HANDBOOK OF COURSES OPEN TO WOMEN IN BRITISH, CONTINENTAL AND CANADIAN UNIVERSITIES THE MACMILLAN COMPANY ee FIFTH avcnuie; NEMT YOnK BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF Henrg W. Sage 189Z .dfr/.(^i 4../^:/^. 3 1924 103 698 712 Cornell University Library The original of this bool< is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31 9241 0369871 2 OF IN B^IIIISH, ^OHTPIHENIPAL AND ©AKADIAN COMPILED FOR THE Gra.dua.te Club ok Bryn VIa.-wr College BY ISABEL MADDISON, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D, (Bryn Mawr), ASSISTED BY Helen Whitall Thomas, A. B. (Bryn Mawr) and Emma Stansbury Wines, A. M. (Bryn Mawr). NEW YORK THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1896 All rights rea&rved. Copyright 1896 BY Thk Macmillan Company The new Era Print, lancaster, pa, PREFACE. The many graduates of Bryn Mawr College who in the last few years have wished to continue their studies abroad, have strongly felt the need of a handbook defining the posi- tion of the different foreign universities in regard to the ad- mission of women to their courses, and giving for foreign universities and colleges particulars such as are given for American universities and colleges in " Graduate Courses," a handbook published originally by the Graduate Club of Harvard University, and later by the Federation of Gradu- ate Clubs. It has therefore seemed desirable to the Graduate Club of Bryn Mawr College to publish a Handbook of Courses Open to Women in British, Continental and Canadian Universities containing all the information on the subject which it has been possible, in a necessarily limited space of time, to collect. The funds necessary for the purpose have been secured through the interest and assistance of the Presi- dent of Bryn Mawr College. An Editorial Committee, consisting of members of the Club, corresponded with women studying abroad, addressed enquiries to the authorities of all the foreign universities, and collected calendars and other official publications. The in- formation gathered from these different sources has been put together in a condensed form, and it is hoped that the alpha- betical arrangement adopted will be found convenient for reference. The Committee wishes to express its gratitude to all those whose kindness in supplying information made the compila- tion of the book possible, and to acknowledge its indebted- w PREFACE. ness to the " Minerva Jahrbuch der Gelehrten Welt."* It is intended that a new edition of the handbook shall be issued yearly, and the Committee will be grateful for corrections of the errors almost unavoidable in a book of this kind and for suggestions which may tend to make the next issue more serviceable. The present volume has been delayed in the press ; next year an effort will be made to have the Handbook ready in June. The Graduate Club of Bryn Mawr College is glad to allow members of other colleges to make use of its collection of official programs and calendars ; particular books will be lent for a few days to applicants prepaying postage. All communications in regard to the Handbook, and all requests for programs and calendars, should be addressed to Miss Isabel Maddison, President of the Graduate Club, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. * Published by Karl J. Triibner, Strassburg. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. AUSTRIA. (See also Hungary.) The universities of Austria, like those of Germany, are state institutions. They are supported by the Government and are directly subject to the Austrian Minister of Education. With the exception of the university at Czernowitz, which has no Faculty of Medicine, the eight universities of Austria comprise the Faculties of Philosophy (Arts and Science), Law, Medicine and Theology. Courses of lectures, seminary and laboratory work in different subjects are provided by the several faculties, and the degree of Doctor is given to matricu- lated students who have fulfilled certain stated requirements. The entrance requirements for men are similar to those of German universities ; the candidate for admission must hold the Maturitdtszeugniss of a gymnasium. In 1878 the admission of women to the Austrian universities was regulated by a decree of the Minister of Education; while declaring that there could be no question of a general admission of women to academic courses, he yet made pro- vision for particular cases. Certain courses might, as an ex- ception and with the express sanction of the Minister, be given especially for women, and advanced women students might in addition be allowed to attend the courses held for men, provided that they could in every case obtain the con- sent of the faculty in question, in conjunction with that of the academic senate and the individual professors, with whom work was desired. In no case were women to be allowed to register as students in the universities, but were to be considered as hearers. 2 CJiACOW. Under this regulation of 1878 women have studied at manj of the universities of Austria, and at present the question of their further admission is being agitated. For instance, in- formation has been obtained to the effect that the Principal of the Girls' Private Bohemian Gymnasium at Prague, has pre- sented a petition to the Austrian Minister of Education, asking that girls who have passed the maturitats examination of the gymnasium be admitted to the Bohemian University of Prague as recognised students. The university libraries are open to women. The academic year is divided into two semesters, the first, or winter semester, which begins on October ist, and ends on the Thursday before Palm Sunday, and the second, or sum- mer semester, which begins on the first Thursday after Easter and ends about July 30th. The system of university fees is in general the same in Austria as in Germany. (See under Germany.) CRACOW, Galicia, Austria. JAGELLONISCHE UNIVERSITAT. UNIWERSYTET JAGIELLONSKI W KRAKOWIE. This university, founded in 1364, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Austria ; see above. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Leon Cyfrowicz. Professors and Ijeotiirers. ^^7-5. Comparative Philology : Professor As Languages. — Indo-Iranian : Docent x>„^^^^^' r> j- -a ■^•^• c^ ,, , ,. rHiLOSOPHY: ^rofcjorj Pawlicki, Stras- V. Mankowski. ,.„ i • n ^T V- i ■ ^.^a^ r. „ . ,,. , , . ,, zewski; Decent Ziembicki. Classical: Pr^^wjMiodonski, Mo- History: Professors Lewicki, Smolka. rawski, Stembach. Zakrzewski ; Docents Czermak, Krzy- Germanic (Polish, Slavish): Profes- zanowski, Graf Mycielski. SOTS Creizenach, Malinowski, Graf Art and Archeology : Professor So- Tamowski,Tretiak; Zlo^wifv. Zdzie- kolowski; ZJo^^i'j Bienkowski, Graf chowski. Mycielski. Romance: Professor Kawczynski, Do- Pedagogy : Professor Straszewski ; Do- cent Rongier. cent Kulczynski. A USTRIA-HUNGAR V. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Karlinski, Zorawski ; Docent Kepinski. Physics : Professors Natanson, Witkow- ski ; Docent Birkenmajer. Chemistry : Professors Godlewski, Ols- zewski, Schramm ; Docents Bandrow- ski, Jentys. Mineralogy : Professor Kreutz. Geology : Professor Szajnocha. Biology : Professors Hoyer, Wierzejski. Botany : Professors Janczewski, Rosta- finski. Geography : Professor Szwarcenberg- Czemy. Agriculture : Professors Adametz, Czainomski, v. Lubomeski ; Docents Ajdukiewicz, Jentys. Engineering : Docent Ajdukiewicz. LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Professors Brzezinski, Cyfrowicz, Fier- ich, G6rski, Kasparek, Kleczynski, Krzy- muski V. Radwan, Leo, Milewski, Pie- kosinski, Rosenblatt, Ulanowski, ZoU ; Docents Czerkawski, Estreicher, W. L. Jaworski, Wr6blewski. MEDICINE. Professors Browicr, Bujwid, Cybulski, Domanski, Gluzinski, Halban, Jaku- bowski, W. Jaworski, Jordan, Korczyn- ski, V. Kostanecki, Lazarski, Mars, Oba- linski, Parenski, Fieniaz^k, Poniklo, Rosner, Rydygier, Stopczanski, Trze- bicky, Walentowicz ; Docents Bossowski, Brami, Rosner, Sroczynski, Zarewicz, Zulawski. THEOLOGY. Professors Chotkowski, Fijalek, Grom- nicki, Knapinski, Morawski, Pelczar, Spis, Wadolny ; Instructor Bielenin. CZEBNOWITZ, Buckowina, Austria. K. K. FRANZ-JOSEFS-UNIVERSITAT. This university, founded in 1875, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Austria ; see pp. i, 2. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Josef Pietsch- Professors and liecturers. Languages. — Semitic: Professor Rit- ter V. Onciul. Classical : Professors Hilberg, Wro- bel. English: Reader Romanovsky. Germanic ( Slavonic, etc. ) : Professors Kaluzniacki, Sbiera, Smal-stocki, v. Summersberg. Romance : Professor Gartner. History: Professors Herzberg-Frank- el, Zieglauer v. Blumentbal; Docents Kaindl, Milkowicz. SCIENCE. Mathematics: Professor Puchta. Physics: Professors Handl, Tumlirz. Chemistry; Professor Pribram. Mineralogy: Professor Scharizer. Zoology: Professor v. Lendenfeld. Botany: Professor Tangl. Geography: Professor Lowl. LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Professors Grawein, Halban, Hauke, Hiller, Hruza, Kleinwachter, Ritter v. Rosclimanu-HSrburg, Skedl, Wahr- mund; Docents Kryspin, Wolan. THEOLOGY. Professors Ritter v. Onciul, G. Popo- wicz, E. Popowicz, v. Repta, Wojucki; Docents Stefanelli, Tamawski. GRATZ, INNSBRUCK. GBATZ, Styria, Austria. K. K. KARL-FRANZENS-UNIVERSITAT. This university, founded in 1586, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Austria; see pp. 1,2. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Josef HIJtter. Professors and liecturersi ARTS. Languages. — Oriental : Professors Kirste, Weiss. Classical ; Professors Goldbaclier, Ritter v. Karajan, Meyer, Pichler, Schenkl. English : Professor Luick. Germanic (Slavonic) : Professors Krek, SchSnbacli, Seuffert ; Docent Oblak. Romance: /Vo/^worj Ive, Schuchardt. Comparative Philology : Professor Meyer. Philosophy : Professors Ritter v. Mein- ong, Spitzer ; Docent Martinak. History : Professors Bauer, Krones Ritter V. Marcbland, Loserth, v. Zwied- ineck-Siidenhorst ; Docent Mayer. Art and Archeology : Professors Gurlitt, Strzygowski. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Dantscher Ritter v. Kollesberg, Frischauf, v. Hepperger ; Docent Streissler. Physics : Professors Klemencic, Pfaund- ler, Streintz, Subic, Wassmuth ; Do- cent Czermak. Chemistry : Professors Schrotter, Skraup. Mineralogy : Professor Doelter. Geology : Professors Hilber, Hoernes ; Docent Penecke. Biology : Professors v. Graff, Mojsiso- vics Edler v. Mojsvar, Zelinka ; Do- cents Bohmig, Ritter v. Haider. Botany : Professors Freiherr v. Ettings- hausen, Haberlandt ; Docent Palla. Geography: Professor Richter. LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Professors Freiherr v. Anders, Bis- choff, Freiherr v. Canstein, Gumplo- wicz, Hanausek, Hildebrand, Lu- betz, Luschin Ritter v. Ebengreuth, Mischler, Freiherr v. Schey, Schiitze, Tewes, Thaner, Vargha; Docent SperU MEDICINE. Professors Anton, Bimbacher, Bleich- steiner, Bomer, Borysiekiewicz, Drasch, Ebner, Eppinger, Escherich, Haber- mann, Hoffer Edler v. Sulmthal, Hof- mann, HoU, Jarisch, Klemensiewicz, Kratter, Kraus, Moller, MuUer, Nico- ladoni, Prausnitz, Freiherr v. Rokitan- sky, RoUett, Schindler ; Docents Eber- staller, Elschnigg, Emele, Furst, Laker, Loos, Quass, Rossa, Schlangenhausen, Steinbiichel v. Rheinwall, Tobeitz, Wal- ser, Zoth. THEOLOGY. Professors Gutjahr, Klinger, Neu- bauer, Ritter v. Scherer, Schlager, Sta- nonik, A. Weiss, J. Weiss. MUSIC. Docent v. Hausegger. INNSBBUCK, Tyrol, Austria. K. K. LEOPOLD-FRANZENS-UNIVERSITAT. This university, founded in 1673-4, i^ under the same regula- tions as all the universities of Austria; see pp. i, 2. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Willibali> Stricker. A USTRIA-HUNGAR Y. Professors and liectiirers. ARTS. lANGUAGES. — ORIENTAL : Professor Flunk. Indo-Iranian: Professor v. Schroder. Classical : Professor Miiller, Zin- gerle. English : Docent Fischer. Germanic : Professors Seemiiller, Wackernell. Romance : Professor Demattio ; Do- cent W. V. Zingerle. Comparative Philology : Professor Stolz. Philosophy : Professors Ueberhorst, v. WUdhausen. History : Professors Friedrich, Him, Kaltenbrvmner, v. Ottenthal, Pastor, ■/. Scala ; Docent Mayr. Art and Archeology : Professors Reisch, Semper. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors V. Haerdtl, Stolz, JVirtinger ; Docent Schober. Physics : Professors Exner, Lecher, Peche, Pemter ; Docents Hammerl, Tollinger. Chemistry : Professor Senhofer. Mineralogy : Professor Cathrein. Geology : Professor Blaas. Biology : Professors Heider, v. Dalla- Torre. Botany : Professor Heinricher. Geography: Professor Ritterv. Wieser. LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Professors Dantscher Ritter v. KoUes- berg, V. Hermann, John, Lentner, Myr- bach V. Rheinfeld, Pacchioni, Pfersche, Ritter v. Sartori-Montecroce, Schifiiier, Freiherr v. Schwind, Singer, Steinlech- ner, Waldner ; Docents BoscaroUi, v. Eccher, Payr, Zanetti. MEDICINE. Professors Dimmer, Ehrendorfer, Ip- sen, Juiifinger, Kerschner, Klotz, Loeb- isch, Loewit, Lukasiewicz, Mayer, Ne- vinny,Pommer, Freiherr v. Rokitansky, v. Vintschgau, Wildner ; Docents Tschurt- schenthaler Edler v. Helmheim, Lant- schner, Malfatti, Sachs. THEOLOGY. Professors Biederlack, Flunk, Grisar, Hurter, Kern, Michael, Nilles, Nisius, Noldin, Straub ; Docents Gatterer, Lin- gens, Rinz. IjSniBERG, Galicia, Austria. K. K. FRANZENS-UNIVERSITAT. C. K. UNIWERSYTET IMIENIA CESARZA FRANCISZKA I. This university, founded in 1784) is under the same regulations as all the universities of Austria; see pp. 1,2. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Marceli Chlam- TACZ. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Semitic : Professor Sar- nicki. Classical ; Professors Cwiklinski, Kruczkiewicz; Z)ocent Jezieniecki. English: Instructor Kropiwnicki. Germanic: Professors Kalina, Pilat, Werner; Docent Colessa. Romance: Instructor Amborski. Philosophy : Professors Raciborski, Skdrski; Docent Graf Dzieduszycki. History: Professors Dembinski, Finkel, Gruszewskii Szaraniewicz, Wojcie- chowski; Docent Hirschberg. Art and Archaeology: Professor Boloz- Antoniewicz. Pedagogy: Docent Danysz. LEMBERG, PRAGUE. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- fessor Puzyna. Physics: Professors Fabian, Zakrzewski. Chemistry: Professors Lachowicz, Rad- ziszewski. Mineralogy: Professor Dunikowski; Decent Niedzwiedzki. Geology: Docents Niedzwiedzki, Sie- miradzki, Teisseyre, Zuber. Biology: Professor Dybowski; Docents Nussbaum, Piotrowski, Wielowiejski. Botany: Professor Ciesielski; Docents Szyszylowicz, Zalewski. Geography: Professor Rehmann. Hygiene: Docent Szpilman. LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Professors Abraham, Balasits, Balzer, Bobrzynski, Czemy, Glabinski, Gryziecki, Janowicz, v. Ochenkowski, Ostrozynski, Pietak, T. Pilat, Graf Pininski, Rosz- kowski, Starzynski, Stebelski, Szach- owski. Till, Wachholz; Docents Dobrz- anski, Dolinski, Lilienfeld, W. Pilat. MEDICINE. Professors Beck, Kadyi, Niemilowicz. THEOLOGY. Professors Bartoszewski, Bilczewski, Filarski, Kloss, Komamicki, Samicki, Skrochowski, Walega ; Docent Nara- jewski; Instructors Redkiewicz, Jas- zowski. PRAGUE, Bohemia, Austria. K. K. DEUTSCHE KARL-FERDINAND-UNIVERSITAT. This university, founded in 1348, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Austria; see pp. 1,2. Enquiries may be addressed to the rqctor, Karl Hugo Hup- PERT. Professors and Uecturers. Languages. — Semitic: Professors Gru- nert, Peter. Oriental: Professor Gerber. Classical: Professors Holzioger Rit- ter V. Weidich, Keller, Rzach, Schu- bert. English: /"ro/^jjorPogatscher; Read- er Just. Germanic: Professors Kelle, Sauer; Docent Hauffen. Romance: Professor Comu; Docent Rohn; Readers Rolin, Vielmetti. Comparative Philology: Professors Lambel, Ludwig. Philosophy: Professors Jodl, Marty, Willmann; Docent Arleth. History: Professors Bachmann, Four- nier, Jxing,Swoboda, Weber, Werunsky. Art and Archeology: Professors Klein, Neuwirth, Schultz. Pedagogy: Professor Willmann. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- fessors Bobeck, Pick, Weinek. Physics: Professors Jaumann, Lecher, Lippich. Chemistry: Professors Brunner, Garza- rolli Edler v. Thumlackh, Gintl, Goldschmiedt. Mineralogy: Professor Becke. Geology: Professor Laube. Biology: Professor Hatschek; Docent Cori. Botany: Professors Molisch, Reinitzer, Wettstein Ritter v. Westersheim; Docents Nestler, Schiffner. Geography: Professor Lenz. LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Professors Finger, Frankl, Franz, Krasnopolski, Pfaff, Schuster, Ulbrich, Ullmann, Vering, Freiherr v. Wieser, Zuckerkandl ; Docent Spiegel. A USTRIA-HUNGAR Y. MEDICINE. Professors Bayer, Chiari, Czermak, Dittrich, Epstein, Ganghofner, Hofineis- ter, Hueppe, Huppert, Jaksch Ritter v. Wartenhorst, Kisch, Knoll, Maresch, Mayer, Ott, Petrina, A. Pick, P. J. Pick, Pohl, Pribram, Rabl, Rex, Edier v. Rosthom, Schenkl, Singer, Steinach, Weil, Wolfer, Zaufal ; Docents v. Frey, R. Fischl, W. Fischel, Hering, Herru- heiser, Miinzer, Pietrzikowski, Raudnitz, Schmid, Spietschka, Winternitz, Wunsch- heim Ritter v. Lilienthal. THEOLOGY. Professors Elbl, Frind, Gerber, Kurz, Peter, Rohling, Schindler, Schneedorfer, Sprinzl ; Docents Rieber, Zaus. MUSIC. Professor Adler ; Reader Schneider. PRAGUE, Bohemia, Austria. K. K. BOHMISCHE KARL-FERDINAND-UNIVERSITAT. C. K. CESKA UNIVERSITA KARLO-FERDINANDOVA. This university, founded in 1882-3, is under the same regula- tions as all the universities of Austria; see pp. i, 2. Enquiries may be addressed to the rector, Karel Vrba. Professors and liecturers. Languages. — Oriental : Professor Dvorak. Classical: Professors Kvicala, Krai, Novak; Docent Vysoky. English: Reader Sladek. Germanic: Professors Gebauer, Mou- rek, Polivka; Docent Machal; Read- ers Brabek, Kolar, Kraus. Romance: Professor Jamik; Readers Mohl, Malecek. Comparative Philology: Professor Zubaty; Docent Kovar. History of Literature: Professor Frida. Philosophy: Professor Durdik, Mas- aryk; Docent Drtina. Political Economy: Professors Braf, Kaizl; Hon-Docent Bloman. History: Professors Emler, Goll, Kal- ousek, Rezek; Docents Pic, Zibrt. /Esthetics: Professor Hostinsky. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- fessors Gruss, Studnicka, Weyr. Physics: Professor Strouhal, Kolacek. Chemistry : Professors Belohoubek, Brauner, Rayman, Safarik. Mineralogy: Professor Vrba. Geology: Professors Woldrich, Velen- ovsky; Docents Barvir, Pocta. Geography: Professor Palacky. Meteorology : Professor Augustin. Biology : Professors Celakovsky, Frio, Hansgirg, Vejdovsky. Anthropology: Docent Niederle. LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Professors Belohradsky, Braf, Celak- ovsky.Hanel, Henner, Heyrovsky, Kaizl, Ott, Prazak, Randa, Rieger, Storch, Stu- pecky, Talir, Zucker ; Docents Bloman, Herrmann, Trakal. MEDICINE. Professors Boehm, Chodounsky, Deyl, Eiselt, Hlava, Horbaczewski, Janosik, Janovsky, Jirus, Kabrhel, Kaufmann, Maixner, Maydl, Mares, Michl, Neureut- ter, Nessel, Obrzut, Pawlik, Reinsberg, Rohon, Schobl, Schwing, Spina, Thom- ayer ; Docents Frankenberger, Hellich, Kuffner, Mitvalsky, Pecirka, Pesina, Ru- beska. THEOLOGY. Professors Kaderavek, Krystufek, Pachta, Pechacek, Sedlacek, Sykora, Vrestal; Docents Tippmann, Tumpach. VIENNA. VIENNA, Austria. K. K. UNIVERSITAT. This university, founded in 1365, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Austria; see pp. i, 2. The Medical Faculty is large and important, and for this reason the subjects lectured on by the different professors are stated below. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary. Professors and Jjecturers. ARTS. Languages. —Chinese: Docent Kiihnert. Semitic : Professors Bickell, David, Heinrich Miiller ; Docent Wahr- mund. Egyptian : Professor Reinisch. Indo-Iranian : Professor Biihler. Classical : Professors Benndorf, Gitlbauer, Gomperz, Ritter v. Har- tel, Hoffinann, Schenkl Ritter v. Schneider ; Docents Hauler, Heber- dey, Jurenka, Mekler, Reichel. English : Professor Schipper; Docent Kellner. Germanic (Slavonic, etc): Professors Heinzel, Jagic, Jirecek, Minor; Do- cents Detter, Jellinek, Kraus, Much, Nagl, Pastmek, v. Resetar, Strekelj, Vondrak, v. Weilen. Romance : Professors Meyer-Liibke, Mussafia ; Docent Alton. Comparative Philology : Professors Meringer, Friedrich Miiller ; Docent Sklenar. Philosophy : Professors Hillebrand, Mach, Zimmennann ; Docents Frei- herr v. Ehrenfels, Jerusalem, Reich, Stohr, Twardowski, Wahle. History : Professors Bormann, Biidin- ger, Huber, Miihlbacher, Pribram, Szanto, Redlich, Ritter v. Zeissberg ; Docents Dopsch, Fellner, Hartmann, Kubitschek, Rieger, Steinherz, Uhlirz, Walzel, Ritter v. Zitkovszky. Oriental History : Professors Kara- bacek, Krall. Art and Esthetics : Professors Frei- herrv. Berger, Riegl, Wickhoff; Do- cents Dietz, DoUmayr, Ritter v. Schlos- Arch^ology : Professor v. Schneider ; Docents Homes, Wilhelm. Pedagogy : Professor Vogt ; Docent Hofler. Music : Professor Rietsch. SCIENCE. Mathematics: Professors'KAX.efi. Esch- erich, Gegenbauer, Kohn, Mertens ; Docents Blaschke, Sersawy, Tauber, Zindler, Zsigmondy. Astronomy : Professor Weiss ; Docents Oppenheim, Schram. Physics : Professors Boltzmann, Exner, Hann, v. Lang ; Docents Jager, Moser. Chemistry : Professors Lieben, Lipp- mann, Freiherrv. Sommaruga, Weidel; Docents Blau, Fossek, Herzig, Meyer- hoffer, Natterer, Pomeranz, Schacherl, Vortmann, Wegscheider, Zeisel. Mineralogy and Petrography : Pro- fessors Berwerth, Schrauf, Tschermak. Geology: Professor Suess, Waagen; Do- cents Diener, Fuchs, Wahner. Geography : Professors Penclc, Reyer, Tomaschek ; jOoit^j/j Paulitschke, Sie- ger. Biology : Professors Brauer, Qaus, Grobben. Botany : Professors Beck Ritter v. Mannagetta, Kemer Ritter v. Mari- laun, Wiesner ; Docents Burgerstein, Fritsch, Krasser, Stapf. Ethnography : Docent Haberlandt. Meteorology •- Docent Trabert. LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Professors Sigmund Adler, Bematzik, Bohm Ritter v.Bawerk, Brunnenmeister, Ritter v. Czyhlarz, Friedmann, Gross, Grunhut, Hofmann, Ritter Hussarek v. A USTRIA-HUNGAR V. Ileinlein, v. Inama-Stemegg, v. Jura- scliek, Franz Klein, Lammasch, Lust- kandl, Anton Menger, Karl Menger, Menzel, Meyer, Mitteis, Pfaff, Philippo- vicli Edler v. Philippsberg, Schrutka Edler v. Rechtenstamm, Seidler, Siegel, Singer, Unger, v. Zallinger; Docents Karl Adler, Burckhard, Brockhausen, Deme- lius, Ehrlich, Feilbogen, Fuchs, Gruber, Griinberg, v. Komorzynski, Landesber- ger, Lenz, PoUak, Pineles, Rauchberg, Schmid, Ritter v. Schullem-Schratten- hofen, Schwiedland, Strisower, Tezner, ZoU. MEDICINE. Anatomy : Professors Dalla-Rosa, Era- bry, Hochstetter, Kolisko, Paltauf, Schenk, Toldt, Weichselbaum, Zuck- erkandl. Physiology : Professor Exner ; Docent Latschenberger. Histology : Professors Ebner Ritter v. Rofenstein, Scbafi'er. Chemistry : Professors Gussenbauer, Ludwig, Mauthner ; Docent Kerry. Medicine : Professors Oser, Wintemitz ; Docents Pi)aAi,s, Biach,C3ivostek, Droz- da, Hammerschlag, Heitler, Herz, Klein, Kretschy, v. Limbeck, Lorenz, Mannaberg, Obermayer, Ortner, Pal, Pick, Sternberg. Surgery : Professors Albert, Bohm Ed- ler V. Bohmeishein, Englisch, Ritter v. Frisch,Gussfenbauer, v. Hacker, Hoch- enegg, Hofmokl, Lorenz, Ritter v. Mosetig-Moorhof, Weinlechner ; Do- cents Fieber, Frank, Frankel, Habart, Neudorfer, Schnitzler, Schustler, Ull- mann, Zuckerkandl. Obstetrics : Professors Braun, Breus, Chrobak, Lott, Schauta ; Docents Braun v. Femwald, Felsenreich, Herz- feld, Juri6 Edler v. Lavandal, Li- hotzky, Schlesinger, Wertheim, v. Weiss. Pharmacy : Professor Vogl ; Docent Paschkis. Pathology : Professors Ritter v. Basch, Gaertner, Neusser, Nothnagel, Schrot- ter Ritter v. Kristelli, Strieker, Ritter V. Stoffella d' alta Rupe ; Docents Ko- vacs, Schiitz. Diseases of the Ear : Professors Gru- ber, Politzer, Urbantschitsch ; Docents Bing, Gomperz, PoUak. Diseases of the Eye : Professors Berg- meister, Fuchs, Ritter v. Reuss, Schna- bel ; Docents Bemheimer, Klein, Kon- igstein, Salzmann. Diseases of Children : Professors Kas- sowitz, Monti, Freiherr v. Widerhofer ; Docents Eisenschitz, Foltanek, Friih- wald, Ritter v. Hiittenbrenner, Unger. Skin Diseases : Professors Finger, Ka- posi, Kohn, Lang, Mracek, Neumann; Docents Ehrmann, Griinfeld, Ritter v. Hebra, Riehl, Schiff, Vajda, Edler v. Zeissl. Nervous Diseases : Professors Bene- dikt, Fritsch, Freiherr v. Krafft-Ebing, Obersteiner, Wagner Ritter v. Jau- regg; Docents Freud, Frankl Ritter v. Hochwart, Hollander, Redlich, Frei- herr Steiner v. Pfungen. Diseases of the Throat: Professors Chiari, Stoerk ; Docents Grossmann, R6thi, Roth. Epidemiology: Professor Drasche. Balneology: Professor Clar. Hospital Practice: Professor Stem. Medical Jurisprudence : Professor Ritter v. Hofmann. History of Medicine: Professor Pusch- mann. Hygiene: Professors Gruber, Kratsch- mer. THEOLOGY. Professors Bauer, Kopallik, Laurin, Milliner, Neumann, Polzl, Reinhold, Schafer, Schindler, Swoboda. BELGIUM. BELGIUM. There are in Belgium four universities, the state universi- ties of Ghent and Li^ge, and the free universities of Brussels and Louvain. Each university comprises the Faculties of Arts, Science, Law and Medicine, and each of these Fac- ulties provides instruction and grants the degrees of Candi- date and Doctor to students who h^ve fulfilled certain stated requirements. In 1883 women were admitted on the same conditions as men to the universities of Brussels and Liege and also allowed to take the state examinations. The Catholic Uni- versity of Louvain, however, does not admit women. Examinations are held and degrees conferred by state commissions, made up of examiners chosen in equal numbers from among the professors of the state universities and the free university. These commissions are of two kinds, the central commission and special commissions. The central commission is accessible to any student who desires to present himself for examination, the special commissions, instituted for the separate universities, are accessible only to students of the universities for which they were established. No student is admitted to the examination for the degree of Candidate, unless he present a certificate, stating that he has followed certain specified courses of study. Such certificates may be given by the directors of private schools or even by private teachers. To obtain the degree of Candidate in Philosophy and Lit- erature, the student is required to study for four semesters and to pass two examinations. For the degree of Doctor of Phil- osophy two additional years of study are required, and one or two more examinations must be passed. BELGIUM. II The year is divided into two semesters, beginning respec- tively in October and March. The fees charged by the state and the free universities are approximately the same. Upon registering at the univer- sity each student is required to pay 15 frs. ($3). In addi- tion he must register for the courses that he desires to take ; for such registration a fee of 250 fr. ($50) a year is charged by the Faculty of Law, by the other Faculties a fee of 200 fr. ($40) . BRUSSELS, Belgium. UNIVERSITE LIBRE DE BRUXELLES. This university, founded in 1834, and independent of Church and State, consists of the Faculties of Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Pharmacy and a Technical School. Women are admitted to all lectures, examinations and degrees. The academic year begins in October. For fees, etc., see above. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, M. Denis. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Biology : Professors 'Ercex^, Francotte, Languages.— Classical: Professors Boi- ^ Lameere, Yseux. sacq, De Moor, Vollgraff, WiUems. Engineering : M. de Keyser. Sanscrit and Comparative Philol- law and political science. OGY: Professor E. Monseur. Professors Baudour, Comil, Duvivier, Philosophy : Professors Denis, Ti- Giron, Graux, Nys, Olin, Prins, Van der berghien. Rest, Rivier, Vautliier; MM. Behaeghel, History : Professors Goblet d' Alviella, Comil, de Hoon. Lecl^e, Lonchay, Pergameni, Van- medicine ™ ^ ' Professors Carpentier, Coppez, Crocq, SCIENCE. Desmeth, Destr^e, Hauben, H6ger, Mathematics : Professors Brand, Char- Jacques, Kufferath, Rommelaere, Sacr^, bo, Goemans, Mineur, Tassel. <^« ^met, Spehl, Stifeon, Thiriar. Physics: Professors Reychler, Rousseau. technical school. Chemistry : Professors Joly, Reychler, Professors Anspach, Berg6, Van Dru- de Wilde, M. Daimeries. nen, Huberti, Ithier, MM. Habets, Geology : M. Prinz. Horta. 12 GHENT, LIMGE. GHENT, Belgium. UNIVERSITE DE L' ETAT DE GAND. This university, founded in 1816, consists of the Faculties of Arts, Science, Law and Medicine. The degrees, lectures and ex- aminations are open to women. The first semester begins on the first Tuesday in October, the second semester on the last Monday in February. For fees, etc., see above. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Geology and Mineralogy : Professor Languages. — Classical : Professor Renard. Thomas ; MM. Bides, Roersch. Metallurgy : M. Br^da. Flemish : Professors Fredericq, Ver- Biology : Professors MacLeod, Plateau, coullie ; M. Micheels. Engineering : Professors Boulvin, Van Germanic : Professor Bley. der Linden, Welters; M. Flamache. English : Professor Logeman. Architecture : Professor Cloquet. Comparative Philology : M. de la Technology : Professor de Wilde; M. Valine Poussin. Foulon. Philosophy : Professors Van Biervliet, Commercial Geography : M. Merten. Hoffmann, Hulin. History : Professors de Ceuleneer, Dis- law. caiUes, Cumont, Pirenne ; M. Van der Professors De Brabandere, Callier, Haeghen. D'Hondt, Montigny, Nossent, de Rid- sciENCE. ^gr^ -^^y-^^ Seresia, Van Wetter; MM. de Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Baets, Claeys, Dauge, Dubois, Nicolai, fessors : Dauge, Depermentier, Dusau- Pyfferoen. soy, Mansion, Massau, Mister, Van Rysselberghe, Servais ; M. Wolters. medicine. Physics : Professors Van Aubel, Van Professors Bambeke, Boddaert, Bou- der Mensbrugghe, Schoentjes ; M. qu6, Cauwenberghe, de Cock, Deneffe, Boulvin. Eeman, Van Ermengem, Lahousse, Le- Chemistry : Professors Delacre, Nelis- boucq, Verstraeten, de Visscher; MM. sen, Rottier, Swarts. Van Duyse, Gilson, Heymans, Imschoot. liU^GE, Belgium. UNIVERSITE DE LIEGE. This university, founded in 181 7, consists of the Faculties of Arts, Science, Law and Medicine. There is also a Technical School. The degrees, lectures and examinations are open to women. The first semester begins on the third Thursday in October, the second in the beginning of March. For fees etc., see above. BELGIUM. '3 Proffessors and Ijecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Oriental : Professor Chauvin. Classical: Professors Delboeuf, Mich- el, Parmentier, Waltzing; M. De- marteau. English: MM. Orth, Veerdeghem. Flemish: MM. de Block, Veerdeghem. Romance: Professors Doutrepont, Wil- motte. History of Literature: Professors Francotte, Kurth. Philosophy: Professors Graft, Merten. History: Professors Hubert, Kurth, Le- quarr6. Palaeography: Professor Bormans. Art and Archeology: M. Renard. SCIENCE. Mathe>latics : Professors Graindorge, Lepaige, Neuberg, de Ruydts ; MM. Folie, Hubert. Physics : Professoxs de Heen, Ronkar. Chemistry : Professor Spring, de Kon- inck ; MM. Lohest, Krutwig. Geology and Mineralogy: Professors Cesaro, Dewalque ; M. Firket. Biology : Professors Van Beneden, Fraipont, Gravis. Hygiene : M. Kubom. LAIV. Professors Dejace, Galopin, Lemaire, Mahaira, Namur, Orban, De Senarclens, Van der Smissen, Thiry ; M. Obrie. MEDICINE. Professors VanAubel, Firket, Fran- cotte, Fr^dericq, Gilkinet, Masius, Nuel, Plucker, Putzeys, Swaen, Vanlair, Wini- warter; MM. Chandelon, Fraipont, Hen- rijean, Jorissen, Julin, SchifFers. TECHNICAL SCHOOL. Professors Duguet, V. Dwelshauvers- de Ry, Habets, Holzer, Gerard, Gillon, Stdvart; M. Trasenster. 14 FREDERICTON. CANADA. There are in Canada the following universities : Dalhousie College and University, Halifax, Nova Scotia ; Queens Col- lege and University, Kingston, Ontario ; McGill University, Montreal; the University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick; the University of Toronto, University College, Victoria University and Trinity University, To- ronto. The courses and degrees of these universities are in gen- eral open to women. In some cases there are special Medi- cal Schools for Women connected with the university and giving preparation for the university degrees. The colleges have as a rule no halls of residence ; the stu- dents reside in boarding houses, which must be approved by the college authorities. FREDERICTON, New Brunswick. UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. The University of New Brunswick gives instruction and confers degrees in Arts, Science and Law. Four classes of students are recognised : undergraduates, stu- dents in special undergraduate courses, partial students (those who attend two or more courses of lectures and are matriculated), and occasional students (those admitted by the Faculty to a particular course of lectures) . Women are admitted to the university on the same terms as men. The academic year consists of two terms, the Michaelmas term, beginning on October ist and ending on December 19th, the Easter term, beginning on January 6th and ending on May 28th. The matriculation fee is $2 and the tuition fee $30 annually. In addition every student upon matriculating must give to the regis- trar a bond to the amount of $40 to pay all charges accruing under the regulations of the university. CANADA. 15 Four scholarships are offered at the University of New Bruns- wick, but women are exchided from two of these. For further information address Prof. Davidson, Fredericton, New Brunswick. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. SCIENCE. Languages. — Classical : Professor Mathematics : Professor Harrison. Bridges. Physics : Professor Downing. English and French : Professor Chemistry and Natural Science : Stockley. Professor Bailey. Philosophy and Political Economy : Engineering : Professors Dixon, Down- Professor John Davidson. ing. History : Professor Bridges. HALIFAX, Nova Scotia. DALHOUSIE COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY. Dalhoiisie College was founded in 1821, and by an act passed in 1 84 1 university powers were granted to the college. Courses are given and degrees conferred in Arts, Science, Law and Medicine. Persons of either sex may become students at the college by fur- nishing satisfactory references, entering their names in the register and paying the annual registration fee. Registered students may, after paying the proper fee, enter any of the ordinary classes of the college. The advanced classes are open to students who have sufficient knowledge of the subjects taught in them. The college has no hall of residence, but women undergraduates are admitted, under special conditions, as boarders at the Halifax Ladies' College. The academic year consists of one session. The session in Arts and Science begins about the middle of September, the School of Law begins about September ist, and that of Medicine about Octo- ber 1st. All the sessions close at the end of April. The registration fee is $4 to be paid annually. $6 is paid for attendance in each class which is not practical ; for the practical classes the fees vary from $6 to $14 per class. Seven scholarships are awarded at Dalhousie College. Five of these are of the value of $40 each, while the others entitle the holders to exemption from fees during the entire course. 1 6 KINGSTON. For further information apply to the secretary, Dr. George Lawson, Halifax, Nova Scotia. Professors and Liecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Classical : Professors Botany : Dr. Lawson. Johnson (Emeritus), Murray. Engineering : Zlrj. Gilpin, Murphy; English : Professor MacMechan. Messrs. Doane, Dodwell, McColl. Modern : Professor Lichti. law. Philosophy : TVo^jjor W. C. Murray. ii -iir ,j ,^ Political Science and History : Pro- „ Professors Russell, Weldon ; Messrs. fessor Forrest. Harrington, Mclnnes, Mellish, Ritchie, Pedagogy: Professor W. C. Murray; Silver. Mr. McKay. medicine. SCIENCE. Professors Anderson, Black, Camp- mathematics: Professor Macdonald; ^"' Cowie Curry, Farrell, Goodwin, Mr Morton Henry, Lindsay, McLaren, Muir, Page, Physics: ^r«/mo;- MacGregor. Pfl^^^^' ^"^.' Silver, Sinclair, Somers, Chemistry and Mineralogy: Profes- Stewart, lobin. sor Lawson. KINGSTON, Ontario. QUEEN'S COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY. This university, which has been open to vsromen on the same conditions as to men since its foundation in 1830, and has had women students attending its courses since 1876, gives instruction and confers degrees in Arts, Science. Law, Medicine and Theology. The classes and pass examinations are open to unmatriculated students, but candidates for a degree must pass the matriculation examination. Certain equivalent examinations are accepted. Students, when registering, must produce a certificate of char- acter and pay the required fees. Classes in Arts, Applied Science and Medicine begin on October 1st and end on April loth. Classes in Theology begin on Novem- ber 2nd and end on April 15th. There is a short summer session in Medicine, beginning on April 29th and ending on June 26th, and a summer session in Science, beginning on July 1 2th and lasting four weeks. Class fees in the Faculty of Arts are $25 per session ; in the Fac- ulty of Science $40 ; in the Faculty of Medicine $75. Fees for CANADA. 17 single classes are $8 per session. Fees for registration, etc., are $io» There are numerous prizes and scholarships. For further information apply to the registrar. Professors and Ijecturers. ARTS. SCIENCE. Languages. — Classical : Professors Mathematics : Professor Dupuis ; Mr. MacNaaghton, Nicholson ; Messrs. Metzler. Dyde, Ross, Windel. Physics: ^ro/^jjo?- Marshall ; iJ/n Baker. English: Professor Cappon. Cia.Misr^\ : Professor Goo&viivi; Messrs. Germanic : Professor Macgillivray ; Brock, Pope, Wood. Mr. Day, Miss Griffith. Mineralogy : Professor Nicol. Romance : Professor Macgillivray ; Geology : Mr. Miller. Mr. Mcintosh. BlOLOGY : Professors Fowler, Knight ; Comparative Philology : Professor Mr. Cunningham. Nicholson. Philosophy : Professors Dyde, Watson. , '^^ ^^J''.'= °^ ^'°i'v'°P ^1^ Lecturers in •D«, ,..,,„., c„,„«,„i. D r ov !ri Law, Medicine and Theology have not been Political Science : Professor Shortt. obtained. History : Professor Ferguson ; Mr. La- vell. MONTREAIi, Canada. McGILL COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY. McGill College and University, founded in 1821, comprises the Faculties of Arts, Applied Science, Law, Medicine and Compara- tive Medicine and Veterinary Science ; it gives instruction and con- fers degrees in these subjects. The educational work of the University is carried on in McGill College and the following Af- ffiliated Colleges : Morrin College, Quebec ; St. Francis College, Richmond, P. Q. ; the Stanstead Wesleyan College, Stanstead, P. Q., and five Theological Colleges. Students in the Faculty of Arts are classified as undergraduates and partial students. Undergraduates alone can proceed to the degree of B. A., and must pass the required entrance examinations. Candidates for admission as partial students must satisfy the pro- fessors of the several subjects they select of their fitness to attend the lectures or be examined in these subjects. Students of other universities may be admitted to a like standing in this University on production of certificates and after examination by the Faculty. There are special classes in Arts for women under the Donalda I8 MONTREAL. Endowment, wholly separate from those for men. The only classes women attend with men are the honors classes in Arts. Women take the same examinations as men, under the same regulations, and may obtain the same degrees. The session begins on September 17th and ends on April 30th. Undergraduates pay $37.00 per sesssion, including library, gym- nasium and matriculation fees; $5.00 of this $37.00 must be paid before the September entrance examinations. Partial students pay $8.00 per session for one course of lectures, including the use of the library, and $4.00 per session for each additional course. They are also required to pay $2.00 a year for athletics and the care of the college grounds. Information in regard to scholarships offered by the College will be found on page 23 in the Calendar of the University. Women have the same privileges as men with reference to scholarships, honors, prizes and medals. For further information apply to James W. Brakenridge, acting secretary, McGill College, Montreal. Professors and Lieoturers. ARTS. Biology : Professors Mills, Penhallow ; Languages. — Oriental : Professor Drs. J. D. Cameron, Elder, Hender- Coussirat. son, J. G. McCarthy, Morrow, Scane ; Classical : Professors Eaton, Peter- Miss Derick. son ; Dr. Day. Engineering : Professors Bamford, English : Professor Moyse ; Mr. P. Bovey, Carus-Wilson, McLeod, Nich- T. Lafleur. olson ; Messrs. Hemdt-Carlyle, Lea, Germanic : Mr. Gregor. C. B. Smith. French : Messrs. Ingres, Moriu. law. Philosophy: Professor Murray; Mr. i^^^/^j^o^ Abbott, Davidson, Doherty, P. T. Lafleur. Fortin, Geoffrion, E. Lafleur, Marler, History : Professor Colby. McGoun, Trenholme, Wurtele ; Mr. Elocution : Mr. Stephens. Ryan. SCIENCE. MEDICINE. Mathematics : Professors Chandler, Professors Adaml, AUoway, Arm- Johnson ; Messrs. Lea, C. B. Smith, strong. Baker, Bell, Birkett, Blackader, Tory. BuUer, J. C. Cameron, Craik, Finley, Physics : Professors Callendai, Cox ; Gardner, H. A. Lafleur, C. McEachran, Messrs. Pitcher, Tory. D. McEachran, Roddick, Shepherd, Stew- Chemistry : Professors Girdwood, Har- art, Wilkins; Drs. Burgess, K. Cameron, rington, Ruttan ; Messrs. Evans, Wolf. G. G. Campbell, Deeks, Evans, Gardner, Mineralogy : Professor Harrington. Gunn, Hamilton, Johnson, Kirkpatrick, Geology : Professor Adams. Martin, McKenzie, Shaw, Williams. CANADA. 19 TORONTO, Canada. UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. The University of Toronto, founded in 1827, has connected with it University College and Victoria University. Instruction is given in different subjects of the Arts course by the Arts Faculties of the University of Toronto, Victoria Univer- sity and University College ; Latin, Greek, Ancient History, Eng- lish, French, German, Oriental Literature and Ethics are taught by the latter two Faculties and the remaining subjects by the Uni- versity of Toronto. Knox College, Wycliffe College and St. Michael's College give instruction in Theology and allied subjects. All courses, examinations and degrees are open to women on exactly the same conditions as to men. No conditions are imposed in tegard to residence ; women stu- dents are under the supervision of a lady superintendent whose directions as to conduct are to be obsei-ve'd. There are two terms in the year : the Michaelmas term, begin- ning October ist and ending December 20th; the Easter term, beginning January 3d and ending April 13th. The fee for each course of not more than fifteen hours of lectures is $2. The fees for matriculation are $7 and $10. There are numerous scholarships and fellowships of the value of •$375 *o $500, full particulars concerning which can be obtained from the calendar, or from the registrar. VICTORIA UNIVERSITY. This university, founded in 1830, has the affiliated Colleges, Albert College, Belleville ; the Wesleyan Ladies' College, Hamil- ton ; the Ontario Ladies' College, Whitby ; Alma College, St. Thom- as ; and Columbian Methodist College, New Westminster, B. C. The Faculty of Arts in Victoria University provides instruction in all subjects assigned to it by the Federation Act of University College (see above.) In other subjects the students of Victoria University attend the lectures and use the laboratories of the Uni- versity of Toronto. TORONTO. The terms are the same as for Toronto University, but there are additional college fees of from $25 to $30 a year. Professors and Iiecturers. Languages. — Oriental : Professors McCurdy, McLaughlin, Dr. Mc- Gee. Classical: Professors Bell, Hutton; Messrs. Carruthers, Langford, Mil- ner, J. C. Robertson. English: Professors Alexander, Hom- ing, Reynar; Mr. Keys. German: Professors Homing, Van der Smissen ; Drs. Fick, Needier ; Mr. Langley. Romance: Professors W. H. Fraser, Fetch, Squair; Messrs. Cameron, Cu- sin, F. J. A. Davidson, Lingelbach. Comparative Philology : Professor Hutton. Philosophy: Professors Badgley, Hume; Drs. Kirschmann, F. Tracy. Political Science : Professors Bur- wash, Mavor, Hon. David Mills, Hon. Mr. Justice Proudfoot ; Mr. C. A. Stuart. History: Professors Bain, Wrong. SCIENCE. Mathematics : Professor A. Baker ; Messrs. de Lury, Odell. Physics : Professor James Loudon ; Messrs. Chant, Hall, W. J. Loudon, McLennan. Chemistry: Professor Pike; Drs. Ellis, W. L. Miller; Mr. F. B. Allan; Miss J. Balmer. Mineralogy and Geology : Professor E. J. Chapman ; Mr. W. A. Park. Biology : Professors A. B. Macallum, R. Ramsay Wright ; Messrs. Bens- ley, E. C. Jeffrey, McCrae. Hygiene : Dr. Oldham. Professors the Hon. David Mills, Hon. Justice Proudfoot. MEDICINE. Professors W. T. Aikins, Cameron, J. Caven, Daniel Clark, Graham, A. B. Macallum, J. M. MacCallum, McFarlane, Ogden, Reeve, Richardson, A. H. Wright ; Drs. Bumham, McDonagh, McKenzie, Spencer, Thistle, Winnett ; Messrs. H. W. Aikins, F. B. Allan, Amyot, Bensley, Bumham, Cane, W. P. Caven, Clingan, Ellis, Gordon, Heeb- ner, Hon. David Mills, McDonagh, McPhedran, Peters, Primrose, Spencer, Starr. THEOLOGY. Professors Badgley, J. Burwash, N. Burwash, McLaughlin, Reynar, Wallace. TRINITY UNIVERSITY. This university, founded by a Royal Charter in 1852, gives in- struction and confers degrees in Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Theology (Church of England). All candidates for a degree must pass the matriculation examina- tion. Women are admitted to the Arts course on the same conditions as men ; w^omen studying medicine attend the Woman's Medical College. The year is divided into two terms, the Lent term beginning on January loth and ending on March 2ist ; the Easter term beginning CANADA. 21 on April 13th and ending on June 27th. The tuition fee for each term is $21.66, and is paid to the Bursar. Residence in the college buildings is not compulsory, but strongly recommended. The hall of residence for women is St. Hilda's College. The fees for board are $63.33 per term, with an entrance fee of $12. Occasional students are admitted at the discretion of the Lady Principal to take partial courses in one or more subjects. For further information apply to Miss Patteson, 337 Shaw Street, Toronto. Professors and Liecturers. ARTS. SCIENCE. Languages. — Classical: Professor Mathematics : Professor M. A. Mac- Hvmtingford; Mr. W. H. White. „ ■'^^°'^'?- .^ „ „ , Modern: ^^. A. H. Young. Physics: Mr. T. H. Smyth. Philology: Mr. A. H. Young. Biology: Mr. Montgomery. Philosophy: Professor W. Clark. theology. History: Professor Rigby. Professors Cayley, Welch; Mr. Bed- Elocution: Mr. H. N. Shaw. ford- Jones. WOMAN'S MEDICAL COLLEGE. This college, founded in 1883, w^as affiliated with the University of Toronto in 1890. It gives instruction in all the subjects required by the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario for admission to a license to practice, and also in all the subjects required for examination by the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Toronto. The recently erected building is situated in Sumach Street, Toronto. St. Hilda's College is a hall of residence for women students. See above. For full particulars see the annual announcement of the college, to be obtained from the dean. Dr. R. B. Nevitt. Professors and Lecturers. MEDICINE. Chambers, Eadie, Gordon, J. Gray, Mac- Professors Duncan, GuUen, J. Mac- Donald, McKenzie, Powell, Sweetnam, Galium, Machell, McMahon, Nevitt, Thistle, Tyrell; Misses Oirzon, L. A. Pyne, J. F. W. Ross, G. B. Smith, Davis; Messrs. Cane, Cleland, Dwyer, Wishart; Lecturers, Drs. Atherton, Boyle, Shuttleworth. 22 COPENHAGEN. DENMARK. COPENHAGEN, Denmark. KJOBENHAVNS UNIVERSITET. There is one university in Denmark, that of Copenhagen, Kjo- benhavns Universitet, founded in 1478. It comprises the five Facul- ties of Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Theology ; the Faculty of Theology confers the degrees of Doctor and Licentiate, the other Faculties that of Doctor only. Women have been admitted on the same conditions as men since 1875, and may take examinations and degrees in all the Faculties except that of Theology, in which there is a special examination for women. The conditions for entrance are that the candidate must have passed the matriculation examination of a lyceum, or of a private school having the same privileges ; certain other examinations qual- ify for entrance provided that a supplementary examination be taken. Before taking the special examinations of any Faculty the student must have attended a preparatory course in philosophy for two semesters. There are two semesters, the first beginning February ist and ending June 9th ; the second beginning September i st and ending December 22nd. There are no fees for lectures ; the matriculation fee is 22 Kr. ($5.94) ; the fee for the Doctor's degree is 160 Kr. (43.20.) Schol- arships founded before 1875 are not open to women. Further information may be found in the Apergu sur V Organi- sation de I'Universite de Copenkague, or obtained on applica- tion to the rector. Professors and Xiecturers. ■^RTS. Classical: Professors Gertz, Ussing; Languages. — Semitic: Professor van Docents Drachmann, Siesbye. Mehren. English: Professor'^esp&xs.en; Decent Indo-Iranian: Professor TsxahoW. Hansen. DENMARK. 23 Germanic (Norse, Slavonic): Profes- sors Gudmundsson, MoUer, Vemer, Wimmer; Docents J6nsson, Saaby. Romance : Professor Nyrop. Comparative Philology: Professor Thomsen. Philosophy and Psychology: Pro- fessors Hoffding, Kroman ; Docents Lehmann, Wilkens. History: Professors Erslev, Holm, Steenstrup; Docent Gudmundsson. Art and ArcH/«ology: Professors Lange, Paludan, Schmidt, J. L. Ussing. History of Literature: Dr. Vedl. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- fessors Petersen, Thiele, Zeuthen. Physics: Professor Christiansen. Chemistry: Professor Jorgensen, Thom- sen; Docent E. Petersen. Mineralogy : Professor N. V. Ussing. Biology: Professor Lutken; Docents Bergh, Levinson, Meinert. Botany: Professors Pedersen, Warm- ing; Docent Rosenvinge. Geography: Professor Loffler. LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Professors Bentzon, Deuntzer, Hansen, Lassen, Matzen, Scharling, Torp, West- ergaard; Docent Wilkens. MEDICINE. Professors Bohr, Chievitz, Gaedeken, Gram, Grut, Haslund, Hirschsprung, Lange, J. J. Petersen, Plum, Pontop- pidan, Reisz, Salomonsen, Saxtorph, S5rensen, Stadfeldt, Studsgaard, With; Docents Bloch, Briinniche, Holm, Mygge, Nielsen, Tscheming, Wanscher. THEOLOGY. Professors Jacobsen, Madsen, Nielsen, Petersen, Scharling; Instructors Paulli, Schepelem. MUSIC. Instructor Sanne. 24 FRANCE. FRANCE. Higher education in France is almost entirely under the control of the State. All that remains of the old universities is certain distinct Faculties, the Faculties of Arts (^Lettres), Science, Law, Medicine and Protestant Theology, which are both teaching and examining bodies. There are Faculties of Arts and Science at Aix, Besangon, Bordeaux, Caen, Clermont, Dijon, Grenoble, Lille, Lyons, Montpellier, Kancy, Paris, Poitiers, Rennes and Toulouse; Faculties of Law at Aix, Bordeaux, Caen, Dijon, Grenoble, Lille, Lyons, Montpellier, Nancy, Paris, Poitiers, Kennes and Toulouse ; Faculties of Medicine at Bordeaux, Lille, Lyons, Montpellier, Nancy, Paris and Toulouse ; and Faculties of Theology (Protestant) at Montauban, Paris and Toulouse. In addition to these there are also certain ecoles suferi- eures, corresponding in some respects to American or English colleges the most important of which are mentioned below (pp. 31—36). These are all controlled by the Ministre de r Instruction ^ublique. The _facultes libres at Angers, Lille, Lyons, Marseilles, Paris and Toulouse and the ecoles libres at Nantes and Paris are more independent institutions. Each state Faculty confers, in its own subject, the degrees of bachelier, licencie and docteur. The facultis libres and ecoles libres give instruction but have no power to confer de- grees. All the courses in all these Faculties and schools, with the exception of the cours fermes, the conferences and the prac- tical work are public, and open free of charge to persons of either sex as hearers (auditeurs) . Permission to attend the cours fermes, the conferences and the practical work as a hearer is given to any applicant who registers his or her name, address and age on a special list at the office of the particular Faculty or school, though any professor may refuse to admit a hearer to his class. Foreign- ers when making application should show their diplomas. FRANCE. 25 Women may become registered students (inscrites) , i. e. , candidates for degrees, on the same conditions as men, that is, they must be bacheliers * de V enseignement secondaire, either classique or moderne, depending on the Faculty in which they wish to graduate ; in the Faculties of Arts, Science (see p. 26), and Medicine the bachelor's degree of a foreign university in general qualifies for registration. The Faculty in which the student wishes to register enquires into the degree held by the student, and if the degree is ac- cepted as equivalent, the student is allowed to register on pay- ment of a sum equal to the amount that would have been paid in fees, if the student had obtained the degree from the French Faculty. The application for a dispensation from the French baccalaureat must be addressed to the Ministre de V Instruc- tion fublique and accompanied by the original diplomas and certificate of birth of the applicant, together with their trans- lations into French made by an official translator. The dis- pensation, if obtained, costs 120 frs. ($24). All registered students must pay a fee of 30 frs. ($6) quarterly ; if at Paris, to the receveur des droits universitaires, quai des Grands- Augustins, 25 ; if in the provinces, to a receiver appointed by the Faculty. They must at the same time present to this official a bulletin de versement obtained from the secretary of the Faculty or School they attend. Attestations d'' etudes su-perieures or certijicats d^ etudes are given by certain of the Faculties of Arts and Science to hear- * The baccalauriat de V enseignement classique is a preliminary diploma given on the result of an examination, partly oral and partly written, in Latin, Greek, French, either English or Ger- man, history, physics, chemistry and biology, geography and elementary mathematics, and a further examination in either philosophy or elementary mathematics. The baccalauriat de Ven- seignemeni moderne Is given on a similar examination in which modem languages are substituted for Greek and Latin. The examinations are preliminary to the work in the Faculty and are held by the professors of the Faculties of Arts and Science for candidates leaving the secondary schools. These two diplomas have been recently established and take the place of the baccalauriat ^s lettres and the baccalauriat is sciences. 26 FRANCE. ers who have attended the courses regularly. In the pro- vinces no requirement is made as to age, sex, nationality, etc., but in Paris the hearer, in order to be eligible for this certificate, must hold the degree of bachelier es lettres or an equivalent degree. The diflSmed'itudes sufirieures d'ktstoire et de geografhie of the Faculty of Arts of the Normal School is open without any restrictions as to age, sex, degree, or nationality. The regulations for degrees differ greatly in the different Facul- ties. In Arts and Science the licence is given one year after the baccalaureat and the doctorat as soon after the licence as the candidate has written and is prepared to sustain two theses. The examinations in the Faculty of Science have recently been reorganised in such a way as to give greater facilities to foreign students. In addition to being free to offer an equivalent for the French baccalaureat degree, the student is now allowed to select the subjects in which he desires to be examined. He may take his examinations either simul- taneously or in succession, and obtain for each a certijicat d' eiude. Three such certificates may be exchanged for the di^lome de licencii. This gives the student liberty to travel from one university to another and present himself for exami- nation when he wishes. In this connection it may be well to draw the attention of students to the advantages of less crowded classes and more individual attention from the professors, offered by the Facul- ties of the provinces compared with those of Paris. Though not quite all the medical courses are open to women it is not difficult for women doctors of medicine to obtain ad- mittance to the different hospitals, of which there are 24 in Paris alone with accommodation for upwards of 17,00a patients. FRANCE, 27 University libraries are open to students on presentation of their student's card and to all persons authorised by the rec- tor. The reading room of the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, is open to all persons over 16 years of age. To obtain ad- mission to the salle de travail for the study of manuscripts, a special card of admittance from the administrator general is required. Foreigners applying for this card should present a recommendation from their ambassador. All courses open in the beginning of November and con- tinue nominally for eight or nine months, in general actually for only six or seven. Hearers pay no fees, registered students pay 30 frs. ($6) quarterly. The library fee is 10 frs. ($2) yearly. Scholarships (bourses) are as a rule not open to foreign- ers. The Comite de Patronage des Etudiants Etr angers de Paris has, however, some scholarships of 200 frs. ($40), and 350 frs. ($70), to offer to specially recommended students, the whole sum to be devoted to the payment of fees. Note.— English-speaking women who wish to reduce their expenses while studying in France may apply to be admitted as assistant teachers of foreign languages in one of the numerous training colleges for primary teachers. These teachere are required to give to the students (girls of from fifteen to twenty years of age), and to any of the teachers who may desire it, practical instruction in English and practice in English conversation for an hour and a half or two hours dally. For the rest of the time they are free to study privately, to attend lectures or employ themselves as they think fit. They pay into the college funds the sum of 400 frcs. (;^8o) and for this have a room, light, firing and board in the College for the college year, October ist to July 31st, holidays included. Candidates for these posts should fill out a form of application, to be obtained from M. ie Ministre de r Instruction ^ubligue^ Direction de V Enseignement primaire, 6e bureau, Paris, and return it to him filled up, together with copies of certificates, etc. It is advisable to have these testified to by one of the American members of the Cotniti Franco-Americain. The follow- ing is a list of these members : President J. B. Angell, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. President Timothy Dwight, Yale University, New Haven. President Charles W. Eliot, Harvard University, Cambridge. President D. C. Oilman, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. Mr, G. Brown Goobe, Assistant Secretary U. S. National Museum, Washington (Secretary). Professor £. R. L. Gould, Secretary International Statistical Institute, Chicago, Illinois. President G- Stanley Hall, Clark University, Worcester. Mr. W. T. Harris, U. S. Commissioner of Education, Washington. Mr. S. P. Langlev, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, Washington. President Seth Low, Columbia College, New York. 28 PARIS. Professor Simon Newcomb, U. S. N., Superintendent Nautical Almanac, Washington (Presi- dent). President J. C. Schurman, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. V. Hon. Andrew D. White, former U. S. Minister to Germany, Ithaca, N. Y. President B. L. Whitman, Columbian University, Washington. Mr. Carroll D. Wright, Commissioner of Labor, Washington. Students from American universities or colleges going to study in France are allowed a reduc- ion of 30 per cent on the rates of the steamers of the Compagnie g^nerale Transatlantique. To obtain this they should apply to M. Paul Melon, Secretary of the ComiU de Patronage des jttud- iants EtrangerSf at the Sorbonne. Further information is to be found in the Annuaire de la Jeunesse by H. Vuibert, (Nony et Cie, 17, rue des ecoles, Paris), price 4 frs. ($.80) ; in the Annuaire de V Instruc- tion Publique (Delalain freres, 56, rue des dcoles, Paris), price 5 frs. ($1), and in Le Livret de VEtudiant de Paris, (published by Delalain freres), pi"ice 11 frs. ($2.20). An amount of interesting and valuable information is given in U Enseignement sufirieur et V Enseignement technique en France, by M. Paul Melon (Paris, Libraire Classique Ar- mand Colin et Cie, 1893). Enquiries may be addressed to The Comitd de Patronage des Etudiants Etrangers, Bureaux a la Sorbonne, 15 rue de Sorbonne, Paris. This association, which has branches at Aix, Bordeaux, Lyons, Montpellier, Nancy and Toulouse, in addition to giving advice and help to individual students, de- votes itself to furthering the interests of foreign students as a body. In Paris, Aix and one or two other places it has been instrumental in establishing courses in the French language especially for foreigners. Some of these are summer courses. PARIS, France. FACULTES DE PARIS. The old University of Paris, founded in the Middle Ages, sur- vives in the form of the separate Faculties of Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Protestant Theology. All particulars in regard to these have been given above (pp. 24 et seq.) FRANCE. 29 FACULTE DES LETTRES. The Sorbonne, Paris. Professors and Iiectiirers. The * indicates that the course given by the professor is a confirence or cours fermi. The list is taken from the Annuaire de V Instruction publique for 1896. Languages. — Classical : Professors Aug. Cartault, Croiset, Decharme, J. Martha; MM. Em. Chatelain, *Hauvette, *Lafaye, *Puech. English : MM. *Baret, Al. Beljame. Germanic : M. *Lange. Romance: Professors Crousl^, Geb- hart, Lenient, M^ziSres, Petit de Julleville; MM. *Dejob, Faguet, *Gazier, Larroumet, Lichtenberger, Thomas. Comparative Philology : Professor Henry ; MM. *Brvmot, Havet. Philosophy : Professors Boutroux, Bro- chard, P. Janet; MM. Egger, *S6ailles- Ransan. Sociology: ProfessorYs^vass,. History : Professors Aulard, Bonchi- Leclercq, Lavisse, Luchaire, Ram- baud ; MM. Denis, GrSbaut, Guiraud, Langlois, B. *Zeller, Art and Archeology : Professor Per- rot ; MM. Collignon, Lemonnier. Geography : Professors Dubois, Himly, Marcel ; M. *Gallois. Pedagogy : Professor H. Marion ; M. *Seignobos. FACULTE DES SCIENCES. The Sorbonne, Paris. Professors and IJectTirers Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro fessors Darboux, Hermite, Picard, H. PoincarS, Tisserand, Wolf; MM. *Andoyer, *Koenigs, *Painlev6, *Pui- seux, *Raffy. Physics : Professors Appell, Boussi- nesq, Bouty, Lippmann; MM. *Alph. Combes, *Paul Janet, *Jannettaz,*Joly, *Leduc, *Pellat, L. *Poincar6, *Ri- ban, Robin. Chemistry : Professors Ditte, Friedel, Troost; MM. *Joannis, *P6chard, Riban. Mineralogy : Professor Hautefeuille. Geology and Geography : Professor Munier-Chalmas ; M. Velain. Biology : Professors Bonnier, Dastre, Delage, Duclaux, Giard, de Lacaze- Duthiers ; MM. *Chatin, *Daguillon, *Matruchot, *Perrier, *V61ain. FACULTE DE DROIT. Place du Panthfeon, Paris. Professors and Lecturers. Professors Alglave, Beauregard, Bois- tel, Bufhoir, Cauw^s, Chavegrin, Col- met de Santerre, Cuq, Ducrocq, Es- mein, Estoublon, Faure, Garsonnet, G6- rardin, Girard, Glasson, Jobb6-Duval, Lain£, Lamaude, Lefebvre, Le Poittevin, Leveill^, Lyon-Caen, Massigli, H. Mi- chel, L6on Michel, Planiol, Renault, Thaller; MM. Ch6non, Jay, Leseur, Saleilles, Weiss. 30 PARIS. FACULTE DE MEDECINE. Place de I'Ecole-de-Medecine, Paris. Professors and Lecturers. MEDICINE. Professors Berger, Bouchard, Brouar- cher, Geslaud, Gilbert, Gilles de la Tou- del, Comil, Debove, Dieulafoy, Duplay, rette, Girode, Glantenay, Gley, Guille- Mathias Duval, Farabeuf, Alf. Fournier, inain,Hanriot, Hartmann, H6bert, Heim, Gariel, Armand Gautier, Grancher, Guy- Laborde, Lapointe, Launois, Leclerc, on, Hayem, Jaccoud, Joffroy,Laboulb6ne, Legry,Leli, Lejais, Letulle, Malbec, Mar- Landouzy, Lannelongue, Le Dentu, fan, Marie, Marion, Martin-Diirr, Mau- Pajot, Panas, Pinard, Potain, Pouchet, claire,Maugery, Mayet, Maygrier, Mene- Proust, Raymond, Richet, Sappey, S6e, trier, Mergier, Morau, Morestin, Morin, Straus, Tamier, Terrier, Tillaux ; MM. Mulon, N61aton, Netter, Pasteau, Petit, Albarran, Andr6, Archard, Auvray, Bar, Picou, Poirier, Potier, Rabaut, Remy, Baraduc, Baudet, Benoit, Bernard, Bois, Retterer, Reynaud, Ricard, Riche, Rob- Bonnaire, Eougl6, Bourges,Broca,Brault, ineau, Roger, Rondeau, Sandoz, Sava- Chantemesse, Charrin, Chassevant, Chat- riaud, Sebileau, Souligoux, ThfirJse, tellier, Courtillier, Critzman, Deharbe, Thiery, Thoinot, Tuiiier, Vamier, Vin- Delahousse, Delbet, Paul Delbet, Des- cent, Walther, Weil, Weiss, Widal, champs, Desgrez, Duclos, Fredet, Gau- Wintrebert, Wurtz. FACULTE DE THEOLOGIE PROTESTANTE. Boulevard Arago, 83, Paris. Professors and Ijectirreps. THEOLOGY. Professors AUier, Bonet-Maury, Ehr- R^ville, Sabatier, Stapfer, Slioehlin, hardt, Lods, Massebieau, M^nSgoz, *J. Vaucher ; M. *Berger. FACULTES LIBRES DE PARIS. Rue de Vaugirard, 74, Paris. These are Catholic institutions giving instruction similar to that given by the state Faculties, but without the power to confer de- grees. Students who obtain their instruction from the Facultes Hires are examined by and obtain degrees from the state Faculties. The general regulations, fees, etc., are the same as for the state Faculties. (See pp. 24 et seq.) The secretary is M. Joseph Chobert, Rue de Vaugirard, 74, Paris. FRANCE. 31 Professors and Lecturers. THEOLOGY. LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE, Semitic Languages : Professor GrafEn. Professors G. Alix, Cauvi^re, Ch. Cho- Philosophy : Professor Bulliot. bert, Clotet, Corret, Guyot, Jamet, La- Theology : Professors Auriault, de la cointa, de Lamarzelle, Larcher, Laurent, Barre, Baudrillart, Beurlier, Boudin- Lescoeur, Merveilleux du Vignaux, Tau- hon, Clerval, Fillion, Gasparri, Lar- diSre, Terrat ; M. Bureau. gent, Pisani, Vigouroux. ECOLE LIBRE DE HAUTES ETUDES SCIENTIFIQUES ET LITTERAIRES. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. SCIENCE. Languages. — Chinese : Professor Paul Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Antonini. fessors D'Esclaibes, Nau ; MM. Chai- Semitic : Professor le baron Carra de Ian, Fouet. Vaux. Physics : Professor Branly. Classical : Professors Bertnn, Beur- chemistry • Professor Hamonet lier, Boxler, Bousquet, Le Chatel- <-hemistry . Professor Hamonet. lier, Lejay, Lelong, Ragon. MINERALOGY AND GEOLOGY : Professor Romance : Professors Jacquet, Klein, ^^ Lapparent. Margival, Rousselot. Geography: Professors de Lapparent, Philosophy : Professors Bulliot, Piat. Pisani. History : Professors Baudrillart, Digard. COLLEGE DE FRANCE. Place des Ecoles, Paris. This college, open to women since its foundation in 1518-45, gives instruction in Arts, Science, and Medicine, but confers no degrees. Students desiring certificates of attendance should register their courses. The first semester begins on the first Monday in December, the second semester begins in the week after Easter and ends between the 20th and 30th of July. All the courses are free. The secretary is M. Abel Lefranc. Professors and Lecturers. ■^RTS. Classical : Professors Boissier, Croi- Languages — Chinese and Tartar : set, Havet. Professor Chavannes. GERMANIC : Professor Chuquet. Semitic : Professors Barbier de Mey- Romance : Professors d' Arbois de Ju- nard, Berger, Duval. bainville, Deschanel, Meyer, Paris ; Indo-Iranian: Professor Livi. M. Morel-Fatio. 32 PARIS. Slavonic : Professor Lfiger. science. r, T. r> s Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Comparative Philology: Professor y,„„„ j^^^an, L6vy ; J/. Koenigs. Physics : Professors Angot, Bertrand, Philosophy : Professors L^vgque, Nou- Mascart ; M. Deprez. risson, Ribot, Tannery, Thamin ; M. Chemistry : Professors AndrS, Berthe- J^'ifit- lot, Schutzenberger. History of Religions : Professor R6- Geology and Geography : Professors ville. FouquS, Longnon. Political Science : Professors Flach, Biology : Professors Balbiani, Henne- Leroy-Beaulieu, Levasseur, Longnon. guy, Marey; M. Franck. Art and Archeology ■- Professors General History of the Sciences : Cagnat, Clermont-Ganneau, Foucart, Professor Lafitte. Guillaume, Maspero, Oppert ; M. La- medicine. fenestre. Professors d'Arsonval, Rauvier. ECOLE DU LOUVRE. The Louvre, Cour Lefuel (ancienne Cour Coulaincourt), Paris. The object of this school is to give instruction in regard to the collections in the Louvre and to educate librarians and custodians in the history of art and archasology. The instruction is given in the form of conferences. Regular students and hearers are admitted on application to 1;he secretary of the school {pavilion de l' Uorlog'e, au Louvre') , from wrhom cards of admission can be obtained. The full course lasts three years, the lectures in each year begin- ning in the first week of December and ending about the 15th of June. All the lectures are free. Professors and Lecturers. Archeology: Professors Bertrand, Hen- History of Art : Professors Courajod, zey, Pierret ; M. Pettier. Lafenestre, Molinier. Inscriptions: MM. Ledrain, Revillout. ECOLE LIBRE DES SCIENCES POLITIQUES. Rue Saint Guillaume 27, Paris. This school is established for the training of diplomatists, con- suls, ambassadors, etc., in Administration, Finance and kindred subjects. FRANCE. 33 Students and hearers are admitted without a degree and without undergoing any examination. The school is intended for men only, and it is probable that women would not be admitted unless under very exceptional circumstances. The academic year begins in the second week of November and ends on June 8th. The general secretary is M. Ch. Dupuis, rue Saint Guillaume, 27, Paris. Professors and Lecturers. Administration : Professors Alix, le History of Diplomacy and of Pub- Vavasseur de Pr^court, Romieu. Lie Opinion : Professors Funck-Bren- FlNANCE : Professors Amaun6, Bou- tano, Levy-Briihl, Koechlin, Rambaud, langer, de Colonjon, Courtin, LSvy, Renault, Christian Schefer, Sorel, Van- Plaffain, Rene Stourm. dal. Commercial and Statistic Geogra- (Constitutional Law : Professors Be- PHY : Professors de Foville, Levasseur. noist, Andri Lebon. Political and Social Economy : Pro- Modern Europe : Professor Leroy- fessors Cheysson, Dunoyer. Beaulieu. Legislation : Professors Lyon-Caen, Colonial Questions : Professors Cor- Dietz, Flach, Paulet, Romieu. dier, Houdas, Pelet, Silvestre, Wil- Geography and Ethnography : Pro- helm. fessor Gaidoz. Modern Languages : Professors Cart, Geography and Military Organi- Houdas, Leger, Morel. SATION : M. le Commandant Leblond. ECOLE NATIONALE DES CHARTES. Palais des Archives, rue des Francs-Bourgeois, Paris. This is a school of Archeology. French students are admitted on the results of a competitive examination ; foreigners are ad- mitted on presenting a diploma equivalent to that of the bachelier es lettres. The number of students is limited to 20. Students who have taken the three years' course and passed each of the two examinations in each year, and presented a satisfactory thesis, obtain a diploma {diplome d'archiviste paleog'raphe.) The school is open to women on the same terms as to men. The academic year begins at the end of November and lasts till the first of August. All the courses are public and free. For information apply to the secretary, ficole des Chartes, Palais des Archives, rue des Francs-Bourgeois, 58, Paris. 34 PARIS. Professors and liecturers. ' Philology : Professor Paul Meyer. History : Professors Molinier, Viollet. Bibliography : M. Mortet. Archeology : Professor de Lasteyrie. Diplomacy : Professor Giry. Paleography : Professor Gautier. Political Institutions: /"/-o^ijor Roy. Archives: j1/. Desjardins. ECOLE PRATIQUE DES HAUTES ETUDES. The object of this institution, which was founded in 1868, is to provide opportunities for practical work in connection with the lectures given at the College de France, the Sorbonne, the Museum d'histoire naturelle, the Faculty of Medicine, etc. The courses of the school are held at these various institutions, and the laboratories for the purposes of instruction and research are situated in various parts of Paris and at different places on the coast (Villefranche, Wimereux, Marseilles, Celte.) The courses are open free without any restrictions as to age, de- gree or nationality ; but a year's probation is necessary before the title of eleve titulaire is conferred. Certain professors reserve the right of refusing to admit women to their classes, but w^ith the ex- ception of a few hospital courses, practically all are open to women. There are five independently organised sections, the second and third of which (those of Physics, Chemistry and Natural Sci- ence) , consist entirely of laboratory courses. It is intended that students should attend the courses for three years. The academic year begins on the ist of November and ends on the 30th of June. Enquiries should be addressed to the Secretariat de la Faculte des Sciences, a la Sorbonne. Professors and liectarers. FIRST section: MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES. CHEMISTRY: Professors Berthelot, Du- Professors Hennite, *Koenigs, *Pui- claux, Friedel, Joly, Moissan, Schiitz- seux, *Raffy, Tisserand. enberger, Troost ; MM. Brizard, Bu- SECOND section: physico-chemical rais, Chamberland, Didier, Griner, SCIENCES. Martin, Mesnil, Monthreuil-Jacquart, (The courses in this and the following section Mourlot, Pochard, Pottevin, Rivals, are all laboratory courses.) Roux. Physics : Professors Bouty, Lippmann, Mineralogy : Professors Hautefeuille, VioUe; MM. Abraham, Brillouin, Guil- Lacroix ; M. Perrey. lard, Guillet, Maneuvrier. FRANCE. 35 THIRD SECTION : NATURAL SCIENCES. Physiological Psychology : Professor Binet ; MM. *Henry, Philippe, Cour- tier. Geology and Geography : Professors Fouqu6, Gosselet, Munier-Chalmas ; M. Rividre. Biology ■ Professors d'Arsonval, Bar- rois, Bonnier, Bureau, Dastre, Filhol, Giard, Laborde, Lacaze-Duthiers, Ma- tey, Milne-Edwards, Marion, Perrier, Ranvier, Van-Tieghem ; MM. Art- haud, Beauregard, Bernard, Brumpt, Chauveau, Delage, Dufour, Franchet, Grehant, H^nocque, Jolly, J. Jolly, L6pine, Malassez, Manouvrier, Pois- son,*R6my Saint-Loup, Roch6,*Rous- sy, Sabatier, Schudzinski. Medicine : Professors Dareste de la Chavanne, Javal, Franck; MM. Lamy, Tscheming. FOURTH SECTION : HISTORICAL AND PHIL- OLOGICAL SCIENCES. (Office and Lecture Room at the University Library, The Sorbonne.) Languages. — Ethiopian and Himy- ARITE : M. Hal6vy. Semitic : Professor CarriSre ; M. De- renbourg. Indo-Iranian : MM. Finot, L^vi, Meillet. Classical: Professors Havet.Leb^gue, de Nolhac, Toumier ; MM. Chate- lain, *Desrousseaux, Jacob. Romance : Professors Gaidoz, Paris ; MM. Morel-Fates, Thomas. Comparative Philology : MM. *Du- vau, Gilli^ron, Lebfigue, *MeiUet, de Nolhac, *Passy, Psichari. Philosophy : M *Soury. History : Professor G. Monod ; MM. *B6mont, Giry, Roy, Thivenin. Art and Archeology: Professors Clermont-Ganneau, H&on de Ville- fosse, Oppert ; MM. Guieysse, Haus- souUier, *ScheiI. FIFTH SECTION: RELIGIOUS SCIENCES. (Office and Lecture Room at the University Library, The Sorbonne.) . Theology : Professor Albert R6ville ; MM. *Am61ineau, *Berthelot, Dera- mey, Derenbourg, Esmein, de*Faye, *Foucher, L6vi, *MariIlier, *Picavet, A. Quentiu, G. Raynaud, Jean *R6- ville, de Rosny, Sabatier, Vemes. ECOLE SPECIALE DES LANGUES ORIENTALES VIVANTES. Rue de Lille, 2, Paris. The object of this school, founded in 1795, is to give instruction in modern oriental languages for political and commercial purposes. Regular students must be bacheliers es sciences or es lettres be- tween 16 and 24 years of age and of French nationality. Excep- tions are sometimes made in respectto age and nationality. The courses and diploma {diflome d' eleve breveie) are open to vsromen. The lectures begin early in November and the course lasts three years. All the lectures are public and free of charge. For further information apply to the secretary, rue de Lille, 2, Paris. 36 PARIS. Professors and Iiecturers. Oriental Languages : Professors Bo- Rosny, Schefer, Vinson ; MM. Kal- net, Boyer, Carri^re, Cordier, Deren- pakdjian, Marre, Marumo, Aboul Nasr, bourg, DevSria, Hondas, Legrand, Pemot, Ravaisse, Stchoukine, Lien Barbier de Meynard, Picot, Le6n de Young. MUSEUM D' HISTOIRE NATURELLE, Jardin des Plantes, rue Cuvier, 57, Paris. The Museum d' histoire naturelle was founded in 1626 for the purpose of making scientific collections and for research. Each department is in the charge of a professor, and each professor is obliged to give 40 public lectures yearly on the subject with which his department deals. The courses are unconditionally open to the public. Regular hearers, by producing certificates of attendance from the professors, may obtain cards which give them access for a year to the galleries and collections. For the conferences and practical work, registra- tion is required, but diplomas are not necessary. Botanical and entomological excursions into the country are arranged weekly dur- ing the summer months. Lectures begin on April 23d. Secretary, M. H. Chatelain, Mus6um d' Histoire Naturelle, Jardin des Plantes, rue Cuvier, 57, Paris. Professors and Assistants. Physics : Professor Becquerel ; M. Ber- Van-Tieghem, Ville ; MM. Bernard, thelot. Beauregard, Brongniart, Gervais, Gley, Chemistry: Professor Arnaud; M. Bour- Kiinckel d' Hercnlais, Maquenne, Moc- geois. quard, Morot, Oustalet, Poisson, Re- MiNERALOGY : Professor Lacroix ; M. nault, Roux, Sauvinet, Tr6meau de Jannettaz. Rochebrune, Vemeau. Geology and Geography : Professors Agriculture : Professor Comu ; M. Gaudry, Meunier; MM. Boule, Ra- Bois. mond. ' Pathology : Professor Chauveau ; M. Biology : Professors Bouvier, Bureau, Phisalix. Deh^rain, Filhol, Grfihant, Hamy, Drawing: M. Fremiet. Milne-Edwards, Perrier, Vaillant, THE FRENCH PROVINCES. The following is a list of the professors in the different Facultes of the French provinces. The organisation of these JFacultes is exactly the same as at Paris, and is described pp. 24-28. FRANCE. 37 AIX, France. ACADEMIE D'AIX. This academy, dating from the 13th century, comprises the Fac- ulties of Arts and Law, situated at Aix, and the Faculties of Sci- ence, Law and Medicine at Marseilles. There is a branch of the Comite de Patronage des Etudiants Etrangers at Aix and by its means courses in French language and literature especially for foreigners have been arranged. FACULTE DES LETTRES D'AIX. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Semitic : M. de Duranti Literature : Professor Joret. La Calade. Philosophy : Professor Dumesnil. Classical : Professor Constans ; MM. Political Economy : M. Perreau. Brenous, *de Ridder. History : Professors *CIerc, Guibal. Romance : Professors Constans, Du- Archeology : M. de Ridder. cros ; M. Bonafous. Geography : M. Girbal. FACULTE DE DROIT D'AIX. This Faculty shows a tendency to become less of a professional school and more a school of Political Science. Professors and Lecturers. Political Science : Professor Jourdan; Ion, Bry, Gautier, Jourdan, Lacoste, M. Perreau. Moreau, Pison, Vermond ; MM. C^sar- LAw. Bra, Perreau, de Pitti-Ferrandi, Th6- Professors Audinet, Bouvier-Bangil- lohan. FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE MARSEILLE. Connected with this Faculty is the Marine Zoological Laboratory at Endoume and a large astronomical observatory. Professors and Lecturers. SCIENCE. Geology: Professor N&s?,sox. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Biology : Professors Heckel, Marion ; fessors Charve, Sauvage, Stephan ; M. MM. Gourret, Jourdan, *Junielle, L6- Jamet. ger, Vayssi^re. Physics : Professors Mac6 de L6pinay, Agriculture : Professor Pauchon. P6rot ; MM. Fabry, VayssiSre. Chemistry : Professors Duvillier, Re- lait. boul ; MM. Berg, *Perdrix. Professors Bouvier-Eangillon, de Pitti- Mineralogy : Professor Vasseur. Ferrandi. 38 AIX, BESANgON. ^COLB DE MI^DECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE PLEIN EXER- CICE DE MARSEILLE. Professors and licctnrers. MEDICINE. Livon, Magon, Nepveu, Queirel, Rietsch, Professors Boinet, Bouisson, Caillot de Roux pfire, Vigneron, Villard, Villen- Poncy, Chapplain, Combalat, Domergue, euve ; MM. Alezais, Amaud, Benet, Fallot, Gourret, Heckel, Jourdan, Laget, Berg, Gerber, Laplane, Roux fils. FACULTE LIBRE DE DROIT DE MARSEILLE. This Faculty was founded in 1881. Professors and Lecturers. Political Science : Professor Peyron. de Vauplane, Delobre, Fabre, *de Fons- colombe, Gourdez, Just Guigou, Laugier- i-^'^- Ravanas, Perrin, Peyron, Pierre, Thu- Professors Barrdme, BSrenger, Berlier nun ; M. Gabriel Guigou. BESANCON, France. ACADEMIE DE BESAN9ON. This is a small academy, founded in 1422, comprising Faculties of Arts and Science and a Preparatory School of Medicine. Total number of students, 194. FACULTE DES LETTRES DE BESAN9ON. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Romance : Professor Droz. Languages. — Classical : Professor Na- Literature : Professors Boucher, Nag- geotte ; MM. L6vy-Wogue, Ver- eotte. nier. History and Geography : Professors Germanic : M. Kontz. Pingaud, Sayous. Philosophy : Professor Colsenet. FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE BESAN9ON. Professors and Lecturers. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Mineralogy and Geology : M. Qiu- fessors Gruey, Saint- Loup, Stouff. deau. Physics : Professor Joubin. Biology : Professors Charbonnel-Salle, Chemistry : Professor Boutroux ; M. Magnin. * Genvresse. FRANCE. 39 ECOLE PREPARATOIRE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE BESAN9ON. Proltessors and Iiecturers. MEDICINE. Roland, Saillard, Thouvenin ; MM. Bru- Professors Boisson, Bolot, Chapoy, chon, CoU^atte, Fillion, Heitz, Morin, Druhen, Gauderon, Magnin, Mandereau, Prieur. BORDEAUX, France. ACADEMIE DE BORDEAUX. This academy, founded in 1441, comprises Faculties of Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Pharmacy. In addition to the usual laboratories and museums, there is a School of Chemistry Applied to Manufactures and Agriculture, a School of Industrial Electricity, an Astronomical and Meteorological Observatory at Florae, and a Zoological Laboratory at Arcachon. There is a branch of the Comite de Patronage des Etudiants Etrangers in Bordeaux, secretary. Professor Duguit. FACULTE DES LETTRES DE BORDEAUX. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Classical : Professors Philosophy : Professor Espinas ; MM. Ouvrt, Waltz; MM. *de la Ville de Hamelin, *Rodier. Mirmont, *Zyromski. Sociology : M. Durkheim. Germanic : M. Legras. History : Professors Denis, Imbart de Romance : Professors Bourcier, Stap- la Tour, JuUian, Radet; M. Marion, fer ; M. *Le Breton. Art and ArcH/EOLOGY : Professor Literature : Professor de Treverret. Paris ; M. Bouvy. Comparative Philology : M. Mas- Geography : Professor Gebelin. queray. Pedagogy : M. Durkheim. FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE BORDEAUX. Professors and Lecturers. SCIENCE. Chemistry : Professors Gayon, Joannis; „ MM. Auger, Vfizes. Mathematics AND Astronomy: /V,.- mineralogy: Professor Fallot; M. fessors Brunei, Hadamard, Rayet ; Goguel MM. Picart, Giraud. Geology': Professor Fallot. Physics : Professors Duhem, Morisot ; Biology : Professors Millardet, P^rez ; M. Gossart. MM. Devaux, Kunstler. 40 BORDEAUX, CAEN. FACULTE DE DROIT DE BORDEAUX. Professors and Iiecturers. Political Science : Professor Saint- Duguit, Le Coq, Levillain, de Loynes, Marc. Marandout, Monnier, Saignat, Saint- Law : Professors Barckhausen, Baudry- Marc, Vigneaux ; M. Didier. Lacantinerie, de Boeck, Despagnet, FACULTE MIXTE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE BORDEAUX. Professors and Lecturers. MEDICINE. Professors Amozan, Badal, Bergenia, Moussous p4re, de Nabias, Picot, Y\k- Blarez, Boursier, Bouchard, Coyne, De- chaud, Pitres, Vergely, Viault ; MM. mons, Dupuy, Ferr6, Guillaud, Jolyet, Denig^s, Denuc6, Dubreuilh, Moure, Lanelongue, Layet, Masse, Morache, Moussous fils, Pousson, R^gis, Riviere. CAEN, France. ACADEMIE DE CAEN. This academy, founded in 1437, comprises Faculties of Arts, Science, Law, and a Preparatory School of Medicine and Pharmacy. There is a Marine Laboratory at Luc-sur-Mer, open all the year. FACULTE DES LETTRES DE CAEN. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Classical: Professors 'Le- Philosophy: Professor M.&HWeaa. hanneur, Lemercier. History : Professor Tessier ; M. Tou- ROMANCE : Professor Gast^; MM. tain. Chammard, Souriau. Art : Professor GastS. Literature : Professor Buclmer. Science and Geography : M. Camena Comparative Philology: M. *Huguet. d' Almeida. FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE CAEN. Professors and Lecturers. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- Chemistry: ProfessorljovLiss; ^. *Bes- y^wor-jRiquier, de Saint-Germain ; M. son. *Lelieuvre. Geology : Professor Bigot. Physics: Professor'NeyrsntMi; M. *Mar- Biology: Professors Joyevtx-'LaSme, Lig- cliis. nier, MAf. *Huet, *L4ger. FRANCE. 41 FACULTE DE DROIT DE CAEN. Professors and Ijecturers. Political Science: Professor Villey; Carel, Danjon, Gauckler, Guillouard, M. Grandmoulin. Laisn^-Deshayes, Lebret, Marie, Tou- LAW. \sin, Villey ; M. Ambroise Colin. Professors Biville, Bouvier, Cabouat, ECOLE PREPARATOIRE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE CAEN. Professors and Lecturers. MEDICINE. rais, Gidon, Guillet, Louise, Moutier, Professors Auvray, Barette, Catois, Pihier; MM. Besson, Chevrel, Gosselin, Charbonnier, Demerliac, Fayel-Deslong- Gramond, Noury, Vigot. CLiERMONT-FERRAND, France. ACADEMIE DE CLERMONT. This is a small academy, founded in 1808, comprising Faculties of Arts and Science, and a Preparatory School of Medicine and Pharmacy. Total number of students, 163. FACULTE DES LETTRES DE CLERMONT. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Comparative Philology : M. *Colar- Languages. — Classical : Professor „ °^^'^- „ ^ Baron; ^.*Audollent. PHILOSOPHY : /Ve/-^««- Joyau. _, ,, J,,, , . History : Professor Desdevises du De- ENGLISH : M. *Mahieu. ^^ . ^^_ ^^^^^ Mauser. Romance: Professor is.i'Esw.TXs; M. Paleography: ilf. Rouchon Leclerc. Geography : Professor Desdevises du Literature : Professor Ehrhard. D6zert. FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE CLERMONT. SCIENCE. Chemistry : Professor Parmentier ; M. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- *Duboin. fessor Pellet ; M. Le Cordier. Mineralogy and Geology : Professor Physics : Professors Guichard, Hurion ; Julian. M. *Lugol. Biology : Professors Girod, Poirier. 42 CLERMONT-FERRAND, DIJON. ECOLE PREPARATOIRE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE CLERMONT. MEDICINE. Professors Bousquet, Dourif, Fouriaux, chard, Rocher, Tixier, Truchot ; MM. Gagnon, Girod, Huguet, Lepetit, Plan- Bruyant, Lafont, Maurin, Mosnier. DIJON, France. ACADEMIE DE DIJON. This academy, founded in 1722, comprises Faculties of Arts, Science and Law, and a Preparatory School of Medicine and Phar- macy. Total number of students, 484. FACULTE DES LETTRES DE DIJON. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Classical: Professors Do- Comparative PmLOLOGY: j5/.*Lambert. risen, Royer. Philosophy: Professor \&3.-ai. Romance: MM. Roy, Lame. History: Professor Gaffarel; M. Stouff. Literature: Professor S:'R-agvjt%. Geography: Professor Q^SaxA. FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE DIJON. Professors and Lecturers. SCIENCE. Physics: MM. Bagard, Brunhes. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Mineralogy and Geology: Professor fessors M6ray, Duport. Collot. Chemistry: Professor Recoura; M. Biology: Professors fimery, Jobert; M. Pigeon. Bataillon. FACULTE DE DROIT DE DIJON. Professors and Lecturers. Political Science : Professor Mongin ; tx)uis-Lucas, Renardet, Saleilles, Tis- M. Truchy. sier ; MM. Deslandres, Desserteaux, Law : Professors Bailly, Bonneville, Mongin, Moulin, Stouflf. Duverdier-de-Suze, Gaudemet, G6ny, ECOLE PREPARATOIRE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE DIJON. Professors and Lecturers. MEDICINE. Pauffard, Tamier, Viallanes ; MM. Professors Broussolle, Collette, Deroye, Brunhes, Cottin, Hubert, Lagoutte, Gautrelet, Laguesse, Misset, Parizot, Pigeon, Quioc. FRANCE. 43 GRENOBLE, France. ACADEMIE DE GRENOBLE. This academy, founded in 1339, comprises the Faculties of Arts, Science and Law, and a preparatory School of Medicine and Phar- macy. The number of students is 464. FACULTE DES LETTRES DE GRENOBLE. Professors and Lecturers. ^j^j.^ Romance : Professor Morillot ; M. ' Hauvette. Languages.— Classics : Professors ^tr- Literature: /Vo/mo>- Besson. traud, Dugit ; MM. *Bardot, *Cha- Philosophy : Professor Charaux. bert. History and Geography: Professor English : M. *Mathias. ^e Crozals. FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE GRENOBLE. Professors and Lecturers. SCIENCE. Chemistry : Professor Raoult ; M. *Cha- Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- vastelon. fessors Astor, Collet ; M. *Coiisin. Mineralogy and Geology : Profes- Physics : Professor Pionchon; M. *Beau- sor Kilian. lard. Biology : Professors Lachmann, Pruvot. FACULTE DE DROIT DE GRENOBLE. Professors and Lecturers. Political Science : M. Reboud. Tartar], Testoud ; MM. Balleydier, Law : Professors Beaudouin, Foumier, Beudant, Capitant, Cuche, Hitler. Gu^tat, Gueymard, Michoud, Pillet, ECOLE PREPARATOIRE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE GRENOBLE. Professors and Lecturers. MEDICINE. Professors AUard, Berlioz, Bordier, Pionchon, Porte, Turel, Verne ; MM. Gallois,Girard,Labatut, Nicolas, P^goud, Baboin, Deschamps, Dodero, Douillet. 44 LILLE. lilLiLiE, France. ACADEMIE DE LILLE. This is a large academy, founded in 1808, and comprising free and state Faculties of Arts, Science, Law and Medicine, and a free Faculty of Catholic Theology. FACULTE DES LETTRES DE LILLE. Professors and Uectnrers, ARTS. Languages. — Classical ; Professor Slavonic : M. Haumant. Thomas ; MM. Couvreur, *Dautre- Philosophy : Professor Penjon ; M. mer, Dufour. Blondel. English : Professor Angellier ; MM. History : Professors Fabre, Flammer- Chevrillon, Derocquigny. mont ; M. Petit-Dutaillis. Germanic : Professor Pinloche. Archaeology : M. Fougfires. Romance : Professors Langlois, Moy ; Geography : Professor Cons. M. *Dupont. FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE LILLE. Professors and Lecturers. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Mineralogy : Professor Gosselet. fessors Demartres, Petot, Souillart ; M. Geology : Professor Gosselet ; M. Bar- Borel. TOIS. Physics : Professor Damien ; MM. Ca- Biology : P^rofessors Bertrand, Hallez ; michel, Swyngedauw. MM. Prouho, Queva. Chemistry : Professors Buisine, Willm ; Agriculture : Professor Buisine. MM. Matignon, P^labon. FACULT]^ DE DROIT DE LILLE. Professors and Lecturers. Political Science : M. Deschamps. Lacour, Mouchet, Vallas ; MM. Col- Law : Professors Bourguin, Drumel, linet, Jacquelin, Peltier, Wahl. F^der, de FoUeville, Gar9on, Jacquey, FACULTE MIXTE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE LILLE. Professors and Lecturers. MEDICINE. Professors Barrois, Baudry, Castiaux, coeur, Lotar, Moniez, Morelle, Wert- Combemale, Debierre, Doumer, Dubar, heimer; MM. Bayrac, Bedart, Carlier, Folet, Gaulard, Lambling, de Laper- Charmeil, Curtis, Deroide, Laguesse, Sonne, Leloir, Lemoine, Leroy, Les- Oui, Phocas, Sunnont. FRANCE. 45 FACULTE LIBRE DES LETTRES DE LILLE. Professors and liecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Classical : Professors Comparative Philology : Professor H6rengt, Rambure. Cliquennois. Romance : Professor Charaux. Philosophy : Professor de Margerie. Literature: Professors Gahide, Ix)oten. History and Geography : Professor Rhetoric : Professor Baunard. Canet. FACULTE LIBRE DES SCIENCES DE LILLE. Professors and Lecturers. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- Mineralogy and Geology : Professor fessors de Salvert, Villi6 ; M. Stoffaes. Bourgeat. Physics : Professors Delenser, Witz. Biology : Professors Boulay, Maurice, Chemistry: Professors Schmitt. Van-Oye. FACULTE LIBRE DE DROIT DE LILLE. Professors and JJecturers. Law: Professors Arthaud,B6chaux, De- Pr^vaux, Vanlaer,VareiIles-Sommi4res; lachenal, Gand, Groussau, Lamache, MM. Cavrois, Corbie, Payen, Maurice Ory, Pillet, Rothe, Selosse, Trolley de Vanlaer. FACULTE LIBRE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE LILLE. Professors and Lecturers. MEDICINE. Eustache, Faucon, Guennonprez, Lay- Professors Augier, Baltus, Bernard, rand, Lenoble, Lienhart, RMier, Rogie, Boucbaud, Boulay, Desplats, Duret, Schmitt, Witz; M. Dujardin. LYONS, France. ACADEMIE DE LYON. This academy, founded in 1808, is large and important, com- prising state and Catholic Faculties of Arts, Science, Law, a Faculty of Catholic Theology, and a Faculty of Medicine, founded in 1876, which, with its large hospitals and excellent laboratories, is second only to that of Paris. A branch of the Comite de Patronage des Etudiants Etrangers has been formed at Lyons : secretary, Professor Thallers. 46 L YONS. FACULTE DES LETTRES DE LYON. Professors and liccturers. ARTS. Languages. — Indo-Iranian : Professor Regnaud. Classical : Professors AlUgre, Fabia, JuUien ; M. *Legrand. English : M. *Legouis. Germanic : M. Gruber. Romance : Professors C16dat, Fon- taine ; M. Texte. Literature : Professor Firmery. Comparative Philology : Professor Regnaud ; M. *Durand Philosophy : Professor Bertrand ; M. Hannequin. History : MM. Maridijol, Waddington. Art and Aech^eology : Professors Bloch, Coville; MM. QMat, Hol- leaux, Legrand, *Loret. SCIENCE. Geography : MM. DepSret, Schirmer. Ethnology : M. Chantre. Pedagogy : M. *Chabot. FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE LYON. Professors and Lecturers. Mathematics and Astronomy ■ Pro- fessors AU^gret, Andr6, I-afon ; MM. *Autonne, Flamme, Gonnessiat. Physics: Professor Gomc} ; M. *Houlle- vigue. Chemistry : Professors Barbier, Raulin; MM. *Bouveault, *Vignon. Mineralogy : Professor Of&et. Geology : Professor Dep^ret. Biology : Professors Dubois, Gerard, Koehler; MM. *Caullery,*Sauv^eau. Agriculture : Professor Raulin. FACULTE DE DROIT DE LYON. Professors and Lecturers. Political Economy: Professor Rougier; M. Souchon. Law: Professors Ch. Appleton, Audibert, Bartin, Berthdlemy, Caillemer, Co- hendy, Flurer, finou, Garraud, Ma- bire, Pic; MM. *Henri Appleton, Jean Appleton, Lacassagne, Souchon. FACULTE MIXTE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE LYON. Professors and Lecturers. MEDICINE. Professors Arloing, Augagneur, Bard, Bondet, Cazeneuve, Crolas, Florence, Fochier, Gailleton, Gayet, Hugounenq, Lacassagne, L6pine, Lortet, Mayet, Morat, Monoyer, Oilier, Pierret, M. Pollosson, Poncet, Renaut, Soulier, Teissier, Testut, Tripier; MM. Barral, Beauvisage, Boy- er. Collet, Condamin, Courmont, Cur- tillet, Devic, Didelot, Doyon, Durand, Gangolphe, Laroyenne, Moreau, Aug. Pollosson, Rochet, RoUet, Roque, Roux, Siraud, Vallas, Weill. FRANCE. 47 FACULTE LIBRE DES LETTRES DE LYON. Professors and Liecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Classical: /"/-o/^jjorrDe- Comparative Philology: Professor vaux, Forest, Gonnet. Lepitre. Romance : Professors Condamin, Del- Philosophy : Professor Reure. mont. History and ArcH/«ology : Professor Literature : Professor Frintz. Leotard. FACULTE LIBRE DES SCIENCES DE LYON. Professors and liecturers. SCIENCE. Physics : Professor Chassy. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Chemistry : M. Lepercq. fessors Berloty, Magnus de Sparre, Geology : Professor Berthaud. Onofrio, Valson. Biology : Professors Donnadieu, Morin. FACULTE LIBRE DE DROIT DE LYON. Professors and Jjecturers. Political Science :/'?-o/?jjorRambaud. Mouterde, *Perrin, *Poidebard, Rich- Law : Professors Beaune, Boucaud, Gai- ard, Roux, Wies ; MM. Brun, Rivet, ral, Hostache, Jacquier, de Lajudie, Roux, Voron, *Wies. FACULTE LIBRE DE THEOLOGIE DE LYON. Professors and Liecturers. THEOLOGY. Chambost, Chevallier, Dumas, Jacquier, Professors Belon, Blanc, Bourchany, LSmanu, Vemet. MONTPELLIER, France. ACAD^MIE DE MONTPELLIER. This academy, founded in the twelfth century, comprises Fac- ulties of Arts, Science, Law and Medicine, and is large and im- portant. There are good laboratories and hospitals and some scientific institutes. The branch of the Comite de Patronage des Etudiants Strangers has arranged free practical courses for the benefit of foreigners. The secretary of the Comite is Professor Flahaut. 48 MONTPELLIER, NANCY. FACULTE DES LETTRES DE MONTPELLIER. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Comparative Philology : M. Gram- Languages. — Classical : Professors mont. Bonnet, Maury ; ^.Raynaud. Philosophy: ProfessorWCHasMA.. Germanic : M. Fecamp. History : Professor Gachon ; M. Pe- ROMANCE: Professor Rigal ; MM. lissier. Chabaneau, Vianey. Archeology : MM. Berthel^, Lechat. Literature : Professor Castets. Geography : M. Malavialle. FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE MONTPELLIER. Professors and Lecturers. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Mineralogy : Professor Delage ; M. fessors Dautheville, Fabry; M. *Cartan. Curie. Physics : Professors Crova, Meslin. Geology : Professor Delage. Chemistry : Professors de Forcrand, Biology : Professors Flahault, Sabatier ; Oechsner ; M. de Coninck. M. *Soulier. FACULTE DE DROIT DE MONTPELLIER. Professors and Lecturers. Political Science : Professor Gide ; Chausse, Glaize, Laborde, Laurens, M. Brouilhet. Meynia], Valabrdgue, Vigi6 ; MM. "Ltc^ : Professors Br^mond, Charmont, Barde, Declareuil, ValSiy. FACULTE DE MEDECINE DE MONTPELIER. Professors and Lecturers. MEDICINE. Vialleton, Ville; MM. Baumel, Brousse, Professors Bertin-Sans, Bosc, Carrieu, Delezenne, Francois, Galavielle, La- Ducamp, Ester, Forgue, Gilis, Granel, peyre, Lecercle, Moitessier, Mouret, Grasset, Grynfeltt, Hamelin, H^don, Puech, Rauzier, de Rouville, Vallois, Imbert, Mairet, Sarda, Tedenat, True, Vires. NANCY, France. ACADEMIE DE NANCY. This academy, founded in 1572, comprises the Faculties of Arts, Science, Law and Medicine, a School of Pharmacy, and a Pro- fessional School. There is an influential branch of the Cotnite de Patronage des Etudiants Etrangers at Nancy, which has done much for the benefit of foreign students. FRANCE. 49 FACULTE DES LETTRES DE NANCY. Professors and Iiecturers. ARTS. Literature: Professor QxMsSatx. Languages. — Classical : Professors Comparative Philology ; M. *Cousin. Thiaucourt, Martin ; M. *Collignon, Philosophy : M. Souriau. *Couve. History : Professors Diehl, Pfister; M. Germanic : M. *Lichtenberger. Pariset. Romance : Professor Krantz ; M. Archeology : Professor Diehl. Etienne. Geography : Professor Auerbach. FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE NANCY. Professors and Ijecturers. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Mineralogy : Professor Thoulet. fessors Floquet, Molk; MM. *de Tan- Geology and Geography : MM. Mil- nenberg, *Vogt. lot, Nickl^s. Physics: Professors Bichat, Blondlot; Biology : /'?-»;i^«o?-jFriant, LeMonnier; M. *Perreau. MM. *Gain, Cu6not. Chemistry : Professors Arth, Haller, Agriculture : Professor Petit. Petit ; MM. Guntz, *Muller. FACULTE DE DROIT DE NANCY. Professors and Liecturers. Political Science : Professor Gamier ; del, Bourcart, Chretien, Gardeil, M. Li^geois. Gavet, Lombard, Lederlin, Liigeois, Law : Professors Beauchet, Binet, Blon- May ; MM. CarrS de Malberg. FACULTE DE MEDECINE DE NANCY. Professors and L/ectnrers. MEDICINE. Professors Baraban,Bemlieiin,Charpen- mann, Vuillemin, Weiss ; MM. fetienne, tier, Chretien, Demange, Gamier, Gross, FSvrier, Froelich, Gu6rin, Guilloz, Haus- Herrgott, Heydenreich, Mac6, Meyer, halter, Jacques, Parisot, Rohmer, Schuhl, Nicolas, Prenant, Schmitt, Simon, Spill- Zilgien. POITIERS, France. ACADEMIE DE POITIERS. This academy, founded in 143 1, comprises Faculties of Arts, Science and Law, and a Preparatory School of Medicine and Pharmacy. 50 POITIERS, RENNES. FACULTE DES LETTRES DE POITIERS. Professors and Iiecturers. ARTS. Comparative Philology: ^.*Audouin. Languages. — Classical : Professors Philosophy : Professor Luguet. Emault, Hild. HISTORY: Professor Cwctk; M. *Boisson- Romance : M. Amould. ade. Literature : Professor Parmenfier. ARCHi«0L0GY : M. Li^vre. FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE POITIERS. Frofessors and Liectnrers. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Mineralogy and Geology : Professor fessors Durrande, Maillard. Welsch. Physics : Professor Garbe ; M. Deloulez. Biology : Professors Dangeard, Schnei- Chemistry : Professor Roux; M. *Guit- der. teau. FACULTE DE DROIT DE POITIERS. Professors and Lecturers. Political Science: ProfessorHrhsonet; Courtois, Normand,Parenteau-Dubeug- M. ChSneaux. non, Petit, Surville, Thezard; MM. Law : Professors Arthuys, Arnault de la Ch6neaux, Girault, Michon, Pr^vot- MSnardifire, Barrilleau, Bonnet, Le Leygonle. ECOLE PREPARATOIRE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE POITIERS. Professors and Lecturers. MEDICINE. Delaunay, Guitteau, Jouteau, Poirault, Professors Alban de la Garde, Brossard, Poisson, Roland ; MM. Garbe, La- Buffet-Delmas, Ch6devergne, Chretien, trille, L6ger, Malapert. RENNES, France. ACADEMIE DE RENNES. This academy, founded in 1808, comprises Faculties of Arts, Science and Law, and a Preparatory School of Medicine. FRANCE. SI FACULTE DES LETTRES DE RENNES. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Classical: /Va/^iiori De- Romance: Professor AWais; M. Loth. launay, Loth ; M. *Mac6. COMPARATIVE Philology : M. *Dottin. English : M. *Barbeau. Philosophy : M. Bourdon. Germanic : M. Basch. History : MM. Jordan, S6e. FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE RENNES. Professors and IJecturers. SC/£NCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Mineralogy and Geology : Professor fessors Morin, Pujet ; M. Andrade. Seunes. Physics : MM. Moreau, *Weiss. Biology : Professor Cri6; MM. *Guitel, Chemistry : Professor Lechartier ; M. Joubin, *Lesage. *Cavalier. FACULTE DE DROIT DE RENNES. Professors and Lecturers. Political Science : Professor Worms ; de Caqueray, Chatel, Chauveau, £on, M. Turgeon. Fettu, Jamo, Turgeon, Vignerte ; Law : Professors Artur, Aubry, Blondel, MM. Bodin, Pi^deli^vre. ECOLE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE PLEIN EXER- CICE DE RENNES. Professors and Lecturers. MEDICINE. Professors Aubr^e, Bellamy, BrutS, MM. Bertheux, Blin, Castex, Crie, Delacour, Fleury, Lefeuvre, Lhuissier, Dayot fils, Faint, FoUet, Laurent, Lautier, Mac6, Ferret, Perrin de la Touche ; Topsent. TOULOUSE, France. ACADEMIE DE TOULOUSE. This academy, founded in 1229, is large and important, and comprises Faculties of Arts, Science, Law and Medicine, and free Faculties of Arts and Theology. There are good scientific labora- tories and institutes and an astronomical observatory. Dr. Maurel is President of the Comtte de Patronage des Etudiants Etran- gers, which has procured for foreign students reduced rates at the hotels and all other pecuniary advantages enjoyed by French stu- dents. S2 TOULOUSE. FACULTE DES LETTRES DE TOULOUSE. Professors and liecturers. ARTS. Philosophy: Professor'&s.'ia.; M. Maux- Languages. — Classical: Professors ion. Antoine, Beaudouin : M. *Navarre. History : Professors L^crivain, Moli- English : M. Dum^ril. nier ; MM. Marion, *Dumas. Romance : Professors Benoist, Jean- Archaeology : Professor Durrbach. roy, M^rim^e; M. *Guy. Geography : M. *Dognon. Literature : Professor Hallberg. Pedagogy : Professor Rauh. FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE TOULOUSE. Professors and liecturers. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Mineralogy and Geology : Professor fessors Baillaud, Legoux ; MM. Cos- Lartet ; M, Caralp. serat, *Paraf, Vessiot. Biology : Professors Leclerc du Sablon, Physics : Professor Mathias; MM. *Bou- Moquin-Tandon, Roule ; MM. *Jam- asse, *Cotton. mes, *Prunet. Chemistry : Professors Destrem, Saba- Agriculture : M. Fabre. tier ; M. Fabre. FACULTE DE DROIT DE TOULOUSE. Professors and Lecturers. Political Science : Professor Hoques- piau, Hauriou, M6rignliac, Paget, Fourcade. Rouard de Card, Timbal, Vidal, Wal- Law : Professors Bonfils, Bressolles, Ion ; M. Fraissaingea. Brissaud, Campistron, Deloume, Des- FACULTE MIXTE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE TOULOUSE. Professors and liectnrers. MEDICINE. Audry, Bizy, Biamfes, Braemer, Gairi- Professors AndrS, Caubet, Clialot, gou, G6rard, Guilhem, Guiraud, Lamic, Charpy, Crouzat, Dupuy, Frdbault, Herr- Marie, Majirel, Morel, P^nidres, R6- mann, Jeannel, Lab^da, Moss£, Tapie, mond, Rispal, Saint-Ange, Secheyron, Toumeux ; MM. Abilous, Aldibert, Souli6, Suis, Terson, Vieusse. FACULTE LIBRE DES LETTRES DE TOULOUSE. Professors and Lecturers. -^•'^^■^- Philosophy : Professor Montagne. Languages. — Classical : Professors Archeology : Professor Saint-Ray- SCISNCE. Gimazane, Montaut, Morlais ; M. mond. Valentin, Romance : Professor Amaud. Modern ; Professor de Suplicy. Mathematics : Professors Domec, Literature : Professor Couture. Thomas. Comparative Philology : Professors Physics and Chemistry : Professors Couture, Samouilhan. Lacaze, Senderens. GERMANY. 53 GERMANY. The universities of Germany are state institutions, sup- ported by the Government and subject to the Ministers of Education of the several States in which they are situated. They have, however, an independent legal personality, and are to a great extent self-governing. At most of the univer- sities the Minister of Education is represented by the Curator, Chancellor or Vice-Chancellor, whose duty it is to look after the state interests and to manage the finances of the univer- sity. When this official is wanting the universities are di- rectly under the Ministers. Each university comprises four Faculties, namely, the Fac- ulties of Philosophy (Arts and Science), Law, Medicine and Theology ; by each of these Faculties courses of lec- tures, seminary and laboratory work are provided, and the degree of Doctor is given to matriculated students who have fulfilled certain requirements, which vary slightly with the different universities. It is the custom for students to go from one university to another, returning for their degrees to the university of their choice. There are in Germany twenty universities, the largest and most important being the universities of Berlin, Leipzig and Munich. Women are as a rule admitted only to courses in the Philosophical Faculty of the several universities, although in some cases they have also attended lectures in the Faculties of Law and Medicine.* The reading-rooms of the university libraries are as a rule open to women in general, although little use is made of this * Wherever courses in Law and Medicine have been opened to women, special mention is made of the fact under the head of the separate universities. 54 GERMANY. privilege by German women. Women who are studying at the various universities are in every case permitted to take books out of the libraries upon the same conditions as men. The degree of Doctor of Philosophy has been granted to women by the Universities of Freiburg, Gottingen and Heidelberg, and at these universities women have a certain recognised position as hearers, although they are not allowed to matriculate. At most of the universities in Prussia in- dividual women are permitted to attend courses in the Philo- sophical Faculty as a special favor, if they are considered properly qualified by the Minister of Education, and can ob- tain the permission of the Rector of the university and of the individual professors whose courses they desire to hear. They have, however, no rights, and are not counted as students. Any particular application for admission may be refused. The other universities of Germany vary in regard to the admission of women, the Bavarian universities being in this respect the most conservative. The academic year begins in October and is divided into two semesters, the winter semester which extends from the middle of October to the middle of March, and the summer semester which extends from the middle of April to the mid- dle of August. The lectures do not, however, generally be- gin until a week or ten days after the date officially an- nounced as the beginning of the semester. The list of courses to be given in one semester is not pub- lished until the end of the preceding semester. Official lists of lectures ( Vorlesungsverzeichnissen) of the universities are sold at the bookshops, they are not distributed by the universities themselves. The Deutscher Universitdts-Kalen- der, published each semester in Berlin, gives the courses offered during the semester at all the German universities. The fees paid at German universities are of two kinds. GERMANY. 55 those paid to the universities themselves and those paid to the individual professors. Each university charges students a small fee on entering for matriculation ; i8 M, ($4.50) for first matriculation, 9 M. ($2.25) for students coming from another university ; on leaving, for a certificate of work done 14 M. ($3.50), in addition to a fee each semester for the right to hear lectures (5 M., $1.25). For each course attended a fee is also paid to the professor giving the course, except in those cases where the course is expressly stated to be free (3-5 M., $.75-$!, 25, for one hour a week during one semester) . A much larger fee is paid to the university for a Doctor's degree (300-400 M., $75-$ 100).* The fees paid by women vary in the different universities. Where women are officially admitted they may pay the uni- versity fees for those privileges which they enjoy. Where they attend lectures by the permission of the individual pro- fessors without the sanction of the Ministry, they may only pay the fees to the professors. The whole question of the admission of women to the universities has given rise to much discussion in Germany and is still far from being settled. Many Germans regard the higher educa- tion of women as undesirable, and there is a strong objection manifested by a large number of the pro- fessors and students alike to the admission of women to the universities. Even those universities that are most freely open to women students do not give women any rights as such, and it is clearly understood that whatever privileges are granted to them, are granted in each individual case as privileges which may at any time be withdrawn, and which may not be cited as precedent. Although the sanction of the Ministry is in most cases necessary, the final permission to attend lec- tures is always given by the individual professors, and they have the power in every case to refuse such permission. The seriousness of purpose and the ability of individual women who have studied in Germany has, it is believed, done much towards destroying the prejudice against women students in the minds of the professors under whom they have worked. Each woman who applies for permission to attend lectures should bear in mind the great responsibility she incurs in thus becoming, as it were, a test case, by which other similar cases in the future will be judged. If she is insufficiently pre- pared or lacking in seriousness of purpose in her work she cannoL fail to do harm to the cause of women's education in Germany. Women students should also bear in mind that the conditions of German life are very different from the conditions of American life, and that any failure to observe the established customs of the people among whom they are living and whose hospitality they are enjoying, is likely to bring women students as a class into discredit. * The above figures are approximate. S6 BERLIN. BERLIN, Prussia. KONIGL. FRIEDRICH-WILHELMS-UNIVERSITAT. Until within the last few years the University of Berlin, which was founded in 1809, has been entirely closed to women, and no degrees have ever been granted by it to women. Individual women ai-e at present permitted by the University to attend lectures pro- vided that they can obtain the consent of (i) the Prussian Minister of Education, (2) the Rector of the University, (3) the several professors whose courses they desire to hear. The application to the Minister of Education and to the Rector should be made according to a stated form and should be accom- panied by the passport and testimonials of the applicant. It has in many cases been found advisable to apply first to the indi- vidual professor whose work is desired, since with him rests the final option of opening or closing his courses to women, and his interest, if it can be obtained, may be of assistance in gaining the permission of the Minister and Rector to attend courses at the uni- versity. Women students are often admitted to lectures when entrance to the seminaries and laboratories is refused them, but some pro- fessors have opened both their seminaries and their laboratories to individual women. In addition to courses offered by the Philosophical Faculty, courses in Law have been attended by women, but up to the pres- ent time no women have attended courses in Medicine. Fees should be paid at the beginning of the semester at the office of the Qtiaestor of the University, where all courses attended, including free courses, must be registered. There is given to students that desire it a blank book in which are entered the courses to be heard, and which may be presented to the instructors for their re- spective signatures at the beginning and at the end of the semester. For information as to dates of semesters, fees, etc., see pp. 54, 55. GERMANY. 57 Professors and Lecturers. Languages. — Skmitic : Professors Barth, Dieterici, Sachau, Schrader; Docent Winckler. Indo-Iranian : Professors Geldner, Weber ; Docents Franlce, Oppert. Classical : Professors Diels, Hubner, Kirchhoff, Vailen; DocentsYrQ^&&, Kubler, Rothstein, Thomas, Winter. English : Professors Brandl, Geiger. Germanic : Professors Bruckner, Gei- ger, Heusler, Hoffory, Roediger, E. Schmidt, Weinhold ; Docents Herr- mann, Meyer. Romance : Professors Geiger, Tobler ; Docent Schultz. Chinese : Professor Grube. Mongolian and History of Bud- dhism : Docent Huth. Comparative Philology: Professors John Schmidt, Steinthal ; Docent Kretschmer. Philosophy : Professors Dilthey, Paul- sen, Runze, Stumpf, Zeller ; Docents Dessoir, Doring, Hoppe, Lassen, Schmekel, Simmel, Schumann. Political Science : Professors Boeckh, Meitzen, Sering, Schmoller, Wagner ; Docents Hoeniger, Jastrow, v. Kauf- mann, Oldenberg. History : Professors Bastian, Delbriick, Droysen, Hirschfeld, KShler, Lenz, Mommsen, Scheffer-Boichorst, Schie- mann, Wattenbach ; Docents Breysig, Dessau, Hintze, Honiger, Klebs, Koepp, Lehmann, Liesegang, Seler, Spannagel, Stemfeld. Art and Archeology : Professors Curtius, Erman, Frey, Grimm, Ke- kul6, Wattenbach ; Docents Dessau, Graef, Goldschmidt, Kalkmann, Kern, Puchstein, Sethe. Geography: Professors Kiepert,v.Richt- hofen ; Docents Dove, Kretschmer. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro fessors Foerster, Frobenius, P'uchs, Helmert, Hensel, Heltner, Knoblauch, Lehmann-Filh^s, Planck, Scheiner, Schwarz, Weierstrass ; Docents Ass mann, Gl an, Hoppe, Kotter, Schlesinger, Physics : Professors v. Bezold, Blasius, Neesen, Planck, Warburg; Docents Arons, du Bois, Glan, Hoppe, Prings- sheim. Raps, Rubens, Thiesen, Wein- stein, Wesendonck, Wien. Chemistry : Professors Biedermann, Fischer, Gabriel, Landolt, Liebermann, Pinner, Rammelsberg, Schneider, Sell, Tiemann, Wichelhaus, Will ; Docents Friedheim, Hayduck, Jahn, Marck- wald, Reissert, Rimbach, Schopff, Schotten, Thoms, Wohl. Mineralogy : Professor Klein ; Do- cents Fock, Tenne, Traube. Geology : Professors Berendt, Bey- rich, Dames ; Docents Jaekel, Wahns- chafie. Biology : Professors Ascherson, Engler, Garcke, Kny, Magnus, v. Martens, Moebius, Schulze, Schwendener, Wittmack ; Docents Gilg, Heymons, Karsch, Krabbe, Lindau, von Luschan, Plate, Reinhardt, Schumann, Seeliger, Volkens, Warburg, Zimmermann. Agriculture : Professor Orth. LAW. Professors Aegidi, Bemer, Brunner, Crome, Von Cuny, Dambach, Demburg, Eck, Gierke, Goldschmidt, Hinschius, Hiibler, Kahl, Kohler, Oertmann, Per- nice, Stolzel, Zeumer;Z'i7«»faBieTmann, Bomhak, Burchard, Heilbom, Jacobi. Kaufmann, Lass, Lasson, Preuss, Seckel. MEDICINE. Professors A. Baginsky, v. Beigmann, Bernhardt, du Bois-Reymond, Brieger, Busch, von Coler, Ehrlich, Eulenburg, Ewald, Fasbender, B. Frankel, Fritsch, Gad, Gerhardt, Gusserow, Gurlt, Henoch, Hertwig, Heubner, Hirschberg, Israel, Jolly, Koch, Konig, G. R. Lewin, Ley- den, Liebreich, Lucae, Mendel, Miller, Moeli, H. Munk, Olshausen, Rose, Rub- ner, Salkowski, Schoeler, Schweigger, Schweninger, Senator, Skrzeczka, Son- nenburg, Strassmann, Trautmann, H. Virchow, R. Virchow, Waldeyer, Win- ter, J. Wolff, M. Wolff; Docents B. Bs^- insky, Behrend, Benda, C. du Bois-Rey- mond, Bouhoff, Burchardt, Casper, Duhrssen, A. Fraenkel Fehleisen, Geb- 58 BERLIN, BONN. hard, Gluck, Goldsclieider, Grawitz,Greeff, Grunmach, Gumprecht, Guntlier, Giiter- bock, Guttstadt, Hansemann, Herter, Hey- mann, Hirschfeld, Holtzke, Horstmann, Jacobson, Katz, Klemperer, Koeppen,W. Krause, H. Krause, Kristeller, Kronig, Landau, Langerhans, Langgaard, Lassar, L. Lewin, Lewinski, Litten, Loewy, Mar- tin, Mendelsohn, Mitscherlich, I. Munk, Nagel, Nasse, Neumann, Nitze, Ohlmiil- ler,Oppenheim, Pagel, Perl, Pfeiflfer, Pos- ner, Preyer, Rabl-Ruckhard, Rawitz, Re- Diak, Riess, Rosenheim, de Ruyter, Salo- mon, Schelske, Silex, Schiiller, Stadel- mann, Thierfelder, Tobold, Veit, War- nekros, Weintraud, Wernicke, Westphal. Professsors Baethgen, B. B. Bruckner, Deutsch, von der Goltz, Gunkel, Har- nack, Kaftan, Kleinert, Lommatzsch, Muller, Pfleiderer, Runze, Schlatter, Steinmeyer, Strack, von Soden, Weiss; Docents Plath, Titius. Professors Bellennann, Fleischer ; Do- cent Friedlander. BONN, Prussia. RHEINISCHE FRIEDRICH WILHELMS UNIVERSITAT. No definite information has been obtained in regard to the admis- sion of women to the University of Bonn. It seems however probable that duly qualified women would be permitted to attend lectures at the University should they make application. The university was founded in 1818 and is under the same general regulations as all the universities of Germany; see pp. 54, 55. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Semitic : Professor Prym; Decent Nix. Classical: Professors Buecheler, El- ter, Klein, Usener ; Docent Brink- mann. Indo-Iranian : Professor Jacobi ; Do- cent Solmsen. English : Professor Trautmann. Germanic: Professors Franck, Litz- mann, Wilmanns ; Docent Berger. Romance : Professor Fcerster; Docent Gaufinez. Comparative Philology: Professor K-ai- recht. Philosophy: Professors Bender, Elter, Meyer, Martins, Neuhaeuser, Schaar- Schmidt, J. Wolff. Political Science : Professors Dietzel, Gothein. History : Professors Koser, Menzel, Nissen, Ritter, Wiedemann ; Docent Meister. Art and Archaeology ; Professors Justi, Kiippers, Loeschcke; Docent Clemen. Geography : Professor Rein ; Docent Philippson. Music : Professor L. Wolff. Mathematics : Professors Lipschitz, Kiistner, Kortum, Study ; Docents Deichmiiller, Monnichmeyer, Rein- hertz. Physics : Professors Kayser, Lorberg. Chemistry: Professors P>.-a&<^v.\z, Kling- er, Kekul6 v. Stradonitz, Partheil ; Docents Bredt, Hensler. Mineralogy : Professor Laspeyres. Geology : Professors Pohlig, Schliiter ; Docent Rauff. Biology : Professors Ludwig, Schimper, Strasburger ; Docents Konig, Noll, Schenck, Strubell, Voigt. Agriculture : Docent Immendorf. GERMANY. S9 LAW. Professsors Baron, Bergbohm, Ende- mann, Hiibner, Huffer, Kriiger, Lands- berg, Loersch, v. Schulte, SeufFert, Zitel- mann. MEDICINE. Professors Binz, Doutrelepont, Fin- kelnbui^, Finkler, Fritsch, Fuchs, Gep- pert, la Valette St. George, Kochs, Koester, Leo, v. Mosengeil, Nuss- baum, Pelman, Pfluger, Saemisch, Schede, ScMefferdecker, Schultze, Un- gar, Walb, Witzel ; Docents Bleibtreu, Boermecken, Bohland, Burger, Dreser, Jores, J. Kocks, W. Kocks, Krukenberg, Kruse, Peters, Pletzer, Rieder, Schmidt, Schultze, Thomsen, Wolters. THEOLOGY, PROTESTANT. Professors Bratke, Goebel, Grafe, Kamphausen, Krafft, Meinhold, Ritschl, Sachsse, Sell, Sieffert ; Docents Meyer, Simons. THEOLOGY, CATHOLIC. Professors Englert, Fechtrup, Felten, Kellner, Kaulen, Kirschkamp, Langen, RappenhSner, Reusch, Schrors. BRESLAU, Prussia. KONIGLICHE UNIVERSITAT. The University of Breslau, founded in 1506, admits women under the same restrictions as the University of Berlin. No degrees have as yet been granted to women by this University. The gen- eral regulations are same as those of oth er German universities ; see pp. 54, 55. Professors and IJecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Semitic : Professors De- litzsch, Fraenkel. Indo-Iranian: Professors Hillebrandt; Docents Erockelmann, Liebich. Classical : Professors Forster, Marx, Rossbach, Zacher; Docents Leopold Cohn, KroU, Skutsch. English : Professor Kolbing ; Lec- turer Pughe. Germanic: Professors Koch,NehriDg, Vogt; Docents Bobertag, Jiriczek. Romance: Professor Appel; Lecturer Fillet. Russian : Lecturer Abicht. Comparative Philology : Professors Fick, Hillebrandt. History of Literature : Professor Koch. Philosophy : Professors Baeumker, Ebbinghaus, Freudenthal, Weber. Political Science : Professors Elster, Sombart. History : Professors Caro, Grunhagen, Huffer, Kaufmann, Wilcken; Docent Kruse. Art and Archeology : Professor Mu- ther : Docent Semrau. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors O. E. Meyer, Rosanes, Sturm ; Docent London. Physics: Professors Heydweiller,Meyer. Chemistry : Professors Ahrens, Laden- burg, Poleck, Weiske ; Docents Abel, Scholtz. Mineralogy : Professor Hintze ; Do- cent Milch. Geology : Professor Freeh ; Docents Giirich, Milch. Geography : Professor Partsch. Biology : Professors Chun, Ferdinand Cohn, Pax ; Docents Braem, Mez, Rohde, Rosen. Engineering : Docent Beyer. Agriculture : Professors Ahrens, Hol- defleiss, von Rtfmker. 6o BRESLAU, ERLANGEN. Forestry : Docent Kayser. Veterinary Surgery: Professor Metz- dorf ; Docent Strauch. LAW. Professors Eennecke, Brie, Brack, Dabn, Fischer, Jors, Leonbard, Schott ; Docents Beling, Eger. MEDICINE. Professors Auerbach, Bartb, Bom, Cobn, Czemy, Fischer, Filehne, Fliigge, Forster, Hasse, Heidenbain, Hirt, Kast, Kolaczek, KHstner, Lesser, Magnus, Miku- licz, Neisser, Partsch, Ponfick, Richter, Rohmann, Rosenbacb, Wernicke, Wiener; Docents Alexander, Bruck, Bucbwald, Endres, Frankel,Groenouw, Hiller, Hur- tble, Jacobi, Kaufmann, Kroner, Kum- mel, Lubbert, Pfannenstiel, Reicbel, Stern, Tietze, Weintraud. THEOLOGY. Protestant : Professors Arnold, Erd- mann, Habn, Kawerau, Kittel, Lohr, Mailer, Schmidt, Wrede ; Docents Beer, Schulze. Catholic : Professors Commer, Fried- lieb, Frantz, K5nig, Krawutzcky, Lammer, MuUer, Nilmbei^er, Probst, Schaefer, Scholz ; Docents von Tes- sen-Wesierski. EgjLAJfGEN, Bavaria. KGL. FRIEDRICH-ALEXANDERS-UNIVERSITAT. No information of any kind has been obtained in regard to the admission of women to the University of Erlangen. The u niversity was founded in 1743, and the general regulations are the same as those of other German universities ; see pp. 54, 55. Professopa and Iiecturers. Languages. — Semitic: Professor AhA. Classical : Professors Heerdegen, Luchs, Romer. Germanic : Professors Geiger, Stein- meyer. Modern : Professor Vamhagen. Philosophy : Professors Class, Falcken- berg ; Docent Rabus. Political Science : Professors Ehe- berg, Neuburg. History : Professors von Bezold, von Hegel, Pohlmann. Geography : Professor Pechuel- Loesche ; Docent Blanckenbom. Art and Archaeology : Professor Flasch. Pedagogy : Professor Romer. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Gordan, Nother. Physics : Professor Wiedemarm ; Do- cent Knoblauch. Chemistry : Professors Beckmann, Fischer, Paal ; Docent Busch. Mineralogy : Professor Lenk ; Docent Blanckenbom. Geology : Professor Lenk. Biology : Professor Reess ; Docent Fleischmann. Professors Allfeld, Gengler, Hellwig, Kipp, V. Marquardsen, Rehm, Sehling. Professors Bumm, Eversbusch, Flei- scher, Frommel, J. von Gerlach, Leo Gerlach, Graser, Hauser, von Heineke, Hermann, Kiesselbach, Penzoldt, Rosen- thal, Schneider, V. Striimpell, von Zenker. Professors Caspari, Ewald, Kohler, Kolde, MuUer, Seebeig, Zahn ; Docents Sellin, Wiegand. GERMANY. 6i FREIBURG IM BRBISGAU, Baden. GROSSHERZ. BAD. ALBERT-LUDWIGS-UNIVERSITAT. The University of Freiburg, founded in 1457, is one of the three universities in Germany that have granted the degree of Doctor to women. Women are admitted to university lectures under the same restrictions as at the University of Heidelberg. (See page 66.) For the general regulations see pp. 54, 55. Professors and IJecturers. Languages. — Semitic : Professor Reckendorf. Indo-IraniaN: Professor Holtzmann. Classical : Professors Hense, Schmidt, Steup. English : Professor Schroer. Germanic: Professors Kluge, Meyer, Steinmann, Weissenfels. Romance : Professors Baist, Levy. Comparative Philology : Professors Thumb, Thumeysen. Philosophy : Professors Grosse, Miins- terberg, Rickert, Riehl. Political Economy : Professor Weber. History : Professors Busch, Fabricius, Gaevemitz, Michael, Schulte, v. Sim- son; Docents Bienemann, Sutter. Art AND Archeology: Professor%\M&- niczka ; Docent T6rey. Geography : Professor Neumann. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Liiroth, Stickelberger. Physics : Professors Himstedt, Meyer, Zehnder, Chemistry: Professors'^s.-amxaa, Claus, Willgerodt; Docents Edinger, Fromm. Mineralogy : Professors Graeff, Stein- mann; Docent Beckenkamp. Geology : Professor Boehm. Biology : Professors Gruber, HScker, Oltmanns, Weismann, Ziegler; Docent Fritze. Agriculture : Professor Schulze-Gae- vemitz. LAW. Professors Behagel, Cosack, Eisele, Gebhard, Rive, von Rohland, Rosin, Riimelin, Schmidt, Sontag. MEDICINE. Professors von Babo, Baumann, BSum- ler, Emminghaus, Goldmann, Hegar, Hildebrand, v. Kahlden, Keibel, Killian, Kim, Knies, Kraske, von Kries, Jacobi, Manz, Oppel, Schinzinger, Schottelius, Sonntag, Thomas, Wiedersheim, Wie- dow, Ziegler; Docents Baas, Bloch, Bu- lius, Gaupp, Nagel, Reerink, Ritschl, Rose, Schule, Striibe, Treupel. THEOLOGY. Professors Braig, Heiner, Hoberg, Keppler, Konig, Kraus, Krieg, Ruckert, Schill, Trenkle, Worter ; Docent Kiinstle. GROSSHERZOGL. GIESSEN, Hesse. HESSICHE LUDWIGS-UNIVERSITAT. No definite information has been obtained in regard to the ad- mission of women to the University of Giessen. It seems, how- 62 GIESSEN, GOTTINGEN. ever, probable that duly qualified women would be permitted to attend lectures at the University should they make application. The University was founded in 1607, and the general regulations are the same as those of other German universities; see pp. 54, 55. Professors and liccturers. ARTS. Languages. — Indo-Iranian : Profes- sor von Bradke. Classical : Professors Gundermann, Schwartz. English : Professor Pichler ; Docent Wetz. Germanic : Professors Behagel, Pichler. Romance : Professors Behrens, Pich- ler. Comparative Philology : Professor Von Bradke. Philosophy : Professors Gross, Sie- beck. Political Science: Professor Laspeyres. History : Professors Hohlbaum, Onck- en; Docents v. Bradke, Dieterich. Art and Archaeology : Docent Bauer. History of Modern Literature : Docents Collin, Strack. Geography : Professor Sievers. Pedagogy : Professor Schiller. Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- fessors Fromme, Heffter, Netto, Pasch. Physics : Professors Elbs, Fromme, Wiener. Chemistry: /"rff/^jww Elbs, Namnann; Docent Finger. Mineralogy : Professor Brauns. Biology : Professors Hansen, Spengel. Agriculture : Professor Thaer. LAW.. Professors Biermann, Braun, Frank, GUnther, Heimburger, Leist, Schmidt. MEDICINE. Professors Bose, Bostroem, Eckhard, Eichbaum, Fuhr, Gaehtgens, Gaffky, Lohlein, Pflug, Poppert, Riegel, Som- mer, Steinbriigge, Strahl, Vossius, Winck- ler ; Docents Baur, Sticker, Walther. THEOLOGY. Protestant : Professors Baldensperger, Holtzmann, Kattenbusch, Kostlin, Kriiger, Stade. GOTTINGEN, Prussia. GEORG-AUGUSTS-UNIVERSITAT. The University of Gottingen, founded in 1 737, is one of the three universities in Germany that have granted the degree of Doctor to women. In 1893 its doors were first opened to women students, and from the beginning a certain official position has been given to them, although they are not allowed to matriculate, and the appli- cation of any individual candidate for admission may be refused at the option of the university authorities. Application for admission must be made, through the Curator of the University, to the Prussian Minister of Education, and must GERMANY. 63 be accompanied by testimonials and a recommendation from a member of the university Faculty. After she is admitted by the Curator the candidate may register in the University as a hearer. She must report to the Pro-rector and obtain from him an official permit, and finally, she must obtain from the separate instructors permission to hear the particular courses of lectures desired. The admission of women to lectures, even after the official permit has been obtained from the Pro-rector, may be refused by the individual professors. The university library, reading rooms and the special reading rooms for separate subjects are open to women students as freely as to men students and upon the same conditions. The Faculty reserves to itself the right of presenting or refusing to present to the Minister any particular request on the part of a woman student for permission to take the Doctor's examination. Fees are paid to the Quaestor of the University. The general regulations are the same as for other German universities; see PP- 54» 55- Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Art and Arch/eology : Professors Languages. — Semitic : Professors „ Vischer, Pietschmann. Smend, Wellhausen; Docent Schult- Geography : Professor Wagner. hess. Indo-Iranian : Professor Kielhom. science. Classical : Professors Dilthey, Leo, Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Meyer, v. Wilamowitz-Moellendorff; fessors Hilbert, Klein, Schering, Docent Wentzel. Schoenflies, Schur, Voigt ; Docents English : Professor Morsbach; Lee- Ambronn, Bohlmann, Burkhardt, tor Tamson. Pockels, Sommerfeld. Germanic : Professors Heyne, Physics : Professors Nemst, Riecke, Roethe ; Docent Michels. Schering, Voigt ; Docents Abegg, Romance : Professor Stimming ; Des Coudres, Pockels. Lector Merrier. Chemistry : Professors v. Buchka, Comparative Philology: Professor Nemst, Polstorff, Wallach; Docents Schulze. Abegg, Kerp, Lorenz. Philosophy: Professors ^^x^m., ??™f^;^i°°I; ^''"/''"'"' Liebisch. Muller, Peipers, Rehnisch. b,^° ° J ' ^"f'J""' ™° S'^,^^ v., „^ „ , ^ , Biology : Professors Berthold, Ehlers, Political Science : Professors Cohn, Peter ; Docents Barger, Henking Lexis. Rhumbler. History : Professors Kehr, Krauske, Agriculture : Professors Backhaus, Lehmann, Volquardsen ; Docent Griepenkerl, Lehmann, Liebscher, Brandi. Tollens. 64 gOttjngen, greifswald. Professors Andr6, von Bar, Detmold, Dove, Ehrenberg, Frensdorff, Merkel, Planck, Regelsberger, Ziebarth ; Do- cent Kruckmann. MEDICINE. Professors Burkner, Damsch.Droysen, Ebstein, Esser, Hildebrand, Husemann, KaIlius,Konig,Lohmeyer, Marmi.Meiss- ner, Merkel, Meyer, Nicolaier, Orth, Ro- senbach, Runge,Sclimidt-Rimpler,Wolfr- Mgel. THEOLOGY. Professors Bonwetsch, Knoke, Reischle, Scbader, Schultz, Schiirer, Tschackert, Wiesinger; Docents Ache- lis, Bousset, Hackmann, Rahlfs. GREIFSWALD, Prussia. KONIGLICHE UNIVERSITAT. The University of Greifswald, founded in 1456, admits women under the same restrictions as the University of Berlin. No degrees have as yet been granted to women by this university. The general regulations are the same as those of other German universities; see pp. 54, 55. Professors and iJecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Semitic: Professoryieis- ler. Oriental : Professors Ahlwardt,Ziin- mer ; Docents Jacob, Rest. Classical : Professors Gercke, Nor- den, Susemihl. English : Professor Konrath. Germanic : Professors Pietsch, Reif- ferscheid ; Docents Bniinier, Siebs. Romance : Professor Koschwitz. Comparative Philology: Professor Zimmer. Philosophy : Professors Rehmke, Schuppe. Political Science : Professors Fuchs, Struck ; Docent Schmoele. History: Professors Bernheim, Pyl, Seeck, Ulmann ; Docents Altmann, Schmitt. Artand ARCHi«0L0GY: Professor^xsM- ner ; Docent Pernice. Geography: Professors Credner, Fuchs. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- fessors Minnigerode, Thomi ; Docents Brendel, Wellmann. Physics : Professors Holtz, Richarz ; Docent Schreber. Chemistry : Professors Limpricht, Schwanert ; Docents Biltz, Semmler. Mineralogy : Professor Cohen. Geology : Professor Deecke. Biology : Professor Schutt ; Docents Moeller, MuUer. LAtV. Professors Bierling, Frommhold, Hae- berlin, Pescatore, Stampe, Stoerk, Weis- mann ; Docent Medem. MEDICINE. Professors Amdt, Ballowitz, Beumer, Bonnet, Grawitz, Heidenhain, Helferich, Krabler, Landois, Loffler, Mosler, Pei- per, Pemice, v. Preuschen, O. Schirmer, R. Schirmer, Solger, Sommer, Schulz, Striibing ; Docents Abel, Busse, Ender- len, Hoflfmann, Richter, Stoewer. THEOLOGY. Professors Cremer, Giesebrecht, Haus- sleiter, Liitgert, Nathusius, Oettli, Schultze, Zockler ; Docents Dalmer, Lezius. GERMANY. 65 HALliE, Prussia. VEREINIGTE FRIEDRICHS-UNIVERSITAT HALLE- WITTEN- BERG. In order to attend lectures at the University of Halle women stu- dents must obtain permission from the Prussian Minister of Educa- tion and from the individual professors whose courses they desire to hear. In making application to the Minister the candidate must state the course of study to be pursued and, in so far as is possible, the names of the professors under whom she wishes to work. The general regulations are the same as for other German uni- versities ; see pp. 54,55- Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Semitic : Professor Pra- torius ; Docents Fisclier, Meissner. Indo-Iranian : Professors Pischel, Zachariae. Classical : Professors Blass, Ditten- berger, Wissowa ; Docents Ihm, Maurenbrecher. English : ProfessorVisigatT. Germanic : Professors Burdach, Haym, Strauch ; Docents Bremer, CoUitz, Meier, Schultze. Romance : Professor Suchier ; Do- cents Heuckenkamp, Wechssler. Comparative Philology : Professors Becbtel, Zachariae. Philosophy : Professors Erdmann, Haym, Uphues, Vaihinger ; Docents Husserl, Schwarz. Political Science : Professors Con- rad, Diehl, Friedberg. History : Professors Droysen, Ewald, Friedensburg, Hertzberg, Lindner, Meyer ; Docents Brode, von Heine- mann, Sommerlad. Geography : Professor Kirchhoff ; Docents Schenck, Ule. Art and Archeology : Professor Robert ; Docent Wernicke. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Cantor, Eberhard, Wangerin, Wiltheiss. Physics : Professors Dom, Schmidt ; Docent Cornelius. Chemistry: Professors Doebner, Vol- hard ; Docents Baumert, Chess, Erd- mann. Mineralogy : Professor Luedecke. Geology : Professor v. Fritsch. Biology: Professors Grenacher, Kraus, E. Taschenberg, O. Taschenberg, Zopf ; Docents Brandes, Schulz. Agriculture: Professors Albert,Kaehn, Maercker, WUst ; Docents Cluss, Fischer, LAW. Professors Amdt, Boretius, v. Bruen- neck, van Calker, Endemann, Fitting, Heck, Lastig, v. Liszt, Loening, Schultze, Stammler. MEDICINE. Professors Ackermann, Bernstein, V. Bramann, Bunge, Eberth, Fehling, Frankel, Genzmer, Graefe, Harnack, V. Hippel, Hitzig, Kohlschiltter, v. Mering, Oberst, Pott, Roux, Schvearz, Schwartze, Seeligmiiller, Weber, Welck- er. THEOLOGY. Professors Beyschlag, Eichhom, Haupt, Hering, Kaehler, Kautzsch, Koestlin, Loofs, Rothstein ; Docents Beer, Clemen, Ficker, Foerster, Stange, Steuemagel. 66 HEIDELBERG. HEIDEIiBERG, Baden. GROSSHERZLICHE RUPRECHT-KARLS-UNIVERSITAT. The University of Heidelberg, founded in 1386, has granted the degree of Doctor to several women. Women who obtain the permission of the Dekan of the Faculty in question and of the indi- vidual professors may attend lectures at the university. The semi- naries and laboratories of certain professors have been opened to individual v\romen. Permission to take the Doctor's examination is granted by the Philo- sophical Faculty, each case being considered separately by the Facu Ity . Fees are paid to the Quaestor of the University. The general regulations are the same as for othe r German universities ; see pp. S4> 55- Professors and IJectarers. ARTS. Languages. — Indo-Iranian : Profes- sors Bezold, Briinnow, Lefinann. Classical : Professors Brandt, Rohde, SchoU. English : Professors Ihne, Schick. Germanic : Professors Braune, K. Fischer, Meyer, von Waldberg, Wunderlich; Docents Kahle, Waag. Romance : Professor Neumann. Comparative Philology : Professors Osthoff, Lefmann; Docent Siitterlin. Philosophy : Professor K. Fischer. Political Science : Professors Knies, Leser, Scherrer: Decent Kindermann. Geography : Professor Wolf. History : Professors v. Domaszewski, Erdmannsdorffer, Heyck, Klein- schmidt.Koch, Scherrer, Winkelmann; Docents du Moulin-Eckart, Neumann. Art and Arch^isology : von Duhn, Eisenlohr, Thode, Zangemeister. Pedagogy : Professor Uhlig. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Cantor, Eisenlohr, Koehler, Konigsberger, Schapira, Wolf; Docent Landsberg. Physics : Professor Quincke. Chemistry: Professors Auwers, Bom- trager, Bruhl, Bunsen, Gattermann, Horstmann, Jacobson, Jannasch, Krafft, Meyer; Docent KnSvenagel. Mineralogy : Professors Goldsclmiidt, Osann, Rosenbusch. Geology : Professors Rosenbusch, Schmidt ; Docent Sauer. Biology : Professors Askenasy, But- schli, Koch, Pfitzer ; Docents v. Erlanger, Haller, Samassa, Schubeig. Agriculture : Professor Stengel. LAW. Professors Barazetti, Eekker, Buhl, Heinze, Jellinek, Karlowa, von Kirchen- heim, Meyer, Schroder, Seng, Strauch. MEDICINE. Professors Arnold, Czemy, Dinkier, Erb, Ernst, Ewald, Fleiner, Gegenbaur, Bessel-Hagen, Hoffinann, Jurasz, Kehrer, Klaatsch, KnauGT. Kraepelin, Kuhne, Leber, Lossen, Maurer, Oppenheimer, V. Schroeder, Vierordt, Weiss ; Docents Aschaffenberg, v. Beck, Cramer, Fischer, Goppert, Gottlieb, v. Hippel, Jordan, Kaiser, SchaeSFer, Schmidt, Schottlander, Vulpius. THEOLOGY. Professors Bassermann, Hausrath, Moi- sten, Kneucker, Lemme, Merx, Troeltsch; Docent Grutzmacher. GERMANY. 67 JENA, Saxe-Weimar. GROSSHERZOGL. UND HERZOGL. SACHSISCHE GESAMT-UNIVERSITAT. In order to attend lecttn-es at the University of Jena women stu- dents must obtain the permission of the Curator of the university and of the individual professors whose courses they desire to hear. The university, founded in 1558, is under the same general regulations as other German universities; see pp. 54, 55. Professors and Liecturers. Languages. — Semitic: Professor Wil- helm ; Docent Hilgenfeld. Indo-Iranian : Professors Cappeller, Delbriick, Stickel, Wahelm. Classical: Professors Gelzer, G5tz, Hirzel, Schrader ; Docent Schlosser. Romance : Professor Cloetta. Modern Languages : Professors Franz. Comparative Philology: Professors Delbriick, Schrader. Philosophy : Professors Eucken, Lieb- mann ; Docent Erhardt. Political Science: Professor Pier- storff ; Docent Anton. History: Professors Gelzer, Klop- fleisch, Liebenam, Lorenz ; Docents Keutgen, S. Stoy. Geography : Professor Kegel. Art and Archeology : Professors Gaedechens, Klopfleisch. Pedagogy : Professor Rein ; Docent Stoy. SCrENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : /"^-u- fessors P^ih&, Frege, Thomae; Docents Knopf, Piltz. Physics: Professors Auerbach, Schaf- fer, Winkelmann ; Docent Straubel. Chemistry : Professors KnoiT, Wolff ; Docent Gaenge. Geology : Professors Linck, Walther. Biology : Professors Detmer, Haeckel, Kukenthal, Stahl. Agriculture: Professors Pfeiffer, Seel- horst, von der Goltz. LAW. Professors Danz, Franken, Kniep, Lamgenbeck, Leist, Loning, Rosenthal, Thou. MEDICINE. Professors v.Bardeleben, Biedermann, Binswanger, Engelhardt, Furbringer, Gartner, Haeckel, Kessel, Krehl, Leu- buscher, Muller,Neumeister, Riedel, Se- men, Schillbach, Schultze, Skutsch, Stintzing, Verworn, Wagenmann, Ziehen; Docents Gumprecht, Matthes, Witzel. THEOLOGY. Professors Drews, Hilgenfeld, Nip- pold, Seyerlen, Siegfried, Wendt ; Do- cents Baentsch, von Dobschiltz. KIEU Prussia. KONIGLICHE CHRISTIAN-ALBRECHTS UNIVERSITAT. The University of Kiel, founded in 1665, does not admit women. The general regulations are the same as those of other German universities; see pp. 54, 55. 68 KIEL, KGNIGSBERG. Professors and Iiecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Semitic : Professor Hoff- mann. Indo-Iranian : Professor Oldenberg. Classical : Professors Bruns, Schone. English : Professor Sarrazin, Germanic : Professors Gering, Kauff- mann ; Docents Groth, Stosch, Wolff. Romance : Professor Korting. Comparative Philology : Professor Oldenberg ; Decent Cauer. Philosophy: Professors Deussen, Riehl; Docents Adickes, Tonnies. Political Science: Professors Back- haus, Hasbach, Seelig. Geography : Professor Kriimmel. History: Professors Busolt, Roden- berg, Schirren ; Docents Rachfahl, Unzer. Art and Archaeology: Professors Milchhoefer, Matthaei. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Kreutz, Krueger, Lamp, Poch- hammer, Weyer. Physics : Professors Ebert, Karsten, Weber. Chemistry : Professors Curtius, Rug- heimer ; Docents Berend, Buchner, Emmerling, Stoehr. Mineralogy : Professor Lehmann. Geology : Professors Haas, Lehmann ; Decent StoUey. Biology: /"riy^jjurj Brandt, Reinke; Do- cents Dahl, Karsten, Lohmaim, Schneidemiihl. Agriculture : Professors Backhaus, Rodewald. LATV. Professors Frantz, Hanel, Kleinfeller, Niemeyer, Pappenheim, Schlossmann. Docents Rehme, Thomsen. MEDICINE. Professors Bier, Bockendahl, v. Es- march, FsJck, Fischer, Flemming, Hel- ler, Hensen, Hoppe-Seyler, Kosegarten, Petersen, Quincke, v. Spee, v. Starck, Volckers, Werth; Docents Doehle,Fricke, Glaevecke, Hochhaus, Jessen, Kirchhoff, Nicolai, Paulsen, Seeger. THEOLOGY. Professors Baumgarten, Bosse, Klos- termann, Matthaei, Miihlau, Nitzsch, v. Schubert, Titius. KONIGSBERG, Prussia. KONIGLICHE ALBERTUS-UNIVERSITAT. The University of Konigsberg, founded in 1544, does not admit vsromen. The general regulations are the same as those of other German universities ; see pp. 54, 55. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Semitic: Professor 1^n\ Decent Peiser. Indo-Iranian : Professor Franke. Classical : Professors Friedlander, Jeep, Ludwich, Rossbach ; Docents Merguet, Tolkiehn. English: Professors Kaluza, Kiss- ner. Germanic : Professors Baumgart, Schade ; Decent Uhl. Romance : Professor Kissner. Comparative Philology: Professors Bezzenberger, Hofiinann. Philosophy : Professors Thiele, Walter. Political Science: Professors Ger- lach, Umpfenbach. History: Professors Erler, Lohmeyerj Prutz, Ruhl, Schubert. Geography : Professor Hahn. GERMANY. 69 Art and Archeology: Professor HSndcke ; Docent Ehrenberg. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Fianz, Minkowski, Saalschutz, Stackel, Struve, Volkmann ; Docents Cohn, Rahts, Wiechert. Physics : Professors Pape, VoUanann ; Docent Wiechert. Chemistry : Professors Blochmann, Lessen, Mflgge, Ritthausen, Spirgatis; Docent Lassar-Cohn. Mineralogy : Docents Jentzsch, Schell- wien. Geology: Docents Jentzsch, Schell- wien. Biology: Professors Braun, Luerssen. Agriculture : Professors Fleischmann, Marek. LAW. Professors Gareis, Gradenwitz, Giiter- bock, Salkowski, Schirmer, Zom ; Do- cents Hubrich, Sch5n, Weyl. MEDICINE. Professors Berthold, Braun, Caspary, Dohrn, v. Eiselsberg, v. Esmarch, Grfln- hagen, Hermann, Jaffe, Kuhnt, Licht- heim, Meschede, Nauwerck, Neumann, Samuel, Schneider, Schreiber, Seydel, Stieda, Zander; Docents AsV&-a3.zy, Cohn, Czaplewski, Falkenheim, Gerber, Hil- bert, Kafemann, v. Krzywicki, Lange, Munster, Ostmann, Rosinski, Samter, Stetter, Valentini. THEOLOGY. Professors Benrath, Comill, Domer, Jacoby, Klopper, Kiihl, Link, Sommer, Voigt. LEIPZIG, Saxony. UNIVERSITAT. The University of Leipzig, founded in 1409, is not officially- open to women, although women have for a number of years been permitted by the kindness of individual professors to attend certain courses at the university. They have no standing as students and are in no case granted degrees. Permission to attend lectures is given by the individual professors. In many cases the seminaries and laboratories have been opened to women students. In the Medical Faculty all courses except clinical courses and all laboratories except the anatomical laboratory are open to women. The general regulations are the same as those of other German universities; see pp. 54, 55. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Indo-Iranian : Profes- sors Krehl, Lindner, Socin, Win- disch; Docents Conrady, Stumme. Classical : Professors Lipsius, Rib- beck, Wachsmuth, Zamcke; Do- cents Cichorius, Immisch. English : Professor Wiilker. Germanic: Professors v. Bahder, Elster, Leskien, Mogk, Scholvin, Sievers, WoUner ; Docents Hirt, Holz, Witkowski. Romance : Professors Birch-Hirsch- feld, F. Settegast; Z'o««^ Weigand. Comparative Philology: Professor Brugmann; Docent Hirt. 70 LEIPZIG, MARBURG. Philosophy : Professors Drobisch, Heinze,Hennann,v. Schubert- Soldem, Striimpell, Volkeet, Wundt ; Docents Bartb, Meumann, H. Wolff. Political Science : Professors Biicher, Flicker, Hasse, v.Miaskowski; Decent Walcker. History: Professors Biedermann, Buch- holz,Gardthausen, Lampreclit, Marcks, Puckert, Seeliger, Wachsmuth.Wenck; Docents Brandenburg, Cichorius, Gotz, Salomon, Schurtz, Sorensen. Art and Archaeology: Professors Brockhaus, Ebers, Overbeck, Schmar- sow, Schreiber, Steindorff, Zimmem ; Docent Schneider. Geography: Professors Ratzel, Hett- ner ; Docents Schurtz, Hassert. Pedagogy: Professors Richter, Vol- kelt ; Docent Barth. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- fessors Bruns, Engel, Lie, Mayer, Neumann, von Oettingen, Scheibner ; Docents Hausdorff, Nieper, Scheffers. Physics: Professors Drude, Hankel, von Oettingen, Wiedemann ; Docents O. Fischer, Wiedeburg. Chemistry: Professors Hirzel, Ost- wald, Weddige, Wislicenus ; Docents LeBlanc, Paul, Rassow, Siegfried, Stobbe. Geology : Professors Credner, Felix. Biology : Professors Ambronn, A. Fischer, Fraisse, Leuckart, Marshall, Pfefter, Schmidt, Simroth ; Docents O. Fischer, Karsten, Looss, zur Strassen. Mineralcgy : Professor Zirkel. Agriculture : Professors Howard, Kirchner, H. Seltegast, Stohmann, Strecker ; Docent Hucho. LAW. Professors Binding, Bulow, v. Degen- kolb, Friedberg, Goetz, Holder, Muller, Rieker, Schmidt, Sohm, Stein, Strohal, Voigt, Wach ; Docents Burchard, Engel- mann, Geffcken, Haepe, Kloeppel, Stint- zing, Triepel. MEDICINE. Professors Birch- Hirschfeld, Boehm, Cams, Curschmann, Doederlein, Fick, Flechsig, v.Frey,Hagen,Henmg, Hering, Hesse, Wilhelm His, Friedrich Albin Hoffmann, Franz Hofmann, KoUiker, Moldenhauer, Sanger, Sattler, Schmidt, Schroeter, Soltmann, Spalteholz, Till- manns, Trendelenburg, Wenzel, Winter, Zweifel ; Docents Braun, Friedheim, Friedlander, Friedrich, Garten, Haake, Heffter, Held, Hess, Heymann, Wil- helm His, Jr. , Kaestner, Kockel, KoU- mann, Kuster, Lange, von Lesser, Nau- mann, Romberg, Schoen, Schutz, Schwarz, Urban, Wagner, Windscheid. THEOLOGY. Professors Brieger, Buhl, Dalman, Fricke, Gregory, Guthe, Hauck, Hein- rici, Hofmann, Kirn, Luthardt, Riet- schel, Schnedermann, Thieme ; Docent Kunze. Professors Kretzschmar, Paul; Docents Priifer, Riemann. MARBURG, Prussia. UNIVERSITAT. The University of Marburg, founded in 1527, is open to women under the same restrictions as the University of Berlin ; see pp. 54-56- The general regulations are the same as those of other German universities. Professors and Lecturers: ARTS. Languages. — Semitic: Professor Jen- sen. Classical : Professors Birt, Dieterich, Maass, Niese. English: Professor Vietor. GERMANY. 71 Germanic: Professors KSster, Schroe- der. Docent Wrede. Romance : Professors Koschwitz, Vic- tor. Sanskrit and Comparative Philol- ogy : Professors Justi, Stengel. Philosophy: Professors Bergmann, Co- hen, Natoip; Docents Eusse, Kiilme- mann. Political Science: Professor Rath- gen; Z)»irfK/ Waentig. History: Professors Konnecke, Naud^, Niese, von der Ropp, Tangl; Docents Judeich, Wenck. Geography : Professor Fischer. Art AND Archeology : Professors-von Drach, von Sybel. SCIENCE. Mathem.atics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors von Drach, Feussner, Hess, Melde, Schottky. Physics : Professors Feussner, Melde. Chemistry : Professors Fittica, Rathke, Schmidt, Zincke ; Docnts Fritsch, KHster, Partheil. Mineralogy : Professor Bauer; Docent Busz. Geology ; Professor Kayser. Biology : Professors Kohl, Korschelt, Meyer; Docent Brauer. Professors Bergbohm, v. Blume, En- neccerus, Lehmann, Leist, v. Lilienthal, Sartorius, Ubbelohde,Westerkamp,Wach- enfeld; Docents Mueller, von Simmem. MEDICINE. Professors Ahlfeld, Behring, Disse, Gasser, Kossel, Kuster, Lahs, Mann- kopff, Marchand, Meyer, Muller, Ost- mann, Tuczek, Uhthoff, Wagener ; Do- cents Axenfeld, Barth, Buchholz, Von Heusinger, Hiiter, Nebelthau, Sandmey- er, V. Sobieranski, Zumstein. THEOLOGY. Professors Achelis, Von Baudissin, Cremer, Herrmann, Jiilicher, Mirbt, Weiss, Werner ; Docents Bauer, Bess, Kraetzschmar. BITJNTOH, Bavaria. KONIGL. LUDWI G-MAXIMILIANS-UNIVERSITAT. No exact information has been received in regard to the admis- sion of women to the University of Munich. The present Minis- ter of Education for Bavaria is, it is said, opposed to the admis- sion of women to the universities, and permission to attend lectures is therefore difficult to obtain from him. Through the influence of individual professors, advanced w^omen students have, however, been allowed to attend certain lectures at the university. The university was founded in 1472, and is under the same gen- eral regulations as the other German universities; see pp. 54, 55. Professors and Jjecturers. ARTS. Classical ; Professors v. Christ, v. Languages. — Semitic: Professor Horn- Miiller, v. Woelfflin ; Docents Oeh- mel. michen, von der Pfordten, Weyman. Indo-Iranian : Professors Kuhn, von Byzantine and Modern Greek : der Schulenberg ; Docents Scher- Professor Krumbacher. mann, Simon. English : Professor Koeppel; Docent Chinese : Docent von der Schulenberg. Worner. 72 MUNICH, ROSTOCK. Germanic : Professors Muncker, Paul ; Docents Borinski, Panzer. Romance : Professor Breymann ; Do- cent Ha.tmann. History of Modern Literature : Professor Woerner. Comparative Philology : Professor Kuhn. Philosophy: Professors xoa Hertling, Lipps ; Docents Cornelius, Guttler. Political Science : Professors v. Baur, Brentano, Lotz, v. Riehl, von Rock- inger. History : Professors Friedrich, Grauert, Heigel, Oberhummer, von Rockinger ; Docents Chroust, Fester, Mayr-Deis- inger, Simonsfeld, Traube. Geography : Professor Oberhummer ; Docent Neumann. Art and Archeology: Professors Furtwangler, von Reber, Riehl, Riggauer. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- fessors Bauer, Ebermayer, Lindemann, Pringsheim, Seeliger; Docents Auding, Bauschinger, Brunn, Doehlemann, Erk, V. Weber. Physics : Professors Graetz, von Lom- mel ; Docents Donle, Kom. Chemistry : Professors v. Baeyer, Hil- ger, Koenigs, Muthmann, Thiele; Do- cents Baumann, Hofmann. Mineralogy : Professor Groth. Geology : Professors Rothpletz, von Zit- tel ; Docents Pompeckj, Weinschenk. Biology: Professors Goebel, Hertwig, Radlkofer, Ranke, Selenka ; Docents Giesenhagen, Hofer, Maas, Pauly, Solereder, Weiss. LAtV. Professors v. Amira, v. Bechmann, Birkmeyer, Hellmann, v. Planck, Seuf- fert, V. Seydel, v. Sicherer, v. Stengel, Ullmann ; Docents Grueber, Harburger, Loewenfeld, Schmidt. MEDICINE. Professors J. Amann, Angerer, Bauer, Bezold, Bollinger, Hans Buchner, L. A. Buchner, Emmerich, Grashey, Klauss- ner, v. Kupffer, Messerer, Moritz, Oertel, Pettenkofer, Posselt, v. Ranke, v. Roth- mund, Riidinger, Schech, Tappeiner, v. Voit, V. Winckel, v. Ziemssen ; Docents J. A. Amann, Barlow, Brandl, Cremer, Fessler, Frank, Hahn, Haug, Herzog, Hofer, Klein, Kopp, v. Liebig, May, Mollier, Neumayer, Oeller, Passet, Rieder, Schloesser, Schmaus, Schmitt, Seitz, Seydel, Sittmann, v. Stubenrauch, Stumpf, Voit, Wolfsteiner, Ziegenspeck, Ziegler. THEOLOGY. Professors Atzberger, Bach, Barden- hewer, Knoepfler, Andreas Schmid, Alois Ritterv. Schmid, Schoenfelder, Sil- bemagl, WirthmuUer; Docent Dausch. MUSIC. Docent Sandberger. ROSTOCK, Mecklenberg. GROSSHERZOGLICHE UNIVERSITAT. The University of Rostock has in individual cases permitted women who make teaching a profession to attend certain lec- tures at the university. The Ministry has asked for irrEormation in regard to these women students, and for the present the question of the admission of women to the university remains in abeyance. The university was founded in 141 9 and is under the same gen- eral regulations as the other German universities; see pp. 54, 55. GERMANY. 73 Professors and Lecturers. Languages. — Indo-Iranian : Pro- fessor Philippi. Classical : Professors v. Amim, Bethe. Germanic : Professor Golther. Ro^^A^'CE : Professor Lindner ; Docent Robert. Philosophy : Professor von Stein. Political Science : Professor Stieda. History : Professor Schirrmacher. Art and Archaeology : Professor Korte. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- fessor Staude. Physics : Professor Matthiessen. Chemistry : Professors MicBaelis, ToM. Mineralogy : Professor Geinitz. Geology : Professor Geinitz. Biology : Professors Blochmann, Fal- Icenberg, Will. Agriculture : Professor Heinrich. LAW. Professors BernhSft, von Hippel, Leh- mann, Matthiass, Sachsse. MEDICINE. Professors Berlin, von Brunn, Garr4, Gies, Komer, Langendorff, Lubarsch, Martins, Nasse, Pfeiffer, Schatz, Schu- chardt, Albert Thierfelder, Theodor Thierfelder ; Docent Reinke. THEOLOGY. Professors Hashagen, Koenig, Nos- gen, Schulze, Walther. STRASSBXJRG, Alsace. KAISER-WILHELMS-UNIVERSITAT. The University of Strassburg, founded in 1567, is not officially open to women. By the special permission of certain professors and without the sanction of the Ministry one or two advanced w^omen students have been admitted, as a great exception, to cer- tain of the university courses. The general regulations are the same as those of other German universities; see pp. 54, 55. Professors and Lecturers. Languages. — Semitic : Professors Eut- ing, Keil, Landauer, Noldeke ; Docent Schwally. INDO-IRANIAN : Professor Leumann ; Docent Horn. Classical : Professors Friedlander, Hubschmann, Kaibel, Michaelis, Reitzenstein, Thramer; Docents Heinze, Miller. English : Professor Koepel ; Docent Miller. Germanic : Professors Henning, Mar- tin ; Docent Joseph. Romance : Professor Grober ; Docent Schneegans. Comparative Philology : Professor Hubschmann. Philosophy: Professors Hensel, Win- delband, Ziegler. Political Science : See Law and Pol- itical Science. History : Professors Bresslau, Neu- mann, Varrentrapp, Wiegand ; Do- cents Cuntz, Sackur. 74 STRASSBURG, TUBINGEN. Geography: Professor Gerknd; Do- cent Hergesell. Art and Archeology: Professor Dehio ; Docents Heinze, Leitschuh, Spiegelberg, Voge. Pedagogy : Professor Ziegler. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- fessors Becker, Krazer, Maurer, Reye, Roth, Weber, Wislicenus ; Docent Ko- bold. Physics : Professors Braun, Cohn ; Do- cent Cantor. Chemistry: Professors Fittig, Rose, ScBaer ; Docents Cantor, Erlenmeyer, Marburg. Mineralogy : Professor Bucking ; Do- cent Bruhns. Geology : Professor Benecke ; Docent Tomquist. Biology : Professors Doderlein, Goette, Jost, Solms-Laubach ; Docent von Wagner. LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Law : Professors Bremer, van Calker, Laband, Lenel, Mayer, Merkel, Schultze, Sickel, Wlassak, Zimmer- mann. Political Science : Professors Knapp, von Mayr, von Waltershausen; Docents von Bortkewitsch, Wittieli. MEDICINE. Professors Bayer, Cahn, Ewald, F. E. Fischer, F. Fischer, W. A. Freund, Fiirstner, Goltz, Kohts, Kuhn, Laqueur, Ledderhose, Leop, Madelung, Minkows- ki, Naunyn, Pfitzner, Recklinghausen, Schmiedeberg, Schwalbe, Stilling, Ulrich, Wolff; Docents H. Freund, Gerhardt, Hoche, Jacob), Jessen, Klemperer, Levy, Mehnert, Scheurlen, Schmidt. THEOLOGY. Professors Budde, Ficker, Holtzmann, Lobstein, Lucius, Mayer, Nowack, Smend, Spitta ; Docent Anrich. MUSIC. Professor Jacobsthal. TUBINGEN, Wurttemberg. KONIGLICHE EBERHARD-KARLS UNIVERSITAT. The University of Tubingen, founded in 1477, has been opened in several instances to women, although it is in general closed to them. Permission to attend lectures at the university is, in exceptional cases, granted to women by the Minister of Education in Stuttgart, and by individual professors. The general regulations are the same as those of other German universities; see pp. 54, 55. Professors and Lecturers. Languages. — Semitic: Docent Sey- bold. Indo-Iranian : Professor Garbe. Classical : Professors Crusius, von Herzog, Schmid, von Schwabe. English : Professor Hoops ; Docent Jobs. Germanic : Professor Fischer ; Do- cent Bohnenberger. Romance : Professors Pfau, Voretzsch. Comparative Philology : Professor Garbe. GERMANY. 75 Philosophy: Professors Peeiderer, v. Sigwart, Spitta. Political Science: Professors von Jolly, von Martitz, Neumann, von Schonberg ; Docents von Bergmann, Troltsch. History : Professors von Kugler, Saeg- miiller, SchSfer. Art and Archeology: Professors Lange, von Schwabe. Pedagogy : Docent Majer. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Brill, Holder, Stahl, Waitz. Physics : Professors Oberbeck, Waitz. Chemistry: Professors Hufner, von Pechmann ; Docent von Mejenberg. Mineralogy: Professor Koken; Docent Wulfing. Geology : Professor Koken. Biology : Professors Eimer, Hegel- maier, Vochting. Docents Correns, Hesse. Agriculture : Professor Leemann. LAW. Professors v. Franklin, Geib, v. Meyer, Riimelin, v. Seeger, v.Thudicum, Wendt. MED/CINE. Professors v. Baumgarten, Bruns, Fro- riep, Griitzner, von Jiirgensen, v. Lieber- meister, v. Lenhossek, Oesterlen, v. Sax- inger, Schleich, Siemerling, Vierordt, Wagenhaeuser ; Docents Dennig, Hof- meister, Nagel, Roloff, Winternitz. THEOLOGY. Protestant: Professors von Buder, Gottschick, Grill, Haring, Hegler, Weizsacker. Roman Catholic: Professors Belser, von Funk, v. Kober, Koch, Schanz, Vetter. WtTRZBUKG, Bavaria. KONIGLICHE JULIUS-MAXIMILIANS UNIVERSITAT. The University of Wiirzburg, founded in 1402, is not open to women. The general regulations are the same as those of other German universities; see pp. 54, 55. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Indo-Iranian : Profes- sor Jolly. Classical : Professor Grassberger, Schanz, Sittl. Germanic: Professor'&rtrm&r; Docent Rotteken. Romance : Professor Sturzinger ; Do- cent Pirson, Zenker. Comparative Philolggy : Professor Jolly. Philosophy : Professors Kiilpe, Stelzle ; Docent Neudecker. Political Science: (See Law and Political Science). History : Professors Henner, Unger, Wegele. Geography: Docent Ehrenburg. Art and Archeology: Professor '^WHl; Docent Schmid. Pedagogy : Professor Grasberger. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Prym, Selling, Voss ; Docent Haussner. Physics : Professor Rontgen ; Docents Geigel, Wien. Chemistry : Hantzsch, Medicus, Wisli- cenus ; Docent Tafel. Mineralogy: Professor von Sandberger. Geology : Professor von Sandberger. Biology : Professors Boveri, von Sachs; Docent Hauptfleisch. 76 wUrzburg. LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Law: Professors Burckhard, Mayer, Meurer, Piloty, Oetker, Schollmeyer; Docents Heimberger, Knapp. Political Science: Professor Schanz; Docent von Heckel. MEDICINE. Professors Fick, Helfreich, Hofmeier, Kirchner, v. KoUiker, Kunkel, Lehmann, V. Leube, Matterstock, v. Michel, Reu- bold, Riedinger, Rieger, v. Rindfleisch, Schonborn, Schultze ; Docents Arens, Bach,Berten,v. Franqu6,Geigel, Heiden- hain, Heim, Hoffa, I^uhoss6k, Nie- berding, Reichel, Riese, Rosenberger, Schenck, Seifert, Sobotta. THEOLOGY. Professors Abert, Braua, Gopfert, Ehrhard, Kihn, Schell, Scholz, Stahl. GREAT BRITAIN. 77 GREAT BRITAIN. ENGLAND AND WALES. There are six universities in England and Wales : Cam- bridge, Durham, London, Oxford, Victoria and the Univer- sity of Wales. These are in the main examining bodies and confer degrees on the results of examinations held by the examiners on their staff. Candidates are prepared for these examinations by colleges affiliated with the different univer- sities. At Oxford and Cambridge the universities appoint professors and lecturers who give lectures open to all stu- dents, but the greater part of the teaching is arranged for by the college authorities. London is at present merely an ex- amining university, but a proposal to make it a teaching uni- versity is under consideration. CAMBRIDGE, England. THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE. The University of Cambridge, founded in the 12th century, is a corporation -which provides instruction in the various branches of knowledge and confers degrees in arts, science, law, medicine, theology and music on candidates who have fulfilled certain condi- tions in regard to residence at specified colleges and passed certain examinations. There are in Cambridge seventeen colleges and two public hostels for men students and there are a few non-collegiate students. Each college and hostel has its own staff of lecturers and tutors, and though university lectures given by university professors and lecturers are open to members of all the colleges, college lectures are in some cases open to students of specified col- leges only. Women who desire to attend lectures in Cambridge must enter as students one of the two colleges for women in Cambridge 78 CAMBRIDGE. Girton College or Newnham College, residence at which confers certain privileges. Women students who reside at Girton College (see p. 79), Newnham College (see p. 81), or in Cambridge, as 'out-students' of one of these colleges, are admitted, with a few exceptions indi- cated below, to all the university lectures, to certain of the college lectures and to most of the laboratories and museums. Women are, by special permission, allowed to read in the University library. Women who have fulfilled, in connection with one of the above mentioned colleges, the conditions respecting length of residence and standing which men students are required to fulfil have been admitted, since 1881, to the Previous and Tripos {i. e., honours) ex- aminations of the imiversity. After each examination the examiners publish a list of the suc- cessful candidates, arranged either in classes and divisions or num- bered in order of merit. The names of the men and women stu- dents are on separate lists, but the position taken by the women with reference to the men is shown and the standai-d is the same for each. The question of granting degrees to women who have passed these examinations is at present under consideration. All applications for admission to the univei^sity lectures, etc., are made by the authorities of Girton and Newnham colleges on be- half of the students, and all fees are paid and arrangements made by these authorities. University Professors and Iiecturers and College Iiecturers. (From the list of lectures for the year 1895-96, published in the Cambridge University Reporter, January 13, 1896. The * indicates that the professor or lecturer does not admit women to his lectures. ) ARTS. Languages. — Semitic and Indo-Ira- NIAN : Professors Bevan, Cowell, Kirkpatrick, Rieu ; Messrs. Barnes, Browne, Chapman, Kennett, Mc- Lean, Neil, Nicholson, Schechter, Strong. Classical : Professors Jebb, Mayor ; Drs. Jackson, Peile, Postgate, Reid, Sandys, Verrall ; Messrs. Abbott, Adam, Archer-Hind, Cooke, Dims- dale, Edwards, Giles, Gill, Glover, Graves, A. Gray, J. H. Gray, Head, lam. Hicks, Lendrum, Levin, Neil, Peskett, Shuckburgh, Sikes, Thomp- son, Tottenham, Tilley, Wardale, Wedd, Whibley. English : Professors Dowden, Skeat j Messrs. Comber, Giles, GoUancz, Morier Hinde, Magnfisson, Wyatt. Germanic : Messrs, Breul, Rippmann, Wolstenholme. GREAT BRITAIN. 79 Romance : Messrs. Boquel, Braun- holts, Comber, Morier Hinde, Ripp- mann, Wyatt. Comparative Philology : Vr. Post- gate ; Messrs. Breul, Chadwick. Philosophy : Professor Sidgwick ; Drs. Keynes, Ward ; Messrs. Johnson, Le- vin, McTaggart, Rivers, Stout. Political Science ; Professors Marshall, Sidgwick ; Dr. Venn ; Messrs. Berry, Collins, Foxwell, Green, Hammond, Levin. History : Professors Lord Acton, Gwat- kin, Maitland ; Dr. Cunningham ; Messrs. Archbold, Browning, Corbett, Dickinson, Evans, Figgis, Green, Leathes, Masterman, MuUinger, Shuck- burgh, Tanner, Thomely. Art and Archeology: Professors Ridgway, Waldstein ; Messrs. E. A. Gardner, Haddon, Roberts. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Sir R. S. Ball, Darwin, Forsyth; Drs. *Glaisher, Hobson, Lachlan ; Messrs. Baker, Ball, Bennett, Berry, Coates, Herman, Hinks, Lamb, Pen- dlebury, Webb. Physics: Professors Ewing, *Sir G. G. Stokes, Thomson ; Messrs. Bryan, Capstick, W. E. Dalby, Glazebrook, Gnffiths, Munro, Shaw, Skinner, Whetham, Wilbeiforce. Chemistry : Professors Dewar, Liveing; Messrs, Adie, Fenton, Heycock, R. M. Lewis, Morrell, Neville, Pattison Muir, Ruhemann, Scott, Sell. Mineralogy: Professor Lewis; Mr. Hutchinson. Geology : Professor Hughes ; Messrs. Harker, Marr, Oldham, Seward, Woods. Biology, Physiology, etc.: Professors Foster, Macalister, *Newton, *Ward ; Drs. Gaskell, Hill, Melsome, Rivers, Shore ; Messrs. Blackman, Burkill, Darwin, Eichholz, Ellis, Gadow, Gar- diner, Haddon, Harmer, Langley, Lis- ter, Sedgwick, Seward, Shipley, War- burton, Woods. Engineering : Professor Ewing; Messrs. Dalby, Hartree, Lamb, Agriculture : Messrs. Easterfield, Wood. LA IV. Professors Clark, Maitland, Westlake ; Drs. Anningson, Bate, Bond, Gordon Campbell, Kenny, Lawrence, Walker, Waraker; Messrs. Buckland, Harris, Higgins, Monro, Reddaway, Whittaker, Wright. MEDICINE. Professors Bradbury, Sir G. M. Hum- phrey; Drs. Anningson, Lazarus, Barlow. Cory, Macalister; Messrs. Douty, Wherry. THEOLOGY. Professors Gwatkin, Kirkpatrick, *Ma- son, Robinson, Ryle, Stanton, Swete ; Drs. Chase, Streane, Watson ; Messrs. Barlow, Barnes, Bethune-Baker, Blen- kin, Boughey, Brooks, Chapman, Cox, Glover, Gray, Harris, Foakes Jackson, Knight, Masterman, McLean, Murray, Parry, Forbes Robinson, Heriz Smith, Thackeray. MUSIC. Professor Stanford ; Drs, Garrett, Wood. GIRTON COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. This college, which took its origin in a home for women students opened in 1869 by Miss Emily Davies at Hitchin, about eighteen miles from Cambridge, is open to women only, and provides in- struction for the Previous and Tripos examinations of the University of Cambridge. (See p. 78.) There is one large hall of residence, situated about one and one-half miles from Cambridge, providing So CAMBRIDGE. accommodation for the mistress, Miss Welsh, seven resident lec- turers and about one hundred students. Students are not admitted under the age of eighteen, and they are required to pass, before entering, the Girton College entrance examination or an equivalent examination. Though no definite regulation is made in regard to the matter, duly qualified American women have been occasionally admitted, when space permitted, without examination and without undertak- ing the whole three years' course. The college course {i, e., preparation for the first part of a Tripos examination) occupies three years, half of each year being spent in residence. There are three terms in each year : The Michaelmas term, beginning in the middle of October and lasting nine weeks; the Lent term, beginning in the middle of January, lasting eight w^eeks ; and the Easter term, beginning in the middle of April, last- ing eight weeks. The charge for board, lodging and tuition Is £35 ($i7S) a term, and this covers all university and college charges. Each student has a bedroom and sitting room, or one large room divided. Stu- dents who desire to reside during the long vacation at the college may do so during July and August at a charge of three guineas ($15.75) ^ week, or fourteen guineas ($73.50) for six weeks. There are numerous scholarships varying in value from £17 12s. ($88) to £80 ($400) a year for three or four years. These are awarded on the results of special examinations. For further information apply to the secretary. Miss Kensing- ton, 83 Gloucester Terrace, Hyde Park, London, W. Liecturers. In addition to the university lectures attended by students of Girton College in Cambridge (see p. 78), lectures and individual instruction were given during 1894-95 at the college by the following : ARTS. Bravmholtz, Breul ; Messrs. Boquel, Languages. — Classical : Dr. Postgate: Wyatt ; Misses Earle, Heusley, Ken- Messrs. Adam, Conway, Cooke, nedy. Duff, Earp, Graves, Hicks, Leaf, Philosophy and Political Science : Lendrum, Miles, Moulton, Pretor, Mr. Johnson ; Miss Constance Jones. Sikes ; Misses Alford, Jex- Blake. History : Misses McArthur, Gardner ; Medieval and Modern : Drs. Messrs. Green, Masterman. GREAT BRITAIN. 8r SCIENCE. THEOLOGY. Mathematics : Messrs. Beny, Euchan- j/jjj McArthur. an, Cowell, Dodds, Graham, Mair, Munro, Richmond, Sedley Taylor, music. Whitehead, Young; Miss Meyer. Dr. Wood. Biology, Chemistry, Etc. : Misses Chesney, Greenwood, Saunders. NEWNHAM COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. This college, which took its origin in a home for women stu- dents opened by Miss Clough in 1871, is open to women only and provides instruction for the Tripos examinations of the University of Cambridge (see p. 78). It consists of three halls of residence, situated about five minutes' walk from the centre of Cambridge, and accommodating about 150 students in addition to the principal, vice-principals and resident lecturers. The principal is Mrs. Henry Sidgwick ; the vice-principals and heads of the different halls are Miss Helen Gladstone, Miss Katharine Stephen and Miss Mary E. Rickett. Students are not admitted under the age of eighteen, except in special cases ; they are required to give satisfactory references and to pass, before entering, the Newnham College entrance examina- tion or an equivalent examination. In exceptional cases women who do not reside in the college are admitted as out-students. Though no definite regulation is made in regard to the matter, duly qualified American women are admitted, when space permits, without examination and without undertaking the whole three years' course. The year is divided into three terms, corresponding to the uni- versity terms, as at Girton College. (See p. 80.) The fees for board, lodging and tuition vary from twenty-five guineas ($131.25) to thirty-two guineas ($168) a term. These do not include fees for laboratorieg.or for university examinations. Students residing in the college, by the advice of the principal, during the long vacation, pay a guinea ($5.25) a week for board and lodging. This does not include tuition. Various scholarships of £35 ($175), £40 ($200) and £50 ($250) a year for one, two or three years are awarded under special conditions and in general on the results of examinations. 82 CAMBRIDGE, DURHAM. There are two studentships of £75 ($375) and £80 ($400) a year awarded, one to a student who has passed the Natural Science Tripos with credit, the other to a student who has finished her col- lege course and shows ability to carry on advanced independent w^ork. For further information apply to the hon. secretary, Miss M. G. Kennedy, Shenstone, Cambridge, from whom a pamphlet giv- ing a detailed account of the Tripos examinations may be obtained. Ijecturers. In addition to the university lectures attended by students of Newnham College in Cambridge (see p. 78), lectures and individual instruction were given during 1894-95 at Newnham College by the following : ^^^■^- Messrs. Johnson, McTaggart; Mrs. Languages. — Classical: jW^jjra. Archer- Marshall, Mrs. Ward. Hind, Brown, A. B. Cook, Davies, History : /Vij/^wot- Sir J. R. Seeley, il/m Moulton, Rackham; Miss Sharpley, Bateson, Miss Gardner, Dr. Walker. Mr. Sikes, Miss Smith, Miss Sta- well, Mrs. Verrall, Messrs. Wedd, science. Wyse. Mathematics: Mr. Bryan, Miss Col- Medi^val and Modern : Messrs. Bo- lier. ^«" Fawcett, Mr. Gunston, Miss quel, Braunholtz, Breul; Miss Earle, Johnson, Mr. Richmond, Miss Rick- Miss Fry, Miss J. E. Kennedy, ett. Miss Stoney, Mr. Young. Miss Macleod Smith; Messrs. Mag- NATURAL Sciences : Miss Fortey, Miss niisson, Wyatt, Wolstenholme, Mrs. Freund, Miss Greenwood, Miss Klaas- Verrall. sen, Mr. Morrell, Miss Saunders, Miss Philosophy and Political Science : Sedgwick, Miss Sheldon. DURHAM, England. THE UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM. This university, opened in 1833, is situated in Durham, and is an examining body, conferring degrees in Arts, Science, Law, Medicine, Theology and Music. In 1895 a supplementary charter was granted enabling the university to grant degrees to women in all the faculties except that of Theology. Regulations concerning the admission of women to degrees are not yet published. The colleges and halls in Durham are colleges for men to which women are not admitted. Attendance at the classes of the Durham School of Medicine in Newcastle and at the classes of the Durham University College of Science in Newcastle is GREAT BRITAIN. 83 allowed, with certain restrictions, to count as residence at Durham, and to qualify students to enter for the degrees of the university. There is a hall of residence for women medical students, Esling- ton Tower, Newcastle-on-Tyne ; Principal, Miss Royce. The The charge for board and residence is 15 s ($3.75) to one guinea ($5.25) a week. j The Durham University College of Science in Newcastle (see under Local Colleges, p. 89) is open to women. Women are admitted as students in rnusic at the University of Durham. For further information apply to the registrar, the University of Durham. liONDON, England. THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON. Burlington House, Vigo Street, London, W. London University, founded in 1826, is an examining body, con- ferring degrees in Arts (B. A., M. A., D. Lit.) ; Science (B. Sc, D. Sc.) ; Law (LL. B., LL. D.) ; Medicine (M. B., B. S., M. S., M. D.); Music (B. Mus., D. Mus.). The university also gives a certificate, called the "Teacher's Diploma," to each candidate who has passed the examination in teaching. A proposal to found a teaching university in connection with the University of London is now under consideration. In 1867 the university offered certain special certificates to women; in 1878 it opened all degrees, honours and prizes to students of both sexes on equal terms, and in 1882 it was resolved by the governing body, Convocation, " that female graduates be admitted to Convocation." The degrees are conferred on candidates that have passed a pre- scribed series of examinations held by examiners appointed by the university. The examinations must be taken in a prescribed order and, in general, an interval of at least one academic year must elapse between two consecutive examinations. For the Bachelors' degrees in Arts, Science, Medicine and Law two examinations of widely different, standards,' "pass" and "honours" are held in 84 LONDON. each subject, and candidates are at liberty to choose which they will take. Prizes, exhibitions and scholarships, varying in value from £5 ($25) to £50 ($250) a year for two years, are awarded to the candidates that most distinguish themselves in the different honours, examinations. The fees for the examinations are from £2 ($10) to £10 ($50). Candidates for degrees are free to reside and study where they please, but preparation for the examination may be obtained at the numerous colleges affiliated with the University. See Univer- sity College, London (p. 84) ; King's College, London (p. 85) ; Bedford College for Women, London (p. 88) ; Royal HoUoway College, Egham (p. 89) and pp. 89-90. All particulars may be obtained from the ' ' London University Calendar," which is published yearly and contains the examination papers for the preceding year. Communications should be addressed to the registrar of the Uni- versity of London, Burlington Gardens, London, W. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. Gower Street, London, W. C. University College, London, separated from the University of London in 1836 and given a charter in 1869, prepares for the examinations of London University in Arts, Science, Medicine and Law. Students do not reside in the college (for hall of residence for women, see p. 85). All classes in the Faculties of Arts, Sci- ence and Law are open to women as to men, e»ce/^ classes in engi- neering, histology and physiology. (For courses for women in Medicine, see under the School of Medicine for Women, p. 86). Women wishing to enter as students must present satisfactory references and should call on the lady superintendent, Miss Mori- son, whose recommendation is required for admittance. Miss Morison may be seen at her room in the college during the first week of the term. The session is divided into three terms, dates for 1895-96 : GREAT BRITAIN. 85 October 2d till December 20th, January 14th till March 27th, April 2 1st till July ist. The fees vary from £1.1 ($5.25) to £7.7 ($36.75) per class for the session. There are numerous prizes and scholarships open, with few exceptions, to women as to men. They vaiy in value from £10 ($50) to £150 ($750) a year. For further information, see " University College, London, Cal- endar.'' Communications should be addressed to the secretary. Hall of Residence. — College Hall, Byng Place, Gordon Square, is a hall of residence for w^omen students attending University Col- lege and the London School of Medicine for Women. No student is admitted under 17 years of age. The expenses for board and residence vary from £51 ($255) to £80 ($400) for the University College session of 33 weeks, and from £58 ($290) to £90 ($450) for the session of the London School of Medicine of 37 weeks. Further information may be obtained from the principal, Miss Grove. Professors. ARTS. Art and ArcH/Eology: Professors ^^" Mark^' Stong^*"""" ' ^''''^'''°" Ar™ctureT Professor Roger Smith. Indo-Iranian* : Professors Bendall, science. Bruce Rhys Davids. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Classical: Professors Housman, Piatt. /^""^ M. J. M. Hill, Karl Pearson. English : Professor Ker. Physics : Professor Foster. Germanic : Professor Althaus. Chemistry : Professor Ramsay. Romance: Professor 'Lz&^ma.-ad.. Geology: Professor 'S.o-a^e.y. Comparative Philology: Professor Biology, Physiology, Etc: Pro/^Jjorj Postgate. Oliver, Schafer, Weldon. Philosophy : Professor Sully. Engineering : Professors Hudson Beare, Political Economy ; Professor Fox- Fleming, Vemon-Harcourt. well. LAW. History : Professor Montague. Professors Bate, Murison, Raleigh. KING'S COLLEGE. Strand, London, S. W. In connection with this college, which prepares for the examina- tions of the University of London, there is a separate " Department * There is a school of Modern Oriental studies established by the Imperial Institute in connection with University College and King's College, For particulars see *' University College Calendar." 86 LONDON. for Ladies" at 13 Kensington Square, London, W., giving instruc- tion in Arts, Science, Law, Theology and Music. The professors and lecturers are, with some exceptions, professors at King's Col- lege. The classes organised are of a very elementary nature, but more advanced classes can in some cases be arranged when de- sired. Students do not reside in the college ; for hall of resi- dence for women see p. 85. The academic year is divided into three terms : Michaelmas term, beginning Monday, October 14th, and ending Friday, Decem- ber 20th ; Lent term, beginning January 20th and ending March 27th ; Easter term, beginning April 27th and ending July 3d. The fees are one to two guineas ($5.25 to $10.50) per term for each class. Further information can be obtained from Miss Lilian M. Faithfull, vice-principal and secretary, 13 Kensington Square, London, W. Professors and Liecturers. ARTS. , SCIENCE. Languages. — Classics :/V»/«wo?-Warr. Mathematics: Mr. Holmes. English : Professors Heath, Knight, Chemistry : Mr. Bloxham. Shuttleworth; Miss Faithfull. Geology : Professor Seeley. Germanic : Professor Bucbheim ; Miss Biology : Professors Beale, Bottomley. Buchheim. " " Romance: Professors Perini, Rami- law. rez, Spiers ; Mr. Esclangon. Professor John Cutler. Philosophy : Professors Mayor, Knight. Political Economy: Professors Cun- theology. ningham, Shuttleworth. Professor Wace. History : Professors Laughton, Shuttle- worth, Warr. '^"^"'■ Art and Archeology : Messrs. How- Professors Bri<^e, Vemham ; Mr. gate, Holden, Hulme; Miss Eugenie Hamilton Robinson. Sellars. LONDON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE FOR WOMEN. 30 Handel Street, Brunswick Square, London, W. C. This school, opened about 1875, provides, in association with the Royal Free Hospital, Gray's Inn Road, instruction for women in all medical subjects. Students do not reside in the school ; for a hall of residence in connection with it see p. 85. The courses of the London School of Medicine for Women in- GREAT BRITAIN. 87 elude all the medical subjects required for the degrees and diplomas of the University of London, the Royal University of Ireland, the Irish and Scotch colleges, and the Society of Apothecaries, London. Before entering on medical studies students are required to have passed a qualifying examination in Arts. After passing this they should register as soon as possible at the office of the General Med- ical Council, which requires all medical practitioners to have taken a five years' course, dating from the time of registration. The course comprises five years of study at the school and attendance for four years on the courses of clinical instruction at the Royal Free Hospital. Women may how^ever, by permission of the Ex- ecutive Council, attend certain of the classes w^ithout having passed the examination in Arts and without entering on the complete course of study. Graduates of foreign and colonial universities can occasionally be admitted to the hospital practice when the accommodation permits. Besides the Royal Free Hospital several other hospitals (the New Hospital for Women, the Clapham Maternity Hospital, the London Fever Hospital, the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond street, and the National Dental Hospital) are open to students of the school. There are two sessions : winter session, October i st to April 1st; summer session. May ist to August ist. The fees for the separate classes vary from one to eight guineas $5.25 to $42) for the session. The cost of a medical education varies considerably according to the requirements of the different examining boards. The "compounder's fee" for the school and hospital courses for four years is, if paid in one sum, iEi25 ($625). There are several prizes and scholarships varying in value from £,<, ($25) to £100 ($500) a year for three or four years. Further information and a prospectus can be obtained from the secretary. Miss Heaton, 30 Handel Street, Brunswick Square, W. C. Iiectnrers, Demonstrators and Medical Officers. Drs. (Mrs.) Garrett Anderson, F. W. mond Crawford, Dupre, Willmott Evans; Andrewes; {Miss) Aldrich-Blake, James (Mrs.) Fleming, Halliburton, Hayes; Calvert, Walter Can, John Cockle, Ray- (Miss) McCall, Alexander E. Marsden, 88 LONDON. Mercier, Edmund W. Roughton, Har- rest, Mr. Frederick James Gant, Miss rington Sainsbury; {Mrs.) Scharlieb, Effield Greene, ^jw Hunter, J/ro. Clarke Quarry Silcock, Samuel West. Keer, Miss Edith Knight, Mrs. Ewart Miss Appel, Boyce Barrow, Battle, Macdonald, Mr. Grosvenor Mackinlay, Berry; Miss Lucy Boole, Mr. Francis Mr. Norton, Miss Piercy, Mr. William Bottomley;iI/«J?-i.WalterBowring, Stan- Rose, Miss TumbuU, Mr. Frederick ley Boyd; Miss Qapham; Messrs. Dodd, Todd, Mr. Thomas Wakley, Miss Helen Horatio Donkin; Mrs. Dowson, Mrs. Webb. Willmot Evans, Miss Ewart, Miss For- BEDFORD COLLEGE (for Women). 8 and g York Place, Baker Street, London, W. Bedford College, founded in 1849, is open to women only, and provides instruction in Arts and Science. Students are prepared for all the examinations of the University of London in these sub- jects ; there is also a training department and an art school in con- nection with the college. The session is divided into three terms, the first beginning October 3d and ending on December i8th; the second beginning on Jan- uary 1 6th and ending on March 25th ; the third beginning on April 1 6th and ending on June 34th. The fees for the separate classes vary from one to three guineas ($5.25 to $15.75) a term. Students can reside in the college, the charge for board being from 58 to 68 guineas ($304.50 to $357.00) a year. The inclusive average fees for residence and tuition are $472.50 to $565.75. There are several scholarships varying in value from 30 guineas to £48 ($157.50 to $240.00). For further information apply to Miss Emily Penrose, princi- pal of the college, Bedford College, 8 and 9 York Place, Baker street, London, W. Lectureps. ^J^-TS. History: Miss Penrose; Mr. Allen, Languages. — Classical: Mr. Bernard Art: Mr. Johnson. Cook; Miss Hellings; Mr. Piatt, M. Pedagogy : Miss M. Vivian Thomas; A.; yi/m Fitzgerald. ifcTjij Lilian Talbot. English: Dr. Heath, B. A., Ph. D.; MUs G. A. Howell. science. Germanic : Mr. Milner-Barry. Mathematics : Mr. Harding; Miss A. Romance : Mr. Victor Oger. E. Lee. Philosophy : Mr. Muirhead, M. A. GREAT BRITAIN. 89 Physics: Mr. Womack, Miss A. E. Lee. Chemistry : Mr. Crompton. Geology : Miss Raisin. Biology : Dr. Benham, Miss Raisin. Hygiene: Dr. Louis Parkes. ROYAL HOLLOW AY COLLEGE (for Women). Egham, Surrey (Near London). Royal Holloway College, the beautiful hall of residence of which was opened in 1886, is situated about twenty miles from London, is open to women only and provides the instruction necessary for Lon- don University degrees in Arts and Science, for the London prelimi- nary M. B., and for pass and honour examinations of the University of Oxford. Candidates for admission must be over 17 years of age and are required to pass an entrance examination or to have passed its equivalent. The college session extends from the beginning of October to the beginning of July, and is divided into three terms of about eleven weeks each. The fees for board, residence and instruction are £30 ($150) per term, or £90 ($450) a year. Numerous scholarships of £30 ($150) to £75 ($375) a year are awarded on the results of exami- nations. For information apply to the secretary, J. L. Clifford- Smith. ARTS. Languages. — Classics : Mr. Miss Dabis; Mr. Allen. English : Miss Kimpster. Germanic : Miss Carry. Romance: Miss Pichinet. Philology : Miss Wardale. Philosophy: Mr. Muirhead. History: Miss Kimpster. Art: Mr. Carey. liccturers. SCIENCE. Donkin; Mathematics : Mr. Loney; Miss C. Frost. Physics: Mr. Cassie. Chemistry : Miss Field. Biology: Miss Benson, Miss Durham. Miss Daymond; Mr. Glazebrook. Burnett, Miss LOCAL COLLEGES AFFILIATED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON AND OTHER UNIVERSITIES. In addition to University College, King's College and Bedford College (see pp. 84-88), there are numerous local colleges affiliated go MANCHESTER. to the different universities in England and Wales. These colleges prepare principally for the degrees of B.A. and B.Sc, hence no full account of them is given here, as they offer f ew^ courses virhich may properly be called graduate. They, as a rule, admit w^omen to the Arts and Science classes on the same terms as men. No stu- dents are admitted under i6 years of age. No requirements are made as to residence, but there are halls of residence for vs^omen in connection with most of the colleges. The college session, beginning in October, is usually divided into three terms, each of about eleven weeks' duration. The fees for the different classes vary from i to 3 guineas ($5.25 to $15.75) P^'' term, the cost of one of the ordinary degree courses for the year being about JE20 ($100). Numerous prizes and scholarships of considerable value are open to students of the different colleges. For further information about any particular college application should be made to the registrar. The following is a list of the most important : * Aberystwyth, University College of Wales; * Bangor, Uni- versity College of North Wales ; Birmingham, The Mason College ; Bristol, University College ; *Cardiff, University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire ; f Leeds, The Yorkshire College ; •f Liverpool, University College; ■)■ Manchester, The Owens Col- lege ; X Newcastle-on-Tyne, Durham University College of Science ; Nottingham, University College ; Sheffield, Firth College. MANCHESTER, England. VICTORIA UNIVERSITY. The Owens College, Manchester. This university, founded in 1880, and having its seat at the Owens College, Manchester, is an examining body with power to confer degrees in Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Music. The general * Affiliated to the University of Wales, t Affiliated to Victoria University. J Affiliated to the University of Durham. GREAT BRITAIN. 91 scheme of the examinations is similar to that of London Univer- sity and they are open to women on the same conditions as to men. All candidates must have been regular students of one of the colleges of the university. These colleges are : The Owens Col- lege, Manchester; University College, Liverpool ; The Yorkshire College, Leeds (see p. 90). Enquiries should be addressed to the registrar of the Victoria University, Manchester, and information may be obtained from the calendar of the university ; price, is ($0.25). OXFORD, England. THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. The University of Oxford, founded in the twelfth century, is a corporation which provides instruction in the various branches of knowledge and confers degrees in Arts, Science, Law, Medicine, Theology and Music on candidates who have fulfilled certain con- ditions in regard to residence at specified colleges and passed cer- tain examinations. There are in Oxford twenty- two colleges, two halls and three residences for non-coljegiate students, each with its own staff of lecturers and tutors. University lectures, given by university pro- fessors and lecturers, are open to students in general ; college lec- tures are in some cases open to students of specified colleges only. University and college lectures, with the exception of those in Medicine, are in most cases open to women. The courses that are closed are indicated below. Permission to use the university libra- ries is also in general granted to women who present a formal ap- plication signed by two resident Masters of Arts, though the librarians reserve the right of refusing applications in case of over- crowding. Women have been permitted to attend certain of the university laboratories, in particular the Museum, Christ-Church, Botanical Gardens, and Millard laboratories. Women are allowed to enter for all the public examinations of the university, except those for medical degrees, and their names are published by the examiners in the class lists in the same manner 92 OXFORD. as those of the men. There is, in addition, an honour examination in Modern Languages open to women only. Women students who have passed one of certain specified preliminary examinations in two languages and elementary mathematics, or who are graduates of colleges included in the Association of Collegiate Alumnae, U. S. A., are admitted without further condition to all the public and honour examinations of the university, with the exception of those in Medicine. Residence in Oxford is not required. Names of candidates must be sent in through the secretary of the Local Examinations Delegacy, H. T. Gerrans, Esq., Claren- don Building, Oxford, fi'om whom the regulations can be obtained. A petition to the university, presented in the spring of 1896, ask- ing for the admission of duly qualified women to the B.A. degree has been refused. The year is divided into three terms, each of eight weeks' dura- tion, beginning respectively about the middle of October, middle of January and middle of April. Women who desire to attend lectures in Oxford should put them- selves in communication with the "Association for Promoting the Education of Women in Oxford" (seep. 93), and apply for in- formation to the hon. secretary, Miss Rogers, Clarendon Build- ing, Oxford. Professors and liecturers. The list of lecturers for each term is published just before the beginning of the term in the " Oxford University Gazette." The following list is compiled from the Gazette for October, 1895. Italics indicate that the lecturer has not yet been asked to admit women. The * indicates that the lecturer has refused to admit women. Languages. — Semitic: Professors Dri- ver, Margoliouth, Sayce ; Messrs. Allen, Burney, G. A. Cooke, Neu- bauer, Stenning. Indo-Iranian : Professors Legge,yi3.z- donell; Messrs. Bellairs, Blumhardt, Halts, Pope, St. John, Wells. Classical : Professors Bywater, *Ellis; Messrs. Abbott, Adamson, Allen, Bailey, Barton, Burge, Bussell, Car- ter, Clark, *Cookson, Cooper, Far- nell, Ferard, Forbes, Fox, *Godley, *Greene, Haigh, Inge, Jones, King, Lester, *Lindsay, Lock, Lys, Math- eson, Monro, *Mulvany, *Owen, Palmer, de Paravicini, Pickard- Cambridge, Poynton, Prickard, Paper, Richards, Robertson, Scott, Sidgwick, Snow, Spurling,*Warren, Williamson. English : Professors Napier, Earle ; Messrs. Richardson, de Selincourt. Germanic : Professor Rhys ; Messrs. Macdonell, Morfill. Romance : Messrs. de Arteaga, *Bu6, Coscia, Moore. GREAT BRITAIN. 91 Comparative Philology : Defuty Pro- essor Wright. Philosophy: Professors *Case, Wal- lace, Cook Wilson ; Messrs. Blunt, Caird, Cannan, Carlyle, Fairbrother, Grose, Hadow, Wright Henderson, de la Hey ,H(i^o\is^, Joachim, Joseph, Leigh, Marett, Munro, Rashdall, Rich- ards, Smith, Spooner, Stewart, *Under- hill, Warner, *Webb, Wylie. Political Science: Professors Edge- worth, Viscount St. Cyres ; Messrs. Carlyle, Marriott, Phelps, Rashdall, Smith, Pogson Smith. History: Professors Montagu Burrows, Pelham, Sir F. Pollock, York Powell ; Messrs. Abbott, Armstrong, *Benecke, *Case, Strachan-Davidson, Edwards, Fisher, *Fletcher, Fowler, Greenidge, Hall, Hardy, Hassall, Haverfield, Henderson, How, Hutton, Johnson, Stuart Jones, Macan, Medley, *Mee, Myres, Oman, Owen, Poole, Rich- ards, Robertson, Tracey, *Underhill, Wakeling, Walker, Wells, Wood. Archaeology : Professor Gardner ; Messrs. Famell, Haverfield. SCIENCE. Mathematics : Professors Elliott, Esson, Price, Turner ; Messrs. Campbell, Z^zj:- on, Gerrans, Haselfoot, Hayes, Jol- liffe, Leudesdorf, *Pedder, Russell, Sampson, Thompson. Physics : Professor Clifton ; Messrs. Baynes, Churchill, Sir J. Conroy, Davies, Smith, Walker. Chemistry : Professor Odling ; Messrs. Elford, Fisher, Gardner, Vernon Har- court. Marsh, Veley, Watts. Geology : Professor Green. Geography: Mr. Mackinder. Biology: Professors Gotch, Ray Lan- kester, Poulton, A. Thomson, Tylor, Vines ; Dr. Pembrey ; Messrs. Ben- ham, Bourne, Gunther, Haldane, Thompson. Agriculture : Professor Warington. LAW. Professors Dicey, Goudy, Holland, Sir F. Pollock, Sir W. R. Anson; Messrs. Bumham, Duff, Holdsworth, Sir W. Markby, Montague, Moyle, Pottinger, Prankerd, Raleigh, Williams, Wilson. MEDICINE. No courses are open. THEOLOGY. Professors Bright, Cheyne, Driver, Ince, Moberly, Sanday ; Messrs. Allen, Bebb, Bennett, Burney, Carlyle, Cosher, Chavasse, Cooke, Headlam, Wright Hen- derson, Kidd, Lock, Lovell, Maude, Moore, Neubauer, Ottley, Pullan, Spooner, Stenning,Strong, Turner, Webb, H. A. White, H. J. White, Wright. THE ASSOCIATION FOR PROMOTING THE EDUCATION OF WOMEN IN OXFORD. The object of this association is to establish and maintain a sys- tem of instruction having general reference to the Oxford exami- nations. Women, however, who do not offer themselves for the university examinations are not precluded from sharing the advan- tages of the association. Women who wish to attend lectures in Oxford should register themselves as students of the association. Registered students are required to pay five shillings ($1.25) annually. The hon. secre- tary, Miss Rogers, Clarendon Building, Oxford, will give full in- formation as to the lectures that are open. 94 OXFORD. The lectures given in Oxford are of three kinds : ( i ) Those given by professors and readers of the university, which are gen- erally open without fee ; (2) those given in the different colleges for men, for which the fees vary from one to two guineas ($5.25 to $10.50) for the course ; (3) those provided by the association, fees from sixteen shillings ($4.00) to two guineas ($10.50). Tutorial help, which forms an essential part of the Oxford system of teach- ing, may be obtained from tutors appointed by the association, fees from £,% ($10) to JE4 ($20) a term for one hour a week. The cost of lectures and tuition does not as a rule exceed JE25 ($125) a year. There are three terms in the year, each of eight weeks' duration, beginning respectively about the middle of October, the middle of January and the middle of April. Residence. — There are three halls of residence for women stu- dents, each with a resident principal and several resident tutors. The tuition of students resident in these halls is arranged for by the association. Somerville College. — St. Aldates, Oxford, opened in 1879, provides accommodation for sixty-tive students ; no student is ad- mitted under the age of seventeen, and students are required to give satisfactory references to the principal and to satisfy her that they are qualified to profit by the course of study at Oxford. The inclusive charges for board, lodging and tuition are £30 15s. 4d. ($153.83), £28 13s. 4d. ($143.33) or £26 ($130) per term, to be paid in advance. Further information may be obtained from the principal, Miss Maitland, or the secretary, the Hon. Alice Bruce, Somerville College, Oxford. Resident tutors are : Miss S. Melhuish, Miss M. Pope, Miss F. Hayllar. Lady Margaret Hall. — Oxford, opened in 1879, has accom- modation at present for about fifty students. Students who desire to enter must have passed an examination in two languages and elementary mathematics, and must give satisfactory references to the principal. Students coming from another college or univer- sity must present a letter of recommendation from its authorities. GREAT BRITAIN. 95 Fees for board and residence are £75 ($375) * year. Fees for tuition are paid to the association; (seep. 93). Several scholarships, varying in value from i£25 ($125) to ^£50 ($250) a year for three or four years, are given annually on the results of an examination held in June. Further information may be obtained from the lady principal, Miss Wordsworth, or the secretary, Miss Lodge, Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. Tutors: Miss Sellar, Miss Talbot. St. Hugh's Hall. — Oxford, founded in 1886, is intended for members of the Church of England. It provides accommodation for only a few students. Charges for board and residence £45 ($225) to £(>6 ($330) a year. Home Students. — Students who do not reside in a hall are called " Home Students" and are under the care of a principal, Mrs. A. H. Johnson, 8 Merton street, Oxford, from whom particulars may be obtained. Students may be received as boarders in a private family at a charge of from £1 5s. ($6.25) to £2 12s. 6d. ($13.12) a week. The cost of lodgings in Oxford is from 12s. ($3.00) a week upwards, and board maybe reckoned at 12s. ($3.00) a week. The "Calendar" of the association may be obtained from the office, Clarendon Building, Oxford. Price, 6d. ($0.12). Liecturers and Tutors. ^RTS. Modern History: Mr. Armstrong, Languages.— Classical : Mr. Haigh, Miss Lodge, Mr. Marriott, Mrs. Mar- Miss Hayllar, Mr. Lys, Miss Reg- riott, Mr. Medley, Miss Melhuish, Mr. ers, Miss Sellar, Mr. Sidgwick. Wakeling, Mi^s Whelpton. English: Messrs. Edwards, Firth; Miss Lea, Miss Lee. science. Modern: Mr. Peters, Miss Pppe, Mathematics and Physics: Mr. Ger- Miss A. M. Todd, Miss Wardale, rans, Miss Pearson, Mr. Russell. Messrs. Wintemitz, Wright. Natural Science : Miss Kirkaldy, Mr. Philosophy: Mr. Hadow. Nagel. 96 WALES. WALES. THE UNIVERSITY OF WALES. This university is an examining body, with three affiliated col- leges : the University College of Wales, the University College of North Wales, and the University College of South Wales (see pp. 89, 90) . The university was founded very recently and is not yet fully organised, but the general scheme of the examinations is sim- ilar to that of the University of London. GREAT BRITAIN. 97 IRELAND. There are two universities in Ireland, both situated in Dublin : the Royal University of Ireland, which is merely an examining body ; and the University of Dublin (Trinity College), which is a college for men, conferring its own degrees, to which women are not admitted. Affiliated to the University of Ireland are three small local colleges : Queen's College, Belfast; Queen's College, Cork; and Queen's College, Galway. DUBIilN, Ireland. THE ROYAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND. The Royal University of Ireland, founded in 1850, is an examin- ing body conferring degrees in Arts (B.A., M.A., D. Lit.) ; Phil- osophy (D.Ph.) ; Science (B.Sc, D.Sc.) ; Engineering (B.E., M.E.) ; Law (LL.B., LL.D.) ; Medicine (M.B., M.D., B.Ch., M.Ch., B.A.O., M.A.O.) ; Music (B. Mus., D. Mus.). All degrees, honours, exhibitions, prizes, scholarships, student- ships and junior fellowships in the university are open to students of either sex. The degrees are conferred on candidates that have passed a pre- scribed series of examinations held by examiners appointed by the university. The examinations must be taken in a prescribed order, and in general an interval of at least one academic year must elapse between two consecutive examinations. The B.Sc. degree differs from that of the University of London in being conferred on the result of an examination taken after an interval of at least one academic year from the time of graduating in any faculty of the university. Prizes, exhibitions, scholarships, and fellowships, varying in va;lue from JE12 ($60) to £200 ($1,000) a year, for four years are open to competition. 98 DUBLIN, BELFAST. No conditions as to residence are imposed, and candidates for de- grees may obtain their education where they please. Colleges affiliated with the Royal University are the Queen's Colleges of Belfast, Cork and Galway ; (see below) . Further information may be obtained from the Calendar of the Royal University of Ireland or from the registrar, The Royal University of Ireland, Dublin. COLLEGES AFFILIATED TO THE ROYAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND. Belfast, Cork, Galway. The three colleges, Queen's College, Belfast; Queen's College, Cork ; and Queen's College, Galway, prepare for the examinations of the Royal University of Ireland ; they provide lectures, but do not provide for residence. Women are admitted on the same con- ditions as men to all the lectures, and by a recent decree all scholar- ships and prizes have been opened to them, so that women have now equal facilities with men. The college session, beginning in October, is divided into three terms, each of about ten weeks' duration. The fee for each course is £2 ($10) or £,'x, ($15) for the session. Further information may be obtained from the registrar of the par- ticular college. QUEEN'S COLLEGE, BELFAST. Professors and Ijectirrers. ^''^TS. Chemistry: Profes$or'L&\!is. Languages. — Classical : Professors Geology : Professor Cunningham. Dill, Dougan. Biology, etc.: Professors Symington, Modern : Professors MacMuUan, Thompson. Meissner. Engineering : Professor Fitzgerald. Philosophy: Professor YaxY. Agriculture: Professor'SsA'gs&. Political Economy: Professor Gra- ham. History : Professor MacMuUan. Professors Graham, Strahan. SCIENCE. MEDICINE. Mathematics : Professor Purser. Professors Byers, Cuming, Sinclair, Physics : Professor Everett. Whitla; Drs. Hodges, Lorrain Smith. GREAT BRITAIN. 99 QUEEN'S COLLEGE, CORK. Professors and liecturers. ARTS. Physics : Professor Bergen. LANGUAGES. — CLASSICAL ! Professors Chemistry : Professor^h.on. Keenen Lewis Biology : Professors Charles, Hartog. msDWH-! Professors Butler, Savage- Hygiene: Mr. Donovan. Armstrong. Engineering : Professor Jack. Philosophy and Political Economy: law. Professor Stokes. Professor Barry. History: Professor Savage-Armstrong. Architecture : Mr. Arthur Hill. medicine. Professors Corby, Pearson, O'SuUi- sciENCE. yan, Townsend; Drs. Cotter, Sandford, Mathematics : Professor Anglin. Woods. QUEEN'S COLLEGE, GALWAY. Professors and liecturers. '*-''^-^- Chemistry : Professor Senier ; Mr. A. Languages. — Classical : Professors J. Walker. Sandford, Thompson. Biology : Professors Anderson, Pye ; Mr. Modern: Professors Moffett, Stein- Allen, berger. Engineering : Professor Townsend. History : Professor Moffett. LA IV. Professoj-s Bastable, Campion. Mathematics : Professor Dixon. medicine. Physics : Professor Anderson; Mr. John Professors Brereton, Colahan, Kin- Henry, kead, Lynham. THE UNIVERSITY OF DUBLIN. Trinity College, Dublin. The University of Dublin consists of only one college, Trinity College, founded in 159 1. It confers degrees in Arts, Science, Law, Medicine, Theology and Music. No degrees are granted to women, and women are admitted only to those lectures that are open to the public and free. Public lec- tures are given in German, Hebrew, Irish, Biblical Greek, Ancient History, Astronomy, Geology and Mineralogy, Law, Divinity and Oratory. In 1895, with a view to testing the probable numbers and the ability of the women students who wished to be admitted to the honour examinations, the university fi-amed the following new re- gulations applying to the years 1896, 1897 and 1898 only: loo DUBLIN. 1 . Women who have obtained at any of the Trinity College ex- aminations either a junior or a senior certificate* may be examined in the same honour courses as the senior freshmen. 2. Those who have obtained a senior certificate may, under the same conditions, if they prefer it, be examined in any of the courses for moderatorships. Women are permitted to use the university library for purposes of research on the same conditions as men. There are three terms in the year : Michaelmas term, beginning October loth and ending December zoth; Hilary term, beginning January I oth and ending March 25th; Trinity term, beginning April 15 th and ending June 30th. Full information is given in the Dublin University Calendar (Dublin), Hodges, Figgis & Co.; price, 4s. ($1.00). Enquiries may be addressed to the i-egistrar. Trinity College, Dublin. Professors and liccturers. ARTS. Physics : Professors Fitzgerald, Tarleton; Languages. — Semitic : Professors Ab- Messrs. Joly, Traill, Trouton. bott, Aulad Ali ; Messrs. Conner, Chemistry : Professors Bailey, Reyn- Gray, Palmer. olds; Mr. E. A. Werner. Classical : Professors Beare, Tyrrell ; Mineralogy and Geology : Professor Messrs. Hemphill, Mahaffy, Arthur SoUas. Palmer, William Starkie. BiOLOGY: /Vo/^ijarj Mackintosh, Wright; English : Professor Edward Dowden. Mr. Dixon. Germanic : Professor Selss. Engineering : Professor Alexander ; Romance : Professor Atkinson. Mr. Walter E. Lilly. Irish : Professor Goodman. lajv. Comparative Philology : Professor Professors Hart, Leech, Thompson. Atkinson. Philosophy • Professor Beare medicine. Political Economy: Professor Bas- -P'-"/^;"''" Charles Bent Ball, Sir John jgjjjg Banks, Bennett, Cunnmgham. History : Professors Bury, Mahaffy, theology. Stokes. Professors Bernard, Cooper, Dickinson, Oratory (Rhetoric): /Vo/9jjo?- Dowden. Gwynn, Stokes; Messrs. Abbott, Berry, science. Carleton, Conner, Graham, Gray, John- Mathematics and Astronomy ; Pro- ston, Roberts, Stokes, Walsh, Wilkins. fessors Bumside, Arthur Panton, Ram- music. baut; Mr. Martin. Professor Ebenezer Prout. * The university arranges special "examinations for women" and successful candidates re- ceive the junior certificate, the senior certificate, or a certificate of honour, according to the exami- nation taken. These examinations cover the same range of subjects and are of about the same grade as ordinary English college entrance examinations. GREAT BRITAIN. SCOTLAND. There are four universities in Scotland — Aberdeen, St. Andrews, Edinburgh, and Glasgow. These are all teaching as well as examining bodies and confer degrees. Women are in every case admitted to the degrees in Arts, Science and Medicine, and at Aberdeen to the degrees in Law. The university lectures are as a rule open to women, but in some cases separate instruction is provided for them, and separate lectures are given by the university professors and lecturers. University College, Dundee, affiliated to St. Andrews Uni- versity, admits women to all its classes and prepares for the examinations of Edinburgh, Glasgow and London Universi- ties. There are special medical schools for women at Edin- burgh and Glasgow. ABERDEEN, Scotland. UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN. The University of Aberdeen gives instruction and confers de- grees in Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Theology. Women are admitted to graduation in all these subjects with the exception of Theology, and all classes in Arts and Science are open to women, as are also, with some exceptions, the classes in Medicine. The academic year is divided, in the Faculties of Arts, Science and Medicine, into two sessions, the winter session beginning in the middle of October and ending in the middle of March, and the summer session beginning in the end of April and ending about the middle of July. The matriculation fee is one guinea ($5.25) and the class fees vary from one to three guineas ($5.25 to $15.75). There are numerous prizes and bursaries, the majority of which are open to women. I02 ABERDEEN, DUNDEE. Women are permitted to use the libraries and reading rooms together with the men students. For further information apply to the secretary, Mr. Donaldson Rose Thom. The Aberdeen University Calendar is published by A. King & Co., Aberdeen; price, 2s. 6d. ($0.62). Professors and Iiecturers. ^RTS. Biology : Professors MacWilliam, Nich- LanguAGEs.— Semitic : Professor Gil- olson, Reid; Mes^s. Brown, Gilles- roy. pie, Low, Mamoch. Classical : Professors Harrower, Botany : Professor Trail; Mr. Gage. Ramsay; Messrs. Middleton, Mills. AGRICULTURE: Mr. T. Jamieson. English : Professor Grierson; Mr. Diack. '-^'^■ Romance : Dr. Scholle. Professor T. D. Wilson ; Messrs. Philosophy : Professors Adamson, Sor- Campbell, Ruxton. ley; Mr. Lobban. medicine. Elocution: Mr. MacLeod. _ , _ , _. , tt -i. Literature: Professor Ramsay; Mr. Professors Cash, Fmlay, Hamilton, Middleton ^^^> OgstoUt Reid, Stephenson ; Drs. Pedagogy : 'Dr. Ogilvie. g.°''f ™' i^f,°°^.' '' Messrs. p^zn Don, "^ Fmdlay, Gillespie, Low, Mamoch, Mc- sciENCE. Kerron, Rennet. Mathematics : Professor Pirie ; Mr. Clark. THEOLOGY. Physics : Professor Niven ; Mr. Ogg. Professors Cowan, Johnston, Paterson; Chemistry: Professor ]ap^; Dr. Murray. Dr. Ward ; Messrs. Davidson, MacLeod. DUNDEE, Scotland. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. This college provides instruction in Arts, Science and Medicine, and prepares students for graduation in these subjects at the Uni- versities of St. Andrew's, London, Edinburgh and Glasgow. The classes are open to all persons without restrictions as to age or sex, but all candidates for graduation must take the preliminary examination or must have taken an equivalent examination. The entrance examinations of most foreign universities are considered equivalent. The academic year is divided into a winter session, beginning on October 15th and ending on March 26th, and a summer session, beginning on April 27th and ending on July 3d. GREAT BRITAIN. 103 The fees for each class are from one guinea ($5.25) to three guineas ($15.75) • The registration fee is los. 6d. ($2.62). Students do not reside in the college. For further information see the college calendar, or apply to the secretary, Mr. R. N. Kerr. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Chemistry: Professor "^ tSkex ; Messrs. Languages. — Classical ; Professor Pe- Appleyard, Hambly. terson ; Dr. Masson; Mr. Hannay. Biology : Professors Geddes, Mackay, English : Professor M'Connick; Mr. Waymouth Reid, D'Arcy W. Thomp- Hannay. son ; Mr. Waite. German and French ; Mr. Durlac. Engineering : Professor Claxton Fidler; SCIENCE. Mr. T. Reid. Mathematics: /V^^jor Steggall ; Dr. medicine. M' Cowan. Drs. MacEwan, Rorie, Templeman ; Physics: Professor ; Dr. M'- Mr. M'Gillivray. Cowan. EDINBURGH, Scotland. UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH. This university, founded in 1582, is a teaching and examining body, giving instruction and conferring degrees in Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Theology. All the Arts classes and some of the Science classes have been open to women since 1892, but some of the instruction in Science is given for women at the Edinburgh School of Medicine for Women, Surgeon Square, Edinburgh, and at the Medical College for Women, Chambers Street, Edinburgh. All the degrees in Arts, Science and Medicine are open to women, but the degrees and classes in Law and Theology are not open. Students desiring to attend the classes must obtain a matricula- tion card and pay the matriculation fee of one guinea ($5.25). The matriculation fees, class fees, etc., amount to about ten guineas ($52.50) yearly. Fees for the separate classes are from one guinea ($5.25) to three guineas ($15.75) ^'^'^ ^'^ session. The academic year is divided into two sessions — a winter session, beginning early in October and ending early in April ; a summer session, beginning early in May and ending early in July. 104 EDINBURGH. A section of the university library is set apart for women and they have access to all the books. The university scholarships are not generally open to women, but there are several scholarships open to women only. There are no requirements as to residence, but there is a hall of residence for w^omen students — Crudelius University Hall, Burns Land, 457 Lawnmarket, Edinburgh. The cost of rooms is from 6s. 6d. ($i.6o) to los. 6d. ($2.62) per week, including the use of a common sitting room, light, service, etc. The cost of board is about nine shillings ($2.25) a week. For particulars apply to the hon. secretary, Mrs. Salmon, 8 Ramsay Garden, Edinburgh, Further information may be obtained from the Edinburgh Uni- versity Calendar, published by James Thin, 55 South Bridge, Edinburgh, price, 3s. ($0.75) ; or from Mrs. Louisa Steven- son, hon. secretary of the Edinburgh Association for the Univer- sity Education of Women, 13 Randolph Crescent, Edinburgh. Professors and liecturers. Languages. — Semitic: Professor Ken- nedy; Drs. Kennedy, Stirling; Mr. Kay. Classical : Professor Butcher; Messrs. Jamieson, Thomson. English: Professor Masson; Mr. Smith. Germanic: Mr. Schlapp. Romance: Dr. Sarolea. Celtic : Professor Mackinnon. Comparative Philology : Professor Eggeling. Philosophy : Professors Calderwood, Seth ; Dr. Douglas; Mr. Hardie. Political Economy : Professor Nichol- son. History: Professors Kirkpatrick, Pro- thero. Pedagogy : Professor Laurie. Art and Archeology: Professors Brown, Gerhard. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- fessors Chrystal, Copeland ; Dr. Knott ; Mr. Tweedie. Physics : Professor Tait ; Dr. Peddie ; ■ Mr. Lindsay. Chemistry : Professor Brown ; Drs. Dobbin, H. Marshall; Messrs. Tay- lor, Watson. Mineralogy: Dr. Marshall; Geology : Professor Geikie ; Mr. Flett. Biology: Professors I. B. Balfour, Ewart, Wm. Rutherford ; Drs. Beard, Wilson ; Messrs. Burrage, Terras. Engineering : Professor Armstrong; Messrs. Kerr, Rennie. Agriculture : Professor Wallace ; Drs. Aitkin, Fream; Co/uwrf Bailey. LAW. Professors Sir Ludovic Grant, Kirkpat- rick, Mackintosh, Sir Douglas Maclagan, Nicholson, Rankine, Wood; Messrs. Bal- lantine, Burnet, Connon, Irvine. MEDICINE. Professors Annandale, Balfour, Brown, Chiene, Ewart, Greenfield, Eraser, Sir Douglas Maclagan, Rutherford, Simp- son, Sir T. Stewart, Sir Wm. Turner; Drs^ Beard, Carlier, Carmichael, Clouston, Dobbin, Hepburn, Mann, Marshall, GREAT BRITAIN. 105 Muir, Playfair, Robertson, Stewart, Til- theology. lie, Turner, Webster, Wilson, Young; Professors Charteris, Flint, Kennedy, Messrs. Burrage, Fleming, Fortune, Taylor; Drs. Fraser, Hastie, Kay,Milroy. Hutchison, Rainy, Sillar, Stiles, Taylor, music. Terras, Watson, Welsh, Yoeman. Professors Niecks, Kirkpatrick. EDINBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE FOR WOMEN. Surgeon Square, Edinburgh. This school, in connection with the Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, in which eighty beds are set apart for the clinical instruction of women, prepares for the medical examinations of the University of Edinburgh. The two years' residence required by the university can be kept at this school. The year is divided into the winter session, beginning about October loth and ending about April ist, and the summer session, beginning about May ist and ending about August ist. The full course of study is five years. The school and hospital fees vary from £20 ($100) to £30 ($150) a year; the total expense of the five years' course is estimated to be about £160 ($800). There are several scholarships and bursaries, varying in value from £25 ($125) to £50 ($250) a year. There is as yet no hall of residence, but it is hoped that one will soon be founded. For further information apply to Miss La Cour, School of Medi- cine, Surgeon Square, Edinburgh, who will send copies of the school prospectus and of the Syllabus of the Medical Faculty of the University of Edinburgh, post free, for 6d ($0.12). Lecturers. MEDICINE jiND SURGERY. Stockman ; Messrs. Berry, Cathcart, Cot- Drs. Aitken, Bramwell, Graham terill, Hardie, Leith ; Miss Jessie M. Brown, Bruce, Clouston, Croom, Hus- McGregor; Mr. McLaren; Miss Marion band, Jamieson, Sophia Jex-Blake, Lit- Newbigiu ; Messrs. Thomson, TumbuU, tlejohn, McBride, Muir, Noel Baton, Wood. Xo6 EDINBURGH, GLASGOW. MEDICAL COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. 20 Chambers Street, Edinburgh. The particulars given for the School of Medicine hold good for the Medical College. For further information apply to the secre- tary, Miss Mackay. Lecturers. Drs, Ballantyne, Bell, Craig, Cum- Thomson, Tuke, Turner; Messrs. Brewis, ining, Felkin, Husband, Littlejohn, Macadam, Murdoch, Thomson, Tum- Mackay, Noel Paton, Philip, Russell, bull, Whitaker. GLASGOW, Scotland. UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW. This university, founded in 1 451, is a teaching and examining body giving instruction and conferring degrees in the five Faculties of Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Theology. In 1892 the University Commissioners empowered the Scotch University Courts to provide instruction for women, and accord- ingly Queen Margaret College, a college for women only, was taken over by the university and formed into a women's department. In Queen Margaret College lectures are given for women only by the university professors in Arts, Science, Mental Philosophy and Medicine, and these lectures qualify for the degrees of the uni- versity. All degrees of the university are open to women on the same conditions as to men. After graduation w^omen become members of the University Council. In addition to the classes for women held in Queen Margaret College, women have been allowed to attend a few of the honours classes in the university in Moral Philosophy, Political Economy, History, Education, and Insanity. The requirements for admission to the university are the prelimi- nary examinations, which are different for Arts, Science and Medi- cine, and must be passed by all the students who wish to take the degrees. The classes are also open, without any preliminary ex- aminations, to students not desiring to take the degrees. GREAT BRITAIN. loj Queen Margaret College has in connection with it a hall of residence for women students, information in regard to which may he obtained from Mrs. Riddoch, honorary secretary, 2 Lawrence Place, Dowanhill, Glasgow. The number of women students in 1895-96 was 234, of whom 67 took the courses in Medicine. Permission to attend courses in Law and Divinity has not yet been applied for by women. Women students are allowed to borrow books from the univer- sity library, and there is a reading room in Queen Margaret College. In Medicine a complete course of five years' instruction is arranged by Queen Margaret College, and in the Royal in- firmary 200 beds are appropriated to the exclusive instruction of women students. Women also study at the Royal Hospital for Sick Children, the Glasgow Maternity Hospital, the Royal Lunatic Asylum, Gartnavel ; the Eye Hospital, Charlotte Street; and the City of Glasgow Fever Hospital. The college year is divided into two sessions : the winter session, beginning October 21st and ending March 20th or 27th; the spring session, beginning, in Medicine and Science, on Aj^ril 21st, and in Arts on May ist, lasting in each case ten weeks. The fees are from one guinea ($5.25) to three guineas ($15 -75) for each class for the session, and should be paid at the secretary's •office. Queen Margaret College. The majority of scholarships and fellowships are not open to w^omen, but the university has been empowered to open to women any scholarships or fellowships that have been founded not more than twenty-five years. Further information may be obtained from the Glasgow Univer- sity Calendar, published by James Maclehose & Sons, 61 St. Vin- cent Street, Glasgow; price, 3s. ($0.75). Professors and IJecttirers. j4/:ts. Languages. — Semitic : Professor Rob- English : Professsor Bradley ; Mr. ertson. Jack. Classical : Professors Murray, Ram- Germanic : Dr. Tille. say ; Messrs. Brown, Burrows. ROMANCE : Mr. Mercier. I08 GLASGOW, ST. ANDREWS. Philosophy: Professors Adamson, Jones. Engineering : Professors Barr, Biles. Political Science : Dr. Smart. History: Professor l^dge. „ , ,, . ,, 'j c» ..» n,r Pedagogy : Dr. Ross. , Professors Moir, Moody Stuart; Messrs. Irvine, Mackenzie, M'Kechnie, Miller. SC/EJ\fCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- medicine. fessors Becker, Jack; Mr. Gibson. Professors Anderson, Buchanan, Cam- Physics: Professor Lord Kelvin; Messrs. eron, Charteris, Cleland, Coats, Gaird- Blyth, Maclean. ner, Macewen, M'Kendrick Simpson; Chemistry: Professor Ferguson; Mr. Drs. Barr, Reid, Yellowlees, Young; Gray. Messrs. Biles, Bryce, Downie, Haw- BoTANY : Professor Bower. thome. Biology : Professor Young ; Mr. Ran- theology. kin. Professors Stewart, Story; Dr. Caird. ST. ANDREWS, Fife, Scotland. THE UNIVERSITY AND COLLEGE OF ST. ANDREWS. The University of St. Andrews gives instruction and confers de- grees in Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Theology. In it are incorporated the United Colleges of St. Salvator and St. Leonard, restricted to the teaching of Arts, Science, Law and Medicine, and the College of St. Mary, which is restricted to the teaching of The- ology, Degrees are conferred on candidates who have attended certain classes for specified times and passed certain examinations. All classes are open, without restrictions, to w^omen, as are also degrees in Arts, Science and Medicine. In special cases graduates of foreign universities are excused from the preliminary examina- tions for the degrees. The University of St. Andrews holds a special examination for women only and grants to all who pass this examination a diploma and the title of L.L.A. The academic year is divided into two sessions : a winter ses- sion of twenty weeks, beginning early in October, and a summer session of ten weeks, beginning in the third week of April. The fees are £3 3s. ($i5-75) foi" each class for the winter ses- sion and £2 2s. ($10.50) for the summer session. The matricu- lation fee is £1 IS. ($5.25). Several bursaries' (scholarships) varying in value from £15 ($7S) to £30 ($150) yearly are open for competition to women students GREAT BRITAIN. 109 only. The question of opening more of the bursaries and fellow- ships to women is under consideration. There is a hall of residence for women students (University Hall, St. Andrews). The charge for board and residence is £40 ($200) for the winter session and £20 ($100) for the summer ses- sion. Enquiries should be addressed to the warden of the hall, Miss Louisa Innes Lumsden. Further particulars in regard to the university may be found in the St. Andrews University Calendar, and further information may be obtained from the registrar, the University of St. Andrews, Scotland. Professors, Lecturers and Assistants. ARTS. Languages.— Semitic : Professor Bir- Physics: Professor Butler; Mr. Robson. rell- Mr. Cant. Chemistry : Professors Purdie, Heddle; Classical: Professors Bumet, Camp- ^''- M'Kenzie. beU, Roberts; il/Mjra. Craigie, Mac- Biology: /"ro/^jjora William M' Intosh; lennan. Messrs. Masterman, Robertson. Modern : M. Roget. medicine Philosophy: TV-o/ijjorj Knight, Ritchie; „ ^ t. . Messrs. Gibson, Latta. Professor Pettigrew. Pedagogy : Professor Meiklejohn. theology. SCIENCE. Professors Herkless, Menzies, Stewart; Mathematics : Professor Lang, Mr. Professor Emeritus Ferrier Mitchell. George Lawson. ATHENS. GREECE. The only educational institutions of any importance in. Greece are the National University in Athens, and the Amer- ican, English, French and German Schools of Archzeology, also situated in Athens. The University of Athens was opened to women in December, 1895. The other schools, which give no degrees, are founded principally for the pur- poses of research and exploration, and in general admit women. ATHENS, Greece. THE UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS. This university was founded in 1837 on the same general plan as that of the German universities. It was opened to women, in spite of great opposition, in December, 1895, and it is said that five women are now registered students. The university consists of the four Faculties of Philosophy (Arts and Science), Law, Medicine and Theology, and confers the degree of Doctor in each of these facul- ties. The academic year is divided into the winter semester, beginning on September 15th and ending on February ist, and the summer semester, lasting from February ist till June 15th. The tuition fees for the year are 160 dr. ($19.20), and there is a fee of 100 dr. ($12) for the Diploma of Doctor. The number of professors is very large, and on this account the list is omitted. It may be found in the Minerva Jahrbuch der Gelehrten Welt. For further information apply to the secretary, Mr. Petros Bryzakis. THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES. This school was founded by the Archaeological Institute of America in 1881, and is supported by the cooperation of leading American universities and colleges. Its object is to furnish an GREECE. iir opportunity to study classical Literature, Art and Antiquities and to aid in conducting the exploration and excavation of classical sites. All the courses and privileges of the school are open to women as to men. Bachelors of Arts of cooperating colleges, and Bache- lors of Arts vsrho have been graduate students at cooperating col- leges, are admitted to membership on presenting a certificate from the classical department of the college in which they last studied. American students, resident or travelling in Greece, may be enrolled as special students at the discretion of the director. The applicant for admission to the school should fill out a regis- tration blank (which may be obtained from the chairman of the managing committee or the director) , and send this with his cre- dentials to the chairman, Prof. Thomas Day Seymour, Yale Uni- versity, New Haven, Conn. Two fellowships, of the value of $600, will be awarded for 1896—97, mainly on the result of a written examination, but other evidences or ability and attainments will be considered. Particu- lars may be obtained from the chairman of the committee on fel- lowships. Prof. John Williams White, Cambridge, Mass. The director and professors reside in Athens during the school year, from October ist to June ist. Members pay no fees ; others persons admitted to the school pay $25 a year for tuition. At large hotels In Athens board and lodg- ing can be obtained for $14 per week; at small hotels and in private families for $5.50. Director, Rufus Byam Richardson ; Professor of the History of Art, Charles Waldstein, Slade Professor of Fine Art, University of Cambridge, England ; Professor of the Greek Language and Lit- erature for 1896-97, J. R. Sitllngton Sterrett, Professor of Greek, Amherst College; for 1897-98, Herbert Weir Smyth, Professor of Greek, Bryn Mawr College. THE BRITISH SCHOOL AT ATHENS. This school, founded In 1886 by the University of Oxford and the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies, has for its ob- ject the study of Greek Art, Archaeology, Language and Literature. 112 ATHENS. Students holding fellowships or scholarships from any British university, or belonging to the Royal Academy of Art or the Royal Institute of British Architects, and other persons of British nation- ality who can give satisfactory proof of their ability to profit by the courses of the school, are admitted as students. Every student must stay at least three months. Women are admitted on the same conditions as men. The director resides in Athens from the beginning of October until the end of May. There are no fees for tuition or for the use of the library. Director, Mr. Cecil Smith, The British School at Athens. Hon. secretary, Mr. G. A. Macmillan, 29 Bedford street, Covent Gar- den, London, W. C. KAISERLICH DEUTSCHES ARCHAOLOGISCHES INSTITUT. The German schools at Athens and Rome wei'e founded in 1829 and are under the control of the Central- Direktion in Berlin. They have for their object the furthering of archaeological studies. Women are not formally admitted, but members of the Ameri- can School of Classical Studies are allowed by special permission to attend the public lectures and to use the libraries of the school. Secretaries in Athens: Professor Dr. Wilhelm Dorpfeld, Dr. Paul Wolters. ECOLE FRAN9AISE D'ATHENES. This school was founded in 1873 and has for its object the prepa- ration of members for archeeological research and exploration. Members must be thirty years of age and hold the degree of Docteur es Lettres or Agrege des Lettres, des Grammaire, de Philosofhie or d' Histoire. The number of members of the school is fixed at six, and ad- mission depends on the results of a competitive examination, both oral and written. Director, M. Hojv^olle ; honorary directors, MM. Burnouf and FouCART. HUNGARY. H3 HUNGARY. The universities of Hungary are similar to those of Ger- many and Austria in general plan; see pp. i, 2, 54, 55. They are three in number, namely, the universities of Agram, Budapest and Klausenberg. Of these the University of Budapest is the oldest and the most important ; it comprises the four Faculties of Theology, Law, Medicine and Philosophy (Arts and Science) , while the University of Agram has no Faculty of Medicine and that of Klausenberg no Faculty of Theology. It has not been thought necessary to give the list of professors at these universities ; it may be found in the Minerva Jahrbuch der Gelehrten Welt. In December, 1895, the universities of Hungary were formally opened to women by a decree of the Hungarian Minister of Education. In his decree to the universities the Minister gave in detail the conditions upon which women stu- dents were to be admitted. It is much to be regretted that no exact information in regard to these conditions has been received from Hungary. It has, however, been ascertained that women are permitted, with the express sanction of the Minister of Education, to register at the universities as regu- lar students in the philosophical faculty. For dates of semesters, fees and general particulars, see under Germany and Austria. 114 ITALY. ITALY. There are in Italy seventeen state universities, four free universities and two institutions similar to universities, the R. Istituto Suferiore di studi fratici e di ferfezionamento at Florence, and the 7?. Accademia Scientifico-litteraria at Mil- an, the first giving courses in Arts, Science and Medicine, and the latter courses in Philosophy and Philology. There are American, French and German schools of Archseology in Rome similar to those in Athens, and there is a zoological station at Naples at which many Americans study. The universities as a rule provide instruction and confer degrees in Arts, Science, Law and Medicine. The candi- date for the degree of Doctor {laured) must attend a definitely specified series of courses for a specified number of years (from three to six years, according to the faculty). The courses, degrees, laboratories and libraries at these universities are all open to women on the same conditions as to men. Two classes of students are admitted, regular stu- dents and hearers {uditori) . Regular students must have obtained, before entering, the certificate of a secondary school (licenza liceale or tecnica) or, if foreigners, must satisfy the Faculties of Arts and Science that the education they have received would have enabled them to obtain this licenza. In the case of students who have studied at a foreign university the faculty in which the stu- dent desires to attend courses decides on the admittance of the student. Such students should present certificates or diplomas from their former college or university, and also their certificates of birth. Hearers have to fulfil no special requirements beyond pre- senting a certificate of birth. They are not admitted to de- ITALY. IIS grees, but if they take the examinations they may in some cases receive certificates to the effect that they have studied in the university. Students and hearers must matriculate and pay the ma- triculation fees for the ensuing year between August ist and October 30th. The academic year is not divided into semes- ters; it begins on October 15th and ends on July 30th. Lectures begin in the first week of November and end on June 15th. Regular students pay their fees {tassa d' imatricolazione, fassa d' iscrizioni and tassa di di-ploma^ to the state treasury through the ufficio demaniale. The matriculation fee varies from 20 lire ($3.90) to 40 lire ($7.80), according to the faculty ; the inscription fees cover all the courses which have to be taken for a degree and amount to from 50 lire ($9.75) to 165 lire ($32.18) yearly. Fees for examinations, from 10 lire ($1.95) to 25 lire ($4.88) yearly, and laboratory fees are paid to the economato of the university. Hearers pay a matriculation fee of 40 lire ($7.80) and a fee of 8 lire ($1.56) for each hour per week of lecture in the courses which they enter. They pay these fees to the same officials as the regular students. Scholarships are open to women as to men and take the form, in general, of an exemption from fees. There are also fellowships open for competition to students that have obtained the degree of Doctor. Information concerning the general university regulations is given in a pamphlet entitled Regolamento Universitario ; information concerning a particular university, in the Annu- ario Accademico of the university in question, which with the Regolamento Universitario may be obtained from the secretary of the university. Il6 BOLOGNA. BOLOGNA, Italy. REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI BOLOGNA. This university, founded in the i ath century, is renowned far the number of celebrated women counted among its students and pro- fessors. The regulations are similar to those of all Italian universities ; see pp. 114, 115. Enquiries may be addressed to the direttore di segretaria, SiGNOR Oreste Rellini. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Classical : Professors Gandino, Puntoni ; Signor Michel- angeli. Romance : Professor Carducci; Sig- nors Biadene, Ferrari, Morpurgo, Restori. Comparative Philology : Professor Turrini. Philosophy : Professors Acri, Barbera, Panzacchi, Valdamini; Signers Am- brosini, DeNardi. Political Economy : Professor Mar- tello; Signors Berardi, D'Apel, Del Veccbio. History : Professors Bertolini, Falletti; Signor Vittorio Fiorini. Archeology : Professor Brizio; Signor Szedlo. Architecture : Professors Eenetd, Ca- nevazzi, Stabilini, Venturi, Zannoni; Signors Ballarini, Berti, Bombicci, Muggia. Engineering: Professors Cavani, Ca- vazzi, Masi, Donati; Signors Gemelli, Gorrieri, Maganzini, Regnoli, Silvani. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Arzel^, Donati, Matteo Fiorini, Pincherle, Saporetti; ii^f wore Enriquez, Razzaboni, Vivanti. Physics : Professors Righi, Ruffini. Chemistry: Professor Ciamician; Sig- nors Angeli, Campari, Magnanini, Za- netti. Mineralogy : Professor Bombicci. Geology: Professor Capellini; Signor Simonelli. Geography : Professor Peroglio. Biology: Professors Ciaccio, Emery, Mattirolo ; Signors Coggi, Morini. Professors Brini, Gaudenzi, Giusti, Manfredini, Mantovani-Orsetti, Regnoli, Salvioni, Vanni, Vivante ; Signors Bag- giolini, Ballerini, Barbieri, Berardi, Bor- doni, Buini, Conti, Cossa, Costa, De Not- ter, Diena, Dore, Franceschini, Gemma, Ivancich, Jona, Luzzatto, Malagola, Montanari, Moscatelli, Rabbeno, Ram- poni, Rava, Rossi, Selli, Taddei, Tro- vanelli, Valenti, Vita. MEDICINE. Professors Albertoni, Calderini, Calori, Fusari, Maioccbi, Martinotti, Murri, Novaro, Pellacani, Poggi, Roncati, Ro- vighi,Tartuferi, Tizzoni; Signors Babacci, Belmondo, Biondi, Bordfe, Bozzi, Can- talamessa, Cattani, Cuccati, D'Ajutolo, Monti, Novi, Panzeri, Pinto, Pinzani, Respighi, Ruffini, Ruggi, Sabbatini, Sal- aghi, Testi. ITALY. 117 CAGLIARI, Sardinia, Italy. REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI CAGLIARI. This university, founded in 1596, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Giuseppe LOY-ISOLA. Professors and liccturers. ARTS. LAW. Political Economy : Professor Todde. Professors Angioni-Contini, Barcared- Architecture : Signor Fais. da, Campus Serra, Gandolfo, Loy-Isola, SCIENCE Porcu-Giua, Orrii, Scano, Segr4, Soro ; Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- Signers ^x^^, Careddu, Ordioni, Pi- fessors Fais, Usai, Vivanet. °°«"'' Rest^°- Physics : Professor Guglielmo. medicine. Chemistry : Professor Missaghi. Professors Biondi, Corrado, Fenoglio, Mineralogy and Geology : Professor Gonella, Guzzoni degli Ancarani, Legge, Lovisato. Sanfelice, Zanda ; Signers Marfori, Maz- BlOLOGY : Professor Lovisato. za, Tonnini. CAMERINO, Italy. LIBERA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI CAMERINO. This university, founded in 1727, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Mario Mannucci. Professors and Lecturers. LAW. MEDICINE. Professors Dusi, Marsili, Palumbo, Professors Berlese, Casali, Catterina, Ranelletti, Riccobono ; Signors Malpeli, Fabrini, Gallerani, Kazzander, Mircoli, Mircoli, Ricci. Pacinotti, Sartori. CATANIA, Sicily. UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI CATANIA. This university, founded in 1444, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, ii5' Enquiries may be addressed to the direttore di segretaria, Signor Beniamino Bruno. ii8 CATANIA, FERRARA. Professors and IJecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Classical : Professor Sabbadini; Signor Bruno. Romance : Professor Rapisardi; Sig- ners Ciampoli, Sabbadini. Philosophy : Professor Marino; Signor Tavemi. Political Economy : Professor Giu- seppe Maiorana-Calatabiano; Signor Marietta. History : Professor Casagrandi. ArcH/EOLOGY : Signors Bruno, Orsi. Architecture : Professor Giarrizzo; Signor Fichera. Pedagogy : Professor Tavemi ; Signor Catalano. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Chizzoni, MoUame, Riccfi, Zur- ria; Signors Catania, Permacchetti. Physics : Professors Grimaldi, Pennac- cbietti. Chemistry : Signors Amato, Grassi- Cristaldi. Mineralogy and Geology : Professor Bucca. Geography : Signor Giardina. Biology : Professors Baccarini, Grassi; Signor Aloi. LAW. Professors Camazza-Amari, Camazza- Puglisi, Delogu, De Luca-Camarza, De Mauro, La Rosa, Angelo Maiorana-Cal- atabiano, Salvatore Maiorana-Calatabiano, Vadali Papale; Signors Abate-Longo, Aprile di Cimia, Camazza, Cavallaro, Costanzo Peratoner, Fiorentino, Fisich- ella, La Monaca, Maiorana, Mangano, Marino-Martinez, Marietta, Pantano, Po- liti, Rapisardi, Restano, Wrzi, Zocco- Rosa. MEDICINE. Professors Berretta, Capparelli, de- menti, Cosentino, Curci, D'Abundo, Di Mattel, Feletti, Francaviglia, Petrone, Tomaselli, Ughetti; Signors Addario, Ardini, Condorelli-Maugeri, Coniglione- Ardizzone, De Luca, Galvagno, Guzzardi, Marchese, Maugeri, Misuraca, Musu- meci, Pennino, Roncisvalle, Saniilippo. FERRAKA, Italy. LIBERA UNIVERSITA DI FERRARA. This university, founded in 1391, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Enrico Bassani. Professors and JJectnrers. ARTS. Political Economy : Professor Scara- belli. Architecture : Signor DuprS.. Art : Signor Ravegnani. SCIENCE. Mathematics : Professors Borgatti, Vig- nocchi ; Signor Roccella. Physics : Professor Bongiovanni. Chemistry : Professor Costa. Mineralogy : Signor Costa. Biology : Professor Massalongo; Signor Zuffi. LAW. Professors Bennati, Martinelli, Pas- qualini, Scarabelli, Sitta, Turbiglio, Weiss, De-Welden, Zeni ; Signor Ruifoni. MEDICINE. Professors Bongiovanni, Costa, Ludo- visi, Marfori, Massalongo, Morpurgo, Zuffi ; Signor Grillenzoni. ITALY. 119 FliOBENCE, Italy. REGIA ISTITUTO DI STUDI SUPERIORI PRATICI E DI PERFEZIONAMENTO. This school, founded in 1321, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Tito FlASCHI. Professors and liecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Semitic : Professors Cas- Chemistry : Professor Schiff. telli, Lasinio ; Signor Scerbo. Mineralogy : Professor Grattarola. Indo-Iranian : Professor Severmi ; Geology and Geography : Professors Signors Donati, Favolini. D'Ancona, De Stefani, Marinelli ; Sig- Classical : Professors Festa, Ramo- nor Ristori. rino, Vitelli ; Signors Nencini, Rasi. Biology : Professors Caniel, Fano, Gig- Germanic : Professor Parodi ; Signor lioli, Mantegazza, Targioni Tozzetti ; Fasola. Signors Baroni, Batelli, Banielli, Romance: /Vo/^worjMazzoni, Rajna; Marchi, Oddi, Regalia. Signor Parodi. Philosophy : Professors Conti, Tocco. medicine. History: Professors Cosn, Puini, Vil- Professors Bajardi, Banti, Bufalini, Ian ; Stgnor Franchetti. Chiamgi, Colzi, Corradi, Filippi, Grocco, Archeology : Professors Del Vecchio, ■^^^^^ ^ p^^u Pellizzari, Pestalozza, Festa, Paoh ; Signors Bertolotto, Mi- Rggt^^^ t^^^; . Signers Acconci, Bar- lam, bchiaparelli, Teloni. ^^^^^^ Bargellini, Bonardi, Borrd, Celoni, SCIENCE. Centanni, Del Greco, Gabbi, Giart6, Astronomy : Professor Abetti. Grazzi, Grilli, Lumbroso, Marianelli, Physics : Professor Roiti ; Signor Mar- Rossi, Silvestri, Simi, Staderini, Tedes- angoni. chi, Toti, Trambusti. GENOA, Italy. REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI GENOVA. This university, founded in 181 2, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. Enquiries may be addressed to the direttore di segretaria., Signor Giovanni Oxilia. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Germanic: Signor Dall'Orto. Languages. — Semitic: Signor Dall'- Romance: P^-o/^worj Barrili, De Lol- Orto. lis ; Signor Guamerio. Classical: Professors Cerrato, Euse- Comparative Philology: Professor bio ; Signor Pais. Bariola. GENOA, MESSINA. Philosophy : Professors Asturaro, Ben- zoni, Ferrari ; Signors Cecchi, Chi- nazzi. Political Science: Professors ks,\.\aaco, PoDsiglioni ; Signor Supino, History : Professor Belgrano ; Signors Cecchi, Oberziner, Rosi. Pedagogy : Professor Benzoni. Archaeology : Signor Eusebio. Architecture : Professor Resasco. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- fessors Garbieri, Loria, Monteverde, Piuma, Pizzetti ; Signors Giudice, Morera, Perroni. Physics: Professors Pietro Maria Gari- baldi, Morera ; Signor Roberto. Chemistry : Professor Pellizzari. Mineralogy : Professor Negri. Geology and Geography: Professor Issel ; Signor Squinabol. Biology : Professors Cattaneo, Grossi, Parona, Penzig; Signor Vinciguerra. Engineering : Professors Morera, Piz- zetti; Signors Garbieri, Pellizzari, Rombo. LAIV. Professors Bianclii, Bigliati, Cogliolo, Del Vecchio, De Murtas-Zichina, Gian- zana, Manara, Mecacci, RufHni, Severi, Traverso, Wautrain-Cavagnari ; Signors Enrico Bensa, Paolo Emilio Bensa,Berliii- gieri, Castellari, Civoli, Drago, Grego, Martinelli, Pipia, Porrini, Roncali, Rossello, Supino. Professors Acconci, Brigidi, Canalis, Caselli, Giovanni, Garibaldi, Griffini, Lachi, Maragliano, Morselli, Mosso, Profeta, Secondi, Sereri; Signors Basso, Capranica, Casini, Cioja, Devoto, Fer- rari, Giuria, Livierato, Lucatello, Arturo Masini, Giulio Masini, Andrea Mazza, Giuseppe Mazza, Motta, Oddi, Perrando, Sacchi, Staderini, Verdese. MESSINA, Italy. REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI MESSINA. This university, founded in 1838, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Giuseppe Caracciolo. Professors and Iiectixrers. ARTS. Languages. — Classical : Professors Fraccaroli, Stampini; Signor Crivel- lari. Germanic : Signor Stampini. Romance : Signors Ferrai, Zenatti. Comparative Philology : Signor Stam- pini. Philosophy : Professors Cesca, Fisi- chella. Political Science: Signors Cesca, Fleres. History : Professor Ferrai ; Signors Porena, Tropea. Pedagogy : Professor Casca. Archeology : Signers Ferrai, Frac- caroli. Architecture : Professor D'Aronco ; Signors Di Bella, Queriau. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors De Berardinis, Maggi, Maisano, Martiuetti ; Signors Cacopardo, Visalli. Physics : Professor Costa-Saya ; Signor De Pasquale. Chemistry: Professor Errera; Signor Giannetto. Mineralogy and Geology : Professor La Valle. Geography : Professor Porena ; Signor Bertacchi. Biology : Professors Bargoni, Ficalbi, Morini ; Signor Lessona. ITAL K 121 LAW. MEDICINE. Professors Ascoli, Buscemi, Cesareo- Professors CrisafulU, Ferraro, Gaglio, Console, Faranda, Lilla, Macri, Manenti, Giuseppe Pugliatli, Rosario Pugliatti, Oliva, Ugo, Venezian ; Signors Camazza, Scimemi, Trombetta, Weiss, Ziino, Zin- Colajanni, De Cola-Proto, Fulci, Puglia, cone ; Signors Cambria, Cammareri, Col- Sciacca, Segrfe, Tricomi La-Porta. ella, Fusari, Salomoni, Testa, Tornatola. MILAN, Italy. REGIA ACCADEMIA SCIENTIFICO-LITTERARIA DI MILANO. This school, founded in 1859, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Italy: see pp. 114, 115. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Emilio De Marchi. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Classical: ProfessorUe History: Professors C\ccoVti,'Ro\anio. Inama, Giussani. Pedagogy : Professor Luciano; Signor Germanic : Professor Friedmann ; Martinazzoli. Signor Jacoby; Signora Schiff. ArcHjBOLOGY : Signors Ambrosoli, Ce- RoMANCE : Professors Baravalle, No- riani, Attilio De Marchi. vati, Scberillo; Signors Emilio, De Marchi, Dupuy, Ferrieri. science. Comparative Philology: Professor Geography: Professor Savio; Signor Ascoli. Ricchieri. Philosophy: Professors Jandelli, Lu- Biology: Professor Ssivio; Signor Yig- ciano. noli. MODENA, Italy. REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI MODENA. This university, founded in 1683, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Carlo Felice Restagno. Professors and Lecturers. .flRTS. SCIENCE. Political Science : Professor Rabbeno; Mathematics : Professors Besso, Del Signors Balletti, Graziani, Prodi, Ron- Re; Signors Nicoli, Torricelli, Valeri. call. Physics : Professor Chistoni. Architecture : Signor Cavazzuti. Chemistry : Professor Magnanini; Sig- MODENA, NAPLES. nors Cuoghi-Costantini, Maissen, Pu- liti, Ramazzini. Geology and Mineralogy : Professor Fantanelli ; Signors Coppi, Gambari. Biology : Professors Delia Valle, Mori; Signors Bergonzini, Cugini, Macchiati, Roncaglia. Professors Bertolini, Brandoli, Franchi, Melucci, Morelli, Olivi, Raisini, Sabba- tini, Strani, Triani; Signors Borciani, ConigUani, Ferrarini, Graziani, Longo, Marchetti, Fagani. MEDICINE. Professors Albertotd, Casarini, Cesari, Fabbri, Galvagni, Giovanardi, Maggiora, Puglia, Tamburini, Vanni; Signors Al- bini, Barbacci, Bassi, Belmondo, Bergon- zini, Bertacchini, Berti, Bruni, Casciani, Cecchini, Gallenga, Generali, Guicciardi, Levi, Marchi, Nasi, Petrazzani, Ravaglia, Riccardi, Roncaglia, Ruggi, Saltiui, Sep- pilli. Seven, Vassale, Vinaj. NAPLES, Italy. REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI NAPOLI. This university, founded in 1224, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. For the zoological station at Naples see p. 131. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Carlo Felice Restagno. Professors and Liecturers. Languages. — Semitic : Professor Buo- nazia. Indo-Iranian : Signors Kerbaker, De Vincentiis. Classical : Professors Cocchia, Flores, Kerbaker; Signors De Gennaro, D' Ovidio, Pascal. Romance: /V-«/^«ora D' Ovidio, Zum- bini ; Signors Agresti, Colagrosso, Pfircopo, Prudenzano, Ronca. Philosophy : Professors Barzellotti, Chiappelli, Masci; Signors Bosurgi, Fimiani, Maturi, Memola, Tarantino. Political Science: Professor Panta- leoni; Signors Betocchi, Colaianni, D'Ippolito, Lioy, Mazzola, Miraglia, Nitti, Tammeo. History : Professors De Blasiis, Holm, Mariano; Signors Biamonte, Correra, Faraglia, Schipa. Archeology : Signors De Petra, Sog- liano. Architecture: Professor Capocci; Signors Bellini, Curri, Fischetti, Fo- linea, Giuliani, Stampa, Tango. Pedagogy : Professor Fomelli ; Signor Vecchia. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Capelli, Ces^fo, Cua, Del Pezzo, Fergola, Montesano, Nobile, Pinto, Raucci, Salvatore-Dino, Siacci ; Sig- nors Amanzio, Amaturo, Amodeo, Angelitti, Avena, Bellini, Brambilla, Campanile, De Francesco, DelGiudice, Is6, Masoni, Montesano, Nicodemi, Rinonapoli, Salvatore-Dino. Physics : Professors Palmieri, Villari ; Signors Ciccone, Del Gaizo, Giuliani, Semmola. Chemistry : Professor Oglialoro-Todaro; Signors Januario, Napolitano, Sardo, Silvestro, Zinno. Mineralogy : Professor Scacchi ; Signor Franco. ITAL Y. 123 Geology : Professor Bassani ; Signers Johnston-Lavis, Mercalli. Geography: Professor Porena. Biology : Professors Costa, Delpino, Nicolucci, Faladino, Trinchese ; Sig- nors Balsamo, Colosi, Comes, Ger- emicca, Lucarelli, Mazzarelli, Monti- celli, Falma, Pasquale, Raffaele. LAW. Professors Arcoleo, Bovio, Capuano, Fadda, Fiore, Emmanuele Gianturco, Lomonaco, Maighieri, Milone, Miraglia, Napodano, Pepere, Persico, Pessina, Sca- duto, Tammeo, Viti; Signors Abignente, Alimena, Arangio Ruiz, Betocchi, Biondi, Campese, Cannada, Camevale, Ciccag- lione, Ciccarelli, Contuzzi, Coviello, De Cillis, De Marinis, De Roberto, Di Maio, Di Martino, Fiore, Gagliardi, Gargiulo, Garofalo, Girardi, Guariglia, Guarracino, Jannuzzi, Lanza, Longo, Manenti, Ma- rino, Minutillo, Petroni, Pisapia, Rubino, Salvia, Scalamandr^, Schiappoli, Sem- mola, Sorgente, Squitti, Stunmonte, Tu- ozzi, Varcasia. MEDICINE. Professors Albini, Antonelli, Armanni, Bianchi, Bocardi, Cardarelli, Corrado, Cozzolino, D'Ambrosio, D'Antona, De Amicis, De Giaxa, De Martini, De Renzi, De Vincentiis, Frusci, Gallozzi, Malerba, Massei, Morisani, Rummo, Schron, Sem- mola, Vizioli; Signors Amoroso, Antonelli, Arena, Baculo, Biondi, Boccardi, Borrel- li, Brancaccio, Breglia, Buonomo, Caccia- puoti, Caccioppoli, Cagnetta, Cantarano, Capozzi, Caruso, Ciaramelli, Ciccone, Cirincione, Colella, Conca, Costabile, Cotronei, D'Amore, D'Evant, D'Urso, De Bisogno, De Bonis, De Dominicis, De Grazia, De Luca, De Michele, De Paolis, De Sanctis, De Simone, Del Gaizo, Di Giacomo, Di Lorenzo, Ducrey, Falcone, Fasano, Eugenio Fazio, Feri- nando Fazio, Fede, Ferrajolo, Ferran- nini, Ferrara, Folinea, Fomario, Franco, Gauthier, Gianturco, Guarino, Jacontini, Jappelli, Jennaco, Laccetti, Lauro, Lim- oncelli, Lobello, Lup6, Magnarapa, Mau- fredi, Marsiglia, Martino, Masucci, Ma- turi, Mazziotti, Melle, Meola, Moauro, Montefusco, Morano, Morelli, Morra, Novi, Pansini, Paolucci, Alessandro Pascale, Giovanni Pasquale, Patroni, Pecoraro, Pedicini, Pellecchia, Penta, Petteruti, Piretti, Radice, Raffaele, Reale, Renzone, Ria, Romanelli, Ro- mano, Rubino, Salvati, Salvi, Salvia, Scalese, Scervini, Scibelli, Scotti, Senise, Sgobbo, Sgrosso, Spatuzzi, Spinelli, Squillante, Stanziale, Tamburrini, Te- deschi, Tortora, Traversa, Tria, Virgilio, Vitone, Vizioli, Volpe, Zagari, Zucca- relli. PADUA, Italy. REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI PADUA. This university, founded in 1223, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. Enquiries may be addressed to the direttore di segretaria^ SiG- NOR CiRO ClARLI. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Semitic : Signor LoUi. Indo-Iranian : Professor Teza. Classical : Professors Cortese, E. Fer- rai, Gnesotto. Germanic : Professor Baragiola ; Sig- nor Weigelsperg. Romance : Professors Crescini, Ga- lanti, Medin. Philosophy : Professors Ardig6, Bona- telli, Ferrari, Ragnisco ; Signor Dan- dolo. 124 PADUA, PALERMO. History : Professors L. A. Ferrai, Gloria, De Leva, Pinton ; Signor Raulich. Geography : Professor Pennesi. Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- fessors D'Arcais, Bordiga, Favaro, Gazzaniga, Legnazzi, Lorenzoni, Pa- dova, Ricci, Salvotti, Veronese. Physics : Professor Vicentini ; Signor Lussana. Chemistry : Professor Nasini ; Signors Anderlini, Carrara, Spica-Marcataio. Geology and Mineralogy : Professors Giov. Negri, Omboni, Panebianco ; Signor A. Negri. Geodesy : Signor Miari-Fulcis. Biology : Professors Berlese, Canestrini, Saccardo ; Signor de Toni. LAIV AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Professors Alessio, Bnigi, Cavagnari, Ferraris, Landucci, Levi-Catellani, Lena, Luzzatti, Polacco, Sacerdoti, Silvestri, Giov. Tamassia ; Signors Armanni, Cas- tori, Leoni, Luzzatti, Norsa, Rabbeno, Stoppato, A. Tamassia, Dalla Volta. MEDICINE. Professors Bassini, Bonome, Breda, Cervesato, Chirone, De Giovanni, Grade- nigo, Inverardi, Serafini, Stefani, A. Tamassia, Tricomi, Vlacovich ; Signors Alessio, Bolzoni, Bonuzzi, Borgherini, Bosma, Castellino, Catterina, Cavazzani, Colpi, Dalle Ore, Ferrari, Fratini, Gal- lerani, Kazzander, Lampngnani, Lussana, Maggia, Massalongo, Ovio, Querenghi, Righi, Stefani, Tedeschi. PALERMO, Italy. REGIA UNIVERSITA STUDI DI PALERMO. This university, founded in 1779, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. Enquiries maybe addressed to the direttore di segretaria., Signor Francesco Paolo Errante. Professors and Lecturers. Languages. — Semitic : Signor Lagu- mina. Indo- Iranian : Signor Fumi. Classical : Professor Gin; Signors Columba, Cosentino. Romance : Professor Mestica; Sig- nors Amico, Di Gregorio, Pipitone. Comparative Philology : Professor Fumi. Philosophy: Professors Di Giovanni, Faggi. History : Professsors Columba, Bat- tista, Siragusa. Archaeology : Professor Salinas. Architecture : Professors Alfonso- Spagna, Almeyda, Basile, Giovanni, Salemi-Pace; Romano. Signors Gemmellaro, Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Guccia, Gerbaldi, Torelli, Ven- turi; Signors Albeggiani, Patemd, Soler, Zona. Physics : Professors Caldarera, Maca- luso, Pagliani; Signors Cantom,Gebbia. Chemistry ■ Professor P eratoner;5'«'§-- nors Leone, Oddo. Mineralogy and Geology : Professor Gemmellaro. Geography : Signors Battista, Siragusa, Zona. Biology : Professors Borzi, Kleinen- berg; Signors Lo Jacono, Ross. ITAL Y. I2S Hygiene : Signer Leone. Engineering : Professors Caldarera, Calpit6, Pagliani, Pintacuda, Venturi; Signers Albeggianf, Consumano, Geb- bia, Rotigliano. LAW^ND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Professors Agnetta di Gentile, Cu- sumano, Guameri, Gugino, Impallomeni, Orlando, Maggiore Pemi, Papa D'Ami- co, Patemostro, Ricca-Salemo, Salvioli, Sampolo, Schiattarella ; Signors Cola- janni, D'Agnanno, De Cola Proto, Leto- Silvestii, Ld Donni, Longo, Merenda, Alfonso Siragusa, Todaro. MEDICINE. Professors Angelucci, Argento, Cer- vello, Chiarleonl, Manfredi, Marcacci, Marchesano, Mondino, Montalti, Ran- daclo, Sirena, Tansini, Tommasoli; Sig- nors Alessi, Brancaleone, Caruso-Pec- oraro, Di Blasi, Ficano, Fodera., Gili- berti, Giuffrd, Lazzaro, Lipari, Lo Jacono, Mannino, Mirto, Misuraca, Piazza-Mar- tini, Pernice, Bernardo Salemi-Pace, Sal- omone-Marino, Scardulla,Spallitta, Roso- lino Tusa, Salvatore Tusa. PARMA, Italy. REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI PARMA. This university, founded in 1422, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. Enquiries may be addressed to the direttore di segretaria SiG- NOR Antonio Pigorini. Professors and Lecturers. Mathematics: TVi^ijorj' Lavaggi, Ras- chi, Vecchi. Physics: Professor Cardani. Chemistry: Professor Mazzara. Mineralogy: Professor Strobel. Biology: Professors Avetta, Jung. Architecture: Signers Bartoli, Giaco- pelli. LAIV. Professors Arduini, Bolafiio, Bonfante, Brandileone, Laghi, Malgarini, Perozzi, Redenti, Tommasini, Zanzucchi; Signors Berenini, Costa, De Pirro, Laviosa, Ric- cobono, Tartufari. MEDICINE. Professors Ceccherelli, Corona, Cugini, Ferrari, Gallenga, Inzani, Mibelli, Mo- lina, Rattone, Riva, Tenchini, Truzzi, Ughi; Signors Calderini, Gherardi, Le- moigne. PA VIA, Italy. REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI PAVIA. This university, founded in 1361, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115- Enquiries may be addressed to the direttore di segretaria., SiG- NOR Giuseppe Sciamengo. 126 PA VIA, PERUGIA, PISA. Professors and Iiecturers. Languages. — Classical : Professors Canna, Rasi. Germanic : Signor Schiff. Romance : Professor Rossi. Comparative Philology : Professor Salvioni. Philosophy : Professors Cantoni, Cre- daro ; Signors De Domenicis, luvalta, Mantovani. Political Economy: Professor Cossa. History : Professors Lazzarini, Merkel ; Signor Romano. Pedagogy : Professor De Domenicis. Archeology : Signor Canna. Architecture : Professor Brusotti. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Aschieri, Belcredi, Pascal, Platner, Somigliana ; Signors Berzo- lari, Formenti, Pannelli, Vivanti. Physics : Professors Bartoli, Formenti ; Signors Gerosa, De Marchi. Chemistry : Professor TuUio Brugna- telli ; Signors Bertoni, Meaozzi, Pur- gotti. Mineralogy: Signors Artini, Luigi Brugnatelli. Geology : Professor Taramelli ; Signors Mariani, Salomon, Tommasi. Geography: Professor Bellio. Biology : Professors Briosi, Maggi, Pa- vesi. tAW. Professors Buzzatti, Cattaneo, Del Giu- dice, Ferrini, Longo, Mariani, Mazzola, Minguzzi, Simoncelli, Vidari ; Signors Gobbi, Majno, Nulli, Porro, Vacchelli. MEDICINE. Professors Baldi, Bottini, Falchi, Filo- musi Guelfi, Golgi, Maggi, Mangiagalli, Mazzucchelli, Oehl, Orsi, Pavesi, R^gi, Sangalli, Scarenzio, Silva, Sormani, Zoia; Signors Canti, Clivio, Fasola, Ferrari, Gorini, Jemoli, Levi, M^gi, Monti, Pa- vezi, Pestalozza, Platschik Rampoldi, Resinelli, Sala, Staureughi, Stefanini, Zambianchi. PERUGIA, Italy. UNIVERSITA LIBERA DEGLI STUDI DI PERUGIA. This university, founded in 1 266, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Vittorio Marini. Professors and Iiecturers. Political Science : Professor Luzzatd. medicine. LAW. Professors Adriani, Axenfeld, Batelli, Professors Brezzo, Brunamonti, Cutmi, Bellucci, De Paoli, Madruzza, Patella, Innamorati, Luzzatti, Miceli, Puviani, Pisenti, Ruata, Salvioni, Valenti; Sig- Scalvanti, Tarducci; Signor Tancetti. nors Cecchini, Sacchi. PISA, Italy. REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI PISA. This university, founded in 1343, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. ITALY. 127 Enquiries may be addressed to the direttore di segretaria^ SiGNOR GlACOMO EnrICO RoSSETTI. Professors and Iiecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Indo-Iranian : Professor Pulls. Classical : Professsors Tartara, Zam- baldi ; Signors Nencini, Setti. English and Germanic : Signor Weile. Professor D'Ancona, Fla- Professors Jaja, Paoli, Romance mini. Philosophy Rossi. History : Professors Crivellucci, Pais. Political Science : Professor Toniolo ; Signor Giulio BiancU. Archeology : Professor Ghirardini ; Signor Lupi. Architecture : Professor Calderini ; Signor Caine. SCIENCE. Mathematics : Professors Bertini, Bi- ancM, Dini, Finzi, Nardi-Dei ; Signors Bettazzi, Bigiavi, Ciani, Enriquez, Lazzeri. Physics : Professors Battelli, Maggi, Padnotti, Tedone ; Signors Fa4, Gar- basso, Stefanini. Chemistry: Professor Tassinari ; Sig- nor Antony. Geology and Mineralogy : Professors D'Achiardi, Can&vari, Zaccs^na. Geography : Professor Sottini ; Signor Zaccagna. Biology : Professors Arcangeli, Richi- ardi; Signors Baraldi, Bonardi, Bot- tini. Professors Buonamici, Calisse, Codacci- Pisanelli, Corsi, Gabba, Mortara, Sadun, Serafini, Supine ; Signors Anzilotti, Bai- sini, E. Bianchi, Brunetti, Giannini, Lessona, Magri, Petrone, Sighele, Sraffa,, Tiranti, Zerboglio. MEDICINE. Professors Aducco, Ceci, D'Abundo, Fedeli, Fubini, Grazzi, Guamieri, Maf- fiicci, Manfredi, Pad, Pinzani, Queirolo, Romiti, Sadun, Di Vestea ; Signors Bat- telli, Bertelli, Burd, Denti, Ducrey, Far- avelli, Frascani, Marchionneschi, Minati, Nannotti, Sonsino, Temi, Valenti. ROME, Italy. REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI ROMA. This university, founded in 1303, is under the same regulationa as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, iiS- Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Teles- ford Daretti. Professors and Liecturers. ARTS. Languages.— Semitic : Professors Gui- di, Schiaparelli. Indo-Iranian : Professors De Guber- natis, Valenziani. Classical : Professors Cugnoni, Halb- herr. Monad, Piccolomini, De Rug- giero; Signors PiStymi, Levi, Vaglieri. English : Signor Garlanda. Romance: Professor De Gubematis; Signors Castagnola, Cesareo, Mar- tini, Salvador!, Zannoni. Comparative Philology : Professor Ced; Signor Cima. 128 ROME. Philosophy : Professors Labriola, Tur- biglio; Signer Gizzi. History : Professors Beloch, Labanca, Monticolo; Signers Cantarelli, Guidi, Manfroni, Salvadori, Tomassetti, Zan- noni. Art and Archeology: Professors Lan- ciani, Loewy, Pigorini, de Ruggiero; Signor Venturi. Architecture : Professors Calderini, Gui, Rosso. SCIENCE. Mathematics : Professors Biolchini, Castelnuovo, Cerruti, Cremona, Nagy, Pittarelli, Reina, Tonelli; Signers Fano, Di Legge, Sella. Physics : Professors Ascoli, Beltrami, Blasema, Saviotti; Signor Banti. Chemistry : Professors Camiizzaro, Giorgis, Patemo dl Sessa; Signers Miolati, Montemartini. Mineralogy : Professor. Striiver; Sig- ner Brugnattelli. Geology : Professors Mali, Portis. Geography : Professor Dalla Vedova. Biology : Professors Camiccio, Grassi, Magini, Marro, Pirotta, Sergi ; Signers Camiccio, Colini, Kruch, Lanzi, Ma- gini, Mingazzini, Moschen, Vinci- guerra. Engineering : Professors Ceradini, Fa- vero, Nazzani. Agriculture : Signor Cuboni. LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Professors Galluppi, Galluzzi, Filomusi Guelfi, Luzzatti, De Viti De Marco, Mau- rizi, Messedaglia, Meucci, Nocito, Palma, Pierantoni, Sansonetti, Schupfer, Scia- loja, Semeraro. MEDICINE. Professors Businelli, Campana, Celli, Colasanti, Durante, Luciani,Marc!iiafava, Mingazzini, Occhini, Pasquali, De Rossi, Rossoni, Sciamanna, Todaro, Toscani, Tommasi-Crudeli, Valenti; Signers Min- gazzini, Pagliani. AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES IN ROME. This school, which was opened in 1894, has the same general objects as the American School of Classical studies at Athens; see p. no. All the courses and privileges of the school are open to women on the same conditions as to men. Bachelors of Arts of American colleges of good standing and persons who are able to submit satis- factory proof that their studies have been such as to enable them to pursue advanced courses of work at the school may become members. Americans residing or travelling in Italy who are not members of the school may, at the discretion of the directors, be admitted to its privileges. Application for admission should be addressed to Professor MiNTON Warren, Casino dell' Aurora, via Lombardia, Rome, or toPROFESSOR W. G. Hale, University of Chicago. The academic year begins on October 15th and ends on June ist. No charges are made for tuition. ITAL Y. 129 There are two fellowships of the value of $600 and one of the value of $500, application for which should be made either to the director of the school or to Professor Hale. Director of the school in 1896-97, Professor Minton Warren, Professor of Latin, Johns Hopkins University. KAISERLICHE DEUTSCHES ARCHAOLOGISCHES INSTITUT. For particulars see p. 112. ECOLE FRAN9AISE DE ROME. Similar in organisation to the Ecole Fran9aise d' Ath6nes ; see p. 112. Director, M. l'Abbe Duchesxe; honorary director, M. Le Blant. SASSARI, Sardinia. REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI SASSARI. This university, founded in 1556, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Rodolfo Caniggia. Professors and liecturers. Political Science : Professor Pinna- Prosperi; Signors Mossa-Angioi, Pitzolo. ^S"^- MEDICINE. LAW. Professors Conti, Fiori, Mazzotto, Professors Bibbiana, Demurtas-Zichina, Monticelli, Nicotra, Pitzomo, Ravi, Dettori, De Villa, Manunta-Manca, Roth, Simula, Valente, Vincenzi; Sig- Mariotti, Piras, Soro Delitala, Virdis- ««-Fasola. SEENA, Italy. REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI SIENA. This university, founded in the 14th century, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Temistocle MOZZANI. 13° SIENA, TURIN. Professors and Lecturers. Professors Ciacci, Graziani, I^porini, Moriani, Patetta, Rossi, Virjgilii, Vitali, Zanichelli; Signors Falaschi, Giannan- toni, Ranelletti, Ludovico Zdekauer. MEDICINE. Professors Barduzzi, Bemabei, Bi- anchi, Bocci, Cantieri, Falaschi, Fu- naioli, Guaita, Gucci, Morisani, Otto- lengbi, Raimondi, Sanquirico, Spediacci, Tassi; Signors Barbacci, Bianchi, Bor^ doni, Borgiotti, Cattaneo, Colombini, Fi- calbi, Gasparrini, Lussano, Mibelli, Mor- purgo, Remedi, Sanarelli, Scarlini, Tassi, Torsellini. TURIN, Italy. REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI TORINO. This university, founded in 141 2, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. Enquiries may be addressed to the direttore di segretaria, SiG- NOR LuiGI VlTTORIO CrAVOSIO. Professors and liectnrers. Languages. — Semitic and Indo-Iran- lAN : Professor Pizzi. Classical : Professors Cortese, Val- lauri ; Signors Valmaggi, Zuretti. Romance : Professors Graf, Renier ; Signors Camus, Gabotto,Gian, Gorra. Comparative Philology : Professor Pezzi. Philosophy : Professors Bobba, D' Er- cole; Signor Zuccante. Political Economy: Professor Cognetti De Martiis ; Signor MasS-Dari. History : Professors CipoUa, Schiapa- relli. Pedagogy : Professor AUievo. Archeology : Professor Rossi ; Signor Ferrero. Architecture : Professor Ceppi. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Berzolari, D'Ovidio, Jadanza, Peano, Segre; Signors Bettazzi, Pieri, Porro, Zanotti-Bianco. Physics : Professors Naccari, Volterra ; Signors Errera, Garbasso, Rizzo. Chemistry : Professor Fileti. Mineralogy : Professoi' Spezia. Geology : Professor Parona; Signors Sacco, Piolti. Geography : Professor Cora. Biology : Professors Camerano, Gibelli, Mosso; Signors Belli, Buscalioni. LAW. Professors Brusa, Carle, Chironi, Fer- roglio, Fusinato, Germane, Mattirolo, Nani, Pampaloni, Ronga; Signors Amar, Ballerini Velio, Benevolo, Brezzo, Brondi, Castellari, Cattaneo, Dusi, Garelli, Lom- broso, Patetta, Righini, Rossi, Rufifini, Tedeschi. MEDICINE. Professors Bizzozero, Bozzolo, Bruno, Carle, Fissore, Fok, Forlanini, Giaco- mini, Giacosa, Giovarmini, Lombroso, Angelo Mosso, Pagliani, Perroncito, Rey- mond, Tibone; Signors Bajardi, Ber- gesio. Bono, Bordoni-Uffreduzzi, Capon- otto, Carbone, Carbonelli, Cavallero, Ciartoso, Dionisio, Falchi, Ferri, Fileti, Gradenigo, Graziadei, Grandis, Guas- tavino, Lava, Lessona, Maggiora, Marro, Mo, Morpurgo, Ugolino Mosso, Motta, Muscatello, Musso, Mya, Naccari, Negro, Oliva, Ottolenghi, Pacinotti, Patrizi, Peroni, Pescarolo, Peschel, Rain- eri, Resegotti, Riva-Rocci, Roncoroni, Salvioli, Sansoni, Sclavo, Secondi, Sper- ino, Varaglia, Vicarelli. ITALY. I3t URBINO, Italy. LIBERA UNIVERSITA PROVINCIALE. This university, founded in 1671, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 114, 115. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Pompeo Natalucci. Professors and Ijecturers. Political Science: Signor Vec- Nicolai-Fiocchi, Valenti, Vecchiotti-An- chiotti-Antaldi. taldi. LAW. MEDICINE. Professors Cozzi, Gramantieri, Merig- Professor Bedeschi. gioli, Mircoli, Vanni ; Signors Budassi, NAPIiES, Italy. STAZIONE ZOOLOGICA. This morphological and physiological laboratory is open to women on the same conditions as to men. Permission to use a table in the laboratory may be obtained, according to the nationality of the applicant, from the Ministers of Education of Germany, Austria, Hungary, Russia, Holland, Belgium, Italy, Spain, Switz- erland ; from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, Eng- land ; or in the United States, from the authorities of the Smith- sonian Institute, from Columbia College or from Mr. Alexander Agassiz. For the student who thus obtains permission the labora- tory is open for the whole year free of charge; private persons who take a table for their own use pay 2,000 francs ($400) per year or fraction of a year. Director, Professor Anton Dohrn; Assistant Professor, Karl Schonlein. 132 THE NETHERLANDS. THE NETHERLANDS. There are in the Netherlands, in addition to the free uni- versity of the city of Amsterdam, three state universities — Leyden, Utrecht and Groningen. These universities are government institutions under the direct supervision in the one instance of the Stadtrat of the city of Amsterdam, and in the other of the Minister of the Interior of the Nether- lands. They provide instruction in Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Theology, and give in each of these depart- ments the degree of Doctor. No distinction is made by the universities between women and men, women being allowed to matriculate and to take degrees on exactly the same conditions as men. The academic year begins usually in the middle of Sep- tember and extends to the middle of June ; 200 fl. ($80) a year is charged by the universities for instruction, and who- ever pays this sum may matriculate as a regular student. Students who do not desire to attend more than two courses are exempt from the regular fee, but must pay for the courses that they attend at the rate of 30 fl. ($12) a course during a year. In order to take a university examination the candidate is required to produce a certificate stating that he has passed either the final examination of a gymnasium or an equiva- lent examination held every year by the state.* Any stu- dent who produces such a certificate has the right to take the university examinations without regard to the work he may have done at the university. The fee to be paid upon taking * In the case of foreigners certain examinations of other countries are considered by law equiva- lent to these examinations and are accepted as a sufficient substitute by the universities, as, for in- stance, the final examinations of a German gymnasium. THE NETHERLANDS. 133 a Doctor's examination is 800 fl. ($320), but whatever the student has already paid to the university for instruction is subtracted from this sum. AMSTERDAM, The Netherlands. UNIVERSITEIT TE AMSTERDAM. This university, founded in 1633, is under the same regulations as the other universities of the Netherlands; see pp. 133, 133. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Professor I. J. De Bussy. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Biology : Professors Bos, De Vries, Languages. — Semitic : Professor Mat- Weber ; Reader Sluiter. thes. Geography : Professor Kan. Classical : Professors Karsten, Naber, Pharmacy : Professors Oudemans, Stoe- LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. UUenbeck ; Docent MuUer. der- Germanic : Professor te Winkel ; Do- PHlwToPH^*')'r;fe«rSDruiU Professors Conrat, De Hartog, Hou- i-HlLOSOPHY . l-ropssor Sprmjt. ^. jj^^ ^^^ ^^^ Linden, Van Hamel ; History :i'^./..w.Rogge,yaleton^ /).««/ Mheroy. Art and Archaeology : Professor Van •' den Es ; Docent Six. medicine. Professors Forster, Guye, Hertz, J. A. SCIENCE. Korteweg, Kuhn, Noman, Pel, Place, Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Rotgans, Ruge, Stokvis, Straub, Van der fessors D. J. Korteweg, Van Pesch. Mey, Van Rees ; Docents Burger, De Physics: Professors Julius, van der Leon, van Deventer, Feltkamp, Graan- ■y^fjjjjjg boom, Jelgersma, Meyer, Rijnberk, Sal- Chemistry : Professors Gunning, van omonson, Saltet, Seydel, Tilanus. 't Hoff; Docents Reicher, Gold- theology. Schmidt. Professors Brandt, de Bussy, Chantepie Mineralogy and Geology : Professor de la Saussaye, Cramer, de Groot, Volter ; Molengraaff. Reader Westhoff. GRONINGEN, Holland. RIJKS-UNIVERSITEIT TE GRONINGEN. This university, founded in 1614, is under the same regulations as the other Dutch universities ; see pp. 132, 133. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Professor A. G. VAN Hamel. 134 GRONINGEN, LEYDEN. I*rofessorB and licctiirers. Languages. — Semitic : Professors van den Ham, Wildeboer. Classical : Professors Polak, Speyer. English : Professor Bulbring. Germanic: Professors Symons, van Helten. Romance : Professor vsa Hamel. Comparative Philology : Professor Symons. Philosophy : Professor Heymans. History : Professors Boissevain, Busse- maker. Archeology ; Professors Boissevain, Polak. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors de Boer, Kapteyn, Schoute. Physics : Professor Haga. Chemistry : Professors HoUeman, Plugge. Mineralogy and Geology : Professor van Calker. Biology : Professors Moll, van Ankum. Professors Krabbe, Land, Nieuwen- huis. Pet, Reiger ; Docents Gratama, van der Tuuk. MEDICINE. Professors Fokker, Huizinga, Koch, Kooyker, Mulder, Reddingius, Sanger, van Wijhe ; Docents Ranneft, Schutter ; Reader Kooy. THEOLOGY. Professors van Dijk, Kruyf, Meyboom, Reitsma, van Rhijn, Wildeboer. LEYDEN, Holland. RIJKS-UNIVERSITEIT. This university, founded in 1575, is under the same regulations as the other Dutch universities ; see pp. 132, 133. Enquiries may be addressed to tlie secretary, Professor A. C. Vreede. Professors and liecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Semitic : Professors De Goeje, Oort, Tiele. Classical : Professors Hartman, Kem, van Leeuwen. Modern Greek : JDocent Hesselink. Germanic : Professors ten Brink, Cosijn, Verdam. Romance : Docent de Grave. Japanese : Reader Serrurier. Malayan: Reader 'KX-a^'s.ts.. Javanese : Professor Vreede. Sundanese : Reader Grashuis. Turkish : Professor de Goeje. Chinese : Professor Schlegel. Comparative Philology : Professor Kem. Philosophy : Professor Land. History : Professors Blok, Muller. Archaeology : Professor Oort. Ethnography : Professor de Groot ; Reader Serrurier. History of Mohammedanism : Reader Van Gelder. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors H. G. van de S. Bakhuyzen, Kluyver, Van Geer ; Docent E. F. van de S. Bakhuyzen. Physics : Professors Lorentz, Onnes ; Docents Kuenen, Molenbroek, Siert- sema, Zeeman. Chemistry : Professors Franchimont, Van Bemmelen ; Reader Roozeboom. Mineralogy and Geology : Professor Martin. Biology : Professors Hoffman, Suringar ; Docent Boerlage. Pharmacy : Professor Wijsman. THE NETHERLANDS. 13S LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Professors Andreae, Asser, Drucker, Greven, Oppenheim, Van der Hoeven, Van der Lith, Van der Vlugt ; Reader Tichelaer. MEDICINE. Professors Doijer, Einthoven, Mac GillaTry, Nolen, Rosenstein, Treub, Van Heukelom, Van Iterson, Zaaijer; Docents Dekhuyzen, Nijkamp. THEOLOGY. Professors Acquoy, Gooszen, Gunning, Kosters, van Manen, Offerhaus, Tiele. UTRECHT, Holland. RIJKS-UNIVERSITEIT. This university, founded in 1636, is under the same regulations as the other Dutch universities; see pp. 132, 133. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Professor J. De LOUTER. Professors and Lecturers. Languages. — Semitic: Professor Houts- ma. Classical : Professors Van der Vliet, Van Herwerden. Germanic: Professors Gallic, Molt- zer ; Docent Wirth. Comparative Philology : Professor Gall^e. Philosophy : Professor Freiherr Van der Wyck. History : Professor Kramer. Art and Archaeology : Professor Van Herwerden ; Docent Morell. Ethnography : Docent Steinmetz. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Grinwis, Kapteijn, Oudemans ; Docents Mounier, Snellen. Physics : Professor Julius. Chemistry : Professors Bettink, Dib- bits, Mulder ; Docent Couv^e. Mineralogy : Professor Wichmann. Geology : Docent Lori^. Biology : Professors Hubrecht, Rau- wenboff ; Reader Vosmaer. LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Professors De Bourouill, De Louter, Hamaker, Molengraaff, Naber, Pols; Docents Kooiman, Rijke. MEDICINE. Professors De Meijer, Freiherr v. Eis- elsberg, Engelmann, Halbertsma, Pekel- haring, Rosenberg, Snellen, Spronck, Talma, Winkler ; Readers Brondgeest Dentz, Van der Meulen; Docents Gutte- ling, Hulshoff, Huysman. THEOLOGY. Professors Baljon, Cannegieter, Kleyn, Lamers, Valeton, Van Leeuwen. 136 CHRISTIANIA. NORWAY. CHRISTIANIA, Norway. KONGELIGE FREDERIKS UNIVERSITET. There is only one university in Norway, that of Christiania, founded in iSii. Women have been admitted since 18S4 to all the courses, degrees, and, where there is no special regulation to the contrary, to the scholarships and prizes. Instruction is given and degrees are conferred in Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Theology. The highest degree conferred is that of Doctor. Students that have matriculated at a foreign university are ad- mitted on presenting a certificate of having passed an examination equal in difficulty to that required from candidates from a Norwe- gian gymnasium. Women are admitted to the libraries and laboratories on the same conditions as men. The first semester begins in the middle of January, the second in the beginning of September. All lectui-es are free. Foreigners pay a matriculation fee of 20 kr. ($5.40) and there are laboratory fees of 12 to 32 kr. ($3.24 to $8.64). Professors and liecturers. ARTS. History : Professors Daae, J. E. Sars, Languages. — Semitic : Professors Blix, Gustav Storm. Seippel; Assistant J. A. Knudtzon. Art AND Archaeology : Professors Indo-Iranian : Professors Bugge, Dietrichson, Lieblein, Rygh. Torp. SCIENCE. Classical : Professors Schjot, Sten- Mathematics : Professors Bjerknes, ersen. Guldberg; Docent EUing Hoist. English : Professor Joh. Storm. Astronomy and Meteorology : Pro- Germanic : Professors Bang, Friis, fessors Geelmuyden, Mohn. Moe, Unger; Docent H. Falk. Physics : Professor Schiotz. Romance : Professors Joh, Storm, Chemistry : Professors Hiortdahl, Unger; Docent E. Loseth. Waage. History of Literature : Docent Chr. Mineralogy and Geology : Professors Collin. Brogger, Helland, Vogt. Philosophy : Professors Monrad, Mour- Biology : Professors Blytt, Collett, Niel- ly Void. son, G. O. Sars, Wille. NORWAY. 137 LAIV. Professors Ascheboug, Aubert, Ingstad, gaard, Nicolaysen, Poulsson, Schonberg, Morgenstieme, Platou, ScheeU Torup, Uchermann. MEDICINE. THEOLOGY. Professors Boeck, Guldberg, Heiberg, Professors Blix, Muncb, Odland, Pe- Hjort, Hoist, Johannessen, Laache, Lee- tersen. 138 jRUSSIA. RUSSIA. All the universities in Russia are now closed to women. A few grant diplomas to women in Dentistry and Pharmacy, and a project to found (or rather reopen) a special medical college for women in St. Petersburg is under consideration. In St. Petersburg there are classes in History, Languages, Philosophy, Mathematics and Physics for the higher educa- tion of women, distinct from the university, but under the supervision of the Ministry of Public Instruction. A petition asking that similar classes may be founded in Odessa has recently been presented to the government. SPAIN. SPAIN. 139 The universities in Spain have since 1857 been under the control of the General Director of Public Education. The country is divided, for the purpose of university instruction, into ten departments : Madrid, Barcelona, Gra- nada, Oviedo, Salamanca, Santiago, Seville, Valencia, Val- ladolid and Saragossa. The universities consist as a rule of the five faculties of Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Phar- macy. They have always been open to women on the same conditions as to men, but women have availed themselves in very few cases of the opportunity of studying at the uni- versities. The courses of lectures were arranged in 1857 and have not since been changed. Students have no liberty of choice as to the lectures they attend. The degrees of Bachelor, Li- centiate and Doctor are conferred by each of the faculties. The academic year begins in October. There are no fees for lectures. The matriculation fee is 16 milreis ($17.20). On account of the small number of foreigners attending the Spanish universities, the lists of professors are not given here. They may be found in the Minerva Jahrbuch der Gelehrten Welt. 140 SWEDEN. SWEDEN. In addition to the Medical and Surgical Institute of Stock- holm, which is a state institution, there are in Sweden two State universities, the Universities of Lund and Upsala, each comprising faculties of Philosophy (Arts and Science) , Law, Medicine and Theology ; and the high schools of Gothen- burg and Stockholm, the first of which devotes itself to Arts only and the second to Science. In 1870 a royal decree was issued giving to women the right to become regular students and to take degrees in the medical faculties of the State universities on the same condi- tions as men, and in 1873 this right was extended to the faculties of Law and Philosophy. The high schools of Gothenburg and Stockholm were not founded until after 1870, and have from the first been open to women. The faculty of Theology is not yet open to women, but there is every prospect that it soon will be. In order to be admitted as a student to one of the univer- sities or high schools the candidate must have passed the final, or mogenhets, examination, of an elementary school. Candidates who have not passed this examination may in some cases become " hearers" in the university courses by special permission of the faculty and the individual professor, but are not permitted to take degrees. The academic year is divided into the autumn semester, be- ginning on September ist and ending on December 15th ; and the spring semester, beginning on January 15th and end- ing on June 15th. The matriculation or registration fee varies from 10 to 12 crowns ($2.70 to $3.24) and a fee of 5 or 10 crowns ($1.35 or $2.70) is paid each semester. All public courses are open SWEDEN. 141 free of charge ; these are sometimes supplemented by private lectures costing from 20 to 40 crowns ($5.40 to $10.80) a semester. There are numerous scholarships and prizes, which, unless a special statement is made to the contrary, are open to women on the same conditions as to men. The Fredrika-Bremer-Forbundet at Stockholm is an asso- ciation whose object is to collect information that is of interest to educated women. The secretary, Froken Sigrid Ulrich, 54 Drottninggatan, Stockholm, has kindly offered to answer questions that may be addressed to her by readers of the Handbook in regard to Swedish universities. GOTHENBURG, Sweden. GOTEBORGS HOGSKOLA. This school, founded in 1887, consists as yet of the faculty of Arts only, but has power to confer degrees. The general regulations are the same as those of the Swedish universities; see pp. 140, 141. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Herr Eric Bokman. Professors and Liectiirers. ARTS. Romance : Professor Vising ; Reader Languages.— Semitic : Docent Lind- ^ Gandolphe. t Philosophy : Professor Norstrom ; Do- °' cent Liljeqvist. Classical: Professor Paulson; Docents Political Science : Docents Kjell^n, Janzon, Wahlin. Stavenow. Germanic : Professors Cederschiold, History : Docent Stavenow. Holthausen; Docent '&ii.'Ca.. Art: Professor ^?a\iox%. IjUND, Sweden. KAROLINSKA UNIVERSITETET. This university, founded in 1666, comprises faculties of Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Theology, and is under the same gen- eral regulations as all Swedish universities; see pp. 140, 141. Enquiries may be addressed to the rector, Professor Quenner- STEDT. 142 LUND, STOCKHOLM. Professors and Liecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Classical: Professors ^- exanderson, Wide ; Docents Flens- burg, Lind, Linde, Lindskog, Sjos- trand, Wintzell. English : Reader Morgan. Germanic : Professors Lidforss, S5der- wall ; Docents Hjelmqvist, af Peter- sens, Soderberg ; Reader Walter. Romance : Professors Wulff, Zander ; Reader Jeanjaquet. Oriental : Professor Tegn^r. Philosophy : Professors Borelius, Herr- lin, Lagerlof, Larsson, Leander. Political Science: Professors Fahlbeck, Graf Hamilton; Docent Freiherr v. Scbwerin. History : ProfessorsYakSo&i^, Weibull; Docent Stille. Art and Arch^sology : Professor Schuck ; Docent Soderberg. .(Esthetics and History of Litera- ture: Professor Schuck; Docents Syl- wan, Wrangel. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- fessors Bjorling, Engstrom ; Docents BrodSn, Delin, M5ller, Wiman. Physics : Professors Backlund, Holm- gren ; Docents Granqvist, Rydberg. Chemistry : Demonstrator Loven ; Do- cents Londahl, Wallin. Geology : Professors Lundgren, Torell ; Docents Hennig, Moberg, Tdmqvist. Biology : Professors Areschoug, Bergeu- dal, Berggren,Queimerstedt, Thomson, Torell ; Docents Jonsson, Ljungstr5m, Murbeck. Geography : Docent Freiherr v. Schwer- Professors J. A. Ask, Graf Hamilton, Thyr^n, Winroth; Docents Antell, Bjorling, Broom6, Livijn. MEDICINE. Professors C. J. Ask, Bendz, Blix, Furst, Hildebrand Lang Lindgren, Lowegren, Odenius, Odman, Ribbing; Docents Hedin, Warholm. THEOLOGY. Professors Ahnfelt, Bring, Eklund, Rosenius, Skarstedt; Z>(»««^f Holmstrom, Lundborg, Pfannenstill. STOCKHOLM:, Sweden. STOCKHOLMS HOGSKOLA. This school, founded in 1878, consists as yet of a Mathematical and Scientific section only, but it is hoped that it will shortly be en- larged by the addition of a faculty of Law and Political Science. The general regulations are the same as those of the Swedish universities; see pp. 140, 141. The matriculation fee is 25 crowns ($6.75) and the fee for lec- tures (which is remitted in the semester in which the matriculation fee is paid) is the same. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. History of Literature: Professor Levertin. Political Science: Professor Leffler. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : /Vo- ^worj Bendixson, Gyldfin, Mittag-Lef- fler, Fhragm^n; Z>tf«K/j Kobb, v. Koch. SWEDEN. 143 Physics : Professors Arrhenius, Bjerk- nes. Chemistry : Professor Pettersson. Mineralogy akd Geology : Professor Hogbom ; Docents B^ckstrom, Ham- berg. Biology : Professor Leche ; Docents An- derson Carlgren, af Klercker. KONGL. UPSAIjA, Sweden. ONIVERSITETET I UPSALA. This university, founded in 1477, comprises faculties of Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Theology, and is under the same regu- lations as all the Swedish universities; see pp. 140, 141. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Herr J. von Bahr. Professors and Liecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Semitic : Professor Alm- kvist. Slavonic : Professor Lundell. Classical : Professors Danielsson, Frigell, Johansson, Persson, Sundte; Docents Knos, Lundstrom. English : Reader Harlock. Germanic : Professors Erdmann, Laffler, Noreen; Docents Beckman, Hellquist, Tamm, Wadstein; Read- ers Weinberg, Wiklund. Romance : Professor P. A. Geijer; Docents Rydberg, Wahlvmd; Reader L6vy. Comparative Philology : Professor Johansson; Doceni Lid^n. Philosophy : Professor K. R. Geijer; Docents Bager-Sjogren, Burman, Ed- feldt, Hagerstr5m, von Sch^ele. Political Science : Professor Alin ; Docents Nordwall, ReuterskiSld, Va- renius. History : Professors Boethius, Hjame; Docent Clason. Art : Professor Nyblom; Docent Pe- trini. Egyptology : Professor Piehl. History of Literature : Professor Nyblom; Docents Levertin, Meyer. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Charlier, Dillner, Dun^r, Falk, Hildebrandsson; Docents Bohlin, Ber- ger, Ericsson, Pfannenstiel, Soder- berg. Physics : Professors Lundquist, Thal^n; Demonstrator Angstrom; Docent Pe- trini. Chemistry : Professor Cleve, Widman; Docents Abenius, Bladin, Palmaer. Mineralogy and Geology : Professor- elect Holmquist; Docents Munthe, Nor- denskjold. Biology : Professors Fries, Kjellman, Tullberg, Wirin; Docents Aurivillius, Bovallius, Hedlund, Jagerskiold, Juel, Lonnberg, Lundstrom, Semander, Star- back. Geography : Docents Ahlenius, Nys- trom. LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Professors Blomberg, Davidson, Hags- trSmer, Hammarskjold, Nordling, Tryg- ger ; Docents Dahlberg, Sjogren. MEDICINE. Professors Bjorck, Clason, GuUstrand, Hammar, Hammarsten, Henschen, Holm- gren, Lennander, Lindfors, Momer, Nordlund, Petersson, Rosendahl ; De- monstrators Ohrwall, Svmdberg, Vest- berg; Docents Bolin, Dahlgren. THEOLOGY. Professors Berggren, Ekman, Johans- son, Martin, Norrby, Rudin, Sundelin, Tottie ; Docents Danell, Kolmodin, Lundstrom, Quensel, Stave. 144 BASLE. SWITZERLAND, There are in Switzerland seven universities — Basle, Berne, Fribourg, Geneva, Lausanne, Neuchatel and Zurich. These are all open to women, with, possibly, the exception of Lausanne, about which no particulars have been obtained. At Basle, Berne and Zurich the language used is German, and the only degree given is that of Doctor, as in German universities. In Geneva, Lausanne and Neuchatel, on the other hand, the language used is French and the degrees are similar to those of French universities, the baccalaureat, licence and doctorat. In Fribourg both languages are used, but the university organisation is German. BASLE, Switzerland. UNIVERSITAT BASEL. The university of Basle, consisting of the four faculties of Phil- osophy (Arts and Science), Law, Medicine and Theology, was founded in 1460. Women have been allowed to study in the uni- versity since 1890, under certain conditions. In order to be ad- mitted as a regular student a woman must be of Swiss nation- ality, or, if a foreigner, must have received her education in the canton of Basle. To be admitted as a hearer to the lectures of the Philosophical faculty she must hold a certificate entitling her to teach in the primary or secondary schools of the canton. Women who satisfy the above requirements have all the privileges of men students as regards the holding of scholarships and the use of libraries, laboratories, museums, etc. Every one wishing to become a regular student must present a certificate of good character and satisfactory testimonials in regard to his previous education and must register (matriculate) both with the rector of the university and with the dean of the faculty in which he is to study. This must be done before the end of the SWITZERLAND. 145 first fortnight of the semester. The fees for matriculation amount to 14 francs ($2.80) and are paid to the pedell. Before the end of the first three weeks of the semester the stu- dent must present himself to the quaestor and pay the fees for lec- tures, and finally must obtain the signatures of the different lecturers in his course book. When leaving the university the student must again present himself to the rector and obtain the Ahgangszeugniss. Hearers must be over seventeen yeai's of age and are permitted to attend lectures on paying the fees. The degree of Doctor is conferred in all the faculties except that of Theology, which grants the degree of Licentiate only. The winter semester extends from October 15th to the end of March; the summer semester from April 15th to the end of July. The lecture fees for all lectures which are not free are, in the Theological Faculty, 3 francs ($0.60) a semester for each hour weekly, and in the other faculties 5 francs ($1.00). Laboratory fees are in general 5 francs ($1.00) per hour weekly for the semester. Information and the Verzeichniss der Vorlesungen can be ob- tained from the pedell, Herr Viktor Hofer. Professors and liccturers. ARTS. Albert Burckhardt, Jacob Burckhardt, LANGUAGES._^THiOPiAN : Dr. Mez. TSpffer ; i)r.. LuginbuU, Mez, Thom- SEMmc : Z»n Mez. Pedagogy: Professors Heman, Largi- Indo-Iranian : Professor Misteu. , . -' ' ° Classical : ^«/«..« piimmla: Hag- ^ Aech^ology : Professors J. J. enbach, Meyer, Misteli, Wacker- Bernoulli Jacob Burckhardt, Dummler, nagel. Wefflin ; Dr. Daniel Burckhardt. English: PreA^w Soldan ; Dr. architeci^ure : Prs^.or Wolfflin. Binz. ■' Germanic : Professors Born, Koegel, science. Meyer, Adolf Socin ; Dr. Meissner. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Romance: Professor Soldan; Dr. fessors Kinkelin, Albert Riggenbach, Meissner. Von der MuHl ; Dr. Flatt. Comparative Philology: Professor Physics : /'?-^m»w Hagenbach-Bischoff, gQ(^ Kahlbaum ; Dr. Veillon. Philosophy : Professors Heman, Heuss- Chemistry : Professors Kahlbaum, ler • Dr. Joel. Nietzki, Piccard ; Drs. Nienhaus, Political Science : Professors Adler, Rupe. „ , „ , . ■^otak. Mineralogy : Professor Carl Schmidt. History : Professors Baumgartner, Boos, Geology : Professor Carl Schmidt. 146 BASLE, BERNE. Biology : Professors Rudolph Burck- wig Riitimeyer, Schiess, Siebenmann, hardt, Klebs, Zschokke ; Dr. Gries- August Socin, von Sury, Wille ; Drs. bach. Emil Burckhardt, Buri, Coming, Egger, Hygiene : Professors Albrecht Eduard Feer, Conner, H3gler, Hosch, Jaquet, Burckhardt, Kreis. Mellinger, I^opold Riitimeyer, Streck- LAw. eisen, Schwendt. Professors Karl Chr. Burckhardt, theology. Heusler, von Salis, Schulin, Teichmann, „ s x)-i, ■ xi ii- T^ t. von Tuhr; Drs. Stehlin, Stl-t.. Wieland! Kijtn Orelt'Sfe^r'^eS feS: MEDICINE. Stahelin ; Drs. C. A. Bernoulli, Bertho- Professors Bumm, Bunge, A. E. Burck- let, Handmann, Riggenbach. hardt, Courvoisier, Dubler, Hagenbach- Burckhardt, Immermann, KoUmann, music. Massini, Metzner, Miescher, Roth, Lud- Professor Bagge. BERNE, Svsritzerland. UNIVERSITAT BERN. The University (^Hockschule) of Berne, consisting of the facul- ties of Philosophy (Arts and Science) , Law, Medicine and The- ology (Catholic and Protestant), was founded in 1834 and opened to women in 1874. In 1895-96 the number of women matricu- lated students was seventy-six and the number of hearers four- teen. Every one wishing to enter as a student must be over eighteen years of age, must present a certificate of good character to the rector, and must pay the matriculation fee of 15 francs ($3.00). A woman, in addition, is required to prove that she is independent, or to present a certificate signed by her guardian giving her per- mission to attend the university. A fee of 5 francs ($1 .00) paid to the rector at the time of matriculation gives the student permis- sion to use the library. Any one is permitted to attend the lectures as a hearer on buying from the pedell an Auskultanten ICarte, costing 20 cents. Regular students and hearers must register with the professors and lecturers whose courses they wish to attend, and show their matriculation or auskultanten cards. They are also obliged, under penalty of a fine, to register their addresses with the pedell within the first fortnight of the semester, and to inform him of any subsequent change of address. SWITZERLAND. 147 The degree of Doctor is conferred in all the faculties under slightly varying conditions. The candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy must, as in the German universities, present a satis- factory dissertation and pass an oral examination in three subjects. The winter semester begins on October 15th and the summer semester on April 15th, lasting till August 15th. Lists of lecturers and other official pamphlets may be procured at any bookshop and enquiries may be addressed to the pedell. Professors and Lecturers. Languages. — Semitic : Professor Kurz. Indo-Iranian : Professors Haag, Miiller-Hess. Classical : Professors Haag, Hagen ; Docents Jalin, Praechter. English : /Vo/fiTOz-MuUer-Hess ; Do- cent Kiinzler. Germanic : Professors Hirzel, Suter- meister, Vetter ; Docent Singer. Romance : Professors Freymond, Michaud ; Docents Bessire, Gauchat, Niggli. Philosophy : Professor Stein ; Docent Willy. Political Economy: Professor 0-a^e.-a.\ Docent Reichesbeig. History : Professor Woker ; Docents Geiser, von Miilinen, Tobler. Art : Professor Volmar. Architecture: Professors Auer, Vol- mar. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Graf, Haber, Ott, Sidler ; Do- cents Benteli, Moser. Physics: ProfessorYox&tex; Docent'illosex. Chemistry : Professors von Kostanecki, Rossel ; Docents SchafFer, Schmidt. Mineralogy : Professor Balzer ; Docent Kissling. Geology and Geography: Professors Balzer, Bruckner ; Docent Kissling. Biology: Professors Eduard Fischer, Ludwig Fischer, Studer. Hygiene : Professor Girard. LAW. Professors Gretener, Hilty, Huber, Lotmar, Marcusen, Oucken, Reichel, Rossel, Stein, Stooss, Zeerleder ; Docents Lauterberg, Opet, Reichesberg, Sieber. MEDICINE. Professors Drechsel, Emmert, Girard, Kocher, Kronecker, Langhans, Lesser, Mailer, Pfliiger, Sahli, von Speyr, Stras- ser, Tschirch, Tavel, Valentin ; Docents Asher, Bueler, Collon, Conrad, Dick, Dubois, Dumont, Dutoit, Emmert, de Giacomi, Howald, von Ins, Jonqui4re, Lanz, Lindt, Niehans, Santi, Stooss, Walthard, Zimmermann. THEOLOGY. Professors Barth, Blosch, Herzog, Ludemann, Marti, Michaud, Miiller, Ruetschi, Steck, Thiirlings, Woker. MUSIC. Docent Hess-Riietschi. FKIBOURG, Switzerland. UNIVERSITE DE FRIBOURG. The University of Fribourg, founded in 1889, consists of the three faculties of Philosophy (Arts and Science), Law and The- 148 FRIBOURG. ology. Women are not admitted as regular students, but they are allowed to attend the courses as hearers, and in the faculty of Phil- osophy they may take the examinations and obtain the same diplo- mas as men students on the same conditions. The French and German languages are both used, but the uni- versity organisation resembles that of German universities in all essential points. Foreigners are as a general rule admitted, pro- vided they possess the qualifications which would admit them to universities in their own countries. The rector decides all doubtful and exceptional cases. The degree of Doctor is conferred by the Philosophical faculty on candidates who, having studied for three years at a university and having satisfactory testimonials as to character and education, present a dissertation that is approved by the faculty and pass an oral examination in three subjects. The winter semester begins in the middle of October and the summer semester in the middle of April. The fee for the first matriculation is 30 francs ($6.00) and for the second 20 francs ($4.00). Professors and Lecturers, ARTS. Art and Archeology: Professors Languages.— Semitic: Professors Grim- _ Efiinann, Hess, Steffens, Sturm, me Hess Pedagogy : Professor Homer. Indo-Iranian : Professor Hardy. science. Classical :/'re/mc?-.rMichaut,Sturm. Physics: B-»/«w von Kowalski. ir«^T To„ T> t c. tr Chemistry : Professor Thomas. ENGLISH : Professor Steffens. Geology : Professor de Girard. Germanic: Professors Jostes, Streit- beiH* * T, _ , „. ., „ Professors Bise, Biichel, Qerc, Favre, Romance : Professors Giraud, Hor- Yx&i^ Gottlob, Gottofrey, Taccoud, Kos- ner, Marchot. chembahr-Lyskowski, Loerkens, Oser, Slavonic: /V»/5rjj(»- Kallenbach. Pedrazzini, Perrier, Saedt, v. Saviguy; Comparative Philology : Professor Docent Hauptmann. Streitberg. theology. Philosophy: ^«/MJo/-f Bartijn, Michel. Professors Beck, Berthier, Coconnier, Political Science : Professors Buchel, Frankenstein, Fritsch, Kirsch, Mandon- Gottlob, Jaccoud, Wasserab. net, del Frado, Rose, Weiss, Zapletal. History : Professors Biichi, Gremaud, music. Hardy, Schniirer, Reinhardt, Steffens. Professor Wagner. SWITZERLAND. 149 GEXKVA, Switzerland. UNIVERSITE DE GENEVE. The University of Geneva, founded In 1559, consists of the five faculties of Arts {Lettres), Science, Lavv^, Medicine and Theology. Women are admitted on the same conditions as men. There are now about 150 women students, the majority attending courses in medicine and natural science. The French language is used and the organisation of the university is similar to that of French uni- versities. Any person over eighteen years of age is admitted as a hearer to all lectures, but not to the hospitals or the practical courses of the Medical faculty. Persons who have obtained the certificat de maturite in one of the sections of the gymnasium of Geneva or who can prove by certificates or diplomas that they have received an education equal in standard to that implied by the certificat de maturite are al- lowed to matriculate as regular students. The faculty in which the student desires to study decides upon the equivalence of the certifi- cates, and the entrance requirements vary considerably in the differ- ent faculties. In some (the department of Social Science, for instance) , a knowledge of Greek and Latin is not considered neces- sary ; in others it is essential. The university confers the following degrees : Bachelier es let- tres, es sciences, es sciences medicates, en theologie; Licenciees lettres, es sciences sociales, en droit, en theologie, en medecine ; Docteur es lettres, es sciences, en droit, en medecine ; Diflome de chimiste, Diflomede fharmacien. For the degrees of Bachelier and Licencie the candidate must pass an oral and a written examination, for the degree of Docteur, he must pass an oral examination and sustain a thesis. The requirements as to time, etc., vary in the different faculties. In Arts the candidate can enter for the degree of Bachelier on beginning his work in the university. To enter for the degree of Licenciehe must already hold the baccalaureat and have studied in a university ISO GENEVA. for four semesters after obtaining it. Equivalent degrees are in general accepted in place of the baccalaureat or licence of Geneva. Persons desiring to matriculate as students should apply to M. le secretaire-caissier de F Universite and present their certificates and testimonials to him for the consideration of the faculty. Stu- dents and hearers must register during the first fortnight of the semester for each course they desire to attend, and must procure a course book and present it for signature each semester to the rector, the dean of the faculty and the professors whose courses they attend. Women are admitted to all the libraries, reading-rooms and labo- ratories. The laboratories are of two kinds, those in w^hich the students work every day more or less independently, and those know^n as refetitoires, in which the work is merely complementary to the courses, and w^hich are attended only once weekly for about three hours. The first semester begins on October 15th. The lectures begin on October 22d and end on March 2 2d; the second semester begins on April 8th and ends on July 15th. The fees are : for matriculation, 20 francs ($4.00) ; for course book, I franc ($0.20) ; for each hour per week of lecture for the semester, 5 francs ($1.00) ; for exmatriculation, 10 francs ($2.00). There are fees of from 50 francs to 200 francs ($10 to $40) for the different diplomas. Further information may be found in the Reglement de 1' Uni- versity de Geneve ( Geneve, Imfrinterie J. Studer) , and in the Programme des Cours de 1' University de Geneve ( Geneve, Im- frivterie Aubert- Schuchardt) . Enquiries may be addressed to M^. le Secretaire-caissier de r Universite. There is an association of women students — the Societe Inter- nationale des Etudiantes de P Universite de Geneve. Professors and Liecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Semitic : Professor Mon- Classical : Professors Andr6 Oltra- tet ; M. T. Andrf. mare, Nicole, de Saussure ; Do- Indo-Iranian : Professor At Saussure. cents Courvoisier, VuUiity. SWITZERLAND. IS' Germanic : Professor fimile Redard ; Decent Vogel. Romance: Professors Bouvier, Du- proix, Muret, Ritter; Docetits Bally, Paris, Schneegans, Thudichum, Vul- li^ty, Zbinden. Comparative Philology : Professors Muret, Wertheimer. Philosophy : Professors Floumoy, Goiird,Adrien Naville; /Jo^tc^ Briquet. Political Science: Professors Favon, Jaquemot, Wuarin ; Docents Wiede, Winiarski. History: Professors Fazy, Edouard Na- ville, Jaquemot, Pierre Vaucher. Pedagogy: Professor Duproix. Art and Archeology : Professors de Cnie, Montet, Nicole ; Docents Lad6, Vulliity. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Cailler, Galopin, R. Gautier, G. Oltramare; Docents Fehr, Lyon. Physics : Professors Rilliet, Soret ; Do- cent Dussaud. Chemistry: Professors Graebe, Guye, Monnier, Pietet ; Docents M. Gautier, M. Kehrmann, O. Hinsberg, C. Lagod- ziuski. Mineralogy: Professor Duparc. Geology and Geography : Professors Cailler, Duparc ; Docents Ritter, Sar- asin. Biology ; Professors Chodat, Laskowski, Monnier, Scbiff, Thury, Yung ; Docent Briquet. Hygiene : Professor Vincent. Agriculture : Docent Auriol. LAW. Professors Bridel, Broclier, Erman, Alfred Gautier, Gentet, Gosse, Jaquemot, Martin, Rehfous, Roguin ; Docents Com- bothecra, Dunant, Moriaud, Odier. MEDICINE. Professors Brun, Chodat, d'Espine, Etemod, Haltenhoff, JuUiard, Olivet, H. Oltramare, Prevost, Auguste Reverdin, J. Reverdin, Revilliod, Schiff, Vaucher, Vincent, Vulliet, Zabn ; Docents Audioud Btoix, Binet, Bourcart, Buscarlet,Cord&, Christiani, Dupraz, Froelich, Goetz, Gu- der, Keseb, Kummer, Ladame, Ed. Martin, M^gevand, Patru, Ruel, Sulzer, Thomas, Wyss. THEOLOGY. Professors Chantre, Cougnard, From- mel, Em, Martin, Montet, Nicole; Do- cent Balavoine. MUSIC. Docent Roehrich. LiATJSANNE, Switzerland. UNIVERSITE DE LAUSANNE. In 1890 the Academy of Lausanne was formed into a university. No particulars have been obtained in regard to the admission of w^omen students. The winter semester lasts from October 15th to March 25th, the summer semester from April 8th to July 25th. The matriculation fee is 20 francs ($4). Professors and Lecturers. Languages — Oriental: Professor Spiro; Germanic : Professor Maurer ; Docent Docent Georgens. Taverney. Classical : Professors Baudat, Besan- Romance : Professors Bonnard, Ren- 9on ; Docent Chatelanat. ard ; Docents Andri, Muret, Paran- English : Docent Neilson. der. 152 LAUSANNE, NEUCHATEL. Philosophy: Professor Millioud. Engineering: Professors Gaudard, Mel- HiSTORY: Professors Duperrex, Maillefer, ley. Rossier. AGRICULTURE: Decent Martinet. Art and Archeology: Docent de Mo- ^^^ ^^^ political science. _ _ ^ „ Professors Bemey, Erman, Favey, Pedagogy: Professor Gns^. Orenier, Larguier, Pareto, Roguin;Z)«- sciENCE. ""* Brocher de la Flfich^re, Jaquemot, Mathematics and Astronomy: Profes- °' sors Amstein, Chenaux, Charles Du- „ , „ „ ' . , „ four Toly Professors Bourget, Bugnion, de ttren- Physics: Professors Dapples, Henri Du- :^'"^' pemi^viUe, Dind, Dufour Herzen, four, Grenier, Mayor, Palaz. Larguier, Lowenthal, Nicolas,Rabow, Ra- Chemistry: Professors Brfilaz, Brunner, P'°' ^°">f' , Stilling; Docents Berdez, Chuard; Docent Kunz-Krause. Eperon, de la Harpe, Muret, Rossier, Geology and Mineralogy: Professors ''^Cretan, Verrey. ■ GoUiez, Renevier. theology. Biology: Professors Blanc, Jean Dufour, Professors Chapuis, Combe, Dandiran, Wilczek; Docents Amann, Bieler, Jac- Emery, Fornerod, Fascboud, Vuilleu- card. mier; Docents Narbel, Rapin. NEUCHATEli, Switzerland. ACADiMIE DE NEUCHATEL. This university, founded in 1866, consists of the four faculties of Arts, Science, Law and Theology. Women are admitted as students and hearers on the same conditions as men, and at present about twenty are attending the university courses. The constitu- tion of the university is similar to that of the University of Geneva, and all the details given above (pp. 149, 150) apply, with a few ex- ceptions, to Neuchatel. Students and hearers must be over eighteen years of age. Hearers are not allowed to attend more than ten hours of lectures weekly, and they are not granted any certificate. Entrance examinations are held by all the faculties, but any student holding a certificate equivalent to the certificate of a Swiss or German gymnasium is admitted as a regular student without examination. The first semester begins on October 14th and ends in the middle of March. The second semester begins in the middle of March and ends in the middle of July. Students must register on the first day of the semester. From the middle of August to the middle of October a holiday course in modern French is held for foreigners. SWITZERLAND. 153 The fees are: for matriculation, 10 francs ($2.00); for each hour per week of lectures for the winter semester 2.50 francs ($0.50), and for the summer semester 2 francs ($0.40) ; (hearers pay double this sum) ; for the different laboratories, 5 francs to 30 francs ($1.00 to $6.00) for the semester. Prizes of 100 francs ($20) are open for competition to registered students. Further information may be found in the Programme des Cours, which can be obtained from the Recteur de I'Academie de Neu- chatel. Professors and Ijecturers. ARTS. SCIENCE. Languages. — Semitic : Professor Per- Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- rochet fessors Hirsch, Isely, Weber ; M. Le Indo-European: Professor VercocHaA. Grand Roy. Classical : Professors Dessoulavy, Physics : Professor Weber. Le Coultre. Chemistry : Professor Billeter. English : Professor Nippel; M. Swal- Mineralogy : Professor de Tribolet. low. Geology and Geography : Professors Germanic : Professor Domeier. Du Pasquier, Knapp. Romance : Professors Amici, Dessou- Biology : Professors B6raneck, Chate- lavy, Le Coultre, Piaget, Wamery ; lain, Tripet. MM. Dubied, Piaget, Ragonod. Hygiene : Professor Chatelain. Literature : Professor Hnmbert. laiv ^'^^ir^Xfr("'%^^^''''V A Professors B^guelin, Courvoisier, Jean- w^^i^= It '/rtr"'ti^"°°iv Henry, MeckensTock, Mentha. History : Professor de Chambner; MM. ' ' Diacon, Famy. theology. Art and Archaeology : Professor Professors DuBois, Ladame, Morel, Wavre ; M. Dessoulavy. Paris, Perrochet, Quartier-la-Tente. ZURICH, Switzerland. HOCHSCHULE. The University (Hochschule) of Zurich, founded in 1832, was formally opened to women in 1872, and women are even permitted to hold professorial chairs. At present there are about 200 women students, and a woman is lecturer on Roman law. The university consists of the four faculties of Philosophy (Arts and Science), Law, Medicine and Theology ; the language used is German, and the general organisation is similar to that of a German university. Inhabitants of Zurich desiring to enter the university must have 154 ZURICH. the Maturitatszeugniss of a school in the canton ; foreigners must hold certificates equivalent to this, or pass an entrance examination. The degree of Doctor is conferred by each of the faculties under slightly different conditions ; in general the candidate must pass an oral examination and present a satisfactory thesis. There are six libraries open to regular students ; hearers are allowed to use these libraries when introduced by a professor. The semesters begin on October 20th and April 20th, and end in March and August, respectively. The fees are : for matriculation, 22 francs ($4.40) ; for lectures, 5 francs ($1.00) a semester for each hour weekly; for the Doctor's degree, 310 to 420 francs ($62 to $84). For further information see the Verzeichniss der Vorlesungen and the different Promotions- Ordnungen. Enquiries may be ad- dressed to the pedell of the university, Herr Ruegger. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages — Classical : Professors Blumner, Hitzig; Docents Guggen- heim, Schulthess. English : Professor Vetter ; Docent Schirmer. Germanic: Professors Eaechtold, Stie- fel; Docents Bachmann, Hoffinann. Romance: Professors Morf, Ulrich; Docents Morel, Ziesing. Sanscrit and Comparative Philol- ogy: Professor Ksegi. Philosophy : Professors Avenarius, Kym; Docents Bosch, Kreyenbiihl. History: Professors Dandhker, v. Kno- nau, Oechsli, Schweizer ; Docent Heierh. Art and Archeology: Professor'Sja!a.-a\ Docents Bloch, Brun, Stuckelberg. Pedagogy: Professor Hunziker. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Meyer, Wolfer; Docents Gubler, Kraft, Weiler. Physics: Professor Kleiner; Docent von Wyss. Chemistry: Professors Abeljanz, Wer- ner; Docents Bischler, Feist, Kippen- berger, Schall, Scholl. Geology and Mineralogy : Professors Mayer-Eymar, Grubenmann, Heim. Geography : Professor Stoll, Docent Fruh. Biology : Professors Dodel, Lang,, Schinz; Docents Heuscher, Kiindig, Martin, Overton, Standfuss. LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Professors Cohn, Plainer, Hitzig, Pfenninger, Schneider, SchoUenberger, Treichler, Vogt, Wolf, Ziircher ; Docents Frau Dr. Kempin, Ruhland, Heinrich Schmidt, Konrad Schmidt, WUchter. MEDICINE. Professors Billeter, Eichhorst, Forel, Gaule, GoU, Haab, Kronlein, von Mon- akow, Spondly, Stohr, Ribbert, Wyder, Oskar Wyss, Hans von Wyss; Docents Gustav Brunner, Konrad Bnmner, Del- briick, Felix, Fick, Hanau, Huber, Kaufeiann, Kreis, Liining, Hans Meyer, Rudolf Meyer, Miiller, Rohrer, Schaper, Schulthess, Seitz, Suchannek, Wlassak. THEOLOGY. Professors Christ, Egli, Fritzsche, Fur- rer, Kesselring, Ryssel, Schmiedel, von Schulthess-Rechberg ; Docents Heiden- heim, Kappeler, Meili, Ruegg. SWITZERLAND. 155 EIDGENOSSISCHE POLYTECHNISCHE SCHULE. This school, founded in 1855, though under different adminis- tration from the Ilockschule, has its classes in the same building, and students of one school are at liberty to attend the lectures of the other. The polytechnic school gives instruction in technical work and the applied sciences, engineering, pharmacy, etc. The requirements for entrance, fees, etc., are similar to those of the Ilochschule, and women are admitted on the same conditions as men. There is an association of women students, the Studentinnen Verein, secretary, FrXulein von Lengefeld, Zurich. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Hanguages. — English : Professor Vet- ter. Germanic : Professors Stiefel; In- structor Baumgartner. Romance : Professors Droz, Pizzo. Philosophy : Professor Stadler. Political Science : Professors Char- ton, Platter ; Docent Schmidt. History: Professors Guillard, Oechsli, Stem. History of War and Tactics : Pro- fessor Rothpletz. Art : Professor Rahn. Literature : Docent Saitschik. Pedagogy : Professors Stadler, Zurcki ; Docent Hunziker. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors W. Fiedler, Franel, Geiser, Hurwitz, Lacombe, Rudio, Wolfer ; Docents Beyel, Burger, Disteli, E. Fiedler, Hirsch, J. Keller, Kraft, Reb- stein, Weiler, Weilenmann. Physics: Professors Pemet, Weber ; Do- cents Guye, Kopp, Lombardi, v. Wyss. Chemistry : Professors Bamberger, Bar- bieri, Gnehm, Hartwich, Lunge, Schulze,Treadwell ; Docents Bosshard, Constam, Feist, Grete, Kippenberger, Oettel, Scholl, Winterstein. Mineralogy : Professor Grubenmann. Geology : Professors Heim, Mayer- Eymar. Biology : Professors K. Keller, Lang, Roth ; Docents Martin, Schoch, Stand- fuss, V. Tavel. Botany : Professors Cramer, Schroter. Geography : Professor Guillard ; Do- cent Friih. Hygiene : Professor Roth. Engineering and Architecture : Pro- fessors Becker, Decher, Escher, Flieg- ner, Graf, Gerlich, Herzog, Lasius, Prasil, Recordon, Ritter, Stodola, Tet- majer,Tobler,E. Zschokke, K. Zschok- ke; Docents Denzler, Gentilli, Mantel, Meyer, Pfister, Potterat, Stambach, Walter, Wyssling. Agriculture : Professors Bluntschli, Bourgeois, Buhler, Felber, Kramer, Nowacki, Zwicky; Docents Baechler, Krauer, Mertens, Stebler ; Instructor Schneebeli. THE UNIVERSITIES OF EUROPE IN THE MIDDLE AGES. By HASTINGS RASHDALL, M.A., Fellow and Lecturer of Hertford College, Oxford, 3 Vols. 8vo. Clofh. I$14.00 net. "All interested in the history of the higher education will be glad to see the most earned and useful book upon the subject as yet produced." — The Sun, New York. " Mr. Rashdall has invested his work with much interest by reason of the evident care with which it has been written, and his research and study, preparatory to writ- ing must have been exhaustive. . . . He has been content with no surface investi- gation, and his work mustbe considered authoritative." — The American, Philadelphia, ' ' We should be profoundly thankful to have put before us, in the English language, such a systematic presentation of the history and bibliography of the early universities as Mr. Rashdall has worked out. His collected and annotated material on all the uni- versities, great and small, is a perfect mine of facts for the student of education and mediaeval history." — The Nation, New York. THE GERMAN UNIVERSITIES. THEIR CHARACTER AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT. By FRIEDRICH PAULSEN, Professor of Philosophy and Pedagogy in the University of Berlin, Translated vidth the Sanction of the Author by Edward Delavan Perry, Professor in Columbia College, New York, with an Intro- duction by Nicholas Murray Butler. ISmo. Cloth. SS.OO. "A book which will be found extremely useful by all Americans who are inter- ested in the higher education." — The Sun, New York. "An instructive and entertaining review of the character and development of the German universities written by a professor of the University of Berlin. It will be found of great value to educators and all those interested in educational matters." — Troy Times. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, 66 Fifth Avenue, New York. HARVARD COLLEGE BY AN OXONIAN. By GEORGE BIRKBECK HILL, D.C.L., Pembroke College, Oxford; Editor of " Boswell' s Life of Johnson; Author of " Writers and Readers" Etc. Illustrated with New Frontispiece Portrait in Photogravure of President Eliot, and with Views of the Principal Build- ings, including the oldest Picture of the College. ISmo. "Crimson" Cloth, gilt top. pp.329. 82.25. The accomplished and scholarly editor of Boswell' s Johnson, Dr. G. Birkbeck Hill, records in this volume his impressions of Harvard in a very entertaining series of chapters, touching upon such subjects as, for in- stance, The Growth of Harvard — Cambridge in England and Cambridge in New England — The College Chapel — Fagging and "Hazing" — Odd Characters — After-dinner Speeches — Class-day — The Athletic Craze — Signs and • ' Shingles — Harvard and Yale — The Elective System — ^The Law School — The Lawrence Scientific School — Radcliffe College — The Library — The Faculty — Oxford and Harvard. ' ' Harvard has found a worthy foreign chronicler in Dr. Hill, the learned editor of ' Boswell. ' ' ' OXFORD AND HER COLLEGES: A VIEW FROM THE RADCLIFFE LIBRARY. By GOLDWIN SMITH, D.C.L. With Illustrations reproduced from photographs. ISino. Cloth, ^t top. 75 cents. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, 66 Fifth Avenue, New York.