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 The Rutgers graduates in Japan ran addre 
 
 3 1924 023 312 899 
 
 THE 
 
 RUTGERS GRADUATES 
 
 IN JAPAN 
 
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 Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924023312899 
 
THE 
 RUTGERS GRADUATES IN JAPAN, 
 
 AN ADDRESS DELIVERED IN 
 
 Kirkpatrick Chapel, Rutgers College, 
 
 JUNE 16, 1885, 
 
 WILLIAM ELLIOT GRIFFIS, 
 
 OF THE CLASS OF 1869. 
 
 Revised and Enlarged 
 
 and 
 
 Republished at the ISOth Anniversary of the College. 
 
 Rutgers College, 
 
 New Brunswick, New Jersey, 
 
 1916. 
 
 E.y 
 
i\.3 ki^^si 
 
 PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. 
 
 This address was delivered in the Kirkpatrick Chapel of Rutgers College, June 16, 
 188S, before the Board of Trustees, the President and Faculty, and the Alumni Associa- 
 tion. By unanimous request of the Trustees and of the Association, the address is here- 
 with printed. 
 
 E. P. Terhune, 'SO, President, 
 
 J. S. N. Demarest, 72, Treasurer, 
 John S. Voorhees, 76, Secretary, 
 
 Committee of Publication. 
 
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 At this writing, in September, 1916, a monthly magazine, "The Japanese 
 Student," published in Chicago, is devoted to the interests of the hundreds of 
 young men and women from the Mikado's Empire, now pursuing studies 
 among us. 
 
 How and why did the youth of Japan come to America? Who initiated the 
 movement that has sent thousands of young men abroad ? 
 
 As one of the direct fruits of the philosophy of Oyomei (Wang Yang-ming, 
 of China, 1472-1529) developed and applied in Japan, an eager desire was felt 
 for all knowledge, and therefore the learning of the West was sought. Sakuma 
 Shozan (1811-1864), prompted Yoshida Shoin (1831-1860), in 1853, to board 
 Commodore Perry's flagship Mississippi hoping to get to the United States. 
 These two men may be considered the pioneers of the movement, which was, 
 however, like the Oyomei philosophy, under ban of the Yedo Government. 
 The Oyomei philosophy of idealistic intuitionalism may be summed up in the 
 words of the enlightened founder, "investigating things for the purpose of 
 extending knowledge to the utmost" ; and we may add, even to finding the One 
 "able to create and to destroy." [See the Philosophy of Wang Yang-ming, Chi- 
 cago, 1916.] The Yedo philosophy of Chu Hi (1130-1200) was "orthodox," 
 that of Oyomei was "heretical." Many of the descendants of the Oyomeians 
 are in the Christian churches of Japan. 
 
 From 1859 to 1868, the year in which the new Imperial Government came 
 into power. Dr. G. F. Verbeck, at Nagasaki, who was teaching the students 
 who came chiefly from the progressive fiefs, in which the Oyomei philosophy 
 was most prevalent, urged constantly that native young men be sent abroad to 
 study and that foreign teachers and helpers be brought to Japan. The seed 
 fell into good ground. Immediately, on hearing of the coup d'etat in Kioto, 
 late in 1867, which restored the Emperor to sole and supreme power and cre- 
 ated a new government, Dr. Verbeck left Nagasaki for Osaka, meeting states- 
 men of the new regime (most of whom had been his pupils). He secured the 
 despatch to America of Kusakabe, Tatsu, Asahi and Katsu. Ise and Numa- 
 gawa had already started. 
 
 From that time forth, to the present, students under Government appoint- 
 ment, or from influential families, have come to the United States for study. 
 In 1915 there were over 620 Japanese students, male and female, in 159 Ameri- 
 can institutions ; 21 Japanese student associations ; and 18 Japanese serving as 
 professors or instructors in the colleges and universities of the United States. 
 Mr. Katsuji Kato, 124 East ^Sth street, New York City, Secretary for Japan- 
 ese students in the International Y. M. C. A., will be glad to receive any data 
 concerning Japanese who came to America for study, prior to 1885. 
 
 In his letter of request. May 26, 1916, President Demarest wrote: "The 
 College will be glad to undertake the matter of the publication of 'The Rutgers 
 
Graduates of Japan' as one of the group of publications we are to put out in 
 this distinguished anniversary year." The original pamphlet of 1886 is hereby 
 reissued with new notes and additional data. The President wrote also: "I 
 hope that the record would be just as coniplete as possible, concerning every 
 Japanese who ever attended the college or the grammar school." May we not 
 hope that the story of the Rutgers Graduates in India, China and Insulinde 
 will also be written? 
 
 The text of the original address is scarcely altered, but footnotes, explana- 
 tory, chronological and biographical, show the sequence of events and the situ- 
 ation at this date, over thirty years afterward. 
 
 For various and obvious reasons, the obtaining of full and correct personal 
 data has been difficult, and the work is, and can be, only approximately correct 
 in detail. As such, it is submitted as a slight contribution towards that ulti- 
 mate tinion and reconciliation of Orient and Occident, in which both the Re- 
 formed Church in America and our own Alma Mater have borne no mean 
 part. 
 
 Of his address on Charter Day, November 10, 1913, on "Works and Days," 
 Dr. Hamilton W. Mabie, author of Japan : To-Day and To-Morrow, and fresh 
 from his tour as "Exchange Lecturer" in Dai Nippon, The Targum gave this 
 report : "In his introduction, to shpw the widespread influence of this college, 
 he said he was continually coming upon traces of Rutgers and Rutgers influ- 
 ence in Japan." 
 
 Since Japan is really our new West, we can utter again, and most appro- 
 priately, our ancestral prayer, while having the Princess Country in mind : 
 
 "Sol justitiae et occidentem illustra." 
 
 William Elliot Geiffis, 
 
 Ithaca, N. Y., September 17, 1916. Rutgers '69. 
 
ADDRESS 
 
 Mr. President, Officers and Fellow- Alumni: 
 
 It seems appropriate to follow up the subject so ably and brilliantly pre- 
 sented last year by our member of the class of '65^'The Scholar in Practical 
 Life" — with a theme similar in its associations, illustrated, however, by history. 
 Laying aside philosophy and literary discussion, we shall pursue the humbler 
 vocation of narrator and eye-witness, as we tell of "The Rutgers Graduates in 
 Japan," and what they saw there. 
 
 May we not suggest that in future our themes shall occasionally concern 
 themselves with the achievements of our fellow-alumni?^ Surely a college 
 which already wears her crown of a hundred and fifteen years of honor, has a 
 right to reminiscence and record. May we not talk of the scholars, the states- 
 men, the soldiers, the diplomatists of Rutgers ; and what for learning, for litera- 
 ture, for science, for war, for peace, for diplomacy and state-craft her sons 
 have accomplished? In both our own land and abroad our fellow-alumni have 
 toiled in the world's work, and left enduring works of influence of which we, 
 sons of Alma Mater, should know for stimulus and cheer. 
 
 Yet, note that your speaker to-day shall not, transcending modesty, detail 
 what the Rutgers' graduates in Japan have done, but what they have seen. 
 
 Our first Minister-resident of the United States, accredited to the court of 
 Yedo, was Robert H. Pruyn of the class of '33. Appointed by President Lin- 
 coln in 1861, he went out in the dark days of the civil war, when our nation 
 was engaged in a life-struggle at home. Despite domestic affliction on the way 
 to the far off destination, he turned not back, but set himself bravely to his 
 work.' In those days when no telegraph enabled the diplomatist to converse 
 with the home government, nor steamers, whose swiftness and punctucdity now 
 suggest the regularity of the heavenly bodies, cut the Pacific waves, the Ameri- 
 can envoy was left to his own decisions and resources. Our first Rutgers 
 alumnus in Japan was sent to compete with European diplomatists of life-long 
 training ; and, in the face of the proud and exclusive hermits of the island em- 
 pire, to maintain the prestige of the United States so nobly created^ by Matthew 
 Perry^ and Townsend Harris.* He was accompanied by his son, Robert C. 
 Pruyn, afterward a member and graduate of the class of '69. At Yokohama 
 they found James H. Ballagh-of the class of '57. This was the first group of 
 Rutgers men in the Land of the Day's Beginning. 
 
 1 In India, China, and the Dutch East Indies, for example? 
 
 2 President Millard Fillmore initiated the peaceful expedition to Japan. See Millard 
 Fillmore: Constructive Statesman, by W. E. Griffis, D.D. Ithaca, N. Y. : Andrus and 
 
 3 See Matthew Calbraith Perry. A Typical American Naval Officer. Boston, 1887. 
 * Townsend Harris : First American Envoy in Japan. Boston, 1896. 
 
Let us note what they saw in 1861 ; or, if all that wrought in the life of the 
 nation, was not then floating and visible on surface-currents, what deeps were 
 then calling unto deeps, before their mighty fountains should be broken up for 
 the floating of a new ark, and the dawning of a new world. 
 
 Here, then, were the diplomatist and the missionary, each called to confront 
 difficult, dangerous and, at times, almost hopeless tasks. The American envoy 
 in Yedo was accredited to the Sho-gun, or in more common American parlance, 
 the Tycoon. With the rest of the world, Mr. Pruyn had come believing in the 
 duarchy of two emperors — the spiritual and the temporal. The military des- 
 potism at Yedo had for two centuries propagated a lie which all the world 
 believed, but which Mr. Pruyn was to help discover and lay bare. He soon 
 found himself, as he himself has described it, playing a game in which his 
 unseen adversary moved the pieces with an invisible hand. He perceived that 
 the government recognized by Perry and by Harris was but a hoary fraud, and 
 a colossal usurpation; that the theory of duarchy was historically a fiction, 
 and, unless the treaties were signed by the Mikado, the previous work of Perry 
 must be undone, and the half-open gates of the hermits be shut once more. 
 The political real estate in Japan seemed about to rock down in the throes of 
 earthquake. Unseen forces were breaking forth to engulf institutions cen- 
 turies old. ' ' 1 I ' ; 
 
 In the midst of these troubles on land came sorrow from the sea. The 
 Alabama and the other Confederate commerce-destroyers swept the seas of 
 our flag and shipping. The officers of the old navy, under Perry and Rodgers, 
 had turned their knowledge acquired in the eastern seas into an engine of 
 destruction. Crossing the trail of every American ship, they burnt, sank and 
 destroyed, until our people at the ends of the earth felt that they had no longer 
 a home. None, more than they, read with tears and knew the pathos of the 
 story of "The Man Without a Country." 
 
 Those four bitter years were hard both for missionary and diplomatist, yet 
 both sons of Rutgers quitted themselves like men. The one^ in mastery of the 
 vernacular spoken language of the people is to-day probably not excelled by 
 any missionary on the soil; while as translator, preacher, evangelist, and 
 founder of the first Protestant, and the first Reformed, Christian church in 
 Japan, he has done memorable service. He has seen two of his children enter 
 the sublime calling of the missionary, and is preparing a son for Rutgers.^ 
 The other, whose two sons'* are our fellow-alumni, has left a body of diplo- 
 matic correspondence highly praised by so impartial a judge as Charles Sum- 
 ner. According to his best light, he upheld the honor of our country and her 
 flag, in a time that at the ends of the earth, as at home, "tried men's souls." 
 
 These, our fellow-alumni, were "beginners of a better time" in a land and 
 era of falsehood, sham, and gross paganism. What did they see? It may be 
 that they looked too often at reeds shaken by the wind, yet they beheld also, in 
 
 iRev. James H. Ballagh, Class of 18S7, who, though over eighty, is still (1916) 
 active in Japan. 
 
 2 Professor James Curtis Ballagh (Univ. Va. 1888), Ph.D., LL.D. Historical writer. 
 In Univ. of Penna. 
 
 3 Robert Clarence Pruyn '69 ; and 
 
 Charles Lansing Pruyn '71. Died July 7, 1906. 
 
the day of their small things, some of the greatest born of Japanese women, 
 whom God made forerunners of a new nation and kingdom. The murders, 
 assassination, incendiarism, the apparent loosening of the bonds of society, 
 which once so alarmed, were but signs of the times, heralding the day which 
 we behold. 
 
 Things outwardly beheld were these : A military despotism in Yedo whose 
 beginning had been in the twelfth century ; the anachronism in the nineteenth 
 century of a perfected system of feudalism; an iron-handed ruler, called by 
 foreigners the Tycoon, holding nearly three hundred daimios, or landed feudal 
 barons in leash, treating diplomatically with western nations which gradually 
 found that the signatory of their treaties had not power to enforce his decrees 
 or fulfill his promises, and that the centre of authority in Japan must be else- 
 where, even in Kioto; all critical study and investigation of scholars laid 
 under interdict, an embargo put on foreign ideas, death the penalty for going 
 abroad, or believing in Christianity; patriots and scholars imprisoned or be- 
 headed; the whole nation given to lying; officials abnormally numerous and 
 fattening on the people by oppression; feudalism made spectacular, brilliant, 
 divided, so that the common people might be kept contented and the daimios 
 might be kept poor; the Mikado's court isolated, and politically a shadow; 
 Buddhism subsidized and used as an engine of inquisition and despotism; 
 harlotry made legal, and sensualism encouraged in order to lull the intellect; 
 one grade of people beneath and beyond the pale of humanity ; the mercantile 
 and agricultural classes with no rights which the samurai or sword-wearers 
 were bound to respect; with no process of law known for the punishment of 
 the murder of people in certain classes, and even local government that of 
 "despotism tempered by assassination." In a word, Japan lay socially and 
 politically in primitive barbarism, her civilization outwardly glossed with art 
 and learning, but inwardly a mass of rottenness. The two and a half centuries 
 of perfect peace, which the genius of lyeyasii had secured to his country, had 
 become moral corruption and political paralysis. It was the calm of ice, the 
 quiet of the stagnant pool, not the stillness of water that runs deep. 
 
 And yet the deeps were calling unto deep. Discordant voices then, they 
 were to be attuned into harmony by Him who shakes the nations and bids 
 even the lightning return and say "here am I." Let us note the forces that 
 finally upheaved the old state of things; for these were mostly intellectual, 
 from within and not from without. The schoolmaster and the student pre- 
 ceded the revolutionist and the soldier.^ 
 
 There was first the study of ancient history by native scholars, who dis- 
 cerned that the only fountain of authority was the Emperor in Kioto, and not 
 his lieutenant in Yedo; that the camp was inferior to the throne; that the claim 
 of the Mikado's vassal, self-styled Tycoon (great prince), to sign treaties was 
 an arrogant fraud, and that the very existence of the government at Yedo was 
 
 1 See the recent articles by the author on the Oyomei philosophy, in the Cyclopedia 
 Americana (1916) and in the N. Y. Sun, and Nation, the Philadelphia Public Ledger, 
 Bibliotheca Sacra; and The Philosophy of Wang Yang-ming (p. 562), The Open Court, 
 Chicago, 1916; and The Japanese Nation in Evolution, by W. E. Gnffis; New York, 1907. 
 
historically a usurpation. The mayor of the palace had become de facto 
 king, the pretorium had overborne the emperor, the camp had usurped the 
 prerogatives of the throne, the civil had sunk beneath the military power. 
 
 This was the whisper of the student in the cloister. It was soon to enter 
 the touchhole and speak from the mouth of the cannon. 
 
 Another voice was uttered in the renascence of the study of the ancient 
 classics of China. This superb body of ethics is the remnant, or so much of 
 the old patriarchal religion of primitive times as it pleased the agnostic Con- 
 fucius to retain, after rejecting or minimizing the better and more spiritual 
 part. The Chinese scholars, driven out of their old cloisters by the fierce 
 Manchus^ of the seventeenth century, as were the Greek scholars from Con- 
 stantinople by the Turks in the thirteenth, fled to Japan and taught anew "the 
 five relations" of man's duty based on the obedience of the inferior to the 
 superior, and especially of vassal to suzerain. It was not to be expected that 
 to Japan should come renascence in thought and reformation in religions like 
 that which made a new Europe when "the Greek language rose from the dead 
 with the New Testament in her hand," for Confucius cut the tap root of 
 progress when, eliminating the supernatural from the ancestral faith, he bade 
 his countrymen "honor- the gods, but keep them far from you" ; yet a new 
 spirit of inquiry, dangerous to usurpation, began to move the heart and mind 
 of Japanese thinkers. The line upon line and precept upon precept of the 
 professor of ethics in the class-room at last swelled into the war cry of a 
 nation — Dai-gi neibun — The King and the Subject — exalt the one, the Mikado; 
 abase the other, the Sh5-gun. Let the military serve the civJl, the camp obey 
 the throne." 
 
 Another voice was heard that rose from the critical study of the ancient 
 native literature, and of the primeval cultus. The indigenous religion Shin-to' 
 or the doctrine of the gods makes the Mikado the vicegerent of the heavenly 
 spirits. Increase of reverence for the throne and ruler in Kioto resulted. Pub- 
 lic opinion was moulded against their counterfeit and imitation at Yedo and 
 against Buddhism, and in favor a new golden age in which, as in the days of 
 old, the Mikado alone should rule.^ It was the plea of the heart and the in- 
 tellect for love as against fear ; for the experience of centuries had long before 
 coined itself into this proverb : "The Mikado all men love ; the Sho-gun all men 
 fear." 
 
 Another solvent influence which was to liquify old ideas into a common 
 menstruum, out of which the elementary basic forces of Japanese nature were 
 to re-crystalize on new axes, was the presence at Nagasaki of the Hollanders 
 and the resultant study of the Dutch language by native young men eager for 
 knowledge.^ The Dutchman in Japan is a historic figure, cursed by some, 
 abused by all, praised by none. The devil in him has had even more than his 
 
 1 The Manchu dynasty (1644-1912) came to an end in the .same year that Japan's 
 great Emperor Mutsuhito (18S2-1912) died, under whom the first students were sent 
 abroad and the reforms wrought. See China's Story, Boston, 1911, and The Mikado: 
 Institution and Person; Princeton, 1915. 
 
 2 The Mikado: Institution and Person (pp. 346), by W. E. Griffis. Princeton Uni- 
 versity Press, 191S. 
 
 3 The Religions of Japan (pp. 457), by W. E. Griffis. New York, 1875. 
 
due, the angel in him has not. Much of good did he accomphsh for the island 
 empire. For centuries he furnished her only intellectual stimulant. He was 
 the sole teacher of medicine, astronomy and science, to the hermit nation ; a 
 kindly adviser, helper, guide and friend, the one means of communication with 
 Europe and the world, a handful of salt in a stagnant mass. Long before the 
 United States or Commodore Perry, did the Hollanders advise the Yedo gov- 
 ernment in favor of international intercourse. The Dutch language studied by 
 eager young men was a key which opened the treasures of modern thought and 
 the world's literature. The minds of thinking Japanese were thus made plastic 
 for the ideas of Christendom. It was the quickening influence of the Dutch 
 that impelled noble spirits among the Japanese to warn their country how de- 
 fenseless, how childishly weak, how dangerously paralytic the nation by long 
 seclusion had become. In the teeth of torture, prison and decapitation at the 
 blood-pit, these patriots uttered their warning cry and published their knowl- 
 edge. Japan to-day gratefully builds costly monuments over the once neglected 
 and even desecrated graves, wreathes with garlands the tombs, enshrines in bio- 
 graphy and enhalos with glory the names of the prophets whom once she slew. 
 Yet these men were the pupils of the Dutchmen to whom history yet shall do 
 justice.^ It may be that the Hollanders loved the wages of unrighteousness, 
 yet they were not sinners above all people, and they who have most persistently 
 blackened their character are the intellectual heirs of Alva and Philip II and 
 Loyola. When the storm of revolution broke in 1868, the native men of the im- 
 perial party who knew Dutch were to a man called to responsible office on the 
 deck of the ship of State, while those of diverse political sympathies were 
 speedily invited to lend the aid of their scholarship in the work of national 
 reformation. These were the intellectual forces at work long before Perry's 
 steamers made their apparition in Yedo Bay. 
 
 The introduction of western civilization wrought mightily to help, but it 
 did not begin the revolution which has made new Japan. From 1853 to 1868 
 these forces seethed and boiled beneath the crust of feudalism with their vol- 
 canic foci at Kioto and Yedo. The presence of foreigners was as the dropping 
 of a pebble into a solution already supersaturated, and mightily hastening re- 
 sults to crystallization. Steam and steamers enabled the daimios to combine 
 against the Tycoon, to equip their forts and to try a campaign against him, and 
 an artillery duel with foreign ships. Their dream was first to reduce the Ty- 
 coon to his level as one of many vassals, to restore the Mikado to full powers, 
 to drive out the aliens, and then dictate to and learn from them. With the 
 troops from Yedo in moth-eaten armor it was only the old story of long guns 
 against carronades, rifles against smooth-bores, bullets against arrows ; but in 
 the face of western artillery, it was that of the bull glorying in his mass and 
 horns, and measuring himself against a locomotive. Valor confronted by 
 science rarely avails. At Shimonoseki one American steamer, the Wyoming, 
 sunk a small squadron, and an allied fleet cleared out their batteries as with the 
 besom of destruction. 
 
 iMost of these men were students also of the Oyomei philosophy. It may be said 
 that already Japanese history, memorial art and imperial favor have richly awarded 
 honor and done justice to these "morning stars pf the reformation" of 186§, 
 
10 
 
 The Japanese learned their lesson well. They broke the embargo of ages 
 and sent their young men to study in Europe and America,^ in order to learn 
 the power of the foreigners and the secrets of the west. Henceforth, with busy 
 pen and naked sword they plied their tasks. With American rifles and western 
 drill the southern clansmen perfected themselves in military evolutions, until on 
 the 27th of January, 1868, in the suburbs of Kioto, at the barrier-gate of Fu- 
 shimi, a few hundred cool, deliberate men, strong in the faith of science and 
 the righteousness of their cause; strong in the belief that the decision of ages 
 was at hand, opened their guns agciinst an advancing host of thirty thousand 
 men. Of the decisive battles of Asia, if not of the world, that of Fushimi, Jan- 
 uary 27, 1868, must be counted one, for then old Japan fell and new Japan 
 rose.* ,1 
 
 With the help of such sinews of war as British finance, American fire-arms 
 and the iron-clad Stonewall, speedily furnished, backed by valor equal, and 
 strategy superior to that of their antagonists, the war was nearly over, when a 
 second group of Rutgers graduates appeared in Japan. The one was the ever 
 genial "Bob" Brown of college days, and the class of '65, or more officially Mr. 
 Robert Morrison Brown,^ who entered commercial life, and was for some time 
 consul in Japan for Hawaii; the other was Henry Stout,* who was located 
 at Nakasaki, where he still holds the fort as a toiling missionary in a dif- 
 ficult field. He took the place of Guido F. Verbeck,^ the able and honored mis- 
 sionary of the Reformed Church in America, who had been called to Tokio, 
 the national capital, and made superintendent of the imperial University. 
 
 These saw Mutsuhito the 123rd Mikado enthroned, Keiki, the last of the 
 Tycoons, exiled, and the center of authority shifted from Kioto to Yedo now 
 officially and popularly named Tokio, the treaties ratified by the Mikado, new 
 ports opened to foreign commerce, and that grand era of change and progress, 
 which has astonished the world, begun. Eager for adventure. Brown was one 
 of the first to traverse the country and try life on the western coast at Niigata. 
 
 So far, however, the signs of progress in New Japan were confined to the 
 sea ports and capital ; but with the restoration of the Mikado to supreme power 
 .and the government to monarchy, the daimios were given permission to em- 
 ploy foreign teachers, chemists, geologists and military instructors in their do- 
 minions. Education was declared unrestricted and the interior was opened to 
 ^he science of the west. Liberty to travel abroad was granted and young 
 Japanese now flocked to our shores, and entered our schools. Providentially 
 they were led to New Brunswick. Few completed a full course of study ac- 
 cording to our curriculum, yet we remember how eager for knowledge, how 
 consumingly thirsty for science, some of these earnest lads were. Willow 
 Grove cemetery here in New Brunswick, the shotted shroud at sea, and many a 
 quiet dell under the camphor trees in beautiful Japan, tell the story how all too 
 soon, many were laid on sleep. Others lived to honor Rutgers, and to do 
 
 1 See the author's story of the genesis of the idea and movement to send native stu- 
 dents abroad to study in the October number of The Japanese Student, October, 1916. 
 
 2 A triumph of the idealistic, intuitional philosophy of Oyomei. 
 s Died February 18, 1900. 
 
 *Died February 16, 1912. 
 5 Died March 10, 1898. 
 
11 
 
 noble service for their country. Of these, "Matsmulla," "Nagai," "Soogi- 
 woora," "Asahi," Takaki," "Hattori," are among the names most easily re- 
 called. Speaking in general terms, I think it may be said that the Japanese 
 educated at New Brunswick have honored their teachers and have been found 
 on the right side of the great questions which enter into the life of men and of 
 nations. 
 
 Prominent among the leading daimios who had taken part in the cowp 
 d'etat at Kioto, January 3, 1868, which had upset the old, and set up the new 
 order of things, was Matsudaira, lord of the province of Echizen.'^ Taking 
 immediate advantage of the situation, he applied to Dr. Verbeck for a teacher 
 of science at Fukui, the capital of his fief or principality. Directly and indi- 
 rectly, this was the means of bringing out from Rutgers college three more 
 alumni, two members of the class of '69 and one of 71. Your speaker went as 
 pioneer of this new group, and the first American to live inside the country be- 
 yond treaty ports. ^ He is, perhaps, the only white man living who has seen 
 from the inside the Japanese feudal system in its detail, its fulness, its glory and 
 its fall. Leaving the nineteenth century for the fourteenth, he looked daily for 
 seven months upon a political system and social life never again to appear on 
 the earth; and then, on that memorable Sabbath morning of October 1, 1871, 
 in the great castle hall, saw the five thousand armed warriors and gentlemen, 
 the two-sworded retainers of the princely house of Echizen, bid solemn fare- 
 well to their feudal lord, who stepped forth a private citizen, and they from 
 rank and hereditary emolument to hard work and self-support. They beheld 
 feudal institutions, after a thousand years of growth and seven hundred of 
 power and embodiment, buried under a pen-stroke of the Mikado. In other of 
 the nearly three hundred feudal sections of the empire, the proud men of 
 hereditary privilege and rank refused thus calmly to obey. They took up the 
 sword, and they perished by the breech-loader. 
 
 Before leaving Echizen, after one year's stay and toil, the Rutgers graduate 
 at Fukui had called out Edward Warren Clark,^ of the class of 1869, and Mar- 
 tin N. Wyckoff,* of the class of 1872. The former organized a school at Shid- 
 /uoka in Suruga, called by himself "The St. Helena of Tycoonism." There 
 dwelt the last of the line of Yedo Sho-guns, surrounded by many of his old 
 court who, from being magnates in power, had become private citizens. Wyc- 
 koff, after two years of labor in Fukui, and two more in Niigata came, as did 
 Clark later on, to T5kio ; for the fall of feudalism, though in the end beneficial 
 to the nation, was at first destructive to local interests, especially to the schools 
 of the old foundation, organized under the auspices of the daimios. At one 
 time we had no fewer than seven Rutgers graduates in Japan, together with 
 
 1 See his biography in The Mikado : Institution and Person. He was a devoted 
 Oyomeian, and feudal lord to Kusakabe Taro. 
 
 2 This Rutgers graduate was the first of the 0-yatoi (salaried foreigners) called out 
 from a foreign country, according to the charter oath of 1868, which created the new 
 Imperial Government. From 1868 to 1900, about five thousand Yatoi from the various 
 countries served the Japanese. Probably twelve hundred were American teachers. A 
 work on the Yatoi may be published. For the burial of feudalism see The Mikado's 
 Empire, p. 534. 
 
 3 Died June S, 1907. 
 
 4 Died January 27, 1911. 
 
12 
 
 our dear professor, David Murray,^ the superintendent of schools and coUeiges 
 in Japan. ' 
 
 In the fourth and latest group of Rutgers alumni in the Mikado's empire 
 are to be found Eugene S. Booth, of the class of 76, who is now in charge of 
 the Ferris Seminary at Yokohama, N. H. Demarest, of the class of '80, at 
 Nagasaki, Howard Harris, of the class of '73, now in Tokio. and M. N. Wyc- 
 koff, who af teV a four years' stay in the United States, returned to Japan, and 
 is now principal of the Sandham Academy, the Christian Union College of To- 
 kio. He ha^ taught not only Japanese, but Coreans; seven of these sons of 
 Cho-sen have been under his own .or. his wife's instruction. No graduate of 
 Rutgers has yet entered the Land of Morning Calm, though the Rev. Horace 
 Underwood who was trained in the New Brunswick Theological Seminary, is 
 now a missionary in Seoul. ^ All in this latest group of Rutgers men are, with 
 Ballagh and Stout, missionaries of the Reformed Church in America, engaged 
 in laying the foundation of a new Christian nation in Asia.** 
 
 Of the Japanese who were fellow-students with us, or who were graduated 
 from our Alma Mater — the ministers of Christ, and the envoys of the Mikado, 
 the rear admiral, the high officers of the government and the men emineijt or 
 useful in politics, finance, science, education and commercial life — we cannot 
 here speak.* 
 
 The Rutgers graduate of '69 during those three years spent by him in the 
 new capital, T5ki6, saw, knew, talked with, or studied, the leading men of New 
 ■Japan. Let us glance at a few. ' 
 
 The first whom he met in Tokio was Munenori Terashima, for many years 
 the Mikado's minister of foreign affairs, and later his envoy at the Court of St. 
 James and at Washington. Though of gentle blood and highly educated, he 
 went when a yoimg man to Nagasaki, and became a stevedore and laborer, un- 
 loading Dutch vessels and undergoing menial toil that he might master a Euro- 
 pean language and the ways of the foreigners. Coming to the front in the 
 revolution, he knew the good and the evil, and could measure both the bluster 
 and the abilities of each member of' the diplomatic corps. He possessed the 
 masterful faculty of holding his tongue in several languages, and biding his 
 time until opportunity came. At a council of the ministers he could sit all day, 
 quiet as a lamb, yet as a tiger crouching, gathering all his strength, for a final 
 spring that would bear down all opposition. No man riiore than he understood 
 how to wield the weapon of silence. Jealous to the last degree of the prestige 
 of the central government, he struck out of my contract with Echizen the word 
 "government" and substituted "local authorities."^ The same jealous feeling 
 of statecraft rather than religious convictions or intolerant bigotry led him to 
 propose a clause forbidding the teaching of Christianity. The Rutgers gradu- 
 ate of '69 refused to have any dictation in this matter or in that in regard to 
 
 1 Died March 6, 1905. 
 
 2 In 1916, visiting America, after thirty-two years of active service. 
 
 3 See Christ the Creator of the New Japan, pp. 20. Boston, A. B. C. F. M., 1907. 
 * See IV Personal Notices. 
 
 B The Mikado's Empire, p. 402. Assistant in this transaction as vice-minister in the 
 Foreign Office was Shigenobu Okuma, now 1914-1916+ Premier of japan, one of Ver- 
 beck's pupils. 
 
•13 
 
 absolute Sabbath rest. Terashi'ma waived the points, and without fuss or sen- 
 sation in American newspapers, religious or otherwise.^ the Rutgers graduate, 
 after a dinner with a half dozen daimios,^ disappeared in the interior, having 
 compromised naught of faith, character or patriotism. Later, when the director 
 of the Imperial University in Tokio, attempted to compel the American teach- 
 ers to ply their tasks on Sunday, the answer of the Rutgers graduate was, !'not 
 for ten thousand dollars a month," and his prompt organization of resistance 
 ■into compact unity. When obedience under coercion; with the alternative of 
 being cashiered, was presented, the Rutgers graduate with the Japanese "Soo- 
 giwoora" (Hatakeyama) made a call upon the prime minister, and stated the 
 facts. The bullying director was transferred to another field of labor, and the 
 men from Christendom were left without compromise of character or convic- 
 tions. The Rutgers graduates lived to see the Japanese themselves observe the 
 great law of one day in the week for rest, not only in all the schools, but also in 
 the government offices; while over forty thousand day-schools in active opera- 
 tion, on the American systems, testify to the sincerity of the Japanese belief 
 that "education is the basis of progress."^ 
 
 The prime minister referred to was Iwakura Tomomi, whose three sons 
 Asahi, Minami and Tatsu were educated at New Brunswick. 
 
 The composite government now ruling Japan was made upon the theory of 
 a union of the throne with the people, without any of intermediaries except the 
 court nobles of imperial blood and descent. Hence there stood together 
 high-souled parvenus, and blue-blooded magnates of immemorial lineage — ^the 
 strength of youth united to the majesty of antiquity. Beneath these two 
 groups, the daimios or territorial feudal nobles— men, as a rule, of no personal 
 importance — sank out of sight. 
 
 On the one side, then, we saw Sanjo Saneyoshi and Iwakura Tomomi com- 
 panions of the throne and the Mikado ; and on the other, able men sprung from 
 the people, Saigo, Okubo, Kido, Katsu, Itagaki and many others.* Let us draw 
 a pen picture of some of them. 
 
 Of Sanjo, still hving," we say nothing but praise, but pass to Iwakura, well 
 named '"Rock-throne," and fitly called the "Bismark of Japan." A personal at- 
 tendant upon the emperor in Kioto, at the age of twenty, he began openly to 
 oppose the assumptions of the Yedo usurpation which to him was but an exag- 
 gerated repetition of previous thefts of power. He ridiculed the title of 
 Tycoon or "great prince" used in the treaty documents. He hated all foreign- 
 
 lAll of these men were disciples of Kokoi Heishiro, and adherents to the Oyomei 
 philosophy, of which Fukui had been a centre of propagation. 
 
 2 There were some frauds, pious and otherwise, among both Japanese and Americans, 
 in the relations of these early years ; but, on the whole, the record is one highly honor- 
 able to both nations and civilizations ; though in tradition and gossip the Japanese have 
 had to suffer the more. See Professor Longford's The Story of Old Japan, pp. 324-329, 
 
 3 a' direct corollary of the Oyomei philosophy held by the men who made the New 
 
 4 Almost every one Oyomeians, and several of the premiers from 1868 to 10M were 
 immediate pupils of Yoshida Shoin (of whom R. L. Stevenson tells in his chapter on 
 Yo.shida Toraijiro), who first, in 1833, boarded Commodore Perry s flagship, hoping to 
 come as a student to America. . 
 
 5 All the Japanese statesmen, except one, Itagaki, mentioned in this address of 1885, 
 have passed away. Okuma, Verbeck's pupil and premier, 1914-19164-, is still living. 
 
14 
 
 ers, though he never saw one until he was over forty years old. Five minutes' 
 sight of Sir Harry Parkes, the British envoy, converted him, and henceforth 
 he believed in their humanity, equality and abiUties; though when they met 
 this man in diplomacy, they found him, who from childhood had been a recluse 
 at court, their match. Having ever the overthrow of duarchy and feudalism in 
 view, he made himself the willing instrument in the palace of the plans of the 
 revolutionists. He sent his sons to learn of the teacher from the New World, 
 at Nagasaki, Guido Verbeck, and then later to New Brunswick;. He prevailed 
 upon the Mikado to sign the treaties. The revolution of 1868, which sifted the 
 •pretensions of great names, found him the foremost man for the new age 
 among all the court nobility. 
 
 It was he, who after Kido's memorial, saw that the iron was at white heat, 
 and nerved the imperial right hand to strike ; and the framework of feudalism 
 turned as clay on the potter's wheel. It was he who, when opportunity again, 
 like a flame, softened the national heart as wax, bade the Mikado with his 
 divine prestige stamp it and give to the fusing mass of sectionalism the express 
 image of a nation. At each issue of an imperial mEuidate which pulverized 
 ancient abuses, dazed even his own followers, and enraged the adherents of tlie 
 old regime, Iwakura having counted the cost was ready to shed blood, and ex- 
 pected to do it. He planned ^ and carried out the erpbassy round the world, 
 whose supreme object was to obtain the erasure of the odious extra territorial- 
 ity clause from the treaties. Utterly fearless of all personal consequences, he 
 defied alike the swords of the assassins, and the curses of the priests. Emerg- 
 ing scathless from repeated attempts on his life, after a giant's work, he died 
 quietly in his bed. The Rutgers graduate of '69 present at a dinner given 
 by Iwakura at his house near the palace, heard an American lady"'' ask what 
 most impressed him when in America. His answer quickly given was "the 
 strength of the central government at Washington." As of all the natural won- 
 ders from the Pacific to Atlantic, none melted his high bred dignity into 
 wreathes of smiles and transports of childlike joy save the greatest, Niagara, 
 so in things social and political, nothing so moved this man of courts and of 
 Asiatic despotism, this believer in a divinely descended Mikado, this centraliz- 
 ing Bismark of Japan, as that picture of unity under freedom, that reahty of 
 mountain-like stability amid fluctuation of opinions, and of that flexible but 
 invincible arm of steel at Washington moved by the will of a free people. 
 Wonder of wonders to him, this was in a republic. It ceases to be a marvel 
 then that Iwakura returned to Japan with a transcendently noble purpose to 
 educate, enrich, uplift his people so that his beloved country might become peer 
 to the nations of Christendom. This explains why this man of blood and iron 
 so loved peace, so loved schools, and so opposed aggressive war,^ idleness, in- 
 justice, persecution for religion's sake and all that in enlightened eyes stunts a 
 nation's growth. 
 
 Let us look now to the men of the people — "self-made," an American would 
 
 1 This great embassy, which so helped to turn the nation's face from Chma to Chris- 
 tendom, was first suggested by Dr. Verbeck. See Verbeck of Japan, Chapter XIII. One- 
 half of its personnel consisted of his former pupils. 
 
 2 Wife of the honored adviser to the Department of Education from Rutgers 
 
 3 The Mikado's Empire, p. 573-575. 
 
15 
 
 say— able, high-motived heroes sprung from the rank and file. Thfere was 
 Saigo, the heart and sword of the revolution, whose voice was a battalion, 
 whose presence was an army, who led his disciplined lads against hosts, and 
 with his sword carved the way for men of the pen. Would you call him the 
 Grant of Japan? Yes, in splendid physical presence, a more than Grant, in 
 courage, persistence, inborn military genius, wisdom and manifested skill in 
 concentration of purpose and winning personal qualities, a Grant ; but in after 
 conduct, a Robert Lee rather. Like many other revolutionists who rouse the 
 sleeping energies of a nation only to see these rush beyond their power to curb, 
 the movement of 1868 exceeded his wishes, his expectations and his control. 
 Calhouns and Jefferson ]5avises there are in Japan as with us, and the doctrine 
 of State Right in its most radical and venemous form, strengthened by too 
 easily believed misrepresentations of his old comrades in Tokio, led Saigo 
 to take up the sword of Lee. Saigo the younger faced Saigo the elder, 
 brother against brother, and Japan entered into a struggle for life. The 
 "Satsuma rebellion" of 1877 cost the nation seven months of civil war, twenty- 
 five thousand lives and one hundred million of dollars.^ Steam, electricity and 
 modern artillery enabled Japan to maintain her existence, and the last of her 
 many rebellions in the interest of reaction and the irrevocable past finds her 
 to-day stronger than ever in national unity. In what Saigo failed, none other 
 will attempt to lead. 
 
 Of all the Japanese pre-eminent in the marvellous restoration period, from 
 1868 to 1877, the most European looking, thinking, and acting of all was 
 Okubo. He was the interpreter of the West to the East. Like Saigo, he was 
 a man of Satsuma, and had been nourished in the traditions of undying 
 jealousy and hatred of the Yedo system. He became early interested in that 
 literary movement whose goal was the restoration of the Mikado to ancient un- 
 divided authority. He too served behind the cannon when the British bom- 
 barded Kagoshima. At Kioto he aided to precipitate the crisis of six hundred 
 years, urged the unfurling of the Mikado's brocade banner of chastisement 
 which stamped the Tycoon as a rebel, demanded the removal of the capital to 
 Yedo, and plead that the divine emperor should come out from beyond the 
 bamboo screens, stand on the earth and be the visible actual ruler of his people. 
 These daring proposals were carried out, and thence forward the name of 
 Okubo is imperishably associated with the long list of reforms which have 
 changed the insular empire of Japan from an agglomeration of feudal princi- 
 palities into a compact modern state. In his visits to America and Europe, that 
 strong dash of the Caucasian, in his nature became an ordered but irresistible 
 force. Whether as envoy to China before the dragon-throne where the tiny 
 nation from the giant empire demanded and obtained justice, on the battle- 
 fields, or at the tribiinals which decided the fate of reactionary secession, 
 Okubo was ever the lion-hearted. His goal was united enlightened Japan — a 
 nation in all things and peer even to England or the United States. On the 
 
 1 See The Japanese Nation in Evolution, and The Mikado : Institution and Person, 
 for the outbreak and suppression of this great uprising, the last struggle of feudalism, 
 and for the work of Okubo, whose life in French has been written by Henri Courant, 
 Paris, 1904. It was he who with Iwakura signed the letter of thanks to Dr. J. M. Ferris. 
 
16 
 
 night of. the 13th of May, 1878, having been warned of his impending assas- 
 sination by fanatics who hated his progressive policy, he expressed before a 
 party of friends his belief in the decree of Heaven that would protect him if 
 his work were done, but which otherwise would permit his death, even though 
 he were surrounded by soldiers. The next day, while unarmed in broad day- 
 light, he was hacked to pieces by the swords of six assassins, runaways from 
 the rebellion put down six months before. Thus died one of the ablest men 
 Japan ever produced. The Rutgers graduate remembers many a personal in- 
 terview with him, especially the last, when out of his piercing black eye, out of 
 his heart as well as his mouth, he uttered thanks for service done in education, 
 begged that the meaning of the revolution in Japan might be explained to the 
 American people, and wished that Heaven would enlighten his own people as 
 to the necessity of national unity and the duties of the hour and the age.^ 
 
 Nor must we forget to mention another figure prominent in the great war 
 and reconstruction period. If Saigo was the heart and sword of the revolu- 
 tion and Okubo its educator. Kido was its brain and pen. He too was almost 
 American in his boyish appearance. He too tried odds, behind the cannon, 
 with the allied fleet at Shimonoseki. There he was converted to the idea of 
 the superiority of foreigners, and the impossibility of their expulsion from 
 Japan. He was the author of that address to the emporer, purporting to come 
 from the four great daimios of Satsuma, Hizen, Tosa and Cho-shiu, which 
 proposed, and through Okubo and Iwakura, resulted in the abolition of the 
 feudal system, and the retirement to private life of two hundred and seventy 
 daimios, who relinquished their lands, incomes, and the roster of their military 
 retainers to the central government. He founded the first newspaper, and the 
 first local assembly or legislature, and took those initiatory steps vvhich have 
 culminated in the promise of the Mikado to call a parliament and establish a 
 representative government in 1890.^ Of pre-eminent political genius, stainless 
 life- and gentle manners; his death was deplored by a nation. 
 
 Time would fail me to tell of all the members of that wonderful group of 
 men which the train of events, beginning even before Perry's arrival called out. 
 Foreign influences excited, compelled change, but never could have created 
 such men for the hour — true children of Japan, yet of the nineteenth century. 
 They were fitted to accomplish what no foreigners could even attempt, and 
 they did it. Surely the page of history presents few such records of the re- 
 generation of a nation in so short a time. The rubbish has been cleared away, 
 and the foundations laid on which Christianity is now building her stately tem- 
 ple. The Rutgers graduates in Japan may yet live to see a once Asiatic despot- 
 ism and pagan hermitage become a constitutional monarchy^ and a Christian 
 nation. 
 
 1 In this interview, Hatakeyama was interpreter. 
 
 2 Fulfilled grandly in 1889, when,_ however, Arinori Mori, first envoy to the United 
 States, was assassinated, and Yokoi Heishiro given posthumous honors. See The Japanese 
 Nation in Evolution, and The Mikado : Institution and Person. 
 
 3 Prince Ito may be called "the Father of the Constitution,'' which was promulgated 
 one hundred years after the American document. Ito was a profound student of Hamil- 
 ton's work, "The Federalist." The two men, in mind and ideas of government, greatly 
 resembled each other. Ito was an Oyomeian. 
 
17 
 
 A few words in summary of the period from 1868 to 1885 : 
 What a brilliant panqrama, yetiull of shadow as well as of light, does our 
 theme call up. We look again on ipen who from being .hermits emerged with 
 sword and pen .to carve out the victories of war and of peace ; who tore down, 
 but who built up ; w,ho faced opJDressor and rebel in the field, and vanquished 
 both ; who bearded China in Formosa, while they crushed the war spirit of the 
 filibustering braves at home ; who 'won a "brain-victory" over the insulting 
 Coreans ;^ who paid over the money-bags of "indemnity"^ to the greedy diplo- 
 mats from Christian courts rather than yield honor and the nation's right; 
 who freed the slave-like Etas or pariahs ; who broke the fetters of caste ; who 
 reduced the burden of taxation ofi the soil, and distributed the load on all 
 classes; who unsworded :the swaggering. bvillies and commuted the hereditary 
 pensions of the idlers ; who gave women rights before the law ; who founded 
 public schools, mails, light-houses, railroads, national-banks, a national army 
 and navy ; who laid the foundations ,cji constitutional monarcliy and represen- 
 tative government; who first persecuted and then, as they were enlightened, 
 ceased to persecute, and finally granted toleration to Christianity. With all 
 their faults and ipistakes, their record is noble, and the work done in seventeen 
 years makes brilliant the page of history for all time. 
 
 The leading men of Japan ! Hovv their faces gleam before us as we write ! 
 Some were handsome and of noble bearing, some were ill favored and ugly, 
 some were tall and* lion-like in their imposing personal bearing, some were 
 boyish and diminutive in figure. What if they all did have the "Mongolian" 
 cast of fea!tufe ! It was not this we saw, it was the splendid courage, the 
 quenchless love of country, the panting ambition, the unqua'iling fire of the 
 spirit, the patience and the perserverance that conquer all things. We count it 
 an honor to have known and talked, with such heroes. In the face of misunder- 
 standing at home, the opposition of a bigoted priesthood and a peasantry steep- 
 ed in superstition, and of a proud warrior class ; in the teeth of the opposition 
 bred of the eager and selfish rivalry of foreign diplomacy ; in defiant scorn of , 
 the contemptuous wrath of conservative-China and wasp-like Corea ; worse than 
 all, in spite of their own mistakes and ignorances, they have pressed nobly for- 
 ward to the goal — the equality of Japan, real as well as professed, before all the 
 world. 
 
 Iwakura, Hirosawa,^ Okubb, Kido, the mighty heroes of the revolution, 
 Kawaji, the loyal hero; Sameshima, the brilliant young diplomat; Hatakeyaraa 
 the interpreter, scholar. Christian — all these are dead. Assassination, as of 
 Lincoln and Garfield, laid some in untimely graves ; the overworking of delicate 
 frames caused others to fall on sleep too soon for their country's good. Eno- 
 moto, Ito, Inouye, Itagaki, Fukuzawa, Katsii, Kuroda, Niishima, Nakamura, 
 
 1 See Corea; the Hermit Nation. New York, 1882. 
 
 2 See Appendix to The Mikado's Empire, Edition of 1876, on The Shimonoseki In- 
 demnity. The return to Japan in 1883 of the principal, $785,000 (but not the interest), 
 was largely tiie result of the efforts of Rutgers men. The writer, for nearly nine years, 
 bombarded members of Congress with the printed facts (from the appendix, as above), 
 and the work of Dr. Murray is well known. See his "In Memoriam." 
 
 3 See , A Japanese Statesman at Home, by E. H. House, Harper's Magazine. 
 
18 
 
 Terashima, Mori, Oki, Soyeshima, Tanaka/ Yoshida — these are all living, toil- 
 ing yet. They are leaders indeed, in government, finance, education. Christian 
 effort, military skill, journalism, diplomacy, and in the various relations of 
 complex national life. 
 
 Japan has yet a rugged road before her. Her public men make many mis- 
 takes. Human selfihness and low passions have their place among the men of 
 Japan as among those in America, with pagans as with so-called "Christian 
 statesmen" ; but with the spirit of the men of '68, yet living and at work, there 
 is hope for Japan. We speak as men, humanly. In the public life of Japan, 
 the element of personal religion, loyalty to Christ, as well as unbeUef in Shinto 
 and Buddhism and superstitution, is increasing; and in the increase of such 
 men — Christians at heart, and increasingly Christian in life — ^we see bright rays 
 of promise.^ Japan, which having emerged from the cocoon woven by cen- 
 tviries of seclusion, has yet to escape the dangerous lights of bankruptcy, nihil- 
 ism and agnosticism.' 
 
 1 Fujimaro Tanaka may be called the initiator of the government education of girls 
 and women in Japan, Miss Margaret Clark Griffis having initial charge, during two years, 
 of the first school for the daughters of the nobles and gentry, founded in 1872, which has 
 since developed into the Peeresses' School and the Tokyo Female Normal School. 
 
 2 See The Christian Movement in Japan, Vols. I-XIII, 1902 to 1916. Tokio. 
 
 3 See The Religions of Japan. New York, 1895. Since the above was written, Japan 
 has emerged victorious from two wars ; both of them struggles for existence, rather than 
 for aggression. Almost every one of the victorious generals, admirals and statemen were 
 men who had been educated in the Oyomei philosophy. It was, perhaps, the technical 
 mastery of the details of transportation, hygiene and military problems, that most sur- 
 prised the world; though in the observance of international law and strict conformity to 
 treaty obligations Japan has been second to no other nation. See the latest edition (1917) 
 of the Encyclopedia Americana and the concluding chapter of The Mikado : Institution 
 and Person. 
 
NOTES AND APPENDICES 
 
 I. THE RUTGERS GRADUATES IN JAPAN. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Place. 
 
 Time in Japan. 
 
 Robert H. Pruyn 
 
 1833 
 1857 
 186S 
 
 1865 
 1869 
 1869 
 
 1872 
 
 1873 
 
 1876 
 
 1880 
 1871 
 1878 
 1879 
 1889 
 
 Yedo .. 
 
 1861-1865 
 
 James H. Ballagh 
 
 Yokohama 
 
 1861-1916+ 
 1869-1906 
 
 Henry Stout 
 
 Robert Morison Brown 
 
 William Elliot Griffis 
 
 Niigata { 
 
 Yokohama ] 
 
 Fukui ] 
 
 1866-1900 
 1870-1874 
 
 Edward Warren Clark 
 
 Martin N. Wyckoff 
 
 Howard Harris 
 
 Tokio 3 
 
 Shidzuoka \ 
 
 Tokio j 
 
 Fukui ] 
 
 Niigata ^ 
 
 Tokio 'J 
 
 1871-1875 
 
 1872-1911 
 
 1881-1901* 
 
 1879-1916-1- 
 
 1883-1900 
 
 Eugene S. Booth 
 
 N. H. Demarest 
 
 Nagasaki ] 
 Yokohama 1 
 
 Ichizo Hattori 
 
 Tokio 
 
 Seiichi Kudo . . ' 
 
 
 Tadanari Matsudaira 
 
 Kiimakichiro Oishi 
 
 Tokio 
 
 Tokio 
 
 1878-1906 
 1889- 
 
 Mitsuve Oi 
 
 1892-1903 
 
 
 
 
 * In Hawaii, 1901-1915. Died 1916. 
 
 David Murray (Union '52), professor of mathematics and' astronomy in 
 Rutgers College from 1865 to 1873, arrived in Japan June 30, 1873 ; left to 
 attend the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia, in charge of educational 
 affairs, October 12, 1875 ; arrived in Japan on his return, December 26, 1876 ; 
 and left, finally, January 23, 1879. He was counselor to the Department of 
 Education in Tokio, and general superintendent of schools and colleges in 
 Japan. He supervised the publication of an "Outline History of Education 
 in Japan" (pp. 202 ; D. Appleton & Co., 1876) . On his departure from Japan 
 in 1879, in acknowledgment of his services, the Mikado, after granting him 
 audience, bestowed his thanks personally, and awarded the decoration of the 
 third class Order of Merit (of the Rising Sun, like that bestowed on Dr. 
 Verbeck), while the Department of Education made him a present of $1,500. 
 Dr. Murray was Secretary of the Board of Regents of the University of the 
 State of New York, in Albany, N. Y., 1879-1889. In Japan, Mrs. Murray, a 
 lady of grace and influence, as true social missionary, aided greatly in the 
 friendly union of the two nations. Until the day of his death, as professor, 
 trustee and friend, of invaluable judgment and unselfish devotion, Rutgers 
 
 19 
 
20 
 
 College enjoyed the benefit of Dr. Murray's wisdom and attractive personality. 
 As a voluminous writer, he was graceful and accurate. His history of Japan 
 (Story of Japan) in the Story of the Nations series, is one of the best. In 
 1909 a grand banquet commemorative of his arrival in Japan was held. See 
 the Memorial Volume ("In Memoriam") by Rev. W. I. Chamberlain. Pri- 
 vately printed. New York, 1913. 
 
 II. THE JAPANESE STUDENTS IN AMERICA AND EUROPE. 
 
 In answer to inquiries addressed to the Minister of Education in Japan, 
 after this address was delivered, the following facts were elicited : 
 
 From causes easily understood, no complete record of Japanese young men 
 studying abroad, since the opening of the empire to foreign intercourse, has 
 been kept, but from the year 1865 to the year 1884, the number known to have 
 spent more or less time in Europe and America as students, exclusive of com- 
 missioners, travelers or tourists, was 594. 
 
 The plan of sending students to complete their course of education in for- 
 eign countries is still pursued, as in former years, but on a smaller scale and 
 in a wiser and more systematic way. For example, the thirty students 'sent 
 abroad from 1875 to 1884, had been, for the most part, pupils in Japan of the 
 Rutgers graduate of '69, and had graduated from the Tokio University, thus 
 completing at home and abroad a ten years' course. Their special studies were 
 in law, chemistry, engineering, mining, etc. They were located as follows : 
 
 United States 9 
 
 England 8 
 
 France 5 
 
 Germany 5 
 
 England and Germany 3 
 
 Of these thirty, after their arrival home, up to October, 1884, two had died, 
 three were in the office of foreign affairs, sixteen were professors in the Uni- 
 versity of Tokio or connected with the education department, nine were civil 
 or mining engineers, and one was a jtidge. The record of their degrees, diplo- 
 mas, prizes and rewards gained, in competition with European and American 
 students, is an extremely brilliant one. In perspective from 1916, the general 
 record of the Japanese students educated abroad is excellent. 
 
 In addition to those who are supported by the Department of Education, 
 there have been since 1885, and are in the United States and Europe, hun- 
 dreds, or in total, thousands of Japanese . students pursuing collegiate, scien- 
 tific or theological courses at private expense. As a rule, the health of those 
 now leaving home is now much better than in former years, and the mortality 
 is much less. A considerable number of young men have been sent for limited 
 periods of study since 1868, under the auspices of other departments besides 
 that of Education. Until 1914, Germany was perhaps the country most fav- 
 ored by the students sent imder government auspices, but the United States 
 has always had a number exceeding, the total in all other countries outside oi 
 Japan. The first students in America were wholly of the samurai or two- 
 
21 
 
 sworded class, retainers of the feudal barons. After 1870, when swords and 
 class distinctions in dress, and virtually all social disabilities were abolished, 
 the classes began commingling. In 1916, over fifty per cent of all offices of 
 honor and trust in Japan are held by commoners, and the students abroad are 
 from every class and social condition. All paths of. promotion are opened in 
 the Mikado's empire. 
 
 III. JAPANESE STUDENTS IN RUTGERS COLLEGE. 
 
 Name as Recorded. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Course. 
 
 Entered. 
 
 Left. 
 
 Toro Kusakabe 
 
 1870 
 1871 
 1871 
 1871 
 1875 
 1875 
 1876 
 1877 
 1877 
 1877 
 1877 
 1878 
 1879 
 1889 
 1892 
 1894 
 1895 
 
 Scientific 
 Scientific 
 Scientific 
 Scientific 
 Scientific 
 Scientific 
 Classical 
 Scientific 
 Scientific 
 Scientific 
 Scientific 
 Classical 
 Scientific 
 Scientific 
 Classical 
 Scientific 
 Scientific 
 
 1867 
 1868 
 1868 
 , 1868 
 1871 
 1871 
 1872 
 1873 
 1873 . 
 1873 
 1874 
 1874 
 1875 
 1885 
 
 December, 1869 
 June, 1869 
 December, 1868 
 •June, 1869 
 Graduated June, 1875 
 
 Zun Zow Matsmulla 
 
 John Wesley Iwoske Nagai . . . 
 K.0 2o Soogiwoora 
 
 Ichy Zo Hattori 
 
 Shumma Shirane 
 
 Nagateru Yasujiro Outska. . . . 
 Yasutaro Hara 
 
 April, 1874 
 
 Zen Kichy Ongawa 
 
 
 Yoshio Ohswa 
 
 
 
 April, 1875 
 Graduated June, 1878 
 Graduated June, 1879 
 Two years 
 
 Sei Ichi Kudo 
 
 Tadanari Matsdaira 
 
 Koiiro Matsucata 
 
 Mitsuye Oi 
 
 Yoshimoro Takatsuji 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hope College. 
 
 Motoichro Ohgimi 
 Kumage Kimura . 
 
 Classical 
 Classical 
 
 Graduated June, 1879 
 Graduated June, 1879 
 
 IV. PERSONAL NOTICES. 
 
 (In this list, the personal name comes first, family name last.) 
 
 "Satoro Ise," born in Kumomoto, Higo, was the first student in New 
 Brunswick (see Dr. Ferris' letter). He studied at the grammai; school during 
 a few mopths and then entered the Naval Academy at Annapolis,_bujL_failed to 
 pass the examinationsv "He went home deeply chagrined and- died soon 
 after." He and "Numagawa" were both nephews of Heishiro Yokoi (Yokoi 
 Shonan), an ardent disciple of the Oyomei philosophy, lecturer at Fukui, and 
 at heart a Christian. He was assassinated in Kioto, in 1869, for proposing 
 the toleration of Christianity and the elevation to citizenship of the Eta or 
 social outcasts. [See the author's books on Japan'.] The bill passed by Con- 
 gress admitting Japanese into the Annapolis Naval Academy was introduced 
 by Senator Frelinghuys«ij[Rutgers '36), following an open letter from Dr. 
 Verbeck. Here Admiral'jUim was educated, and Great Britain,, following the 
 precedent, educated Admiral, ■^ogo. 
 • "Saburo- Numagawa," of Kumamoto,- Higo,- was for a short time in. New 
 
22 
 
 Brunswick, but in 1870 was obliged to return home on accouiTt of ill health. 
 From Kumamoto he sent several students to study in Fukui. He was a noble 
 specimen of a Japanese samurai and on his return was influential in founding 
 a school in his native city, before he died in 1871. This school was for several 
 years in charge of Captain Janes, who had been recommended by Dr. J. M. 
 Ferris. It became noted for its excellence. The "Kumamoto Band" of stu- 
 dents was famous for its eminent men, several of them becoming Christian 
 pastors (see Dr. M. L. Gordon, "An American Missionary in Japan," Boston, 
 1892). Ise, Numagawa and Katz were, for a time, niembers of Instructor 
 Hasbrouck's household. 
 
 Taro Kusakabe (his true name) was a native of Fukui, Echizen of the 
 samurai class, and, as his name implies, was the first born of his parents. He 
 was an admirable mathematician and an excellent scholar. Entering Rutgers 
 College in 1867, he would, had he lived, have graduated with honors in the 
 class of 1870. Attempting in his ardor to do many years' work in a short time, 
 his health gave way. He died April 13, 1870, of consumption. The writer, 
 who had taught him Latin, met his father in Fukui and presented to him the 
 Phi Beta Kappa gold key sent by the chapter in Rutgers College. His books 
 were added to the library of the School of English and Science in Fukui, now 
 the High School, containing over six hundred pupils. (See The Mikado's Em- 
 pire, p. 430.) 
 
 Tetsunosuke Tomita (his true name), a native of Sendai, born in 1855, 
 made his home for fifteen months with Rev. E. T. Corwin, D.D. After study 
 at New Brunswick, he entered Whitney's Business College at Newark. He 
 has been identified chiefly with diplomacy, banking, and insurance. After 
 serving as consul of Japan in New York and San Francisco, and secretary of 
 legation in London, he becamfe a bank president ijn Tokio and mayor of the 
 great city. He is a member of the House of Peers, has been decorated by the 
 Emperor, and is now president of the Yokohama Fire and Marine Transporta- 
 tion Insurance Company. 
 
 "Kozo Soogiwoora," the assumed name of Yoshinari Hatakeyama, born in 
 Kogoshima, Satsuma, was among the number who clandestinely left Japan, 
 taking other names in order to avoid the vigilance of the Shogun's spies. Fall- 
 ing into the hands of the socialistic colonists, Thomas Lake Harris and Law- 
 rence Oliphant, he worked on a farm at Brocton, N. Y., near Lake Erie, 
 gratuitously, for the purpose, they told him, "of crucifying the flesh, that he 
 might receive true knowledge." Escaping from them and reaching New 
 Brunswick, he entered for the scientific course of Rutgers College in 1867, 
 remaining until 1871. Ordered to attach himself as interpreter to the em- 
 bassy, he travelled round the world, meeting nearly every crowned head in 
 Europe. Arriving in Japan in the autumn of 1873, he was made an officer of 
 three departments of the government. Interior, Education, Foreign Affairs. 
 As director of the Imperial University of Tokio he did much to advance its 
 prosperity and elevation. Incessant application and overwork, aggravated by 
 the importunity of office seekers, brought on consumption. He visited the 
 Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia in 1876 in the hope of recovery, but 
 
23 
 
 died on his way home at sea. Hatakeyama became a Christian, and in 1870 
 united with the Second Reformed Church, Rev. C. D. Hartranft, pastor, and 
 both at home and abroad lived a consistent life, notwithstanding that at his 
 death he was buried with high official and pagan honors. Though not so bril- 
 liant as Kusakabe, he was a hard plodder, and Japan lost in him a noble son. 
 
 "Zun Zo Matzmtdla" (Junso Matsumura), a native of Kagoshima, Sat- 
 suma, after preparatory study in the grammar school, entered Rutgers College 
 in 1868, and remained one year. He was a thorough student, of quick appre- 
 hension and clear understanding. He took the regular ■ course at Annapolis 
 Naval Academy, and returning home received a commission as captain in the 
 Imperial navy. He was in command of an iron-clad, and rose to be a rear 
 admiral. He suffered blindness in his later years. 
 
 "John Wesley Iwoske Nagai" (Kiyonari Yoshida), was born in Satsuma 
 in 1845. He left Japan in 1865, visited the United States and lived two years 
 in London, studying at University College. _jje_afterwa,rd studied at Munson, 
 ^ass., with the Rev. S. R. Brown,^.D^and entered Rutgers College in Sep- 
 tember, 1868, remaining imtil December of the same year. On his return to 
 Japan he was made chief clerk of the finance department, appointed commis- 
 sioner of internal revenue, and in 1871, having been appointed assistant minis- 
 ter of finance, he visited Evu-ope and the United States to negotiate a loan of 
 $12,000,000, in which he was very successful. From„l_874i.-to-1882. he was the.. 
 Mikado's minister plenipotentiary: in ^Washington. ...He was vice-minister of 
 Agriculture and Commerce. He introduced the American national bank sys- 
 tem in Japan, which, however, was afterwards relinquished for the Belgian 
 system. He served for a time as vice-minister of Foreign Affairs. He was 
 made viscount in 1887, and a member of the Imperial Privy Council. He died 
 in 1891. 
 
 Ichizo Hattori (his true name), a native of Yamaguchi, in Choshiu, was 
 born in February, 1851. He entered Rutgers College and took the full scien- 
 tific course, graduating in 1875. He delivered at commencement an oration 
 in Japanese. Returning to Japan, he was made vice-director of the Language 
 or Preparatory School of the Tokio University, and rose to be vice-president 
 of the University and dean of the law department. Later he was appointed 
 commissioner to the New Orleans exposition. He was sixteen years in the 
 educational service of the Government, and later in municipal administration, 
 being, in the period from 1891 to 1900, governor of three cities and prefectures, 
 Iwate, Hiroshirha, and Nagasaki. He has been for some years Governor of 
 Hiogo prefecture, one of the most important in the empire, with his office at 
 Kobe. He received the degree of LL.D. from Rutgers College in 1900. He 
 was made a member of the House of Peers in 1903, and has been decorated by 
 the Emperor with the First Order of Merit. 
 
 "Shumma Shirane" (Shiuma Shirane), after spending some time in the 
 family of Instructor Isaac Hasbrouck, in 1870 and 1.871, with preparatory 
 studies in the Grammar School, entered Rutgers College in 1871, but remained 
 less than one term. He was temporarily connected with the United States 
 Navy Department, and was for some years a noted ship-builder at Kanagawa, 
 
24 
 
 Japan. Now retired. Decorated by the Emperor, February 1, 1909, for hav- 
 ing patented a folding boat for the Japanese army. 
 
 Nagateru Yasujiro Outska (Utsuka), after instruction by Instructor Has- 
 brouck, in his family, entered Rutgers College in 1872 and remained one yeair. 
 
 Yasutaro Hara, of Tamba, entered Rutgers College, but left on account of 
 poor health. In Japan he became Director of the Forestry Bureau in the De- 
 partment of Agriculture and Commerce. 
 
 "Yoshiro Ohsawa" (Osawa) was admitted into Rutgers College, but left to 
 study in Brooklyn, his object being the mastery of naval architecture at the 
 Navy Yard. 
 
 "Zen Kichy Ohgawa" (Zenkichi Ogawa) was born in Yedo, in 1855, and 
 studied in two schools for English and in the Tokio University. He .came to 
 New Brimswick in 1873, having had a thorough education in English. Return- 
 ing to Japan, he became one of the most prominent and successful business 
 men, being connected with many corporations. Besides, in 1905, going to 
 England to arrange for a direct line of steamers from Japan to England, he 
 was active in the transportation enterprises of the Russian war. He has been 
 •decorated by the Emperor and is still in active business, being now president 
 of the Meiji Sugar Refinery Company. 
 
 Seiichi Kudo, a native of Tokio, came to New Brunswick in 1672, unable 
 to converse in English. He became a member of the household of Rev. E. T. 
 Corwin, at Millstone, and a member of the Reformed Church.. He entered 
 Rutgers College and ranked among the first nine in the class, graduating in the 
 year. 1878. He was active in educational service in Japan, being professor of 
 physics at Sapporo Agricultural College, 1881-1883, later teaching in Tokio, 
 and assistant for a time to Dr. David Murray. He died December 15, 1906. 
 
 Moto Oghimi (Moto-ichiro Ogimi), of Shiduoka, Suruga, who had been a 
 civil judge in Japan, came to Holland, Michigan, about 1872 or 1873. He be- 
 came a Christian, united with the church, and passed through the full course 
 of preparatory study in the Grammar School, and in Hope College. Coming 
 to New Brtmswick, he took the full course in the Theological Seminary, and 
 was ordained by the Classis of Albany in 1882. He was pastor of the church 
 in Kojimachi, and lecturer on Church History in the Union Theological Semi- 
 nary of Tokio, maintained by the united missions under the Presbyterian form 
 of government, and in December, 1885, was Moderator of the Third General 
 Assembly. He has been for some years connected with the Methodist Protest- 
 ant Church. 
 
 Kumage Kimura, coming to Holland, Michigan, about the same time with 
 Ogimi, passed through the full course of Grammar School and Hope College, 
 and entered the Theological Seminary at New Brunswick. He was licensed 
 to preach May 23, and ordained by the Classis of New Brunswick, June 4, 
 1882, signing his subscription in Japanese and English. He has been for many 
 years pastor of the Japanese Church at Nagano, the widow of Dr. M. N. 
 Wyckoff pericklically assisting in the work for women in this city. 
 
 Koroku Katz (K. Katsu), the son of the famous minister of the Sho-gun 
 (Katsu Awa), who was present at the signing of Perry's treaty, saved Yedo 
 
25 
 
 from conflagration in 1868, navigated the first Japanese steamer across the 
 Pacific, and was the Mikado's minister of marine or secretary of the navy. 
 K. Katsil came to New Brunswick, studying in the Grammar School two years 
 or more, passed through the AnnapoUs Naval Academy. He served as officer 
 in the Imperial Japanese navy, but was for some years crippled with rheuma- 
 tism, dying in comparatively early life. 
 
 Hiraka, a law student in Boston, but known in New Brunswick, became on 
 his return to Japan a judge in the new courts which had been reorganized on 
 Occidental systeni. 
 
 Masashi Nara, of Nambu, on returning to Japan was made paymaster in 
 the Imperial navy. 
 
 Juisulce Yamamoto, of Yamaguchi, Cho-shiu, was prepared in the Grammar 
 School at New Brunswick for the scientific course, but entered the Rensselaer 
 Polytechnic Institute at Troy, N. Y., graduating in full course. He was a 
 civil engineer in the Department of Public Works in Japan. 
 
 "Yonosiike Mitsi" (Yonosiike Mitsui) and "Yozo Mitsi" (Yozo Mitsui) 
 were connected with the family governing the great commercial house of that 
 name in Japan, which has agencies in most of the large cities of the world 
 (25 Madison avenue. New York), spent some time at New Brunswick as stu- 
 dents. On going back to Japan, they entered the banking business in Kioto. 
 Yozo Mitsui died a few years ago. 
 
 Hikoichi Orita, born at Kagoshima, in Satsuma, 1850, came to New Bnuis- 
 wick in October, 1870, and was for two years a member of Dr. E. T. Corwin's 
 household at Millstone. In 1872 he entered Princeton College, being gradu- 
 ated in 1876 and delivering an oration in his native language. He was bap- 
 tized by Dr. McCosh, not as a member of any particular Church, but as a 
 Christian. In Japan he served in the Foreign Office, assisted Dr. Miurray as 
 interpreter, for some time, and was principal of two or three of the largest 
 schools. In 1910 he resigned from educational service after nineteen years 
 activity and was nominated member of the House of Peers. 
 
 Naibu Kanda, the son of an eminent progressive Liberal in Tokio, whom 
 the writer knew, came to the United States at the age of fourteen. After six 
 months' stay with Dr. Corwin, he w.ent to Amherst College, graduating in full 
 course, spending altogether five or six years in this country. He is one of the 
 best speakers in English in Japan, a prominent Christian, and has been very 
 active in the general work of tmiting the two civilizations. He went to Europe 
 in 1911 on educational inspection, and visited America with the commercial 
 embassy in 1912. Is a member of the House of Peers. He has exerted vast 
 influence" on the introduction of the English language in Japan, and the best 
 methods of teaching and acquiring it. 
 
 Kotaro Asahi, born in Kyoto, son of the junior premier and Prince To- 
 mono Iwakura, was, with his brother, a pupil of Dr. Verbeck at Nagasaki. He 
 came to the United States in 1868. Though in delicate health, he spent over 
 two years in the Grammar School. In Japan he held the office of Secretary of 
 the Great Government Council and rose to be Chamber-lain to the Emperor and 
 Minister of the Imperial Household. He died March 10, 1914. One of his 
 
26 
 
 kinsmen, Tomotsuna, born in 1842, is chief ritualist at the sacred ceremonies 
 on great occasions in the Imperial Court. The present head of the Iwakura 
 house, who was born in 1878, is named Tomoharu, all descendants of Prince 
 Tomomi Iwakura taking the first syllable of the founder's personal name with 
 theirs. 
 
 Kotaro Tats (Tomotsune Iwakura), after two years' study at New Bruns- 
 wick, accompanied his father, the chief of the embassy to Europe, and studied 
 several years at Oxford. After serving as secretary of legation, he held sev- 
 eral offices in the Imperial Household, among others that of vice-chamberlain 
 to the Emperor. He died in 1912. 
 
 Samro Takaki, a native of Sendai, was a diligent student at the Grammar 
 School. He was afterwards consul of Jap^n in New York and San Fran- 
 cisco. In Japan he was for several years Director of the Doshin Kai-sha, a 
 large silk company in Yokohama. 
 
 "Nambu Okuma," as he was called in New Brunswick, in 1871, was from 
 the province of Nambu, and in Japan married a daughter of Okuma, now 
 premier, but later was divorced. He was for a while an officer in the land 
 survey, and long in educational service. 
 
 Tsumura, friend of Shirane, was a pupil of Instructor Isaac Hasbrouck, in 
 mathematics. i I j . , i 
 
 Kanichiro Taku, of Saga, in Hojen, entered the class of 1877 in Rutgers 
 College, but left in 1875. He died in 1901. 
 
 Togoora, a Japanese student in Albany, under Principal Merrill E. Gates, 
 expected to enter Rutgers College. He left an album containing about twenty 
 Japanese signatures. 
 
 S. Matsuda was at New Brimswick in 1871. 
 
 Kodzu was a student at New Brunswick in the late eighties. 
 
 Mitsuye Oi, of Yokosiika, was graduated from Rutgers College in 1892 
 and from the New Brunswick Theological Seminary in 1895. He died Octo- 
 ber 1, 1903. 
 
 Kenjiro Yamakawa was a very diligent student while in New Brunswick. 
 He studied also in Europe, and on his return to Japan was made assistant pro- 
 fessor of physics in the Imperial University of Tokio in 1872. He was given 
 the degree of D.Sc, and after some years of service as professor, was made 
 president of the university. He resigned in 1905, because dissatisfied with the 
 interference of the executive authorities, who required the resignation of 
 Professor Tomizu, because he had written something political, which dis- 
 pleased the Government. From 1906 he had charge of the Technical College 
 founded near Wakamatsu by Mr. Yasukawa, the millionaire coal n^iner, but 
 has been recently reinstated as the president of thfe Imperial University. 
 
 Takemura, on his return to Japan, entered the Finance Department in 
 Tokio. 
 
 Okubo became Curator in the Botanical Gardens of the Imperial Univer- 
 sity of Tokio. 
 
 Kyo Kawamura, after leaving New Brunswick, spent some time in Italy 
 studying art. On his return he became one of the most famous artists in the 
 empire. He was still living in 1912. 
 
27 
 
 Tugawa was the first Japanese who came to Holland, Michigan. Becom- 
 ing a Christian, he united with the Reformed Church, Rev. A. T. Stewart, 
 D.D., pastor, ^e did not enter college. 
 
 Osama Nagura, of Shidzuoka, Japan, became a surgeon in the Japanese 
 army. 
 
 Tadanari Matsudaira was born in Uyeda,. in Shinano, and by hereditary 
 succession became daimio, or territorial feudal ruler of his province. He 
 retired to private life in 1871, after the abolition of the feudal system. He 
 entered Rutgers College, taking the full scientific course, and was graduated in 
 1879. He married the daughter of Mr. William Sampson, the well-known book- 
 seller in New Brunswick. Two sons were born of the union, one of whom 
 was recently in Washington, D. C, and the other is an officer in Manila, P. I. 
 Under the peerage regulations promulgated by the Mikado in 1884, he was 
 made viscount and was for- a time an officer in the Department of Foreign 
 Affairs. Especially interested in the advancement of education in l^^s old 
 province, he gave money in considerable sums for this purpose. He di^d in 
 St. Louis, Mo., some years ago. 
 
 Kojiro Matsugata (Kojiro Matsukata) was the third son of the famous^ 
 premier, the Marquis Matsukata, who achieved the remarkable feat of chang- 
 ing the standard of Japan from silver to gold, and born in Kagoshima, Sat- 
 suma. On coming to New Brunswick, he prepared at the Grammar School 
 and entered the scientific course of Rutgers College. He then studied in the 
 Law School of Yale University, graduating with honors (LL.B., 1888; M.L., 
 1889; D.C.L.). On returning to Japan, he devoted himself, from the first, 
 exclusively to business, being president or director of various corporations. 
 In 1914 he was president of the Kawasaki Dockyard Company and active 
 director of several other leading concerns in central Japan. 
 
 Kumakichiro Oichi was graduated in the Rutgers College class of 1889, 
 and on returning to Japan became a journalist, living at Waseda, Tokio. 
 
 Mr. S. Tsuchiya was in the Grammar School in 1885. 
 
 Mr. Masaichi Noma was born in 1864, in the province of Satsuma. After 
 studying in the Grammar School at New Brunswick, he was graduated in the 
 Law School of Columbia University and entered service in the Foreign Office 
 and in diplomacy, serving at the legation at Washington, in the consulates in 
 New York, Mexico, Bombay, Hong Kong and Manila. From 1909 he has 
 been secretary of legation and consul at Siam. 
 
 Yoshimaro Takatsuji, of Tokio, was in Rutgers College, in the class of 
 1894. 
 
 Daihichiro Sagara, of Tokio, Japan, was in Rutgers College, in the class 
 
 of 1895. 
 
 Satori Kato was a special student in the New Brunswick Seminary, 1891-92. 
 
 The causes of the short stay and brief course of study of most of these 
 early students are not to be sought in the national character or temperament, 
 but in the imperative demand for men who were both young and who had 
 been abroad. Some of them left under stress of financial necessity, but the 
 majority, probably, at call of their stiperiors for instant service at home. This 
 
28 
 
 was the situation until the higher modern education was well started in Japan 
 in the eighties. In general, looking at the record of the Japanese students, both 
 at New Brunswick and in America, it is the verdict of science, without senti- 
 ment, to declare that, with a few brilliant exceptions, or for obvious reasons, 
 involving rank, influence or opportunity in Japan, the best record of achieve- 
 ment has been made by those who were most earnest and most thorough in 
 their studies, while at home and in America. 
 
 V. INSCRIPTIONS ON THE MONUMENTS IN THE JAPANESE 
 LOT IN WILLOW GROVE CEMETERY, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J. 
 
 In Memory of 
 IRIYE OTOJIRO, 
 Chioshiu, Japan, 
 Died at New York City, N. Y. 
 March 20, 1873. 
 Aged 19 Years. 
 
 In Memory of 
 
 JINZABURO OBRATA. 
 
 KOKURA, JAPAN. 
 
 Died at Brooklyn, L. I. 
 
 Jan. 20, 1873. 
 
 Aged 29 Years. 
 
 In Memory of 
 
 SOSUKE MATSGATA. 
 
 SATSZMA, JAPAN. 
 
 Who Died at Farmington, Conn. 
 
 Aug. 13, 1872. 
 
 Aged 22 Years. 
 
 In Memory of 
 
 KIJORO HASEGAWA. 
 
 HIMEJI, JAPAN. 
 
 Who Died at Troy, N. Y. 
 
 Nov. 18, 1871. 
 
 Aged 23 Years. 
 
 TARO KUSAKABE.* 
 
 A Native 
 
 OF ACHIZEN, JAPAN. 
 
 Died April 13, 1870. 
 
 Aged 25 Years. 
 
 In Memory of 
 
 SHINZIRO KAWASAKI. 
 
 KAGOSHIMA, JAPAN. 
 
 Died at Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 
 
 March 24, 188S. 
 
 Aged 21 Years. 
 
 *A student of Rutgers College, class of '70, and a member of Phi Beta Kappa. 
 
 The Willow Grove Cemetery Association was incorporated in February, 1851, and the 
 cemetery is still in use and kept in ewellent order, The last Japanese buried in this 
 ccmetby was in 1886, 
 
29 
 
 ERECTED 
 TO THE MEMORY OF 
 
 J. OBATA, 
 
 By His Associates in The 
 
 KEI-O GIJIKU 
 
 Tokio, Japan. 
 
 In Memory of 
 
 TATSUZO SAKATANI 
 
 A Native of Bitchu, Japan 
 
 Died at New York City, N. Y. 
 
 April 14, 1886. 
 
 Aged 26 Years. 
 
 INFANT 
 
 DAUGHTER OF 
 
 SAMRO and SUMA 
 
 TAKAKI, 
 
 Died September S, 
 
 1877. 
 
 VI. MISSIONARIES OF THE REFORMED CHURCH IN AMERICA 
 
 IN JAPAN.* 
 
 Rev. S. R. Brown, D.D.f and Mrs. Brownf 1859-1879 
 
 D. B. Simmons, M.D.f and Mrs. Simmonsf 1859-1860 
 
 Miss C. Adriancet 1859-1860 
 
 Rev. G. F. Verbeck, D.D.f and Mrs. Verbeckf 1859-1898 
 
 Rev. James H. Ballagh, D.D., and Mrs. Ballaghf 1861-1916+ 
 
 Rev. Henry Stout, D.D., and Mrs. Stoutf 1869-1906 
 
 Miss Mary E. Kidder (Mrs.-E. Rothesay Miller)t 1869-1909 
 
 Rev. C. H. Wolff and Mrs. Wolff 1871-1876 
 
 Miss S. K. M. Hequembourg 1872-1874 
 
 Miss Emma C. Witbeck 1874-1882 
 
 Rev. E. Rothesay Millerf 1875-1916 
 
 Rev. J. L. Amerman, D.D., and Mrs. Amermanf 1876-1893 
 
 Miss Harriet L. Winn 1878-1887 
 
 Miss Elizabeth F. Farrington 1878-1879 
 
 Miss Mamie J. Farrington 1878-1879 
 
 Rev. Eugene S. Booth and Mrs. Booth 1879-1916-f 
 
 Miss Carrie E. Ballagh 1881-1885 
 
 Prof. Martin N. Wyckoff, Sc.D.f and Mrs. Wyckoff 1881-1916+ 
 
 Miss M. Leila Winn 1882-1916+ 
 
 Rev. Howard Harris and Mrs. Harris 1881-1905 
 
 * Most, if not all, of the male missionaries serving in Japan since 1885 are graduates 
 of Hope College or other institutions. A number of the lady missionaries have beenstu- 
 dentS in college or are graduates of women's colleges, and some who, through marriage, 
 entered the service of other Boards or Churches, are still hving and at work. 
 
30 
 
 Miss Mary E. Brokaw 1884-1899 
 
 Miss Anna DeF. Thompson 1887-1908 
 
 Miss Mary Deyo 1888-1905 
 
 Miss Julia Moulton 1888-1916-1- 
 
 Rev. Jacob Poppen, Ph.D., and Mrs. Poppen 1896-1898 
 
 Rev. Frank S. Scudder and Mrs. Scudder 1897- (In Hawaii) 1916-)- 
 
 Mrs. J. D. Schenck 1897-1904 
 
 Miss Harriet Wyckoff (Mrs. John E. Hail) 1898-1904 
 
 Rev. A. Oltmans, D.D., and Mrs. Ohmans 1904-1916-|- 
 
 Rev. and Mrs. D. C. Ruigh 1901-1916-|- 
 
 Miss Jennie M. Kuyper 1905-1916-|- 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Walter E. Hoffsomer ' 1907-19164- 
 
 Rev. Hubert Kuyper 1911-1916-f- 
 
 Rev. N. H. Demarest 1912-1914 
 
 Miss May B. Demarest 1912-1914 
 
 Rev. David Van Strien and Mrs Van Strienf (1913) 1912-1916-|- 
 
 Rev. and Mrs. Luman J. Shafer 1912-1916-|- 
 
 Miss Florence E. Dick 1912-1914 
 
 Miss Evelyn F. Oltmans 1914-1916-f- 
 
 Miss Janet Oltmans 1914-1916-}- 
 
 Mrs. R. L. Irvine 1887-1893 
 
 Miss C. B. Lanterman 1890-1892 
 
 Rev. A. Pieters and Mrs. Pieters 1891-1916-}- 
 
 Miss S. M. Couch 1892-1916-}- 
 
 Rev. H. V. S. Peeke and Mrs. Peeke 1893-1916-}- 
 
 Miss H. M. Lansing 1893-1916-}- 
 
 Miss M. E. Duryea ,. 1893-1897 
 
 Miss Anna K. Stryker *. 1897-1900 
 
 Miss A. B. Stout 1898-1904 
 
 Rev. C. M. Myers 1899-1904 
 
 Rev. Garret Hondelink and Mrs. Hondelink 1903-1916-}- 
 
 Mr. H. V. S. Peeke 1888-1892 
 
 Miss A. B. Stout 1891-1895 
 
 Mr. A. A. Davis 1896-1898 
 
 Miss Grace Thomasma 1904-1913 
 
 Miss Jennie A. Pieters 1904-1916-}- 
 
 Mr. Anthony Walvoord and Mrs. Walvoord 1905-1916-}- 
 
 Rev. Willis G. Hoekje and Mrs. Hoekje 1907-1916-]- 
 
 Miss Jennie Buys 1909-1915 
 
 Miss Jeane Noordhoff 1911-1916-}- 
 
 Rev. Stephen W. Ryder and Mrs. Ryder 1913-1916-)- 
 
 Miss Hendrine E. Hospers 1913-1916-f- 
 
 Rev. Alex. Van Bronkhorst and Mrs. Van Bronkhorst 1916-)- 
 
 t Deceased. 
 
31 
 
 VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 Graduates R. C. 
 
 R. H. Pruyn. See U. S. Diplomatic Correspondence, 1862-66. Voluminous 
 and of great historical value. 
 
 J. H. Ballagh. Translations of Westminster Catechism and hymns; Spir- 
 ited and valuable letters to periodicals in Japan and to The Christian Intelli- 
 gencer, from 1860. Glimpses of Old Japan (pp. 126), by Mrs. Ballagh, Tokio, 
 1908. 
 
 H. Stout. Translations; Inscriptions in Shimabara and Amakusa, in 
 Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, Vol. VII, 1879 ; Manual of Sa- 
 cred History, 1883; Manual of Church History, 1884; text-books in theology. 
 
 W. E. Griffis. See the bibliography published by Rutgers College, in 1916, 
 "Who's Who," and various works of reference. Series of primers and spelling 
 books (5) for Japanese, San Francisco, 1873; guide books and maps for 
 Yokohama and Tokio; a dozen books on China, Korea and Japan; articles in 
 encyclopedias and text-books, and about one thousand contributions, with 
 titles, from 1868 to 191 6-f- on Oriental, European and American subjects, in 
 the N. A. Review, The Nation, The Independent, The Outlook, The Christian 
 Intelligencer, and other periodicals. Was called out to Japan as the first for- 
 eigner, under the charter-oath of the Emperor, on his installation, in 1868, to 
 seek for knowledge and expert assistance in all parts of the world, in order to 
 relay the foundations of the empire. This oath, foundation of the new nation, 
 was the Oyomei philosophy put into practice. Application came to the writer 
 from the baron of Echizen and the authorities of Fukui through Dr. Verbeck, 
 Dr. Ferris and the Faculty of Rutgers College who made choice, of the gradu- 
 ate of '69. Arrived at Yokohama, December 29, 1870; in Tokio, January 2, 
 1871 ; in Fukui, March 4, 1871. Feudal system abohshed October 1, 1871. 
 Called to Tokio, following a letter addressed to the Government, to organize a 
 Technological school, and arrived February 2, 1872. With G. F. Verbeck, 
 revised the national scheme of education during February, 1872. In Imperial 
 University until July, 1874. The most important papers of the writer, and 
 those having the greatest influence in Japan, were — his initial proposition, 
 made in December, 1871, looking to technical and manual training; "Christ in 
 Japan : A Protest Against Sectarianism," in a letter to the native Christians, 
 1874 (reprinted in "Sunny Memories of Three Pastorates" (Ithaca, 1903) ; 
 and twelve critical articles in The Japan Mail, on Education in Japan, 1874, 
 reprinted in New Haven, Conn. Many of the author's writings have been 
 translated, or reproduced in Europe and Asia. Decorated by the Emperor 
 with the Order of Merit (the Rising Sun). 
 
 M. N. WyckofT. Manual of English Composition (in Japanese), Tokio, 
 1885. Revision of the English, in Akada and Satomi's "How to Speak Japan- 
 ese Correctly," Tokio, 1903. 
 
 S. R. Brown. Translations of Sei-yo Ki-Bun, a Japanese work In 3 volumes, 
 by the famous scholar Aral Hakuseki (1657-1725) ; and of the Old and New 
 Testaments, 1868-76; Grammar of Colloquial Japanese, 1863; Prendergast's 
 
32 
 
 Mastery System applied to Japanese, 1875 ; many letters in American news- 
 papers. Not a few of Dr. Brown's pupils became eminent in law, literature, 
 journalism, education, statesmanship and the Christian ministry. In Wash- 
 ington he pointed out to his former neighbor in Auburn, N. Y., Secretary Wil- 
 liam H. Seward, that Perry's treaty was not signed by the Emperor or his 
 representatives. All nations profited by this exposure. 
 
 G. F. Verbeck. Author of several tracts and unpublished important mem- 
 orials to the Government of Japan, which have had immense influence for 
 good, on such vital national subjects as freedom of conscience, freedom of 
 the press, secular control of property held by religious corporations, and on 
 other matters of vast importance to an Oriental nation emerging into modern 
 life. Translator of the Bible and hymn books. Literary criticisms of import- 
 ant books. History of Protestant Missions in Japan, 1883. Decorated by the 
 Emperor with the third class of the Order of the Rising Sun for meritorious 
 services. Verbeck's most important service, perhaps, was his elaboration of 
 the scheme of national education, in the early months of 1872 — ^the writer's 
 criticisms, on lack of manual training and technical education, proving very 
 effective. Japan is now a leading nation in technological studies and arts. 
 
 J. L. Amerman. Biblical Theology of the New Testament, 2nd ed., 1884; 
 Argument for Being of a God, and Introduction to the Study of Systematic 
 Theology, 1884; Attributes of God and Trinity, 1885. The Divine Decrees; 
 Anthropology ; The Creation of the World ; Soteriology ; Church Government ; 
 The Gospel of Mark, in Colloquial. All in collaboration with the Rev. K. 
 Ibuka, A.M. 
 
 Frank S. Scudder. Work on the Sunday School Lessons. Author of 
 Songs of Rutgers. 
 
 In addition to books in bound volumes, most of the missionaries have made 
 contributions in various ways to a Christian Japanese literature, especially in 
 local missionary and secular publications in Japan. Tracts, hymns, manuals, 
 and the entire liturgy of the Reformed Church in America, now in Japanese 
 dress, are the products of their labors. Mrs. E. R. Miller edited the Yoro- 
 kobino Otodzure (Glad Tidings), a weekly Christian newspaper, and a leaflet 
 published for little children, which are continued by Japanese editors. 
 
 Rev. E. Rothesay Miller translated and published Princess Splendor (a 
 Japanese Romance — the Taketori Monogatari^of the tenth century), Tokio. 
 
 Miss Carrie Ballagh (Mrs. Harrell) has written sketches and stories. 
 
 For the more recent contributions, see The Japan Evangelist, published in 
 Tokio. 
 
 VIII. HOW THE JAPANESE CAME TO NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 (By the Rev. John M. Ferris, D.D., Honorary Secretary of the Board of Foreign Missions 
 of the Reformed Church in America.) 
 
 Returning from an errand to the office of the Board of Foreign Missions 
 at 103 Fulton street, N. Y., late in the afternoon in the autumn of 1866 I foimd 
 there a plain looking man and two young men who appeared to be Chinamen. 
 The man proved to be the captain of a bark, the young men Japanese. They 
 
33 
 
 were clothed in American garments. They presented a letter from Rev. Guido 
 F. Verbeck, then at Nagasaki, in which it was said only that they were of good 
 family and worthy of attention. Inquiry elicited that they had been a few 
 months in Dr. Verbeck's school, had learned some English there, and picked up 
 more on the long voyage of about six months. They wished, they said, to study 
 navigation, to learn how to build "big ships" and make "big guns" to prevent 
 European powers from taking possession of their country. They had one hun- 
 dred dollars in gold remaining of the amount with which they started. This, > 
 reckoning the cost of living as the same as in Japan, they thought would be 
 nearly enough to enable them to accomplish their purpose. I told them it 
 would be necessary to study many things before they could properly understand 
 the science of navigation, and especially before they could build ships, and that 
 the money they had would be far from enough to carry them through the 
 course they would have to pursue, but that I would see what could be done for 
 them ; and asked them to call frequently. 
 
 Dr. Verbeck's letter was soon after presented to the Executive Committee of 
 the Board of Foreign Missions, and a report made of conversations with the 
 young men. The members of the committee directed that an endeavor should 
 be made to find a home for these students in New Brunswick, and to provide 
 for their instruction in the grammar school. It was also resolved to advance 
 from the treasury what might be necessary for their support until we could 
 hear from their friends in Japan. At that time there were in the committee 
 some" of the highest contributors in the church to the income of the Board. 
 They pledged themselves to pay the advances which might be necessary, if ob- 
 jection was made to such use of the funds. 
 
 The young men gave Ise and Numagawa as their names ; they proved to be 
 assumed names, . AH the students, who for some years came from Japan, 
 dropped their real nam^s and assumed others. 
 
 I accompanied Ise and Numagawa to New Brunswick, after having made 
 some inquiries, and conducted them to the residence of Mrs. Van Arsdale, and 
 told her who they were and what they wished to do. She asked for a few min- 
 utes to consult some one, and soon returned to the parlor accompanied by Mrs. 
 Romeyn, the widow of Rev. Dr- James Romeyn. These excellent Qiristian 
 ladies had almost instantly conduded that here was a most desirable opportun- 
 ity to do an important work for the Master and for Japan. They were very 
 cordial, almost enthusiastic in the welcome they extended to the young stu- 
 dents, and engaged to care for them as they would for their own children. 
 
 We then walked to the residence of Rev. Alexander McKelvey, the Rector 
 of the Grammar School, and were most heartily received. He manifested great 
 pleasure in the prospect of teaching students from Japan, and through them 
 conveying the benefits of a Christian education to their countrymen. 
 
 This reception we could only regard as providential, for It was difficult for 
 some years to find homes for Japanese students. Other boarders threatened to 
 leave and Irish servants almost uniformly threatened to leave if they were 
 taken into the house. I once spent two days unsuccessfully, in endeavoring to 
 obtain rooms in a private boarding house for a Japanese prince (Adzuma), a 
 
34 
 
 mpsah^ of the Imperial family, and his three attendants, who were very cour- 
 teous gentlemen. It is hardly necessary to add that Mrs. Van Arsdale and 
 Mrs. Rora^yn fulfilled their promises to the letter, and that Mr. McKelvey 
 pfoved a patient, sympathetic and earnest teacher.^ 
 
 The young men had forfeited their lives by coming to this country. They 
 had left without permission of the government, for it was then extremely 
 doubtful whether such permission could have been obtained. Fortunately their 
 uncle was highly esteemed by the'daimios as a counsellor, and was a rising man 
 in the empire. He not long after became one of the leaders of the progressive 
 party and was made one of the two Ministers of Foreign Aifairs. His 
 nephews wrote to him, to other relatives and to their friends. I also wrote, in 
 the name of the Board, especially to Dr. Verbeck, to Rev. R. S. Brown, D.D., 
 and Rev. James H. Ballagh, who represented us in Japan. Dr. Verbeck cast 
 his increasing influence into the scale. Dr. Brown, who was acting as interpre- 
 ter to the American Embassy, and therefore respected by the Japanese authori- 
 ties, was consulted, and urged that Ise and Numagawa had taken a wise step, 
 ought to be commended, and that other students should be sent to the United 
 States. 
 
 The government soon expressed its approbation of the course of the young 
 students, appropriated money to repay the advances made for them, and to 
 meet the expense of their education in this country. 
 
 Such was the beginning of the great movement to this country and to 
 Europe of Japanese young men to obtain a knowledge of western science. Dur- 
 ing the following ten years, I think, about five hundred of these students in all 
 sought advice or assistance of one kind and another, at the office of our Board. 
 The work, involving some thought and effort and responsibility, was through- 
 out a very pleasant one, and as now recalled, brings up many delightful inci- 
 dents. Pages could easily be filled with the events of that movement of eager, 
 earnest and most courteous men to obtain an education. 
 
 When the movement was at its height, the revolution which deposed the Ty- 
 coon, began in Japan. Some of the students were soon out of money. They 
 called on me and stated their case. I visited a few gentlemen and wrote to 
 others. A company was quickly formed which engaged to furnish money as I 
 might call for it, until the result of the attack on the Tycoon should be reached. 
 The following persons were the contributors : Jonathan Stturges, James Schief- 
 felin, James A. Williamson, D. Jackson Steward, Gen. Robert H. Pruyn, and 
 Mrs. Anna M. Ferris. When the revolution of 1868 was decided, the advances, 
 for which the students had given due bills, were repaid. When the last com- 
 pany of commissioners from Japan, led by Mr. Iwakura visited this country, 
 they prepared a paper recognizing this generous kindness and saying that it had 
 had more effect in confirming the friendly regard for the United States by the 
 
 iThe name of Rev. Alexander McKelvey, D.D. (Rutgers, 1856), is one that deserves 
 to stand in high honor on the roll of those who have wrought for the union of the Occi- 
 dent and Orient in one world-brotherhood. Born at Killvleagh, County Down, Ireland, 
 March 28, 1847, he died at Boonton, N. T., October 19, 1908, after holding several pastor- 
 ates in the Reformed and Presbyterian Churches. He was Rector of the Grammar School, • 
 1866-67. 
 
35 
 
 Government of Japan than any event in their intercourse with this country. 
 Some of the contributors advanced five to six hundred dollars. 
 
 My impression is that three or four gentlemen besides those I have named, 
 assisted in providing for the emergency, but I was at the time obtaining money 
 for various objects and cannot speak of them positively. The chief contribu- 
 tors were those I have named. 
 
 John M. Ferris.^ 
 New York, December 30, 1885. 
 
 As these sheets go to press, the author and compiler has found among the 
 papers of Dr. J. M. Ferris, sent him by his daughter. Miss Anna Ferris, a docu- 
 ment which in the history of international education and as making for the 
 coming unity of the Orient and Occident is of the highest importance. Among 
 the fifty-five "creators" of the New Japan, the author of the document was, 
 relatively, like the aged Franklin among the American Constitution makers of 
 1789. He was cissassinated shortly after, February IS, 1869, for his liberal, or 
 Christian opinions. It is the greeting of the proto-martyr of the New Japan to 
 the first American benefactor of the Japanese students in America. A rough 
 translation reads as follows : 
 
 Meiji, 1st year, 9th month, 19th day, 
 Kioto, Japan 
 (Nov. 4, 1868.) 
 
 Dear Sir, 
 
 I pen a few lines. My nephews, Ise Sabaro and Numagawa Saburo, write 
 me very often that, ever since they arrived in America, they have been treated 
 so kindly that they can scarcely express their feelings. Hence I am exceed- 
 ingly grateful to you, and my mind is satisfied. I send to you, for them, by this 
 mail, three hundred dollars. Please hand this amount to them. Thanking you 
 for your kindness shown to these lads and begging also to send you my kind 
 regards, I remain dear Sir, 
 
 Yours Most sincerely, 
 
 YoKor Heishiro. 
 To Dr. Ferris. 
 Received in New York, March 23, 1869. 
 
 1 Rev. John Mason Ferris, D.D., was graduated in 1843 from the New York Univer- 
 sity, of which his father was Chancellor (18S2-1870). He wrote, in The Christian Intel- 
 ligencer, of October, 190S, four articles, at my request, in continuance of the subject of 
 the above letter. In the syndicate and subscriptions were Jonathan Sturgis, James Schief- 
 felin, James A. Williamson, D. Jackson Steward, who contributed each $1,000; and Rob- 
 ert H. Pruyn and Mrs. Anna M. Ferris, who offered each $500. Only one-third of this 
 money was drawn and used, and all was repaid within a few months after peace. In his let- 
 ter and articles, the statements, dates and consecution of events in Japan must, of necessity, 
 be received with caution. In supplying books and apparatus, Messrs. A. S. Barnes & Co. 
 and G P Putnam's Sons were generous. The Restoration was virtually accomplished 
 Hn 1868 not 1866) before anv students were sent by the Imperial Government (and not 
 by individuals), to America, or abroad. See sketch of his life and work in The Christian 
 Intelligencer, October, 1916. 
 
36 
 
 IX. OFFICIAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF THE MIKADO'S 
 AMBASSADORS, IWAKURA AND OKUBO. 
 
 Seceetaey's Office of the Japanese Embassy, 
 Boston, August 5, 1872. 
 Rev. J. M.Ferris, D.D. 
 
 Dear Sir — The Ambassadors, being on the eve of their departure from the 
 United States, desire again to convey to you this expression of their thanks for 
 the interest which you have (for many years) invariably manifested in their 
 people and country. 
 
 The kind assistance and encouragement which were so generally extended 
 by you to the Japanese students who studied in this country during a crisis of 
 such importance in our national history, will long be remembered by us. These 
 students are now far advanced in knowledge, and are very useful to our coun- 
 try, and the Ambassadors feel it is mainly due to your instrumentality. 
 
 Until recently an impression has prevailed in Japan, that many foreign na- 
 tions did not entertain kindly feelings toward our people. 
 
 The generous conduct exhibited by yourself and other gentlemen in this 
 instance, as well as in all matters of educational interest pertaining to the 
 Japanese youth, will do much to correct this impression, and will do more to 
 cement the friendly relations of the two countries than all other influences com- 
 bined. 
 
 Please extend to the gentlemen this renewed assurance of the Ambassadors' 
 high appreciation of their kindness, and they will likewise, on returning to 
 Japan, explain the matter satisfactorily to our government. 
 
 We remain yours very truly, 
 
 TOMOMI IWAKURA, 
 TOSHIMITI OKUBO. 
 
 Note. — The names of the Ambassadors are signed in Japanese characters, and their 
 secretary adds the English equivalents. 
 
 New York, January 4, 1886. 
 Dear Dr. Griffis : 
 
 To prevent any misunderstanding of the above it should be known that ,1 acted as the 
 secretary of our Board of Foreign Missions, and not as an individual ; that my importance 
 and ability were, almost wholly dependent on that fact ; that as an individual I could have 
 accomplished very little; that the assistance rendered to the students during the crisis in 
 Japanese history was possible only through the cordial and generous loans of the gentle- 
 men already named. I was only the representative of others, the instrument through 
 which they acted, and the acknowledgment by the Ambassador belongs to them more than 
 to me. Yours sincerely, 
 
 JOHN M. FERRIS.