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Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of tiiis book is in 
 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924027963127 
 
THE ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
Three hundred and fifty copies printed . 
 
 No. 
 
The Accession of Queen Mary : 
 
 BEING THE CONTEMPORARY NARRATIVE OF 
 ANTONIO DE GUAR AS, A SPANISH MERCHANT 
 RESIDENT IN LONDON. EDITED WITH AN 
 INTRODUCTION, TRANSLATION, NOTES, AND 
 AN APPENDIX OF DOCUMENTS, INCLUDING 
 A CONTEMPORARY BALLAD IN FAC-SIMILE, 
 BY RICHARD GARNETT, LL.D., KEEPER OF 
 PRINTED BOOKS, BRITISH MUSEUM. 
 
 LONDON-: 
 
 LAWRENCE AND BULLEN, 
 
 i6, Henrieita Street, Covent Gardek. 
 
 1892. 
 
LONDON : \ 
 
 WOODFALL AND KINDER, PRINTERS, 
 
 70 TO 76, LONG ACKE, W.C. 
 
TO 
 
 EDWARD AUGUSTUS BOND, Esq., C.B., LL.D., 
 
 ^ LATE 
 
 Principal Librarian of the British Museum, 
 
 in memory of private kindnesses 
 
 and public services. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PACK 
 
 Introduction □ 
 
 Spanish Text 31 
 
 Translation -j-j 
 
 Notes 125 
 
 Facsimile of Ballad. 
 
 Appendix 142 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The only copy at present known of the edition of the 
 narration of Antonio de Guaras, of which this is a reprint, 
 is in the Grenville Library at the British Museum. The 
 Grenville books are included in the great general catalogue 
 of the Museum Library now going through the press. 
 While revising the proofs of this catalogue in the summer 
 of 1888, I was struck by the title of Guaras's volume, and 
 sent for the book. I thought it highly interesting, and my 
 interest was not diminished on finding it unknown to 
 Lord Acton, and other men of wide historical know- 
 ledge whom I consulted, and on failing to discover any 
 account of it or the author in the comprehensive bio- 
 bibliography of Nicolas Antonio, or the catalogues of 
 Salva and Gallardo. After a while, however, it appeared 
 that neither book nor author was utterly unknown, 
 although the former had disappeared from literature for 
 all practical purposes, and the scanty notices of the latter 
 needed to be combined to contribute anything of import- 
 ance towards dissipating the obscurity enveloping him. I 
 found proof of the existence of an apparently unique copy 
 
lO INTRODUCTION. 
 
 of another edition of his work on reference to the " Viaje de 
 Felipe Segundo a Inglaterra," published by the Sociedad 
 de Bibliofilos Espafloles in 1877. At page 176, the editor, 
 Senor Pascual de Gayangos, transcribes the title-page of 
 this edition, which he has found bound up with other 
 documents, chiefly MSS., in a volume of historical miscel- 
 lanies in the library of the Escurial. It has neither place 
 nor date of imprint, erroneously calls the writer Am- 
 brosio de Guaras, and is accompanied by an edition of the 
 account of Queen Mary's coronation differing from that 
 associated with the British Museum edition of Guaras, 
 and reproduced in the present publication. Sefior de 
 Gayangos gives no account of the contents of the book ; 
 his mention of it, therefore, merely served to register the 
 fact of its existence. 
 
 It was next discovered that Guaras's name was not 
 entirely unknown in English history, several references to 
 him occurring in the calendars of State Papers, both 
 domestic and foreign, between the years 1555 and 1577, 
 two or three of which have found their way into Froude's 
 History. Two highly interesting notices of him, of an 
 earlier period, also came to light in the anonymous Spanish 
 Chronicle of Henry VHI., published at Madrid in 1874 by 
 the Marquis de Molins, and translated into English in 
 1889 by Major Martin Hume. Finally, in the very 
 year in which his book attracted my attention in the 
 Museum Catalogue, a flood of light was thrown upon the 
 latter part of his career by the publication, in Tom. 91 of 
 
INTRODUCTION. 1 1 
 
 the Coleccion de Documentos in^ditos para la historia de 
 Espafta, of his correspondence with Philip II. and his 
 ministers from 1572 to 1577, during which period, in the 
 absence of a regularly accredited ambassador, he acted 
 as Spanish diploipatic agent in London. How entirely he 
 had been forgotten appears from the statement of his editor, 
 that, beyond what may be gathered from the correspond- 
 ence itself, the only certain fact about him is that he was 
 an Italian. By weaving together the information obtain- 
 able from the publications referred to, and prefixing this 
 to a reprint and translation of the one accessible copy of 
 Guaras's one book, we shall restore a citizen to Spain, and 
 add another name to the roll of England's historians. 
 
 The earliest notices of Guaras occur in the interest- 
 ing anonymous Chronicle of Henry VIII. mentioned 
 above. The author, who is believed to have been a 
 soldier, records at considerable length the murder of 
 one of his countrymen named Gamboa by another named 
 Guevara, and the execution of the latter, which events 
 occurred in 1550. Antonio de Guaras, described as a 
 Spanish merchant, appears as interpreter upon the trial, 
 with the remark that " he spoke good English " ; and 
 afterwards, with another countryman named Lope de 
 Carrion, as in attendance upon Guevara and his three 
 accomplices at their execution. " I' faith they served 
 as good friars indeed on that day." We know from 
 Guaras himself that he was in England at the time 
 of the visit of the Duke de Alburquerque, to whom his 
 
12 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 narrative is addressed. This was in 1544, and from the 
 general tenor of his language there can scarcely be a 
 doubt that he was well versed in English affairs at the 
 time, and must consequently have already spent some 
 years in the country. As he is always described as a 
 merchant, the character of servant of the Princess Mary 
 assumed upon his title-page must not be taken too literally. 
 He was evidently well educated and accustomed to the 
 forms of good society, and speaks in his correspondence of 
 having conversed with the mother of Mary Queen of 
 Scots. He did not belong to the Princess Mary's house- 
 hold, for his account of her proceedings up to her triumphal 
 entry into London is manifestly not that of an eye-witness, 
 while his description of the scene ensuing upon her pro- 
 clamation in the City by the Lords of the Council has the 
 graphic touch of personal observation. His narrative 
 leaves him longing for her union with Prince Philip ; and 
 we should have known nothing more of him but for the 
 recent calendars of the English State Papers and the 
 Spanish publications of the Simancas archives, which 
 enable us in some measure to trace his existence as a 
 merchant in London until the time comes for him to 
 play a really important part. On December 18, 1555, 
 the Select Council, writing to King Philip, " object to any 
 licence being granted to Anthony Guarras." On January 
 I, 1569, a Spanish captain writes to Guaras, who appears 
 to have become Spanish Consul and general referee on his 
 countrymen's commercial grievances, respecting certain 
 
INTRODUCTION. 1 3 
 
 treasure taken out of his ship and lodged with the Mayor 
 of Southampton. In an undated letter we find Guaras 
 petitioning for the return of cannon cast ashore. The 
 other and more important notices respecting him in the 
 English State Papers will be better taken in connection 
 with those occurring in the correspondence of Philip II. 
 with his ambassadors in England, to which we now turn. 
 These invaluable documents, extending from 1558 to 1584, 
 when diplomatic relations were finally broken off, occupy 
 five volumes of the " Documentos in^ditos para la historia 
 de Espana," now in course of publication at Madrid. 
 Transcripts of many of them are in the British Museum, 
 having been presented by Mr. Froude and other historians 
 for whose use they were made, and the whole will in 
 course of time be calendared for the Record Office. It is 
 greatly to be regretted that the Calendar of English State 
 Papers (Foreign Series) has not been continued beyond 
 
 1577- 
 
 In his memorial soliciting a recompense for his services, 
 Guaras dates the commencement of his diplomatic activity 
 from the death of the Bishop of Aquila, Spanish ambas- 
 sador to England, which took place on August 22, 1563. 
 Ten days after this event, Luis Roman writes from London 
 to Cardinal Granvelle, minister of the Regent of the Nether- 
 lands, that he has consulted Guaras, " a very honourable 
 person, and whom the Bishop regarded as a friend," re- 
 specting the grievances of Spanish merchants and fisher- 
 men, and has applied to Cecil by his advice. On January 
 
14 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 19 Philip, giving detailed instructions to the new ambas- 
 sador, Diego de Guzman de Silva, says : — " I am also 
 satisfied with Antonio de Guaras and Luis de Paz, now 
 dwelling in London, having understood that in all things 
 occurring there which import my service they perform 
 what is in their power as my good subjects, and therefore 
 I write to them that you may give them my letter and 
 gratify them on my part, and I command them to show 
 you all fitting respect, and always in all things to apprise 
 and advise you, as men experienced and acquainted with 
 the country and the humours thereof, of what may tend to 
 my service, and thus you shall avail yourself of them as 
 confidential persons." 
 
 The next notice of Guaras is in a despatch of Guerau 
 de Spes, Guzman's successor as ambassador, dated May 
 9, 1569. By this time the relations between England and 
 Spain had become excessively strained. The ambassador, 
 after stating that he has aided more than a hundred and 
 fifty Spaniards to escape from the country, adds, " Yester- 
 day, at midnight, many officers of the Crown entered with 
 an armed force into the house of Antonio de Guaras to 
 make seizure of his person, effects, and dwelling, all the 
 rooms of which they have Ipcked and sealed up in the 
 Queen's name ; and they have taken from it a great 
 number of crucifixes and images of Our Lady and the 
 Saints, all sculptured, gilded, and very good ; and in the 
 morning they carried them as though in procession through 
 the greater part of the city, with great mockery and 
 
INTRODUCTION. 1 5 
 
 laughter, saying that these were the gods of the Spaniards. 
 They burned half of them upon a cart-wheel before the 
 house of the said Guaras, and the other half in the 
 market-place, and out of devotion all the chief men con- 
 tributed wood for the bonfire. This cannot be but by 
 command of the Council." The ambassador adds that 
 Guaras has taken refuge in his house. From a letter of 
 Antonio Fogaza, a Portuguese connected with the Spanish 
 embassy, it would appear that he was for long a virtual 
 prisoner in his own house. " Antonio de Guaras," it is 
 said, " a very good gentleman and good servant of his 
 Majesty, zealous and devoted in his service, has for three 
 years been in his house* without daring to leave it, which 
 is a great pity. He has only been out once, the other day, 
 to congratulate the ambassador upon the great victory 
 over the Turk " [Lepanto]. During the interval, however, 
 he had written several letters to the Spanish ministers at 
 Brussels and Madrid, printed in Tom. 90 of the " Docu- 
 mentos In^ditos," which in general faithfully reflect the 
 views of the ambassador, a bitter enemy of Elizabeth. 
 The excommunication of Elizabeth by the Pope, the 
 imprisonment of the Queen of Scots, the severities 
 exercised against Roman Catholics in England, and an 
 endless series of commercial disputes, had greatly exasper- 
 ated a large section of the Spanish nation, and no one 
 was more virulent than Don Guerau de Spes. At length, 
 
 * The Spanish text has una, but this must be a mistake for suya, 
 the easier as the document is translated from the Portuguese. 
 
l6 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 on December 14, 1571, the discovery of the ambas- 
 sador's complicity in Ridolfi's plot for the abduction 
 of the Queen of Scots and the assassination of Elizabeth 
 brought upon him a peremptory order to leave the 
 country. He went as far as Gravesend, and lingered 
 there and at Canterbury on various pretexts, but in 
 reality awaiting the issue of another conspiracy against 
 the life of Burgh ley, which being also discovered, he took 
 himself off about the 21st of January. This naturally led 
 to the suspension of regular diplomatic relations between 
 Spain and England. De Spes, foreseeing this, had 
 already advised Philip to appoint an agent to watch 
 Spanish interests during the crisis, and had recommended 
 a secretary of the Duke of Alva. The appointment was, 
 notwithstanding, conferred upon Antonio de Guaras, who 
 had been for upwards of three years the object of the 
 suspicions of the English Government, but now found 
 himself flattered and caressed by Burghley, the only 
 English minister with whom he seems to have had at any 
 time intimate relations. Profiting by these favourable 
 dispositions, of the sincerity of which he continually 
 assures his master, Guaras was able, by February, 1573, to 
 conclude an agreement for the regulation of commercial 
 intercourse, in which, as he boasts in his subsequent 
 memorial asking a reward for his services, all his prede- 
 cessors had failed. From December, 1572, to November, 
 1574, no letters of his are found in the Simancas archives, 
 though he appears to have written every week. Two 
 
INTRODUCTION. J 7 
 
 letters of his to Burghley of this period, preserved in the 
 British Museum, show that he was on cordial terms with 
 the great minister ; and much light is thrown upon his 
 character and situation by a curious epistle from Ralph 
 Lane to Burghley. dated January 17, 1573-4, printed 
 in the Historical Manuscripts Commission's Calendar of 
 Lord Salisbury's Papers, pt. 2, p. 68. After mentioning a 
 loan of three thousand pounds to be advanced by Guaras, 
 which shows that he was then a person of substance. Lane 
 speaks mysteriously of some nobleman* who is to be 
 shielded from any advantage that foreign factions may 
 endeavour to take of his young unstaid mind. " Thinks 
 the acquainting Guerras too much with foreign intelli- 
 gence (though no harm be meant or done on his part) 
 may yet turn him in time to much hurt, and a western 
 Spanish storm may, with some unhappy mate at helm, 
 steer his noble bark so much to the northward [Scotland] 
 that unawares he may wreck, as some of his noblest 
 kind hath done, the more pity of their fault. To be 
 plain, if her Majesty take not some order to employ 
 Guerras well in some way, he is like enough, at some time 
 or other, to employ himself abroad — without his best 
 friends' advices. And, therefore, to draw him from this 
 humour lately crept into him, if Burghley thinks of some 
 employment in her Majesty's service, were it but to 
 
 * This young nobleman, from an endorsement by Burghley, would 
 seem to have been Edward, Earl of Oxford, who, according to 
 Camden, " made his'patrimony fly." 
 
 C 
 
1 8 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 accompany the Lord Deputy into Ireland, and there 
 bestow the summer, this motion only, with such hope of 
 further employment in greater matters as Burghley may 
 add thereto, will peradventure be sufficient of itself to 
 quench this vapour newly kindled." 
 
 Ralph Lane's fears respecting Guaras were not devoid 
 of foundation. When the interrupted correspondence is 
 resumed, we find him much more disposed to take part in 
 general politics than formerly, full of sympathy with the 
 Queen of Scots, and on the verge of becoming a 
 dangerous plotter. It was, indeed, most difficult for a 
 Spanish diplomatist, at the court of an excommunicated 
 Queen to avoid such a character ; but the good sense of 
 Guaras's first communications to his master might have 
 justified a hope that he would be found such a man. The 
 change may have been partly occasioned by the appoint- 
 ment to the Government of the Low Countries of Don 
 John of Austria, the hero of Lepanto, who seemed to all 
 Roman Catholics the " man sent from God, whose name 
 was John," destined to rescue and espouse Mary Queen 
 of Scots. Guaras writes warmly in support of this 
 project, which of course implied a plot against the peace 
 of Elizabeth's dominions, if not against her life. The first 
 clear intimation of his being suspected by the English 
 Government is an ominous entry in the Calendar of 
 State Papers (Foreign Series) — Antonio Guerras to Don 
 John of Austria. Letter in Spanish cipher intercepted. 
 15 Feb., 1577. As no interpretation is given by the 
 
INTRODUCTION. I9 
 
 calendarer, it must be supposed that the cipher was 
 too hard for him, and that the contents are still a 
 mystery. The seizure was effected by Dr. Wilson, 
 Elizabeth's diplomatic agent in the Low Countries, who, 
 on March 10, sends two more letters "to be deciphered, 
 or else to be sent back that he may devise to have them 
 deciphered if nobody there can." It was a tough business. 
 Guaras, in his letters to Spain, frequently expresses the 
 greatest confidence in his cipher, and Wilson, writing on 
 March 17, "would wish that Guaras were enforced to 
 decipher his own letters, for he fears none can decipher 
 them. It canqot but be that there is great matter in them 
 very needful for the Queen to know." When, however, 
 they are finally deciphered by an expert named Saint 
 Aldegonde, their contents do not appear of exceeding 
 importance, except as proving that Guaras is in regular 
 communication with the Queen of Scots, and that " if he 
 should be imprisoned, he has laid up his papers and 
 writings very close." This is fully confirmed by a letter 
 from himself, probably to Secretary Zayas, of September 
 28, 1577, printed in the " Documentos Ineditos." "I 
 have received from the Queen of Scots the letter sent 
 herewith ; write to her. I have the most secure arrange- 
 ments for receiving and forwarding any important des- 
 patch. The world hopes, and this Queen [Elizabeth] and 
 the people about her fear, that God has reserved her for 
 some eminent service to himself ; and, any way, it will be 
 a relief to comfort her with words until this can be done 
 
 c 2 
 
20 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 with deeds." A month afterwards Guaras's servant Aguirre 
 reports to Secretary Zayas in Spain, that on the 19th of 
 October, at midnight, the Sheriff had made a descent 
 upon Guaras's house, seized his papers, and carried him 
 off to the Tower. Between Christmas Eve and December 
 29, Guaras, though he says that his gaolers never let him 
 out of their sight, contrives to write to Zayas, repeating 
 his servant's account, and saying that the English minisv 
 ters, to give more colour to their proceedings, intend to 
 charge him with complicity in the Earl of Westmoreland's 
 rebellion, of which he is entirely innocent. From a series 
 of interrogatories, however, administered to him some 
 time in the following year, and preserved among the 
 Burghley papers at Hatfield (Calendar, pt. 2, p. 228), it 
 would appear that all they wanted of him was the dis- 
 closure of his relations with the Scottish Queen and Don 
 John of Austria. 
 
 Articles to be ministered unto Anthony Gwerras. 
 
 1. What letters have been either sent by you to the 
 Scots' Queen or received by you from her during her 
 imprisonment .' 
 
 2. By whom were they conveyed, and when 1 
 
 3. What was contained in them } and what letters or 
 messages do you know to have passed between Don John 
 and the Scots' Queen .? 
 
 S. \sic\ How far did Don John proceed in treaty of 
 
INTRODUCTION. 2 1 
 
 marriage with the Scots' Queen, and who were the prin- 
 cipal dealers therein ? 
 
 4. Did you not let Don John understand by your letters 
 that this said Queen had written to you to pray the 
 King your master to have care of the banished men, 
 especially the Earl of Westmoreland ? 
 
 5. In the cipher that passed between you and Don John 
 who were " 82," " 29," and " 38 " ? 
 
 6. Whom do you know to be principal favourers of the 
 Scottish Queen ? 
 
 7. What plots do you know to have been laid for her 
 delivery ? and by whom ? 
 
 8. What practices have been intended for the dis- 
 quieting of the realm ? and who were the principal 
 authors ? 
 
 9. What secret messages have you received since you 
 were restrained ? and by whom ? 
 
 Guaras's answers to these interrogatories have not been 
 preserved, but the " Documentos Ineditos'' contain a note 
 drawn up by himself, apparently some time after the 
 examination, of his replies to another set of questions 
 put to him on June 23, 1578, by "Sir Katermilme" 
 [Walter Mildmay] and Dr. Wilson, the diplomatist who 
 had intercepted his correspondence with Don John. Most 
 of his replies are simple denials, but the following is 
 curious : — " They told me that His Majesty [Philip] was 
 poor, and on this account did not provide for me, dis- 
 coursing much on my poverty. That he had [some figure 
 
22 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 under 20 seems to have been omitted] millions of 
 
 revenue and spent twenty, and was overwhelmed with debts. 
 They asked me how I knew that the Queen's revenue 
 was small. I said I knew what she received, and that 
 Ireland cost her twenty thousand pounds a year more 
 than it brought her in ; and if she would prove her 
 •wealth let her spend thirty millions in war as His Majesty 
 had done in Flanders, and then have as much again in 
 hand for the subjugation of that country through His 
 Highness [Don John] : and that the rental of Seville 
 alone was more than the revenue of this crown. For they 
 in long discourses belittled my King's greatness, and I 
 told them the truth in few words." Two days afterwards 
 his servant and amanuensis Aguirre was interrogated, the 
 chief fact elicited being that Guaras had destroyed his 
 papers shortly before his arrest, from apprehension, Aguirre 
 asserted, of war breaking out between Spain and Eng- 
 land. This was not the true reason, but the question 
 shows that no important discoveries had been made. 
 
 Fortunately for Guaras, diplomatic relations were at the 
 beginning of 1 578 renewed between England and Spain, 
 and the new ambassador, Bernardino de Mendoza, the 
 celebrated historian of the war in the Low Countries, 
 made urgent representations in his favour. They were 
 at first roughly received, Elizabeth saying,* "very angrily," 
 
 * It appears that Elizabeth's conversations with the Spanish 
 minister were carried on, at least on her part, in Italian, though the 
 Venetian ambassador, Soranzo, says that she could speak Spanish. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 23 
 
 that if he had not been a Spanish subject she would have 
 hanged him for his correspondence with " her rebels" and 
 the Scottish Queen, but eventually promising to release 
 him when his examination should be finished. This was 
 in March. On June 3 Guaras was informed that he would 
 be banished the kingdom within ten days, but on July 19 
 Mendoza reports that fresh difficulties have arisen respect- 
 ing another charge preferred against him, and that his 
 detention will be prolonged. Shortly afterwards his 
 brother, Gombal de Guaras, arrived with the intention of 
 promoting his release, which Mendoza thinks he un- 
 wittingly retarded, both by his indiscretions and the repute 
 of his wealth, Guaras himself being reduced to great 
 necessity. On January i, 1579, Mendoza says that he has 
 been able to give Guaras's wife comfort, which she greatly 
 needs, and that she is a very superior woman (es una muy 
 principal sefiora). She was evidently at Madrid, for on 
 May 8 Mendoza requests Zayas to inform her that her 
 husband has been released, in consequence, Burghley in- 
 forms him, of his brother's solicitations. He remained a 
 short time in London to sell his house* and discharge his 
 debts with his brother's assistance, and finally quitted 
 England on May 24. " Notwithstanding his long im- 
 prisonment," says the ambassador, " I am told that he is 
 in vfery good health, which at his age is no small favour 
 
 * From a document of uncertain date in the English State Papers 
 (Domestic Series, 1 547-1580, p. 695) this house would seem to have 
 been bought by the Drapers' Company. 
 
24 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 that God vouchsafes him." It also says something for the 
 salubrity of the Tower of London. " It seems," pursues 
 Mendoza, " a just judgment upon Guaras for having 
 desired nothing so much as to play the part of minister 
 here, and this is why they put him into the Tower, and 
 right glad am I to see him out of it, for the business gave 
 me plenty of disgusts, and, before it was over, I have been 
 two or three times quite upset about it." He recommends 
 Guaras, notwithstanding, to Zayas's good offices with the 
 King,* and, we may hope, not in vain : though Guaras is 
 hardly likely to have received the twenty thousand crowns 
 which, in the memorial above cited, he states to have been 
 promised him by the late Comendador Requesens, Don 
 John's predecessor in the Low Countries, as a recompense 
 for concluding the commercial agreement of 1573. It is 
 to be regretted that the editors of the " Documentos " 
 have not given us the full text of this memorial ; the last 
 trace, so far, of Antonio de Guaras. He had lived more 
 than forty years in England, the most momentous in her 
 history since the Norman Conquest, and in all her 
 history the most fraught with import not "only for her but 
 for Europe. Obeying an upright but misguided con- 
 science, he had done his best to turn her into a wrong 
 path; he had plotted treason and rebellion, if not murder, 
 with no doubt upon his mind that he was acting in her 
 best interest, no less than in that of his own church and 
 
 * After September, 1 579, Mendoza, unlike his predecessors' and his 
 own previous practice, almost invariably writes direct to the King. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 25 
 
 sovereign. If he survived long to recount his experiences 
 to his people at home, and trace the turbulent period 
 between the scaffold of Anne Boleyn and the gibbet of 
 Campion, he must have conveyed a dismal picture indeed 
 of the land where Shakespeare and Bacon were growing 
 up. We at this day, accustomed to English stability and 
 Spanish disorder, can hardly realize how completel)^ the 
 position was inverted in the sixteenth century ; how 
 England, with her constant revolts and conspiracies, 
 captive princes and decapitated nobles, and alternate 
 martyrdoms of Catholic and Protestant, must have ap- 
 peared to a people with hardly an exception enthusi- 
 astically devoted to their sovereign, and who had 
 witnessed no serious disturbance of public order for 
 half a century. The Spaniard is not naturally less 
 law-abiding or less liberty-loving than the Englishman, 
 and the only explanation of the complete reversal of 
 the position of the two nations in power, wealth, and 
 good government is that in the sixteenth century 
 England embraced a principle of life, and Spain a 
 principle of death, from which, happily, she in this nine- 
 teenth century struggles to free herself. 
 
 Guaras, of course, could not see this, and the imperfec- 
 tion of the observer is the chief recommendation of the 
 historian. Judging all things from a Spanish point of 
 view, he shows us the transactions of the time as they 
 appeared to an intelligent Spanish sojourner in the 
 country. He has the advantage of being the first regular 
 
26 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 narrator in the field, his account being written in the latter 
 days of August, when the impression of recent circum- 
 stances was exceedingly lively ; of a perfect acquaintance 
 with the language ; a kindly sympathy with the people ; 
 access to excellent sources of information ; and a generally 
 sound judgment. Considering his peculiar position, it is 
 highly to his credit that he should be so seldom con- 
 tradicted by his contemporaries, whom he corroborates in 
 turn. A slight degree of misrepresentation from religious 
 prejudice may occasionally be traced, but it amounts to 
 little more than over-colouring. His artless style is clear 
 and rapid ; his story has the liveliness of a narrator deeply 
 interested in the events he describes. His chief positive 
 contributions to our information are the important state- 
 ment, not to be hastily accepted or rejected, that Mary 
 fled two days before her brother's death ; and, in his 
 editor's opinion, a more authentic version of Northumber- 
 land's speech on the scaffold than has been hitherto 
 known. An impartial perusal of the version published at 
 the time, as given in the Appendix to this book, must 
 satisfy the reader that it has been edited and interpolated 
 by a divine much profounder than Northumberland, and 
 much more affected by the odium theologiciim. On the 
 other hand, Guaras's version is fuller and more inter- 
 esting than that given in Tytler's " Edward VI. and 
 Queen Mary.'' Guaras is not given to boasting of ex- 
 ceptional sources of knowledge ; his statement, therefore, 
 that on this particular occasion he stood so near the 
 
INTRODUCTION. 2^ 
 
 scaffold that hardly any of Northumberland's words es- 
 caped him, is worthy of all credit, and is amply confirmed 
 by the internal evidence of the speech as reported by 
 him. 
 
 Guaras's own character appears in a very favourable 
 light. The first notice we have of him — not from his own 
 pen — represents him as performing the last offices of re- 
 ligion for an unhappy countryman, and he writes through- 
 out his narrative with the piety, gravity, and dignity which 
 befit a Castilian gentleman. If but little piety or chivalry, 
 according to modern ideas, is visible in his subsequent 
 diplomatic conduct, it must be remembered that this would 
 be regarded very differently by the opinion of his age and 
 country. His moderation in speaking of Mary's fallen 
 enemy Northumberland is much to his honour ; and it is 
 noticeable that, unlike the street-singer whose ballad we 
 are about to reproduce, he nowhere taunts Northumber- 
 land with the iniquities of his father. It is a strong 
 instance of the perverting influence of religious passion 
 that a man of this generosity should applaud the St. 
 Bartholomew. 
 
 The account of Mary's coronation which accompanies 
 Guaras's narrative is not from his pen. It is translated 
 by an unknown person from an Italian account printed, 
 doubtless at Venice, at the end of 1553 or the beginning 
 of 1554, which is shown to be original by the description 
 of the Venetian merchants who took part in the procession 
 as " i nostri," and the mention of the Venetian Govern- 
 
28 ■ INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ment as " our most illustrious Signory." That the Spanish 
 version is a translation also appears clearly from several 
 errors and wilful alterations, sometimes destructive of the 
 sense. The Venetian account appears to be closely con- 
 nected with that given by the French ambassador 
 Noailles, and invariably supports him where he differs 
 from Strype and the MS. English narratives. The latter 
 are much fuller, as was to be expected. Like Guaras's 
 book, the Venetian account exists in England only in the 
 Grenville Library. It was consequently unknown to the 
 late Mr. Planch^, who described Mary's coronation in his 
 " Regal Records ; or, a Chronicle of the Coronations of 
 the Queens Regnant of England," 1838. This coronation 
 is of unusual interest, being the first in our history of a 
 Queen reigning in her own right. 
 
 Of two of the documents reprinted in the Appendix 
 there is not much to be said. It has been thought well to 
 give the text of Northumberland's speech as published, 
 that the reader of Guaras's version may be able to com- 
 pare the two : it has also appeared worth while to disinter 
 Mary's temporizing proclamation ort religious differences 
 (res dura et regni novitas me talia cogunt Moliri), so 
 pointedly mentioned by Guaras, from the catacombs of 
 Foxe and Wilkins. Both these documents, however, 
 might very well have been included in the notes, but 
 for the lack of proportion between them and the other 
 annotations. The case is far otherwise with the unique 
 black letter ballad on Mary's accession, given in fac 
 
INTRODUCTION. 29 
 
 simile, and now for the first time republished. It is 
 the only recorded production of its printer, Madeley, 
 and though mentioned by Ames on the authority of a 
 MS. copy, appears never to have been seen in print 
 until very recently, when it was purchased by the British 
 Museum. Of the writer, T. W., we can at present only 
 affirm that he was no nursling of Apollo or the Muses. 
 He has, however, entitled himself to some remark even 
 in a poetical point of view by his adaptation of the 
 fourteen-syllable ballad to the metrical structure of 
 the Rhyme Royal, thus creating a peculiar, possibly an 
 unique example of metrical form. His ditty, wretched 
 as a poem, is still most interesting historically, and 
 especially so as an appendage to Guaras, whose 
 picture of the public sentiment it most fully confirms. 
 The encomium on Edward the Sixth is noteworthy 
 as showing that Protestants were as yet far from appre- 
 hending any danger to religion from the accession of 
 Mary. The date must be between July 25, when North- 
 umberland was brought to the Tower, and August 3, 
 the day of Mary's triumphal entry, the former incident 
 being dwelt upon and the latter omitted. Two other 
 metrical broadsides on Mary's accession, " Ave Maria " 
 and " Marigold," are in the library of the Society of 
 Antiquaries, and are described in Mr. Lemon's cata- 
 logue. 
 
 The Editor has not attempted to illustrate his author's 
 narrative from MS. sources. He has made all possible 
 
30 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 use of such information as he could find in print, 
 especially the Spanish and English State Papers ; the 
 accounts of eye-witnesses like Machyn and Soranzo ; the 
 nearly contemporary narrative of Raviglio Rosso ; and 
 Mr. Ffoude's History. 
 
 R. garnett! 
 
 March 15, 1892. 
 
Relacion muy verdadera de Antonio d' Guaras : 
 criado de la Serenissinia y Catholica reyna de 
 Inglaterra al Illustre S. Duque de Albur- 
 querque: Vissorey y Capitan General d' I Rey no 
 de Nauarra, etc. 
 
 En la qual se tratw en q iniserias y calamidades, y 
 muertes d' grades, ha est ado el reyno tcctos alios 
 ha. 
 
 Como dona Maria fue proclamada por Reyna : y de 
 todos obedescida : y de su coronacion, etc. 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 33 
 
 ILLUSTRISSI^[o Senor, 
 
 No he escripto a vuestra Senoria Illustrissima 
 sobre algunas cosas q se han ofifrescido enesta tierra : aun 
 que las ha haiiido muchas y d' importancia, despues q V. 
 S. de aqui partio : por tener por cierto q seria auisado por 
 via de Corte dellas. Y tabien lo he dexado de hazer 
 con temor que V. S. se desseruiria co mi atreuimieto. Y 
 porq podria ser q de presente ni por via de Corte : ni por 
 ctra tuuiesse tan particular informacion de las grandes 
 nouedades deste Reyno, como por esta mi carta : me ha 
 parescido q antes recibiria V. S. seruicio con ella que 
 pesadumbre. 
 
 Como V. S. terna informacio el rey Henrique dexo 
 nombrados xvj. de los grandes deste reyno, por expresso 
 testamento : para q todos juntamente governassen : y q 
 ninguna cosa de importScia determinassen sin consenti- 
 miento de todos. Y luego q el rey fallescio, a quien dios 
 perdone : de parescer y consentimieto de todos : y contra 
 la orden y expresso testamento dicho : nombraro por 
 Protector del reyno, y de la persona del rey su hijo y 
 successor de la corona, al conde de Arfort, que V. S. 
 conoscio, tio del dicho rey Eduardo, de parte de madre : 
 el qual despues fue creado duque de Sumerset : y el q era 
 mas intimo amigo d'l dicho de Sumerset : era el conde de 
 
 D 
 
34 ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 Baruic, q era Almirante enel tiempo que V. Sefioria se 
 hallo aca : y despues fue duque de Northumberland. 
 
 Viendo estos Duques antes q el rey Henrico muriesse 
 sobre estar sin esperanca de su vida : por se le hauer 
 cerrado vna fuente que tenia en vna pierna : q el duque d' 
 Norfolc y su hijo el conde Sorel tan amigo y conoscido de 
 V. S. les podria yr ala mano en el gouierno a los dichos 
 Duques : trataron de les leuantar que el hijo hauia hecho 
 pintar cierto escudo, de armas : en las q les estauan 
 algunas del rey : y q era argumento euidente q se queria 
 alcar por rey : y por ello fue degollado : sobre ser mas q 
 innocente : y al padre condenaro a carcel perpetua : 
 diziedo q lo hauia sabido, y q no lo hauia descubierto : y 
 assi ha estado preso el dicho duque mas de siete anos. 
 El dicho duque de Sumerset tuuo vn hermano q fue gran 
 Almirate deste reyno, assi mesmo tio del rey, y fueron 
 tatas las passiones entre los dichos hermanos : co induzi- 
 niieto del dicho de Northumberland : que fauorescia y 
 aconsejaua en todo al de Sumerset : q hizo prender al 
 dicho Almirante, y sin ser oydo en justicia lo sacarS de la 
 prision al cadahalso : ado de le cortaron la cabeca con 
 grade murmuracion del pueblo, de q su hermano vsasse 
 con el de tanta inhumanidad. Despues paresciendo les a 
 los dos duques confederados, q en las cosas del gouierno 
 ninguno les yra ala mano : acordaron de desuergoncar se 
 en permitir q se predicasse al pueblo la secta en que 
 despues han estado, assi por ser ellos dessa opiniS como 
 por ver el pueblo inclinado a ella : permitiedo q todos los 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 35 
 
 hereges d' otras tierras se acogiessen aqui. Y han venido 
 tantos, & han predicado tan confusamente : assi en las 
 cerimonias como en todo lo de mas, que en cada 
 perrochia administrauan dififerentemente, aun q la mayor 
 parte de los ingleses era de contrario parescer, por ser 
 catholicos. Pero por no incurrir en grandes penas que 
 hauian ordenado, digsimulauan & murmurauan que estos 
 desordenes serian causa de su perdicion de los dichos 
 Duques y predicadores, y de los demas. Y assi se 
 offrescio que el de Sumerset sobre passiones que despues 
 se engendraron sobre el gouernar : qniso echar mano dela 
 persona del d' Northumberland : pero como el de North- 
 umberland era persona valerosissima : y que conocia que 
 el de Sumerset era de poco ser (como cierto lo era) y de 
 poco estomago : trato que se le allegassen muchos de los 
 grandes a el : informando les de trayciones que hauia 
 hecho el de Sumerset como el dezia, assi en la reddicion 
 de Bolonia & otros fuertes en poder de Franceses, como 
 en q la persona del rey no hauia de estar en mano de 
 gouernador tan sospechoso. Y el d' Sumerset entend- 
 iendo esto se retruxo al castillo de Vinsor : con mano 
 armada : lleuando consigo al rey : y declarando al dicho 
 de Northumberland por traydor: y alos demas sus 
 cSfederados. Pero fue tato el numero de los grandes q 
 acudiero a la parte del de Northumberlad, y los muchos 
 q desampararo al de Sumerset, q ala fin los pocos q 
 quedaron con el de Sumerset le prendiero enel mesmo 
 Castillo : y coesto le sacaron al Rey de su poder : y a el le 
 
 D 2 
 
36 ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 traxeron por esta ciudad con tres, o quatro mil hombres 
 de guerra : con algunos mas de su compafiia : gritando 
 mueran traydores. 
 
 Despues tratarS los dichos dos Duques, q por quitar se 
 de passiones : q el rey perdonaria al dicho d' Sumerset, y 
 que casaria el hijo heredero mayor del de Northumber- 
 land, q es el code de Baruic : con la hija mayor d'l duq d' 
 Sumerset : como se hizo : y fue puesto en libertad el dicho 
 d' Sumerset, y se celebraron grandes fiestas : & vinieron 
 en gouierno los dos cosuegros, mostrando se mucho amor 
 exterior. Despues no faltaron malignos q remostrassen al 
 de Sumerset los trabajos en q el dicho Duque d' 
 Northumberland le hauia puesto y que se deuia vengar 
 del. E assi por ello como por las nueuas passiones que 
 concebia cnel nueuo gouierno, d'termino el duque d' 
 Sumerset de tratar d' matar en vn combite que hauia de 
 aparejar en su casa al dicho duq de Northumberland. Y 
 vn cauallero de sus confederados desta conjuracion, que se 
 dize do Thomas palmer : reuelo el negocio al dicho d' 
 northumberiand, el qual con dissimulacion embio en 
 nombre d' todo el consejo a llamar al d' sumerset, y luego 
 fue preso y embiado ala torre, y prendieron a muchos 
 grandes por ello. Despues fue lleuado a la audiencia 
 publica el d' Sumerset, ado de fue acusado de trayciS : de 
 lo qual fue dado por libre : pero siendo acusado por que 
 quiso matar al de Northumberland fue condehada. Y 
 sabra V. S. q el dicho de Sumerset siendo Protector : y 
 temiendo que algunos no tratassen conjuraciones contra 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 37 
 
 el : ordeno con autoridad del parlameto q qualquJer que 
 c5tra algun noble del reyno tratasse por palabras, o por 
 otra manera d' la muerte del tal : que aunq no la huuiesse 
 puesto en execucion q mereciesse por ello la muerte : y 
 los q lo supiessen por oyda : sino lo descubria luego al con- 
 sejo : o ala justicia mas cercana. Y poresta ley fue el dicho 
 d' Sumerset codenado: por lo hauer comunicado : aunq 
 no lo hauia puesto por obra. Y aun q fue dado por 
 libre por el caso de trayciS : procuro el de Northuber- 
 land d' dar fin con el de Sumerset, por lo de mas. Y 
 por ser el caso tan ligero: tenia por seguro en la 
 opinion de todos : q el rey le daria su perdon : y 
 quando el pueblo estaua como satisfecho desto, vna noche 
 antes q el Duque de Sumerset padeciesse, embio el de 
 Northuberland a madar secretamete a los vezinos mas 
 principales, q en la manana siguiete no permitiessen a sus 
 criados yr ala placa dode se hazia justicia: & aqlla 
 manana tres, o qtro horas antes d' la hora acostubrada : le 
 sacaro desde la torre al cadahalso : y le cortaron la cabe 
 ca, aunq muchos del pueblo q auia venido a verlo : no 
 obstate el dicho madamieto : hiziero vn gran rumor, como 
 q yuan a saluar le. Pero los halabarderos : de los quales 
 hauia muchos : estuuiero quedos, y el mesmo d' Sumer- 
 set dixo al pueblo. Amigos tened paciecia y cotentaos 
 con lo q el rey manda, y aqui mostro su poco ser, q si el 
 quisiera echar se del cadahalso, o poner se en fuercas co 
 el verdugo, cierto no muriera alii : porq no tenia ninguas 
 prisiones ni ataduras : por ser costubre de lleuar a- los 
 
38 ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 nobles quando van a padescer sin ellas : y la guarda de los 
 halabarderos, y los de mas dissimularan co el fauor del 
 pueblo. Pero la sangre de su hermano el Almirante daua 
 bozes ante dios : y lo q peor es : el encomendo al pueblo q 
 se abracassen con la secta que tenian : remostrando le 
 que era la verdadera religion : y esta es la causa principal 
 porque el pueblo le, queria mucho : y porque veyan que 
 el de Northumberland hauia de gouernar con tyrania. Y 
 detro de quinze dias despues degollaro dos cauaH'os : y 
 ahorcaro otros dos q era delos principales deste reyno y 
 eran delos conjurados con el de Sumerset. 
 
 Co7no el Dtique de Northumberland gouernaua solo : y se 
 apodero de todo el thesoro deste reyno : y como hizo 
 pclamar par reyna a dona jodna su nuera & a la reyna 
 dofla Maria publicamente declarar bastarda. 
 
 De todo esto he hecho mencion enesta carta, para que 
 V. S. vea por la orden que el de Northumberland se hizo 
 grade, el qual ha gouernado hasta agora c5 tanta quietud : 
 q todos los otros grandes del reyno le ha sido tan obe- 
 dietes : como si el houiera sido el verdadero rey. Y 
 considerando que el principal instrumento de q el dicho 
 code Sorel fuesse degollado, y su dicho padre el duque de 
 Norfolc perpetuo preso : y el dicho Almirante y el dicho 
 de Sumerset tics del rey degollados : y tambien q hauia 
 hecho poner p'resos al obispo de Londres al de Muchestre, 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 39 
 
 al de Duran, al de Viseter, y al de Chichester, y les hauia 
 hecho priuar d' sus beneficios : & assi mesmo a otros 
 muchos doctos y catholicos, por no hauer qrido jurar ni 
 consentir enlas ordenacas dela secta, determino de dar 
 orde como pudiesse librar se de muchos trabajos : que era 
 de parescer q le podia suceder a causa d'llo : luego q el 
 rey viniesse en edad d' gouernar. Y para coseguir este 
 effecto : hizo juntar parlamento, & ordenaron enel lo que 
 era a su proposito, y especialmente procuro en nobre del 
 rey, d' recoger todo el thesoro q pudo : q estaua en poder 
 ce thesoreros, y en mas de veynte meses hizo que el rey 
 no pagasse a sus criados ni sus deudas : portener el en su 
 poder el thesoro, y q todos los del reyno estuuiessen pobres. 
 Ordenaron que toda la plata que estaua enlas yglesias 
 de cruzes y calices, de que hauia hecho hazer inuentario 
 antes : por mas seguridad que se entregasse a vso del rey 
 como se hizo. Y puede Vuestra senoria considerar que 
 en todo el Reyno monto mucho. Hizo q Londres & otros 
 pueblos pusiessen en mano del Rey toda la municio & 
 artilleria. Copro en todas las partes q se pudierS hauer 
 las armas manuales q hallo : mas por desarmar al pueblo 
 q no por falta q tuuiesse d' lias para los suyos. Desarmo 
 todos los fuertes deste reyno : q como V. S. sabe ay muchos 
 en esta tierra enlos puertos. Tomo a su mano todos los 
 cauallos de guerra : q era gran numero : en el ql esta toda 
 la fuerca deste reyno. En el dicho Parlamento echo 
 grades pechos y subsidios. Y despues d' hauer hecho esto 
 & otras cosas semejates para su pposito : acordo d_e matar 
 
40 ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY, 
 
 al rey segu ha seydo publico con dar le veneno : el ql 
 pobre innocete ha estado enfermo : 7 meses. Dizen hizo 
 estrechas ligas co el rey d' Francia : y grades promessas d' 
 le entregar a Cales & a Gunies : porq le fuesse hue amigo. 
 Hizo q el rey ordenasse q dexaua por sus herederas las 
 hijas del duq de Sofolc : el ql duque fue casado con dona 
 Francisca hija dela segunda hermana del rey Henrrico la 
 ql fue antes casada con el rey Luys d' Fracia : y despues 
 con el otro duq de Solfolc q V. S. conoscio : de quie tuuo 
 a esta dona Fracisca. E hizo tanto el dicho de Nortuber- 
 land con el rey y con los grandes : que se desuergoncaro 
 
 a declarar publicamente que su 
 
 Su Alteza (es la Reyna alteza era bastarda. E assi poresto 
 
 dona Maria: hija del rey como porq era (como ellos dezian) 
 
 Herico) y de la reyna dona papista el ql nobre han puesto 
 
 catalina : hermana dela reyna , 11. 
 
 dona Joanna: madre del ^^^S cathollCOS : porq Se queria 
 
 Emperador don Carlos nues- casar c5 Principe estrangero : que 
 tro seiior. era cosa razonable q fuesse des- 
 
 hercdada. Y como estaua cierto d' 
 la muerte del rey, hizo q casasse dona Joanna hija mayor 
 del dicho duque de Sofolc y dela dicha dona Fracisca : 
 con el tercer hijo suyo del dicho d' Nortumberland : para 
 efecto q por parte dela muger viniesse su hijo q se dize 
 Milord Guilbert a ser rey. Y alos vnos por temor, y alos 
 otros por promessa, y alos otros por dones embauco por 
 tal manera, que todos los grandes deste reyno sellaron & 
 firmaro la dicha ordenaca, con testamento del rey : estado 
 'viuo el dicho rey. Y esto passo en veynte y vno d' 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 4 1 
 
 Junio y lo mismo hizo el Mayre de Londres, y los 
 regidores & letrados. Y despues se siruio nuestro senor 
 que alos seys de Julio siguiente murio el rey, plague 
 a el tener le en su gloria. Y visto esto : y que le parescia 
 q tenia al rey d' Fracia par amigo, y alos grandes del 
 reyno prendados y que todos hauian consentido en esta 
 traycio, determino publicar q el rey era muerto : y alos 
 diez del dicho mes proclamaron en esta ciudad y 
 en otras partes del reyno a la dicha dona Joanna por 
 reyna, con grande autoridad de Arantes : y halabar- 
 deros : & tirar5 mucha artilleria d' la torre. Y el pueblo 
 marauillado desta tan gra nouedad sin dezir palabra se 
 miraua como atonitos los vnos a los otros: & a vno q 
 dixo, que porque no hauia de ser dona Maria reyna le 
 cortaro las orejas cercen, haziendo grandes autos de arates 
 por temorizar al pueblo. A todas estas cosas pueyo co 
 mucha astucia y sagacidad el dicho duq de Northuber- 
 land, y en lo mas importante le cego nfo senor, y era lo 
 que el en menos temia y el penso que hecho lo que hizo : 
 que a todo tiempo ternia en su poder a dona Maria, que 
 es agora reyna, la qual estaua co cinqueta o sesenta criados 
 a veynte y cinco millas de aqui : y penso embiar por su 
 alteza para q viniesse aqui a Londres a visitar ala dicha 
 dona Joana que proclamaron reyna, & a que la conosciesse 
 por tal. Y porq sabia que su alteza no lo huuiera hecho, 
 tenia prestos quinientos cauallos de guerra para q la 
 truxessen : y por desobediente echar la presa, y despues 
 hazer della lo que del rey. 
 
42 ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 Como su alteza despues que supo que el rey su hermano era 
 muerto se hizo en su casa proclamar por reyna : y. como 
 se puso CO los suyos enel campo animando los para la 
 batalla. 
 
 Como la reyna estaua auisada mas hauia de vn afio que 
 este hombre y los suyos andaua con mal, como discretissima 
 q es, dissimulo el negocio coel de Nortumberlad, el ql casi 
 cada dia escreuia a su alteza cartas d' mucho respecto, 
 haziendo le saber q el rey estaua tan malo : pero q si otro 
 q bie ordenasse dios d'l q el mostraria por obra su desseo 
 & fidelidad q dezia le tenia a su alteza. Pero la magestad 
 de la reyna temporizado co el y respodiendo le que le 
 tenia por fidelissimo, en su tiempo conueniente hizo cierto 
 lo q el espiritu sancto le alubro. Y fue q dos dias antes 
 q el rey muriesse q era alos quatro de Julio : de noche c5 
 gra diligecla se fue de donde estaua de estacia hasta obra 
 de sesenta millas de aqui : con solamente sus criados : 
 fingiedo q hauia dos o tres dolientes en su casa, y q se 
 mudaua por ello. Y luego q el dicho d' Northumberland 
 y los de mas supierS su ausencia : pueyero a todo el reyno : 
 q so grades penas todos estuulessen aparejados c6 sus 
 armas pa todo tiempo q el rey les mandasse seruir, 
 haziendo a todos saber que su alteza se hauia ydo hazia 
 las prouincias de Norfolc y Sofolc, q estan hazia las partes 
 maritimas de la vanda de Flandes, con intencion de poner 
 el reyno en trabajos y guerras, y hazer venir a el estrageras 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 43 
 
 naciones a defender lo q alia pretende contra la corona, 
 especialmente estando el rey viuo y no fallescido como 
 ella se persuade. Y coneste mandamiento todos se pusiero 
 en aparejar se. Despues denlro de tres dias tuuo su alteza 
 auiso cierto de q fuesse fallescido el rey. Y luego se hizo 
 proclamar reyna en su casa, y en todos los lugares 
 comarcanos. Y en algunos otros lugares no quisiero los 
 habitantes recebir su proclamaciS por no saber la certinidad 
 dela muerte del rey, & tambien porq veyan q todos los 
 grandes del reyno se hauian cojurado d' viuir & morir enla 
 causa dela dioha dona Joanna. Y considerando esto los 
 q aula recebido a su alteza por reyna estauan ta perplexos 
 q del todo pensaua ser perdidos por ella. Su alteza 
 escriuio luego a todos los grandes del reyno particularmete, 
 q luego so pena de traydores viniessen todos a hazer su 
 deuido : & a conocerla por su soberana reyna y senora, 
 Y como casi todos los grandes estuuiessen con el duque 
 d' Northumberland en la corte q Uamaua dela dicha donS 
 Joanna en recibiedo alguna carta de su alteza dela reyna 
 Maria, la presentaua en cosejo : & alos mensajeros echaua 
 en prisi5, con amenazas de ahorcar los. Despues d' los. x. 
 dela proclamacio de la dicha Joanna hasta los catorze o 
 quinze siguientes acudieron a su alteza obra de cinco o 
 seys Senores de salua : aun que eran delos menores del 
 reyno, que como a tales el de Northumberland no les dio 
 parte de su empresa. Y tambien le vinier5 a su alteza 
 obra de xv. o veynte caualleros cada vno con la gente que 
 pudo y con los villanos de aquellas dos prouincias formaron 
 
44 ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 vn capo de mas de hasta veynte mil hobres. Y en muchas 
 partes del Reyno fue la dicha Joanna proclamada por 
 Reyna dos o tres vezes : a causa que en los mesmos 
 lugares venian con mano armada los amigos de su alteza 
 y la proclamaron Reyna : y despues que ellos eran 
 partidos : por temor delos del consejo, los habitates destos 
 lugares proclamar5 ala dicha Joana de nueuo y todos 
 puestos en armas estauan en la mayor confusion del 
 mundo. Luego que el de Northuberland y los demas del 
 c5sejo supieron que su alteza se hauia hecho proclamar 
 reyna : y que los dichos Senores de salua & Caualleros & 
 aquellas prouincias se hauia declarado en fauor de su 
 alteza determinaron los del consejo de aqui, de hazer 
 gente : y con toda la caualleria que tenia en su mano : 
 que era la mas principal fuerca : por ser mas de tres mil 
 de cauallo gente bien en orden y co obra de treynta carros 
 de artilleria y municiones. Partio el dicho d' Northuber- 
 land la buelta dela reyna, y fue xl. millas de aqui : & assento 
 su campo Ueuado cosijo casi todala guarda ordinaria del rey : 
 en vn lugar que se dize Cambuche, que estaua treynt a millas 
 d'la reyna : que estana enel castillo de Freminga. El duque 
 dexo enla fortaleza de esta ciudad a la dicha Joanna procla- 
 mada : y con ella a mas recaudo a su parescer al Duque de 
 Sofolc su padre, & alos d'mas del consejo conjurados. Y 
 por recelo q el de Sofolc tenia delos del cQsejo, de que en 
 ausencia del de Nortuberland no hiziessen algua nouedad : 
 no less suffria buenamete salir dela corte : aun hasta sus 
 casas. Y assi el dicho duque d' Northumberland co el 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARV. 45 
 
 mucho recaudo que le parescia hauia dexado c5 la Joana : 
 y CO la gra fuerca q hauia lleuado cosigo, embio a dezir 
 a los del cosejo q dentro de pocos dias traeria a su alteza 
 presa o muerta : como a rebelde q era, segun dezia : y 
 cierto todos era desta opinio : aunq los q se declararon 
 de parte de la reyna estaua todos determinados de morir 
 y viuir c5 su alteza. Y por animar a su gente, dos o tres 
 dias antes q se presumia q vernian a las manos los dos 
 capos, mado su alteza q todo su capo se pusiesse en orde 
 de batalla: y vino su alteza al cSpo a dode todos mostraron 
 CO vozes & alaridos, arrojando hazia arribalos almetes & otras 
 armas : & haziedo otras muestras d' plazer y mucho amor 
 q a' su alteza tenia, diziendo. Viua nra buena reyna 
 Maria : y muera traydores. Y a causa del mucho ruydo 
 dela gete, y dela mucha salua del artilleria y arcabuzeria 
 le fue forcado ala reyna apear se para ver el capo : porq 
 se spataua & acoraua mucho la caualgadura en q venia, 
 & a pie CO los grades de su corte y sus damas, passeo todo 
 el campo que duraua obra de vna milla, dado les gracias 
 de su buena voluntad. 
 
 Como el Duq mado guardar el pas so de Flandes por algtmas 
 naos, y como la gente dellas se algaron contra sits 
 Capitanes, y se soinetieron al seruicio de la reyna 
 Maria. 
 
 Sabra^ V. S. q el dicho Duq de Northuberland hauia 
 encomendado a sus mas fieles amigos las naos del rey, q 
 
46 ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 SO muchas y muy poderosas, y las mado aparejar antes de 
 la muerte del rey: como cosa en q estaua la mayor fuerga 
 d'ste reyno : y pa effecto de aprouechar se de su amigo 
 el FrSces como esta dicho, si le fuera necessario : y pa 
 defender se del Empador si por algua via le quisiesse yr 
 ala mano : en fauor de su prima la reyna. Ha se dicho, 
 y es cosa muy cierta q el dicho de Northuberland no 
 ouiera imaginado de empreder esto, por respecto del 
 Emperador: sino q como le parescio q su Mag. hauia 
 tenido tantos trabajos en Alemania : & q estaua asse- 
 gurado de su amigo el Frances : q pornia al presente en 
 todos los q mas pudiesse a su Magestad hizo cueta q era 
 tiepo para poner en execucio sus desseos, y q ni de pte de 
 su Magestad, ni de otra ningua le podia venir fauor ala 
 reyna, v q saldria con su intencion. Pero temiedo de 
 presente, segu las cosas estaua q su alteza no passasse en 
 algun barco a Flades : proueyo q las naos q se hauia 
 aparejado fuessen seys, o siete dellas hazia los puertos 
 donde la reyna estaua : y era la q menos, de docietos 
 toneles : & otras eran de . cccc . o de quinientos. Y hauia 
 en ellas hasta dos mil hombres, todos muy buena gente, 
 & con esta diligencia le parescio q estaua assegurado de 
 hauer alas manos la persona dela Magestad dela reyna, 
 teniendo la cercada por mar & por tierra : pero quiso 
 nuestro seftor q los marineros de las seys, o siete naos, 
 estado cerca de dode estaua su alteza, por el amor natural 
 que con su alteza tenian, se alcaron contra los capitanes 
 dellas, en fauor de la reyna, & aportaron a vn puerto q 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 47 
 
 estaua cerca de alii, a deuocion de su alteza, con grade 
 salua & alaridos, diziedo : Viua viua nuestra reyna Maria. 
 Y luego q su alteza lo supo, proueyo q la gente la fuesse 
 ' a seruir : y q lleuassen al campo la artilleria q era mucha 
 y buena. Y reforcado el cSpo de su alteza desta gente & 
 artilleria : estauS animados de en breue yr se a ver co los 
 del duque de Northumberland : y con buena esperanca, 
 segu la justa causa que Ueuaua, de correr lo per el reyno, 
 hasta preder le a el & a los suyos. 
 
 Como su alteza fue Jiclamada por reyna de los del consejo, 
 en la ciudad de Lodres : & de la alegria et cotenta- 
 mieto de todo el pueblo : y como el duqtte de Northum- 
 berland y todos sus confederados fueron presos. 
 
 En este tiepo el de Northuberlad engrosso su capo 
 tabien, presumiedo q c6 su caualleria desharia a los 
 villanos : porq no estauan muy armados. Los del cosejo 
 de Lodres q estaua como detenidos en poder de la Joana 
 y del duque d' Sofolc : como esta dicho, tuuiero auiso d' q 
 estas naos dichas se huuiessen passado al seruicio de su 
 alteza, y como quasi todas hauia sido forcados de cosentir 
 enesta traycio : y considerado q si a caso su alteza ouiesse 
 vitoria : aunq les parescia cosa dudosa, segu lo q se podia 
 juzgar, q seria dignos de muchos trabajos en sus psonas 
 & bienes, acordarS visto q el de Northuberlad estaua enel 
 capo, sin q el de Sofolc, o la Joana lo pudiessen estoruar, 
 
48 ACCKSSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 de descubrir los vnos alos otros sus coracones : y q era 
 cosa conueniete, q no obstate lo passado, q declarassen y 
 proclamassen a la buena madama Maria por reyna. 
 
 Y puede V. S. cosiderar enlos muchos trabajos q este 
 reyno se hallaua pocos dias, y en codicio de destruyrse 
 todos y matarse cincueta o sesenta mil hSbres. Y assi 
 todos coformes lo declararo ala dicha Joana y su padre. 
 
 Y como contra todos jutos no pudiero resistir, tuuieron 
 paciecia. Y a los . xix . siguietes de Julio, entre las tres y 
 las qtro, fue proclamada su alteza. Dezir a V. S. la alegria 
 q el pueblo mostro desta nouedad, sobre las informaciones 
 q hauia q seria muerta o presa, no lo podria yo ni ninguo 
 por escripto ni de palabra dezir. Y como este acuerdo 
 passo entre los del cosejo : y como sin saber lo ninguo 
 vinier5 ellos mesmos con los maceros a hazer en la placa 
 publica esta proclamacio. Fue tato el cotentamieto & 
 alegria de todos : q arrojaua quasi todos los bonetes al 
 ayre perdidos : y todos los q tenia dineros en sus bolsas, 
 los arrojaua al pueblo. Otros siedo hobres de autoridad y 
 viejos, no se podian cotener echado de si sus ropas, saltSdo 
 y balado como si estuuierS fuera de seso. Otros yuan 
 corriedo por las calles en dode no hauia hauido noticia 
 desta ta gra nouedad, gritando. Viua la reyna Maria. Y 
 los q lo oya qdaua atonitos, q no osauan alegrarse : porq 
 era peligro de muerte hablar en fauor della. Y luego q 
 por todo se supo, se hizierS tatos fuegos, q era de ver : y 
 ceno aqlla noche la gente en las calles, con grade alegria 
 & musicas. Y eran tantos los gritos & alaridos qndo se 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 49 
 
 beuian por amor de la reyna, como aca lo acostubran, q 
 parescia q hauian salido todos deste mal mudo, y q hauian 
 aportado ala gloria. Y luego fueron tantas postas por 
 todo el reyno, que en breue se supo por todo. Y como 
 V. S. puede considerar : todos los otros pueblos & villanos 
 hizierS lo mesmo. Es de marauillar el amor q este pueblo 
 tiene a esta senora, que cierto offenden a nro senor en 
 ello, porque la dexan de querer y la adora. Pero como 
 esta V. S. informado, en sua muchos & largos trabajos, 
 ha sido tan paciente, tomando los todos como embiados de 
 la mano de Dios : y su vida de tal exemplo y ta catholica, 
 quel natural amor deste su pueblo, y estas cSsideraciones 
 son causa dello. Luego que su alteza entendio ta buena 
 nueua, hizo poner en la capilla vn Ecce homo. Que fue 
 la primera que publico se hauia puesto algunos anos 
 hauia, y cantaron el Te Deum laudamus, y todos los de 
 su corte dando gracias a Dios se pusieron en oracion, y 
 diero de nueuo vozes, Dios guarde nuestra buena reyna 
 Maria. 
 
 Al duque de Northumberland estando aparejado para 
 poner en execucion el yr a cercar ala reyna : con tan 
 poderoso campo como hauia llegado, despues de hauer se 
 pregonado Capitan general por la Joanna : & hauiendo la 
 proclamado reyna, y ala Magestad dela reyna bastarda y 
 rebelde : vinieron estas miserables nueuas para el y para 
 todos los suyos : & hallo se tan confuso, que luego mado 
 pregonar a su alteza por reyna : y quito y rasgo con sus 
 proprias manos la otra proclamacion de la Joanna, que 
 
 E 
 
50 ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 tan pocos dias hauia que la hizo proclamar y enclauar en 
 los cantones de las calles publicas del pueblo donde 
 estaua, y que brando con sus miserables y traydoras manos 
 vna vara que el traya blanca, q era su insignia de capita 
 general dixo. Viua la Reyna Maria ; Y echo de si las 
 armas manuales q traya : & mado q hiziessen lo mesmo 
 los suyos, sometiedo se todos ala misericordia dela reyna, 
 Y el dia siguiete se presentaro enel dicho castillo d5de 
 estaua su alt. muchos grades & caualleros, entre ellos vino 
 el Marqs de Nortantona, q enel tiepo q V. S. estuuo se 
 dezia Milorpar, hrno de la reyna vltima muger del rey 
 Herico. Y assi mesmo se presentaro el grade AlmirSte q 
 se dize Milorchuto, & Milorgree, & co ellos passados de 
 . cxl . caualleros, y fueron tornados presos. De los del 
 cosejo de Lodres q estaua enla torre c6 la Joana vinieron 
 ala corte de su Alt. Co esta nueua dela pclamacio el 
 conde de Aradel q es vn senor de mucha estima, & de 
 quie creo V. S, se acordara, & delos buenos deste reyno, & 
 con el Milorpajet, aquie tabien conosce V. S. A estos dos 
 senores tuuo el de Northuberland presos mucho tpo, 
 socolor q hauia sido delos cojurados co el de Sumerset, y 
 si ouiera hallado el menor indicio del mudo, los ouiera 
 puesto enel estremo : & despues se recocilio conellos, 
 portener quie hiziesse mas cuerpo en sus trayciones, los 
 qles CO los demas aunq por fuerca & por remostracioes 
 como de amenazas : firmaro & sellar5 la dicha conjuracio 
 c8tra la reyna. Despues dio su Alte. cargo al dicho de 
 Aradel q fuesse c5 mano armada a dar orden de q el de 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. SI 
 
 Northuberland, & los mas principales fuessen tornados 
 presos, & q estuuiessen a bue recaudo, lo ql el hizo, & los 
 d'xo como couenia : enel dicho lugar de Cambrich. Y 
 despues a los [ ] del mes d' julio los mandaron venir 
 
 presos a esta forteleza, co obra d' tres mil h5bres de 
 guerra. Traxero co el dicho de Northuberland al code de 
 Baruic su hijo mayor, & a otros dos hijos suyos, q tabien 
 estaua con el enel capo, & a vn hro suyo del dicho Duq, 
 & al capita dela guarda, & a otro q se dize Milor Astings, 
 & al code de Vntinton, & a otros : hasta en numero de 
 onze psonas. Y segu estaua c5 ellos mal el pueblo, fue 
 necessario q la reyna mandasse pregonar que sopena d' 
 ser castigados, q dexassen passar pacificamente los presos, 
 sin les dezir palabras injuriosas : y no ouo remedio, q 
 todo el pueblo gritaua. Mucra traydores, y viua la reyna 
 verdadera, y les tirauan algunas pedradas. Y sino fuera 
 porla mucha guarda d' armados, no fuera possible lleuar 
 lo viuo hasta la prisio. Despues dentro de dos dias 
 traxero preso al Mar^s de Nortantona, co otrospsos, y en 
 . X X X j . de Julio hizo su entrada la Mag. de la reyna, co 
 tata alegria del pueblo, quanta se puede pensar. Traya 
 consigo hasta cinco mil hombres de guerra a cauallo : y 
 passados de mil & quinientos cortesanos, con sus sayos de 
 terciopelo y cadena el que menos, y otros ricamente 
 atauiados. Y vino a aposentar se, con obra de cient 
 damas a la torre donde estauan todos sus presos. Huuo 
 tal salua de artilleria, que no se ha oydo de muchos anos 
 aca. 
 
 E 2 
 
52 ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 De la orden que su Alteza mando dar enel enterramiento del 
 rey su hermano. 
 
 No se si V. S. haura entedido q el d' Northuberlad so 
 color q era la volutad del rey, persiguia con mucha 
 instScia a su alteza, porq tenia Missa publica en su casa, 
 como la tuuo todo el tiepo q pudo : y enla capilla 
 ymagines, y en todo lo demas, como lo tiene la yglesia 
 catholica ; y como su alteza daua legitimas escusas, no se 
 pudierS en mucho ticpo desuergScar con ella. Pero ala 
 fin no supieron remediar lo, sino con embiar en nobre d'l 
 rey por sus capellanes, y les echaron en prision, y 
 amenazaron q los ahorcarian : porque dezian que que- 
 brantaua los statutos, & assi ha estado su alteza obra de 
 dos anos sin Missa publica. Pero no obstante esto, como 
 es tan catholica, como siempre lo han mostrado las obras : 
 especialmente de presente como aqui dire, siempre la ha 
 tenido secreto : sin que lo supiessen tres personas de las 
 mas priuadas a lo mas, con occasion del mucho peligro 
 que d'Uo le podia venir. Agora como nuestro senor la ha 
 traydo a tiempo de mostrar por obra lo q tocaua al 
 seruicio suyo, & hauiendo madado dar orde enel enterra- 
 mieto d'l rey su hro aquien Dios pdone, hizo dezir la 
 noche antes en su Capilla las horas de defunctos en latin, 
 como se acostubra en roma. Y el dia siguiete se cato la 
 Missa de Requie : lo ql fue tata admiracio pa el pueblo 
 como las nouedades passadas : porq los catholicos mos- 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 53 
 
 trauS vn nueuo gozo y los de la secta vna grS tristeza. 
 Despues d'etro de pocos dias se fue su alteza al castillo de 
 Richamont, adonde depresente esta, con gra corte de 
 grandes y damas deste reyno, q han venido a hazer su 
 deuido, & a besar las manos de su Alteza. 
 
 Como el dttque y su hijo co otros grades fueron condenados a 
 
 morir. 
 
 Despues en . xviij . deste mes de Agosto passado lleuarS 
 a juyzio al Duque de Northuberland, & como V. S. sabe, 
 estos autos se hazen con grande autoridad hizierS vn 
 cadahalso enla gran sala del Osmestier, ricamente enta- 
 picada, de gra magestad, y en el medio vn dosel rico, y 
 debaxo vn assiento c5 ricas almohadas, con sus alhobras 
 alos pies : y venidos co sus macas & officiales : lo 
 comissarios dela causa se assentaron como partes por la 
 reyna. Y primeramete enel dicho assieto del dosel : se 
 assento el duque de Norfolc sobre dicho, el qual presidia 
 por aql dia por la persona d' la reyna : y tenia enla mano 
 vna vara larga blanca : qes insignia d' gra marichal, y este 
 officio de antiguos tiempos han reseruado los Reyes para 
 si : y dela vna parte y dela otra estaua assentados los 
 grades del reyno, que estauan nombrados para ser juezes 
 entre el delinquete y los comissarios c5forme ala ley. Y 
 estos dichos juezes eran los q el de Northuberland hauia 
 dexado enla torre c5 la Joanna, o la mayor parte dellos. 
 
54 ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 Y luego fue madado q fuesse presentado el preso : & assi 
 truxerS al dicho duq de Northuberland, el ql haziendo tres 
 reuerencias hasta el suelo antes de Uegar al lugar donde 
 hauia de estar, vino con buen semblante y denuedo lleno 
 de humildad y grauedad. El dicho duque de Norfolc : a 
 quien como esta dicho el hauia tenido preso tantos anos : 
 & todos los de mas grandes q assistian al juyzio, a quien 
 hauia pocos dias q el madaua a su volutad : estuuieron 
 CO mucha seueridad. Y el q mas cortesia le hizo, fue 
 tocar vn poco el bonete. Luego le fuero puestas tres 
 accusaciones como traydor. La primera, si era verdad q 
 en . xviij . de Julio y despues se hallo en capo con mano 
 armada contra la Mag. de la reyna, hauiendo sido su 
 Alteza proclamada el mesmo dia en Londres, y enel reyno 
 por reyna. La seguda, si se hizo pregonar el mesmo 
 capitan general del. La tercera, si proclamo a la Joanna 
 reyna enel capo & ala Mag. de la reyna bastarda y 
 rebelde. Y por si negasse, estauan como dicho es, doze 
 de aquellos nobles nobrados coforme ala ley deste reyno : 
 para q le juzgassen despues q fuesse conuencido por los 
 testigos : que seria presentados. A lo qual todo resp5dio 
 el dicho de Northuberland q era verdad y que lo con- 
 fessaua : y q se hallaua conforme a la ley codenado : y de 
 compassion de ver en la miseria que se hauia puesto por 
 ambicion de reynar, & doliendo se todos de si mesmos de 
 la macula q tenian, por la offensa que hauia cometido 
 contra la reyna, por hauer consentido en la traycion : 
 aunq por fuerca como esta dicho : hartos dellos no se 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 55 
 
 pudieron contener de no llorar. Y como conoscio su 
 peccado, no passo el juyzio de los dichos doze nobles, 
 conforme ala ley. Suplico a todos rogassen ala M, de la 
 Reyna, que no se acordasse de sus maldades, sino de su 
 mucha clemencia : aun q dezia que conoscia el caso tan 
 graue q no merescia misericordia. Pidio q dos o tres del 
 cosejo viniessen a comunicar c5 el enla prisio sobre cosas 
 secretas importates : q couenia mucho el seruicio de su 
 Alt. Suplicio a su Alt. le diesse qtro o cinco dias de tiepo 
 para lo q tocaua a su anima como se hizo. Fue por la 
 ley condenado a ser arrastrado & ahorcado & antes de 
 acabar morir, ser descolgado y d' sqtizado, echado el 
 coraco & entranas enl fuego. El mesmo dia fue codenado 
 por los mesmos terminos el marqs d' Nortanton : y el c5de 
 de Baruic su hijo heredero del de Northumberland. Y al 
 otro dia siguiente traxeron a juyzio al dicho su hermano del 
 de Northumberlad & al capitan dela guarda del rey, & vice- 
 camarero mayor: que se dezia don Juan Gats, & a don 
 Thomas Palmer, & a don Harri Gats hermano del dicho 
 camarero, los quales confessaron assi mesmo ser con- 
 denados como los de mas. 
 
 Como enla yglesia mayor se predico vn sermon, y del grade 
 alboroto que causo y como sacaron al Duque & otros dos 
 a Justiciar. 
 
 Luego el domingo siguiete predico en sant Pablo prin- 
 cipal yglesia desta ciudad, vn catholico y docto predicador, 
 
5 6 ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 & porq en todos los anos passados no les era permitido a 
 los buenos el predicar : fue el pueblo a oyr lo : los buenos 
 para su consolacion, y los desta secta por curiosidad. 
 Y como comecaua a dezir el predicador, q el obispo 
 desta ciudad hauia estado pso . 4 . anos por pdicar 
 la verdad sobre el sancto sacramento del altar y sobre 
 otras cosas dela religio luego comencarS los hereges escada- 
 lizados dela missa q se hauia celebrado en la torre : de 
 alborotarse : tirando o arrojado punales al pdicador : 
 diziedo a grades vozes y gritos, mentis, q no fuero sino 
 cosas de ydolatria las q pdico y vos loays. E aunq 
 estauan alii la Justicia y regidores del pueblo no lo 
 pudieron remediar : & tuuieron q hazer en q no matassen 
 al predicador. Despues el primer dia q se ofifrescio alii 
 predicar : viniero alii los del consejo como c6 mano 
 armada de trezietos o qtrocietos alabarderos : y predico 
 sin ningun rumor ta clara & catholicamente como lo 
 pudieran hazer ay. Y este mal pueblo a vn clerigo q 
 d' zia missa en su perrochia, siguiedo el exeplo d' la 
 reyna : le apedrearo y le desnudarS las vestimetos : y 
 dello se escadalizaro mucho los buenos : algunos esta 
 presos dellos. Despues enlos . xxij . deste mes de Agosto 
 dicho : sacaro al duque de Northumberlad & los dichos 
 Capita y Palmer : a que les fuessen cortadas las cabecas : 
 vino tanta gente de cauallo y de pie q era bie de ver : y co 
 mucha curiosidad de oyr lo q diria : especialmete enlas 
 cosas de la religio. Sacar5 los de la torre c5 gra guarda, 
 por los ru mores passados. Y puesto al duque sobre el 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 57 
 
 cadahalso, q fue el primero q padescio, allegado se a vna 
 varanda co mucha humildad, & gra ser, a hablar al pueblo, 
 como es costubre. Y auiedo mucho silecio, dixo la sub- 
 stacia destas palabras las qles yo oy por estar bien cerca 
 del. 
 
 Razonamiento q hizo el Duque al pueblo, antes de ntorir. 
 
 Senores y amigos, yo he venido aq a morir como veys : 
 por hauer sido codenado por la ley, y os declaro y con- 
 fiesso q he grauemete offendido a Dios & os encomiendo 
 mucho que rogueys a Dios por mi anima, & si a alguno 
 enla copaflia o ausente, a quie yo aya offendido les pido 
 perdS. Y a esto respodio todo el pueblo. Dios os pdone. 
 Y despues d' hauer silecio, dixo. Por la ley he sido 
 codenado a ser arrastrado, ahorcado et desqrtizado : pero 
 la Magestad d'la reyna, hauiedo la yo ta grauemete 
 offendido, ha usado desta .clemencia q sea degollado : de lo 
 qual le hago gras : & haziedo vna reuerecia hasta poner 
 la rodilla enel suelo, dixo. Y la suplico q me quiera 
 pdonar porq Dios perdone mi anima. Y dixo, q aun 
 era verdad que el hauia sido el principal, en poner en 
 effecto las cosas : por las qles hauia sido condenado, q era 
 cosa cierta que lo hauia hecho por induzimiento de 
 muchos : alos quales no queria nombrar, y que los per- 
 donaua como queria de Dios ser perdonado. Y rogo al 
 pueblo q los tales de ninguno fuessen notados. Y 
 
58 ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 prosiguiedo en su platica, dixo. Hermanos no ignorays 
 en los trabajos q este reyno ha estado y esta, assi en 
 algunos tiempos del rey Henrico, como despues hasta 
 agora, todos los quales es cosa muy notoria : y soy cierto 
 q ninguno de vosotros lo ignora, q ha succedido por hauer 
 nos apartado dela verdadera ygl'ia catholica, & hauer 
 creydo a falsos Prophetas, & a falsos predicadores : los 
 qles nos ha psuadido sus falsas doctrinas & a mi como a 
 principal offendedor enesto, y en lo demas : me ha traydo 
 estas cosas enel estremo punto q veys : como ha hecho a 
 otros muchos como sabeys : por lo ql pido a dios perdo : 
 & OS d' claro q yo muero como vdadero & catholico 
 chriano : & cofiesso y creo todo lo q la ygl'ia catholica 
 cree : & digo os amigos & hros q no se le de nadie a 
 enteder q esta ta grande nouedad d' nueua cosciencia, q lo 
 cause hauer se me encomedado de pte de alguno : y esto 
 dixo como de pte dela reyna o q ayi'a sido induzido d' algu 
 amigo, o q este sefior obispo co el ql estaua por cofessor 
 Vrseter : me aya enesto psuadido sino q os lo digo como 
 lo sieto enlo intimo d'mi corac6, & como veys no estoy en 
 tiempo sino de dezir verdad. Y assi os encargo muchos y 
 OS encomiedo q no deys credito alos q os han predicado 
 ta falsa doctrina. E mirad hros lo q os digo : & no lo 
 oluideys q os encomiedo q no tegays empacho ni vergueca 
 de tornar a dios, como veys q yo no la tengo, y q conside- 
 reys lo q esta escripto en el Symbolo de los Apostoles. 
 Creo en el Espu sct5 et la seta yglesia catholica : la 
 comuniS de los sanctos. Y aun q soy ignorate os podria 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 59 
 
 dezir mas sobre esto : pero vosotros lo podeys pensar y 
 considerar con espiritu desapasionado. E si esto no os 
 satisfaze : cosiderad enlas miserias q hS viuido et muerto 
 tata multitud en Alemania : los unos cotra los otros : y q 
 ha sido suppeditados por auer dexado la catolica fe. 
 
 Y assi dios los ha oluidado como ha hecho a nosotros. 
 
 Y si esto no os mueue a sentir lo como yo os lo d'claro : 
 tome se cada vna cueta particular & considere lo que ha 
 passado cada vno en su estado, E si no esta de todo 
 punto ciego, estoy seguro que verna en este mi verdadero 
 conoscimieto : & assi os torno a encargar que os abraceys 
 con lo que cree la yglesia catholica, que es lo que el 
 Espiritu sancto ha reuelado de mano en mano desde el 
 tiempo delos Apostoles hasta nuestros dias, y sera hasta 
 la fin. Y viuid con quietud : y sed obedietes ala Magestad 
 dela reyna y a sus leyes ; & hazed lo que yo no he hecho. 
 
 De que manera murio el duque, y los otros. 
 
 Hauiendo dicho esto, quasi palabra por palabra como 
 esta dicho : quitado d 'cabe la dicha varada, se puso de 
 rodillas en medio d'l cadahalso : & leyo vna oracio en vn 
 libro q el dicho su confessor Obispo le presento, y dixo el 
 Credo en latin con mucha deuocion, y luego le quitaron 
 los vestidos : y se puso vn pano en los ojos el mesmo, & 
 al tiempo q se hauia de echar sobre el madero, d5de le 
 hauia de cortar la cabeca con vna hacha, hizo la senal de 
 la cruz : lo qual fue muy odioso con lo que mas dixo. Y 
 
60 ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 porque el pafio no estaua bien quado se yua a tender 
 sobre el dicho madero, se torno a poner d' rodillas : y 
 cierto se le representaua terrible temor de la muerte. 
 Enel mometo que se hauia de tornar atender, como quien 
 se esforcaua y queria consentir c5paciecia sin dezir nada : 
 assi como se yua a tender perezosamente conel temor, 
 dio con las dos manos vna palmada, como quien dixera, 
 esto se ha de hazer : se arrojo sobre el dicho madero, en 
 donde en vn golpe le corto el verdugo la cabeca : al qual 
 plegue a nuesteo Senor tener en su sancta gloria. Y aun 
 que fueron notoriamente muchas sus trayciones, su fin fue 
 como verdadero y catholico christiano, & recibio la muerte 
 con mucha paciencia. Y dos dias antes que le executassen, 
 oyo Missa en la torre, y se confesso y comulgo, y con 
 muchas lagrimas declare al pueblo lo mismo que he dicho, 
 que dixo enel cadahalso. Y sea V . Sefio . cierto, que ha 
 edificado al pueblo la confession del dicho Duque, mas 
 que si todos los Catholicos de la tierra ouieran predicado 
 diez aflos. 
 
 Luego aquel mesmo dia degollaron al dicho Capitan de 
 la guarda : y al dicho don Palmer, estos dos murieron assi 
 mesmo confessando la yglesia catholica : los quales 
 remostraron al pueblo lo que el Duque : aunque no con 
 tanto feruor, ni con tan larga platica. A los otros quatro 
 q digo q estan condenados hasta agora no los ha executado, 
 ni a muchos que han traydo a juyzio : creese que algunos 
 padesceran ; y q otros hauran su perdon. La Joanna 
 esta presa y su marido. 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 6 1 
 
 Como la reyna mando proclaniar que los Catholicos y hereges 
 no se dixesseifinjurias los vnos a los otros y como mddo 
 a muchos perlados y grandes poner en lijbertad. 
 
 En . xxiij . deste mes se dixeron las visperas publicas 
 en la yglesia mayor desta ciudad, y en . xxliij . dia de S. 
 Bartholome dixo missacatada el obispo della: en potifical, 
 c5 su organo : y lo mesmo se comienca en sus perrochias, 
 que verlo es estar en nueuo mudo. Y como la magestad 
 dela reyna siepre ha continuado sus oras: missa y visperas 
 en corte : los demas coeste exeplo hazen lo mesmo. Y 
 para euitar el escadalo delos otros dias, como esta dicho 
 se ha hecho vna proclamacio : q manda la reyna q todos 
 viua con quietud so pena de ser castigados : y q seran 
 tenidos» por traydores, y q viuan en caridad sin disputa 
 los vnos CO los otros y q no se diga injurias como solia los 
 hereges a los catholicos Papistas : & los catholicos a ellos 
 hereges. E si huuiere alguno q dessea ser oydo sobre 
 estas cosas q d' buena volutad sera admitido : en vna 
 cogregacion q dios mediante se hara delos mas doctos 
 deste reyno, assi d'la vna opinion como dela otra, & q 
 si su parecer fuere bueno sera recibido, & sino, q alii sera 
 satisfecho de su opinio & c6 la gracia d' dios q lo que alii 
 acordara los dichos sabios : & coforme al parecer d' los 
 doctos d' otros reynos forasteros q tomara la orden ql 
 espiritu scto alubrara. Y q en este medio sean obedientes, 
 porq no incurra enel rigor d'la ley. Ha puesto tato temor 
 
62 ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 esto enel pueblo : q ni osan murmurar : ni hablar palabra : 
 y esta como atonitos los hereges de ver lo q passa : & q 
 vee lo q ha d' ser, & q los buetios q son muy muchos mas, 
 estan tan alegres q no sabe de si : rogando a nro senor 
 guarde a la reyna, en la vida dela ql esta todo el bre o 
 mal deste reyno. Su alteza puso en libertad luego q vino 
 ala torre : alos dichos obispos que estauan presos, & ala 
 muger del Duque de Sumerset q tambien estaua presa y 
 como esta dicho : al duque d' Norfolc, y^el mas cercano 
 dela corona despues delos nombrados en el testamento 
 del rey Henrrico. El ql le hauia madado echar preso de 
 edad de seys anos, & ha estado hasta agora q es de veynte 
 & quatro, el qual es hijo del marques de Exeter. Y este 
 senor marques, y el conde de Montagud, q es hermano 
 del cardenal, por hijos dela propria tia d'l rey y la mesma 
 tia fueron degollados por las passiones y enojos q con 
 ellos concibio el rey : plegue a dios los tener en su sancta 
 gloria a todos. Al obispo d' Vnchester que como digo su 
 alteza mSdo luego poner en libertad, le ha creado su 
 Magestad de la reyna grS CSceller : q es el mas supremo 
 cargo que eneste reyno ay : como V. S. bien sabe : y el 
 que es como Inquisidor mayor en las cosas tocantes a la 
 religion. Es el hombre mas docto del Reyno : y digno 
 de estar en tal cargo segun el juyzio de todos: por la 
 mucha experiencia y saber delas cosas del Reyno. 
 Tenemos mucha esperanca en nuestro seftor, que lo 
 espiritual & temporal se reformara poco a poco. Y puede 
 V. S. creer esto, porque lo se yo de bucna parte : q 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 63 
 
 plaziendo a dios sera aqui como alia, assi enla obediencia 
 del Papa, como enlo de mas. Y aun que enesto del 
 potifice este los hereges muy obstinados, es la Reyna tan 
 Catholica que se tiene por cierto, que no terna su alteza 
 respecto a vellacos hereges : sino a su consciencia que es 
 la verdad. Pero como estas cosas se ban de hazer como 
 V. S. vee con discrecion & tiempo, su Alteza e-spero en 
 Dios que dara tal orden que sera dello seruido. La reyna 
 se coronara Dios mediante el primero de Otubre, aparejan- 
 se grades fiestas. Despues solo restara que nuestro Senor 
 la haga dichosa con algun bueno & Catholico marido. 
 Bien se dize aca es muy lexos el Principe nuestro senor 
 de ser tan bienaueuturado, assi porque se dize que se ha 
 tratado casamiento c6 aquella senora de Portugal, o que 
 se fenesceria : como porq no se dize q de parte del 
 Emperador, ni de otro ninguno : q se aya mouido esto. 
 Bien ay algunos q dize q podra ser q se comuniq de 
 parte del principe d' Piamote, pero yo no lo creo. Paresce 
 q no lo errara el Emperador & su hijo si se aprouecha 
 desta ta grade c5modidad, pues es de creer q atrauessando 
 tato deudo, & siedo a dios gras ta coformes en la religio 
 y no muy desiguales enla potecia, q mouiedolo alguno q 
 podria venir en efecto si el negocio de Portugal no esta 
 cocluydo. E si este dia de tanta gloria nos dexasse nro 
 senor dios ver, q beneficio ta grande succederia a nfa 
 Espana en d' tener al Fraces, c6 estar estos reynos y los 
 de su Mag. vnos, & aunq no fuesse por mas de por 
 conseruar los estados de Flades, lo hauian mas de dessear 
 
64 ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 su Mag. y su hijo porq como V. S. mejor sabe : el dia q 
 nro senor lleue ala gl'ia a su Mage, esta muy en condicion 
 de q, o el Fraces le coja vn dia, o q Alemanes se entre 
 por el, por estar el socorro d' Espana ta lexos & aun no 
 esta la trra sin sospecha d' hazer algu desorde, por lo 
 delas cosas dela religion o porque no son muy deuotos 
 de nuestra nacion : segun algunos dizen. Tambien para 
 esta tierra vernia mas que a proposito porq en caso que 
 muriesse el hijo del Principe : a quien dios guarde : seria 
 el hijo nacido aqui sefior de todo : & ala verdad alos 
 Ingleses estaria c5modissimo. Y aun ^ ellos naturalmete 
 dessean q sea su rey nascido aqui : consideradas todas 
 estas cosas & otras, & q el Frances se les ha d' entrar 
 algu dia por Escocia, a ellos les es oro todo : y 
 especialmente hauiendo d' venir a viuir aqui el Principe 
 & en Flades : y dexado alia vn hijo seria bien a proposito. 
 Y de una cosa este V. S. certificado, q todos los catholicos 
 alcarian las manos a dios : porq assi naturalmete quiere 
 bien a su reyno, & naturalmete tienen amor a su Mag. & 
 a Espana especialmente por el amor q tuuieron ala buena 
 Reyna Catholica : & son tantos los buenos : que para 
 quatro hereges ay cien catholicos. Y estoy por dezir : el 
 pueblo de aqui tiene mas amor con esta casa, q los de 
 Portugal, y en edad se differencian estas dos seiioras de 
 vn afio, o ano y medio de tiempo. Pues en la virtud & 
 Christiadad a todo el mundo es notorio que yguala con la 
 mas acabada : y enlo de la quantidad tan differenciadas 
 como V. S. bien sabe. Y aunque a mi no es dado tratar 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 65 
 
 de Principes, yo espero que V. S. lo tomara a la buena 
 parte : por causar me lo el natural amor a mi soberano 
 Senor & Principe : y el mucho que yo tengo a esta senora, 
 por hauer me criado aqui muchos afios: y por hauer 
 siempre entendido particularmente por informacion de su 
 mucha chfiandad & virtudes. Nuestro senor que lo puede 
 todo hazer, el lo gouierne a su seruicio. Bien espero que 
 V. S. no se desseruira con tanta prolixidad, por hauer sido 
 la materia d' tal qualidad, que ha sido necessario hazer 
 mencion delas cosas que escriuo. Y por no offrescer se 
 otra cosa : cesso humilmente &c. De Londres el primero 
 de Setiembre de M.D.Liij, 
 
Coronacion de la Inclita y Serenissima reyna 
 Maria de Inglaterra. 
 
 F 2 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 69 
 
 El postrimero dia de Setiembre deste presente afto de 
 mil & quinientos & cinquenta y tres partio la Serenis- 
 sima reyna Maria de Inglaterra, de torre para yr al palacio 
 de Vesmester, porque otra dia siguiente se hauia de hazer 
 su coronacion como se hizo, & la orden .con que su 
 Magestad salio, es la siguiente. 
 
 Primeramente yuan delante muchos gentiles hombres 
 cortesanos y del reyno, vestidos todos d' ropas de seda con 
 hermosos aforros, caualgando en muy hermosos & bien 
 adrecados cauallos que la mayor parte dellos yuan encu- 
 bertados de terciopelo hasta en tierra : despues delos 
 quales yuan todos los varones y todos los Principes 
 riquissima & superbamente aderecados, vnos de oro otros 
 de plata y muchos dellos aderecados los cauallos con 
 cubiertas delo mismo que sus personas, parte de oro y 
 parte de recamado : que de mas dela mucha riqueza que 
 en si tenian dauan grande admiracion por las nueuas y 
 gentiles inuenciones que sacauan. Entre otros yuan Micer 
 Jacobo Foscarino : Micer Marco Antonio Ferizo, Micer 
 Marco Bernardo: Micer Jacobo Ragazoni, no menos 
 aderecados que los otros, & otros quatro mercadantes, los 
 quales yuan superbamente aderescados : los quales 
 Ueuauan ropas de terciopelo negro aforradas con muy 
 
70 ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 hermosos aforros con muchas puntas de oro, & por guar- 
 nicion vn recamado todo a la redonda de mas de vn 
 palmo de ancho. Y lleuauan assi mismo sayos d' terciopelo 
 negro recamados de la misma manera como las ropas, y 
 en la guarnicion de lo recamado tanto era lo lleno como lo 
 vazio, lleuauan ansi mismo encubertados los cauallos del 
 mismo terciopelo negro hasta en tierra co vn palmo de 
 guarnicion de oro, & todas las de mas guarniciones delos 
 cauallos yuan de esta manera, lleuauan cada vno dellos 
 dos lacayos vestidos del mesmo terciopelo con cordoncillos 
 de oro. Yuan detras destos quatro Caualleros Espafloles 
 vestidos con capas de terciopelo morado aforradas en tela 
 de plata con vna muy excelente guarnicion de oro ala 
 redonda, y en calcas & jubon y coletos a la Espaflola y 
 gualdrapas enlos cauallos, q parescian muy bien : ansi por 
 su riqueza como por su gentil inuencio : & cada vno dellos 
 lleuaua dos lacayos en cuerpo vestidos de la mesma 
 manera. Yuan luego tras destos otros senores principales. 
 Quatro embaxadores, vno del Emperador, otro del rey 
 de Francia, otro del rey de Polonia, & otro dela sefioria 
 d' Venecia. Yuan luego dos con vestiduras Ducales, que 
 representauan los dos ducados de Normandia & Gascuna 
 ya poseydos desta corona. Luego venia su Magestad en 
 vna litera descubierta por todos los lados, saluo del Palio : 
 y toda ella cubierta de oro : juntamente conlas guarni- 
 ciones de los cauallos que la lleuauan que era de la mesma 
 manera : ala I'edonda dela litera a cauallo, la duquesa d' 
 Denorfolc, la marquesa de Vincestre, & la condessa de 
 
ACCESSION OF QU^EEN MARY. ;i 
 
 Arondelo vestidas de terciopelo carmesi con los cubiertas 
 delos cauallos de lo mismo. Su Magestad yua marauillo- 
 samente aderecada : y el mato era de plata y el tocado de 
 oro CO muchas & muy preciadas joyas de gran valor. Es 
 su Magestad de treynta & ocho afios, y hermosa sin par. 
 Yua luego vn carro triumphal cubierto de plata, enel qual 
 yua la dama Ysabel hermana de su Magestad : & madama 
 Ana de cleues : muger que fue del Rey Henrrico, y despues 
 repudiada del vestidas de plata, yuan luego otros dos 
 Carros triumphales cubiertos de tela de oro, y en cada vno 
 dellos quatro Princesas, & tras ellos sesenta senoras, & 
 Damas a cauallo vestidas de terciopelo carmesi ricamente 
 aderecados, & las cubiertas de los cauallos de lo mesmo, 
 todo a costa de la Reyna. Y con aquesta orden caminaron 
 por vna calle ancha & larga mas de milla y media, 
 en la qual estauan muchos arcos Triumphales ricos 
 y con gentiles inuenciones. El primero de los quales 
 era hecho por la nacio Ginouesa : el qual era el mas 
 hermoso y bien hecho y mas espacioso de todos, por la 
 nueua y gentil inuencion con que alos otros excedia, y 
 sobre vn cerco del estaua vna Epigrama en latin, desta 
 manera. Marie Anglorum regine indite, constanti, pie 
 coronam Imperij Britanici, & palmam virtutis accipienti : 
 Genuenses publics salutem in primis letantes, cultum 
 tribuunt. 
 
 En otro cerco estaua otra Epigramma tal. Virtus 
 superauit, iustitia dominatur, virtus triumphat, pietas 
 coronatur : respublica restituitur. 
 
72 ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 Mas adelante estaua otro arco, de la nacioti Florentina : 
 pero no tan expacioso como el de la Ginouesa : el qual 
 sobre el mas alto cerco tenia : Feliciter viuat. Pie 
 Auguste Florentini glorie insigniaer exerunt. 
 
 Hauia otros muchos arcos Triumphales, hechos por los 
 Ingleses demas de otro de la nacion Alemana, delas 
 tierras maritimas : de los quales no se haze aqui mencion 
 particularmente por ser muchos y no de la calidad delos 
 dos de que esta hecha mencion. La gente que estaua 
 presente era infinita. Y su Magestad con esta orden, llego 
 a palacio el primero dia de Octubre, a las onze horas del 
 dia, adonde hauian salido a recebir a su Magestad onze 
 Obispos con todos los Canonigos & Clerezia : y assi 
 vinieron ala yglesia de Vesmester, a donde por su orden 
 estauan los Embaxadores. Venia su Magestad acom- 
 panada de todos los Principes, y sefiores del Reyno, cada 
 vno en su habito, conuiene a saber, el Duque con vesti- 
 dura Ducal, el Marques de Marques, el Conde de Conde : 
 y sus mugeres de la misma manera, y con la misma 
 differencia, adonde estaua vn cadahalso, q subian por el 
 veynte gradas, y en lo alto del otro mas alto que subia a 
 el por diez gradas donde estaua vna silla a donde subio 
 su Magestad y se assento en ella. Y luego leuantando 
 se, la lleuo de braco el Obispo de Vincestre gran Chan- 
 ciller por todas quatro partes del cadahalso para que todo 
 el pueblo la viesse, el qual Obispo dezia en alta voz que se 
 pudiesse oyr. Es esta la verdadera heredera deste Reyno .' 
 y todo el pueblo respondio a bozes, & con alegria. Si si. 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 73 
 
 Repleaua. Soys contentos de recebilla por reyna y 
 senora ? Respondieron. Si si. Lo qual acabado su Mages- 
 tad se fue al altar a oyr el sermon : el qual acabado 
 tendida en tierra le echaron las bendiciones con muchas 
 oraciones, & luego entro en vn lugar apartado, y se 
 desnudo el manto que tenia de terciopelo carmesi aforrado 
 en arminos & torno al altar en cuerpo & otra vez se tendio 
 en tierra. Y estando assi le cantaron las letanias hauiendo 
 le echado la bendicion ala ropa que hauia de lleuar : y 
 luego se comenco la vncion, y fue vngida en el pecho y 
 enlas espaldas y frente y enlas sienes : y despues le 
 vistieron vn Roquete de tafetan bianco, y le calcaron 
 vnas espuelas y le cineron vna Espada como a los q arma 
 Caualleros, & la pusieron en la mano vn Ceptro real 
 de Rey, & luego otro que se acostumbra a dar alas Reynas 
 que tenia enlo mas alto del vna Paloma & finalmente la 
 dieron vn porno de Oro grande & la coronaron con tres 
 Coronas. Una del Reyno de Inglaterra & otra del Reyno 
 de Francia, & otra del Reyno de Yrlanda. Y luego la 
 vistieron otro manto de carmesi diferente de el primero, 
 aunque era del mesmo tercio pelo carmesi & aforrado en 
 arminos. E assi vestida se torno a sentar en la silla 
 arriba dicha : a donde vinieron por orde todos los grandes 
 del Reyno a hazella omenage teniendosiempresu Magestad 
 en la mano los dos Ceptros reales arriba dichos. Y 
 entonces su Magestad mando dar libertad a todos los 
 presos excepto aquellos que estauan en Torre, y perdono 
 generalmente a todos aquellos que la houiessen ofendido. 
 
74 ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 Y luego dixo Missa el Obispo de Vincesto con muclia 
 solemnidad, estando slempre su Magestad de rodillas, con 
 grande deuocion, y grandes seftales de religion : la qual 
 acabada, se entro enel sobredicho lugar apartado, & torno 
 presto a salir con el mundo en la mano, y co el ceptro 
 Real, vestida de vn manto de terciopelo pauonado, aforrado 
 de arminos con la capilla redonda, como suelen traer 
 los Reyes. Desta manera salio dela yglesia acompanada 
 de los Principes y Embaxadores, y fue a pie cerca de alii 
 a vna gran sala, a donde estauan las mesas esplendida y 
 realmente aparejadas, conforme a la magnificencia y 
 grandeza de tan gran Reyna. Estaua en la dicha sala, 
 quando su Magestad llego a ella el Conde de Arabi, con 
 la maca en la mano, como gran Condestable del Reyno, 
 elegido para aquel officio, solamente por aquel dia, y el 
 Duque de Narpholes como gran Senescal, entrambos a 
 dos a cauallo, con cubiertas de brocado : los quales 
 anduuieron siempre ala redonda de la sala, como se 
 acostumbra en aquel Reyno en la coronacion de los Reyes : 
 & en medio de la comida, vino vn cauallero todo armado 
 de armas blScas, con vn sayo de armas, y las cubiertas 
 del cauallo todo de oro & carmesi, y hizo leer vn cartel 
 de desafio, que dezia. Qual quiera que fuesse osado de 
 contradezir que aquella no fuesse la verdadera Reyna de 
 aquel reyno le haria conocer lo contrario, o la mataria : 
 y echado el guate dio buelta a toda la sala, y boluio 
 delante la Reyna, y dixo con voz alta. Que atento que 
 no hauia persona que ossasse contradezir le, ni aceptar su 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 75 
 
 desafio, el la saludaua como a verdadera y heredera Reyna 
 de aquel Reyno. Su Magestad agradesciedo le que el 
 ouiesse sido su Cauallero y deffensor, le dio vna copa de 
 oro en que su Magestad beuia llena de vino para que 
 beuiesse y se la lleuasse. Acabada esta ceremonia 
 acostumbrada enel reyno de Inglaterra enla coronacion de 
 qualquier Rey, vinieron los Embaxadores & fueron todos 
 a besar las manos de su Magestad & a dalle el para bien 
 de su coronacion. La qual por su magnificiencia & 
 grandes virtudes que della se conoce meresce ser ygualada 
 a las mayores, y mas excelentes reynas que hasta oy a 
 hauido : & sabe se por cierto que se gastaron en la dicha 
 coronacion a costa de su Magestad mas de cient mil 
 ducados. Y no es tanto de ponderar la summa del gasto, 
 quanto la orden, el tiempo, Sc las cerimonias bien hechas 
 todo ordenado, y reglado con gran prudencia & consejo : 
 en manera que este reyno y esta magnanima reyna ban 
 dado amplissima materia alos escriptores que quisieren 
 escriuir. 
 
 Fue impressa la presente obra enla muy noble villa de 
 Medina del Campo, en la imprenta de Math'eo y 
 Francisco del Canto hermanos . Acabo se a veynte 
 y tres dias del mes de Marge Ano de 1554. 
 
A most tma relation of Antonio de Gtiai-as, servant 
 of the most serene and Catholic Queen of 
 England, to the illustrious Lord the Duke de 
 Alburquerque, Viceroy and Captain General 
 of the Kingdom, of Navarre, etc. 
 
 Wherein is treated in what miseries and calami- 
 ties and deaths of great men this kingdom has 
 been these many years. 
 
 How the Lady Mary was proclaimed Queen and 
 obeyed by all, and of her coronation, etc. 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARV. 79 
 
 Most Illustrious Lord, 
 
 I have not written to your most illustrious Lord- 
 ship on some things which have occurred in this country, 
 even though many and great events have come to pass 
 since your Lordship's departure from hence, deeming it 
 certain that you would be informed of them by way of the 
 Court, and also omitting this for fear lest your Lordship 
 should mislike my boldness. And now, since it may be 
 that neither by way of the Court nor any other you have 
 received so particular an account of the great mutations 
 in this kingdom as by this my letter, it has seemed to me 
 that your Lordship should rather be advantaged than dis- 
 pleasured thereby. 
 
 As your Lordship has knowledge, King Henry named 
 expressly by his will sixteen of the nobles of this king- 
 dom, that all might govern jointly, and that nothing of 
 importance might be determined without the consent of 
 all. And straightway upon the death of the King, whom 
 God forgive, by the opinion and consent of all, and against 
 the express injunction of the said will, they named as 
 Protector of the Kingdom and of the person of the King's 
 son and successor, the Earl of Hertford, whom your 
 Lordship knew, uncle of the said King Edward on the 
 
8o ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 mother's side, who was afterwards created Duke of Somer- 
 set : and the most intimate friend of the said Duke of 
 Somerset was the Earl of Warwick, who was Admiral at 
 the time that your Lordship was here, and was afterwards 
 Duke of Northumberland. These Dukes, seeing before 
 King Henry was dead that his condition was desperate, 
 by reason of the closing of an issue in his leg ; and that 
 the Duke of Norfolk and his son the Earl of Surrey, so 
 intimate a friend and acquaintance of your Lordship, 
 might oppose the said Dukes in the government, plotted 
 to remove them, alleging that the son had painted a cer- 
 tain escutcheon with coats of arms, among which was a 
 piece of the royal arms, and that this was an evident 
 proof that he designed to make himself King ; wherefore 
 he was beheaded although most innocent : and they con- 
 demned the father to perpetual imprisonment, alleging 
 that he had known this and not divulged it, insomuch 
 that the said Duke has been in confinement more than 
 seven years. The aforesaid Duke of Somerset had a 
 brother who was High Admiral of the Kingdom, and 
 also uncle of the King, and so great were the animosities 
 between these brothers by the contrivance of Northumber- 
 land, who upheld j^nd counselled Somerset in all things, 
 that Somerset arrested the said Admiral, and without any 
 form of trial he was taken from prison to the scaffold, and 
 beheaded, amid great murmurs of the people that he 
 should receive $uch cruel usage at the hands of his own 
 brother. After this, the two confederate Dukes, deeming 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 8 1 
 
 that none would withstand them in affairs of State, agreed 
 to their shame to allow the sect which has since prevailed 
 in this kingdom to preach to the people, both because 
 they were themselves of this opinion and from seeing the 
 people inclined to it, permitting all the heretics of other 
 countries to resort hither. And so many have come, and 
 preached so confusedly both as touching ceremonies as all 
 else, that there was a diverse service in every parish ; al- 
 though the majority of the English think otherwise, being 
 Catholics. Yet not to incur the grievous penalties which 
 had been enacted, they dissembled, and murmured that these 
 disorders would be the cause of the perdition of the said 
 Dukes and preachers, and of their followers. And so it came 
 to pass that the Duke of Somerset, on occasion of conten- 
 tions which afterwards arose respecting the government, 
 designed to arrest the Duke of Northumberland ; but as 
 Northumberland was a man of great courage, and knew 
 that Somerset was insignificant and poor in spirit (as he 
 surely was), he contrived that many of the nobles should 
 take his side, informing them of treasons which the Duke 
 of Somerset had committed, as he affirmed, in surrendering 
 Boulogne and other fortresses into the hand of the French; 
 as also that it was not fitting for the person of the King 
 to be in the power of so questionable a guardian. Somerset 
 learning this withdrew to the castle of Windsor with an 
 armed force, carrying the King with him, and declaring 
 Northumberland and his confederates traitors. But so 
 many were the nobles who adhered to the party of North- 
 
 G 
 
82 ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 t 
 
 umberland, and so many they who deserted Somerset, 
 
 that at length the few who remained with him arrested 
 him in his own stronghold, and thus delivered the King 
 out of his power, and brought him and some others of 
 his company to this city along with some three or four 
 thousand soldiers, crying, " Death to traitors.'' After this 
 the two Dukes agreed that to quiet all animosities, North- 
 umberland's son and heir, the Earl of Warwick, should 
 espouse the eldest daughter of the Duke of Somerset, 
 which was done, and Somerset was set at liberty, and 
 great feasts were made, and the two kinsmen took the 
 government, showing in outward seeming much attach- 
 ment for each other. But in course of time malicious 
 persons were not wanting to represent to Somerset the 
 tribulations which he had endured from Northumberland, 
 and that it became him to avenge himself And both on this 
 account and from the fresh enmities which he conceived 
 under the new government, the Duke of Somerset resolved 
 upon a plot to slay Northumberland at a banquet to be 
 prepared for him in Somerset's house. And a knight 
 among his accomplices in this conspiracy, whose name 
 was Sir Thomas Palmer, revealed the conspiracy to the 
 Duke of Northumberland, who, dissembling, sent to 
 summon Somerset in the name of the whole Council, 
 and immediately he was taken and sent to the Tower, 
 and many nobles were arrested on his account. After- 
 wards he was brought to public trial, where he was accused 
 of treason, of which he was acquitted ; but on the accusa- 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 83 
 
 tion of plotting the death of Northumberland was found 
 guilty. And your Lordship must know that the said 
 Duke of Somerset, when Protector, fearing lest any should 
 conspire against him, ordained with the authority of Par- 
 liament, that whosoever should contrive the death of any 
 noble of the kingdom by word of mouth or in any other 
 manner, even though he might not have put his design 
 into execution, should be liable to the penalty of death ; 
 and also they to whose knowledge it should come, unless 
 they should immediately disclose it to the Council, or to 
 the nearest magistrate. And by this law Somerset was 
 condemned for having communicated his design by word 
 of mouth, although he had not accomplished it. And 
 although he was acquitted of treason, the Duke of 
 Northumberland prevailed to make an end of him on the 
 other charge. And the matter being so trivial, it was held 
 for certain in all men's esteem that the King would pardon 
 him : and when the people were as it were assured of 
 this, the night before the Duke of Somerset suffered, the 
 Duke of Northumberland secretly sent to command the 
 principal inhabitants to forbid their domestics from resort- 
 ing to the place where execution was to be done ; and 
 that morning, three or four hours before the accustomed 
 time, they took him from the Tower to the scaffold and 
 beheaded him, although many of the people who had 
 come to behold, notwithstanding the said prohibition, 
 made a great outcry, as though they would have delivered 
 him. But the halberdiers, of whom there were many, did 
 
 G 2 
 
84 ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 not stir, and Somerset himself said to the people, " Friends, 
 have patience, and be content with the King's commands," 
 and herein he showed his want of spirit, for if he had cast 
 himself from the scaffold, or struggled with the execu- 
 tioner, assuredly he had not died there, being held of no 
 chains or bonds, it being the custom to exempt noblemen 
 from these when they are led to the scaffold, and the 
 guard of halberdiers and the others would have connived 
 at his escape on account of the favour of the people. But 
 in sooth the blood of his brother the Admiral cried 
 against him before God ; and worst of all was his exhort- 
 ing the people to embrace the heresy they had among 
 them, persuading them that this was the true religion ; 
 and this is the principal reason why the people loved him, 
 and also because they saw that Northumberland would 
 rule tyrannically. And within fifteen days two gentlemen 
 were beheaded and two others hanged who were among 
 the principal of this kingdom, and of those who had 
 conspired with Somerset. 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 85 
 
 How the Duke of Northumberland governed alone, and 
 possessed himself of all the treasure of this kingdom ; 
 and how he caused the Lady Jane his daughter-in-law 
 to be proclaimed Queen ; and the Queen Lady Mary 
 to be publicly declared illegitimate. 
 
 I have made mention of all this in this letter that your 
 Lordship may see the due order of the elevation of 
 Northumberland, who has governed until now with such 
 quietness that all the other nobles of the realm have 
 obeyed him as if he had been the true King. And 
 considering that he was the principal instrument of the 
 Earl of Surrey's execution, and of his father the Duke of 
 Norfolk being imprisoned for life, and the King's uncles 
 the Admiral and the Duke of Somerset decapitated, and 
 that he had cast the Bishops of London and Winchester 
 and Durham and Worcester and Chichester into prison, 
 and deprived them of their benefices, as well as many 
 other learned and Catholic men, for having refused to 
 swear or consent to the ordinances of the schism, he 
 determined to provide how he might deliver himself from 
 the many troubles which it was to be foreseen might 
 overtake him on these accounts as soon as the King 
 should be of age to govern. And to obtain this end he 
 called a Parliament, in which was enacted whatsoever 
 served his purpose ; and he especially procured in the 
 King's name to collect all the money he could, which was 
 
86 ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 in the hands of the treasurers, and for more than twenty 
 months he caused that the King paid neither his servants 
 nor his creditors, all the treasure being in the Duke's 
 power, and the whole kingdom being impoverished. 
 They ordered that all the silver crosses and chalices in the 
 churches, an inventory of which had been made already, 
 should be delivered for the King's service for greater 
 security, and so it was done. And your Lordship may 
 well deem that this came to a great amount throughout 
 the entire kingdom. He caused London and other cities 
 to put all their ammunition and artillery into the King's 
 hands. He bought in all parts all the weapons he could 
 procure, rather to disarm the people, than because his 
 own followers had any want of them. He dismantled 
 all castles, of which, as your Lordship knows, there are 
 many in the ports of this kingdom. He took to himself 
 all the war-horses, which are numerous, and in which all 
 the strength of this kingdom consists. In the same 
 Parliament he levied great imposts and subsidies. And 
 having done this and other such like things for his 
 purposes, he resolved, as has been bruited, to kill the King 
 by poison ; and the poor innocent languished for seven 
 months. They say that he made a close league with the 
 King of France, and great promises to deliver Calais and 
 Guines to him in return for his alliance. He caused the 
 King to bequeath his kingdom to the daughters of the 
 Duke of Suffolk, which duke was married to the Lady 
 Frances, daughter of King Henry's second sister, who had 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 87 
 
 before been married to King Louis of France, and 
 afterwards to the other Duke of Suffolk, whom your 
 Lordship knew, by whom she had this Lady Frances. 
 And the said Northumberland wrought so much with the 
 King and the nobles that they were not ashamed to 
 declare publicly that her Highness was illegitimate : 
 and that, both on this account 
 Her Highness is the Queen and for her being (as they called 
 Lady Mary, daughter of it) a Papist, which name they 
 King Henry and Queen j^^^^ .^^^ ^^ ^^^ Catholics, and 
 Catharine, who was sister of ° ' 
 
 Queen Joanna, the mother designing to marry a foreign 
 of our Lord the Emperor prince, she might be rightfully 
 Don Carlos (Charles v.). disinherited. And as he was sure 
 of the death of the King, he pro- 
 cured that Jane, the elder daughter of the aforesaid Duke 
 of Suffolk and Lady Frances, should marry his third son, 
 in order that in right of his wife this son, who is called 
 Lord Gilbert, might come to be King. And he gained 
 over some by fear, and others by promises, and others by 
 gifts, in such a manner that all the nobles of the kingdom 
 sealed and subscribed the said ordinance, together with 
 the King's testament, the King being still living. And this 
 came to pass on the twenty-first of Juiie, and the Mayor of 
 London did the like, and the aldermen and men of law. 
 And after this it pleased God that the King should die on 
 the sixth of July : may He have him in his glory ! And 
 Northumberland, seeing this, and deeming that he had 
 the King of France for his ally, and held the nobility of 
 
88 ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 the realm captive, and that all had consented to this 
 treason, determined to make the King's death public : and 
 on the tenth of the same month Lady Jane was proclaimed 
 queen in this city and in other parts of the kingdom with 
 a great display of heralds and halberdiers, and great 
 salutes of cannon from the Tower. And the people, 
 amazed at this great innovation^ gazed at one another 
 as astonied : and they cut off at the root the ears of 
 one who demanded why the Lady Mary should not be 
 queen, and made great show of heralds to intimidate the 
 people. In all these things the Duke of Northumberland 
 showed great astuteness and sagacity, but in the most 
 important of all the Lord blinded him ; and this was 
 wherein he was more confident ; and he deemed that 
 doing as he did he had in his power at any time the 
 Lady Mary, who is now Queen, who was with fifty or sixty 
 servants at twenty-five miles' distance : and he designed 
 to send for her Highness to come to London to visit 
 Lady Jane who had been proclaimed queen, and to 
 acknowledge her as such. And as he knew that her 
 Highness would not do so of her own consent, he had 
 ready five hundred cavalry soldiers to bring her, and to 
 make her prisoner if she refused, and afterwards he would 
 have done to her as he had done to the King. 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 89 
 
 How her Highness, on learning the death of the King her 
 brother, caused herself to be proclaimed Queen in her 
 own house : and how she took the field with her people, 
 encouraging them for the battle. 
 
 As the Queen had been aware for more than a year of the 
 evil designs of Northumberland and his people, like a most 
 discreet person as she is, she dissembled with him, and 
 he almost daily wrote her Highness letters full of respect, 
 informing her of the grievous sickness of the King, but that 
 if God ordered other than well with him he himself would 
 manifest by his deeds the attachment and fidelity which he 
 protested he entertained towards her Highness. But the 
 Queen's majesty, temporizing with him, and replying that 
 she held him for most faithful, did what was meet for the 
 time, surely by the enlightenment of the Holy Spirit. 
 And two days before the King's death, being the fourth 
 of July, she went by night with great speed forth from 
 her residence for about sixty miles, accompanied only by 
 her servants, feigning that she changed her habitation on 
 account of three or four sick people in her house. And 
 as soon as Northumberland and his partisans knew of her 
 withdrawal they proclaimed throughout the whole king- 
 dom that under great penalties all should be ready with 
 their weapons for any time that the King should command 
 them to serve, informing all that her Highness had gone 
 towards the provinces of Norfolk and Suffolk, being the 
 
90 ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 coast opposite Flanders, with intent to involve the king- 
 dom in troubles and wars, and bring in foreigners to 
 defend her pretensions to the crown, especially as the 
 King was alive and not dead as she persuaded herself. 
 And upon this proclamation all put themselves in readi- 
 ness. Within three days her Highness had certain notice 
 of the death of the King. And immediately she caused 
 herself to be proclaimed Queen in her house, and in all 
 the country round about, and in some places the inhabi- 
 tants would not receive her proclamation, being ignorant 
 of the certainty of the King's death, and also seeing that 
 all the nobles of the kingdom had bound themselves to 
 live and die in the cause of the aforesaid Lady Jane. And, 
 considering this, they who had acknowledged her High- 
 ness as Queen were so dejected that they fully deemed 
 that they would be ruined on her account. Her Highness 
 forthwith wrote to all the nobles of the kingdom sever- 
 ally that under pain of being accounted traitors they 
 should all come to do her homage and acknowledge her 
 as their sovereign Queen and mistress. And as almost all 
 the nobles were with the Duke of Northumberland in 
 what they called the court of the said Lady Jane, each on 
 receiving any letter of her Highness Queen Mary pre- 
 sented it in the Council, and the messengers were cast into 
 prison, with threats that they should be hanged. From 
 the tenth of July, the day of the proclamation of the said 
 Jane, until the fourteenth or fifteenth following, not more 
 than about five or six persons of rank adhered to her 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 9 1 
 
 Highness, and these among the most insignificant of the 
 kingdom, to whom, as such, Northumberland had given 
 no part in his undertaking. And also about fifteen or 
 twenty knights came to her Highness, each with such 
 people as he could bring, and with the peasants of those 
 two counties they formed ^ force of upwards of twenty 
 thousand men. And in many parts of the kingdom Jane 
 was proclaimed two or three times over, inasmuch as the 
 friends of her Highness came to these places in arms and 
 proclaimed her Queen, and as soon as they were departed 
 the inhabitants, for fear of the Council, proclaimed Jane 
 anew, and all were in arms in the greatest confusion in the 
 world. As soon as Northumberland and the rest of the 
 Council knew that her Highness had caused herself to be 
 proclaimed Queen, and that the said persons of distinction 
 and gentry of those two counties had declared in her 
 favour, they resolved to make a levy, and Northumberland 
 departed to encounter the Queen with all the cavalry he 
 had, in which his chief strength lay, being more than three 
 thousand horsemen well equipped and about thirty pieces 
 of cannon and ammunition waggons. And, taking with 
 him almost all the royal body-guard, he pitched his camp 
 in .a town called Cambridge, thirty miles' distance from 
 the Queen, who was in the castle of Framlingham. The 
 Duke left Jane who had been proclaimed queen in the 
 Tower of London, and with her, for her surer custody as 
 he deemed, the Duke of Suffolk her father, and the other 
 lords of the Council who had entered into the conspiracy. 
 
92 ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 And for the fear which the Duke of Suffolk had of them 
 of the Council, lest in the absence of Northumberland they 
 should cause a revolution, he would not suffer them to go 
 out of the Court, even to their own houses. And thus 
 Northumberland, confiding in the great provision he had 
 made for the security of Lady Jane, and in the great force 
 which he had taken with him, sent to tell the lords of the 
 Council that within a few days he would bring her High- 
 ness captive or dead, like a rebel as she was, as he said. 
 And assuredly all thought so too, although they who had 
 declared themselves on the Queen's side were, all resolute 
 to live or die with her Highness. And, to encourage her 
 people, two or three days before the armies were expected 
 to engage, her Highness commanded that all her host 
 should put itself in battle array, and came to the camp, 
 where all, with shouts and acclamations, casting their hel- 
 mets into the air, and with many other tokens, showed 
 their joy and the great love they bore to her Highness, 
 crying, " Long live our good Queen Mary," and " Death to 
 traitors." And by reason of the great outcry of the 
 people, and the many discharges of artillery and arque- 
 busses, the Queen was obliged to alight to review the 
 troops, for the fright and much rearing of the palfrey she 
 rode : and she inspected the whole camp, which was about 
 a mile long, on foot, with her nobles and ladies, thanking 
 the soldiers for their good will. 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 93 
 
 How the Duke ordered tlie seas Flandersward to be guarded 
 by certain ships, and how the sailors rose against their 
 captains, and submitted themselves to the service of 
 Queen Mary. 
 
 Your Lordship must know that the Duke of Northum- 
 berland had entrusted the King's ships, which are many 
 and very powerful, to his most faithful friends, and com- 
 manded them to be equipped before the King's death, as 
 the thing in which the strength of the kingdom did 
 mainly consist : with design to profit by his ally the 
 French King, as has been said, should this be necessary, 
 and to defend himself against the Emperor should he 
 attack him in any way in support of the Queen his cousin. 
 It has been said, and is most certain, that Northumber- 
 land would never have imagined his undertaking, for awe 
 of the Emperor, had he not thought that his Majesty 
 had such troubles in Germany, and for the assurance he 
 had from his confederate, the King of France, that he 
 would do all he could to hinder his Majesty, he reckoned 
 that it was the time to accomplish his desires, and that 
 neither from his Majesty nor from any one else could aid 
 come to the Queen, and that his design would prosper. 
 Yet, having a present fear as things then stood lest her 
 Highness should pass in some vessel to Flanders, he pro- 
 vided that six or seven ships should proceed to the parts 
 where the Queen was, and the last of these was of two 
 
94 ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 hundred tons, and the others of four or five hundred. 
 And the crews numbered about two thousand men, all 
 sailors of the best, and with this precaution he deemed 
 himself certain to lay hands on the person of the Queen's 
 majesty, holding her surrounded by sea and land. But 
 our Lord willed that the seamen of these six or seven 
 ships, being near in her Highness's neighbourhood, from 
 their natural love towards her, rose against their captains 
 in favour of the Queen, and put into a neighbouring port 
 which was loyal to her Highness, crying with great 
 salvoes and acclamations, " Long live our Queen Mary ! " 
 And as soon as her Highness was apprised of this, she. 
 took order that the people should come to serve her, and 
 bring to her camp their cannon, which were many and 
 powerful. And her Highness's army being reinforced 
 by them and their artillery, were comforted shortly to go 
 and encounter those of the Duke of Northumberland's 
 party ; with good hope, in virtue of the just cause which 
 they maintained, to chase him throughout the kingdom, 
 until he and his should be made captiye. 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 95 
 
 How her Highness was proclaimed Queen by the Lords of 
 the Council in the City of London : and of the joy and 
 contentment of all the people : and how the Duke of 
 Northumberland and all his confederates were made 
 prisoners. 
 
 At this time the Duke of Nortliumberland on his part 
 was reinforcing his army, weening to disperse the peasants 
 with his horse, for they were ill-armed. They of the Council 
 at London, who were as though prisoners in the power of 
 Lady Jane and the Duke of Suffolk, as has been said, had 
 tidings how the aforesaid ships had passed over to the 
 service of her Highness, and as almost all had only 
 consented to this treason under constraint, and considering 
 that in case her Highness should have the victory, 
 though to the best of their judgment this seemed an 
 uncertain thing, they would be liable to many troubles in 
 their persons and possessions, seeing also that Northum- 
 berland was in the field, and that Suffolk and Jane could 
 not hinder them, they resolved to open their bosoms to 
 one another^ and determined that it was fitting, not- 
 withstanding the past, to declare and proclaim the good 
 Lady Mary Queen. And your Lordship may consider 
 the many troubles in which this kingdom found itself 
 within so few days, and in such condition that all might 
 be ruined, and fifty or sixty thousand men slain. And 
 thus they all with one consent declared to Jane and her 
 
96 ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 father. And as these could not resist all the others com- 
 bined, they took patience. And on the following day, the 
 nineteenth of July, between three and four of the clock, 
 her Highness was proclaimed Queen. To tell your Lord- 
 ship the joy which the people showed at this revolution, 
 after the tidings it had had that the Queen would be slain or 
 made captive, is more than I or any man could do by pen 
 or tongue. And as this agreement had been made among 
 the Lords of the Council, and as without any warning 
 they came with their macebearers to make the proclama- 
 tion in the public square, the content and joy of all were 
 such that almost all cast up their caps into the air without 
 caring to recover them, and all who had money in their 
 purses threw it to the people. Others, being men of 
 authority and in years, could not refrain from casting away 
 their garments, leaping and dancing as though beside 
 themselves. Others ran through the streets to places 
 whither the news of this great event had not come, 
 crying, " Long live Queen Mary ! " And they who heard 
 it remained astonied, and dared not rejoice, for it was 
 under peril of death to speak in favour of the Queen. 
 And as soon as it was known everywhere such bonfires 
 were made that it was a sight to see, and that night the 
 people supped in the streets, with great rejoicing and 
 music. And so great were the cries and acclamations 
 when they drank for love of the Queen, as is the custom 
 here, that it seemed as if all had escaped from this evil 
 world, and alighted in Heaven. And immediately so 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 97 
 
 many posts were sent throughout the kingdom that 
 the news was shortly known everywhere, and, as your 
 Lordship may suppose, all other townsmen and the 
 country folk did likewise. It is marvellous what love 
 this people entertain towards this Lady, insomuch that of 
 a surety they offend our Lord in this, that their love 
 becomes idolatry. Yet, as your Lordship is aware, in her 
 many and long-continued troubles she has been so patient, 
 taking them all as sent by the hand of God, and her life 
 has been so exemplary and catholic, that the natural love 
 of this people and these considerations are the cause 
 thereof. As soon as her Highness heard the good news 
 she caused a crucifix to be placed in her chapel, being the 
 first which had been set up publicly for several years, and 
 Te Deum was sung, and all her Court giving God thanks 
 went to prayers, and cried, " Amen ; God save our good 
 Queen Mary ! " 
 
 These tidings, so dismal for Northumberland and his 
 party, came to him while he was preparing to take the 
 field and go to besiege the Queen with the powerful force 
 he had brought, after having caused himself to be declared 
 Captain General by the Lady Jane, and having proclaimed 
 her queen, and the Queen's majesty a rebel and a bastard. 
 He was so thunderstruck that he immediately ordered 
 her Highness to be proclaimed Queen, and took down 
 and tore with his own hands the proclamation of Jane 
 which so few days before he had caused to be published 
 and posted at the corners of the streets of the town wherein 
 
 H 
 
98 ACCESSION' OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 he was, and waving with his miserable and treasonous 
 hands a white truncheon which he bore, being the ensign 
 of a captain general, he cried " Long live Queen Mary ! ' 
 And he cast away the weapons which he wore, and ordered 
 his people to do the same, all submitting themselves to 
 the Queen's mercy. And the next day many nobles and 
 knights presented themselves in the castle where the 
 Queen was, among them the Marquis of Northampton, 
 who at the time that your Lordship was here was called 
 Lord Parr, brother of the queen the last wife of King 
 Henry. And also came the High Admiral, who was called 
 Lord Clinton, and Lord Grey, and with them more than a 
 hundred and forty knights, and these were detained in 
 custody. On the part of the Council of London who had 
 been in the Tower with Lady Jane, came to her High- 
 ness's Court with news of her proclamation the Earl of 
 Arundel, a nobleman of much worship and among the 
 good men of this kingdom, whom I think your Lordship 
 will recollect, and with him Lord Paget, also known 
 to your Lordship. The Duke of Northumberland had 
 kept these two noblemen imprisoned for a long time, 
 under pretext that they had conspired with Somerset, 
 and if the least evidence in the world could have been 
 found, he would have proceeded to extremities against 
 them ; and afterwards he was reconciled with them, 
 deeming thus to gain more accomplices in his treasons, 
 and they with the rest, although by force and under the 
 pressure of threats, signed and sealed the aforesaid con- 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 99 
 
 spiracy against the Queen. After this her Highness gave 
 commission to the said Arundel to go with armed men 
 and take order that the Duke of Northumberland and his 
 chief partisans should be apprehended and kept in safe 
 custody, which he performed, and bestowed them as wks 
 fitting, in the aforesaid town of Cambridge. And after- 
 wards, on the twenty-fifth of July, they were commanded 
 to be brought prisoners to the Tower, guarded by about 
 three thousand soldiers. With the said Duke of Northum- 
 berland were brought the Earl of Warwick, his eldest son, 
 and two other of his sons, who had also been with him in 
 the camp, and a brother of his, and the captain of his 
 guard, and another nobleman called Lord Hastings, and 
 the Earl of Huntingdon, and others, in all about eleven 
 persons. And since the people were evilly disposed to- 
 wards them, it was needful for the Queen to proclaim that 
 under pain of punishment they should allow the prisoners 
 to pass peaceably without reviling them, and there was no 
 hindering the people crying, " Death to the traitors, and 
 long live the true Queen ! " and flinging some volleys of 
 stones at them. And had it not been for the strong guard 
 of soldiers, it would not have been possible to bring North- 
 umberland to prison alive. Within two days afterwards 
 the Marquis of Northampton and others were brought 
 in prisoners, and on the thirty-first of July her Majesty 
 the Queen made her entry, amid all imaginable joy of the 
 people. She brought with her about five thousand soldiers 
 on horseback, and more than fifteen hundred courtiers, the 
 
 H 2 
 
lOO ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 least of whom wore a velvet suit and chain, and others were 
 arrayed sumptuously. She took up her lodging, with 
 about a hundred ladies, at the Tower, where all her 
 prisoners were in confinement ; and there was such a 
 discharge of ordnance, that the like has not been heard 
 there these many years. 
 
 Of the order which her Highness willed to be taken in the 
 burial of the King her brother. 
 
 I know not whether your Lordship may have heard that 
 the Duke of Northumberland, under pretext that such was 
 the will of the King, persecuted her Highness with great 
 oppression because she heard mass publicly in her house, 
 as she did as long as she could ; and had images in her 
 chapel, and did in all things according to the tenets of the 
 Catholic church : and as her Highness gave legitimate 
 excuses they could not for a long time find occasion to 
 shame themselves by molesting her. But at length they 
 could find no remedy but to summon her chaplains in the 
 King's name, and cast them into prison, and threaten to 
 hang them, alleging that they infringed the statute, and 
 thus her Highness has been about two years without 
 hearing mass in public. Yet, notwithstanding this, being 
 so good a Catholic, as her works have always made 
 manifest, especially at this present, as I will now declare, 
 she has always had mass in secret, unknown to more 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. lOI 
 
 than three of the most confidential persons at the utmost, 
 by reason of the great danger that she might have in- 
 curred thereby. Now, our Lord having delivered her in 
 season to show by her works what belongs to his service, 
 she, having given orders for the burial of the King her 
 brother, whom God pardon, caused that the night before the 
 funeral the service for the dead should be said in her chapel 
 in Latin, as is the custom in Rome. And the next day 
 the Requiem Mass was sung, which caused no less marvel 
 among the people than the mutations which had already 
 happened, for the Catholics showed additional joy, and 
 the heretics great dejection. A few days afterwards her 
 Highness repaired to the castle of Richmond, where she 
 is now, with a great Court of nobles and ladies of this 
 kingdom who have come to pay their homage, and to kiss 
 her Highness's hands. 
 
 How the Duke and his son and other nobles were condemned 
 
 to death. 
 
 Afterwards, on the eighteenth of this month of August, 
 the Duke of Northumberland was brought to trial, and 
 as your Lordship knows, these proceedings are here con- 
 ducted with great dignity. A stage was erected in the 
 great hall of Westminster, very majestic and richly tapes- 
 tried, and in the midst of it a rich canopy, and under this 
 a bench with rich cushions, and carpets at its foot : and 
 
102 ACCESSION OF QUEEN MAKY. 
 
 the commissioners in the cause coming with their maces 
 and officers took their seats as managers for the Queen. 
 And first upon the said bench was seated the aforesaid 
 Duke of Norfolk, who presided for that day for the 
 Queen's person, and he held in his hand a long white 
 wand, being the ensign of the Lord High Marshal, which 
 office from ancient times the sovereigns have reserved for 
 themselves ; and on either side of the bench were seated 
 the peers of the realm, who were named to be judges 
 between the Queen and the delinquent, according to the 
 law. And these same judges, or the most of them, were 
 those whom Northumberland had left in the Tower with 
 Lady Jane. And immediately it was commanded that 
 the prisoner should be produced, and so the Duke of 
 Northumberland was brought forth, who, making three 
 reverences down to the ground before coming to the 
 place where he had to stand, came with a good and 
 intrepid countenance, full of humility and gravity. The 
 said Duke of Norfolk, whom he had kept in confinement 
 for so many years, and all the other nobles present at 
 the trial, whom a few days ago he had commanded at 
 his leisure, beheld him with a severe aspect, and the 
 greatest courtesy shov/n him of any was a slight touch 
 of the cap. And forthwith three accusations of treason 
 were brought against him. The first, if it was true that 
 on the eighteenth of July and afterwards he was found 
 in the field with an armed levy against the Queen's 
 majesty, her Highness having been proclaimed Queen the 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. J03 
 
 same day in London and throughout the kingdom. The 
 second, whether he had caused himself to be proclaimed 
 Captain General of the Kingdom. The third, if in the 
 field he had proclaimed Jane Queen and the Queen's 
 majesty a rebel and a bastard. And if he had denied 
 it, there were present, as has been said, twelve peers em- 
 pannelled, in conformity with the law of this realm, to 
 judge him after he should have been convicted by the 
 witnesses who should be summoned. To all which the 
 said Northumberland answered that it was the truth, and 
 that he confessed, and that he stood condemned by the 
 law ; and out of compassion at beholding him in the misery 
 into which he had brought himself by the ambition of 
 reigning, and all grieving for their own sakes for the 
 stain they had contracted by the offence they had com- 
 mitted against the Queen by consenting to his treason, 
 even though by constraint, as has been said, many of 
 those present could not refrain from tears. And as he 
 acknowledged his offence, the verdict of the twelve peers 
 was not delivered, according to the law. He implored all 
 that they would beseech the Queen's majesty not to think 
 upon his iniquities, but upon her exceeding clemency, 
 though saying that he knew his offence to be so grievous 
 that he deserved no mercy. He requested that two or 
 three of the Council would come to confer with him in 
 prison upon important secrets, which greatly imported her 
 Highness's service. He besought her Highness to grant him 
 four or five days for the things which concerned his soul, 
 
I04 ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 which was allowed. He was condemned according to the 
 law to be drawn on a sledge and hanged, and before he 
 was dead to be drawn and quartered, and his heart and 
 entrails cast into the fire. The same day the Marquis of 
 Northampton, and the Earl of Warwick, Northumberland's 
 son and heir, were condemned in like manner. And the 
 next day Northumberland's brother, and the Captain of 
 the King's Guard and Vice-Chamberlain, who was named 
 Sir John Gates, and Sir Thomas Palmer, and Sir Harry 
 Gates, brother of the Vice-Chamberlain, were brought to 
 trial, all of whom confessed and were condemned like the 
 others. 
 
 How a sermon was preached in the Cathedral, and of the 
 great tumult occasioned thereby ; and how the Duke 
 and two more were brought forth to execution. 
 
 On the following Sunday a learned and Catholic 
 preacher discoursed in St. Paul's, the principal church of 
 this city : and inasmuch as good men had not been per- 
 mitted to preach for several years, the people went to 
 hear him : the good for their comfort, and the heretics out 
 of curiosity. And as the preacher began to say that 
 the bishop of this diocese had been imprisoned for four 
 years for preaching the truth concerning the holy sacra- 
 ment of the altar and other things pertaining to religion, 
 the heretics, offended at the mass which had been said in 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 105 
 
 the Tower, began to make a tumult, drawing or brandish- 
 ing poniards against the preacher, crying with loud voices 
 and exclamations, " You lie, for the things which he 
 preached and you praise were mere idolatry ! " And al- 
 though the magistrates and governors of the people were 
 on the spot they could not quell the tumult, and had 
 enough to do to prevent them from kiUing the preacher. 
 After this first day that he offered to preach the Lords of 
 the Council came with an armed band of three or four 
 hundred halberdiers, and he preached without any disturb- 
 ance in as clear and catholic a fashion as could be done 
 anywhere. And, to the great scandal of the good, wicked 
 people stoned and despoiled of his vestments a clergy- 
 man who was saying mass in his parish, following the 
 Queen's example, and some of them are apprehended. 
 Afterwards, on the twenty-second of this month of August, 
 Northumberland and the aforesaid Captain of the Guard 
 and Palmer were brought forth to be beheaded : and so 
 many came on horseback and on foot that it was a sight 
 to see ; and full of curiosity to hear what they would say, 
 especially on matters of religion. They were brought 
 forth from the Tower under a strong guard, on account of 
 the disturbances which had come to pass. And the Duke, 
 who was the first to suffer, having taken place upon 
 the scaffold, approaching the railing, begged with much 
 humility and great dignity to speak to the people, as is 
 the custom. And amid profound silence he spoke in sub- 
 stance these words, which I heard from being very near 
 him. 
 
I06 ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 Discourse which the Duke made to the people before his 
 
 death. 
 
 Sirs and friends, I have come to die as ye see, having 
 been condemned by the law, and I declare and confess 
 that I have grievously offended God, and I beseech you 
 earnestly that ye would implore God for my soul, and if 
 there be any here or absent whom I have offended I crave 
 their forgiveness. And to this all the people answered, 
 " God forgive you." And when silence was made, he said, 
 I have been condemned by the law to be drawn, hanged, 
 and quartered : but the Queen's majesty, whom I have so 
 grievously offended, has shown this clemency that I should 
 be beheaded, for which I thank her, and making so low a 
 reverence that his knee touched the ground, he added, 
 and I pray her to pardon me that God may. And he 
 continued, that although it was true that he had been chief 
 in bringing those things to pass for which he had been 
 condemned, it was also true that he had done it by the 
 instigation of many whom he would not name, and that 
 he forgave them as he desired the forgiveness of God. 
 And he begged the people that these should not be noted 
 of any. And pursuing his discourse, he said. Brethren, ye 
 are not ignorant in what troubles this realm has been and 
 now continues, as well as in part of the reign of King 
 Henry, as from then until this day, all of which are 
 notorious : and I wot well that there is no one of you 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. IO7 
 
 but knows what has befallen us for having departed from 
 the true Catholic church, and believed false prophets and 
 preachers, who have persuaded us of their false doctrines, 
 and have brought me as the chief offender in this and 
 other things to the extremity which ye behold, as they 
 have done to many others, as ye know. For which I ask 
 God pardon, and declare to you that I die a true Catholic 
 Christian, and confess and believe all that the Catholic 
 church believes. And I warn you, friends and brothers, 
 that none should believe that this great novelty and new 
 conscience arises from being urged upon me by any (this 
 he said lest any should think it was the Queen's doing, or 
 that he had been induced by some friend, or the Bishop of 
 Worcester, who was with him as confessor), or that any 
 have persuaded me in this : but I tell you what I feel at 
 the bottom of my heart, and as ye see I am in no case to 
 say aught but truth. And thus I charge and enjoin you 
 straitly that ye give no credit to the preachers of such 
 false doctrine. And consider, brethren, what I say, and do 
 not forget that I charge you to have no let or shame in 
 returning to God, as ye see that I have not, and to consider 
 what is written in the Apostles' Creed, " I believe in the 
 Holy Ghost, the Holy Catholic Church, the Communion 
 of Saints." And I, though ignorant, could say more upon 
 this, but you may reflect and consider it with an impar- 
 tial mind. And if this does not satisfy you, think upon 
 the miseries in which so great a multitude has lived and 
 died in Germany : one against another, and that they 
 
I08 ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 have been trampled down for having forsaken the Cathoh'c 
 faith, wherefore God has forgotten them as he has for- 
 gotten us. And if this does not move you to feel as I 
 have declared to you, let each one make his private reckon- 
 ing and consider how it has fared with him in his own 
 condition. And if he is not utterly blind, I am sure that 
 he will come into this my true knowledge : and therefore 
 I again charge you to embrace what the Catholic church 
 believes ; which is what the Holy Spirit has revealed 
 from generation to generation from the time of the 
 Apostles until our days, and will continue until the end. 
 And live peaceably, and be obedient to the Queen's 
 majesty and her laws, and do that which I have not done. 
 
 Of the manner of the death of t/te Duke and his 
 accomplices. 
 
 Having spoken thus, almost word for word as I have 
 said, withdrawing himself from the rail, he knelt in the 
 middle of the scaffold, and read a prayer in a book pre- 
 sented to him by the aforesaid Bishop his confessor, and 
 repeated the Creed in Latin with great devotion, and 
 thereupon his vesture was taken off and his eyes bandaged, 
 and at the time that he had to cast himself upon the beam 
 where his head should be cut off with an axe, he made 
 the sign of the cross, which was a great offence to some, 
 as well as the discourse he had spoken. And as the 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. IO9 
 
 bandage was not well fitted when he was about to stretch 
 himself upon the beam, he rose again upon his knees, and 
 surely figured to himself the terrible dreadfulness of 
 death. At the moment when he again stretched himself 
 out, as one who constrained himsQif and willed to consent 
 patiently without saying anything, in the act of laying 
 himself out inactively and afraid, he smote his hands 
 together, as who should say, this must be, and cast himself 
 upon the said beam, where the executioner struck off his 
 head at a blow, and may our Lord be pleased to have him 
 in His holy glory ! And although his treasons were many 
 and notorious, his end was that of a true and catholic 
 Christian, and he took his death most patiently. And two 
 days before his execution he heard mass in the Tower, 
 and confessed himself and received the sacrament, and 
 with many tears declared the same which I have said he 
 spoke to the people on the scaffold. And your Lordship 
 may be assured that the Duke's confession has edified the 
 people more than if all the Catholics in the land had 
 preached for ten years. 
 
 The same day were beheaded the aforesaid Captain of 
 the Guard and Sir Thomas Palmer, who also died con- 
 fessing the Catholic church, and spoke to the people in 
 the same manner as the Duke, though not with so much 
 fervour or such copious discourse. The other four who I 
 said were condemned have not as yet been executed, nor 
 many others who have been brought to trial ; it is thought 
 that some will suffer and that others will be pardoned. 
 Jane and her husband are in prison. 
 
no ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 How the Queen commanded proclamation to be made that the 
 Catholics and heretics shoitld not revile one another, and 
 ordered many prelates and nobles to be set at liberty. 
 
 On the twenty-third of this month vespers were said 
 publicly in the cathedral of this city, and on the twenty- 
 fourth, being St. Bartholomew's day, the Bishop of the 
 same sang mass, with the organ : and the same is begin- 
 ning to be done in the parish churches, insomuch that to see 
 it is to be in a new world. And as the Queen's majesty 
 has always continued her hours, mass, and vespers at 
 court, the others follow her example. And to avoid the 
 scandal which happened a few days ago, as has been 
 related, a proclamation has been made, and the Queen 
 has commanded that all should live peaceably under pain 
 of punishment and being deemed traitors, and that all 
 should live in charity without disputing with each other, 
 and should not revile each other, the heretics having been 
 wont to call the Catholics Papists, and the Catholics to 
 call them heretics. And if there should be any one 
 desiring to be heard upon these matters he shall be willingly 
 admitted into an assembly which by the aid of God 
 shall be made of the learned men of this kingdom of 
 both sentiments ; and if his sentence be good it shall be 
 received, and if not he shall receive satisfaction of his 
 opinion, and with the grace of God what the aforesaid 
 wise men shall agree upon will be conformable to the 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. Ill 
 
 judgment of the learned men of other countries, and 
 they shall take the order which the Holy Spirit shall 
 manifest unto them. And let them be obedient to this 
 measure, that they nfay not incur the rigour of the law. 
 Such fear has fallen upon this people that they dare not 
 rnurmur or speak a word, and the heretics are as though 
 stunned at beholding what is taking place, and what they 
 see to be coming ; and the good, who are much the 
 more numerous, are so overjoyed that they cannot contain 
 themselves, praying our Lord to preserve the Queen, on 
 whose life hangs all the weal or woe of this kingdom. 
 As soon as her Highness came to the Tower sKe set at 
 liberty the bishops who were imprisoned, and the Duchess 
 of Somerset, who was also in confinement, and, as has 
 been said, the Duke of Norfolk, and the nearest heir to 
 the throne after those named in the will of King Henry, 
 who had cast him into prison at the age of six, and he 
 has continued there until now that he is four-and-twenty, 
 and he is the son of the Marquis of Exeter. This 
 Marquis, and the Earl of Montague, brother of Cardinal 
 Pole, being sons of the King's own aunt, and the aunt 
 herself, were beheaded for the jealousies and displeasures 
 which the King conceived against them : may God be 
 pleased to have them all in His holy glory ! The Bishop 
 of Winchester, whom, as I have said, her Majesty ordered 
 to be set at liberty, she has created Lord High Chancellor, 
 which is the highest office in this kingdom, as your Lord- 
 ship well knows, and is as it were Grand Inquisitor in 
 
112 ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 matters concerning religion. He is the most learned man 
 in the kingdom, and in all men's esteem worthy to hold 
 such an office for his great experience and knowledge in 
 affairs of state. We greatly confide in our Lord that 
 things temporal and spiritual will be reformea little by 
 little. And your Lordship may believe this, for I know 
 from a sure quarter that if it please God it will be here 
 as there, in obedience to the Pope as in other things. 
 And although in this matter of the Pope the heretics are 
 very stubborn, the Queen is so Catholic that it is held for 
 certain that her Highness will have no regard to heretical 
 knaves, but to her conscience, which is the truth. Yet as 
 these things, as your Lordship knows, must be done 
 discreetly and in due season, I hope in God that her 
 Highness will take such order that He may be content 
 with her. The Queen, God willing, will be crowned on 
 the first of October, and great festivities are in prepara- 
 tion. After which it will only remain that our Lord 
 should make her happy with some good and Catholic 
 husband. They say here indeed that the Prince our lord 
 is very far from such good fortune, both because it is said 
 that a treaty of marriage has been or is about to be 
 stipulated between him and the Princess of Portugal, and 
 also because it is not said that any motion has been made 
 in the matter by the Emperor or any one else. Some 
 indeed say that proposals may be made on the part of the 
 Prince of Piedmont, but I do not believe it. It seems 
 that the Emperor and his son would not do amiss in 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. II3 
 
 profiting by so great an opportunity, both because it is to 
 be believed that being so nigh of kin, and being, God be 
 thanked, so conformed to each other in religion, and well 
 nigh equal in puissance, if any steps were taken the 
 matter might come to good effect should the Portuguese 
 match not be yet concluded. And if the Lord vouch- 
 safed us to behold this glorious day, what great advantage 
 would befall our Spain by holding the Frenchman in check 
 by the union of these kingdoms with his Majesty ! and 
 were it only to preserve the states of Flanders his Majesty 
 and his son must greatly desire it ; for, as your Lordship 
 knows better than I, the day that our Lord receives his 
 Majesty into glory the Low Countries will be in peril of 
 the Frenchman attacking them or of the German invad- 
 ing them by his means, the succour of Spain being so 
 remote, and the country not free from suspicion of some 
 revolt on the ground of religion, or because, as some say, 
 the people are not well affected towards our nation. Also 
 for Spain it would be most advantageous, for should aught 
 befall the Prince's son, whom God preserve, the son born 
 here would be King of both countries : and in sooth this 
 would be most advantageous to the English also. And 
 although they naturally desire that their king should be 
 a native, yet, weighing these and other considerations, and 
 that the Frenchman will invade them some day by way of 
 Scotland, it would be as good as gold to them, and it 
 would be most opportune that our Prince should come to 
 live here and in Flanders, and leave a son in this country. 
 
 I 
 
114 ACCKSSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 And of one thing be your Lordship assured, that all the 
 Catholics would lift up their hands to God, for as they 
 naturally love their country, so naturally they bear 
 affection to her Majesty, and particularly to Spain for love 
 of the good Queen Katharine ; and so many are the good 
 that there are a hundred Catholics for four heretics. And 
 I stick not to say that this people loves our royal house 
 more than do they of Portugal, and there is but a year or 
 a year and a half difference in the Princesses' ages. Then 
 it is notorious to all the world that in virtue and 
 Christianity the English Queen may vie with the most 
 perfect, and how much greater she is in the things of this 
 world your Lordship well knows. And although it is 
 not for me to treat of affairs of state, I trust that your 
 Lordship will take what I have said in good part, being 
 moved by my natural love to my sovereign Lord and 
 Prince ; and my great attachment to this Lady from my 
 having been settled here for so many years, and having 
 had continual and especial knowledge of her Christian 
 mind and abundant virtues. May our omnipotent Lord 
 dispose all things for his service ! And I presume to hope 
 that your Lordship will not take amiss my tedious 
 discourse, the matter being of such nature that it has been 
 needful to make mention of those things which I have 
 written. And as no more occurs to me I humbly remain, 
 etc. London, the first of September, 1553. 
 
The Coronation of the most illustrious and serene 
 Queen Mary of England. 
 
 I 2 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. li; 
 
 On the last day of September of this present year fif- 
 teen hundred and fifty-three the most Serene Queen Mary 
 of England departed from the Tower to go to the Palace 
 of Westminster, for her coronation was to take place the 
 following day, as came to pass, and the order of her 
 Majesty's procession was as follows : — 
 
 First went at the head many gentlemen of the Court 
 and kingdom, all arrayed in suits of silk with beautiful 
 linings, mounted on very fine horses richly caparisoned, 
 the greater part of which were covered with velvet trap- 
 pings down to the ground : after whom went all the 
 Barons and Princes richly and superbly adorned, some 
 with gold and others with silver, and many of them hav- 
 ing their horses decked with plates of the same metal as 
 their persons, some with gold, some with embroidery, 
 Avhich caused great admiration, not more by the richness 
 of the substance than by the novelty and elegance of the 
 device. Among these went Messer Giacomo Foscarini, 
 Messer Marco Antonio Erizzo, Messer Marco Bernardo, 
 Messer Giacomo Ragazzoni and four ether merchants in 
 superb costume, wearing suits of black velvet lined, beauti- 
 fully trimmed with many points of gold, and garnished 
 
Il8 ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 all round with embroidery of more than a palm in width. 
 And they also wore mantles of black velvet in the same 
 manner as the suits, fully the half covered with em- 
 broidery : their horses were clothed with the same black 
 velvet housings down to the ground, with a golden bor- 
 der a palm wide, and all the other trappings of the horses 
 were in the same manner, and every one of their grooms 
 wore the same velvet with tassels of gold. And behind 
 these went four Spanish cavaliers attired in cloaks of mul- 
 berry-coloured velvet lined with cloth of silver, with a very 
 fine fringe of gold all about, and wearing breeches and 
 doublet and collars in the Spanish fashion, with housings 
 on their horses, which appeared to great advantage 
 both for their richness and their elegant design ; and each 
 was led by two grooms, without cloaks, but otherwise 
 draped in the same manner. And after these came other 
 principal persons. Four ambassadors, one from the Em- 
 peror, one from the King of France, one from the King of 
 Poland, and one from the Signory of Venice. And then 
 came two in Ducal garb, who represented the two Duchies 
 of Normandy and Gascony, formerly possessed by this 
 crown. Next came her Majesty in a chariot open on all 
 sides, save for the canopy, entirely covered with gold, and 
 the trappings of the horses which drew it were also of gold. 
 Around the chariot rode the Duchess of Norfolk [the Mar- 
 chioness of Exeter], the Marchioness of Winchester, and 
 the Countess of Arundel, attired in crimson velvet, with 
 the trappings of their horses of the same. Her Majesty 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. I19 
 
 was marvellously adorned, her mantle of silver and her 
 head-dress of gold, with many and precious jewels of great 
 worth. Her Majesty is thirty-eight years of age, and of 
 matchless beauty. Next came a triumphal chariot covered 
 with silver, in which was the Lady Elizabeth, sister of her 
 Majesty, and Madam Ann of Cleves, wife of King Henry 
 the Eighth, and afterwards divorced by him, attired in 
 cloth of silver. Then came two other triumphal chariots 
 covered with cloth of gold, in each of them four Prin- 
 cesses, after these sixty peeresses and ladies on horse- 
 back, richly arrayed in crimson velvet, and the trappings 
 of their horses of the same ; the whole at the Queen's ex- 
 pense. And in this order they proceeded through a broad 
 street more than a mile and a half long, in which were 
 many triumphal arches of rich construction with dainty 
 devices. The first of these was erected by the Genoese 
 nation, which was the most beautiful and the best made 
 and the largest of all, and exceeded all the rest in novelty 
 and elegance of design, and upon it was a Latin inscrip- 
 tion as follows : — 
 
 Mariae Anglorum Reginae inclytae constanti piae coro- 
 nam Imp. Britanici et palmam virtutis accipienti Genuenses 
 pub. saluti in primis laetantes cultum tribuunt. 
 
 On the other frieze was inscribed — 
 
 Virtus superavit, Justitia dominatur, Virtus triumphat, 
 Pietas coronatur, Respub. restituitur. 
 
 There was another of the Florentine nation, but not so 
 beautiful as that of the Genoese, which bore upon its 
 
I20 ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 upper frieze Feliciter Vivat. And on the middle frieze, 
 Virtutes fama Reginam ad sidera toUunt. And on the 
 lower, Mariae Anglorum Reginae, Victrici, Piae, Augustae, 
 Florentini gloriae insignia erexerunt. 
 
 There were many other triumphal arches, all erected by 
 the English, except one by the German Hanse Towns, but 
 as they were not of the beauty and rare quality of the two 
 above mentioned I will say no more of them. The mul- 
 titude was infinite that greeting her Majesty in succession 
 escorted her to the palace. The first of October, an hour 
 before noon, her Majesty, received by eleven bishops and 
 the canons, came to the church of Westminster, whither, 
 by her command, the Ambassadors had repaired already. 
 Her Majesty came accompanied by all the Princes and 
 Lords of the realm, each in his proper attire, the Duke 
 habited as Duke, the Marquis as Marquis, and the Earl as 
 Earl, and their wives in the same manner and with the 
 same distinctions. Her Majesty ascended upon a great plat- 
 form, so high that it was mounted by twenty steps, and 
 upon this another smaller one with ten steps to the chair 
 where she seated herself. And immediately rising, she 
 was condiicted by the Bishop of Winchester, Lord High 
 Chancellor, round all four sides of the platform that all 
 the people might see her, which Bishop said in a loud voice 
 to be heard of all, Is this the true heir to this kingdom ? 
 and all the people shouted joyfully, Yea. He continued. 
 Are you willing to receive her as your Queen and 
 mistress ? They answered, Yea, yea. After which her 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 121 
 
 Majesty went to the altar to hear the sermon ; which 
 being finished she prostrated herself on the ground and 
 received benediction with many prayers, and then entered 
 into a retired apartment and divested herself of her mantle 
 of crimson velvet lined with ermine, and returned to the 
 altar in her corset and prostrated herself anew. And con- 
 tinuing thus the litanies were sung, the robes which she 
 was about to assume having been blessed ; and then the 
 unction began, and her breast, shoulders, forehead and 
 temples were anointed. She was next clad in a rochet of 
 white taffeta, and spurs were put upon her feet, and she 
 was girt with a sword as when one is armed a knight, and 
 a king's sceptre was placed in one hand, and in the other 
 the sceptre wont to be given to queens, which is sur- 
 mounted by a dove, and finally they gave her a great orb 
 of gold and crowned her with three crowns, one for 
 England, one for France, and one for Ireland. And then 
 she was arrayed in a crimson mantle different from the 
 first, though of the same velvet, and likewise trimmed with 
 ermine. And thus attired, she seated herself again on the 
 throne above mentioned, where all the nobles of the king- 
 dom came in order of their rank to do her homage, her 
 Majesty continually holding the two aforesaid royal sceptres. 
 And then she commanded that all prisoners should be set 
 at liberty, those in the Tower excepted, and bestowed a 
 general pardon on all who had offended her. Next 
 after this the Bishop of Winchester said mass with much 
 solemnity, the Queen kneeling throughout with great 
 
122 ACCKSSION OF QUEEN MARY. 
 
 devotion and great tokens of religion, which being 
 ended, she entered the aforesaid retired apartment, and 
 speedily came forth with the orb in her hand and 
 the royal sceptre, clad in a mantle of purple velvet 
 furred with tufts of ermine, and with the round cap, 
 as monarchs are wont to wear. In this manner she 
 went forth from the church attended by the princes and 
 ambassadors, and proceeded on foot to a great hall 
 hard by, where banqueting tables were splendidly and 
 royally set out, agreeably to the magnificence and 
 grandeur of so great a Queen. When her Majesty 
 arrived in the hall, the Earl of Arundel was there mace 
 in hand as Lord Constable of the Kingdom, appointed to 
 that office for that one day only, and the Duke of Nor- 
 folk as High Marshal, both on coursers trapped with cloth 
 of gold, who rode continually round and round the hall, 
 as is the custom at royal coronations in this country. 
 And in the middle of the banquet, a horseman entered 
 armed cap-a-pie in bright armour, with a surcoat of 
 armorial bearings, and the housings of his steed all gold 
 and crimson, and read out a challenge, thus : Whosoever 
 shall dare to affirm that this Lady is not the rightful 
 Queen of this Kingdom I will show him the contrary, or 
 will do him to death : and casting down his glove he rode 
 all round the hall, and returned before the Queen, and pro- 
 claimed with a loud voice, that, seeing that none was found 
 who dared to gainsay him or take up his glove, he hailed 
 her as the true and ri^tful Queen of that Kingdom. 
 
ACCESSION OF QUEEN MARY. 1 23 
 
 Her Majesty, thanking him as her knight and defender, 
 gave him the golden cup from which she drank, filled 
 with wine, that he might drink and carry it away. After 
 this ceremony, which is the custom in the realm of Eng- 
 land at the coronation of every king, the ambassadors 
 came to kiss her Majesty's hands and congratulate her 
 upon her coronation. Who for her magnificence and 
 manifest great virtues deserves to be compared with the 
 greatest queens who have been to this present : and I 
 know for certain that more than a hundred thousand 
 ducats were disbursed in this coronation at her Majesty's 
 expense. Yet it is not the cost that should be weighed 
 so much as the order, and due and timely performance 
 of the ceremonies : all ordered and regulated with great 
 prudence and wisdom, insomuch that this kingdom and 
 this magnanimous Queen have given ample employment 
 for the authors who may desire to write concerning 
 them. 
 
 This present work was pointed in the very noble city of 
 Medina del Campo, at the press of Matheo and 
 Francisco del Canto, brothers. Finished on the 
 twenty-third day of March, 1554, 
 
NOTES. 
 
NOTKS. 127 
 
 P. 79. — Your most illustrious Lordship, Beltran de la 
 Cueva, third Duke of Alburquerque, born about the be- 
 ginning of the century, died in 1559. 
 
 lb. — Since your Lordship's departure from hence. — The 
 circumstances of the Duke of Alburquerque's visit to Eng- 
 land, until lately unknown, may now be found detailed in 
 the anonymous Spanish " Chronicle of Henry VIII.," 
 edited by the Marquis de Molins, and translated into 
 English by Major Martin Hume (George Bell, 1889). The 
 Duke arrived in Lent 1544, and, by order of the Em- 
 peror, remained to accompany Henry VIII. in his French 
 campaign, which did not commence until July. He wa^ 
 attended to the war by a retinue of a hundred and fifty 
 persons, gentlemen and servants, and took with him 
 " twenty-two jennets, the best to be found in all Spain." 
 According to the Spanish chronicler, he bore a con- 
 spicuous part in the siege of Boulogne. " The king com- 
 manded expressly that everything the Duke ordered 
 should be done, and although he was not the general, nor 
 wanted to be, he took great pains, for every morning he 
 was the first to be at the battery, and at night as well." 
 He advised the King to assault, but Henry refused, say- 
 ing "he would rather spend ten thousand pounds of 
 
128 NOTES. 
 
 powder than lose a single one of the Spaniards he had." 
 After the surrender of the town the Duke accompanied 
 Henry to England, leaving his suite and the greater part 
 of his effects behind him. These were taken by a French 
 ship in crossing the Straits of Dover, when " the Duke 
 and his people must surely have lost more than thirty 
 thousand ducats,* for one suit of gold armour was worth 
 ten thousand ducats. When the Duke saw his people had 
 been robbed, he, like a magnanimous man as he was, dis- 
 sembled, and presently went to London, where he was 
 for two months ; but it seemed that they did not show 
 him so much good will as they did before, as they made 
 him feel, for the King gave him no recompense for the 
 goods he had lost : so he went away sufficiently dis- 
 contented." 
 
 P. 8 1. — The majority of the English think otherwise.- — 
 Guaras forgets that he has just said that Somerset and 
 Warwick were partly induced to favour Protestantism by 
 seeing the people inclined to it. There were active parti- 
 sans on both sides, but the bulk of the people were probably 
 disposed to follow the example of the Sovereign, whatever 
 it might be. Philip the Second's retinue reported a few 
 years later : " They say, that since the Pope is a man like 
 
 * Major Martin Hume, misled by an inaccurate copy, states the 
 Duke's loss at three thousand ducats, and the value of the suit of 
 armour at one thousand : but a MS. recently acquired by the British 
 Museum (Add. 34,143, fol. s8b) distinctly reads ireynta and die::, 
 which are evidently right. 
 
NOTES. 129 
 
 themselves he has no direct power or dominion over them, 
 and that the Pope they acknowledge is their King, and 
 therefore at this present their Queen, who may command 
 or forbid anything." (Viaje de Felipe Segundo, p. 121.) 
 Soranzo says in 1554, " The majority of the population is 
 perhaps dissatisfied." 
 
 /d. — In surrendering Boulogne. — Boulogne had not fallen 
 at this date. 
 
 P. 82. — Tlie two Dukes agreed. — This is an over-state- 
 ment, though Northumberland's son did marry Sojnerset's 
 daughter, 
 
 P. 84. — Would rule tyrannically. — "The. same God will 
 take from us the virtuous Lady Mary our lawful Queen, 
 and send such a cruel Pharaoh as the Ragged Bear to 
 rule us, who shall pull [pill?] and poll us, and utterly 
 destroy us." (Epistle of Poor Pratte to Gilbert Potter, 
 July 13, 1553, in the appendix to "Queen Jane and 
 Queen Mary," edited by Mr. J. G. Nichols for the Camden 
 Society.) 
 
 lb. — Two gentlemen beheaded and two others hanged. — 
 Vane, Partridge, Stanhope, and Sir Thomas Arundel. 
 
 P. %6. — To kill the King by poison. — There is no evidence 
 of the truth of this accusation, though many besides 
 Guaras believed it. 
 
 P. Sj.—Lord Gilbert.— hord Guildford Dudley. "It is 
 not generally known that the title of King was attributed 
 abroad to Lord Guildford Dudley." — Sir Harris Nicolas. 
 
 P. 88. — One who demanded why the Lady Mary shotild 
 
 K 
 
I30 NOTES. 
 
 not be Qiieen. — Gilbert Potter, an apprentice. Mary recom- 
 pensed him with landed estate in Norfolk. 
 
 lb. — Twenty-five miles' distance. — At Hunsdon, in Hert- 
 fordshire. 
 
 P. 89. — He almost daily wrote to her Highness letters 
 full of respect. — This is fully confirmed by the highly 
 interesting report of the Venetian Ambassador in England, 
 Soranzo (Rawdon Brown's Calendar of Venetian State 
 Papers, vol. 5, pp. 532-564), which ought to be reprinted 
 separately. 
 
 lb. — The fourth of fuly. — This, if accurate, is an import- 
 ant rectification, of history. Raviglio Rosso^ in his " Historia 
 delle cose occorsenel regno d' Inghilterra" (Venice, 1558),* 
 says that Mary did not fly until receiving tidings of her 
 brother's death, and this seems to be implied in most other 
 accounts, as well as by Sir Nicholas Throckmorton's 
 assertion ("Chronicle of Queen Jane," p. 2), that he 
 warned her of her brother's death while she was still at 
 Hunsdon. Soranzo and Holinshed, however, rather seem 
 
 * Mr. Froude always quotes this book as the composition of 
 " Baoaro,'' which must mean Badoaro, Venetian ambassador to the 
 Emperor, and previously designated, but not despatched, as ambassa- 
 dor to England : but Rosso merely says in his preface that Badoaro 
 had read it and approved of it. This preface is prefixed to the first 
 correct edition, printed at Ferrara with the author's name in 1560. 
 The Venetian edition of 1 558, cited by Mr. Froude, is pirated, muti- 
 lated, and anonymous. Rosso was sent from Flanders to bear the 
 congratulations of Charles V. to Philip and Mary upon their marriage, 
 which had apparently taken place before his departure. 
 
NOTES. 131 
 
 to imply the contrary, and Guaras's statement, which is 
 quite direct and unequivocal, and further confirmed by his 
 subsequent remark that Mary did not hear of her brother's 
 death until after her arrival in Norfolk, would remove 
 some difficulties. Mary could not reasonably, when 
 writing to the Council on the 9th, have expressed surprise 
 at having received no official intimation of her brother's 
 death if she had spent the intervening period upon the 
 highway The pretext for her removal mentioned by 
 Guaras, and confirmed by Raviglio Rosso, would also have 
 been superfluous in the event of so very hasty and clan- 
 destine a departure. The Venetian ambassador says that 
 Edward died about three hours before dawn, or about 
 midnight on the 6th, which would leave little time for 
 Mary's flight to Kenninghall, if she did not depart until 
 the tidings reached her : nor in that case could her flight 
 have been nocturnal. 
 
 lb. — Abo7it sixty miles. — She went first to Kenninghall, 
 her seat in Norfolk, whence she wrote to the Council on 
 July 9, and where she seems to have been proclaimed 
 Queen on the same day. She removed thence to Fram- 
 lingham Castle in Suffolk, probably on the nth. 
 
 lb. — Accompanied only by her servants. — Soranzo says 
 that she had only six attendants. 
 
 lb. — As soon as the said Northumberland, etc. — This 
 statement seems to arise from a confusion with a former 
 proclamation, of June 27, which of course has no reference 
 to Mary. 
 
 K 2 
 
132 NOTES. 
 
 P. 92. — Her Highness commanded that all her host. — This 
 highly interesting incident of the review, foreshadowing 
 Queen Elizabeth's subsequent conduct at Tilbury, does not 
 seem to be elsewhere mentioned. 
 
 P. 94. — A neighbouring port. — Yarmouth. 
 
 P. 95. — And thus they all with one consent. — Guaras 
 erroneously dates this revolution on the i8th instead of 
 the 19th, the day of Mary's proclamation according to 
 himself and all other authorities. 
 
 P. 96. — The public square. — The Cross at Cheapside. 
 
 lb. — That night the people supped in the streets. — Com- 
 pare Pepys's account at the scenes at the dissolution of 
 the Rump Parliament. 
 
 P. 97. — So many posts were sent throughout the king- 
 dom. — On this day is dated the letter written from 
 London on Mary's behalf by Lord Abergavenny, Sir 
 Thomas ,Wyat, and others, exhibited in the British 
 Museum, requiring the gentlemen of Sussex to pro- 
 claim her Queen, and denouncing "the ladie Jane, a 
 quene of a new and pretie inuencion." Along with 
 it is exhibited Lady Jane's letter of July loth to 
 4:he Marquis of Northampton, requiring his allegiance 
 against the "fayned and untrewe clayme of the Lady 
 Marye, bastard daughter to our great uncle Henry 
 th'eight." 
 
 P. 99. — Twenty-fifth. — The exact date is not given 
 in the original, having probably been left to be filled in 
 afterwards. 
 
 lb. — Had it not been for the strong guard, etc. — This is 
 
NOTES. 133 
 
 entirely confirmed by the author of the contemporary 
 
 ballad reproduced in this volume : — 
 
 " And whereas he went forth full glad, as prince both stout and bolde, 
 He came a traytour in full sad, with harte that might be colde. 
 The same whom al before dyd feare, and were in most subjection, 
 The people wolde in pieces teare, if they might have election." 
 
 lb. — The thirty-first of July. — This singular mistake, 
 Mary's entry having taken place on August 3, proves 
 that Guaras's narrative cannot have been committed to 
 writing until shortly before the day on which it is dated, 
 Sept. I. 
 
 P. lOi. — The night before the funeral. — Guaras avoids 
 saying that this funeral was performed in Westminster 
 Abbey with Protestant rites. The date was August 6. 
 
 P. 102. — The said Northumberland answered. — Guaras 
 does not notice Northumberland's pleas that he had acted 
 on a commission under the Great Seal, and that many of 
 his judges had been accomplices with him ; both of which 
 were overruled. 
 
 P. 104. — A learned and Catholic preacher. — Bourne, 
 afterwards Bishop of Bath and Wells, deprived by Eliza- 
 beth. 
 
 P. 105. — Began to make a tumult. — Guaras's account may 
 be usefully checked by, and in its turn may serve to check, 
 the account of Foxe, according to whom the riot was not 
 so much occasioned by the preacher's denunciation of 
 Roman Catholic doctrine and praise of the Bishop of 
 London, as by his " derogation and dispraise of King 
 
134 NOTES. 
 
 Edward, which thing the people in no case could 
 abide. Then Master Bradford, at the request of the 
 preacher's brother and others, then being in the pulpit, 
 stood forth and spoke so mildly, christianly, and effec- 
 tually, that with few words he appeased all : and after- 
 ward he and Master Rogers conducted the preacher be- 
 twixt them from the pulpit to the grammar-school 
 door, where they left him safe." Machyn says nothing 
 as to the immediate occasion of the riot, but his account 
 is very graphic : — " Ther was a gret up-rore and showt- 
 yng at ys sermon, as yt were lyke mad pepull, watt yonge 
 pepell and woman as ever was hard, as herle-borle, and 
 casting up of capes ; if my lord mer and my lord 
 Cortenay ad not ben ther, ther had bene grett myscheyff 
 done." 
 
 lb. — The twenty-second of this month of August. — The 
 execution had been fixed for the preceding day, but was 
 deferred that Northumberland might make his recantation 
 in the Tower. The postponement was not generally known, 
 which occasioned the scene so picturesquely described in 
 Machyn's diary : — " The xxi of August was, by viii of 
 the cloke in the mornyng, on the Towre-hylle a-boythe 
 x Ml. men and women for to have seen the execussyon of 
 the duke of Northumberland, for the skaffold was mad 
 rede, and sand and straw was browth, and all the men 
 that longest [belong] to the Towre, as Hogston, Shordyche, 
 Bow, Ratclyff, Lymhouse, Sant Kateryns, and the waters 
 of the Towre, and the gard, and shyreyffs offesers, and 
 
NOTES.: 13s 
 
 evere man stand in order with their holbardes and lanes 
 made, and the hangman was ther, and sodenly they wher 
 commondyd to depart." Strangely enough, Machyn does 
 not say a word about the actual execution. 
 
 P. 1 08. — Cast himself upon the beam. — This minute account 
 of Northumberland's execution, by an eye-witness, fully 
 confirms, at least as regards the Tudor period, the opinion 
 lately advanced that the person to be decapitated did not 
 kneel before a block on which the head was reclined, but 
 lay entirely prostrate. Northumberland first kneels in the 
 middle of the scaffold, but to prepare himself for the 
 headsman falls prone {echase) upon a beam or plank 
 (madero), not a block {tajo). The imperfect adjustment of 
 the bandage makes him again assume a kneeling attitude, 
 which he must accordingly have quitted ; and when this 
 is rectified he again falls prostrate. The word used to 
 denote his prostration (tender) is the same as that em- 
 ployed to describe Queen Mary's attitude at her corona- 
 tion when receiving the priestly benediction. The English 
 account of Northumberland's execution (see Appendix) 
 also says "he made a cross upon the strawe" i(Froude 
 erroneously sawdust) " and kyssed it," which he could not 
 well have done if he had not been lying prostrate. This 
 is further corroborated by the engraving representing 
 Somerset's execution in Holinshed's Chronicle (1577). 
 The Spanish chronicler of Henry VIII., describing the 
 execution of Rochford and Brereton, uses the same phrase 
 of each, " Se tendio en el suelo." " Se echd en el suelo." 
 
136 NOTES. 
 
 Of Cromwell, however, he says that he knelt, " se hinco 
 de rodillas," which dods not exclude a prostration en- 
 suing. 
 
 P. 109. — Rose again upon his knees. — This interesting cir- 
 cumstancCj not mentioned in the other accounts, tends to 
 confirm the suspicion that Northumberland had been pro- 
 mised his life upon condition of renouncing Protestantism. 
 His demeanour was certainly that of a man who cannot 
 till the last quite persuade himself that he will be exe- 
 cuted. Lady Jane Grey, however, who had no love for 
 him, did not think so. " For the answering that he hoped 
 for life by his turning, though other men be of that 
 opinion, I utterly am not. For what man is there living, 
 I pray you, although he had been innocent, that would 
 hope of life in that case, being in the field in person 
 against the Queen, as general, and after his taking so 
 hated and evil spoken of by the Commons ; and at his 
 coming into prison so wondered at [mobbed] as the like 
 was never heard of by any man's time .' Who can judge 
 that he should hope for pardon whose life was odious to 
 all men?" — Queen Jane and Queen Mafj (Camden Society), 
 p. 24. 
 
 lb. — Confessing the Catholic church. — ^This is not correct 
 as regards Sir Thomas Palmer, whose dying speech, though 
 he avoided controversial topics, was so Protestant in spirit 
 as to be translated in great part by the anonymous writer, 
 possibly Calvin, of the " Response k la confession du feu 
 Due Jean de Northumberlande " [Geneva], 1554. 
 
NOTES. 137 
 
 P. no. — The twenty-third of this month. — Machyn notes 
 of this day :— " The same day begane the masse at sant 
 Nicolas Colabas : " and of the next, " A goodly masse 
 song at sant Necolas Wyllyms, in Laten." 
 
 Ib.-^The Queen has commanded. — See the text of this 
 proclamation in the Appendix. 
 
 P- 1 1 1. — The nearest heir to the throne after those named 
 in the will of King //^^rj/.— Courtenay, Earl of Devon. 
 
 P. 112. — / know from a sure source. — See the interesting 
 report made to Pope Julius III. by Cardinal Pole's messen- 
 ger returned from England. (Calendar of Venetian State 
 Papers, vol. S, pp. 429-432.) 
 
 Ib.-^The Einperor and his son would not do amiss. — They 
 thought so too. On September 2, the day after Guaras's 
 words were written, Charles V., who was in Flanders, des- 
 patched Diego de Azevedo on a mission to his son in 
 Spain. Azevedo arrived at Aranjuez on September 16, and 
 Philip immediately began to prepare for his departure to 
 England, although the match was not sanctioned by the 
 English Council until November, and Philip's own envoys 
 did not arrive in England until December 27. 
 
 lb. — In case of the death of the Prince's son. — The unfor- 
 tunate Don Carlos, Philip's son by his deceased wife, then 
 a boy of eight. 
 
 lb. — The Frenchman will invade them some day by way of 
 Scotland. — Soranzo says in his report on England to the 
 Senate of Venice : — " It is also very evident how much the 
 English writhe under the French domination of Scotland, 
 
138 NOTES. 
 
 both because it seems to them that that kingdom passed 
 out of their hands fraudulently, the young Queen— already 
 affianced to King Edward — having been carried off to 
 France ; as also because they very well know that through 
 that quarter many and most serious attacks may be made 
 upon them.'' 
 
 P. 117. — Messer Giacomo Foscarini. — The Italian text 
 calls these merchants li nostri, which testimony to the 
 original authorship is designedly omitted in the Spanish 
 version. 
 
 P. 118. — The Signory of Venice. — The Italian text has 
 Our most illustrious Signory. 
 
 lb. — The trappings of the horses. — The Italian text has 
 mules, agreeing with the accounts of the French ambassador 
 Noailles and of Raviglio Rosso. 
 
 lb. — The Marchioness of Exeter. — Accidentally omitted 
 in the Spanish version. 
 
 P. 119. — Thirty-eight years of age. — In fact she was 
 thirty-seven, having been born in February, 1516. 
 
 lb. — Of matchless beauty. — Spanish gallantry. The 
 Italian merely says that her Majesty was well enough. " Di 
 bellezza assai convenientemente ornata." Soranzo de- 
 scribes Mary's personal appearance as follows : " She is of 
 low stature, with a red and white complexion, and very 
 thin ; her eyes are light-coloured and large, and her hair 
 reddish ; her face is round, with a nose rather low and 
 wide ; and were not her age on the decline she might be 
 called handsome rather than the contrary." 
 
NOTES. 139 
 
 lb. — Covered with silver . — The MS. used by Planchd says 
 crimson velvet, and describes the Princess as attired in 
 the same stufif. The account here given agrees with that 
 of the French ambassador. Raviglio Rosso says crimson 
 velvet. 
 
 lb. — At tlie Queen's expense. — She had been obhged to 
 borrow twenty thousand pounds. 
 
 lb. — A broad street more than a mile and a half long. — 
 The procession passed through the City by way of Fen- 
 church Street, Gracechurch Street, Cornhill, Cheapside, 
 St. Paul's Churchyard, Ludgate Hill, and Fleet Street. 
 
 P. 120. — Erexerunt. — Raviglio Rosso adds that the Flo- 
 rentine arch was decorated with four statues representing 
 Pallas, Tomyris, Judith, and Mary herself, and inscribed 
 with the following bad verses : 
 
 Magnanimis per te quod pax sit parta Britannis, 
 
 Exilio ac redeunt justitia et pietas ; 
 Et virgo praestes quod vix effecerit uUus 
 
 Vir, summum qui sit vectus ad imperium ; 
 Dutn recipit virtus augustam vere coronam, 
 
 Et reddunt omnes publica vota Deae ; 
 Laeta tibi talem tribuit Florentia cultum. 
 
 Qui tamen arcane pectore major inest. 
 
 lb. — The first of October. — We here follow the Italian 
 original. The Spanish translator has so entangled himself 
 that he seems to make the procession occupy nearly a day 
 and a night, leaving the Tower on September 30, arriving at 
 Westminster Palace on October i, and immediately leav- 
 ing again for the Abbey. 
 
1 40 NOTES. 
 
 lb. — Is this the true heir to this kingdom ? — The Bishop, of 
 course, made no such concession to the vox populi, nor does 
 the ItaHan original attribute it to him. His precise words, 
 as given in the IVIS. printed by Planche, were : "Sirs, here 
 present is Mary, rightful and undoubted inheritrix by 
 the laws of God and man to the crown and royal dignity 
 of this realm of England, France, and Ireland, whereupon 
 you shall understand that this day is appointed by all the 
 Peers of this land for the consecration, inunction, and 
 coronation of the said most excellent Princess Mary ; 
 will you serve at this time, and give your wills and assent 
 to the same consecration, inunction, and coronation t " 
 
 P. 121. — To hear the sermon. — This discourse, which was 
 preached by the Bishop of Chichester, treated of the obedi- 
 ence due to monarchs from their subjects. 
 
 P. 122. — A great hall hard by. — Westminster Hall. 
 
 lb. — For that day only. — His permanent office was that 
 of Lord High Steward. 
 
 lb. — Read out a challenge thus. — The precise words 
 were : — " If there be any manner of man, of what estate, 
 degree, or condition soever he be, that will say and maintain 
 that our Sovereign Lady, Queen Mary the First, this day 
 here present, is not the rightful and undoubted inheritrix 
 to the imperial crown of this realm of England, and that 
 of right she ought not to be crowned Queen, I say he lieth 
 like a false traitor, and that I am ready the same to 
 maintain with him whilst I have breath in my body, either 
 now at this time or at any other time, whensoever it shall 
 
NOTES. 141 
 
 please the Queen's Highness to appoint, and thereupon 
 the same I cast him my gage." 
 
 P. 123. — Who for her magnificence, etc. — The translator 
 here tampers designedly with his original, applying to the 
 Queen herself what the Italian says of her coronation. 
 
 lb. — / know. — Italian, " it is believed." 
 
 lb. — Timely. — Here we follow the Italian, the sense of 
 which has been misunderstood by the Spanish translator. 
 
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APPENDIX. 
 
APPENDIX. 145 
 
 The sayinge of John late Duke of Northum- 
 berland, vpon the scaffolde at the tyme of 
 his execution. 
 
 Good people, all you that be here preset to see me dye. 
 Though my death be odvouse and horrible to the flesh, yet I 
 pray you iudge the beste in goddes workes, for he doth all for 
 the best. And as for me, I am a wretched synner, & haue 
 deserued to dye, and moost iustly am condempned to dye by a 
 law. And yet this acte wherefore I dye, was not altogither of me 
 (as it is thoughte) but I was procured and induced therevnto by 
 other. I was I saye induced therevnto by other, howbeit, God 
 forbyd that I shoulde name any man vnto you, I wyll name no 
 man vnto you, & therfore I beseche you loke not for it. 
 
 I for my parte forgeue all men, and praye God also to forgeue 
 the. And yf I haue offended anye of you here, I praye you and 
 all the worlde to forgeue me : and moost chiefly I desire 
 forgeuenes of the Quenes highnes, whome I haue most 
 greuouslye offended. Amen sayde the people. And I pray you 
 all to witnes with me, that I depart in perfyt loue and charitie 
 with all the worlde, & that you wyll assiste me with youre 
 prayers at the houre of death. 
 
 And one thinge more good people I haue to saye vnto you, 
 whiche I am chiefly moued to do for discharge of my conscience, 
 & that is to warne you and exhorte you to beware of these 
 
 L 
 
146 APPENDIX. 
 
 seditiouse preachers, and teachers of newe doctryne, whiche 
 pretende to preache Gods worde, but in very deede they preache 
 theyr own phansies, who were neuer able to explicate the selues, 
 they know not to day what they wold haue to morowe, there is 
 no stay in theyr teaching & doctryne; they open the boke, but 
 they cannot shut it agayne. Take hede how you enter into 
 stfaflge opinions or newe doctryne, whiche hath done no smal 
 hurte in this realme, and hath iustlye procured the ire Snd wrath 
 of god upon us, as well maye appeare who so lyst to call to 
 remebriiunce the Inanyfbld plages that this realme hath ben 
 touched with all synce we disseuered oure selues from the 
 catholyke church of Christ, and from the doctryne whiche hath 
 ben receailed by y' holy apostles, martyrs, and all saynctes, and 
 vsed throughe all realmes christened since Christ. 
 
 And I Verely beleue, that all the plagues that haue chaunced 
 to this realme of late yeares syhce' afore the death of kynge 
 Henrye the eyght, hath iustly fallen vpoh us; for that we haue 
 deuyded our selfe from the rest of Christendome wherof we are but 
 as a sparke in compariso. Haue we not had warre, famyne, 
 pestylence, y* death of our kinge, rebellion, sedicion amonge our 
 selues, conspiracies. Haue We not had sondrye erronious 
 opinios spronge up amonge us in this realme, synce we haue 
 forsake the vnitie of the catholyke Churche : and what other 
 plagues be there that we haue not felt 
 
 And yf this be not able to moue you, then loke vpon 
 Germanye, whiche synce it is fallen into this scysme and diuision 
 from the vnitie of the catholike church is by continuall dissention 
 and discorde, broughte almoost to vtter ruyne & decaye. 
 Therfore, leste an vtter ruyne come amonge you, by prouokynge 
 to niuche the iuste vengeaGce of God, take up betymes these 
 
APPENDIX. 147 
 
 contentions, & be not ashamed to returne home agayne, and 
 ioyne youre selues to the rest of Christen realmes. and. so 
 shall you brynge your selues againe to be membres of Christes 
 bodye, for he canot be head of a dyfformed or monstruous body. 
 
 Loke vpon your crede, haue you not there these wordes : I 
 beleue in the holy ghost, the holy catholik churche, the 
 communio of saynctes, which is the vniuersall ruiraber of all 
 iaythfuU people, professynge Christe, dispersed throughe the 
 vniuersall worlde : of whiche number I truste to be one. I 
 could bryng many njo thinges for this purpose, albeit I am 
 unlearned, as all you knowe, but this shall sufiSce. 
 
 And hearel do protest unto you good people, moost earnestly 
 euen from the bottorae of my harte, y^ this .which I haue spoken 
 is of my sdfe, not beyng required nor moued therynto by any 
 man, nor for any flattery, or hope of life, and I take wytnes of 
 my lord of Worcestre here, myne olde frende and gostely father, 
 that he founde me in this mynde and opinion when he came to 
 me : but 1 haue declared this onely upon myne owne mynde and 
 affection, for discharge of my conscience, & for the zeale and 
 loue that I beare to my naturall countreye. I coulde good 
 people reherse muche more euen by experience that I haue of this 
 euyl that is happened to this realme by these occasions, but you 
 knowe I haue another thyng to do, whervnto I must prepare me, 
 for the tyme draweth awaye. 
 
 And nowe I beseche the Queues highnes to forgeue me myne 
 offences agaynst hex maiestie, wherof J haue a singular hope, 
 forasmuch as she hath alredy extended her goodnes & clemency 
 so farre upon me that where as she myghte forthwith without 
 iudgement or any further tryall, haue put me to moste vyle & 
 cruell death, by hanging, drawing, a^nd quartering, forasmuch as I 
 
148 APPENDIX. 
 
 was in the feild in armes agaynst her highnesse, her maiestie 
 neuertheles of her most mercyfuU goodnes suffred me to be 
 brought to my iudgement, and to haue my tryall by the lawe, where 
 I was most iustly & worthelye condempned. And her highnes 
 hath now also extended her mercye and clemencye upon me for 
 the manner and kynde of my death. And therefore my hoope 
 is, that her grace of her goodnes wyl remyt al the rest of her 
 indignation and displeasure towardes me, whiche I beseche you 
 all moost hartely to praye for, and that it may please God longe 
 to preserue her maiestie to reigne ouer you in muche honour 
 and felicitie. Amg, sayd the people. 
 
 And after he hadde thus spoken he kneeled down, sayinge to 
 them that were about : I beseche you all to beare me wytnesse 
 that I dye in the true catholyke fayth, and then sayde the 
 Psalmes of Miserere, and De Profundis, and his Pater nostre in 
 Latin, and sixe of y° fyrste verses of the psalme In te domine 
 speraut endynge with this verse. Into thy handes O lorde I 
 comend my spirite. And when he had thus finished his prayers, 
 the executioner asked him forgeuenes, to whom he sayde : I 
 forgeue y" with all my harte, and doo thy parte without feare. 
 And bowynge towarde y° block he sayd. I haue deserued a 
 thousand deths, and thervpon he made a crosse vpon the strawe, 
 and kyssed it, and layde his heade upon the blocke, and so 
 dyed. 
 
 Imprinted at London by John Cawood, printer to the Quenes 
 highnes, dwellynge in Pauls Chuichyarde at the sygne of 
 the holy gost. 
 
 Cum piiuilegio ad imprimendum solum. 
 
APPENDIX. 149 
 
 An inhibition of the Queene, for Preachyng, 
 Printyng, &c. 
 
 The Quenes hyghnes well remembryng what great incon- 
 uenience and daungers haue growen to this her hyghnes Realme 
 in tymes past through the diuersitie of opinions in questions of 
 Religion, and hearing also that now of late, sithens the 
 begynnyng of her most gracious reigne, the same contentions bee 
 agayne much renued through certeine false and vntrue reportes 
 and rumours spread by some lyght and euill disposed persons, 
 hath thought good to do so vnderstand to all her hyghnes most 
 lovyng subiectes her most gracious pleasure in maner folowyng. 
 
 First, her Maiesty beyng presently by the onely goodnes of 
 God, setled in her iust possession of the Imperiall crowne of this 
 Realme, and other dominions thereunto belongyng, can not now 
 hyde that religion which God and the world knoweth she hath 
 euer professed from her infacie hetherto, which as her Maiestie 
 is minded to obserue and maynteine for her selfe by Gods grace 
 duryng her tyme, so doth her highnes much desire and would be 
 glad the same were of all her subiects quietly and charitably 
 embraced. And yet she doth signifie vnto al her maiesties 
 louyng subiectes, that of her most gracious disposition and 
 clemency, her highnes mindeth not to compell any her sayd 
 subiectes thereunto, vnto such tyme as further order by common 
 
ISO APPENDIX. 
 
 assent may be taken therein : forbyddyng neuertheles all her 
 subiectes of all degrees, at their perils to moue seditios, or styrre 
 unquietnes in her people by interpretyng the lawes of this 
 Realme after their braynes and fantasies, but quietly to continue 
 for the tyrae, till (as before is sayd) further order may be taken, 
 and therefore willeth and straitely chargeth and commaundeth all 
 her sayd good louyng subiectes to liue togethers in quiet sorte 
 and Christen charitie, leauyng those new founde deuilishe termes 
 of Papiste or Hereticke, and such lyke, and applying their whole 
 cares, study and trauaile to lyue in the feare of God, exercisyng 
 theyr conuersations in such' charitable and godly doyng, as their 
 lyues may in dede expresse that great hflger and thyrst of Gods 
 glory and holy worde, which by rashe talke and wordes many 
 have preteded : and in so doyng, they shall best please God, and 
 lyue without daungers of the lawes, and maintayne the tran- 
 quillitie of the Realme, whereof as her hyghnes shalbe most glad, 
 so if any man shall rashely presume to make any asseblies of 
 people, or at any publicke assemblies or otherwise shall go about 
 to stirre the people to disorder or disquiet, she mindeth, 
 accordyng to her dutie, to see the same most surely reformed 
 and punished according to her highnes lawes. 
 
 And furthermore for asmuch also, as it is well knowe that 
 sedition and false rumors haue bene nourished and mayntained 
 in this Realme by the subtiltie and malice of some euill disposed 
 persons, which take upon them without sufficient authoritie to 
 preach and to interprete the worde of God after their owne 
 brayne in Churches and other places, both publicke and priuate : 
 and also by playing of Enterludes, & Printyng of false fonde 
 bokes, Ballades, Rymes, & other leude treatyses in the English 
 tounge cocernyng doctrine in matters now in question, and 
 
APPENDIX. 151 
 
 controuersie touchyng the hygh poyntes and mysteries of 
 Christen Religion, which bookes, Ballettes, Rymes and treatyses, 
 are chiefly by the Printers & Stationers set out to sale to her 
 graces subiectes of an euill zeale, for lucre & couetous of vyle 
 gayne : her highnes therefore straitly chargeth and commaundeth 
 all and euery of her sayd subiectes, of what soeuer state, 
 condition or degree they be, that none of them presume from 
 hence forth to preach, or by way of readyng .in Churches or 
 other publicke or priuate places, except in the scholes of the 
 Uniuersitie, to interprete or teach any Scriptures or any maner 
 poyntes of doctrine concernyng Religio, neither also to print any 
 bookes, matter, ballet, ryme, Enterlude, processe, or treatyse, nor 
 to play any interlude except they haue her graces speciall licence 
 in writyng for the same, upon payne to incurre her hyghnes 
 indignation and displeasure. 
 
 And her highnes also further chargeth and commaudeth all 
 and euery her bayd subiectes, that none of them of their owne 
 authoritie do presume to punish, or to ryse agaynst any 
 offendour in the causes aboue sayd, or any other offendour in 
 wordes or deedes in the late rebellion committed or done by the 
 Duke of Northumberland or hys complices, or to sease any of 
 theyr goods, or violently to vse any such offender by striking or 
 imprJsonyng, or threatnyng the same, but wholy to referre the 
 punishment of all such offenders vnto her highnes and publicke 
 authoritie, whereof her Maiesty mindeth to see due punishmet 
 accordyng to the order of her highnes lawes. 
 
 Neuerthelesse, as her hyghnes mindeth not hereby to restraine 
 and discourage any of her louyng subiectes, to geue from tyme to 
 tyme true information agaynst any such offenders in the causes 
 aboue sayd unto her grace or her Counsaile, for the punishment 
 
152 APPENDIX. 
 
 of euery such offender, according to the effect of her highnes 
 lawes prouided in that parte : so her sayd highnes exhorteth and 
 straitly chargeth her said subiectes to obserue her commaunde- 
 ment and pleasure in euery part aforesayd, as they will auoyde 
 her hyghnes sayd indignatio and most greuous displeasure. The 
 seuerity and rigor wherof, as her hyghnes shalbe most sory to 
 haue cause to put y" same in execution : so doth she vtterly 
 determine not to permit such vnlawfull and rebellious doynges of 
 her subiectes, wherof may ensue the dauger of her Royall estate 
 to remayne unpunished, but to see her sayd lawes touchyng 
 these poyntes to bee throughly executed, which extremityes she 
 trusteth all her sayd louyng subiectes will foresee, drede and 
 auoyde accordyngly : her sayd highnes straytely chargyng and 
 commaundyng all Maiors, Shriues, Justices of peace, Bailifes, 
 Constables and all other publicke oflficers and ministers, dili- 
 gently to see to the obseruyng and executyng of her sayd 
 commaundementes and pleasure, and to apprehend all such as 
 shall wilfully offende in this part, committyng the same to the 
 next gayle, there to remayne without bayle or mayneprise, till 
 upon certificate made to her highnes or her priuy Counsayle of 
 theyr names and doynges, and vppon examination had of their 
 offences, some further order shalbe taken for their punishment, 
 to the example of others, accordyng to the effect and tenouf of 
 the lawes aforesayd. Geuen at our manour of Richmond the 
 xviii. of Auguste in the fyrst yeare of our most prosperous 
 reygne. 
 
 Woodfall & Kinder, Printers, 70 to 76, Long Acre, London, W.C.