The Anthon Libi\ary. 
 
 COLLECTED BY CHARLES ANTHON, 
 
 Professor of O-reek and Latin in 
 Columbia Collese. 
 
 Pwrchased by Cornell Uin4/ver8ity, 1868. 
 
 ?\ 
 
iversity Library 
 I'd b305.D26 
 
 Arabic reading lessons: 
 
 3 1924 026 852 537 
 
 All books are subject to recall after two weeks 
 Olin/Kroch Library 
 
 DATE DUE 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of tliis book is in 
 tlie Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924026852537 
 
ARABIC 
 READING LESSONS: 
 
 COirSIBTISO OP 
 
 EXTRACTS FROM THE KORAN, 
 
 AND OTHES SOUKCES, GKAMMATICALLY ANALYSED 
 AND TEANSLATED ; 
 
 ELEMENTS OF AEABIC GRAMMAR. 
 
 REV. N. DAVIS, F.R.S.S.A.; 
 MR. BfjAVIDSON, 
 
 AUTHOR OF THE ANALYTICAL' HEBEEW AND CHALDEE LEXICON* 
 
 THE STBIAC AND CHALDEE BEADING LESSONS, 
 
 AND HEBBEW CONCOBDANCE. 
 
 3^ 
 
 LONDON: 
 SAMUEL BAGSTER AND SONS, 
 
 WABEHOUan POE BIBLES, NEW TESTAMENTS, PEATEB BOOKS, LEXICONS, 
 OBAM&CAB8, CONCOEDANCBS, ArTD FSALTBB6, 
 
 15, PATERNOSTER BOW, , 
 
 nOAAAl jucv Ovri-roa TAnTTAI, fiia d'AdavaTOiciv. 
 
 / ^5^V 
 
 g) 
 

 ■"''' CC^RTcEl C'\ 
 
 1 uvi 
 
 
 
 i..^ 
 
 .<-^ 
 
 V : i' ;:■ 
 
 •V- 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 
 I , 
 
ADYERTISEMENT. 
 
 It will be observed that this little Work is properly 
 divided into three Parts. The first is an Elementary 
 Grammar ; the second, an Analytical Eeading Book ; and 
 the third, Grammatical Exercises. 
 
 The beginner is recommended to acquaint himself with 
 the first eleven sections of the Grammar, taking particular 
 care first to obtain a thorough knowledge of the powers 
 of the letters. He should then commit the regular con- 
 jugations to memory. A moderate acquaintance with 
 the Grammar, thus far, will enable the learner to proceed 
 with the Analysis. But here he cannot too carefully 
 attend to the references made to the first portion of the 
 
ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 Work. By an adherence to this plan of study, he will 
 easily attain sufficient knowledge to enable him to avail 
 himself, with ease, of works which treat upon the Arabic 
 language more fiiUy. 
 
 15, Paiebnosteb Eow. 
 
 It is contemplated to publish the " Elements of Arabic Con- 
 versation,'' on the plan of Perrin's " Dialogues." 
 
ELEMENTS 
 
 AEABIC GEAMMAE. 
 
H 
 
 W 
 in 
 
 H 
 
 § 
 
 a 
 
 
 t, 
 
 
 i-l IM O O 
 O O 
 
 e<5 
 
 CX) O ■* O 
 
 o o 
 
 «5 J^ 
 
 O i^ o o 
 
 
 
 S£ n cc 
 
 »^ 
 
 c r r 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 , r^ +3 +3 
 
 •'— » 
 
 ^. fCj r^ rri 
 
 H N tn to 
 
 1 
 
 
 <]' pq H H 
 
 
 3 ,— c '3 
 M M P O 
 
 a 
 
 Ph N M 02 
 
 
 
 -.. :-. •=-> 
 
 K- 
 
 A M ^-^ 
 
 -> -A 1 -=1 
 
 W 
 
 
 -!=-! <-i 
 
 ?. 
 
 9 .-a <s -^5 
 
 •> •■> ^ '^ 
 
 f5 
 
 OQ 
 
 '390 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f-l <M CO tH 
 
 W5 
 
 «0 J> 00 o> 
 
 O i-i (M er 
 
 I-H 1— 1 -H ^ 
 
O O Ol o 
 
 05 o o 
 
 CO 05 
 
 o o o 
 
 J> O 00 
 
 o 
 
 I— I 
 
 o o o 
 
 C (N CO 
 
 I-H 
 
 O O 
 
 «:i 
 
 «o 
 
 o 
 
 I-H 
 
 1 
 
 ut a 
 
 t>». 'in 
 
 /:i-n-j^ 
 
 o ^ 
 
 n 
 
 - 
 
 *- 
 
 
 02. fj^ ^. rzi 
 
 
 D^rM ^ 
 
 a. rt 
 
 ,i3 
 
 P= 
 
 w 
 
 a 
 o 
 o 
 
 +i 
 
 'i 'i 03 OS 
 
 cc P H P 
 
 .g 
 
 <i O Pt4 
 
 
 % 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Ya 
 Lam-Alif 
 
 'a 
 
 , ^ -^ _s> J) 
 
 tl -q -1 
 
 Jl 
 
 ? •-• 
 
 -q 
 
 •> 
 
 -= 
 
 
 ,l 1 -^ -il ^ 
 
 « ••( •=( 
 
 :o( — t 
 
 Jl 
 
 < •-! 
 
 <*> 
 
 •> 
 
 -%: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '4 
 
 *> 
 •> 
 
 
 
 g-^ Vi CO t- 
 
 CO CT> O 
 
 rH i-H (M 
 
 r-J (N CO 
 IM IM (N 
 
 
 CO 
 
 IN 
 
 (N 
 
 00 
 (N 
 
 
ELEMENTS OP AEABIC GKAMMAE. 
 
 Sect. 1.— ARTICULATION OF THE LETTERS. 
 
 Most of the letters are articulated according to the 
 powers assigned to them in the preceding Table. The 
 following, however, for want of proper EngUsh equiva- 
 lents, require special notice : — 
 
 1. 1 is, like the Hebrew N, a scarcely audible breathing 
 from the lungs, the spiritus lenis of the Greeks. When 
 it begins a word or syllable, it stands properly for the 
 Hamza (written thus *), and partakes somewhat of the 
 sound of 9. Alif is likewise used to lengthen the vowel a. 
 In the former case, we have retained Hamza in the Hne, 
 when writing Arabic with English characters, allowing 
 its vowel to follow ; in the latter case, we have marked 
 the vowel a, thus, a. 
 
 2. C-J is sounded like th in thumb. 
 
 3. -■ \ikej in job. In some parts of North Africa it is 
 pronounced like the French _/, or ^ in the word menagerie. 
 In other parts, as in Tripoli, it is sounded like g in 
 garden. 
 
 4. J., represented in our Table by A, has a strong pec- 
 toral sound, and is to be carefully distinguished from A, 
 the English h in hand. 
 
ARTICULATION OP THE LETTERS. V 
 
 5. ^, represented by h, is a guttural equivalent to the 
 Hebrew fl , or the German ch in Nach, Buch. 
 
 6. ja, s, is articulated stronger than ijm, our .simple s. 
 
 7. ijo, d. The manner in -which the English d is 
 sounded at the end of the words hand, good, God, con- 
 veys as nearly as possible the power of this letter. In 
 addition to thi,s, it is to be observed that the Arabs sound 
 the Dad by placing the tongue partly against the roof of 
 the mouth, allowing the tip of it slightly to touch the up- 
 per teeth, and uttering, at the same time, a pectoral sound. 
 
 8. a, t, is articulated stronger than ciJ, t, our simple t. 
 
 9. a, 3. There is scarcely any difference in the sound 
 of this letter and that of Dad; indeed, they are often 
 interchanged. Some, however, pronounce it like our z, 
 with a hollow sound from the throat, and others, again, 
 like th in father. 
 
 10. f. The articulation of this letter, in a great mea- 
 sure, resembles that produced after a severe effort made 
 to swallow. Being unable to assign to it an equivalent 
 in English, we shall retain it in the line (comp. \, No. 1), 
 whether as an initial, medial, or final. 
 
 11. 9, if, represents a gargling sound from the throat, 
 similar to that with which r is pronounced by some of 
 the Germans. 
 
vi ELEMENTS OP ARABIC GRAMMAE. 
 
 12. Jj, represented by q, is pronounced by contracting 
 the throat, and then uttering the sound ka. The cawing 
 of the rook or crow resembles very nearly the sound given 
 to this letter by the Arabs. In some parts of Syria Jj 
 is pronounced like tsh; in others the vowel merely at- 
 tached to it is sounded, and in some parts of North Africa 
 it is sounded simply like g in go. 
 
 Sect. 2.— MODE OF WRITING ARABIC. 
 
 1. The Arabic, like most of the Oriental languages, is 
 written from right to left. 
 
 2. All the letters of the Alphabet are capable of being 
 joined to each other, so as to form one whole in the word, 
 with exception of these six, \ l> J j J j, which can 
 be joined to the preceding letter only. The following 
 specimen (recommended to be copied by the beginner) 
 exhibits the forms which the letters assume, according to 
 their various positions : — 
 
 itUJO (J-uXj l_iiic k^ LA-; J jJ (J<S!J>- 7f-*-J^^ 
 Ji.i ^ iH M i.rT.n W^' cj j-SJi^.^jAJ *jj i-ij^'i Jjlilic t_>Lvj' ^jj.5y,o 
 
VOWELS. vii 
 
 3. As Arabic words are not divided at tlie end of the 
 line, it is customary to write the overplus letters above 
 the last word, or to fiU out the line by prolonging the 
 connection between any of the letters capable of being* 
 joined; e.g. * a. i for *«J 
 
 Sect. 3.— "VOWELS. 
 
 1. The Arabs express their vowels by the three follow- 
 ing signs : — 
 
 SHORT VOWELS. 
 
 .^ Fatha, a read a in bad. 
 — Kasra, i ,, i in gin. 
 jL. Damma, u ,, m in hush. 
 
 Although there is some slight modification in the pro- 
 nunciation of these vowel signs ; e. g. Fatha is sometimes 
 pronounced like a in father ^ Kasra like e in hell, and 
 Damma like o in not (the latter of which we have occa- 
 sionally adopted) ; still as these are rather dialectical 
 peculiarities, we shall retain the equivalents given above, 
 which, with a slight modification of the first, are the 
 vowels as pronounced on the continent, and adopted here 
 for the sake of brevity. 
 
vm ELEMENTS OF ARABIC GEAMMAE. 
 
 2. These vowels are prolonged when followed respec- 
 tively by the feeble or quiescent letters \, j, (_?, so that 
 we obtain, according to the following succession, the 
 three 
 
 LON& VOWELS: 
 
 I — a as \iha. 
 
 i^ ~ i " ^ ^• 
 
 Note. — There is also a perpendicular Fatha, _L, 
 which indicates that \ has been omitted after it, 
 and must be regarded as long. 
 
 3. But when Fatha is followed either by a vowelless 
 _j or i^, it constitutes the following two 
 
 DIPHTHONGS : 
 
 _j — au, as _yJ 6aM, pronounced like ova in hoxo and norw. 
 ,_5 — ai, as i^jJ hai, or as ai in vain. 
 
 Note. — ^ at the end of a word preceded by Fatha 
 is not pronounced, as ^^^ a-Za, ^^j ra-ma. 
 
 Sect. 4. — NUNNATION OR TENWIN. 
 The above three vowel signs are sometimes written 
 double at the end of a word, and sounded as if followed 
 
SYLLABLES AND OETHOGKAPHICAL SIGNS. IX 
 
 by n. They assume the following forms : .1. an, ~ in, 
 _f_ on, and are technically called Tenwin Fatha, Tenwin 
 Kasra, Tenwin Damma. The use of the Nunnation is 
 confined to the reading of the Koran and poetry, and is 
 never employed in prose and in common life. 
 
 Sect. 5. — SYLLABLES AND ORTHOGRAPHICAL 
 SIGNS. 
 
 1. In an Arabic syllable the consonant is always pro- 
 nounced before the vowel, which latter may be said to 
 follow the consonant, whether placed above or below the 
 same. There is' no syllable which begins with a vowel, 
 like db, or with two consonants, like blow. 
 
 2. A syllable is called pure when it consists of one 
 consonant and a vowel, which latter may either be short 
 
 or long, (-J, i~J, 't', V> (^1 J^ > i* is called mixed when 
 closed by another consonant ; comp. the following : 
 
 3. In the latter case the sign Jasm (or Sukun) ±_ or 
 ° (answering to the Hebrew Sheva quiescent) is placed 
 
 over the closing consonant, as J Ian, ^^ min, *.& hum. 
 This obtains also withj and lS when they form diph- 
 thongs, as /♦jJ yau-ma, j^»J^ £ai-non. 
 
X ELEMENTS OF ARABIC GEAMMAE. 
 
 4. A mixed syllable may be formed also without Jasm, 
 when the sign Taslidid, j::_, is found placed over the 
 closing consonant, by which the latter is doubled (the 
 Hebrew Dagesh forte) ; e. g. i— oS' haf-fa. This sign is 
 either Tashdid characteristic, employed to construct a 
 new form, as Jli, from Jij' ; Tashdid compensative, to 
 compensate for a letter which is omitted, as Jj qal-la, 
 for Jii ; or Tashdid euphonic, to prevent harshness of 
 sound. 
 
 5. Hamzd, L or ~, accompanies the vowel of Alif when 
 this letter begins a syllable, as li-Ji %an-ta. Hamza may, 
 however, also be found over i without a vowel, and then 
 it simply indicates that AKf is radical, as ^\. ya-ma-na. 
 This sign is sometimes found instead of ' , as iS>^, yas- 
 ta-lu, for Jl«^. . Hamza found withj and ^ denotes that 
 these are placed instead of ! ; thus, ^^^. yu-mi-na ; *^.Ij1 
 s-a-ba-ii-kum, in which latter case the diacritic points of 
 uJ are usually omitted. 
 
 6. Wasla, —, is placed over \ at the beginning of a 
 word, to indicate that this letter is to be passed over 
 in the pronunciation, and the one following it to be pro- 
 
DIVISION OF LETTERS. XI 
 
 nounced with the last vowel of the preceding word ; e. g. 
 j^_ jj 1 J^ ka-fa-ra 'l-la-dzl-na. 
 
 7. Madda, .sil. , is put over 1 to show that another 1 has 
 been omitted after it, as ^^ \ M-ma-na, for ^j^W . This 
 mark is also placed over \ followed by Hamza, to show 
 its quiescence in, and prolongation of, a preceding Fatha, 
 as *U~j sa-ma-ton. It is finally used, also, as a sign of 
 abbreviation ; e. g. »- for t:^^ jam-c-on^ plural. 
 
 Sect. 6.— DIVISION OF LETTERS. 
 
 1 . The letters of the Arabic alphabet are chiefly divided, 
 according to the organs of speech by which they are 
 enounced, into 
 
 1. Gutturals ii ^ L C C ^ 
 
 2. Labials j * i-J <—» 
 
 3. Palatals ^ ^ O 
 
 4. Linguals ^ J ^ js L^' U" j JZi 
 
 5. Dentals li k J J tU CJ 
 
 Letters of the same organs are frequently interchanged — 
 
xd ELEMENTS OF ARABIC 6KAMMAR. 
 
 2. Into the (so called) solar* and lunar letters. To 
 the former belong the linguals and dentals, by which the 
 article (q. v.) is seriously affected ; the remainder are all 
 lunar letters. 
 
 3. The letters \ j, i^ are called /eeJfe or quiescent 
 letters. (1) They become quiescent when they are pre- 
 ceded by i homogeneous vowel, or a vowel related to 
 them in the pronunciation, and the vowel is thereby 
 lengthened ; but after a heterogeneous vowel they form, 
 a diphthong.— (Comp. Sect. 5, Nos. 2, 3.) (2) The diph- 
 thong is often avoided by the heterogeneous letter giving 
 place to the one which is homogeneous with the preceding 
 vowel ; e. g.jlt^ a dwelling, for J J ;■ jU Jire, ioxjjj. 
 
 Sect. 7.— PECULIAEITIES OF J AND ^j. 
 
 1. When any of the solar letters (Sect. 6, No. 2) is 
 preceded by the article J \ the, J is then passed over, 
 and the solar letter following it is doubled by Tashdid, 
 
 * Because the words fjj.,.4^ sun, and _*js moon, severally begin 
 with one of these letters. 
 
QtTANTITT OF SYLLABLE AND PLACE OF TONE, xiii 
 
 and pronounced with the vowel preceding Lam ; e. g. 
 ^j^^-^m] \ tash-sham-so, the sun. This obtains, also, when 
 the prefix <J is attached to the article and \ is dropped, 
 as fjM.4J!M lish-sham-si, to the sun, 
 
 2. In respect to ^^ the following rules are to be ob- 
 served : — 
 
 (a) ^j before <-_j is sounded like * ; e.g.jjj^c. s-am-la-ron. ' 
 (5) Before the rest of the letters, except the gutturals, 
 ^ receives a nasal sound ; e. g. JjJl tang-za-la. 
 
 (c) ^^ is not pronounced before any of the letters j, ^f 
 (♦' J) J) which are then doubled by Tashdid, as <—Jj ^^ 
 mir-rab-hi. 
 
 (d) Before t« the ^ of ^^Ji of, and ^^ from, is dropped, 
 and * receives Tashdid, thus U>c for t« ^^. 
 
 Sect. 8.— QUANTITY OF THE SYLLABLE, AND 
 PLACE OF THE TONE. 
 
 L A syllable is long when it has a long vowel (Sect. 
 3, No. 2), as '^^.'i dl-ha-jon,jyi nu-ron. 
 
 2. "Words of two syllables have the tone on the first, as 
 ^fTj Taj-s-on. 
 
xiv ELEMENTS OP AEABIC GRAMMAK. 
 
 3. Those of more than two syllables have the tone on 
 the anti-penultima, as <-r^/4; yaS-ru-bu ; excepting when 
 the penultima has a long vowel, for then this takes the 
 tone; e.g. (j^-*^ rah-md'-m. 
 
 4. Mixed syllables (which are long by position) take 
 the tone, as («-u_>J qa-tal-tum . In this example stress 
 is put on the last two syllables, but the chief tone rests on 
 the penultima. 
 
 5. In words joined by Wasla, the connecting vowel, 
 
 namely, the last of the preceding word, is to be accented ; 
 
 e.g. <d!l ^"his-rrd l-la-M, ^jii^\ ^ mi-nd V-ka-fi- 
 fi-na. 
 
 Sect. 9.— CIPHERS. 
 Besides the use of the letters of the alphabet to express 
 numbers (see the Table), the following, called the Indian 
 ciphers, are in more common use. They are written from 
 left to right. 
 
 1234567890 
 
 i r r p 6 1 V A <i ^ 
 
 E. g. ^^cr 1852. 
 
THE VERB. — ACTIVE VOICE. xv 
 
 Sect. 10.— THE VERB. 
 
 The generality of Arabic verbs consist of three radical 
 letters, which are most distinctly exhibited in the 3rd 
 pers. sing. masc. of the preterite ; this, therefore, is re- 
 garded as the root of the verb, and the ground-form in 
 each conjugation. There are thirteen forms or species of 
 conjugation (most of them having their passives), and every 
 verb may be inflected according to one or more of them. 
 The first of these is regarded as the primitive conjugation, 
 and the rest as derivatives of the same. The following is 
 a specimen of the first or primitive regular conjugation, 
 from which the moods and tenses wiU become apparent. 
 
 Sect. 11.— ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 PEEtEKITE. 
 3 masc. 3 fern. 2 masc. 2 fem. ' 1 com. 
 
 Sing. Jjo ei-JjJi iLulw l::,Jjj' Ui-iw 
 
 Plur. Ijloj Joi JLiw J^ UIas 
 
 com. 
 
 Dual iw Ulw UIlw 
 
XVI 
 
 ELEMENTS OF ARABIC GEAMMAB. 
 
 
 3 masc. 
 
 3 fern. 
 
 2 masc. 
 
 2 fern. 
 
 Icom. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Plur. 
 
 
 
 
 
 JjJiJ 
 
 Dual 
 
 J&. 
 
 
 com. 
 
 
 
 IMPEEATIVE. 
 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 
 Sing. 
 
 2ma9c. 
 
 2fem. 
 
 
 
 
 Plur. 
 Dual 
 
 2 com. 
 
 
 PAETICIPLE. 
 maso. fern. 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 PKETEKITE. 
 S masc. 3 fern. 2 masc. 2 fern. 1 com. 
 
 Sing. JjJ L:i..>lw Li-^ ti-JjsJs ci-JoS etc. 
 
 *^ t^ t* 
 
 FrXTTKE. 
 
 't,* 
 
 Sing. Jxib JwiJ Jjaj' ^^j^AwiJ Jwl eta 
 
 PASTICIPLE. 
 
 maso. 
 
 fern. 
 
THE VEEB. xvii 
 
 EEMAEKS. 
 
 1. The forms given in the Paradigm, according to 
 which the vowels of the second radical of the preterite is 
 j:_, and that of the imperative and future j^, are the 
 usual ones for transitive verbs. There are, however, also 
 forms in which the second radical in the preterite is either 
 T or _!., ia which case the verbs are intransitive ;*e. g. 
 ~yj to rejoice, J-^-sf to be handsome. The latter form 
 their future generally with ^; e. g. _jij : but also with 
 ~, as (j.u«sjJ, from i^m^^- to be fair. The futures are 
 pointed out and designated, in the lexicon, hj fut. O, 
 
 fut. A, fut. I. 
 
 2. Verbs whose second radical in the future has either 
 
 ■• or ~;r, form their imperatives with ~ , under the pres- 
 to ^ ^ 
 
 thetic AKf, instead o{ _^; e. g. *ix-l fiTiow, from (J-c. 
 
 3. Besides the form of the future given in the Para- 
 digm, there are also — 
 
 (1) The ajpocopated future, so called because that the 
 last letter which, in the ordinfiry future, has jl. takes here 
 —, and ^j is dropped in those forms in which it is the 
 final letter, except in the 2nd and 3rd glur. fern., where 
 it is retained ; e. g. Jw \ instead of Jw \, i^J^ instead 
 
 of y_tjiw-J. 
 
 * See Note, John 23 (0, p. 95. 
 
XTlll ELEMENTS OF ARABIC GRAMMAE. 
 
 (2) The so-called nasbated* future. This future has 
 JL. with the last radical, wherever the ordinary one has ^, 
 and rejects the final ^ and ^ in the dual and plur. masc. 
 forms. 
 
 (3) The future paragogic is characterised by ^ with 
 Tashdid (sometimes with Jasm, ,^) added to all the per- 
 sons, and is preceded by 1 in the 2nd and 3rd plur. fern.; 
 e.g. 1 com. sing. (j-Lwl, 2 fern. plur. ^^LujJij. 
 
 Note. — The apocopated future is used after the 
 particles *J not, UJ not yet, 3 not, and J tliat, 
 when the same has a prohibitory or an imperative 
 signification. Also in hypothetical sentences, 
 and when the imperative is followed by a verb 
 in the future ; e. g. CJj^ \ i^r^ ^ assist me, 
 and I shall assist thee. This future is also used 
 
 o 
 
 when the following particles precede it : ^J\ if, 
 v» what, ^ who, i_f\ who, Lk.^^ as often as, 
 uijo in what manner, ^^\ and U.^Jv^- where, 
 (_S-^) LnOl, ^ju\ when, \Ci\ if. 
 
 * On account of its receiving Fatha, which is likewise called 
 Nasba. 
 
THE VEEB. XIX 
 
 The nashated future has, generally speaking, 
 a subjunctive signification, and is used after the 
 particles J not^ J that (but not when this par- 
 ticle converts the future into the imperative), 
 1^1 that, ^ that, and the compound ^jU, 
 
 ,__j^, 5US, ^1, LJ zn order that, etc. Also after 
 
 Z /' ^ ^ -a ^ 
 
 ^^j1 and !l5i in the sense oi behold I i^J'^=- until, 
 
 _j I ?Aa<, i_j in the sense of so that ; e. g. perse- 
 Cute him not, cii^ so that he perish, q. d. lest 
 he perish ; and after j following words which 
 signify command, wish, prohibition, etc. 
 
 The last future is employed in questions, 
 commands, wishes, swearing, threatening, etc. 
 
 Sect. 12. 
 The above exhibition (Sect. 11) of the primitive, or 
 first conjugation, shows the mode of attaching the afibrma!- 
 tives and preformatives to the root of the verb. Nearly 
 upon the same scale are they attached in the derived 
 conjugations. In the following representation of the 
 whole THIRTEEN we need, therefore, only give the lead- 
 ing form of the mood and tense in each. 
 
XX 
 
 ELEMENTS OF ABABIC GEAMMAE. 
 
 02 
 
 o 
 
 I— I 
 
 Eh 
 
 < 
 
 1-3 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 w 
 
 H 
 P^ 
 
 I— t 
 
 w 
 
 H 
 
 w 
 
 H 
 
 P^ 
 O 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 'i H ^4 i4 
 ti-^ "^ '^"j '^ 
 
 II ^1 1% \n 
 
 :% 1^^ 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 o 
 
 ^i3 
 
 .;%^ A V-^s' 
 
 
 
 !%i| 
 
 Jl- 
 
 "=3- 
 -^^ 
 
 -3 
 
 I ^^ ^-^ ^-)• :4- ^4 4- 
 
VIEW OF THE THIETEEN CONJUGATIONS. 
 
 XXI 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 v^— — 
 
 
 
 '5 '5 '5 '5 '5 '5 '5 
 
 \ :={ \=3 , \3- t-4 \J- \ Ti ^ i 
 
 "•'"J '>^ j.\ 'T^l 1.1— S "^1 
 
 t) J 
 
 tS^ :!^-^ V^- Uh Ir ^=J^ :3^^ 
 
 ^-n ^,=^ ''^ ^3 ''d, ^J- .,-o 
 
 fo-O 
 
 1-3 
 
 iq^ '=3 '3- v=^ t^. ''l ''^ 
 
 ^4" .4" A' 'I'i^. :^^ :^^ j-%^ 
 
 \:ol \s-< \n- V.J \-i- ^'1: ^.i? 
 
 4" 4-^ -^-^ ^C -4 :4^ ^'-^ 
 
 \^ \^ ^^ 
 
 
 
 t^ 
 
 M 
 
 !^ 
 
 a 
 
xxii ELEMENTS OF AKABIC GEAMMAE. 
 
 Sect. 13.-EXPLANATI0N OF THE THIRTEEN 
 CONJUGATIONS. 
 
 I. The primitive^ as first conjugation (*J^) contains the 
 simple primary signification of the verb, whether transi- 
 tive or intransitive. 
 
 II. The second conjugation (J^), ^ith Tashdid upon 
 the second radical, is intensitive, or adds intensity to the 
 signification expressed by \h^e first; e. g. to break, and to 
 dash in pieces. It makes the intransitive signification 
 transitive, or it designates the allowing, requesting, or 
 commanding of that which the verb of \h& first conjuga- 
 tion signifies, or also the declaring and estimating of its 
 being that. 
 
 III. The third conjugation (Jj^) expresses reaproctify ; 
 e. g. to heat, and to beat one another, or to fight. 
 
 IV. Th.Q fourth conjugation (JjJ^) has a cawsaft't'e signi- 
 fication ; e. g. ^ to eat, ^^ \ to cause to eat, to feed. 
 
 * The primary meaning of this verb, which should have been 
 indicated in the preceding Table, is to meet, come to meet, to accept, 
 admit. 
 
EXPLANATION GF THE CONJUGATIONS. xxiii 
 
 V. Th.e fifth conjugation (J^') is either passive or re- 
 flexive of the second. 
 
 VI. The sixth conjugation (JjliiJ') the same as the third, 
 of which it is also occasionally used as a passive. 
 
 VII. The seventh conjugation (JjajI) has either a pas- 
 sive or' reflexive signification. 
 
 Eem. — When the first radical happens to be Nun, 
 the characteristic ,j is compensated by Tashdid ; 
 e. g. ,^JJ to bark, makes ^\ instead of .^V^^- 
 
 VIII. The eighth conjugation (Jjojii) is either passive 
 or reflexive of ihe first conjugation. 
 
 Rem. 1. — When the first radical is one of the letters 
 t/') L/') ^) ^> then J between the first and second 
 radical is changed too; e. g. ^\^ to suit, becomes 
 in this conjugation ,^Ms^\ : but the last two are 
 also sometimes substituted by Tashdid ;'e. g. t_-^ 
 to seek, is in this conjugation l_,UJ5'. 
 
 2, When the first radical is J , the characteristic 
 cu of this conjugation is changed into i>, thus 
 
XXIV ELEMENTS OF ARABIC GRAMMAK. 
 
 (Ji>ij\ for J^j\. The ci^ may also be substituted 
 by -::i, as <j!jl. In this last manner is the (.^ 
 likewise compensated, when the first radical is 
 either Cj, J, or <i ; e. g. l::->Jo1 for iLi-oojl. 
 
 IX. The nzwifA conjugation (J^^) is used in the descrip- 
 tion of colours ; e. s. j-^s^l to Se red. 
 
 X. The tenth, conjugation (J-kiJL:!) expresses wish., or 
 desire, for that which is contained in the primitive form ; 
 e. g. *l-c to know, |«J.»i-ji to desire to know. 
 
 XI. The eleventh conjugation ( J ui i ) is, in force of signi- 
 fication, like the nintJi. 
 
 The twelfth ( Jj^jJjI) and thirteenth conjugations ( Jjjil) 
 are rarely used, and add intensity to the signification 
 contained in thej^rs< conjugation. 
 
 Sect. 14.— QUADEILITERALS. 
 
 Quadriliteral verbs have only four forms, which are 
 conjugated nearly in the same manner as the trUiteral 
 verbs. The characteristics of these forms will appear from 
 the following Table : — 
 
QUADEILITERALS. 
 ACTITE. 
 
 I. Pret. J-Aaji^ fut. jAasfss;; imp. jAa>=^ 
 
 part. Ji.a^jsi'* infin. JIk^s^t 
 
 II. Pret. JioiissJ' etc. 
 
 ^ ^ O -' o 
 
 III. Pret. Ji^asirl etc. 
 
 ^ ^ ^ c 
 
 IV. Pret. Jass*-1 etc. 
 
 XXV 
 
 PASSIVE. 
 
 Sect. 15.— IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 Sued Verbs 
 Are such whose second and third radical are alike ; 
 they are conjugated according to this example : — 
 
 PKETEKIIE OF THE EIKST EOKM. 
 
 
 3 masc. 
 
 3 fern. 
 
 2 maso. 2 tem. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 V 
 
 
 com. 
 
 Dual 
 
 U! 
 
 \3^ 
 
 
 Plur. 
 
 * to 
 
 
 
 
 reprove. 
 
 t to collect. 
 
 l::.-vw*] 
 
 Ll«J 
 
xxvi ELEMENTS OP ARABIC GRAMMAB. 
 
 The future is (Jj, or *L, or ^„. The imperative is 
 |V*1I, or also J ; the infinitive jJ, the participle |»U. 
 
 Eem. — The derivative forms which have a charac- 
 teristic Tashdid (viz., II., v., ix., xi., Xiii.) aie 
 conjugated regularly; the rest according to the 
 above example. 
 
 Sect. 16.— IRREGULAR VERBS, 
 Whose 1st, 2nd, or 3rd radical is one of the letters 
 
 ^, J, 1. 
 
 In consequence of the feebleness of these letters, the 
 inflexion of the verbs, in which they are found, is seriously 
 affected. Their peculiarities will be best ascertained from 
 the following Paradigms : — 
 
IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 XXVll 
 
 
 I ^ii ij' I sJ^ll 
 
 « \3 
 
 
 I 'J 
 
 ^J 
 
 r\ 
 
 
 S 
 
 9 J 
 
 m 
 
 t 
 
 13 r% 
 
 vj>- 
 
 
 
 ih 
 
 9 J 1 •■-> ' 
 
 
 
 
 j =11 I ^ ^ 
 
 
 . NiA- 
 
 a \\o 
 ■a ^-^ 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 i-1 I -I:f|-'J\J 
 
 
 
 ■3 
 
 
 ^1 :r 
 
 r'i^ I ^^' 
 
 \ ^ ;> 
 
 I '-i -f 1'3 f 
 
 
 e^v^rr >.\-p- ^ 
 
 
 
 J) 
 
 
 rH (M 
 
XXviii ELEMENTS OF ARABIC GEAMMAE. 
 
 3 ^ ^ The same as the second femuune. 
 
 3^ 
 
 f 3s -^^, 3v -» 3v 3n -5. -3, -^3^ 
 
 
 i ;^^:ij,ri;,{r,-%'-i^,l;s,4;^ V 
 
 ..:^p r:?. ro. ^;^^^^i3 ^%s.^'i ''Is^^n 
 
 ^s3^,^,5 -'^3'3.^^^v3 
 
 nHH^^'^mw^ 
 
 CO -"s^Nj -J sg\3 
 
 
 
 
 — *v The same as the third feminine. 
 
 r\&,ilR:'^\!ii^%:VX\ 
 
 
lEBEGULAE TEEBS. XXIX 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 r^ir^:>^ i^v^vMwxi^ 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 Pi 
 
 
 i"^''^^^:'^'^^\'% %''% 
 
 
 i-i(N c0Tfi»O«31>Q0Ca 
 
XXX ELEMENTS OP AKABIC GEAMMAE. 
 
 Passives of the principal Derivative Forms, 
 preterite. 
 
 - i ^^i - i ^^^ 
 
 1. Pass. J^l, III. Form, J^l; Pass. J^jl, IV. J^l; Pass. 
 
 lXj^ VIIL Ji^l; Pass. J^'jl 
 "i. - 
 
 2. Pass, ij^, II. Form, ^JJ^ ; Pass, (j^, in. (j^-^V; 
 
 Pass. u^.j^, VIII. f*''^!; Pass. u'^\. 
 
 3. Pass. (^jJJs, IV. Form, LaJsI ; Pass. f^^\, VII. LJy 1 ; 
 
 4. Pass. tij,j, IV. Form, ejyl; Pass. tiJyl, viii. CjJfl; 
 
 Pass. Llj^'!. 
 
 5. Pass. JjJ, II. Form, Jj5 ; Pass. JjJ, iv. JUl ; Pass. 
 
 -- i ^ ^o - oj ' 
 
 J^wl, VIIL JUjI ; Pass. J^^'l. 
 
 6. Pass. u?>i, IV. Form, ^?Jil; vii. ^y^\; viii. »^1; 
 
 7. Pass.^., IV. Form,j^|l; Pass, ^jl, viu. ^1 ; 
 
lEEEGUIiAR VEEBS. xxxi 
 
 8. Pass, j^, II. Form,'^;J*j ; iv.jLl ; Pass.^^1, vil. 
 
 -''* ^^^ ^„j ^cj 
 
 9. Pass. (_s^, II. Form, ^^^ ; Pass. ,^j, iv. ,_5^1 ; 
 
 Pass. ^j\, VII. i_^l; VIII. ^j^ Pass. t<*Jjl 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 1. Pass. J^jJ, II. Form, J^jJ ; III. tX^jJ ; iv. J^jJ ; 
 
 VI. J^^i; VIII. J^'L). 
 
 2. (jw^J, II. Form, ij"-^^. ; m. t^.W^ 5 l'^- W^-H. » 
 
 VIII. (j.ujJjJ. 
 
 3. Pass._yX,(J, II. Form, (_^a.v:> ; Hi. iJ>^.- 
 
 4. Pass. t^jJ, II. Form, Cj^jJ ; iv. CjyJ. ; viii. (-1^.. 
 
 5. Pass. Jliu, II. Form, JyJ ; iv. J^. ; Viii. JUiu. 
 
 6. Pass. ui;;ij, ii. Form, ljJ^. ; iv. t^:* ; viii. ^J^.. 
 
 7. Pass.^jJ, II. Form,j.«^. ; iT.^ji ; Viil.^^r***!;. 
 
 8. Pass. jUj, II. Form, ^;Auuj; iv.jAm^. ; viii.jU^.. 
 
 9. Pass, ^s^., ii.Form, ,_5^. ; IT. ^j^, ; viii. ,_5^>!. . 
 
XXXll ELEMENTS OF AKABIC GEAMMAE. 
 
 Sect. 17.— THE ARTICLE. 
 
 1. The Arabic language has but one article, J', al, 
 the, which is neither affected by number, gender, or case. 
 It is not only prefixed to the noun, but also^to the adjec- 
 tive connected with it; e. g. j^^ Jj=rpK ar-ra-ju-lu 
 'l-ka-bi-ru, the great man. 
 
 2. The noun is, besides, made definite by sufiixes being 
 attached to it, or by a noun in the genitive case following, 
 in which case no article is required ; e. g. tj?;' J da-ri, 
 my house, i^\m \ *jJ yau-mu 'd-dl-ni, the day of judgment. 
 
 3. When the noun with suffix is fi)llowed by an ad- 
 jective, the latter receives the article ; e. g. (»jJi*i \ lS*^-'^ 
 di-ni 'l-s-a-di-mu, my great debt. 
 
 4. Proper names do not receive the article. 
 
 5. The influence the solar letters exercise upon the 
 article, see Sect. 7. 
 
 Sect. 18.— THE NOUN. 
 The Arabic noun consists either of the radical letters 
 only, being modified by the vowel, or it is augmented by 
 others, which are either prefixed, as ^, cu, 1, or affixed 
 as i_f, *, (jl, i\. or inserted, as i^. «, ^- 
 
GENDER OF NOUNS. xXxiii 
 
 Sect. 19. —GENDER OF NOUNS. 
 
 The noun is either masculine, feminine, or common. 
 There is no particular termination in the form of the last 
 to distinguish it from the others. 
 
 Of the feminine gender are — 
 
 1. Nouns naturally feminine, irrespective of their 
 terminations, as /♦! mother. 
 
 2. The names of towns and coimtries, asy£s-» Egypt, 
 
 j^^Jual Ispalmn. 
 
 3. Those memhers of the body which consist of two, 
 as ^^ j1 an ear, ^Ji a horn. 
 
 4. All nouns which end (a) in "i jL. This termination 
 added to a masculine noun converts it into a feminine ; (5) 
 in f ) , as f IjyA.^ pride; (c) in i_? — j in which t/ is mute 
 
 (see Sect. 3, 3 note) ; e. g. ji^ a drunkard, lS^^ a 
 drunken woman. 
 
 5. Nouns not having the endings given in No. 4, are 
 either masculine or common, with the exception of a few 
 which are feminine, and can only be learned by practice. 
 There are some, also, with a feminine termination, but 
 are of masculine gender. 
 
XXXiv ELEMENTS OF AKABIC GKAMMAK. 
 
 Seci. 20.— number and CASE. 
 
 1. The noun is either in the singular, dual, or plural 
 number, designated for dual hj J^—, and for the plural 
 by i^j Ji. masculine, '■^\ — feminine. 
 
 2. The cases are specified in the singular by the three 
 Ten wins (Sect. 4), viz. Damma I- for the nominative, 
 Kasra — for the genitive and dative, and Fatha (with 
 1 ^ in the masc.) ^ for the accusative. The dual changes, 
 in the oblique cases, the nominative ^1 _^ into |jJ ^_ ; 
 
 the plural changes the nominative ^^ into ^^y. in the masc, 
 and the c:j1 into cul . 
 
 
 ilASCULINE. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 
 
 SINGULAK. 
 
 
 Nom. 
 
 
 Ji^ a man. 
 
 ^Is midwife. 
 
 Gen. Dat. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 iS> 
 
 Accus. 
 
 
 DUAL. 
 
 HjU 
 
 Nom. 
 
 
 U^J 
 
 J^^ 
 
 Oblique cases. 
 
 
 crS^ 
 
number and case. xxxv 
 
 Masculine. Feminine. 
 
 PltJEAL. 
 
 Nom. uJ^J cljIIjU 
 
 OblicLue cases. i-tA^J tulljlj 
 
 3. To express the vocative, the particle L; oh ! is placed 
 before the noun, which usually receives the sign of the 
 accusative ; e. g. iU-^ Li oh man ! Sometimes the noun 
 receives the Damma, especially in proper names, or in 
 appellatives which have the article ; e. g. /»4ii V. oh Adam ! 
 ^U] 1 I.; oh ye men ! But when the noun is accompanied 
 by the prefix J , it takes the genitive, as iAjJj u. oh I help 
 or assistance for Zaid. 
 
 REMARK. 
 
 si si 
 
 1. The following six nouns, viz. i—A father, ~1 
 
 s^ s ^ s ^ 
 
 brother, *i mouth, *=- fatlier-in-law, ^^ thing, 
 and J J possessor, receive, before a genitive, or the 
 suffixes, the feeble letters ^, j, 1, instead of the 
 
 o^ ^i ■■ i 
 
 mere vowels^ e. g-'^j y} the father of Zaid, (_^' 
 
 ^ U ^ 
 
 my father, h^^j i_fj of the merciful, literally, of 
 the possessor of mercy. 
 
Svi ELEMENTS OF AEABIC GEAMMAK. 
 
 2. Some nouns have only two signs for the desig- 
 nation of cases (diptota) viz. .j:l for nominative, 
 and jH for the oblique, cases. Of this class are (1) 
 nouns of the form J^^; e. g.^;.*^-^ red, jJ^^=^ 
 greater, in the oblique q,zs,%Sj^=>-^i j^-^^ ; (2) ad- 
 jectives ending in ^jl.:!.; e.g. (^V-^ o^'HI > (3) 
 feminines ending in 1 ; e. g. \jj^ a yellow (woman) ; 
 (4) the names of countries, cities, villages, moun- 
 tains, rivers, and persons, _j-3^ , iS^, |»JJi^l, 
 
 3. Nouns retaining the same termination throughout 
 all the cases (monoptota) are (1) feminines ending 
 in i_f^; e.g. i^f/ti, i^W«» ; (2) nouns termi- 
 nating in 1^, i_f_l., and — properly the result 
 of a contraction; e.g. lac forj..ac, i5=>-; for irf-i, 
 ^J for ^\j. 
 
 4. Some nouns borrow their plural from a singular 
 which has become obsolete; e.g. /♦!, pi. CuL^l, 
 from "Ul ; *i, pi. )i\^\, from ^jj. 
 
ADJECTIVE. XXXvii 
 
 Sect. 21.-IEREGULAR PLURALS, OR PLURALES 
 FRACTI. 
 Besides the regular plural terminations given above, 
 there are twenty-eight irregular forms, which are more 
 commonly used than the regular. They are the follow- 
 ing:— 1 Jli, 2 ji- (JJj), 3 jii', 4 jl', 5 jlij, 
 
 6 Jp', 7 Jij, 8 Jlw, 9 Illi, 10 aJJj, 11 III-, 
 
 12 xjji, 13 ji^t, 14 juit, 15 Sj^i, 16 iv, 
 
 17 Jj„U-, 18 ^UIS, 19 ^^lUi, 20 Jliii, 21 jliJ3^ 
 22 jii, 23 JU:-, 24 JUi,- 25 JjJi, 26 Hyf, 
 27 liUi', 28 jis. 
 
 Sect. 22.— ADJECTIVE. 
 Comparison of Adjectives. 
 The adjective, in respect to form and inflexion, attaches' 
 itself to the noun, so that we have to notice here merely 
 its mode of comparison, which is efiected by prefixing J 
 to the form of the positive ; e. g. |j*»*a^ handsome, (j-^^o-' 
 handsomer, the nunnation being dropped. The com- 
 
XXXVIU ELEMENTS OF AKABIC GKAMMAR. 
 
 parative is followed by ^^ ; e. g. ^J ^^-^ i^y^' ™^^^ 
 <Aaw Zaid, cXv» >^jl tczser <Aan thou. It is also to be 
 found without ^^ ; e. g. (^UJl e/**^^ ^^^ ^^^^ '^ ^^^' 
 ^ and other particles occasionally take the place of ^ ; 
 e. g. ^^;^l ^^ j^Jii\ the most famous in battle. 
 
 THE PRONOUNS. 
 
 Sect. 23.— PERSONAL PRONOUN. 
 
 
 
 Sepakate. 
 
 
 Inseparable 
 
 OE 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Suffixes. 
 
 
 
 
 SING. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SING. 
 
 
 pera 
 
 . maso. 
 
 com. 
 
 fern. 
 
 
 maac. 
 
 com. 
 
 fern. 
 
 1 
 
 
 '■t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lil 
 
 
 J. 
 
 
 ^T 
 
 
 
 ' cj 
 
 
 '4- 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 u^:l 
 
 
 e^l 
 
 thou. 
 
 c3 
 
 
 cJ 
 
 3 
 
 j^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 he, she. 
 
 if 
 
 
 ia 
 
 
 
 DUAL. 
 
 
 
 DUAL. 
 
 
 
 
 ^^^i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 UJol 
 
 
 you two. 
 
 
 i2 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 Uji> 
 
 
 they two. 
 
 
 u& 
 
 
 
 
 PLITRAL. 
 
 
 
 PLtrSAL. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 cr=»^ 
 
 
 we. 
 
 
 ll 
 
 
 
 
 
 a j'.j: 
 
 
 1- J 
 
 
 «.. 
 
 2 
 
 rr.^ 
 
 
 
 ye. 
 
 cf 
 
 
 f^. 
 
 3 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 cr^ 
 
 they. 
 
 r* 
 
 
 >^* 
 
PERSONAL PRONOUN. XXxix 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 1. The suffixes are attached alike to the noun and 
 verb, as lyWJ qal-bi, my heart; <oLJ6 ki-ta-bu-hu, 
 his book ; <Lkljj qa-tal-tu-hu, I have slain him ; 
 with this exception, that with the verb the 1st 
 pers. sing, is ^J, instead of ci"^; e.g. ^J>^j^ 
 tla-rab-ta-m, thou didst strike me. 
 
 2. When Kasra or Ya precede the suffixes » , Ua , 
 *Jb, and j^, their _i. is changed to T; e. g. ^j, 
 
 3. The suffix of the 1st pers. sing., when attached 
 to a word which terminates with a quiescent 1 , the 
 (_^ — becomes <_? ; e. g. t^^c s-a-san, with this suffix 
 t_^Uac ca-sa-ya, my stick ; but when a quiescent 
 t^ precedes it, the two Yas coalesce, which is indi- 
 cated by a Tashdid compensative ; e. g. ^^ he- 
 comes ^Xs- ca-lay-ya, ^ \ d-lay-ya, to me, etc. 
 
xl ELEMENTS OE ARABIC GRAMMAR. 
 
 Sect, 24.— DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 SINGUIAK. 
 
 M9sc> Ij (*li ^\S) this. 
 
 Fern. (_^% jJ, ^^£, U, j_^, ^^J, ^i this. 
 
 DUAL. 
 
 Masc. Nom. ^^1 J (i^lti) Gen. Ace. (^.3 (^;J. J) ^Aese too. 
 Fem. Nom. ^ iu^) Gen. Ace. |jjJ (;^') <Ae«e too. 
 
 PLTTBAI.. 
 
 Coin, i^jl , (Jjl , or ^Ji,0 masc., ^jji^ fem. these. 
 
 Rem. — To the pronoun demonstrative the suffix of 
 the 2nd pars, is frequently attached ; e. g. instead 
 of It) we find CJ\ii this, or there (\s) for you, nearly 
 corresponding to our vulgar phrase, there is a man 
 for you ! more fully ti)Ji i. q. the Hebrew ''I? HT. 
 K IS IB also frequently prefixed to this pronoun, as 
 IJJs, i>k&, ^Jl_^. From these observations it be- 
 comes evident that, properly, j alone is the de- 
 monstrative pronoun. 
 
INTEKEOGATIVE PRONOUNS. xH 
 
 Sect. 25.— RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 SIKGrLAK. 
 
 Masc. lJ^\ (sometimes k/JJ, jjl, i\\) 
 Fein. ,^_jaJ1 (sometimes u:^!, t,:uJJl) 
 
 DUAL. 
 
 Masc. |^l*iJJl, t^.^K 
 Fern. ' tjUUl, ^ijJ'J^K 
 
 PLTJEAI,. 
 
 Masc. ^jJJ>Sl 
 
 Fem. ^'Ul (sometimes |_5J'l_jiiU Iji!', *Wl). 
 
 Sect. 26.— INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 Of persons, ^ who ? which ? 
 
 Of things, t« what? which thing? 
 
 Eem. — These interrogative pronouns are frequently 
 used as simple relative pronouns ; e. g. ^^^ the 
 same who, U that which. 
 
 SINGTJIAS, 
 
 Masc. i_?M , , , ., , /. , 
 
 ^■jj ^ which? what; xohat sort oj one"! 
 
 Fem. <Lil J 
 
 * voho, which, that. 
 
xlii 
 
 ELEMENTS OF ARABIC GRAMMAR. 
 
 DUAL. 
 
 ■Si -, 
 
 Masc. i^\>, \ 
 Fem. t^Uil 
 
 ■ nom. ; the other cases 
 
 ^.' 
 
 c;^.^ 
 
 PLTJEAI.. 
 
 Masc. ^J}i^ , , '"-', 
 
 ■p . s ^£ \ nom. ; the other cases ^^. \ 
 
 Eem. 1. — This pronoun is construed like the sub- 
 stantive, and has the genitive following it ; e. g. 
 
 ..^ if ^ ii 
 
 Jj>y 1^1 which man ? (—j\j^ ^\ which book ? 
 
 2. k^i with the interrogative pronouns ^ and t« ; 
 e. g. jj-*J.' whoever, UjI whatever, masc, and 
 UJul fem. 
 
 Sect. 27.— RECIPROCAL PRONOUN. 
 
 This pronoun is expressed hy the words ^^-iJ and -.j_^i 
 
 soul, spirit, person; e. g. <t*uAJ j»-1«j ^e knows himself, 
 ^ ^ *t ^ ^ ^ ' 
 
 i^^jj iJSj he killed himself. Occasionally this pronoun 
 is expressed by the word lu\j ; e. g. 'Oij ^J within 
 himself. 
 
NUMERALS. 
 
 xliii 
 
 Sect. 28.— NUMERALS. 
 
 The numerals are either cardinals or ordinals, the 
 former are from 1 to 10, of two genders, viz. — 
 
 
 Cardinals. 
 
 
 Ordinals. 
 
 
 maso. 
 
 fern 
 
 . 
 
 masc. 
 
 fern. 
 
 
 s^i s - 
 
 ^ c 
 
 5'-' 
 
 o«i 
 
 ^ i 
 
 1 
 
 (ja-1) J<S.-lj 
 
 (l^j^I) 
 
 if Aft- 1^ 
 
 Jjl 
 
 J^^ 
 
 
 ^c 
 
 
 --^o 
 
 5" ^ 
 
 if.- 
 
 2 
 
 u^; 
 
 
 u^l 
 
 •^ I& 
 
 s^:^ 
 
 Lob' 
 
 
 s-^^ -- 
 
 
 J? ^^ 
 
 jr ^ 
 
 j^ ^ 
 
 3 
 
 iJlij 
 
 
 ^UJ 
 
 L^U 
 
 xjau 
 
 
 S^'^.S- 
 
 
 s^^t 
 
 s ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 4 
 
 'U,j\ 
 
 
 ti;^ 
 
 tib 
 
 lxi\j 
 
 
 S^ o ^ 
 
 
 a o ^ 
 
 ip- ^ 
 
 S-- 
 
 5 
 
 iMtJ^:>- 
 
 
 (J-*^ 
 
 (_^H».^ui. 
 
 im^U- 
 
 
 j« 
 
 
 if 
 
 I,,- 
 
 ir^' ^ 
 
 6 
 
 UL 
 
 
 c:^w 
 
 ^jwJLo . 
 
 L)jL 
 
 
 S^o^ 
 
 
 5 o^ 
 
 J ^ 
 
 5"^ ^ 
 
 7 
 
 <Uju) 
 
 
 t^- 
 
 e> 
 
 ^L 
 
 
 S-- ^^ 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 S-' -' 
 
 8 
 
 LjUj 
 
 
 u^ 
 
 <^ 
 
 iLL^li 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 iT-- O 
 
 
 if o 
 
 it ^ 
 
 j^ 
 
 9 
 
 LtuJ 
 
 
 J_^ 
 
 ^\3 
 
 'ijcJj 
 
 
 s-^ ^ 
 
 
 so ^ 
 
 s ^ 
 
 s^ - 
 
 10 
 
 'ijLc 
 
 
 v-^ 
 
 jt\s. 
 
 ^u 
 
 2. The cardinals from 10 to 19 are compounded of 
 units and the numeral ^.irf for the masc, and iJii^ or 
 
xliv ELEMENTS OF AEABIC GKAMMAR. 
 
 iSju^ for tte fern. ; e. g.jAc Ao-1 11, masc, Ijms- i^***"' 
 11, fern. 
 
 3. The numerals from 20 to 90 have plural forms, and 
 are of common gender ; e. g. y^ 10 becomes u^/-= 20, 
 j-*«j 9 becomes (jj*-*j' 90. These are likewise used as 
 ordinals. The intermediate numbers, viz., 21, 22, etc., 
 are composed by placing the units first, and joining the 
 decimals to them by the conjunction j, thus — 
 
 masc. 
 
 fern, liij/i^j ifja^lj Uir^j *vX=-lj \jlf^i ifJ^-lj 
 
 ji ' ^ 
 
 4. The rest of the numerals, h\^ 100, (jUuU 200, 
 
 _i^'^ i <, ^ , ' '' 
 
 ijU tijUj 300, ^U jj.>,.*=i- 500, etc. The thousands are 
 formed in the same manner; e. g. i-Jl \ 1000, ^^UJ I 2000, 
 i_»Ul IjUJ 3000, Ljlil Ij^ 10,000, uJt i.U 100,000, 
 t-Jj! iUjcjl 400,000, 
 
ADVEEBS. xlv 
 
 PAKTICLES. 
 
 Under this appellation are comprised the adverbs, pre- 
 positions, conjunctions, and interjections, all of which 
 are indeclinable. The first three consist either of separate 
 words, or of mere prefixes. The former belong rather to 
 the lexicon than to the grammar, so that the latter only 
 will be noticed here. They are — 
 
 Sect. 29.— ADVERBS. 
 
 1. 1 is an interrogative particle; e.g. CL>V*\ has he 
 died? Occasionally it is employed to designate the 
 vocative ; e. g. 1—*-=^. ' oh Joseph ! 
 
 2. (jw is added to the verb to designate that it is un- 
 mistakably in the future tense ; e. g. J-^^-' he shall slay. 
 The (jw is, properly speaking, an abbreviation of i_Jj-! 
 future. 
 
 3. J is an affirmative adverh, especially when fj\ is 
 
 s- 
 
 put before the person or thing, respecting which some- 
 thing is affirmed ; e. g. j JJiJ jJo^l ^ for Alexander is 
 surely powerful. In a conditional sentence, beginning 
 
xlvi ELEMENTS OF ARABIC GRAMMAR. 
 
 with jJ if, or !ijJ if not, it answers to the antecedent ; 
 e. g. c;-JjisJ 1 iWi u:^v«ic jJ had I known this, then I would 
 have done it. J is also put for J when aid is called for, 
 as JojJ l), oA/ help for Zaid. The 1 of the article is drop- 
 ped when J precedes it; e.g. ijs^ 1J^ it is surely the 
 truth'. 
 
 Sect. 30.— PKEPOSITIONS. 
 
 1. 4_J with; e. g. j-*^ l/^*~ '■^^-^ ^ -^ Aaue eafera bread 
 with dates. It is also used as a particle of swearing ; e. g. 
 ••JJIj 5^/ 6rorf/ After lol behold, it indicates the object of 
 attention, as JU-^1j 1j1 behold, the men! Finally, it 
 subserves to the construction of many verbs. 
 
 2. CL>. A particle of swearing, as <dlLj 5y Gotf.' 
 
 3. cJ. A particle of comparison, as J^ j-^ Me a man. 
 When it is attached to lo, then it signifies thus ; and when 
 connected with L», then it becomes a comparative adverb, 
 as (jwuJ 1 ^\ Us ZzVie others believe. 
 
 4. J the sign of the dative ; e. g. i—j) to the Lard. It 
 also signifies ybr, because of, on account of, etc 
 
CONJUNCTIONS. xlvii 
 
 5. To the above may be added f and /», or more pro- 
 perly ^^ of, and ^j^ from, the letter ^ being dropped, 
 
 as Uc for U |j£ , and '-v« for t» ^^^^ . See Sect. 7 ((/). 
 
 Eem. — 1. It will be observed, from the examples 
 given above, that these prepositions, as also most 
 of the separable ones, govern chiefly the genitive 
 case. 
 
 2. The prepositions <—J, cJ, and J are also joined 
 with the suflSx pronouns ; e. g. *^ in you, C)o 
 like thee, »rJ^ to them. 
 
 Sect. 31.— CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 1. J and, also. It also signifies with, as^;J^Ul i\j>- 
 ij'*^!^^ ^ J the prince came with the army. It likewise dc- 
 notes swearing, as wJ \j hy God! 
 
 2. i-J and, then, therefore, so that. 
 
ARABIC 
 READIT^G LESSONS. 
 
 JOSHUA VI. 
 
 Jericho delivered-have-I already ,Beliold ,Josliua-to God said-And 
 
 Veese 1. 
 
 " fa-qS-la, conj. i—>, and, before pret. 3 pers. masc. sing., 
 Conj. I., from JU irr., § 16, No. 5. 
 
 ' (Juqala) 'l-ld-hu. This and the preceding word are to be 
 connected in the pronunciation, which is indicated by Wasla 
 over Alif of the second word (§ 5, No. 6). For this reason 
 the preceding word is here repeated, the last syllable of which 
 is not to end in la, but lal, and the consonant terminating this 
 syllable, viz. the initial letter of the second word, is marked 
 with an apostrophe, 7. The name of God is properly <y 1 , but 
 in order to distinguish the true God, the form "kl! \ is used 
 (probably from the time of Mohammed), which includes the 
 
50 VI. J). 1. — JOSHUA.— VI. t). 1. 
 
 .valour-) (-of giants (are) they-and ,hand3-thy in king-Ker-and 
 
 article (Ji, contrary to the rules of grammar, according to 
 
 whicli the word should be <l! U i . 
 
 Note. — The Tanwin, or Tenwin, is displaced by Damma 
 whenever (as is the case here) the article is prefixed 
 to the word. 
 
 " li-yu-sha-i^a, pr. n. with the J to governing the dative. 
 
 <* un-dur, imp. masc. sing., Conj. 1, from^;liJ to see.' 
 
 ' qad, a particle used before verbs signifying, with the 
 
 preterite, already, long ago, certainly, etc. : with the present 
 
 or future, sometimes, now and then. 
 
 f sal-lam-tu, pret. 1 pers. ?ing., Conj. II., from *L> to be 
 entire, whole, safe. 
 
 9 s-a-ri-ha, pr. name. 
 
 * wa-ma-li-ka-ha, conj. j before subst. sing., i.iil-», with 
 suflT. Us 3 pers. fem. sing. «" fi, prep. 
 
 ^ * ya-dai-ka, subst. pi. with suif., 2 pers. masc. sing., from 
 ^. (for t^^V.)- 
 
 ' wa-hum, conj. j before pers. pron. 3 pers. masc. pi. 
 ^^ja-la-bi-ra-tu, subst. pi. irr. ox fractus (§ 21), from 
 JT^ E- j^'T to he firm; Tanwin displaced by Damma before 
 a noun in the genitive, comp. (5) note. 
 
 » 'l-ha-sa-la-ti, the article J 1 (I of which is elided in con- 
 
VI. «. 1. — JOSHUA.— VI. «. 2. 51 
 
 men all city-the-abont compaSB-ye that requisite-ifi-it-And 
 
 nection with, the preceding syllahle, § 5, No. 6) before a subst. 
 
 fem. sing. gen. case R. O*^. to he strenuous. 
 
 Note. — This sign )( is to indicate the omission of an 
 English equivalent for any Arabic word or particle, 
 as here the article the is omitted. 
 
 Vebse 2. 
 
 " fa-ya-ji-hu, conj. <-J before fut. 3 pers. maso. sing., Conj. I., 
 from t— '^j irr., § 16, No. 4. * an, conj., § 11, note. 
 
 « ta-du-ra, fut. nashated (§ 11, note), 2 pers. masc. sing., 
 fromjb irr., § 16, No. 5. 
 
 Note. — The verb is repeatedly found in the sing. 
 before the subject when the same is masc. pi., as is 
 the case here. See « and /. 
 
 <« hil-ma-di-na-ti, prep, h-*, the article (1 being elided, 
 comp. § 5, No. 6) and subst. fem. sing. gen. case (§ 20) 
 governed by the prep. <-r'. 
 
 « ja-ml-^u, prop, subst. (the) whole, in the nom. case, 
 Tanwin displaced (ver. 1 »), R. f*^ to collect. 
 
 f ri-jd-U, subst. masc. pi. fract. gen. case (prop, of men), 
 Tanwin displaced (ver. 1 «»), from J.=ry. 
 
52 VI. B. 2.— JOSHUA.— VI. 0.2. 
 
 *day-the in ,onoe it-about round-go-Bliall-they-and ,battle-) (-of 
 
 priests seven be-shaU-there-And .days six do-slialt-thou This 
 
 y H-qi-td-U, article and subst. masc. sing. gen. case, K. 
 t).w to kill. 
 
 * wa-yah-di-qu-na, conj. j with fut. i (§ 10, rem. 1), 3 pers. 
 masc. pi. Conj. I., from (JJc»- . 
 
 ' hi-ha, prep. i-rJ with suff.,'3 pers. fern. sing. 
 
 * daf-^a-tan, prop, subst. fem. sing. ace. case, used ad- 
 verbially, R. jJO to push, strike; comp. Heb. Qys, French 
 un coup. 
 
 ' _/?, see ver. 1 ('). 
 
 ™ 'l-yau-mi, article with subst. sing. gen. case, governed 
 
 " ha-ka-dza, compounded of U lehold, cJ pref. like, and 
 pron. lo this (§ 24, rem.). 
 
 " taf-^a-lu, fut. 2 pers. masc. sing., Conj. I., from Jjo. 
 
 f sit-ta-ta, num. card. masc. ace. case. 
 
 ? My-ya-min, subst. pi. _^oci!. gen. case (lit. six of days, 
 comp. Jno. ver. 20 &), from /•jJ. 
 
VI. «. 3. — JOSHUA.— VI. V. 3. 53 
 
 ,ark-the-of front (in) clangour-) (-of trumpets seven bear-shall (who) 
 
 city-the-of about-round compaas-shall-they ,seventh-the ,day-the in-and 
 
 Vekse 3. 
 <• wa-ta-ku-nu, conj. j , with. fut. 3 pers. fem. sing., used 
 impersonally, Conj. I., from j^li irr. 
 
 s sab-s-a-iu, num. card. masc. nom. case. Comp. note, ver. 
 
 « ha-ha-na-tin, sub. masc. pi. ^ac^, gen. case (comp. ver. 
 2 i) from j^lS". 
 
 <* yah-mi-lu-na, fut. i (comp. ver. 2 A), 3 pers. masc. pi., 
 Conj. I., from J.*=>- . 
 
 e sah-s-a-ta, (') in the ace. case. 
 
 / s-ah-wa-qi, subst. pi. _^ac<., gen. case (comp. ver. 2 «) from 
 
 ijjj , K. ^u to blow the trumpet. 
 
 g 'j'-j'a-la-ba-ti, the article followed by Tashdid (§ 7, No. 1), 
 and subst. fem. sing., gen. case, from <-:-^J^ to shout. 
 
 * qvd-da-ma, prop, subst. ace. case, used adverbially, R. 
 *JiJ) to go in front, to precede. 
 
 i 't-td-bu-ti, the article (§ 7, No. 1) before subst. fem. sing, 
 gen. case. 
 
54 VI. «. 3.— JOSHUA.— VI. J). 4. 
 
 jl^UU" i^y^/ ^.Ul/ ci^Uij'' A.o-=3 
 
 .trumpets-tile-) ( blow-shall priests-the-and ,tiniea seven 
 
 ,alarm-tlie-of blowing-by (announced) war-the-of time-the-at be-shall-it-And 
 
 'U\^V ^^^.^ ^j^V A^^'' urA;/^ 
 
 * and '. See ver. 2 (' and ™). 
 
 ™ 's-sa-bi-s.i, the article and num. ord. masc. gen. case, as 
 an adjective, agreeing with its preceding noun. 
 
 ™ ya-du-ru-na, fut. 3 pers. pi. masc. Comp. ver. 2 («). 
 
 hau-la, prep. (prop, subst. ace. case) R. (J^ fo Je curved. 
 
 p '1-, etc. Comp. -ver. 2 (<«). « See («). 
 
 >■ da-fa-^a-tin, ■^.fract. gen. case. See yer. 2 (*). 
 
 3 wal-s-a-s-im-ma-tu, conj.j, the article, and subst. masc. pi. 
 
 s - ^i 
 
 fract., from A^\ , R. A to go before, to precede. 
 
 Note. — For the reading, see § 5, No. 5. 
 t yad-ri-bu-na, fut. i (§ 10, rem. 1), 3 pers. masc. pi., 
 Conj. I., from S^«» to strike. 
 
 " iil-ab-wa-qi, (/) with <_> m, and the article prefixed. 
 
 Verse 4. 
 "■ wa-ya-M-na, conj. j and fut. 3 pers. masc. sing. See 
 ver. 3 ("). 
 
 ' ^in-da, adverb of time and place, governing here the gen. 
 case. 
 
VI. D. 4. — JOSHUA.— VI. «. 4. 55 
 
 ■j-A^^' i-r-^.* J>-^-'^' cuj.-s'' jlcU-^ A-A-c-'' 
 
 
 all shout-sliall ,trumpet-tlie-of sound-a hearing-your-of instant-tlie-at 
 
 j^*" kllll« liii^ Eijiil'' 11^-" L^-IliT'" 
 
 wall (the) fall-shall-there verily-and ,one-great-a jShout-a- people-the 
 
 « 'l-har-bi, subst. masc. sing. gen. case (governed by the 
 
 preposition '^-*-=), R. '-r'f^ to waste, to make war. 
 
 <* hi-'dar-hi, prep. ^-', before subst. masc. sing. gen. case. 
 Comp. ver. 2 if). 
 
 « See ver. 3 (*). / See (*). 
 
 9 si-ma-£-i-kuin, inf. gen. case, noun with suff. fS 2 pars, 
 masc. pi. 
 
 * sau-ta, subst. masc. sing. ace. case, R. CLJ\^ to emit a sound. 
 » 'l-bu-qi, article before the sing, of ver. 3 (/). 
 
 * yaj-K-hu, fut. 0, 3 pers. masc. sing. Comp. ver. 3 («'). 
 i See ver. 2 («). 
 
 "• 'sh-shas.-hi, subst. masc. sing. gen. case (comp. ver. 2 /), 
 R. (_-,*-> to collect. 
 
 " ja-la-ha-tan, ace. case. Comp. ver. 3 («'). 
 
 s-a-Ui-ma-tan, adj. sing., fem. of |»jii=, ace. case, R. 
 *,sic fo 5e great. 
 
 p fa-dn-na-hu, conj. k—i before adv. ^^' and suffix if, lit. 
 and certain it (is). 
 
56 VI. «. 4. — JOSHUA.— VI. J). 5. 
 
 S 
 
 Jsrj' J^" ^yJl^ ^^y .u^_^" ^* L>o_s^\ 
 
 man every people-the ascend-sliall-and ,plaee-ita ia city-the-of 
 
 Nnn-of son Josliua called-And .direction-Ms irom 
 
 s sa-yas-qu-tu, fut. 3 pers. masc. sing, witli pref. ijm (§ 29, 
 No. 2), R. kiLj to 5e defective. 
 
 '■ «M-rM, subst. masc. sing. R. j w: to ascend a wall. 
 
 ' 'l-ma-dl-na-ti. Comp. ver. 2 ("*). 
 
 t See ver. 2 ('). 
 
 " mau-di-^i-hi, subst. masc. sing. gen. case, j-^m, with 
 suffix ^ , Root J--5J to ^fece, to J9m^. 
 
 " wa-yas-^a-du, conj.j before fut. ^ (| 11, rem. 1)3 pers. 
 masc. sing., R. Sx^ . 
 
 ^ 'l-qau-mu, article with subst. masc. sing. 
 
 y kul-lu, prop, subst., (the) whole, totality. 
 
 z See ver. 2 (/), in the gen. sing., lit. totality of man. 
 
 <^ min, prep, governing the gen. case. 
 
 »» mu-ga-bi-li-hi, lit. his front, q. d. straightforward; noun 
 masc. sing. gen. case, with suff. i^, R. Jji to have (something) 
 in front, or, in view. 
 
 Vekse 5. 
 
 o fas-tad-s-a (for the pronunciation of the last syllable, see 
 § 3, note), conj. ^-J before pret. 3 pers. masc. sing., Conj. X., 
 
VI. «. 5. — JOSHUA.— VI. «. 5. 57 
 
 jOOYenant-the-of ark-(the) Bear ,tliem-to said-and ,priests-the 
 
 j,;,jj^'' *U« jl^l^ i^" U^.--." ^.^'" '^5 
 
 ark-(the)-of front trumpets eeveu carry-sfaaU priests seven-and 
 
 prosthetic 1 becomes quiescent after i— J, R. ^^^ irr., § 16, 
 No. 9. ' See ver. 1 ("). 
 
 " 'b-nu, subst. masc. sing., before the name of the father 
 (so also when preceded by a proper name), for j^l , ^^i , R. 
 Uj to build, and in Conj. VIII., to beget children. 
 
 ^ nu-nin, prop, name, gen. case. 
 
 " 'l-ka-ha-na-ta, the art. and ver. 3 {f), ace. case. 
 
 / wa-qa-la, conj.j, see ver. 1 ("). 
 
 9 la-hu-mu, pref. prep. J with sufF., 3 pers. masc. pi. 
 (§ 30, rem. 1). 
 
 * 'h-mi-lu, imp. masc. pi., Conj. I. The vowel of the se- 
 cond radical regularly agrees with that of the future. Comp. 
 ver. 3 {^). 
 
 »■ td bu-ta (ver. 3 »), ace. case. 
 
 ft 'l-s-ah-di, art. and subst. masc. sing., gen. case, R. i>-f-c 
 to stipulate, to write a testament or covenant. 
 
 ' See ver. 3 (*), with conj.j. 
 
 »• s-a-s-im-ma-tin (ver. 3 '), gen. case. Comp. ver. 3 («). 
 
 n op q See ver. 3 (<^ « / *). 
 
 r sun-du-qi, subst. masc. sing. gen. case. 
 
58 VI. 6,. 5.— JOSHUA.— VI. «. 6. 
 
 "9 -O 
 
 \j)jj^V c^v^iiJ* JLi/6 ajl' ,v t r^ 
 
 over-Pass ,people-the-to said-he- And .God-) (-of covenant- (the) -of 
 
 ark-(the)-of firont on-pass-shall army-the-and ,eity-the surround-and 
 
 » See (*). < See ver. 1 (»). 
 
 Veese 6. 
 " See ver. 5 (/). 
 ' lish-sha^-U, pref. prep. J and ver. 4 (">). 
 
 c '£.bu-m, imp. m. pi., Conj. l.,j-^ fut. 0. Comp. ver. 5 (''). 
 
 "^ wa-haw-wi-tu, conj. j and imp. masc. pi., Conj. II., 
 from tl^ irr., § 16, Parad. 6, 1 changed intoj. 
 
 " bil-ba-la-di, pref. ^-', article, and subst. masc. sing., gen. 
 
 case (comp. ver. 2 <^), R. jJ_J fo sojourn or stay in a place. 
 
 Note.— The inseparable preposition <-_j governs always 
 the genitive case, and it is employed to express its 
 peculiar force, which is to indicate the locality where 
 something occurs, or the thing or instrument with 
 which something is done. Here the locality is 
 indicated. This signification of ^J obviates the use 
 of the accusative, which the sense here requires. 
 
 fwal-s:-as-ka.ru, conj. J, article, and subst. masc. sing., E. 
 
 j^MtSi tq congregate together. 
 
 9 yafi-bur, fut. apoc, § 11, rem. 3 (1), 3 pars. masc. sing., 
 
 Conj. I., from j_>-c . 
 
VI. «. 6.— JOSHUA.— VI. «. 7. 59 
 
 "it tm£i 
 
 (it)-said-had when jWaa-it-And .Lord-the-of ,covenant-(the)-of 
 
 jlyl* -ho^' 1^4^ 'L^^ S^f (♦jXU' ^j? 
 
 trumpets seven priests-) ( seven- (the) bore ,people-the-to Joshua 
 jtrumpet-the-) ( blew-and on-passed-they-and ,God-)( before clangour-of 
 
 * » * ver. 5 (« »" »). 
 
 ' 'r-rab-hi, article before subst. masc. sing. gen. case, R. 
 
 ill ^ 
 
 <-r^ to he great, to he lord. 
 
 Vekse 7. 
 « wa-hd-na. Comp. ver. 3 {f). 
 
 * c-in-da ma, i. q. ver. 4 (/). 
 « "^ Comp. ver. 1 (« ''). 
 
 ^ lil-qau-mi, pref. J , article (I elided and omitted) and 
 
 subst. masc. sing. dat. case, R. /♦o to stand, 
 f ha-ma-la, pret. 3 pers. masc. sing. 
 a * See ver. 3 (* <=). 
 » * ' m See ver. 3 (« / «' *). 
 " H-la-hi, gen. of ver. 1 (*). 
 
 " wa-s-a-ha-ru, conj.j and pret. 3 pers. masc. pi. ver. 5 if), 
 p wa-'da-ra-hu, conj. j , pret. 3 pers. pi. masc. See ver. 3 (*). 
 « plural. See ver. 3 ("). 
 
60 VI. «). 7.— JOSHUA.— VI. «. 9. 
 
 army-tlie-Aiid .them-behind going God-)( covenant-of ark-(tlLe)-and 
 
 jtrompets-tlie blew-they-and ; priests-the-of front xoarcliuig 
 
 people-the Joslina commanded-And .ark-the behind mtiltitude-the-and 
 
 »■ wa-sun-du-qu, conj. j and ver. 5 (>■). 
 » < See ver 5 (» <). 
 
 « sa-d-run, part. act. masc. sing., R. j Lj irr. § 16, Parad. 8. 
 — ^-- 
 
 " wa-ra-hum, adv. Ijj with suff., 3 pers. pi. masc, R. c5^j . 
 
 Verse 8. 
 
 « See ver. 6 (/). » See ver. 7 («). « See ver. 3 (*). 
 
 ^ See ver. 5 («). « Conj.III.ofver. 7(i'). / See ver. 7 (s). 
 
 I' wal-la-fi-fu, conj.j, article (of whict J is omitted and 
 compensated by Tashdid, see § 5, No. 4) and subst. masc. 
 sing., R. i_iJ to be dense, to collect. 
 
 * See ver. 7 ("). 
 
 » See ver. 5 (»•) with the article. 
 
 Verse 9. 
 " wa-s.a-ma-ra, conj. j and pret. 3 pers. masc. sing. 
 
 * See ver. 1 ("). 
 
 See ver. 7 («), ace. case. 
 
VI. i). 9.— JOSHUA.— VI. t). 9. 61 
 
 nor fVoioes-your up-Ilft nor shout-ye-Bhall Not ,coininand-s 
 
 say-shaU-I that day-the-until word-a moatli-yonr &om out-go-let 
 
 .^ qau-lan, subst. masc. sing. ace. case, R. Ju to say. 
 « la, adv. of negation. 
 f tu-jal-li-hu, fut. 2 pers. masc. pi. apoc. form (§11, rem. 
 
 3, No. (1) and (3) note), Conj. II., from <-r^- 
 s wa-la, eonj. J and («). 
 
 * tar-fa-c-u, fut. A, 2 pers. masc. pi., from ^j . 
 
 <■ as-wa-ta-hum, pi. of ver. 4 (*) with suff. 2 pers. masc. pi. 
 
 * See {s). 
 
 ' yuh-ruj, fut. apoc. (§ 11, note), 3 pers. masc. sing., passive 
 of Conj. I., from -rj^- 
 
 «<■ See ver. 4 (<«>). 
 
 ^'' fa-mi-hum, subst. sing. *J, with suff. 2 pers. masc. pi. 
 
 » ka-li-ma-tun, subst. fem. sing, R. *li fo «^eaA. 
 
 p lil-yau-mi, pref. J, governing the dative, article (1 elided 
 and omitted), and ver. 2 (<"). 
 
 i iol-la-dzi, relat. pron. masc, § 25. 
 
 »■ ta-qu-lu, fut. 1 pers. sing., Conj. I., from Jli, irr., § 16, 
 Parad. 5. 
 
62 VI. t). 9.— JOSHUA.— VI. «. 10. 
 
 round-go-to-caused-he-Aad .ahout-shall-you then ^Shout ,you-to 
 
 jonce city-th.e about Lord-the-of ark-(the) 
 
 aro3e-And .it-in lodged-and camp-tTie to carae-it then 
 
 » la-hum, pref. J with suff., 2 pers. masc. pi. Comp. yer. 5 {9). 
 * jal-li-hu, imp. masc. pi. of (/). 
 
 » ^ai-na-s-a-dzin, adv. compounded of j;;:^*- iime, and ti. 
 behold, Alif being changed to Ya, which, is indicated by Hamza. 
 
 Comp. § 5, No. 5. It is also pointed thus : — iXXJJ.5- . 
 " tu-jal-li-hu-na, comp. (/). 
 
 Vekse 10. 
 " wa-s.a-da-ra,coui. J before pret. 3 pers. masc. sing., Conj. 
 
 IV. (comp. § 12), fromjb, irr., § 16, Parad. 5. 
 
 * ^un-du-qa, subst. ace. case of ver. 5 (''). 
 
 « 'r-rah-hi, see ver. 6 ('). <* See ver. 3 (" P). 
 
 " Comp. ver. 2 (*), where it stands adverbially for one time, 
 once, but here one, with wa-hi-da-tan, card. num. fern. ace. case. 
 
 See Parad. of § 28. / thum-ma, adverb. 
 
 i - 
 9 ja-iU, pret. 3 pers. masc. sing. (fut. ;_5is!:'.), a doubly 
 anomalous verb. 
 
 * s-i-la (comp. note of § 3), prep, of time and place, to 
 
VI. t). 10.— JOSHUA.— VI. 1). 12. 63 
 
 .God-) (-of ark-(the) priests-the carried-and ,early Joshua 
 
 y ^ "^ -o ^o^ ^>' o 'OJ .^ ij ^ ^ iSj^ <L«o ^-^o ■3J-C.' 
 
 iLJ^iii-^ jijjr LoJi'^ \jj^' ;u,.ui* ixxJi/12 
 
 clangour-) (-of trumpets seven-the bore priests-) { seven-the-Aiid 
 
 which the suffixes are commonly attached ; e. g. (J i to me. 
 Comp. § 23, rem. 3. 
 
 * 'l-s-as-ha-ri, dat. of ver. 6 (f), governed by the prep. 
 
 * wa-hd-ta, pret. 3 pers. masc. sing. irr. Parad. 2, § 16. 
 
 ' fi-hi, ver. 1 (»),■ with suff. 3 pers. masc. sing. (§ 23, rem. 2.) 
 
 Vekse 11. 
 " wad-da-la-ja, conj.j before pret. 3 pers. masc. sing., 
 Conj. VIII., for ^b'jl (§ 13, No. viii. rem. 2), from ^!a, 
 lit. to depart at the end of the night. 
 
 * bd-Jd-ran, prop. part. masc. sing., used in the ace. case 
 advervially. 
 
 " wa-ha-ma-la, conj. j and ver. 7 if), the verb in the sing., 
 though with reference to a noun in the pi., thus frequently 
 used distributively. 
 
 i See ver. 3 (»). « See ver. 10 (»). / See ver. 5 («). 
 
 Verse 12. 
 '^ was-sal-Aa-tu, ver. 3 (*) with conj. _j and the article. 
 
 * See ver. 3 (»). 
 
64 VI. «. 12.— JOSHUA.— VI. «). 13. 
 
 Oi (j-O -J ^-^^ 4?0 , 
 
 
 jtrmnpeta-tlie-witli blew-and ,contianally walking ark-the-of front 
 
 behind marching mnltitude-the-and ,them-before marching army-the-and 
 
 j.j^l'' ^' L^,j^U' ljji-^°i^ jjjJuJi' 
 
 jday-the in city-the-)( compassed-they-And .ark-the 
 
 " Ju-»ii-te,pret. 3 pers.masc.pl., Conj. in. Comp.ver. 3(<'). 
 <* ace. of (f). ' f s See ver. Z (f s *). 
 
 * See ver. 8 (^). * sa-d-ri-na, plur. of ver. 7 ("). 
 
 * sai-ran, inf. ace. case of the preceding, lit. walking a 
 walking, expressive of intensity. 
 
 ' waS-Sa-ri-bu, conj. j before pret. 3 pers. mase. pi., Conj. 
 VIII., for \yiJLi\ from ^j-o . Comp. ver. 11 («). 
 
 "> See ver. 3 (/), but here in the dative. 
 
 « See ver. 6 (/). « See ver. 7 ("). 
 
 P qud-da-ma-hum, ver. 3 (*■) vnth suff. aA 3 pers. mase. pi. 
 
 « was-sa-qa-tu, conj. j, article, and subst. fern, sing., R. jU, 
 Conj. III., to approach, to follow. 
 
 >■ sS-ii-ra-tun, fem. of ("). » « See ver. 8 (* *). 
 
 Vehse 13. 
 a wa-dd-ru, conj. j and pret. 3 pers. mase. pi., Conj. I , 
 from j^J. » See ver. 2 ("«), and note ver. 6 («). 
 
 " <* See ver. 2 (' "•). 
 
VI. ®. 13.— JOSHUA.— VI. «>. 14. 65 
 
 j^^\^ j\* ijji_c,* ^j^y L*jo-^ ^LLii' 
 
 ;camp-the to retumed-and jone ,tiine-a second-the 
 
 on was-it when-And .days six dld-they thus 
 
 jmoming-the-of rising at arose-they ,seTenth-the day-the 
 
 « 'th-thd-m, article and num. adj. masc. sing. gen. case, 
 § 17, No. 1, and Parad. of § 28. fs See ver. 10 («). 
 
 * iva-s-a-du, conj.j and pret. 3 pers. masc. pi. from ii\s- 
 irr. Parad. 5, § 16. 
 
 i See ver. 10 (*). 
 
 * 1-mu-s.as-lm-ri, i. q. ver. 10 («). ' See ver. 2 («). 
 »> fa-s-a-lu, pret. 3 pers. masc. pi. Comp. ver. 2 (»). 
 
 « » See ver. 2 (i" ?). 
 
 Veese 14. 
 fl fa-lam-ma, conj. i— ' and adv. 
 » See ver. 7 («). « "^ e See ver. 3 (* ' »»). 
 
 / 'd-da-la-ju, pret. 3 pers. masc. pi. Comp. ver. 11 (»). 
 
 * See ver. 4 (i^). 
 
 * (v-lu-s-i, inf., Conj. I. (^J-^), gen. case (ver. 4«) from 
 j-Lk fo ascend, rise. 
 
 » 'l-faj-ri, article and subst. masc. sing. gen. case, prop. iAe 
 morning star, lucifer, 'R.jsii, Conj. IV. diluculo fuit. 
 
66 VI. D. 14.— JOSHUA.— VI. ». 14. 
 
 seven manner-) ( Uke-(tlie) in city-the-) ( compMsed-they-and 
 
 it-) ( compasaed-tbey day-) ( that on particularly for ; times 
 
 * ' See ver. 13 (« *). 
 
 >" s-a-la, prep., prop, upon, to, etc. Comp. ver. 10 (*). 
 
 " mith-li, subst. masc. sing. gen. case (governed by the 
 preceding prep.), lit. similitude, likeness, from (j^ to he like, 
 also to assimilate, to compare. 
 
 'r-ras-mi, article before subst. masc. sing. gen. case (lit. 
 
 the likeness of the manner), R. ^j to m,ake a sign, an im- 
 pression, to define. 
 
 P 1 See ver. 3 («>•). 
 
 *■ li-s.an-na, conj. 
 
 ■> has-san, prop. adj. masc. smg., particular, peculiar, in the 
 
 ace. case used adverbially, R. ^jos^ to make any thing ^rqpej-, 
 peculiar. 
 
 * See ver. 1 (»'). 
 
 « ha-dza, demon, pron. masc. sing. See § 24, rem. 
 « See ver. 2 (»). Note the article after the pronoun. 
 ^ See ver. 13 (<>). 
 
 y hi-ha, pers. pron. fem. sing., prop, in or about her, viz. 
 the city, which is feminine. Comp. ver. 2 (« <*). 
 
VI. «. 14.~J0SHUA.— VI. 1). 16. 67 
 
 «, 
 
 jseventli-tlie time-the at was-it when-And .times seven 
 
 ' O^ CmO ^^ s- <>— 3 
 
 ,people-the-to Joshua said-but ,trumpets-tli6-) ( prieats-the blew 
 necessaiy-was-it-And .place-the God-)( you-giTen-haa already-for 31ioat 
 
 " See Ter. 3 (« »•) . 
 
 Veese 15. 
 
 » * « See ver. 14 (« * c). 
 
 <* 'd-daf-£.a-ti, the article before the subst. fern. sing. gen. 
 case (governed by the prep./). See ver. 2 (*). 
 
 e 's-sd-bi-c-a-ti, fem. of ver. 3 ("). 
 
 / See ver. 7 (^). ? See ver. 3 (»). * See ver. 3 (»). 
 
 i See ver. 1 («). * See ver. 7 («). ' See ver. 9 (*). 
 
 »» fa-qad, compounded of <_J , prop, and, and ver. 1 {"). 
 
 «■ Ms-ta-kum, pret. 3 pers. masc. sing., Conj. IV., from 
 Lkc irr. Parad. 6, § 16, and suff. 2 pers. masc. pi. 
 
 ial-la-hu, comp. ver. 1 ('). 
 
 P H-ba-la-da, article and subst. ace. case. See ver. 6 («). 
 
 Veese 16. 
 " wa-ya-ji-hu, conj. j. Comp. ver. 2 (»). Note the use of 
 the future for the imperfect. 
 
68 VI. «. 16.— JOSHUA.— VI. i;. 16. 
 
 ^ O -^-O '' -' »"' ^ ■* , 
 
 (is)-that all-and aoonraed city-)( this be-shonia that 
 
 ■ * ' •- ^ '• 
 
 .yender-the ,Hahab only .worlds-the-of Lord-(the)-imto it-in 
 
 * See ver. 2 ('). 
 
 " ta-M-na, fut. nashated (§11, rem. 3 (2), also note), 3 pers. 
 fern, sing., from (_^o irr. Parad. 5, § 16. 
 
 ■* ha-dzi-M, demon, pron. fern, sing., § 24, rem. 
 
 « nominative of ver. 3 (p). For the article, comp. ver. 14 ("). 
 
 / Mr-man, subst. masc. sing. ace. case, Ut. a prohibition, 
 from (♦;»- to prohibit. 
 
 Note. — (jti followed by a noun in. the accusative, 
 expresses to be unto, i. e. to become. 
 
 9 See ver. 2 («). 
 
 * ma, interrog. pron., as a relative, § 26. 
 
 » ft-ha, prep. 1^ with suff. 3 pers. fem. sing. Comp. ver. 2 (»). 
 
 * li-rab-li, pref. J before subst. masc. sing. dat. case. 
 Comp. ver. 6 ('). 
 
 ' 'l-s-a-la-ml-na, article before subst. masc, pi. of *JU, 
 gen. case. 
 
 ™ !-il-la, compounded of ^ if, and '^ not. 
 " ra-hd-bu, prop. name. 
 
VI. V. 16.— JOSHUA :VI. ». 16. 69 
 
 Bhe-because ,liouBe-her in {are']-who all-and ,(i8)-alie excepted 
 
 especially-And .sent-bad-we whom measeugeis-the concealed 
 
 'l-hay-ya-^a-tu, article before subst. fem. sing., from the 
 
 masc. 9 yj , R. sIj media iS to sell, to huy. 
 
 p Ms-sa-tun, nom. fem. of ver. 14 («). 
 
 « Aj-ya, pers. pron. 3 pers. fem. sing., § 23. 
 
 >■ See ver. 2 («). 
 
 » wiara, interrog. pron., used as a relative, § 26. 
 
 < See ver. 2 ('). 
 
 j« -^^ ^ 
 
 « hai-ti-ha, subst. C:-^JJ , with suff, 3 pers. fem. sing. 
 " U-tan-na-ha, compounded of J for \^ that, and suff. 
 3 pers. fem. sing. 
 '^ Kah-ha-ti, pret. 3 pers. fem. sing., Conj. I., from i-^-^, 
 
 9 'r-ru-su-la, article before subst. masc. pi. of ijy^j, B. 
 ^J^J to send. 
 
 2 See ver. 9 («). 
 
 <»» kun-na, pret.. 1 pers. pL, contracted for u^ from j^o, 
 used as an auxiliary to the next verb to express the pluperfect, 
 and ha-s-ath-n&-hum, pret. 1 pers. pi., Conj. I., with suff. 
 
 8 pers. masc. pi., from lL-m . 
 
70 VI. V. 17.— JOSHUA.— VI. v. 17. 
 
 covet-yon lest ,(thmg)-cTirBed-the against souls-your guard yoa 
 
 ehiliiren-(the)-of camp-the make-and ,(tliing)-accursed-the of take-and 
 
 Verse 17. 
 <» See ver. 14 ("), with conj.j. 
 ' an-tum, pers. pron. pi. masc, § 23. 
 " s-uh-fu-Un, imp. masc. pi., Conj. I., R. bis- . 
 
 <* 'n-fu-sa-lium, subst. pi. (of (./>*.*-J) with suff. 2 pers. 
 masc. pi. « See ver. 4 (««). 
 
 / 'l-hir-mi, article and ver. 16 (f), in the gen. case. 
 s Zi-ioZ-fe, compounded of (J /or, (^1 ^Aa^, and <! wo^. 
 
 Note. — The i is often changed into ijS for the sake of 
 euphony, in which cases, as in the present, not- 
 withstanding the >, it is necessary, in reading, to 
 convey something of the sound of the i_f. 
 
 * tash-ra-hu, fut. A nasbated (camp. ver. 16 «), 2 pers. masc. 
 pL, from ^^. 
 
 i fa-ta-hu-dzu, conj. i—» before fut. nasbated, 2 pers. masc. 
 pL, Conj. I., from AsS-l irr. Parad. 1, § 16. 
 
 * ' See (« f). 
 
 m fa-taj-s-a-lu, conj. i_J before fut. A nasbated (see *), 2 pers. 
 masc. pi., Conj. I., from (J*^ • 
 
VI. t). 17. — JOSHUA.— VI. «. 18. 71 
 
 ^'^ ^.j^» j\ ^J^Q^ i_jy i^ij** jt' Lii^ 
 
 be iron-of or lirasB-of vesaels-and gold or eilver 
 
 " s-as-ha-ra, ace. of ver. 6 (/). 
 
 5a-m, pi. of ver. 5 («), gen. case, (^ dropped (for (j^^^) 
 before another genitive. 
 
 P ds-ra-s-ai-la, pr. name, gen. case, not declined. 
 
 1 mus-ta-hiq-qa, part. masc. sing. ace. case, agreeing with 
 
 ("), Conj. X., from (—as- . Comp. § 15. 
 
 '■ See (/). 
 
 ' fa-taf-da-hu-hu, conj. i— J and fut. A nasbated, 2 pers. 
 masc. pi., Conj. I., from ^«ai with suff. 3 pers. masc. sing. 
 
 Veese 18. 
 
 " wa-kul-lu, conj. J and ver. 4 (J'). 
 
 * jiB-da-tin, subst. fern. sing. gen. case, lit. the whole of 
 silver. ' au, conjunction. 
 
 <* dza-ha-bin, subst. masc. sing. gen. case. 
 
 « wa-s-a-la-ti, conj. j and subst. fem. sing, (collectively) 
 gen. case. 
 
 / nu-M-sin, suDst. masc, sing. gen. case. 
 
 9 ha-dl-din, subst. masc. sing. gen. case. 
 
72 VI. J). 18.— JOSHUA.— VI. «. 19. 
 
 .Lord-the-of treasury- (the) to go-alxall-it ,God-to holy 
 
 1* ^_,V^a 19 
 
 at waa-it-And .trumpets-the-) ( blew-and people-the shouted- And 
 
 ^ fa-hu-wa, conj. i— s and pers. pron. 3 pers. masc. sing., 
 VA.for it (is). 
 
 » qu-du-mn, adj. masc. sing., from {j*ii\i to he holy. 
 
 * lil-la-hi, pref. prep. J , the article (1 elided and omitted) 
 and subst. dat. case (governed by the preposition). Comp. 
 ver. 1 ('). 
 
 ' yad-hu-lu, fut. 3 pers. masc. sing., Conj. I., from (J^S- J. 
 " See ver. 10 (*). 
 
 " ha-za-na-ti, subst. fem. sing. dat. case (governed by the 
 preceding prep.), R. ^jj>~ to lay up. 
 See ver. 6 ('). 
 
 Vebse 19. 
 " fa-Ja-la-ha, conj. <_s and pret. 3 pers. masc. sing. 
 
 * See ver. 4 (^). 
 
 " wa-Sa-ra-hu, conj. j and pret. 3 pers. masc. pi., Conj. I., R. 
 '-rir* • ** See ver. 3 («). 
 
 " See ver. 7 (<»). / See ver. 4 (*). 
 
VI. t). 19. — JOSHUA.— VI. V. 19. 73 
 
 ^ <j ^ U ^ C-O 
 
 ^jjur ^^' j)>-*-!i* ^i^' (vJLii' ^^'. 
 
 people-the shouted ,trumpetB-the-of sound- (the) people-the-of hearing- (the) 
 
 ,thereof-place-the from wall-the fell-and ,(one)-great-a ,9hout-a 
 
 &om one every eity-the to people-the went-and 
 
 ^ si-md-s-i, inf. noun, gen. case. Comp. ver. 4 (c). 
 '» See ver. 7 («). 
 i * See ver. 4 (* »). 
 
 * >» See (» 5). 
 
 « See ver. 4 (» "). 
 
 i' fa-sa-qa-ta, conj. i-J and pret. 3 pers. masc. sing. 
 « 's-su-ru, ver. 4 ('') with the article elided. 
 '' See ver. 4 («»). 
 
 " ma-ka-ni-hi, subst. masc. sing. i^w<^ (R. (j;lJ, media j, 
 to exist, to he), and suff. 3 pers. masc. sing., § 23, rem. 3. 
 
 * wa-sa-s-i-da, conj. j and (pret. I) 3 pers. masc. sing. 
 Comp. ver. 4 ("). 
 
 « See ver. 3 {p). 
 " See ver. 4 (s'). 
 
 ^ wa-i,i-dm, num. masc. § 28, in the gen. case. Comp. 
 ver. 4 (y ^). 
 
74 VI. «. 19.— JOSHUA.— VI. «. 20. 
 
 •u^s^v \vju^,** ajU^"" ^1 oLC,^ 
 
 ,city-the captured-they-and ,direction-own-lus in place-his 
 
 ,man of it-m (were) -that all exterminated-they-Ajid 
 
 y See (»■). 
 = See (»). 
 o» See ver. 4 (''); 
 
 *' wa-ma-la-ku, conj. j and pret. 3 pars. masc. pi., Conj. I., 
 from tii-L». 
 
 <" 'l-ma-dl-na-ta, ace. of ver. 3 {p). 
 
 Veese 20. 
 
 <" was-td-sa-lu, conj. j and pret. 3 pers. masc. pi., Conj. X. 
 (preformative 1 elided after j), from iJ-«i (denominative from 
 
 S o i 
 
 J-«l a root), irr. Parad. 1, § 16. 
 ' ja-mi-s-a, ace. of ver. 2 ("). 
 « See ver. 16 (>). 
 <* See ver. 16 (•). 
 « See ver. 4 ('"'). 
 / See ver. 4 (='). 
 
VI. «. 20. — JOSHUA.— VI. I!. 20. 75 
 
 jSheep-of-and >a3ses-of-and jOxen-of-and ,old-of-and ,young-of-and ^woman-of-and 
 
 c t-y.. \ 1" Ji_5}-j" 
 
 .Bword-the-of edge-the-with 
 
 9 wam-ra-s-a-tin, subst. fern. sing, (used collectively) gen. 
 case, from j^ a man. 
 
 * wa-sa-hiy-yin, conj.j and subst. masc. sing. gen. case 
 (from 15^) from Vx^ prop. 3rd rad. lS to he or act childishly. 
 
 « wa-shai-hin, conj. j and subst. masc. sing. gen. case (from 
 ivj^) from ^Ui , media i^ to he or grow old. 
 
 * wa-thau-rin, subst. masc. sing, (here used collectively) 
 gen. case, fromjj-i . 
 
 ' wa-hi-ma-rin, subst. masc. sing, (used collectively) gen. 
 case. 
 >» wa-shd-tin, subst. fern. sing, (collectively) gen. case ; pi. 
 
 " hi-Tiad-di, pref. prep. ^ before subst. masc. sing., gen. 
 case (governed by the preposition), R. A»- fo he sharp. 
 's-sai-Ji, article (elided) and subst. masc. sing. gen. case. 
 
76 
 
 JOHN II. 
 
 t>) "^ O y O-tf 
 
 Gana in mamage-a was-there ,tliird-tlie ,day-tlie on-And 
 
 oalled-waa-A3id .there JesnB-of motlier-(tlie) waa-and ,6aliLee.of 
 
 Veese 1. 
 " 'th-tha-li-thi, article (elided) witli num. adj. (§ 28), gen. 
 case, agreeing with, the preceding noun, and governed by the 
 prep. ^_5i . 
 
 * s-ur-sun, subst. masc. sing., K. to bind, to adhere to, to be 
 joyful. 
 
 " qa-na, proper name, not declined. 
 
 ** 'j-jO'-lT'-li, article (elided) before prop, name, gen. case, 
 governed by ^ . 
 
 » wa-M-nat, conj.j and pret. 3 pers. fern, sing., Conj. I., 
 
 Parad. 5, § 16. 
 
 or ^i 
 
 f s-um-mu, subst. fem. sing.; pi. CJUl . 
 
 9 ya-su-C'a, prop, name, gen. case. Comp. § 21, rem. 2. 
 
 * hu-na-ka, adverb. Other forms aje Ujb, UusU. 
 
 Verse 2. 
 « wa-du-s-i-ya, conj. j and pret. pass. 3 pers. masc. sing., 
 Conj. I., irr., § 16, Parad. 9. Comp. passives, p. 31. 
 
II. «. 2.— JOHN.— II. t). 3. 77 
 
 *^0 X t - 
 
 wine-the )(-Anii .maraiage-the to aiseipleB-his-and Jesna 
 
 not.(ifl-There) jhim-to Jestis-of mother-(the) saad-and jwanting-been-had )( 
 
 * ya-su-s^u, comp. yer, 1 (*). 
 
 « wa-ta-la-ml-dzu-hu, conj. . before subst. masc. pi, (irr. of 
 lAJ^'), from 1^ to submit one's self, and suff. 3 pers. m. sing. 
 Note. — The reading here in Walton is with j instead 
 of t), but which is not acknowledged by the lexi- 
 cographers. 
 ^ 'l-cur-si, article before ver. 1 ('), dat. case, governed by 
 
 Vekse 3. 
 » wa-ka-na-ti, i. q. ver. 1 («), here terminating with Kasra, 
 for euphony's sake, to join this with the next word. See if). 
 
 * 'l-ham-ra-tu, article and subst., with fem. term., but of 
 com. gen. (here as a fern., comp. ■*), from_j»«^ to ferment. 
 
 See (<*). 
 
 ^ na-fi-dat, pret. 3 pers. fem. sing., Conj. I., from liAJ 
 (§ 11, rem. 1). The verb ^o {to he) in the preterite is joined 
 to another verb in the preterite, to express the pluperfect 
 tense, thus here (" and *) express had been wanting; i^J 
 [already) is usually put between jjO and the verb connected 
 
78 II. 1). 3.— JOHN.^II. t). 4. 
 
 9 
 
 ,ine-to-and tliee-to What ,Jeaua her-to said-And .them-to wine 
 
 L.^ OS- 
 
 said- And .yet hoTir-my come-has not ? woman-) ( O 
 
 with it, especially when there are other verbs, in order to 
 point out the anteriority of the one. 
 
 ^ fa-q^a-lat, conj._j and pret. 3 pers. fern, sing., from \j^ , 
 § 16, Parad. 5. 
 
 / la-hu., pref. pret. J with suff. 3 pers. masc. sing. Comp. 
 Josh., ver. 5 (?) and 9 (»). 
 
 9 Jiam-rim, i. q. (*), but more frequently used in the fem. gen. 
 
 Veese 4. 
 " la-ha, pref. prep. J with suff. 3 pers. fem. sing. 
 * la-ki, pref. prep. J with suff. 2 pers. fem. sing. 
 " wa-ll, conj. J and pref. prep. J with suff. 1 pers. sing. 
 ^ iuy-yu-hd, interjection. 
 
 " 'l-mar-io-tu, article and subst., i. q. Josh. ver. 20 {s), here 
 vocative, § 20, No. 3. / lam, adverb. 
 
 9^ta,-ii, fut. apoc. for ^}-J , 3 pers. fem. sing., from 
 ^_5J'l, a doubly anomolous verb as to first and last radicals; 
 comp. Irr. Verbs, Parad. 1 and 9. The conversion of the 
 fut. into the pret., is effected by jJ , after which adverb the 
 future is likewise apocopated, as in the present instance 
 
II. «. 4.— JOHN.— II. «. 5. 79 
 
 O 
 
 . (matter) -this-in you-command-ahall-he what Do ,BervaiitB-the-to mother-liia 
 
 ^ ^ ^ 
 
 placed ,8tone-of jars six there were-ttere-And 
 
 s ^ ^ 
 
 * sa-*a-fi, subst. fem. sing., "i-cU, with suff. 1 pers. sing., 
 R. f^, media J. » hac-du, adverb. 
 
 Vekse 5. 
 
 « See ver. 3 («). 
 
 ' s-um-mu-hu, ver. 1 (/) with suif. 3 pers. masc. sing. 
 
 ' lil-hud-da-mi, pref. J , article (' elided and omitted) be- 
 fore subst. masc. pi. (irr. of /> jl&-), from /♦Aii- to serve. 
 
 ^ 'f-£-a-lu, imp. masc. pi. (prosthetic ) elided), from (jM . 
 
 « yai-mu-ru-kum, fut. 3 pers. masc. sing., Conj. I., with 
 suff. 2 pers. masc. pi., from^l , irr. Parad. 1, § 16. 
 
 / hi-Thi, pref. prep, '-r' with suff. 3 pers. masc. sing. (§ 30, 
 rem. 1). 
 
 Veese 6. 
 « The verb in the sing, impersonally. 
 
 * See ver. 1 (*). " sit-tu, num. card., § 28. 
 ^ s-a-ja-ji-na, subst. fem. pi. Comp. (/). 
 
 " ha-ja-ra-tin, subst. pi. (irr. ofj-jss*-), gen. case. 
 
80 II. ». 6.— JOHN. — II. D. 7. 
 
 measures-two one every containing ,JewB-the-of pnriiying-(tlie)-to-according 
 
 jars-the jB^ .Jesus them-to said-And .three or 
 
 / mau-du-ca-tan, part, pass., Conj. I., fern gen. (agreeing 
 with ^) ace. case, which case is not only used to designate the 
 condition of the subject, but also to form prepositions, ad- 
 verbs, and ablatives. R. j-«y irr. Paiad. 4, § 16. 
 
 9 U-tat-hi-ri, pref. J with inf. noun, gen. case, Conj. II., 
 from 1— ifJs to he clean. 
 
 * 'l-ya-hu-di, article before gentilic noun, gen. case. 
 
 « ya-sa-au, fut..4, 3 pers. masc. sing. (impersonally),Conj.I., 
 
 from ^--y irr. Parad. 4, § 16. The future is used to express 
 the continuity of the action or state. 
 
 * wa-Jfi-din, num. gen. case. Comp. ver. 4 (v »). 
 
 s ^ 
 ' mit-rai-ni, subst. masc. dual., ace. case, from Ja^, Gr. 
 
 jxirpov. 
 
 •" tha-la-tha-tan, num. ace. case, § 28. 
 
 Vesse 7. 
 
 » 'm-lu-iu, imp. masc. pi. (1 prosth. elided), Conj. I., from 
 
 1« irr. Parad. 3, § 16. See also § 5, No. 5. 
 
 Note. — This verb is construed with two accusatives, 
 viz. (* "). 
 
II. 1). 7.— JOHN.— II. «. 8. 81 
 
 w* -J > ^ y^ 
 
 Draw ,thom-to said-lic-Aud .brim- (the) to tbem-filled-tliey-and jV?ater-(with) 
 
 L^j9 ^jj^'^ JLLLSr u-^Mj'' JPj" u^l* 
 
 when-And .{it)-bare-tliey»atld ,feast-tlie-of goTemor-(tlie)-to (it)-pl'esei)t-and now 
 
 * 'l-s-a-ja-ji-na, ver. 6 {f) with, the article. 
 
 <^ md-ian, subst. masc. sing. ace. case, from fi-* for »y*, 
 pi. 'i\y*\ and i'lv«. 
 
 "* fa-md-la-s-u-hun-na, conj. i— > and pret. 3 pers. masc. pi. 
 (t employed for the formation of the plural is here dropped 
 before suff.), with suff. 3 pers.'fem. pi. 
 
 « fau-qin, lit. extremity, subst. masC. sing. dat. case, from 
 JjU (mediaj) to exceed, surpass. 
 
 Veese 8. 
 » 's-ta-qu, imp. masc. pi. (^ elided), Conj. VIII., from j_5«->. 
 For the loss of the 3rd radical uS, see irr. verb, Parad. 9, imp. 
 
 * 'l-s-a-na, adverb. 
 
 « wa-nd-wi-ki, conj. j before imp. masc. pi., Conj. III., 
 
 from Jlj in". Parad. 5, § 16. 
 
 ^ rai-iU-sd, subst. masc. sing. acc. case (lit. present the 
 governor, sC. with it), K. {j^\j to he set over, to preside. 
 
 H-tu-la-^a-ti, article (elided) and subst. fern. sing. gen. 
 case ; lit. the reclining, sc. at a banquet. 
 
82 II. «. 8.— JOHN. — II. 4). 9. 
 
 jj.,>i»ir ^'U.ii'' tjJi' i'ljii-ii u^-^j j^^" 
 
 changed-)( ,water-)( aame-the ,feast-lhe-of govemor-(the) tasted-had 
 
 servanta-the )(-bat ,(was)-it whence &om knew not-and , wine- (into) 
 
 f fa-wad-dau, conj. t—S and pret. 2 pers. masc. pi., Conj. II., 
 
 from i_? Jj . 
 
 Veese 9. 
 "^ dza-qa, in. Parad. 5, § 16. 
 
 * rai-s-a-su, nom. of ver. 8 (<*). See note. Josh. ver. 17 (y). 
 " dza-li-Ua, demonstrative pronoun. 
 
 <* ^l-ma-ia, ver. 7 (") with the article (' elided). 
 
 « 'l-mu-ta-haw-wa-la, article and part. masc. sing. ace. case, 
 
 passive of Conj. V., from JU^ irr. Parad. 5, § 16. 
 
 Note; — j, the original radical in this class of verhs, 
 which is otherwise quiescent, becomes here audible, 
 on account of the characteiistic doubling of this 
 conjugation. 
 
 / Ham-ran, ace. of ver. 3 {f). 
 
 9 yas-lam, fut. A apoc. (§11, Note) 3 pers. masc. sing., from 
 
 jjji, § 10, rem. 1 and 2. 
 
 * uai-na, adv. prop, where, preceded by min it becomes 
 ivhence. i connect with ('). 
 
 * 'l-hud-da-mu, nom. of ver. 5 («) with the article. 
 
II. V. 9.— J O H N.— 11. V. 10. 83 
 
 ir'LLJLJl ,_^._A_,^ U^" jUJI tjU" i^^U™ ^^^/ 
 
 feast-the-of governor- (the) called-and ,water-the in-fiUed-liad they-beeanee jbnew 
 presents indeed man Every ,him-to said-And jbridegroom-the 
 
 then drimk-well-haTe-tliey when-and jfirat jgood-the jWine-the-) ( 
 
 ' yac.-la-mu-na, pi. of (9), connected with (»), comp. ver. 3 
 if) ; for ihsfut, used tere, comp. ver. 6 {f). 
 
 »> li-s-an-na-hum, compd. of (J ybr, i_^' that, and suff. 3 pers. 
 masc. pi. 
 
 « ma-la-s-u, pret. 3 pers. masc. pi. Comp. ver. 7 (i^). 
 
 " fa-da-s-a, conj. i-J and pret. 3 pers. masc. sing. irr. Parad. 
 6, § 16. 
 P 'l-Aa-ru-sa, subst. masc. sing. ace. case. Comp. ver. 1 (*). 
 
 Vekse 10. 
 " s-in-sa-nin, subst. com. gen. gen. case. 
 * iin-na-ma, adverb. 
 
 " ya-ti, fut. 3 pers. masc. sing., Conj. I., from |__jj'' irr. 
 Parad. 9, § 16. 
 
 ^ bish-sha-rd-bi (lit. mth the wine, or drink), pref. <-r' , the 
 
 article (elided) and subst. masc. sing. gen. case, R. ^-^ to 
 drink, also to he thirsty. 
 
84 II. «. 10.— JOHN.— II. «. 11. 
 
 Jocssll" ^;^1 '^WJi^l'" t:i-^iL■l' i^y^W LT^'W. 
 
 ,good-the ,wine-th.e kept-hast thoa-and ; inferior-tlie-) ( presents-he 
 
 l;A*i^ ^l-* JjUr IjUI* ^jJ^"ll u^J" J,l 
 
 )(-did which ,flrst-tho ,miraele-th6 (isj-Thia ?now until 
 
 " ^j-jO'^-Aii a-dj. masc. sing, with the article, from i^^^ to 
 have a slender, beautiful neck. 
 
 f aw-wa-lan, adj. masc. sing., in the ace. case, used ad- 
 ■^ i 
 
 verbially, R. Jj i to prevent, precede. 
 9 wa-ii-dza, adverb. 
 
 '' sa-M-ru, pret. 3 pers. masc. pi., from j-n-j. 
 
 « lit. at this, sc. time. 
 
 * bid-du-ni, pref. <-r.>, article and adj. masc. sing. gen. case, 
 from (j;W (med._j) to be inferior, bad, contemptible. 
 
 ' s-a-fa-^an-ta, i sign of interrogation, (—9 conj. and pro- 
 noun, § 23. 
 
 »' s-ab-qai-ta, pret. 2 pers. masc. sing., Conj. IV., from 
 v-aJ , prop. ^_5JJ-J fo remain, stay. 
 
 " See (^). 'il-!.a-na, adverb. 
 
 Vesse 11. 
 <" ha-dzi-hi, Jos. ver. 2 ("). 
 
 ' 'l-ia-ya-tu, subst. fem. sing., R. l.?j1 <o Je moved by the 
 slightest affection. 
 
 '1-s.u-la, adj. sing., fem. of Jjl . Comp. ver. 10 (/). 
 
11. «. 11.— JOHN.— II. «. 12. 85 
 
 believed-and ,glory-lua manifested-and ,6aliIee-of Caua in Jeans 
 
 to down-went-he this after Then .diaciples-Ms him-in 
 
 <2 H-la-ti, pron. relat. fern. sing. § 25, (' elided). 
 
 " fa-£.a-la-ha, pret. 3 pers. masc. sing., with sufF. 3 pers. 
 
 fern, sing., R. (J**. The suff. is pleonastic, and is to be 
 
 connected with the preceding pronoun, lit. which her, sc. the 
 
 miracle ; comp. the English whom used for persons, instead 
 
 of which him. 
 
 f wa-s-aS-ha-ra, conj. j and pret. 3 pers. masc' sing., Conj. 
 ^ — ' 
 IV., from i-s-ia to appear, he manifest. 
 
 9 maj-da-hu, subst. masc. sing., "^fsi^, ace. case, with suff. 
 3 pers. masc. sing., K. li^s;-* to excel in glory. 
 
 A wa-ta-mi-na, conj.j before pret. 3 pers. masc. sing., 
 § 11, rem. 1. 
 
 » See ver. 2 ("). 
 
 Vekse 12. 
 « has-da, adv. prop. ver. 4 (»), in the ace. case. 
 * 'n-ha-da-ra, pret. 3 pers. masc. sing., Conj. VII., from 
 jA>. to descend. 
 
86 
 
 II. D. 12. — JOHN.— II. J). 13. 
 
 abode-and : disciples-liia-and jbrothera-hia-and ,mother-hi3-and ,lie ,Capernaimi 
 
 ^y^\ ^-^* t^l^j" 13 ^j^/ UM'' iJUi^ 
 Jews-the-of passover-(tlie) )(-And .few-a days there 
 
 " ka-far-na-hu-ma, prop. name. 
 
 "* wa-ium-mu-hu, conj.j before ver. 5 (*). 
 
 " wa-dK-wa-tu-hu, subst. masc. pi. (.^y^\ — thougb there 
 are also other forms, as *v»-i, ^^^'.J^'j etc. — irr. of ^1 
 sing.) •vvitb suff. 3 pers. masc. sing. 
 
 / wa-ia-qa-mu, conj. j before pret. 3 pers. masc. pi., Conj. 
 IV., from |*VJJ to stand, irr. Parad. 5, § 16, to which, the pre- 
 formative 1 being added, this 4th conjugation is obtained. 
 
 s See ver, 1 (^). 
 
 * s-ay-ya-man, ace. of Josh., ver. 2 («). For the ace. case 
 here, comp. ver. 6 (/). 
 
 » ya-sl-ra-tan, adj. sing, (in form agreeing with the pre- 
 ceding noun, likewise singular, but collectively used for the 
 plural) ace. case, fem. of^,A*uJ, R.y**J, to he light, easy. 
 
 Vebse 13. 
 " See (<«). » Jis-hu, i. q. Heb. HDSi. 
 
II. «;. 13.— JOHN.—II. «. 14. 87 
 
 found-he-And jJerusalem to Jesna went-and ,near-drawn-had already 
 jchangera-and jdoves-of-and * ,sTaeep-of-and ,oxen-of sellers temple-the in 
 
 « See (''). 
 
 •^ ga-ru-ha, pret. 3 pers. masc. sing. (§ 11, rem. 1); for the 
 construction of « " <« gee ver. 3 (f). 
 
 " fa-sa-^i-da, conj. i—s before pret. 3 pers. masc. sing. 
 (§ 11, rem. 1). Comp. Josh. 4 (»). 
 / ya-ru-sha-li-ma, prop. name. 
 
 Vesse 14. 
 " fa-wa-ja-da, conj. «-J before pret. 3 pers. masc. sing. 
 * 'l-hai-ha-ll, subst. masc. sing. gen. case, i. q. Heb. ?3*n. 
 
 « ha-s-a-ta, subst. pi. ace. case, irr. from the sing. j-iV> 
 part, of ^, Parad. 6, § 16. 
 
 ^ 'l-ba-qa-ri, article and subst. sing., used collectively, ace. 
 case, i. q. Heb. "liJS . 
 
 « wal-M-la-shi, conj. j, article and subst. pi. (irr. of ^A^i) 
 gen. case ; Heb. B'51 • 
 
 / wal-]}a-ma-m,i, conj. j, article and subst. sing., used col- 
 
 lectively, gen. case, R. /»»- to he hot. 
 
 9 'wa-sa-ya-ri-fa, conj.j and subst. masc. pi. (irr. of i-J^) 
 aec. case (comp. ver. 6 /), R. i— s^ to turn. 
 
88 II. I). 14.— JOHN.— II. «. 15. 
 
 out-drove-and ,cord of scourge-a made-he- And : sitting 
 
 O •O'O y 
 
 : aheep-the-and ,ox6ii-the out-tumed-aud ,teiiiple-the from, them-of-^ 
 J tables-their overthrew-and ,changer8-the-of money-(tlie) aeattered-and 
 
 * ju-lu-san, inf. noun (collectively, for sitting persons) ace. 
 case (see the preceding), from (_/»J-=r ^o *''> **^ down. 
 
 Vekse 15. 
 " fa-sa-na-s-a, conj. (— s before pret. 3 pars. masc. sing. 
 ' mih-sa-ra-tan, subst. fern. sing. ace. case, R. i«i=^ to take, 
 lay hold of. 
 
 hab-lin, subst. masc. sing. gen. case. Comp. Heb. 73rt. 
 i wa-s-ah-ra-ja, conj. j before pret. 3 pers. masc. sing., 
 
 Conj. IV., from ■jr>^ '° ff° '"''• 
 
 « ja-ml-ca-hum. Josh. ver. 2 («) with suff. 3 pers. masc. pi. 
 
 / wa-ta-ra-da, conj. j before pret. 3 pers. masc. sing. 
 
 9 ace. of ver. 14 (<*). 
 
 A wal-hi-ra-fa, conj.j, article and subst. pi. (fractus) ace. 
 case, from <— '_/^ sing. , 
 
 » wa-bad-da-da, conj. j and pret. 3 pers. masc. sing.. Conj. 
 
II. t). 15.— JOHN.— II. u. 16. 89 
 
 (hence from this Take ,doveB-)(-of sellers -(the) -to said-he-And 
 
 •-0 
 
 .merchandise-of house-a father-my-of hon3e-(the) make not-and 
 
 II., from JJ (here not contracted, on account of the charac- 
 teristic Tashdid which the 2nd radical has to take) to separate, 
 remove. 
 
 * da-ra-hi-ma, subst. masc. pi. (irr. of tJuji^ or i*^'^) ace. 
 case. 
 
 ' ' s-sa-ya-ri-fi, gen. of ver. 14 (?) with the article. 
 
 >» wa-qal-la-ha, conj. j before pret. 3 pers. masc. sing., 
 Conj. II., from i-;-^ fo turn, overturn. 
 
 " ma-wa'M-da-Jmm, or *&i\j'j^, subst. fern. pi. (of i>>^^) 
 with 3 pers. masc. pi., R. t^^. 
 
 Vebse 16. 
 
 o li-ha-s-a-ti, pref. J to dative of ver. 14 ("). 
 
 ' 'h-mi-lu, imp. of Josh. ver. 3 {f). 
 
 " ha-hu-na, lit. from here. Comp. ver. 1 (*). 
 
 <* taj-s-a-lu, comp. Josh. ver. 17 ('»). 
 
 « lai-ta, subst. sing. ace. case, R. CI^H (media t/) <o stay 
 the night, to lodge. _ ^ 
 
 f s-a-hi, subst. masc. sing, (f-jl irr.), before gen. ^J^} , and 
 so with suff. 1 pers. sing. Comp. § 19, rem. 1. 
 
90 II. «>. 16. — JOHN.— II. i;. 18. 
 
 house-thy-of zeal-(The) ,written (is)-it-that disciples-his remembered-And 
 sign What ,Baying Jews-the answered-And .np-me-eaten-has 
 
 y 't-ti-Ja-ra-ti, article before subst. fern. sing. gen. case, 
 from^;<ssJ' to trade. 
 
 Veese 17. 
 '^ fa-dza-ka-ra, conj. i—i and pret. 3 pers. masc. sing. 
 ^ s.an-na-hu, adv. with suff. ^ , 3 pers. niasc. sing. 
 " mak-tu-hun, part. pass, of Conj. I., from k_.-J^ to write. 
 
 i gai-ra-tun, subst. fern, sing., fromjU (media i_f) to be 
 zealous. 
 
 « hai-ti-ka, ver. 16 («), gen. case, with suff. 2 pers. masc. 
 
 sing. 
 
 ■'' s-a-ka-lat-m, pret. 3 pers. fem. sing. with. suff. 1 pers. sing., 
 ^ ^ i- 
 
 from Jil irr. Parad. 1, § 16. 
 
 Vekse 18. 
 " fa-^a-ja-la, conj. L_i and pret. 3 pers. masc. sing., Conj. 
 IV., from ^->^-, Parad. 5, § 16. 
 
 * 'l-ya-hu-du, article before nom. of ver. 6 (*). 
 
 qa-d-li-nq, part, masc, pi. of J^\i . See Parad 5, § 16. 
 
II. «. 18. — JOHN.— II. t). 19. 91 
 
 them- Answered ? deeds such doest-thoa that ,ua-thou-8how68t 
 
 <s-«-x_j1-^ by Jj^^ll'' Iaa IjL" Lli* ^^. 
 
 up-ifc-raiBe-will-I-(6ven) I-and .temple-) ( thig Destroy .saying Jesus 
 
 ^ iay-ya-ta, interrog. pron. fern. sing. ace. case, § 26. 
 
 « s-a-ya-tin, gen. of ver. 11 ('), lit. what of sign. 
 
 / tu-ri-'na, fut. 2 pers. masc. sing., Conj. IV. {ySp for i_?j/, 
 ^Y ■■'■■* 
 
 from u^lj , doubly anomalous ; comp. Parad. 9 and 2 of § 16, 
 
 and Conj. IV. of § 12), -with suff. 1 pers. pi. 
 
 9 hat-ta, adverb. 
 
 * taf-ca-la, nashated of Josh. ver. 2 ("). 
 
 » 'l-Mf-^a-la, article before subst. masc. pi. (from J**) ace. 
 case, R. (J** io do, make. 
 
 Vekse 19. 
 " s-a-ja-ha-hum, pret. Conj. IV. of ver. 18 («), with suiT. 
 3 pers. masc. pi. 
 
 * qa-ti-lan, sing. ace. case of ver. 18 {f). 
 
 « hul-lu, imp. masc. pi., Conj. I., from (Jjs- to solve, loosen. 
 Comp. § 15. 
 
 ^ 'l-hai-ha-la, ace. of ver. 14 (*). 
 
 « wa-s-a-na, conj. j before pers. pron. 1 pers. sing., emphatic 
 before the verb in the 1st person. 
 
92 II. «. 19.— JOHN.— 11. t?. 20. 
 
 **. 
 
 six In jJews-the him-to Baid-And .days three in 
 
 ■U-uj' ui^lir Jiov^M lite (_yu'' ^ liT^-^l^" 
 
 up-it-rear thou-wilt ,temple-)( this built-was year forty-and 
 
 / s-u-qi-mu-hu, fut. 1 pers. sing, of ver. 12 (/) (for tlie 
 Damma of the preformatlve, ' , comp. fut. of the rag. Conj. 
 rV., p. 20 ; \ of irr. Parad. 5, § 16, is changed, in this conj., 
 into i_f), with 3 pers. masc. sing. • 
 
 9 tha-la-tha-ti, num. masc. gen. case. Comp. § 28. 
 
 * s-ay-ya-min, pi. (fractus) of Josh. ver. 2 ("•), gen. case. 
 Comp. ver. 20 (*). 
 
 Veese 20. 
 " sit-tin, wa- s-ar-ha-£.i-na, § 28, No. 3. 
 
 * sa-na-tan, subst. fern. sing. ace. case, E,. u-j (p^op. i5-*-«=). 
 
 Note. — The numbers from 3 to 10 are followed by the 
 thing counted in the pi. gen. case; beyond 10, the 
 noun follows in the sing. ace. case, as above. The 
 noun, however, may precede the numbers from 3 to 
 10, and then the latter correspond with the subst. 
 as regards the cases. 
 
 « bu-ni-ya, pret. 3 pers. masc. sing., Conj. I., pass. § 16, 
 Parad. 9, p. 31. 
 
 <i iu-fa-i^an-ta, \ interrog. (§ 29, No. 1), i— i conj., and pers. 
 pron. 2 pers. masc. sing. 
 
ir. V. 20.— J O H N.— II. V. 22. 93 
 
 V^' jiljt ^JuJ* "1 Uli" 21 C( Jii^ii i 
 
 .body-bis jtemple-the-by understood-truly lie But ? daya three in 
 
 he-that diaciples-bis remembered jdead-tbe fi:om rose-he when- And 
 
 word-the-and ,Beriptures-tlie-m believed-they-and i spoken-had that-reBpecting 
 
 « tu-qi-mu-hu, 2 pers. of (/). 
 
 Vek8E 21. 
 
 * fa-iam-ma, i—S before conj. 
 
 * fa-s-a-na, conj. (—J, here emphatical, before pret. 3 pers. 
 masc. sing. irr. Parad. 9, § 16. 
 
 " ja-sa-da-hu, subst. masc. sing. ace. case (of A«.^), with 
 suff. 3 pers. masc. sing. 
 
 Vekse 22. 
 o qa-ma, pret. 3 pers. masc. sing. irr. Parad. 5, § 16. 
 
 * 'l-iam-wa-ti, subst. masc. pi. irr., from i^^--^, R. '.^L* 
 to die. 
 
 « li-ha-d%a, pref. J before demon. pron» 
 
 ^ fa-s-a-ma-nu, conj. i— », and pi. of ver. 11 (*). 
 « Ul-ku-tu-li, pref. t-J , article, and subst. masc. pi. gen. 
 case, irr. of (—jUS , from k_-Jo to write. 
 
94 II. V. 22.— J H N.— II. v. 23. 
 
 ^j^^" ^4* ^1/23 ^^^ l^Li^ ^,. 
 
 ,many name-hia-in believed- And .Jesus )(-aaid-liad which 
 
 looked they-for ,pa380ver-the-of fea8t-(tlie) on Jerusalem-in waa-he when 
 
 / wal-ka-li-ma-ti, conj. j, article, and subst. fern. sing, gen; 
 case. Comp. Josh. ver. 9 ("). 
 
 s 'Ula-ti, fem. of Josh. ver. 9 (2). 
 
 * qa-la-hd, pret. 3 pers. masc. sing., with suff. 3 pers. fem. 
 sing., pleonastically referring to (/). 
 
 Vekse 23. 
 " wa-ta-ma-na, conj. j before pret. 3 pers. masc. sing. For 
 Madda, see § 5, No. 7. 
 
 S c 
 
 ' Ms-mi-M, pref. <-_> before subst. masc. sing., *-j', (with 
 1 prosthetic, for *~! ), gen. case, with suff. 3 pers. masc. sing. 
 
 " ka-thl-ru-na, adj. masc, pi. otj^, ftora.j-jS to he many. 
 <* iidz, conjunction. 
 
 " ci-di, subst. masc. sing. gen. case, from "-^Ic (media t_?) 
 to repeat, be accustomed, to turn, change, 
 f 'l-Jis-hi, gen. of ver. 13 (*) with the article. 
 
 s ll-s-an-na-hum, compd. of J , ^J\ {that), and suff. 3 pers. 
 masc. pi. 
 
 * s^a-ya-nu, pret. 3 pers. masc. pi., Conj. III. (comp. Parad. 
 
II. «. 23.— J H N 
 
 r.— II. 
 
 V. 24. 95 
 
 
 jJ' 
 
 
 did not Jesus But 
 
 .did-he 
 
 which miracles-the-at 
 
 not-And .one every-with scquaiated 
 
 was 
 
 he-for ,them-m-confide 
 
 p. 30), from ^J^, media i-?, irr. Parad. 8, § 16 ; so that when 
 \ , characteristic of the third conjugation, is inserted after the 
 first radical, the original ^ is introduced as the second radical. 
 
 « H-s-a-ya-ti, pi. (irr. or fractus) dat. case of ver. 1 1 (*). 
 
 * See ver. 11 (<«). 
 
 ' s-a-mi-la, pret. 3 pers. masc. sing. (§ 10, rem. 1), where 
 we ought to have mentioned that there are also some transitive 
 verhs, with Kasra under the second radical. 
 
 Vekse 24. 
 «■ See ver. 21 («). 
 
 ' fa-lam, conj. (_J, here emphatic (comp. ver. 21 ') before 
 3,dverb. 
 
 " ya-hun, fut. 3 pers. masc. sing., Conj. I., apoc. (after J 
 
 which also converts the fut. into a pret.) for uj^. , from (^*i ; 
 comp. § 16, Parad. 5, in which class the second radical j is 
 regularly dropped in the fut. apoc. For the auxiliary cha- 
 racter of this verb, comp. ver. 3 (<*). 
 
 ^ yd-ma-nu-hum, fut. A, 3 pers. masc. sing., with suff. 
 
 - -t 
 
 3 pers. masc. pi., Conj. I., from ^^i, Parad. 1, § 16. 
 « Comp. ver. 23 [o). 
 
96 II. V. 24.— J O H N.— II. V. 25. 
 
 ,men concerning one-any him-to testify-sliould that required 
 
 ,man-)( in (iB)-what kttew lie-for 
 
 / serves as an auxiliary to the following participle, to ex- 
 press the imperfect mood, lit. was knowing. 
 
 9 cd-ri-fan, part. masc. sing., Conj. I., ace. case. Comp. 
 ver. 6 (/). 
 
 * bi-kul-li, gen. of Josh. ver. 4 (v), governed by prep, u.^ , 
 with which the preceding verb is construed. 
 
 ' sa-ha-din, adj. num. masc. sing. gen. case, § 28. 
 
 Vebse 25. 
 o ' Comp. ver. 24 (" <?) ; yah-ta-Ju, fut. 3 pers. masc. sing., 
 
 Conj. VIII. (from the pret. ^^1), R. ^U-, irr. Parad. 8, 
 
 §16. 
 
 " yash-ha-da, fut. A nashated (after ^j\, see § 11, rem. 1, 
 
 also note), 3 pers. masc. sing., from '^^ , 
 <* See ver. 10 («). 
 
 " yas-la-mu, fut. A, 3 pers. masc. sing., from At (§11, 
 rem. 1) ; for the future used here instead of the preterite, see 
 ver. 6 («) : this future is preceded by the auxiliary verb in the 
 preterite, forming a contructio ad sensum. 
 
 ■f 'l-s-in-sa-ni, article before ver. 10 (o). 
 
97 
 
 A L Q K A N. 
 
 
 CHAP. LXIV. 
 
 V tmO ^ o ^ -^ 
 
 |6 
 
 .gracious-the ,merciful-the ,God-of name-(the) In 
 
 a 
 
 ^ --- ^ ^ ^ — 
 
 (is) whatever-and heavens-the in (is) whatever God-to praise-give-Shall 1 
 
 " Ms-mi, pref. '— and subst. masc. sing. gen. case of *-=! . 
 Corap. John, vgr. 23 (*). 
 
 ' " 'r-rali-ma-ni 'r-ra-^i-mi, article before adj. masc. sing. 
 gen. case, from *!>^ to be merciful, gracious, propitious. 
 
 Vekse 1. 
 " yu-sab-hi-^u, fut. 3 pers. masc. sing., Conj. II., from 
 
 •f'-}^ to say (spoken of God), to praise, to use many words. 
 
 * 's-sa-ma-tva-ti, article before subst. pi. gen. case, irr. of 
 
 jeU«o, from u«-j to be high. 
 
 Note. — PI. C:j\j^t^ terminates in all the oblique cases 
 alike with Kasra, ClJ , 
 
98 LXIV. V. 1.— ALQORAN.— LXIV. v. 2. 
 
 J o ^ o -ma _ , , - , _ - 
 
 d 
 
 praise-the him-to-and ,dominioii-tlie- (belong) him-to ; earth-tho in 
 
 i_fiJP j_ii) r ^.jJi^ *LS^ J-^ Ls^ j-^j 
 
 who he-is-It 2 .mighty thing every over (is)-he-and 
 
 ■ d 
 
 jbeliever-a (another) you-of-and, unbelieTer-an (is-one) you-Of .you-created 
 
 " 'l-s-ar-Ui, article before subst. sing. gen. case. 
 
 ^ 'l-mul-ku, article before subst. sing. com. gen., from 
 ti)>L» to possess, to have dominion over, to reign. 
 
 " 'l-ham-du, article before subst. masc. sing., from Ji.*»- 
 to praise, to laud, give thanlcs. 
 
 i shai-iin, subst. masc. sing. gen. case of '15—' , from i=J-»> 
 to rvill. 
 
 9 qa-di-run, adj. masc. sing. nom. case, referring back to 
 >2)j, from J As to he strong, able, mighty. 
 
 Vekse 2. 
 " 'l-la-dzl, relat. pron. masc. sing., § 25. 
 * ha-la-qa-kum, pret. 3 pers. masc. sing., with suiF. 2 pers. 
 masc. pi. 
 
 <= fa-min-Tmm, compd. of uJ [and), ^J^ , and sufT. 2 pers. 
 masc. pi. 
 
LXIV. V. 2.— ALQORAN.— LXIV. v. 3. 99 
 
 oreated-has-He 3 .beh.oldiiig-(is) do-you whatever God-but 
 
 beautifled-and ,you-faaliioiied-haa-and ,truth-the-in earth-the-and heavens-the 
 
 ^ ha-Ji-run, prop., particip., masc. sing., as a noun of agency, 
 ixom.yo to cover, conceal, deny. 
 
 « mus.-mi-nun, subst. masc. sing., from ^\ or ^j^l . Comp. 
 John, ver. 22 (<«). 
 / tac.-ma-lu-na, fut. ^, 2 pers. masc. pi., Conj. I., from 
 
 ^ ha-^l-run, a verbal subst. or noun of agency (of which 
 grammarians give thirty-three different forms), masc. sing., 
 
 from /aj to see. 
 
 Veese 3. 
 " See ver. 2 ('). ' See ver. 1 (') and note. 
 
 ' wal-s-ar-da, conj.j before ace. of ver. 1 if). 
 * lil-haq-qi, pref. <__» , article, and subst. masc. sing. gen. 
 
 case, from Jis- to he necessary, right, just. 
 
 « wa-saw-wa-ra-him, conj.j before pret. 3 pers. masc. sing., 
 Conj. II., from jl>» {to cut, divide), media j, which in this 
 conjugation is introduced and made audible on account of 
 Tashdid characteristic (comp. Parad. 5, § 16), with suff. 
 2 pers. masc. pi. 
 
100 LXIV. V. 3.— ALQORAN.— LXIV. v. 4. 
 
 s 
 
 d U ,J-*-^/t= yr!-^\' ^y i^jy^ 
 
 in (is) what fcnows-He 4 .retuming-the (is) him-to-and jfonns-your 
 
 whatever-and conceal-you whatever tnows-he-and ,earth-the-aiid heavena-the 
 
 ^jUjK c^iIj* rr^"^ ^"b uj-^-^'" 
 
 .hearts-the-of state- (tie) -with acquainted (is) God-and ; manifest-yoa 
 
 f fa-s.ah-sa-na, conj. (_i and pret. 3 pers. masc. sing., 
 Conj. IV., from (j-****- to he good, fair, elegant. 
 
 s su-wa-ra-hum, subst. pi. ace. case Cii jyo, oftener ^jy. 
 Comp. («). 
 
 ^ wa- fi-lai-hi, conj. j and prep. (Ji, with suff. 3 pers. 
 masc. sing. 
 
 » 'l-ma-si-rii, article before verbal subst., see ver. 2 {9), 
 
 masc. sing., from jUs, media (_?, to turn, turn round, to be- 
 long to. 
 
 Verse 4. 
 
 "^ yaA-la-mu, fut. A, 3 pers. masc. sing., from J-c. For 
 the use of the future, see John, ver. 6 (»). 
 
 » tu-sir-ru-na, fut. 2 pers. masc. pi., Conj. IV., from^;-^ 
 to conceal (§ 15). 
 
 " tuA-li-nu-na, fut. 2 pers. masc. pi., Conj. IV., from ^^ 
 to he manifest. 
 
 ^ ca-li-mun, verbal subst. masc. sing. Comp. («). 
 
LXIV. V. 4.— ALQORAN.— LXIV. v. 5. 101 
 JjJi^ irT* b>" U:*.^!' Lj^' ^y pJl"* 
 
 ?old-of from disbelieved who-thosa-of report-a you-reaohed not-(Ha8) 5 
 
 C'^li* j!4-!j J^j^''^' JCj'^ l_^lLi^ 
 
 torment (re8erved-iB)-tliem-for-and ^doing-their-of punisliment-(the) taated-lhey-how 
 
 « hi-dza-ti, pref. t_J before subst. fem. sing. gen. case, from 
 ,ii, masc, lit. essence, substance. 
 / 's-su-du-ri, article before subst. masc. pi. irr., from jiX«s 
 
 sing. 
 
 Vebse 5. 
 i 
 " s-a-lam, lit. whether not, \ interrog. particle and J not, 
 
 * yas-ti-kum, John, ver. 10 («) with suff. 2 pers. masc. pi. 
 " na-ha-iu, subst. masc. sing., from uJ to announce. 
 
 <* 'l-la-dzi-na, relat. pron. masc. pL, § 25, 
 « ka-fa-ru, pret. 3 pers. masc. pi. Comp. ver. 2 ("*). 
 / qab-lu, comp. Josh. ver. 4 ('*). 
 
 s fa-dm-qu, conj. i— i and pret. 3 pers. masc. pi., from j'tJ 
 irr., Parad. 5, § 16. 
 
 * wa-ha-la, subst. masc. sing. ace. case, from Jjj to propel, 
 to drive, 
 
 < lam-ri-Um, subst. masc. sing. gen. case (of ^'.), from 
 y*\ to command, 
 
 * s.a-d%a-bun, subst. masc. sing. R. <— '"i^ ^ Amt^er, restrain. 
 
102 LXIV. V. 5.— ALQORAN.— LXIV. v. 6. 
 
 w 
 
 ^,^/ ^y i^l^* ^l>f c)Jo 1 ^ 
 
 apoatles-their them-to come-had-)( that-becanse ,tliis-(And) 6 .eicruciating 
 disbeli67ed-they-And ? ua-direct-Bhall Flesb ,Baid-they-but ,deinonstration8-witIi 
 
 ' s-a-li-mun, adj. masc. sing. *J i to inflict fain. 
 
 Veese 6. 
 
 « li-s-an-na-hu, compd. of ^ in, ^ that, and suff. i it. 
 
 * kd-nat, pret. 3 pers. fern, sing., from (j)o , telps to fonn 
 the pluperfect. Comp. Jolin, ver. 3 ('). 
 
 " tos-'tl-hum, fut. 3 pers. fera. sing., with suff. 3 pers. masc. 
 pi. Comp. ver. 5 (*). 
 
 ^ ru-su-lu-hum, subst. masc. pi., irr. of (Jj-^ , with suff. 
 3 pers. masc. pi., from (J-y to send. 
 
 « lil-bay-yi-na-ti, pref. <_J, article, and subst. fem. pi. of 
 'Uj^), from (jU to distinguish, to explain. 
 
 f fa-qa-lu, conj. (_J and pret. 3 pers. masc. pL, from Jli, 
 
 Parad. 5, § 16. 
 
 t 
 
 9 ia-ha-sha-run, \ interrog. particle and subst. masc. sing. 
 A yah-du-na-na, fut. 3 pers. masc. pi., Conj. I., with suff. 
 .1 pers. pi., from i-S'^. 
 
LXIV. V 6.— ALQORAN— LXIV. v. 7. 103 
 
 ^ \» —^^ 
 
 Bnffldent-Belf (is) God-and ,God is-rich-but ; away-tnrned-and 
 
 not that disbelieve that-tliose Imagine 7 .praised-be-to-worthy (and) 
 
 A,JC 
 
 -^'^ ^j/ J^^ J:*- 
 
 ; raised-be-shaJl-you ,Lord-my-by , Surely ,8ay ? dead-the-from-raiaed-be-sball-they 
 
 * wa-ta-wal-lau, conj. j and pret. 3 pers. masc. pi., Conj. 
 v., from (_jJj 
 
 * was-tag-nd, conj. j with pret. 3 pers. masc. sing., Conj. X., 
 R. ;_5-^ to be rich ; God is said to be rich, i. e. not needing 
 any one, or any one's testimony. 
 
 ' ga-ni-yun, adj. masc. sing. Comp. the preceding. 
 
 >" Ita-ml-dun, verbal subst. Comp. ver. 1 («) and ver. 2 {s). 
 
 Verse 7. 
 " za-ca-ma, pret. 3 pers. masc. sing., used distributively 
 instead of the plural. 
 
 * Ian, i. q. j! . 
 
 c yub-s-a-thu, fut. 3 pers. masc. pi. nashated (after J , § 11, 
 note), passive of Conj. I., from i-LveJ. 
 
 ^ qui, imp. masc. sing., from J Is, Parad. 5, § 16. 
 « ha-la, adverb. 
 
104 LXIV. V. 7.— ALQORAN.— LXIV. v. 8. 
 
 with tbis-for ; done-have-you wbat-of informed-be-shaU-you-TerUy then 
 
 light-the-and ,apo8tles-liis-and , God-in tberefore-Believe 8 .easy {i3)-God 
 
 1_J I— »_J^ ' 
 
 .acquainted (is) do-you what-with God-and ,down-8ent-liaTe-we which 
 
 / wa-rab-M, conj. j (§ 31) and subst. masc. sing, witlj suff. 
 
 1 pers. sing. Comp. Josh. ver. 6 ('). 
 
 * la-tub-c-a-thun-na, pref. J as an affirmative adv. (§ 29, 
 No. 3) before fut. parag. (§11, No. 3, and note), 2 pers. masc. 
 pi. Comp. ver. 5 {f). 
 
 * la-tu-nab-ha-iun-na, jj (comp. preced.) and fut. parag. 
 
 2 pers. masc. pi. passive of Conj. II. ; for the R. see ver. 5 {f), 
 ' ca-mil-tum, pret. 2 pers masc. pi. Comp. ver. 2 (/). 
 
 * ya-st-run, adj. masc. sing. Comp. Josh. ver. 12 ('). 
 
 Verse 8. 
 ■» fa-M-mi-nu, conj. wJ and imp. masc. pi., Conj. IV. 
 Comp. § 5, No. 7. 
 
 * wa-ra-su-U-M, subst. masc. sing. gen. case (after t__J of 
 the preceding word), with 3 pers. masc. sing. Comp. ver. 6 ("*). 
 
 " wan-nu-ri, conj. ,, article, and subst. masc. sing. gen. 
 case. Comp. preceding. 
 
LiXIV. V. 8.— ALQOEAN.— LXIV. v. 9. 105 
 
 O ^ ^ ^ O 
 
 j»j-» CJJi j^\ |«^_jj *I,jt.K<s!_>'' f*,^." ^ 
 dfty-(the) (i8)-that ,aa8embly-of day-(the)-for you-aaaemble-will-he day-aJ3n 9 
 
 irigbteousness do-aod God-in believe-shall wliosoever-Aiid .deception-mutual-of 
 
 ^ ittn-zal-na, pret. 1 pers. pL, Conj. IV., from Qy to descend. 
 " lia-hl-run, adj. masc. sing., from A=»- to he expert, to know. 
 
 * Veese 9. 
 
 <» yau-ma, subst. in the ace. case adverbially. 
 * yaj-ma-cu-kum, fut. 3 pers. masc. sing., Conj. I., with 
 2" pers. masc. pi., from ■^^^ . 
 't-ta-ga-bu-ni, article before subst. masc. sing. gen. case, 
 
 from i^j^ to defraud, deceive. 
 
 Note — By the day of mutual deception is understood 
 the day of judgment, when, according to the doctrine 
 of the prophet of Mecca, the righteous will deceive 
 the wicked, by taking the places which the latter 
 would have occupied in Paradise, had they been 
 true believers. The word, therefore, is used for the 
 heading of this chapter. 
 
 <* yu-min, fut. 3 pers. masc. sing. apoc. (after ^^, § 11, 
 note), Conj. IV., from ^\ (comp. Parad. 1, § 16) ; in conse- 
 quence of the Damma with preformative, characteristic of this 
 conjugation, the radical ' is changed to j . 
 
106 LXIV. V. 9.— ALQORAN.— LXIV. v. 9. 
 
 (whve)-garden3-into liim-mtroduce-sliall-he-aiid ,Bin3-hifl him-from eipiate-shall-he 
 •ever-for ttereiu dwelling ,Tiver8-tlie ttem-beneatli &om flow-shaJl 
 
 " fat. apoc. Comp. preceding and ver. 8 («). 
 
 / sd-li-han, subst. masc. sing. ace. case, from ,^J->o to be right, 
 upright. , 
 
 9 yu-haf-Jir, hit. apoc, 3 pers. masc. sing., Conj. II., from 
 j-S-5 to cover. 
 
 * £.an-hu, prep, with suff. 3 pers. masc. sing. 
 
 * sai-ya-ti-M, subst. fern, pi., gen. case (governed by the 
 
 preceding prep.), irr., from the sing. 'V^) from i\-i, prop. 
 \yM to he evil, to do evil ; suff. 3 pers. masc. sing. 
 
 * wa-yud-hil-hu, conj. j, fut. 3 pers. masc, Conj. IV., with 
 
 suff. 3 pers. masc. sing., from (J.=>-ti. 
 
 s « ^ 
 ' jan-na-tin, subst. fem. pi,, dat. case, irr. from "t-Ajs- sing., 
 
 from f^f^ to cover. 
 
 ^ taj-rl, fut. 3 pers. fem. sing., Conj. I., from t,£/r, Parad. 
 9, §16. 
 
 " tah-ti-lia, iJi-^' , prop, subst., lohat is heneath, with suff, 
 3 pers. fem. sing., used distributively. 
 
LXIV. V. 9.— ALQORAN.— LXIV. v. 10. 107 
 
 .-c-^ **o ^ 0-^ 
 
 folse-as-declEre-and. disbelieye wlio-thoae-But 10 .great-the ,salYatiou-the (is)-TliiB 
 
 (^ ,^.jju- j\ir\' <LC^\^ tii^UjI" Uu'uIj* 
 
 ^therein abiding ,Jire-tlie-of iiLhabitants-(be-BliaU) those jsigna-our-) ( 
 
 'l-s-an-ha-ru, article before subst. masc. pi., irr. from 
 1.^ , from i-§-J to flow. 
 
 P Ka-li-di-na, part, masc, pi. of <*"»- , from JAi- , 
 
 s ia-ha-dan, subst. masc. sing., perpetuity, in the ace. case, 
 used adverbially. 
 
 >■ H-fau-%u, article and subst. masc. sing., fromju to escape. 
 
 » H-s-a-'dl-mu, adj. masc. sing. jJic to he great. 
 
 Verse 10. 
 " wa-hadz-dza-lu, conj. j before pret. 3 pers. masc. pi., 
 
 Conj. II., from i—Jm to lie. 
 
 i U-a-ya-tl-na, pi., irr. of John 11 (5), gen. case (governed 
 by o pref.), with suff. 1 pers. pi. 
 
 iu-M-i-ku, another form for *ijl , § 24. 
 
 i s-as-ha-hu, subst. masc. pi., irr. of i_-^s>- W, from i_--«><« 
 to associate with. 
 
 c 'n-na-ri, article before subst. masc. sing., gen. case, from 
 
 jl) , prop, jjj to shine. 
 
108 LXIV. V. 10.— ALQORAN. — LXIV. v. 12. 
 
 '■C-O 
 
 except events of happens M'othing 11 ! passage-the-fbe-will) wretched-and 
 
 >*» -O O .t J 
 
 oJJ'^ j>^/ iUb ^^_ ^j-y*j <dJl i^Jl-j'' 
 
 jheart-Lis direct-will God-in believes vrhosoever-and ,God-of permiflsion-with 
 obey-and ,God obey-And 12 .acquainted- (is) circumatance eTery-with God-and 
 
 / wa-bl-sa, conj. , before adj. masc. sing., ace. case (comp. 
 John, ver. 6 /), from {j"^, , prop. Ij*i^ to be miserable. 
 9 See ver. 3 (*). 
 
 Vekse 11. 
 
 » ia-sa-ba, pret. 3 pers. masc. sing., Conj. IV., from <--;Lj. 
 
 * mu-sl-ba-tin, subst. fem. sing., gen. case, from the pre- 
 ceding, « il-la, adverb. 
 
 ^ bi-iidz-ni, pref. t_J before subst. masc, gen. case, from 
 j^Oi to permit. 
 
 « yah-di, fut. 3 pers. masc. sing. apoc. Comp. ver. 6 (*). 
 
 / qal-ba-hu, subst. masc. sing., ace. case of i_^ . 
 
 s See ver. 1 (/). * See ver. 4 ("*). 
 
 Veese 12. 
 «■ wa-s-a-ti-cu, conj. J and imp. masc. pi., Conj. IV., from 
 ^, Parad. 8, § 16. 
 
LXiy. V. 12.— ALQORAN. — LXIV. v. 13. 109 
 
 (eiyoined-ifl)-epoBUe-our upon yerily-then .away-tum-^e if-and ,apoBtle-the 
 God npon-end .he bat God no ,God 13 .public-the ,preaclung-the 
 
 jbelieve who-those !0h .faithful-the rely-let 
 
 ' W-ra-su-la, article before subst. masc. sing., aco. case. 
 Comp. ver. 6 (f). 
 
 « ta-wal-lai-twm, pret. 2 pers. masc. pi. Comp. ver. 6 ('). 
 
 ^ fa-iin-na-ma, compd. of i— 9 conj., ^ and v» as an adverb. 
 
 « ra-su-U-na, subst. masc. sing., gen. case (governed by the 
 preceding prep.), with suff. 1 pers. pi. See ver. 6 {f). 
 
 f 'l-ha-la-gu, article before subst. masc. sing. jJ-J to be 
 eloquent. 
 
 9 'l-mu-M-nu, article before adj. masc. sing., from u^u (med. 
 1.^) to be manifest. 
 
 Verse 13. 
 
 " fal-ya-ta-wak-ha-li, <— > consequential, (J as an affirmative 
 adverb, and fut. 3 pers. masc. sing., Conj. V., from J^j to 
 commend. 
 
 * H-mu-mi-nu-na, article before pi. of ver. 2 («). 
 
110 LXIV. V. 14.— ALQORAN. — LXIV. v. 14. 
 
 d 
 
 ,you-to enemies- (are-Bome) cluldreii-your-of-and wives-your of jsurely 
 
 Kf s^ »* ^ C» •*C' 
 
 ,(offeiiceB-their)-cOTer-and . ,paTdon-and ,forgive-ye if-and j them-of-beware 
 
 Veese 14. 
 " yd-s-ay-yu-hd, two interjections frequently used together 
 in invocations. 
 
 * id-ma-nu, pret. 3 pers. masc. pi., Conj. IV, Comp. § 5, 
 
 No. 7. 
 
 " s-az-wd-ji-kum, subst., com. gen., pi., irr. of ,^^\ , gen. 
 case, with suff. 2 pers. masc. pi. 
 
 ^ wa-au-ld-di-kum, conj. _j before subst. pi., irr. of jJj, 
 from jJj to hear, with suff. 2 pers. masc. pi. 
 
 « ca-duw-wan, subst., com. gen., ace. case sing., used col- 
 lectively, from '<^ to he unjust towards any one, to hate. 
 
 f fah-dza-ru-hum, pref. i — J (emphatical) before imp. masc. 
 pi., from jiXs- , with suff. 3 pers. masc. pi. 
 
 s tafi-fu, fut. 2 pers. masc. pi. apoc. (after ^j\, § 11, note), 
 Conj. I., from Uc to obliterate. 
 
 A wa-tas-fa-hu, conj j before fut. 2 pers. masc. pi. apoc, 
 from ,^^ to turn away from, to ignore. 
 
 ' wa-tag-fi-ru, conj. j before fut. / (see note, John 23 '), 
 2 pers. masc. pi. apoc. R.^^. 
 
LXIV. V. 14.— ALQORAN.— LXIV. v. 15. Ill 
 
 O^ ^ -^ 
 
 wealth-your ,Surely 15 .merciful jforgiving (isj-God ,verily-then 
 
 ^ ^^ a^Ji^ <UJ1_5 LX-LJ' ('-^•^'iy/ 
 
 .great reward (M)-liim-with, ,God-but ,temptation-a (are)-children-your-and 
 
 \yJi^\/ \y^\y jj*kl-l* U, dJJl ljiiJ-Ls''n 
 
 ,obey-and hear-and ,able-are-ye as-much-as God Pear 16 
 
 * ga-fu-run, adj. masc- sing. Comp. the preceding. 
 ' ra-hl-mmi, comp. the heading. 
 
 Vekse 16. 
 » iam-wd-lu-kum, subst. masc. pL, irr. of J*.^, from Jt* 
 to be rich. 
 
 * wa-au-la-du-kum, conj. • before gen. case of ver. 14 {'''). 
 
 flt-na-ton, subst. fern, sing., ^j-*-s to try, essay, struggle. 
 <* laj-run, subst. masc. sing., from_^;5^i to reward, repay. 
 
 Veese 16. 
 <^ fat-ta-qu, pref. i— i (emphatical) before imp. masc. p]., 
 Conj. VIII., from ^_^j , doubly anomalous. Comp. reg. Conj. 
 VIII. with irr. § 16, Parad. 4, forj, and Parad. 9, for ^. 
 
 * ' s-ta-ta^-tum, pret. 2 pers. masc. pi., Conj. X. of ^. 
 Comp. ver. 12 {"). 
 
 ' was-ma-c-u, conj.j, and imp. masc. pi. Conj. I., from ^-*~j . 
 i See ver. 12 (»). 
 
112 LXIV. V. 16.— ALQOKAN.— LXIV. v. 17. 
 
 kept-is whatsoever-and ,aonla-your-of good-the-for wealth.-your-spend-and 
 
 ^* 
 
 If 17 .prosperou3-the (are)-who those- (of -is-he) soul-his-of covetousness-from 
 
 forgive-and ,you-to it-double-will-he ,(one)-good-a |loan-a God lend-you 
 
 « wa-s.an-fi-qu, conj.j and imp. maso. pi., Conj. IV., from 
 ^^ to go out. 
 f hai-ran, subst. masc. sing., ace. case (for the formation of 
 
 the prep. J, comp. John, ver. 6:''), fromjU-. 
 
 9 li-s-an-fu-si-'kum, prep. J before subst. pi. of (_/***-> , gen. 
 case, with suff. 2 pers. masc. pi. 
 
 * yu-qa, fut. 3 pers. masc. sing., pass, of Conj. I., apoc. 
 (after ^j.^, § 11, note), ;_sijJ, from ^^j. Comp. («). 
 
 i shuh-ha, subst. masc. sing., ace. case (comp. John, ver. 6/), 
 from rfM to he greedy. 
 
 * naf-si-M, sing, of {9), gen. case, with 3 pers. masc. sing. 
 « fa-s.u-la-U.ka, pref. '~i (emphatical), and ver. 10 ("). 
 
 >« '-l-muf-li-hu-na, article before subst. masc. pi., from 
 ^ij, Conj. IV., to prosper. 
 
 Veese 17. 
 
 « tuq-ri-du, fut. 2 pers. masc. pi. apoc. (after ^J>), Conj. IV., 
 from (_^J to cut, cut off. 
 
LXIV. V. 17.— ALQOKAN.— LXIV. v. 18. 113 
 
 .concealed-is-what Enowing jintelligent .grateful (i3)-God-for ,you 
 
 .wise-the ,imghfcy-tlie , ,maiiifest-is-wliat-and 
 
 * qar-dan, eubst. masc, sing., ace. case. See if). 
 
 ha-sa-nan, adj. masc. sing., aoc. case, from i^y^^ to be 
 good. 
 
 ^ yu-da-c-if-hu, fut. 3 pers. masc. sing., Conj. III., from 
 
 t— s*«j with suff. 3 pers. masc. sing. 
 
 ' wa-yag-fir, conj. », with fut. 3 pers. masc. sing, apoc, 
 
 from lie to cover. 
 f sha-Tiu-run, adj. masc. sing., from^;*^ to he grateful, 
 s ha-li-mun, adj. masc. sing., from *!»- to he intelligent. 
 
 Vekse 18. 
 o ca-li-mu, part. masc. sing., from mJ^. 
 
 * 'l-gai-hi, article and subst. masc. sing., -gen. case (lit. 
 Mower of the concealed), from <-_jIc to he invisible, absent. 
 
 <= wash-sha-hd-da-ti, conj.j, article, and subst. fem. sing., 
 gen. case (comp. the preceding), from li^ to be present, to 
 be witness. 
 
 d 'l.ca.%i-m, article before adj. masc. sing.^ to he strong. 
 
 ' 'l-ha-kl-mu, article before adj. masc. sing., ,»^ to he loise. 
 
GRAMMATICAL EXERCISES 
 
 BLENDED IN 
 
 FAMILIAE AND EASY PHRASES.* 
 
 > c.<o ^ Ox- 
 
 THE VOCABULAKT OP PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 In spite of his relations. <)jUs-l ijm^ iJ 
 
 ^ OC.^0 ^ ^^ 
 
 After the English fashion. j^^'^ ^ (>^^ is^ 
 
 s ■' ^ ■^i 
 
 As to what he writes. t_^'L^ U ti Uli 
 
 Without the knowledge of her relations. ^j\j\ J-c jJm, 
 
 * It is, necessary here to inform the learner that, in common con- 
 versation, neither the temvins nor the vowels are sounded when they 
 occur at the end of words. The last letter is generally regarded as 
 
 accompanied by a skoon (o). Thus, e. g. L::..^)J is not read, or pro- 
 
 nounced, qvl-tu, but quit; » ' r- is not sounded c-il-mi, but s-ibn. 
 The exceptions to this rule are, however, very numerous, and can 
 only be acquired by practice. 
 
116 
 
 GRAMMATICAL EXERCISES. 
 
 Under twelve guineas. 
 
 x^S- ^ ■* ^* 
 
 With his mother. (Ul 
 
 i^tb J 
 
 At his house. 
 
 At your house. 
 
 Against the advice of his friends 
 
 In the little box. 
 
 In France. 
 
 Since his arrival. 
 
 From the beginning. 
 
 Upon or under the chair. 
 
 Between them. 
 
 One towards another. 
 
 From London to Tunis. 
 
 Except her mother. 
 
 For a sum of money. 
 
 At our house. Ujlj ij 
 At her house, \iaj\0 ij 
 
 ^ — F ^ 
 
 Notwithstanding the bad weather. \^j ^jt^)^\ ^ Jj 
 
VOCABULAEY OF' 
 
 In spite of all oppositions. 
 Besides my lodging. 
 By land. 
 Among authors. 
 During the day. 
 During the war. 
 For my sister. 
 Without recommendation. 
 After you. ' f^'^ 
 
 Behind the church. 
 According to your advice. 
 Under the rubbish. 
 Upon the table. 
 Concerning that affair. 
 About four o'clock. 
 In my hand. 
 
 PREPOSITIONS. 117 
 
 >^ 4 
 
 ^ ^ ^ ij^ 
 
 Before me. ^Jji 
 
118 GEAMMATICAL EXEKCISES. 
 
 About the garden, ij*^^^ ' uj^ 
 
 For want of speaking to him. '*'*">:'. u^ i**^ 
 
 Along the river. j^ ' J_ys i^jli 
 
 Near the Royal Exchange. j^i^^ ' t'H'*^ **rVj^ 
 
 Out of the room. u:-ouJl ^U. 
 
 ^ C< V .T. >- 
 
 Far from Hs country. iftilb ^ ^Uaj 
 
 Near me, by me. ^.S^'*^ 
 
 Near the fire. jUU c--^ 
 
 Over against the Royal Palace. ;_5^>^^ ^^^^liill SjliU 
 
 On your account. *^l=f^ After which. U d^w 
 
 To the great regret of his friends. iSjUs-el mJU 
 
 Close to the ground. ^j U I <s>-j ^It 
 
 Close to my brother. ls^^ i— ~Jkis^' 
 
 By means of the night. JjJJl ijUL) 
 
 At the expense of Government. iUj jj I uJjj-a^ li* 
 
 Sheltered from the rain. ^^iaJ 1 ^^ Jj'M'. 
 
His sister excepted. 
 By his will. 
 To meet his father. 
 Below him. ^Uasi 
 Screened from slander. 
 On this side the Thames. 
 
 
 VOCABULABY OF PKEPOSITIONS. 
 
 As far as the first town. 
 
 As for me. 
 
 At the rate of five per cent. 
 
 Even with the ground. 
 
 In the middle of the night. 
 
 By night. 
 
 At the peril of his life. 
 
 By dint of courage. 
 
 119 
 
 
 
 Above the prince, jj^^ \ jy 
 
 -uJl M^ ^^ «-.V« 
 ^^;W./*jJl jj^ UA ^^ 
 
 On the other side of the 
 
 Danube. 
 
 yj 
 
 i,jJl j^^Ui 
 
 ■T cT* 
 
120 GRAMMATICAL EXERCISES. 
 
 In the French tongue. . iuj\*uj]yi \ ^ d 
 
 With all my heart. ^\j ^Js- {otj\) ^_^ J^ 
 
 By the whole head. "!>« U^'j/ V 
 
 Very early. ^j^ ^J^ 
 
 From Paris. *t^>' • c/* 
 
 By his riches and credit, tLay:- ^^^ AjUji ^^ 
 
 Under the chair. \^j^ ^ c:-%asJ 
 
 On my arrival at London. u'^J^ lJ^ lJ^^-^ '^'^ 
 
 Against the will of his father. ^Lul jl^ ^^-^ 4 
 
 Even his enemies. iJjIiXc' |J»^>- 
 
 On account of his relations. '^.J^'^ L/^^^. ^ S? 
 
 Instead of learning your lesson. cXw 1^ *JjeJu L* i^aj* 
 
 By dint of studying. (jw; jJ 1 ^j*^ 
 
 In a short time. (Jr*^ U^i "4 
 
 A < > with three points beneath is the usual substitute for 
 
 the P, which letter the Arabs have not. 
 
121 
 
 THE VOCABULAET OF ADVERBS AND NOUNS. 
 
 He will marry her. 
 
 Ifp-^. i_-^. 
 
 They dress themselves. 
 
 
 I heard no talk of it. 
 
 ^uiJT il^j cLLl ""i 
 
 She is gone to the play. 
 
 
 You shall not have it. 
 
 V<U\ 5 
 
 I have seen him walk. 
 
 
 Have you been? 
 
 
 They have not been. 
 
 \ii u (orji) \y^.^ 
 
 I have been. 
 
 
 He has acted. 
 
 J« ^ 
 
 You'll find my book. 
 
 ^^}^ Jwss^ l-:i-^l 
 
 Have you seen him ? 
 
 
 I have foreseen that he 
 would succeed. 
 
 
122 GRAMMATICAL EXEECISES. 
 
 You'll find your handkerchief. tiXA,«;<ss^ ^Xai-J-) 
 
 There is a great friendship. \ji^ iLy^sy* '^iTy 
 
 There are about six mUes. Jv^' ^•^ '"r^J' 
 
 They have all consented to it. CJJ jj \yaj *> 
 
 He will recommend our 
 brother. 
 
 I walk every day. /•jj J^^,jyiuJ'l Lil 
 
 • o 
 
 He will succeed. iJo ^jj-« ?-^ _y* 
 
 I spend every week a . . . ... "***=>- J^ i_i^l U! 
 
 They have sent the provisions. aUU 1 Ijasc 
 
 There is a great deal of envy. J^ Juu»- "UJ 
 
 I have seen him. pass twice. [J^y h?'^^ ^.]j 
 
 The people are great sufferers. In'^ i_5*^^ ^^} ^ 
 
 ' o ^ c J c , 
 
 Have you sent it? aJLLj^l Jjs 
 
 It is difficult to find ^ ,' ".-:.■' - •- - <-S ^r o^ ,- 
 
 a good place. "^^ f*"^ '^ji u' '-r^*-' J* 
 
 He is arrived. J^^ j^ y, 
 
 rU drink. tl^iL 
 
VOCABUIiAET OF ADVEEBS AND NOUNS. 123 
 
 I have met your brother. 4i3U.l ls-JjIj bl 
 
 I have written to his father. ij^^ ll^^jJ^ 
 
 Eight men have been buried. IjAJJu! jJ JU^ ^^ 
 Has he written ? '-r^ J^ 
 
 You'll find me at the cofiee-house. *j.^i! 1 i^ ^J JusjJLi 
 
 He has passed. 
 
 t^Jkjti jj) 
 
 He walks every day. 
 
 
 He'll forget your affairs. 
 
 
 We walked. 
 
 
 I have found your sister. 
 
 
 He has pushed your brother. 
 
 
 His cousin is still there. 
 
 cJUa , jU <Uc ..j! 
 
 Sit down. 
 
 
 
 Why don't you keep yourself? 
 
 
 I have spoken to your father. 
 
 
 There was a ball. 
 
 
124 GEAMMATICAL EXEECISES. 
 
 I would not speak to him. ^Jii iSJiij' U 
 He went to the East Indies. lsV^' 'J^^i^il ^L ji 
 
 Bring the tuKps. ^^/^ ' '^T^ 
 
 He was sitting, UJl^ ^ 
 
 He made his escape. '-rir* jJ* 
 
 The palace will be built. j^astl \ ^Joj^ 
 
 We are here. Uj» ^j^sji 
 
 I have accompanied your brother. cJ Ui-l i.:L.>A.5>.,0 Li 1 
 
 I shall always be glad to 'i C''- ,*'■''" .*■ ■p' •' -/■ 
 
 see you. ^ ^>^ ^JiJ^* ^^^ u/^ 
 
 He lends money. ^^jJl i_iLj ys 
 
 I ordered my country house -'.i' '"' •'', "'''-' 
 to be built. L5^> -^^ ^\ '^^^^ 
 
 We have heard a noise. ^j^ Ujw-o jJs (jcssJ 
 
 He travels by night. Jt^-LI b JL*j *£> 
 
 They have won the battle. AwJ ! I ^lic Jo 
 
 He has favoured all his family. l^ ^^^^^^ (-jU-jI ys 
 
 He is gone. ^^ [i^ 
 
VOCABTJLAET OF ADVERBS AND NOUNS. 125 
 
 ^^ ^ ^ s 
 
 Your brother is . . . , . . ys cJ^\ 
 
 Dukes are . . . . . . *& L«U 1 
 
 You will be nowhere, ^j^ <i i_5JI»- ij,^ L. t::^! 
 
 There are fine buildings. tj*>*^ uV^ ''4'^ 
 
 There has been a battle. iwj u^O l^ Jki 
 
 x"'> -^ -^ '^ " ^ 
 
 You'll improve in the French tongue. 
 
 I love your brother. CJU>-1 i_-v5^1 Ul 
 
 He has applied himself to writing. La^ Ij *j;tLsl ys 
 
 He is taller. (jif*) Jj^^ _y* 
 
 I shall set out to-morrow. Iduc ^LL 
 
 He has been elected member of divan, or parliament. 
 You have left your book. cJjI*^ (ji-JiLi. 
 
 I have found your handkerchief cJJU,>sy« c:jjc>-j L)I 
 There were great rejoicings at St. tTames'. 
 
126 GEAMMATICAL EXERCISES. 
 
 He is married. -^'j^ ^ 
 
 Every one admires Ms ^--Cs. '' " '»' . i' V 
 
 He has refused lo marry. TrtrV. li>^ ls^^ y* 
 
 ><JMa ^O ^ S-t-/ ' 
 
 You do notMnff but , . . i * i .. t • t 
 
 prattle. ^ _^.J^1 ^ U^ J^ t. c^i 
 
 He has learned English. j^^ ^ ^ i*^' J^ 
 
 •— ^J^V iioilV* iiibLuIl U«;Ulj JUilll 
 
 THE FOEEGOING VERBS AND NOUNS JOINED TVITH 
 THE PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 He will marry her in spite ("' \ /' ■ C"^''^ " " 
 of his relations. ^^S^' lA^ 4 VT^^^. ^^. 
 
 They dress themselves after the English fashion. 
 
 cJJi jj.^ b-i u...^x/»-.j U ^ i._^ j_fjJl Luiii 4 
 As to what he writes, I heard no talk of it. 
 
 She is gone to the play without the knowledge of her 
 relations. 
 
VEBBS AND NOUNS WITH PREPOSITIONS. 127 
 
 -t ^ S- ^ ^ C/^ 
 
 You shall not liave it under twelYe guineas. 
 
 I have seen Mm walk with his ~\ '■'-*-':' -;;''{' 
 
 mother. ^' tT* ^n^**^. '^Sj 
 
 Have you been at our house? Ljlj ti icJ^^ Jj> 
 
 Have you not been at his ,' • "'"'. " ''.t ,'f 
 
 house? ^^''^ '^ ^'^ ^^^^ ^^ 
 
 They have not been at her house. U;tO ^S j^j^, 4 
 I have been at your house. ' cJ^l J (j c:-~s^ 
 
 He has acted against the advice of his friends. 
 
 You'll find my book in the little box. 
 
 She is now ia France. cUwl^ ij ^^U I ^Jn 
 
 Have you seen him since his arrival? <iJjrfj iX*j 'SJv.ljl 
 From the beginning I foresaw that he would succeed. 
 
 \j ^ C"*0 -^ V •■ OS- i^O^ 
 
 You'll find your handkerchief upon or under the chair. 
 
128 GRAMMATICAL EXERCISES. 
 
 There is a great friendship 
 
 O ^xO^ 
 
 xitJit) IS a, gieau iiieauBuip • "■ ( 'i jr ' 
 
 between .them. (*lrVr jr^ ftjwsi-e ^_ 
 
 ^0«0 J -^ G *t* •■^ -'■.' V* .»^y. 
 
 Let us have humanity one towards another. 
 
 U JO o o 
 
 There are about six miles from London at Acton. 
 They have all Consented to it except his mother. 
 
 He will recommend your brother for a sum of money. 
 I walk every day, notwithstanding the bad weather. 
 
 He will succeed in spite of all opposition. 
 
 
 " " '^ -^ -^ ^ *^ 
 
 I spend two guineas a week beside my lodging. 
 They have sent the provisions by land. 
 There is a great deal of envy among authors. 
 
VERBS AND NOUNS WITH PREPOSITIONS. 129 
 
 ^ ' ^ J J c^^ 
 
 jU^-aji ^ \j-^_j^ '^'^-*^ ""-Mb 
 
 I have seen him pass twice during the day. 
 
 ^•J ^ c-- oi 
 
 t^^Jl ^b U \^ ^\^ ji^l 
 The people are great sufferers during the war. 
 
 Have you sent it for my „"* ' ' ^ <^-"-i >-- 
 
 sister? L5^^ ^^'^ ^^^iA^J\ Ja 
 
 ^'^i' j^. fj^ L-.tn'.yt 4Xe>-^_ ^^1 k_^)t«s 
 It is difficult to find a good place without recommendation. 
 
 He arrived before me. Jjo J^, jj^ 
 
 I'll drink after you. cJaw t_»-iiL 
 
 
 I met your brother behind the church. 
 
 I have written to his father, according to your advice. 
 
 *oJl i.i->3>J' I^JJl JU-pi ^ ^jijUj 
 Eight men have been buried under the rubbish. 
 
 Has he written concerning that affair? 
 
 You'll find me at the coffee-house about four o'clock. 
 
130 GBAMMATICAL EXEKCISES. 
 
 He has passed througli the yard, ^j^ ^ s^ lS'^ j* 
 I walk every day about the garden. 
 
 For want of speaking to him, he'll forget your af&irs. 
 
 We wall;ed along the (\r "• ' {f^^^.. "r. ■"-: 
 river. " '^>^' "-r^^ ^ji^ "^ tr*' 
 
 I met your sister near the royal palace. 
 
 He has pushed your brother out of the room. 
 
 jjILj ,.,£ Jl>jo , JL) »& <U* 
 
 ^ L 
 
 J ^^ jl^ lt^ y* ''''** cH 
 
 » 
 
 His cousin is still far from his country. 
 
 Sit down near me. ^Ju« bo Js jj-isj-l 
 
 Why don't you keep yourself near the fire? 
 
 I have spoken to your father over against the royal palace. 
 After which there was a ball. ^joij ^^l^ cJJ J Ji*) 
 
Verbs and nouns with peepositions. 131 
 
 I would not speak to him on " , ,^ -^i """ixf " "'f , ' 
 your account. <^? '^^ '^^J^ ^ 
 
 ^ C i»> '■O ^^o 
 
 <0U>-»1 j^'s^^ '^j*^^ '^>Mf^ _j-sL jA 
 
 He went to the East Indies to the great regret of his 
 friends. 
 
 Cut the tulips close to the ground. 
 
 He was sitting fclose to rhy , f "^.^ i ''i i "" 'i^ 
 
 brother. L^' S-^ 4^ ^^ 
 
 He made his escape by-means ,''1 .'T' •i'"'i ' ' '- 
 of the night. J^l t_»U-U t^ ^ 
 
 
 The palace will be built at the expense of Government. 
 We are sheltered here from the rain. 
 
 I accompanied your brother as far as the first town. 
 
 As for me, I shall always be glad to see you. 
 
 ^ ■• ^ " # S? I -- -^ ^ •■ -' 
 
 He lends money at the rate of five per cent. 
 
 I ordered ray country-house to be built even with the 
 ground. 
 
132 GRAMMATICAL EXEECISESj 
 
 O ^ i-O ^^ Iff ^ ^ CiiiO ^ O '' ** c ^ 
 
 We heard a noise in the middle of the night. 
 
 O «* .^3 ^ 
 
 He travels by night at the peril of his life. 
 
 ^ ■& m^ "S >j 
 
 ^ - ^ ^ '^ \ ' 
 
 They won the battle by dint of courage. ^ 
 
 He has fa,voured all his family by his will, his sister , 
 excepted. 
 
 i ^^ ^j ^ , 
 
 He is gone to meet his father. <S_u 1 iLliu] ^J^^^ 
 
 -•:'" ' --^ 
 
 Your brother is below him. <tJU>J' cJp-l 
 
 Dukes are above Earls. oljjjj \ j J L^il 1 
 
 You will be nowhere screened from slander. 
 
 ifOffsy*! I jj^ Ha ^ tj'**'^ U^t^*^ ''':^' 
 There are fine buildings on this side the Bagrada. 
 
 There has been a battle between the Turks and the ' 
 EussianS on the other side of the Danube. 
 
VERBS AND NOUNS WITH PREPOSITIONS. 133 
 
 In this manner you'll improve in the French tongue. 
 
 I love your brother with "f' -,/ 'n'f * '1 
 
 aU my heart. i^ J^ ^^' "-^ 
 
 He has applied himself to writing with all his might. 
 
 He is taller (than he) by ,*,r= /■": \ V^'f "' 
 
 the whole head. , ^^^H ^^J ^-^^ ^ 
 
 I shall set out to-morrow t.^x" x^" \7° ; i"*' ".i'^ 
 -verj early. "/"■ Z^^ ^, \^ j->U 
 
 t* o ** ^ o .J 
 
 They are come back from ... ... ^ |»*=ri; !**• 
 
 He has been elected Member of Divan (or Parliament), 
 by his riches and credit. 
 
 You have left your book upon the table. 
 
 --0 • <*• o -^ *» 
 
 I have found your handkerchief under the chair. 
 
 .*^o ^ 
 
 J ^^jJli" c^U-/^ ijLS' ,_^jj' ^1 ^_j«=j J^ 
 
 ^ji\/«Jl 
 
 On my arrival at Tunis, there was great rejoicing at 
 
 the college. 
 
134 GRAMMATICAL EXERCISES. 
 
 s- ^•' 
 
 He manried against the will of his father. 
 
 ^'Idc iJ^»- <S-1ac ^^ i_-'«s;*w J>s«-lj Ji 
 Every one admires his wit, even his enemies. 
 
 iCjjIjI J_p- 
 
 c s- ^■*-' -^ '' c-i ^ s- -^ -J 
 
 ^, ty^- U^ l/^^ J-* 
 
 He has refused to marry, on account of his relations. 
 
 ^ ^ c> 
 
 You do nothing hut prattle, instead of learning your 
 lesson. 
 
 • ^ «C oi^O> o^ .^ ^.« 
 
 By dint of studying, he has learned French in a 
 short time. 
 
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