BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OP Hetirg m. Sage X891 ^..jL,2..JL..f.j;.J..... S:/IZ7/J.f.. Cornell University Library QL 708 .B82M7 Catalogue of monkeys, lemurs and fruit- 3 1924 024 782 678 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924024782678 CATALOGUE MONKEYS, LEMIJRS, FRUIT-EATING BATS COLLECTION BRITISH MUSEUM. BY Db. J. E. GRAY, F.R.S. &c. LONDON: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 1870. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, BED LION COUBT, FLEET STREET. PREFACE. The object of the present Catalogue is to give a list of all the genera and species of the Monkeys, Lemurs j-Colugoes, and Frugivorous Bats in the British-Museum Collection, with references to other species described from other collections. The letters B.M. after a specific name denote the species that are now contained in the Collection ; and the absence of those letters indicates the species which are desi- derata, and therefore desirable to be procured for the Collection. The woodcuts are the same as were prepared to illustrate papers published in the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society,' which are kindly lent by the Council of that Society for the purpose. These sheets were printed in 1867, when the printing was inter- rupted by my iH health, and have been detained in the hope that I should be able to revise the remainder of the manuscript, which I still hope to print in a separate part at a future time. JOHN EDWAED GKAY. British Museum, December 1, 1870. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page Class 1. DIADnilALIA . . 1 Subclass 1. Unguiculata. 1, 2 Order I. PRIMATES .. 1,2 Suborder I. BIMANA .... 2, 3 Fam. I. HoMiNiDiE .... 2,3 Gen. Homo 3 sapiens 3 Suborder n. QUADRU- MANA 2,4 Fam. II. S1MIAD.S! 2, 4 Section A. Anthropoid .... 4, 6 Tribe I. Simima 4, 6 Gen. 1. MiMBTES 4, 6 troglodytes. W. Africa. . 6, 127 Gen. 2. Gobilla 4, 7 Savagei. Gaboon 7, 127 Gen. 3. Simia 4, 8 satyrus. Sumatra 8 Tribe n. Hylohatitia 4, 9 Gen. 4. Siamanga 4, 9 syndacWa. Siunatra .... 9 Gen. 5. Hyi.obatbs 4, 9 lar. Malacca &c 10 pileatus. Siam 10 leucogenys 11 hoolock. India 11 Rafflesii. Sumatra .... 11 agilis. Sumatra 12 leuciscus. Java 12 Section B. Quadrupedal . . 4, 12 Tribe in. Preshytina 4, 12 Gen. 6. Nasalis 4, 12 larvatus. Borneo 13 Gen. 7. Lasiopyga 5, 13 nemeus. Cochin China. . 13 Gen. 8. Sbmnopithecus . . 5, 13 leucoprymnus. Ceylon . . 14 cucullatus. India 14 obscurus. Malacca?.... 14 Johnii. India 14 entellus, Bombay .... 14 albipes. Madras 15 maurus. Java 16 cristatus. Sumatra .... 15 femoralis. Singapore . . 16 frontatus. Borneo .... 16 Page mitratus. Java 16 siamensis. Malay Islands 16 melalophus. Sumatra . . 16 nobilis. Sumatra 17 rubicundus. Borneo .... 17 Gen. 9. Oolobus 5, 17, 127 satanas. Fernando Po. . 17 polycomus. Fernando Po and Sierra Leone .... 18 angolensis. Angola .... 18 bicolor. W. Africa .... 18 Kirkii. W. & E. Africa . 127 ferruginea. W. Africa. . 18 cristatus. W. Africa 19, 128 Gen. 10. Gtjebeza 6, 19 RUppellii. Abyssinia and W. Africa 19 Tribe IV. Cercopithecina . . 6, 19 Gen. 11, M10PITHBCTJ8 . . 5, 19 talapoin. W.Africa.... 20 Gen. 12. Cebcopithbcus 5,20,128 cephus. W. Africa .... 20 petaurista. Africa .... 20 melanogenys. W. Africa 21 Martinii. Fernando Po, . 21 nictitans. Fernando Po and Guinea 21 ludio. Africa 21 erythrotis. Fernando Po 21 Diana. W. Africa 22 leucocampyx. Africa . . 22 mona, Senegal 22 pogonias. W.Africa. ... 23 Erxlebenii. W. Africa 23 erythrogaster. W. Africa 128 Pluto. Angola 23 Campbellii. W, Africa 24 albogularis. E. Africa . . 24 samango. S. Africa .... 24, 128 Gen. 13. Chlokocebus . . 5, 24 ruber. W. & N. Africa 25 pygerythrus. S. Africa. . 25 rufo-viridis. Mossambique 25 sabaeus. W. Africa .... 25 engythithea. Abyssinia. . 26 cynosiu-us. W. Africa . . 26 CONTENTS. Page Gen. 14. Oebcocebus .... 5, 26 fBthiops. Afiica 27 fuliginosus. W.Africa.. 27 coUaris. W. Africa .... 27 albigena. Africa 27, 128 Gen. 15. Macacus 5, 28 sinicus. Madras 28 pUeatus. India 29 nemestrinus. Sumatra . . 29 melanotus. Madras .... 29 Pelops. N. India 30 problematicua. Assam. . 128 cristatus 30 cynomolgus. India .... SO aasamensis. Siam 31 Rhesus. India 31 cyclopis. Formosa .... 128 Sancti-Johannis. Hong- Kong ]29 speoiosus. Japan 31 ochreatus 32 inornatus. Borneo .... 129 lasiotuB. China 129 Gen. 16. Silbnus 5, 32 veter. India 32 Gen. 17. Inuus 5, 82 ecaudatus. N. Africa . . 32 Gen. 18. Gblada 5, 83 Kiippellii. Africa 33 Gen. 19. Cynopithecus . . 6, 33 niger. Philippines .... 33 Tribe V. OynocephaKna. ... 5, 34 Gen. 20. Hamadbyas .... 6, 34 ajgyptiaca. N. Africa . . 34 Gen. 21. Cynocephaltjs. . 5,34 porcarius. S. Africa . . 34 anubis. Guinea 34 Thoth. Abyssinia 35 babouin. W. Afiica. ... 35 sphinx. W. Africa .... 35 Gen. 22. Chjbbopithbcus 5, 35 leucophsBus. Africa .... 35 Gen. 23. Mormon 5, 36 maimon. Africa 36 Fam. m. OEBiDiE 2, 36 Section A. Gymnura 36, 38 Tribe I. Mycetina 36, 38 Gen. 1. Mycetes 36, 38 ursinus. Brazil 39 seniculus. Brazil 89 bicolor. Brazil 40 laniger. Columbia .... 40 palliatus. Caraccas .... 40 auratus. Brazil 40 caraya. Brazil 41 barbatus. Brazil 41 Pago Beelzebul. Brazil 41 tillosus. Brazil 41 Tribe II. Lagotrichina .... 36, 41 Gen. 2. Atblbs 36, 41, 130 ater. Brazil 42 paniscus. Guiana, Peru . 42 fusciceps. S. America. . 42 grisescens. S. America.". 42 cucullatus. S. America . . 42 marginatus. Brazil .... 43 hybridus. Nicaragua . . 43 melanoohir. Caraccas . . 43 ornatus. S. America. ... 44 albifrons. S. America . . 44 Belzebuth. Brazil .... 44 veUerosus. Brazil 44 Bartlettii. E. Peru 130 Gen. 3, Bbachytblbs .... 36, 45 arachnoides. Brazil .... 45 Gen. 4. Lagothbix ...... 36, 45 Humboldtii. Columbia . 46 infumatus. Brazil 46 Section B. Trichiura 37, 46 Tribe III. Cebina 37, 46 Gen. 5. Cbbus 87, 46, 130 leucogenys. Brazil .... 48 Apella. Brazil 48 pallidus. Bolivia 49 cirrifer. S. America. ... 49 veUerosus. Brazil 49 capucinus. Brazil 49 lanthocephalus. Paraguay 50 albifrons. S. America . . 60 hypoleucus. C. America 50 leucocephalus. Columbia 50 flavescens. Brazil 51 robustus. Brazil 51 annellatus. S.America.. 51 chrysopus. Brazil ? . . . . 51 subcristatus. S. America 52 capillatus. Brazil 52 Tribe IV. Callitrichina 37, 52 Gen. 6. Ohbysothkix .... 52 soiureus. Brazil 68 ustus. Brazil 63 entomophagus. Bolivia . 53 Gen. 7. Callithbix 37, 54 cuprea. Brazil 64 amictus. Guiana 54 torquatus. Brazil ^ 55 donacophilus. Bolivia . . 55 Moloch. Brazil 65 omatus. New Granada 56 personatus. Brazil .... 66 nigrifrons. Brazil ...... 56 castaneoventris. Brazil . 66 CONTBNTS. Vll Pago melanochir. Brazil .... 57 fflgo. Biazil 57 Tnbe V. Nyctipithecina .... 37, 67 Gen. 8. Nyctipithecus . . 87, 57 trivirgatus. Peru 58 Oommersonii. Brazil . . 58 lemuiinus. Columbia . . 58 Tribe VI. Pithecina 37, 68 Gen. 9. Pithbcia 37, 68 leucocephala. Brazil . . 59 monachus. Brazil .... 59 albicans. Brazil 59 ruflventer. Brazil 60 Tribe VII. Brachyurim . . 37, 60 Gen. 10. Chikopotes 37, 60 sagulata. Guiana 60 Satanas. Brazil 61 ater. Brazil ? 61 albinasa. Brazil 61 Gen. 11. OuAKAMA ...... 37, 61 melanocephala. Brazil. . 62 rubicunda. Brazil 62 calva. Brazil 62 Tribe Vm. Hapalina 37, 62 Gen. 12. Hapale .... 37, 62, 130 aurita. Brazil 63 Gen. 13. JACCHtrs 37, 63 vulgaris. Brazil 63 Gen. 14 Cebtjella 37, 64 pygmsea. Brazil 64 Gen. 14a. Micoblla .... 130 sericeus. Brazil 131 chrysoleucos. Brazil . . 131 Gen. 16. Mico 37, 64 melanurus. Brazil .... 64 Gen. 16. Leontopithbctjs 37, 64 Eosalia. Brazil 65 chrysomelas. Brazil. ... 65 Gen. 17. CEdiptjs 37, 65 titi. Brazil 65 Geofiroyi. Panama .... 65 Gen. 18. Midas 38, 66, 180 mystax. Peru 66 labiatus. Brazil 66 ruflventer. Brazil 66 leucogenys. Brazil .... 67 flavifrons. Brazil 67 ursulus. Brazil 68 Gen. 19. SBNioCBsrs .... 38, 68 bicolor. Brazil 68 Fam. rV. Lbmxtbid.«:. .2,68,131 Tribe I. Lemurina 69,70,132 Gen. 1. Vabecia 69, 70 varia. Madagascar .... 70, 132 rubra. Madagascar .... 71 leucomystax. Madagascar 72,132 Page Gen. 2. Lemur 69, 72 catta. Madagascar .... 72 Gen. 3. Pbosimia 69,73,132 albifrons. Madagascar. . 73 nigrifrons. Madagascar 73 melanocephala. Madagascar 73 mongoz. Madagascar . . 74 rufifrons. Madagascar . . 74 xanthomystax. Madagascar 74 coronata. Madagascar . . 75 albimana. Madagascar. . 75 aniuanensis. Madagascar 75 coUaris. Madagascar . . 76 flavifrons. Madagascar. . 132 Gen. 4. Hapalemub . .69, 76, 133 griseuB. Madagascar . . 76, 133 Gen. 4 a. Pboiemub simus. Madagascar Gen. 5. Cheiboralbus Milii. Madagascar . . typicus. Madagascar Gen. 5a. Azbma Smithii. Madagascar Tribe 11. Gcdagonina ...... Gen. 6. Otogalb Gamettii. Port Natal . . crassicaudata. E. & W. Afr. 80 Monteiri. West Afiica. . 80 pallida. Fernando Po . . 81 Gen. 7. Galago 69, 82 133 . 133 . 69,77 77 .78,133 . 132 .78,134 69,79 69,79 79 Allenii. West Africa . . maholi. South Africa . . senegalen.sis. W. Africa sennariensis. Sennaar . . Demidofiii. West Africa Gen. 8. Lbpilbmitr . .69, 86, 134 mustelinus. Madagascar 136 dorsalis. Madagascar . . 135 Gen. 8 a. Mubilemuh . . murinus. Madagascar . Gen. 86. Phaneb furcifer. Madagascar Gen. 8c. Mibza Goquerelii. Madagascar 82 83 84 84 86 134 87, 135 135 88, 135 135 136 Tribe III. Mierorhynchina Gen. 9. Miceoehynchus laniger. Tribe IV. 69,89 69, 89, 136 Madagascar . . 90, 136 Indridna 69, 90 Gen. 10. Pbopithbcus . . 69, 90 diadema. Madagascar . . 90 Verreauxii. Madagascar 136 Damonis. Madagascar . . 137 Gen. 11. Indeis 69, 90 brevicaudatus. Madagascar 91 Tribe V. Lorisina 69, 92 CONTENTS. Gen. 12. Nycticebus 69, 92 tardigradus. Borneo . . 92 javanicus. Java 92 cinereus. Siam 137 Gen. 13. LoBis 69, 93 gracilis. India 93 Tnbe VI. Pei-odicticina 69, 93 Gen. 14. Pbbodicticus . . 69, 93 potto. West Africa .... 93 Gen. 16. AiiCTOCEBtrs .... 69, 94 calabarensis. W. Africa 95 Fam. V. Tabshdje 2, 96 Gen. 1. TABsrtJS 96 spectrum. Borneo .... 96 Fam. VI. Daubento- NIIDiE 2, 96 Gen. 1. Datjbbntonia .... 96 madagascariensis. Mada- gascar 97,137 Suborder HI. DERMO- PTERA 3,97 Fam. VII. Galeopithb- ciDiE 3,97 Gen. 1. Galeopithecus 97 volana. Java 97 philippinensia. Philippines 98 Gen. 2. Gaibolbmuh,. ... 97, 98 macrurus. Ceylon .... 98 Suborder IV. OHIRO- PTERA 8, 98 Fam. VIII. Ptekopid^ . . 3, 98 Tribe I. Pteropina 99, 100 Gen. 1. Spbctbttm 99, 100 vulgare. I. Bourbon . . 100 rubricoUe. Cape and Mauritius 101 dasymallum. Japan . . 101 anetiauum. N. Hebrides 101 leucopterum. Philippines 102 Gen. 2. Ptebopus 99, 102 conspicillatus. Eastern Australia 103 Edwardsii. Africa .... 103 medius. India 103 Kelaartii. Ceylon .... 104 funereus. Australia . . 104 poliocephalus. Australia 104 jubatus. Philippines . . 106 mysolensis. I. My sol . . 105 omatus. New Caledonia 106 Floresii. Flores 106 loochoensis. Looohoo 106 argentatus. Amboyna ? 106 caniceps. Batchian . . 107 nawaiensis. Fiji Is. . . 107 Page flavicollis. Fiji Is 107 Geddiei. New Hebrides 107 afiinis. Jilolo 108 tricolor. Temate .... 108 Rayneri. Solomon Is. 108 Elseyi. N.E. Australia 108 vitiensis. Viti Islands 109 Livingstonii. Africa . . 109 urainus. I. of Bonin . . 110 Macklotii. Timor 110 hypomelas. Aru Is. . . 110 griseus. Timor 110 chinensis. China .... Ill personatus. Temate . . Ill WaUacei. Macassar . . Ill Gen. 3. Eunyctbeis 99, 112 phaiops. Hatubello . . 113 Tribe II. Macroglossina . . 99, 113 Gen. 4. Notoptbeis .... 99, 114 Macdonaldii. Fiji 114 Gen. 5. Maceoglossus. . 99, 114 minimus. Java 115 Gen. 6. Xanthabpyia . . 99, 115 seminuda. Ceylon .... 1J5 straminea. Attica .... 116 Gen. 7. Elbuthebuea . . 99, 116 segjyptiaca. N. Africa. . 117 umcolor. W. Africa . . 117 coUaris. S. Africa .... 118 marginata. India .... 118 fuliginosa. Siam .... 118 infumata. Flores .... 118 fusca. India ? 119 phUippinenais. Philippines 119 Tribe III. CephaloUna . . 99, 119 Gen. 8. Cephalotes .... 99, 119 Peronii. Timor 119 Tribe IV. Harpyiana 100, l20 Gen. 9. Habpyia 100, 120 cephalotes. Georgia I. 121 albiventer. Morty I. . . 121 Tribe V. Cynopterina .... 100, 121 Gen. 10. CYNOPTBEtrs ..100,121 marginatus. India .... 122 collaris. West Africa. . 123 Gen. 11. Mbg^sea 100, 123 ecaudata. Sumatra. . . . 124 Tribe VI. Epomophorina 100, 124 Gen. 12. Hypsignathtjs 100, 124 monstrosus. W. Africa 124 Gen. 13. Epomophoetts 100, 126 macrocephalus. W. Africa 125 gambianus. Gambia . . 126 Gen. 14. Epomops 100, 126 Franqueti. West Africa 126 CATALOGUE OF MAMMALIA. Class 1. MAMMALIA. Vertebrate animals, more or less covered with tair, and furnished with milk-giving mammary glands ; respiring by lungs ; having a heart with two ventricles and two auricles, circulating warm blood, enclosed in a thorax, separated from the abdominal viscera by a diaphragm ; viviparous ; the young nourished with milk. Synopsis op Ordees. I. Quadrupeds, or bipeds, tvith thejingers and toes elongate, flexible, and armed with claws or nails. XJnguiculata. Order I. Phimatbs. Teeth of three sorts. Thumb and great toe opposable to the fingers or toes. Teats pectoral. Penis free. Order II. Fbb^. Teeth of three sorts. Thumb not opposable. Teats • ventral. Penis in a sheath. Order III. Glibbs. Teeth of two sorts ; cutting-teeth large ; canines wanting. Penis in a sheath. Teats ventral. II. Quadrupeds, uiith the toes short, enclosed in the skin and armed with hoofs. Ungulata. Order IV. Bbuta. Teeth aU of one kind or entirely wanting. Hoof often compressed, elongate. Order V. Pbcoba. Teeth of two or three kinds. Stomach complicated. Front of upper jaw toothless, callous. Toes in pairs. Hoofs triangular. Order VI. Bbllu^. Teeth of three kinds. Stomach simple. Upper cutting-teeth distinct. Skin thick, nearly naked. Hoofs triangular or uail-Uke. TTT, Limbs Jim-like. Body elongate,Jish-like, with an expanded horizontal tail. Nostrils valmdar. Order VH. Sibbnia. Nostrils normal, moderate, in front of the nose. Teeth of two or three kinds. Order VHI. Obte. Nostrils large, subvertical, on the crown, far from the mouth. Teeth all similar or wanting. / V- Subclass I. Unguiculata. Bipeds, or quadrumana, wUh thejmgert and foes elongate, Jlexibh, and armed with claws or nails. Order I. PRIMATES. The front and often the hind limbs -with a distinct thumb opposable to the fingers or toes. Teats two or four on the chest. Penis free, pendulous. Cutting-teeth |, -f, or ^. The fingers and toes are usually long and flexible, clawed. Primates, I/inn. The Aye- Aye (Daubentonia) has only two kinds of teeth, similar in form to the Olires ; but it has the other characters of Primates. In some Monkeys of the Eastern and Western iffemispheres the thumb of the hand is small, or entirely wanting. In the Monkeys of the Western Hemisphere it is generally not opposable to the fingers ; but their hands are so like the hands of other Monkeys that no one can mistake them for the fore feet of other Mammalia, and they have the rest of the characters of the Primates. Synopsis of Stjiboedbes ahd Families. Suborder I. Bimana. Hamd only with an opposable thumb. Family 1. HoMrrao^. Cutting-teeth f , contiguous, opposed. Suborder II. Quadbumana. Hands and feet with an opposable thumb and great toe. * Teeth of three hinds. Family 2. Simiad^. Cutting- teeth #, contiguous, erect, .opposed. Nostrils in front of nose, separated by a narrow septum. Claws all alike, of thumb broad. Grinders f . |-. Buttocks often callous. Eastern Hemisphere. Family 3. Oebidje. Cutting-teeth f , contiguous, opposed, erect or suberect. Nostrils on side of nose, separated by a very broad septum. Claws all alike, of thumb broad. Grinders f . f , rarely I . I". Buttocks hairy. Western Hemisphere. Family 4. LBMUBina;. Cutting-teeth fori-, dissimilar, upper small, separate in pairs, vertical ; lower larger, contiguous, shelving. Claw of the second toe subulate; the others flat. Eastern Hemisphere. Family 5. Tabshd^. Cuttmg-teeth |, subsimilar, erect ; upper large, conical, lower small, contiguous. Claws of the second and third toes subulate ; the others flat. Asia. ** Teeth of only two kinds. Canines none. Family 6. DAUBBNTONnD^. Cutting-teeth f, compressed, very large, with a space between them and the grinders. Claw of thumb flat, of flngers acute. Middle fingers elongate, slender. HOMINIDJ!. O Suborder HI. Debmopteba. lAinbs enclosed in an expansion of the skin. Fingers and toes short, webbed, with opposable thumbs. Family 7. Gaieopithbcid^. Suborder IV. Chibopteba. lAmhs and the very greatly elongated fingers of the hand enclosed in a skin. Thumb and great toe free. Family 8. Ptbbopid^. Tlie grinders bluntly tubercular, the cutting- teetb crowded between tbe canines. Nostrils pierced in tne nose. Eastern Hemisphere. Family 9. Phyllostomid^. The grinders acutely tubercular. Nos- trils pierced in a special disk ending behind in a more or less elevated leaf. Canmes close ; intermaxillary developed, narrow ; the cutting-teeth crowded between the canines. Tail in inter- femoral membrane. Western Hemisphere. Family 10. Rhinolophid.*). The grinders acutely tubercular. Nostrils pierced in a special disk which is often complicated in ■front. Canines far apart; intermaxillary rudimentary or deficient; cutting-teeth small, deciduous. Eastern Hemisphere. Family 11. NocTiLiO]snD.a). The gi-inders acutely tubercular. The nostrils simply pierced in the nose. Tail partly free, on upper surface or at the end of the truncated interfemoral membrane. Both Hemispheres. Family 12. VBSPEBTii,ioNrD.ffl;. The grinders acutely tubercular. Nostrils simply pierced in the nose. Tail entirely enveloped and continued to the end of the conical interfemoral mem- brane. Both Hemispheres. Suborder I. BIMANA. Bimana, Cuvier. Hand with an opposable thumb. The great toe on the same level as the other toes. Fam. 1. HOMINID.^. The feet flat, formed for walking, the great toe in the same Hue with the rest ; not opposable. Nose prominent on the nearly erect face. Chin prominent. Pelvis wide. Walking erect. Having the power of communicating his knowledge and ideas by speech. HOMO. Homo, Linn. Homo sapiens. B. M. Homo sapiens, Linn. Hah. The Eastern and Western Hemispheres. b2 4 SIMIADJ5. Suborder II. QUADRUMANA. The hands and feet with an opposable thumb and great toe, which have broad flat nails. Fingers and toes simUax. Quadrmnana, Ouvier. Primates, Dahlbom, 1854. Fam. II. SIMIAD^. Cutting-teeth -f, contiguous, erect, opposed. Grinders -f . -f ; teeth 32. Nostrils in front of the nose, separated by a narrow septum. Claws all aUke, of thumb flat, short. Buttocks callous, except in Simiina. Warm parts of Eastern Hemisphere. The genus Quereza has the nostrils rather wide apart in front, as in some Gebidce ; but it has five grinders in each jaw, and the African habitat and habits of Simiadce. Nyetipitheeus (a genus of Gebidce) has the nostrils placed much as in Simiadce ; but it has the number of teeth, the revolute tail, and the American habitat of Gebidce. Such exceptions to the characters of orders, families, and genera are constantly to be observed, showing that animals cannot be arranged by any single character, but by the result of a number of characters which, taken together, give the peculiarity of the group. SxKOPSis or Teibes and G-eneea. Section A. Anthropoid. The arms much longer than the legs. Walking suberect. Tail none. Tribe I. SmuNA. Bodi/ stout. Toes and fingers short. Buttocks hairy. 1. MnEETBS. The aimsreacMng to the knees. Nails flat. Ears large. Africa. 2. GoMLLA. The arms not reaching to the knees. Ears moderate. Africa. S. SiMiA. The arms reaching to the ankles. Ears moderate. Asia. Tribe n. Htlobatina. Body and limbs slender. Hands and feet long, slender. Buttocks caUotis. Asia. 4. SiAMANGA. Second and third toes united. Throat dilatile, of male bald. Face rather produced. 5. Htlobates. Second and third toes scarcely united. Throat hairy. Face nearly flat. Section B. QuADBtrpEDAi. The arms shorter than the legs, or rarely subequal. Walking on aU fours. Tail distinct. Buttocks callous. Tribein. Pbesbytina. Head rotmdish. Nostrils on the sloping face. Hands and feet very long, slender. Thumb small or wanting. Stomach complicated. a. Thumb short. Asia. 6. Nasalib, Nose very prominent. Body stout. SIMIAD^. O 7. Lasiopyga. Nose flattened. Body stout. 8. Semnopithecus. Nose flattened. Body slender. b. Thumb none or very rudimentary. Afiica. 9. Coi/OBUS. Back uniformly hairy. Nostrils close together. 10. GuBEEZA. Back with a mantle of long hairs on each side. Nos- trils rather wide apart. Tribe rV. CEBCOPiTHECrNA. Head round or ohhng. Nostrils on the slope of the face. Hands and feet short. Thumb large. Stomach simple. * Head rounded. Face short. Last lower grinder with three or four tvhercles, Afiica. 11. MiopiTHBCus. Face flat. Whiskers small. Last lower grinder with three tubercles, Africa. 12. Cbbcopithectjs. Pace short. Whiskers round. Last lower grinder with four tubercles. Africa. 13. Chlobocebits. Face rather produced. Whiskers rigid, reflexed. Last lower grinder with four tubercles. Afiica. ** Head oblong. Face more or less produced. Last lower grinder with fine tubercles. 14. Cbbcocebus. Body slender. Face black. Eyelids white. Tail elongate. Africa, 15. Macactjs. Body stout. Face more elongate. Tail long or mode- rate. Asia. 16. SiLENirs. Body stout. Face elongated. Tail moderate, tufted at the end. Neck maned. Asia. 17. iNtrus. Body stout. Face elongate. Tail none. Crown smooth. Afiica, Europe. 18. Gblada. Body stout. Face much elongated. TaU moderate, tufted. Neck maned. Africa. 19. Cynopithbctjs. Body stout. Face much elongated, swollen on sides of nose. Tail none. Crown with a compressed crest. Asia. Tribe V. CynocbphaI/Ina. Head elongate. Nostrils at the end of the truncated nose. Hands and feet short. Thumb large. Stomach simple. Last molar withjwe tubercles. Africa. 20. Hamabryas. Tail, end tufted. Neck maned. 21. Cynocbphaitts. TaU moderate. Neck not maned. 22. Ch^bopithectts. TaU very short, hairy all round. Face two- grooved, black. 23. MoBMON. Tail very short, erect, bald beneath. Face grooved, brigbt- coloured. 6 SIMIADiE. Section A. Antheopoid. The arms much longer than the legs. Walk- ing subered. Tail none. Tribe I. SIMIINA. Body and limbs stout. Toes and fingers short. Buttocks hairy. Fur bristly. Bones of Uium rather concave. Chest and pelvis broad. The face-bones are greatly produced in length as the animal advances towards adult age. Lips dilatable, very mobile. Simia anthropomorpia, Dahlbom. 1. miMETES. The arms reaching to the knees. Fingers and toes short, strong. Claws flat.' Feet wide. Ears very large. Buttocks of young hairy, of adults rather bare and callous. SkuU large ; brain-case large. Face moderate. Africa. Mimetes, Leach, Journ. de Phys. 1819 ; Ann. Phil. 1820, p. 104 ; not Vigors. Troglodytes, Geoff.; not Swaimson. Anthropopithecus, Blainv. Le Chimpans^, Ouvier. Mimetes troglodytes. The Chimpanzee. B. M. Fur black, rather harsh. Face and hands nearly naked, wrinkled, blackish. Lips and chin with short, white, scattered hairs. Eump of young sometimes white. Simia troglodytes, Gmelin. Jocko, Buffon, H. N. xi. t. 1. Pongo, Bvffon, Supp. vii. Troglodytes niger, Gceoff. T. leuooprynmus, liess. IU.Zool.t.l2. Satyiuslag&ros, Mei/en, Wiegm. Arch. 1856, p. 282. T. calvus, Su Chaillu ! * T. tachego, Duvemoy, Arch, du Mtis. viii. V. t. 1, 3, 4, 6. Simia Pan, Donovan, Nat. Repos. t. Hah. West Africa. The male and female ia the Zoological Gardens differed in the size of the head and colour of the face. Male head small, face blacker, more hairy. Female head and face larger, flesh-coloured. They may be from different locahties. Homo troglodytes, Linn., is from a fabulous account and flgure. a. Troglodytes calvus, Du Chaillu, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H. vii. p. 296, 1861 ! Trav. t. 32,48, 63'; P. Z. S. 1861, p. 273. B.M. " Front of body with the blackest hair ; neck, arms, and upper two- thirds of the back with long black hair ; lower third of back and legs Ught-brownish grey ; hands and feet black. Head bald to the level of the middle of the ears ; behind scalp black, smooth, and shin- ing ; eyebrows thin, bristly, long, and black ; face black ; eyes somewhat sunken ; nose flat ; sides of the face hairy from the ears, the hair very short ; scarcely bearded under the chin, mixed with a * Where the mark of admiration is placed after a reference, it shows that the epecimen described by that author is in the British Museum. 2. eoKiiLA. 7 few grey hairs. Ears large, somewhat smaller than in the Chim- panzee, standing out laterally for the back." Hah, Gaboon ; called. Nsefdego. The specimen received with the above name in the Museum was in too bad a state to determine with accuracy if it is distinct from T. niger. The baldness of the forehead appeared to be accidental. Dr. Franquet (Arch, du Mus. x. 1862) described a black-faced Chimpanzee as the T. tschego ; but M. du ChaUlu thinks it " only an adult of T. niger, the face of that animal being flesh-coloured when young and black when adult." b. Troglodytes Kooloo Kamha, Du Chaillu, Proc. Boston N. H. Soc. vii. p. 358, 1861 ! Trav. t. 39, 49, 50; Gray, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 273. B. M. " It differs from T. calvus in wanting the baldness, the more rounded face, the whiskers round the face, and less prominent muzzle, the higher cheek-bones, and the more hollow cheeks " From the adult T. niger in a rounder face, more prominent cheek-bones, and more hoUow cheeks ; larger ears, less prominent muzzle, and the whiskers round the face. It has a different name given to it by the natives, who call it Kooloo Kamha or Kooloo. " Hah. Ashankoo Mountains." It appears to be probable that there are two species of Troglodytes from the Gaboon. Of the skulls in the British Museum received from M. du ChaOlu, one, the common, wiU rest erect when placed on the lower jaw ; the other is so much produced behind, or the line of the lower jaw is so oblique, that it always falls backwards when so placed ; but I cannot find that the latter belongs to T. Kooloo Kamha. c. Troglodytes vellerosus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 181 ! B. M. Fur very abundant, soft, black ; of the back brown, with long brown tips to the blackish hairs. Hah. Camaroon Mountains, Burton. A skin without skull, and bones of hands and feet. 2. GORILLA. Arms elongate, not reaching to the knees. Foot short, broad; toes short, thick. Ears moderate. Throat rather naked, dilatile. Hah. AMca. Gorilla, /. Geoffroy. Satyrus, sp., Meym. Troglodytes, Savage. Gorilla Savagei. The Ingena. B. M. Male black ; loins and hind legs and feet greyish white ; crown dark red-brown. Female and young grey-brown ; crown reddish. Ingena, Bmvdich, Ashantee, p. 441, 1819. Troglodytes gorilla, Savage, Boston Journ. N. 11. 1847 ; Blainv. Osteog. t. Troglodytes Savagei, b SIMIAD^. Owm, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 29,f. 12 ! Trans. Zool. Soe. iii p. 381 ! Gorilla gina, I. Geoff. Arch, du Mm. viii. t. 2, 3, 4. Satyrua adrotes, Meym, Wiegm. Arch. 1856, p. 183. Hah. Gaboon, Bowdich, 1819. 3. SIMIA. The arms reaching to the ankles j feet long, narrow ; fingers and toes short ; claws channelled ; ears small ; head moderate ; cheeks and face elongate ; throat dilatile. The cheeks of the adult male are much enlarged and very callous. The great toe not extending to the end of the metacarpal bone ; often destitute of the claw- bearing joint. Buttocks hairy. Braia-case moderate. fioJ. Asiatic islands. Pongo, Lac^. 1798 ; KuU. Pithecus, Geoff. 1812 ; Leach, 1819 ; Cwmer, 1829. Satyrus, Ogilby, 1838 ; Lesson. Brachiopithecus, Bhinv. Simla satyrus. The Orang-outang. B. M. Bright red-brown. Jocko, Buffon, Supp. vii. p. 2. Simla satyrus, Linn. S. JV. vol. i. p. 34, 1766 ; Cfuvier ;'Geoffroy. Simia agrias, Schreb. pi. 2. f. ii. b et ii. c, 1776. Simia rufus, Lesson, Spec. Mamm. p. 40. Pithecus satyrus. Leach, Journ. Phys. 1819 ; Desm. Mamm. p. 50. Satyrus knekias, Meym, Wiegm. Arch. 1856, p. 281. Hah. Sumatra. See also a. Pithecus hicolor, Is. Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xi. t., 1843. Eed- brown ; sides, armpits, inner part of the thighs, and round the mouth pale whitish-yellow ; orbits subquadrangular. Hah. Sumatra. Mus. Paris. b. Grate Bornevosche — Ourang-outang of Wurmb, Pongo Papes TFMr?w6ra,LatreiUe ; Pongo de Borneo , Blainv. = Simia wurmhii, Fischer. Fur brown ; male with large tubercles on cheeks ; from Borneo. Is perhaps only an adult. c. Orang from Sumatra, Clark Abel, Asiatic Eesearches, xv.= Pongo Abelii, Less. ; Simia Ahelii, Fischer. d. Orang de Wallich — S. Wallichii, Blainville, Joum. de Phys. 1818. From a large half-adult skuU sent by Dr. Wallich to Paris, which, according to Is. Geoffrey, differs fi-om that of S. satyrus, and is more Uke that of S. Wurmhii. e. Simia morio, Owen, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 92; Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 168. From a skuU from Borneo with a peculiar dentition ; perhaps an accidental variety. Dr. Cantor observes that the physiognomy and colour of the face exhibit a marked dif- ference in living individuals from Sumatra and Borneo. Cat. Mamm. Malacca. f. Simia giganteus, Pearson,Journ.Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1841, p. 660. g. Pithecus Owenii, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1853, p. 369. b. Pif^cJMciwittSjBlyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1856,xxiv. p.518. 5. HTL0BATE8. Tribe II. HYLOBATINA. Body and limbs slender. Hands and feet long, slender. Buttocks callous. Hah. Asia and Asiatic islands. 4. SIAMANGA. The arms very long, reaching to the feet ; claws channelled ; the second and third toes united as far as the joint between the second and third phalanges ; the throat very dilatUe, of male naked, of female covered with hair. Skidl with an elongated, compressed face, the lower jaw nearly as wide behind as in front. Hah. Asiatic islands. Siamanga, Oray, List Mamm. B. M. p. 2. Syndactylus, Soitard. Siamanga sjrndactyla. The Siamang. B. M. Black- woolly, chin and upper Up whitish. Var. Wiate.— Baffles. Simla syndactyla, Linn. Trans. 1821 ! Pithecus syndactylus, Desm. Hylobates syndactylus, Horsf. ! Siamanga syndactyla, Chray, List Mamm. B. ilf. p. 2 ! Hah. Sumatra; Java. 5. HYLOBATES. Arms reaching to the feet ; claws channelled ; second and third toes slightly united in the males, free in the females ; throat hairy; head round. Skull with a short, less compressed face; the lower jaw much narrower at the end of the tooth-line than in front. Hah. Asia and Asiatic islands. Gibbon, Buffon, 1766. Hylobates, Illiger, 1811. BracMopithecus, partly, Blainv. The specimens of the genus are very variable in colour, and hence they have been divided into several species, the species being often described from a single individual. Some authors defend this practice by the fact that the natives of the country where they are found give them different names — that is, call a white specimen a White Unko, and a black one a Black TJnko ; but this appears to be only as we call horses white, bay, or brown, without regarding them as distinct species. When several specimens are received from the same locality, as of H. lar from Malacca, or H. jpileatiis from Siam, the general colour of the animals varies from black to grey and to white. General Hardwicke figures the specimens found in the Himalaya as varying in the same manner. Dr. Cantor and other naturalists who have had the opportunity of examining these animals alive state that there is a great variation ] SIMIAD^. in tte extent to which the toes of the hind feet are united, especially in the males of different specimens, and also sometimes they are united on one foot and free on the other of the same animal. M. Is. Geofeoy, placing faith in this character, separated a species, and formed for it a section of the genus, because in one male speci- men he had observed the second and middle toe united by a membrane to the second articulation. The species are very much alike in appearance, and are variable in colour from the same locality, so that one almost doubts their dis- tinctness. Dr. Dahlbom has stated that there is a difference in the skeletons : thus he says that the bladebone of H. Bafflesii is smooth, ■without any tubercle ; of H. leuciscus, with a single tubercle ; of ff. lar and H. agilis, with two tubercles, which are thin and distinct in the first, and thick and less distinct in the second. He also says that the arms of S. Mullerii are longer than those of H. leuciscus. The species may be divided thus : — 1. Hands and feet white ; nose rather elongate. a. "Whiskers white. No. 1. h. "Whiskers black. No. 2. 2. Hands and feet like the rest of the body. a. "Whiskers rigid, white ; frontal band none. No. 3. b. Whiskers soft, fluflfy ; frontal band white. Nos. 4, 6, 6, 7. 1. Hylobates lar. The Qihhon. B. M. Black ; circumference of the face, and the hands and feet, white ; whiskers white. Gibbon, Buffon, H. N. xiv. t. 2, 3. Homo lar, Linn. Simia lar, Qmel. Hylobates lar, lUiger ; Geoff. Simia longimana, Schreh. t. 2, f. 1. Hylobates albimana, Sorsf. Zool. Journ. 1820 ! Var. Yellowish white. — Cantor. Hylobates enteloides, Is. Oeoff. Voy. Jacq. iv. p. 13, t. 184 ; Arch, du Mm. xi. t. 29. Hah. Malacca ; Siam ; Burmah ; Tenasserim, Cantor. " Bladebones with two slender tubercles." — Dahlbom. Dr. Cantor observes, on H. lar, that the index and middle toes of both or of one foot, in some individuals, of whatever sex or shade of co- lour, are united by a broad web the whole length of the first phalange, in some partially so, and in others not at all ; and that in IT. agilis the first phalange of the index and middle toe are in some individuals of either sex partially or entirely united by a web ; sometimes the first phalange of the middle toe is partially united to the fourth (Cat. Mamm. Malay, p. 3). The ribs vary from 12 to 13 pairs. 2. Hylobates pileatus. The Crowned Gibbon. B. M. Black ; shoulders and loins greyish ; hands, feet, and circumfe- rence of the face, and a ring round the crown, white ; whiskers black. 5. HTLOBAIES. 11 Oako, Tabraea, Hist, de Siam, ii, p. 308, 1771. Hylobates pileatus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1861, p. 136, t. 21 ! Var. 1. Black. B. M. Var. 2. Dirty white ; crown, whiskers, and helly black. B. M. Var. 3. "White; crown-spot and heUy black; whiskers white. B. M. Var. 4. "White, except the black bristles on the eyebrow. B. }S.. Hah. Siam, Mouhot. 3. Hylobates leucogenys. The White-cheeJced Gibbon. B. M. Black ; throat and sides of cheeks with a broad white spot of spreading rigid hairs ; forehead black, without any frontal band. Hylobates leucogenys, Ogiliy, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1840, p. 20 ! Martin, Monkeys, p. 446, t. ! ' Eab. . 4. Hylobates hoolock. The Indian Hylobates. Black ; frontal band grey ; whiskers soft and flufiy, black or greyish black. B. M. Simla hoolock, ITarlan, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soe. iv. p. 52, 1834 ; Is. Geoff'. Hylobates hoolock. Lesson ; Martin, Monkeys, p. 438, f. 274, 276. Hylobates scyrites, Ogilby ! Var. ? Fur brownish. B. M. Hylobates fuscus, Lewis, Boston Journal iV". IT. i. p. 33. Var. Fur pale yeUowish-brown ; frontal band white ; whiskers bushy, darker brown. Hylobates choromandus, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1837, p. 68 ! Martin, ■ Quad. 442, f. ! Hab. India : Himalaya Mountains, HardwicJce. 5. Hylobates Eafflesii. The Malay Gibbon. B. M. Black ; frontal band white ; whiskers soft and fluffy, fuU black. Simla lar, Paffles, Trans. Linn. Soe. xlU. p. 242. Hylobates Rafflesil, Geoff. ; F. Cuv. Mamm. Lith. ; Is. Geoff. Hylobates aglHs, var., Martin, Quad. p. 425, t. ! Hylobates concolor, Harlan, Journ. Acad. N. S. Philad. v. p. 229. Hylobates Harlanl, Lesson. Hob. Sumatra. Var. Dark brown ; frontal band distinct. Hylobates concolor, S. MUller, Verhand, t. ! (not Harlan). Hylo- bates Miilleri, Martin, Monkeys, i. p. 4 ; Is. Geoff. Hab. Borneo. Dr. Dahlbom describes the skeleton, which has the bladebone smooth, without any tubercles. 12 SIMIAD^. 6. Hylobates agUis. The Slender Gibbon. B. M. Fur testaceous brown ; back paler ; frontal streak and the soft fluffy whiskers pale brown. Hylobates agilis (Wouwou), F. Ouv. Mamm. lAth. t. ; Raffles ! Cantor ! H. variegatus, Desm. ■Hob. Sumatra, Raffles. Var. Fur brownish white. B. M. Hab. Sumatra? Malacca, Cantor. Dr. Dahlbom describes the skeleton of H. agilis (F. Cuv.), and states that it has two large, strong tubercles on the bladebone. 7. Hylobates leuciscus. The Wou-ivou. B. M. Ashy grey or bluish grey; crown of head with a large square black spot ; frontal band and circumference of face paler ; whiskers soft, full. Wou-wou, Camper, not F. Cuv. Simia leuciscus, Schreb. Hylo- bates leuciscus, Kuhl; Swsfield ! Simia Moloch, Audeb. § 2, 1. 1. Hah. Java; Sumatra. See Hylobates fwnereus, Is. Geoff. Arch, du Mus. v. p. 532, t. 26. Dr. Dahlbom describes the skeleton as having a bladebone with only one tubercle. Fur of upper parts of body and outside of limbs ash-grey, of loins paler, and forehead blackish. Hab. Solo Islands. — Mus. Paris. I am much inclined to believe that all these Malayan Hylobates, with perhaps the Indian one, are one species ; but I have kept them distinct on account of the difference in the skeletons mentioned by Dr. Dahlbom. Section B. Quadbitpedal. The arms shorter than, or only as long as, the legs. Walking on all fours. Tail distinct, often elongate, but never prehensile. ButtocJcs callous. % Tribe III. PEESBYTINA. Head roundish. Nostrils on the sloping face. Hands and feet very long, slender. Thumb small or wanting. Tail very long. Stomach comphcated of several pouches. Simia semnopithecus, Dahlbom. a. Thumb short. Asia. 6. NASALIS. Nose very prominent, conical; the nostrils inferior. Body and limbs robust. Thumb short, perfect. Cheek-pouches none. Orbits of skull moderate or rather small. Hab. Asia. Nasalis, Geof. Bhynchopithecus, Dahlbom, Zool. Stud. p. 91, 1837. 8. SEMNOPITHECITS. 13 Nasalis larvatus. B. M. Ochre-yello-w ; head and upper part of the body chestnut ; crupper, tail, forearms, and legs greyish-yellow ; chin bearded ; face, ears, and palms of a dusky leaden colour ; tail shorter than the body and head. Guenon a long nez, Buffon, Supp. vii. 1. 11, 12. Simia nasalis, Shaw. Cereopithecus larvatus, Wurmb. Nasalis larvatus, Geoff. ! Nasalis recurvus. Vigors, Zool. Joum. iv. (nose distorted, in spirits) ! Rhyn- chopithecus larvatus, Dahlbom, p. 93. Hob. Borneo. The nose in Pennant's figure is artificially prolonged ; and that of N. reourvus (Vigors), in spirits, was distorted by being pressed against the side of the bottle. 7. LASIOPYGA. Nose moderate. Orbits large. Body robust. Limbs strong, of nearly equal length ; the upper and lower arm-bones of nearly equal length ; thumb perfect, short. " The spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra as long as that of the first dorsal." — Dahlbom. Lasiopyga, IlKger; Pygathrix, Geoff.; both from a defective skin with the callosities destroyed. Lasiopyga, Dahlbom, p. 83. Lapsiopyga nemeus. The Dow. B. M. Douc, Buffon, H. N. xix. p.'298, t. Simia nemeus, Chnelin. Sem- nopithecus nemeus, F. Cuv. Mamm. Idth, t, Lasiopyga nemeus, iMger. Pygathrix nemeus, Geoff. Hah. Cochin China. 8. SEMNOPITHECUS. Nose moderate ; nostrils lateral. Orbits large. Body slender ; the arms much shorter than the legs ; thumbs moderate, small, some- times almost rudimentary ; the forearm-bones short. " The spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra half the length of the first dorsal." Semnopithecua, F. Cuv. 1821. Presbytis, Fschseholtz, 1821. 1. Head with short reflexed hairs. a. Whiskers elongated, acute, expanded. 1. b. Whiskers short. 2, 3. 2. Head with short hair diverging from a central point. 4, 5, 6. 3. Head with a broad crest of erect hairs across the forehead. 7, 8, 9. 4. Head with a longitudinal, compressed crest of long hairs. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. 14 SIMIAD^. * The ludrs on the crown of the head parted in front, lying down and directed backwards. 1. Semnopithecxis lencoprymnus, B. M. Ashy brown ; hands, feet, and outside of limbs darker ; loins and rump white ; whiskers elongate, expanding, grey ; crown with re- flexed hairs, parted in front. Adult — fur very soft, flu%. Bitffon, Supp. vii. t. 21. Cercopithecus ? leucoprymnus, Otto, Nov. Acta Acad. Nat. Cur. xii. p. 505. Semnopitliecus leucoprymnus, Desm. S. Neator, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1833, p. 67, B. M. ! S. fulyo- griseus, Desmoul. S. dentatus, Shaw. Oercopithecus latibarhatus, Geoff. S. porphyi-ops, Imk. Presbytis cephalopterus, Cfray, List M. B. M. 4:1 Cercopitheous cephalopterus, Zimm. Hah. Ceylon, Kelaarf. 2. Semnopithecus cucullatus. Black-brown ; chest, whiskers, and upper part of throat pale- brown ; base of tail grey ; head grizzled, with long reflexed hairs. Semnopithecus cucullatus. Is. Gecff. Zool. B4langer, t. i. (Malabar). S. hypoleucus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii. t. 70. S. jubatus, Wagner, SchrA). Supp. i. 307. Hah. India : Malabar. 3. Semnopithecus obscurns. B.M. Ashy brown ; underside of body and front of the thighs darker ; hands black ; forehead blackish ; hair of the crown reflexed. Semnopithecus obscurus, Beid, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 14 ! Is. Geoff. S. al- bocinereus, Desm. S. leucomystax, Temm. S. halonifer, Camtar ! S. albocinereus, Eydoux. Hah. Malacca? ** Hairs on the crown of the head diverging from a central point and lying down. Entellus. 4. Semnopithecus Johnii, B. M. Ashy brown; underside of the body, sides, crown, and occiput testaceous ; forearms and hands black. Simia Johnii, Fisch&r. Semnopithecus Johnii, Martin ! S. Dussu- mieri, Is. Geoff. Arch, du Mus. ii. t. 30. Hah. India: Malabar. 5. Semnopithecus entellus, B. M. Fur pale fulvous or grey, especially on the back and tail ; hands and feet blackish. Hair of crown radiating from a central spot on the forehead, projecting. Face black. Var. 1. Hands and feet black; head light greyish ; fur rather rigid. B. M. 8. 8EMK0PITHECTJ3, 15 Simla entellus, Buffesne, 1797. Semnopithecus entellus, F. Cuv. Mamm. lAth. ; iS^kes ! fla5. Bombay, Syhes. Var. 2. Hands and feet black; head and more or less of the upper part of the neck white ; for rather rigid. B. M. Sab. Nepal, Hodgson. Var. 3.. Hands and feet whitish ; head and body whitish ; fur soft. B.M. Hah. India. 6. Senmopithecus albipes. Brownish grey ; head fulvous ; beneath whitish ; tail brownish grey ; eyebrows and hands dull fulvous grey ; the fingers white ; feet dull yellowish white. Senmopithecus pallipes, MUot ; Blyth, Ann. Sr Mag. N. H. 1844, p. 312. S. albipes, I. Oeoff. Cat. 14; Arch. duMus. v. p. 576. Hah. Southern India : Madras. Distinct from S. entellus of Ben- gal. *** Hairs on the crozvn of the head standing up, those of the front part bending forward. Semnopithecus. 7. Senmopithecus maurus. The Loutou. B. M. Deep uniform black ; crest weU. marked ; base of hairs yellow. Hairs on the crown standing up and bent forward in front. Young pale yellow ; the hands first become blackish. Guenon negre, Buffon, H. N. Supp. vi. p. 8-3, t. Simia maura, Schreb. (not Baffles). Cercopithecus mauius, Oeoff. Semnopithecus maurus, F. Cm. Mamm. lAth. t. S. cristatus, Dahlbom. Var. or Female. Golden or reddish-yellow. Cercopithecus auratus, Geoff. Semnopithecus auratus, Desmoul. ; I. Geoff. S. pyrrhus, Horsf. Java, t. Hah. Java. 8. Semnopithecus cristatus. The Chingkau. B. M. Fur black, grizzled or washed with greyish white. Hairs of the head standing up and bent forward in front. Young yellow. Simia cristata, Baffles, lAnn. Trans, xiii. p. 244 ! Semnopithecus cris- tatus, Is. Geoff. S. pruinosus, Desni. S. maurus, Dahlbom, not I. Geoff. Var. Fur light-grey or whitish colour. — Baffles, I. e. p. 245. Hab. Sumatra, Baffles. Dr. Dahlbom, by mistake, describes this as all black, and S. maurus as white-grizzled. 16 SIMIAD^. 9. Semnopithecus femoralis. The Lotong. B. M. Hair of head short, erect, spreading. Fur greyish black, beneath grey ; stripe down the chest and belly, and the inside of the thighs and lower part of the beUy, white (female, B. M.). ? Yoimg. "White ; middle of crown, nape, back, and upper surface of the taU black. B. M. Lotong, Simia maiira ? Raffles, Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 247. ! ? Semno- pithecus chrysomelas, Sol., Mailer, Verhand. p. 1011. S. femoralis, Martin, Mag. N. H. 1838, p. 436 ! Hah. Singapore, Wallace ; Borneo, Sol., Mutter. B. M. **** Hair of the crown long, forming a compressed longitudinal crest. Preshytis. 10. Semnopitliecus frontatus. B. M. Blackish ; shoulders and back browner ; spot on centre of fore- head white ; end of taU whitish ; crest compressed. Semnopitliecus frontatus, Sol., Muller, Verhand. ! Is. Oeoff. ; Martin, Mamm. i. p. 475, f. 285 ! Hah. Borneo. 11. Semnopithecus mitratus. The Soulili. B. M. Blackish ashy ; head and crest, and upper surface of;the tail, black; throat, chest, inside of limbs, beUy, and underside of tail white ; crest compressed. Presby tis mitrata, Eschscholtz, Heise, p. 196, t. Semnopithecus comatus, Desm. S. mitratus, Sol., Muller, Verh. p. 160, t. 12* 1 Is. Geoff. Hah. Java. " The hinder upper grinder without the fifth tubercle." — Blainv. 12. Senuiopithecus siamensis. B. M. Brownish ashy ; chin, throat, underside of the body, inside of the legs, and back part of the thighs whitish ; forehead browner ; crest compressed, rather darker ; hands, feet, and upper and lower surface of the taU. black. Semnopithecus cinereus. Gray, List Mamm. B. M. ! S. siamensis, 8. Muller ^ SchJegel. S. nigrimanus. Is. Geoff. Arch, du Mils. ii. p. 62. Hab. Malay Islands. 13. Semnopitliecus melalophus. The Simpae. B. M. Fur ferruginous ; outside of Umbs bright red ; back of thighs fulvous ; the compressed crest and two streaks on the head black. Simia melalophus, Maffles ! Semnopithecus melalophus, F. Cuv. Mamm. lAth. t. S. flavimanus, Is. Geoff. ; Lesson, Cent. Zool. t. 40. Var. 1. Back and shoulders ferruginous, blackish-washed ; front of forearms blackish; arms, legs, and haunches bright fulvous. B.M. 9. COLOBTJS. 17 Var. 2. Back ferruginous, black -washed ; front of the forearms, legs, and haunches bright fulvous. B. M. Hab. Sumatra, Raffles. 14. Senmopitliecus nobilis. B. M. Bright reddish fulvous ; crown with a compressed blackish crest and a dark streak on each side ; limbs and tail rather brighter. Presbytia nobilis, Gray, Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. x. p. 256, 1842 ! Hah. Sumatra. May be only a very bright high-coloured variety of the former ; but the shoulders are not grey. 15. Semnopithecus rubicundus. The Kalasie. B. M. Dark red brown ; Umbs and end of tail darker ; whiskers and upper part of throat pale red. Crest compressed. Semnopithecus rubicundus, Sal. Miiller, Verh. i. p. 61, t. 9, 1. 11 ! Is. Geoff. Hah. Borneo. See a. Semnojoithecvs olivaceus, Wagn., Schreb. Supp. i. 309. b. ;Si. latibarbatus, Temm. Fulvous-brown or yellow. Crown, cheeks, and tip of the tail testaceous. Thumb of hand com- plete. Hab. ? in Mus. Paris. c. S. Phayrei, Bljrth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 733, t. 26. Arracan. d. 8. Barbei, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 734. Arracan. e. S. albocinereus, Cantor, J. A. S. B. xv. p. 174 ; xvi. p. 733. Malacca. f. S. pileatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 174 ; xiv. p. 735, t. 26. f. 2. g. S. Anehises, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii. p. 704. 9. COLOBUS. Body robust. Cheek-pouches none. Orbit rather small. Hand with four fingers. Thumb abortive. Stomach sacculated. — Owen, P. Z. S. 1841, p. 84. Hab. Africa. Colobus, lUiger, 1811. 1. Crown crested ; whiskers elongated, expanded. Species 1. 2. Crown of head and sides of the face and throat with elongated hairs forming a mane ; tail-end slightly tufted. 2, 3. 3. Crown of head with reflexed hairs; hair of forehead, sides of face, and chin long, expanded. 4. 4. Crown of the head with reflexed hair, rather radiated in front of forehead ; circumference of face and chin smooth. 5. 5. Crown of the head with short reflexed hair, with two whirls in front, and a low, narrow, central, erect, longitudinal crest. 6. 1. Colobus Satanas. The Black Colobus. B. M. Black ; hair long, coarse ; of crown and sides of the face elongated, c 18 SIMIAB^. crisp, forming a broad, high, spreading crest, with the tips curved for- wards. Colobus Satanas, Waterhmse, P. Z. S. 1838, p. 68 ! Hah. Fernando Po, O. Knwpp. 2. Colobus polycomus. The King Monkey. B. M. Black ; hair on sides of the body very long, abundant ; of forehead, circumference of face, and mane whitish ; tail white. King Monkey, Perm. Quad. p. 46. Simia polycomos, Schreh. Cebus polycomus, Zimm. Oolobus polycomos, Geoff. S. comosa, Shaw. Oercopitliecus oomosus, iofr. Atelescomatus, Creo^. S. tetradac- tyla, lAnk, Beitr. i. p. 62. Var. TaU aU white ; mane greyish. B. M. Colobus ursinus, OgiOy, P. Z. S. 1836, p.' 98 1 Hab. Fernando Po, G. Knapp ; Sierra Leone, Whitfield. 3. Colobus angolensis. B. M. Black ; hair of sides elongate ; the mane of long hairs on sides of throat, and the end of the tail, white. Oolobus angolensis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 246 1 Hah. Angola. A flat skin without head or feet. It differs from C. polycomus in the chest and two thirds of the lower portion of the tail being black. 4. Colobus bicolor. B. M. Black, shining ; hair long, sUky, of forehead, circumference of the face, and chin elongate, white ; tail white ; haunches grey. Semnopithecus bicolor, Wesmael, Bull. Acad. Brux. 1836. S. velle- rosus. Is. Geoff. Bilang. Voy. p. 37, 1836. Colobus leucomeros, Ogilby, P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 69 1 MaHm, Hist: Mamm.:p. 497 ! C. vel- lerosus, Is. Geoff. Hab. West coast of Africa. 6. Colobus fem^inea. The Bay Colobus. B M. Fur short, blackish grey ; sides of neck, cheek, throat, the fore and hind legs, and feet red bay; base of tail above and nape reddish, Var. 1. Fur sooty grey, the red colour paler, duller. Oolobus Temminckii, Kuhl, 1820 ; Desm. Mamm. p. 53. Bay Monkey, Pennant, Quad. 1. T^.21%. C. ferruginea^ Xessoji. Simia lemiginea, ShaiD, Zool. i. p. 59 ; F: Ouv. 0. ferrugmosus, Geof. Arm. du Mus. six. : Martin, Mamm. i. p. 498 ! 0. fuliginosus, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 97! Var. 2. rufoniger. The black and red more intense, and bright ; tail black, red near the base. Colobus rufoniger, Ogilby, MS. ; Martin, Quad. i. p. 600 ! 11. MIOPIIHBCTTS. 19 Var. 3. Pennantii. Lite var. 2, but feet and tail blacker ; no red on the nape. Colobus Pennantii, Waterhouse, P. Z. 8. 1838, p. 57 I Martin, Quad. i. p. 601 ! Hah. "West Africa : Gambia, Eendall. These species -were described from flat furriers' sMns ; but the large series of skins and more perfect specimens show that they are only varieties, in intensity of colour, of the same species — the Bay Monkey of Pennant. The thumb varies in development ; sometimes it has a claw . 6. Colobus cristatns. £. M. Fur short, yeUow brown; front part of body, shoulders, and outside of the fore legs greyer ; throat, chest, belly, inside of limbs and feet grejdsh white. Hair of crown short, reflexed, with two streaks in front, and with a narrow, erect, longitudinal crest behind. Colobus cristatus, 6rai/, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1866 I Hob. West Africa. See Colobus verus. Van Beneden, Bull. Acad. Brux. v. p. 311, 1838. IIead,neck, back, and base of the tail olive-brown, hairs aU finely ringed with black ; nape, and above and below the callosities, dark brown ; tail long, grey, darker at the tip. Body and limbs strong ; index finger six or eight lines shorter than the middle one. Hab. Africa. Mus. Paris. 10. GUEBEZA. Nostrils rather wide apart. Back with a line of long pendulous hair, forming a kind of mantle. Thumb rudimentary. Tail-end tufted. Hah. Africa. Guereza Ruppellii. The Guereza. B. M. Black ; end of tail, hair round the face, and of the mantle white. Colobus guereza, Ruppett, Fauna Abyss. 1. 1 ! Hab. Abyssinia, Bwppell ; West Africa, Tliompson. Tribe IV. CERCOPITHECINA. Head round or oblong. NostrUs on the slope of the face, separated by a narrow septum. Hands and feet short, broad. Thumb large. Stomach simple. Hah. Africa. A. Head rounded. Face short, Last lower grinder with three or four 11. MIOPITHECUS. Head globular. Whiskers straight, rather rigid, bent downwards. Body and limbs slender. Hands long ; fingers united at the base ; c2 20 SIMIAD^. thumb large. Eyes and ears very large. Nose rather prominent. Septum thick. Nostrils oblong, open, rather lateral. Skull large, enlarged above the orbits ; face very short ; orbits large. Hah. Africa. Miopithecus, Is. Qeoff. Arch, du Mus. ii. p. 549, 1843 ; Dahlhom, p. 99. Miopithecus talapoin. The Talapoin. B. M. • Fiir above olive-green; beneath whitish ; face black ; upper lip yellow, with scattered black hairs ; orbits orange ; eyebrows whitish ; whiskers short, pale golden yellow. Talapoin, Buffon, H. N. xiv. t. 46 ; Mamm. lAth. t. Simia tala- pom, Schreb. Uercopithecus talapoin, M'xl. Miopithecus talapoin, is. Oeoff. Arch, du Mtis. ii. p. 649. 0. melarhinus, Sohinz, i. p. 47. M. capillatus, I. Geoff. (Discoloured.) Oercopithecus pileatus, Desm. (Mus. Paris), not Shaw. Hah. West Africa. 12. OERCOPITHECUS. Head rounded. Face short ; cheek -pouches large ; whiskers rounded, soft. Hands short ; thumb well developed. Fur black, more or less yeUow-ringed. The last lower grinder with four tubercles. Hah. Africa. Guenon, Suffon. Oercopithecus, part., Erxl. a. Nose blue ; whiskers yellow. Species 1. h. Nose covered with white hairs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. c. Nose and ears covered with red hairs. 7. d. Nose coloured like the body. * Haunches with a white streak. 8, 9. ** Haunches with a white spot. 10. *** Haunches without streak or spot. t Head with a black temple-streak. 11, 11*, 12. ft Head without any black streak. 13, 14, 15. 1. Oercopithecus cephus. The Moustache. B. M. OHve-green, yeUow-dotted ; throat and beneath grey ; temples and face black ; whiskers yellow ; nose vnth a large triangular blue mark ; hands and feet blackish. Moustac, Buffon, H. N. xiv. t. 39 ; F. Cuv. Mamm. Zith. t. P Si- mia cephus, Idrm. Oercopithecus cephus, Frxl. Adult. Front of crown reddish. B. M. Hah. West Africa. 2. Oercopithecus petaurista. The White-cheehed Hochewr. B. M. Fur olive-green, yellow-dotted ; face black ; nose-spot small, sub- trigonal, white ; cheeks, chin, and under parts of body, inside of legs, and underside of tail white. 12. CEECOPITHECUS. 21 Blanc-nez, Buff. Supp. vii. p. 67. Simia petaiirista, Schreh. Oerco- pithecus petaurista, Erxt. Ascagne, F. Owo. Mamm. Lith. t. S. Ascanius, Latr. Lesser White-nosed Monkey, Bennett, Zoul. Gard. fig. 1 Hah. Africa : Guinea. 3. Cercopithecus melanogenys. The Black-cheeked' Hocheur. B.M. Fur olive, minutely yellow-grizzled, greyish beneath ; nose-spot cordate, white ; forehead, cheeks, hands, and feet black ; temples ■vrhiti.sh. Var. Tail more rufous. B. M. Oercopithecus melanogenys. Gray, Ann. Sr Mag. iV. H. 1845 ! Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 7, t. 9. f. 1 ! Hob. West Africa. 4. Cercopithecns Martinii. The Blackish Hocheur. B. M. Fur blackish,minutely white-dotted; nose-spot ovate, white,narrow above ; chest grey ; temple, crown, arms and legs, inside and out, and end of tail black. Cercopithecua Martinii, Waterhouse, P. Z. S. 1838, p. 68 ! 1841, p. 71 ! Hab. Fernando Po. 5. Cercopithecus nictitans. The Hocheur. B. M. Fur black ; back minutely yellow-grizzled ; beneath black ; nose- spot hairy, white. Hocheur, Audeh. ; F. Cuv. Mamm. JtAth. t. Winking Monkey, Pennant ; Guenon a nez blauc, Buffon, H. N. Supp. vii. t. 18 ; F. Cuv. Mamm. Lith. t. Simia nictitans, Linn. Oercopithecus nictitans, Erxl. Lasiopyga nictitans, IlUger. Hah. Fernando Po ; Guinea. 6. Cercopitheciis ludio. The White-chested Hocheur. B. M. Fur black, closely grey-grizzled ; chia, chest, and inside of upper arms white ; temple, nape, shoulders, and outer and inner side of limbs and end of tail black ; nose-spot oblong, higher than broad, white. Oercopithecus ludio, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 8, t. 9. f. 2. Hah. West Africa ; Central Africa, Balfour Baihie. 7. Cercopithecus erythrotis. The Bed-eared Monkey. B. M. Fur black, very minutely grizzled with grey ; chin, throat, and cheat white ; nose, ears, and all, except the middle, of the upper- 22 SIUIiDM. side of the tail red bay ; face, temples, and limbs black ; cheeks ■white. Cercopithecua erythrotis, Waterhouse, P. Z. S. 1838, p. 69 ! Sab. Fernando Po. 8, Cercopithecus Diajia. The Diana. B. M. Chin with a narrow white beard ; fur black, minutely white- grizzled ; the broad dorsal streak and rump bay; frontal band, cheeks, chin, throat, chest, front of shoulders, iaside and back of thighs, and streak across the haunches white ; face, tail, and outside of hind legs and wrists black. Simla Diana, im». ; Audeb. t. 6. Ceroopithecus Diana, ^xl. C. diadema, Kuhl. Var. ignita (adult). Back edge and Laner side of thighs bright red bay. B. M. Eab. West Africa. See 0. roloway, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 20. Above deep brown, nearly black; head, sides, thighs, and legs dull grey; frontal band and chin-heard white ; throat, chest, beUy, and inside of thighs yellowish white. 9. Cercopithecus leucocampjrx. The Diadem. B. M. Fur grey brown, minutely grey-grizzled ; underside of body black ; crown, outside of hmbs, and all but base of tail black ; front edge of thighs and band across haunches whitish. Simia leucocampyx, F. ■ Ouv. Mamm. Lith. t. Cercopithecus leu- cocampyx, Martin. C. diadematus. Is. Oeoff. Voy. BSUmg. C. dilophus, Temm. La Diana, F. Cuv. Mamm. lAth. t. Hah. Africa : White Nile. 10. Cercopithecus mona. The Mone. B.M. Fur blackish olive, minutely yellow-grizzled ; tail and outside of limbs black ; chest, belly, inside of limbs, and spot on rump whitish ; streak from eyebrows to base of ears black. Adult. Darker, and more brightly coloured; frontal band indistinct. B.M. Mone, JBuffon, H. N. xiv. p. 268, t. 36. Supp. vii. 1. 19. Cercopithecus mona, Erxl. Simia mona, Schreb. S. monacha, Schreb. Var. Monella. Smaller, paler ; beneath whiter ; frontal band di- stinct ; no black streak from eyebrows to ears. B. M. Hah. Senegal. See Cercopitheeus Gfrayi, Fraser, Catalogue Knowsley Collection, Aug. 1850. " "Very closely allied to O. mona, and differs in 12. CERCOPITHECUS. 23 having a yellowish- white spot over each eye, and a black stripe on each side of the head from eye to ear. Up the centre of the forehead runs a darkish stripe, each hair being annulated with, black and greenish-yellow. There are no white spots on the crupper. Hah. West Africa." 11. Cercopithecus pogonias. The Bemded Monkey. B. M. Fur greyish brown, minutely grey-grizzled; streak from eye to ear, broad streak on back, hands and feet, and end of tail black ; fore- head, whiskers, small moustache, and underside of body and outside of limbs yellowish. Var. With the broad dorsal streak only rather blackish. B. M. Cercopithecus pogonias, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1833, p. 67 1 Martin, i. p. 643, f. 198 1 J, Hah. West Africa : Fernando Po, ThMkfson. 11*. Cercopithecus Erxlebenii. B. M. Fur oUve-brown, miautely grizzled with yellow ; chest and under- part of body, inside of hmbs, and sides of the forehead yeUow; hmbs, a broad streak from the eye to the ear, and end of tail black ; ears with a red or yellow pencil. Var. Erxlehenii. Back rather blacker behind ; underside of tail yeUowish. B. M. Cercopithecus Erxlebenii, Dahlbom and Pucheran, Rev. et Magasin de Zoohgie, 1856, p. 96 ; 1857, p. 196 ; Dahlbom, Zoologisha 8tv4ier, p. 109, t. 5. Var. nigripes (or adult). Back with a broad black streak ; under- side of tail reddish. B. M. Cercopithecus nigripes, Du ChaUlu, Proc. Boston. N. H. Sac. ii. 1860, p. 360 ! Hah. West Africa : Fernando Po, Thompson ; Gaboon, Du ChaiUu. 12. Cercopithecus Pluto. The Black-hellied Monkey. Fur black, very closely grey -grizzled ; frontal band white ; sides of forehead, shoulders, chest and limbs, and end of tail black ; under- side of body and inside of thighs reddish black. Cercopithecus Pluto, Gray, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 56, t. 3 ! Young. Back, head, and nape black, P. Z. S. 1848, t. 3 ! B. M. Hah. Angola. See C. lahiatus, Is. Geoff. Arch, du Mus. ii., 1842; and var. from Port Natal, Is. Geoif. Cat. p. 20. 24 SIMIADiE. 13. Cercopithecus Campbellii. B. M. Blackisli olive, yello-w-washed ; throat, thighs, belly, and inside of limbs ■whitish ; forehead and crown yellow-varied ; feet and outside of Umbs and tail black. Cercopithecus Campbellii, Waterh. P. Z. S., 1838, p. 61 ! Martin, i. p. 644 ! C. Bumettii, Gray, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1842, p. 256 ! Var. or adult. Larger, sides of the forehead yellow. B. M. Var. Tail greyish in the middle of its length. Hah. "West Africa: Sierra Leone ; Fernando Po, 7%o)Mp«o». 14. Cercopithecus albognlaris. B. M. Pur oHve black, yellow-washed and yeUow-grizzled ; throat, chest, and inside of thighs white ; outside of limbs and end of tail blackish ; tail like back at base, above and below. Semnopithecus ? . albogularis, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 105 I Cerco- pithecus albogularis, Owen, P. Z. 8. 1832, p. 18 ! C. monoides, Is. Oeoff. Arch, du Mus. ii. p. 31, Hah. East Africa. Like C. mona, but of a different colour below, and without the white streaks on the sides. 15. Cercopithecus samango. Fur black, grey-grizzled ; throat, chest, and inside of the thighs yellowish white ; outside of the limbs, and tip of the taU, blackish ; base and underside of tail whitish. Cercopitliecus samango, Sundevall, K. Vetensk. Akad. Fork. 1844, p. 160 ; Homschuch, Arch. Skand. Beitr. 1844, p. 179. Sah. South Africa. Very like O. albogularis, but grey, not washed with yellow, and tail white below. See C, lunulatus, Temm. Esq. Zool. Guinea, p. 37. 13. CHLOROCEBUS. Head oval. Face rather produced. Whiskers rigid, directed back- wards. Fur grizzled; hairs annulated, greenish or reddish. When alive the scrotum is green in 0. sahcBus and C. pygerythrus, blue in 0. cynosurus ; but these colours are not seen in the preserved skins ; therefore the colour of the scrotum of some of the species de- scribed from stuffed skins is not known — as C. Lalandii, 0. Werneri. I. Face moderate, narrow in front, black. Chlorocehus. 1. Fur red ; frontal band black. Species 1. 2. Fur greenish ; frontal band none, or white. 13. CHtOKOCEBFS. 25 a. Anal region ferruginous ; frdntal band yellow. 2, 3. 6. Anal region grey ; frontal band narrow or indistinct. 4, 5. II. Face large, broad in front, flesh-coloured ; fur greenish. ; frontal band distinct. Gynoeebus. 6. * Face moderate, narrow in front, black. Chlorocebus. 1. Chlorocebus ruber. The Patas. B. M. Fur red ; nose, frontal band, shQulders, and outside of the arms blackish. Patas h, bandeau noir, Buffon, JET. N. xiv. t. 25. Simia ruber, Omdin. S. patas, Schreher. S. rufa, Schreber. Cercopithecus ruber, Kuhl ; Oeoff. ; F. Ovm. Mamm. Lith. t. Var. or younger. Shoulders and outside of arms red. B. M, C. pyrrhonotus, Ehrenb. Sym. Phys. t. Hah. West Africa : Senegal. North Africa. The colour becomes brighter, and the shoulders and arms greyer, in adult age. 2. Chlorocebus pygerythrus. The Black-chinned Vervet. B.M. Fur greyish green, minutely punctuated with black ; face, hands, feet, and end of tail black ; cheek, throat, and underside of body reddish white ; front of legs Hke back ; scrotum green; anal region and base of tail red. Yovmg. Hands and feet grey ; very young, blackish. B. M. Simia pygerythra, F. Cuv. Mamm. lAth. t. Oercopitbecus pygery- thrus, Desm. 0. subviridis, F. Cuv. C. pygerythrus, Oeoff. Hah. South Africa : Cape of Good Hope, Andrew Smith. See O. Lalandii, Is. Geoff. Arch, du Mus. H. t. Grey ; tail and sides oUve. Hob. South Africa : Caffraria. 3. Chlorocebus rnfo-viridis. B.M. Fur yeUow grey, miuutely black-dotted ; crown, tail, outside of limbs and thighs blacker ; throat, underside of body, and in- side of Umbs white ; anal region and base of tail red. ? Cercopithecus rufo-viijdis, Is. Oeoff. Arch, du Mm. ii. p. 564, t. 32, 1841. 0. erythrarchus, Peters, Monats. Prem. Akad. Berlin, 1851, p. 756 ; Mossambique, 1. 1. Bob. Mossambique. 4. Chlorocebus sabseus. The Callithrix. Fur black and yellow mixed ; crown, hands, and upper part of base of tail blacker ; frontal band none or very narrow ; whiskers, throat, and underside and end of tail yellowish white ; feet blackish ; vent and base of tail grey ; scrotum green. 26 SIMIAS^. Callitlirix, Suffon, H, JV. xiv. t. 37. Simia sabasus. Idtm. ; Edw. Oleanings, t. 215. Cercopithecus sabEeus, Erxl. 0. viridis, Herm. C. callitrichus, /. Geoff. Cat. p. 23. Yar. Frontal band very narrow, but well marked. B. M. Hal. West Africa : Cape de Verd. Naturalized, St. Jago. 5. Chlorooebus engythithea. TJie Cfrivet or Tota. B. M. Fur olive-green, dotted with, yellow and black ; broad frontal band, elongated spreading whiskers, the chin, and lower parts white ; vent and base of tail grey ; scrotum green. Simia sabssus, lAnn. Grivet, F. Cuv. Mamm. IMh. t. Cercopi- thecus sabsBus, Is. Oeoff. ? Simia engythithea, Herm. Cer- copithecus engythithea, Gfray, last Mamm. B. M.\ ? C. griseo- vindis, Desm. P 0. cano-viridis, Muppell, Faun. Abyss, t. ? C. suhviridis, F. Cuv. Mamm. lAth. ? C. oinereo-viridis, Temm. Mas. Leyd. (B. M.). ? C. griseus. Lesson. Hob. Abyssinia; Sennaar. The older specimens are much darker than the young. ** Face large, broad in front,, jlesh-coloured ; fwr greenish ; frontal band distinct. Oynocebus. 6. Chlorooebus cynosurus. The MaWrowik. B. M. Fur yellowish, grizzled with black ; frontal band, whiskers, throat, belly, inside of limbs, and underside of tail whitish ; face pale ; muzzle very thick and broad ; lips whitish ; scrotum dark blue ; vent reddish. Malbrouck, Buffon, S. JV. xiv. p. 240, t. 29. Simia faunus, Linn. ? S. (rraosurus, SeopoU, Delic. t. 19. Cercopithecus cynosurus, Ge(ff. 0. tephrops, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 109 I Hah. West Africa. See a. CercojaitJiecus oehraeeus, Peters, Monats. Akad. Berl. 1851, p. 756 ; Mossambique, t. 1 a. b. C.flavidus, Peters, Monats. Akad. Berl. 1851, p. 757 ; Mos- sambique, t. 1 B. c. O. rufoniger, Is. Geoff. Arch, du Mus. ii. p. 32. d. O. Werneri, Is. Geoff. Arch, du Mus. v. t. 27. e. C. ehrysurus, Blyth, A Tin. & Mag. N. H. 1845, p. 461. f. C. TantaJm, OgUby, P. Z. S. 1841, p. 33. B. Head oblong. Face more or less produced. Last lower grinder with Jive tubercles. 14. CERCOCEBUS. Whiskers small, indistinct. Eyebrows prominent. Eyelids white. The fifth grinder of upper jaw with five tubercles. 14. OEKCocBBirs. 27 Cercocebus, Oeoff. 1812 ; Gray, Idst Mamm. B. M. 1841, ^thiops, Martin, Qmd.lSi^l. I. Hair of crowa directed backwards. Cereoeebiis. a. Blackisli, with dorsal streak and crown-spot white. 1. h. Black, rather pale beneath. 2. c. Black crown ; red collar ; throat white. 3. II. Hair of head elongated, forming a compressed crest behind. Semnoeehus. 4. * Crown with refiexed hairs not forming a crest. Cercocebus. 1. Cercocebus sethiops. The White-crowned Mangahey. B. M. Blackish grey ; narrow dorsal streak, crown, and feet blacker ; spot on back of crown, throat, chest, and beneath and inside of limbs whitish. Simla setHops, Umn. Cercocebus sstHops, Crray, List Mamm. B. M- 7 ! Is. Geoff. C. Orossii, Clark, MS. Hah, Africa. 2. Cercocebus fnliginosus. The Sooty Mangahey. B. M. Fur sooty black ; chin and beneath ashy ; feet and tail blacker ; hair of crown directed backwards. Mangabey (sans collier), Buffon, H. N. xiv. t. 32. Simla sethiops, var., Sehreb. S. fuliginosa, i^. Cm?;. Oercopithecus fuliginosus, JTmA? ; Oeoff. Cercocebus fuliginosus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. p. 7. Albino. iSimia Atys, Audeb. iv. § 3. t. 8 (Mus. Paris). Cercopithecus Atys, JDesm. Cercocebus Atys, Geoff'. Sab. West Africa. Mauritius, introduced and naturalized. 3. Cercocebus collaris. The White-collared Mangabey. B.M. Blackish grey ; cheeks, collar, -throat, and ehest white ; crown bay. Mangabey a collier blanc, Buffon, S. N. xiv. t. 33. ? Cercopithecus sethiops, Kuhl. ? Simla sethiops, Linn. Cercopithecus Eethiopicus, F. Ouv. Pithecus sethiops, Biainv. Ost. 1. 10. Cercocebus collaris. Gray, List Mamm. B. M. p. 7 ! Is. Geoff. 0. mangabey, Geoff'. White-eyehd Monkey, Penn. Far. TaU-end white. B. M. Hab. "West Aflica. ** The crown with elongated hairs forming a compressed crest. Semnocebus. 4. Cercocebus albigeua. Black ; hair of crown elongated, forming a compressed nuchal crest ; sides of throat greyish. 28 Semnopithecus ? albigena, Oray, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 77, 1. 16 ! Cerco- cebuB albigena, Puchercm, Rev. Zool. 1867, p. 241. Hah. Africa, Du Chaillu. 15. MACACUS. Head rounded. Face elongate. Eyebrows prominent, becoming more so with age. Tail cylindrical, much longer than the body, pendent, or short, or very short. Hab. Asia. Pithecus (Macaque), Geoff', and Cuvier, 1799. Macaoa, Lacip. 1799. Maoacus,i3e«OT. Oynocephalus (Macaque), LatreiUe, Oynopithecus, Blainv, Pithex, Hodgson. "When young, docile and meek ; when adult, malignant and fero- cious. They breed early ; period of gestation seven months ; they are not completely, adult for four or five years. The genitals of the females are much dilated and red during the rutting-season. a. Forehead with diverging hairs divided by a central line j crown with a tuft of long radiating hairs ; tail longer than the body. Species 1. 6. Forehead with short diverging hairs on the side ; crown with long erect hairs, longer and radiating behind ; taU longer than the body. 2. c. Forehead with short reflexed hairs on the sides. * Middle of forehead and crown with longer hairs, which form a radiating tuft behind; tail shorter than the body. 3. ** Middle of the forehead and crown with very long hair, forming a compressed crest behind ; tail very short. 4. d. Forehead and crown with short hair directed forwards, and with a tuft of short radiating hairs behind ; tail not so long as the body. 5. e. Forehead and crown with short reflexed hairs. * Formed into a narrow, low, central, longitudinal crest. 6. ** Not forming any crest. Tail long. 7, 8. Tail short: 9, 10. Tail very short : 11. 1. Macacus sinicus. The Mcmga or Bonnet Macaque. B.M. Forehead with short diverging hairs, divided by a central line; crown with a tuft of long radiating hairs ; taU longer than the body ; fur greenish brown, grizzled with yellow rings ; throat, chest, underside of the body, and front of the thighs whitish. Bonnet chinois, Buffon, H. N. xiv. t. 30. Simia sinicaj Linn. Oyno- cephalus sinensis, Latr. Cercopithecus sinicus, iJesm. (not Geoff.). Macacus radiatus, Gecff. (Mas. Paris). 15. MACACirs. 29 Hob. Madras, Elliot. • Living in populous towns and tlie wildest jungle; carrying off fruit and grain from the shops bf dealers. — Elliot. 2. Macacus pileatus. The Zati or Capped Macaque. B. M. Forehead with short diverging hairs on the sides ; crown with long erect hairs, with a tuft of long radiating hair behind; tail longer than the body. Fur reddish brown, outer part of thighs redder ; throat and beneath greyish white. Guenon couronn^e, Buff. Supp. viii. t. 16. Simia pileata, Shaw (not Desm.') ; Bennett, Tower Menag. fig. P Cercopithecus radiatus, Kuhl. ? Macacus radiatus, Desm. M. sinicus, Oeoffroy (Mus. Paris). Adult. Much darker ; haunches, round base of tail, and tail blackish. B. M. Yar. Pale-grey ; crown white ; thighs reddish. B. M. Hal. India ; Ceylon. 3. Macacus nemestriutis. The Bruh. B. M. Forehead with short hair on the sides, directed backwards ; mid- dle of forehead and crown with long hairs, forming a radiating tuft behind ; taU shorter than the body, slender ; for dark brown or blackish, slightly yeUow-washed ; crown, nape, loins, and feet black. Yovng. Pale brown ; crown, nape, and whiskers blackish. B. M. Rg-tailed Monkey, Edw. Glean, t. 214. Maimon, Buffon, S. N. xiv. t. 19. Simia nemestrina, Linn. Macacus nemestnnua, Desm. S. carpolegos. Raffles ! S. cristata, Fischer. S. platipygos, Schreb. S. rusca, Shato. JuNioK ? Babouin a longues jambes, Buffon, Supp. vii. t. 8. S. longi- cruris, Link. Hah. Sumatra ; Borneo. " The interdigital membrane between the first phalanges of the fore and middle finger and the index and middle toe occurs in this species." — Cantor, Gat. Mamm. Malay, p. 7. 4. Macacus melauotus. B. M. Forehead with short hairs on the sides, directed backwards ; middle of the forehead and crown with long hairs, forming a compressed crest behind ; tail very short, rudimentary ; fur black, obscurely and minutely punctuated with yellow; hairs dark, with a yeUow ring ; crown and crest blacker ; throat, chest, and beneath paler. Papio melanotus, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 31 ! Hah. Madras, Ogilby. 30 SIMIASiB. See Macat. Burton. Feet 2" 6'". SkuU, length 2", breadth 1" 4'"; orbits pro- minent and produced on the sides; wider than the zygomatic arch. This species, which has the teeth exactly like the other Otogalae, by the shortness of its head and the large size of the eyes and orbit of the skull forms a passage to the Galagoids. 82 Otogale pallida. B. Head roundish ; face short. Eyes very large. 7. GALAGO. Ears large, pellucid, membranaceous, hinder edge contractile. Cutting-teeth ^ ; the upper equaJ, slender, the lower shelving up- ward. The upper canines erect; the lower ones decumbent, shelving forward and upward. The first false grinder short, broad, three-lobed, hke the others, and not prominent and erect Kke the canines. Feet elongate, slender, nearly as long as the shank or shin ; tarsal bone longer than the metatarsal. Cheirosciiirus, Cuv. ^ Geoff. 1795. Galago et Galagoides, A. Smith. Scartes, Swainson. GaRgo, Gray, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 145. Mr. Ogilby says that the index iinger is partly opposable to the other fingers arid forms a group with the thumb (Proc. Zool. Soe.^ ; but this does not agree with our observations or with the construction of the fingers of specimens in spirits. * fail thick, with spreading hairs ; fingers and toes very slender, elongate ; the upper cutting-teeth placed in an arched line, one before the other. 1. Galago Allenii. B. M. Fur dark, blackish brown ; forehead, rump, and base of tail grey ; arms and legs reddish- washed ; nose-streak and underside of body whitish ; taU black ; fingers and toes very slender, free ; ears mo- derate. Length of hind foot 2" 10'". SkuU (imperfect), length about 2" 2'", breadth 1" 5'". Galago Allenii, Waterhouse, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 87. Otolicnus Allenii, Van der Hoeven. Galago acaciarum, var., Lesson. Var. gahonensis. Skull smaU, 2", width 1" 4i"'. B. M. Galago otolicnus gabonensis, Mivart, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 647. Hab. West Africa : Gaboon ; Fernando Po. There is a considerable difference in the two skulls -of this species which we have, though the skins resemble each other very closely, so much so that it would not be easy, to distinguish them as varieties. 7. GALAGO. 83 The one from Fernando Po is larger, and the upper cutting-teeth form an arched series, and the grinders are very large and broad. The one from the Gaboon is rather smaller in size, the upper cuttiag- teeth are in nearly the same straight transverse line, and the grinders are scarcely three-fourths of the general width of those of the other skull : both skulls seem to have their perfect and permanent teeth. Probably this may arise from the sex of the specimen ; but the sexes are not marked, and there is no external character to distinguish them. In a third and younger specimen the upper cutting-teeth are subeqnal, and placed one above the other ; so that this seems to be the normal position of the teeth. Fig. 8. Galago Allmii. (Mivart.) ** Tail clavaie, hair of iMoer part adpressed, of end spreading ; the finders and toes broaden; shorter ; upper cutting-teeth very slender, in a straight cross line. Otolicnus. Fig. 9. Galago maholi. 2. Galago maholi, B. M. Brownish grey ; nose-streak, face, throat, and beneath whitish ; ears large ; tail elongate, rather longer than head and body, subcla- vate, rather browner than the back. Length of foot 2" 3'". Skull, length 1" 6'", breadth 1" 0'". Galago maholi, A. Smith, lUust. 8. African Z. t. Octolicnus galago, Wagner, Sdugeth. Suppl i. 292? G. senegalensia, var., I. Geoff. Cat. p. 81. Octolicmis galago, var. australis, Wagner. P Little Maucaco, Lemur , Broton. Must. Zool. t. 44, 1776. L. mu- i-inus, Shaw, Zool. p. 106, t. 37 (upper fig.). Scartes , Swaimon, Class. Mamm. p. 852, 1838. Var. Smaller ; orbits darker. B. M. Hah. South Africa. Brown's figure seems to represent this species ; but the hind foot g2 84 LEMUEIC^. is too short — ^having about the same proportion, compared with, the shank-boue, as in Lepilemur ; therefore I have only referred it to this species with doubt. In Brown's figures the long claw is represented as being on the great toe, instead of the first toe. The fine male specimen which served as the type of Sir Andrew Smith's figure has the orbits of the same colour as the rest of the face ; in two other rather smaller specimens in the Museum the orbits are darker, in one nearly black. There are two skuUs of this species in the Museum Collection both from South Africa. They vary very slightly in the size of the teeth, especially in the breadth or squareness of the grinders. The upper cutting-teeth are cylindrical, elongate, of the same size, and placed in a nearly straight cross line ; the first upper false grinder is broad and lobed, like the second one. 8. Galago senegalensis. B. M. Ears oblong, rounded at the end ; fur grey ; nose-streak, chin, and beneath white ; tail and feet blackish brown; tail rather longer than the body and head ; orbits blackish. Length of hind foot 2" 3'", of head 1" 7". Octolicnus galago, Illiger. Galago senegalensis, Geoff. 1796 ; /. Geoff. Cat. 81. Or. Geofiroyii, Fischer. G. acaciarum, Lesson. Lemur galago, Schreb. Sdugeth. t. 38 B. Lemur calago, Shaw, Zool. p. 108. L. minutus, Cuv. Tab. EUm. p. 101. Galagoides senegaleneis, A. Smith. Hob. West Africa : Senegal ; Gambia. Fig. 10. Galago sennariensis. 4. Galago sennariensis. B. M. Bluish grey ; face and feet blacker ; orbits black ; throat and underpart of body and inside of limbs white ; taU very long, one- half as long again as the body and head, blackish ; ears very large, rounded ; fingers and toes slender. Length of hind foot 2". Skull, length 1" 6'" (about the back being imperfect), width 1" 2'". Otolionus teng, Hebend. MS. Sundev. K. V. Acad. Hand. 1842, p. 202. Galago senegalensis, Milpp. Sdugeth. t. 8. Galago (senega- lensis) sennariensie, Kotzschy, MS.; Gray, P.Z. S. 1863, p. 147 ! Hah. Sennaar, Buppell ; Kordofan, Ruppell. 7. GALAao. 85 The upper front cutting-teeth are very slender, longer and more produced, the upper grinders are broader and squarer, and the hinder one is more triangular than in Q. maholi. There are three specimens of this species in the Museum, unfor- tunately not in a good condition ; but they all decidedly differ from O. maholi, especially in the length of the toes, and in the fingers and toes being more slender. These three species are very similar, but I think they may easUy be distinguished by the length and colour of the tail. O. maholi and G. senegalensis have the tail not more than one-fifth as long again as the body and head. In G. maholi the tail is rather dark, but grey ; in G. senegalensis it is much darker, being blackish brown. In G. sennariensis the taU is much longer than the body and head, and black. There seems also to be some difference, although difficult to describe, in the proportion of the ears and the head. Fig. 11. X3. Galago sennariensis. (Huxley.) The following species have not come under my observation : — 1. Gahgo conspicillatm, I. Geoff. Cat. p. 81. Ears acute, tri- angular, acute at the tip ; fur above black-brown, beneath grey ; tail elongate. Hah. Port Natal ; South Africa ; Guinea. 2. Otolimus peli, Temm. Esquiss. Zool. p. 42 : Mus. Leyden. 3. Otolicnm senegalensis, Peters, Mossamb. ii. t. 4. f. 11-13. Hah. Mozambique. . 86 LEMURIDJD. *** Tail slender, cylindrical ; ears smaller. Hemigalago. Hemigalago, Dahlbom, 1857. " A new genus, intermediate between Galago and Mierocehus, I. Geoff." 5. Galago Demidoffii. £. M. Brown ; side of face dark ; nose-streak white, narrow ; chin, throat, and below reddish grey ; tail one-half as long again as the body and head, darker at the hinder half; skuU, length 1" 5'", width 10i"'j length of hind foot 1" 8'". Galago Demidoffii, Mscher, MSm. Ac. Mosc. i. t, 24. f. 1, 1806. Hemi- galago Demidoffii, Dahlbom, Stud. p. 230, 1. 10. Galago seuegalensis, X. Praser. G. murinus, Murray, Hdinh: Phil. Journ. n. s. x. t. 11. Galagoides Demidoffii, A. Smith. Hob. West Africa : Gaboon. There are several specimens of this animal in the Museum Col- lection. The skin of the adult measures about 5 inches long, from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail ; the tail is 7g inches long ; the hind foot and shin are about 1 inch 8 lines long. There are some smaller specimens in spirits, which appear to be younger, which have the hind foot only from 1 inch 4 lines to 1 inch 6 lines long. I am induced to suppose that Mr. Murray's Galago murinvs from Old Calabar is the young of this species, as the hind foot is figured about IJ inch long. The skull without a lower jaw, which in the Museum Catalogue of Bones is put undei Microeebus myoxvnMs{Tg^. 33), evidently belongs to this species. Fig. 1*2. Galago Demidoffii. 8. LEPILEMUR ? I. Geoff. 1851. Cutting-teeth ^, the two front upper longer. Ears elongate, membranaceous, bald, and exposed. Foot broad, shorter than the shank. Tail cylindrical, covered with close-set short hair. Lepilemur, Geoff. ; Gray, P. Z. 8. 186S, p. 143. Microcebus, Water- home ; Peters ; Mivart. 87 LepUemur mwrmus. (Mivart.) * Back uniform. Species 1. ** Back \5rith. black streak, forked on forehead. Species 2. * Back uniform. 1. Lepilemur murinus. B. M. Back pale reddish, grey, nnde:^art of the fur deep black ; broad streak up the nose between the orbits, the cheeks, and the underside whitish ; in front of the orbits on the side of the nose brown ; tail rather browner, slender, rather longer than the head and body ; ears rather large, rounded at the end, pale, covered with short scattered hairs on the outside. Lemur murinus, Miller, dm. Phys. p. 25, t. 13. Microcebus niurinus, Waterhouse, Cat. Mus. Zool Soc. p. 12. no. 90 (male). Galago minor, Gray, Ann.Sr Mag. N. H. 1842, x. p. 257. ? Little Macaco, Perm. Quad. Lepilemur murinus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 143. Hab. Madagascar : from Zoological Society. MUler's figures very well represent this animal, but the tail is more bushy and browner than in our specimens ; the feet are of the prop^ size and form. The skull of the adult male has a rather longer nose than those of the typical Galago ; and the orbits are very large, but scarcely so large as some of the species of that genus. It is 1" 2|"' long, and 9| Imes broad. The two front upper cutting- teeth are large and biSd, the inner ones small and cylindrical. The upper canines are erect ; the lower ones are decumbent. The first and second upper false grinders are slightly conical and compressed. 88 Lepilemur murinus. See a. Microcehus myoxitvus, Peters, Mossamb. Saugeth. i. p. 14, t. 4. Lepilemur myoonnus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 144. The figure of Dr. Peters agrees pretty well with, the Museum specimen of L. murinus ; but the whole colour of the fur is rather darker, and the ears are larger. The figure of the skuE also agrees w:eU with that of L. murinus. This is not a Microcehus as now restricted ; the feet are too short and broad for that genus. In the figure the feet are short, two- thirds of the length of the tibia. Hah. Eastern Madagascar. Skull, length 1" 4'" (according to the figure), breadth 10^'". It is very like Gheirogaleus Smithii, but the ears are too large. The ears are very apt to be unnaturally stretched in thestuif- ing, or the converse and allowed to shrink in the drying. b. Otolemur agisymhanus, Coquerel, Eev. et Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 459, 1. 18. f. 1 (skull). From Zanzibar Island. Coquerel " believes it to be Gheirogaleus galago." c. Lepilemur mustelinus, I. Geoff. Cat. Mamm. ; Archives du Mus. t. Eufous ; throat white ; forehead and cheeks grey ; lower part of body yellowish ; the tail, hands, and lower part of the legs yellowish grey ,* outer side of the last third of the tail brown ; tail two-thirds the length of the body ; ears large, roimded, membranaceous, dark. Length of head and body 14", of tail 10". Eah. Madagascar, 1842. The descrip- tion of this animal agrees in most particulars with Lepile- mur, but it is said to have no upper cutting-teeth. May not this be a peculiarity of the single specimen on which the species is founded ? *• Back loith a black streak, forked on the occiput. 2. Lepilemur fnrcifer. B.M. Grey ; back with a streak, forked on the occiput and extended to the eyes ; end of the tail black. Lemur furcifer, Slainv. Ost^ogr. p. 35, t. 7, 1839. Gheirogaleus fur- cifer, Is. Geoff, Cheirogale, Chenu, Ikcycl. Quadrum. p. 269, f. 218 P Lepilemur fuioifer, Gray, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 145. TVTicro- cebus furcifer, Mivart, P. Z. S. 1864, pp. 621 (fig.), 642. JJab. Madagascar. 9. MICROBHTNCHUS. 89 Dr. Dahlbom observes that this species wotild be a Lepilemur if it were without upper cutting-teeth; but as ovaLepilemures have these teeth, I think it had better be placed in this genus. Tail elongate ; face rather compressed ; orbit large, like Otogale ; the cutting-teeth produced horizontally in front, the lower much the longest ; the first upper false grinder elongate like a canine. — ■ Blainv. Osteog. i. t. 7. f . Lepilemur furcifer. (Mivart.) Tribe III. MICRORHYNCHINA. Head short, subglobose. Ears small, hairy, hidden. Face short, tapering. Eyes large. 9. MICRORHYNCHUS. Tail elongate, cylindrical, hairy. Ears hidden under the fur. Thumb and index finger without the second phalange. Nostrils se- parated by a narrow septum. Hind foot short and broad. Claws elongate, convex, acute ; claw of first toe elongate, cyhndrical. Microrhynchus, Jourdan, 1834 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 141. Ava- his, I. Oeoff. 1835. Indria, A. Smith, 1834; Semnocebus, Lesson, 1840. TJichaaot'as, lUigeir ; Wagler. Kyahi, Jourd. Habrocebus, Wagner. 90 XBMUEID^. Microrhynchus laniger. The Avahi. B. M. Brown, varied ; rump, spot over groin, and beneath wMtish, with a narrpw white lunate band on the forehead. Lichanotus laniger, lUigei: Lemur laniger, Qrmlin. Maki abourres, Sonnerat, t. 89 ; cop. Buffon, Swpp. viii. t. 35. Lemur lanatus, Schreh. Indris longicaudatus, Geoff. Ann. Mm. xix. p. 158. L. brunneus, Idnk, Beytr. p. 65. Semnocebua Avahi, Lesson ; Hoe- ven, Nat. Tijds. xi. t. 8, and t. 2. f. 6, skull. Avahi, Jcmrdan, In- stitute, 1834, p. 231. Hah. Madagascar. Length of foot about 2| inches. Trite IV. INDRISINA. Head elongate. Face well developed. Eyes moderate. The hind foot short, broad. Great toe very long, slender. Lichanotina, part.. Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825. Indrinina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1863. 10. PROPITHECUS. Ears short, smooth inside, and visible in the fur. Nostrils sepa- rated by a moderate septum. Tail elongate. The two middle upper cutting-teeth very large, oblique, sharp-edged. Great toe long, hairy. Propitheoua, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 20. Macromerus, A. Smith, 1834. Habrocebus, Waffner, 1840. Cutting-teeth ?^ ; upper chisel-shaped, expanded at the end, two middle larger ; lower elongate, subulate, decumbent. Canines -J- ; upper canines broad, lower elongate, decumbent. Fur formed of long, straight, silky hairs. Head, nose, and top of the back black. Forehead, ears, thorax, and tail yellowish white. Shoulders, sides, and beneath white. Lips with black hairs. Between the eyes and over the claws are some yellowish hairs. Propithecus diadema. The Propitheque. B. M. Grey ; limbs yellowish ; hand and top of the head black ; shoulders and part of back blackish ; circumference of face white. Propithecus diadema, Bennett, P. Z. 8. 1832, p. 20. Macromerus typicus, A. Smith, South African Journal. Lemur diadema, Blainv. bst. t. 8. f. 3 ; t. 11. f. 2. Eah. Madagascar. 11. INDRIS. Upper cutting-teeth large, strong, compressed, one before the other in an arched line. Ears exserted, hairy. Nostrils separated by a very narrow septum. Body thick. Feet short ; tarsus shorter 11. INDRIS. 91 than the metatarsus. Tail rudimentary, very short. The great toe very long, slender, and covered with hair, Lichanotua, Illiger, 1811. Pithelemur, Lesson, 1840. Indris, Lac6p. ; Oeoff. Indri, Cuvier. StoUcnus, Fkm. Indris brevicaudatus. Black Indri. B.M. Blackish ; ears short, rounded ; muzzle, abdomen, and inside of limbs greyish ; loins vrhite. Indris brevicaudatus, Oeoff. Ann, Mus. xix. p. 157. Lemur indri, Gmel. i. p. 42. Lichanotus niger, Oray. L. indri, lUiger. Indri maucaco, Penn. Quad. i. p. 228. Indri niger, Audeb. Indris, t. 7. f. 1. Indri, Sonnerat, Voy. Ind. ii. t. 688 ; Schreb. t. 38, c. Pithe- lemur indri, Lesson, Spec. Mamm. i. p. 208. Var. white, called Simpoune. Indris albus, Vinson, Compt. Rend. Iv. p. 829. Hah. Madagascar. Kg. 16. Indris h-evicaudatus. (Huxley.) The claws, like those of most of the Lemuridce, when perfect, are keeled, and end in an acute tip. SkuU. Length 3" 10'", breadth 2" 3". The four lower cutting-teeth of the Indris occupy about the same space as the six in the other genera, the central ones being broader, while in the other genera the two central pairs are very much com- pressed and slender ; and the upper cutting-teeth are stronger and broader ; indeed the general character of the skuU is to be stronger, though the teeth are fewer. In other respects there is very little difference in the dentition. 92 LEMTJEIDiE. Section H. Fore and hind legs eqiial. Tail none. Feet short. Tribe V. LOKISINA. The fore and hind legs nearly equal in length. Feet short, broad. Great toe very broad. Tail none. Index finger short. Loridina, Oray, Ann. Phil. 1823. Lorisina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 149, Znris. Nycticehus. Perodictictts. (Mivart.) 12. NYCTICEBUS. Head subglobose. Body and limbs stout and strong. Bradicehus, Geoff, Bradycebus, Blainv, ; Lesson. Nycticebus, Cumer, 1795 ; Geoff. ; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 149 ; Mivart, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 643. Steiiops, Miger, Bradylemur, Slainv. Cucang, Cuvier. Tardigradus, Modd, 1. Nycticebus tardigradus. The Slow Lemur. B. M, Yellowish ashy, with a brown dorsal streak ; forehead brown, nar- rdw whitish streak between the eyes ; eutting-teeth 4 above. Lemur tardigradus. Baffles, lAnn. Trans, viii. p. 247 ; Bennett, Gard. Zool. Soc. p. 139, fig. Stenops tardigradus, Hoeven, Nat. Tijdschr viii. p. 346, t. 6. f. 3, 4, 8. Lemiu- tardigradus, Linn. S. N. Tar- digradus cuoang, Bodd. Nycticebus Bengalensis, Geoff. ; Vos- maer, t. ; Buffon, H. N. Supp. vii. t. 36 ; Audeh. Loris, 1. 1 ; Manan. Lith. t. ; Kmght, Mus. A. N. f. 202. Hah. Borneo and Sumatra. 2. Nycticebus javanicus. B. M. Yellowish, with a broad dorsal streak ; nose, interorbital region, and forehead white ; upper cutting-teeth 2. Nycticebus i avanicus, Geoff. 1812 ; Ann. Mus. xix. p. 164 ; V. d. Hoeven, Nat. Tijdschr. viii. p. 345, t. 6. f. 1, 2, 3,t. 7. £5-7, Eab, Java. See Nyciicehus ceylonieus, GeoS. Ann. Mus. xii. p. 164 ; Seba, i. t. 47. f. 1. Lemur tardigradus, var. c. Lesson, Spec. Mamm. i. p. 242. Blackish brown ; back black, tinted with yeUow ashy on the belly. Eab. Ceylon. May be only a variety of the former. 14. PEEODicTicrrs. 93 13. LORIS. Tail none. Cutting-teeth A, upper small, nearly equal. Nose elongate, very acute. Body slender. Limbs very long. . TMgh elongate, nearly half as long as the body. Tarsus moderate. Eyes large, close together. Prosimia, Cuv. 8r Geoff. 1798. Loris, Geoff. 1796; Gray, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 150. Stenops, part., lUiqer. Arachnoeebus, Lesson, 1840. r ; r ,v , , Loris gracilis. B. M. Pur of back rufous, sooty-grey varied ; cheeks and beneath ashy white ; spot between the eyes and in front of the ears white. Loris gracilis, Geoff. ; Audeb. M.{.2; Blainv. OsUogr. t. 7. f. 5. Lemur tardigradus, lAnn. Mm. A. ; Schreb. t. 38. L. lori, Zimm. L. cey- lonicus, Fischer, Makis, t. 7, 8, 9 & 18. Loris, Suffon, S. N. xiii. t. 30, 32 ; Shaw, Zool. i. t. 31 ; Seba, i. t. 35. f. 1, 2 ; Hoeven, Tijds. i. t. f. 4, skull; Knight, M. A. N. f. 203, 204. Stenops gracilis, Voigt. Arachnocebus, Lesson. Hah. Ceylon; India: Pondicherry. Trite VI. PERODICTICINA. The fore and hind legs nearly equal in length. Face short, broad. The hand broad. The index finger abortivo, clawless. Eyes moderate. 14. PERODICTICUS, Bennett. Tail shorter than the body. The hands and feet large. Fingers and toes free at the ends ; the index finger rudimentary, but dis- tinct. Lower cutting-teeth large, prominent, and projecting. The apices of the vertebrae of the back, neck, and withers projecting beyond the skin, like prickles. Perodicticus, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 109. Gray, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 150. Potto, Lesson. Perodicticus potto. B. M. Very slow ; sleeps by day, rolled in a ball, with the head between the fore legs and folded into the chest, holding on by the fore and hind legs to the edge of the cage. Lively by night. Hand with only a very short rudimentary index, the ring finger rather the longest ; foot similar, but with a regular index, armed with a long, arched, broad nail; nails thin, oblong, transverse, rounded at the end like the human ; nose deeply nicked in the centre, with rather elongate semilunar nostrils on each side, rather higher than the tip of the nose, naked, flesh-coloured ; upper part of nose rather naked; eyes large, very convex, pupil oblong, rather oblique ; the four ver- tebrse between the fronts of the bladebones produced beyond the skin, 94 LEMUMDiB. forming serrated crests covered with a blackish, skin. Blackish brown ; fur yellowish, blackish- washed on the surface ; chin, throat, and be- neath yellowish brown ; hair very close, woolly, yellowish, with longer black-tipped and rigid hairs ; penis retractile into a sheath, with roundish opening; scrotum large. — Warrick, p. 46, t. 8. f. 28. Perodicticus Geofil-oyi, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 109 ; Murray, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinh. 1860, p. 191, tigs, of hands andJfeet. Potto Bosmani, Lesson. Lemur potto, Omel. S. iV. p. 42. Galago guineensis, Desm. Mamm. p. 104. Potto, Bosman. Nycticebus potto, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xvii. p. 114; xix. p. 116. Hab. Sierra Leone, West Africa. Skull and skeleton in British Museum. Kg. 18. Perodicticus potto. (Huxley.) 15. ARCTOCEBUS. Tail very short. Hands and feet small, with the lower phalanges (not including the thumb) united in the skin, the two vipper joints free ; the index finger abortive, reduced to a tubercle. Lower cut- ting-teeth small, hyaline, hidden by the lips. Arctocebua, Gray, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 150 ; Huxley, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 335. ]5. ABCTOCEBTTS. Fig. 19. 85 Arctocebus calaharensia. (Huxley.) Arctocebus calabareusis. Perodicticus calabarensis, Smith, Proa. Boy. Phys. Soc. Edmb. 1860, p. 172, f. 1, 2 (hands), f. 3, 4 (head). Arctocebus calabarensis, Cfray, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 150 ; ITuxley, P. Z. S. 1864, pp. 321, 335. Hah. West Africa : Old Calabar. Fig. 20. Arctocebtis calabarensis. (Huxley.) A, left hand ; B and C, left foot. 96 DATTBENTONnD-a;. Fam. V. TARSIID.E. Cutting-teeth |-, erect, cylindrical, conical ; the two upper front elongate, acute ; the lower ascending obliquely, crowded between the canines. Grinders ^ . |. The fingers and toes free, well de- veloped. The first and second hind toes shorter, each with an elongate curved claw. Head short. Eyes and orbits very large. Limbs free, elongate. Foot very long, as long as the shin. Tail elongate, slender covered with short hairs ; the tip with a peneU of longer hairs. Tarsina, Gray, Ann. PhU. 1828. Taisidee, Gray, P.Z. S. 1863, p. 150. TARSIUS. Tarsius, Storr, 1780; Daub. 1793. Macrotarsus, Cuv. Sf Geoff. Tar- sier, Lac&p. Prosimia, Shaw. Cephalophacus, Swainson, 1835. Hypsicebus, Lesson, 1840. Rubienus, Gray, 1821. Tarsius spectnim. The Tarsier. B.M. Tarsius spectrum, Geoff. ; Dahlbom, Studier, t. 11 (skeleton). T. Pallaaii, Geoff. T. Daubentonii, Avdeb. ; Geoff. T. fuscomanus, Fischer. T. bancanus, Horsf. Java. t. Cephalophacus bancanus, Swainson, Lard. Encyc. Hypsicebus bancanus. Lesson, Spec. Mamm. Lemur tarsius, Erxl. L. spectrum, Pallas. Didelphis macrotarsus, Gmelin. Tarsier, Bwffon, H. N. xiii. Macrotarsus Buffonii, Link, Beytr. 1^.66. Woolly Jerboa, Pwn. p. 298. Hah. Borneo; Celebes. ** Teeth of only two kinds. Canines none. Fam. VI. DAUBENTONIIDtE. Cutting-teeth |, compressed, very large, with a space between them and the grinders. Canines none. Grinders A . A. Limbs free. The fingers and toes well developed. The fingers very long and slender. The great toe broad. The index finger with a sharp curved claw. Claw of thumb fiat. Face short. Tail elongate, hairy. Cheiromyidse, Bona^. ; I. Geoff. Cat. Cheiromyina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1829. Glirisimise, DahUbom. Daubentoniadie, Gray, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 151. DAUBENTONIA. Daubentonia, Geoff. Decad. Philos. iv. p. 193, 1795 : Dahlbom, 1851 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 18ft3, p. 151. Aye-Aye, LacSp. 1799. Cheiromys, Oumer, 1800. Chiromys, Miy. Prod. 1811. Mystipithecus, Blainv. GAXEOPITHECIDiE. 97 Cuvier refused to use the name proposed by Geofiroy, because it was given in honour of a person ; but as this rule has not been generally observed, the objection ceases to be operative. Daubentonia madagascariensis. Tlie Aye-Aye. B. M. Daubentonia madagascariensis, 6reo^. ; DaMhom, Studier, p. 236, t. 12. Aye-Aye, Sonnerat, Voy. Md. ii. p. 138, t. 76, 1782. Scivi- rus madagascariensis, ChneUn. Cheiromys madagascariensis, Oeoff. 1803 ; Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1863. Sab. Madagascar. Suborder III. DERMOPTEEA. Limbs enclosed in an expansion of the sHn. Fingers and toes short, webbed, with opposable thumbs ; claws very sharp. Fam. VII. GALEOPITHECID^. Cutting-teeth ^ ; the upper middle small ; side one compressed ; lower shelving, pectinate. Canines -f • -f ; Uke the molars. Grinders 4 . |.. Head elongate. Ears small, rounded. Limbs short, subequal. Neck, limbs, and tail united by a hairy expansion, serving as a para- chute. Toes and fingers short, compressed. Palm short. Teats placed in pairs in a large gland. Galeopithecidre, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825; P. Z. S. 1863, p. 161. Synopsis op G-enbba. 1. GALBOPiTHECtrs. Tail and arms moderate. 2. Gaibolbmub. Tail and arms elongate. 1. GALEOPITHECUS. Tail moderate, of 16 or 17 vertebrae. Arms moderate. Galeopithecus, Pallas, p. 17 ; Gfray, P. Z. S. 1863. Ohiromys, lUiger. * Nose of skull elongate, as long as hroad. Grinders small. False grinders elongate, narrow. Gonyx of lower jaw swollen. Galeopithecus. 1. Galeopithecus volans. The Colugo. B. M. The second and third upper grinders low, broader than high, with the front and hinder edge serrated ; the first moderate, four-lobed. The first lower five-lobed ; the second compressed, serrated. Skull elongate ; temporal ridges separate behind. Lemur volans, lAnn. Galeopithecus volans, Shaw, Zool. t. 38. G. variegatus, Geofi G. rufus, Geoff". ? G. ternatensis, Geoff. G. Temminckii, Waterh. P. Z. S. 1838, p. 120. G. undatus, A. Wag- ner ; Schreb. Sdugeth. i. p. 326, t. 307 6. G. Temminckii, Waterh. Trans. Zool. Soc. Hah. Java ; Sumatra ; Borneo ; Siam. 98 PTEROPID^. ** Nose of shuU short, broader than long. Orinders large. False grinders thick. Gonyx of lower jaw with an acute angle. Teeth overlapping, Colugo. 2. Galeopithecus philippinensis. The Broad-headed Colugo. B. M. The second and third upper grinders higher than broad, conical, rather compressed, with a small dentation on each side ; the front upper very small, nicked ; the third highest ; the first lower toothed; the second conical. Galeopithecus philippinensis, Waterh. P. Z. S. 1838, p. 119 ; Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. Hah. Philippines. Total length 20 inches ; skuU 2 inches 7 lines ; five hinder grinders 10 hnes long. 2. GALEOLEMUR. Tail elongate, of 21 vertebrae. Arms elongate. — Temm. Galeolemur, Lesson. Galeopithecus, Temm. Galeolenmr macrurus. Galeolemur macrurus, Xessow. Galeopithecus macrurus, Temminok, F. Japon. Mamm. p. 9. Hah. Ceylon. Skeleton without head. Mus. Leyden. Suborder IV. CHIROPTERA. Limbs and the very elongated fingers of the hands enclosed in a thin skin. Thumb and great toe free. Fam. VIII. PTEROPIDiE. Head conical. Ears simple, lateral; tragus none. Nostrils simple, rather produced. Index finger clawed (except Cephalotes). Wings broad, long. Tail short or none. Interfemoral membrane narrow, margining the legs. Thumb elongate, the lower joint short, it and the base of the longer slender ; upper joint enclosed in the front membrane of the wing. Skull elongate. Cutting-teeth ^ or rarely -J ; the upper separated from the canines by a space on each side for the reception of the lower canines, and placed in the centre of the intercanine space ; lower crowded between the canines, sometimes pressed -out by them. Canines elongate. True grinders |-. False grinders ^ or |^; the hinder conical, oblique ; the front small, often deciduous ; some- times the upper are wanting. Hah. The Eastern Hemisphere and its islands. These Bats are spread over the warmer parts of Africa and Asia, and are found in many of the smaller islands of the Indian and PIEKOPID^. 99 Pacific Oceans. There is a general similarity in' the colouring; and . specimens found in the same locality or island often vary consider- ably from one another, even when examination of the skuU and teeth shows that they are one species. On the other hand, specimens from very different localities often resemble one another so much in their external colouring that it is difficult to distinguish them in any descrip- tion that can be given; but when the skull and teeth are examined, they prove to be very distinct species. Under these circumstances the locality is an important character in determining the species. This observation is applicable to other families of Bats ; indeed the species of these animals are so imperfectly known, and the material in the Museums is so imperfect, that the best one can attempt to do is to get what is contained in the Museum into groups, leaving suc- ceeding naturalists to determine if they are species or varieties. Many of the characters given by Temminck and others as cha- racteristic of the species depend on the art or want of talent of the preserver. SlNOPSIS OB TbIBES and GrEITEBA. Section A. Teeth Z4:. True grinders ^, hinder small. False grinders ^', front minute, often deciduous. Tribe I. Ptbbopina. Cutting-teeth J ; loioer in a regular series. Tail none. Gland of penis hony. 1. SpBCTEtTM. Head round ; face narrow. Ears small, hidden. Wings from the sides of the hairy back. 2. Ptbhopus. Head elongate ; face broad. Ears exposed. Wings from the sides of the back. Back hairy. 3. EtTNYCSEBis. Head elongate ; face broad. Ears exposed. Wings only attached to the vertebral line; the part over the back bald, or nearly so. Tribe H. Macboglossina. Cutting-teeth f ; lower in a regular series. Tail-end free. Gland of penis fleshy. * Face very long, slender. Cutting-teeth isolated, in an arched series. Grinders compressed, small. 4. NoTOPTEBis. Wings only attached to the vertebral line. Part over the back bald. Head very long; face slender. Tail very long. False grinders none. 5. Macboglossus. Wings from the sides of the hairy back. Head very long ; face very slender. Tail short. False grinders \, compressed. **Facehroad. Ctetting-teeth in a transverse series. Grinders thick. 6. Xanthabpyia. Wings from the sides of the hairy back. Head elon- gate ; face tapering. Grinders far apai-t in front. Fur short, ad- 7. Elbuthebuba. Wings from the sides of the hairy back. Head elongate ; face broad. Grinders close together. Fur soft, spreading. Tribe HI. Cephalotina. Cutting-teeth f ; lower crowded before the base of the canines. Tail-end free. Index finger not clawed. 8. Cephalotes. Face short. Grinders close ; upper' false giinder wanting. I?pper cutting-teeth broad. h2 100 PTEBOPID^. Section B. Teeth 28. True grinders %. ^. Fake grinders^ ; fronimmute, often decidiums. Wings from the sides of the hairy back. Penis- Tribe rV. Haepyiana. Cutting-teeth ^ or % ; lower, when present, crowded before the canines. False grinders f . Head short, broad. Nostrils tubidar, diverging. 9. Habpyia. Tail short, end free. Tribe V. Ctnoptebdja. Cutting-teeth J ; lower in a regular series. False grinders f. Sead broad, short, tapering. Nostrils rather pro- minent. Shoulde-rgland with coloured hairs. 10. Cynoptbbtjs. Tail short, end fr^e. 11. Megt^ba. Tail none. Tribe VI. Epomophoeina. Cutting-teeth \ ; lower in regvdar series. Front v/pper false grinders wanting. Head very long, swollen in front. Nostrils rath^ prominent. Shoulder-gland with white hairs. 12. Hypsignathtts. Face swollen and truncated in front. Nose and chin with a fleshy disk, with raised edges. Nostrils in the notch in the upper margin of the disk. 13. Epomophobtjs, Face very hairy, rounded in front. Nose and chin hairy. Skull elongate, narrow, zygomatic arch flattened. Upper cutting-teeth close, rather crowded together in the centre of the intercanine space ; grinders far apart. 14. Epomops. Face rounded in front. Nose and chin hairy. Skull ovate, rather broad. Face moderate. Zygomatic arch curved. Cut- ting-teeth separate, far apart in the intercanine space ; grinders close. Section A. Teeth 34. True grinders \-, hinder small. False grinders f , front minute, often deciduous. Tribe I. PTEROPINA. Cutting- teeth -J ; lower series regular. Wings from sides of back (except in Eunyfieris). Tail none. Penis-gland bony. 1. SPECTRUM. Head rounded ; face produced, slender, cylindrical. Ears small, slender, nearly hidden by the fur. Wings from the sides of the hairy back. Fur soft, abundant, erect. Back, base of the wings near the back, shoulders, hinder side of the forearm, thighs and legs, and interf amoral membrane covered with hair. Thumb, lower joint short, enclosed in the front membrane ; upper joint not very long, compressed, quite free. Tail none. Penis-gland bony. Interfe- moral membrane very narrow, , only distinct near the heel-bone. Mah. Africa, Asiatic islands, and Japan. 1. Spectrum vulgare. B. M. Ears small; fur soft, abimdant, spreading, blackish chestnut; head pale yellow ; the upper arm, sides of the shoulders, back, and 1. SPECTRtTM. 101 the rump bright golden yellow ; underside of thighs and pubis yellowish. La Roussette, 5ns«<»j. LaB-osaette, £uffon, JS. N. -k.. t.14:. Vesper- tilio vampyius, Schreb. not Zinn. Pteropus vulgaris, Oeqf. Ann. Mus. XV. p. 92 ; Temm. Man. i. p. 132 ; li. p. 74, t. 38 (young). Hah. Isle of France ; Bourbon ; Madagascar ? Var. mav/ritianum. Head and back, thighs and upper arm above, straw-colour ; back of the head and neck bright yeUow red ; a broad lozenge-shaped spot between the shoulders, extending a short dis- tance down the back; the throat, chest, and abdomen dark red brown ; belly and underside of the upper arm yellow ; wings brown. Ears small, narrow. Hob. Mauritius. B. M. Temminck describes the nape as yellow ; in the Museum specimen it is only rather yellower brown than the back, and darker than the head. 2. Spectrum rubricolle. The Boussette. B. M. Ears small, hidden ; wings far apart at base ; fur soft, abundant, dark brown ; head rather grizzled ; belly with some white stiffer hairs intermixed ; collar reddish ; forearm-bone 3J inches. Koussette, Daub. Mem. Ac. Se. 1759, p. 385. Rougette, Buffon, H. N. X. t. 17. Pteropus rubricoUis, Oeoff. Ann. Mus. xv. p. 93. Temm. Mon. i. p. 183, ii. p. 75 (not Siebold). P. collaris, lAcht. Douh. p. 2. . Hah. Cape of Good Hope ; Mauritius. 3. Spectrum dasymaUum. The SohaosiM. B. M. Ears small; fur soft, erect, dense, woolly. Reddish brown, slightly grizzled ; collar broad, pale yellow : head red brown ; fore- arm bone 5| inches, hairy above two- thirds of its length. No upper false grinder. Pteropus dasymallus, Temm. Mon. i. p. 180, t. 10, t. 16. f. 10, 11 ; ii. p. 73. P. rubricoUis, Siebold, Fawi. Japon. (not Oeoff.). Hah. Japan, Yerraux. Skull 2J inches long, 1| wide ; zygomatic arch thin, high. Grinders large ; hinder upper and lower small, oblong, equal-sized ; lower false grinder cylindrical, upper wanting. Upper cutting-teeth rather broad, equal. Skull like the typical Pteropi in form. 4. Spectrum anetiauum. B. M. Fur very long, soft, abundant, dull red brown, varied with yel- lowish or grey hairs ; hair black, with pale ends ; upper part of neck bay ; a half collar on back of lower part of neck, and shoulders, pale yellow ; head black, with interspersed yellow hairs ; chest and underside black. Ears narrow ; forearms and legs hairy. Female. Head and underside rather redder. Hah. New Hebrides : Aneiteum, Eayner. Skull, length 2i, width 1\ ; nose from orbit 9 lines ; thje grinders 102 PIEROPID^. small ; upper subtrigonal ; lower smaller, circular ; lower false grinder rather large, truncated, with an oblong crown; upper wanting ; upper cutting-teeth rather wide. Face shorter and wider than in P, nawaiensis, No. 14, from Nawai. 6. Spectrum lencopterum. B. M- Fur very soft, uniform pale whitish brown ; underside duller ; wings thin, very pale brown, whitish at the tips ; the back, shoidders, and nearly the whole length of the forearm with close-pressed hairs ; thighs and legs with woolly hair. Forearm 5| inches. Pteropus leiicopterus, Temm. Esq. p. 50. Hab. Philippines, Verreaux. 2. PTEROPUS. Head elongate ; face produced, broad. Ears large, produced, acute. Fur soft, of the back adpressed, of the underside more spreading, fuller. Wings from the sides of the back. Back, shoul- ders, part of the forearm, and the thighs hairy. Thumb, lower joint short, the upper longer ; the lower joint and the base of the upper are enclosed in the front membrane, the rest free. Tail none. Interfemoral membrane moderate, margining the legs and thighs. The gland of the penis armed with a broad bone. Pteropus, ep., Brisson, Oeoff., Gray, Peters. Acerodon, Jour'dan, Ann. Sd. Nat. viii. p. 376. The wings are generally from the sides of the back; in some species they are extended backwards so as to be attached to the sides of the middle of the back ; but in some stuffed specimens the manner in which they are attached is not easily determined, as the skin of the back appears sometimes to be stretched in width. If one had living specimens to examine and could observe their habits, I have no doubt that those with the wings from near the centre of the back would have some habit different from those that have them ajfixed to the sides of the body ; but our system cannot go further than the specimens at our command admit. The species may be thus divided : — ■ I. The nape and the back of the neck yellow or red, forming a bright tippet. * Orbits paler. No. 1. ** Orbits like back. Size large. Nos. 2-7. *** Orbits like back. Size small. Nos. 8-21. II. Nape like back ; shoulders with a tuft on each. No. 22. III. The nape and back of the neck like the rest of the' body, or only whiter. * Face uniform. Nos. 23-27. ** Face with brown streaks. No. 28. *** Face with white streaks. No. 29. 2. PIEROPUS. 103 I. The nape and hack of the neck yeUow or red, forming a bright tippet. * Orbits paler, forming rings round the eye. 1. Pteropus conspicillatus. The Spectacled Ealong. B..M. Black ; orbits brown ; nape and back of neck red yellow ; hairy part of back rather narrow ; upper arms and thighs rather hairy ; rest of limbs bald ; forearin-bone 6| inches. Pteropus conspicillatus, Gotdd, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 109 ! Mamm. Austr. iii. t. 29 ! Hah. East coast of Australia : Fitzroy Island. (Malay Islands, Temm.) Var. Underside silvered, with the white tips to the hairs ; face browner. Sii6. East coast of Australia, Cap*. /S'