BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWNENT FUND THE GIFT OF Henrg W. Sage 1891 ^"niMiimiMMlSiriS' E"9''sh pronunciation an l^ '-1% ,. 3 1924 031 303 021 olin.anx The date shows when this volume was|taken. All books not in use li\'i t f f*"' instruction or re- ''*^^ " search are limited to all borrowers. , . Volumes of periodi- 'ti- ' ! fi I UO cals and of pamphlets _ Q *\ iCkOR comprise so many sub- ^U6 * "^ '^^ jects.that they are held in the library as much iV^ Kt^ ^^ possible. For spe- •»- V Ul '' cial purposes they are ' given out for a limited I time. hCfi 2.y 132? Graduates and sen- 0(F ? ^I9?5r ' iors are allowed five fcit' ' . volumes for twoweeks. Other students may have two vols, from the circulating library for two weeks. Books not needed during recess periods should be returned to the library, or arrange- ments made for their return during borrow- er's absence, if wanted. Books needed by more than one person are held on the reserve list. Books of special value and gift books, when the giver wishes it, are not allowed to circulate. The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924031303021 ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION and ARTICULATION. £;!. -^nrfrCr^"^ ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THE ELEMENTS OF English Pronunciation AND Articulation WITH DIAGRAMS, TABLES and EXERCISES FOR THE USE OF TEACHERS AND STUDENTS OF SPEAKING AND SINGING Samuel and Alice Hasluck {Directors of the Polytechnic School of Elocution) PRICE TWO SHILLINGS Condon : "■ PUBLISHED AT THE POLYTECHNIC SCHOOL OF ELOCUTION REGENT STREET, W. AND BY SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limited STATIONERS' HALL COURT, E.G. K -g- i C. S* G "^ Key to the Notation of Fifty Speech Sounds. Dealt with in the Tables and Exercises. The Twenty-Five Vowels (including the vowel glides). The Twenty-Five Consonants (including the compounds ch and j ). J fe as in mete I p as -b , [m t , in pea 2 "(I mill 1 DQ , bee 3 (a , mate 3 13 , me 4 * "(6 met i + 1^ fW , , witch 5 -i a , man 5 iwh , , which 6 ^ ler , work ■ 1 la 7 > lu , duck 6 |3 if , , fear 8 (a , mar 7 IV , , veer 9 § la mask 8 (th. , , theme lO oa (au , baulk td , 9 Idh . the II mop ft , d , Ut , 10 , teem 12 6 mope 1 1 , deem 13 14 166 , 166 , boot , book 12 03 , near IS i6 17 i , oy , ou , mile boy bound 13 14 IS 16 oi P-1 c3 PI 1 IS , cheer 1 ,4 , jeer , lean , seal 18 u duke 17 ^ 1 z , zeal 18 19 r , 1 sh , , reed , leash 19 t, Sj ear , here g § 20 Izli , ,leisure 20 P rJ3 air , hare 21 35 oar , door 21 y ye 22 s l,oor , fire , iour , poor hire flour 22 ^4 pi ■ g Ingt . , leak 23 24 , league ring 25 [lire , pure -S h , he * Two Vowels marked by a con- necting brace, thus ■ ^ are (phonet- i ically) the "long" and "short" \ variants of the same sound. (No 1 relationship, in sound or produc- tion, exists between the letters a, [ a; e, d; i, I; 6, 6 ; or u, u.) I Consonants marked by a con- necting brace have the same articulation, being the co-relative "breath and "vocal" sounds. t nil 11; and ng, are the " nasal " variants of b, d, and g. t Ch = t -I- sh ; j = d -I- zh. ^ r CONTENTS. Section I. Introductory II. Diagrams of the Organs of Speech III. Classification of Speech Sounds ... IV. The Mechanism of Speech ... V. Pronunciation and Mispronunciation VI. Articulation Exercises in Prose and Verse LIST OF DIAGRAMS. I. Section of the Head and Throat, showing the positions of the Principal Organs of Speech II. The Lips in p, b, and m III. The Lips in au, 6, 00, W, and wh IV. The Teeth and Lower Lip in f and v V. The Tongue and Teeth in th and dh VI. The Mouth in Repose VII. The Mouth forming the " Neutral" Vowel VIII. The Mouth forming t, d, n, and 1 ... IX. The Mouth forming s Z, sh, zh, and r .. X. The Mouth forming k and g XI. The Soft Palate in m, n and ng LIST OF TABULAR EXERCISES. I. The Twenty-five Elementary \'owels II. ,, ,, Consonants III. Initial Consonant Glides IV. Final „ V. Lip Consonants, Before Vowels VI. ,, ,, After VII. Teeth ,, Before VIII. ,, ,, After IX. Tongue ,, Before X. ,, ,, After XI. Aspirate Exercise I. XII. ,, ,, II. iri. CONTENTS. PAGE. xni. Trilled and Smooth r Exercise, with Rules 37 XIV. Trilled r Exercise 38 XV. Exerc se on a, 3,, and a — The ' Medial " Vowel .19 XVI. 00 and u 40 XVII. , au and oar 41 XVIII. , a and 1 42 XIX. , and ou 43 XX. th, S, dh, and z 44 XXI. m, n, and ng ... 45 XXII. , the Liquids 46 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES. Exercise for developing 1 ,, ,, th. and dh ... Soft Palate Exercises ... 46 47 48 INITIAL CONSONANT GLIDES. Ex. I. Glides from the Lips „ II. ,, ,, Teeth „ III. ») »» S to the Lips „ IV. »> )i S to other Consonants „ V. ,, II Gutturals 49 5° 5° 50 5' FINAL CONSONANT GLIDES. Ex. I. Glides from the Lips „ II. „ Teeth ... „ III. n „ IV. ch and j „ V. 1 „ VI. S, Sh, Z, and zh .. vn. k, g, and ng 52 52 S3 54 54 55 55 INDEX 104 PREFACE. pvISTINCT UTTERANCE, combined with correct pro- nunciation, forms one of the chief factors of a successful speaker ; and the utility of a good style of enunciation is universal, whether speech be employed for artistic, for social, or for commercial purposes. " The Elements of English Pronuncl^tion and Articulation " contains complete Tables of Speech Sounds to be used as exercises for the development of a perfect enunciation. Explanatory notes and Diagrams are added to render the subject-matter comprehensible to the general student. The advantages claimed for the Tabular Exercises are as follows : — (i) The whole range of speech sounds is covered within the shortest limits of space, and placed before the student in the most tangible and comprehensive form. (2) The practice of systematically arranged Tables — in place of literary compositions — concentrates the attention and efforts of the student directly and solely upon work of articulation. (3) The Tables supply the maximum of work in articulation in the minimum quantity of matter, thus economising the expenditure of time. (4) The technical rotation in which the Tables are arranged — beginning with the Labials and finishing with the Gutturals — enables the student to develop the mastery over his organs of articulation in the most convenient order. (5) The setting of the words in columns and cross-lines facilitates the reference to any particular section of speech sounds, so that, in cases where the faults of a student viii. PREFACE. are confined to special classes of words, his practice may be restricted to the specific sounds that it is needful for him to master. The book will, it is hoped, be found practically useful for purposes of general education ; but more especially to public speakers and singers, to foreigners studying English, and for the cure of individual peculiarities and impediments of speech. SAMUEL L. HASLUCK. ALICE HASLUCK. The Polytechnic School of Elocution, London, W. October, i8g8. English Pronunciation ^"^ Articulation. SECTION 1. INTRODUCTORY. Servant. Can you read anything you see ? Romeo. Ay, if I know the letters, and the language. Servant. You say honestly. — Romeo andjuttet, Act. i, Scene 2. The study of English pronunciation is rendered extremely difficult by reason of the non-conformity of Orthography, or correct spelling, and Orthophony, or correct articula- tion. The English alphabet with its twenty-six letters is in itself inadequate for the purpose of representing phonetically the elementary speech sounds, of which there are no less than fifty. One letter, or one combination of letters is frequently used to represent many varieties of sound, and this confusion is increased by the fact that one sound is sometimes represented by a variety of spellings. For instance in the words "fate, fat, far, fast, care, fall, what, many, and earth," the vowel a represents nine distinct pronunciations ; INTRODUCTORY. in the following' couplet the letters ough receive seven different sounds : — "Though the tough cough and hiccough ploug-h me through, O'er life's dark lough my course I still pursue." On the other hand, the sound of 66 is represented by some thirteen varieties of spelling in the following words : — " too, to, two, rude, rue, rheum, rhubarb, recruit, crew, soup, move, canoe, and manoeuvre." The ambiguity of ortho- graph\', as a guide to pronunciation, is further increased by the frequent use of letters in the spelling which, according- to the authorities on pronunciation, as represented in the modern Pronouncing Dictionaries, are not to be sounded at all. As a few of the more familiar instances of "silent" letters the following words may be quoted : — h silent in "heir, hour, honour, and honest ; '' t silent in " Christmas, chestnut, ostler, mistletoe, mortgage," also silent in " often, listen, soften" (but not in "softly") ; (^silent in "Wednesday, hand- kerchief," /silent in "almond." The question of Syllabication and Accentuation is one in which so much variety of usag^e exists, that the formulation of any complete set of rules is practically impossible. And to complete the bewildering- chaos in which orthography and orthophony dwell, it must be added that the currency of pronunciation is underg^oing- imperceptible changes from day to day, and from year to year, so that the "accepted," or "received," or "established" pronunciation of the present day must inevitably become more or less modified by each succeeding generation of speakers, even as our modern speech has changed, in its grammar, its spelling, and its pronunciation, from the English of ages passed away. In our pronunciation, as in other national habits and customs, " Tempora 7nutantur, et nos 7nutamur in illis" — (the times change and we change with them). INTRODUCTORY. The Criterion of Correct Pronunciation. It is occasionally difficult, and sometimes impossible, to decide what constitutes "the right" or " a wrong" pro- nunciation of a given word ; and these doubts occur not only in respect to delicate shadings of sound, wherein the minute analyses of phonologists may differ, but in broad and obvious distinctions of enunciation even in the simplest of words. The Pronouncing Dictionaries themselves are often at variance, and it is doubtful whether the widest researches in orthoepy will be completely successful in the attempt to capture the fleeting echoes of spoken language and to subjugate them, in their collective entirety, to phonographic registration. The evolution of speech with its manifold developments and decadences, the gradual interchange and coalition of localisms and dialects, the variable dictates of personal taste and prejudice, from which, perhaps, no class of society is entirely free — these natural conditions under which speech sounds have grown, render it manifestly impossible for an}' universally acceptable standard of pronunciation to be set up and permanentlv maintained. The latest Pronouncing Dictionaries must, however, be recognised as the highest court of appeal and arbitration in all cases of divided or doubtful usage in pronunciation, and any modern English Dictionary of repute will be found a sufficiently reliable authority for all general purposes of speech. Although it is true that the dictionary makers disagree upon many points of pronunciation, these erudite and super-subtle distinctions need not be very seriously regarded. In the following pages an attempt is made to set forth, in a concise and systematic form, Tables and Lists repre- senting all the current speech sounds that are to be found in English words, with a brief explanation of each elementary speech sound, illustrated by diagrams showing the organic INTRODUCTORY. formations, and with exercises for the full developement of every vowel and consonant singly and in combination. Development of Speech Sounds. In commencing' voice cultivation the most usual method of procedure is to begin by exercising the voice on the best and easiest vowel a, and the most euphonious consonant 1, practising chiefly on all and lah. The less singable, and, consequently, more difficult vowels are, as a rule, com- paratively neglected, and the more intractable consonants often left entirely out of consideration. The result is that many singers seem unable to sing anything but ah. and lah, and either the intelligible enunciation of the words is not attempted at all, or else distinct utterance is attained by an inartistic sacrifice of vocality. For the development of the speaking voice, and for the development of enunciation for singers, I sometimes find it expedient, and convenient, to reverse the usual order and to commence with the "mutes," then the " hisses ' and "buzzes," and then the "liquids," all in connection with a short vowel. The obvious advantages of this are as follows : Complete distinctness of enunciation, which depends chiefly upon the articulation of the consonants, is more fully assured ; the power of articulation is developed apart from and inde- pendently of any sustained efi^ort of the voice itself ; the exercise of the various parts of the vocal apparatus above the larynx in conjunction with the breath — but without any strain on the vocal cords — afterwards facilitates the per- fect attack and release of the vowel sounds in sustained phonation. Another practical advantage, to many students, is that the exercises on the consonants — without long vowels — while tending to the rapid development of power in articulation, da not involve raising the voice in loud declamation. INTRODUCTORY. Pronunciation of tlie Speech Sounds. To acquire a perfect enunciation of the twenty-five vowel sounds the student should (under the supervision of some person who is competent to distinguish the slightest error of pronunciation) begin by working through Table No. I. (p. 24), and practise the set of exercises given on pp. 29 to 34. It is necessary for the teacher, or critical friend, to listen attentively to the pronunciation and to note down as accurately as possible which of the vowels are defective, and particularly to note what are the defective substitutes employed. The teacher should then point out and explain the faults by giving a clear oral demonstration of the correct sound and also of the mispronunciation which the student is addicted to. When the student's ear and vocal organs are sufficiently trained, by practice and viva voce examples, to distinguish and to produce, with sufficient precision, the full set of elementary vowel sounds represented in Table I, Table No. II. (p. 25), containing the twenty-five consonant sounds, should be worked through in a similar manner. The further study of pronunciation may then be carried on in connection with the more extended tables on pp. 26 to 55, giving special time and attention to those sounds which appear, in the case of the student, to be difficult or defective. Without the aid of oral illustration it is extremely difficult to explain clearly what constitutes the "correct" pronunciation of vowels. The organic formation of the vowels is so much more variable and so much less definite than is the case with the consonants that written des- criptions, however minutely and accurately they may be set down, can be of little service to a student whose pronunciation is defective. Defective pronunciation may be due to either of the following causes, or to any of them INTRODUCTORY. in combination : uncertainty of hearing, tone deafness or other organic defect, which may be either permanent or curable ; defective education ; provincialism, cockneyism, foreignism, etc. ; carelessness, affectation or pedantry ; or casual circumstances which it may be difficult to trace. From whatever causes mispronunciations may arise, the speaker himself almost invariably fails to perceive the discrepancies between the sounds he utters and the sounds he intendi, in the same way that mistakes in grammar or spelling are generally made — unconsciously. Voice and ear form the only practical agency by which a speaker can identify the minute distinctions of sound which separate right and wrong formations of vowels ; only through the ear, and with the living voice, can effectual instruction in pronunciation be imparted. In studying and practising the Tables and Exercises the student should obtain the assistance of the best speakers and most reliable critics of pronunciation available. He should strive to acquire a pronunciation that is perfect in its precision, and, at the same time, free from any trace ot stiffness or apparent effort; clear and unmistakable vi-ithout being in the least stilted or pedantic, and easy and fluent without being "slip-shod" or careless. Do not blindly follow the st3'le of pronunciation adopted by any one individual speaker, however celebrated, or by any small " set " or circle of society, as that will probably develop a " mannerism " of speech open to serious objection. Study the varied pronunciations of all speakers, trying to identify their different qualities, selecting onl}' what is unmistakably good, and avoiding what is open to objection. Any strange or apparently unusual pronunciation that may be noticed in a speaker of education or public repute should be care- fully noted, and verified by reference to a good dictionary before being accepted. INTRODUCTORY. Defective Pronunciation of Vowels. Special exercises are given on pp. 39 to 43 bringing into contrast for practice a few of the vowels which are (in London) most subject to confusion, such as a and i in "day" and "die"; 6 and 6u in "no" and "now," 06 and u in " loo " and " lieu," aw and oar in " saw " and " sore, " and a in "pass" as distinct from pass and pass. These will be found useful in many cases, and other exercises on the same principle may be easily constructed to bring into contrast any two sounds which individual students may happen to confuse. But among provincial, foreign and illiterate speakers it is commonly found that not merely one or two \'o\vels are mispronounced, but an entire series of speech sounds is thrown into disorder. In some mispronunciations it appears as if the sounds were simply transposed, one vowel being substituted for another, the other for a third, and so on. This apparent interchange of sounds is, however, to some extent illusory. For instance, it often seems to an untrained English ear that a German with an imperfect mastery over our language will pronounce w as if it were a V, and V as if it were w. Thus it seems that " wife " is called vife, and "vice" wice, "wine" vine, and "vine" wine. As a matter of fact, the German speaker gives only one pronunciation for the two letters, i.e., the German sound represented in their written language by w. (The pronunciation of the German w lies approximately half-way between our w and v ; it may be described as a w without rounding the lips, or a v without biting the lower lip). But, curiously, when the German speaker tries to say "wife," the English listener feeling strongly conscious that the pronun- ciation is not right for w, concludes, erroneously, that he has heard ^'//d' ; and conversely in the case of "vice," the Engflishman thinks he hears itucc. INTRODUCTORY. In the case of some of the illiterate classes of Englishmen, and especially in "cockney" speakers of the Sam Weller type, the interchange of v and w takes place in reality; in the manner immortalised by Dickens.* In "Cockney" pronunciation of the "coster" type the tendency is to transfer the sounds from one vowel to another. Thus the a in "day" is unconsciously converted into a sound resembling the i in " die," and when the word "die" is intended it comes out more like dqy ; a in "father" is made to resemble au ( fauther sometimes fauver) ; the au in "jaw" is diphthongised into oar (j'ore or jo-er) \ 6 in "no" is sounded like ou [now], and the ou in " now" verges towards an impure form of El (approximately nah or nar). Another example of the tendency to interchange vowels is afforded by the Lancashire dialect, in which many speakers — even when otherwise fairly correct — will transpose the sounds of 66 and u in such words as "butcher" and "butter" (phonetically booch-er and biit-er). The typical Lancastrian pronounces "butcher" as biich-er, and "butter" as hooter. Similarly he calls " cushion " ciish-un when it should be coosh-un and " blood " blood, which should be blild ; " sugar" (phonetically shooger) and " bud " (phoneti- cally biid), he calls respectively shug-er and bood ; he calls a collar stud a stood, and conversely states that Mrs. Hemans' " boy " stiid on the burning deck. The peculiarities of speech cited above are so striking to the ear of a critical listener, that it would seem that to *' "What's your name, sir?" inquired the judge. " Sam Weller, my lord," repHed that gentleman. "Do you spell it with a ' V or a ' W'? " inquired the judge. " That depends upon the taste and fancy of the speller, my lord," replied Sam ; "I never had occasion to spell it more than once or twice in my life, but I spell it with a 'V.'" Here a voice in the gallery exclaimed aloud, " Quite right too, Samivel, quite right. Put it down a wee, my lord, put it down a wtt." Vickwick Papers, vol. 11., chap. VI. INTRODUCTORY. mention such faults to a speaker is quite sufficient to enable him to avoid the errors at once ; but, strange as it may appear, the discrepancies of sound cannot, in general, be made clear to the defective speaker without oral demon- stration, and, even then, the right enunciation can rarely be acquired without a great deal of practice and repeated personal corrections. To specify the varieties of mispronunciation to which the vowels are subject throughout the English speaking world, or even in London alone, would be a colossal task, far exceeding the limits of a small treatise such as the present volume ; nor would such an accumulation of phonological material be of any particular interest or utility to the generality of students. Local peculiarities of utterance must always exist, and although elocution classes, board schools, and the modern facilities for travel and intercommunication have already done much to modify the strongly marked provincialisms in English communities, the establishment of a universal method of pronunciation seems to be as remote as the Greek calends. Indeed the effect of the intermingling of counties, countries and continents in the ever-circulating masses of the greater British community tends, in some respects, to add minute complexities to the "babel of tongues," rather than to crystalise any fixed national type of English pronunciation. But doubtless the differentiation of dialects will continue to subside as, with the continual breaking down of old barriers of clime and race, class and creed, the general levelling of pronunciation tends towards the advent of one universal language. M<'te, mar, man, vuisr^ , mct£, mit ; mtU, mill; mope, mop ; boot, booti ; dune, diicR. SECTION OF HEAD AND THROAT. Diagram SECTION II. DIAGRAMS OF THE ORGANS OF SPEECH. Diagram i. — Section of the Head and Throat showing the positions of the Principal Organs of Speech. Explanation : A — Upper portion of the Windpipe. B — The place of the Glottis (vocal cords) in the Larynx. C — The Epiglottis, or Lid of the Larynx. D— The Lower Pharynx. E — The Upper (or nasal) Pharynx. F — The Nasal Cavities (Meatuses). G — Bone Cavity (Sphenoidal Sinus) \ These act as I- Resonators to the H— Bone Cavity (Frontal Sinus) ) Voice. i) — The Tongue. K— The Hard Palate. L— The Soft Palate. M— The Uvula. LIPS TEETH, AND TONGUE. Diagram 2. — The lips compressed in pronouncing the labial consonants p, b, and m. Diagram 3. — The lips projected in pronouncing the "rounded" vowels au, 6, and 66, and the labial consonants w and wh. Diagram 4. — The edge of the lower lip between the teeth in pronouncing the dento-labial consonants f and v. Diagram 5. — The edge of the tongue between the teeth in pronouncing the lingua-dental consonants th and dh. MOUTH IX REPOSE. Diagram 6. Section of the mouth in repose during quiet breathing through the nose. Explanation. The soft palate hangs down allowing the free passage of breath through the upper pharynx and the nasal cavities.. MOUTH IN VOWEL UTTERANCE. Diagram Section'of the mouth showing the position of the organs in pronouncing the " neutral " vowel er, as in the word err. Explanation : The soft palate, resting against the wall of the pharynx, shut off" the nasal passages from the throat, and the vocalised breath passes through the mouth. MOUTH FORMING t, d, n, AND 1. Diagram 8. Section ot the mouth showing the position of the organs in pronouncing tj d, n, and 1. Explanation . In t and d the soft palate, shutting off the nasal cavity, prevents the emission of breath ; in n the soft palate hangs down allowing the voice to pass through the nose. In 1 the nasal passage is shut off by the soft palate, but the sides of the tongue are free, allowing the voice to pass through the mouth. i6 MOUTH FORMING s. z, sh, zh, AND r. Diagram 9. Section of the mouth showing the position of the organs in pronouncing s, z, sh, zh., and r, Explanation : In the sibilants, s, z, sh, and zh, the tongue, almost touching the hard palate, leaves a small chink through which the breath is forcibly expelled. The friction of the breath produces a hiss in the s and sh ; in z and zh the " hiss" is converted into a " bu2z " by the vocalisation of the breath in the larynx. In t the top of the tongue is loose ; the stream of breath causes it to vibrate and this produces the "trill." MOUTH FORMING k AND g. 17 Diagram 10. Section of the mouth showing the position of the organs in k and g. Explanation : The back of the tongue, arching up, is pressing the soft palate towards the back of the pharynx, preventing the passage of breath through either mouth or nose. In ng the position is the same as for k and g except that the palate is noi pressed against the pharyngeal wall, and the voice passes through the nose. i8 SOFT PALATE IN m, n, AND ng. Diagram ii. Section showing' the position of the soft palate in the " nasals " m, n, and ng. Explanation : The soft palate hanging down allows the voice to pass through the nasal cavities. In all other speech sounds the palate should completely shut off the naso-pharynx from the throat as indicated by the dotted outline. Nasality is caused through the imperfect action of the palate in this respect. SECTION III. CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH SOUNDS. The Written Vowels of the English language are generally understood to be " a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes w and y." That this list of seven letters falls far short of the actual number of vowel sounds may be seen at once by reading through the following brief review of the manifold pronunciations of the seven written vowels in a few common words : — The written " A " has nine different sounds in the words " fate, fat, far, fast, care, fall, what, many, and earth " (phonetically fat, fat, fa, fast, kair, faul, wh6t, m6n-I, firth). "E" has six sounds in "eat, met, eight, ere, been, and were" (phonetically et, mfit, at, air, bin, war). " I " \\2lS four sounds in " bite, bit, pique, and thirst " (phonetically bite, bit, pek, therst). " O " has seven sounds in " note, not, do, wolf, cough, son, and work " (phonetically not, n6t, doo, w661f, kauf, siin, werk). "U" has six sounds in "cute, cut, rude, bull, bury, and burn " (phonetically kiit, kut, rood, bddl, bfiry, bern). " W " has t-wo sounds in " dew and crew " (phonetically du, kroo.) "Y" has three sounds in "fly, nymph, and myrrh" (phonetically fli, nimf, mar). The indefinite and misleading character of the ortho- graphy in the words quoted will sufficiently indicate the desirability of a more systematic notation of the pronuncia- luH, nuir, mun mask ; mete, 7net ; mite, mill mope, mop; bout, bQok; duke, duck. CLASSIFICATION OF VOWELS. tion in order that the different vowel sounds may be duly identified and classified for the purposes of study and practice. Phonetic Classification and Notation of Vowels. The letters a, e, i, o, u are sometimes crudely classifiad into two sets of " long '' and " short " vowels, as illustrated in the words mate, mat, meat, m6t, bite, bit, note, not, cute, cut. But, owing; partly to the orthoepical changes which have taken place since the introduction of the letters into the orthography of the language, the long and short sounds just indicated are not in any case phonetically related to each other as the notation would seem to imply. According to the investigations of modern orthoepists, the " short variant " of a is 6, that of e is i ; the long vowel 6 and the diphthongs i and u have, strictly speaking, no corresponding short sounds in the language ; 6 is technically understood to be the variant of the long vowel au, and the u is, approxi- mately, the short sound of the "neutral" vowel er, while the short vowel a has no direct phonetic relationship to any of the long vowels. These deficiencies and confusions in the primitive notation of vowels here referred to render it necessary to adopt a more systematic and comprehensive tabulation, in order to lay before students of pronunciation the phonetic values of speech sounds with sufficient clearness and completeness. As to the exact number and precise relationships of the sounds that may be considered " correct " or "admissible" in English pronunciation no absolute conclusion seems possible. To the more advanced phono- logists is revealed an endless array of delicate distinctions and minute classifications, which to a beginner must appear so indefinite as to create utter bewilderment and confusion. Moreover, in the phonetic analysis of speech sounds there M 'Jte, vidr, mdn, mask mete viH ; mile mill mope mop ; bi>ot, budk ; diike, duck' THE WRITTEN CONSONANTS. must ever exist, even amongst the most scientific investiga- tions, diversity of individual impression, more or less marked, due to varying conditions as regards nationality, residence, differences of voice and ear, and limitations in the field of investigation. In the classification adopted in the present work the aim has been to include all the main vowel distinctions necessary for the cultivation of a clear and com- plete enunciation of plain English to the satisfaction of English audiences, and to exclude any such subtle and minute differentiations of sound as might be considered either imcomprehensible or superfluous. The Written Consonants in English are twenty-one in number, this includes y and w. It will be seen from the following survey that, with the exception of B, H, K, L, M, P, V, W, and Y, each of the consonant letters has two or more distinct pronunciations. " C " has four different sounds in the words " cite, coat, gracious, and discern" (phonetically sit, kot, grashus, dizzern). " D" has two sounds in "eased and leased" (phonetically ezd, est). "F" has two sounds in "off and of" (phonetically 6f, 6v). " G" has two sounds in " get, gem, and rouge" (pho- netically get, j6m, roozgh). " J " has two sounds in " jar and Hallelujah " (phoneti- cally ja, haieiuya). " N " has two sounds in " tent and tank " (phonetically tent, tangk). "Q" has two sounds in "conquest and coquette" (phonetically k6ngkw6st, kokgt). " R " has two sounds in " read and hear " (" trilled" as an initial, when it is a consonant proper ; " smooth " as a final, when it forms part of a vowel glide). " S " has four sounds in " hiss, his, sure, and leisure " (phonetically his, hiz, shure, lezher). "T" has three sounds in "tale, nature, and partial" (phonetically tal, nacher, pasMl). SILENT CONSONANTS. " X " has three sounds in " expect, exist, and xanthic " (phonetically 6ksp§kt, figzlst, zanthik). " Z " has two sounds in " seize and seizure " (phoneti- cally sez, sezlier). Orthographic letters without Orthoepic values. Consonants essential for the correct spelling- of words are frequently silent in the correct pronunciation, e.g. : — B is silent in " clinii, debt, suJtle.' C ,, "czar, victuals, indict, muscle." Ch ,1 " dracAm, scAism, yacAt." D ,, " Wednesday, handkerchief." G t, '* si,^i, ^at." Gh ,. " hi^A, \\e\gh, ta.aght, h.e\gh\.." H ., "heir, hour, Aonour, Aonest, gAost, rhyme, myrrA, oh." K ,, " i^nack, /5nell, /tnit, ^'novv. ' L ,, " ca/ni, a/mond, wa/k, ha/f, cou/d." M ,, " ?Hnemonics." N ,, "condemw, solemn, hym«, kilw." P ,, " psaXra, psha.\\, rece\pt, cor/is, ;!ineuniatic." Ph. ,, " ph\h\s\^." S ,, " vijcount, inland, pui^sne, aisle, corpx." T ,, " Chris/mas, ches/nut, ostler, mis^etoe, mor/- gage." "W" ,, " 7f'ring, wrote, answer, s^'ord, tTi'O, ivho, whole, 7yhoop. Z ,, "rendezvous." The Fifty Speech Sounds. For convenience of study the sounds of speech are classified, arranged and brief!)' described in Tables I and II. (pp. 24 and 25). The notation there set down is adopted throughout the exercises. It will facilitate the subsequent studies if the student thoroughly masters and learns by heart the fifty speech sounds, which form the key to the whole subject of pronunciation as dealt with in these pages. Mate, vtdr, man, tuask : viete, met mile, mitt; mope mOp ; bubt, biiOk; duke, duck. THE FIFTY SPEECH SOUNDS. 23 The Table of Vowels on page 24 contains twenty-five sounds. The list includes the " Vowel Glides " ear, air, oar, oor, ire, our, ure, and places are given to the " Neutral Vowel " er (as in "work"), and to the "Medial" it (as in "pass," "g-lass," etc.). The order of the vowels is arranged beginning with the "close" vowel e (as in "meet"), and proceeding to the " open " vowel « (as in "father"); then returning through the "Labial" vowels, from the "open rounded" vowel, au, to the "close rounded" vowel, 00. Each of the short vowels is connected by a "brace" with the long vowel most nearly related to it in sound and production. (There is no phonetic relationship between it and H, c and e, l and i, and d, or between it and it). The Table of Consonants on page 25 contains twenty- five sounds. The list includes the compounds ch and wh — breath sounds co-relative to j and 70 ; also dh and sh the vocal co-relatives of i/i and sk. V/i, which is considered by some orthoepists to be a separate elementary sound, is not included here ; the sound j'h occurs only in connection with the long u and its equivalent ew in such words as "hew, hue, hugh," etc., and it ma)", for all practical purposes, be treated as an ordinary h, from which sound it is so minutely modified as to make the distinction imperceptible except to orthoe- pists themselves. The order of the consonants is arranged according to the place of articulation, beginning with the most forward consonants p, b, and m, formed by lip contacts, and pro- ceeding towards the gutturals k, g, and ng in which the constriction takes place at the back of the mouth, the inter- mediate articulations being taken in systematic rotation. 24 TABLE OF VOWEL SOUNDS. Table I. The Twenty-five Elementary Vowels (including' the Vowel Glides). E.'ia uples. " d Z I 2 !2 »? ' S iS ■ § ^ _ 1 Description of Final, tea Medial. meet kick 1 Formation. Initial. eat it Alone. '■ Tongue high front. ■' E i 3 4 a ■ Tongne mid front. - ! ) ^ 1 ! ebb pay mate met A 5 a Tongue low front. an — man — 6 7 er u Tongue mid back and front, - ' I up cur work luck err 8; » 9[ a a a* ) 1 • Tongue low back and front, aunt ant tar far in plant Ah loi " 11 "^ au 6 ) Tongue low tack and front, 1 ought J Lips rounded ( \ o^j daw laud lock awe 12 Tongue mid back, Lips rounded ode doe coat '3 14 ■5 66 i 66 I Tongue Mgh back, Lips i ) rounded ( ooze isle too lie boot book like I App roximately a glide from a to 1 i6 oy ,. ., au to i oil boy boil — 17 aj ou a to 66 out how loud — i8 u ,, ,, 1 to 65 youth new duke U 19 ear ,, ,. etoer ears dear beard ear 20 3 ijj air ,, 6 to er aired dare dared air 2l!^| oar ,, ., auto er oars door lord oar 22j oor >, ,, 66 to er — poor moored -'3 ^ to ire ,, >, i to er ii-on fire fired ire 24 25 our ure ou to er titoer ours ewers flour pure floured cured our ewer * The sound of a is explained on pp. 76 toys. TABLE OF CONSONANTS. ^5 Table II. The Twenty=five Elementary Consonants. Breath. Voice. Place of Articulation. Example. E & |i it P u Initial Final. ' P Lips (explosive) pea leap 2 b M M bee glebe 3 m II (nasal) me seem 4 w 1 , (ronnded) as for 66 we — 5 ■"^^ n n )i wheel — 6 f Lip and Teeth fee leaf 7 V n II V eve 8 th Tongue and Teeth theme wreath 9 dh II M the wreathe I o t Tongne and hard palate tea eat I I d II II II D need I 2 n 1, ,, 1, (nasal) knee lean I 3 ch = t + sh (explosive) cheer leech I + J = d -Vzh ,1 jeer liege I 5 1 Tongue-tip and hard palate lea eel 1 5 s „ sides and palate sea cease I 7 z 11 n It zeal ease i! < r* , , front loose reed * IC ) sh ,, „ tense she leash 2C ) zh JJ M 11 — leisure 21 y , , as for e or I ye — 22 k , , and soft palate (explosive) key eke 2- g n )) II gear league 24 ng (nasal) — ring 25 h Any vowel position he — * The r indicated in this table Is the initial or " trilled " r, which occurs only before vowels. The final or "smooth" r is, strictly speaking, a "Vowel Glide," and forms part of the murmur diphthongs and triphthongs which are included in the Table of Vowels. H, iwh, TW and y occur only as initials, zh and ng only after vowels. 26 INITIAL CONSONANT GLIDES. Table III. Initial Consonant Glides, in phono-alphabetical order. 1 b- bay bit 29 r- ray ring 2 bl- blow blink 30 s- say sing 3 br- bray brink 31 sf- sphere sphinx 4 bw- buoy {op) 32 sk- skate skin S ch- chain chin 33 skr- scrape scrip 6 d- day din 34 skw- squeeze squib 7 dr- dray drip 35 sl- slay sliin 8 dw- dwaft dwin-dle 36 sm- smoke smith 9 dh- they this 37 sn- snow snip lO f- fay fit 38 sp- spade spin II fl- flay flit 39 spl- splay split 12 fr- fray frisk 40 spr- spray spring J3 g- gay gig 41 st- stay sting •4 gl- g-low glimpse 42 str- stray string '5 gr- gray grim 43 sw- sway swing i6 gw- g"uano Guine-vere 44 sh- show ship 17 h- hay hit 45 slir- shrove shril! i8 j- jay j'g 46 t- tay tin '9 k- caw kick 47 tr- tray trim 20 kl- clay click 48 tw- twain twist 21 kr- crow crimp 49 th- thane this-tle 22 kw- quail quiz 50 tlir- throw thrift 23 1- lay limb 5' thw- thwart thwack 24 m- may mill 52 V- vain vix-era 25 n- nay nip 53 w- way witch 26 P- pay pin 54 wh- whey which 27 Pl- play plinth 55 y- yea yes 28 pr- pray prism 56 z- zone zig-zag o/i^Optional Pronunciation. FINAL CONSONANT GLIDES. 27 Table IV. Final Consonant Glides in phono-alphabetical order. I -b curb ebb \. -9 -ksths sixths 2 -bd curbed ebbed ,'30 -kt talked picked 3 -bz curbs ebbs 31 -kts — Picts 4 -ch arch hitch 32 -1 eel ell 5 -cht arched hitched 33 -lb Elbe 6 -d ode mid 34 -Ibz Elbe's 7 -dst — midst 35 -Ich belch 8 -dth — width 36 -Icht — belched 9 -dths — widths 37 -Id world weld 10 -dz odes bids 38 -Idz worlds welds 1 1 -dh loathe with 39 -If __ elt 12 -dhd loathed — 40 -Ifs _ elf's 13 -dhz oaths moths 41 -1ft shelfed 14 -f roof if 42 -Ifth _ twelfth '5 -fs roofs skiffs 43 -Ifths twelfths 16 -ft roofed gift 44 -Ij bulge '7 -fts — gifts 45 -Ijd bulged 18 -fth — fifth 46 -Ik _ hulk 19 -fths — fifths 47 -Iks _ hulks 20 -g league dig 48 -Ikt mulct 21 -gd leagued digged 49 -Ikts — mulcts 22 -gz leag-ues digs 5° -Im — whelm 23 -J forge bridge 51 -Imd — whelmed 24 -jd forged bridged 52 -Imz — elms 25 -k talk pick S3 -In swoln — 26 -ks talks fix 54 -Ip — help 27 -kst — fixed 55 -Ips — helps 28 -ksth sixth 56 -Ipt helped Continued on next page. 28 FINAL CONSONANT Gl.lT)KS—conti>iued. Table IV. — Continued. 57 -Is false else 94 -ngk wink 58 -Ish — Welsh 95 -ngks — winks 59 -Isht — welshed 96 -ngjjt — winked 60 -It fault pelt 97 -ngkth — length 61 -Its faults pelts 98 -ngkths — lengths 62 -1th — health 99 -ngz — wings 63 -Iths — healths 100 -P hope rep 6d -Iv — shelve 101 -ps hopes reps 65 -Ivd — shelved 102 -Pt hoped adept 66 -Ivz — shelves 103 -pts — adepts 67 -Iz eels ells 104 -pth — depth 68 -m beam hem 105 -pths — depths 69 -md beamed hemmed 106 -s cease this 70 -mf — nymph 107 -sk — disc 71 -mp — hemp 108 -sks — discs 72 -mps — hemps 109 -sp — lisp 73 -mpt — tempt 110 -sps — lisps 74 -mpts — tempts III -spt — lisped 75 -mz beams stems 112 -St east list 76 -n moon hen "3 -sts feasts lists 77 -nch launch wrench 114 -sh leash dish 78 -ncht launched wrenched IIS -sht leashed dished 79 -nd wound end 116 -t eight hit 80 -ndz wounds ends 117 -ts eights hits 81 -ndth — thousandth 118 -tth eighth — 82 -ndths — thousandths 119 -tths eighths — 83 -nj range revenge 120 -th faith pith 84 -njd ranged revenged 121 -ths faiths piths 85 -ns ^ fence 122 -tht earthed frothed 86 -nst — fenced 123 -V heave live 87 -nt saint tent 124 -vd heaved lived 88 -nts saints tents 125 -vz heaves lives 89 -nth — tenth 126 -z seize is 90 -nths — tenths 127 -zd seized fizzed 91 -nz reins hens 128 -zh rouge — 92 -ng — wing 129 -zhd rouged — 93 -ngd winged i LIP ARTICULATION'S. 29 Lip Articulation Exercises. — The Labial Consonants — p, b, m, w, wk, and the Dento-labials / and v, — in conjunction with the Vowels. Table V. Lip Consonants Before Vowels. p b m w wh f V e pea bee me we wheel fee V. a pay bay may way whej' fay vain er purr burr mj'rrh were whirl fir verse a par bar mar — — far vase au paw boug-ht maw walk — fought vaunt (op) 6 pole boat mow woe whoa foe vote 66 pool boot moo woo — food — I pit bit miss wit whit fit villa 6 pet bet met wet when fetch vend & pat bat mat wax whacks fat vat iX pun but must one — fuss vulgar k pass bath mask — — fast vast 6 pot box moth wot what fog volume 66 put book — wood — foot — i pie by my wine whine fie vie oy poise boy moist — — foil void ou u pout pew bough imbue mouth mew wound — (twisted) foul few vow view ear pier bier mere weir — fear veer air pair bear mare wear where fair — oar pore boar more wore — four — oor poor boor moor — — — — ire our pyre pow'r byre bow'r mire wire — five devour ure pure — muir '^ — op=Optional Pronunciation. 3° LIP ARTICULATlO'NS—contimied. Table VI. Lip Consonants after Vowels. b m f reap glebe beam leaf Eve ape babe aim safe save — curb term serf serve harp barb arm laugh halve — daub form (? foarm) cough — hope lobe foam oaf rove hoop jujube doom roof move lip rib dim if live (v) rep ebb M F never rap dab am gaff have up rub gum cuff love top rob from off of pipe bribe time life hive dupe cube fume — , you've warp orb form (? faum) dwarf — ? — Doubtful Analysis. v=The Verb. TEETH ARTICULATIONS. 3' Teeth Articulation Exercises. — The Lingua-dentals, th, dh, t, d, n, ch, and / in conjunction with the Vowels. (The Labio-dentals f and v ace included in the Lip Exercises.) Table VII. Teeth Conson.^nts before Vowels. th dh t d n ch j e theme the T D knee cheat G a thane they tame day nay chain J er third — turn dirk nerve church jerk A — — tar dart gnarl charm jar au thaw — taught daw gnaw chalk jaw 6 — though toe dough no choke joke 66 — — two do noon chew jew (?ju) I thin this tip did knit chip gist 6 theft them tell debt net chest jest i, — that tap dash gnat chat jam u thumb thus tough dust nut chum just a — — task dance nasty chance — 6 — — top dog not chop jot 66 — tooli — — nook — — 1 thigh thy tie die nigh chime jibe oy — — toy doit noise choice joy ou thousand thou town down now chow jowl u thew — tune dew new chew jew (? JM) ear tier dear near cheer jeer air — there tear (v dare ne'er chair — oar — — tore door Nore — — oor — — tour — — — abjure (? abjur) ire — — tire dire — — — our — ; tow'r dow'r — — — ure — mature endure abjure (? abjoor) ? = Doubtful Analysis. v=The Verb. 32 TEETH ARTlCVLATlOySS—confinued. Table VIII. Teeth Consonants after Vowels. til dh ch e teeth breathe eat deed dean each liege a faith bathe eight aid rain H age er earth further hurt erred earn lurch urge & hearth father art bard barn arch large au north — (^ noarth) ought laud lawn scorch forge 6 oath loatlie oat ode own poach doge i 00 sooth soothe hoot rude moon — gouge I pith with it mid in hitch bridge 6 death feather let bed N etch edge & hath gather at add an match badge tL doth mother nut bud gun crutch budge a bath — — — — — — 6 moth bother not odd on watch dodge 06 — — put good — — i — writhe height tide mine — oblige 1 oy — — quoit bu05'ed join — — ou mouth (n) mouth (V) out crowd noun pouch gouge {op) u youth — mute feud tune fuschia huge ear — — — beard — — — air — — — aired cairn — — oar fourth — court board morn scorch forge oor " ~ ~ moorec mourn (op) " " ? = Doubtful Analysis, o/i=Optional Pronunciation. v=The Verb. n=The Noun. TONGUE ARTICULATIONS. 33 Tongue Articulation Exercises. — The Lingual Con- sonants, /, s, e, r, sh, sh, y, k, g, and ng in conjunction with the Vowels. (The Lingua-dentals th, dh, t, d, and «, and the compounds ch and j are included in the Lip Exercises.) Table IX. Tongue Consonants before Vowels. Isz rsh y kg e a er a au 6 00 I Ti i oy ou u ear air oar oor ire our lea see zeal reed she ye key geese lay say zany ray shade yea K gay learn sir — — shirk yearn cur girt large psalm czar rather shah yard car guard law saw — raw shawl yawl caw gall low so zone roe show yoke coat go loo soon zoo rue shoe — coo goose lip sit zig-zag rip ship )in kin gig let set zenith rep shell yet kept get lack sat zig-zag rap sham yam cat gap luck sun — rut shun young come gull last — — rasp shaft — cask gasp lock song — rock shot yacht cod god look soot — rook should — could good lie sigh zion rye shy yite kite guy loin soy — royal — — coy goitre loud sow resound round shout yowl cow gown lieu sue — — shoe yew cue gules leer sear , rear sheer year — gear lair corsair — rare share yare care gare lore sore — roar shore 3'ore core gore — — — — sure your ■ — — lyre sire desire — shire — — — lour sour — — show'r — cow'r — 1 lui-e i — — sure your cure — 34 TONGUE ARTICULATIONS -continued. Table X. Tongue Consonants after Vowels 1 s z sh zli k g ng eel cease ease leash leisure leek league ale ace days A.sia azure (op) ache plague — earl worse errs Persia irk — — grnarl farce pause marsh — ark — — awl force laws — — talk morgue (? moarg) — pole dose doze ocean closure oak rogue — cool loose lose douche rouge peruke — — ill this is dish vision pick dig wing L S fez mesh pleasure peck eggr — shall gas as ash azure (op) pack bag hang gruii us ass loss buzz rush duck lug hung doll was wash — lock dog wrong pull puss — push — look — — isle ice eyes — — pike — ■ oil rejoice noise — — — — — owl house house __ „ yule (n) use (n) (v) use (v) fuchsia usual duke fugue — pierce ears — — — — scarce airs — ~ — — — hoarse oars — — fork (? fawk) morgue (? mawg) — — bourse moors — — — — — — — fires — — — — — — — lours — — — — — — lures — — ~ — = Doubtful Analysis. o/i=Optional Pronunciation. n=TheNoun. v=The Verb. ASPIRATE EXERCISES. 35 Aspirate Exercises. — Words beginning- with h and wh contrasted with corresponding M«-aspirated words. Table XI. Initial Vowels and Aspirated Vowels. E he itch hitch elder held oyster bolster /A hay ardour harder elm helm oust housed >aye Hey order hoarder owl howl ash hash err her add had arm harm usher hush Ah Ha edge hedge alms harms eat heat awe haw ides hides M hem eight hate (owe to hoe F heifer am ham art 1 hart *■ heart Ho eft heft umbe r Humber feye tl high ark hark awnin ghorn (aught haughty Hi auk hawk own hone bought Jyou hew oaks hoax aunt haunt {op) it hit 1 yew hue axe hacks N hen at hat U Hugh act hacked and hand utter hut ear hear V here eel (heel injure hinge otter hotter (heal interest hint ether heath /air hair fail tale hail ants enhance Arthur hearth e'er hare hale anger hang eve heave heir' earl hurl anchor hanker over hove /■oar hoar fawl hawl unit hewn oven hover -j ore lall hall ope hope I've hive U'er (alter halter optic hop ooze whose lOuse ire hire 'altar asp hasp hour* — ill hill erst hearsed is his urban herb fell hell ostler hostler as has arbour harbour IL * In the words honour^ honesty hour and heir^ and their derivatives the h should never be sounded. 36 ASPIRATE 'EXEKClSES—continued. Table XII. Initial w and the aspirate wh. weal wheel woe whoa wax whacks wheal wig whig wot what weazel wheeze win whinny Wapping whopping weed wheedle wist whist r^ why we wheat wit whit I Wye wail whale witch which wile while Jway whey wither whither wine whine [weigh women whim wight white world whirled wet whet wear where warp wharp wen when ware (shrink) (sand) In the words who, whom, whole, and whoop (phonetically hoo, hooin, hoi, hoop) and in their derivatives, the 711 is always silent. In order to develop the above exercise thoroughly place each pair of words in the following arrangement of questions and answers, emphasising the contrast as strongly as possible. Formal Exercise for Practice. Did I say E or he? I said he not E. I said not E but he. Did I say weal or wheel? I said 7vheel, not weal. I said, not weal, but wheel. RULES AND EXERCISES FOR r. 37 Rules for pronouncing the "trilled" and the "smooth" r, I. — When r occurs as an initial, or anywhere in a syllable before a vowel, it should be trilled, — e.g., ring, break, strength. 2. — When r occurs as a final, or anywhere in a syllable after a vowel, it should not be trilled — e.g. , far, sir, fire. But — 3. — When a final r is immediately followed, in the same word or phrase by a syllable beginning with a vowel, the r should be slightly trilled — e.g., the r mfire, fair, or hear is smooth, but in fiery, fairy, or hearing, it is trilled ; in the phrase "far distant" when the final r is followed by a con- sonant, the r is smooth, but in "far off" or "far away" where a vowel immediately follows without any pause or break between, the r is slightly trilled. Exercise for differentiating the trilled and the smooth r. Table XIII. Smooth Trilled Smooth. Trilled wier wear}' hear hearing fair fairy bear bearing hoar hoary score scoring J abjure jury tour touring fire fiery hire hiring dower- dowry flower flowering cure cur^ allure alluring star starry bar barring fur furry Moor Moorish 38 TRILLED r EXERCISE. O w <: •a c IS E o ia O > CO lU X. +-» a 5 m c o ■4-J , o M u c ») 3 o C 1. O (U u X _C ^ w -4-1 ■a c 1) rt »H -t-> ;^ o b w 1 c o 1 U H t3 ;>, S ^ ^ J3 XI C b/1 T3 C c "i (U CTl 1 n O (11 rt D CTl o o o 1 1 1 u. u L. u u bjQ Ul bjo b« bfi b/: Ul b« b/J b/) iJO (a lUJ T3 ^ ^ tn fn S tn tti m tn N 3 •a rt 1 1 n rt T rt O o >. ID 1 1 1 1^ u ^ u u u u CJ o U u o u LI M S *? „ li a a XI rt 5 rt m o 7Z o >. Ih u. u u u u f ; tj (J o o tj '■J u O en in t/i « t/J l/J tn Ui (fi tn "5 > s Tl C X ic C T3 3 o en o O u jr ^ J3 ^ j= x; j: X j: en en tn en en (f) (/) n 0) •a -d ^ U.^ ^ n! G ^ '^ h ^ 1) aj 0. Cu tn o 0) >> ri u rt rt fTl rt O nl o o >. r5 U n; u U u u "- u. >- u u u a ^ > ^ a (fl fn C h/i X a 'o c 3J rt rt o (IJ ^ n % "^ ^ (1) E a tn u c >, 13 ^ 1 1 1 4-) u u u. u u u ^ rt ^ fS 'J & Fi b£ t tu rt 1 nil o aj aj CTl n tn ^ ! ^ U 1 1 u 1 1 1 ! I ^ ^ ^ W 3 S iu3 X 71 S^ N c o ^ U 1 0) cu O (ij i> t:! en n o O XI Jl .Q .D .2 J3 J^ JJ X X J2 Si .a £1 X X 0) >> C > c 1J c tn C a c -;; % u, rt tfl o HJ a nr o >i ox n .2 a cu a a a, a a a u- a Q. a.- Cu CU Cu >> ■? to c ■a b/; c U - c^ :e^ c^ lO lO H »i> itS >3 .cs o JO O o 0) c$ o .3 EXERCISE ON a, &, AND a. 39 Table XV. The " Medial" Vowel a, in contrast with a and &. (Explained on pages 76 to 78). ask ask ask graft graft graft asked asked asked grant grant grant asks asks asks grasp grasp grasp ass ass ass hasp hasp hasp bath bath bath last last last blast blast blast laugh laugh laugh brass brass brass mask mask mask branch branch branch command command command cask cask cask nasty nasty nasty chance chance chance pass pass pass chant chant chant path path path clasp clasp clasp plant plant plant class class class prance prance prance dance dance dance quaff quaff quaff draft draft draft rasp rasp rasp draught draught draught staff staff staff fast fast fiist shaft shaft shaft F ance France France trance trance trance grasp gasp gasp entranced entranced entranced glass glass glass vast vast vast Mtlte, mar, vidn, mds/i ; mete, met ; mile, mill ; mOpe, mnp ; bout, bOok ; duke, duck. 40 EXERCISE ON 66 AND u. Exercise for developing the distinction between the Vowel 66 and the Diphthong u. Table XVI. booty beauty grew' _ noose news stew rebuke who hue poo pew stoop stupid — blue - hew Hugh poor pure strew — — blew plume shrew* — | brew* — huge prune* - — Tuesday do /due coo cue rue* — tune I dew — cube rheum* — toot institute — duke — ridicule room — tour mature ' — endure — cure — sue true* — drew"^ — — clue — sewer — thew — few crew" — — skewer through* — 1 — fug-ue — lieu screw* — — view — fury loot lute — slew — 'you food feud — lure — mew yew — flew moo mew smooth — — ewe — flue — mule snooze — — u — gules moor muir — spume — youth — glue moot mute spruce' — your your * When u or ew follows r (as in breiv., drew^ gre7u, crew, prune, rue, rheum, screw, sptuce, strewn, shrew, true, through, etc.), the vowel always takes the sound of 66- When u or ew occurs after j, ch.i sh, and zh as in the words jew, abjure, Jury, chew, shoe, azure, etc., it becomes rather difficult to decide whether the vowel sound is that of u or of 66. Some orthoepists identify the pronunciation of the word " jew " as Ju others hear it as Joo; " shoe " is sometimes taken as pronounced shod, sometimes as shil, and so on. The point is a delicate and interesting one for phonologists, but there is no necessity to, discuss it here, as a speaker is not likely to go wrong in the pronunciation whichever theoretical analysis he identifies. Practise each pair of words in the above table by placing them in the following form of emphatic questions and answers : — Did I say booty or beauty? I said beauty, not booty. I said, not looty, but beauty. EXERCISE ON au AND oar. 41 Exercise for developing the distinction between the Vowel au and the Vowel Glide oar. Table XVII. oar awe four for Nore gnaw shore shaw ore .. floor flaw jpore paw tore taw o'er " gore (pour — thawer thaw bore _ hoar haw roar raw wore war boar — — jaw soar saw J yore yaw — bought core caw sore " (your .. door daw lore law snore — — yawl drawer draw more maw store — Practise each pair of sounds in the above Table by placing them in the following form of emphatic questions and answers : — Did I say oar or awe ? I said aive, not oar. I said, not oar but awe. Did I say awe or oar? I said oar^ not awe. I said, not awe but oar. The difference in sound between the contrasted syllables in the Table is not uniform in all cases, but varies in degree : the difference between "roar" and "raw" is greater than that between "wore" and "war," while the difference between " drawer " and " draw " is greater still. ,U''/t, m.iy, vi'lv, wiLsk ; mi-te, nut; m/le, mdl ; mt'pe. mop ; booty book; duke, duck. 4J2 EXERCISE ON a AND i. Exercise for developing the distinction between the Vowel a and the Diphthong i. Table XVIII. A. I. feign fine dray dry zany zion 1 i hay high flay fly nay nigh ray rye pay pie fray fry chain chine chaise shies 1 play ply vain vine jails Giles yea pray pry thane thig-h lay lie K. gay bay by — thrive say sigh quail quite blade blind they thy — smile claim climb braid bride lame time snail snipe Cray cry may my twain twine slay sly gay guy way y- tray try skate sky glade glide whey why day die scrape skry grape gripe Practise each pair of sounds in the above Table by placing' them in the following form of emphatic questions and answers : — Did I say A or /? I said A, not /. I said, not /, but A. Did I say I or A . I said /, not .-J. I said, not A, but /. EXERCISE ON 6 AND ou. 43 Exercise for developing the distinction between the Vowel 6 and the Diphthong ou. Table XIX. oat out foal fowl no now roe row (noise) hoe how flow flounce choke chow show shower pony pound fro frown joke - yoke yowl plou_efh vote vow load loud coal cowl prone l^row — thousand so sow (a pig) quote bow- bough throw scold scour cloak cloud la weapon blow — though thou scroll — crone crown broke brow tone town slow slouch goat gout moaned mound trow trowel smoke — glow glower woe wound (twisted) dote doubt snow snout groaned ground whoa — drone drown zone resound 1 Each pair of words in the above Tables should be practised in the form of questions and answers as explained on p. 42. In other types of mispronunciations, in which other sounds are substituted for the correct vowels, series of words representing- the particular variants employed should be introduced in place of or in addition to those here given. Mate, niiir, imin mask ; mete, vit't ; mile, mill ; mope, mop ; boot, b66k ; diike, duck. ■44 EXERCISE ON fh, S, dh, AND z. Exercise for developing tlie distinctions between th, s, dh and z. Table XX. th- di- -th -th -z e a er a au 00 I 6 & u 6 i ou u theme seem the zeal ] teeth cease breathe breeze thane sane they zany ' faith face bathe bays third surd — — earth worse further furs — psalm — 1 czar hearth farce father pause thaw saw — — north force — laws — so tliough zone oath dose loathe doze soon — zoo sooth loose soothe lose thin sin this zig-zag kith kiss with is theft set them zenith death S feather fez — sat that zig-zag liath gas gather has thumb sum thus — doth us mother buzz thong song — — j moth moss bother was thig-h sigh thy zion — ice writlie rise thousand south thou resound moutli house mouth house (n) (n) (V) (V) thew sue resume youth use (n) youths use (v) n = The Noun. v = The Verb. EXERCISES ON m, n AND ng. 45 Exercises for developing: the Nasal Consonants m, n, and ng. Table XXI. Ex. I. — Initial th and n. me knee may nay myrrh nerve mar gnarl maw ynaw mow no moon noon mit knit met net mat gnat mull null mast nasty mob knob — nook my iiig"h moist noise mouth now mew new mere near mare ne'er more Nore moor — mire — muir — Ex. II. — Final m. and n. seem seen boom boon lime hne fame feign dim din — join term turn M. N. — noun harm barn am an fume tune form fawn gum gun — cairn g-nome known from on — mourn Ex. III. — Final ng. -ing. — Ping, bring, wing, fling, tiling, ding, ling, sing, spring, swing, sting, string, sling, ring, king, -ang.— Hang, pang, bang, fang, tang, twang, sang, sprang, slang, rang, clang, gang, -ung.— Hung, bung, flung, tongue, lung, sung, sprung, stung, strung, slung, clung, -ong.— Hong-kong, prong, thong, throng, dong, long, song, strong, wrong, gong. 46 EXERCISES ON THE LIQUIDS. For practice in pronouncing ing in unaccented syllables (as "reading-," "speaking," "singing," "acting") "The Cataract of Lodore" (pp. 83 to 85) should be taken. The poem contains an extraordinary number of such finals, and forms an admirable exercise in every way. The lines should be practised until every final g can be sounded with ease and fluency. Exercise {on artificial syllables) for developing^ tlie Liquids. Table XXII. Initials 1, m, n, r, w and y. Finals 1, m, n and ng. hill ill liU mill nill rill will yill him ira lim mim nim rim wim yim hin in lin min nin rin win yin hing ing ling ming ning ring wing ying Exercise for developing the "liquid" /. Hold a hand-mirror before the face and try to press the tip of the tongue firmly against the centre of the hard palate close behind the teeth. See the position of the tongue in the mirror ; this will help to guide the tongue into its right place. Then declaim forcibly the following list of words ; dwell upon each 1 sound, and try, for practice, to exaggerate and prolong it as much as possible : — Lip, let, lack, luck, lock, look ; lea, lay, lah, law, low, loo ; lie, loin, loud, liew ; leer, lair, lore, lyre, lour, allure. Bliss, bless, black, blunt, block ; bleed, blade, blast, blow, bloom ; blind, blouse, blue ; blear. Flit, flesh, flash, flush, flock ; flee, flay, flaw, flow ; fly, flour, flew, fleer ; flare, floor. Click, clench, clan, club, clock ; clean, clay, clerk, claw, cloak ; climb, cloy, cloud, clue ; clear, de-clare. Plynth, plat, plum, plot ; plea, play, ply ; plough, plume. Slip, sledge, slam, slum, slot ; sleet, slay, slur, slaughter, slow, sloop, sly, slew. Split, splendid, splash, splutter ; spleen, splay ; splice. EXERCISES ON th AND dh. 47 111, ell, shall, gull, doll, pull ; eel, ale, earl, gnarl, awl, pole, cool ; isle, oil, owl, yule. Elbe, alb, bulb. Elbe's, albs, bulbs. Filch, belch, gulch. Filched, belched. Guild, weld, lulled, lolled, pulled ; field, ailed, world, gnarled, scald, old, cooled ; wild, oiled, howled, ridiculed. Guilds, welds ; fields, worlds, scalds, folds. Pilfer, elf, Alfred, gulf, golf, wolf. Elfs, gulfs, wolf's. Shelfed, gulfed. Twelfth. Twelfths. Bilge, bulge. Bulged. Silk, elk, talc, hulk. Milked, mulct. Mulcts. Film, elm. Filmed, whelmed. Films, elms. Help, scalp, pulp. Helps, Alps, pulps. Helped, scalped, pulped. Else, pulse ; false. Welsh, welshed. Built, pelt, cult ; fault, colt. Pelts. Filth, health. Filths, healths. Shelve, solve. Shelved, solved. Shelves, solves, wolves. Ills, ells, gulls, lolls, bulls ; eels, ales, earls, gnarls, awls, poles, cools ; aisles, oils, owls, mules. Exercises for Developing the Lingua= Dentals th and dh. Ex. I. — Initials th, thw, thr and dh. Theme, thane, third, thaw ; thin, theft, thumb ; thigh, thousand, thew. Thwart, thwack. Three, throw, thrall, through ; thrill, thread, thrash, thrush, throb ; thrive. dh. — The, they, though ; this, them, that, thus ; thy, thou, there. Ex. 2. — Finals th, tht, ths ; pth, pths ; fth, fths ; tth, tths ; dth, dths ; nth, nths ; ndth, ndths ; Ifth, Ifths ; 1th, Iths ; ksth, ksths ; ngkth, ngkths ; dh, dhd and dhz. Teeth, faith, earth, hearth, north ; oath, sooth, pith, death, hath, doth, bath, moth ; mouth («), youth, fourth. Earthed, froth'd. Faiths, earth's, hearth's, north's, Ruth's ; piths, death's, bath's, moth's ; mouth's, youths, fourths. Depth, depths. Fifth, fifths. Eighth, eighths. Width, breadth. Plinth, tenth, month. Plinths, tenths, months- Thousandth, thousandths. Twelfth, twelfths. Filth, health. Filths, healths. Sixth, sixths. Length, lengths. 48 SOFT PALATE EXERCISES. dh.— Breathe, bathe, further, father, loathe, soothe ; with, feather, g-ather, mother, bother ; writhe, mouth [v). Breathed, bathed, loathed, soothed ; writhed. Breathes, bathes, oaths, soothes ; baths, moths ; writhes, mouths, youths. Hold a mirror before the face and practise forcibly the above lists of words. See that the tongue is placed between the teeth in pronouncing the th. and dh, as illustrated in Diagram 5, page 12. If there is a tendency to substitute some other consonant for th, such as f or s, practise the contrast of the right and wrong pronunciation in the form of emphatic questions and answers (as described on page 75) : thus, "Did I say ^eef or teeth?" or "Did I say tees or teeth ?" zhoosm^ contrasting words according to the par- ticular form of mispronunciation adopted. 5oft Palate Exercises. Practice of the following syllables will bring the soft palate into vigorous action and develop its mobility and responsiveness ; thereb}' decreasing any tendenc}' there may be to nasality and rapidly inducing the " open throat" condition essential to the "forward placing'' of the voice. The syllables should be vigorously de- claimed, or (preferably) sung, for about five minutes at a time several times a dav. INITIAL CONSONANT GLIDES. 49 Table XXIII. Ex. I. as in car ska Ex. 2. as in scar Ex. 3 ka kla as in clerk kaw .. ca7v skau scorth klau claw ko ,. roc'Ki sko scold klo cloak ka n K ska skaU ' kla clay koo 11 coo skoo school kloo doom ke ,, key ske scheme kle clean In forming- the " mute " k in the above syllables the soft palate and back of tongue are brought firmly together ; in the explosive transition from the mute to the vowel in each ca.se, the palate and tongue are suddenly and widely separated. The forcible repetition of these syllables thus brings the palate into vigorous and systematic action. Exercises for the development of the Consonant Glides. Initial Consonants. Ex. I. — Glides from the Lips. pi — Plea, play ; plinth, plat, plum, plant ; plot, ply, exploit, plough, plume. bl — Bleed, blade, blur, blow, bloom ; bliss, bless, black, blunt, blast, block ; blind, blouse, blue ; blear, blare, fl— Flee, flay, flirt, flaw, flow; flit, flesh, flash, flush, flask, flock ; fly, flew ; fleer, flare, floor, flour. pr — Priest, pra}-, prawn, prone, prune ; proin, press, prank, prance, prop ; pry, prow ; prayer, prior. br — Breach, bray, brought, broke, brew ; brick, breast, brag, brush, brass, bronze, brook ; bright, broil, brow ; briar, fr — Free, fray, fraught, fro, fruit ; frill, fret, fracture, frump, France, frock ; frown ; friar. so INITIAL CONSONANT GLIDES— continued. Ex. II. — Glides from the Teeth. ^ thr — Three, thrall, throw, through ; thrill, thread, thrash, thrush, throb ; thrive, tr — Tree, tray, trawl, trow, true ; trim, trench, trap, trust, trance, trot ; try, troy, trowel. ^^ dr — Dream, dray, draw, drove, drew ; drip, dress, drain, drug, draught, drop ; dry, adroit, drown, drear. •< thw — Thwart, thwack. •^ tw — Tweed, twain, twirl ; twist, twelve ; twine. K dw — Dwale, dwarf ; dwindle, dwell. Ex. III. — Glides from the Sibilant s to the Lips. ►< sp — Speak, spade, spur, spar, spawn, spoke, spoon ; spill, spell, span, spun, spot ; spy, spoil, spout, spume ; spear, spare, spine. < spl — Spleen, splay ; split, splendid, splash, splutter, splice. ' spr — Spree, spray, sprawl, spruce ; spring, spread, sprat, sprung ; sprite, sprout. „ sm — Smart, small, smoke, smooth ; smit, smell, smack, smug, smock ; smile, smew, smear. "■ sw — Sweet, sway, swerve, swollen, swoop ; swift, swell, swam, swan ; swine, swear, swore. ' sf — Sphinx, spherical, sphere. Ex. IV. — Glides from the Sibilant s to other Tongue Consonants. ■ st — Steed, stay, stir, star, stall, stow, stool ; stick, stem, stamp, stun, staff, stop, stood ; sty, stout, stew ; steer, stare, store. - str — Streak, stray, straw, stroke, strew ; strip, stretch, strap, strum, strong ; strive, destroy. INITIAL CONSONANT GLIDES— co?ifinued. sn — Sneak, snail, snarl, snow ; snip, snap, snug ; snipe, snout ; sneer, snare, snore. si — Sleet, slay, slur, slaughter, slow, sloop ; slip, sledge, slam, slum, slot ; sly, slouch, slew. shr — Shriek, shrove, shrew ; shrill, shred, shrank, shrub, shroff; shrine, shroud. sk — Scheme, skate, skirt, scar, scorch, scold, school ; skit, sketch, scant, skull, scoff; sky, scowl, skew; scare, score, scour, skewer. skr — Scream, scrape, scrawl, scroll, screw ; scrip, scrap, scrub, scrofula ; scry. skq — Squeeze, squirt, squall ; squib, squash ; square, squire. Ex. V. — Glides from the Gutturals k and g. kw — queen, quail, qualm, quart, quote ; quit, quest, quack, quaff, quality ; quite, quoit ; queer, quire. gw — Guano, Guinevere. kl — Clean, clay, clerk, claw, cloak ; click, clencli, clan, club, class, clock ; climb, cloy, cloud, clue ; clear, declare. gl — Gleam, glade, glow, gloom ; glib, glad, glut, glass, gloss ; glide, glower, glue. kr — Creed, crave, crow, crew ; crimp, cress, cramp, crust, craft, cross, crook ; cry, kreutzer, crowd. gr^Greed, gray, grate, grow, grew ; grit, grab, grub, grant, grog, grind, groin, growl. FINAL CONSONANT GLIDES. Final Consonants. Ex. I. — Glides from the Lips. -pth. — Depth, -pths. — Depths. -pt. — Reaped, aped, usurped, harped, hoped, crypt, adept, rapped, cupped, topped ; piped, duped, warped. -pts. — Crypts, adepts. -ps. — Reaps, apes, usurps, harps, hopes, hoops ; Hps, reps, raps, cups, tops ; pipes, dupes, warps. -bd. — Curbed, barbed, lobed ; ribbed, ebbed, dabbed, rubbed, robbed ; bribed, cubed, orbed. -bz. — Glebes, babes, curbs, barbs, daubs, lobes ; ribs, ebbs, dabs, rubs, robs ; bribes, cubes, orbs. -mp. — Imp, hemp, camp, jump, romp. -mpt. — Limped, tempt, camped, jumped, romped, -mpts. — Tempts. mps. — Imps, hemps, camps, jumps, romps. -mf. — Nymph. -md. — Beamed, aimed, termed, armed, formed, foamed, doomed ; dimmed, hemmed, rammed, gummed ; timed, fumed. -mz. — Beams, aims, terms, arms, forms, foams, dooms ; limbs, stems, lambs, gums, bombs ; times, fumes, -fth.— Fifth. -fths.—Fifths. -ft. — Reefed, chafed, turfed, draught, dwarfed, loafed, roofed; gift, eft, gaffed, cuffed, loft; fifed, coifed, -fts. — Gifts, efts, tufts, draughts, lofts. -fs. — Chiefs, safes, serfs, laughs, dwarfs, oafs, roofs ; fifes, coifs, dwarfs. -vd. — Heaved, saved, served, halved, roved, moved ; lived, loved ; hived -vz. — Heaves, saves, serves, halves, roves, moves ; lives (v), doves ; hives. Ex. II. — Glides frovi the Teeth. -tht. — Earthed, froth'd. -ths. — Faiths, earth's, hearth's, north's, Ruth's ; piths, deaths, bath's, moth's ; mouth's, youth's, fourths. FINAL CONSONANT GLIDKS—conHniied. 53 -dhd. — Breathed, bathed, loathed, soothed ; writhed. -dhz. — Breathes, bathes, oaths, soothes ; baths, moths ; writhes, mouths, youths, -tth.— Eighth, -tths.— eighths, -ts. — Eats, eights, hurts, arts, ports, vats, boots ; its, lets, rats, nuts, knots, puts ; heights, quoits, doubts, mutes, courts. -dth. — Width, breadth, -dths. — Widths, breadths. -dz. — Deeds, aids, words, bards, lords, odes, roods ; bids, beds, adds, buds, odds, goods ; tides, voids, crowds, feuds, herds, Lairds, boards. Ex. III. — Glides from llic Lingiia-Pnlatal n. -nth. — Plinth, tenth, month. -nths. — Plinths, tenths, months. -nt. — Saint, burnt, aren't, haunt, don't ; hint, tent, cant, hunt, plant, want, joint, count. -nts. — Saints, aunts, haunts; hints, tents, cants, hunts, plants, wants ; joints, counts. -nd. — Rained, turned, pawned, owned, wound; wind, end, and, fund, command, pond ; mind, joined, round, tuned, corned, mourned. -ndth. — Thousandth, -ndths. — Thousandths. -ndz. — Wounds, winds, ends, lands, funds, commands, ponds ; minds, sounds. -nch. — Launch ; inch, wrench, lunch, branch. -ncht. — Launched ; lynched, wrenched, bunched, branched. -nj. — Range, hinge, revenge, lunge -njd. — Ranged, hinged, revenged, lunged. -ns. — Wince, fence, manse, dunce, dance, sconce, ounce, -nst. — Winced, fenced, danced, ensconsed ; bounced, -nz. — Scenes, reins, earns, lawns, owns, moons ; inns, hens, fans, guns, cons ; mines, joins, frowns, tunes, cairns, mourns. 54 FINAL CONSONANT GLIDES— co?itinued. Ex. IV. — Glides from the Compounds o^ and y -cht. — Reached, lurched, arched, scorched, poached, hitched, etched, matched, crutched, watched, pouched. -jd. — Beseiged, waged, urged, enlarged, forged, gouged, bridged, edged, budged, judged, dodged ; obliged, deluged, forged. Ex. V. — Glides from, the Lifigua-Palatal 1. -Ip. — Help, scalp, pulp. -Ipt. — Helped, scalped, pulped. -Ips. — Helps, scalps, pulps. -lb. — Elbe, alb, bulb. -Ibz. — Elbe's, albs, bulbs. -Im. — Film, whelm. Imd. — Filmed, whelmed. -Imz. — Films, whelms. -If. — Pilfer, elf, gulf, golf, wolf -Ifth.— Twelfth. -Ifths.— Twelfths. -1ft.— Shelfed, engulfed. -Ifs. — Elf's, gulfs, wolfs. -Iv. — Shelve, solve, salve {op). -Ivd. — Shelved, solved, salved [op.) -Ivz. — Shelves, solves, salves (op.) -Ith.— Filth, health. -Iths.— Filths, healths. -It. — Fault, colt ; lilt, pelt, cult. -Its. — Faults, colts ; pelts, cults. -Id. — Field, ailed, world, gnarled, scald, old, cooled ; build, weld, lulled, lolled, pulled ; wild, oiled, howled, ridiculed. -Idz. — Fields, worlds, scalds, folds ; builds, welds, wilds. -In. — Swoln* -Ich. — Filch, belch, gulch. -Ictt. — Filched, belched. -Ij. — Bilge, bulge. -Ijd. — Bulged. -Is. — False, else, pulse. -Iz. — Eels, ales, earls, gnarls, .awls, poles, cools ; ills, ells, gulls, lolls, bulls ; isles, oils, owls, mules. -Ish.— Welsh. -Isht.— Welshed. -Ik. — Milk, elk, talc, hulk. -Ikt. — Milked, mulct. -Ikts. — JNIulcts. -Iks. — Silks, elks, hulks. * The monosyllable " swoln," a contraction of " swollen." and used by Shakespeare, Milton and other poets, is, perhaps, the only available example of the glide -In. Id "swollen," "fallen," "woollen," &c. (phonetically, sw6i"-n, fawl"n, w66l"-n), the glide is slightly broken by syllabication. The word " kiln," although, I believe, commonly spoken as spelled, is unanimously given by modern Dictionaries to be pronounced kil. FINAL CONSONANT GLIDES -cotitituied. 55 Ex. VI. — Glides from the " hisses," a and sb., and the ' ' buzzes ' ' z and zh. -sp. — Lisp, cusp, clasp, -spt.— Lisped, cusped, clasped. -sps.— Lisps, cusps, clasps. -St.— East, waste, worst, forced, post, loosed ; list, rest, massed, rust, last, lost ; iced, hoist, oust, reduced, pierced, dar'st, cursed, -sts. — Feasts, wastes, posts, roosts, lists, nests, rusts, lasts, hoists, ousts, -sk.— Disc, desk, husk, ask. -skt.— Asked, -sks.— Discs, desks, husks, asks. -zd. — Eased, dazed, parsed, paused, dozed, oozed ; fizzed, buzzed ; sized, noised, housed, used, -sht. — Leashed, dished, meshed, lashed, rushed, washed, pushed, -zhd. — Rouged. Ex. Vn. — Glides from the Gutturals'k., g, and ng, -kt. — Leaked, ached, worked, larked, talked, joked ; picked, sect, act, duct, asked, locked, looked ; liked, rebuked, -kts.— Picts, sects, acts, ducts, -ks. — Leeks, aches, irks, arks, talks, oaks, perukes ; fix, X, axe, ducks, ox, looks ; likes, dukes, -ksth.— Sixth, -ksths.— Sixths, -kst. — Fixed, next, axed, boxed, -gd.— Leagued, plagued, prorogued ; digged, egged, bagged, lugged, fogged, -gz.— Leagues, plagues, morgues, rogues ; digs, eggs, bags, lugs, dogs, fugues. -ngd. —Winged, hanged, tongued, wronged. -ngz.— Wings, hangs, tongues, tongs. -ngk.— Wink, bank, sunk. -ngkth.— Length, -ngkths.— Lengths. -ngkt. ^Winked, banked, -ngks.— Winks, banks, hunKs, SECTION IV. THE MECHANISM OF SPEECH. Means of Studying the Mechanism of Articulation. In order to intelligently' study and regulate the positions and movements of the lips, teeth, tongue, palate, etc., in the formation of speech sounds, procure a small hand-mirror : by holding this before the face in a good light the articulation may be easily seen and understood. In some of the speech sounds the articulating organs within the mouth become partly or entirely hidden from view ; the use of a probe — an ordinary thin penholder, a knitting-needle, or the handle of a small spoon answers the purpose — will assist the identification of the invisible positions and points of contact, which may be further localised, after a little experience, by the muscular sense. Action of the Lips in Speech. Hold a mirror before the face and pronounce, as dis- tinctly as possible, a, a and e (as in saying " ah," " A " and " E "), prolonging the sound of each vowel for the purpose of deliberate observation. Note carefully the positions of the lips for each vowel : it will be seen that, although the opening of the mouth varies for each, the lips do not make any definite movement but remain passive. Pronounce au 6, 56 (as in the words "awe," "owe" and "ooze" or "zoo" — without the z) : it will be seen that in each -of these three enunciations the lips take an active part and assume a definite position, being slightly protruded or pouted in the M'Ue,mdr,i'our children's cradles, now by your fathers' graves, Be men to-day, Quirites, or be for ever slaves ! For this did Servius give us laws ? For this did Lucrece bleed ? For this was the great vengjpance wrought on Tarquin's evil seed ? For this did those false sons make red the axes of their sire? For this did Scasvola's right hand hiss in the Tuscan fire ? Shall the vile fox-earth awe the race that stormed the lion's den ? Shall we who could not brook one lord^ crouch to the wicked Ten ? Oh for that ancient spirit which curbed the Senate's will ! Oh for the tents which in old time whitened the Sacred Hill ! In those brave days our fathers stood firmly side by side ; 98 ARTICULATION EXERCISES. They faced the Marcian fury ; they tamed the Fabian pride ; They drove the fiercest Quinctius an outcast forth from Rome : They sent the haughtiest Claudius with shivered fasces home. But what their care bequeathed us our madness flung away ; All the ripe fruit of three-score years was blighted in a day. Exult, ye proud Patricians ! The hard-fought fight is o'er. We strove for honours — 'twas in vain; for freedom — 'tis no more. No crier to the polling summons the eager throng ; No Tribune breathes the word of might that guards the weak from wrong. Our very hearts, that were so high, sink down beneath your will. Riches, and lands, and power, and state — ye have them: — keep them still. Still keep the holy fillets ; still keep the purple gown. The axes, and the curule chair, the car and laurel crown : Still press us for your cohorts, and, when the fight is done, Still fill your garners from the soil which our good swords have won. Still, like a spreading ulcer, which leech-craft may not cure. Let your foul usance eat away the substance of the poor. Still let your haggard debtors bear all their fathers bore ; Still let your dens of torment be noisome as of yore ; No fire when Tiber freezes ; no air in dog-star heat ; And store of rods for free-born backs ; and holes for free-born feet. Heap heavier still the fetters ; bar closer still the grate ; Patient as sheep we yield us up unto your ly-uel hate. But by the shades beneath us, and by the Gods above. Add not unto your cruel hate your yet more cruel love ! Have ye not graceful ladies, whose spotless lineage spring's From Consuls, and High Pontiffs, and ancient Alban kings? Ladies, who deign not on our paths to set their tender feet, Who from their cars look down with scorn upon the wondering street, Who in Corinthian mirrors their own proud smiles behold, VIRGINIA. 99 And breathe of Capuan odours, and shine with Spanish gold ? Then leave the poor plebeian his single tie to life — The sweet, sweet love of daughter, of sister, and of wife. The gentle speech, the balm for all that his vexed soul endures. The kiss, in which he half forgets even such a yoke as yours. Still let the maiden's beauty swell the father's breast with pride ; Still let the bridegroom's arms infold an unpolluted bride. Spare us the inexpiable wrong, the unutterable shame. That turns the coward's heart to steel, the sluggard's blood to flame. Lest, when our latest hope is fled, ye taste of our despair. And learn by proof, in some wild hour, how much the wretched dare." Straightway Virginius led the maid a little space aside. To where the reeking shambles stood, piled up with horn and hide, Close to yon low dark archway, where, in a crimson flood. Leaps down to the great sewer the gurgling stream of blood. Hard by, a flesher on a block had laid his whittle down, Virginius caught the whittle up, and hid it in his gown. And then his eyes grew very dim, and his throat began to swell. And in a hoarse, changed voice he spake, " Farewell, sweet child Farewell ! Oh ! how I loved my darling ! Though stern I sometimes be, To thee, thou know'st I was not so. Who could be so to thee ? And how my darling loved me ! How glad she was to hear My footstep on the threshold when I came back last year ! And how she danced with pleasure to see my civic crown. And took my sword, and hung it up, and brought me forth my gown I Now, all these things are over — yes, all thy pretty ways. Thy needlework, thy prattle, thy snatches of old lays ; And none will grieve when I go forth, or smile when I return, Or watch beside the old man's bed, or weep upon his urn. The house that was the happiest within the Roman walls. ARTICULATION EXERCISES. The house that envied not the wealth of Capua's marble halls, Now for the brightness of thy smile, must have eternal gloom, And for the music of thy voice, the silence of the tomb. The time is come. See how he points his eager hand this way ! See how his eyes gloat on th}- grief, like a kite's upon the prey ! With all his wit, he little deems, that, spurned, betrayed, bereft. Thy father hath in his despair one fearful refuge left. He little deems that in this hand I clutch what still can save Thy gentle youth from taunts and blows, the portion of the slave : Yea, and from nameless evil, that passeth taunt and blow — Foul outrage which thou knowest not, which thou shalt never know. Then clasp me round the neck once more, and give me one more kiss ; And now, mine own dear little girl, there is no way but this." With that he lifted high the steel, and smote her in the side, And in her blood she sank to earth, and with one sob she died. Then, for a little moment, all people held their breath ; And through the crowded Forum was stillness as of death ; And in another moment brake forth from one and all A cry as if the Volscians were coming o'er the wall. Some with averted faces shrieking fled home amain ; Some ran to call a leech ; and some ran to lift the slain : Some felt her lips and little wrist, if life might there be found ; And some tore up their garments fast, and strove to stanch the wound In vain they ran, and felt, and stanched ; for never truer blow That good right arm had dealt in fight against a Volscian foe. When Appius Claudius saw that deed, he shuddered and sank down And hid his face some little space with the corner of his gown. Till, with white lips and bloodshot eyes, Virginius tottered nigh. And stood before the judgment-seat, and held the knife on high. " Oh ! dwellers in the nether gloom, avengers of the slain, VIRGINIA. By this dear blood I cry to you, do right between us twain ; And even as Appius Claudius hath dealt with me and mine, Deal you by Appius Claudius and all the Claudian line !" So spake the slayer of his child, and turned, and went his way ; But first he cast one hag-gard glance to where the body lay. And writhed, and groaned a fearful groan, and then, with steadfast feet. Strode right across the market-place unto the Sacred Street. Then up sprang Appius Claudius : " Stop him ; alive or dead ! Ten thousand pounds of copper to the man who brings his head." He looked upon his clients, but none would work his will. He looked upon his lictors ; but they trembled, and stood still. And, as Virginius through the press his way in silence cleft, Ever the mighty multitude fell back to right and left. And he hath passed in safety unto his woeful home. And there ta'en horse to tell the camp what deeds are done in Rome. By this the flood of people was swollen from every side, And streets and porches round were filled with that o'erflowing tide ; And close around the body gathered a little train Of them that were the nearest and dearest to ihe slain. They brought a bier, and hung it with many a cypress crown. And gently they uplifted her, and gently laid her down. The face of .-Vppius Claudius wore the Claudian scowl and sneer. And in the Claudian note he cried, "What doth this rabble here? H.ave they no crafts to mind at home, that hitherward they stray ? Ho ! lictors, clear the market-place, and fetch the corpse away !" The voice of grief and fury till then had not been loud ; But a deep sullen murmur wandered among the crowd. Like the moaning noise that goes before the whirlwind on the deep, Or the growl of a fierce watch-dog but half aroused from sleep. But when the lictors at that word, tall yeomen all and strong. ARTICULATION EXERCISES. Each with his axe and sheaf of twig's, went down into the throng'. Those old men say, who saw that day of sorrow and of sin. That in the Roman Forum was never such a din. The wailing, hooting, cursing, the howls of grief and hate, Were heard beyond the Pincian Hill, beyond the Latin Gate. But close around the body, where stood the little train Of them that were the nearest and dearest to the slain, No cries were there, but teeth set fast, low whispers and black frowns, And breaking up of benches, and girding up of gowns. 'Twas well the lictors might not pierce to where the maiden lay, Else surely had they been all twelve torn limb from limb that day. Right glad they were to struggle back, blood streaming from their heads, With axes all in splinters, and raiment all in shreds. Then Appius Claudius gnawed his lip, and the blood left his cheek ; And thrice he beckoned with his hand, and thrice he strove to speak ; .4nd thrice the tossing Forum set up a frightful yell ; "See, see, thou dog! what thou hast done; and hide thy shame in hell! Thou that wouldst make our maidens slaves must first make slaves of men. Tribunes ! Hurrah for Tribunes ! Down with the wicked Ten ! " And straightway, thick as hailstones, came whizzing through the air Pebbles, and bricks, and potsherds, all round the curule chair ; And upon Appius Claudius great fear and trembling came ; For never was a Claudius yet brave against aught but shame. Though the great houses love us not, we own, to do them right. That the great houses, all save one, have borne them well in fight. Still Caius of Corioli, his triumphs and his wrongs. His vengeance and his mercy, live in our camp-fire songs. Beneath the yoke of Furius oft have Gaul and Tuscan bowed ; And Rome may bear the pride of him of whom herself is proud. But evermore a Claudius shrinks from a stricken field, And changes colour like a maid at sight of sword and shield. ARTICULATION EXERCISES. 103 The Claudian triumphs all were won within the city towers ; The Claudian yoke was never pressed on any necks but ours. A Cossus, like a wild cat, spring's ever at the face ; A Fabius rushes like a boar against the shouting chase ; But the vile Claudian litter, raging with currish spite. Still yelps and snaps at those who run, still runs from those who smite. So now 'twas seen of Appius. When stones began to fly. He shook, and crouched, and wrung his hands, and smote upon his thigh. " Kind clients, honest lictors, stand by me in this fray ! Must I be torn to pieces? Home, home, the nearest way ! " While yet he spake, and looked around with a bewildered stare, Four sturdy lictors put their necks beneath the curule chair ; And fourscore clients on the left, and fourscore on the right. Arrayed themselves with swords and staves, and loins girt up for fight. But, though without or staff or sword, so furious was the throng. That scarce the train with might and main could bring their lord along. Twelve times the crowd made at him ; five times they seized his gown ; Small chance was his to rise again, if once they got him down : And sharper came the pelting ; and evermore the yell — " Tribunes ! we will have Tribunes ! " — rose with a louder swell : And the chair tossed as tosses a bark with tattered sail When raves the Adriatic beneath an eastern gale, When the Calabrian sea-marks are lost in clouds of spume. And the great Thunder-Cape has donned his veil of inky gloom. One stone hit Appius in the mouth, and one beneath the ear ; And ere he reached Mount Palatine, he swooned with pain and fear. His cursed head, that he was wont to hold so high with pride. Now, like a drunken man's, hung down, and swayed from side to side ; And when his stout retainers had brought him to his door. His face and neck were all one cake of filth and clotted gore. As Appius Claudius was that day, so may his grandson be I God send Rome one such other sight, and send me there to see ! Macaulay. INDEX. &,, A and Sb, Exercise for differentiating 39 a and i, Confusion of 7 a and i, Exercise for differ- entiating 42 A, Nine sounds of 19 a, Position of Tongue for ... 62 a, ,, ,, ... 61 a, The Intermediate 76 Accentuation 2 Action of the Jaws in Speech 58 „ „ Lips „ 56 ,, „ Soft Palate „ 62 „ „ Tongue „ 61 "After-sounds" to beavoided 81 American " Nasal Twang " , 72 Articulation Exercises, in Prose and Verse S-; Articulation Exercises, Lip.. 29 3) ,, Teeth 3> J» )j Tongue 33 Articulation, Means of study- ing 56 Articulation, Practice in ... 82 Aspirate Exercises 35 Aspirates, Modifications of, in Natural Speech ... 69 Aspirates, Omission and Misplacement of 67 Attack and Release of Vowels improved by good Articulation 4 PAGE au and oar, Confusion of ... 7 ,, ,, Exercise for de- veloping 41 au, Diagram of Lips in forming 12 au, Position of Tongue for.. 61 Avoidance of Pedantry ... 6 ,, Mannerisms ... 9 ,, " Slip-shod"... 9 b. Diagram of the Lips in forming 12 ,, Exercises on 29,30 ■fad. and bz Glides 52 bl and br Glides 49 Browning, Selection from ... 85 "Burr" in English Dialects 73 C, Four sounds ot 21 " Captain Frisklj' " 89 " Cataract of Lodore, The " S3 Catarrh 64 Causes of defective Pronun- ciation 5 Celebrities, Mannerisms of . 6 ch, Exercises on 3i) 32 Changes in Pronunciation... 2 ,, Vowel Sounds... 20 Children's difficulty with th anddh. 79 cht Glides 54 INDEX. 105 Classification |of " Breath ' and "Vocal" Consonants 8i Classificatioa of Vowels ... Classification Sounds Cleft Palate , Long' of Speech "Cockney " Mispronuncia tion of th and dh "Cocknej'" Pronunciation ofwandv " Cockney Twangf " ... Complexities due to inter- mingling of Communities Confusion of S. and S. ,, a and 1 ,, au and oar ... ,, d^nce and d&nce, etc Confusion of 6 and OU „ Sounds in Pro- vincialisms, etc Confusion of u and 66 Consonant Glides, Exercises for 62 19 64 79 7 76 7 7 7 7 7 7 49 27 Consonant Glides, Final ,, ,, fromk&g 51 ,, ,, from s ... 50 ,, ,, from the Lips 49 Consonant Glides from the Teeth 50 Consonant Glides, Initial ... 26 Consonants, Importance of . 4 ,, Labial 29 Consonants, Lingua - dental after Vowels 32 Consonants, Lingua - dental before Vowels 31 Consonants, The Elementary 25 Contortion of the Mouth ... Criticalsupervision necessary Correctness, Criterion of ... d, Diagram of the Mouth in forming ,, Exercises on ... D, Two sounds of Dance and dftnce, Con- fusion of Declamation, Practice with- out Defective Nasal Resonance ,, Pronunciation, Causes of Defective Soft Palate ,, Teeth ,, Vowels, Exercises for Delicate Distinction of Vowel Sounds Dentistry Development of Speech Sounds 3'. 32 ... 21 4 72 S 64 60 20 60 dh, Exercises on dh and th ■ 4 3'. 32 •• 79 ,, Exercise for De- veloping dh, Diagram of the Lips in forming 47 io6 INDEX. dh, Exercise for Developing 44 dhd and dhz Glides 53 Diagrams of the Organs of Speech 10 Dictionaries at variance ... 3 Difference between "Breath" and "Vocal" Consonants 80 Difficult and Defective Sounds s Difficulties of English Pro- nunciation Difficulty of Curing Provin- cialisms Difficulty of Explaining Pro nunciation without Ora Illustration Difficulty with til and dh .. Distinctness without Voca Strain Divided usage in a and j^ .. dr and dw Glides dth and dz Glides 5 79 4 76 5° S3 19 62 E, Six sounds of e, Position of Tongue for Effect of wide mouth-opening 59 Elementary Consonants, The 25 ,, Vowels, The ... 24 Elongated Uvula English Pronunciation, Difficulties of 64 I 3 Evolution of Speech ... Exercise for developing ^ 39, 77 „ „ dh. 44 .. ., 1 46 PAGE Exercise for developing th 44 and dh th Exercise for developing the Liquids Exercise for developing the Nasal Consonants Exercise for developing s ... I, ,t z ... ,, for differentiating a and i Exercise for differentiating au and oar Exercise for differentiating and ou Exercise for differentiating 66 and u Exercise for differentiating the " Trilled " and " Smooth " r Exercise for differentiating W and wh 47 46 45 44 44 42 4' 43 40 3& Exercise for " Trilled " r ... 38 Exercises for defective vowels 7 Exercises for developing the Aspirate 35 49 Exercises for developing the Consonant Glides Exercises for the Soft Palate 48 ,, in Prose and Verse 83 ,, in Lip Articulation 29,57 in Teeth Articula- tion Exercises in Tongue Articu- N lation 31 33 INDEX. 107 Excessive Lip Action . Experiments with Soft Pal- ate Movements Explanation of the Tables of Vowels and Consonants PAGE • 57 65 23 f, Diagram of the Lips in formini^ ,, Exercises on F, Two sounds of,. 291 30 Faultsin pronunciation, Sum- mary of 66 Fifty Speech Sounds, The ... 22 Final Consonant Glides, Table of 27 Final Consonant Glides, Ex- ercises for 52 Final Consonants, Impor- tance of 81 Final Lisp 74 ,, r, Initial and 73 fl and fr Glides 49 Foreigners' difficulty with th and dh 79 Foreignisms, Confusion of Sounds in 7 " Forward Placing " of the Voice 63 Four Sounds of C and S ... 21 of I 19 French pronouncing w and V 7 ft, fth, and fs Glides 52 Function of the Soft Palate 63 g, Diagram of Mouth in Forming 17 PAGE g, Exercises on 33,34 G, Two sounds of 21 gd Glides 55 Germans pronouncing w and V 7 gl, gr, and gw Glides 51 Glides, Consonant, Exercises for 40 ,, Final Consonant ... 27 ,, Initial Consonant ... 26 "Good News from Ghent" 85 Gutturals, Glides from ... 51 gz Glides 55 ll. Exercise for developing... 35 h, Omission and misplace- ment of 67 h, silent in "heir, hour, hon- our, honest " ... 68 " Hamlet's .Advice to the Players " 88 How to view the Soft Palate in action 64 How to view the Throat ... 61 i and a. Exercise for differ- entiating 42 I, Four sounds of 19 Ideal style of pronunciation 6 Importance of Final Conson- ants 8i Importance of Lip Actions... 57 Importance of "Vocal" Con- sonants in regard to euphony 80 io8 INDEX. Indefinite variety of Vowels 20 Influence of Elocution Classes, etc 9 Influence of the Soft Palate 64 Indefinite variations of Vowels 5 Initial and Final r. 73 ,, Consonant Glides, Table of 26 ,1 )i Glides, Exercises for 49 ,• Lisp 74 Interchange of il and 66 ... 8 Intermediate A, The 76 Introductory i j, Exercises on 31, 32 J, Two sounds of 21 Jaws, Action of, in Speech... 58 jd Glides 54 k, Diagram of Mouth in forming 17 ,, Exercises on 33. 34 Key to Notation of Speech Sounds iv Key to Pronunciation, The 22 kl, kr, and kw Glides ... 51 ks and kt Glides 55 1, Diagram of the Mouth in forming 15 ,, Exercise for developing ... 46 ,, Exercises on ... ... ... 33, 34 ,, Mispronunciation of. 78 Labial Consonants after Vowels Labial Consonants before Vowels Lancastrian interchange of U and 66 Ib.lch, ld,lf, Ij.lk, Im, In, Ip, Is, Ish, It, Iv, and Iz Glides Liquids, Exercise for devel- oping the Lingua-dental Consonants... Lingua-dentals th. and dh. The Lingual Consonants after Vowels Lingual Consonants before Vowels 30 29 54 56 31 79 34 33 Lip Action, Excessive 57 Lip Actions, Importance of 57 Lip Articulation Exercises 29, 57 Lips, Glides from . 49 Lips in au, 6, 66, W Diagram of and wh, 12 Lips in p, b, andm. of ..'. Diagram 12 Liquid 1, The 78 Lisping 74 Local Mannerisms 6 ,, Pecviliarities, cations of Modifi- 9 " Long " and Vowels " Short " 20 *' Long" Vowels, Classifica tion of 6 2 INDEX. 109 m, Diagram of the Lips in forming' ,., 12 ,, Diagramof Soft Palate in 18 ,, Exercise for developing 45 ,, Exercises on 29, 30 ,, Formation of 70 ,, Nasal Resonance in ... 72 Macaulay, Selection from ... 95 Malformation, etc., of the Soft Palate 64 Mannerisms, Avoidance of. .. 6 Many Letters representing One Sound 2 Many Sounds represented by One Letter 2 md Glides 52 Means of studying Articula- tion 56 Mechanism of Speech, The.. 56 Medial a, Description of ... 76 ,, ,, Exercise 39 Medical assistance ^oc phy- sical defects 64 mf Glides 52 Mirror for studying Articula- tion ... 56 Misplacement of Aspirates... 67 Mispronunciation, Notes on 66 Modification of Aspirates in Natural Speech 69 Modifications of local pecu- liarities 9 Mouth, Contortion of the ... 57 Mouth, forming k and g, Diagram of 17 Mouth forming s. Z, Sh, zll, and r, Diagram of ... 16 Mouth forming t. d, n, and 1, Diagram of 15 Mouth forming the Neutral Vowel, Diagram of ... 14 Mouth in repose, Diagram of 13 " Mouthing ' 57 Mouth-opening, Effect of, on the Voice 59 mp Glides s^ " M. P. 's Apology," An ... 93 Multiform pronunciation of Consonants 21 Multiform pronunciation of Vowels 19 Muscular control of Soft Palate 64 Musical quality of 1 78 mz Glides 5^ n, Diagram of Soft Palate in 18 , Diagram of the Mouth in forming 15 , Exercise for developing... 45 , Exercises on 31, 32 , Formation of 70 , Nasal Resonance in ... 72 N, Two sounds of 21 Nasal Consonants 70 ,, ,, Exercise for developing 45 INDEX. PAGE Nasal Obstructions 72 ,, Resonance in nil n, ng 72 ,, " Twang ... ... 72 Nasality 60, 64 nch and nd Glides 53 Necessity for Systematic Tabulation of Vowels ... 20 Neglect of Consonants ... 4 Neutral Vowel, Diagram of Mouth Forming 14 ng. Diagram of Soft Palate in 18 ,, Exercise for Developing 45 ,. ,. on ,, Formation of ,, Nasal Resonance in ngd. ngk, ngtk and ngz Glides nj Glides Nine sounds of A No phonetic relationship between the Long and Short a, etc Nonconformity of Orihogra- phy and Orthophony ... Notation of Speech Sounds, Key to Notation of Vowels Notes on Pronunciation and Mispronunciation. ns, nth and nz Glides and OU. Confusion of and OU. Exercise for differ- entiating 34 70 72 55 S3 19 6, Diagram of the Lips in forming 12 ,, Position of Tongue for ... 62 O, Seven sounds of 19 oar and au, Exercise for Developing 41 Omission and misplacement of Aspirates 67 One Letter represents many Sounds 2 One Sound represented by many Letters 2 66 and U, Exercise for differ- entiating 40 66, Diagram of the Lips in forming 12 ,, Positionof Tongue for... 62 Oral demonstration necess- ary 5 Orthoepical changes in Vowels 20 Orthographic letters without Orthoepic values 22 Orthography and Ortho- phony, Nonconformity of I OU and o. Exercise for diff- erentiating 43 p. Diagram of the Lips in forming 66 ,, Exercises on 29,30 53 Parliamentary Debate, Selec- tion from 93 7 Pedantry, Avoidance of ... 6 Perfect Enunciation, How 43 to acquire 5 INDEX. Permanent Standard, No . 3 Phonetic Classification and Notation ot Vowels ... 20 pi Glides 49 Plan of the book 3 Polypi 64 Position of Lips in " Round- ded " Vowels 57 Position of the Organs of Speech 10 Position of Soft Palate, in Nasal Consonants and in other Speech Sounds 63 Position of Tongue for a, au, a, 0, e, 06 61 pr Glides 49 ps and pt Glides 52 Practice in Articulation ... 82 ,, without Declamation 4 Princess," Selection from " The 91 Pronunciation and Mispro- nunciation 66 Provincialisms, Confusion of Sounds in 7 Provincialisms, Difficulty of Curing 8 Q, Two sounds of 21 r. Diagram of the Mouth in forming 16 ,, Exercises on ... 33, 37, 38 ,, Initial and Final 73 "Trilled" and "Smooth " 73 R, Two sounds of 21 Remedy for difficulty with h. 67 „ for Lisping 75 " Rough " or Consonant r... 73 "Rounded" Vowels, Posi- tion of Lips in 57 Rules forpronouncing "Trill- ed " and " Smooth " r... 37 S, Diagram of Mouth in forming 16 ,, Exercise for Developing. 44 ,, Exercises on 33, 34 S, Four sounds of 21 Sam Weller, pronouncing W and V 7 Selby, Selection from 89 " Sets ' and " Circles," Mannerisms of 6 Seven sounds of O 19 Sf Glides 50 Sh, Diagram of the Mouth in forming 16 ,, Exercises on 33, 34 sTai Glides 51 Shakespeare, Selection from 88 sht Glides 55 Sibilants, Glides from 50 Silent h in " heir, hour, honour, honest " 68 Silent Letters 2 ,, Examples of... 22 Six sounds of E 19 INDEX. Six sounds of (J sk Glides, Final ,, Initial Sl „ " Slip-shod," Avoidance of.. sm Glides " Smooth " or Vowel r Sn Glides Soft Palate, Action of ,, ,, Control of ,, ,, Exercises ,, ,, in action. How to view Soft Palate in pronouncing- m, n, and ng Soft Palate, Influence of ... >, ,, Movements, Ex- periments with Southey, Selection from ... Sp Glides, Final ,, ,, Initial Speech Sounds, Classifica- tion of Speech Sounds, Develop- ment of Speech Sounds, Key to Notation of Speech Sounds, The Fifty.., St Glides, Final ,, ,, Initial Strain on the Voice, Dis- tinctness without '9 SS 51 S' 6 5° 73 SI 62 64 48 64 i8 64 6,5 83 55 50 19 22 55 50 Style of pronunciation Summary of faults in pro- nunciation Surgical assistance for physical defects SW Glides Syllabication and Accentua- tion Systematic Tabulation of Vowels, Necessity for,,, t. Diagram of Mouth in forming ,, Exercises on 31, T, Three sounds of Tables of Vowels and Con- sonants, Explanation cf. Teeth and Lips in f and v. Diagram of Teeth Articulation Exercises ,, Defective ,, Glides from Tendency to uniform pro- nunciation Tennyson, Selection from ... th and dh )> ,. Exercise for developing th. Diagram of the Lips in forming ,, Exercise for developing ,, Exercises on 3,^ thr Glides ths and tht Glides Three sounds of T and X ,,, PAGE . 6 66 64 50 ' 3^ 21 23 31 60 50 91 79 47 44 32 50 53 2r INDEX. "'3 PAGE PAGE Three sounds of Y 19 Variance amongDictionaries 3 " Throaty" tone 60 Varieties of Vowels, In- definite ... 20 thw Glides 50 Vd Glides 52 Tongue, Action of 61 "Veiled" quality of voice, 60 64 ,, and Teeth in til and dh, Diagram of 12 Verification of Unusual pronunciations 6 Tongue Articulation Exercises 33 "Virginia" 94 tr Glides 5° Vivd voce instruction necessary 6 Training the Ear and Voi ce. S Vocal Consonants 80 Transposition of Sounds in Provincialisms, etc. 7 ,, Strain, Distinctness without 4 Trilled r Exercise 38 Vowel Glides... 24 ts and tth Glides 53 ,, ,, not pronounced tw Glides 5° in Scotland, etc 73 Twenty-six Letters for Fifty sounds Two sounds of D, F, G, J, N, Q, R, and Z Two sounds of \\^ U and 60, Confusion of ... ,, Exercise differentiating for U, Six sounds of Unconsciousness of errors... Uniform pronunciation. Tendency to Unusual pronunciations 19 7 40 19 6 9 6 V, Diagram of the Lips in forming Exercises on 12 29. 30 Variations of \'owels, In- definite Vowels, Indefinite varia- tions of S Vowels, The Elementary ... , 24 VZ Glides 52 W, Diagram of the Lips in forming 12 ,, Exercise on 33 ,, and wh, Exercise for differentiating 36 ,, and V, Germans and French and "Cockneys" pronouncing 7 W, Two sounds of 19 wh., Diagrams of the Lips in forming 12 ,, Exercise for developing 36 Wide mouth opening, Effect of 59 Written Consonants, The ... 21 114 Written Vowels, The X, Three sounds of y, Exercise on Y, Three sounds of INDEX. PAGE • 19 33 Z, Diagram of the Mouth in forming 16 Z, Exercise for developing.. 44 ,, Exercises on 33i 34 ,, Two sounds of 21 zd Glides 55 zh, Diagram of the Mouth in forming 16 Exercise on 34 Printed by E. R, Alexander & Sons, at the Era Press, Levton. Uniform, with ;present Volume. HASLUCK'S RECITATIONS. VOL. I, RECITATIONS FOR BOYS AND GIRLS. Compiled and Adapted MRS. S. 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