant, U. S. Collector for the Second District of Iowa ; resigned this office in 1875, leaving a clear record. He married Miss Lois B. Knight in 1846 ; she was born in St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., in 1825 ; died in February, 1857, leaving three sons — Homer C. and William K., now in Nevada in the produce business, and Charles D., a physician, now practicing in Monticello, Iowa. His present marriage, to Miss Sarah M. Knight in 1858 ■; she was born in Jaffrey, N. H. G. W. BRAYTON, forwarding and commission, and general steamboat agent, dealer in coal, wood, salt, lime, etc., foot of Main street; residence on north Sev- enth street, Lyons ; he was born Jan. 15, 1814, in Trenton, Oneida Co., N. Y.; in May, 1858, moved to Illinois; in 1868, removed to Lyons, and engaged in the wholesale and retail grocery trade for about five years. When in Franklin Grove, 111., he was Postmaster six years, also School Director ; has been Alderman here about three years. Married Lucy A. Loomis in 1841 ; she was born in Oneida Co., N. Y. ; have had five children, four living— Alice M., Charles J., Lucy A. and Frank C. Republican. STEPHEN IS It 1 4> United States Deputy Collector in Second District of Iowa ; was the founder ef the- Young Men's Library Association ; was nominated by the Odd Fellows for Deputy Grand Master of the State of Iowa for 1879. Married Miss Louise M. Inslee, at Lyons, in September, 1868; she was born at Davenport; have two sons — Harrie ami Alanson. Republican. MICHAEL RCDMAJf, blacksmith, Pearl street, Lyons; he was born? April 26, 1839, in England ; in 1869, came to Lyons. Married Martha Cellett Aug, 9, 1860 ; she was born in England ; had ten children, five living — Elizabeth, Albert,. Mary, Henry and George. EDWARD R. SAYIiES, firm of Cotton & Sayles, attorneys; omee in- Gage's Block, Lyons; is a native of Crawford Co., Penn.; in 1857, he came with his- parents to Lyons, wnere he has since resided; he commenced reading law, in 1875,, with Judge Cotton ; was admitted to the bar in 1876 ; in 1877, he formed a partner- ship with Judge Cotton, and has since been a member of thff firm. He was appointed; Mayor by the City Council to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Mayor C. Moeszinger. His father died in 1871, aged 46 years ; his mother is now a resident of-" Davenport. Ii. T. SLiOART, Secretary of Clinton & Lyons Horse R. R. Co.; residence? corner Seventh and Washington streets, Lyons ; born June 18, 1842, in Lyons, Iowa ? on the organization of this Company, he was appointed Secretary. Enlisted, in 1862 r in Co. I, 2d Iowa Inf., and served to the end of the war. Married Sarah M. White. May 6, 1869; she was born in New Hampshire; have four children — Alice M. r Arthur J, Mattie W. and Charles L. Republican. IRA STOCKWEIil/, retired ; residence corner of Exchange and Seventh streets, Lyons ; a native of Trumbull Co, Ohio ; at the age of 15, he came with his, parents to Joliet, 111.; in 1840, he came to what' was then New York Landing, now Clinton ; has been a resident of the county since ; he engaged in farming pursuits till 1856 ; he then sold his farm of 196 acres, and turned his attention to the.building-up- of Clinton,' also buying' and improving and selling farms ; in about 1859, he pur- chased the mill known as the Aldcox, Johnson & Co. Saw-mill, and, about four years- later, he bought the Stambaugh Mill ; after running this about three years, he trans- ferred the machinery to his other mill, which increased the capacity to about 100,0001 feet per day ; he operated this till it was destroyed by fire, several years later; he now owns 216 acres of land, which is principally devoted to fruit and raising thorough-bred horses. Married Miss Sarah Peck March 30, 1842 ; she was born in New York ; had three children, one living — Manetta J. E W THOMAS (retired), Lyons ; he was born Aug. 26, 1812, in Chester Co., Penn. ; in 1832, he went to St. Louis, and engaged principally in building railroads and public works; in 1837, he first built the railroad, under contract known » the Belleville & St. Louis Railroad; he then was for four years Superintendent ot PuMie Works for the U. S. Government ; he then took a contract to build a saw-mill ob the 704 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: St. Croix River, Wisconsin, settled then by Indians only; this he completed in 1843; he was also largely engaged in the milling-business in St. Louis ; in 1845, he went to Chicago and bought 640 acres of land, near where now is Oak Pa.k, paying $5 per acre and taking it in part for claims due from the Railroad Companies ; he remained here till 1851, then returned to St. Louis, and took a contract on the first division on the Missouri Pacific Railroad, running from St. Louis to Jefferson City ; this he finished in 1854 ; in 1855, he bought a plantation near New Madrid, Mo. ; sold this about two years later, and returned to Chicago ; in 1858, came to Lyons and engaged in milling and shipping produce, which he carried on quite extensively ; he now owns about four hundred and fifty acres of land in Clinton Co., with two grist-mills, also, lands in Illi- nois. He married Mary Guthrie in 1834 ; she was born in Chester Co., Penn., in 1813 (died Feb. 10, 1876); they have three children — John R., Benton and Julia (now Mrs. McGuire). Second marriage, to Mrs. Gutlob, Sept. 26, 1878 ; she was born in Germany. JAMES TALLETT, brick-yard, Lyons; he was born March 3, 1821, in England ; in 1851, went to Buffalo, N. Y.; the following year, he moved to Lyons. Married Isabella Ellis, in 1846 ; she was born in 1828, in England ; have eight children — Sarah, Mary, Thomas H., William G., James F., John, Isabella and Martha J. JOHN TIESSE, of the firm of Tritschler & Tiesse, proprietors of the Western Union Brewery, Lyons ; born May 29, 1837, in Germany; in 1852, came to Philadelphia, thence to Cincinnati, St. Louis and California ; in 1862, removed to Pekin, 111., thence to Lyons, where he has since resided. Married Carolina Schmer in 1860 ; she was born in Germany ; they, have six children — Emma^Fred, John, August, Emile and Lena. P. TRITSCHLER, of the firm of Tritschler & Tiesse, brewers ; residence on Main street, Lyons ; born May 1, 1828, in Germany; in 1848, he came to Pennsyl- vania; in 1855, to Clinton Co.; the following year, removed to Fulton, aud built a brewery ; carried on this Business till 1865, when he came to Lyons and built his pres- ent brewery, and residence. Married Caroline Littig in 1858 ; she was born at Rock Island ; they have one child — Julia. L. B. WADLEIGJH, manufacturing of lumber, also manufacturer of lum- bermen's patent tape-line board measure ; residence, Clinton ; he was born Aug. 20, 1833, in Meredith, Belknap Co., N. H. ; in 1855, moved to Dixon, 111. ; in 1856, to Minnesota; in 1859, he went to California ; 1863, returned to Clinton, thence to Coun- cil Bluffs ; in 1874, came to Lyons ; has been engaged in the lumber trade since 1868. Married Miss Mary C. Pollock Nov. 13, 1856; she was born in 1837, in Sangamon Co., 111. ; have five children— William M., Minnie H., L. P., Pauline V. and Maud C. CHARLES WALKER, saloon, foot of Main street, Lyons; is a native of England; when about the age of 32 years, he came to Cleveland; in 1857, he came to Clinton Co. ; first engaged in brick-making, which he continued for two years ; then with Carpenter & Son in the milling business about twelve years. He married Louisa Burton in 1846; she was born in England; they have three children — Walter, Frank and Lottie. E. M. WEST BROOK, 11. D., residence corner Sixth street and Sixth avenue, Lyons; born Feb. 3, 1819, in Niagara Co., N. Y.; in 1827, moved to Ken- tucky ; at the age of 16, he commenced the study of medicine with Dr. Reynolds, in Covington, Ky.; graduated at Kemper College, State University of Missouri, at St. Louis ; has been in practice since 1840 ; he attended the first course of lectures at Cin- cinnati in 1838-39; also at Louisville in 1839-40; in 1843, came to Burlington; in 1847, came to Sabula, Jackson Co.; was twelve years Postmaster in Sabula ; Magistrate twelve years ; he represented Jackson Co. in the Legislature one session. He married Eliza M. Duckworth ; she was born in Washington, D. C, May 3, 1826 ; died in November, 1864; had three sons and three daughters; lost Eliza M., aged 10£ years; the second marriage was to Mrs. H. P. Armstrong, June 5, 1867 ; she was born in Fairfax, Vt.; she has one son — Ira, by a former marriage, aged 16 years. LYONS TOWNSHIP. 705 M. H. WESTBROOK, druggist, and dealer in queensware, Main street; residence on Third street, Lyons; born July 10, 1842, in Corydon, Ind.; when an infant came with his parents to St. Louis ; in 1847, came to Jacksou Co. ; in 18C9, removed to Lyons. He enlisted, in 1864, in Co. E, 134th 111. V. I. ; served in the one hundred days service ; afterward transferred to the commissary department. Married Mary J Lloyd in 1868 ; ( she was born in llacine, Wis. ; they have three children— Henrietta L., lhomas L. and Amy M. MELVI5J J. WlliCOX, County Superintendent of Schools, Lyons ; born in Tompkins Co., N. Y., in 1849 ; his father, Jairus Wilcox, came to Deep Creek Town- ship, Clinton Co., in April, 1864, where he still resides ; Mr. Wilcox was a teacher in Clinton Co. for eight years ; was for some time Principal of the South Ward School in Lyons ; was elected County Superintendent in the fall of 1879. His wife was Miss Delia J. Wise, a native of Fredonia, N. Y. €ORP. ALBERT EDWARD WINCHELL, the first of Clinton County's brave soldiers to fall in the great war of the rebellion, was born at Lockport, N. Y., Aug. 22, 1840 ; he was the son of Reuben Hurlburt and Priscilla Alden Win- chell ; ^of his ancestry, we have beeu able to glean but little information ; they were New England people, and settled in America at an early date ; his father was an active business man, but died when Albert was quite young ; his grandfather, Reuben Win- chell, was at an early day a home missionary of considerable note in Niagara Co., N. Y., and in Cana'da ; James Manning Winchell, the eminent Baptist divine, was a rela- tive of his grandfather ; the name of Winchell has long been associated with literature and theology ; the love of music has also been a characteristic trait of the family. The mother of Corp. Winchell was a Warren, and lays valid claim to illustrious lineage ; in the sad history of her son, we find a marked coincidence in the fall of Joseph Warren, at Bunker Hill — the first man of distiuction to fall in the great struggle for American independence; the middle name of Mrs. Winchell is Alden, her mother's maiden name, and one of a direct liue descending from the Aldens, who came to our shores in 1620, as members of that sturdy band of Puritans who came in the good ship Mayflower ; the Warrens have an honorable record and arc noted for their thrift and foresight, being eminently original thinkers and bold to execute their plans, having the powers and bravery which made Joseph Warren the martyr of Bunker Hill and Corp. Win- chell the patriotic volunteer of 1861 ; the father of Mrs. Winchell was a soldier in the war of 1812, so that the Warren family may well be said to be always ready to respond to the call of their country, with their lives if need be, whenever it requires aid for its defense. Corp. Winchell inherited, in a large degree, the fondness for literature and music, and much of the Puritan stamina of character of the Winchells, and a goo lly share of the bravery, dash and determination of the Warrens ; of the childhood days of our subject but little can be said ; he no doubt, suffered all of the vexations and as many of the joys as usually fall to the lot of the average child ; when ho was only 2 years of age, his, parents removed to Herkimer Co., N. Y., at which place his father died in 1845, and soon after his mother removed to Sauk City, Wis., and, afterward, to Stevens Point, in the same State, their residence for several years, being changed into Dane, Portage and Sauk Counties ; during these years, he was carefully trained and educated in the school of the locality in which his mother resided, until he reached the age of 14, when he attended the academy at Beloit, and afterward completed his course at the high school at Rock Island, 111.; having a laudable ambidon to enter at an early age into the busy activities of life, he pursued a commercial course of study at Davenport, Iowa, where he graduated with credit, and, at the age of 18, joined his mother and sister, who had removed to Lyons, Iowa ; this was in 1859 ; soon after reaching Lyons, he accepted the place of salesman in the dry-goods house of Barber & Stone; as a salesman, he was deservedly popular and a general favorite with the patrons of the store ; he won the confidence and esteem of his employers so thoroughly that he was engaged to accompany them to Lane Station, 111., upon their removal to that point a few months later. In the spring of 1861, Corp. Winchell returned to Lyons and remained until the guns of Sumter sounded the signal for the grand upris- ing of the North to the support of the National Government; he was one ot the nrst 706 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: to realize the import of this great event and the necessity for every patriotic citizen to rally to our nation's defense in this time of great peril. The stanch Puritan blood of his paternal ancestry, and the proverbial valor of his maternal progenitors were blended and intensified in this worthy scion of the old stock ; with a firm hand and a deter- mined purpose, with eyes enkindled with the fire of an ardent enthusiasm, he was one of the first to place his name upon the muster-roll of the first volunteers from this AMS, farmer; P. 0. Charlotte; born in Tioga Co., Penn., May 6, 1853 ; came to this county with his parents in the autumn of the same year, and set- tled in this township. Mr. Adams married, in Lyons, Miss Jane Patterson Sept. 6, 1876 ; they have one child— Mary Ann. Mr. A. owns an old-settled farm of 160 acres of land, situated near Charlotte. Republican. His father, an old settler of this township, died in 1872 ; his mother is still living. OLIVER P. AHOIANT, retired farmer, Charlotte; was born in Columbia Co., Penn., May 3, 1814; he removed with his parents to London District, Canada; in 1838, he came to Iowa and settled at Lyons, in this county, where he married, Sept. 26, 1848, Miss Elizabeth Albright, a native of Pennsylvania and daughter of Emanuel Albright, a pioneer settler of Iowa. In 1856, they removed to Charlotte, and have been residents there since ; they have two children — Thomas Benton and Lizzie M. In the early history of Lyons, Mr. Albright held various offices ; he was Justice of the Peace in that city a number of years, and wars one of the organizers of the first school in that city ; he was also elected Justice of the Peace in Charlotte sev- eral terms ; was School Treasurer and Trustee at Lyons several years, and has always taken a deep interest in educational affairs. Himself and wife are members of the M. E. Church. They own 100 acres of land. He is a Democrat. A. J. AliBRICrHT, stock-dealer, Charlotte; was born near Richfield, Penn., Feb. 9, 1837 ; he removed with his parents, Emanuel and Catharine Albright, nee Watts, to Ohio and settled npar Lisbon, where his mother died. In 1849, he accom- panied his father to Clinton Co. ; they settled near Lyons. In January, 1859, he mar- ried, at Charlotte, Miss Tabitha D. Louderbaugh, a native of Clay Co., Ind. ; she came to Jackson Co. with her parents, Miles and Barsheba Louderbaugh, in 1845 ; thence to this county in 1851. Mr. Albright was a member of the Board of Supervisors two years ; he is also Justice of the Peace, an office he has held eight consecutive years. He was engaged in the mercantile business over fifteen years. Is a member of the Masonic fraternity. Mr. Albright owns 160 acres of land in the vicinity of Charlotte, and deals extensively in stock. Democrat. J. M. BliAKEIiY, depot and express agent, also grain and stock dealer, Riggs Station ; was 'born in Belmont Co., Ohio, in 1851; came to Iowa with his parents in 1853. Married Miss Agnes Sims, in Jackson, her native county, in 1874; they have one child— Charles U. Mr. Blakely is a Democrat. Owns 160 acres of of land in Shelby Co,, and 100 acres in Jackson Co. Mr. Blakely engaged in the grain and stock business at Riggs Station in November, 1878, where he has an extensive and constantly.increasing trade. Mr. Blakely's father, David Blakely, a native of Adams Co., Penn., married in Cumberland Co., Ohio, Miss Rebecca Marlow, who was born in Maryland ; they came to Jackson Co. in 1853 ; he held various important offices of trust, until his death in 1877 ; his wife still resides in Jackson Co. A T CARWEY, merchant, Charlotte ; born in Ashland Co., Ohio, Jan. 7, 1843 where" he received a liberal education. He served in the 12th Ohio Battery; was enrolled April, 1861; participated in every battle his command was in ; was wounded at Fredericksburg; honorably discharged at Columbus Ohio in 1865 and came to Clinton, this county, the same year. In 1868, he married Miss Frances Good- now, of Lyons ; they have four children-Edward D., Carrie Florence E. and William G. In 1871, he had charge of the laying of the Midland Railroad, from Lyonsto Delmar. In 1874, he went to Phoenix, N. Y., and took charge of a" oil-can factory until 1875, when he returned to this county and sold goods at auction in this State and Illino?. In 1877, he engaged in his present business of general ^merchan at Charlotte; where he has an extensive trade. He is a Republican and a member of the A. 0. U. W. x 718 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: JOHN H. COSTEULO, Sr., farmer, Sec. 29; P. 0. Charlotte ;' Was born in County Tipperary, Ireland, in 1814. In 1832, he emigrated to Ottawa, Can- ada, where he married, in 1840, Miss Margaret Burnett. She was also a native of County Tipperary, Ireland ; was born in 1815, and emigrated to Ottawa, Canada, in 1838. In 1852, Mr. Costello and family emigrated from Ottawa to where they now reside. He has, by his own exertion and honest effort, accumulated a large and valua- ble property. He owns 535 acres of land, 520 in one body, where he, resides; the rest in Jackson County. His home farm is well improved, and possesses many natural advantages. Mr. Costello and family are members of the Catholic-Church. His living children are — Thomas, who is married, aDd lives in Shelby Co., Iowa; Ellen, now Mrs. William O'Grady, of Bloomfield Township; Mary, married to Simon ^O'Grady, of Bloomfield Township; John is married and lives in this township; William; Michael ; Margaret, now Mrs. William McGonegle, of Bloomfield Township. Deceased are Mathew and Annie. Mathew was Mr. Costello's oldest son. He was born in Ottawa, Canada, Sept. 7, 1847 ; resided with his parents until the breaking-out of the war, when he enlisted in Co. A, 26th Regiment I. V. [. ; was a gallant soldier. He was killed at the battle of Arkansas Post, while bearing the flag of his country in front of his company, during a fierce charge. Mr. Costello has been elected to various local offices. During his residence in Canada, he was a member of a militia company^ and was elected Sergeant in 1842-43. He was one of the organizers and prime-movers in building the Church of the Immaculate Conception, this township. N. J. ENGrLER, hardware merchant, Charlotte ; was born in Prussia in November, 1847. His parents, Mathias and Joanna Engler, came to this country in 1852. His father died, June 10, 1852, at Sycamore, N. Y. The family removed to Joliet, 111., where his mother died December 2 of the same year. He learned the tin- ner's trade at Joliet, and worked at the business in various places until the fall of 1874, when he came to Charlotte and engaged in his present business. He married, Jan. 2, 1877, Miss Mary E., daughter of George and Mary Drey, early settlers of Washington, Township. Mrs. N. J. Engler was born in the same township, Oct. 11, 1854. They have two children — George M. and Edward J. Mr. Engler and wife are members of the Catholic Church ; Democrat. CHARLES GILMORE, Charlotte ; born in this county in 1852. He js one of the proprietors of the Charlotte flour-mill, which was established by his father in 1.856. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and also a member of the A. 0. II. W. His father, Albert Gilmore, was a native of Massachusetts ; born in 1813. When 8 years of age, removed with his parents to Starke Co., Ohio; remained- until 1834, when he went to Illinois. In 1848, he married, in Hardin Co., 111., Miss Charlotte Demaris. They removed to Iowa in 1852, and he built and ran the first flour-mill in Charlotte or vicinity ; was also the first Postmaster ; he died in 1877. Mrs. Gilmore is still a resident there. Their children are — Jane A. (now Mrs. Louis Shull), Esther A. (now Mrs. Lucius Winney), William, Charles (whose name appears at the head of this sketch). Charles Gilmore has had charge of the Charlotte Mills over three years, and has a large custom. JOHN R. HA9IREN, farmer, Sec. 27; P. 0. Charlotte; a native of Stockholm, Sweden ; born in 1821. At the age of 15, entered upon a seafaring life, which he followed for twenty-five years, during that time visiting China, Europe, West Indies, and all the principal ports in the world. He occupied the position of second mate a number of years. He entered the United States Navy in 1861, served one year/ and was honorably discharged. He then came to this county, and married, in this township, Miss A.nn Cavanaugh. They have three children — John, Josephine and Charles. Mr. H. is a Republican, and owns sixty acres of land. HANS HANSEN, farmer, Sec. 16; P. 0. Charlotte; was born in Duchy Schleswig, Jan. 19, 1852 ; emigrated to this country with his parents, Lorenis and Annie Hansen, in 1866, and settled in Deep Creek Township, in this county, where they remained four years before coming to this township. Mr. H. married, in this county, in 1877, Miss Mary Luckstedt. They have one child— Lorenz. Mr. Hansen WATERFORD TOWNSHIP. 719 is a Democrat, and owns 120 acres of land. His sister Augusta married Peter Wrim, and lives in Hamilton Co., Iowa. His brother Thomas married Rica Kolce, and lives in Sac Co. Has an unmarried brother (Martin) who resides in this township. W. D. HAMAHAS, farmer, Sec. 29; P. 0. Charlotte; was born in Ottawa City, Canada, in 1840; in 1859, removed with his parents, Daniel and Jane Hanrahan, to this county; and settled in Deep Creek Township ; remained until the spring of 1865, when they removed to this' township, June 25, 1865. Mr. W. D. Hanrahan married, in DeWitt, Miss Harriet Bedford, daughter of Hiram and Catherine Bedford, who came from Canada and were early settlers of Elk River Township, where they resided until 1865, when they removed to Hamilton Co., Iowa, where Mr. Bedford died the following year ; Mrs. Bedford returned to this county, and is now the wife of George Forrest, of Elk River Township. Mr. Hanrahan was elected Assessor of Waterford Township in 1869, which office he has been elected to, consecutively, since ; he has also been elected Collector of Taxes two terms, and Township Clerk four years. Himself and wife are members of the Catholic Church. Mr. H) is a Democrat. He owns a well-located and improved farm, on which .he resides. D. H. miBCTOON, Postmaster, station and express agent, grain and stock dealer, also proprietor of general merchandise store, Brown's Station ; Mr. Huntoon was born in Dayton, Ohio, in 1847 ; in 1848, Ms parents, Cyrus and Emma Huntoon, nee Harrington, emigrated to Iowa, and settled in Bellevue, Jackson Co., where they still reside. D. H. received a liberal education at the schools of Bellevue, where most of his youth was spent. In 1872, he married, in Jones Co., Iowa, Miss A. M. Polder, of Jackson Co. ; they have one child, Leroy C. ; their oldest, Emma, died when two years of age. In 1873, Mr. Huntoon engaged in the grain and stock trade, at Brown's Station ; in 1877, he opened a large general store, and, by his close attention to busi- ness, he has secured an extensive and constantly-increasing trade. In February, 1878, he was appointed Postmaster. He is a member of the Masonic and I. 0. 0. F. Socie- ties. Acts with the Democratic party. W. H. JUNGER, Postmaster and dealer in hardware, Charlotte; was born in Prussia, in 1 842 ; he served two years in the Prussian army ; emigrated to the United States in 1866 ; came to Clinton Co. in 1870, remained a short time, and then went to St. Louis ; returned again to Clinton Co., and engaged in the hardware business at Charlotte, in 1876. In February, 1877, he married Martha, daughter of John and Frederica Stuedimann, pioneer settlers of Center GrOve Township ; they have one child —Otto. Mr. J. was elected Postmaster in December, 1878 ; he also deals quite exten- sively in hardware, stoves, tinware, etc. He and wife are members of the Lutheran Church ; Republican. MILES LAUDERBAUGH, farmer, Sec. 36; P. 0. Charlotte; a resi- dent of Iowa for nearly fortj years; was born at Shippingport, Ky., in 1812. He married, in 1831, in Clay Co., Ind., Miss Barsheba Case, also a native of Kentucky; they emigrated to Iowa in 1842, and settled near Fairfield, Jefferson Co., where they remained until the spring of 1846, when they removed to Jackson Co. ; in 1852, they came to this county and settled where they now live; in 1856, his wife died leaving several children; those now living are Harriet (now Mrs. Amasa Gilmore), Sarah E. (now Mrs. William Marshall), Margaret (now Mrs. E. Milo), Tabitha (now Mrs A. J. Albright), Hezekiah, Hannah (now Mrs. C. Dennis) and William H. In 862 he mar- ried his present wife, Miss Emily Rolland ; her children are Matilda A., Elmer L. r Martha &, Eli, Minnie, Menzo, Jennie M. and Eddie. Mr. Lauderbaugh was a Whig ; on the decline of that party, joined the Republicans; he has held various local offices, and has always taken an active interest in the development of the religious and educa- tional interests of the county. He owns over two hundred acres of land, upon which he has every variety of fruit-trees grown in this part of Iowa. B J MOISAHAX, of the firm of Monahan Bros., dealers in agricultural implements' Charlotte ; is a native of Canada; was born near Ottawa, Nov. 5 1844 ; he removed with his parents to this county in 1855; they settled near Charlotte ; in 1869, he engaged in the mercantile business, in Charlotte, and, in 1870, he and nis- 720 BIOQRAPHICAL SKETCHES: brother entered into their present business. Mr. Moriahan married, in 1873, Miss Mary Goodall, of Bloomfield Township ; she was born in Canada, in 1849 ; they have four children — Arthur, Bartholomew, Martha and John. Himself and wife are mem- bers of the Catholic Church ; he is a Republican. The Monahan Bros.' agricultural warehouse is a building 42x50 feet, two stories in height, where they do an extensive business, keeping all the superior makes of farm machinery and a full line of repairs ; they are essentially business men, with a thorough knowledge of details ; they are con- stantly enlarging their business to meet the growing demands of the public ; they have amassed much valuable property, and rank among the first business men of Clinton Co. CHARLES M. NEAIi, horse-shoeing and blacksmith shop, Eigg's Station; born in Penobscot Co., Me., in 1855; he came to Iowa with his parents, Andrew J. and A. Celestia Neal, who settled near Preston, and now reside at Miles, Jackson Co. Mr. N. learned the blacksmith trade at Sabula andat Miles ; came to Riggs' Station June 16, 1879, and opened his present shop, where he is doing a good business. HENRY NURRE, farmer, Sec. 3; P. 0. Brown's Station ; he was born in Oldenburg, Germany, in 1814; emigrated to America in 1836 ; arrived in Baltimore in June ; went from there to Chambersburg, Penn., Pittsburgh and Cincinnati ; he came to Clinton Co., Iowa, in 1840, and has been a resident of Waterford Township the greater part of the time since. He was a member of the County Board of Supervisors five years, and was elected Chairman of that body in 1878; he is Justice of the Peace, which office he has held fourteen consecutive years ; he has also held various township and school offices. Mr. Nurre has been married three times ; he married Mary Peking in 1844, in Cincinnati, Ohio ; she died Aug. 24, 1855. Second wife was Anna A. Aldehirt, a native of Germany ; she died in 1860. Present wife, Elizabeth Finke ; she had three children by a former marriage — John, Mary (now Mrs. Joseph G. Nurre) and Elizabeth. Mr. Nurre's children are Joseph G. and Katharine (now Mrs. John Reiff). Mr. Nurre and wife are members of the Catholic Church ; he is a Democrat. He owns 440 acres of land, and is one of the first farmers in Waterford Township. REV. JOHN J. O'FARREEE, Pastor of the Church of the Immacu- late Conception, Charlotte, was born in County Longford, Ireland, in 1846 ; he received a theological education at All-Hallow's College, Dublin, where he was ordained June 24, 1874; his first pastoral charge was St. Theresa's Church, Jackson Co.; was trans- ferred to his present charge in November, 1877. JOHN PREFFER, farmer; P. O. Charlotte; was born in Elgin Co., Canada, Oct. 30, 1838, where he married, in 1854, Miss Sarah Bascom; she was born near Toronto, Canada, in 1855 ; they emigrated to Iowa and settled in Charlotte ; they have two children — Ellen Jane (now the wife of Theodore Klitzky, of Sac Co., Iowa) and Seth. Mr. Preffer was the original owner of the land on which Charlotte now stands. He laid but the greater portion of the town, and has taken an active part in every enterprise that tended to advance the business., educational and other interests of the town. He has represented Waterford Township on the County Board of Supervise ors in its early history,; he has also been elected to various other offices, in all of which he has given general satisfaction. Mr. Preffer owns a large amount of city property in Charlotte, also owns 460 acres of land in Sac Co., Iowa, one and a half miles from Storm Lake. He was a charter member and the first M. W. of Lodge 102 A. 0. U. W. Acts with the Republican party. M. F. QOGIiEY, farmer, Sec. 31; P. 0. Charlotte; was born in Ottawa, Canada, April 25, 1849 ; in 1850, his parents, John and Bridget Quigley, emigrated to Buffalo, N. Y., thence to Cattaraugus ; removed to Clinton Co. in 1853. July 20, 1876, M. P. Quigley married, in this county, Miss V. A. Conwell ; she was born in Kenosha, Wis., and removed to Charlotte with her parents, John and. Winifred Con- well, in 1870. Mr. Quigley and wife are members of the Catholic Church. He owns 170 acres of land, desirably located and well improved. A. J. RIGGS, farmer and stock-raiser; P. O. Riggs' Station; was born in Lyons, Wayne Co., N. Y., June 21, 1832; in 1837, emigrated with his parents, John and Alina Riggs, to this county and settled in Bloomfield Township, then a wild prairie, WATERFORD TOWNSHIP. 721 with scarcely a white inhabitant ; in 1856, he went to Moritzious (now Monticello), Minn., where he obtained a charter, and established the first ferry across <-he Mississippi at that point ; April 26, 1861^ he was elected President of the Moritzious Town Site Company, a position which he filled to the entire satisfaction of the citizens of that place. On the 13th of March, 1864, Mr. Riggs married, in Maquoketa, Iowa, Miss Eliza E., daughter of Rev. Richard Mulholland, a minister of the M. E. Church, and an emi- nently good man in all the relations of life ; she was born in Geauga Co., Ohio, March 15, 1844 ; their children are — James E., Ellsworth and Lindus Larell. In 1865, Mr. Riggs moved to Waterford Township and settled where he now resides; in 1871, the railroad station was laid out on his farm, and named for him ; it has a large local trade, and is a good shipping point; Mr. Riggs ownsa finely-improved farm, and is largely engaged in raising and shipping stock. E. C. ROWEIiLi, attorney at law, Charlotte ; was born in St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., Jan. 11, 1852; was educated in Lawrenceville Academy, N. Y. ; in 1870, he came to Iowa, where he followed teaching until the spring of 1874, when he began the study of law in the office of Corning & Grohe, where he remained nearly two years ; was admitted to the bar in September, 1876 ; since has been engaged in the practice of his profession at Charlotte. He is a Republican, and is Chairman of their Central Committee in Waterford Township ; is also Treasurer of the A. O. U. W. Jan. 29, 1879, Mr. Rowell married, in Charlotte, Miss Mattie M. Gilmore. He represents the following fire insurance companies : Hawkeye, of Des Moines, Iowa ; Phcenix and Hartford, of Hartford, Conn. ; all leading insurance companies of the country. MILiTOW €r. SLOAN, M. D., Charlotte; was born in Lyons, Iowa, in 1848 ; he received his education at the public schools at Lyons and Western Union College, Fulton, 111 ; in 1870, he began the study of medicine in Wapello ; in 1871, he entered the Rush Medical Institute at Chicago, from which he graduated in 1873 ; he located in Delmar the same year, and engaged in the practice of his profession at that place until January, 1876, when he moved to Charlotte; he is a member of the State Medical Society, and is Vice President of the Clinton County Medical Society ; he is a member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen, and was elected representative to the Grand Lodge of that society, which convened at Des Moines in 1878. In 1875, Dr. Sloan married, in Delmar, Miss Clara L. Twiss; they have two children-Franklin T and Hattie Lois. Himself and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church ; he is Sabbath-School Superintendent and President of the Board of Church Trustees. Dr. Sloan has a large and lucrative practice. CORNEL.IIJS SPAIN, farmer, Sec. 33; P. 0. Charlotte; was bom near Montreal Canada in 1840 - came to this county with his parents, Cornelius and Mar- gie £i ^ and sUtled t this township. In 1875, Mr Spain married Miss Margaret, daughter of Alexander and Jane Stuart, early settlers of this township ; they have one child-Mary Jane; in 1875, Mr. Spain was elected a member of the Board of Town- ship Trustees an office he has held up to this time, being Chairman of the Board !SL2Sfhii\ho filled various local offices ; ta .all publ c enterprises, {*£*££ active nart Himself and wife are members of the Catholic Church. Owns 1M acres S3 well impoved ; Democrat. His father died in 1871 ; his mother is still hving in this township. , . n j n Mound, Dubuque ^°-> ">™< 7Q . fc t0 Waterfor d Township, and has since county, where he taugnt unwi io farmer > Sec -. 23 ! ?• 0. Lyons; he was born in 1812, in Ireland, in 1831, emigrated to Boston ; in 1834, returned to Ireland, and, in 1836 ETbw"™™ t ° ri- ? T Ve i for John Pearce thirt y five y ears > at ™:bmidin g ?al?\ I t C ,°' ; , he T ° T WQS 107 acres of land - Ma ™d Celia Buddy in 1835; she was born in Ireland. Had ten children, sk living-Catherine, William, John, Mary, Ceha and Cornelius. ' i«9^ E ^ RGE ^£ LAIIN ' farmer ' Sec - 19 ; R °- L y° ns ; *»°™ April 23, 1827 in Germany ;,n 1854, came to Clinton Co, ; he owns 160 acres of land. Mar- ried Fannie Deleft in 1860; she was born in 1835, in Germany. Have two children- Augusta and Ida. JAMES HANDS, farmer, Sec, 21; P. 0. Lyons; he was born in July, 1827, in Ireland ; in 1848, came to America; in 1851, came to Clinton Co. Owns 394 acres of land. He married Bridget Owens in 1851 ; she was born in Ireland. Have eight children— Andrew, Michael, Annie, James, Rose, Bridget, Catherine and Mary. Is President of the School Board ; has been School Director for the past seven years. JOHN HOLM, farmer, Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Lyons ; he was born in December, 1853, in Germany; when an infant, came with his parents to Chicago; in 1855, came to Clinton Co., Iowa. Owns 160 acres of land. Married Mrs. T. Peters in 1876 ; she was born in Germany, in 1855. Have two children — Annie and Hans. ROBERT HORNER, farmer, Sec. 6 ; P.O.Bryant; he is a native of Ireland ; in 1850, he came to New Orleans; followed the river summers and worked in a pork -house for eight or nine winters; the first land he located was in Camanche ; this he traded for land where he now lives ; he owns in all 280 acres, which he has improved. He married Mary J. Johnson in 1864 ; they have eight children — William, Lizzie, Mary Jane, Robert, Moses, Maggie, Johnson and Maria. HERMAN KAHLE, farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Lyons; he was born in 1807, in Hanover ;- in 1837, he came to Chicago ; thence to Dixon, 111.; in 1840, he came to Clinton Co. He owns 260 acres of land, which he entered. Married Mary Fusback in 1855 ; she was born in Germany. He married Mrs. Gill, daughter of Wm. Determan ; she died in 1851 ; she had two children — Henry and Caroline— by a former marriage. JOHN KENNEDY, farmer, Sec. 29 ; P. O. Lyons ; he was born June 2, 1826, in Ireland ; in 1848, came to New York; in 1849, to Wisconsin; in 1854, he came to Clinton Co.; he owns 160 acres of land. Has been School Director and Township Treasurer. Married Honora Collins Nov. 10, 1854 ; she was born in March, 1830, in Ireland; had five children, four living — Michael, Julia, Maggie and John; Jost one child in infancy, H. H. IiAMPA, farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Lyons; he was born in August, 1812, in Germany ; in 1852, came to Clinton Co.; he owns 140 acres of land. Married Magdalene Schmidt in 1835 ; she was born in 1814, in Germany ; died March 3, 1878 ; have four children — Fred and Augusta (.twins), Herman and William. GERHARD I. ANG-E, farmer, Sec. 5 ; P. O, Bryant ; he was born June 21, 1833, in Holstein, Germany ; in 1854, he came to Chicago ; the following year, he removed to Lyons ; worked at the carpenter trade there ; in 1858, he came to Hamp- shire Township; he owns 180 acres of land. Is Justice of the Peace, President of the School Board, Treasurer and Director. He married Mary Voss May 17, 1858 ; she was born in 1836, in Germany; have seven children— Gerhard H, John, Mary E., Wil- helmine O, Anna O, Fred W., Otto F. PATRICK IiENAGHAN, farmer, Sec. 7 ; P. O. Lyons;, he was born Aug. 10, 1823, in Ireland; in 1844, came to New York ; in 1852, he came to Clinton Co.: he owns 324 acres of land. He married Julia Butler in 1854; she was born in 1825, in Ireland ; have four children— Mary ADn, Jane T., Charles P. and Francis J. He has held most of the township offices. FRIEDRICK LINDMEIER, farmer, Sec. 23; P.O. Lyons; he was born July 20, 1827, in Germany ; in 1857, came to Clinton Co. ; he owns 130 acres of 724 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: land. Married Catharine Untidt, in i860; she was born in 1836, in Germany; have six children — John, Peter, Edwin, Fred, Justice and Otto ; have an adopted daughter — Hulda Lindmeier. He is School Director and Treasurer. JOHN MOHR, farmer, Sec. 3'; P. 0. Lyons; he was born Sept. 26, 1827," in Prussia- in 1856, he came to Clinton Co. ; has since lived here; he owns 208 acres of land. He married Caroline Sheffler in 1860 ; she was born in 1836, in Prussia; they have five children— Henry, John, Anna, William and Bertie. P. O'CONNOR, farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Lyons ; was born in Ireland in 1824- in 1844, went to Canada; in 1854, came to Clinton Co., Iowa; has been a resident of this county since ; he owns 280 acres of land. Married Ann Welch in 1847 ; she was born in Ireland ; had eight children, four living— Eugene 0., Thomas-, Ann and Sarah E. JAMES OWENS, farmer, Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Lyons ; he was born in 1824, in Ireland, and, in 1847, came to America; in 1851, came to Clinton Co. ; he owns 160 acres of land. Married Bridget Gallagher in 1847; she was born in Ireland and died in Clinton Co., Iowa; have two children — Anna and Peter; his present marriage was in 1866, to Ann Kadder. He has been Township Treasurer and School Director. Li. F. ROGERS, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Lyons; he was born March 18, 1817, in Canada ; in 1845, he came to Clinton Co., and has since resided here; he owns 347 acres of land. He married Sarah F. Boynton, December, 1839 ; she was born in 1820, in Vermont; have seven children — H. A., Sarah A., Benjamin L., Mary S., Imogene, Jessie M. and Lucy. RARNEY RUDDY, farmer, Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Lyons ; he was born March 20, 1814, in Ireland; in 1840, moved to Boston ; in 1858, came to Clinton Co. ; owns 105 acres of land. Married Ellen McDevitt in 1858 ; she was born in 1835, in Ire- land ; have eight children — Mary A., Susan, John, Sarah, Maggie, Ellen, Celia and Bridget ; lost five children in infancy. PETER SCHMIDT, hotel-keeper and butcher ; P. 0. Lyons ; owns two acres of land ; he was born in Schleswig, Germany, Jan. 28, 1843, where he was edu- cated; in 1866, he emigrated to the United States and located in Clinton Co., Iowa, where he has lived since. He married Catherine Grebe, a native of Schleswig, in Clinton Co., Dec. 16, 1868, and had four children ; two are living — Otto and Erich ; he and his family were raised in the German Lutheran faith ; in politics, Independent; he was a poor man when he started in Clinton Co., and now he has a fine homestead, a good, paying business, and a fortune of from $1,500 to $2,000 ; his hotel is known as the " Two-Mile House." AUGUSTUS SCOFIELD, farmer, Sec. 3 ; P. O. Lyons ; he was born Dec. 25, 1819, in Sullivan Co., N. Y. ; removed to Lyons in 1850. He owns 280 acres of land. Married Sarah Spear Nov. 10, 1878 ; she was born in Wayne Co., N. Y. He has three children by a former marriage — Robert, Martha and Hettie. WIUXIAM SCOFIELD, farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. O. Lyons; he was born in June, 1826, in Sullivan Co., N. Y. In 1850, came to Clinton Co. He owfls forty acres of land. Married Harriet Terwilliger March 20, 1852 ; she was born in Orange Co., N. Y.; had six children, four living — Frank, George, Fred and Walter.' C. STUDEMANN, farmer, Sec. 18 ; P. O. Lyons ; he was born Aug. 1, 1844,^ in Germany; in 1860, came to Clinton Co. and bought forty acres of land; he, with his father and brother, now own 1,040 acres, and are among the largest land- owners in the township. He married Lena Stoltenberg in 1871 ; she was born in 1848 in Germany ; have four children— Alexander, Oscar, Hattie and John. HANS THIEMANN, farmer, Sec. 19 ; P. O. Lyons ; he was born March 23, 1851, in Germany ; in 1874, came to Clinton Co. He owns 120 acres of land. Married Anna James in 1872 ; she was born in 1849 in Germany ; have one child- Emma. BROOKFIELD TOWNSHIP. 725 » iooo°PS A ' WESSELl S, farmer, Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Lyons : lie was born March 7, 18^, in Hanover, Germany; in 1853, came to St. Louis; in 1855, came to Clinton u ' • i oT elghty aCreS of land ' Married Ma ry C. Walka in 1854 ; she was born in 1830, in Hanover, Germany. They have three children— John Henry. John Herman and Anna Mary. BROOKFIELD TOWNSHIP. SIMEON AMOS, farmer, Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Elwood ; was born near Fairmont, Marion Co., Va., Feb. 20, 1818; he came to Jackson Co., Iowa, in 1844, and settled in Farmers' Creek Township. In 1846, he married Miss Mary Brown, a native of Ohio; in 1851, they removed to where they now reside, in this township; they have two children living — Harriet (now Mrs. J. Goodwin) and John. Mr. Amos and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church ; he is a Republican ; has held various local offices, and always has encouraged, in every possible manner, religious and educa- tional institutions. Mr. A. owns 334 acres of land, finely improved and possessing many natural advantages. E. ANDERSON, farmer ; was born in Rockingham Co., Va., where he mar- ried Miss Jane Phillips ; they came to this county in 1853, and settled in Brookfield Township ; they had eight children, five are living — Maria J. (now Mrs. S. Bader), Jesse A., David H., George H., Melinda A. (now Mrs. Sidle). Mr. Anderson and wife are members of the Presbyterian Church; he is a Democrat; owns 160 acres of land. GEORGE H. ANDERSON, Jr., farmer and stock-raiser, Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Maquoketa ; was born in Rockingham Co., Va., July 14, 1845 ; he emigrated to Clinton Co., with his parents, in 1852. Dec. 27, 1870, he married Miss Amanda Horst, of Bloomfield Township ; she was a native of Ohio ; they have three children — Ella Maria, Emma Jane and George Alvin. Mr. A. and wife are members of the Presbyterian Church ; he is an active, enterprising citizen ; he owns 200 acres of well-improved land ; much of his attention is devoted to the improvement of his horses, cattle, etc. ; his stock of all kinds are unsurpassed and seldom equaled in the West ; in fact, his well- merited success has won him a reputation as a scientific farmer and stock-raiser ; he has the largest and finest herd of thoroughbred Durham cattle in Clinton Co. GEORGE H. ANDERSON, Sr.. farmer and stock-raiser, Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Elwood; Mr. Anderson was born July 29, 1819,.in Rockingham Co., Va. ; came to- this county in 1856. In 1861, Mr. A. married Miss Mary, daughter of John and Agnes Dunlap, early settlers and esteemed citizens of Brookfield Township ; they have had three children, two now living— Mary Agnes and Martha Jane; James W ., deceased. Mr. A. is one of the present board of Township Trustees ; has taken much interest in public affairs, and is an enterprising citizen ; he owns 254 acres of land, with all the modern improvements. JESSE A. ANDERSON, farmer and stock -raiser, Sec. 14; P. 0. Elwnod; Mr. Anderson was born Sept. 5, 1839, in Rockingham Co., Va where he remained until 1852, then removed to Clinton Co. with his parents. In 1864, Mr. Anderson married, in Jackson Co., Iowa, Miss Annie, daughter of David E. and Lonnda Bent- ley, pioneer settlers of Iowa; they have had three children, two now living— David Ji. and Myrtle E. Mr. A. owns 280 acres of well-improved land; is a Democrat. C. A. BEARD, of the firm of Beard & Clark, proprietors of creamery, grain and stock-dealers, Elwood ; was born in Jackson Co., Iowa 1852 ; married, Oct. 23, 1878, Miss Rose, daughter of Richard and Mary A- Elwood, early settlers or Jackson Co. Messrs. Beard & Clark established their creamery in April, 1879, and have furnished it with all the latest improvements and appliances for the manu ac- ture of butter of the best grade. Integrity, energy and perseverance will accomplish wonders. This is exemplified in a marked degree in the standing and personal degree of confidence attained by the firm of Beard & Clark. 726 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: JOSEPH BRADY, farmer, Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Elwood ; Mr. Brady was born in Lawrence Co., Penn., Aug. 14, 1808 ; he removed, with his parents, John and Eliz- abeth Brady, to Jones Co., Iowa, in 1854; he enlisted in Co. C, 14th I. V. I. ; served ' until the fall of 1863, when he was transferred to Co. M., 7th I. V. C, and served until February, 1866, when he was honorably discharged, and came to Clinton Co. immediately afterward. In June, 1867, he married Miss Caroline, daughter of Daniel and Margaret Gearhart, who came from Pennsylvania to Jackson Co., at an early day; - moved thence to Cass Co., where they now reside. Mr. Brady's children are Ida E., Jennie A. and Robert. Mr. B. is a Republican ; owns 200 acres of land. B. CLARK, farmer ; P. 0. Elwood ; was born in Franklin Co., Mass., 1799. Married, in the same county, Miss 8. Hitchcock ; they removed to Rhode Island in 1832; thence to Ohio, where they remained until the year 1852, when they emigrated to Clinton Co. and settled in Brookfield Township; she died May 6, 1877; they had five children — Samuel H. (hardware merchant at Elwood), F. H. Clark (who served in the 46th I. V. I.), Lorinda R. (now Mrs. William A. Stanzel), Mary J. (now Mrs. 0. P. Dunkin), S. C. (now the wife of G. H. Wade, Brookfield Township). GEORGE R. CLARK, farmer, Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Elwood ; a native of ■ Mercer Co., Penn ; born in 1819. Married Miss Gertie Elwood in 1844 ; she was also a native of Mercer Co.; born in 1824. They emigrated to Jackson Co., Iowa, in 1851, and entered land in Fairfield Township ; remained until 1867, when they moved to this township ; they have five children — Thomas J. (married Lydia Burgin), John A. (married Eliza L. Johnson), Ettie G. (married R. W. Crane, of Jackson Co., Iowa), George W. and Ruth. Mr. Clark has been a member of the Republican party ever since attaining his majority ; has held various local offices. Owns sixty-eight acres of land, a portion of which is underlaid with building-stone of an excellent quality ; has twenty acres of fine timber, containing a spring of living water, making it one of the most desirable farms in Clinton Co. S. H. CLARK, proprietor of hardware store, Elwood; was born in Massachu- setts, A. D. 1827 ; while a child, his parents moved to New York ; thence to Delaware Co., in 1832, where he married Miss Mary Jacobs; in 1852, they came to Iowa and settled in this county. Mr. Clark keeps a first-class store, and is noted for the substan- tial work he turns out from the tinware department ; his business has always been marked by a spirit of fair-dealing and a liberal policy throughout. . F. H. CLARK, farmer ; P. 0. Elwood ; was born in Delaware Co., Ohio Nov. 1, 1849; in 1853, removed with his parents (B. Clark and Mrs. S. Clark, nee Hitchcock), to Iowa and settled in Brookfield Township, this county. He has been twice married ; first wife was Miss Mary Newkirk, who was born near Cincinnati, Ohio; she died Dec. 23, 1873 ; he married present wife (Miss Lettie A. Thornton) in Cedar • Co., Iowa ; she was born in Pennsylvania ; there were three children by first marriage ; two are living' — Ida and, George B. ; one child by second marriage— Abigail. Mr. Clark was Justice of the Peace, Township Clerk and Trustee several years ; he has also held various school offices : members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. Clark has always acted with the Republican party ; in the summer of 1864, he enlisted in Co. K, 46th Iowa V. I. ; was honorably discharged with his regiment. Owns a finely- improved farm of eighty acres. W. A. CLARK, of the firm of Beard & Clark, proprietors of creamery and grain and stock dealers, Elwood ; was born in Erie Co., N. Y., in 1853 ; in 1867, he went to Stephenson Co., 111., where he attended school until 1872, when he came to Clinton Co. Oct. 28, 1874, he married, in this county, Miss Emma J. Beard ; they have two children— Elizabeth J. and Mary Irene. Mr. Clark and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church ; he acts with the Republican party. EDMUND L. COOK, farmer and stock-dealer, Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Elwood. Mr. C. is a native of Welland Co., Canada ; was born in 1830 ; he accompanied his parents to this county in 1848 ; in 1854, he visited California, where he followed mining along the Yuba River until 1856, when he returned to this county. He has been twice BROOKFIELD TOWNSHIP. 727 S^^t^jk^A^^r^'^ **™?™*-i *« died in 1867; Edmund L Rubv A Alfr7 II Sparks, of New York ; they have four children- O P ™»™™ ^Deloyd K. Mr. Cook owns 260 acres of land. Mr. " ™ix^™SL P, SSr& b ^ k -ith and general repair shop E,wood ; with his parents to Du Pa'e Co 111 in 186^' * "' Sf' i 46; emlgrated in 1857 Co F 44th I 7 T S 93 iaii v n 1860 .' h moved t0 01lnton Co - He served in was elected Justice of the Peace, which office he still holds. ' JOHN COVERDALE, farmer, Sec. 25; P. 0. Elwood- is a native of <-,- F? ; W, w-r ear S^dale^orkshie, in 1822, where he Carried in 1849 Miss Elizabeth Wikm, a native of the same place ; she was born in 1829 In 850 they emigrated to Illinois, and located near Aurora, where they remained until 1853, in which year they removed to this county, and settled where they now reside; they have four children— Elijah A., Franklin B., Ada P. and Harvey F Mr. Coverdale and wife ^are members of the M. E. Church ; he is a Republican 7 Owns 240 ates of Jely improved land, and is engaged in stock-raising. A ♦ , M V ^,££ A1 f FORI, > farmer > Sec - 31 ; P " °- Lost Na «o°! ^ a resi- f™ ■ i.- °° i r ° wnshl P> Clinton Co., Iowa, for over twenty-four years; is a native of Washington Co., Md. ; born Dec. 25, 1831. In 1841, he went to Portage Co., Ohio, where he married, on Sept. 12, 1854, Miss Sarah Rose, who was born at Clymer, Chau- tauqua Co., N. Y., Nov. 23, 1833. They came West in 1855, and settled in this township, where they have since resided ; they have two children— Albert M. Warren and Hattie Jane. Mr. Crawford and wife are members of the German Baptist Church. They own a well-improved farm of 125 acres. WILLIAM CREGER, farmer, Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Elwood ; is a native of Prussia; born in 1832. In 1845, he emigrated to Welland Co., Canada, where he married in January, 1859, Miss Elizabeth Shirk, a native of that county. In 1860, they came to Clinton Co., and settled on their present farm ; they have seven children •living— Ellery J., Charlotte, John H., Albert, William, Fred and Rebecca E.. Mr. Creger owns 220 acres of land, and is one of the prosperous farmers of Clinton Co. ; his farm is well located, and possesses many' advantages for an agricultural and stock farm. In politics, he is Liberal, but generally votes with the Democratic party. C. JL. DAVENPORT, farmer, Sec. 26 ; P. O. Elwood; is an extensive farmer and stock-raiser, and the proprietor of nearly eleven hundred acres of land ; was born in Sandusky Co., Ohio, in 1830; in 1839, he emigrated with his parents to Pulaski Co., Ind., where he married in 1854, Miss Mary Parnell, who was born in Ask- ham, Westmoreland Co., England, in 1832; she emigrated with her parents, John D. and Agnes Parnell, to Stark Co., Ohio, in 1834; thence to Pulaski Co., Ind., in 1844; in 1857, Mr. Davenport moved to Clinton Co.. bringing his family with him; settled on and improved the farm where they now reside ; they have four children — Laura Isabel, John Albert, Horace Lincoln and Jesse Cooper. Mr. Davenport and wife are members of the M. E. Church ; he has always taken a lively interest in church and educational interests ; is a Republican. JOHN H. DEVIER, farmer and stock-raiser, Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Elwood ; is a native of Rockingham Co. ; Va. ; was born in 1840. Married in 1863, Miss Margaret J. Phillips, also of Rockingham Co.; she was born in 1844; they came to Clinton Co. in 1868 ; they have five children — Emma, Hannah' Virginia, William Hugh, Angela Maria and John DeWitt. Mr. Devier and wife are members of the Presbyterian Church. He is a Democrat ; was elected a member of the Township Board of Trust- ees in 1878, and, the same autumn, was elected Justice of the Peace; is also School Treasurer. Owns a finely-improved farm of 180 acres. JOHN W. DUNLAP (deceased) ; was a native of Rockingham Co., Va. I born in 1814 ; in early life, he studied medicine, and was engaged in the practice % 728 BIuGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: thereof several years in Virginia. He was Colonel of a regiment of Virginia militia a number of years. He married in Augusta Co., Va., Miss Agnes Phillips, who was born in 1816. They emigrated to [owa, and settled in this county in 1859, where he resided until his death, Nov. 5, 1869. In this county, he was elected to various official posi- tions, in all of which he discharged the duties with entire satisfaction to the citizens. The> children of John W. and Agnes Duulap are William P. (married Miss Adelia Bently), Mary E. (now Mrs. (jr. H. Anderson), Euseba J. (married J. R. Twiss, Jr.), James H. (deceased), Asbury (married Belle Gillett), John and Robert E. (deceased). J. W. l>UNIi AP, farmer, Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Maquoketa ; was born in Rocking- ham Co., Va., Feb. 11, 1851, came to this county with his parents, John W. and Agnes Dunlap, nee Phillips, in 1859. In 1878, he was appointed a member of the Clinton County Agricultural Society. He has also held various local offices. Mr. Dua- lap acts with the Democratic party. Generous by nature and practice, he always encourages and aids every public scheme of merit. AUGUSTUS I;. DYER, farmer and stock-raiser, Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Maquo- keta. Mr. Dyer was born in Pendleton Co., Va., Nov. 7, 1824, where he remained until 1854, when he came to this county and settled in Brookfield Township. Mr. Dyer has been twice married ; his first wife was Elizabeth Anderson ; present wife was Miss Mary W. Phillips. Mr. D. owns a finely-improved farm of 277 acres, and is exten- sively engaged in raising and dealing in stock. Democrat. JLEVI A. ECKMAIir, farmer. Sec. 23; P. 0. Elwood; born in Liberty, Frederick Co., Md., May 24, 1824 ; he was educated in Carroll Co., Md'., and in early life learned milling ; in 1849, he went to Darke Co., Ohio, and worked at his trade in Greenville ; in the spring of 1851, he came to Lyons, Clinton Co.; thence to Bellevue, Jackson Co., in the same year, where he remained until the spring of 1854 ; from this time until 1855, he was employed in putting up flour-mills in various places in this, portion of Iowa; in 1855, he engaged in milling in Maquoketa, and continued in that business until 1860, when he returned to Clinton Co. and commenced farming in Brook- field Township. Mr. E. has held the office of Justice of the Peace four terms. He was the first President of the Jackson and Clinton County Mutual Insurance Co., and is the agent of the company in that part of the county where he resides. Mr. Eck- man's first wife was Mary, daughter of Capt. J. L. Kirkpatrick, who served during the Black Hawk war ; was born in 1822, at Springfield, 111.; she died in December, 1856 ; had two children, one now living — Frank. Present wife was .Miss Minerva Twiss, a native of Washington Co., N. Y.; born Nov. 6, 1835 ; have two children — Alice and Addie A. Mr. Eckman is a Republican. He owns a well-improved farm. This very brief sketch of Mr. Eckman's life is all that our space will allow. The Eqkman family have rendered, in all times of trial, good service to their country ; Jacob Eck- man, uncle of Levi A., served with distinction as Captain during the war of 1812, and was in Washington with his company when that city was destroyed by the British. John Lowe, maternal uncle of Levi A., was also a Captain during the war of 1812, and a brave soldier. Levi A. Eckman's grandmother, Maria L. Eckman, nee Schley, was the sister of Capt. Schley, who was, at one time, the owner of the largest number of vessels owned by any one individual ; he died in Germany, leaving property to the amount of $3,000,000. II. E. FEXTON, farmer and stock-raiser, Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Maquoketa; was born in Warren Co., N. Y., in 1833 ; when he was 10 years of age, he removed with his parents to Oakland Co., Mich.; thence to this county in 1847. He served in Co. F, 31st Regt. I. V. I.; he was enrolled in August, 1862, and mustered into service with the regiment at Davenport Oct. 13, 1862; participated in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, Raymond, Jackson, Black River, Vicksburg, Cherokee, Lookout Mountain, Mission Ridge, Ringgold, Taylor's Hills, Snake Creek Gap,' Resaca, Dallas, New Hope Church, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta and Jonesboro ; was in Sherman's campaign through Georgia and the Carolinas, and was mustered out with the regiment at Louisville, Ky., June 27, 1865. Aug. 20, 1865, he married Almeda L, daughter of H. and Eliza Potter, nee Wheaton, pioneer settlers of Jackson Co., Iowa, BROOKFIELD TOWNSHIP. 729 and now residents of Vermillion, Minn. Mr. Penton's children are Bertram J. and ■ "" t a i o™ VUS 20 l f re , S 0f well - im P™ved land in this county, 17 acres of timber in Jackson, 200 acres of land in Woodbury Co.; is extensively engaged in stock raising and dealing. Republican. & . £• W ' HENTON, farmer, Sec. 15; P. 0. Elwood; is a native of Rocking- ham Co Va ; born m 1836; in 1846, he removed with his parents, Silas and Hannah Henton, both natives of Virginia, to Jackson Co., Iowa, where they settled, thus becom- ing pioneers of that county. Mr. Henton's first wife was Margaret J. Major, a native of Ohio ; present wife was Mrs. Frances M. Whitmore, nee Blaine ; she was born in Rockingham Co., Va. Mr. H. is a Democrat. His farm is well located and nicely improved. DAVID HICKS, farmer, Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Elwood ; was born in Cornwall, England, June 24, 1846 ; emigrated to this country and to Clinton Co. in 1865. Feb. 24, 1874, he married Miss Hannah S. Hiner, a native of Virginia. Mr. Hicks and wife are members of the M. E. Church. He owns a pleasantly-located farm of 120 acres, which is well improved. He is a Republican. J. A. HINER, member of the enterprising firm of Leinbaugh & Hiner, dealers in dry goods, groceries, etc., Elwood, Iowa; was born in Pendleton Co., Va., in 1851 ; his parents started for the West, but, upon the route, his father was taken ill and died. After his death, his mother continued her journey, arriving in Clinton Co., where she remained, and is now the wife of J. D. Paraell. Mr. Hiner was educated at Mt. Vernon, Iowa ; after finishing his education, he taught school several terms ; in June of the present year (1879), he and Mr. Leinbaugh engaged in the mercantile business at Elwood ; they have a large store, and their goods are unexcelled in quality ; their assortment is complete in all lines of goods kept by them, and they are having a large trade. T. T. IRWIN, farmer, Sec. 27; P. 0. Elwood; was born in Union Co., Penn., in 1825 ; early in life he adopted the principles of the Whig party, and was dis- tinguished as a fearless advocate of freedom and for his opposition to human slavery ; in 1853 and 1854, he was proprietor and editor of the Mercer County Whiff, in which he strongly advocated the abolishment of slavery '; in the latter part of 1854, he disposed of his interest in the paper until 1862, when he again became its proprietor and editor, changed ' the name to Whig and Dispatch, and published it in the interests of the Republican party, of which he is a firm supporter. Mr. Irwin was auditor of Mercer Co., a position which -he filled with credit to himself and satisfaction to the citizens ; was also Justice of the Peace several years in Mercer Co. He has been twice married ; first wife was Miss Elizabeth Alexander ; she died in Pennsylvania; married present wife, Matilda Hood, in Erie Co., Penn. ; they came to this county in 1870 ; have two chil- dren — Clarence and Lewis. Mr. I. has held various local offices in this township. Owns 160 acres of land. WIEUAM H. IRWIN, farmer, Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Elwood ; was born in Northumberland Co., Penn., June 5, 1830; he removed with his parents to Mercer Co., Penn., where he married Miss Mary Waugh ; they came to this county in 1866, and purchased the farm they now reside on. Mr. Irwin and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church ; he is a Republican; has been a member of the Township Board of Trustees two terms ; was elected Assessor in the fall of 1878. He owns a well-located, finely-improved farm of 248 acres. A. H. JENKINS, farmer, Sec. 12; P. 0. Maquoketa; a pioneer settler of Clinton Co.; was born in Queensbury, Warren Co, N. Y., Nov. 28, 1809. Married Mrs. Sarah Fenton, nee Goodenow, Nov. 28, 1841 : ,she was a native of Rockingham, Vt ■ born Dec. 21, 1810 ; in 1843, they removed to Groveland, Mich, where they remained until the autumn of 1847, when they emigrated to Iowa and located m Brook- field Township, then an unpromising wilderness, with scarcely an inhabitant ; they have four children— Alexander P, born in Michigan Oct. 2, 1844, married Miss Ellen Atherton Sept. 8, 1872 ; J. L. Jenkins, born in Clinton Co. in 1850, married Miss 730 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Alice Simpson May 19, 1870; Maria L., married Mr. M. P. Baker; the youngest daughter married J. S. Dice- Mrs. Jenkins has two sons — Marvin and Marshall — by her former' husband, J. Fenton ; both are residenta of this county. Mr. Jenkins is a Republican. H. J. JEPSEN, farmer and stock-raiser, See. 23; P. 0. Elwood; was born in the duchy of Schlcswig, Germany, Sept. 28, 1823 ; in early life, he followed the vocation of a sailor, and served in the United Slates Navy from 1853 until 1856; in the latter year f he came to Clinton Co. In 1857, he married Miss Gertrude Teskey; .. they have nine children — Maggie C, J. Fred., Sarah J., Anna C, Gertrude, George H., Charles C, Ellen E. and Bertha. Mr. J. owns 280 acres of land ; his farm is well located and finely improved. JOHN H. KREIGEBEIN, farmer, Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Elwood ; Mr. Kreige- bein is a native of Germany ; was born June 26, 1815 ; served in the German army two years ; was honorably discharged. He married, in Germany, Miss Sophia" Schrae- der; they emigrated to this country in 1867, and settled in Jackson Co. ; in 1869, they removed to where they now reside ; they have three children living — Henry C, Frede- rica S. and Birdie E. Mr. Kreigebein and wife are members of the Lutheran Church ; he is a Democrat ; is a school officer in District No. 5 ; owns 200 acres of land, and is an active and enterprising citizen. HENRY KINGSIiEY, farmer, Sec. 6; P. 0. Maquoketa; is a native of St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. ; was born Dec. 4, 1835. In 1860, he married, in that county, Miss Diana Orton, who was born in Vermont; they removed to this county in 1869; they have four children living — Edward M., born in New York in 1863; Cordon H., born in October, 1865 ; Carrie Eveline, born in this county, January, 1870 ; James, born April 1873. Mr. Kingsley owns 200" acres of land, and is an energetic, enterpris- ing citizen. D. D. KLISE, farmer, Sec. 19 ; P. O. Elwood ; born Oct. 5, 1839, in Carroll Co., Ohio ; he commenced learning the carpenter trade in Bethlehem, Stark Co., Ohio; finished it at Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa, in which county, in 1860, he married Miss Mary Burns; she was born in 1835; they came to Clinton Co. in 1862, where he engaged in contracting and building in various parts of the county until 1875, when he moved on the farm where he now resides, which he had purchased some years previous;, this farm is finely improved, and contains 220 acres. Mr. Klise and wife are members of the Catholic Church ; they have four children — Charles Louis and Ann Elizabeth, twins, born Sept. 1, 1861 ; Rosa, born March 5, 1869; Mary M., born Dec. 1, 1873. Democrat. ADAH LEINBAUGH, farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Elwood; born Nov. 29, 1826, in Berks Co,, Penn., where, in 1850, he married Miss Elizabeth Fisher, a native of the same county; they came to Iowa about 1855, and have been residents of Clinton Co. most of the time since. Mr. Leinbaugh and wife are members of the Reformed Church ; their children are Rosa (now the wife of Perry Strawn), Helah (now Mrs. John Gabriel), Benton (married Miss Ella Wade— they live at Elwood, where he is engaged in the grocery trade), Adam A., James, John D., Franklin, William and Fred. Mr. Leinbaugh owns 200 acres of well-improved land, and is a man of much energy and enterprise ; he acts with the Democratic party ; he has held various local offices in all of which he gave general satisfaction. *• B. LEINBAUGH, of the firm of Leinbaugh & Hiner, merchants Elwood; was born in Berks Co., Penn., in 1853; in 1856, his parents emigrated to 1 jwq M Julj ^ 3 ' 1874 ' - he married Miss Ella Wade i the y have tw ° children. In June, t?i j • Leln * )au & h > in company with A. J. Hiner, engaged in the mercantile trade at Elwood, where they are doing a thriving business, and are fast increasing their stock to meet the growing demands of the public. BENJAMIN F. MAXWELL, farmer, Sec. 21; P. O. Elwood; Mr. Maxwell was born in Morgan Co., Ohio, Feb. 3, 1842 ; in 1844, w;th his parents, moved to Hawkins Co., thence, in 1852, to Owen Co., Ind., where he remained until. BR00KF1ELD TOWNSHIP. 731 he enlisted, Sept. 18, 1861, in Co. A., 43d Ind. V. I. ; he served with distinction, par- ticipating in every battle and skirmish his regiment was engaged in, until discharged, at Indianapolis, Ind., in March, 1864. Mr. Maxwell was wounded while in the army, at Marks Mill. OnOct. 19, 1868, he married Miss Margaret Griffith, in Green Co. r Ind. ; in 1870, they came to this county and settled in Berlin Township, in which place he was elected a member of the Township Board of Trustees for the term of two years ; they removed to where they now reside, in 1877 ; their children are Clarence Arthur, Minnie Alice, William Fletcher, Benjamin F., John S. and Maggie Florence. Mr. M. is Republican; owns 120 acres finely-improved land. HON. JOHN S. MAXWELL, Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Elwood ; a native of Mor- gan Co., Ohio ; was born Aug. 22, 1825 ; his life exhibits a career of struggle, energy and self-reliance such as characterize few men ; after pursuing a course of study at the common schools, he completed his education at the State University, Athens, Ohio ; in 1850, he went to Calaveras Co., Cal., and engaged in mining ; at the end of a year, he had accumulated quite an amount of money, with which he entered the mercantile busi- ness at Mokelumne Hill, a mining town on the Mokelumne River; in 1852, he left his business in California in care of a partner and went to Australia with the intention of establishing an exporting house ; after his arrival th«re, however, he learned that his partner had squandered the property left in his charge, which amounted to several thousand dollars ; he then again engaged in mining, and, at the end of nine months, established a store at Melbourne, Victoria Colony; meeting with fair success, he remained until burned out, when he went to Ballarat, then one of the most noted min- ing districts in the world, containing a population of over thirty. thousand miners; here he started a large store ; he continued in the mercantile business until the spring of 1856, when he disposed of his stock and went to Valparaiso, South America, where he remained but a short time before proceeding to Panama ; thence to New York City ;. there he remained until fully recovered from an attack of yellow fever, contracted while upon shipboard ; from New York he went to Washington, D. C. ; thence to Owen Co. r Ind., where his parents then resided ; in the latter part of 1856, he ? purchased land where he now resides ; Mr. Maxwell has become very popular with all classes ; has served as Notary Public over fifteen years ; was Supervisor ; was also elected a member of the Ninth General Assembly, a position he filled to the honor and credit of his con- stituents ; he is a man of unimpeachable integrity, cool and sound executive ability, as well as benevolent, kindly and social in heart; he is Treasurer of the Pleasant Valley Dairy Association, which was incorporated Feb. 19, 1879. In education and religion, Mr M has always taken a deep interest, aiding both in many respects ; he is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, in which he has been a lay minister over ten years Mr. Maxwell was first married in Hawkins Co., Ohio, to Miss Rebecca Guyre ; present wife was Miss Julia M., daughter of John R. and Ann Twiss, of this township ; they have eleven children-Jennie (now, Mrs. John l Whitsel), Douglas L. John S J*, B. McClellan, Annie J., Morgan R., Richard F., Charles R, Eddie M., Mary and Emma. He owns 420 acres of well-improved land. Republican. A MARSHALL, boot and shoe manufacturer, Elwood ; is a native of Don- egal,telandfwas"n in 1829; emigrated to New York in 1856 ; u. U5*w«t » Brooklyn, N Y., in which place he married Miss Alice McGrath; they moved to Lyonsin 1862; thence to Elwood in 1877. Mr. Marshall and wife are members of the Presbyterian Church; Republican. Owns city property in Lyons, situated on Fifth and Pearl streets. , B F NEWCOMER, farmer, Sec. 15; P. O, Maquoketa ; was born in Franklin Co' Penn" ^21, 1«53 ; came to Clinton Co. in 1877. In October, 1878 maS Mrs.' E A.Phillips/nee Ward; she was born i» W.«< X Ohio ; mov^d to Clinton Co with her parents, Ben amin and Hannah Ward who sett ed in mis county about 1854. Mr. Newcomer is engaged in farming ; his farm is well improved, and contains 176 acres. , contains PATT ERSON, farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Elwood; was born id ' OotaS^^, oST™? 1841 1 when' he was 3 years of age, his parents 732 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: ■emigrated to Iowa and settled near Mt. Vernon; here his father died, and, in 1845, his mother married again, and removed to Linn Co. ; thence to Jackson Co. When Sam- uel was 21, he went to Mt. Vernon ; remained one year, then returned to Jackson Co., where he remained until about 1863, when he came to this. county. Nov. 24, 1864, he married, in this county, Miss Mary J. Hiner, daughter of Young and Melinda Hiner; she was born in Virginia Aug. 7, 1842 ; they have five children— : Malowa, George, Mary Melinda, Eugene Addison and Josephine. Mr. Patterson and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He owns a well-located farm of 120 acres, and is an energetic, go-a-head citizen ; is a Democrat. JOHN D. PARNELL, farmer, Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Elwood. This gentleman, a resident of the Northwest for over thirty-five years, is a native of Askham, Westmore- land Co., England ; was born Jan. 23, 1807. He married, in England, Miss Agnes Cooper ; they immigrated to Starke Co., Ohio, in 1834 ; thence to Pulaski Co., Ind., in 1844, where they remained until 1857, when they removed to this county and settled on the farm where he now resides ; his first wife died in this township ; present wife was Melinda J. Hiner, nee Anderson, a native of Eockingham Co., Va. ; born in 1810 ; married, in Virginia, T. J. Hiner ; he died in 1854, while on their way from Virginia to this State. Mr. Parnell's children by first marriage were James, who married Eliza* beth Hurst, resides in Kansas; Mary, now the wife of C. L. Davenport, of Brookfield Township, this county. By his present wife had five children, only one now living—*, Maria E. By her former marriage, there are Mary J. (now Mrs. S. Patterson), Han-, nah S. (now Mrs. D. Hicks), Eugene (who married Emma Smith), Hettie J. (now Mrs. John Bowden). Mr. Parnell and wife own 160 .acres of land; he is a. Bepublican, JOHN PERRY, farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. Maquoketa; is an old resident of Clinton Co., a native of Morgan Co., Ky. ; born Feb. 11, 1809. He married, in Law- rence (now Carter) Co., Ky., Miss Juliet Lester, also a native of Kentucky; born Jan. 12, 1814 ; in 1841, they emigrated to Henry Co., Mo. ; remained until 1§44, when they removed to Clinton Co. Mrs. Perry died March 19, 1879; -their children are Minerva Jane (now Mrs. Amos Wilcox, resides in Brookfield Township) ; Elizabeth (Mrs. Henry Clay) lives in Linn Co., Kan. ; Polly A. (Mrs. H. Wilcox, of Miami Co., Kan.) ; Margaret (Mrs. Daniel Grover, of Sac Co., Iowa) ; William (is married and lives in Benton Co., Towa) ; Thomas D. (married and lives in Cowles Co., Kan.) ; Joseph N., M. D. (is married and lives in Wyoming, Jones Co., Iowa) ; Martha Jane (now Mrs. Stephen Gordon, of Kingwood, Clinton Co) ; Elvarda (Mrs. John Wright, of California), and James K. Mr. Perry is a Democrat ; he owns 140 acres of land, and has ever been an upright, honorable man and an enterprising citizen. WILLIAM FETCH, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Maquoketa; is a native of Yorkshire, Eng. ; was born in 1829 ; emigrated to this country and came to Clinton Co. in 1849, where, by his industry and integrity, he has won a competence; he is a man of enterprise and a public-spirited citizen ; owns 200 acres of land, upon which are all the modern improvements. He married, in this county, Miss Mary C. Schafer, of Monroe Co., N. Y. ; their children are Edward J., Emma Maria and Carrie Jane. WILLIAM PHILLIPS, farmer and stock-raiser, Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Maquo- keta ; is a native of Augusta Co., Va. ; born June 4, 1819. Married Miss H. Shaver, a native of Eockingham Co., Va., in 1842 ; they moved to Clinton Co. in 1869 ; have six children — Margaret Jane (now Mrs. John Devier, of Brookfield Township), Mary V. (now Mrs. A. L. Dyer) ; Hannah Elizabeth, Cornelia, John E. and De Witt. Mr. Phillips owns about one thousand acres of land ; is largely engaged in stock-raising and buying ; is one of the leading farmers and stock -men of the State of Iowa ; Democrat. WILLIAM PITHAN, farmer ; P. 0. Lost Nation ; is a native of Prussia, born in 1824. He married, in Prussia, Miss Helena Mailman ; they emigrated to Iowa in 1851, and settled in Scott Co., within fifteen miles of Davenport, where they remained until 1854, when they removed to this county and settled where they now reside; their children were Charles and Henry ; Charles was born in 1854; he mar- ried, in 1875, Miss M. Cook ; they have one child— Mary ; he owns 105 acres of land; lives in Sharon Township. Henry was born in 1852; married Miss A. Schultz; he BROOKFIELD TOWNSHIP. 733 died April 9, 1877'; had one child— Charles W Mr W Pitfcnn * a e -i P «-S l ^S l of < !oJS ^sJ^I!r!T n ^/s c 5J ,to, J Co n ; Chaiman of the r^rc^^ ^oS Pe M^ Man* ? 1^ "toed. out in the autumn of 1864, and returned to this county On March 2, 1865, he married Miss Margaret Teskey; have six children-Ida T The ZtJZ FlwiT*' ^V"- J °\ U - -l U 1871 > Mr - R - was »8»ged in the lumber trade at Elwood in which business he still continues, commanding !n extensive trade ' with the surrounding country In 1876, he was elected a member of the County Board of Supervisors, and was elected Chairman of the same in the spring of 1879, the duties of which office he fiUs to the satisfaction of all concerned; he has also held various township offices. Mr. Ruus resides on Sec. 28, Brookfield Township; his farm con- tains UO acres, is pleasantly located and well improved ; he is a public-spirited man, always r.ady to assist, with time and money, any enterprise that promises to be of advantage to his town or county. In politics, Mr. Ruus is Republican. m- ER, farmer and stock-raiser, Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Maquoketa Mr. Sacknder was born in Delaware Co. Aug. 24, 1838; in 1853, he emigrated with his parents to Clinton Co. He enlisted in Co. I, 24th Regt. I. V. I.; was enrolled as Corporal in August, 1862 ; promoted to Third Sergeant, and participated in every bat- tle and skirmish that his command was in until the close of the war ; was mustered out with his regiment at Davenport, in August, 1865. Sept. 19, 1866, he married, in this county, Miss Jane A. Rarick, daughter of William and Martha Rarick, pioneer set- tlers of Brookfield Township ; they have two children— Clarence I. and Carrie May. Mr. S. is a Democrat. Owns 260 acres of land; his home farm, on Sec. 13, is well located and finely improved ; he is extensively engaged in stock-raising. SOIiOMON SACKRIDER, farmer. Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Maquoketa ; a native of Putnam Co., N. Y.; was born Oct. 6, 1827 ; when he was 6 years of age, his parents removed to Delaware Co., Ohio ; thence to this State and county, in 1851. He married, Sept. 9, 1855, Miss Eveline Green, a daughter of Benjamin Green, an early settler of this county ; Mrs. S. was born in Ashland Co., Ohio ; they have one child — George. Mr. Sackrider and wife are members of the M. E. Church. He owns 140 acres of finely-improved land. Democrat. FREDRICK SCHOOF, farmer, Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Lost Nation ; a native of Mecklinburg, Germany ; was born Feb. 4, 1841 ; came to the United States and to Cook Co., 111., in 1859. He enlisted in Co. D, 9th 111. Cav., where he served his adopted country faithfully until honorably discharged. Came to Clinton Co., Iowa, in 1865. In 1868, he married Miss Wilhelmina Wecat, in Cedar Co.; she was born in Hanover, Germany ; they have five children — Charlie T., Sophia, Emma, Albert, Louise. Mr. S. owns 160 acres of land. He is an Independent; member of the Lutheran Church. JOSHUA SHITL.TZ, farmer; a native of Franklin Co., Penn. ; born Feb-. 22, 1815. He married Miss Catherine Fulton Dec. 27, 1838; she was born Aug. 26, 1817, in Franklin Co., Penn. ; in 1850, they emigrated to Muscatine Co., Iowa, and settled near Muscatine ; in 1854, they removed to Cedar Co., thence to this county in 1859. Their children are John A., born Dec. 18, 1846, married Elizabeth Kauf- man ; Benjamin, born July 9, 1849, married Elizabeth Newkirk ; Jacob F., born July 8, 1851, married Miss Joanna Bachman ; Hervey C, born Sept. 8, 1853 : Elizabeth C, born Dec. 4, 1855 ; Alva, born Dec. 26, 1861. The deceased children are Martha, born Jan. 16, 1842, died June 24, 1845 ; Annie B., born Oct. 30, 1843, died 734 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Oct. 19, 1850; William, born Nov. 17, 1857, died April 27, 1858. Mrs. Joshua Shultz died Nov. 16, 1878; she was a member of the Baptist Church, and a sincere Christian. Mr. Shultz owns 105 acres of land. GEORGE W. SELLERS, farmer, Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Elwood; was born in Warren Co., Ohio, in 1837 ; came to this county in 1856. Married' Miss Rachel Wells, in this county, in 1869 ; she is a native of Pickaway Co., Ohio ; they have eight children— Albert C, Mary E., Eva P., George G., Benjamin T., John M., Christopher H. and Oracie M. Mr. Sellers is a member of the present Board of Township Trustees, which office he has held several terms ; has also filled various other local offices. He has always taken an active interest in the educational intefests of the district ; has been a school officer a number of years. Owns ninety acres of land. Is a Republican. H. C. SHULTZ, Elwood; is a native of Muscatine Co., Iowa; was born Sept. 8, 1853; in 1854, his parents moved to Cedar Co., thence to Clinton Co. Mr. S. learned the trade of house-painting while a boy, which occupation he follows during the summer, and, in winter, teaches school. He is a Democrat. Owns one block in Elwood, on which he has a house valued at $2,000. J. A. SHULTZ, farmer, See. 9'; P. O. Elwood; a native of Franklin Co., Penn. ; born Dec. 3, 1846 ; he accompanied his parents, Joshua and Catherine Shultz, to Muscatine Co., Iowa, in 1851 ; thence to Cedar Co. in 1854, and to" Clinton Co. in 1859. Married Miss Elizabeth Kauffman ; she was born in Berks Co., Penn. ; they have two children — Ivan M. and Sarah Agnes. Mr. S. is a Democrat. Owns forty acres of land. ISAAC SMITH, farmer, Sec. 23 ; P. O. Elwood. Mr. Smith was born in Ticonderoga, Essex Co., N. Y., March 9, 1815, where hemarried, Sept. 9, 1841, Miss Caroline Potter, a native of Vermont, born Oct. 13, 1820 ; they emigrated to Iowa in 1852, and have been residents of this county the greater part of the time since ; their children are Lydia P., born Feb. 23, 1843, married Ed. Waugh Jan. 4, 1860; Melissa S., born Sept. 27, 1844, died Feb. 22, 1845 ; Delia S., born Jan. 17, 1847, died Feb. 12, 1856; Emma O, born March 30, 1855, married E. S. Hines March 16, 1875 ; Clinton B., born Feb. 26. 1856, died March 18, 1856 ; William ¥., born April 16, 1857. Mr. Smith and wife are members of the M. E. Church at Elwood, in which ho has been Class-leader and Steward a number of years. He owns 120 acres of well- improved land. Is a Republican. One of his brothers, William, served in the Union army during the war. Both his grandfathers, James Smith and Daniel Gould, fought on the American side at Bunker Hill, and served with distinction throughout the Rev- olutionary war. Two of his paternal uncles served in the war of 1812. JOHN M. SPARKS, farmer, Sec. 16 ; P. O. Elwood ; born in Salem Co., N. J., in 1824 ; wheti he was 2 years of age, his parents moved to Philadelphia, thence to Ohio in 1829 ; John M. remained there until 1849, when he came to Iowa and set- tled in Brookfield Township, where he now resides ; in 1850, he returned to Ohio, and married, in Hancock Co., Miss Salina M. Birkhead, a native of Tyler Co., Va, h born in 1828; they have five children — Catherine Almeda (now the wife of George.C. Mem- mem), Lydia M. (now Mrs. George A. Elwood), Martha Emeline, Joseph Beverly and Mary Alma. Mr. Sparks and wife are members of the M. E. Church, at Elwood ; he has been Class-leader over twenty-three years ; has also been Church Trustee a number of years ; he has held various township and school offices, and has taken an active part in all enterprises tending to the advancement of the public interests of his township. Mr. Sparks acts with the Republican party. He owns 145 acres of finely-improved land. J. X. ST AMA]V, farmer and stock-raiser, Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Maquoketa ; was born in Lancaster Co., Penn., in 1827 ; removed with his parents to Wayne Co., Ohio, i n 1835, where be married Miss Susan Bowman, a native of Stark Co., Ohio ; in 1856, they came West and settled in Clinton Co. ; they have nine children — John, married Miss Ellen Sleeper), Mary G., Levi A. (married Miss Mary A. Cook), George, Jacob F., Irwin, Daniel S., Orlando B. and Ivanilla. Mr. Staman has always acted with the BROOKFIELD TOWNSHIP. 7gfr Republican party, and, although never an aspirant for political honors, he has been' called upon to fill various offices ; he has held the position of member of the Board of County Supervisors several terms ; was Justice of the Peace thirteen years ; also Town- ship Collector three terms. Mr. Staman owns 445 acres of land, and is extensively engaged in stock-raising. GEORGE TESKEY, farmer, Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Elwood. Mr. Teskey was born in Ireland, A. D. 1839 ; emigrated to this country in 1851 ; came to this county in 1855. He enlisted in Co. I, 12th Ilegt. I. V. I.; was in the battles of Fort Donel- son and Shiloh ; in the latter, was wounded and taken prisoner at the time most of his regiment were captured; they were exchanged Nov. 10, 1862; the regiment was re organized, and participated in the siege of Vicksburg, battles of Tupelo, Miss., White River, Nashville and Spanish Fort; he was honorably discharged in December, 1864; ' returned to this county, and, in 1872, married Miss J. A. Mill. They have four chil- dren — Lincoln M., Ella May, Lincy T. and . Mr. Teskey has held various local offices ; is a Republican. Owns 120 acres of well-improved land. GERHARD TOOIERMAN, farmer, Sees. 31 and 32; P. 0. Lost Nation ; a native of Prussia ; was born in 1827 ; he served two years in the Prus- sian army_before coming to this country, where he arrived in 1862. During the war r he served in Co. D, 10th Iowa Repiment, where he did his duty until honorably dis- charged. In ,1865, he came to this county, where he married Mrs. Mary Lenisfieldi (nee Whippen) ; he owns 160 acres of land ; his wife also owns 80 acres. Is a mem- ber of the Lutheran Church. Republican. J. R. TWISS, Sr., farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. O. Maquoketa; is a native of Ben- nington Co., Vt.; was born June 30, 1811 ; attended school until 16 years of age 7 when he removed with his parents to Warren Co., N. Y., where he learned the black- smith trade. In 1832, he went to Cambridge, where he remained until the autumn of 1849, when he went to Licking Co., Ohio, and engaged in farming. In 1849,. he emi- grated to Iowa and settled in Brookfield Township, then wild and unsettled prairie, Mr. Twiss is a Democrat. He was the first Assessor elected in Brookfield Township ; was a member of the Board of Supervisors during the war, and was one of the first to- vote an appropriation for war purposes ; he has always taken an active part in the- advancement of educational and rfeligious interests ; has filled various school offices. Is a member of the Baptist Church, in which he has been Deacon and Trustee for several years. Sept. 14, 1834, he 'married, in Warren Co., N. Y., Miss Ann Bentley ; they have eight children— Minerva A. (now Mrs. L. Eckman), Julia M. (wife of Hon. J. S. Maxwell), John R., Jr. (married Mi*s Enseba Dunlap) , Myron (roamed Miss A. Riddle), Richard B. (now a leading attorney in Chicago III ), Edward L, (married Miss Josephine Bowers], Emma J. (married David Reynolds). Mr. Twiss owns 180 acres of land ; he and his son Edward are engaged in farming and stock- raising. V S WADE farmer, Sec. 20 ; P. O. Elwood; born in 1806, near Newark, N J where he married Miss Phoebe Myratt; they emigrated to Delaware Co., Ohio, in 1842 ; thence to Iowa, in 1852, and settled where tbey now reside, thus becoming early settlers of Brookfield Township. Their oldest son, George, married I Miss S^ C. Clark ; daughter Lucy is the wife of John Dyke; Charles L. served a 8th l°™J**r during the war of the rebellion, and was a gal ant soldier ; he dted in 1878 Three are unmarried-John, Phoebe and James. Mr. Wade and wife are members of the M . E Churcl "in which he served as Steward a number of years; Mr. W. was a Wh,g, but • since the delline of that party, has been an earnest Republican. Owns 150 acres of land. ft¥ IVFR H WHITNEY, farmer, Sec. 5 ; P. O. Maquoketa ; was bora in Greenwich Washington Co., N. Y, June 27, 1820; he received a liberal education n Pnrlv life In 1843, he came West and engaged in teaching near Quiucy, 111., which vocation he Plied until 1865, when he came to Iowa and settled upon la*d he now reTdes up n which he had purchased at an early day. Mr. Whitney married in Green- 736 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES : wich N. Y., Miss Frances E. Toomey. He owns 250 acres of land, well improved and finely located. Is a Republican. PETER WHITSELE, farmer, Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Elwood; a pioneer settler of Jackson Co., Iowa; was born in Ross Co., Ohio, Aug. 17, 1813; in 1836, went to Madison Co., 111. ; in 1838, came to Jackson Co., Iowa, and entered land within one mile of the city of Bellevue ; was there during the Bellevue War. In 1852, he mar- ried, in Jackson Co., Miss C. McCrary, a native of North Carolina ; in 1869, they moved to their present residence ; their children are William, married Miss C. Wilson, lives in O'Brien Co., Iowa ; Charlie, married, and lives in O'Brien Co., Iowa ; John ; Nancy, married A. Sadler ; Martha and Mary. Mr. W. and wife are members of the Metho- dist Episcopal Church, in which he has always taken a deep interest ; he acts with the Republican party. Owns 171 acres of land, upon which he has all the modern improve- ments. WIIililAM WlliCOX, merchant, Elwood ; was born in Elizabeth, Jo Daviess Co., 111., March 1, 1847, where he resided until the spring of 1863, when he, with his father, Isaac Wilcox, removed to Mt. Vernon. Iowa, for the purpose of attend- ing college at that place ; he graduated in 1867, being the youngest but one of a class of eleven ; he at once took a position in the grammar department of the Tipton public schools, holding the position one year, when the School Board complimented his service by electing him to the Superintendency of the public schools of the place, at a good salary ; he held this position for two years ; was then chosen by the School Board of Belle Plain to grade and organize their schools', only to be recalled for another two years to Tipton ; at the expiration of this time, the situation of Principal of the schools at Manchester, Delaware Co., was tendered him, accepted and held for five years; in all of these schools many fine classes and proficient scholars have been sent out. Mr. Wilcox married Miss Annie Betts, daughter of Judge Betts, of Tipton, Aug. 3, 1870 ; Eddie is their only living child, Willie having died in 1872. Becoming wearied of school life, extending in all over a period of fifteen years, Mr- Wilcox has concluded to rest for a time, at least, and has engaged in the mercantile business in Elwood, where he has secured a desirable and constantly-increasing trade, possessing the confidence of all the best people of the community. DE WITT TOWNSHIP. JAMES N. ARTHUR, farmer; P. 0. De Witt; born in Cornwall, England, in 1828 ; he emigrated to Hamilton, Canada, when 21 years of age, where he resided four years; in the fall of 1853, he came to Iowa and entered a farm of 260 acres in Monmouth Township, Jackson Co. ; he then went to Illinois, and returned to England in the fall of 1855, where he remained one year, when he returned to Illinois; he settled on his farm in Jackson Co. in 1857. He married Miss Harriet Arthur, native of England, but, at the time of their marriage a resident of Massachusetts ; they have two children — William J., born in March, 1860, and Charles H., in November, 1863. Mr. Arthur has 575 acres in his farm in De Witt Township ; since he came to Clinton Co., he has been extensively engaged in stock-raising, but is now giving much attention to the dairy business. Mr. Arthur and wife are members of the Methodist Church. R. S. REACH, coal dealer, De Witt ; born in Oneida Co., N. Y., in 1826; he removed to Milwaukee in 1855 ; was a resident of that city for sixteen years ; was engaged, during his residence there, as superintendent of a grain elevator ; he came to De Witt in 1871 and engaged in his present business. ARNER RE ARD, retired merchant, De Witt ; was born in Wilmington, Middlesex Co., Mass., in 1800 ; was a teacher in the public schools of Boston from 1822 to 1831 ; he then went to Greensboro, Orleans Co., Vt., where he was for some time engaged in the mercantile business ; thence to Albany, N. Y., where he engaged as book-keeper for the firm of P. J. Barnard & Co., lumber dealers; e cam DE WITT TOWNSHIP. 737 to Clinton with his brother, Eldad, in June, 1838, and took a claim in what is now the township of Orange ; in 1841, he went to Barry's Point, near Chicago, and en "a^d in nd M™t" eS8 h ; p f r T' ] 8 * 52 ^ 8 6ng ^ in th6lumber bus^ssat Seg n E 'J Barnard * « In R ? ^oll' £ Y " and a S ain beCame book-keeper for A MunZ she I K marr ^ d ', 1 1 . n f 1855 n V Mrs - Mar y K - Munson, widow of Francis A. Munson , she was born m Wilhston, Chittenden Co., Vt, April 27, 1815 • her parents removed to Burlington Vt., when she was an infant;' she married, in 1832! Coin 1 A^rii ^ToYh^Vf C T 0lChe8t T e [; Vt; She Came With her ^sband to Clinton S 1M* ffi'v I ^ Ly r S ' ?' b 1841 ' and en S a S ed in the botel business; VItt H y tT M M° hlta S°. and , to ° k cbarge of what was" then called the Illinois Exchange Hotel ; Mr. Munson died of cholera in 1849 ; in 1851, Mrs. Munson returned to Vermont and married Mr Beard in 1855. Immediately after their marriage, Mr. and Mrs. Beard returned to Clinton Co. and settled in De Witt; Mr. Beard engaged in ,he ,^ Can ^u e h TT S ' ln , wbich be continued fourteen years; he retired from business Z d j I ey , « ° n ? m lld "~ Ablgai1 ' born Deo - 10 > 185f >> and died Dec. 16, 1859. Mrs. Beard had five children by first marriage, four now living— Lucia B., born at Greensboro, Orleans Co.; Vt., in 1833 ; Mary P., at Colchester, Vt., in 1838 ; Alice J., in Chicago in 1846, and William B., in Chicago in 1847 ; Francis I., deceased; was born in Lyons, Cook Co., 111., in 1843. SAMUEL. BJ. BEDFORD, carpenter, De Witt ; born in Morris Co., N. J., in 1819 ; his parents were David and Nancy Bedford ; they removed to Western Penn- sylvania in the fall of 1831, where they resided till the spring of 1839, when they came to Clinton Co. ; during the first year of residence in Clinton Co., they lived on the farm of Loren Wheeler, at Round Grove, De Witt Township ; the next year his father entered a farm in Section 29, where he resided until his death in 1844 ; his mother died in 1843. Mr. Samuel Bedford married, in 1849, Miss Elizabeth Dunham, native of Fayette Co. ; Penn. ; they have had thirteen children, eight now living — Mary, Lizzie, Annie, Louisa, Ashbel, Josephine, Lillian and Ada ; their deceased children died in infancy. Mr. Bedford located in De Witt in 1844 ; has worked at the trade of a car- penter for thirty-five years. A. R. BISSELJL, retired farmer, De Witt ; was born in Trumbull Co., Ohio, in July, 1812 ; at 20 years of age, he went to Pittsburgh, Penn., where for three years he was clerk in a wholesale dry goods store ; thence to Alton, 111., where* he remained three years ; then returned to his native town and engaged in the dry goods business in Ashtabula Co., Ohio, where, in 1838, he married Maria Burr, a native of Massachu- setts ; he came to Clinton Co. in 1 840 ; engaged in farming in De Witt Township ; has followed the occupation of farming most of the time since he came to Iowa, but for a time was engaged in the dry goods business in De Witt ; was School Fund Commis- sioner for eight years. Mr. Bissell has two sons and two daughters — Joseph B., Helen E., Evelyn and Charles P. Mrs. Bissell was born in South Hadley, Mass., in 1809. JAMES D. BOURNE, De Witt ; born in Prince William Co., Va., Jan. 27, 1811 ; his parents, William and Elizabeth Bourne, removed to Spencer Co., Ky.,in 1813; thence to Hannibal, Mo., in 1824; in September, 1832, Mr. Bourne, then a young man 0/ 21 years, went to Wisconsin and engaged in mining a few miles north of Galena, 111. ; in 1833, he went to Potosi, Grant Co., Wis., where he built the first log furnace for smelting ore built at that place ; in June of the same year, he removed to Dubuque ; he has been a resident of Iowa since that date, forty-six years ; he remained in Dubuque till September, 1836, engaged in mining ; he then came to what is now Clinton Co. ; his only property at that time, to use his own language, was a gun and six dogs ; he was appointed Postmaster in January, 1837, of Waubesipinicon, now contracted to Wapsie, situated in the southwest corner of what is now Eden Township, Clinton Co., then Dubuque Co.; he was the first Sheriff of Clinton Co., being appointed by Gov. Dodge March 13, 1840 ; he served as Sheriff eight years; took the United States census of Clinton Co. in 1840, and also in 1850 : was a member of the General Assembly of 1848 and 1849; was elected Recorder in 1851 ; served two years ; since that time has been engaged in general business — firmer, land agent, money-loaner, 738 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: etc. ; he settled in De Witt in 1841, and now occupies the house, a part of whijh he built in 1842. He married in 1843 Christiana Dennis, a native of Lockport, N. Y, ; born in 1827 ; has had ten children, only four now living — Mary E. (now Mrs. E. D. Hadley), M. Virginia (now Mrs. George W. Lambertson), Notley A. and Robert Lee; those deceased are James (died in Nevada in October, 1863, aged 20 years), Zachary T. (died March 6, 1879, aged 32 years, leaving two daughters — Abbie and Maud) ; Sarah K. (married James Simpson ; died in 1874, aged 26 years ; left one son — Harry B.), Pauline L. (married A.. B. Hess; died May 9, 1878, aged 24 years), Anna B. i(died in 1863, aged H years), Jefferson (died in 1863, aged 1 year). Mr. Bourne has /for many years dealt extensively in real estate, and has been very successful in business. IH is (father was a slaveholder ; the only property he received from him was a few slaves, iwhich he sold to his brother for one-half their value rather than have them sold to , strangers ; he took his brother's note, which he canceled when the slaves were emancir jpated by President Lincoln. DR. JOHN H. BOYD, De Witt ; born in Westmoreland Co:, Penn., in 1816 I -studied medicine in Butler, Penn.; began practice in Clarion Co., Penn., in 1840, where he ►remained ten years ; then removed to Beaver Co., near Pittsburgh, where he remained five years. In 1855, returned to Clarion, disposed of his property and came to DeWitt the same year ; has resided here since, except one year ; was engaged in the drug busi- ness at Wheatland, Clinton Co. His twin brother, Jacob K. Boyd, attorney, came to ; De Witt in 1853 ; he is now District Judge of Allen Co., Kan. Dr. Boyd married, in .1840, Hannah M. Messenger, a native of Allegany Co., N. Y.; she died Feb. 15, 1870; ;5iad six children— five are living ; his second child and only son, Dr. Robert E. Boyd, horn in 1847, died at Dunlap, Harrison Co., Iowa, Sept. 1, 1878. He was a graduate -of the Medical Department of the Michigan State University in 1875 ; practiced two years with his father, then located at Dunlap, where he had already acquired a' fine reputation as a man and physician. His daughters are: Jane, now Mrs. Benjamin Beard, resides in Kansas ; Phoebe H., married William L. Spottswood ; Nancy S., now Mrs. John Dobler, resides in De Witt. DAVID H. BROWN, farmer and stock-raiser, residence, De Witt ; born in Worcester, Mass., in 1811 ;- his parents removed to Erie Co., N. Y., about 1815; he married, in 1832, Philena Evans, born in Otsego Co., N. Y., in 1812 ; removed to Erie Co., Penn., in 1833 ; came to what is now De Witt, in 1837 ; have six children — Mary Ann, now Mrs. Riggs, born in 1833; Hannah, now Mrs. Stevens, born in 1835; Mercy, now Mrs. Salem Cotton, 1837 ; James W., born in 1837 ; Martha E.,now Mrs. George Holmes, born in 1846 ; and George D., born in 1854. Mr. Brown has always been engaged in farming and stock-raising ; makes a specialty of Jersey thoroughbreds. ROLLIN G. BROWN, County Surveyor, De Witt; was born in Vermont in 1825 ; his parents removed to Ohio about 1832 ; he graduated at Franklin College, Ohio, in 1849 ; was for five years Civil Engineer on the Steubenville & Indi- ana Railroad ; he came to De Witt in June, 1855 ; has been engaged in the mercantile and grain business during the greater part of the time since he came to De Witt ;• has been County Surveyor two years ; his wife was Miss Mary Carter, of De Witt. PATRICK BURKE, farmer, Sees. 3 and 4 ; P. 0. De Witt ; owns 375 acres of land. Mr. Burke was born in County Roscommon, Ireland, about 1825; he emigrated to America in 1847, and located in Chester Co., Penn. ; he came to Clinton Co. in 1850, settling in Center Township, Sec. 6; he purchased his present farm in March, 1869. He married Mary Prendergast, born in Canada, of Irish parentage; h;ive twelve children, five sons and seven daughters ; have lost two children. A. JUDSON CLARK, grain, storage and commission merchant, De Witt, Mr. Clark was born in Stark Co., Ohio, in 1837. His parents, Rev. T. W. and Ann T. Clark came to De Witt in 1840. He was married in 1866 to Miss Tillie Bell, a native of Waynesburg, Greene Co., Penn., born in 1841; they have five children- John W., Francis W., George H., Albert B. and Anna M. Mr. Clark is an energetic and successful business man ; soon after he became of age, he engaged in the. banking and real estate business ; was in the dry goods business from 1867 to 1870 ; has for DE WITT TOWNSHIP. 739 Co^hirWn 6 ^ '"^ iD real ??*■'' h %° W ^ 60 ° aCreS of im P roved ,and ^ Clinton U>., naa been engaged in present business for eight years. BALIS CARR, farmer, Sec. 36 ; P. 0. De Witt- born in Ohin ;„ 1818- he removed to Indiana in'l840 ; came to De Witt about 1857 ; he puroEase a ftm M a¥ T ° WnShlp ' ^T he Uved tw ° y ears i sold ° ut ™* rented afZ near Gran" Moundfor one year ; he bought the farm which he now owns in 1861 He married £neT a ug a hte°r S ' * ^ ° f ^ ' ** ^ *" ^ " d three daughtersThave REV. T. W. CLARK, De Witt ; born in New Brunswick Feb. 23, 1808 : ^TT % S ,- ark C °-' 0hl °' w- 1830 - Married > Dec - 19 ' 1833 ' Ann Turner, of Horton, Nova Scotia; came to De Witt from Ohio in 1841 ; was licensed to preach in 1843, and ordained in 1845 ; was engaged, principally, in missionary work from the time of his ordination until 1866 ; was some time Pastor of the Baptist Church in ?8 6 7^ m w' ? I t 6d , ° n , the \ 0th 0f Feb ™ ar y- 1866. Mr. Clark married, in 1872 Mrs. Elizabeth Marker, formerly of Lockport, N. Y. During the years that Mr. Uark was engaged as missionary, he preached at Spring Brook two years, also at JNorth Bend and Hickory. Grove one year. Mr. Clark had six children by his first marriage only two of whom are living— A. J., born in 1837, resides in De Witt: deorge W., born in 1844, resides in Nebraska ; those deceased are— Amy, aged 22 years ; Sarah J., aged 7 years ; Loretta, aged 3 years, and Eliza J., aged 11 years. DANIEL CONLEY, deceased ; was born in Ohio in 1834 ; he was raised in Perry Co.; went to Dixon, 111., in March, 1865 ; he came to Clinton Co. in Decem- ber, 1865. He married, in 1869, Marietta Taylor, of Sycamore, 111. ; they had three children — Francis D., Marietta and Robert. Mr. Conley came to De Witt in 1876; he had been engaged in the marble business for twenty-six years. S ALEII COTTON, real estate, De Witt ; was born in Trumbull Co., Ohio, in 1833 ; his parents, John and Mary Cotton, came to Clinton Co. in 1844 ; his father entered the farm now owned by L. S. and N. S. Harrington ; his father died in 1870, his mother several years later. Mr. Cotton married, in 1860, Mary Brown, a native of Pennsylvania ; they have five children — Wickliff W., Delia, Bertha, Grace and John. D. J. CRANSTON, dealer in pumps, bed-springs and wheel-barrows, De Witt ; born in Ohio in 1842 ; came to Iowa in 1853 ; resided in Scott Co. till 1855, when he came to Clinton Co. He enlisted, in 1862. in the 26th I. V. I. ; was at the battles of Lookout Mountain and Mission Ridge ; he lost a leg at the battle of Ring- gold, in 1863 ; was discharged in April, 1865. Married, in 1871, Hannah Dawson, a native of Ohio ; has three children — Harry 0., David G. and Fred. Mr. Cranston located in De Witt in 1869 ; engaged in his present business in 1873. R. J. CROUCH, attorney, De Witt; born in Ripley Co., Ind., Feb. 8, 1836 ; his parents, John and Maria Crouch, came to Clinton Co. in 1854; he taught school from 1854 till 1860; was elected member of the Board of Supervisors in 1861 ; was for some time Principal of the school in De Witt ; was elected County Superintendent of Schools in 1862, and served eight years ; was admitted to the bar Dec. 9, 1871 ; admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of Iowa in October, 1872. Married Oct, 8, 1868, Philena Foster, a native of Haverhill, N. H. ; they have had four children, three of whom are living — Grace, Mildred and Marshall C. ; they lost their second daughter, Dora. Mr. Crouch was Grand Worthy Chief of the Iowa Gra^d Lodge of Good Templars in 1869 ; is Master of De Witt Masonic Lodge, No. 34 ; w a s for several years Secretary of State Teachers' Association. Mr. Crouch is quite fond of literary work, and has been contributor to several magazines and papers. JOSEPH W. DEARBORN, mechanic, De Witt; born in Orange Co., N. Y, in 1830 ; his parents, Albert G. and Elvina Dearborn, removed to Indiana in 1837 ; to Muscatine Iowa, in 1845 ; they came to Clinton Co. in 1846 ; his father conducted a dairy in De Witt Township for some time ; then engaged in farming ; he died in June 1875- Mr. Dearborn married, 1851, Eliza J. Dennis. He was Duputy Sheriff 740 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES : of Clinton Co. for four years ; was Overseer of the Poor in 1877. Has three children Willard Anna and Ella. Mr. Absalom Dennis, father of Mrs. Dearborn, was bom in New Jersey in 1800 ; he married, about 1826, Mary Ann Merritt, of Seneca Co., N. Y. • she died in 1854. Mr. Dennis has two daughters — Mrs. Bourne and Mrs. Dear- born. Mr. Dennis came to Clinton Co. in 1837. He has resided in De Witt Town- ship for thirty- eight years. EBENEZER DORR, farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. 0. De Witt. Mr. Dorr was born in Erie Co., N. Y., in 1822 ; in 1843, he came to Jackson Co., Iowa, and engaged in teaching ; he taught the school in Maquoketa during the winter of that year, and was the first male teacher of that town ; he returned to New York the following year, but returned in 1845, and again taught the school at Maquoketa; he entered a half- section of land in Richland Township ; in 1850, he crossed the plains to California ; was absent two years. He was elected to the Legislature frpm 'Jackson Co. in 1861, and a^ain in 1863 ; he came to his present location in the spring of 1864 ; in 1873, was elected to the Legislature from Clinton Co. He married Miss Catharine Earl, daughter of William Y. Karl, of Maquoketa ; they have five children — William H, Joseph W. George E., James E ; their eldest, Amelia, married Mr. Stephen Nowles, a brother of Mr. 5. R. Nowles, of Berlin Township. FRED DRIFFIEE, carriage-maker, De Witt; was born in Yorkshire, England, in 1848 ; his parents, Benjamin and Louisa Driffill, came to this country and settled in Clinton Co. in 1851 ; they located in Welton Township; his father died of cholera in Davenport in 1856 ; his mother resides at Rock Island. Mr. Driffill came to De Wilt in September, 1866 ; he served his apprenticeship with Johnson & Rutledge;, worked for Mr. William Fuller for six years ; then purchased the business of his employer; he now employs ten workmen, and is doing a fine business. Gr. B. E ARIiE, proprietor of Gates House, De Witt ; born in Vermont ; came to Iowa in 1855; located at Davenport in 1856, where he was for many years engaged in the mercantile business ; he was also engaged in the grain trade in Daven- port and De Witt for about ten years ; was United States Revenue Agent at Davenport for two years; took charge of the Gates House in De Witt in March, 1878. Married, in 1858, Hannah B. Fowler, a native of New York ; has one daughter — Stella M. PETER FE AXSTERY, dealer in machinery and hardware, De Witt ; was born in Ireland in 1826 ; he came to the United States in 1849 ; first located in Du Page Co., 111. ; thence to Clinton Co. in 1850 ; after coming to Iowa, was engaged for some time in farming with his brother, Berard ; settled in De Witt in 1861 ; was engaged in the grocery trade four years ; then engaged in the hardware business. He married, in 1861, Rose E. Mattingly, a native of Maryland; they have six children- William T., Ellen G., John, Mary A., George and Henry P. Mr. Flannery is a mem- ber of the City Council. _ DANIEL W. FORBES, blacksmith, De Witt ; born in Cortland Co., N. Y., in 1830 ; his parents, John and Mary Forbes, removed to Chicago in 1832; they located in Jackson Co., Iowa, in the fall of 1837; his father died in 1864 ; his mother still lives in Jackson Co. Mr. Forbes enlisted in 1861 in the 1st I. V. C, Co. B; served two years. He came to De Witt in 1858 and engaged in the blacksmith busi- ness. He married, in 1851, Susan Usher, of Ohio ; has six children — Charles G., Janette, Minnie, Elmer, Susie and Fitz W. Mr. Forbes was a member of Walker's filibustering expedition in 1856; except two years absence in the army, he has been engaged in his present business since he came to De Witt. WM. FULEER, retired farmer. DeWitt; born in Augusta Co.,Va., in 1820; he removed to Ohio in 1841 ; served an apprenticeship to the tailoring business, in 'which occupation he engaged at Bourneville, Ross Co., Ohio ; was also Postmaster at that place for five years. He came to DeWitt in November, 1849, and engaged in. the mercantile business; also worked at his trade ; in 1853, he purchased a farm of 200 acres in Sec. 20 ; in 1859, he again engaged in mercantile business in De Witt in com- pany with Mr. John Wallace, at the same time continuing his farm operations, Mr. DE WITT TOWNSHIP. 74J Wallace conducting the business in town ; Mr. Fuller and family were sufferers by the terrible tornado of 1860 ; all of his family were more or less injured ; several hj not yet recovered from the effects of their injuries ; one son. George A./was caught up by the cyclone, earned about eighty rods and escaped with but slight injuries; the build- ings of Mr duller were swept away and much other property destroyed. Mr. Wallace died in 1861 ; Mr Fuller then assumed entire charge of the business, which he con- tinued till 1870 ; he also engaged in the manufacture of wagons from 1868 to 1878 ■ r^fV^T* 611 ^ his farmin S interests alone ; he has a farm of 400 acres in De Witt Township and one of 320 in Boone Co. He married, in 1846, Miss Sarah J. baxton ; has had ten children, eight are living— Maria A. (married Mr. George D. Staggs) George A, Kate (now Mrs. M. Mills, of Chicago), Ann A. (now Mrs. Butter- tuss),. Mary F., Mattie E., Harrie E. and Lois; deceased— Alice S. and Carrie C. J. M. GATES, De Witt; born in Vermont in 1818; removed to Lowell, Mass., in 1845 ; worked for a time at his trade of carpenter ; afterward, purchased the Lowell Museum, which he owned for three years ; he removed to Illinois in the fall of 1852, where he purchased a mill ; was burned out the following year ; he came to De Witt in the fall of 1855, and engaged in the manufacture of lumber. He enlisted in the 1st I. V. C. ; was promoted to Orderly Sergeant in the fall of 1862 ; transferred to the recruiting service as Second Lieutenant ; raised Co. C of the 6th I. V. C. ; became its Captain ; was discharged in November, 1865. Keturned to De Witt ; bought the Knowlton Hotel, now the " Gates House," which he remodeled and con- ducted for twelve years ; he then leased the hotel and is now engaged in farming. MOSES GOFF, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. De Witt ; was born in Canada in 1811. He married Sarah A. Sherman, also a native of Canada. They came to L>ons in the fall of 1841 and settled on their present farm in the spring of 1842 ; have resided there for thirty-seven years ; have two children — Mrs. Mary A. Dean lives in Sioux Co., Iowa, and Lemuelj who married Alice Saxton, a native of Clinton County, has two children — Henry and Florence Belle. Mr. and Mrs. Goff have lost nine children, seven of whom had attained adult age. David, a Union soldier, died at New Orleans during the war; Samuel died at Denver, Col.; Alexander, also a Union soldier, died at home, in October, 1862; Mrs. Sarah A. Work, a daughter, died in March, 1878. W. H. II ALL, proprietor of Silver Creek Mills ; P. O. De Witt. Mr. Hall was born in Indiana Co., Penn., in 1834 ; he removed to Southern Illinois in 1855, and came to De Witt in 1857. He learned the trade of a millwright, which business he followed till the fall of 1859 ; he then rented, in company with Mr. George Rule, Rock Creek Mill, in Clinton County, where he remained two years. In August, 1862, he enlisted in the 26th Regt. I. V. L, Co. H ; served till the close of i he war ; he enlisted as a private ; was promoted to 2d Sergeant, 1st Sergeant, 1st Lieutenant and Captain \ was commissioned Captain in June, 1864. After the close of the war, in company with Mr. Alexander Work, he bought Clear Creek Mills, which they conducted till 1867 ; he then sold his interest in that mill, and, with Mr. Timothy Follett, bought the mill which he now owns; he purchased Mr. Follett's interest in 1871. This mill has two runs of stones ; its full capacity is about two hundred bushels per day. His wife was Miss Jauette Rule, a native of New York State ; they have four children— Fannie J., William S., Edgar and Nelson ; they lost four children in infancy. JAMES HEDDEtf, harness-maker, De Witt; born in Fayette Co., Penn., in 1821. He married Miss Mary A. Wood, also a native of Fayette Co., Penn. Mr. Hedden came to De Witt Township in the spring of 1851 ; he first located on a farm in Sec. 14 belonging to his father-in-law, Mr. William Wood ; he afterward bought and improved a farm in Sec. 15, which he sold in 1868, and came to De Witt in the autumn of that year. Has had nine children, six of whom are living— Hattie E. Miner (resides in Humboldt Co., Cal.), Leonora J. Evans (resides in Clinton Co.), Lorett'a B. Hart (resides in San Francisco), Alice Christopher (also lives in Cali- fornia) Anna M., Helen H., and Mary S. are at home. WII. J- HAM]U1, farmer, Sec. 16; P. 0. De Witt; was born in Colum- biana Co "Ohio, in 1820.' Married in 1841 Jane Thomas, born in Washington Co, 742 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Penn., in 1817. He removed from Guernsey Co, Ohio, to De Witt Township in April, 1846. He first located on a farm in Sec. 14, where he remained till about 1866; he removed to De Witt in 1873, lived there till 1875, when he purchased the farm where he now lives. Has had six children, four are living — Joseph A., William N., Abbie J. and Albert R. His oldest son, Jonathan T., born in 1843, enlisted in 1861, iu the 8th I. V. I., and died while a prisoner near Chattanooga, July 1, 1862 ; Nancy A. died in 1872. Mr. Hannum owns 160 acres where he lives; also 122 acres in Sec. 22. GEORGE HEY, grocer and baker, De Witt ; a native of France, born in 1835. He served three years in the 24th Ohio Vol. Inf. ; at the end of his first term of enlistment, he re-enlisted as veteran in the 180th Ohio Vol. Inf., where he served till the close of the war ; was in fifteen general engagements, including Stone River, Chick- aniauga, Lookout Mountain, Mission Ridge, etc. He came to De' Witt in the fall of 1866. He married Mary J., eldest daughter of Mr. Thomas Hatfield, one of the pioneers of Clinton Co. ; Mr. Hatfield was born in Fayette Co., Penn., in 1800; he married Elizabeth Henry, also born in Fayette Co., Penn. ; he came to De Witt in 1839, and settled in Sec. 27, where he continued to reside till his death, Nov. 29, 1875 ; his wife died Dec. 28, 1870 ; Mr. Hatfield had five children when he came to Clinton Co. — Mary J. (now Mrs. George Hey), William (died Aug. 12, 1863), Sarah (after- ward Mrs. John Frey, who, with her son, was killed by the tornado of I860), Elizabeth (afterward Mrs. Greer Foster, who died July, 1858, leaving one son — Alfred T., who lives at Valley Falls, Kan. Mr. Hatfield was an extensive land-owner from the time he came to Clinton Co. until his death ; he was quite wealthy, upright and honest in his dealings with his fellow-men. In 1871, he married Mrs. Sarah Canada, who now resides in De Witt. Mrs. Hey was born in 1826, and was, therefore, 13 years of age when her parents came to Clinton Co.; she has five children by a former marriage ■ — Sarah J. (now Mrs. David Drew), Frances E. (now Mrs. John Saxton), Mary C. (now Mrs. Francis J. Pruyn), and two sons, residents of De Witt. T. T. HO BBS, furniture dealer, of the firm of Meredith & Hobbs, De Witt. Mr. Hobbs was born in Norway, Oxford Co., Me., in 1830 ; he removed to Terre Haute, Ind., in 1853, where he remained till 1866 ; while there, he was engaged as contractor of mechanical work. He married, in 1858, Huldah Creal, of Terre Haute; they have four children — Frederick E., Mary M., Nellie K. and Octavia. Mr. Hobbs came to De Witt in 1866; was engaged as contractor for several years; then pur- chased a half-interest in the furniture business of his present partner. He owns a farm in Washington Co., also other real estate. His partner in business, Mr. D. P. Meredith, was born in Belmont Co., Ohio, in 1821 ; removed to Washington Co., Ohio, in 1844; came to Clinton Co. in 1850. Married, in 1842, Sarah Bush, a native of Ohio ; has had seven children, five now living. His present wife was Mary S. Baxter, a native of. Vermont. L. S. H A RRI AGTOIV, farmer and stock-raiser ; P. O. De Witt ; born in Otsego Co., N. Y., in 1836. His parents removed to Genesee Co., N. Y, about 1853; afterward ta Chautauqua Co., where his father, Truman Harrington, died in 1865. Mr. L. S. Harrington learned the carriage trade at Akron, N. Y-, where he afterward engaged in that business ; removed from Akron to Chautauqua Co., where he also engaged in the manufacture of carriages. In 1867, Mr. Harrington and his brothere, F. W. and N. S. Harrington, with their mother and sister, came to De Witt. He and his brother N. S. purchased the farm, which they now own, of Mr. John Cotton ; the farm is now divided, each owning a part of it. L. S. married, in 1861, Louise Hoag. of Erie Co., N. Y.; they have one child— Alta, born in 1868. N. S. Harring- ton was born in 1829; married, in 1855, Ruth Webb ; they have four daughters. L. b. and N.,S. were, for many years and until recently, engaged together in business; they make a specialty of fine horses and cattle. JOHN F. If ON E 11, hardware dealer, of the firm of Homer & Son, De Witt ; born in Massachusetts in 1817 ; came to DeWitt in June, 1838 ; married, in 1842, Eleanor Turner, a native of Now Brunswick ; she died in 1850 ; March, 1853, he a^ain DE WITT TOWNSHIP. 743 TZ'^xi' A ' Vanjlerberg, a native of Canada ; Mr. Homer had one child by first mar- riage— Ann, who died m 1859 ; have four children by second marriage-Geor-e F A !!!!/" io e , mereantlle bu5mess ln De Wltt ; was Justi <* of the Peace in 1840, and Assessor in J.o'lL. V P'i P « H iP BBAB J?» , lumb 1 er r and coal dealer, De Witt ; bora in Halifax Co., Va„ in 1818; his parents, Clark and Lucy Hubbard, rempved to Tennessee when he was 2 years of age; he married, in 1843, Susan Donelson, a native of Kentucky; he removed to Kentucky in 1844. Mrs. Hubbard died in 1849 ; have three children by first marriage-Ann, who married Mr. J. E.Wick; Mary, now Mrs. E. Hall, and Lewis, ine daughters are residents of Kansas ; Lewis, of Illinois. In 1854, Mr Hub- bard married Martha Green, a native of Kentucky; have two children by second mar- riage— George N. and Henry C. Mr. Hubbard engaged in the grocery trade when he came to De Witt, afterward in the live-stock and grain business ; he went to California lal f5 engaged in mining; returned in 1852; he went to California again, in 1875, for the benefit of his health ; returned with health improved. A. W. JOHNSON, proprietor of livery stable, De Witt ; was born in Washington Co.. Ohio, in 1836 ; his father, Erastus Johnson, removed to Illinois in 1850, and died in 1877. Mr. Johnson came to De Witt in 1867, and engaged in the livery business ; he is also engaged in breeding fine horses, making a specialty of the Morgan ; has now several fine specimens of that famous stock of horses. He married, in 1857, Mary J. Johnson ; they have five children — Horace, Frank, Walter, Laura and Nellie — the last two, twins. JOHN JONES, farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. 0. De Witt; was born in Clarion Co., Penn., in 1814 ; learned the carpenter's trade, which he followed till 1836 ; he was then engaged in the lumber business till 1844 ; was for some time engaged in building on contract. He married, in 1838, Lucinda Fulton, of Clarion Co.; have six children — Mrs. Angeline A. Gove; Mrs. Nancy C. Shearer, F. C, Cynthia E., P. C. and C. B. Mr. Jones came to De Witt in May, 1855 ; resided in De Witt one year, then pur- chased the farm where he now lives. THOMAS KELLY, farmer and auctioneer, De Witt; born in Antrim Co., Ireland, in 1818 ; he came to America in 1838, and located in Philadelphia, where he resi- ded seven years ; he then returned to Ireland, but in 1847 returned to America and located in Canada. He married, in 1851, Nancy Flaoter, of Canada ; he first came to Clinton in 1859, with a drove of horses, which he disposed of and returned to Canada; he located in De Witt in 1860 ; has five children — Thomas, Mary M., Laura J., and Fred and Edward, twins. Mr. Kelly was engaged in butchering in De Witt for eleven years ; he owns a farm of 200 acres, two miles south of town. FRED. P. KETXENRING-, Postmaster, De Witt; born in Lycoming Co., Penn., in 1836 ; his parents, Henry and Agnes Kettenring, removed to Scott Co., Iowa, in 1845 ; his mother died in 1846 ; his father died in Rock Island Co., 111., in 1858; he entered the 8th Iowa Regt. of Inf. in 1861; enlisted as private; rose to Second, then to First Lieutenancy, and promoted to Captain of Co. B Dec. 7, 1864 ; participated in the battles of Shiloh, Jackson, Vicksburg, etc.; was slightly wounded at Vicksburg, and severely, in the arm, at Spanish Fort ; was taken prisoner at Shiloh ; was confined as prisoner at Tuscaloosa for thirty days ; at Montgomery, Ala., the same leno-th of time ; then at Macon, Ga.; thence transferred to Libby Prison, where he was paroled October, 1862 ; discharged May, 1866. Married, in 1867, Eleanor Hender, a native of England ; have three children— Frank, Fred and Carrie E. Was appointed Postmaster, April, 1878. JAMES W. KIRTLEY, farmer, Sec. 31 ; P. O. De Witt; born in West- moreland Co., Va., June 15, 1811; he removed to Marion Co., III., in 1831; to Galena 111., in 1832 ; then to Dubuque ; he cime to Clinton Co. in 1836, and entered a claim' near De Witt ; he has resided in Clinton Co. since that time, a period of forty- three years. He married, in 1858, Dora Guth ; they have six sons and four daugh- ters. 744 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES : THOMAS LARGrE, farmer and stock-raiser ; P. 0. De Witt ; was born in Ireland in 18'^i. He married Elizabeth Rogers, a native of same country; he came to the United States about 1844 ; settled in Boston, Mass., and engaged in the boot and shoe business ; he came to De Witt in March, 1859, and engaged in the boot and shoe trade ; he located on eighty acres of the farm which he now owns in I860, which he had bought in 1858; he has now 450 acres; is engaged principally in stock-rais- inc. Mrs. Large died in 1864 ; his present wife was Miss Mary Gorman. Mr. Large has eight children, four by each marriage. S. JLUM, farmer, Sec. 18; P. 0. De Witt; was born in New York in 1814; He married, in 1835, Eunice Cass, also of New York ; they removed to Scott Co., Iowa, in 1839 ; settled where they now live in 1840. Mr. Lum has a fine farm of 220 acres, just without the limits of De Witt. REV. T. McCORMICK, Pastor of St. Simon's Church, De Witt. Father McCormick was born in the State of New York in 1850 ; he is of Irish parentage; was educated at Niagara Falls; he went to Dubuque in 1874 ; in 1875, he came to Clinton Co. and took pastoral charge of the church at Center Grove ; he came to De Witt in the autumn of 1878. Father McCormick was the founder of St. Patricks Temperance Society, at Center Grove, organized in 1876 ; it has connected with it a fine library, also the fruit of his labors ; this Society, aided by his faithful labor, has done much to aid the cause of temperance among the people. He is an earnest though quiet worker in the temperance reform, and much good is accomplished wherever his influence is felt. He has organized a school in connection with his church at De Witt, which is now in a flourishing condition ; in this school he now employs three teachers ; it has an enrollment of over one hundred pupils. JAMES JIcKAY, engaged in drilling wells, selling pumps and wind-mills, De Witt; born in 1832 ; came to De Witt in 1865 ; he sells the Barnes Pump, manu- factured at Maquoketa, Iowa, also the Rockford Pump, and is agent for the Wind-Mill Co. at Freeport, 111.; has followed his present occupation for eleven years. His wife is a native of Canada ; has nine children, two sons and seven daughters. AL ANSON McLAUGrHEIN, carpenter and farmer; P. 0. De Witt;. born in Mercer Co., Penn., in 1830. Married, January, 1856, Nancy Bates, a native of Crawford Co., Penn.; born in 1835. They came to De Witt in the spring of 1856, where Mr. McLaughlin worked at his trade until August, 1862, when he enlisted in Co. H, 26th I. V. I.; served till close of war ; was in all the battles in which his regi- ment took part ; was wounded at Arkansas Post. At the close of the war, he returned to De Witt, and resumed his trade, which he continued till 1873, when he exchanged his property in De Witt for the farm he now owns. Has six children — Eugene F.,. Laura E., Carrie J., Wandy L., Claude and Maud (twins). His parents, Henry and Laura McLaughlin, came to De.Witt in the spring of 1870. His father died in July, 1872 ; his mother resides with her son. JAMES S. MAYES, farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. De Witt; was born in' Harrison Co., Ohio, Sept. 21, 1835 ; he came to De Witt Township in the spring of 1860. He married, in 1865, Sarah Ann Barrett, whose parents, Win. and Ann Camp- bell, came to Clinton Co. in 1853. NATHANIEL A. MERREEIi, attorney, De Witt; born in the village of Copenhagen, Lewis Co., N. Y., in 1829. His parents, Seth and Mabel Sant'ord Merrell, were from Connecticut. His paternal grandfather was a soldier of the Revo- lution ; his father was a soldier in the second war with England. From the time he was 16 years of age until 22, he divided his time between farming, teaching and attend- ing school ; he then began the study of law with an elder brother, Eliada S., who was then residing at Copenhagen, now a resident of Lowville, and Judge of Lewis Co.; he- was admitted to the bar at Watertown, Jefferson Co., July, 1855, and the next spriug came to De Witt and worked up a good reputation as an attorney; his professional career has been one of marked success ; he is a fluent speaker, and, in any reasonably just cause, carries the jury with -him. Mr. Merrell entered the army in the fall nf 18b remained in California six years; returned to Vermont in 1859. Married, in October of the same year, Ellen S. Adams, of Vermont. Came to Clinton Co. in February, 1861, and bought a farm in Eden Township the following year; he retired from the farm in the spring of 1877, and came to De Witt; he built a fine residence in 1878 where he now resides. DR. F. G. POTTER, dentist, De Witt ; was born in Cattaraugus Co., N. Y., in 1833; he removed to Jackson Co., Iowa, in 1851 ; prepared for the practice 1 of his profession at Maquoketa, where he practiced three years ; he returned to Cattaraugus Co., N. Y., in 1857 ; returned to Maquoketa in 1865, where he remained till November, 1874, when he located in De Witt. His wife was Miss Sarah J. Barnes, of Maquo- keta, formerly of Cattaraugus Co., N. Y. ; they have one child — Irene. ABRAHAM PRITY1V, farmer; P. 0. De Wittf born in Montgomery Co., N. Y., in 1807 ; his parents removed to Herkimer Co. when he was a child. Mr. Pruyn's first wife was Sophia Minott ; they had six children ; three are living— Minott A., who lives in New York ; Francis J., lives in Tipton, Iowa ; Mrs. Harriet McErlain, lives in Dyersville, Iowa. His present wife. was Arvilla Miles, native of New York; they have two children — William E. and Lillian F. Mr. Pruyn came to Clinton Co. in 1861 ; he lived one year in De Witt, then located on his present farm. DAVID J. PRUYN, farmer ; Sec. 24; P. 0. De Witt; born in Herkimer Co., N. Y., in 1831 ; his parents, Henry D. and Mary A. Pruyn, removed to Oswego Co. about 1834, and to Ellisburg, Jefferson Co., in 1845 ; he went to New York City in 1858. He served in the army as Assistant Quartermaster and Quartermaster during the war. He resided in Raleigh, N. C, from the close of the rebellion till 1870, when he returned to New York City ; he came to Clinton Co. in 1872, and located on his farm, which he had purchased in 1867. His father, born in 1800, and his mother, born in 1804, reside with him. ACHILLES ROBB, farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. 0. De Witt. Mr. Robb was born in Knox, now Gibson Co., Ind., in 1801 ; in the fall of 1827, he removed to St. Louis Co., Mo., where he lived eight years ; thence to Greene Co., 111., where he resided three years ; thence to Lewistown, 111., where he engaged in the mercantile business for eight years ; thence to Albany, 111., and came to De Witt in 1846 ; here he entered the mercantile business, but his health failing, he concluded' to resort to farming, and entered the farm where he now lives. He married, in 1822, Mary Youngman,of Indiana; she died in 1854 ; his second wife was Miss Sarah A. Burrowes, of Lancaster, Penh., a native of Ireland ; she died in December, 1863 ; his present wife was Miss Chloe M. Merrill, of Lewis Co., N. Y. Mr. Robb has resided on his farm for twenty-seven years ; has 200 acres. J. B. ROSE, proprietor of cheese factory and produce dealer, De Witt ; Mr. Rose was born in Canada in 1844 ; his parents removed to Ohio in 1855 ; he went to Illinois in 1864. Married, in 1865, Mary C. Lovejoy, of Wellington, Ohio. Mr. Rose went to Davenport in 1874, and engaged in the butter and egg business ; he came to De Witt in 1875 ; built his cheese factory at this place in 1818; this is the pioneer cheese factory in the county, being the first one built in the county ; it is one of the finest in the State ; has the capacity for the milk of 1,000 cows. Mr. Rose is Manager of the Pleasant Valley Dairy Association, at Berlin, Iowa ; his intention is to make Clinton Co., second to none in dairy interests. In 1878, his cheese took the first premium at the State Fair, at Cedar Rapids ; also, over thirty competitors in St. Louis, in October, 1878 ; and again at the International Fair, in New York City, in December of the same year. He is manager of the Dairy Department of the De Witt Observer. Has two children — Ida and Ira. SAMUEL SADDORIS, farmer, Sec. 14 ; P.O.DeWitt; born in Tusca- rawas Co., Ohio, 1816 ; he removed to Holmes Co., Ohio, where he resided till 1845, when he came to Davenport, Iowa ; he purchased and improved a farm near Davenport, and lived there seven years ; resided in Davenport for 1 twelve years, engaged in real estate business ; he then exchanged his home in Davenport for forty acres of the farm DE WITT TOWNSHIP. 747 which he now owns of 540 acres in Clinton Co., the most of which is under a fine state of cultivation ; has also 240 acres in Boone Co. Mr. Saddoris and Mr. Harrison Dwire were the organizers of the Grange movement in Clinton Co. ; he was instrumental in organizing the Farmers' Store in De Witt, in 1874; he is Secretary of the Farmers' Insurance Company, of Clinton, Jackson and Scott Cos. He married Miss Eliza Werum, a native of Germany, then of Ohio ; have eight children— Harriet Mummey, Charles^ an extensive farmer of Orange Township ; Thomas, an extensive farmer of Boone Co Iowa ; Nancy E., Mary C, William H., Clifford E. and Samuel, Jr. ; the last five reside at home. JOSEPH SHEARER, farmer, Sec. 12 ; P. 0. De Witt. Mr. Shearer was horn in Westmoreland Co., Penn., July 4, 1814 ; he came to Camanche, Clinton Co., in 1854, and located where he now lives the same year. He married, in 1835, Mary A. Milligan, a native of Pennsylvania ; have had twelve children, four are living — Mrs, Deborah Kellogg, James M., Robert T. and John M; have lost two sons and six daughters. James M. enlisted August, 1861, in the 8th Iowa V. I. ; was taken pris- oner at the battle of Pittsburg Landing ; was a prisoner eight months ; served till close of war ; he now resides in Webster Co., Iowa. Robert T. is a lawyer by profes- sion ; resides at Ida Grove, Ida Co., Iowa. SAMUEL, H. SHOEMAKER, editor of De Witt Observer; born in Chemung Co., M. Y., in 1840 ; he came to De Witt in 1853 ; learned the printing bus. iness in the oflice of the De Witt Clintonian, published by 0. C. Bates ; has been engaged in the business since that time, except seven months, which he served in the army ; he enlisted in June, 1862, in Co. A, 18th Iowa V. I. ; discharged on account of disability ; established the De Witt Observer in 1864. Married, in 1866, Miss Rette Ferree, a native of Iowa ; have two children — Jessie and Frank H. Mr, Shoemaker was appointed Postmaster of De Witt in 1871, which office he held for seven years. JOHN" A. SMITH f farmer, Sec. 4; P. 0. De Witt; born in Morzan Co., Ohio, in 1835. Married Ursula Mummey, a native of Ohio ; they came to Clinton Co, from Ohio in 1863. Mr. Smith purchased a part of his present farm in 1867, a part in 1868 and the rest in 1874; he has 160 acres, under a fine state of cultivation ; have two children — Lucetta C. and George M. ROBT. E. SMITH, farmer, Sec. 8 ; P. 0. De Witt ; born in Butler Co., Penn., in 1810. He married, in 1833, Molly Graham, also of Butler Co., Penn. Mrs. Smith died April 17, 1879, leaving five sons and three daughters— Alfred B., Ezra J., Orange S., William L., Samuel S., Margarette A., Nancy E. J. and Candace C. Mr, Smith came toDe Witt in the fall of 1848; he engaged in the blacksmith business during the following winter ; during the season of 1849, he worked a farm, which included that part of the present site of De Witt, lying west of Jefferson and south of Clinton streets ; made his present location in the autumn of 1849, where he has since resided. , ROBT M. SMITH ; P- 0. De Wttt; was born in Morgan Co., Ohio, April 14, 1850 ; he "came with his parents to Clinton Co. October, 1863. He married, in September, 1873, Elizabeth C. Neville; they have one child— Ellsworth L., bom October, 1876. > S SMITH artist, De Witt. Mr. Smith was born at St. Thomas, Ontario, m 1840 • "he removed 'to the State of Indiana in 1865 ; came to De Witt " 1867. He married, in 1868, Mary E. Niclaus, a native of Indiana; have one child— Harry M. WILLIAM SMITH, farmer, Sec. 4; P.O. De Witt -owns 200 acres; was born in March, 1813, in Belmont Co., Ohio : his father died in Morgan Co. Ohio, where his mother still lives. He married, in 1834, Sarah Beal ; she died in 1848 ; he asain married Mary Hill in 1849 ; has five children by first marriage, and the same number bv second marriage ; has lost three children. Mr. Smith came to Clinton Co in 1 863 his brother, John N., who came with him, died in 1870. Mr. Smith located on his present farm in 1870. ' 748 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: E. K. TOWNSEND, retired farmer ; P. 0. De Witt ; born in Dntehess Co. N.'y., in 1821. Married, in March, 1848, Miss J. C. Vanderbilt, a native of New York ; came to Clinton Co. in 1857, and purchased a farm in Eden Township, which he still owns ; this farm contains 220 acres, and ranks with the best farms in Clinton Co.; in 1875, Mr. Townsend purchased a home in De Witt, where he has since resided. His mother, Mrs. Hannaji Townsend, formerly Miss Van Vorhees, lives With him ; she is 83 years of age, and is a descendant of one of the early Dutch families of New York. Mr. Townsend has four sons ' and one daughter— James E., John R., Fred, Geo. W. and Julia.' JAMES E. TOWNSEND, proprietor of flour and custom mill, De Witt ; is a son of Mr. E. R. Townsend ; born in Dutchess Co., N. Y., in 1849. His mill, which is driven by steam power, he built in 1875, at a cost of $15,000. It has three runs of buhrs for grinding about four hundred and fifty bushels in eleven hours. He married, in 1873, Lydia Harrison, a native of Bridgeport, Ohio ; they have one child — Edwin — born in August, 1875. PETER TRAVER, farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. De Witt; was born in Montgomery Co., N. Y., in 1814. He married, Dec. 27, 1832, Catharine Hanson, also born in Montgomery Co. in 1815 ; accompanied by his parents, removed to Medina Co., Ohio, in 1834 ; his father died July 25, 1835. Mr. Traver came to De Witt Township in 1854 ; purchased his present farm in the summer of 1856, where he located in 1857; have five children — Nicholas P., George P., Nancy A. Hatfield, Mary A. Wallace and James P. ; they lost their first and third children — Elizabeth Stanley and Margaret H. Crawford. James P. Traver married, on Jan. 8, 1873, Anna E. Volmer, daughter of Allen A. Volmer. Mr. Travel's father, George E. Traver, was born 1787 ; died in 1835 ; his mother, Elizabeth Plantz Traver. was born 1797 ; died at Wheaton, 111. MRS. HARRIET TURNER TRITES; P. O. De Witt; widow of Mr. Job Trites; resides in Sec. 14. Mr. Trites was born in New Brunswick in 1823; his parents removed to Harrison Co., Ohio, when he was a child; he came to De Witt Township about 1841. He married his present widow, Harriet Turner Trites, daughter of George William H. Turner, in 1842, and located on the farm where Mrs. Trites now lives in 1845 ; he enlisted in the 26th Iowa V. I. ; was wounded at the battle of Arkansas Post, and died from the effects of his wounds at Memphis Feb. 14, 1863. Mrs. Trites has three children — Mrs. Nancy M. Bird, Lewis Cassand Edwin R. ALBERT YOLLMER, farmer, Sec. 8 ; P. 0. De Witt ; owns 200 acres. Mr. Volner was born in Baden, Germany, about 1820 ; his parents, Michael and Mary Volner, came to this country in 1830 ; they resided in Baltimore, Md., one year ; then removed to Seneca Co., Ohio. Mr. Albert Volner came to De Witt in 1845 and engaged in the tailoring business ; he located on his farm about 1850. His wife was Miss Eleanor West, native of Pennsylvania ; have six children — Sarah, Ann, Clara, Stella, Willis and Emma. ALEXANDER M. WALLACE, farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. De Witt; born in Guernsey Co., Ohio, in 1840; he removed to Illinois in 1862; came to De Witt Township and bought his present farm of 190 acres in the fall of 1865 ; his parents, Thomas and Jane R. Wallace, came to De Witt Township from Illinois in the spring of 1866 ; his father, Thomas Wallace, died Oct. 31, 1872, aged 60 years; his mother, Jane R. Wallace, died Jan. 1, 1868, aged 58 years 2 months and 20 days. He married, March, 1869, Mary A. Traver, of De Witt Township ; have five children- Martha J., Harland M., Herman B., Elmer P. and Nannie M. Mr. Wallace enlisted in the 1st Ohio V. Cav. in 1861 ; served one year; discharged for disability. €r. W. WALLACE, merchant, of the firm of Wallace Bros., De Witt; Was the son of Mr. John G. Wallace, who came from Pennsylvania to Clinton Co. in 1843. Mr. John G. Wallace purchased a farm in De Witt Township, where his family resided till 1860 ; they were among the sufferers by the tornado of June 3, of that year ; he then removed his family to De Witt, where he had established a store in 1856 ; he continued in business till his death, on Sept. 17, 1863; his widow, Mrs. Mackey DE WITT TOWNSHIP. 749 Wallace, is still a resident of De witt . she has five oMd n residentg f D wi S^ t a 84! hter R MrS - ^ f-^^V^^ CHnt0n - G " W " wXelt*' J o?^^"', 1 :^^ ln business with him, was born Oct. 24, 1854. He married, Oct. 1, 1875, Miss Estelle Beach, of De Witt MONROE WARREN, blacksmith, of the firm of Warren & Son, De Witt ■ ™ b0rn ln O hl ° ln . 1823 J ^father. Bennett Warren, came to Clinton Co. in 1841 Z OT?*E f ™g;, he dled « 1857._ Mr. Monroe Warren came to De Witt in the fall of 1844 • he is the pioneer blacksmith of De Witt ; has followed that business here for thirty-five year* He married, in 1845, Betsey A. Soliss ; has three sons- Jobn N., James W. and Thomas M. ; the latter is engaged with his father in business. ^■V. 8 - WAGGONER, M. D., De Witt; born in Ontario, Canada, in }%H ' v" P arents > Ge ° r S e and Mai 7 Waggoner, removed to Jones County, Iowa, in 1854 ; the Doctor attended the Medical Department of the University of Michigan in the winter of 1861-62 ; he began practice in De Witt in 1863. In 1870, he attended the Hahnemann Medical College, of Chicago, 111., graduating February, 1871 ; returned to De Witt, where he has since practiced his profession. He married, in 1862, Lucelia E. Sozier, a native of New York ; they have three children— Mortimer O, Lucelia E. and M. E., Jr. The Doctor is a member of the Hahnemann Medical Association of Iowa ; also of the Homeopathic Medical Department of the University of Iowa. JOHN T. WATERS, De Witt ; born in September, 1832, in England ; his father settled in Ohio in 1842. In 1849, Mr. Waters, then a young man of 17, passed four years along the Mississippi Biver, returning to Ohio in the fall of 1853 ; he came to Clinton County' in the fall of 1855. Married, in December, 1855, Bosina Dinsmore, a native of New York. He entered the army in 1863 ; was 2d Lieutenant in the 9th I. V. C; served till February, 1865. Have two children — Maggie I. and Carroll W. ; he went to California in 1875 ; his wife, who accompanied him, died Aug. 26, 1877 ; he returned in March, 1878. Mr. Waters was Clerk of the office of County Judge from 1858 to 1860 ; was appointed Deputy Sheriff in 1860. under Charles H. Toll, Sheriff ; was re-appointed under George Griswold ; engaged in farming during 1865-66; from the spring of 1867 till 1877, was, with Thomas F. Butterfield, in the grain, lumber and agricultural implement business ; during that time, held most of the township offices ; was Township Collector four years ; holds that office at present ; has been Assessor for township and city, member of School Board, etc. JAMES WEIiCH, farmer ; P. 0. De Witt. Mr. Welch was born in County Wexford, Ireland ; he came to the United States in 1854 ; lived in Dutchess Co., N. Y., for five years ; came to Clinton Co. in 1859, and settled on the farm he now owns in 1861 ; he has 212 acres of land. His wife was Catherine Hall, a native of Ireland ; they have seven children — James, Helena, Catharine, Mary, Ellen, Ann and John. EDWARD WEST, farmer, Sec. 23, P. 0. De Witt; born in Fayette Co., Penn., in 1803. He married Miss Sarah Phillips in 1828; they came to Clinton Co. in 1843 ; in 1852, Mr. West bought a quarter-section of school land, south of De Witt, which he sold the next year, and entered the farm where he now lives. He has five children— Mrs. Ellen Vollmer, Mrs. Sarah Barre, William H. H., Daniel and Mrs. Rachel McCulloch. HENRY WESTON, farmer ; P. O. De Witt ; Mr. Weston was born in England in 1813 ; he came to the United States in 1835 ; he was one of the early settlers of McHenry Co., Ill, where he located in 1837. He came to De Witt in 1851 ; he resides just without the limits of the city, where he has a farm of 100 acres ; he also owns another farm of 146 acres in De Witt Township. His first wife was Miss Sarah Baldwin a native of England ; she died April 3, 1840. His second wife was Elizabeth Watson 'of English parentage; she died Dec. 9, 1870; he has two children by first marr j a ' j hn H., born in 1836, and Thomas, born in 1838 ; has 9 children by sec- ond marriage, seven of whom are living — Mary J., George E., James, Daniel, Ann, 750 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Amelia and William M. K. Three nieces of Mr. Weston — Ann, Mary Jane and Mar- garet Walker — reside with him ; they came from England in 1868. MRS. SARAH A. WESTBROOK, nee Burton, De Witt; her parents, S. P. and Eliza Burton, came to Clinton Co. in March, 1840 ; her father entered the farm now owned and occupied by Mr. Henry Weston ; her parents had seven daughters, two now living. Mrs. Westbrook was born in April, 1828 ; her sister, Mrs. W. H. McCracken, born in 1827, resides in Kansas. Her father, now 75 years of age, is a resident of De Witt. Mrs. Westbrook married, in 1848, Mr. R. L. Westbrook ; Has had two sons, both deceased ; her eldest son, James A , was born May 13, 1849 ; he entered the army as drummer-boy in August, 1862 ; his health failing, he was dis- charged Feb. 19, 1863, learned the printing-business, and gave bright promise for the future, but the djsease he contracted in the army resulted in consumption. He went to California for the benefit of his health, in July, 1871, and died at San Jose, in Decem- ber of that year; her younger son, Leonard, died at the age of 2 1 years. LORING WHEELER, retired farmer; P. 0. De Witt; was born at Westmoreland, Cheshire Co., N. H., in 1799 ; in 1821, he went to Alton, 111., thence to Greene Co., 111., where he remained two years; then to Morgan Co., 111., where he remained three years. Mr. Wheeler served in the Black Hawk war ; was a member of Gen. Dodge's regiment. He was for some time employed in mining at Galena, Ills; in 1834, went to Dubuque, where he engaged in mining and in the mercantile business till the spring of 1841. He was a member of the Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin for two years ; the first session was held at Belmont, Grant Co., Wis.; the second at Burlington, which was then included in the Territory of Wisconsin ; in the spring of 1841, he settled on the farm which he still owns, near De Witt, and in the autumn of that year was appointed Clerk of the Court for the county of Clinton, and held that office during the Territorial history of Iowa ; in 1846, he was elected to" the State Sen- ate for the term of four years. In 1849, Mr. Wheeler went to California by way of the overland route, and returned via the Isthmus in 1853. In 1854, was elected Clerk of Clinton Co.; continued in that office till 1862 ; since has been a member of the County Board of Supervisors four years ; was Chairman of that body for three years of that time ; is a stockholder in the Clinton National Bank, and has been one of its directors ; several years tince he lost the use of his right eye from inflammation ; he retired from active life in 1873. Mr. Wheeler married in 1837, Susan R. Harrison, sister of Jesse M. Harrison, of Dubuque, and of Alvin G. Harrison, of De Witt; has had nine children, four of whom are living — George L., Thomas W. and Lloyd B.j residents of Clinton Co.; his daughter Martha Frances, married Mr. Frank Cottrell, formerly of Dubuque, now a farmer of Harrison Co., Iowa. DENNIS WHIT1VE Y, attorney and real estate, De Witt ; born in Ontario Co., N. Y., in 1828 ; his parents, Dennis and Elizabeth Whitney, removed to Niagara, N. Y., in 1839 ; Mr. Whitney came to Clinton Co., in 1856, to De Witt in 1861. Was Deputy Treasurer of Clinton Co. till 1864; was Recorder from 1864 till 1866. Since that time has been engaged in the practice of his profession. He was married in 1854, to Helen Butrick, of Lockport, N. Y. V. YEGGE, brewer, De Witt ; was born in Switzerland, in 1831 ; he came to America in 1852 ; he resided in Hillsdale, Mich., from 1853 to 1859, 'when he came to De Witt; he established his brewery in De Witt in the fall of 1859. He married in 1856, Mary F. Holly, a native of Germany. He has seven children, five sons and two daughters. LINCOLN TOWNSHIP. 751 LINCOLN TOWNSHIP. N Y J S?8?7 C ^F,? E , R ' SeC - fl P - °- L y° ns ; was b °™ " Kingston Co Llined Tele Si ^^^^o"? T t0 CWela * d ' 0hi °^ where he has since resided ' He marriedln 185? M™' ^ Cat,n |, in CHnton Co - Co., fenn m 1822. In 1851, he removed thence to Clinton Co., Iowa where he ha* since resided. He unproved the fine farm on which he now resides, consist ng of 125 acres. He married at Freeport, Penn., in 1849, Miss Mary H. Bowman, Native of Crawford Co ; they have had two children-Mazilpha J. (now Mrs. L. C Granpher) ■ and Elfleda V. (now Mrs. Frank Crapser). Mr. E^ has held the office of SK for many years Members of the M. K. Church; he has for many years been a very influential member of that Church ; has held the offices of Steward^ Class Leader and Trustee ; has devoted the greater part of his life to the Church and the upbuilding of humanTv 7 ' ls a stanch Republican, and was ever an uncompromising" foe to GEORGE HOUKE, farmer, Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Clinton; was born in Lycom- n$ Gb -^ eu,1 -> m 1818 ' where he resid ed till 1851 ; then he removed West, settling in Uinton Co., Iowa, on the farm on which he has since resided and improved, containing of 180 acres. In 1844, married Miss Margaret Polhamus ; she was also a native of Pennsylvania. They have seven children— Samuel W., William H., Margaret A (now Mrs. McComb), Martha L., George E., Mary Ida and Thomas J. Mr. H.'s family are members of the M. E. Church ; his parents were natives of Pennsylvania, and ■ resided there till their death some years since. Mr. H. has ever been a stanch Repub- lican. JAMES KING, farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Clinton; was born in Roscommon Co., Ireland, in 1830. In 1849, he took ship on the 17th of December, and on the 15th of January, 1850, landed in the city of New York, remaining there till the summer of 1852, removing thence to Chicago, 111. In 1858, he came to Iowa, locating in Clinton Co., on the farm on which he now resides, consisting of 328 acres. On the 21st of August, 1853, Mr. K. married Miss Anna Winn, from the same county as himself. They have had ten children, six of whom are now living — Patrick, Ellinor, Mary, Elizabeth, Catherina and Thomas. Mr. K. and family are members of the Catholic Church. Mr. K. is a Democrat. MRS. MARTHA S. Mc DANIEL, nee Beck; Sec. 5; P. O. Clinton ; daughter of John and Nancy (Patten) Beck, was born in Jefferson Co., Penn., in 1833. When she was about 3 years old her parents removed to Pittsburgh, where she remained till her marriage. While attending the female seminary at Cannons- burg, in Washington Co., Penn., she met Mr. McDaniel, a native and resident of Cannonsburg, at that time attending Jefferson College there. They were married at Pittsburgh, in 1837, and the same year came to Iowa, locating at Clinton, where he engaged in the dry goods business, starting the second store in the city of Clinton, which he carried on very successfully for eleven years, during and after which time he was engaged in various speculations. He was for some years prior to his death engaged in the live-stock business quite extensively. He died in 1878, in the 45th year of his age. Mrs. McD. has reared a family of five children— John, Mary, Rudolph, Dorsa and Nannie. The parents of our subject are still living in the city of Pittsburgh. Mrs. McD. is a consistent member of the Baptist Church. Mr. McD., while living^ was a stanch Republican. 752 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: £j_ X. PEROT, farmer, Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Clinton; is a native of Indiana; born in 1833, near the city of Indianapolis; came to Iowa with his parents in 1836; he made the principal improvements on the farm on which he now resides, consisting of 168 acres; he has improved several farms since he came to the State; Mr. P. was engaged in freighting on the plains of the West for several years. Married, in 1856, at Clinton, Miss Malvina Star, a native of Ohio ; they had four children — Lulu, Marion, Noble and Annie; Mrs. P. died in 1866; Mr. P. again married, in 1868, Miss Nellie Burton, of this county ; they have three children — Earl S., Samuel and Bruce. Mr. P. has for some years been quite extensively engaged in the cattle business in this State and the West. Enlisted in the 20th I. V. I., Cp. C, and served through the war. Is a stanch Republican in his political views. His parents, Noble and Sarah G. (Nixon) Perin were natives of New Jersey, and came West in a very early day, settling near Indianapolis, Ind.; resided there till 1836, when they removed to Iowa; his father was killed by the explosion of the steamboat Potosi, on the Mississippi River, at Quiney, 111., in 1844 ; he was a blacksmith by trade, and had been carrying on a shop at Clin- ton for some three years, and, at the time of the explosion, was returning from St. Louis, where he had been to purchase stock. His mother is still living. THOMAS POIiHAMUS, shoemaker, Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Clinton ; was born in Lycoming Co., Penn., in 1825 ; resided there till 1851, then removed to Iowa, locat- ing on the farm on which he has since resided, which he improved, consisting of eighty acres. He married Miss Matilda, daughter of Reuben and Marinda (Weatherbee) Lacock ; they have two children — Hannah M. (now Mrs. Harvey) and Rachel R. Mr. P. is a shoemaker by trade, which calling he followed prior and for some time after he came to Iowa. He has held the offices of Township Trustee and Collector for a num- ber of years. The parents of our subject, Evan and Hannah (Star) Polhamus were natives of Pennsylvania, where they resided till the death of Mr. P.; he died of hydro- phobia, caused by a bite from his own dog ; his wife then came to Iowa ; she is now deceased. Mr. P. was formerly a Whig, and, since the organization of the Republican party, has acted with it. CHARGES L.. SEYMOUR, farmer, Sec. 15; P. 0. Clinton; son of Reuben and Almira (Haynes) Seymour, was born in Genesee Co., N. Y., in 1818 ; in 1842, he came West, and after a year's traveling in quest of a place for a future home, he located in Clinton Co., Iowa, in 1843, locating and improving the farm on which he has since resided, consisting of 108 acres. In 1840, Mr. Seymour married Miss Clarissa Day, at Hartland, Niagara Co., N. Y., a native of Vermont; they had nine children, seven of whom are living — Charles S., Julia E. (now Mrs. Charles Seymour), Oscar W., Martha J., Marcus D., Alfred L. and Edgar D. Mrs. S. was a consistent member of the Congregational Church until the time of her death in 1861. Mr. S. again married, in 1864, Miss Mary J. Wilson, of this county, but a native of Pennsylvania. Mr. S. and wife are members of the M. E. Church ; Mr. S. is a Democrat. His parents were natives of New York and Massachusetts, and were married in New York Jan. 1, 1817 ; came to Iowa in 1841, and laid claim to quite a tract of land, and afterward purchased another tract of school land. He was for many years Judge of Probate in the oounty. He departed this life in 1873, having attained the 79th year of his age. His wife is still living with her son, having attained the ripe old age of 84 years. A. C. SMITH, farmer and stock-dealer, Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Clinton ; owns 360 acres of land in Clinton Co., and 800 acres in Monona Co., Iowa ; he was born in Madisonville, East Tenn., Dec. 21, 1824, where he lived until 12 years old, when his parents removed to White Oak Springs, Iowa Co., Wis.; in 1839, they removed to Jackson Co., Iowa, where he received his education; in the fall of 1866, he moved to Clinton Co., on the property now owned by him. He has often been solicited to run for office, but has constantly refused, as he has no desire to be associated with any political office-seeking. He has always been a stanch Republican, taking pride and pleasure in thus following in the footsteps of his forefathers. He married Martha B. Hawkins, a native of Washington Co., Penn., in Jackson Co., Iowa, Feb. 25, 1847, and LINCOLN TOWNSHIP. 753 had five children, four now living— Nancy Ellen (married J. H. Walliker, of Clinton), J. W. (married Chloe Hart, a daughter of Hiram A. and Mary Jane Hart, of Clinton Co., and resides in Crawford Co.), Sarah N. and George P. Mr. Smith was brought up in the Baptist Church ; his wife in the Presbyterian. When he first started in Iowa, Mr. S. was penniless, and, his family being only in moderate circumstances, could not give him any aid ; his life shows the results of will, determination, hard work, economy and enterprise. He has a beautiful homestead, costing some $20,000, and a fortune esti- mated at about $75,000. WIIiLIAM L. SMITH, farmer, Sec. 3 ; P. O. Lyons ; was born Aug. 9, 1816, in South Wales ; emigrated to the United States in 1850, settling in New York State ; remained there nine years ; in 1859, he removed thence to Iowa, locating a short distance west of Lyons, where he has since resided ; he improved a farm of 162 acres, on which he now resides. He married Miss Sophia Thomas, a native of the same part of the country as himself; they have seven children — John, Elizabeth (now Mrs. Thomas) James, Mary, Benjamin, Isaac and Anna. Mrs. S. is a member of the Epis- copal Church. His eldest son, John, served four years in the war. Mr. S. is a stanch Kepublican. CHAS. THOMAS, farmer, Sec. 15 ; P. O. Clinton ; was born in Lewis Ce., N. Y., in 1825 ; in 1835, his parents removed to Chicago, and, in 1837, to Iowa, locat- ing in Clinton Co., on the farm they entered and improved, consisting of 160 acres, and which Mr. Charles Thomas now occupies. Mr. T. married, in 1858, Miss Ellen Little, a native of Ireland ; she came to this country in the fall of 1856 ; they have six chil- dren — Francis, Maggie, Bennie, Lucy, Fannie and Nettie. Mr. T. is independent in politics. His parents, Robert and Elizabeth (Cady) Thomas, were natives of New York and came to Iowa in 1837, where they resided till their death — Mr. T. in 1862, in the 74th year of his age; Mrs. T. in June, 1876, in her 85th year. They were noted for their hospitality in the early settlement of the country, and a weary emigrant was never turned from their door tired and hungry. He was a wagon-maker and wheel- wright, and, owing to his cunning workmanship in wood, the early settlers came from far and near to have their plows made, as the wooden mole-board plows were the style in that early day. JAMES WHITE, farmer, Sec. 6 ; P. O. Elvira ; was born in Derbyshire, England, in 1818 ; emigrated to the United States in 1842, locating first at Pittsburgh, Penn., remaining there till 1851 ; removed thence to Iowa, lpcating in Clinton Co. He entered and improved the farm on which he now resides, consisting of 160 acres. In 1848, he married at Temperanceville, near Pittsburgh, Miss Keziah Dixon, a native of Pennsylvania ; they have seven children living— Lydia, A. (now Mr. Striley), Cynthia S. (now Mrs. Willson), Martha J. (now Mrs. Wilson), Ida A., William S., Harry J. and Fannie M. Mr. White held several of the most important township offices. He is a stanch Republican. EDWARD VOSBURCr, farmer; P. O.Clinton; he owns 240 acres of land ; he was born in Schoharie Co., N. Y., Dec. 31, 1828, where he was educated ; he removed during the fall of 1855, to the property now owned by him where he has erected a beautiful homestead and amassed a fortune of about $20,000, after having begun life without capital, save in being strong in health, will and determination. He haf always been a strong supporter of true Jacksonian Democratic principles. He married Nancy Perrin, of Indiana, in Clinton, Oct. 9, 1857, and had six children, three are living— Noble Eward, Paul Bruce and Veleria Mabel. He and his family are all members of the Methodist Church. He is a carpenter and joiner, but some years ago dropped his profession and has been a farmer ever since. 754 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: EDEN TOWNSHIP. THERON BE1VHA1I, farmer, Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Camanche ; was born in Dutchess Co., N. Y., in 1822, emigrated to Whiteside Co., 111., in 1856, and into Iowa in 1858, locating upon the farm on which he now resides, consisting of 190 acres. He married' in Dutchess Co., N. Y., in 1853, Miss Loise Ann Sherwood, a native of that county ; they have two children— Mary, now Mrs. Wiley, and Theron. Mr. B. is a stanch Republican. S. W. BRAZELE, dealer in agricultural implements; P. 0. Low Moor; was born in Dearborn Co., Ind., in 1848 ; in 1858, his parents removed to Clinton Co., where he has since resided. Mr. B. lived on a farm until 1868, when he moved into Low Moor and engaged in the mercantile business, but after a short time returned to his farm again. In 1871, returned to Low Moor, where he engaged in the agricultural implement business, and has since resided there. He married, in 1869, Miss Eliza Ralston, of this county, a sister of the banker Ralston, of San Francisco, Cal., who was drowned in San Francisco Bay, in 1877 ; they have four children— Robert J., Thomas W., Harriet B. and Maude. Mr. Brazell's parents, Andrew J. and Berenice Brazell, were natives of Kentucky and Indiana. Mr. B. has held many offices of responsibility and trust in the county, although he is yet a young man. Democrat. GEORGE BURKINSHAW, farmer, Sec. 9; P. 0. Elvira; owns 200 acres of land ; he was born in Lincolnshire, England, May 5, 1828, where he was edu- cated ; in 1855, he emigrated to this country, and located in Clinton Co., where he has lived since. He has served two terms as Township Road Supervisor. Republican. He married Sarah Jane Smith, a native of Lincolnshire, England, in Clinton Co., April 17, 1857, and had seven children, all living-?-Sarah Ann, William John, Mathew, George, Amy, Eliza and Charles. He was raised in the belief of the Church of England. When he first commenced in Clinton Co., he had but a limited capital, which he invested in a small farm which he has continually increased, until he has built a fine homestead, and has a fortune estimated from $13,000 to $15,000. During his passage to this country, he had a stormy trip, resulting in the death of some of the crew ; he, however, feels recompensed for all the dangers he passed through, by the happy results . of his labors in Iowa. ROBERT CAMPBEIX, farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Camanche; was born in Gene, Sweden, in 1825 ; came to the United States in 1839, settling permanently in Iowa, in 1851 ; he was in the United States sea-service during the Mexican war, and was one of the seamen on board one of the ships that transported Gen. Scott's army from New Orleans to Vera Cruz. He married, in 1853, Miss Charlotte Vincent, daughter of William K. Vincent, known among pioneers as Deacon Vincent ; they have six children. The parents of Mrs. C, William K. and Harriet (Horbottle) Vin- cent, were natives of England ; came to the United States in 1834 ; the mother died in Ohio in 1836 ; the father, in Iowa, in 1869. Mr. C. has a farm of 100 acres, which is a' part of one of the first farms improved in the county, first improved in 1836 by Mr. Ketcham. Mr. C. is Independent. N . W. COEFMAX, farmer, Sec. 5 ; P. O. Camanche ; was born in Fairfield Co., Ohio, in 1808 ; came to Iowa in 1855, settling in Clinton Co., where he has since resided ; he improved the farm on which he resides, consisting of eighty acres. He married, near Lancaster, Fairfield Co., Ohio, in 1831, Miss Rhoda Williamson, a native of that county, born in 1811 ; they have nine children — Elizabeth (now Mrs. W. Tall- man), Melvina (now Mrs. Ramier), William H., George, Belle, Carrie (now Mrs. Dins- more) Frank, Ella (now Mrs. Edlin) and Blanche. They are members of the M. B. Church. Two of his sons were in the army ; George enlisted in the 8th I. V. I., Co. A, and served through the war ; was taken prisoner at Pittsburg Landing, while under Gen. Prentiss ; Frank went out with the hundred-day men. Mr. C. is a blacksmith. He was formerly a Whig, and, at the organization of the Republican party, joined its EDEN TOWNSHIP. 755 ranks, and has since acted with it. His parents, Martin and Sarah (Whitehurst) Coff- man were natives of Pennsylvania and Virginia ; his paternal grandparents removed to Virginia while his father was quite young; there he was married and removed to Ohio, which at that time was a new country, and resided there till their deaths. „ WILLIAM M - COPE, farmer, Sec. 8; P. 0. Camanche ; was born in Derbyshire, England, in 1812 ; came to the United States in 1840, settling first in Salem Co., Mo., where they resided till 1844, in which year they removed to Iowa, settling in Clinton Co., near Lyons, removing thence to De Witt, thence to the farm on which he now resides, and which he improved, consisting of 440 acres ; he located on his present farm m 1852. He married in England, in 1838, Miss Eliza Kichardson ; they have four children— William T., Kezia, Nora and George W. Mr. C. is a veteri- nary surgeon. Democrat. WILIilAM COUSIN'S, retired farmer; P. 0. Low Moor; was born in Killingham, Lincolnshire, England, April 10, 1818, where he was educated ; in 1851, he emigrated to the United States and located in Clinton Co., where he has lived since; has filled the offices of Township School Director and Road Supervisor. He is a Repub- lican. He married Elizabeth Lancaster, a native of Lincolnshire, England, in 1838 ; had seven children, five still living — William L., a farmer residing on Section 5, Center Township, post office Elvira ; he owns 400 acres of fine land ; he was born in Lincoln- shire, England, May 2, 1839, where he lived until 14 years of age, when with his parents, he emigrated to the United States and located in Clinton Co., where he has resided since ; has been, for a number of years, School Director and Road Supervisor. He married Elizabeth Dawson, a native of Lincolnshire, England, in Clinton Co., Iowa, June 16, 1861, and had ten children, nine still living — Mary Ann, Elizabeth, Emily, Edward, Charles, Merritt, Medelia, George and Arthur. All attend the Evangelical Lutheran Church, of Elvira. He was very poor when he started out on his own account, working the first year for $30 and the second for $50, and now is worth from $30,000 to $35 000. The next child of William Cousins was Elizabeth, who married Robert Boyd ;, both were killed in the terrible tornado of June 3, 1860. Sarah Jane married Columbian Halbert, and died in Crawford Co. March 28, 1876. Mary Ann married William Smith, and resides in Eden Township. George married Emily Trousdale, a native of Yorkshire, England.' Martha died in infancy, and Aaron, their youngest son. All are members of the M. E. Church. He owns 320 acres of fine land in Clinton Co., Iowa, and two town lots in Low Moor, valued at from $30,000 to $35,000. When he first started in Clinton Co., he was a very poor man and over $100 in debt, and now he has a handsome competency, and the satisfaction of seeing his children all well provided for. B. J. CROSS, farmer, Sec. 13 ; P. O. Malone ; burn in Grafton Co., New Hampshire, in 1814; his parents, Benjamin and Eliza Cross, removed to Vermont in 1818, and to Essex Co., N. Y., in 1819 ; they located in St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., in 1822 ; his father died in 1840. Mr. Cross came to Clinton Co., in November, 1852, and located where he now lives the same year. He married, in 1840, Sabina Jackson, who was born in Franklin Co., N. Y. ; have three children, two now living— Mrs. Martha Miller, who resides in New Mexico, and Mrs. Adeline Trainor, of De Witt ; his son, Edgar, enlisted in August, 1862, in the 26th I. V. I, and died near Vicksburg, in 1863 ; his wife died in December, 1874 ; his present wife was Miss Mary Mclntyre. WM H. DRAPER, farmer, Sec. 18 ; P. O. Malone ; owns eighty-five acres of land ; he was born in Westport, Essex Co., N. Y., Oct. 21, 1840 ; during the war, he was in Company K, 20th Iowa V. I. ; served faithfully three years ; he was 3d Sergeant of his company. He married Lelia Nichols, a native of Essex Co., N. Y., in Camanche Mav 21 1870, and have one child— Nellie A. His wife is a daughter of Jonathan and Anna Nichols of Camanche Township ; all members of the Baptist Church ; when he first started in Clinton Co., he was without capital and in debt, but, by industry and cerseverance, has a snug homestead and a fortune estimated at from $8,000 to $10,000. He has always been a stanch supporter of Republican principles; he- first started in "Iowa in 1859, in Scott Co., and took up his permanent residence in Clinton Co. in 1866. 7 56 BIOGRAPHICAL SKRTCHES: S. B. DANIELS, farmer, Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Malone ; owns 1 50 acres of land. He was" born in Randolph Co., W. Va., Sept. 5, 1835 ; in 1857, came to Iowa, where, after spending a year in looking around, he located in 1858 on the property now owned by him in Clinton Co. ; has held the offices of Justice of the Peace. Constable, Township Trustee and Township School Director ; during the war, he did gallant service in Com- pany F, 26th Iowa V. I. ; was First Lieutenant. He married Sarah Ann Trainer, of Randolph Co., W. Va., Sept. 17, 1857 ; had ten children, nine still living— Mary, Minerva Eva, Laura Daisy, Charles B., Frank, Harvey, Israel, Edward Sherman and Maggie. All members of the Congregational Church. He is a stanch Republican. He was a poor man when he began life in Clinton Co., without any capital, and, hy hard work and economy, he has built a homestead and amassed a fortune of from about $10,000 to $15,000. B. B. HAL L, farmer, Sec. 4 ; P. O. Camanche ; was born in Montgomery Co., N. T., in 1828 ; came to Iowa in 1854, where he has since resided ; he made the principal improvements on the farm on which he resides, consisting of 160 acres. He married, in Glenn Co., N. Y., in 1853, Miss Alida J. Willett, a native of that State; they have, four children — Eugene V., Henry D., Eva M. and Nigal. They are mem- bers of the Baptist Church ; he is a stanch Republican. B. B. HAMMOND, farmer, Sec. 7 ; P. O. Malone ; owns ninety acres of land ; he was born in Essex Co., N. T., March 15, 1822 ; in 1849, he emigrated to Clayton Co., Iowa; lived there one year, then removed to Fulton Co., 111., and resided for one year ; again removed to Clinton Co., and entered the land on which he now resides, buying and laying the warrant in person. He has "served two terms as Road Supervisor, much against his will, however, as he is no office-seeker. Republican. He married Mary Ann Hawkins, a native of Huntingdon Co., Penn., in Clayton Co., Iowa, Oct. 6, 1856, and had eight children, five now living — Bertie Vincent, Lillie Eluta, Douglas Dakin, Edith Rose and Bertha Barton. When he first came to Iowa, he was without capital, but, going straight to work and putting his shoulder to the wheel, he has succeeded in building a nice homestead and amassing a fortune estimated at from $12,000 to $15,000. Family are all members of the Baptist Church. R. J. HART, M- D., P. O. Low Moor ; was born in Ripley Co., Ind., in 1852 ; came to Clinton Co. with his parents, James P. and Anna C. Hart, in- I860, where he and they have since resided ; he attended the Iowa State University at Iowa City, and, in March, 1876, graduated in the Medical Department of that institution with honor to himself and credit to the school. After graduating, he took up, the practice of his profession at Camanche, but, in the fall of the same year, removed to Low Moor, where he has since resided, and enjoys a good and successful practice. ISRAEL HMjrGUVS, merchant and grain-dealer ; P. O. Malone. Mr. Hig- gins was born in Hunterdon Co., N. J., in 1835 ; removed to Rock Island Co., 111., in 1856, and to Camanche, Clinton Co., in the fall of the same year ; in the spring of 1857, he returned to Rock Island Co. ; spring of 1859, returned to Clinton Co. and set- tled on a farm in Ederj Township, where he lived for nine years ; then came to Malone and engaged in grain-buying ; has been engaged in mercantile business for several years ; has also been station agent and Postmaster for eleven years. Married, Oct. 20, 1859, Hannah S.Daniels; born in' West Virginia; have two children — Jonathan M. and Mary A. MRS. HARIETT, HILL, nee Bower, Sec. 29; P. O. Low Moor; was born in Lincolnshire, Eng., in 1833 ; came to the United States with her parents in 1853, settling in Clinton Co.,' where she has since resided. She married Mr. Thomas Hill in 1856 ; he was a native of Lincolnshire, England, and came to Clinton Co., Iowa, in 1852 ; he improved the farm on which Mrs. H. and family now reside, con- sisting of 160 acres. Mr. Hill died in December, 1876, leaving a widow and eight children — Mary 5 George, John B., Lizzie, Thomas L., Clara, Bertha and Jessie H. ; the parents of Mrs. H. were John and Elizabeth Bower ; they were natives of Lincoln- shire, and both died in Clinton Co., Iowa. EDEN TOWNSHIP. 757 Cn p5 A ^\l£ ISTW]BB » fa ' mer > Sec ' &i ?■ 0. Low Moor; was bom in Berk* to., renn in 1821 ; resided there till 1842, when he removed to Lycoming Co • there fe "J MlSS ?annah Ulsh, in 1845 ; in June, 1850, they crossed th e S Mississippi ttiyer at Camanche ; the same year, he entered the tract of land on which he now resides consisting of 160 acres, but did not improve for several years after; in 1857 he built and moved upon the farm, and has since resided on the same ; in the tornado ot dune d, iHbU, his house was completely demolished while the family were in it but miraculous as it was, none of them were injured; they have six children-Mary, Ema- line (now Mrs John Van Epps), George, Martin L, Charles H. and Harry. Thev are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. K. is a carpenter, which trade he followed prior to, and for some years after, coming to Iowa ; he built the first school- house in Eden Township in 1856. Republican. JOHN LANCASTER, farmer; P. 0. Low Moor; he lives on Sec. 10 r and owns 320 acres of land, valued at $60 per acre; he was born ,in Lincolnshire,. England, in 1846, and came to the United States in 1873, settling upon the farm upon which he now resides ; in 1874, he returned to England, where he married Miss Sarah Ellen Allwood, in June of the same year ; she was a native of Lincolnshire, England ; they came to the United States and located upon the farm described above ; they have two children— William J. and Elizabeth Anna. He and his family are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, of Elvira. He'is a .Republican. JD; H. PAUIi, farmer ; P. 0. Malone. Mr. Paul was born in Genesee Co., N. Y., in 1826 ; he came to Camanche, Clinton Co., in 1854, where he labored for some time in the interests of the Baptist Home Missionary Society ; he was also at Bloomfield, Davis Co., three years in the same capacity ; he also preached in De Witt for about the same length of time. His wife was Miss Charlotte E. Cady, born in Otsego Co., N. Y. ; they have one son and six daughters — Fanny, Mary, Emma, Eliza- beth, Roger W., Julia and Annie. Mr. Paul purchased the farm where he now resides when he finished his pastoral labors at De Witt. GEORGE PEARSON, retired farmer ; P. 0. Low Moor ; was born in Lin-' colnshire, England, in 1806 ; emigrated to the United States in 1851, locating in Clin- ton Co., near Low Moor, where he has since resided; in 1851, he entered 160 acres of land in Sec. 28, which he improved and resided upon uptil 1876, when he retired from his farm to the town of Low Moor, where he expects to spend his declining days. He married, in England, in 1829, Miss Elizabeth Dreary; they have two children living — George and Henry. Mr. P. has farms and land to the amount of 570 acres in Clinton Co. ; he is Independent in politics. HENRY PEARSON, farmer ; P. 0. Malone ; lives on Sec. 7, and owns the celebrated " Cherry Wood Farm" of 280 acres ; his farm is justly celebrated, as it is the oldest and most historic farm in Clinton Co., and originally had some 1,400 acres in the tract known as " Cherry Wood ;" he was born in Lincolnshire, England, July 2, 1831, where he resided until 1851, when he and his parents emigrated to the United States, and located the same year in Clinton Co.; where the entire family have lived ever since. He married, Nov. 16, 1852, at Camanche, Miss Elizabeth Crampton, a native of Lincolnshire, England, who came to this country about the same time that he did ; they had fifteen children, ten now living— George R., Mary Jane, William, Betsy Ann, Sarah, Annie, Emma, Eliza, Jemima and Alice. He is a Democrat ; son of George and Elizabeth Pearson, whose biography appears in another part of this history ; his farm is valued at $45 per acre. CYRENIFS PEEHAM, Sr., farmer, Sec. 19 ; P. ,0. Malone ; was born in Greene Co. N. Y., in the town of Catskill, in 1806 ; came to Clinton Co. in 1855, and has since resided in the county and on the same farm of 220 acres, which "he improved from a wild state. He married, in 1830, Miss Melinda Stratton, a native of the same State and county as himself; they have seven children— Esther (now Mrs. Metcalf), Margaret (Mrs. Ames), Henry, Walter, Eleta (Mrs. Deen), Adaline (Mrs. Draper) and Cyrenius ; they are members of the Baptist Church ; one of his sons enlisted in the 26th I. V.' L, Co. H, and served through the war ; Mr. P. is a stanch Republican. 7,58 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: ]>AVI D PURINTON, farmer, Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Low Moor ; was born in Dan- bury, Cona., in 1823; removed thence* with his father, to Saratoga Co., N. Y., in 1826 • he was a seafaring man till 1851, when he came to Iowa from California, first settling in Jackson Co. ; in 1869, he removed to Clinton Co., where he has since resided ■ he has a farm of 240 acres, on which he has resided and made some improve- ments. ' He married, in Warren Co., N. Y., in 1852, Miss Lydia J. Moore, a native of that State ; they have six children — John, Amanda (now Mrs. George Powell), George, Mary, Sidney and Jane. Mr. P. is a member of the A., F. & A. M. and of I. 0. 0. F. ; he was in the United States Army and marine service for some years ; he was with Commodore Biddle when he was sent over to make' the treaty with Japan — the first expedition sent out by the Government. Mr. P. is a Kepublican. . LAWRENCE TIERNE Y, farmer, Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Elvira ; owns eighty acres of land ; he was born in County Wicklow, Ireland, in 1829 ; in 1854, he emigrated to the United States and located in Clinton Co., where he has lived since ; Aug. 12, 1861, he enlisted in Co. A, 8th Iowa V. I. ; he served his country faithfully till the 20th of April, 1866, when he was honorably discharged at Selma, Ala. ; as a soldier, he did gallant service at the battle of Pittsburg Landing, Jackson, Miss., and the siege of Vicksburg. He is a strong Republican, stands ever ready to do service under the flag of the country of his adoption. He married Bridget Welsh, a native of Dublin, Ireland, in Chicago, July 8, 1856 ; had no children ; in 1878, he had the misfortune to lose his wife, and he leads his lonely farmer's life at his old home. He was a very poor man when he came to the United States, but, by care, patience, and industry, he has a oom- fortable homestead and a fortune of about $5,000. JONATHAN WATERBURY, farmer, Sec. 4; P. 0. Camanche; was born in Rensselaer Co., N. Y., in 1819, within ten miles of Albany, and had resided in various counties of the State till 1843, when he emigrated into Rock Island Co., III., settling at or near Cordova, where he resided four years ; came to Iowa in 1848, settling in Jackson Co. ; resided a short time ; removed thence to Clinton Co., where he entered a tract of land and improved it, making the farm on which he now resides, -consisting of 160 acres. He married, in Onondaga Co., N. Y., May 25, 1841, Miss Fannie L. Tripp, a native of that State ; they have four children — Arthur, Homer B., Ida May (now Mrs. William Hardy) and Charley. They are members of the Baptist Church. Mr. W. is a member of A., F. & A. M. Mr. W. is a Republican. Mrs. W. died June 14, 1875, of apoplexy; she left a kind and loving husband and family to mourn their loss. ORANGE TOWNSHIP. A. S. ALLISON, farmer, Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Orange : Mr. Allison was born in Rockingham Co., Va., in 1821 ; came to Clinton Co. in 1850, and purchased the farm which he now owns ; his parents, Robert and Hedeska Allison, came to Orange Town- ship in 1851, and lived with their son A. S. till their deaths; his mother-died March, 1859 ; his father, February, 1867. Mr. Allison married Rosannah Betz, born in Sen- eca Co., Ohio, in 1829; they have four children — Mrs. Josephine Scaggs, of Crawford Co., Iowa; Robert D. and Elmira, twins, and Elizabeth C. ; have lost three children- twin girls, aged 1 year, and an infant. Mr. Allison has been Township Clerk and Assessor for many years ; also member of Board of Supervisors, and Postmaster for twenty years. DAVID ALLISON, farmer, Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Orange ; he is a brother of A. •S. Allison; born in Rockingham Co., Va., in 1810 ; he came to Clinton Co. in 1852; he settled on the present farm in the spring of 1854 ; his wife was Miss Elizabeth Perry, of Virginia ; they have four sons and five daughters— Mrs. Sarah H. Dutton, Mrs. Catherine Thomas, Mrs. Fannie Churchille, Mrs. Susan Davis and Mrs. Elizabeth •Scaggs; the sons are Robert T., Marion L., David and George. ORANGE TOWNSHIP. 759 IiE WIS ARTIS, retired farmer ; P. ;0. Grand Mound ; was born in Fayette Co., Penn, in 1826. He married, in 1851, Mary A. Hedden, also a native of Penn- sylvania. Mr. Artis came to De Witt in 1856 ; remained one year, then removed to Orange Township; he purchased the farm which he now owns, in 1866; he came to Grand Mound in 1871; kept hotel, the "Phoenix House," for five years ; has three children — George W., Sarah L. and Celestia B. NATHANIEL, BARBER, farmer, Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Grand Mound ; owns 350 acres; was born near Syracuse, N. Y., in 1809; he removed to Pennsylvania in 1832, where he lived about five years ; then went to Dixon, 111., where he resided one year ; he came to Clinton Co. and made a claim of the farm where he now lives, in 1837, where he settled the following year. He married Mary A. Persall, born in Che- nango Co., N. Y, 1817 ; her parents came to Clinton Co. with Mr. Barber, in 1838; he has five children — Mary E. White, William R, Eugene, George W. and Albert. MARIA BLUNCK, owns farm in Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Grand Mound ; the widow of Peter Blunck ; they came to the United States about thirty years ago. Mr. Blunck died in Scott Co., Iowa ; Mrs. Blunck and family came to their farm about 1864 ; she has five children — Mrs. Louisa Wiese (Mr. Wiese is the present Postmaster at Grand Mound), John, Adolph, Henry and Peter ; the last two sons reside on the place with their mother. HIRAM BROWN, farmer, Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Orange; born in Tompkins Co.. N. Y., in 1818 ; he learned the trade of tanner and currier, which business he followed till he came West in 1839 ; he was then, for some time, peddling clocks ; he came to Orange Township, and settled on the farm which he now owns in 1841 ; has resided where he now does for thirty eight years ; he was Sheriff of Clinton Co. for the first four years after Iowa became a State ; has been a member of the Board of Supervisors for two years ; is at present Justice of the Peace, and has been for many years. He married Miss Caroline Dawson; daughter of B. H. Dawson ; have six children— Francis M., now an attorney of Greenfield, Adair Co. ; William A., Emma, Ella, Carrie and Hattie. HARRISON DW r IRE, farmer, Sec. 22 ; P. 0. De Witt. Mr. Dwire was born in Darke Co., Ohio, in 1840 ; his father, Daniel Dwire, came with his parents to Clinton Co in 1854, and entered a part of the farm which Harrison now owns, wherd he resided till his death, in August, 1868; his mother died in 1873; his parents hal, twelve children, only three of whom are living— Henry, who lives in Linn Co. ; bamuee who resides in Mills Co., Iowa, and Harrison; six sons entered the army during the rebellion, four of whom lost their lives in the service of their country Hezekian enlisted in the 2d Iowa Cav. ; was killed in Mississippi in 1864; Samuel belonged to the 6th Iowa V. C. ; David enlisted in the 8th Iowa V. I. ; was ki led at Spanish Sort, Ala, in April, 1865 Daniel enlisted in the 43d Ind. V. I ; died at Memphis m 1864 Mark, also a member of an Indiana regiment, died at Nashville , in 1864; Harrison enlisted in the 33d 111. V. I. in 1861,' and served till the close of the war. He owns 280 acres of land. .„ H171VRY N HAHN. farmer, Sec. 20; P. 0. Grand Mound; was born 1& Holst^Ge^y^^ 11 He married Sophia D. Frahn also of "Hatom Germany; thev have eight en ldren— Henry M., Mrs. Amilta Blunck Mrs. Lisetta .Tanner Jffln. Sophia Munfen Louisa, Louis, Julius and Minnie. Mr. Hahn came to the United States in 1854 went o Baltimore, Md., and lived about six years; came to Clinton Co n I860 he lived for eight years in Sec. 6, Orange Township; he bought h u. nresent farm in March, 1868 Mr. Hahn has 200 acres of land ; made all improve- ETwKoh are among' the best in Orange Township ; he has excellent buildings, and has on his farm over one mile of hedge in fine condition. « * ttHRW A HARRINGTON, farmer, Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Orange ; Mr. TT ^ JSbSfa 0»S > c7 * Li i' 180& ; his father died when Matthew was wTSrs of a "e two yearf later his mother removed to Fayetteville, Onondaga Co^ ; but 2 years of a e y^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ ^^ . n Qtsego Co . thls farm he 760 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: sold in 1832; he then purchased a farm in Erie Co., N. Y., where he lived till 1836 ; then went to Erie, Penn., and purchased a " tavern," which he owned about one year; he came to Clinton Co. in May, 1837, and purchased a claim at what is now Welton Station, which he exchanged for his present farm ; his wife was Miss Elizabeth Walrod, of De Witt Township; they have eight children —Richard, Mrs. Margaret Miller, Levi, Mrs. Mary Bowen, Hannah, Melinda, Anna and Luella ; have lost two children — their eldest, Orris, and their sixth, Sarah. Mr. Harrington has been a resident of Orange Township forty-two years. L.UCIUS HITCHCOCK, Homeopathic physician ; P. 0. Grand Mound ; Dr. Hitchcock was born in Warsaw, Wyoming Co., N. Y., Dec. 5, 1829 ; his parents, Z. M. and Sally Hitchcock, removed to Chautauqua Co., N. Y., in 1839 ; the Doctor came West in the summer of 1866 ; located at Camanche, Clinton Co., in 1870; he pursued the study of medicine for several years before he came West ; afterward, with Dr. Waggoner, of De Witt ; he came to Grand Mound in January, 1879. He mar- ried, in 1857, Esther Waggoner, a sister of Dr. Waggoner, of De Witt; born- in 1831 ; they have one daughter — Lucia. * JOHN HITE, farmer and carpenter ; P. 0. Grand Mound ; born in Canada West June 15, 1821; his parents, John and Mary Hite, removed to .York (now Toronto), Canada, about 1830 ; his father was a native of Pennsylvania ; his mother was born in Canada. Mr. Hite came to Grand Mound Oct. 9, 1865 ; he worked at the trade of carpenter for some years ; he built the house where he now lives, then the fourth dweliing-house in town ; he owns a farm in Sec. 17, Orange Township. He married, in 1846, Phebe J. Brundage, of Canada ; have one daughter — Sarah, born in 1847. ' GEO. W. INGRAM, farmer; P. 0. Grand Mound ; born in Madison Co., N. Y., in 1846 ; his parents, William and Charlotte Ingram, still reside in Madison Co. Mr. Ingram came to Clinton Co. in 1865 ; he worked at- the carpenter trade at Grand Mound for one year ; he also conducted the blacksmith business at this town for some time ; he was in the employ of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad Company for two years ; he purchased and located on his present farm in 1865. He married Mrs. Huldah Brown, a sister of J. R. Merrill, of Grand Mound ; have three children — Wil- liam, Edison and Johnson ; his wife has one child by former marriage — Harry Brown. ROBT. JAMIESON, farmer, Sec. 16; P. 0. Grand Mound; was born in Jefferson Co., Ohio, Sept. 9, 1825; with his father, Mr. David Jamieson, he removed to Burlington, Iowa, in 1849 ; he went to Scott Co. ; in 1854, came to Clinton Co. and settled where he now lives ; his father removed to Scott Co. in 1850, where he died in 1877. He married Jane Campbell, whose parents came to Clinton Co. from Ohio in 1855, and settled in Orange Township in what was known as Folk Grove; her father died January, 1871. Mrs. Campbell resides with her daughter, Mrs. Jamieson. Mr. Jamieson has six children — Mary A., Nancy M., William L., Robert M. C, Sadie S. and Mattie J. JONES & JENSEN, merchants, Grand Mound. James C. Jones was born in Lawrence Co., 111., in 1852 ; he removed with his mother to Wisconsin; they came to Grand Mound in 1877. Ole Jensen was born in Norway in 1857 ; his father, Jens Oleson, came to Grand Mound in 1861 ; he resides in Orange Township, engaged in farming. The firm of Jones & Jensen engaged in business in Grand Mound in 1877. JOHN M. JORDAN, farmer, Sec. 6; P. 0. Grand Mound; born in Can- ada East in 1838 ; "his parents, Josiah H. and Catharine Jordan, removed to Michigan in 1850. Mr. Jordan enlisted, in 1862, in Co. C, 18th Mich. V. I. ; served one year and eight months as a private ; was promoted to 1st Lieutenant ; was engaged on detached duty at Nashville from the fall of 1863 till the spring of 1864; on the death of Capt. Penoyer, he succeeded to the Captaincy of his company ; he was at the battles of Richland Creek, Pulaski, Spring Hill, and lost an arm at the siege of Nashville ; was discharged Oct. 4. 1865. He married Miss Sarah Knowles in 1868 ; her parents were ear y settlers of Clinton Co. ; bought his present farm (eighty acres) in 1865 ; has five children— Kittie M., Louis E., Jessie M., Edith I. and Joanna. ORANGE TOWNSHIP. 761 HENRY KAHLEB, 'merchant, firm of Henry Kahler & Bro., Grand Mound ; was born in Holstein, Germany, in 1845 ; his parents, Ernest and Abel Kahler, came to America in 1855, and to Clinton Co. the same year ; his father first located on 'the Wapsie ; thence to Berlin Township in 1863 ; they came to Grand Mound in 1875 ; his father died in 1877 ; bis mother still lives at Grand Mound ; his brother William is engaged with him in business. William was born in 1847. ROGER KEEEY, merchant, grain and stock-buyer, Grand Mound ; born in Jennings Co., Ind., in 1840 ; his parents, Alexander and Eliza Kelly, came to Clin- ton Co. in 1854 ; they settled in Olive Township ; his father died in 1873 ; his mother resides inDe Witt. He married, in 1865, Jane A. McDevitt, born in Iowa; they have two children — John W. and Maggie. Mr. Kelly engaged in the mercantile business, in Grand Mound, in 1868 ; has been buying stock and grain since 1870. JOHN LOWBY, farmer, Sec. 28; P. 0. De Witt; was born in Fayette Co., Penn., in 1826 ; he removed to Ohio with his parents, Louis and Maria Lowry, in 1844. Mr. Lowry came to Davenport, Iowa, in 1850, where he worked at his trade of miller till 1852 ; . then came to Clinton Co. and entered the farm which he now owns. Mr. Lowry was one of the sufferers from the tornado of 1860 ; his buildings were swept entirely away, and other property destroyed. He married Miss Nancy Crawford in 1855; they have seven children— Mrs. Elizabeth McLeod, Henrietta, Elmer E., William C, Eleanor, Thomas and Ida. JOHN R. MERRIEE, engaged in general merchandise and grain trade, Grand Mound ; Mr. Merrill was born in London, Canada, in 1840 ; he came from Ohio to Grand Mound in 1861 ; his father, who died in 1867, was the first Postmaster of Grand Mound. Mr. John H. Merrill married, in 1873, Lizzie Downs ; have had three children, two of whom died of diphtheria, in the spring of 1879 ; Nannie is his only child living. Mr. Merrill is the pioneer merchant of Grand Mound, and is doing a fine EZRA A. MIEEER, farmer and carpenter, Sec. 16 ; P. O. De Witt ■ Mr Miller was born in Geneseo, Livingston Co., N. Y., in 1836 ; his parents Ezra M. and Jane Miller, removed to Rockford, 111., in 1839. Mr. Miller came to Orange Town- shiD in 1861. He married, in 1857, Jane Palmer, born in Chautauqua Co., IN . 1 ., m 1837 Mr. Miller enlisted August, 1862, in Co. H, 26th I. V. I ; he was discharged by reason of disability, Feb. 24, 1863; has seven children-Ada, Frank, Herman, Ernest, Ralph, Herbert and Fay ; located on present farm in 1866. _ H D MIEEER, druggist, Grand Mound; was born in Conesville Schoharie Co M Y De' 13 l¥40 his parents, John E. and S. A. Miller, settled in Orange Township n 1845 ; his faiher died in the fall of 1846. Mr. Miller en is ed Aug 9 1862 in the 26th i. V. I., as private; promoted to Corporal; served until ^se of war during the last part of bis service, was flag-bearer under Gen. Stone; was at the bat les i^ftS^&ggold, Resaca 'and Atlanta; was with Sherman xn the marc M* h M\tgS;«^^ business in Grand Mound in March, 1868. W A I TFR ORDWAY, farmer, Sec. 14 ; owns 163 acres; P. O. Ve > Witt, »i.;«'. T„iia T! Emma M. and Eva B. . _. ,, , P THOMAS OETOER, farmer, Sec. 5 ; P. O. Grand Mound ; born m England in 18 T 3 H ?ame to th" United Sta'tes in 1847 ; he lived for several years in Sussex Co w i ;t c»me to Clinton Co.. in 1855 ; purchased his farm in the fall of 186 *;J[ nere ?' i 'id in" March, 1866. He married Emma Evans, of County Hereford, England he located m^ar. children-John, Lizzie, Mary, Edwin, Charlotte and born in 762 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Bessie Mr. Oliver devotes much attention to the short-horn breed of cattle ; has now a fine herd of about thirty of this noted breed of cattle. GEORGE WOIJRMS PASCAL., Grand Mound. "I was born March 14 1828 in Longeville, Le St. Avoid, in Lorraine, France ; my father, mother and their children 'came to Canal Dover, Ohio, in the spring of 1841 ; we were Catholics; I went to common school and soon became American in head and heart, loved the Amer- ican people in all their general habits and sought to imitate their good qualities. In 1846 and in 1847, I learned to make and paint chairs, in Shanesville, Ohio ; there became a Methodist and was thrown on my own resources ; taught school one term, then went to Allegheny College at Meadville, Penn., where I was a student during 1848, t849 and 1850; I found many fast friends there; Hon. John F. Duncombe, now of Fort Dodge, Iowa, was a classmate and friend. March 11, 1851, I married Miss Talitha Cumi Cotton, sister of Hon. A. R. Cotton (now in Clinton; she is>a pure Yankee of the old Plymouth stock, born Feb. 13, 1829, in Austintown, Trumbull Co., Ohio; we commenced life"in Parkman, Geauga Co., Ohio, and, Dec. 26, 1851, was born to us our first babe — Diophantus L.; in 1852, I was a short time in Cleveland, Ohio, learning surveying with the City Engineer, and at the close of that . year started for De Witt, Clinton Co.; walked over the Mississippi from Albany, to Camanche. on the ice ; Camanche, then the chief town of Clinton Co., was small, but it had some men of enterprise in it, honest, upright and friendly to all, who encouraged the new settlers ; I walked to De Witt and was delighted with the beautiful prairies, and resolved to make our home in Clinton County, then an almost uninhabited prairie ; there were a few small houses and cabins along the margins of the groves ; the people were very friendly, good and kind ; I entered some prairie Jan. 8, 1852, now our Malone farm; on May 1, 1853, I landed in Camanche with my wife and babe Diophantus, and Lucy L. Parker (aunt to wife and Hon. A. R. Cotton, sister of John Cotton) ; she was old and of the pure Yankee blood ; she was Lucy Cotton, born in Plymouth, Mass., Feb. 8, 1783 (the year of peace with Britain) ; she loved the many New England settlers who kept coming with their enterprise ; we made our home near De Witt, entered some land and bought some ; the country was new and wild ; I taught school the winter of 1853, and quite a number of the young men now active business men, were little boys then in my school in De Witt ; I surveyed for many years and traveled over the almost trackless prairies with my compass ; then the timber in the groves consisted of old trees in a half dying condition, and in many groves it appeared that timber could not grow ; a clear sight could be taken through most of the groves and timber belts ; there was not much underbrush or young growth ; this was burned from year to year, and it then seemed that fuel would fail as soon as the few old trees were consumed ; people were very careful to save the timber and protect it from the prairie fire ; from this vig- ilance there are now many beautiful groves of thrifty young trees, and there is much more timber in Clinton County than before it was settled ; I surveyed in Lyons when it seemed to be but a bush with some huts and very few small houses near the river bank; Elijah Buell was then a man of great force and foresight, and did much to encouraga the early settlers; I surveyed in the main town when all was bush over "the square and the main part of the town, and I could not get a clear sight without cutting brush ; this had been protected from the fire ; I surveyed Buell's Addition to Lyons, when it was almost all brush, timber or field, and when Clinton was yet farms and bush ; it had been marked on the old maps of Iowa as a town and was called "New York;" this shows that some of the pioneers on the river had an eye to the future of the side now occupied by the thrifty city of Clinton ; I traveled over the expanded prairies with my chain and compass, spread out my tripod from place to place and surveyed a parcel to be the future home of those who came to share our hardships and enjoy our hopes and pleasures, and with much delight watched hut after hut, and shanty after shanty rise on the prairie ; we all knew each other for many miles around and were happy to meet and greet each other as neighbors and friends. I made my home one mile north of De Witt, on an eighty-acre lot, and built a comfortable strong house, planted the orchard that is there, and there were four of our children born. The col- lege year of 1859-60, I was a student of astronomy and the higher mathematics in the ORANGE TOWNSHIP. "63 University of Michigan and the Detroit Observatory, under James Watson, Director ; this was a source of great delight to me; March, 1861, I was admitted to the bar as an attorney at law under Judge John F. Dillon ; I did not like to earn my living by meddling with other people's quarrels so did not practice. During the rebellion, I was on the Union side, always hating slavery, and could not endure the thought that slaves should have to toil and breathe in our otherwise fair land! I enlisted in the 26th I. V. I., with the privilege of joining the Engineers as soon as convenient ; but when the volunteer engineers were dismissed, I was dismissed and came home, and was never mustered in. I was drafted, near the close of the war, to fill the Clinton County quota ; got Albert Koseman, of Davenport, to be my substitute, at a cost of over $1,000 cash. In politics I take but little part, letting Americans rule and manage the public affairs of the country they have built so nobly. I, like most foreign people, was a Democrat, then a Free-soil Democrat ; but, as my knowledge increased, I advanced, joined the Republican standard, and took part in the organization of the Republican party in Clinton County, and have adhered to its general principles ever since ; have sometimes voted for Democrats of good principles and fair talents, rather than vote for men of my party whose good faith I doubted. We have spent our best days in Clinton Co., and have tried to act our parts as well as our talents permitted. Here we have laughed, smiled and wept ; here were born to us four sons and three daughters ; here in De Witt we buried our infant son Dio, brought with us, who died in Lyons August 29, 1854 ; in De Witt, we buried grandma Lucy L. Parker, who died on our farm near Malone Feb. 28, 1870, aged 87 years and 20 days. Our children were born in Clinton Co., the eldest in Lyons, four on the farm near De Witt, the two youngest on the farm near Malone < Aylett Leveriere, born Oct. 25, 1854; John La Place, born Feb. 5, 1857 ; Lucy Anna, born March 29, 1860 ; Arcana Celestia. born March 20, 1862; Talitha Cumi, born March 27, 1866 ; George Wourms, born April 10, 1868 ; Daniel Descartes, born Aug. 18, 1870. Aylett L. was a student of the University of Iowa in 1875-78, and, in June, 1878, took his degree as Batchelor of Laws, was admitted to practice in all the courts of the State, and is now practicing in De Witt. He married Miss Celia Purcell, of Iowa City, Aug. 21, 1878. We have made three farms in Clinton Co. : one of only eighty acres, one mile north- east from De Witt ; one of 240 acres, half a mile west of Malone ; one of 410 acres, one mile east of Grand Mound; have 160 acres of woodland, two miles southeast from De Witt, near the old Ames homestead. We have now left in Clinton Co., 810 acres and a few lots ; once owned a block and a half in De Witt ; have 800 acres in Poca- hontas Co., Iowa, since June, 1858 ; have raised many thousand bushels of grain and many thousand pounds of pork and beef; have a good comfortable home on a farm of 410 acres near Grand Mound, a railroad station, and the palace cars glide by our door on one of the best ste3l-track railroads in the world. On Oct. 4, 1876, I, the little wife and Aylett L, our eldest son, started to see the Centennial Exhibition, m Phila- delphia, where, for eight days, we with great delight saw the best works of the civilized WOrl We have, for over one quarter of a century, lived and labored in Clinton Co. ; have tried to doTur part in convlrting the wild prairie into fertile fie ds and improving Clinton Co. ■ have paid taxes generally quite cheerfully, knowing well that time would reward us ; have Jed long enough in Clinton Co. to see it nse from a wiM p r a,r t a beautiful county in a great State. We have not been lonesome ; we have met intelli Sfpeoplehe/e, and brought with us from the halls of college some rare books of g eat fhinkS men I have now some of the text books which Bishop Calvin Kin gsley Saiefwhen he was a student of old Allegheny College,, of Meadville Penn. ; I received Sm from his own hand Feb. 22, 1851, at Meadville, Penn. One book is a rare one- Sirllac Newton's immortal Principia also Euclid, and Coffins Conic Sections, &c The Tood Sop died in Beyroot, Asia Minor, while traveling m the Holy Land ; he wL £ teacher in mathematics, while he was professor of Allegheny College ffimj labors in Clinton Co., I have ever sought to solve some great problems, _ , ™,L/ fi ome celebrated theorems in the higher mathematics, and thus 1 fed my ~or demonstrate some celebrated theorems in the high 764 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: innate vanity for intellectual pleasures; I have ever been conscious that I seemed odd to most persons who first saw me ; the cause was simply this : I was ever thinking intensely on some intricate theorem in physical astronomy, and trying to simplify the integrations of the complex differential formulas in celestial mechanics, The differential and integral calculus were the engines by which I developed my knowledge of the universe. My knowledge of chemistry was a constant source of pleasure, and I hope that more than one young man will, in his future life, think of me, when he thinks of his early studies. We have generally enjoyed' good health, with much pleasure and a great many blessings, for all of which we return thanks to God and to the good people of Clinton County." WILLIAM D. SMITH, farmer, Sec. 28; P. 0. De Witt; was born in Rockingham Co., Va., in 1816. Married Miss Catherine Knopp. Came to Clinton Co. and settled on present farm in the spring of 1851 ; he has two sons — Abraham and Anderson ; his youngest son, Isaac, was killed by tbe walls of the house falling in during the tornado of 1860. B. T. STUART, Justice of the Peace, Grand Mound ; was born in Montr gomery Co., Mo., in 1842; his parents, Simpson and Mary Stuart, removed from Missouri to Illinois in 1847; his father died in 1856; his mother in 1878. Mr. Stuart enlisted in 1861^ in the 9th 111. V. C; he served in that regiment three years, and in the 134th for six months; was First Sergeant of a company in both regiments ; was discharged October, 1865 ; was in the Peninsula campaign, and wounded at Mal- vern Hill; was at the battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg ; wounded at Brandeth's Station, in 1863. After the war, he resided in Henry Co., 111., till 1869, then came to Clinton Co. and engaged in farming until 1874, when he moved to Grand Mound ; he was station agent for three years. Elected Justice of the Peace in 1878. He was married, in 1867, to Lucy Kent, of Henry Co.; they have three children — William, Laura and Charles. PERRY TWOGJOOD, farmer and grain buyer; P. 0. Grand Mound; was born in Madison Co., N. Y., in 1817. He married Josephine F. Cranson, also of Madison Co., N. Y. He came to Lyons in 1854; settled permanently in Clinton Co. in 1860 ; for some time employed in farming in Olive Township ; came to Grand Mound in 1864, and engaged in the grain trade, which he has since followed, except two years, which he spent in California, where he went in 1876, returning in 1878. He has three children — Isabelle, Daniel P. and Niles B. JAMES WEEKS, farmer, Sec. 13; P. 0. Grand Mound; was born in Connecticut in 1818 ; his wife was Miss Phebe A. Smith, also a native of Connecticut; they removed to Grant Co., Wis., in 1853, and came to present location in 1863 ; they have three children — Rufus J., resides in Texas ; Julia, lives with her brother Rufus, and Fred. W. Mr. Weeks' farm contains 280 acres ; he makes a specialty of sheep- raising, having now on his farm a flock of 500. WELTON TOWNSHIP. EGBERT BANKS, farmer, Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Welton ; born in Putnam Co., N. Y., in 1839 ; his father was drowned at Albany, N. Y., about 1849 ; after the death of his father, he lived in the family of his uncle, in Dutchess Co., N. Y., for four years ; he also lived in Connecticut one year ; lived' for some time in Fairfax Co., Va.; went to Illinois in 1854 ; he came to Clinton Co. in the fall of 1864. Fall of 1864, went as a recruit in the 11th I. V. I.; was on detached duty at Ringgold, Ga.. until February, 1865 ; was afterward engaged in the battle of Kingston, N. C; was mus- tered out of service with his regiment in July, 1865. He married, 1867, Elizabeth Dannatt, a native of Lincolnshire, England ; has two children — Caroline and Benjamin D. Mr. Dannatt has a well-improved farm of 120 acres. WELTON TOWNSHIP. ^gg JOHN BIACK, farmer, Sec. 26; P. 0. De Witt- born in r™».„ a ,. ■ Ireland J an . lf 1817 he r ; moyed t0 fi ^ e ^ , born in County Antrim, tmtslo X T r ' Wh6re ^- liVed n^ ^ ; then -nt P to Bahama ;w e n ° e £ ous; he mamed Mary Ann Eberhart ; she has two chilU-Sgett a^Ma? T Co., i^Sl^: SfSRSSS ft Ime^cETc ^ J ^^ Jane Webster, daughter of Orange Webster, of Welton TownshJ his i x ch Idren- Wdhs H., Minnie M., Rosella F., George, Frederick and Edward. Mr Carr 0L eighty-acres of land, purchased in 1868. MA ^ P ^° XS ? CHAPPET, farmer, Sec. 15; P. 0. Welton. Married MA. Ann Cooper, who was born m Lincolnshire, England, about 1823 ; her maiden name was Scholey ; she married for her first husband Mr. William Ackerill, who died in England ; in 1859, she married Mr. George Cooper, also native of England ■ thev came to this country the same year. Mr. Cooper had been a resident of Clinton Co tor about eight years, at the time of their marriage, but had returned to England- he had entered the farm where the family now reside ; he died Aug. 14, 1876 • his widow married Mr. Chappet, February, 1878. Mr. John Scholey, a nephew of Mrs Chappet resides with her ; he was born in England in 1844, and came to the United States in 1865. He married Martha Ann Smith, a native of Ohio ; she died Aug. 14 1867 • had two children — Fred and Mary A. FREDERICK COUNCILMAN, farmer; P. 0. Welton; born in Broome Co., N. Y., in 1816. He married Aucelia Ann Horton ; they removed to Illinois, but came to De Witt in 1854 and settled on present farm in 1855 ; have eight children— Sidney, Almedia, Augusta, Eugene, Bessie, Charles, Addie and Hattie. Mr. Councilman has 170 acres of land; is engaged in general farming and dairying NATHAN DAVIS, farmer, Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Welton ; born in Ohio in 1822 ; his parents, Ananias and Sarah Davis, were natives of Virginia ; removed to Ohio ■ thence to Indiana, where they died. Mr. Nathan Davis came to Clinton Co. and pur- chased the farm which he now owns in 1863. He married Nancy Doty, native of Indiana; they have eight children — Marion C., Samuel D., Joseph D. James B., Abraham L., Thomas and Sarah C. ; have lost four children. MARTIN DOBIiER, farmer, Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Welton; born in Alsace, then a province of France, in 1821 ; his parents, Martin and Maria Dobler, emigrated to the United States about 1829 ; settled in Pittsburgh, Penn. His father was killed by a train of cars in Western Virginia, in 1876 ; his mother died in Pittsburgh, in 1839. Martin Dobler was a glass-blower in Pittsburgh for about twenty years ; he came to Clinton Co. in the summer of 1854, and purchased his present farm, where he located in the spring of 1357. He married Catherine Garshbach, a native of Cam- bria Co., Penn. ; they have eight children — John M., George E. W., Catherine C, William L., Charles E., Joseph P., Louis 0. and Francis A. ; lost six — Mary Ann, James A., Charles H., James R., Lawrence, and an infant. Mr. Dobler's farm contains 200 acres of land. He has held the office of School Director for seven years ; also Road Supervisor for many years. JEREMIAH DONAGAN, farmer; P. 0. De Witt; was born in County Cork, Ireland ; he emigrated to Maine in 1836; from Maine he removed to Boston • thence to Rhode Island; then to Connecticut; thence to Chicago, and to Cal- ifornia in 1849, where he remained till 1852; he then returned to Ireland, but came back to the United States in March, 1853 ; he came to Clinton Co. in the fall of the AA 766 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: same year, and purchased the farm where he now lives. His wife was Mary Lucey, born in England in 1835 ; they have eight children — John, Michael, Jeremiah, Patrick, Mary C., Dennis, Morris and James ; lost one son — Edward, aged 5 years. ISAIAH HARMAN, farmer, Sec. 32; P. 0. Grand Mound; son of John A. and Naomi Harman, who came to Davenport in the fall of 1857 ; remained one year, then settled on a farm in Lincoln Township, and lived there nine years, then pur- chased the farm now owned by their son Isaiah. Mr. John A. Harman died June 30, 1871. Mrs. Harman resides with her son Isaiah ; she has seven children — William G., resides at Grand Mound; Mrs. Mary E. Colder, lives in Nebraska; Mrs. Lucinda. Jordon, resides in Orange Township ; Drias, who lives in Washington Territory ; Isaiah ; Mrs. Abiah D. Johnson, resides in Missouri, and Rodney, who lives in Sioux Co., Iowa. Isaiah was born in Canada in 1842; he removed to Genesee Co., N. Y., with his parents, when a child, and thence to Iowa; he enlisted, in 1861, in the 2d I. V. Cav., Co. E ; served over three years ; was at Fort Donelson and Island No. 10, Shi- loh, the siege of Vicksburg, Corinth, and in all the battles in which his regiment took part. He married, in 1865, Mary May P. Jordan ; she died in 1868; he married Rosanah Markland in 1873 ; her parents were early settlers of Clinton Co. ; her father died in the army. Mr. Harman has one child by first marriage — Gertrude M., and one by present wife — Roy L. IORNS & PERRINE, merchants, dealers in dry goods, groceries, boots and shoes, hardware, drugs, etc. ; Welton. Henry P. Iorns was born in Warren Co., Ohio, in 1840 ; he was in the Union service during the rebellion three years ; his health became impaired and, after the war, he returned South, where he was engaged in busi- ness for some time ; was employed for a time as steamboat clerk ; afterward rented a cotton plantation in Louisiana, which he conducted one year; then returned to Ohio and engaged in farming ; went to Illinois in 1873, and engaged in the drug business with his present partner. Mrs. Iorns is a native of Ohio, a graduate of a Normal school of that State ; they have two children — Martha J. and Leola. Mr. Demas Perrine was born in Warren Co., Ohio, in 1849 ; he attended school at Antioch College for three years ; he engaged as clerk in a general store, conducted by his brother, at Fort Ancient, Ohio; went to Illinois and engaged in business with Mr. Iorns in 1873; in 1874, they came to Welton, and bought the stock of goods of H. H. Stow ; they now keep a large stock and a general assortment of goods, and are doing a good business. Mr. Perrine married Nancy D. Luddington, a native of Clinton Co., Ohio ; they have ne child — Gertrude. ISAAC W. JON ES, farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. 0. De Witt ; born in Mt. Pleas- ant, JefFerson Co., Ohio, in September, 1818. He married, in 1840, Hannah Knight, of Harrison Co., Ohio; came to Davenport in May, 1853 ; in April, 1854, removed to De Witt ; he is a cabinet-maker, and followed that business for sixteen years before he came to Iowa ; he worked as a carpenter at De Witt for five years ; he entered his pres- ent farm in 1853, and settled there April 1 , 1859 ; has had ten children, five now living — Mrs. Mary E. Hicks, resides in Welton Township ; Jennie, Perley, Josephine and Edwin S. ; J. K. graduated at the Medical Department of the University of Michi- gan, at Ann Arbor, in March, 1868 ; he died Nov. 5, 1874 ; James Albert was appren- ticed to the harness maker's trade at De Witt ; died, November, 1865 ; two others died in infancy. Mr. Jones has 400 acres of land in Clinton Co. and 160 in Crawford Co. ; he has been Assessor of Welton Township six years. ISAAC W. KNIGHT, farmer, Sec. 20 ; P. O. Welton ; was born in Bel- mont Co., Ohio, in 1843; he enlisted in August, 1851, in 15th Ohio V. I. ; served four years and eight months ; was at the battles of Pittsburg Landing, Corinth, Stone River, Chickamauga, Mission Ridge, etc. ; he enlisted as a private, was promoted to Corporal ; discharged December, 1865 ; he returned to Ohio after the war, and came to Welton Township in 1866 ; he worked two years for Mr. I. W. Jones ; bought his farm in 1868. He married, February, 1868, Miss Sarah M. Robinson, daughter of James M. Robinson ; they have three children — Charles L., Carrie A. and Cynthia. WELTON TOWNSHIP. T6T ROBERT JLINCH, farmer, Sec. 19; P. 0. Welton ; owns 320' acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; son of James and Eleanor (nee Whiteside) Linch, was born in 1805 in Maryland; his parents moved to Lancaster, Lancaster Co., Penn., when he was about 7 years old ; at an early age, he was apprenticed to the shoe- makers' trade, and for several years followed journey work through several of the New -England States; in 1831, went to Wheeling, W. Va., and engaged in the manufacture of boots and shoes, and, in 1833, removed to Morrison, Belmont Co., Ohio, where he continued the same business till the spring of 1856, when he emigrated to Clinton Co. 7 Iowa, locating on his present farm. Married Miss Eliza Miller, of Pennsylvania, jd March, 1827 ; she was born in 1807 ; have eight children — Mary, Robert, Sarah, George, Francis, Eliza, James and Edwin ; lost two — Virginia and Lucinda. Democrat. ISAAC N. LOOFBORO, farmer; P. O. Welton.; born in. Shelby Co. T Ohio, in 1832. He married Lucy Jane Van Horn; she died before Mr. Loofboro camo to Iowa, leaving one son — Augustine. Mr. L. came, to Clinton Co: in> 1858; he enlisted, in 1860, in the 8th Iowa V. I. ; served three years ; was at the battle of Shiloh and other engagements ; he was mustered out with his regiment. He married, in 1863, Ann M. Davis; they had four children — Horace R., Yulee, Mary L. ^ have: lost one child — Viola A. Mr. Loofboro settled on his present farm in 1863. JOHN W. IiOOFBORO, farmer; P. O. Welton; born, in Clark Co. T Ohio, April, 1 834 ; he came to Clinton Co. with his parents, David and Mary Loofboro, in March, 1858. "He married, August, 1862, Susan Forsyth; born. in. Clark Co., Ohio; her parents came to Clinton Co. from Ohio in 1862. Mr. Loofboro enlisted, in August, 1862, in Co. F, 26th Iowa V. I.; served till the close of the war; was- slightly wounded at the battle of Arkansas Post, and severely in the heal at the siege of Vicksburg ; was mustered out of service July 8, 1865 ; has six children— Ralph E. T Beecher E., Alice S., Wade J., Eli F. and Erlow B. Mf. L. settled on his present farm in 1865.* IiEWIS A. IiOOFBORO, farmer, Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Welton.; number of acrcsy 220 Mr Loofboro was born in Shelby Co., Ohio, in 1838 ; his parents removed to Illinois in 1850; to Clinton Co., Iowa, in 1858; his father located in Bloomficld) Township where he resided about fourteen years ; he then came to Welton Township ; he died, February, 1878 ; his mother died, August, 1878. Mr Lewis A. Loofboro pur- chased his present farm in 1865. He married Tamar Forsyth^ a native of Ohio ; they have five children— A. Chase, Stella, Amelia, Sarah and Orpha. Is engaged in farming and stock-raising. TOHN Ii RANDS, farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Welton; born in Lincolnshire, England in 1833; he came to the United States in 1852 ; to Clinton Co. the same year ; he spent several years in traveling in different parts of the country, and seed on present farm in 1863. He married Jemima Paul whose parents were early settlers of Clinton Co.; they have six children-George, Mary J, Emma, Lawrence, Florence and Rose. , . . T ■ ikliv «PATN farmer Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Charlotte; born in Canada in June, ISS^lfn^Corn'elits aVd Margaret Spain, came to Clinton Co. in 1852, and settled in Waterford Township; his father died about 1873 ; his mother sr, 1 hves m Waterford Township. He married, in Mareh, 1862, Bridget Quigly of Clinton Co., formerly from New York ; they have eight children-Margaret, John T., Cornell*, Marv C Bridget, William E., Ellen and James J. AT VAN HORN, farmer, Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Welton; born in Harrison Co Va in lira his parents, Be'rnard and Elizabeth Van Horn, removed to Ohio m 1829. He mfriedAmaranda Loofboro ; they removed to Peoria Co. Ill in 1851 ; came to He married Am ^ ^ ^.^ . q ^ 26th L y j m 18 s 2 ; wainta- ? H on' account of disabilitv, in 1863 ; was at the battle of Arkansas Post and at charged on ^5^ Has fi' ve children-Francis M., Christopher C. Theodore, the siege oi » ^ E H - g nts came to cliDtoft Co _ with their children j they Athalia A. <" lu ~ are now deceased. 7gg BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: JOHN B. VAN HORN, farmer, Sec. 17j P. 0. Welton ; born in Clark Co., Ohio in 1832; lie removed to Illinois in 1851 ; came to Welton Township in 1855, and worked on the farm of his uncle, Job Van Horn, during that season ; he returned to Illinois, but came back in the spring of 1856, and settled on the farm which he now owns. ' He married, in April, 1856, Martha Babcoek, a native of Ohio ; they have four children — Ulysses Sherman, Clara L., Naomi Ruth and Elizabeth. Mr. Van Horn has 100 acres of land. JOB G. WALROD, farmer, Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Welton ; son of David Walrod, who came from Chautauqua Co., N. Y., to Clinton Co., in 1843; his grandfather Wal- rod came the year previous ; his father died, September, 1854 ; his mother still lives in Welton Township. Mr. Walrod enlisted, in August, 1862, in the 26th I. V. I ; served three years ; was in the battle of Arkansas Post, where he was wounded ; was at the siege of Vieksburg, battle of Lookout Mountain, and in all the battles in which his regiment took part; was discharged June 5, 1865. Married Emma McConnell, whose parents, Joseph and Elizabeth McConnell, were early settlers of Jackson Co., now resi 7 dents of Linn Co. ; have two children — Mary E. and Warren. Mr. Walrod purchased the farm where he now resides, in 1871. NICHOLAS N. WALROD, farmer, Sec. 15; P.O. Welton; he belongs to a numerous family of early settlers of Clinton Co ; he was born in Chautauqua Co., N. Y., in 1820 ; his parents removed to Onondaga Co. the same year; to Michigan about 1825, but returned to New York, w^iere his mother died in 1842 ; his father, Abram Walrod, came to Clinton Co. in the fall of 1842 ; he settled in Welton Town- ship on the farm now owned by his son, John K. Walrod ; he died in August, 1863. Mr. Nicholas N. Walrod cam« to Clinton Co. from Onondaga Co., N. Y., in the fall of 1843 ; in 1847, he entered forty acres of the farm of 160 acres which he now owns. He married, in July, 1848, Miss Polly R. Tyler, daughter of Mr. C. Tyler, a pioneer of Clinton Co. ; have had five children, four living — Mrs. Lucretia Huebirer, Mrs. Ellen E. Mudge, Horace H, married daughter of Capt. Joseph McConnell, and Mrs. Viola Dobler. Mr. Walrod was Justice of the Peace from 1863 to 1869 ; was also County Supervisor for one term. HIRAM M. WEBSTER, farmer, Sec. 15; P. 0. Welton; born in Onondaga Co., N. Y., in 1829 ; his parents, Orange and Reumah Webster, removed to Illinois -about 1838 ; they came to Eden Township, Clinton Co., about 1853 ; to Welton Township in 1 856 ; his father still resides in Welton Township ; his mother died in 1878. Mr. Webster settled on present farm in 1870 ; his first wife was Margery A. Blackwell ; born in Indiana ; she died in 1870; they have one daughter — Edith L. ; his present wife was Mrs. 'Sylvester Marklan'd, who came to Clinton Co. in the fall of 1854 and settled in Camanche. Mr. Markland enlisted/in 1862, in Iowa V. I., and, died in hospital at Marietta, Ga., in 1864. Mrs. Webster has four children by her former marriage — Mrs. Alice Harman, resides in Sioux Co., Iowa ; Mrs. Rosanna Har- man, resides in Welton Township ; William P. and Nellie E. CAMANCHE TOWNSHIP. HORACE ANTHONY; P. 0. Camanche ; was born in Livingston Co., N. Y., in 1816 ; there he received his early education and resided till 1834, when he removed to New Haven, Conn. ; in 1838, he came to Quincy, 111. ; remained one year; he then removed to Rock Island, 111., where he was engaged as clerk in various busi- nesses. Married, in 1840, at Davenport, Iowa, Miss Ejizabeth McCloskey, a native of Pennsylvania; she came West in the early part of that year; they formed an acquaintance on board a steamer, while coming up the Mississippi River, and in the fall of that year married ; they have had nine children, eight still living— Mary C. (now Mrs. Toy), Martha 0. (now Mrs. Cady), both made widows by the late war ; John J., Napoleon B., Lucy J. (now Mrs. Tong), William R., Edward F. and Frederick H. In • CAMANCHE TOWNSHIP. 769 loOU, Mr. A. came to Iowa, locating at Cainanche, where he has since resided and been engaged in business ; the same year he purchased and improved a tract of land, consist- ing of 320 acres, and, in 1855, engaged in the saw-mill and lumber business, in which " e 1S s' 1 ' 1 engaged quite extensively. Mr. A. is one of Camanche's most enterprising and public-spirited citizens, ever lending a helping hand to every commendable enter- prise ; he has held several offices of trust and responsibility since he located in the county ; in 1859 and 1860, he represented the county in the Legislature, being elected on the Republican ticket ; he also held the office of Treasurer of the county for four years; himself and wife are members of the Baptist Church, he being one of the lead- ing members in that Church, having assisted and used his influence in its organization in 1851. Mr. A. is a stanch Republican; OSCAR ANTHONY, insurance agency ; P. 0. Camanche ; was born irt Livingston Co., N. Y., April 15, 1833 ; in 1850, he removed to New Haven, Conn, the birth-place of his parents, and the home of his ancestors for. several generations previous ; there, in November, 1853, he married Miss Hannah M. Rood, a native of that city ; they have had three children, two still living— Will 0. and Merrill P. Mrs. A. 'is a daughter of John and Hannah (Baldwin) Rood, natives of New Haven. The Baldwins emigrated from England in the early part of the seventeenth century, settling near New Haven, Conn, where the original homesteads are still occupied by their descendants. Both of her grandfathers were soldiers in the War for Independence ; her father and one of her grandfathers were also in the War of 1812. In 1855, Mr. Anthony emi- grated to Iowa, settling in Camanche, where he has since resided ; was first engaged in the- grocery business for fourteen years ; then in the dry goods trade four years ; he has served as Supervisor for years ; held the office of Postmaster at Camanche a number of years ; in 1866, he was appointed Assistant United States Assessor of Distilleries at Camanche, and, in 1870, to the office of Assistant United States Marshal, taking the census of a part of Clinton Co. Mr. A. and wife are members of the Presbyterian Church ; he is also a member of A, P. & A. M. and A. 0. U W. ; held office of Master in both of them ; is a stanch Republican; he has ever been a strong advocate of temperance and a foe to human bondage ; his ancestors have been noted for longevity, his father attaining his 99th year, and his mother is still living at the advanced age of 89 years. EDWARD G. BUTCHER, breeder of thoroughbred horses; P. O. Camanche; was born in Beverly, Randolph Co, Va, Sept. 1, 1823; son of Eh and Elizabeth (Hart) Butcher, both natives of Virginia ; he is also a lineal descendant of John Hart, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, his mother being the daughter of Edward, who was a son of John Hart ; the paternal grandmother of Mr. Butcher was a Drake, related to Sir Francis Drake, of England ; in 1837, when 14 years of age, Mr. -Butcher came West with Mr. Stalnaker, settling near what is now Cordova, Rock Island Co, 111. ; there was but one house and family there at that time, and his only playmates that winter were Indian boys. He says they could excel him in shooting with bow and arrows, but when it came to a foot-race, he could distance them. They laid claim to a tract of land and began improving it; in 1839, sold that and removed to Whiteside Co, where they made a large claim near what was then known as North Grove; that season they broke 100 acres; a little over a year alter, they sold it; in the fall of 1840, Mr. Butcher was started out to look for another loca- tion ; crossing the Mississippi at Camanche, he traversed Iowa to the Walnut lorksot the Wapsipinicon River before he found suitable land ; returning, he found that Mr. Stalnaker had partially purchased a large tract of land three mUes back of Albany I1K ; thev concluded the purchase, improved and resided on it until the death otMr^ », when the entire property was left to Mr. Butcher ; in 1851, Mr Butcher sold the farm, consLting of 1,000 acres, 500 under cultivation ; the farm is Still known as the Butcher farm the same year, he came to Camanche and associated with the firm of Mel yaine H n ' in the general merchandise and grain business, then the largest firm in Clinton Pn four years after, the firm was changed to Butcher & Dailey, and for years did the uJjJt srain business in the county. Mr. B. built the first steam saw-mill in the tv at Camanche ; it was burned, and the old brick stack is still standing and m 770 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: use by W. R. Anthony & Co. ; the engine of that mill was the first steam engine brought into the county; he was also interested in the first steam flouring-mill, known as the Lettig mill, afterward converted into a distillery. Mr. B. is one of Clinton Co'a most enterprising citizens ; has done more for its improvement than any other man in it; he has, for a number of years, been engaged in raising and breeding thoroughbred horses, and has been the owner of several quite noted ones, among them Alice Ward, mow the property of P. Lorillard : while she was the property of Mr. B., he ran her in 113 races, winning ninety-three of them. Mr. B. married, July 8, 1845, in Whiteside Co., 111., Miss Sarah Ann Willson, a native of Virginia; they had nine children, four .are living — Laura L. (now Mrs. Samuel C. -Williams), Elvira V. (now Mrs. T. B. Hatcher), Anna (now Mrs. R. L. Chalk, of Belton, Tex.), and ©race G. (now Mrs. Joseph Aulhon). Mrs. B. died in 1878, leaving a husband and four daughters to mourn their loss. Mr. B. has held the office of Mayor of the city of Camanche for a (number of years; he is a strong Democrat. ADDISON BARKER, farmer, Sec. 24; P. 0. Cantanche; was born in (Greene Co., N. Y., in 1825 ; came to Iowa in 1851, laid claim to 160 acres of the Iowa iselhool land, and when it came into market purchased and improved it ; he is a broom- maker, which business he followed for ten years after he came to the State, in connec- tion with his family. He married, in the fall of 1850, Miss Christiana Kilmer, a native of New York ; they had five children, four still living — Edith, Kilmer, Florence and Windle A. Mr. B. has held the office of Justice of the Peace for some years, since he Jias been a citizen of the cpunty. Mr. B. and family are members of the Baptist "Church. Mr. B. was formerly a Whig, and at the organization of the Republican party joined its ranks ; was ever an uncompromising foe to human slavery. WM. CABJTTY, farmer, Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Low Moor ; was born in Lincolnshire, lEngland, in 1823; emigrated to the United States in 1852, settling in Clinton Co., Iowa, where he purchased and improved a piece of land containing 160 acres, on which Ihe! has since resided. Married, in 1850, Miss Sarah Willis, a native of the same shire ■as himself; they have five daughters and four sons — Mary S., Robert, Dinah, William, George, Joseph, Elizabeth, Alice and Sallie. His parents, William and Mary (Smith) Canty, were natives of England, and resided there till, their deaths. Mr. C. is a stanch Republican. JOHN S. D AlOATT, farmer, Sec. 24 ; P. O. Camanche ; was born in Lincolnshire, England, in 1834; emigrated to the United States in 1851, settling in Clinton Co., Iowa, where he has since resided on his fine farm of 560 acres. He mar- ried, in 1858, Miss Emily Evigon. a native of the same part of England as himself; they have nine children — Johanna L., Mary A., William L., Asa, Eva, Ida, Elbert J., Nettie and Ernest. They are members of the Baptist Church ; Republican. CHAS. B. EliCJB. farmer, Sec. 36 ; P. O. Camanche ; was born in Clinton Co., Pean., in 1837; came to Iowa in 1855, where he has since resided ; he and his father improved the farm on which he resides, consisting of eighty acres. He married, in 1858, Miss Mary P. Pierce ; she was a native of New Jersey ; they have three chil- dren—Harry M., Georgiana and Fred B. They are members of Methodist Episcopal Church ; he is also a member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen. Mr. E. enlisted in Co. A, 16th Iowa V. I., and served four years. Mr. E. is a stanch Repub- lican. WM. D. FOLLETT, farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. Camanche; was born in Rensselaer Co., N. Y., in 1811 ; removed to Iowa in 1837 ; he laid claim to a tract of land in the southeast part of Clinton Co., which he improved, and on which he still resides ; his present farm consists of 400 acres, and is valued at about $65 per acre. He married, in 1830, Miss Maria Ketchem, a native of New York; they had five chil- dren, four still living— Kate (now Mrs. Millar), William E., Mahala and Helen. Mrs. F. died in_1856, leaving a husband and four children. Mr. F. again married, in 1862, Miss Davidson, and has two children— Charles and Genevieve ; his son, William E., was the first male child born in Clinton Co. ; his oldest son, Zander, died at Little CAMANCHE TOWNSHIP. 771 Roek, Ark., while in the army. Mr. F. was formerly a Democrat; acts with the Greenback party. JACOB GROHE, Sec. 30; P. 0. Camanche; was born in Strasbourg, FraDce, in 1814 ; came to the United States when he was 4 years old, locating in Jeffer- son Co., N. Y., where he married, in 1855, Miss Sarah A. Bence, a native of that State ; they had eleven children, nine now living — Clemence (now Mrs. Charles), Lavina, William C., Catharine (now Mrs. Charles Thomas), Susan (now Mrs. E. D. Selby), Sarah A., (now Mrs. L. Van Eps), Mila M., Jacob N. and Florence. His wife died in 1870. Mr. G-. and family are members of the Baptist Church ; he has been a member of that church for over twenty -seven years ; is a stanch Republican. _ HIRAM A. HART, Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Camanche ; was born in Butler Co., Ohio, in 1808 ; came to Iowa in 1849 and entered a tract of land ; returned to Indiana, where his family was residing. He married, in Indiana, in 1848, Miss Mary J. McGuire ; they have four sons and four daughters living — Abraham P., Flora B. (now Mrs. Ciswell), James W. M., Clptie (now Mrs. Smith), Charles R , Francis M., John S. and Mary Jane; the parents of Mrs. H., James and Susan (Fleck) McGuire, were natives of Ireland and Indiana ; her father entered a very extensive tract of land in 1849, lying between Camanche and Low Moor. In 1850, Mr. Hart removed to Iowa with his family, and improved his land, a part of which he now resides upon ; his home farm consists of 800 acres. The parents of Mr. Hart, William and Annabelle (Piatt) Hart, were natives of Ohio, where they resided till their deaths. Mr. Hart was elected to the office of Representative of Dearborn Co., Ind., and served one term prior to coming to Iowa. He is a member of A., F. & A. M., in the higher degrees of that Order. He is a Democrat. GEO. F. HOWSOW, farmer, Sec. 35 ; P. O, Camanche; was born in Lin- colnshire, England, in 1846; in 1856, he, with his parents, Richard and Jemima Howson, emigrated to the United States, settling in Clinton Co., where they have since resided. Mr. H. improved the farm on which he resides, consisting of 160 acres. He married, in Clinton Co., Miss Anna Tongue, in 1871 ; they have three children— Grace I., Nora A. and Lra F. Mr. H. and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church ; he is a stanch Republican. CAPT. WI. H. HOYT, P. O. Camanche ; was born in the city of New York in 1826 ; he, with his parents, removed to Ohio in 1836, settling in Marietta; he there learned his trade of millwright ; he came to Iowa in 1853, settling at Camanche, where he has resided since ; he built the first flouring-mill erected in Camanche, in 1860 ; it was destroyed by fire in 1871 ; in 1872, he rebuilt onthe site of the former mill, which he operated for a short time and sold, removing thence to Fulton, W-< and built another, which he operated a short time, removing again to Camanche ; in 18ol, he enlisted in the 16th I. V. I., Co. A ; was elected Captain of the company, and served through the war ; the last eight months was in the rebel prisons at Char eston H. U ; he, with the other prisoners, was placed under the fire of the Union batteries to pro- tect the city ; he was removed thence to Columbia, S. C, and thence *o Rale.gh, from wh ch pril'he was paroled on the 2d day of March 1865 and ™^ J» *"*»5 some time after. He married, at Marietta, Ohio, Miss Adeline Ja^a native o^ that State; they have three children-Nora (now Mrs. Carter) Andras W. and tree- man V Mr H. is a member of the A., F. & A. M., and was for fourteen years the Master of Camanche Lodge, No. 60 ; is a stanch Republican. « HYMAJf, grain-dealer, Camanche; was born in Lycoming Co., rennm 18*8 * came to Iowa in 1851, where he has since resided; he is a carpenter by rade, which he Mowed prior to, and some time after, he came to the State ■ in 1858, ~d in the hardware business ; continued until the tornado of June 3, 1860, when Korehouse was demolished with its contents ; he afterward engaged in the grocery and hardware business, which he carried on for several years, then engaged in the grain W and feed business, which is still occupying his attention In 1853, he visited J nJvania the home of his boyhood, and there married Miss Mary B. Elce, a native f 6 L omTn-'Co. ; the following spring returned to Iowa with his wife ; they have two 772 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: children — Thomas J. and William D. ; members of the Methodist Episcopal Church'; Mr. H. has taken an active part in the church affairs for "many years; he is also a member of I. 0. 0. F. and the Encampment, also of the A. O. U. W. ; he held the office of Mayor of the city of Camanche, and has been identified with its various offiues since the town was first organized. Mr. H. was a Whig, now a Republican ; his parents were natives of Pennsylvania, and his mother still resides in that State. SIMPSON JAMES, farmer, Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Camanche ; was born in Essex Co., N. Y., 1824 ; came to Iowa in 1851 ; he made the principal improvements on the farm on which he resides, consisting of eighty acres ; he first settled in Scott Co., of this State, remaining till 1855. He married, in 1849, Miss Louisa Nichols, daughter of Jonathan and Dexalana (Wallace) Nichols ; they are members of the Baptist Church ; Mr. J. is a stanch Republican. JOHN McCLOSKEY, P. 0. Camanche ; was born in Allegheny Co., Penn., in 1823 ; emigrated West in 1836, locating in St. Louis till 1840, when he went to Davenport, Iowa ; in the fall of 1854, he removed to Camanche, where he engaged in the saw-mill and lumber business, and where he has since resided ; from 1845 to 1854, he was most of the time on the Pacific coast, in Oregon, and, while in that State, he met and married, in 1854, Miss Sarah E. Oxner, a native of Kentucky; Mrs. McCloskey died in 1860. Mr. McCloskey again married, in 1861, Miss R. A. Lawton, of Clinton Co., a native of Illinois ; they have two children — Lottie and Hor- ace. Mr. and Mrs. McC. are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church ; he is also a member of A., F. & A. M. ; he was in the Indian war in Oregon, in 1848 ; he was a Democrat before the war, but since that time has acted with the Republican party. DANIEL NICHOLS, farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Camanche ; was born in Essex Co., N. Y., in 1816 ; emigrated to Iowa in 1858, locating in Clinton Co., where he has. since resided ; he made the principal improvements on the farm on which he now resides, consisting of 224 acres. He married, in 1838, Miss Emily Stone, a native of New York ; they had three children, two of whom are living — Dexalana (now Mrs. Fenn) and Nettie E. Mrs. N. died in the spring of 1875. The parents of our sub- ject. Jonathan and Dexalana (Wallace) Nichols, were natives of New York ; the mother died in New York, in 1844 ; she was born in 1795 ; the father was born in 1793, and served through the war of 1812 ; he came to this State, and died in 1875, at the age of 82 years. Mr. N. again married, in 1875, Miss Josephine Weldrof ; is a stanch Republican. J. NICHOLS, Jr., farmer, Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Camanche ; was born in Essex: Co., N. Y., in 1818 ; came to Iowa in 1853, locating in Clinton Co., upon the farm on which he now resides, consisting of eighty acres. He married, in 1840, Miss Anna Finney, a native of New York ; they had four children — Chestina (now Mrs. George Walls), Elbert W., Adna J., Lelia L. (now Mrs. William Draper). Mrs. N. departed this life in October, 1850. Mr. N. again married, in 1851, Miss Orrila A. Angier, a native of New York ; they have one child — Luella ; they are members of the Baptist Church ; Republican. DANIEL PATE, farmer, Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Camanche ; son of David and Bill- zorah (Peas) Pate ; was born in Dearborn Co., Ind., in 1836 ; came to Iowa in 1856, locating in Clinton Co ; he and his brother, James R., improved the farm on which he now resides, consisting of 160 acres ; Mr. P.'s occupation is that of farmer and stock-' raiser ; he is a member of the I. 0. 0. F. ; is a Democrat. JAMES R. PATE, farmer, Sec. 13; P. 0. Camanche ; was born in Dear- born Co., Ind., in 1840 ; in 1856, he removed to Iowa, locating in Clinton Co., where he and a brother improved a farm of 160 acres, which they still own. In 1870, he married, at Camanche, Miss Alpha Millard, a native of Jackson Co., Iowa, and daugh- ter of David and Emarette (Jinkins) Millard ; her father was killed in the tornado of June 3, 1860, at Brophy Creek, of this county ; her mother is still living in Adams Co., of this State. They have two children — Charles P. and Myrtie E. ; members of the Baptist Church ; he is also a member of I. 0. 0. F. His parents were David and CAMANCHE TOWNSHIP. 773 Billzorah (P ea8 ) Pate; they were natives of Virginia and New York, both now deceased ; the father died in 1853, the mother in 1864 ; Mr. P. is a Democrat. m C1 ? A £' ??' P *ERCE, carpenter and joiner; P. 0. Camanche; was born in Monmouth Co., N. J, in 1835; came to Iowa in 1848, locating at Camanche, where he has since resided. He married, in 1859, at Camanche, Miss Ellen Lee, a native of Ohio; they have one child— Charles A. Mr. P. enlisted in the 16th I V I Co A and served through the war; he was promoted to Sergeant, First Lieutenant, and then to Captain ot the company ; he was wounded at the battle of Atlanta, Ga., from which will always suffer ; he is a member of A. 0. U. W. ; he is a stanch Republican. n 5?*| A - S "., £* E WARD > black smith ; P. 0. Camanche : was born in Delaware i! u 1 'A" ' removed > Wlth his parents, to Ohio, while very young, settling in Ashtabula Co.. where he remained some years, attending school; there learned °the blacksmith trade, but before he had finished his apprenticeship, he removed to Brie Co., Penn., where he finished his trade, and again attended school for some time ; he enlisted in the 2d Independent Battery of Pennsylvania, known as Mehuler's Battery, or the Flying Dutchmen, and served through the war ; he returned to Erie Co., Penn., after being discharged, and in 1866 came to Iowa, locating at Camanche, where has been engaged in blacksmithing most of 1 the time. He married, in 1869, Miss Annis Bige. low, of Camanche, daughter of Timothy Bigelow ; they have two children— Eugene and Alice. Mr. S. resided at Low Moor, of this county, for some years, and while there was appointed Postmaster, which office he held for eight years ; Mr. S. is a. stanch Republican ; he fought through the war and received four wounds. MERITT H. SPOONER, agent C. & N. W. R. R. ; P. O. Camanche ; son of Elijah and Lois Spooner, who were natives of Connecticut and New York ; were married in the latter State, where they resided till the death of Mrs. S., in 1827, when Mr. 8. removed to Ohio, where he died in 1837. Their son was born at Cooperstown, Otsego Co., N. Y., March 16, 1818, whpre he received a good common-school educa- tion ; in 1856, removed to Iowa, residing at Lyons three years, then removed to Camanche, where he has since resided ; while quite young, he was apprenticed to learn the shoemaker trade ; serving out his time, he commenced for himself, carrying on that branch of business for some years after he settled in Iowa; he has for several years been in the employ of the C. & N. W. R. R., as station agent at Camanche. He mar- ried, in 1844, Miss Delia E. Ripley, a native of Watertown, Jefferson Co., N. Y. ; daughter of Noah W. and Eliza (Bowen) Ripley ; she was born Sept. 10, 1828, and when 10 years old, removed, with her father, to Otsego Co., N. Y., where she was married ; they have had four children, three are living — Emma (now the wife of H, T. Matthews), Willard E. and Mary ; Mrs. S. is a consistent member of the Methodist Church; Mr. S. is a member of A., F. & A. M., also of the I. 0. 0. F. ; is a stanch Republican. ANDREW J. SlIAIiL, farmer, Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Camanche ;' Was born in Highland Co., Ohio, in 1822. He came to Illinois in 1837, locating in Knox and FuU ton Cos., where he remained till 1839, when he again returned to Ohio, remaining there till 1844; removing thence to Aurora, Ind., where he married Miss Susan McGuire. a native of Dearborn Co., that State ; they were married in 1850. In the same year, he came to Iowa and entered a half-section of land in Section 18 ; returning to Indiana, he remained till 1861 ; he then moved his family to Iowa, bought some more land, and improved what he had entered. He is now the owner of a fine farm of 400 acres. He is a carpenter and joiner by trade, which he followed for seventeen years in his youjiger years. They have two children— George H. and Charles McG. Mr. S. is a member of the A., F. & A. M., he has also taken the Chapter degrees. Mr. S. is a Democrat, BENJAMIN TOEIrMAN, farmer, Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Camanche ; was born near New Holland, Pickaway Co., Ohio, in 1832. Came to Iowa in 1854, where he has since resided. He improved the farm on which he resides, consisting of 270 acres, He married at Camanche, in 1857, Mi - 1834 - where he was educated; in 1852, he emi- grated to this country and settled in Lee Co., 111. ; remained two years, then removed to Uinton Lo., Iowa, on the property now owned by him; has been Township Trustee, Township School Director and Road Supervisor ; he is a conservative Republican He married Katie Naeve, a native of Germany, in Clinton Co., March 15, 1860 ; she was a daughter of John and Katie Naeve, of Elk River Township; he had nine children, five are hving-Detleff, Mehe, John, Alvenie and an infant; liberal in his religious yiews ; he started with no capital, but by hard labor and economy, has built a handsome homestead and amassed a fortune of about $15,000. H. ANDERSON, merchant. Sec. 2 ; P. O. Bryant ; he was born in Schles- wig, Germany, May 8, 1825 ; in 1867, he emigrated to the United States and immedi- ately settled m Iowa, where he has lived since ; he has been a stanch Democrat since becoming a naturalized citizen of the United States. Hs married Charlotte Williche, a. native of Holstein, Germany, in that country, March 18, 1847, and has four children —Elizabeth, who married Herman Grouth, of Jackson Co. ; Charles Theodore, who married Emma Stalenberg, of Bryant ; Mathilde, who married Marenus Van Tull, of Crawford Co. ; Adolph G., who married Caroline Voss, of Clinton Co. Members of the German Lutheran Church. He started in Clinton Co. with but a limited capital, work- ing as a laborer for six months ; then started in merchandise, which he has kept up, keeping the same stand, known as the " Ten-Mile House," for the past twelve years, and amassing a fortune of from $15,000 to $20,000. JOSEPH BAIR, farmer ; P. O. Elvira. He lives on Section 3. and owns 160 acres of land. He was born in Westmoreland Co., Penn., July 29, 1842, where he was educated. In 1863, he removed to Clinton Co., Iowa, and has lived there ever since, except the time he was in the army. He first enlisted in Company H, 168th Pennsylvania Volunteers, for nine months ; came to Iowa and enlisted in Company F, 11th Iowa, where he remained until the close of the war. During his residence, he has been Road Supervisor for several years. He married Mary Elmira Kelly, a native of Iowa, in Dunleith, 111., May 26, 1869, and has six children — Elsie Adella, Ora Myrtle, John Torrence, Frankie Bell, Robert Clifton and Adam Kelly. He and his family are members of the United Presbyterian Church of Elvira. When he first commenced in Iowa, he was poor and without capital, has now a fine homestead and a fortune of from $20,000 to $25,000. He a life time Republican. N. E. BROOKS, Postmaster, Elvira; born in St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., Sept. Ii9, 1834. Removed to Iowa in 1850, and located at Camanche; came to Elvira in 1869. Married Eliza N. Welsh, of Indiana; has two children— Laura E. and Mary Elizibeth. Is not a member of any Church, but attends the Evangelical Lutheran Church. Moved toTami Co. in spring of 1860, but, finding noplace like his old home, returned in the fall of 1862. WIL.LIAM WORK BEATTY, farmer, Sec. 24 and 25 ; P. O. Elvira. He owns 170 acres of land. He was born in Crawford Co., Penn., Oct. 29, 1811 ; was educated there. In May, 1846, he removed and located in Kane Co., 111., where he remained until the spring of 1852, when he removed to Clinton Co., Center Township, where he now resides. He held for several years the orfices of Justice of the Peace, Township Clerk, Township School Director and Road Supervisor. He was very active in the war of the rebellion, and sent four sons to battle for their country, one of whom was killed at the battle of Peach Tree Creek. He married Eleanor H. Stuart, in Craw- ford Co Penn., on the 24th day of September, 1833, and have twelve children— Finlaw John S., Montelius Murry, Joseph Henry, William Emmett, Mary Ann S., Rebecca J Annis M., Hattie E., Emma I., Carrie F., Eva Ella. He and most of his family are members of the United Presbyterian Church of Elvira. When he arrived in the West, he had the sum of 25 cents to begin life with ; and, as the fruits of industry 776 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: and economy, he has now a beautiful residence finely improved, and a fortune variously estimated at from $25,000 to $50,000. C. N. CHRISTI ANSON, farmer ; P. O. Elvira ; he lives in Sec. 30, and owns 715 acres of land. He was born in Schleswig, Germany, Jan. 4, 1820, where he was educated; in 1852, he emigrated to this country; came to Iowa and settled h> Clinton County, where he has lived since. He landed in New Orleans June 29, 1852, after a hard and stormy passage of seventy-one days from Liverpool. He married Seckoe Piason in Schleswig, Germany, Jan. 7, 1840 ; had nine children; five are liv- ing — Anna (married H. Schroeder, of Clinton County) ; Hans Peter (who married Emma Weise, of Clinton County) ; Martin Henry, Charles Julius and C'arstan Nicoli. All members of the German Lutheran Church. Has been Township School Director and Road Supervisor; he is a Republican. On Mr. C.'s trip from the old country, two of his daughters died of ship fever, caused by poor accommodations, poor food, no medicines and no physicians. When he first located in Clinton County he had but a scanty capital, which he immediately invested in a small farm, which he rapidly improved and enlarged, until now he has a good homestead and a fortune estimated it from $50,000 tu $60,000. besides having givetf homes to all of his children, who all live around him. PAT. CLARKE, farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. O. Elvira; owns 310 acres of land; he was born in County Mayo, Ireland, April 29, 1803, where he was educated ; in 1864, he emigrated to this country and located in Clinton County, Iowa, where he haa lived ever since. He married his first wife, Margaret Rooney, in Ireland, in 1826, and had six children, one only now living — Mary, wife of James Dolan, of Clinton County. His second wife, Mary Dolan, he married in Ireland in 1839, and had ten children, eight now living — Margaret, Ellen, Bridget, Ann, Patrick, Mike, John and Jim ; all members of the Roman Catholic Church. He has always been a stanch Democrat. He first commenced life by dealing in stock in Ireland, and, having some success, he came to this country and invested his money in lands and located as a farmer in Clin- ton County, on the property mentioned above. GEORGE CRONE, farmer, Section 3, Township 82, Range 5 east ; P. 0. Elvira; he owns 240 acres of land ; born in Franklin Co., Penn., Dec. 5, 1824, where he lived until he was 5 years old, when his family moved to Richland Co., Ohio, where he was educated ; in 1856, he left Ohio and located in Camanche Township, where he lived for seven years, when he moved to Center Township, where he has resided ever since ; since his residence he has held for several years the offices of Justice of the Peace, Township Trustee and Township School Director. He is a true Democrat of the Jacksonian stamp, and has always been an expounder of " Old Hickory " principles. He married Zeruiah McBride, of Richland Co., Ohio, Oct. 21, 1847, and had six chil- dren ; four are living — Emily Ann, Archibald, Thomas J. and George W. ; Emily and Archibald are married. He and his family are members of the United Presbyterian Church of Elvira. When he first commenced in Clinton County he had no means whatever, but by hard work and economy he has been able to comfortably provide for all his children, erect a beautiful homestead, and amass a fortune of from $25,000 to $30,000. WILLI AM W. CRONE, farmer, Section 4; P. O. Elvira; was born in Clinton Co. Aug. 16, 1855, and has lived there all his life. He married Myrtie I. Allison, of Clinton Co., March 15, 1877 ; has one child— Myrtie Ethel. He is a Republican of the old stamp. He and his family are all members of the Baptist Church. CHARLES CROSSRY, blacksmith ; P. O. Elvira ; he owns four town lots in Elvira ; he was born in Lincolnshire, Eng., April 10, 1833, where he was edu- cated; in 1857, he.left his native country and settled in Center Township, Clinton Co., Iowa, where he lives at present, and works at his trade. Democrat ever since he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. He married Martha Patchitt. a native of Lincolnshire, Eng., May 28, 1859 ; had five children, three still living- Sarah Ann, Helen and Hannah, all members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. He CENTEB TOWNSHIP. 777 was a very poor man when he began life in Clinton Co., but by perseverance and hard work has a homestead and a fortune of about $5,000 to $7,000. 1 J ™°BAS EAST, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. Elvira; he owns 120 acres of land; he was born in Lincolnshire, England, Dec. 23, 1803, where he was educated; on the 8tn of April, 1852, he emigrated to this country, and has resided ever since in Center lownship ; for several years he has been Township Koad Supervisor ; he has been a Democrat since he was naturalized. He married his first wife, Mary Evison in Cadney, Lincolnshire, England, in 1827, and had six children ; one is living— Henry He married his second wife, Ann Evison, April 25, 1848, in Brigg, Lincolnshire, England, and had six children, three now living— Thomas, Jr., John and Almy Jane. Thomas East, Sr., and his family were originally members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, but, a few years back, changed their belief and united themselves with the United Presbyterian Church of Elvira, of which they are now members. During the war, he had two sons who joined the Union army and went out to battle for °heir country. When he commenced in Center Township, he had but small capital, and since his residence here he has built a beautiful residence, given his children homes, and has a fortune of from $8,000 to $10,000. Mr. East's second wife, Ann Evison, was a widow when he married hor ; she was the relict of Joseph Evison, of Lincoln- shire, England, and had five children, three of whom are living — Emily, who married J. S. Dannatt, of Camanche Township ; Clark, who is married and lives in Crawford Co., and Kobert, who is also married and resides in Crawford Co. JOHN ENGIiER, hotel-keeper ; P. O. Elvira ; he owns eighty-two acres of land ; born on the river Rhine, in Prussia, Sept. 2, 1827, where he was educated ; in 1852, he came to this country, and after spending some years in the States of New York, Ohio, Wisconsin, Minnesota and Illinois, he moved to Dubuque, Iowa, in 1856," and in 1862, to the property now owned by him jn Elvira. He married Eva Polser, a native of Prussia, in Dubuque, Iowa, Jan. 24, 1858, and had eight children, five now living — Kate, Lizzie, John, Eegina, Adam ; all members of the Catholic Church ; Dem- ocrat. R. J. GIBSON, farmer ; P. O. Elvira ; he lives on Sec. ,32, and owns eighty acres of land ; he was born in Butler Co., Penn., Feb. 10, 1844. where he lived until he was 8 years old, when his parents moved to Jackson Co., Iowa, where he received his education ; in 1876, he removed and located on the property now owned by him, leaving his father and mother in Jackson Co. ; he has always advocated the principles of Republicanism. He married Melissa Hamilton, a native of Mercer Co., Penn., Oct. 10, 1872, in Jackson Co., Iowa, and had two children, one of whom survives — William Bruce ; he and his family are members of the United Presbyterian Church of Elvira. REV. €r. W. HAMILTON, Pastor of the United Presbyterian Church ' of Elvira ; he was born in Mercer Co., Penn., March 1, 1848, and when but 6 years old, his family removed to Jackson Co., Iowa; he was educated at Monmouth, 111. ; he received his theological education in Zenia, Ohio, and the Presbyterian University of Chicago. He married Anna Young, of Center Township; has always been a stanch Republican. A. B. HAMMOND, farmer, Sec. 24 ; P. O. Lyons ; owns 250 acres of land he was born in Tompkins Co., N. Y., June 26, 1818, where he lived until he ^ was 1 14 years old' when his family emigrated to Oakland Co., Mich. ; resided until 1850, when he removed to Center Township, on the property where he now resides. He has been School Director and Road Supervisor. He is an old and tried Jacksonian Democrat which also are his family for several generations. He married Caroline Ryman, of Saxon'v Germany, April 23, 1860, in Center Township, Clinton Co., Iowa; had three children two still living-Charles R. and Earl Willis. He and his family are attend- ants of' the Presbyterian Church. When he started in Clinton Co. he had a capital of about $300, which has been increased by economy and hard work to from $15,000 to ni ITF JANSEN, farmer, Sec. 29 ; P. O. Elvira; owns 120 acres of land ; he walborn in Schleswig, Germany, April 24, 1836, where he was edusated ; in 1859, 778 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: he 'emigrated to Clinton Co., Iowa, where he has lived ever since, except a short absence in 1865, when he returned to his native country, and married Caroline Nickel- sen, returning with his bride during June, 1865 ; they have had five children, four now livino- — Ulrich, Annie, Charley and Julius. He has always been a Republican. He and his family are members of the German Lutheran Church. When he first started in Clinton Co., he had but little capital, and, by hard work and economy, he has earned a beautiful home, and has a'fortune of from $8,000 to $10,000. Before Mr. Jansen concluded to make Clinton Co. his home, he went to California, and was a sailor on the Pacific Coast for about three years, during which time he made his first start in life, and enabled him to buy a small place to begin with in Clinton Co., which he has continually improved, with the above result. ADAH KELLY, farmer, Sec.3; P. O.Elvira; owns 160 acres of land; he was born in Westmoreland Co., Penn., in 1814 ; in 1851, removed to this township, where he has lived since. He married Elizabeth Sagar, of Westmoreland Co., Perin., in 1839 ; had six children — Robert, Richard Gaily, Albert Merchant, Samuel, Mary Margaret and Mary. He was formerly an Old-Line Whig, but latterly a stanch Republican. He and all his family are members of the United Presbyterian Church, of Elvira. He started in Iowa with a capital of $400 ; since has accumulated a fortune of from $65,000 to $75,000. LUTHER KELLOGG, farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Elvira; owns 400 acres of land ; ho was born Feb. 25, 1825, in Hadley, Hampshire Co., Mass., where he lived until 1835, when his family removed to Kenton, Hardin, Co., Ohio; December, 1851, he started out on his own account, and settled in Camanche Township, Clinton Co., where he remained until 1854, when he removed to Center Township, where he lives at the present time ; he landed in Center Township without any means, but, by industry and economy, he has 400 of the finest acres of land in the county, a fine house and a fortune ranging from $15,000 to $18,000. He has held the offices of Township Trus- tee, School Director* and Road Supervisor ; Republican since the decline of the Old- Line Whig party. He married Deborah E. Shear, of Westmoreland Co., Penn., Oct. 3, 1854; have eight children — Joseph I., John Edwin, Charles Elmer, Albert Boss, Chester W., Mary Abbie, Rosaline W., Nelly J. He and his family are all members of the United Presbyterian Church of. Elvira. JOHN KINK AID, farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. O. Elvira; owns 160 acres of land - f he was born in Cumberland Co., Penn., Jan. 9, 1826; he removed, in 1848, to Scott Co., Iowa, remained four years, then removed to Center Township, Clinton Co., where- he now lives. He has held the offices of Justice of the Peace, Constable, Township Trustee and School Director. He married Mary Burneyham, of Queen's County, Ire- land, in Center Township, March 7, 1858 ; have six children — John H., David A., Kate I., Elizabeth B., Mary V. and Francis A. During the war, he was a member of Company K, 14th Iowa V. He is a stanch old Jacksonian Democrat ; always has voted a Democratic ticket since he reached his majority. He and his family are all attendants of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Elvira. ROBERT LEE, mechanic, Elvira ; he was born in Lincolnshire, England, Oct. 23, 1819 ; June 6, 1856, he emigrated to this country and settled in the town of Elvira, in Center Township, where he has lived ever since. During the war, he was drafted, but not being a naturalized citizen, was honorably discharged. During his resi- dence, he has filled various offices in the county and township, such as Constable, Road Supervisor and Justice of the Peace, which latter office he holds at present. He was the first resident of the town of Elvira who was awarded the contract of carrying the United States mail between Low Moor and his own town. This was a work of pure right and justice on the part of Mr. Lee, as a former contract had been badly abused, and his interest was awakened to the fact that the citizens must and should have their mails regularly. He married Sarah 'Croft, of Binbrooke, England, Nov. 20, 1847 ; had eleven children, eight still living— Mary Elizabeth, John Thomas, Louisa, Henry, Lewis Eugene, Almy Jane, Ella Belle and Robert Westfield. He and his family are. attendants upon the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Elvira. CENTER TOWNSHIP. 779, 600 afre S C ? P AR1 ? A - *t ^O^S.&rmet r ^ence Sec. 34 ; P.O.Elvira; he owns. Boston M a « T b0r " f Inv ! rnes T s ' Scotland Nov. 26, 1822 ; in 1833, he emigrated to ST aS \'k h e was educated at Inverness, Scotland, Greenwich, England, and PorU lanu, me. Alter leading a seaman s life for eighteen years, he removed, in 1848 to Camanche where he lived till 1862, when he removed to Center Township Clinton Co where he lives at present. He was a man of only fair means, when he reached Elvira' ana, by hard work and economy, has amassed a fortune of about $75 000 He is a life-long Democrat and although many county and township offices have been offered him he persistently refused them all. He is a widower, and lives alone with his two. 1 o™ V? S ° n a ? a ^8°^— Charles A, and Hannah B. ; his wife died on Feb 22 1??" . 1 He ,7" b ™ n B htu P m the Scotch, or Old School Presbyterian Church, which his family all attend. ' in, J * C i MCCONNEI^, farmer; P. O. Elvira; he lives on Sec. 1, and own* 104 acres of land; he was born in Richland Co., Ohio, March 13, 1835, where he was educated He removed to Iowa in 1856, and located in Clinton Co., where he has. since resided, in the fall of 1865, he left Clinton Co. and located in Boone Co., where- he lived for seven years, when he returned to Clinton Co. and took up his permanent residence. He held the position of Township School Director for one year. He haa always been a stanch Republican, casting his first vote for Fremont. He married Catherine Bohart Feb. 9, 1859 ; she was the daughter of Jacob and Susan Bohart, of Clinton Co., and was born in Hardin Co., Ohio, April 12, 1840; they have one child— Susan Elizabeth. The family are members of the United Presbyterian Church of Elvira. He was a poor man when he started in Clinton Co., now he has a homestead and a fortune, estimated at from $15,000 to $20,000. Have a son, adopted when 5 years old— Harry S. McConnell. J THOMAS J. McGUIRE, farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. Elvira; owns 310 acres of land ; he was born in the city of New York Nov. 7, 1838, where he lived until 5 years of age, when his parents removed to Upper Canada, near Hamilton, where he was educated. In 1851, he removed to Scott Co., Iowa, where he resided until 1873, when he removed and permanently located in Clinton Co., where he has lived since. Served one term as Road Supervisor. He is a Democrat. He married Mary Cassady, a native of Ireland, in De Witt, Iowa, Nov. 26, 1865 ; has five children — Ann Gene- vieve, Mary Philomena, Josephine Rozella, Thomas Francis, Bridget Clara, and an adopted son, Michael Brown, all members of the Roman Catholic Church. When he- commenced labor in Clinton Co., he had limited capital, and has, by hard labor, indus- try and economy, built a good homestead and amassed a fortune of about $20,000. GEORGE MAHAN, farmer, Sec. 26 ; P. O. Elvira ; owns 567 acres of land; he was born on the 10th of May, 1821, in County Wicklow, Ireland; in 1847, he emigrated to this country and located in Columbiana Co., Ohio, where he remained for two years, when he removed to Clinton Co., Iowa., and located upon the land which he now owns? ; he has held for several years the offices of Township School Director and Road Supervisor. He married Mary Smith, of Center Township, Iowa, on the 5th of May, 1862, and have five children, one boy and four girls— Roger, Maria, Luella, Minnie and Katie. He and his family are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, of Elvira. When he landed in America, he was a poor man and had nothing ; but, by hard work, has a beautiful homestead' and a fortune aggregating from $40,000 to $50,000. DANIEL HARTLEY, farmer, Sec. 27 ; P. O. Elvira. Owns 280 acres of land. Born at North Bridgewater, Mass., March 4, 1831, and educated there. In the spring of 1855, he removed to Center Township, where he has lived ever since. When he reached Iowa, he had just enough money to purchase his land and a team, and thus began the battle of life, which has proved a success, as he has a beautiful homestead, and can now be said to be worth from $12,000 to $15,000, thus showing the fruits of honest industry and economy. He has served for several years in various county and township offices, Township School Director, Wood Supervisor, Justice of the Peace and Road Supervisor. During the war, he went into service, but was honorably discharged 780 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES :- on account of disabilities. He married Fanny F. Spear, of West Randolph, Vt., June 17 1855 who died on Oct. 2, 1872. He married again on the 1st of December, 1874 j Charlotte Einwichter, a native of Boston, England. He has six children — Cassius M., Daniel, Solomon, Charlotte I., Lizzie N,, Fanny Alice. He and his family are regular attendants of the United Presbyterian Church of Elvira. JACOB MAIER, farmer, P. 0. Lyons. He lives in Sec. 26, and owns 280 acres of land. He was born in Wurtemberg, Germany, Feb. 2, 1823, where he was * educated. In 1854, he came to the United States, settled immediately in Clinton Co., where he has lived since. He is a Democrat of the conservative stamp, always voting for the best man in local elections, but, in Presidential or Gubernatorial, standing by the nominations of the Democratic Party. He married Lizzie Ammer in Wurtemberg, Germany, April 2, 1850, and had eight children, seven are living. His wife died Sept. 27, 1877. His children are — Jacob, Frank, John; Barbara, Dora, Lizzie and Mathilda. Family are attendants of the German Lutheran Church. He had but small capital when he first started in this country ; and now, by hard work and economy, he has a fine homestead, and a fortune estimated at from $25,000 to $30,000. In addition to the property owned by Mr. Maier in Clinton Co., he owns 640 acres of fine land in Crawford Co., Iowa; this property is valued at about $20 per acre. E. D. MOREY, farmer, Sec. 6 ; P. O. De Witt. Owns 360. acres of land. He was born in Berkshire Co., Mass., July 22, 1830, where he lived until 7 years old, when his parents removed to Ashtabula Co., Ohio. In 1853, he removed to Clinton Co. where he has lived since. He has served as Clerk, Justice of the Peace, School Director and Township Trustee. He is a stanch Jacksonian Democrat. He married Charlotte J. Mathar, a native of Ohio, in 1848, and had nine children, five are living- Nathan Monroe, Emma Anna, Edward A., William Albert and Minnie Francis. His family are inclined to the Baptist belief. He was very poor when he started in, Iowa, and has by industry secured a fine homestead and a fortune of from $35,000 to $40,000. In 1855, the second year of his stay in Clinton Co., he lost nearly everything he had by a prairie fire which swept over an area of the county ten miles long, and about two miles wide, carrying everything before it. Nothing daunted by his loss, he immediately commenced work, and in a short time had everything in as flourishing condition as before. NICHOLAS NAEVE, farmer; P. O. Lyons. He lives in Sec. 24, and owns 400 acres of land, 160 in Clinton Co., and 240 in Crawford Co. He was born in Schleswig, Germany, Aug. 23, 1831, where he was educated. In 1849, he emigrated to this country and located at Davenport, where he lived for twelve years, when he removed to Clinton Co., where he has lived ever since. He has been a Republican since he took out his papers as a naturalized citizen of the United States. He married Eliza- beth Hoenecke, of Schleswig, Germany, Oct. 10, 1854, and has eleven children, all living— William (who married Mary Schneider, a native of Germany), Henry, Mary (who married Peter Bodhold, of Cedar Falls, Black Hawk Co., Iowa), Louisa, Frederick, Christian, Annie, Nicholas, John, Caroline and Albert. Family all members of the German Lutheran Church. When he first started in Clinton Co., he was very poor, without capital, but, by hard work and economy, he has built a beautiful homestead, and amassed a fortune of about $15,000. HENRY PAYSON, farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Elvira; owns 118 acres of land; he was born in Schleswig, Germany, Feb. 10, 1837 ; in 1860, he emigrated to the United States and settled in Clinton Co., where he has lived since. He has served his township as Road Supervisor. He has always been a stanch Republican. He married Mary Katherine Peters, a native of Schleswig, Germany, in Clinton Co., November 6, 1866, and has one son, Peter Martin, born in Clinton Co., Jan. 4, 1869 ; came to this country with no capital ; hired out as a laborer, saving his earning and putting it into a little farm, which he has yearly increased until he has a fine homestead and a fortune of from $8,000 to $10,000. x ' . JOHN C. RICE, farmer, Sec 35; P. O. Elvira; owns 160 acres of land; born in Center Township, Indiana Co., Penn., May 11, 1817 ; brought up and educated there ; removed in 1849, and located in Scott Co., Iowa, in 1850, after looking over the CENTER TOWNSHIP. 781 county for a few months, but becoming dissatisfied, moved to Clinton Co., and located in Lyons, now Hampshire Township, where he lived for three years, when he bought the property on which he lives at the present -time. He has held for several years the offices of Township Assessor, Township School Director and Road Supervisor. He mar- ried Elizabeth Kinkaid, of Cumberland Co., Penn., on the 19th of October, 1864, and, not having any children, adopted a son and a daughter, Francis Xavier Albert and Mary A. Shambaugh. He and his whole family are members of the Evangelical Luth- eran Church of Elvira. When Mr. Rice landed at Davenport, on his first arrival in the State, he had only 50 cents, and, by strict economy and hard work, he has succeeded in making a fine home and amassing a fortune of $5,000. JOHN F. RICE, farmer, Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Elvira ; owns eighty acres of land ; he was born in Indiana Co., Penn., on the 15th of September, 1825 ; he was educated there; he removed Jrom his old home and located in Center Township, where he now lives, on the -4-th of March, 1863. When he landed, he had only enough money to buy ' a team and some farm implements, when he rented and went to farming, since which time he has bought the tract on which he lives, built a good homestead and is worth about $8,000 to $10,000. He has held for several years the offices of Township School Director and Road Supervisor. He married Eliza fiice, of Indiana Co., Penn., on the 13th of February, 1851, and had six children, four boys and two girls — George 0, Will- iam S., Harry S., Albert E., Maria C. and Mary J.; he and his whole family are mem- bers of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Elvira. WIIililAM F. RICE, farmer, Sec. 36 ; P. O. Elvira ; owns eighty acres of land ; born in Indiana Co., Penn., March 15, 1833, and educated there; in 1854, he removed to Freeport, 111., and located, but in 1856, becoming dissatisfied, he removed to Center Township, where he has lived ever since. He has held during his residence, for several years, the offices of Township Trustee, Township Assessor and Road Supervisor. During the war, he was a stanch Union man, and assisted in raising several companies who went out and battled for the Union. He always voted' the Republican ticket. He married Maria A. Schott, of Indiana Co., Penn., on the 5th of February, 1863, and had three' children— John C, Mary C. and Bella M. He and his family are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Elvira. When he first came to the county, he had Dot a dollar, but by perseverance and energy, he managed to buy the place he now lives upon, and bias also accumulated about $25,000. CHARL.ES C. SCHRADER, farmer, Sec. 21, Center Township ; P. O. Charlotte ; born in Holstein, Germany, in 1836 ; he came to the United States in 1862 ; he first purchased a farm in Sec. 19, Center Township ; settled on his present farm about 1865 His present wife was Charlotte Schrader ; he has four children .by a for- mer marriage. He has 200 acres of land. Mr. Schrader has just completed a house at a cost of about $3,000. A A SCHWARTZ, farmer ; P. O. Elvira ; lives in Sec. 23, lownship 82 RTnge 5* east ; he owns 240 acres of land; was borri in Prussia Feb. 24, 1825; removed to Iowa and settled in Center Township in 18a6, , He married Louisa Stude- ™T in Prussia Feb 17 1850 ; had five children— William F., Henry, Robert J., Ber- Ta L aSTsa jTmembeJs of the German Lutheran Church. He was a poor man when he came to Clintoo Co., but by hard work and strict economy has an elegant home and a fortune of from $20,000 to $25,000. TOHtf SHAMBAUGH, farmer, Sec. 26; P. Elvira; owns 720 acres land bo rata Cumberland Co., Penn, Feb. 17, 1830, and educated there; removed.to Iowa'in 1853 and settled on the property owned by him at present. ^During his resi- WpL has held the office of Township Trustee for eight years, School Director for dence he «' gchool Treasurer £ or five years, and served on the County Board f / ~ visoT&r three years. Married Eva Ann Ressler, of Cumberland Co Penn, t vFin 1853 and have seven children, five boys and two jg irfe— Samuel R Charles a "2? w George, Benjamin F, Anna Margaret, Edith Ella; his daughter Margaret A, Herbert, £ near them _Valentine.Bohart. Although a God-fearing man, 782 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: he is not a member of any church, yet his family are all either members or regular attendants of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. Came to the country poor, and by dint of industry accumulated a good fortune, and owns one of the finest and largest places in Center Township. ; he commenced labor on his own account at the age of 17, without a dollar, working for $5 a month through the summer months, saving his money, and paying his own schooling through the winter months. Owns a large num- ber of cattle, horses, hogs, etc., while his good wife keeps one of the finest poultry yards in the county. FREDERICKA STUDEMAUT, widow of Frederick Studeman, Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Lyons ; owns 280 acres of land ; she was born in Prussia Feb. 17, 1832 ; March 28, 1854, married Frederick Studeman, and, May 17, 1854, emigrated to this country, and, within two months after landing, made their home in Center Township, where they have lived ever since ; her husband died Aug. 27. 1867 ; she has two chil- dren — Ida (married Louis A. Pohlman, a druggist of Carroll City, Iowa); Albert. Henry is living with his mother, managing her farm. All members of the German Lutheran Church. When her husband began work in Clinton County he was a very poor man, but on his death left his widow and children a handsome fortune of from $25,000 to $30,000. WIULIAM I/. THOMAS, faimer; P.O. Elvira; owns seventy-seven acres of land; he was born in South Wales, Great Britain, in 1809, and, in 1835, after being educated, emigrated to this country ; after spending some time in Louisiana, Missouri and New York, he removed to Center Township, Clinton County, Iowa, in 1859, where he has lived ever since. Has been Road Supervisor of the township. He married Ann Morgan, of Gloucestershire, England, in Lyons, April 6, 1869 ; he has three chil- dren by a former marriage — John E. v , Sarah and Mary, all married. He and his fam- ily are all members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Elvira. He was a poor man when he started, and now has a fortune of from $8,000 to $10,000 ; he is also a retired merchant of Elvira. Republican. CYRUS TRAVER, farmer, P. O. Elvira; he lives in Sec. 36, and owns ninety-five acres of land ; he was born in Dutchess Co., N. Y., on the Hudson River, Nov. 21, 1825, where he was educated ; in the spring of 1857, he moved to Iowa and settled upon the property now owned by him. He has filled the offices of Township School Director and Road Supervisor. He is an old and tried Republican. He mar- ried Abby Moorehouse in Livingston Co., N. Y., Jan. 1, 1855; she is daughter of Ezra and Marietta Moorehouse, and was born in Hartford, Conn., Nov. 6, 1824 ; they had four children ; three are living — Charles Henry, Edgar Moorehouse and Elmer Ezra.' Family all members'of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Elvira. When he first started in the county he had no capital, but by dint of perseverance, economy and hard work, has a very pretty homestead and a fortune estimated at from $8,000 to $10,000. RUFIIS A. TRAVER, farmer, Section 2 ; P. O. Elvira ; he owns 160 acres of land ; he was born in Dutchess Co., N. Y., Nov. 6, 1831, and, in the winter of 1855, removed to Whiteside Co., 111. ; resided for one year, then removed to Center Township, where he now lives. Has held for several years the offices of Assessor, Jus- tice of the Peace, member of the County Board of Supervisors, Township Trustee, Township School Director and Road Supervisor. Republican. He married Mary J. Valentine, of Hardin Co., Ohio, Oct. 21, 1858 ; has four children — Mary Ellen, Will- iam Rufus, Daisy Agnes and Roy L. Members of . the Evangelical Lutheran Church, of Elvira. When he first started farming in Clinton Co, he had a capital of about $2,000, and, by hard work and strict economy, he has managed to erect a beautiful homestead, and has amassed a fortune of from $25,000 to $30,000. JOSEPH W. WINTERS, farmer; P. O. Elvira; lives in Section 5, and owns 520 acres of land; he was birn in Philadelphia, Penn., March 19, 1839; his family removed to Pittsburgh, where he lived until he was 7 years old, when his family removed again to Washington Co., Penn., and, in 1850, he moved to Clinton Co., and is now residing upon the old family homestead, which was entered by his father in 1851 ; CENTER TOWNSHIP. 78B he is the oldest son of Henry and Mary Winters, both natives of Ireland ; emigrated to this country when quite young, and married in Philadelphia ; had fifteen children ; ten now living— Ellen, Catherine, Joseph W:, Michael, Mary Ann, Patrick Henry, Hugh, Bosanna, Clara and Caroline (twins). Mr. Winters has never married. Since his resi- dence he has filled the office of Township Trustee. He follows in the footsteps of his ancestors, and is a true blue Jacksonian Democrat. He resides upon the homestead with four of his sisters, who keep house for him, and render his old-bachelor days pleasant and comfortable. ^Family are all Catholics. When his father died he left no will, and, consequently, he had to buy in the old homestead, as well as the lands men- tioned above ; he has accumulated by industry, economy and hard labor, a handsome competency, and is worth from $35,000 to $40,000. TREVEK WILLIAK8, farmer, Section 33 ; P. O. Elvira ; owns 320 acres of land in Clinton Co., and 1,680 in Cherokee Co., Iowa; he was born in Lin- colnshire, Eng., April 15, 1820, where. he was educated; in 1854, he emigrated to the United States and settled in Clinton Co., where he has- lived since. He married Char- lotte Shepherd, a native of Nottinghamshire, but lived and was educated in Lincoln- shire, Eng. Their marriage was on June 29, 1 844 ; they had seventeen children ; ten are living — Bachael, Job Shepherd, John, George, Esther Anna, Harriet, Thomas, Charles, Mary Elizabeth and Mary Ann. They have four children married and ten grandchildren. He was for several years Road Supervisor. Always has been a stanch Jacksonian Democrat. Members of- the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Elvira. Aug. 7, 1870, he was at work in the field when he was prostrated by sun stroke, from which he lost his hearing, which he has never recovered. When he first landed in the State of Iowa, he had not a shilling in the world, and went out upon a farm as a laborer at $200 a year ; he has now a pleasant homestead, and a fortune esti- mated at about $75,000. MICHAEL. WINTERS, farmer; P. O. Elvira; he lives on Section 4, and owns 160 acres of land; he was born in Washington Co., Penn., Oct. 31, 1840, where he lived until 11 years old, when he removed to Iowa and settled in Clinton Co., where he has lived ever since. Since his residence he has held the offices of Township School Director, Secretary of the School Board and Justice of the Peace. He is a Democrat. He married Kate Clinton, a native of Montgomery Co., Penn., in Chicago, Nov. 20, 1874, and has three children — Mary Augusta, Frances Lillian and Louis Clinton. All members of Catholic Church. He was a poor man when he started, and is now the possessor of a fine homestead, and a fortune estimated at from $15,000 to $20,000. JOHN A. YOUNG, farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. Elvira.; born in Orange Co., N Y June 8 1815; family removed to Pennsylvania in 1815, where he was edu- cated-' in 1848 he moved to Oakland Co., Mich., where he remained for eight years, v when 'he moved to Iowa and located at Elvira, where he has lived ever since ; owns 160 acres of land. He was elected to the 16th and 17th Assembly of Iowa as Eep- resentative on the Democratic ticket, where he served his country faithfully for four years; he was elected, in 1860, to the office of County Supervisor which he held for six years. He married Martha Ann Cox, of Pennsylvania ; they _ have eight children, four boys and four girls-John C, James W., Edward E, Charles A., Martha A., Anna C Sarah L. and Hattie Irene; three of his daughters are married ; one the wife of the Bev. G. W. Hamilton, Pastor of the United Presbyterian Church of Elvira and the other two marrying farmers. He and his family belong to he United Presbyterian Church. Capt. Young, while in his 25th year, was elected Captain of he ShSensbur- Troop, an old cavalry company which had served in the war of 181 J, r»nddnrfn 2 the time of his captaincy . volunteered for the Mexican war; the Captain ' SouTnow in his 64th year, is still a member of the 17th Assembly of Iowa, which office he wUl hold until January, 1 880 ; he was Collector of taxes of his township, Township Clerk and President of the Township School Board for several years. 784 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES : DEEP CREEK TOWNSHIP. SAMUEL ALBRIGHT, farmer; P. 0. Goose Lake; lives on Sec. 21, and owns 200 acres of land; he was born in Columbia Co., Penn., May 10, 1833, where he lived until he was 9 years old, when his father removed to Clinton Co., Iowa,, where he has lived since. He married Mary Ann Killam, a native of Lincolnshire, England, in Clinton County, Dec. 17, 1861, and had two children, one is living- Albert Burdet. His family were all raised in the Evangelical Lutheran faith, while his wife was raised in the belief of the Church of England ; he is a Republican ; he. has served his county and township faithfully as Township Trustee and Road Super- visor. When he first came to Clinton Co. he was a poor boy, without any capital ; now he has a good and comfortable homestead and a fortune of from $10,000 to $12,000. JOHN S. BASCOM, farmer, Sec. 5 ; P. O. Preston ; owns 370 acres of land. He was born in Windsor Co., Vt., August 12, 1834 ; his parents removed; in 1835, to Montgomery Co., N. Y., in 1850 removed to Racine Co., Wis., and, in 1854, he removed to Clayton Co., Iowa, where he lived till the spring of 1845, when he permanently located in Clinton Co., Iowa, where he has lived since. He has served as Collector, Trustee, School Director and Road Supervisor. He furnished considerable money during • the rebellion, to aid the Government in crushing it ; he is a Republican. He married Phebe A. Spencer, a native of Racine Co., Wis., February 23, 1858, and had five children — Allison Walter, John Luman, Fayette Spencer, Homer Lincoln and Abbie Orilla ; his wife died December 20, 1873, and was buried in Clinton Co. He married his second wife, Martha Brown, a native of Pennsylvania, in Clinton Co, Iowa, September 24, 1874. He started in Clinton a comparatively poor man, but through industry and economy he has built a homestead and a fortune of from $25,000 to $30,000. He and his family are members of the Congregational Church. He is a son of Luman and Abigail Bascom ; his father is dead, and he cares for his aged mother, who lives with him. Mr. Bascom is a man of considerable influence in his township, and universally respected and admired. DANIEL CONRAD, local minister of the M. E. Church and farmer, Sec. 35 ; P. O. Bryant; owns 200 acres of land in Clinton Co. and 200 acres in Sac Co., Iowa. He was born in Center Co., Penn., May 8, 1820, where he received an ordinary ■common-school education ; he is entirely a self-made minister, never having received a theological education. He emigrated to Iowa in 1844, and located in Scott County, where he lived for fourteen years, then removed to Clinton County, where he has lived since. When he first came to Clinton County he was without capital, but by industry and economy he has obtained a fine homestead and a fortune of $15,000 to $20,000. He has been a minister for thirty years ; he has for several years been Justice of the Peace, County Supervisor and Secretary of the School Board ; he is a Republican. He married Nancy Harpster, a native of Center Co., Penn. ; they were married November, 12, 1840, and had twelve children, eight of whom are living — Elizabeth, who married Alfred Bedford, and resides in Hamilton County ; Mary, who married Amos Hunt, and resides in Storey County ; Martin L., who married Marcia L. Coting, and resides in Jackson County ; Margaret Jane, who married R. W. Northrup, and resides in Hamilton County ; Samuel H., who lives in Colorado ; Anna E., who married G. W. Curtis, railway agent at Bryant ; Wilbur F. and Alice C, the latter being twins ; he also has a boy by the name of August Meyer, whom he has raised and tenderly cared for as if really his own, since a babe of five months old ; Mr. Conrad had a son named John, who went out at the beginning of the war. and was killed while doing brave service on the battlefield at Iuka Springs, Miss. JOHN DICKEY, merchant amd farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. O. Goose Lake ; owns 300 acres of land ; he was born in Butler Co., Penn., Dec. 6, 1827, where he was edu- cated ; while very young, his parents removed to Trumbull Co., Ohio, where he lived DEEP CREEK TOWNSHIP. 735 SI marriedM he 4 oame *? Io .™ "** ^flr ° lint0n Co - where he has resid ^ since- five oh Wren ? A °™ ? ?" U ' VTt ° f n!^, " °! int0n Co - in 1858 > -<* had £IS aT ■ *' are hvin S— Frank L > Clara A -. Mrnnw and Nellie. In 1872 he Eeplican h eT *° J°" ^ ** ' '%"" ^^ ™ WS he is Hberal ! * e is a ^ch KepuMican he was, for many years, Postmaster at Goose Lake, and has faithfully served his township as School Director and Koad Supervisor; when he came t Iowa he was poor and dependent upon his own labors for support but, possessed of Zll energy and determination he put his shoulder to the wheel, and, as a result of h s well spent life, has a homestead and a fortune of from $25,000 to $30 000 ROBERT C. DICKEY, farmer. Sec. 16 ; P. O. Goose Lake ; owns 220 acres of land; he was born in Butler Co, Penn, June 26, 1834, where he lived until 10 years of age when his parents moved to Trumbull Co, Ohio; in 1847, they moved to Clinton Co, Iowa, where he has lived since. He married, in this county, Julia Clark, a native of Vermont, Nov. 7, 1861, and had seven children; six are living- Alice C, Hattie Fred Mary, Emma and Lydia; he and his family attend the Meth- odist Episcopal Church ; he has held the offices of Township Trustee, School Director and Koad Supervisor ; he is a stanch Kepublican ; he came with no means to Iowa and is now worth from $15,000 to $20,000 ; he enlisted in Co. K, 26th I. V. I, where he did active service for three years. In 1859, Mr. Dickey was seized with the Cali- fornia excitement, and, with wagon, made the overland route to the "gold regions"- returning to his home by vessel, via the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, landing at New York, and from thence by rail. ST. D. FARLEY, druggist ; firm of C. Parley & Co, Goose Lake ; he was born in Jackson Co, Iowa, July 24, 1853, and is a son of James and Margaret Farley, of the same county ; he received his education in Davenport, Iowa ; he was Township Clerk at Preston, Jackson Co, for three years; he commenced in the drug business at Goose Lake in 1878, and has a very fine business established. He is a steady Gresn- backer, ever maintaining and defending the principles of that party. €r. W. FIELD, M. D., physician, Bryant, Deep Creek Township; he was born in Utica, N. Y, May 8, 1849; during his infancy, his family removed to Madison, Wis. ; Nov. 14, 1878, he removed to Bryant, and started in the practice of medicine, which he has followed since; he engaged in practice first at Mineral Point, Wis, for three years ; he is a graduate of the Chicago Medical College ; he is a stanch Jacksonian Democrat ; he was raised in the Episcopal Church. HERMAN GLAM, farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. O. Goose Lake ; own 160 acres of land ; he was born in Holstein, Germany, June 4, 1836, where he was educated; in 1854, he emigrated to the United States, and immediately settled in this township, where he has lived since. He is a Republican ; he has served as School Director, Township Trustee and Koad Supervisor. He married Magdaline Dammon, a native of Germany, in Scott Co, Iowa, Feb. 26, 1862, and has eight children — Anna Margaret, Caroline Rebecca, Paul John, George William, Emma Dorris, Herman, Henry Rudolph and Ida Kathrina; all members of the German Lutheran Church, of Charlotte, in Waterford Township. When he came to Iowa he was very poor, but, by industry, has made a nice home and a fortune of from $10,000 to $12,000. _ In his passage from Germany, he was eight weeks at sea ; the only thing of interest which happened was the birth of an infant. JACOB HICKS, farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. Goose Lake; owns 130 acres of land in Clinton Co, and eighty acres in Calhoun Co. ; be was born in Schoharie Co, N. Y, May 21, 1815, where he was educated; in 1856, he removed to Clinton Co, Iowa, where he has lived since. During his residence he has been County Supervisor, Town- ship Trustee, School Director and Road Supervisor ; during the war, he sent one sou, Madison, who was a member of Co. L, 2d Iowa V. Cav, and did gallant service from the beginning to the end of the war. He is a stanch Republican. He married Ange- line Rodman^a native of Schoharie Co, N. Y, Oct. 18, 1836; had nine children, six still livin - Joseph Asa, Madison, Andrew, Philetus, Sara Ann and John. He and 786 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: his family are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church ; he came to Iowa without capital, and, after a life of hard work, economy and enterprise, has built a good home- stead and accumulated a fortune of from $8,000 to $10,000. He lives surrounded by his children, all of whom are successful farmers, as well as live and energetic men. CHRISTIAN HASS, hotel keeper, Bryant ; owns two town lots ; he was born in Holstein, Germany, Jan. 8, 1839; in 1858, he emigrated to the United States and located in Scott Co., Iowa, where he lived for two years ; then removed to Clinton Co., where he has since lived. He had the honor of building the first house in Bryant, where he has kept the hotel from the beginning of his residence there. He has served as Constable and Koad Supervisor for several years ; has always been a stanch Demo- crat. He married Louise Guth, in De Witt. Jan. 8, 1862, and had eleven children, ten now living — Rosa, Edward, John, Christian, William, Charles, Louisa, Louis, Hen- rietta and Alfred. He was raised in the belief of the German Lutheran Church. When he first started in Clinton Co. he was very poor, and worked as a farm laborer, and now he has a delightful home and a fortune estimated at from $15,000 to $20,000. ALPHEUS HUNTER, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Preston; owns 175 acres of land; he was born in Cortland Co., N. Y., Dec. 20, 1820, where he was educated; in the fall of 1842, he removed to Clinton County, Iowa, and located where he has resided since. He has served his township for several years as School Director, School Treasurer, Township Assessor, Township Trustee, Constable and Road Supervisor. During the war of the rebellion, he paid out considerable money in securing substitutes to serve as Union soldiers, not for himself, however, but purely from patriotic principles. He is a strong Republican. He married Margaret Ramsey, a native of Virginia, in Clinton County, Oct. 9, 1853, and had six children ; all are living — Aimer Sylvester, Julia Alice, Fanny Adelia, Martha Eliza, Marion Lorena and Frank Alonzo. In his religious belief, he was raised in the Congregational Church. He was wholly without means when he came to Clinton County; now has, after a life of industry, perseverance and energy, a homestead and a fortune valued at from $10,000 to $12,000. SYLVESTER HUNTER, farmer, Sec. 5 ; P. O. Preston ; Mr. Hunter was born in Cortland Co., N. Y., in 1826 ; he came to Deep Creek Township with his parents, Robert and ' Eliza Hunter, in July, 1 843 ; his father had come to the county the previous year (1842). and being pleased with the country, had decided to remove his family; the family consisted at that time of his parents and seven children; the children are still living, except one daughter ; three of them reside in Iowa ; one sister of Mr. Hunter's resides in Dakota and two brothers in Kansas. Mr. Hunter went to California in 1852 and returned in 1857. He owns the farm where his father's family located in 1846. He was married to Miss Ann E. Reed, born in Pennsylvania; died Dec. 20, 1866; they had five children— Robert P., died Aug. 28,1877, Blanche, JesBie M., Annetta B. and Sylvester R. JOHN E. AND NICHOLAS A. JURGENSEN, merchants; com- prising the firm of Jurgensen Bros., Goose Lake ; they own two town lots in addition to their rapidly increasing and flourishing general merchandise business. "John E. Jur- gensen was born in Schleswig, Germany, June 14, 1848, where he was educated ; he emigrated to the United States in 1868. He married Miss J. B. C. Neilson, a native of Denmark, in Clinton County, Sept. 17, 1872, and has two children— J. H. C. and Josie. Nicholas A. Jurgensen was also born in Schleswig, Germany, Dec. 27, 1853, where he was educated ; he followed the example of his brother and emigrated to the United States in 1871. He married Miss Edel Neilson, a sister to his brother's wife, in Clinton County, Sept. 15, 1875, and has two children— Herman and Edwin. The two brothers were raised in the German Lutheran Church, although they term them- selves "freethinkers." They are conservative Republicans. They were both travel- ing salesmen from their arrival in the United States till 1875, when they permanently located themselves in Clinton County, at Goose Lake, in the merchandise business, which they have successfully. carried on since. PETER KRUSE, farmer, Section 15 ; P. O. Goose Lake; owns 170 acres o^ land ; he was born in Holstein, in Germany, Dec. 25, 1842, where he was educated; DEEP CREEK TOWNSHIP. 787 in 18o2, he emigrated to the United States and located in Scott Co., Iowa where he Uvea °. ne vear > w hen he removed to Deep Creek Township, in Clinton Co., where he has lived since. He married Lena Geise in Clinton Co., Iowa, in 1867 ; had six children, tour living— Paul, Amanda, Bertha and Lena. He was raised in the German Lutheran taitn. He is a Republican. He has held the positions of School Director and Road Si'n nnn WaS a Very P °° r man when he started > and is now worth from $8,000 r q T^^ "• KRUTZFEIiDT, meiatiie and wagon manufacturer, Bryant ; lives m Section 35, and owns two acres, besides his places of business ; he was born in Holstein, Germany, May 29, 1847, where he received a common-school education ; in 1865, he emigrated to the United States, and immediately coming to Clinton Co., settled, and has resided there ever since ; he has built up a good and lucrative business/and has hosts of friends throughout the county ; his property is estimated at $2,000 to 82,500. Since he took out his naturalization papers, he has been a Democrat. JAMES McEAIJGHEEV,- farmer, Section 16; P. O. Goose Lake; owns 360 acres ; he was born in Kenosha, Wis., March 28, 1838, whence, after a residence of thirteen years, he removed to Clinton Co., Iowa, where he has lived since, excepting four years, which he spent in Jackson Co., Iowa, within six miles of where he lives at the present time. He has served his township faithfully for years as Township Clerk, Township Trustee, School Director and Road Supervisor. He is a stanch Jacksonian Democrat. He married Jane Collins, a native of Jackson Co., Iowa, daughter of Dennis and Mary Collins, in that county, April 8, 1860, and had eight children, seven still living — John, Mary Ann, Susan jane, Dennis, Julia, James Bernard and Eliza Jane. All are members of the Roman Catholic Church. Started totally without capital ; now has a comfortable homestead, and a fortune estimated at from $20,000 to $25,000. B. M. PETERSEN, hardware and^tinnery, Goose Lake, where he owns one town lot on which he does business ; he was born in Holstein, Germany, Sept. 11, 1858, where he, was educated; he emigrated to the United States in 1873, and located in Lyons, Iowa, where he lived one year, then went to Fulton, 111., and learned his busi- ness, then came to Goose Lake and started in the hardware and tinnery business, which he has followed since ; he has built up a good and paying business, always buying and selling strictly for cash ; he is a son of Momme and Marie Petersen, who reside in Germany, never having emigrated to the United States. He is a Republican ; is a member of the German Lutheran Church. CHAREES R. SHEETS, farmer, Sec. 4 ; P. O. Preston. Owns 191 acres of land in Clinton County, and twenty acres in Jackson Co., Iowa. He was born in Seneca Co., N. Y., May 4, 1843, where he was educated. In 1859, he removed to Clinton Co. and located, and has lived there since. He has served his township faith- fully for years as Constable, Trustee, School Director and Road Inspector. He paid considerable money during the war in securing soldiers to fi»ht for the preservation ^ of the Union. He is a stanch Republican. He married Cynthia A. Ransom, a native of Lake Co., 111., where they were united Feb. 17, 1859, and has one child— Emma J, He and his family attend the Methodist Episcopal Church. He was a poor man when be first started in Clinton Co., and, by industry and economy, he has a fine homestead and a fortune valued at $15,000 to $20,000. Included in the valuation of his property is one good dwelling-house and two town lots in Preston, Jackson Co., Iowa. J. F. THIESSEN, hotel-keeper, Goose Lake. He owns five town lots in Goose Lake where his hotel is known as the " Railroad Hotel." He was born in Hol- stein Germany, Aug. 22, 1830. After serving one year in the German army, in 1853, he emigrated to the United States, and, landing in Chicago, made his way on foot to Davenport, where he remained for six months; then in Rock Island about two years, and in 1856 he took up his permanent residence in Center Township, Clinton Co., where he bought land and lived until 1875, when he moved to Goose Lake and com- menced the hotel business. He married Menie Plaht, a native of Germany, in Center T wnship in 1862, and has seven children— Frederick W., Eliz* Kafherina, Johannes 7£g BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Herman Jacob Ferdinand, Wilhelmina Theresa, Emma Amanda, Adolph Edward. He and his family are attendants of the German Lutheran Church. He is a Democrat. His fortune is estimated at about $10,000. THOMAS WATTS, farmer, Sec. 18 ; P. O. Charlotte ; owns 627 acres of land in Clinton Co., and 670 acres in -Marshall Co., Iowa. He was born in Caledonia Co. Vt., Nov. 7, 1816, where he was educated ; in 1835, he emigrated to Stark Co., III. where he resided till April, 1838, when he removed to Clinton Co., and settled upon the property he now occupies. He has -filled many positions of trust and ability : Rep- resentative to the Seventh General Assembly, County Supervisor under the old admin- istration, Justice of the Peace, County Surveyor, School Director, Township Trustee and Road Supervisor. He was a Whig, since a stanch Republican. He married in this county on Jan. 8, 1844, Emeline Hunter, a native of Cortland Co., N. Y., and had nine children, six are living — Isaac, who resides in Marshall Co. ; Thomas, married and resides in Marshall Co.; Jane, married Andrew Howatt, attorney at law, DeWitt; Mary, mar- ried Edward Hull, a farmer of Ida Co.; Emma. and Fremont. He and his family are , attendants of the Congregational Church. When Mr. Watts first came to Iowa, he was very poor, but after a life of strict attention to business, industry and perseverance, he has a comfortable homestead, and a fortune estimated at from $45,,000 to $50,000, The greatest misfortune which has befallen him since he has lived in Clinton Co. was the terrible tornado of March 10, 1876, which swept oyer his place, totally demolishing Tiis barn, part of his dwelling and his entire orchard, causing a loss of about $5,000. M. E. WILCOX, hotel keeper, propr. of Western Hotel, Bryant ; he was born in Tompkins Co., N. Y., Aug. 25, 1853, where he lived until 1863, when his family removed to Clinton Co., where they have lived since. Mr. Wilcox is a stirring, energetic man, who has devoted much of his life to literary pursuits and outdoor employments ; he once went to Nebraska, settled on pre-empted Government land, and was eDgaged in hunting and trapping ; he is a son of Jairus and Mary Jane Wilcox, of Clinton Co.. He married Anna C. Rounfeldt, of Center Township, March 2, 1879 ; his wife is a member of the German Lutheran Chureh ; he is a strong supporter of Republican principles. He has rented the property on which he is located for about one year, and contemplates making a purchase of it ; before takiDg charge of the hotel, he was for a number of years Prin- cipal of a large school in Clinton Township. JAMES WILSOIU, farmer, Sec. 15 ; P. O. Bryant ; owns 280 acres of land; he was born in Ball, McClellan, Scotland, Oct. 3, 1813, where he was educated; in the Ml of 1860, he emigrated to the United States, and located in Clinton Co., Iowa, where he has resided ever since. He married Jane Campbell, a native of South Scotland, in that country Oct. 9, 1843, and hadeleven children — eight still living — "Virginia, John Campbell, Ebenezer, Alexander, James Pearson, Joseph, Robert George and Sarah Ann. He and his family were raised in the Congregational Church. He is ,a stanch Republi- can. During his residence, he has served as Township School Director and Road Super- visor. He came to the United States without capital and has the satisfaction of possess- , ing a homestead and a fortune of from $12,000 to $15,000. His daughter Virginia was born on the sailing vessel " Virginia," from which she takes her name, while mak- ing the passage to Canada, in 1844, where he lived with his family for sixteen years before coming to the United States. A sad misfortune befel his family in 1872, which resulted in the death of hie son David, who gallantly went to the assistance of a neigh- bor named Henry Kruse, who was lying at the bottom of a well which he was digging, dying from suffocation, caused by foul air. Young Wilson descended into the well and lost his life in the vain endeavor to save that of his friend. PERRY O. WRIGHT, planter of broom-corn and maker of brooms,. Sec. 9 ; P. O. Goose Lake ; owns 160 acres in Clinton Co. and 640 in Osceola Co., Iowa; he was born in Schoharie Co., N. Y., July 4, 1830, where he was educated; in 1849, he emigrated to Delavan, Wis., where he remained until 1864, when he removed to Clinton Co., Iowa, and located upon the property where he now resides. He has served his township as School Director and Road Supervisor; during the war, he raised two companies in Walworth Co., Wis., who enlisted and did gallant service through th« ELK RIVER TOWNSHIP. 789' entire war ; he is a stanch Republican. He married Charlotte Underhill, a native of Schoharie Co., N. Y., in that county, April 29, 1846 ; had six children— Charles P., Frank G., George D., David, Melbourne and Lottie. He and his family wore raised in the M. E. Church faith. He emigrated to Iowa very poor and totally without capital ; by per- severance, industry, economy and enterprise he has a homestead, a good paying business, and a fortune of from $25,000 to $30,000 ; he is a member of the Broom Corn Grower and Manufacturer's Association of the United States, and is one of its oldest members, and is also one of the largest growers of broom-corn west of the Mississippi River ; his gross sales lor simply broom-corn and brooms alone, from April 15, 1864, to April 10, 1879, amounted to the astonishing sum of $123,000 ; this does not include a loss of from $8,000 to $10,000 in the great Chicago fire of 1871, which was covered by insur- ance, laut completely lost by the failures of the insurance companies. During the present year, 1879, he has one of the finest crops of broom-corn ever grown by him. ELK RIVER TOWNSHIP. H. B. AT WOOD, farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Bryant; 160 acres; was born in 1828, in Upper Canada. He married Miss Henrietta Whitewood, of New York, and came to the West in 1851, settling in Clinton Co. ; their children are May, Carrie,. Arthur W., Ernest, Patten Hendrick and Bertie. W. C. CLIFTON, farmer, Sec. 13 ; P. O. Almont ; he was born Sept. 15, 1816, in Yorkshire, England ; in 1849 ; came to Clinton Co. ; he has carried on the blacksmith trade, but has now disposed of it ; he own 235 acres of land. He married Miss Emma H. Popple, in 1846 ; she was born in 1822, in England. Mr. Clifton was Postmaster from 1861 to 1864; has also been Township Trustee. W. C. DETERMANN, farmer ; Sec. 34 ; sixty acres ; P. O. Lyons ; came to the West from Hanover in 1853, where he had previously married Mary Ann Suier ;. their children are Henry, August, Louisa, Bernard, Prank, Herman, Lena, Mary and Ann. C. O. FOREST, farmer, Sec. 7 ; P. O. Miles ; he was born in Onandaga Co N*Y ■ at the age of 14 he came to Wisconsin; in 1856, he came to his present farm- when he reached here, he had but $16, and now owns 530 acres of land, and is one of the largest tax-payers in the township ; this property he has acquired by strict attention to farming pursuits. He married Carrie Joahnan, in 1869 ; she was born in Canada; they have five children— George, Elmer, Minnie, Effie and Lizzie. THOS GILSHANAN, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Almont; he was born, in 1812 in Ireland; in 1839, he came to New Orleans; in 1840, he came to Elk River ' Town nip heovms 200 acres of land. He married Ellen Gilford in November, 1847;. she was born in 1830, in Pennsylvania; died May, 1851 ; had two children-EUen, Mary and Nancy Ann second n/arriage to Bridget Reynolds, in 1852 ; she was born hi Ireland ; have five 'children-Elizabeth, Catharine, Bernhard, Mary and Henry. GRIFFITH MILLER, farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. O. Almont; came to Clinton- Co Iowk from c!emon"ca Ohio, in 1857 ; owns 120 acres, all in cultivation^ His first S name was Mary Llovd; had nine children-Elizabeth, George, Joseph, WalteT John Ilfarata, An'na, Maggie and Florence, the last-named four married, George and Joseph served in the late war, Co. I, 2d Iowa V. 1. Haven Conn.; born dune ii, lozo in ioov, u« ^- - -- — -- — > p 3 W He-married Mary C. Cook in 1850 ; she was born Jan. 6, 1828 in Can- Xthev have two children-Bertha M. and Stark W. Mr. G. was the first Assessor rftW, toiS; has been Constable, Justice of the Peace, Township Supervisor; was 1 ^^Tm 1861 to 1866, and has never been defeated in any office m which he was a ^J a fe° his ^formation regarding Clinton Co. is more extended than that of most other citizens of the county. 790 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: j^ p # NAEVE, farmer, Sec. 23: P. 0. Almont; he was born in Germany in 1853 ■ he came with his parents to Clinton Go. Married Lydia Koeh, December, 1878- she was born in Jackson Co. He has been Township Collector. His father,, John,' was born in 1811, in Germany; he married Catharine Peters, in about 1838; she was born in 1811, in Germany; there are three children — D. P., Catharine (now Mrs. Ahrens) and P. P. ; they own 310 acres of land, which is managed exclusively by the eldest son, D. P. I. Yd. SMAIjL, deceased; he was born in 1828, in Franklin Co., Penn. ; he came to Illinois in 1849 ; came to Clinton Co., 1854 ; died Nov. 25, 1875. He mar- ' ried Miss Charlotte Small, in 1854 ; she was born in Washington Co., Md. ; she owns 214 acres of land; she has five children — Mary B., Clara, Lottie, Ida, May and. Ada. ROBT. E. W AIiKER, farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Teed's Grove ; he is a native of Columbia Co., N. Y. ; in 1843, he came with his parents to Jackson Co. ; in 1864, he removed to Clinton Co. ; his farm is the first-settled one in the township, having been improved in 1838 ; he now owns 280 acres. He married Miss Susan K. Green in 1862 ; her father is one of the oldest settlers of Jackson Co. ; they have five chil- dren — Charles, Sybil, Clarence, Burt and Gertrude. Is Secretary of the School Board ; has been Township Trustee and Clerk, School Director, etc. SPRING ROCK TOWNSHIP. S. L. BANKS, retired merchant, Wheatland; born Sept. 10, 1811, in Fair- field Co., Conn.; his father died when, he was quite small; in 1816, his mother removed to Dutchess Co., N. Y., where he received his early education; in 1835, he moved to Cortland Co., remaining until 1843; moved to Walworth Co., Wis., and in 1851, to Elk Kiver Township of this county; in 1867, came to Wheatland and engaged in the mercantile business a little over a year. Married Miss Sarah N. Hub- bell Nov. 3, 1835; she was born in Dutchess Co., N. Y., in September, 1817; have six children living — Henry N., Sarah E., Hattie E., Charles E;, Ida I., Albert L. ; lost two — Edward A. and George E. ; both were members of Co. I, of 2d Iowa V. I. ; the first' was killed at Fort Donelson, and the second died at St. Louis. Mr. B. surved as Justice of the Peace several years in Elk River Township, also in other •official positions. Is a member of the Presbyterian Church ; Republican. DIETRICK BECKMANN, farmer, Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Wheatland ; son of Dietrick and Sophia Beckmann ; born July 24, 1853, in Hanover, Germany ; his mother died in Germany in 1861, and in 1866, he came with his father to the United States, locating on the farm upon which he now lives, which contains 240 acres, valued at $40 per acre. His father married a Mrs. Christine Acker, whose maiden name was Sittler, in March, 1867; father died Aug. 1, 1876. Mr. D. Beckmann, Jr., married Miss Flora Riedesel, daughter of Ludwig and Catharine Riedesel, March 13, 1877; she was born in this county Feb. 27, 1858 ; have one daughter — Ernestine. Members German Reformed Church ; Independent. JOHN Lu BENNETT, retired, Wheatland ; born April 27, 1804, in Dela- ware Co., N. Y.; was engaged in the lumbering business on the Delaware River about twenty-five years ; in the spring of 1846, moved to Rock Co., Wis., and in the spring -of 1857, removed to Clinton Co., having previously purchased 200 acres of land, part of which the town of Wheatland was laid out on in 1858. Married Eleanor Wake- man in July, 1828 ; she was born Oct. 4, 1810, in Delaware Co., N. Y. ; have two children— Edwin W. and Almeda. Mr. B. has served as Trustee of this township, grand juror, etc. Democrat. DAVID BROWN, farmer ; P. O. Wheatland ; owns and has the care of 120 acres of land in the township, also a residence in Wheatland where he lives, valued at $2,000 ; son of John and Polly Brown ; was born March 22, 1819, in Delaware Co., Ohio ; in the fall of 1867, he emigrated to Clinton Co., locating in Liberty Township, SPRING ROCK TOWNSHIP. 791 •where he purchased 240 acres of land, which he disposed of in 1872, and came into Wheatland. Married Miss Fanny B. Page Jan. 14, 1844 ; she was born in 1824, in Broome Co., N. Y. ; had nine children, six living— Fletcher L., Eliza A., Florence E., Charles W, Enolia D. and James F. ; deceased were Hannah, Herman and Clarissa V.; wife deceased April 1, 1867; second marriage, to Mary Growell, Dec. 8, 1875; she was born Feb. 7, 1842, in Otsego Co., N. Y. ; no children by second marriage. His son, Fletcher L., served his country during the late rebellion in the 21st and 121st •Ohio Inf. Kegiments. Mr. Brown is a member of the Presbyterian Church ; Repub- lican. MATTHEW CARRAHER, fanner, Sec. 22; P. 0. Wheatland; owns ninety-three and one-half acres of land, valued at $35 per acre ; son of Matthew and Alice Carraher; born in Monahan Co., Ireland, Nov. 10, 1841 ; his mother died when he was hbout a year old, and father when about 5 years old ; when 10 years old, he •came to New York City ; stopped there about one year, then went to Connecticut, Mid- dlesex Co. ; in 1856, came to Chicago, 111. ; from there to Davenport, Iowa, in 1857, and to Clinton Co., Iowa, in 1858. In August, 1862, enlisted in Co. I, of the 26th Iowa V. I. ; participated in the battle of Arkansas Post and siege of Vicksburg ; at the latter place he was wounded, causing his discharge in September, 1863. Married Miss Jane Organ March 4, 1864; she was born July 16, 1844, in Harrison Co., Penn. ; have eight children — William J., Joseph P., Elizabeth A., George M., Julia A., Mary J., Francis J., Hattie A. ; lost one daughter — Alice. Members Catholic Church ; Democrat. CHARLES C. CHURCHILL., Justice of the Peace, Wheatland; wagon and carriage manufacturer ; son of Oliver and Pantha L. Churchill ; born Oct. 22, 1839, in Saratoga Co., N. Y. ; in 1845, parents moved to Erie Co., and, in 1848, to De Kalb Co., 111. ; in early life, learned the wagon-maker's trade ; in the fall, of 1859, came to Wheatland and engaged in his -present business.. In August, 1862, enlisted in Co. I ■of the 26th I. V. I.; participated in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, (where he was slightly wounded), siege of Vicksburg, Jackson, Kenesaw and Lookout Mountain, and with Sherman in his march to the sea ; was mustered out in June, 1865. Marrie.d Miss Zilpha F. Blanchard Jan. 1, 1861 ; she was born Jan. 24, 1839, in John- son Co., Ohio ; have four children living— Louie, Bessie, Eddie and Susie; lost one infant-son. Mr. C. is present Justice of the Peace; also member of the A. 0. U. W. DR. B. S. COOK, physician and surgeon, Wheatland; also dealer in and breeder of thoroughbred horses— Hambletonian, Black Hawk, Black Bird and Sir Henry stock. Born Feb. 20, 1825, in Genesee Co., N. Y. ; is a son of Solomon and Charlotte (nee Scott) Cook, deceased before he was 8 years old; m 1833 came with a half-brother to White Pigeon, Mich. ; at the age of 11, engaged as office boy with Dr. De La Mater, and at the age of 16, commenced the study of medicine with a Dr. Denny, of Middlebury, Ind. ; in 1848, went to Waukesha, Wis, where he studied under Dr. Smith, an eclectic physician; in 1849, removed to Jefferson Co, and commenced the practice of medicine ; in 1850, moved to Jackson Co, Iowa continuing his profession ; attended medical lectures at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, of Keokuk, Iowa where he graduated in 1855 ; in 1858, went to Kansas, purchasing ^/° ok f arm which he has carried on in connection with his profession ; in 1862, returned to Jackson Co., locating on a farm near Monmouth ; in 1866, came to Wheatland and followed his pro- fessSm 1868 ; purchased a farm' in Liberty Town.hip ^-JJi^ returned to Wheatland. Married Miss Sarah Bedden Feb. A 1853 she was born in Jackson Co Iowa, Dec. 20, 1838 ; her parents came from Kentucky ; have two chddren AchTlles and Edith ; lost one-Emma 1 . Dr. C. is familiar with the Allopathic, Eclec- tic" Homeopathic and Thompsonian systems of medicine, affording him a great advan- Se in Wspractice over those who are familiar with only one system. Is a member of the Odd Fellows ; Democrat. FBAlfKMBf DAVISSON, farmer. Sec. 15; P. O. Wheatland; owns a( April of Andrew and Sarah Davisson ; born O90 T^res of land, valued at $35 per acre ; son of Andrew and fcaran i,avi*=uu, ,u u 1 r iU 1822, in Harrison Co, W. Va. ; in the fall of 1836, moved, with parents, to 792 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Henry Co., Ind. ; in December, 1844, came to Iowa; stopped in Cedar Co., teaching- ■ school that winter, and, in the fall of 1845, returned to Indiana ; in the fall of 1846,. in company with his brother Nathan, returned to Iowa and purchased land in this town- ship, known as the Clamshell Ford property; in 1851, located on his present farm. Married Miss Eliza J. Wentworth, Jan. 25, 1862 ; she was born Nov. 2, 1842, in, Allen Co., Ind. ; have six children living— Mary C, Margaret E., William A., LouiRa W. Martha E., Lewis H. ; lost three — Mira J., Benjamin F. and Charlotte L. Mr. D. has served as Justice of the Peace, and is the present Deputy Secretary of the Far- mer's Mutual Fire Insurance Company, of Clinton and Jackson Counties. Republican. MTHA1V DAVISSON, farmer, Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Wheatland. Owns 350' acres of land, valued at $30 per acre. Son of. Andrew and Sarah Davisson ; born June 20 1826, in Harrison Co., W. Va. ; in the fall of 1836, his parents emigrated to Henry- Co., Ind. ; in the fall of 1846, in company with his brother Franklin, came to Clinton Co., Iowa; in 1847,. in company with his brother, purchased what was known as the Clamshell Ford farm, on the Wapsipinicon River, and, in 1851, came onto his present farm. Married Margaret L. Alger July 5, 1852 ; she was born Jan. 29, 1822. in Cat- taraugus Co., N. Y., and died March 27, 1857. He again married Mrs. Lucinda Dav- isson, widow of Benjamin Davisson, whose maiden name was McCulley, July 24, 1858;. she was born Jan. 31, 1835, in Ohio ; has two children by first wife living — Mary E. and Joseph A. ; lost one — William ; and by second wife five living — Charles, Sarah J.,. John, Harvey and^Laura ; lost two — George and Phebe ; wife has one daughter — Lov- ica, by former husband. Mr. D. is the present President of the Township School Board. Republican. REV. FREDERICK DIECKMAl^N, Wheatland; Pastor of Ger- man Reformed Church ; born April 14, 1836, in Hanover, Germany; in 1847, emi- grated, with , parents, to Galveston, Tex., and to Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1849, where he was educated for the ministry ; in 1858, commenced his ministerial labor ; in 1867,. removed to Ironton, Ohio, remaining two years, after which he removed to Crawford Co., engaging in the missionary work there and through other counties, traveling by private conveyance from five to six thousand miles a year. In 1871, went to Omaha,. Neb., assuming the pastorship of the German Reformed Church there till 1876, when he came to Wheatland. Married Miss Frederika Leyer Aug. 2, 1859 ; she was born Aug. 7, 1838, in Stuttgart, Germany ; have four children living — Frederick, Albert,. Clara and Emil ; lost one — Lydia. Independent. JEROME DCTTOM, auctioneer, insurance and collecting agent, loaning money ; also Notary Public, Wheatland ; son of Charles and Nancy Dutton ; was born March 2, 1826, in Chenango Co., N. Y. ; in the fall of 1837, parents went to Potter Co., Penn., on the Alleghany River, where he first saw a steamboat ; his father con- structed a rafo upon which the family embarked in the spring of 1838, and went to Madison, Jefferson Co., Ind. ; in the fall of 1838, came by river to Alton, 111., and the- following spring came on the first boat up to "Camanche, of this county, locating eight miles west of De Witt; in the spring of 1850, crossed the plains to California, engaging while there in mining and the hotel business, returning in 1854, and locating on a farm of 240 acres in Scott Co., which he still owns ; in 1859, left his farm and assumed the management of the Buena Vista ferry on the Wapsie ; in the fall of 1865, came to Wheatland and engaged in his present occupation; owns 260 acres of land in this county. Has served in most of the offices of his township and town, and as Justice of the Peace about eight years. Married to Celinda Parker Nov. 16, 1856, by Judge W. H. Tuthill, of Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa ; she was born in 1830 in Allegany Co., N, Y. ; have two children living— Claude W. and Bessie ; lost three— Florence B., Parker C. and Charles F. Greenbacker, S. H. EWALT, farmer ; P. O. Wheatland ; owns eighty-three acres of land, valued at $60 per acre, and his residence and lots, valued at $2,500 ; son of Samuel and Lydia M. {nee Leffingwell) Ewalt ; father a native of Ohio, and mother of Con- necticut; born March 12, 1833, in Trumbull Co., Ohio; in the spring of 1865, emi- grated to Clinton Co., locating on his present farm. Married Miss Ruth A. Brown SPRING BOCK TOWNSHIP. 793 ■Oct. 24, 1855 ; she was born Feb. 5, 1831, in Center Co., Penn. ; have four children- Samuel H., Minnie A., Robert W. and Charles L. Mr. B. has served as member of School Board, and is a member of the Presbyterian Church ; Republican. H. C. FORD, publisher of Wheatland Union ; son of Isaac and Mary Ford ; born July 17, 1842, in Bradford Co., Penn. ; his parents died when he was 6 or 7 years old, after which he went to live with an uncle in Delaware Co., N. Y. ; in 1861, enlisted in Co. I, of the 72d N. Y. V. I. ; participated in both battles of Bull Run ; also at Chancellorsville, and all through McClellan's peninsular campaign, and at the battle of the Wilderness, where he was promoted to Orderly Sergeant ; was also slightly wounded there ; mustered out at New York City in September, 1864 ; then he went to Delhi, N. Y, and engaged in a printing office ; in 1866, went to Schoharie and commenced pub- lishing a paper in the firm name of Ford & Kromer ; in 1868, came to Lyons, of this •county, engaging in the Mirror office ; in 1877, removed to Lost Nation, of this county, and established the Lost Nation Chief, which he disposed of, and came to Wheatland in September, 1878, establishing the Wheatland Union. Married Mrs. Carrie Chamber- lain, daughter of Col. Wyckoff, of Jackson Co., July 17, 1874; she was born June 17, 1845, in Ohio ; has one daughter — Alice, wife having one daughter — Myrtie, by former husband; Republican. J. A. FROST, station agent D. & N. W. R. R. Co., Wheatland ; son of Dr. A. M. and Sophronia (nee Healey) Frost ; born Nov. 9, 1833, in Monroe Co., N. Y. ; in 1845, emigrated with parents to Orleans Co., N. Y. ; at the age of 14, he engaged in a drug store at Medina, in same county ; subsequently learned the daguerreotype busi- ness, which he followed in connection with the drug business ; in the fall of 1856, came to this county, locating on a farm near Big Rock ; in the fall of 1860, returned to New York and engaged in the picture and dental business; in 1862, returned to Iowa, locating in Wheatland, engaging in the dental and picture business, adding the drug business in 1867, which he continued till 1870 ; in 1872, took charge of this station as agent for the D. & St. P. R. R. Co., it being changed to D. & N.-W. R. R. Co. in 1878^ Married Miss Helen A. Baker Nov. 9, 1854 ; she was born in 1834, in Tomp- kins Co., N. Y. ; have two children— Mary L. and David J. ; his daughter married John Haggard now of Glidden, Iowa. Mr..F. is a member of the Disciple Church ; also of Zeredatb'a Lodge, No. 184, A., F. & A. M., of which he is now serving his eleventh year as Master. Republican. T D GAMBIjE, physician and surgeon and druggist, Wheatland; son of* James and Jane Gamble; born Dec. 18, 1829, in Wilmington, Del.; in 1834 emigrated to Pittsburgh, Penn., where he remained until 1854; came to Le Claire! Seott Co., Iowa, and commenced the study of medicine with his brother Dr. James Gamble; attended lectures at the St. Louis Medical ca College where he graduated during the session of 1857-58; in 1858, went to Sabula, Jackson Co., and commenced the practice of medicine remaining but a short time then came to Wheatland and commenced the practice of his profession, bang the St nWcian in the town; in the fall of 1859, engaged in the drug business. Married Ml&S Carter Oct. 23, 1867; she was born 8^.^^™/™^^ Ohio; have three children living-Frances J., James A and Mary E. lost one Lydia R. Is a member of Zeredatha Lodge, No. 184, A., F. & A. M. Politics, Uemo Cat WIIXIAM GEORGE, retired farmer, Wheatland ; sot .of Thomas and Sarah GeorS; born Jan. 12, 1815, in Columbiana Co, Ohio. . In the fall of 18o4 Sarah *%<*«*& Q j t in ' this towns hip; followed farming till the spring of 1876 'then motd into WheaLd. Married Nancy Reed Jan. 2, 1834 ; she was WOrt 90 1813, in Beaver Co, Penn. ; have eleven children-James, Sarah Reed, born Uct. 4V, J" > „„ ' ,_> . _ . „„ o , T nlln . nst . one daughter — 794 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: on the farm upon whi-jh he still lives. There were then but six families in the town- ship, and numbers of native Americans in the vicinity ; also wild game, deer, wolves, turkeys, prairie chickens, etc. ; Davenport and Muscatine were their marketing places. Mr. G. has hauled dressed pork to market and received only $1.25 per cwt., and wheat for 30 and 35 cents per bushel, and take his pay in dry goods, when calico was worth ' 25 to 31 cents per yard, and other goods in the same proportion. Married Miss Betsey Wood, daughter of Samuel and Rhoda Wood, Oct. 25, 1835; she was born Oct. 26, 1814, in Onondaga Co:, N. Y. ; have four children living — Frances S., Jennette, James M. and Louisa; lost two-i— Mary L. and George W. Frances S. married James La Grange, and Louisa married George I. Bagley. Mr. G. has served as Postm: ster for Spring Rock Township, about eighteen years, also as County Supervisor, Township Assessor, etc. Democrat. • - DR. H. (jtUENTHER, physician and surgeon, and dealer in drugs and medicines, etc., Wheatland ; son of John and Catharine Guenther, of Stephenson Co., 111.; born Sept. 28, 1857, in Stephenson Co., 111. In 1871, commenced the study of medicine with Dr. Rohbock, of Freeport, 111. In 1877, came to Wheatland and engaged in his present business. Member of the German Reformed Church. Politics, Inde- pendent. , ISAAC GrlJFFY, farmer, Sec. 19; P.O. Wheatland. Owns 140 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre.- Born Nov. 22, 1806, in Franklin Co., Ohio. In the fall of 1855, emigrated to Iowa, locating on his present farm. In December, 1865, had the misfortune to have' his house burned with most of its contents. Married Miss Eliza- beth Davidson Feb. 17, 1829 ; she was born in July, 1802, in Ohio ; she died Sept. 20, 1852. He again married Elizabeth McLane May 5, 1853 ; she was born Sept. 13, 1825, in Ohio ; have five children living by first wife — William G., Catharine, Martha, Nancy J. and Melinda ; lost three — Aquilla, John D. and Isaac M., the last two belonged to Company I, of the 26th Iowa Infantry ; by second wife, has four children living — Margaret A., Zachariah. Matilda E. and Elizabeth J. ; lost two — Henry and George M. Republican. A. M. HALL, Justice of the Peace, of the firm of Woods & Hall, dealers in lumber, shingles and building material, Wheatland ; born March 8, 1832, in Indiana Co., Penn. In early life was employed in a woolen factory about seven years ; after- ward, he learned the photograph business. In April, 1861, enlisted in Company I, of the 8th Pennsylvania Infantry, for three months, at the close of which, he followed the army in the photograph-business till July, 1864, when he came to Wheatland, continu- ing photograph and furniture business till 1866 ; engaged in his present business, form- ing a copartnership with Mr. Woods in 1867. Married Miss Susan Bender Dec. 10, 1863 ; she' was born in 1842, in Pennsylvania, and died Feb. 24, 1872. He again mar- ried Miss Rhoda Sohneider March 12, 1874 ; she was born in 1852, in this county ; has five children by first wife — Charles, Fanny, Abram, William and Maude ; lost one daughter; by second wife has three — Josephine, Beatrice and Nelson. Mr. H. has filled several official positions — Township Clerk, Recorder, Councilman and present Justice of the Peace. Independent. ED, HART, farmer, Sec. 28 ; P. O. Wheatland ; owns 220 acres of land, val- ued at $25 per acre; born in 1846, in Canada ; in 1848, parents moved to Ohio, where they remained till 1856, when they came to Clinton Co.; Mr. H. located on his present farm in the spring of 1879. Married Miss Mary A. Cavey ; she was born in Ohio in 1852 ; have five children — Margaret, Edward, Mary, Peter and Matthew. Mr. H. has served as Township Assessor three years, also Secretary of School Board thr^e years. Member Catholic Church ; Democrat. O. A. HOSKIX. farmer, Sec. 20 ; P. O. Wheatland. Owns 222 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. Born Feb. 1, 1823, in Medina Co., Ohio ; when quite small parents moved into Portage Co. In the fall of' 1849, in company with a brother, came to Iowa, and the following winter taught school at Allen's Grove, in Scott Co., and, m the spring, returned to Ohio. In the spring of 1851, returned to Iowa, and entered SPRING ROCK TOWNSHIP. 795. the farm upon which he is now living. Married Miss Marilla Denny in February 1854 • she was born in November, 1838, in Licking Co., Ohio ; lost one son— Titus; are rais- ing two adopted children— Rinaldo and Milley Denny. Commenced keeping house in loronto of this county, where he worked at his trade (carpenter and joiner) during summers, and teaching school winters. In 1860, moved on to his farm. Mr H has served as Justice of the Peace, Township Clerk, and as Secretary of the School Board several years. Member of Disciple Church. Republican. C C. HATCH, farmer and breeder of thoroughbred Hambletonian and Mor- gan horses, Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Big Rock, Scott Co. Owns eighty acres of land, valued at $4,000. Son of Andres and Polly A. (nee Welton) Hatch ; born Jan. 15, 1833, in Medina Co., Ohio. In the fall of 1861, in company with his parents, came to Geneva,. 111., and the following spring moved to Elk Grove Township, Lafayette Co., Wis. ; in 1868, moved near Darlington. In January, 1870, came on to his present farm. Mar- ried Harriet Dolph April 5, 1857 ; she was born May 29, 1833, in Washington Co., N. Y. ; have four children living — Andres A., Bertha C, Melvin D. and Sarah H. Andres , A. is now attending the^Ames Agricultural College. Mr. H. has served his township as Justice of the Peace, Trustee, and is also member of A., P. & A. M. Order. Demo- crat. Father died April 7, 1870, and mother is living in Independence, Iowa. M. C. JONES, station agent for C. & N.-W. R. R., also express agent for Am. and U. S. Express .Companies, Wheatland ; born July 20, 1842, in Washington Co., Vt., where he spent his early life. In November. 1861, enlisted in Co. K of the 7th Vt. V. I.; was promoted to Quartermaster Sergeant in 1863; was engaged on detached duty, participated at battle of Fort Fisher, N. C; was discharged for disabil- ity in summer of 1863, and subsequently employed in the commissary department under Gen. Scofield. In summer of 1866, came to Mechanicsville, Iowa ; engaged in the mercantile business, firm of Andrews, Jones & Buel-; in June, 1874, came to Wheat- land and engaged in his present business. Married Miss Ella M. Tucker, May 9, 1876 ;. she was born in July, 1851, in Summit Cot, Ohio ; she died April 5, 1877. He again, married Miss Martha J. Close, of Burlington, Iowa, June 26, 1878 ; she was born in October, 1844, in Ohio; has two children by former wife — Jennie B. A. and Delia A. Mr. J. is a member of the Iowa Council, also of Patmos Lodge, No. 155, A., F. & A. M., at Mechanicsville. DENNIS KEAJf, farmer and stock raiser and dealer, Sec. 32 ; P. O. Big Rock, Scott Co.; owns 180 acres of land where he lives, valued at $35 per acre, and 710 acres of land in Crawford Co., Iowa ; son of Murty and Ellen Kean ; born in May, 1814, in County Clare, Ireland ; in spring of 1845, emigrated to America, stop- ping in Lanark, Canada West, now Ontario ; in the spring of 1848, went to Syracuse, N. Y.; engaged on the railroad; they were then putting down the first T rail that was laid in the United States ; in the fall of 1848, came to Chicago, 111., and worked on the Galena Division of the C. & N.-W. R. R.; in the spring of 1849, came to Daven- port, Iowa, and the same year to this county and entered his land, but continued work- in^ in Davenport till 1852, when he moved on his farm. Married Mary Rasp, July >5° 1847 • she was born in Canada in 1826 ; have eleven children living— Michael J., Ellen Hannah, John T., Murty, Maggie, James, Bridget, Mary A., Eliza and Dennis, Jr.; lost one daughter— Catharine. Has served as Trustee of township several years. Members of Catholic Church ; Independent. GEORGE H. L.EFFINGWELI;, farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Wheatland; owns 655 acres of land, valued at $45 per acre; was born Jan. 1, 1814, in Norwich, Conn • in the fall of 1817, went with his parents to Trumbull Co., Ohio; in the snrine of 1839 removed to Muscatine Co., Iowa, and followed the business of carpen- ter- returned to Ohio six years later; in the spring of 1848, came to this county ; boVo-ht a drove of cattle, which he drove to Ohio; he continued buying and driving «tnn£ to Ohio and New York until 1866, when he moved his family to this county, I Hno uDon the farm where he now resides. Married Miss Eliza J. Curtis Nov. 5, 1818 she was born Oct. 4, 1819, in Trumbull Co., Ohio ; have two children— George L dEttaM now Mrs. Lucius B. Van Warren; lost five children— Wilhard J. r 796 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: James S., Eugene M., Alvira S. and infant daughter. Members of Presbyterian Church ; Mr. L. is one of the Trustees of that Church ; ' Republican. ARTHUR IilLIilE, retired farmer ; P. 0. Wheatland ; owns 500 acres of land in Sharon Township, valued at $40 per acre; son of George and Martha Lillie, natives of Vermont ; born January 4, 1826, in Chittenden Co., Vt.; in 1832, came with parents to Cuyahoga Co., Ohio, and shortly afterward moved into Portage Co.; in 1853, his father came to this county and purchased 800 acres of land in Sharon Town- ship, and subsequently 640 acres more; in 1854, Mr. L., in company with his brother George, came to this county and engaged in farming and stock-raising ; his father died June 2, 1857; he continued farming till 1871, since has made his home principally with his brother-in-law, Mr. E. M. Tucker. Mr. L. is one of the charter members of Zeredatha Lodge, No. 184, A., F. & A. M., of Wheatland. Democrat. WTLIilAM B. IiYTXE, owner and proprietor of Big Rock Mills ; P. O. Big Rock; born March 7, 1815, in Center Co., Penn. In the spring of 1855 came to Iowa, locating in Scott Co.; in the fall of 1866 moved into Cedar Co.; sold out in 1873, and the following season made a tour through Nebraska ; in the fall of 1875, purchased Big Rock Mills and came to his present residence. Married Catharine Smith Feb. 14, 1838 ; she was born Oct. 23, 1818, in York Co., Penn. ; have five children living — Robert M., Henry S., Ann E., Samuel C. and William D. ; lost one — James E. Robert M. served in Co B, 2d I. V. I. ; was discharged for disability, after which he assisted in recruiting Co. C, 20th I. V. I. ; was commissioned Second Lieu- tenant, and promoted to First Lieutenant after the battle of Prairie Grove, Ark. A son-in-law, Samuel Caldwell, served in same company of the 20th I. V. I., and was killed in a collision between the John H. Dickey and the John Rains below Vicksburg, Miss. His son Henry S. also served in Co. E, 20th I. V. I. Mr. Lytle served as Postmaster of New Liberty Post Office several years, also as Justice of the Peace, Township Trustee, &c. Member of the Congregational Church. Republican. D. S. McIIUjIjIU, dealer in pumps, tubing, piping, etc., also well-boring and drilling'; P. O.Wheatland ; born Sept. 16, 1848, in Mahoning Co., Ohio. In 1856, parents emigrated to Clinton Co., locating in Liberty Township.' His father died in July, 1875 ; mother still living in Brookfield Township. In the spring of 1862, he enlisted in Co. B, 1st I. V. C. for three years ; participated in battles of Holly Springs, Memphis, Ripley and Camden, Miss., Alexandria, La., Little Rock, Ark., also several skirmishes in Missouri and Texas; mustered out, in 1865, at St. Louis, Mo. ; returned home and engaged in farming till 1872 ; came to Wheatland and engaged in present -business. Married Melinda Sheldon Oct. 23, 1865 ; she was born in New York, Dec. 16, 1848; have five children — Willie A., Marcia, Alice M., Gertrude and Harry H.; lost two. Members of the Presbyterian Church. Republican. LiUCIUS MUNSOBT, dealer in coal, lime, cement, etc., also proprietor of hack line ; P. O. Wheatland ; owns sixty-five acres of land, valued at $12 per acre, and a residence in town of the value of $4,000 ; born Feb. 11, 1826, in New Haven Co., Conn.; in 1838, went to New York City and engaged as an errand-boy for Sidney F. B. Morse ; in 1843, went into a bakery, remaining till 1852, then came to Chicago, anfl, in 1 854, to Clinton; and in company with a Mr. Case, built the Waubonsie House, which was burned in 1856; in 1858, came to Wheatland and purchased the hotel now known as the Tucker House, which he kept till 1865, since which time he has been engaged in his present business. Married Nancy Baldwin, of New York City, Jan. 1, 1850 ; she was born Sept. 18, 1824; in Brantford, Conn. ; have one son— William A., born Oct. 1, 1856 ; lost one infant son. Mr. M. has served as Trustee of the township, and Councilman. Is a member of Zeredatha Lodge, No. 184, A., F. & A. M. Republican. LAWRENCE O'CONNOR, retired grain-dealer; P. O. Wheatland; born June 7, 1810, in Roscommon County, Ireland ; in the fall of 1833, emigrated to the United States, stopping in New York City. In April, 1834, enlisted in Co. I, of the 2d United States Infantry, for three years ; was most of the time on guard duty at Mackinaw, Mich. ; was discharged at New York, then came to Chicago, 111., and to Lockport, Will Co., 111., in 1837, removing to Twelve-Mile Grove in 1849. In 1853, SPRING ROCK TOWNSHIP. 797 came to this county, purchasing a farm just south of where Wheatland now stands ; in the tall ot 1858, moved into Wheatland and engaged in the grain trade, which he con- Unued till 1872, when he retired from business. Married Bridget Rock, of Detroit Mich., July 19, 1837; she was born in County Sligo, Ireland, and died in 186l' Again married Louisa Shaw March 9, 1863 ; she was born in August, 1820, in Meigs to., Ohio ; have one son living— James, by first wife, and lost one— Richard, who was Oo. 1, ol the 26th I. V. I., and died in Andersonville Prison ; have one son— Dennis by second wife. Is a member of Zeredatha Lodge, No. 184, A., P. & A. M Inde- pendent. JOHN O'NEILL,, farmer, Sec. 33; P. 0. Big Rock, Scott Co.; owns 186J of land, valued at $30 per acre; son of John and Bridget O'Neill ; born Jan. 21, 1846, near Perth, Canada West, now Ontario ; emigrated with his parents to this county in the spring of 1850, locating on the farm adjoining where he is now living. Married Mies Catherine Kean Oct. 26, 1874 ; she was born August 1, 1852, in Cook Co., 111. ; have three children— Thomas P., Michael J. arid Margaret E. Members of Catholic Church ; Democrat. PETER O'NEILL, farmer, Sec. 28; P. 0. Wheatland; owns 160 acres of land, valued $25 per acre; son of John and Bridget O'Neill; born Feb. 22, 1844, near Perth, Canada West. In 1850, emigrated with his parents to Clinton Co., Iowa, locating in the township where he still lives, and came on to his present farm in 1877. Married Bridget L. Rorick Feb. 13, 1877; she was bora in 1851, in Vermont; have one daughter — Winnie, born Jan. 21, 1878; father died in February, 1852. Members of Catholic Church. Democrat. CM. & F. J. PARSONS, farmers; P. O. Big Rock, Scott Co.; sons of Maurice and Amanda Parsons ; born in Hampshire Co., Mass. ; the first was born Jan. 25, 1825 ; in the spring of 1849, he emigrated to Winnebago Co., 111., and in the spring of 1850 came to Clinton Co., Iowa, locating on his present farm, of the value of $8,000. Married Eliza B. Hazen Sept. 2, 1852 ; she was born Feb. 24, 1830, in Massachusetts ; have seven children living — Clark H., C. Mason, Flora M., Arthur H., Howard E., Walttr M. and Lucy A. Has served as Justice of the Peace, Trustee, etc., and is a member of the Congregational Church. F. J. was born Nov. 16, 1829 ; in the fall of 1852, emigrated to this county, and, in 1854, located on his present farm of 190 acres, of the value of $10,000. He married Aurelia Blackman Sept. 2, 1852 ; she was born in Massachusetts in 1831, and deceased Oct. 13, 1866. He again mar- ried Mrs. Lucy Bates (maiden name Brewster) March 8, 1868 ; she was born in Mass- achusett in 1837, and died Oct. 29, 1872. He again married Harriet Noble Dec. 30, 1874 ; she was born in Vermont in 1840 ; has five children living by first wife— Mary; A. Emma M., Carrie B., Jessie L. and Herbert F.; lost two— Edwin L. and an infant by' second wife, two— Elisha B. ; lost one— Eddie M. ; and by third wife, one daughter — Grace. Mr. P. has served as Assessor of his township. Is a member of the Con- gregational Church. Republican. WILLIAM PENNINCJROTH, farmer, Sec. 18 ; P. O. Wheatland ; son of Frederick and Christine Penningroth; born April 29, 1835, in Germany. He was leftmth- out a father whil ean infant ; in the spring of 1 846, he emigrated with his mother and brother to Randolph Co., 111. In the fall of 1857, he came to Clinton Co., Iowa, and purchased the 160 acres of land upon which he now resides; returned to St. Louis, Mo., and engaged at work in a brickyard for three years, after which he returned to Randolph Co 111 and farmed till the spring of 1864, then moved on to his land in this county; has' added to it, till he now has 345 acres, valued at $40 per acre. Married Miss Johanna Laumeier, of St. Louis, Sept. 26, 1861 ; she was born in Germany Feb. 22, 1837 • have nine children living— Frederick, E. F. William, Sophia E., Louisa, Amalia, Anna'c Heinrich, Emma L., Aline ; lost three— Frederick' 1st, Laura and an infant. Members of German Evangelical Lutheran Church; Republican. RICHARD H. RANDALL, Sr., and RICHARD H. RANDALL, Jr.; P. O. Big Rock, Scott Co.; R. H., Sr., was born 798 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: June 30, 1807, in York Co., Me.; in 1822, moved with parents, John and Sarah Randall, to Penobscot Co. ; while there, followed farming and lumbering ; in the fall of 1838, emigrated to Iowa, locating in Montpelier Township, Muscatine Co. An incident here in his life, never to be forgotten, occurred on the 5th of June, 1844 ; while he was absent from home his vicinity was visited by a ter- rible cyclone, which destroyed his residence with all its contents, killing his mother and severely injuring his wife, children and brother. In the spring of 1847, he moved into Liberty Township, of this county, and in 1851, came on to his present farm. Married Miss Almira Tourtellotte, July 6, 1828 ; she was born May 27, 1812, in Maine ; have four children living — Eliza J., George W., Richard H., Jr., and Ephraim I., and lost eight — Sarah, Esther, John, Henry O, James, Thomas, Elmira and Elizabeth. Mr. R. now owns forty acres of land of the value of $2,500 ; he makes a specialtv of bee-raisins ; is a member of the Universalist Church ; Republican. Richard H, Jr. , was born September 22, 1848, in Clinton Co., Iowa; while in attendance at school, in Galesburg, 111., he enlisted, January 29, 1865, in Co. P, of the 148th 111. Inf. ; was mustered out in September, 1865 ; on his return, went to Port Dodge and commenced learning the blacksmith ,trade ; in the spring of 1873, opened a shop at Pomeroy, Calhoun Co., Iowa, and in 1874, moved to Coon Rapids; in January, 1876, opened up his present shop in Big Rock. Married Harriet J. Merritt, September 21, 1870; she was born August 31, 1851, in Medina Co., Ohio ; have three children — Pearl E., Richard H, and Manly B. Republican. GEORGE RIEDESEL, farmer,. Sec. 10 ; P. O. Wheatland ; owns 200 acres of land, valued at $55 per acre ; son of Ludwig and Flora Riedesel ; born Janu- ary 12, 1825, in Germany. In 1845, emigrated to Crawford Co., Ohio; in 1850, came to Towa, and entered the land upon which he now lives; in the spring of 1870, moved his family from Ohio, and located on his farm. Married Miss Elizabeth Gerhardt in February, 1860 ; she was born in Crawford Co., Ohio, in 1834; have six children living — Mary J., Anna M., Elizabeth S., Louisa L., John E., Louis T. ; lost one, John F. Members of German Reformed Church. JOHUtf RIEDESEL, farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. Wheatland; owns 160 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre, son of Ludwig and Flora Riedesel ; born March 31, 1829, in Germany ; in 1845, emigrated with parents to Crawford Co., Ohio ; in 1853, came to Clinton Co., Iowa, and entered his land from Government, after which he returned to Ohio, remaining till the spring of 1857, when he returned to Iowa. Married Miss Elizabeth Knoche, July 7, 1869, ; she was born in Germany, in 1839 ; have six children — Diana, Ferdinand, Emma, Kate, Ann and an infant son not named. Mem- ber of the German Reformed Church ; Democrat. D ALLAS D. RORICK, attorney at law, Notary Public, collecting agent, etc. ; P. O. Wheatland ; son of Cornelius and Julia (nee Kimball) Rorick ; born June 18, 1846, in Franklin Co., Ohio; in 1854, his parents moved to Henry Co., Ind. ; in the sprins of 1859, emigrated to Jones Co., Iowa; in the summer of 1864, engaged in the employ of his brother, G. H. Rorick, a merchant of Louden, Iowa, which he con- tinued most of the time till 1867, when he moved to Toronto, engaging first at carpen- ter and joiner work, and subsequently at railroad bridge-building, after which he engaged in the grain business; in 1874, commenced the study of law, and was admit- ted to the bar in 1878 ; removed from Toronto to this place a few weeks ago. Married Miss Mattie J. Hammond Feb. 17, 1865 ; she was born in December, 1846, in Dela- ware Co., Ohio. Mr. R. has served as Justice of the Peace at Toronto, and other offices ; is at present Notary Public ; Democrat. WM. D. L. RULE, farmer, Sec. 31 ; P. O. Big Rock, Scott Co. ; owns 240 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born Feb. 26, 1811, in Roxburyshire, Scotland; in 1834, emigrated to the United States, locating in St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. ; was engaged in the milling business there and in Canada till 1852, when he came to La Grange Co., Ind., engaging in the same business; in the summer of 1854, came to Clinton Co., and, the following year, built the Granite Mills, below Big Rock, which he owned till 1865, when he moved to De Witt, where he remained till the fall of 1878,. SPRING ROCK TOWNSHIP. 799 when he came to where he now lives. Married Miss Jane Wood, of Scotland, in 1832 • she died at De Witt May 3, 1874. He again married Mrs. Rhoda Hoskins (nee Parr), Sept. 4, 1878 ; have three children living— George, William D. L., Jr., and J^n- nette ; lost one son — John. Member Presbyterian Church ; Republican. JOHN H. SCHNEIDER, farmer, Sec. 20; P. 0. Wheatland ; owns 124 acres of land, valued at $40 per. acre ; son of John G. and Louisa F. Schneider ; born Jan. 6, 1843, in Prussia, Germany; in 1848, parents emigrated to Crawford Co.,' Ohio, and, in the spring of 1852, came to Clinton Co. and located upon the land upon which he is now living, his father having died Sept. 13, 1861 ; mother still living with him. Married Catharine Keller, Nov. 30, 1868; she was born Sept. 23, 1843, in Prussia, Germany ; have four children — Anna, Joseph, Emil and Rudolph ; lost one son — Edward. Member German Reformed Church ; Democrat. WIIililAM SEMPER, farmer ; P. 0. Calamus ; owns 455 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre ; born Dec. 5, 1826, in. Lincolnshire, England. In the spring of 1851, he emigrated to the United States, stopping in the vicinity of Schenectady, N. Y. In 1853, he came to Rock Island Co., 111. ; was there engaged in running the ferry at Hampton, above Moline, one year, and as engineer in a steam saw-mill for three years. In 1854, came out and purchased a part of his present farm ; in the spring of 1857, moved onto his present farm, and had been here about three weeks, when a Mr. Monroe Warren was hung by what were known as the Regulators, within half a mile of his house, this Warren's house having been a harboring-place for horse-thieves, coun- terfeiters, etc. Married Miss Johana Schaible Aug. 16, 1852 ; she was born in Ger- many March 11, 1828, her parents coming to the United States the same year, stop- ping first in Maryland, and next in Westmoreland Co., Penn., and lastly in Rock Island Co., 111. ; have six children living — Charlotte C, Henrietta, George W., Harvey J., Ida E. and Phedora E. ; lost two — Barbara J. and Harriet. Republican. JESSE STIBJE, attorney at law and collection agent, Wheatland ; son of Michael and Hannah Stine ; born April 4, 1825, in Waynesburg, Greene Co., Penn. ; in 1827, emigrated with his parents to Monroe Co., Ohio, where his boyhood and youthful days were spent ; in the spring of 1846, he went to Bolivar, Miss., and in February, 1847, went to New Orleans ; in June, of the same year, came to this county, locating at Toronto. In the fall of 1847, commenced reading law under the instruction of a Mr. E. Graham, of De Witt : was admitted to the bar in 1851 ; in the spring of 1862, removed to Wheatland, where he still resides. Married Miss Phoebe Shriver March 19, 1854 ; she" was born May 3, 1832, in Morgan Co., Ohio; lost three chil- dren—Silas W., Lovica P. and an infant not named. Mr. Stine has filled several official positions in his township, and has also been on the Board of Supervisors two years, and is at present attorney for the town ; is also a member of Zeredatha, No. 1 84, A., F. & A. M. ; Republican. TOHItf S STOWRS, attorney at law and conveyancer, Wheatland ; son of Samuel and Patience (nee Phinney) Stowrs; born May 13 1823, in Washington Citv D C ■ his mother was a teacher of select schools there, and his father was Super- intendent of a stage line running between Washington City and Florida; when about 7 years old, went to Florida, and spent two years visiting with relatives ; was a frequent visitor in the halls of Congress ; quite familiar with the faces of many of the prominent statesmen of that day. In 1833, came with his parents to Jefferson Co. JN. X. ; in 1836 came to Chicago, then a small town with only five stores ; he engaged as a clerk in one of them, for Me'ssrs. Hall & Lewis. In 1837, went to Elgin to clerk for his father who had gone tbere in 1836 and opened the first store of that town. In 1838, SuraeTto New York; went to Newport, R. I., and attended school there; in 1839, went with his brother-in-law, S. G. Dodge, attorney, to Gouverneur N. Y and com- »!T«J the study of law under him, and, in 1840, came to Terre Haute, Ind ; followed Lnint a short time, when he again resumed the study of law under Gov. Whit- iariLing a ^^^ admitted t0 the bar in 1843 . !n 1844, came to Davenpcrt, comb, oi in admitted to the bar there; Sept, 11, 1844, came to De Witt, ot this Iowa, anu commencing the practice of kw th(re) an d teaching school in the winter. 800 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: In 1845, was appointed County Judge, to fill a vacancy, he being the second incum- bent of that office ; in the winter of 1846-47, taught the first school west of De Witt in the county, five miles from De Witt, and the same year assisted in organizing the first Sunday school west of De Witt, of which he was Superintendent. In 1849, returned to Terre Haute, Ind., and engaged in clerking in a general store for his father ; remained there but a short time ; he then went into Louisiana,, and up the Red River, and again taught school. In the fall of 1850, returned to Indiana, and, in 1852, returned to this county, and engaged as clerk for T. F. Butterfield, of De Witt, he being County Treasurer and Clerk, also in mercantile business ; served as Deputy Treasurer and County Clerk. In 1856, was Deputy Auditor. In 1857, went to Bellaire, Ohio, where he experienced religion, and united with the M. E. Church, and from there went to Kent Co., Md., thence to Washington City, and was engaged in one of the Government Land Offices. In the fall of 1859, returned to De Witt, and resumed teaching. In 1861, came to Wheatland, and engaged in teaching principally, and, in 1866, was licensed as a Metho- dist cxhorter, and, in 1867, as a local preacher, since which time he has made three trips to California; and, in 1877, went -to Cuba, where he has a sister, engaging as a teacher of the English language in the San Rosa College, and, in 1878, returned to Wheatland ; Independent in politics. E. M. TUCKER, proprietor of Tucker House, Wheatland; born Oct. 16, 1824, in Summit Co., Ohio ; in early life, learned the blacksmith's trade, which he fol- lowed till he came to this county in the fall of 1855 ; located on a farm in Sharon Township; in the spring of 1866, came to Wheatland and engaged in his present busi- ness. Married Miss Maria Lillie April 11, 1850; she was born March 9, 1831, in Chittenden Co., Vt.; have three children living — Martha, Arthur and Emma ; lost one — Ella M., wife of M. C. Jones. Democrat. JEROME TAXI AX, farmer, Sec. 26; P. 0. Big Rock; owns 280 acres of land, valued at $35, per acre ; son of Nicholas and Bridget Tanian ; bora July 2, 1842, in Galway Co., Ireland; in 1849, parents emigrated to the United States, locating in Vermont; in 1855, came to Clinton Co., locating in the township in which he still lives. Married Mary A. Posten, daughter of Charles and Celesta Pos- ten, Dec. 14, 1862 ; she was born in Scott Co., Iowa, Aug. 8, 1844 ; have eight chil- dren — Ida C., William C, Mary F., Jerome, Ambrose N., Tracy, Edward and Henry A. Mr. T. has served as Trustee of township, School Director, etc. Member of the Catholic Church ; Democrat. O. J. THORXTOX, Mayor of Wheatland ; maufacturer of harness and and dealer in trunks, .etc., and also proprietor of livery and feed stable; son of John F. and Charlotte (Town) Thornton ; born Feb. 15, 1835, in Ogdensburg, N. Y. In the summer of 1840, emigrated with parents to La Salle Co., 111.; in 1850, commenced learning the harness-maker's trade in Ottawa, after which commenced business in Earl- ville, same county; in 1858, came to Princeton, Scott Co., Iowa, and opened a harness shop ; removing to Lyons, of this county, in 1866, where he engaged in the same business ; in 1868, he came to Wheatland and engaged in the same business, adding the livery business in 1877. Has served his town as Councilman several years; is Mayor at present; is also member of Zeredatha Lodge 184, F. & A. M. Married Miss Caroline E. Hedges Nov. 15, 1855; she was born May 8, 1838, in Adams Co., 111. ; have five children — Eva E., Dora A., Villie O, Estella A. and Carrie E.; lost an infant daughter. Republican. JOHX WAl/RAVEX, Postmaster and dealer in stationery, notions, etc.; Wheatland; owns 448 acres of land, valued at $15 per acre; born Aug. 23, 1827, in Coshocton Co., Ohio ; in the fall of 1847, he came to Keokuk, Iowa, engaging in a flouring-mill, and, in 1848, came to Davenport, engaging in a mill there, in a short time returning to Keokuk, and, in the spring of 1849, returned to Davenport ; in the spring of 1851, moved to Allen's Grove, Scott Co., engaging in the mercantile business; was also Postmastur ; in 1853,,returned to Davenport, engaging in milling again; in 1857, came to Toronto, this county, and, in 1862, came to Wheatland and engaged in the agricultural-implement business, in 1865, adding stoves and tinware. In February, SHARON TOWNSHIP. 801 mJrIw aS a PP° inted Postmaster. In July, 1871, went to Kansas, spending about four .b, returned and devoted his time to ^e pasturage of stock Was mr-An appointed Postmaster, taking the office Jan. 1, 1879. Married Miss Mary C. Parker ■ \-u A slle was born ln Vermont in 1825, and came to Iowa in 1840 ■ have six children-Parker C, Maude C, Florence F, Willie, Harry and Mad«e Mr W was a delegate irom Seott Co. to the first Republican Convention in the State, at Iowa City ; is also a member of the Masonic Order and Odd Fellows. Republican FREDERICK WHITE (Witte in German), farmer, Sec. 8; P. 0. Wheatland ; owns 285 acres of lands, valued at $40 per acre; son of Henry and Mary Witte ; born Feb. 9, 1819 in Hanover, Germany. In the spring of 1852, emigrated to Decatur Co. Ind ; in the fell of 1857, came to this county, and located on his present farm in 1862. Married Miss Louisa Seling, Oct. 9, 1842; she was born in Germany, bept. 11, 1818 ; have seven children living— Henry, Deitrick, Wilhelmena, Frank, Wil- liam, Caroline and Frederick ; lost two— Charles and Frederick. Members of the Ger- man Reformed Church. Democrat. HENRY WHITE, farmer, Sec. 8; P. 0. Wheatland; son of Frederick and Louisa White; born May 21, 1841, in Hanover, Germany. Emigrated with parents to Decatur Co., Ind., in the spring of 1852, and to this county in the fall of 1857. Mr. W. served in Co. H, 10th I. V. I., from October, 1864, till June, 1865 ; was with Sherman's army in his march to the sea ; was at the capture of Atlanta, Ga., Savannah, Fort Fisher and Columbia. S. C. Married Miss Sophia Bickman May HI, 1866 ; she was born in Hanover, Germany, Aug. 18, 1844 ; have six children living — Charles, Wilhelmena, Christine, Henry, Louisa and Caroline. Mr. W. owns 152 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. Member of the German Reformed Church. Democrat, ELIJAH WOODS, dealer in lumber, building material, etc., with A. M. Hall, also City Weighmaster, Wheatland ; born June 6, 1811, in Belmont Co., Ohio ; is a son of Elijah and Hetty Woods, deceased. In 1826, he went into Wheeling, Va , engaging; as a clerk in a general merchandise store; in 1854, platted and laid out Belmont City, in Belmont Co., Ohio, and engaged in the mercantile business and the manufacture of flour barrels, nail kegs, etc. ; in the spring of 1866, came to Wheatland and engaged in his present business. Ms.rried Miss Martha Martin Dec. 25, 1838 ; she was born in 1815, in Ohio, and died May 31, 1847. He again married Harriet J. Woodwoith, Dec. 27, 1855 ; she was born Sept. 29, 1831, in Hartford Co., Conn. ; have two children by first wife — Ebenezer and Charles ; the first, physician in Wheeling, Va., and the latter, Superintendent of one of Lamb's lumber yards in Clinton. Republican. SHARON TOWNSHIP. MATHIAS ALES, farmer, Sec. 15 ; P. O. Lost Nation ; owns 347J acres land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Prussia in 1826; came to America in 1851 ; settled on his present farm in 1854. Married Katrina Spoo in 1854 ; she, too, was born in Prussia; have ten children— Nicholas, Margaret, Tony, Katrina, Mathias, Peter, John, Simon, Mary, Joseph. Members of Catholic Church ; Democrat. JACOB BUKWELL, farmer, See. 18; P. 0. Burgess; owns 340 acres land, valued at $35 per acre; born in Richland Co., Ohio, Feb. 22,1818; came to Iowa in 1855, and located on his present farm. Married Melissa Beers, in 1862 ; she was born March 12, 1829; have three children— Ella, Amy V. and Hattie. Mr. B. has four children by former wife— John A., Jane, Abe and J. Whitmore. Republican. FRED BUSCH, farmer, Sec. 28; P. 0. Lost Nation; owns eighty_ acres land valued at $35 per acre ; born in Germany, April 4, 1853 ; came to America in 1854 and located, with parents, in this township. J. D. BUSCH, farmer, Sec. 13; P. 0. Lost Nation; owns 120 acres land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Prussia, Germany, Aug. 6, 1811 ; came to America in 1853 and located in Davenport; settled on his present farm in 1854. Has been twice. 802 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: married — first, to Anna Schepers, in 1837 ; she, too, was born in Germany, in 1816, and died in 1871 ; had six children — William, Henry, Fritz, John, Christena and Han- nah ; lost one son — Gearhurt, who enlisted in the 26th I. V. I., and died at Vicksburg, in 1862. Married again, Aug. 5, 18,74, Christine Schepers ; she was born in Germany, and has four children by a former husband. HENRY BUSCH, farmer, Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Lost Nation ; owns 160 acres land, valued at $35 per acre; born in Germany in 1848; came to America in 1854, and located, with parents, in this county, and, in 1 874, settled on his present farm. Mar- ried Anna Schultz, in 1873 ; she, too, was born in Germany; have four children-^ Anna, Dedrick, Caroline and Bertha. Are members of the Lutheran Church. C. CRANE, farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. 'Burgess ; owns 120 acres land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Massachusetts in 1819 ; came to Iowa in 1866, and located on present firm. Married Sarah Putnam in 1848 ; she was born in New York; have six children — Louisa, Carson, Herbert, Walter, Addie and Eleanor. Republican. T. N. DEAN, farmer, Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Burgess ; owns 120 acres land, valued at 825 per aero; born in Vermont, in 1809; came to Iowa in 1854, and settled on his present farm. Married Fanny Taylor in 1830; she was born in Massachusetts; have three children — Delilah, Fidelia and Alvin. THOMAS S. DUTT, farmer, Sec. 28 '; P. O. Lost Nation ; owns 160 acres land, valued at |45 per acre; born in Pennsylvania, in 1842; came to Iowa in 1875, and located on present farm. Married Amanda Puter in 1863 ; she was born in Penn- sylvania ; have^ one child — Annie L. Democrat. L/. N. FRAZIER, farmer, Sec. 14; P. 0. Lost Nation; owns 290 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; born in Delaware Co., N. Y., Dee. 2, 1833 ; came to Iowa in 1855, and settled on present farm. Married Cynthia Armstrong in 1857 ; she was born in Canada May 2, 1839 ; have one child — Francis Willard, born Sept. 22, 1857. Democrat. HON. A. A. GARDNER, farmer, Sec. 34; P. 0. Lost Nation; owns 320 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; born in Otsego Co., N. Y., in 1833 ; came to Iowa in 1855 ; located on present farm in 1866. Married L. D. Wood in 1854 ; she was born in Ohio ; have three children — John, Lester and Jennie S. ; lost two, William L. and Carrie. Mr. G. was elected Representative in 1877, and has held different offices in the township and county ; was County Superintendent one term ;■ Republican. W. W. GARDNER, farmer, Sec. 26 ; P. O. Lost Nation ; owns 200 acres uf land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Otsego Co., N. Y., in 1836; came to Iowa in 1857, and located in this county; settled on present farm in 1866. Enlisted in Co. B, 1st I. V. C, in 1861, and was discharged in 1866; was in all the battles that regiment participated in. Married Mary E. Monroe in 1866 ; she was born in Michigan ; have four children — Carrie, Rosa, Mary E. and infant daughter. Republican. JAMES GILROY, farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. Lost Nation; owns 325 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Ireland in 1822 ; came to America in 1844, and located in Orange Co., N.'Y., and, in the fall of 1853, removed to Iowa and settled on his present farm'. Married Rosanna Hart ; she, too, was born in Ireland in 1839 ; have eight children — James, Mary Jane, John, Ann, Peter, Agnes, Francis and Bosetta. Are members of the Catholic Church ; Democrat. W1I. GRONWOLrDT, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. Nashville; owns 134 acres of land, valued at $20 per acre; born in Germany in 1844; came to America in 1865 and settled on present farm. Married Caroline Busch ; she was born in Scott Co., Iowa; have one child — Mena. J.S.HUDSON, farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. Lost Nation; owns 160 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Portage Co., Ohio, in 1831 ; came to Iowa in 1852 and located in this Township; settled on present farm in 1867. In 1853, mar- ried Susanna Brumbaugh; she, too, was born in Portage Co., Ohio; they have nine children— Samuel, Sarah, Joseph, Anna, Frank, John, Maggie, Horace and Wilber. SHARON TOWNSHIP. 803 Mrs. H. died in 1868, and, in 1869, Mr. H. married Abby Watson ; she was born in Wyoming Co., N. Y.; have one child— Forest. Mr. Hudson has filled different town- ship offices — Trustee, Assessor, Justice, Constable and is at present Notary Public. Are members of the Disciple Church ; Republican. J. E. HOVEY, farmer, Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Lost Nation ; owns eighty acres of hind, valued at $50 per acre; born in Genesee Co., N. Y., in 1833 ; came' to Iowa in 1865 and located on present farm. Married Lucinda Minime in 1851 ; she was born in Pennsylvania in 1832; have two children — Charlts M. and Minnie V. Mr. H. enlisted in Co. B, 124th HI. V. L, in 1862, and was discharged in 1865 ; was in all the battles that regiment participated in. Republican. B. A. LiILiLiIE, farmer, Sec. 31 ; P. O. Lost Nation ; ownp 320 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Chittenden Co., Vt., in 1824; came to Iowa in 1855, and located on his present farm. Married Mary Medley in 1846 ; she was born in Ohio in 1826; have eight children — George, Alice, Ida, Mary, Albert, Annette, Martha and Maude. Mr. Lillie has been a member of the Board of Supervisors one term. Democrat. F. J. MARTIN, farmer, Sec. 16 ; P. O. Burgess ; owns 117 acres land val- ued at $30 per acre ; born in Chittenden Co., Vt., in 1826 ; came to Iowa in 1858 and located on his present farm. Married Louisa A. Cook in 1859 ; she was born in Craw- ford Co., Penn., in 1842 ; have five children— May, Jennie, Kate, Amy and Arthur. Are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. M. has held the office of Town- ship Clerk since 1860. Republican. HANS MOHR, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Lost Nation; owns 200 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; born in Germany in 1831 ; came to America in 1852 ; settled on his present farm in 1865. Married Christina Busch ; she was born in 1845 ; have seven children— Anna, Dedrick, Fredriea, Emma, Fred, Louise and William. Are members of the Lutheran Church ; Republican. PETER MOHR, farmer ; P. O. Lost Nation ; owns 215 acres of land, valued at $4Q per acre; born in Germany in 1833 ; caaae to America in 1853, and located in Davenport; settled on his present farm in 1867. Married Margaret Stegarnann in 1861 ; she was born in Germany ; have seven children— Fred, John, William, Fred- rica, Henry, Anna and Mary. Members of the Reformed Church. RICHARD MY ATT, farmer, Sec. 12 ; P. O. Maquoketa; owns 106 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre; born in England in 1803; came to America in 1854, and settled on his present farm. Married Elizabeth Badley in 1831 ; she was born in England; have five children-Arthur, Henry, Ann, Ehzabeth and Martha. Mr. M has three children by his former wife-James, Thomas and Benjamin. Members of the M. E. Church. THOMAS MYATT, farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Lost Nation ; owns 100 acres of land vied at $30 per acre;'born in England in 1828 ; came to Amenca m ,1861 and located in New York; came to Iowa in 18 55 and settled ^ J ^ son ^ Laura. Mehodists. TrtWTV 1VODEE, farmer, Sec. 9 ; P. O. Burgess; owns eighty acres of land, i ?°/?3i ^Vacre born in Stark Co., Ohio, in 1814; came to Iowa in ,1853, Iridtcll fn^his townsnip. Married Susanna Zook in 1853; have lour children y. , i Ozias William and Lydia. ueooran ' dealer in genera i merchandise, Lost Nation; business estab- r i, . m8 was bo'rn in Franklin Co., Ohio, Aug. 26, 1846; came to Iowa in hshed in . 878, m ^^ . n Masgillon Townsnip! Cedar Co. ; in February, 1855, with his _paroi , ^^ j y j &nd wag discharged in April, 1865 ; was m 1 ,? 6 ?' flltVthat regiment participated in. Married Amanda Armstrong in 1870; she .all the battles i that ^^ c ^dz, in 1851, and died in 1874: have one child- was born in ou 804 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES : Nora. Married again, in 1876, to Martha Minnick ; she was born in Covington, Ohio, in 1856. Kepublican. GEO. PAUP, farmer and dealer in stock ; P. 0. Lost Nation ; owns 440 acres of laud, valued at $40 per acre; born in York Co., Penn., in 1833; came to Iowa in 1852, and located in Jackson Co. ; removed to this county and settled on his present farm in 1863 ; has been twice married— first to Sarah Ham, in 1852 ; she died in 1873; had four children— Leslie, George, Horatio and Harrison; married again to Julia Brumbaugh. Republican. PERRIN PRESTON ; Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Lost Nation ; owns eighty acres of land, valued at $35 per acre ; born in Essex Co., N. Y„ in 1820 ; came to Iowa in 1855, and located on present farm. Married Catharine Martin in 1843 ; she was born in 1818. Members of the Methodist Episcopal Church; Kepublican. G. C. READ, farmer, Sec. 16 ; P. O. Burgess ; owns 184 i acres of land, valued "at $40 per acre; born in Erie Co., Penn., Aug. 31, 1827 ; came to Iowa in 1859, and located on present farm. Married Adaline Yost in 1852 ; she was born in Erie Co., Penn., Aug. 30, 1828 ; have three children— Fidelia A., Charlie E. and Ells- worth B.' Are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church ; Kepublican. EDWARD ROGERS, farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. O. Lost Nation; owns 240 acres of land, valued at $45 per acre ; born in Scotland in 1829 ; came to America in 1847; settled on his present farm in 1854. Mr. R. has been twice married; in 1853, he married Rosa-Burns; she was born in Ireland, and died in 1867 ; had three chil- dren-^ William, John and Susan; married again, in 1869, Hattie Williamson, a native of Ohio ; have two children — Mary and Eva. JOSEPH SCOTT ; Sec. 35; P. O. Lost Nation; owns 320 acres of lands, valued at $40 per acre; born in Monroe Co., Ind., in 1831 ; came to Iowa in 1836, and located in Monmouth Township, Jackson Co. ; with his parents removed to present farmin 1866. Married Sarah Zook in 1858 ; she was born in Ohio m 1833 ; have five children— Silas, William, La Payette, Harvey and Ira J. Members of Brethren Church. CHAS. TEEPEE, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. Lost Nation ; owns 135 acres of land ; valued at $30 per acre ; born in this township in 1856. Married Olive Crabb in 1878; she, too, was born in this township; have one child — Eva A. Republican. LIBERTY TOWNSHIP. AUGUST H. C. BOETTGER, dealer in agricultural implements, agent for C. H. & L. J. McCor,mick's Self-binders, Reapers, Mowers and combined machines, Toronto ; born in Germany in 1842 ; came to America in 1869, and located in Louden ; removed to Toronto in 1874, and engaged in his present business. Married Mary Barg- mann in 1872 ; she was born in Germany ; has three children — Rosa, Charlie and Dora. Are members of the Lutheran Church. W. I/. BROWN, dealer and shipper of stock, Toronto ; born in Delaware Co., Ohio, in 1848 ; came to Iowa in 1854, with his parents, and located in Liberty Township ; afterward went back to Ohio; returned to Iowa in 1859, and has been engaged in farm- ing and stock-raising since. Married Hannah Thorn in 1872 ; she was born in Iowa^ have two children — Clara and George. GEO. W. COCHRAN, contractor and builder, Toronto; born in Coshoc- ton Co., Ohio, May 28, 1843 ; came to Iowa in 1865 ; located in Louden ; removed to Toronto soon after and married Kate Devill ; she Was born in this county ; have three children— Mary M., Elizabeth A. and Ellen C. Mr. C. onlisted in the 15th Regt. U. S. Inf., in 1861 ; honorably discharged in 1865 ; was in thirteen battles during his term. GEO. CUBBAGE, farmer, Sec. 4; P. 0. Toronto; owns 270 acres of land, valued at $20 per acre ; born in Delaware in 1821 ; came to Iowa in 1837; removed to LIBERTY TOWNSHIP. gQS Co P Iowf- f ^ m in - 1868 ' Married BetS y J - Lindse y in 1850 i she was t*»ni in Ripley MeUe^s of r e M 1X u Ch ^ ren r A o° nZ °^- Edwin ' Ckrence ' Laura ' 0rion and Herbert iiemDers ot 'he M. E. Church; Republican. ™l„«j!?ffif DAIjEY > farmer, Sec. 14; P.O.Toronto; owns 255 acres of land valued a* |40 per acre ; bom in Ireland in 1829 ; came to America in 1854 ■ settled on present farm m 1865. Married Margaret Carnaghan in 1862 ; she was also' b, rn i„ Ireland ; have three children— Mary, Tisey and Margaret. Members of the M E Church; Republican. MR JA1I p I F S , D f^ IT ^' farmer and stock-raiser, Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Toronto ; owns 576 acres of land, valued at $45 per acre; born in Ireland June 22, 1818- came ta r^.i nC \? ■ , ;, a " d l° Cated in Canada i settled in this count y °n his present farm in 1847. Married Mary Moore in 1848 ; she was born in Ireland; have eight children- Eliza, Catherine S., Gilbert, Mary, Ella, James, William and John Owen. Are members of the Catholic Church. CONRAD ENDORF, farmer, Sec. 3 1 ;, P. 0. Wheatland ; owns 160 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre ; born in Randolph Co., 111., in 1854 ; came to Iowa the same year with his parents. Married Rosa Laham in 1878 ; she was born in this county ; have one child — Charlie. Republican. FRED. ENRORF, farmer, Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Wheatland ; owns 120 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre ; born Randolph Co., 111., in 1854 ; came to Iowa with his parents in the same year. Married Alvi Klahn, in 1878 ; she was born in Moline, 111.; have one child — Herman. Republican. WE ENDORF, farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Wheatland ; owns 160 acres of laud, valued at $35 per acre; born in Randolph Co., 111., Nov. 10, 1848; came to Iowa in 1854, with his parents, and located qn a farm now owned by Conrad Undorf Mar- 1 ried Mena Beckman in 1872 ; she was born in Germany ; have four children — Fred, Conrad, William and Mena. Republican. ABE FRITCHER, proprietor of billiard hall, Toronto; born in Mont, gomery Co., N. Y., March 1, 1843 ; came to Iowa in 1865, and located in this township, Enlisted in Co. D, 31st 111. V. I., in 1863; discharged in 186.4; was in all the battles, that regiment participated in. JOHN HE LEER, proprietor of Toronto Mills; born in Northampton Co., Penn., in 1812; came to Iowa in 1836, and located in Scott Co.; removed to this county in 1868. Married Cornelia Fulkerson in 1833; she was born in Ohio; have five children — Eleanor, Jacob, Lewis, Sarah and Scott; lost one son in the United States Army — George, who was killed at the battle of Pittsburg Landing. Members of the Christian Church.- Republican. H. A. JACKSON, farmer, Section 6 ; P. 0. Toronto ; owns 315 acres' of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Steuben Co., N. Y., on the 20th of April, 1829 ; came to Iowa in 1853, and located in Marshalltown, and, in 1863, removed to his present farm. Married Ann McMillan in 1862; she was born in Pennsylvania; have three children — Bayard E., Cora and Maud. WILLIAM HAMMER, farmer, Section ,5; P. <>. Toronto; owns eighty acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; born in Germany Oct. 12, 1818 ; ( came to America in 1852, and, in 1836, located in Clinton' Co. Married Hannah Linney in 1858 ; she was born in England ; have three children— Sarah Jane, John and Elizabeth. Are members of the Congregational Church. GEORGE W. KIMBALL, station agent and telegraph operator, Toronto; born in Franklin Co., Ohio, in 1846 ; came to Iowa in 1864, and located in Louden ;. removed to Toronto in 1866; engaged in his present business in 1873. Married Min- nie E. Thorn in 1868; she was born in Toronto; have two children— Elmo G. and Jessie. , m , R EV. JAMES MURPHY, Pastor of Catholic Church, Toronto ; born in Ireland Nov. 15, 1848 ; came to America in 1872, and located in Toronto. Mr. M, duate f gt, John's College, Waterford, Ireland. 806 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: LUDWIC RIEDESEL, farmer; Section 32; owns 160 acres of land, ; Valued at $35 per acre; born in Germany in 1822; came to America in 1844, and located in Ohio ; removed to Iowa in 1855, and located in this county ; in 1868, settled on his present farm. Married Catherine Snyder in 1845 ; she, too, was born in Ger- many ; have eight children — Susan, Franz, Ludwig, Phillip, Flora, George, John and Anna. Are members of the German Reformed Church ; Democrat. HON. GEORGE W. THORN, dealer in general merchandise and gen- eral collecting agent, Toronto ; born in England March 31, 1817 ; came to America in 1826 with his parents, and located in Canada, near Toronto. Mr. Thorn removed to Iowa in 1841, and located in Cedar Co., but soon after removed to the site where Toronto now stands, and engaged in the mercantile trade ; he erected the mills in 184H- 44, and was manager of them until he sold to Mr. John Heller, the present owner, in 1868. Mr. Thorn has been twice married, first to Lucinda Shriver in June, 1843 ; she Was born in Morgan Co., Ohio; they had six children — Lovisa A., Minnie E., Hannah P., Harold C, William C. and George W. Mr. Thorn's second marriage was in 1870, to Rebecca Hall, a native of Pennsylvania. He served as Representative of his county in 1865-66. Republican. GEORGE WILLIAMS, farmer, Sec. 14 ; P.O. Lost Nation ; owns 86J acres of land, valued at $30 per acre ; born in Pennsylvania in 1821 ; came to Iowa ill 1868, and settled on present farm. Married Ann Eliza Arthur in 1870 ; she was bom in New York ; have two children — Edward and Edith. Mr. W. has five children by a former wife — Harriet, James A., Emily E., Naucy J. and George. Members of M. E. Church ; Republican. IRA WILLEY, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. Lost Nation; owns 200 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; born in Lee Co., Ohio, June 19, 1846 ; came to Iowa in 1868, and settled in Clinton Co. ; married Viola Beckman, in 1870 ; she was born in Clinton Co. ; have four children — Ellie N., Aaron I., Richard C. and Fidelia A. Democrat. JOSHUA WI1VGET, farmer, Sec. 8 ; P. O. Toronto ; owns 120 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre. Born in Pennsylvania in 1831 ; came to Iowa in 1866, and located on present farm ; was a resident of Whiteside Co., 111., a number of years. Married Elizabeth Paschal in 1852 ; she was born in Illinois ; have ten children — Alfred, Lucy A., Alvira, Leander, Levi, Ida, Silas, Charles, Rosa Belle and Artie. Members of M. E. Church. Republican. J. E. WOLFE, Sec. 13; P.' O. Toronto; owns 320 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre. Born in Ireland in 1835; settled in Iowa in 1857; married Mar- garet Mills in 1863 ; she was born in Ireland ; have six children— Edmund, Anthony, Mary, Margaret, Maurice, Celia. Are members of the Roman Catholic Church. BERLIN TOWNSHIP. JOHN COOK, farmer, Sec. 16; P.O. Elwood ; owns 280 acres of land, Valued at $35 per acre; born FeT). 19, 1841, in Yorkshire, England. In the fall of 1853, emigrated wit,h parents, David and Mary Cook, to Washington Township, of this county. In July, 1862, he enlisted in Co. F, 26th I. V. I., but was discharged in the following September, for disabilities. In the spring of 1868, came on to his present farm. Married Miss Emeline Gearhart, of this county, March 3, 1863; she was born June 18, 1833, in Philadelphia, Penn. ; have five children— Samuel S., Mary C, Otto, W., John C. and Lydia; lost one son — Innocence. Mr. C. is present School Trearurer of the township, which position he has filled for five years. Republican. CHARLES H. CORNISH, farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. O. Grand Mound ; owns 80 acres of laud, valued at $50 per acre; born May 28, 1822, in Oneida Co., N. Y. In the fall of 1857, emigrated to Du Page Co., 111., and from there to this county in the BERLIN TOWNSHIP. gQj ■ent farm 809 Ti St °PP in S near L y° ns about five y ears > aft er which he came onto his pres- *1, P fall 'f io a f, beeQ mamed twlce 5 the first marriage was to Miss Adaline Clemens in ^st f rr E h si^r h ^-.s re "' M *' j > ra - Ed - d ->■* n ,w* B * CpHREMj, farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Grand Mound; son of Jacob and Catharine Correll ; was bom July 25, 1840, in Wayne Co., Ohio. In July 1854 came to this county; located in this township in 1855, and on his present farm in.'l864. Married Miss Alma Simpson m IS ovember, 1862 ; she was born in New York March 10 1841 ; have five children— Alva, Imogene, Dennis, Lena and Roger; lost one- Albert! Mr. C served as County Supervisor two and a half terms, also as Township Trustee .Republican. JACOB CORREAL, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Grand Mound ; son of Abra- ham and Anna Correll ; born Jan. 17, 1815, in Cumberland Co., Penn., where his early life was spent, his parents being deceased while he was yet in his youth. In 1836, he ■went to Wayne Co., Ohio, where he remained till the spring of 1854 ; came to Clinton Co., Iowa, stopping in Bloomfield Township till spring of 1855 ; came onto his present farm of 240 acres, valued at $45 per acre. Married Miss Catharine Floyd, March 19, 1839 ; she was born Aug. 11,' 1814, in Cumberland Co., Penn. ; have seven children living— Abraham B., Daniel H., Samuel, Levi, Maria, Kate and David; lost two- Jacob and Amanda. Republican. IIICHAEE DEVICE, farmer, Sec. 8; P. 0. Toronto; owns 240 acres of Jand, valued at $35 per acre; born in 1838, in County Clare, Ireland; in the fall of 1853, came with his parents to Cook Co., 111., and the following year moved into La Salle Co., where his father died in 1854. In 1860, went into Greene Co., 111., and married there Miss Mary Luneene, Oct. 20, 1863 ; her native place was Ireland ; she •died Oct. 22, 1864, leaving an infant daughter, Mary, who is still living. After the death of his wife, Mr. D. came to this county and purchased a part of his present farm, but worked in a rolling-mill in Chicago several years. His mother, Mary Devine, keeps house for him, and his younger brother, James Devine, aged 27, lives with him and -assists in carrying on the farm. Mr. D. is a member of the Catholic Church ; Green- backer JOSEPH KEITH, farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. Calamus; owns 440 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; son of William and Martha Keith; was born Sept. 5, 1830, in Licking Co., Ohio. In the fall of 1855, emigrated to Iowa, stopping in Olive Township till the spring of 1867, and came on to his present farm. Married Miss Mary White in October, 1851 ; she was born in April, 1830, in Licking Co., Ohio; have ten children — Benjamin F., Nathan, Martha, Nancy, William, Alfred, Maggie, James, Mary and Joseph. Has served as first Director of his School District. Democrat. RUDOLPH HIERSCHE, farmer, Sec. 4 ; P. O. Elwood ; owns 320 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; son of Wenzel and Mary A. Hiersche ; born April 1, 1834, in Austria. In the spring of 1854, emigrated with his parents to the United States, and located in Berlin Township, Clinton Co., the following fall. Mar- ried Miss Zaida F. Barton May 4, 1859 ; she was born in Warren Co., N. Y., June 9, 1840; have five children— Franklin, Hattie, Frederick, George and Charles. Mr. Hiersche enlisted July 28, 1862, in Co. B, 26th I. V. I ; participated in all the battles in which the regiment was engaged, except Lookout Mountain ; was discharged at Clinton in June/ 1865. Has served as Assessor and Trustee of the township. Repub- lican. RICHARD HUGHES, farmer, Sec. 3 ; P. O. Elwood ; son of Michael and Mary Hughes; born July 12, 1827, in County Kildare, Ireland. In the spring of 1849 emigrated with his parents to the United States, stopping in Northampton Co., Penn Id the fal1 of 185L came t0 Cleveland, Ohio, and remained in that vicinity till the spring of 1853, when he came to La Salle Co., 111. In the spring of 1854, came to Clinton Co., Iowa, entering a part of his present farm from Government, to which he 808 ' BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: has added until he now has 473 acres, valued at $40 per acre. Married Miss Esther O'Brien April 18, 1851 ; she was born in County Kildare, Ireland, in the year 182U; they have nine children — Michael, Richard, Ann, Catharine, Ellen, Patrick, Thomas, . William and James ; lost one daughter — Mary. Mr. H. has served as Trustee of the township several years. Member of Catholic Church ; Democrat. G. R. NOWELS, farmer, Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Grand Mound; owns eighty acres of land in this county and 160 acres in Guthrie Co. ; son of David and Elizabeth Nowels; born Sept. 2, 1828, in Indiana. In 1829, went with parents to Holmes Co., Ohio, where he remained till the spring of 1851, when he came to Scott Co., Iowa; the following December came to Clinton Co., locating in Berlin Township. Married Miss Emily Weaver, Sept. 14, 1849 ; she was born Dec. 22, 1830, in Ohio ; have thir- teen children — Loretta, Sarah E., Martha, David O, Aaron W., James E., Charles, Stephen S., Mary, John. Emma, Effie and Ira; lost one — Ida. Mr. N. was engaged in the mercantile business at Grand Mound, of this county, two and one half years ; has also served as Justice of the Peace for his township several years, and is at present act- ing as such. Member of the Christian Church ; Republican. GEORGE W. PEEK, farmer, Sec. 10; P.O. Grand Mound; son of Harmonias Peek; born Jan. 11, 1836, in Saratoga Co., N. Y. Married Miss Mary Jack, of same county, Feb. 28, 1857 ; she was born May 2, 1835. In March, 185V, came to Sabula, Jackson Co., and from there in February, 1862, to his present farm, which contains 400 acres, valued at $35 per acre. Have six children — Samuel H., Minnie M., Clara I., George A., James A. and Delia E. ; lost two — rAlice and A^nes. Mr. P. has served his township as Justice of the Peace, Township Trustee, etc. Mem- ber M. E. Church ; Republican. JOHN SMITH, farmer, Sec. 12; P.O. Welton ± owns 300 acres of land valued at $40 per acre; son of David and Rebecca Smith; born Nov. 30, 182H, in Lincolnshire, England , in the fall of 1852, he emigrated to the United States, stopping in Jackson Co., Iowa, a short time, after which he went to Whiteside Co., 111., and engaged in railroading, ditching, etc., which he continued to follow in different States and through the Southern States up to spring of 1863 ; came and purchased a part of his present farm. Married Miss Mary E. Martin March 20, 1866; she was born May 18, 1842, in Huntingdon Co., Penn. ; have five children — Albert L., born April 25, 1868; John W., Jan. 25, 1870; Willard N., June 7, 1872; Elizabeth L., Nov. 1, 1874, and Robert W., Nov. 1, 1878. Republican. WILLIAM TORPEY, farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. Elwood; owns 240 asres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; son of Michael and Mary (McCarty) Torpey ; was born in 1835, in Peterboro, Canada West; in March, 1866, came to Clinton Co., locating on his present farm. Married Miss Elizabeth Fahey in August, 1857 ; she was born in 1838, in Canada; have nine children — Michael, Mary A., Ellen, James, Hannah, Elizabeth, Agnes, Bridget and William J. Mr. T. is present Township Col- lector and Assessor, also Secretary of School Board. Members Catholic Church. Liberal Democrat. OLIVE TOWNSHIP. LYMAN ALGER, farmer, See. 5 ; P. O. Calamus ; owns 700 acres of land in this county, besides several hundred acres in the western part of the State ; son of Serrel and Polly Alger; born Sept. 12, 1800, in Madison Co., N. Y. In 1807, his parents moved to Erie Co. In 1821, he wen', into Pennsylvania, returned, and married Dorcas Hawkins in 1822, and moved into Cattaraugus Co. in 1824. In 1835, emigrated to La Salle Co., 111., and put up the first house in what was known as Four-Mile Grove. In 1836, came to this county, made a claim and built a cabin, and, in the spring "f 1838, moved his family there. On the 14th of August, 1839, his wife died, and lie married a brother's widow (maiden name, Martha Knight), in 1840 ; she was born in OLIVE TOWNSHIP. 809 1815, and died in 1841. On the 14th of August, 1841, he married Miss Esther Hawkins, sister to his first wife ; she was murdered by unknown hands on the evening of the 25th of September, 1872. Had five children by first wife; those living are Mary J. Knight and Almira Berroud ; deceased — Damon 0., Serrell and Maria Curtis, and one son by second wife, who was in the 2d Iowa Inf., and was killed at the battle of Spanish Port. Member of the Free-Will Baptist Church ; Republican. CHRISTIAN CHRISTI ANSON, farmer, Sec. 16; P. 0. Calamus; owns 200 acres of land, valued at $20 per acre; born Feb. 21, 1837, in Norway. In the summer of 1861, came to the United States, locating in this county, and on his present farm in 1865. Married Groe Egge Aug. 25, 1864 ; she was born in Norway Feb. 14, 1839. Have six children living— Theodore C , Albert E., Thor, Bertha C, Ammon G. and Johann H. ; lost one infant daughter. Mr. Christiauson has served, as Justice of the Peace, Secretary of School Board, Director, etc. Member of the Luth- eran Church ; Republican. HANS CHRISTIANSON, farmer; P. O. Calamus; owns 160 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; son of Christy and Bertha Christianson ; born Sept. 12, 1822, in Norway ; emigrated from there to this county in 1857, and located on' his present farm in 1865. Married Rachael Lawson, of Norway, in April, 1857 ; she died in this county in December, 1860 ; again married Bertha Fattison, March, 1862 ; she was also born in Norway, in 1832. Has one child by first wife— Christ, and lost one, Lewis ; by second wife, five children— Gunder, Rachel, Martin, Bertina and Hans ; lost two — Hans and Bertina. Member of the Lutheran Church ; Republican. REV. DE WITT C. CURTIS, farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. Calamus; owns thirty-three acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; son of Almon and Elizabeth Curtis ; born June 12, 1826, in Erie Co., N. Y. ; is one of a family of eighteen children, seven- teen still living. In the fall of 1838, emigrated to Clinton Co., Iowa, and located where he is still livin°- ; there were then but five families in this township— those of Oliver Alo'er Lyman Alger, William Knight, John Shook and Jeremiah Bmford. He mar- ried Miss Maria Alger, daughter of Lyman and Dorcas Alger, In February, 1847 ; she was born Feb. 19, 1830, in Cattaraugus Co., N. Y, and died in this county Aug 27, 1867 He again married Ruth A. Jennings ; she was born in Ohio, and died in July, 1871. He aSain married Lois Phillips, Jan. 26, 1872 ; she was bora in New YorL Has five children by first wife-Alvira, Lyman J., Kit C Esther J and Emma ,, and lost two-Charlie and Mary ; by second wife had two chi dren-Charlie D. and Laura V. ; by third wife one son-Clinton H. Mr, Curtis is a minister in the Free-Wil I Bap tut Church ; was ordained an Elder in 1859 ; has served as Justice of the Peace mne years; Republican. ■7 H ItAlIrtlV retired farmer; P. O. Calamus. Son of Jason and Lucy E. 11. UA1T1UJ*, » enre " Jd 1 I ^ e q '. Ma(faon Co N Y. From 1845 to 1861, COwen^ Damon ; was born June lb, 1809, in maaison <^o., n. j- ->■ . iri the mercantile business in Calamus. Republican. ' ,l«M N DAWSON, farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Grand Mound; was born ■ Crltlcl NY, in isl ? Hi's parente, Richard H. and Emily Dawson came* g^ ToWiip in the spring of 1841 ; his father diedin De Wttt in September 18 8 t:- S „thpr died in June, 1874. Mr. Dawson married Eliza Goudie, ot Do Witt, sne ' ^-% m Tanuarv 1849. His present wife was Miss Arsella Hayes, a native , of Pennsyl- vania He ha one son, Georg'e, by first marriage ; has four sons and three daughters by cond mamage-Wilmott, Lewis, Joseph, Elmer, Ada, Ann, and Myrta. 810 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES : CHARLES BUTTON, farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. 0. De Witt; owns 252 acres acres, valued at $30 per acre ; born Sept. 17, 1823, in Chenango Co., N. Y.; in 1837, started with the rest of the family, from New York to Potter Co., Penn. ; thence by raft to Madison, JeiFerson Co., Ind., and, in the fall of 1838, came to Alton, 111., and, in the spring following, to Clinton Co. His mother died in New York in 1837, and his- father in this county in 1859. Mr. D. married Hannah Grace Oct. 5, 1845; she- was born in Tompkins Co., N. Y., Oct. 3, 1829 ; have one son — Horace G., born Sept. 15, 1865; lost three — Wilmot W., Ellen E. and Charles M. Has. served as Township Trustee several years. Religion, Liberal. LORENZO D. BUTTON, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. 0. De Witt ; owns 340 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre ; is a brother of Leroy Dutton ; was born June 28, 1818, in Chenango Co., N. Y.; in January, 1837, went to Potter Co., Penn., and engaged in lumbering during the winter ; in the spring came, with an uncle, to Madi- son, Ind. ; engaged in the employ of his uncle, who was in the mercantile business ; managed store for him in New Castle,, Ky., one year ; in the spring of 1841, came to- this county ; in the spring of 1850, went by overland route to California, in company with his brother Jerome and R. S. Dickinson and wife; in the fall of 1854, returned' to this county. On the 6th of December, 1856, married Miss Sarah H. Allison ; she was born in 1 838, in Rockingham Co., Va. ; have nine children living — Charles A. r Viola M., Orsirii, JN'ancy P., Martha J., Lorenzo D., Elva B., Orpha M. and Blanche I. Mr. D. has served as Justice of the Peace and County Assessor one year, and Township Assessor several years. Religion, Liberal ; Greenbacker. L.EROY DUTTON, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. De Witt; owns 510 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; son of Charles and Nancy (Pearsall) Dutton ; was born April 21, 1816, in Chenango Co., N. Y.; in the fall of 1837, came on a raft, with par- ents, from Potter Co., Penn., to Madison, Ind.; in December, 1838, the family came by river to Alton, 111., he joining them two months later, and, in the spring of 1839, they all came up to Camanche, this county, came out and located in Olive Township, Mr. D. purchasing the claim of part of his present farm. Married Miss Harriet Heller, of Scott Co., Dec. 31, 1843 ; she was born in Huron Co., Ohio, and died in March, 1845. He again married Mis. Flora Baldwin, whose maiden name was Holcomb, in March, 1847 ; she was born June 11, 1817, in Connecticut ; her mother is living in the fam- ily at the advanced age of 87. Mr. D. had one son by first wife and three children by second wife ; all died in infancy ; second wife had two children by first husband — Rich- ard C. and Olive, the latter deceased. Richard C. lives with Mr. Dutton ; he married Emily Brown in July, 1860, and has four children — Anna L., Harriet M., Richard L. and William B. Greenbacker ; religion, Liberal. JOHN J. HEUVIG, farmer, Sec. 23 ; P. O. Grand Mound ; son of John J. and Carrie Helvig; born July 15, 1830, in Norway; in the spring of 1856, emi- grated to Kendall Co., 111. ; in the fall of 1859, returned to Norway, and April 22 fol- lowing married Miss Anna Knudtson ; she was born July 17,1831; in the fall of 1860, returned to America and came on to his present farm, which now contains 380 acres, valued at $30 per acre. Have eight children — Gurene K., John, Anna 0. r Johanna. Knudt, Carrie, Martin J., Johannes A. Member Lutheran Church ; Repub- lican. JOSIAH F. IS ILL, farmer, Sec. 7 ; P. O. Calamus; owns a farm of 180 acres, valued at $30 per acre; son of John and Polly Hill; born April 5, 1827, in Erie Co., N. Y. ; his mother died when he was about two years old, after which, he lived with an uncle; in the spring of 1839, came with Mr. Truman Alger to this county and township; in 1850, went by overland route to California with Mr. R. S. Dickinson ; followed mining and hunting there till 1854, when he returned; in Novem- ber, 1861, he enlisted in Co. A of the 14th Iowa V. I. ; they were sent to Fort Ran- dall, Dakota; in 1863, was transferred to the 7th Iowa Cavalry; participated in several skirmishes and two general battles with the Indians : was discharged in June, 1866, and returned home. Married Miss Anna Johnson in September, 1855 ; she was born in 1835 and died in March, 1858 ; second marriage, to Mis-s Sarah Wise, Nov. 26 f OLIVE TOWNSHIP. gjj ScoS ; Co h i,r i a L b r, March 22 1848 in Germany, her parents huving emigrated to dren-Kalv I. ; u T ^ Z , wlfe - Arthur J-. and by second wife four chil- the GertanR! ?-7'n? att l e "p M& U b " °™ son ~ Alfred - Mr. H. is a member of uue merman Baptist Church. Republican. ' 1828 G nf a r > ?° E J° HXS °.^ f-mer See. 21 ; P. 0. Calamus; born March 25 1828, near Bergen, Norway; emigrated to the United States in sprin- of 1851 ■ came to this county and entered 120 acres of land from the Government, where he still nTs adding to it till now he has, 605 acres, upon which he built last year one of the S farmhouses in the county costing over $7,000. Married Bertha Christiansen in Nor, way in April, 1853; she was born in April, 1831; have nine children-John D Berthana, Christie, Elizabeth, Christiana, Bertha M, George, Johanna M. and Chris! tian ; lost two— Bertha M. and Leah. Member of Lutheran Church ; Republican. HENRY LETTY, farmer and Justice of the Peace, Sec. 3 ; P. O Buena Vista; owns 240 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre; born Oct. 7 1834 in Schles wig, Germany; in the fall of 1851, emigrated to Davenport, Iowa; the following .spring, went to Rock Island Co., 111.; in February, 1865, came on to his present farm in this county.. Married Miss Mary Schultz in April, 1859 ; she was born in Germany in 1842 and died Sept. 22, 1860 ; he again married Mrs. Margaret King, maiden name Weis, March 12, 1861 ; she was born March 19, 1827, in Germany ; have one son (Henry) by first wife, and by second wife one son— Wilhelm F.,and lost four— Margaret E., August F., J. Christian F. and Wilhelmina W. ; wife has four children by°Mr, King — John. Phillip, Theresa and Anna. Mr. L. is present Justice of the Peace! Member of the Lutheran Church ; Republican. DANIEL Mc€ARTY, farmer; P. O. Grand Mound; son of Charles and Mary McCarty ; was born Oct. 4, 1814, in Tompkins Co., N. Y.; in the fall of 1837, emigrated to Kane Co., N. Y. ; in 1854, came to Iowa and entered a part of his present farm, and, in 1865, moved on with his family; he now owns 720 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre ; he also owns 320 acres in Hancock Co. He married Elosia Banks, of Aurora, 111., in October, 1844 ; she was born in Chenango Co., N. Y., in 1819 ; have lost three children — an infant and Florence and Arthur B. ; have an adopted son —William W. Members of the M. E. Church; Republican. WJI. J. MCLAUGHLIN, farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. Calamus; owns 460 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre ; son of John and Nancy McLaughlin ; born in February, 1823, in Donegal, Ireland; in November, 1848, he shipped from London, derry, Ireland, via Glasgow to the Uuited States; reached Philadelphia, Penn., in January, 1849, and, soon after, went to New Castle, Del., and, in the fall of 1849, came to Crawford Co., Penn., where he remained till the spring of 1852; came to Rock Island, 111., and thence to Peoria, and, in 1856, came into Spring Rock Township, this county, ami next to Henry Co., 111.; in June, 1861, came on to his present farm. Married Rose McDonald Feb. 24, 1861 ; she was born in County Mayo, Ireland, in 1829 ; have two adopted children — Francis Herrington and William J. Shaver, Republican. THOMAS W. MILLER, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. Grand Mound ; owns 80 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; son of Phillip S. and Chloe Miller ; bom May 8, 1830, in Livingston Co., N. Y. ; emigrated to Kent Co., Mich., in the spring o'f 1856, and, in the spring of 1859, came to Iowa ; engaged in the employ of the C. & N.-W' R. R- Co.'s car-shops at Clinton and assisted in building the first new pas* senger coach that ran west from Clinton. In September, 1862, enlisted in Co. C, 26th I. V. I. - participated in battles of Chickasaw Bayou and Arkansas Post, after which he was employed as a mechanic on detached service principally; mustered out at' Davenport in August, 1865, and then engaged in house-building in and about Clinton and Lyons; in May, 1871, came on to his present farm. Married Mary Perin, daughter of Noble and Sarah G. Perin, January 1, 1861 ; she was born in this county in September, 1837 ; her parents were among the very first settlers of Clinton ; have six children — Sarah L., Charles P., Mary C, Harvey R., Hattie R. and Thomas W. ; 812 BluGRAPHICAL SKETCHES : lost three, Effie M., Ada and infant. Is a member of De Witt Lodge, No. 33, A., F. & A M. Wife a member of the M. E. Church. Eepublican. JUNIA S. HOWRY, farmer and minister, Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Calamus. Owns 2(10 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre. Son of Reuben and Phoebe (nee Smith) Mowry ; seventh generation back on father's side were English, and fifth on mother's side. He was born July 18,' 1805, in Providence, R. I. ; followed teaching several years. Married Salome Lincoln Dec. 2, 1835 ; she was born Sept. 13, 1807, in Massa- chusetts ; she died July 21, 1841. He again married Nancy Manchester, of Tiverton, R. I., Dec. 2, 1841 ; she was born May 2, 1812. In the spring of 1851, came to Lyons, of this county, returned and brought his family in the fall of 1852. In the spring of 1854, came on his present farm. His second wife died Feb. 24, 1868. He again married Mildred M. A. Holmes July 15, 1869, her maiden name was DuBois ; she was born June 1, 1811, in Michigan ; she died March 11, 1879. He again mar- ried Susan Moth, of De Witt, June 8, 1879 ; she was born Nov. 9, 1821, in Champaign Co., Ohio ; has one daughter living by first wife — Amy M., and lost one — Elizabeth ; by second wife five children — -Phoebe, Martha, Deborah, Esther and John R. ; lost three — Salome, Daniel and Reuben. Mr. M. was ordained as an Elder in the Free- Will Baptist Church Aug. 23, 1832, in Tiverton, R! I. ; united with the Disciples' Church here, and has filled the same position. Has also served as President of School Board. Republican. OLIVER T. NELSON, farmer, Sec. 14 ; P. O. Grand Mound. Owns 160 acres of land, valued at |40 per acre. Son of Thor and Engebor (nee Halverspn) Nelson ; born Oct. 18, 1835, in Norway, emigrated to this county in July. 1857. Mar- ried Miss Martha Lawson Sept. 29, 1860 ; she was born in Norway June 28, 1839 ; have six children living — Maggie H., Thor H. t Cornelius, John H., Elizabeth A. and B. rthaM. Mr. N.'s father died here in October, 1869. Member Lutheran Church; Republican. JOHN O'BRIEN, farmer, Sec. 9; P.O. Calamus; owns 280 acres of land in this county, valued at $8,000, and 120 acres of land in Boone Co., worth $20 per acre. Son of James and Elizabeth O'Brien ; born April 8, 1837, in Peterboro, C. W. In fall of 1853, emigrated with parents to this county; his father died Feb. 14, 1877, at the advanced age of 98 years. Married Elizabeth Smith, of Peterboro, C. W., in April, 1861 ; she Wds born in Ireland in 1842 ; have four children living — Mary C., James, John P. and Margaret E. Has served as Justice of the Peace two terms, and President of School Board seven years, and is present Assessor of township. Member Catholic Church ; Greenbacker. JOHN OLSEN, farmer, Sec. 22 ; P. O. Calamus ; owns 180 acres of land, valued. at $30 per acre; born June 4, 1827, in Norway ; in the spring of 1856, came to the United States, stopping in Kendall Co., 111., till the summer of 1858; came to this county, located on his present farm in 1862. Married Engel Nelson Sept. 20, 1860; she was born Dec. 26, 1837, in Norway; have one son — N. O. Olsen, born Jan. 13, 1861. Member of the Lutheran Church. Mr. O. has served as School Director of his district ; Republican. KARL PORT, farmer ; P. O. Buena Vista; owns 400 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; son of Joseph and Catharine Port; born April 22, 1830, in Prussia; in the spring of 1854, emigrated to the United States, stopping in Muscatine Co.; in 1855, went to Hampton, 111., and engaged in wiue-making ; in the fall of 1859, came to this county, and, in 1866, came on to his present farm. Married Bernatina Passeck in October, 1865 ; she was born in Prussia, Germany, in 1828, and died Dec. 25, 1863, He again married Theresa Schmitz, whose maiden name was Bomen, March 22, 1865 ; ,«he was born in Erie Co., Penn , Jan. 20, 1832 ; has four children by first marriage — Otto, John, Joseph and Catharine ; and five by second marriage — Minnie, Charles, Henry, Junzlof, Francesca; and lost one — Elizabeth; Mrs. Post has four children by former husband— Mattie, Catharine, May and Hiram. Member Catholic Church ; Independent. OLIVE TOWNSHIP. 813 F - E. ROTHSTEItf, farmer and stock-raiser; P. 0. Buena Vista; owns 644 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; son of Jonathan and Charlotte Rothstein ; bom Aug. 22, 1822, near Stockholm, Sweden ; in the spring of 1843, emigrated to Cincinnati, Ohio, and engaged in the mercantile business; in 1849, went by overland route to California, and engaged in mining and trading there ; in the spring of 1857, came to Scott Co., Iowa, and, in 1861, to where he now lives, and built a grist-mill, which he sold in 1876. Married Elizabeth Powell, of El Dorado Co., Cal., in March, 1852; she was born in Pennsylvania in 1821, and died December, 1876. He again married Sarah J. Witman, in September, 1877 ; she was born in Scott Co. in August, 1843 ; have one daughter — Ellen E., now the wife of John Langseth, who is engaged in mercantile business at Buena Vista. Member Christian Church ; Republican. WIIiMAM SCOTT, dealer in hardware, stoves, tinware, etc., Calamus ; son of Nathan B. and Lucy (nee Spaulding) Scott; born May 27, 1819, in Allegany Co., N. Y.; in the spring of 1837, he went to Potter Co., Penn. Married there Miss Harriet M. Pearsall Sept. 13, 1840 ; she was born in Indiana, May 18, 1819; in the spring of 1843, he built a raft of lumber, and, with his wife and two children, wife's parents, her brother and sister, came on the raft down the Alleghany River to Pitts- burgh, where he sold his lumber for $4 per 1,000 feet, shipped on board a boat and came, via Ohio, Mississippi and Illinois Rivers, to Copperas Creek, Pulton Co., 111., stopping at his father's, he with a son and daughter having preceded them two years. About two weeks after their arrival, his wife's mother died, and, in July following, her father came to this township stopping with his brother, William Pearsall. In September, Mr. S. and family, his father, brother and wife's brother and sister came to this town- ship ; on his arrival here found himself the possessor of 12 J cents, a yoke of three-year-old steers and one cow ; one of the steers was drowned the following winter ; he cut cord wood the same winter at 25 cents per cord, and boarded himself; in 1847, he purchased forty acres of land, subsequently adding thereto till he now has about 200 acres, valued at $30 per acre. ' In the spring of 1850, he made a trip to California, by overland route. In the fall of 1851, he returned home via Panama, New York, Washington, by stage to Wheeling and by water to Davenport, since which time he has lived on his farm (with the exception of eight months that he managed the Buena Vista Ferry) till the spring of 1873, he rented his farm and came into Calamus and commenced mercantile business, which he continued till he commenced his present business, in 1877. Mr. Scott is the only member of his father's family living ; there were nine children, he the fifth. Has served as a member of the Board of County Supervisors, also Justice of the Peace, etc. Has six children living— Sardinia M., Sidney S., Fatima, William W., Hattie D. and Alice O.; lost one— Phileta O. His son, William W., who is in company with him, was born March 24,1853; married Emma B. Hooper, Nov. 30, 1877; she was born Dec. 20, 1858 ; they have one son— Clyde L. His eldest son, Sidney S., is engaged m the dry goods and general merchandise business in this town ; he was born July 24, 1849, and married Rosena Kenyon Jan. 27, 1876 ; she was born May 3, 1857, in Ogle Co., 111.; they have one son — Harry L. S B WALKER, Postmaster and dealer in drugs, stationery, school-books, furniture and agricultural implements, etc., Calamus; son of William and Nancy (Bel- lamy) Walker T born Oct. 28, 1848, in Vermont; in 1851, went to Brockville C W and in 1863, to Albany, N. Y.. remaining but a short time; in 1865, went to Titusville Penn. ; remained about a year, returned to Canada and taught school nine men h in 1868 came to Clarence, Iowa, where he clerked in a furniture store a few mon h after which, he went on a tour through Minnesota and Wisconsin ; in the fall of 1869 came to CI nton Co. and taught school the following winter, and m the spring of 1870 engaged in the grocery business in Calamus, with Mr. J. W. Iaeblerj con- tinued but a°short time, afttr which, he rented the Randall House of Lyons, in com- nTnv with M . Carr; in February, 1873, returned to Calamus and engaged with Mr DuBoIs and upon the death of his partner, in 1875, purchased the full interest in the Wness "n June, 1876, sold his stock (except drugs) to Damon Brothers, since winch dme has been in his present business; was appointed Postmaster m May 1876, and 814 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Express Agent in April, 1877 ; is at present Secretary of the School Board; has also served as Township Clerk two terms. Republican. GEORGE E. WHITE, farmer, Sec. 19; P. 0. Calamus; owns 200 acres of land, valued at |30 per acre ; son of Jacob and . Cynthia (nee Peck) White ; born Aug. 3, 1848, in Bristol Co., Mass. ; emigrated, with parents, to this county in the spring of 1855, locating upon the farm upon which he is now living. His father died Feb. 28, 1858 ; his mother again married a Mr. Orin Steenberg. In March, 1867, he went to Marion, Linn Co. ; worked with a brother, L. E. White, at carpenter and join- er's trade, and married there Miss Serena Todd, April 4, 1869 ; she was born Feb. 14, 1851, in Hancock Co., Ohio. In 1874, he returned to the old homestead, which he now owns ; have three children living — Sarah E., born Jan 4, 1870 ; Cynthia L., Aug. 20, 1871 ; Earl G., Aug. 26, 1872. Is a member of Methodist Episcopal Church ; Republican. WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. \JOHSJ BliESSINGTON, Superintendent of Clinton County Poor Farm ;. P. O. Charlotte ; born in County Longford, Ireland, in October, 1825. His parents, John and Margaret Blessington, emigrated to Vermont in June, 1839 ; they removed to Wisconsin in the spring of 1847 ; in the fall of that year, he went to Lowell, Mass., where he worked in a woolen factory for eight years ; he came to Clinton Co. in 1855, and located in what was then Lyons Township, now Hampshire Township, where he lived till 1863; he then removed to Welton Township and engaged in farming ; in 1866, he went to Lyons and engaged in the mercantile business. He was City Marshal of that town for two years ; was appointed to present position in February, 1876, succeed- ing Mr. William Cotton, now deceased. His parents, now dead, came to Clinton Co. in 1851. Mr. Blessington married Mary A. Howley, of Massachusetts, native of Ire- land ; they have six children — Mary Ann, now Mrs. Robert Stuart, John, Margaret L., Edward J., William H. and Herbert L. ; have lost four sons — Charles F., died in May, 1878, aged 22 years ; the others died in infancy. WIIiLIAM M. BURKE, farmer, Sec. 27 ; P. 0. De Witt ; born in County Longford, Ireland, in May, 1816. He came to New York about 1839; went to Danville, Penn. ; in 1846, he went to Louisiana ; stayed about one year ; then fol- lowed steamboating on the Mississippi till 1850. He entered his present farm in 1851 ; he then returned to St. Louis, where he lived about three years ; then returned to his farm, which he has since occupied. He married Bridget Casey, native of Ireland, then of St. Louis ; they have ten children — James, Mary, William, Peter, Margaret, Kate, Francis P., John J., Agnes and Michael A. ; lost two children in infancy. Mr. Burke has 160 acres of land. GEORGE BENTON, farmer, Sec. 27; P. 0. De Witt; born in England, July, 1811 ; he came to New York in 1836, where he lived two years; then removed to Davenport, Iowa. He married Mary Folk, a native of Illinois ; came to Clinton Co. in 1845, and settled in Deep Creek Township ; he removed to Washington Town- ship in 1848, and entered a farm in Section 24 ; he settled where he now lives in 1852. Has had nine children, seven are living — George A., Richard E., William E., John Dillman, Mary E. and Susan ; lost first child, Sarah A., and third, Casper C. Mr. Benton owns over 400 acres of land. TIMOTHY CRANNEY, farmer, Sec. 36; P. 0. De Witt; born in Queen's County, Ireland, in 1826; he came to America in the fall of 1852; lived in Kentucky one and a half years ; came to Clinton Co. in 1854 ; bought the farm he now owns in 1860; his wife was Mrs. Mary Reed, formerly Mary Flannery; has three children — James; John and Charles ; Mrs. Cranney has three children by former mar- riage — Catharine, Thomas and William. Mr. Cranney's farm contains 160 acres. JAMES CIJMMINGS, farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. 0. DeWitt; born in County Kildare, Ireland, near Dublin, about 1827 ; he came- to America with his parents WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 815 Pittsh°° 'v,^ W6nt t0 Baltimore > Md - J remained about six months ; then went to ourgh ; remained one year ; then came to Clinton Co., and purchased his present wrm , returned to Pittsburgh ; settled on his farm the next spring. He married Ellen i»unn , they have one child— Margaret ; has eighty acres of land. m JOSI £PH CASSIDY, farmer, Sec. 31 ; P. 0. DeWitt; born in County Monaghan, Ireland, in 1835 ; his parents, Michael and Catherine Cassidy, came to America in 1848; they lived one year in St. Louis, then went to Dubuque and lived < ^all ea 'l ! ence to Soott Co - for one y ear ; thence to Clinton Co. His father died in 1876 ; his mother resides with her son Joseph. The farm now owned by Joseph is a part of two farms, entered by his father and his brother James, in 1854. James died in January, 1872. Mr. Cassidy married Betsy Callan, also a native of County Mona- ghan. They have four children — Margaret, Ann, Betsy and James. Mr. Cassidy has about 500 acres of land ; he located on 240 acres of present farm in the fall of 1865. JOHN DOEAN, farmer and stock-raiser; resides in Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Char- lotte; born in County Mayo, Ireland, in 1816. He married Catharine Murphy, native of same county ; he came to the United States in 1848 ; he lived one and a half years in Rutland Co., Vt ; then removed to Livingston Co., N. Y., where he lived about three years ; he then went to Illinois ; remained one year, and came to Clinton Co. in 1854 ; purchased part of his present farm in 1855 ; has eleven children — Martin, Thomas, Kate, Mary F., Ann I., Sarah E. Michael, Eliza, Theresa, James and Eva Alicelis ; has lost three sons and two daughters. Mr. Dolan owns about seven hundred acres of land ; he is one of the most successful farmers of Clinton Co. ; he came to the county twenty- five years ago, a poor' man ; has now several fine farms, well stocked and improved. GEORGE FARREEE, farmer, Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Charlotte ; born in the city of Dublin in 1828 ; he came to the United States about 1849 ; purchased his present farm in 1853. His first wife was Jane Collin, a native of Ireland. His pres- ent wife was Catherine Lawler ; Mr. Farrell has five children by his first marriage and seven by second. He has 160 acres of land. BERNARD FEANNERY, farmer, Sec. 18; P. 0. De Witt ; "born in County Kilkenny, Ireland, about 1820 ; he came to America, December, 1848 ; Mr. Flannery visited various parts of the country before he settled down ; he landed in New York, then visited Connecticut ; returned to New York ; went to New Orleans, then to Memphis and other parts of Tennessee, and came to Clinton Co., December, 1850, and entered his present farm. He married Margaret Trimbull, daughter of Michael Trimbull ; they have nine children— Michael, Mary, John, Peter, William Sarah, Bernard. James J. and Lawrence. Mr. Flannery's home farm contains 220 acres ; he also has another farm of 200 acres. REV. JOHN B. GAFFNEY, Pastor of St. Patrick's Church Wash- ington Township, and of St. Mary's Church, Hampshire Township ; P. O. Charlotte; Father Gaffney was born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1843 ; his parents John and Margaret Gaffney, emigrated to the United States in 1848 ; they first settled in Pennsylvania ; removed to Dubuque in 1851. Father Gaffney received his literary education at St Funds' College, Cambria Co., Penn. ; pursued his theological studies at ;™tebnrgh Seminary completing the course in 1865; he was ordained in the faU of 1865, by Bishop Henni, of Milwaukee; his first charge was the pastorate of St. Paul s Church ft BurlEon; was transferred in 1866, to Otter Creek, Jackson Co where he remained t 11 1878, when he assumed his present charge, succeeding the Rev. Father Zdv Father Gaffney is an earnest laborer in the cause of temperance, and has estab- lished a temperance society in connection with his church in Hampshire Township ; one a readv existed in Washington Township when he assumed his present duties. ANTON HANSMAN, farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. De Witt ; Mr. Hansman , Wn in Baden, Germany, in 1835; he came to Cincinnati, Ohio, m 1855; he Tlved to Illinois in the fall of 1856 ; he bought part of his present farm m the fall emoved w ^ ,!,„„„„„ ;„ iom tt» ™»r™A Marearet Sophy, a native of C T%59 aU settled thereon in 1862. ' He married' Margaret Sophy, a native of Can- ada haw "five children-Mary, John, Charles, Albert and Caroline, Owns 400 acres. 816 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: FRANCIS HOGARTY, farmer, Sec. 24; P. 0. De Witt; born in Ohio in 1833; his patents, John and Lucy Hogarty, removed to Davenport in 1844; his father died in February, 1864 ; his mother resides in Davenport. He married, in 1855, Margaret McGarry, daughter of Enos McGarry. Mr. Hogarty lived in Seott Co. one year after his marriage, and came to Clinton Co. in 1857 ; he purchased a farm in Sec. 34, Washington Township, which he sold in 1866, and settled in Center Town- ship, where he lived six years ; he purchased his present farm in 1865, which is the farm formerly owned by his father-in-law, Mr. Enos McGarry. He has six children — Elizabeth, Francis, Minnie, James, Annie and Jarvis E. Mr. Hogarty has 200 acres of land. PATRICK IiA WliBR, farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Charlotte ; born in Queen's County, Ireland, March 16, 1808; he. emigrated to Pennsylvania in 1846 ; came to Clinton Co. in 1849 ; he lived in De Witt Township two years, then purchased present farm. He married Elizabeth Reed, a native of Ireland ; she died in June, 1862 ; they had ten children — Ann, Catherine, Fanton, Elizabeth, Mary, Margaret, Theresa, Simon P., William and Edward ; Mr. Lawler's present wife was Miss Margaret Lawler, a native of Ireland. He has nearly 300 acres of land ; is engaged in general farming and stock raising. JOHN J. McDONNEIiE, farmer, Sec. 26 ; P. O. De Witt ; Mr. Mc- Donnell was born in New York July 4, 1816. His parents moved to West Virginia, therifje to Pennsylvania, then to Ohio, and to Iowa in 1854, and settled in Davenport. His father died in Davenport about 1856. Mr. McDonnell came to Clinton Co. in 1858, and settled on Sec. 23, Washington Township. He purchased his present farm in the fall of 1866. He married Catharine McGarry, a native of Ireland ; have four children — Patrick, William, James and Hugh. John, the oldest son. enlisted, in 1861, in the 26th I. V. ; was mortally wounded at the battle of Arkansas Post. Mr. McDon- nell has 160 acres of land ; his son Patrick owns 200 acres of land in Sec. 26 ; James has 160 acres in Sec. 23. JOHN McEIiHATTON, farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. O. Charlotte. Mr. Mc- Elhatton was born in Ireland in 1834 ; his parents, John and Margaret McElhatton, emigrated to Ohio when he was an infant. They came to Clinton Co. about 1859 ; his father had charge of the Clinton Co. Poor Farm for three years ; his parents after- ward settled in De Witt Township ; they are now deceased. Mr. McElhatton married Margaret Clarey, a native of Ireland ; they have one child — Elizabeth F. ; also an adopted son. Mr. M. has 86 acres of land; settled on his present farm in 1861. JOHN J. McGARRY, farmer, Sec, 35 ; P. O. De Witt ; born in Clark Co., Ohio, in 1837 ; his parents, Enos and Elizabeth McGarry, came to Scott Co., in 1854, to Clinton Co. in 1856 ; his father purchased and improved the farm now owned by his son J. J., where the family all resided till 1863 ; he purchased the farm of his father in 1866; his father died in 1875, aged 75 years; his mother resides with her son James, in Iowa Co. Mr. J. J. McGarry married Mary G. Lawler, daughter of Patrick Lawler, of Washington Township; has five children — William A., Elizabeth, Mary M., Francis and John J. Mr. McGarry has 300 acres, in a fine state of culti- vation. He has held various township offices ; his father was Justice of the Peace of Washington Township for several years. CHRISTOPHER McGINN, farmer, Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Charlotte; Mr. McGinn was born in Canada, in 1829. He married Ellen Hanrahan, a native of Can- ada. He came to Clinton Co. in the spring.of 1853, and entered 80 acres of his present farm ; has seven children — Mary A., William, Ellen, Christopher, James, Margaret and Jane. Mr. McGinn's parents settled in Washington Township two years later than he did ; they are now deceased ; they had eight children when they came to Clinton Co., seven still living. Mr. McGinn has 220 acres of land ; is engaged principally in stock-raising. THOMAS O'TOOEE, farmer, Sec. 4; P. 0. Charlotte; was born in County Wicklow, Ireland, in 1829 ; his parents, Lawrence and Catherine O'Toole, emi- atj d to Canada in 1830. He married Sarah McAllister, a native of Ireland; they WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 817 ave had seven children, six of whom are living— Margaret, Mary, Lawrence, Thomas, donn and James ; the other died in infancy. Mr. O'Toole came to Clinton Co. and set- tled on his present farm in Washington Township, in 1851. His homestead farm con- tains ZHO acres ; he also owns a farm of 140 acres in Waterford Township ; he is one of the successful farmers of Washington Township ; is engaged extensively in stock- raising ; makes a specialty of short-horns ; has a fine herd of twenty of that excellent breed of cattle. * M *S. ELLEN ROSSITER, formerly Mi* Ellen Bryant, resides on Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Charlotte ; Mrs. Rossiter was born in Bath, England, in 1825. Married in 1848, James Rossiter, who was born in England, in 1812. They emigrated to New York in 1849 ; thence to Scranton, Penn. ; they came to Clinton Co. in May, 1854, and settled on the farm now owned by Mrs. Rossiter. Her husband died Oct. 22, 1872. Mrs. Rossiter has had eight children, six are living — Charlotte M., wife of John Spur- rell, resides in Sac Co., Iowa ; Martha E., John R., Simon C, William J. and Ben- jamin F. ; has lest two children — Lydia A. and an infant. Mrs. Rossiter and two of her children are members of the M. E. Church. Mr. Rossiter was a member of this church for forty years. - JOSEPH WIESE, farmer, Sec. 13; P.O. Charlotte; born in Holstein, Germany, in 1830 ; he came to America in 1856 ; he resided in Davenport one year ; then purchased and settled on present farm. He married Lena Wiese, also a native of Holstein. They have eight children — Dora, Emma, Mena, William, Caroline, Joseph H., Theresa and Clara. Mr. Weise has 280 acres of land ; is engaged in general farm- ing. HIRAM M. WHITE, farmer, Sec. 23 ; P. 0. De Witt ; born in Martins- burg, Berkeley Co., Va.; in 1797. His parents removed to Champaign Co., Ohio, in 1806. Mr. White was a soldier in the second war with England, enlisting at the breaking out of the war in 1812, when he was but 15 years of age; he was a member of the 4th U. S. Volunteers. He was in Gen. Hull's army when that officer surren- dered his army and. the territory of Michigan to the British ; participated in several battles of that war ; was wounded at Black Rock ; was taken prisoner three times dur- ing the war; he returned to Ohio in 1818. He cast his first vote for President Mon- roe. Was a Postmaster during the administration of J. Q. Adams, and also during that of President Polk. He married, in 1819, Elizabeth Williams, of Ohio ; had nine children. He married, in 1850, Miss Mary A. Redford, a native of Ohio ; they also had nine children ; seven are living. He came to Clinton Co., and settled in De Witt m 1850, where he was engaged in the mercantile business for five years. He was Post- master at De Witt during the last part of Filmore's administration. He located in Washington on his present farm in 1855. ERRATA. On r>a