CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY GIFT OF Mr. Fred Parker Cornell University Library TC 781.F3N8 Sta e of New York at the Panama-Pacific 3 1924 022 883 494 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924022883494 STATE OF NEW YORK AT THE Panama-Pacific International Exposition SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA February Twentieth to December Fourth 1915 ALBANY J. B. LYON COMPANY, PRINTERS 1916 NEW YORK STATE COMMISSION NORMAN E. MACK, Chairman JOHN R. YALE, VIce-Chairman MRS. ELON R. BROWN THOMAS H. BUSSEY GEORGE H. COBB THOMAS H. CULLEN JAMES A. FOLEY JAMES J. FRAWLEY DANIEL D. FRISBIE MRS. ELBERT H. GARY MRS. WILLIAM R. HEARST WINFIELD A. HUPPUCH ARTHUR A. McLEAN JOSEPH B . MAYER JOHN F. MURTAUGH ALFRED E. SMITH GEORGE H. WHITNEY FRANK L. YOUNG DANIEL L. RYAN, Secretary WILLIAM LEARY, Assistant Secretary ->-r CONTENTS PAGE Historical - - - - - ....,, ]] Dedication .......... 87 New York State Elxhibitors' Association 207 New York State Displays in the Exhibit Palaces .... 265 The Official Exhibits 271 New York in Fine Arts 271 The Education Exhibit -- 290 State Care of Insane ........ 308 State Health Exhibit 319 State Quarantine Exhibit ....... 328 State Labor Exhibit 330 New York Exhibit for the Blind 335 State Prison Exhibit 340 New York Barge Canal Exhibit 347 State Agricultural Exhibit ....... 366 The Horticultural Exhibit 388 State Exhibit of Mines and Metallurgy 401 New Ybrk City's- Exhibit 435 Story of the Exposition 440 Financial Statement - - - -, 460 ILLUSTRATIONS New York State Building Frontispiece Governor Charles S. Whitman .-.-...- 9 Commissioners Norman E. Mack, Chairman 13 John R. Yale, Vice-Chairman 17 Mrs. Elon R. Brown 21 Mrs. Elbert H. Gary 25 Mrs. William R. Hearst, Hostess 29 Thomas H. Bussey -....,, -33 George H. Cobb 37 Thomas H. Cullen - - - - - - - - - 41 James A. Foley 45 James J. Frawley -- - 49 Daniel D. Frisbie 53 Winfield A. Huppuch 57 Arthur A. McLean 61 Joseph B. Mayer 65 John F. Murtaugh 69 Alfred E. Smith 73 George H. Whitney -- - 77 Frank L. Young .....-..- 81 Daniel L. Ryan, Secretary .-._..-- 85 William Leary, Assistant Secretary .....--89 Seth Low, LL.D. 93 Scene at the Dedication of the New York State Building - faces 96 Charles B. ^leyers, Architect New York State Building - - - 99 View of New York State Building Looking Westward Almg the Esplanade - .--..---- 103 Assembly and Reception Hall — New York State Building - - 107 Main Entrance — New York State Building - - - - - 111 Corner in the Women's Reception Room in the New York State Building 1 1 5 Vestibule at Main Entrance — New York State Building — Showing New York Time Just Above the "Amen Corner " Benches - - - 119 Governor's Room — New York State Building - - - - 1 23 Governor Whitman Reviewing Escort of United States Troops After His Arrival at New York State Building 127 Opening Day on the New York Porch - 131 One of the Writing Rooms — New York State Building - - 1 37 Night Illumination of New York State Building - - - - 143 Tree from New York State Planted by Governor Whitman on Lawn in Front of State Building 149 Symbolic Float of New York 155 View Looking from Main Entrance of Elxposition Grounds - - 161 ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE The Tower of Jewels 167 Court of the Universe 173 Fountain of Energy and Festival Hall 1 79 Along the Esplanade 185 Palace of Fine Arts 191 The Palace of Horticulture 195 Palace of Education — Social Economy - - - - - - 221 The Avenue of Palms 239 View of the Palace of Food Products 255 Grand Prize Diploma Awarded for New York State Education Exhibit 267 General View — New York State Education Exhibit - - - 273 Interior — New York Moving Picture Pavilion Where Views of Every Section of State Were Shown Daily 279 New York Education Exhibit - 283 Model — New York State Education Building - - - - 291 Exterior — New York Moving Picture Pavilion in the Education Social- Economy Building -..---.-- 295 Palace of Education and Social Economy - - - - - 301 Model in New York State Hospital Exhibit 311 View of the New York Quarantine Exhibit 315 General View — New York State Health Department Exhibit - 32 1 Models and Panels of New York State Health Department Exhibit - 325 View — Labor' Exhibit — Showing Model Factories - - - 331 New York Exhibit of Work of the Blind 337 View of New York State Prisons Elxhibit ----- 343 General View of State Barge Canal Models 349 Automatic Crest Dam Model in New York Barge Canal Exhibit - 353 Palace of Liberal-Arts 359 View of New York Agricultural Exhibit Showing Wine, Honey and Syrup -- -- - .- 367 View of New York Agricultural Elxhibit Showing Big Cheese and Pyramid of Cheese of All Sizes -------- 371 View of New York's Big Cheese — Agricultural Building - - - 375 Corner of New York Agricultural Exhibit Showing Potatoes, Beans, Grain and Reforestation Map -------- 379 Palace of Agriculture 383 New York State Horticultural Exhibit 391 Palace of Horticulture 399 View of New York State Mines and Metals Exhibit - - - - 403 New York State Mines Exhibit — Model of Salt Mine. Silver Springs, N. Y. - - - - 409 View of Saratoga Springs Reservation Exhibit 413 Palace of Mines and Metallurgy 417 New York City Building 437 "The End of the Trail" ^_ 441 "The Adventurous Bowman" ------- 445 Fountain of El Dorado — West Wing of Tower of Jewels - - 449 The Zone -- - - 453 The Tower of Jewels — Night Illumination 457 Governor Charles S. Whitman HISTORICAL IN THE world celebration of the union of oceans and the severance of continents as crystallized in the Panama-Pacific International Exposi- tion the State of New York was in the forefront. When it was proposed that the completion of the building of the Panama Canal should be marked by universal jubilation, public sentiment in New York heartily endorsed the suggestion. Out of that idea grew the great Exposition that was held in San Francisco during the year 1915, All of the great nations of the world and all of the States of the United States had agreed to participate. The Panama-Pacific International Exposition marked an epoch in the world's history. The great Atlantic port of New York had been brought 7,873 nautical miles nearer to the great Pacific port of San Francisco through the opening of the Canal. The distance of 13,135 miles by the Straits of Magellan from New York to San Francisco was reduced to 5,262 miles by the use of the Canal. New York was made nearer to Valparaiso, Chili, by 3,719 miles than it had been before. New York was made nearer to Yokohoma, Japan, by 3,768 miles because of the Canal than it had formerly been by way of Suez. New York is now 1,880 miles nearer to Yokohoma than is Liverpool and is 2,425 miles nearer to Sydney, Australia, than Liverpool is. Because of the great benefit to the prestige of New York accruing through the opening of the Panama Canal, the State of New York, through its officials and its men of affairs, cordially co-operated in the pro- posal to fittingly celebrate the completion of the new inter-oceanic high- way. From the beginning of the era of exploration and navigation, marked by the discovery of America, the quest has been for a new route to the far east. The severance of the Isthmus of Panama established that route. In the present age and for time to come the great State of New York, as the foremost commonwealth in the United States, should be the greatest beneficiary by the creation of this new pathway to oceans and continents. The public spirit of the State for that reason heartily agreed that New York should take a leading part in the celebration of the great new world thoroughfare. [11] 12 STATE OF NEW YORK In the suggestions as to the manner and location in which the new epoch to be marked by the opening of the Panama Canal should be celebrated New York at the outset took no part. Its leaders in commerce, finance and public affairs awaited a crystallization of sentiment. Many sections of the American continent were to benefit immensely by the new water- way; both North America and South America sought the honor of being the place in which the completion of the Panama Canal should be fittingly celebrated. When it was eventually agreed that the jubilation should be held m the United States several communities were bidders for the honor. Each claimant for the privilege presented its case before the American Congress. When the claims had been presented the Legislature of the Empire State by joint resolution recorded its choice and the representa- tives of the State of New York in Congress cast their votes for the City of San Francisco, the leading port of the American Pacific Ocean and a City built along one of the finest harbors in the world. It was the verdict of New York that made San Francisco the choice of the nation. Following the selection of the City in which the completion of the Canal should be celebrated, the next duty of New York to its citizenship was as to the manner in which New York State should participate in the celebra- tion. Not only San Francisco, but the State of California and the other States bordering the Pacific, had arisen impressibly to the honor that had been conferred upon them. When San Francisco made its first serious move to secure the Ejcposition and long before the matter was taken up in Congress the business men of the City at a great mass meeting sub- scribed in two hours nearly $3,000,000. Within three months the finan- cial support pledged had reached $6,136,000. This was the nucleus on which San Franciscans operated. After the designation of the City a special session of the State Legislature of California was convened and a State bond issue of $5,000,000 was authorized. The Municipality of San Francisco was given the right to bond itself in the sum of $5,000,000 to provide structures and entertainment in connection with the celebration. The citizens of the City by referendum vote almost at once agreed to the issuance of the bonds. The various counties of the State supplemented this evidence of support by guarantees to give necessary financial backing on the part of their home communities to the world-wide enterprise. Commissioner Norman E. Mack, Chairman PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 15 Within a short time after the selection of San Francisco as the scene of the International Celebration there were assurances from the nations, not only of the Americas, but also of Europe and of the Orient that the Expo- sition that was to mark the great enterprise of the United States in the building of the Canal should be world wide. Even before the work of the celebration took physical shape, approximately $50,000,000 in build- ings and exhibit construction had been guaranteed. Before the project, as originally conceived, had been carried out there was a world cataclysm that in a smaller enterprise might have made its projectors pause. In the arrangements for the celebration of this wonderful piece of engineering by which the commerce of the seven seas was to be revolutionized the alarms of war had little effect, except to show that here was a recognition of peaceful progress that could not be halted by war, even among the leading nations of the universe. Having been so largely instrumental in determining the site for the cele- bration. New York was the first State appealed to by San Francisco to give tangible evidence that support for the Exposition enterprise would not be lacking. In the organization of the working force that was giving breath of life to the Exposition, New Yorkers were given first rank. The President of the Exposition, Mr. Charles C. Moore, was born in New York. Many members of the executive staff were either native New Yorkers, or had received their education here. The architectural and artistic chiefs, including McKim, Mead and White, Henry Bacon, A. Sterling Calder, Karl Bitter, H. A. MacNeill, Jules Guerin and W. D. A. Ryan, were all New York products. The work of harmoniz- ing the Exposition ensemble was largely left to New York architects. The sculpture, color development and lighting effects were dominated by New Yorkers. Small reason then that New York should be leading the way, not only for the rest of the nation, but the balance of the world. By formal resolution the Legislature of 191 1 appointed a Conmiittee to visit San Francisco for the purpose of making a report as to the general scope for the proposed Exposition, its location and the sentiment prevail- ing in western America toward the projected world celebration. This Committee visited San Francisco toward the close of the year and made searching inquiry as to the possibilities of the celebration and the benefits to be derived by participation for the State of New York. Senator 16 STATE OF NEW YORK James J. Frawley, who was Chairman of the Committee, reported to the Legislature of 19)2 that the Exposition was being planned on a scope never before attempted and on a site that could not be surpassed. The Exposition directors at that time had already agreed that the scene of the celebration should be along the shore of San Francisco Bay, just within the Golden Gate and not far distant from the center of the City. The Federal Government had already consented to lease to the Exposition management a considerable portion of the Presidio Military Reservation and a section of the land adjacent to Fort Mason, inunediately under the San Francisco highlands. This location gave the Exposition an area of 635 acres, with a frontage on the Bay in excess of 1 5,000 feet. Early in 1912 the Exposition authorities sent President Moore here to give details of the proposed celebration. The Exposition management opened eastern headquarters in New York City, with Thomas Morrell Moore as Commissioner General for the eastern United States. After mature deliberation the Legislature agreed to expend $700,000 for New York State's official participation in the Exposition. The fact that the Exposition was to continue for a period of almost ten months at a distance of 3,500 miles, as against the six months* period of previous American Expositions, the largest of which had been located approxi- mately only 1 ,000 miles from the Empire State, were the considerations which weighed in determining the amount of money that the State might properly eind profitably expend in its Exposition work. The judgment of the Legislature as to the character and scope of State participation was embodied in a law enacted April 18, 1912, reading as follows: AN ACT to provide for the representation of the state of New York, at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition at San Francisco, CaHfornia. cele- brating and open and commercial use of the Panama canal, and making an appropriation therefor. Became a law April 18, 1912, with the approval of the Governor. Paaied, three-fiftht being present. The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows: Section 1 . There is hereby authorized a commission to be known as the Panama- Pacific exposition commission, to represent the state of New York at the Panama- Commissioner John R. Yale, Vice-Chairman PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 19 Pacific International Exposition, to be held in San Francisco, California, in nineteen hundred and fifteen, and celebrate the completion and commercial use of the Panama canal. § 2. The commission hereby authorized shall consist of fifteen members, of which the governor is authorized to appoint five; the lieutenant-governor to select five from the membership of the state senate, and the speaker of the assembly to select five from the membership of the state assembly. Any vacancies occurring for any cause in this commission shall be filled by the governor or lieutenant- governor, or the speaker, in such manner as to maintain the same relative numerical representation of the executive senate and assembly. Said commission shall encour- age and promote a full and complete exhibit of the commercial, educational, indus- trial, artistic, military, naval and other interests of the state, and its citizens, at such exposition and celebration, and shall provide, furnish and maintain during the exposition a building or buildings for a state exhibit and for the official headquarters of the state, and for the comfort and convenience of its citizens and exhibitors. This commission shall within thirty days after its appointment and upon notification by the secretary of state convene in the city of Albany, and elect a chairman and a vice-chairman and perfect its organization for the transaction of the duties devolving upon it by reason of this act. § 3. The members of the commission shall receive no compensation for their services, but shall be entitled to the actual necessary expenses incurred while in dis- charge of duties imposed upon them by the commission. Such commission may appoint a secretary and fix his compensation for all services to be performed in carrying out the provisions of this act, and the commission may also provide for such other clerical assistance and office facilities in this state or in San Francisco as it deems necessary, but no salaries or expenses shall be incurred for a longer period than ninety days after the close of the exposition. § 4. Such commission is hereby authorized to enter into a contract or contracts for carrying out the purposes of this act in an amount not exceeding in the aggre- gate the difference between the sum of seven hundred thousand dollars and the estimated expenses of the commission for the actual and necessary expenses of the members thereof while in the discharge of their duties, for office facilities and for the compensation of the secretary and other clerical assistants. § 5. The sum of two hundkd and fifty thousand dollars ($250,000), or so much thereof as may be necessary for the accomplishment of the above specified purposes, is hereby appropriated out of any moneys in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, for the purposes of this act. Such money shall be paid by the treasurer on the warrant of the comptroller issued upon a requisition signed by the chairman and vice-chairman of the commission, accompanied by an estimate of the expenses for the payment of which the money so drawn is to be applied. Within ninety days after the close of the exposition, such commission shall make a verified 20 STATE OF NEW YORK report to the comptroller of the disbursements made by it, and shall return to the state treasury the unexpended balance of money drawn in pursuance of this act. No indebtedness or obligation shall be incurred under this act in excess of the appropriation herein made. § 6. The commission shall, as requested by the governor, from time to time, render to him reports of its proceedings. § 7. This act shall take effect immediately. State of New York, ■) Office of the Secretary of State, j """ I have compared the preceding with the original law on file in this office, and do hereby certify that the same is a correct transcript therefrom and of the whole of said original law. EDWARD LAZANSKY, Secrefarji of Slate. In accordance with the law, the Commission was made up as follows: Appointed by Governor John A. Dix : Norman E. Mack, Buffalo, Arthur A. McLean, Newburgh, John D. Coffin, Thomson, ■ James A. Foley, New York City, Joseph B. Mayer, New York City. Appointed by Lieutenant-Governor Conway : James J. FrawLey, New York City, Thomas H. Cullen, Brooklyn, George H. Cobb, Watertown, Thomas H. Bussey, Perry, John F. Murtaugh, Elmira. Appointed by Speaker Edwin A. Merritt, Jr. : John R. Yale, Brewster, Alfred E. Smith, New York City, Daniel D. Frisbie, Middleburg, Frank L. Young, Ossining, George H. Whitney, Mechanicsville. Just before the close of the year Mr. Coffin resigned and Winfield A. Huppuch, of Hudson Falls, was named as his successor by Governor Dix. In the Legislatures of 1913 and 1914 the policy outlined by the Legis- lature of 1912 was further approved and the balance of the appropriation Commissioner Mrs. Elon R. Brown PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 23 of $700,000 for State participation was agreed to. The act creating the Commission was amended by increasing its membership to eighteen and the following additional Commissioners were appointed by Governor Martin H. Glynn: Mrs. William R. Hearst, New York City, Mrs. Elon R. Brown. Watertown, Mrs. Elbert H. Gary, New York City. Norman E. Mack, the Chairman of the Conmiission, is editor and owner of the Buffalo Times, one of the most influential daily newspapers in Western New York. He is also editor of the National Monthly, a prominent member of the Newspaper Publishers' Association and one of the most widely known newspaper men in the United States. For a quarter of a century he has been prominently identified with the Demo- cratic Party and for nineteen years he has represented New York State on the National Conmiittee. He is the oldest member of that Committee in point of continuous service. At a recent meeting of the party leaders he was re-elected for a four-year term. In 1 908 Mr. Mack was Chair- mein of the Democratic National Committee, director of the Presidential campaign of that year, and conducted the arrangements for the National Convention of 1912, which nominated Woodrow Wilson for President. Mr, Mack has also served as Chairman of the New York State Demo- cratic Committee. John R. Yale, who was appointed by Speaker Edwin A. Mer- ritt, Jr., of the Assembly to membership in the Commission, was vmani- mously elected Vice-Chairman when the Commission was organized. Commissioner Yale was bom in Putnam County and has lived there all his life. While engaged in agricultural pursuits he has been identified with the leading business enterprises of the County, including the build- ing of a modem highway system and public water supply for the village of Brewster, in which he has resided for many years. In 1901 he was elected to the Assembly and represented the County of Putnam in the lower branch of the Legislature for twelve consecutive years. He served on all of the important Committees of the lower branch of the Legisla- ture, including Rules, Ways and Meems, Railroads, Insurance, Internal 24 STATE OF NEW YORK Affairs. Canals, Soldiers' Home, Labor and Industries and Electricity, Gas and Water Supply. Mr. Yale is a Republican and has served as Chairmcin of the County Committee of his State and as delegate to National, State, Congressional, County and local conventions. Mrs. Elon R. Brown was appointed a member of the Commission by Governor Glynn, December II, 1914, and from that period to the close of the Exposition work, devoted herself diligently to the details incidental to the completion of the New York State Building and the entertainment of visitors from the State of New York. Commissioner Brown was in constant attendance at the New York State Building for several months during the Exposition period, and not only aided the Com- mission in dispensing hospitality at the New York Headquarters, but also devoted much time to the detailed supervision of exhibits^ Thomas H. Bussey was appointed a member of the Committee by Lieutenant-Governor Conway. He was bom in Troy, N. Y., February 23, 1857, a descendant of George Bussey, who came from England in 1636 and settled in Calvert County, Maiyland. After studying in Mt. Anthony Seminary, Bennington, Vt., and the Rensselaer Poly- technic Institute he settled in Perry, Wyoming County, where he engaged in the manufacturing business for many years. While President of the Village of Perry he constructed the public water supply and sewer sys- tem. He was Chairman of the Board of Supervisors of Wyoming Coimty for several years. He was elected to the State Senate in 1910 and re-elected in 1912, rendering conspicuous service on the Com- mittees of Agriculture, Internal Affairs, Judiciary and Miscellaneous Corporations. George H. Cobb, who was appointed a Commissioner by Lieutenant- Governor Conway, was born in Jefferson County in 1 864. He gradu- ated from the State Normal School at Potsdam, and was admitted to the Bar in 1891. In the same year he became Deputy County Clerk of Jefferson County, and in 1 892 was appointed City Judge of Water- town, which position he retained until 1 898, when he was elected Dis- trict Attorney of Jefferson County. While serving in that position he was elected to the State Senate to represent the Counties of Jefferson and Commissioner Mrs. Elbert H. Gary PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 27 Oswego. He remained in the upper branch of the Legislature from 1 904 until the close of the session of 1 9 1 2. In 1 908 he was chosen as Lieutenant-Governor to succeed Horace White, who became Governor on the resignation of Charles E. Hughes to take up the position of Asso- ciate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Thomas H. Cullen, one of the senatorial representatives on the Commission, has represented Brooklyn in the Legislature since 1896. After a service of three years in the Assembly he was elected to the Senate in 1 899 and has been re-elected continuously since that time. He is the author of many important pieces of legislation and has been Chair- man of Senate Committee on Cities and a member of all the other Com- mittees of the upper branch of the Legislature. James A. Foley, who was appointed a member of the Commission while serving in the State Senate, has been a member of both branches of the Legislature. He was bom in New York City in 1 882, graduated from the College of the City of New York in 1901 and later from the New York Law School. He was elected to the Assembly in 1 906 and served continuously there for six terms. In 1912 he was elected to the Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Thomas F. Grady. He was re-elected in the fall of the same year and again in 1914. Com- missioner Foley has served on several important special committees, including the Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission. Commissioner Foley served as a member of the Constitutional Convention during 1915. James J. Frawley, who was appointed a member of the Commis- sion from the State Senate, served continuously in that body for fourteen years. He was bom in the City of New York, and before entering public life had been conspicuously successful in the contracting and real estate business. He served for two terms as Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee and has served on the Committees on Cities and Taxation and Retrenchment. He was one of the organizers of the Out- door Recreation League; has been President of the Irish- American Athletic Club ; Governor of the Amateur Athletic Union of the United States and an officer in other amateur athletic organizations. He is also a director of the Manhattan Alumni Association. 28 STATE OF NEW YORK Daniel D. Frisbie, who was appointed member of the Commission by Speaker Edwin A. Merritt, Jr., was bom in Middleburg, Schoharie County, New York, November 30, 1859. He was educated at the Hartwick Seminary, Cooperstown, and at the conclusion of his studies, returned to Schoharie County, where he engaged in the promotion of public enterprises, including light, insurance and railroad companies. He was elected to the Assembly in 1900 and 1901, and again in 1908, 1909, 1910 and 1911. During the session of 191 1 he was Speaker of the Assembly. For some time past he has been editor of the Schoharie Republican and County Democrat, and has been conspicuously identified with the affairs of the Democratic Party in his section of the State. Mrs. Elbert H. Gary was appointed Commissioner by Governor Gljrnn, December 11, 1914, and served as a member of the Subcom- mittees on Fine Arts, Education, and Social Economy. With Commis- sioners Hearst and Brown, Commissioner Gary devoted much energy to the interior embellishment of the New York State Building and to the preparation of exhibits placed in charge of the Subcommittees of which she was a member. Commissioner Gary devoted considerable attention to the entertainment of New York visitors at the Exposition, during the period when New York travel was at its floodtide. Mrs. William Randolph Hearst was appointed Commissioner by Governor Glynn, December 23, 1913, and devoted much of her time since to the work of the Commission. She was official hostess of the Com- mission and served as member of the Subcommittees on Fine Arts, Edu- cation, and Social Economy, and on speciail Committees charged with the decoration and furnishing of the New York State Building at the Exposition. She attended the opening exercises in San Francisco and remained for several months thereafter. Commissioner Hearst as hostess also received New York State visitors during the height of the mid- summer season at the Exposition. WiNFIELD A. HUPPUCH, who was named as a member of the Com- mission by Governor Dix, has for many years been conspicuously identi- fied with commercial enterprises in the northern section of the State. He is fifty-three years old and has been connected with the paper business Commissioner Mrs. William R. Hearst, Hostess PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 31 for thirty-eight years. For some time past he has been President of the Standard Wall Paper Company at Hudson Falls. He served for two years as a member of the Public Service Conmiission of the Second Dis- trict, but resigned that position in order to be able to devote his entire attention to his personal business. In 1910 Mr. Huppuch was Chairman of the Democratic State Committee. Arthur A. McLean, who was appointed Commissioner by Gov- ernor Dix, was born in Newburgh, July 12, 1853, educated in private schools and the Newburgh Academy, and has resided in Orange County all his life. On reaching manhood he became associated with his father in business, from which he retired only recently. In 1 896 Mr. McLean was elected a member of the Executive Committee of the Democratic State Committee, a position from which he voluntarily retired a year ago. He has also served as Treasurer of that Committee, and acted as delegate to National Conventions of his party since 1896. In addition to serving as member of the Panama-Pacific Exposition Commission, Commissioner McLean has devoted much time to the care of Washing- ton's Headquarters at Newburgh, of which he is a Trustee. Joseph B. Mayer is one of the members of the Commission appointed by Governor Dix. Bom in Freiburg, Baden, Germcuiy, on January 4, 1850. Mr. Mayer graduated from the Freiburg Gymnasium in 1866, and in 1 868 came to the United States and settled in Buffalo. He organ- ized the Buffalo Traction Company, of which he was Vice-President until it was absorbed by the Buffalo Street Railway Company. He organized the Louisville, Ky., Lighting Company, the Ft. Wayne, Ind., Lighting Company, and, with the Widener-Elkins Syndicate, was con- cerned in the consolidation of properties controlling six hundred miles of railroad in Ohio. He was also a leading spirit in the Western New York and Pennsylvania Traction Company and established railroads between Buffalo, N. Y., and Erie, Penna. He organized electric Hght companies in many parts of New York State. In 1895 Mr. Mayer served as a member of the Civil Service Commission. John F. Murtaugh was bom in Elmira, N. Y., and has resided there all his hfe. He graduated from Allegany College in 1896 and 2 32 STATE OF NEW YORK from Cornell University in 1 899. While in Cornell he was a member of the University football team and captain of the baseball team. After serving four years on the Board of Supervisors of Chemung County he was elected Corporation Counsel of Elmira, which post he relinquished to represent the Chemung-Schuyler-Tompkins-Tioga District in the State Senate. He was appointed to the Commission by Lieutenant-Governor Conway while serving as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee of the Senate. In 1914 he became majority leader in the upper branch of the Legislature and continued that position until he retired from the Senate. Alfred E. Smith, who was appointed a member of the Committee from the Assembly, served twelve consecutive terms in that body. He was born in New York in 1 873, and has always lived in lower Man- hattEin. He was elected from the Second Assembly District of New York County in the fall of 1 903 and represented that District from that time until the close of the session of 1915. In 1911 he became majority leader after a service of several years on the Committee on Ways and Means and other important sub-committees of that branch of the Legis- lature. In 1913, when the Democrats secured control, he was the imani- mous choice of his associates for the speakership. He served in that capacity during the longest Legislature session of record. Commissioner Smith was one of the most conspicuous delegates at the Constitutional Convention in 1915, and in the fall of that year he was elected Sheriff of New York County. George H. Whitney when appointed to the Commission, was a member of the Assembly, but during his term of service in the Com- mission was elected to the Senate and became one of the leaders in that branch of the Legislature. He was bom in Stockbridge, Mass., on August 19, 1863, a direct descendant of John Whitney, a Puritan emigrant, who came from London. Eng„ to Massachu- setts in 1635. In boyhood Conrniissioner Whitney came to New York State, and in 1885 embarked in business in Mechanicville, Saratoga County, N. Y. He was elected to the Assembly in 1902 and served continuously in that body until elected to the Senate in 1912. He has served as Chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means of the Commissioner Thomas H. Bussey PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 35 Assembly, and in the Senate has been one of the active members of the Finance Committee and the Committee on Canals and Chairman of the Committee on Public Health. Frank L. Young, who was appointed to membership in the Com- mission by Speaker Merritt, was bom in Port Byron, N. Y., on October 31,1 860. He graduated from Cornell University in 1 888 with a degree of A. B., soon after becoming instructor in the Mt. Pleasant Military Academy in Ossining. He was admitted to the bar in 1 892, and while practicing law in Westchester County he was elected as Corporation Counsel of Ossining and served there in other local public ofHces. He was elected to the Assembly in 1 908 and served as representative of the Third Assembly District of Westchester until 1912. In that year he was elected leader of the majority and was responsible for many of the important measures enacted into law in the Legislature of that year. He served in the Constitutional Convention of 1915, and soon after the conclusion of his labors was appointed by Governor Whitman as County Judge of Westchester. New York State supplied forty-four members of the International Juries that passed final judgment upon the merits of the exhibits that had already been recommended for awards by group and superior juries. The New York International Jurors were : Prof. L. H. Bailey. Ithaca. C. R. Clifford. New York City. Howard W. Cook. New York City. W. H. Crosby. Buffalo. G. Howard Davison, Millbrook. F. E. Dawley. Fayetteville. Dr. Augustus S. Downing. Albany. Frank V, DuMond, New York City. J. C. Duncan. Lewiston. W. C. Ellison. Elma Center. Prof. William Fox. Brooklyn. F. J. Frank. New York City. C. A. Frutchey. New York City. William Hartman. Brooklyn. Carl Hein, New York City. William Homan, New York City. George B. Hulme, New York City. Prof. V. Karapetoff. Ithaca. Mrs. Genevieve H. Langworthy. New York City. Hugo LJeber. New York City. F. R. Low, New York City. Prof. Charles E. Lucke. New York City. H. B. McLean. New York City. Louis Mark, New York City. Daniel Mercein. New York City. Prof. E. G. Montgomery. Ithaca. 36 STATE OF NEW YORK Mrs. Jean H. Nonis, New York City. Arthur J. Slade. New York City. William Onken. Jr., New York City. H. W. Smith, New York City. Dr. William R. Orndorff. Ithaca. Roy F. Soule, New York City. Henry Clay Piercy. New York City. Bradley Stoughton. New York City. Calvin W. Rice. New York City. Walter B. Timms, New York City. Irving Rice, Cortland. G. Jason Waters, New York City. M. D. Rothschild, New York City. Adolph A. Weinman, New York City. Dr. Thomas W. Salmon, New York J. Alden Weir, New York City. Gty. Prof. Henry H. Wing. Ithaca. Angus Sinclair. New York City. The first meeting of the Commission was held in the Secretary of State s office m the State Capitol at Albany, May 16, 1912. At that meeting the general scope of the work in hand was discussed and an invitation was issued to the heads of State Departments and to the residents and business men of the State generally to participate in the Exposition. At a meeting of the Commission, held in New York City June 1 0th, a permanent organization was effected as follows : Norman E. Mack. Chairman, John R. Yale. Vice-Chairman, Daniel L. Ryan, Secretary, William Leary. Assistant Secretary. It was then agreed that the work of the Commission should be divided among committees, each of which would have general direction over one of the exhibit departments as created by the Exposition authorities. It was also agreed to establish permement headquarters in New York City and to begm without delay an active campaign for the preparation of officid exhibits of State activities, and of commercial exhibits to be made by the business concerns, stock raisers, the agricultural and fruit interests and of such other State activities and industries as could be induced to partici- pate in the Ejcposition. The Commission without delay sought from the Elxposition authorities all the information available and requested that the most available site be reserved for a building to be erected by the State of New York. The Commission was advised by President Moore of the Ejcposition that it would be necessary to have every State Commission visit the Exposition grounds for the purpose of making a site selection. Mr. Moore urged by telegram and letter that the Commission should Commissioner George H. Cobb PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 39 without delay visit San Francisco and indicate its preference as to the loca- tion of New York State headquarters. The Exposition authorities also urged upon the Commission that Governor Dix participate in this site selection aad assured the Commission of hearty co-operation on the part of the Exposition authorities: Commissioner Frawley advised his confreres that a site for the New York State Building had been tentatively chosen by a Committee that had visited San Francisco late in 19]l, and die ELxposition officials were advised that until it would be possible for the Commission to visit the Pacific coast that the site designated by the Legis- lative Committee would be reserved. Commissioner Frank L. Young was delegated to visit San Francisco without delay for the purpose of confer- ence with the Exposition officials, in order that the work to be undertaken in New York by the Commission might be fully understood and systema- tized. In accordance with this determination Commissioner Young con- ferred with the Exposition authorities and at a meeting of the Commission, held September 13th in connection with the New York State Fair in Sjnracuse, reported on the work accomplished. He advised the Commis- sion that the Exposition authorities had formulated rules and regulations one of the most important of which was that the Elxposition wcis to be contemporaneous and that commercial articles manufactured prior to 1 905 would not be reviewed for award and that historical material would have no award value. This was a radical departure from the scope of previous International Expositions and meant that the world's fair to be conducted on the Pacific slope would be modem in every respect and would visualize not the dead past, but the present-day activities and creations. He also reported that the Exposition had divided its program into the following departmental activities : Department A — Fine Arts. Department B — Education. Department C — Social Economy. Department D — Liberal Arts. Department E — Manufactures and Varied Industries. Department F — Machinery. Department G — Transportation. Department H — Agriculture and Fruit Products. Department I — live Stock. Department K — Horticulture. Department L — Mines and Metallurgy. 40 STATE OF NEW YORK Commissioner Yotmg advised his associates that the Elxposition authori- ties expected New York to take the leading position in exhibits in Educa- tion, Manufacture, Fme Arts, Transportation, Live Stock, Sociology, and Liberal Arts. In order to comply with the conditions governing participation in the Exposition, the Commission started from New York November 17, 1912, for the purpose of formally taking over the site for the New York State Building, and to locate positions in the various exhibit palaces in which New York's official exhibits should be displayed. The Commission attempted to arrange to have these official exhibits placed in the State Buildmg. but was advised that under the general exhibit scheme displays were to be grouped harmoniously as to relationship in the exhibit palaces and not in the buildmgs of the nations and states participating in the ELxposition. A meeting of the Commission was held in Buffalo, November 18th, for the purpose of conferring with representatives of business concerns and of the agricultural industry in the western part of the State. Many sug- gestions were received at that session as to the mcinner in which the agricul- tural, fruit growing and live stock interests of the State might best be displayed. On arrival in San Francisco the Commission held daily sessions and conferences with the chiefs of the Exposition. At these meetings work in hand was gone over in detail and the site for the New York State Building, located at the head of the section of the ELxposition grounds assigned to foreign and state governments, was formally taken over. Addresses were made by the chiefs of the Departments of Architecture, ■General Works and of Exhibits. Captain Asher Carter Baker, Chief of the Division of Exhibits, addressed the New York Commissioners as follows : "The Elxhibit Division of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition is divided into eleven departments: Fine ArU,' Education, Social Economy, liberal Arts, Manufactures and Varied Industries, Machinery. Transportation Elxhibits, Agricultural. Mines and Metallurgy, Live Stock. Fine Arts " Fine Arts is put first for the reason that the first basis of man's culture is in art before education. Education in this Exposition is not going to be treated as it has Commissioner Thomas H. Cullen PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 43 been in other expositions, with an interminable number of exhibits from high schools, public schools, with so many repetitions, but it is going to be confined more to a classified and cultivated exhibit of colleges, with especial attention being paid to vocational education, which is the subject of the day. The greatest advance that has been made in the last ten years, since the St. Lx>uis Exposition is in social economy — that is, all the betterment movements, such as hygiene, hygiene of the city, hygiene of the farm, children's playgrounds, Russell Sage foundation, labor problems, accident insurance, employers' liability, old age insurance, and all these activities that have been taken by the U. S. Steel Corporation, besides city plans, city beautifying, election purposes and methods, short ballot, etc." " Social Economy has never before had any official Exposition recognition, and I feel that this Exposition ought to go down in history as having done some great thing for the human race. The Government has gone so far as to establish bettering of standards. The Constitution of the United States gives us weights and measures, but there is no law requiring same to be enforced, so consequently all over the country there are various weights and measures. Now, the standardization of tests — that is, the testing of gas, the strength of building meters — power, fuel, coal and for about everything you can think of the Government has gone so far as to establish a standard of Test Bureau with Miss Laidlaw at the head." " Prof. Wolfe of the Bureau of Standardization I consider the most advanced thinker in social economy. He has been Chief of the Department of Social Economy and he is going to call on you gentlemen and lay out a plan for your co-operation. So many people in New York are interested in social economy that committees can be formed all over the state to aid you. " Of course, another great subject is eugenics — eugenics of the human being and of animals as well. There have been great movements all over the country along these lines. Liberal Arts " Liberal Arts consist of graphic arts which comprise printing, engraving, book binding, takes in civil engineering, road making and irrigation — that is the civil engineering side of it — takes in all chemical and pharmical arts, all chemical instruments, public buildings and works and architectural engineering. This is, of course, a very interesting and broad department. " Now, you understand that the ethics of the exposition purposes is that exhibits go into the building according to classification before the education side of the exposition, and that the duty of the New York State Commission is to interest the manufacturers, the engineering clubs, etc. " I will very soon be able to give you classification of the entire exposition which contains in detailed nomenclature the articles that are to be installed in each building. Manufactures " Manufactures and Varied Industries are in one department. Manufactures mean hardware, heating and light, ventilation, the actual manufacturing of the 44 STATE OF NEW YORK goods by looms in contradistinction to jewelry, pottery, ceramics and the artistic manufactures which are installed in the same palace, and come under the same department. Arts and crafts for instance, is a part of artistic manufactures for the reason that anything which is reproducable in large quantities in terra cotta, metal or clays or textiles, goes in Fine Arts. While originally drawing might go in Fine Arts, reproductions go into manufactures. Machinery " There is no electrical department at this Exposition but electricity is put in with machinery department as a subdivision, for the reason that electricity has entered into every walk of human life and it is very difficult to decide where it should be installed, so all of electricity on machinery, parts of electros, the turbines, etc., go into machinery. Instruments of precision go into Liberal Arts except those instruments which are necessary to demonstrate the machinery or motion. Of course, they go vath their machines. " The motor and printing press go into liberal arts, motor being merely incident to it. " They may ask you some questions as to the reason for not making a separate department out of electricity. We would like to say that at other expositions there has always been a great deal of friction between the heads of departments and electrical heads, such as transportation, exhibit, and machinery, on account of the installation of electrical machines, electric locomotive and the motors that go with the cars. The car builder does not want to separate his motor from his car, the electric motor manufacturers want to install wriring as well as the railroad and so on, and to avoid those complications electricity was taken out of this as a department. It is there, but it is not a department by itself. Transportation " Transportation is divided into four divisions : Railroads, vessels, vehicles and aerial. " The railroad division takes in all railroad supplies, building of cars, building of locomotives, building track exhibits and the yards and terminals and everything relating to railroads. " The vehicle division takes in automobiles, carriages, or anything that goes on wheels. " The vessel division embraces steamships, steamship exhibits, yachting, motor boats with their engines, and every thing relating to transportation on water; that would also take in railroad exhibit for the transportation of cars by water, petroleum, coal or any water tremsportation. Agriculture "Agriculture does not need much explanation. It takes in wines, also takes in forestry, because forestry is treated as a product of the soil, Kke it is in the depart- Commissioner James A. Foley PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 47 ment at Washington. No separate building was made for forestry at this exposition for the reason that on account of the Umited area for the Exhibit Palaces and the Court system there was not room for it, and then because forestry, fish and game, have always been together. " The United States Government is going to make a fish exhibit aquarium. " It has always been customary in other expositions, that when nature got through with the fruit and man took hold of it and changed its character, like olives, then it went into food products. We have violated that idea and are putting dried prunes and fruits in exhibit of horticulture. Mines and Metallurgy " Within the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy there will be displayed the mineral products of the world, together with demonstrations of mining and metallurgical processes. The leading metallurgical ores, such as iron, lead, zinc, gold, etc., will be illustrated by some one from the several states and by foreign exhibits. These will be supplemented by metallurgical exhibits and metallic and non-metallic ores and mineral displays made by private individuals and corporations. Special atten- tion will be given the newer and rare minerals and the processes for their reduction. This includes the several ores lately brought into prominence through the inclusion of radio action property. " Clay and its derivatives will have a very prominent position. Raw material will be shown with the finished product. Great increase in the use of cement will make a large and interesting field for exhibit purposes. Live Stock " We have for the head of the department of live Stock, D. O. Lively, who established the stock yards proposition in Portland. " Up to date there are twenty-six breed superintendents of the Pure Breed Record Associations who have been appointed to look out for the interest of their various associations. There are eighteen Live Stock Associations who have formed advisory committees. " There are thirty-six pure breed record associations meeting in Chicago the first week of December. Mr. Lively has been given $175,000 by the Exposition for prizes. Each Pure Breed Association will add to the prizes as well as the appropriations from the various states, that will raise the prize list to $500,000." " Live stock and poultry in the United States represent a valuation of $6,000,- 000,000. The sale of live stock, dairy products, poultry and poultry products, have been far ahead of any other source of income to the American farmer. It, therefore, behooves the individuals and organizations representing all branches of the live stock industry to see that when an appropriation is made for the representa- tion of their state for this Exposition, that a certain sum shall be set aside for special live stock premiums. It is an attractive plan for the reason that the money goes 48 STATE OF NEW YORK back into the pockets of the farmers and adds to the material resources of the commonwealth. " I have 2.447.000 sq. ft. of space in Exhibit Palaces. I have had 1.900.000 sq. ft. applied for already. An exhibitor can have space necessary to show and present his product and the space will be allotted in this way." After this conference the members of the Commission visited the Expo- sition site, and, following examination of the entire section assigned to the State and foreign governments, unanimously approved of the location of the New York State Building chosen one year previously by the Legisla- tive Committee that had visited San Francisco. The flag of the State of New York was there unfurled, and on motion of Commissioner James A. Foley, the following minute was unanimously adopted: " Resolved, That this Commission on behalf of the State of New York accept this plot of ground as a site, 350 feet by 200 feet Isdng directly west of the California counties Building and opposite thereto, and fronting 330 feet on the north side of the Marina, such being the main thoroughfare of the Exposition, and 200 feet in depth, and situated directly north of the Fine Arts Building; such plot to be the same as that shovra on diagram submitted this day by Mr. Harris D. H. Connick. Director of Works of the Exposition." At the time the site was officially chosen it was at the edge of a series of sand dunes without semblance of grading and with the whitecapped waves of the bay breaking on the shore less than 200 feet away. In the half distance toward the headland, on which the officers' quarters of the military reservation had been built, were several dredging machines that were carrying sand from the bay channel to points back of the dunes, in order to (ill in the marshy section that at that time made up part of the Ejcposition site. On the succeeding day the formal transfer of the site was made by the Exposition authorities to the State Commission. Close to 20,000 persons, many of them former residents of New York, witnessed the ceremony. Preceding the formal acceptance and the turning over of the Exposition deed of gift to Norman E. Mack, Chairman of the Commission, there was a spectacular military display, including a review of a force of 4,000 cavalry, infantry and artillery from the headquarters of the Military Department of the Pacific. The military forces were in command of Commissioner James J. Frawley PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 51 Major-General Arthur C. Murray and Col. Cornelius E. Gardner, Com- mandant of the Presidio Reservation. New York was formally wel- comed to the Exposition circle by Attorney-General Hugh S. Webb, speaking for the Governor of the State, and by Dr. A. A. d'Ancona, President of the Department of Education, who represented Mayor Rolph, of San Francisco. C. C. Moore, President of the Exposition, presented the deed of gift to Mr. Mack, and Major-General Murray, in the name of the War Department, made a brief address. In accepting the site on behalf of the Commission Norman E. Mack said : " It is a great pleasure as well as a great privilege for me, as Chairman of the Panama-Pacific Elxposition Commission of the State of New York, the Empire State of the Union, to come here today with my associates on the Commission, for the purpose of accepting the site on which our State proposes to erect a magnificent building. The doors of this building will be wide open not only to New Yorkers, but to the people of all the other States, and of the world, who will come to San Francisco by hundreds of thousands in the year 1915, to join with you in cele- bration of the opening of the Panama Canal. " It is almost needless for me to recall the steps already taken by New York State to aid in the success of your great Exposition. This is the second time within the year that San Francisco has been visited by official representatives of the State of New York in connection with the Panama-Pacific Exposition. " Back in the Empire State we early realized what the opening of the Panama Canal would mean to our shipping and to our great business interests, and we felt from the beginning, that the proper and logical place in which to celebrate the open- ing of this great water-way was here in San Francisco. " It is hardly necessary for me to tell you that you had our loyal support and encouragement almost from the very inception of this great Exposition, and that you will continue to have it to the day that your Exposition closes its gates, on what we in New York believe will be the greatest and most successful world's fair of all time. Expenditures in Worthy Cause " You know, of course, that New York State has appropriated $700,000 in order that, as a State, it may be properly represented at your Exposition. I assure you that the Legislators of our State would have hesitated a long time before counseling such a large appropriation if they did not believe that the event your Exposition is intended to celebrate and commemorate was worthy of such a tribute; and if they did not believe that your men and women of San Francisco were up and alive, and equal in every way to this great opportunity. That they realized the importance of the opening of the Panama Canal, and that they also realized the 52 STATE OF NEW YORK responsibility, and the energy, and the general capabilities of you citizens of San Francisco is apparent from what New York has already done in order to be a part of this great Exposition of 1915. " There is no question in the minds of New Yorkers but what the opening of the Panama Canal is going to cement more closely business and social relations between New York and her sister States of the Atlantic seaboard and San Francisco and the entire Pacific Coast. It is going to make it easier and cheaper to transport our goods between the great ports of New York and San Francisco, the two great metropolises of our extreme eastern and western borders. Further than that we know of the great saving it will effect to our business industries of the eastern sec- tion of the country in continuing their present trade, and in opening up new trade with the countries along the western lines of South America, and with the coun- tries of the Orient. There is today a great interchange of business between New York and these countries, and with the opening of the Panama Canal, and the saving of weeks to our shipping, there is no man of business sagacity but what realizes the great increase in business that is bound to come to us from these different sources when the canal will put us mto easier and more frequent touch with you and with them. If, in the past, you, of California, have sent us your luscious fruits and your sparkling wines and sturdy timber, and we have been good customers, even though the cost to transport your products to our market places along the Atlantic seaboard has been high, you must reaHze what better customers we will be when transportation by way of the Panama Canal will give us your products at a much lower cost. Reduce Cost of Living " Personally, I believe that this interchange of our products at greatly reduced cost of transportation will go far to bring about a reduction in the cost of living. At least it will be one of the great helps in solving this problem which has been so disturbing to all of our people for some years past. " We owe much to the men who were instrumental in establishing and building our overland system of railroads. They were true pioneers and the country as a whole owes them a debt of gratitude. They overcame great, and what seemed to be almost unsurmountable obstacles, in building their railroads over and through the great mountains, which in effect divide the east from the west. These glorious mountains were not man made. The Great Maker of the Universe put them where they are, and while men may build railroads around and through them, these snow- capped peaks will be the first to greet the rising sun and the last to watch the going down of the same, even to the Judgment Day, and now that the eastern and western borders of our country are to become more accessible to each other through the opening up of the Panama Canal, we have still further overcome the estrangement that the mountains have put between us and are to be brought still closer together here in this glorious country of ours where we should know no North, no South, Commissioner Daniel D. Frisbie PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 55 no East, no West, but where the dawning of every new day should see us bound together more firmly in the ties of common brotherhood in a common country which we all love." Following the acceptance of the State site the Commission conferred with the architectural and landscape chiefs of the Exposition in the Service Building on the ELxposition grounds. This was the only structure that at that time had been erected. The general plan for the erection of the important buildings, however, had already been agreed upon. The great exhibit palaces were to be massed in an oblong group about the center of the Exposition site, v^th the amusement section located to the eastward, nearer the center of the City, and the State and foreign government build- ings to the westward along the Bay front, stretching to the Golden Gate. Each of these groups was to have a frontage along the Bay of approxi- mately one mile, and extend back from the shore about half a mile. The main entrance was to be midway between the easterly and westerly ends of the Exposition site, at the end of Scott Street, which descended abruptly from the exclusive section of the City known as Pacific Heights. There were to be two main entrances to the amusement section and two to the State and foreign sections. Practically all of the land to be converted into the Exposition had to be graded and planted before building con- struction was begun. The site was an ideal one. The entire Bay region, stretching immediately eastward from the Presidio, is a natural play- ground, hardly surpassed anywhere in the world. From Pacific Heights, above the Harbor View District, there is an unobstructed view to the north, east and west. The Bay within the Golden Gate broadens to a width of six or eight miles in places. On the north shore, across the Bay from San Freuicisco, are the hills of Marin County and rising boldly out of the blue water are two or three islands, while still further to the north is Mt. Tamalpais. Across the Bay to the eastward are the cities of Oak- land, Alameda and Berkeley, the latter the home of the University of California. Before the Commission took its departure from Sjui Francisco Charles B. Meyers, of New York City, who had been chosen as 56 STATE OF NEW YORK the architect for the New York State Building, and who had accom- panied the Commission, had practically agreed upon the manner in which the State Building would be constructed and in a general way agreed with the Exposition architects as to the foundation and general scheme of the structure. The G>mmission knowing that New York State Buildings erected at previous Ejcpositions, had surpassed in architectural design and complete- ness, those of other States, it was realized that a building to properly repre- sent New York at this Exposition, would require placbg the standard on equality with the best architectural accomplishments of the times. Numerous studies were prepared, and before a final determination was arrived at, careful consideration was given to all conditions, and it was concluded that a design in modem classic style, would most appropriately exemplify the eminence of the State. It was held that the dignity of classic architecture, would most fittingly symbolize the Empire State, while modem influence and originality injected into its details, would typify the progressiveness of its people. Reproduction of a historic building within the confines of the State, was deemed unwise, in view of the unfamiliar surroundings in which such design would necessarily be located. The building as fmally decided upon, was planned with a view of it bemg a place of resort for the people of the State visiting the Exposition. It was primarily intended for their accommodation and comfort, as a convenience to those seeking information, as a rendezvous for the citizens of the State, as a meeting place for State Associations and where recep- tions could be suitably held by New York Societies and given to Federal representatives and those from other parts. For the purpose, the entire main floor was set aside. It was subdivided into an Assembly and Ball- room, Information, Reception, Writing and Retiring Rooms and a Restaurant for general public use. The Commissioners whose duty it was to receive the visitors, were housed on the second floor. The third floor, occupying a small portion of the area of the building, was set aside as quarters for help and for trunk storage, the latter for the use of those from New York, who arriving at the Elxposition were there provided with facilities for checking and Commissioner Winfield A. Huppuch PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 59 storing baggage, until such time as they were able to procure permanent accommodations. The building was situated in the place of honor between the Esplanade and the Avenue of States, the main facade facing toward the south, with the Netherlands Pavilion, Germanic in style, located directly opposite and the Palace of Fme Arts not far in the distance, towering above it; to the west, the Pennsylvania State Building was located. Colonial in treatment, to the north, the Oregon State Building of heavy rustic construction and to the east, the California Building in the Mission Architecture of Southern California, the latter, the only State Building comparable in size and attractiveness with the New York State Building. The design of the building embracing as it did, the noble architecture of the Ancient Cities of the Greek £md Roman States, presented a model of splendor, made even more striking by its proximity to the surrounding state buildings designed in later styles. Pennsylvania by its architecture, exemplified the simplicity of its Quaker forefathers, Oregon in its rugged- ness, suggested the rigor of the northwest and California recalled the life of the early Spanish Missionaries, while New York, in the centre, mani- fested the splendor and dignity that has rightly earned for her the title of Empire State. Approached by an impressive series of steps, the building was sur- rounded by a terrace having wide cement walks conventionally enclosing well kept lawns with flowers and foliage. At the comers of the terrace, four immense pylons were located, which received an ornamental bal- ustrade extending around the entire State allotment. The l2uidscape treatment was formal, groups of bay trees and ever- greens, the tallest abutting the pylons and graduating in height to the low boxwood hedge immediately back of the enclosing balustrade, produced an impressive and pleasingly warm contrast to the Travertine color of the pylons and balustrade. Small boxwood trees were interspaced artistically around the building and flower beds bordered the terrace walks. The trees, bushes and other shrubbery were native to, grown in and shipped from New York, preserving thereby to a remarkable degree the atmosphere of the State the building represented and presented to those from New York the aspect that recalled the environment of their State. 60 STATE OF NEW YORK Places of rest were provided by stone setees conventionally located about the four flag poles that arose from architecturally designed bases of liberal scale. The building covered an area of 20, 1 38 square feet, exclusive of the porches and porticos, which covered an additional area of 5,430 square feet. The length of the building proper was 250 feet and including the porches, it was 302 feet. The maximum depth of the main building was 133 feet and its height from the terrace to the cornice cresting was 50 feet in the wings and 62 feet in the main pavilion. The facade, constructed in plastic imitation of Travertine stone, though decidedly Greek in mass, showed a tendency toward the Roman in detail, with here and there the refinements of the early Italian. In its entirety, the style was a modern conception of the classic, a brilliant and perhaps daring blending of styles into a harmonious whole, which must have inspired those who saw it, with the thought of the progressiveness of the people of its State. While in no wise giving the iihpression of an antique, there was a decided lack of newness about the exterior and a mellowness in the coloring, which suggested more the permanent building of some years standing, than a temporary Exposition display. Traversing the broad terrace and steps of the approach, one entered a portico through a colonnade, whose robust shafts extended two stories and a half in height and were surrounded by highly ornamental Corinthian capitals. The ceiling consisted of three panels enriched v«th a maze of colored ornament. From the portico you entered a dignified vestibule, the walls of which were executed in imitation of stone, the ceiling in ornamental plaster, richly colored and the floor in faience tile, from which one had an unob- structed vista through the Main Corridor, long axis of the Ballroom and the grounds beyond. On each side wall of the vestibule there was placed a bronze tablet, one setting forth what the building commemorated, the other containing the names of those persons concerned in its conception and erection, with a clock in each tablet, one indicatmg New York time, the other San Fran- cisco time. In addition to a massive chandelier, two urns set in tripods served to illuminate it. Commissioner Arthur A. McLean PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 63 The main corridor, opening directly from the vestibule, consisted of a colonnade extending from the Restaurant at the westerly end to the full length of the building. It was decidedly Italian in architecture and decora- tion, having columns, frieze, and vaulted ceiling highly ornamented and enriched with color, and recalled the stone treatment of the vestibule. An interesting feature of this corridor, was its direct access to all the main rooms of the building, including the Commissioners' quarters on the second floor. Two staircases, one at either side of the Ballroom, ascended from this Corridor to the floor above. The dignified character of the hall was preserved in the design of all sunounding rooms. The floor pavement was of matte glazed tile of special color and texture and contained the State Coat of Arms and various other ornamental designs, carried out in keeping with the richness of the walls and ceiling. The Assembly and Ballroom, 75 feet long, 53 feet wide and two stories in height, was striking in its monumental dignity and lavish in its abundance of ornament and color; its purple and gold hangings blended in wonderful harmony with the stone walls and columns. The free- standing columns supported a frieze, Pompeiian in feeling, with flat relief and strong colorinig, broken repeatedly by paintings of interesting places in New York State. The centre feature of the frieze of the northerly wall, in direct view from the Corridor, was a painting of the Coat of Arms of the State, to either side of which were paintings symbolizing Arts and Sciences and Wealth; opposite, in the frieze of the southerly wall, the centre painting portrayed the State Capitol at Albeiny and was flanked by paintings suggestive of railroads, shipping and industry. In the easterly and westerly wall friezes were paintmgs portraying the following scenes: The Statue of Liberty, Grant's Tomb, Brooklyn Bridge, United States (West Point) Military Academy, Mohawk Valley, Poughkeepsie Bridge, Education Building at Albany, Old Fort Ticonderoga, Cham- plain Monument, Niagara Falls and Erie Canal at Lockport, Skyline of New York City and Fort Hamilton in New York Harbor. The coffered ceiling, to all appearances of wood, was covered with a wealth of ornament and decoration, brought out in color and blending, with the result that the entire room presented one harmonious effect. Balconies on either side were accessible from rooms on the second floor. 3 64 STATE OF NEW YORK The Restaurant, 58 feet long, 32 feet wide, embraced the total width of one end of the building; it was Pompeiian in decoration and corre- spondingly rich in color and gay in atmosphere, and in appointments and equipment, was suggestive of the best of New York's hotels. All comforts were provided for visitors in the spacious Reception, Writing and Retiring Rooms, and the Information Bureau, telephone booths and Coat Rooms, completed the conveniences. On the second floor there was arranged a suite of rooms for the use of the Governor, consisting of a Reception Room and Chambers. The remainder of the floor was given over to the housing accommodation of the Commissioners, and included a General Reception Room and Board Room. The furniture throughout the main floor was original in design and executed to conform to the style of decoration in the various rooms. It was a copy of the furniture of the Greco-Roman period, and while the comfort of modem furniture was retained, the lines were unmistakably those of ancient Rome or Pompeii. The woodwork was finished in gray, highly polished, with ornament brought out in color. The upholstery harmonized in tone with the wall decoration and hangings of the rooms in which the furniture was placed. Armchairs with backs enfolding the body, but without apparent sup- port, and deep comfortable lounges featured the Reception and Retiring Rooms, while unique writing tables fitted with all accessories were avail- able for use in the separate writing rooms. Formally designed high-backed arm chairs upholstered in purple with gold embroidered ornament, were placed in the Ballroom and heavy carved gray and gold consoles with marble tops, were in keeping with the luxury and grandeur of the room. In the Main Corridor an elaborate octagonal table supported a register. The furnishings of the second floor were simple and in good taste, and complete for comfort. The semi-indirect lighting fixtures, of compo, were of special design and rich in treatment and conformed to the decorations of the various rooms. The night illumination of the exterior of the building was effectively accomplished with high power nitrogen lamps and reflectors, located in Commissioner Joseph B. Mayer PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 67 the four pylons at the comers of the plot and concealed lamps and reflectors arranged to evenly distribute an abundance of light over the entire building. Excepting the Exposition Palaces, the Nev^r York State Building was the only one representative of States and Foreign Countries, where the night illumination was so extensive and brilliant that it clearly brought out in all detail, its setting, landscape and architecture. In recognition of the work of Mr. Meyers as architect, the Commission adopted the following resolution : Whereas, In originality of design, solidity of construction, refinement in detail and excellent equipment the New York State Building at the Panama-Pacific Inter- national Exposition was thoroughly representative of the dignity and position of the Empire State; Resolved. Therefore, that the thanks of this Commission be tendered to the architect, Mr. Charles B. Meyers, as a token of appreciation of his untiring effort and skill in creating a structure which meets with the unqualified approval of this Commission and fulfills in a most satisfactory manner the intention of the Commis- sion that it have a representative building for New York State at the Panama- Pacific International Exposition of 1915; Resolved, That the Secretary be instructed to forward to Mr. Meyers a copy of these resolutions suitably engrossed. Soon after the Commission returned to the east a meeting was held m Albany for the purpose of conferring with State officials and chiefs of the various departments, whose cooperation had been asked in the preparation of exhibits. At that time Hon. John A. Bensel, Slate Engineer and Sur- veyor, during a lengthy discussion agreed to act in an advisory capacity with the Commission, also to have prepared large working models and graphic charts and paintings showing the New State Barge Canal system. Representatives of the Senate and Assembly and of the Departments of Health, Hospital and Agriculture also conferred with the Commission. At this meeting the architect advised the Commission that he had worked out three separate schemes and prepared three sets of drawings for the New York State Building. He informed the Commission that he had invited estimates on these drawings from the leading building con- struction concerns of the State. He reported that whereas the cost of the New York State Building at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago had 68 STATE OF NEW YORK been approximately 1 7 cents per cubic foot and the same for the New- York State Building at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, that from inquiries made both in New York and in San Francisco he beheved it would be impossible to construct a building in San Francisco at a cost under 20 cents per cubic foot, and that he believed that an appropriate serviceable State Building could not be constructed on the Sjui Francisco site for less than $200,000. New York building concerns he advised were not disposed to enter the Szui Francisco field. Before the close of the meeting the Commission adopted a resolution that the cost of the State Building should not be in excess of $200,000. Soon after this meeting the Chairman announced the make-up of sub- committees of the Commission as follows: FINE ARTS Commissioner McLean, Chairman, Commissioner BusSEY, Commissioner Mayer. EDUCATION Commissioner Mayer, Chairman, Commissioner FoLEY, Commissioner WHITNEY. SOCIAL ECONOMY Commissioner CoBB, Chairman, Commissioner Mayer, Commissioner CuLLEN. LIBERAL ARTS Commissioner Frawley, Chairman, Commissioner Whitney. Commissioner Frisbie. MANUFACTURES AND VARIED INDUSTRIES Commissioner HUPPUCH, Chairman, Commissioner YoUNG, Commissioner Murtaugh. MACHINERY Commissioner YoUNG, Chairman, Commissioner Frawley, Commissioner SMITH. TRANSPORTATION Commissioner CuLLEN, Chairman, Commissioner Frawley, Commissioner BussEY. AGRICULTURE Commissioner MuRTAUGH. Chairman, Commissioner HuppucH, Commissioner CoQB. LIVE STOCK Commissioner BusSEY, Chairman, Commissioner MuRTAUGH. Commissioner McLean. HORTICULTURE Commissioner Whitney, Chairman, Commissioner McLeaN, Commissioner Frisbie. MINES AND METALLURGY Commissioner Frisbie, Chairman, Commissioner HuPPUCH, Commissioner YoUNG. Commissioner John F. Murtaugh PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 71 Commissioners Hearst, Brown and Gary on appointment were added to the Committees on Fine Arts, Education and Social Economy. Com- missioners Frawley, Foley, Smith, Whitney and Yale were appointed members of a special committee to confer with the Governor and Legisla- tive leaders whenever necessary. Appeals were at once sent to the Chambers of Commerce, Boards of Trade and other commercial and business organizations of the State to co-operate with the Commission in securing representative exhibits and advising that the Commission would do its utmost to secure favorable consideration for all intending exhibitors. Appeals were also made to the associations of Stock Raisers, Agriculturalists and Fruit Growers to pre- pare the best available products in their various industries for representa- tion at the Exposition. Attention was called to the possibility of crop failure and suggesting that mishaps of this kind could best be guarded against by placing in storage most satisfactory crop exhibits of the next succeeding season. At the State Fair at Syracuse the next year the Com- mission conferred with leading exhibitors there and repeated this admoni- tion. Mr. D. O. Lively, Chief of the Department of Live Stock at the Exposition, came from San Francisco to the State Fair for the purpose of meeting the State Commission and urging that the owners and breeders of stock in New York State shape their herds in order to make at San Francisco such a showing as only the State of New York was capable of displaying. Hon. Calvin Huson, Secretary of Agriculture, also appeared before the Commission and before the Live Stock Exhibitors and supple- mented the declaration of Mr. Lively. Bids for the construction of the New York State Building on the Expo- sition grounds were opened by the Commission November 15, 1913. Tenders were received from twenty-two construction concerns, of which only two were residents of New York. The lowest bid for general con- struction, exclusive of plumbing, heating and electric work, was $1 1 2,990, and the highest $258,840. The lowest bid for four contracts, including general construction, steam heating and electric work, was $152,930. The bids were submitted to the consideration of a sub-committee and because of the reports received it was decided to reject all bids and ask for new tenders for the work. 72 STATE OF NEW YORK Bids were again opened December 20, 1913, and on this occasion fifteen tenders were received. The lowest for general construction being that of Neil A. McLean, in amount $1 18,800. The lowest bids for the other work were those of Charles Wright, who offered to complete the plumbing work for $8,000; steam heating, $5,500; and electric work for $4,500. Following an examination of these bids and report of a Committee of the Commission, which had visited San Francisco immediately after the rejection of the first bids, the Commission awarded the general construction contract to McLean and the other contracts to Wright. New York surety bonds for 50 per cent, of each of the con- tracts were demcuided and furnished. In the making of these contracts and in subsequent negotiations the Commission was advised by the Attorney-General of the State, either through the main office of the State Law Dqiartment in Albany, or the branch office in New York City. Bids for the art models to be used in the exterior and interior ornamenta- tion of the building were opened by the Commission March 21, 1914. Five concerns submitted tenders ranging from $7,900 to $13,470. The Commission awarded the contract for this work to M. R. Giusti of New York City at his bid of $7,900. Owing to difficulties incidental to other contracts, construction work on the State Building was practically suspended toward the end of May, and following negotiations between the general construction contractor and the Globe Indemnity Company of New York, which had furnished a surety bond for faithful performance of the contract, the contractor defaulted, following the receipt of notices that claims aggregating several thousand dollars had been filed against him, both in San Francisco and in the office of the Commission in New York. Acting on advice of the Attorney-General, bids were invited for the completion of the abandoned contract and tenders were received from five contracting firms. Represen- tatives of the Commission went to San Francisco for the purpose of open- ing and considering these bids, and on July 1 7th the contract was awarded to R. Rmgrose & Son, at their bid of $77,500. This firm completed the general construction work in time to have the decorating and fumishmg of the building completed and ready for occupancy on February 20, 1915, the date set for the opening of the Exposition. Commissioner Alfred E. Smith PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 75 * G^mpetition was also invited from business concerns in New York, San Francisco and Chicago for the furnishing and decoration of the building. It was originally stipulated that the competitors should indicate by samples and drawmgs the character of decoration and furnishing they would sup- ply for a total of $33,500. The tenders submitted under this invitation were unsatisfactory and all were rejected. Subsequently, the amount to be expended was increased to $41,000, and bids under this scheme were opened November 6, 1914. Seven concerns competed and the contract was awarded to the firm of D. S. Hess & Co. of New York. Bids for supplying lighting fixtures for the building were received at the same time, and the tender made by Edward Schroeder Lamp Works of New York, of $6,750, was accepted. Two contracts were also awarded for landscaping features of the New York State site. The first was entered into between the Commission and McRorie & MacLaren Co. of San Francisco, and the second between the Commission and Siebrecht & Son of New York. The latter contract provided for a plantation of trees and shrubberies to include as far as possible trees indigenous to the State of New York. After conferences and inquiries concerning scope and character of the official exhibits to be paid for out of the funds of the Commission the sub- committees recommended appropriations aggregating $230,000. The largest of these allotments were Education, which was assigned $35,000; Social Economy, including exhibits of the State Hospital Department, State Health Department, State Department of Prisons, State Depart- ment for the Care of the Blind, State Department of Labor, Quarantine Commission and Niagara Falls aind Saratoga Springs Reservation Com- missions, to which a total of $40,000 was assigned. State Agricultural Exhibit, $30,000; State Engineer and Surveyor. $15,000; and State Health Exhibit, $15,000. Tentative allowances were also made for the expenses of the Fine Arts Exhibit and the Mining Display and for encouraging exhibits of manufactures, transportation, etc. To the experts in charge of the details and technical work of the vari- ous activities of the State government the preparation of these official exhibits was assigned. The Commission deferred to the judgment of those in charge of State activities as to how the progressive work for civic 76 STATE OF NEW YORK . • betterment and State progress could be best displayed. Conferences between the members of the various State Departments and the sub- committees of the Commission were frequently held and the Commission was used as a clearing house in the gathering and dissemination of gen- eral information as to the progress of the Exposition work. The Com- mission urged that in view of the fact that the Exposition was intended to show progress in invention, industry, the arts and sciences since the close of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition a decade before that the of&cial exhibits should not deal with the accomplishments or methods of past generations, but should be comprehensive and wherever possible a vivid reflection of the work being accomplished to-day and of the projects for local, national and civic betterment for to-morrow. It was urged from the inception of the Commission that the exhibits should appeal not only to the reasoning power of visitors to the Exposi- tion, but should also be of such strikmg character as to arrest and impress the vision. Appeals were made for action and motion exhibits rather than for placards and statistics. In order to transplant to as great an extent as possible the State of New York and its affairs to the Exposition grounds, the Commission determined that moving picture suid stereo-motorgraph views should be used to the greatest possible extent. In carrying out this view a moving picture theatre of impressive dimensions and architecture, capable of seat- ing several hundred persons, was erected in the Education-Social Econ- omy Palace and was kept in continuous daily use during the Exposition, in conjunction with the Education and Social Economy Exhibits. Action pictures from every County in the State were secured under special con- tract and thouscinds of feet of New York State views were displayed daily in this theatre. In this building were also shown by moving pictures the social better- ment and research work done by the Health Officer of the Port of New York, charged with the examination and admission of approximately 1 ,000,000 foreigners to the United States every year; of the State Hos- pital Commission; of the State Department of Health; of the State Industrial Commission charged with supervision of wage earners in mills, factories, building operations, etc., and of other State Departments. Commissioner George H. Whitney PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 79 Moving pictures of New York State views and activities were also shown in the ofHcial State exhibits in the palaces of Agriculture and Liberal Arts. In the latter the New York State Barge Canal Exhibit was on view. At certain periods the general views of the State were displayed in the New York State Building. Several conferences were held between the members of the Sub-com- mittee on Municipal Affairs and the principal.officials of the City of New York as to the general plan and scope of the exhibit to be made by New York City. Mayor Mitchel appointed a Committee, consisting of him- self, Hon. George McAneny, President of the Board of Aldermen; Hon. Lewis H. Pounds, President of the Borough of Brooklyn; and Aldermen Frank L. Dowling and Frederick H. Stevenson, for the pur- pose of arranging details, financial and otherwise, for the City exhibit, and following several conferences between this Committee and heads of the Department of the City government it was determined that the City should make an independent exhibit of municipal activities. A site for the New York City Building was readily secured along the Avenue of States, and an appropriation of $100,000 was made for the purpose of preparing and maintaining a Municipal Exhibit. This exhibit was placed under the general direction of Mr. Morton L. Fouquet, who had previ- ously supervised muinicipal exhibits prepared in connection with the mak- ing of the budget of city expenditures and of exhibits of city activities that had been shown at expositions in Europe. The State Commission co-operated in every way possible with the New York City exhibit, both in its preparation and its maintenance during the life of the Exposition. The New York State Building was the gathering place for city residents during the Fair and the State Commission acted as host at every city celebration. All of the construction work of the New York State Building was completed prior to the day set for the opening of the Exposition, and when the gates were thrown open to the general public the New York State Building was finished in every detail, and on the opening day was visited by more than 20,000 persons. Among those who made official visits to the building on that day were the President and Executive Officers of the Exposition, the Mayor of San Francisco, with his Chiefs of Depart- 80 STATE OF NEW YORK ments, the members of the Woman's Board of the Exposition and repre- sentatives of the Governor of the State and of the foreign governments which had paviHons along the thoroughfare at the head of which the New York State Building stood. All of the official exhibits of State activities in the various exhibit palaces were completed and ready for display on the opening day. These exhibits had been given most conspicuous locations in the various exhibit palaces. All were either at the junction of the main aisles in the centre of the buildings or at the most prominent entrances. The exhibits were shown within booths of substantial and dignified finish, as far as possible uniform in character. The supervision of these displays was left to experts assigned to the work by the various State Departments whose activities were shown. The exhibits from the outside arrested the atten- tion of students and authorities from all parts of the world, as well as the general sightseer. How well the exhibits had been prepared was attested by the verdicts of the various juries and the number of awards made for official exhibits. From the beginning of the Exposition to the close the New York State Building was the centre of civic and exhibit activity. Five mem- bers of the Commission made the journey to San Francisco to attend the opening exercises and remained until the Elxposition work was thoroughly systematized. Commissioner Hearst, who had been unanimously elected official hostess, devoted much time to the entertainment of visitors and details of arranging the opening of the Education cind Social Economy exhibits. All of the members of the Commission in the Exposition City attended the official opening banquet that marked the conclusion of the first day's activities on the Exposition grounds. The New York State Building was brilliantly illuminated and remained open for public inspec- tion far into the night. Following this official opening ceremony the New York Commission tendered a dinner to distinguished New Yorkers who had crossed the continent for the purpose of attending the exercises incidental to the begin- ning of the Fair and to the members of the State and Foreign Commis- sions accredited to the Exposition. Former Governor Martin H. Glynn Commissioner Frank L. Young PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 83 and Mrs. Glynn were the guests of honor. The dinner was attended by 225 persons. Conunissioner Hearst received the guests, and on the receiving line with her were Conunissioner cind Mrs. Mack, Commissioner and Mrs. Yale, Commissioner and Mrs. Bussey, Commissioner and Mrs. Cobb, Commis- sioner and Mrs. Huppuch, Commissioner and Mrs. Mayer and Mrs. Arthur A. McLean. Chairman Mack acted as toastmaster and addresses were made by Mr. Charles C. Moore, President of the Exposition; Mayor Rolph, former Governor Glynn and Commissioner George H. Cobb. Daniel L. Ryan, Secretary DEDICATION X IN CONFORMITY with the Exposition regulations requiring the dedica- tion of all State and Foreign Buildings within one month after the opening of the Exposition the New York State Building was for- mally dedicated on Friday, March 19th. Governor Charles S. Whit- man, who was unable to attend the exercises because of the fact that the State Legislature was in session, was represented by Dr. Seth Low, one time Mayor of New York and Brooklyn, and for many years President of Columbia University and of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York and of the associated Chambers of Commerce of the United States. Dr. Low was accompanied to the Exposition City by Brigadier- General Louis W. Stotesbury, Adjutant-General of the State, and by Major Francis L. V. Hoppin, of the Governor's Staff, as official escorts. No fairer day marked the Exposition period than that upon which the dedication ceremonies occurred. The exercises begun at 3 o'clock in the afternoon, and at that hour the grounds about the New York Build- ing were crowded with interested spectators. The Avenue of States was literally impassable because of the throng, on the outskirts of which a large detail of United States troops had been assigned. The programme for the day was as follows : "America " Military Band Presiding Officer HoN. NoRMAN E. Mack Address Hon. George H. Cobb Presentation of Commemorative Bronze Plaque Hon. C. C. Moore, President P. P. I. E. Selection MILITARY Band Address Senator Arthur Arlett, Representing Governor Johnson Address HoN. Wm. Bailey Lamar, United States National Commission Dedicatory Address HoN. Seth Low Address Hon. James Rolph, Jr., Mayor of San Francisco Address Mr. Thomas E. Hayden, President " The New Yorkers " Selection Military Band [87] 88 STATE OF NEW YORK Immediately preceding the exercises incidental to the dedication, a luncheon was given in the Exposition Administration Building in honor of the New York Commissioners by the Exposition authorities. Those in attendance at this luncheon were: Senator Arthur Arlett, representing Governor Johnson of California^ Commissioner Thomas H. Bussey, John A. Britton, R. I. Bentley, George C. Boardman, Captain A. C. Baker, Frank L. Brown, Captain John Bameson, S. Bachrach, J. M. Gumming, Commissioner George H. Cobb, George T. Cameron, R. A. Crothers, P. T. Clay, William H. Crocker, H. D. H. Connick, J. J. Dwyer, J. O. Davis, M. H. de Young, E. R, Dimond, Paul Elder, A. W. Foster, Charles Fay, Commissioner and Mr. W. R. Hearst, Commissioner Winfield A. Huppuch, Major Francis L. V. Hoppin, C. F. Hunt, T. E. Hayden, E. Clemens Horst, Theodore Hardee, J. C. Kortick, Dr. Seth Low, William Leary, Charles P. Low, Judge Curtis E. Lindley, J. B. Levison, C. C. Moore, Commissioner Norman Et Mack, Commissioner Arthur A. McLean, Judge W. W. Morrow, Major J. T. Myers, W. N. Moore. Major- General Arthur Murray, James McNab, Byron Mauzy, Captain J. B. Murphy. Thomwell MuUally, S. B. McNear, R. E. Miller, Captain F. L. Perry, Daniel L. Ryan. W. J. Rand, Jr., M. H. Robbins. W. T. Sesnon, Brigadier-General L. W. Stotesbury, A. W. Scott, Jr., Charles S. Stanton, Leon Sloss, Henry T. Scott, E. French Strother, Frank L Turner, P. S. Teller, R. J. Taussig, Charles R. Thornton, R. Volmer, Judge W. C. Vein Fleet, Lieutenant-Conmiander Clark H. Woodward, W. B. Webster, Thomas S. Williams, and Commissioner John R. Yale. On the grand stand with Dr. Low, were in addition to Chairman Mack and Commissioner Cobb, who made addresses. Commissioners Bussey, Hearst, Huppuch, McLean and Yale, as well as representatives of practically all of the States of the Union, and of the Commissioners of the various nations accredited to the Exposition. In opening the exercises Chairman Norman E. Mack, who presided, introduced Commissioner Cobb as the first speaker. Commissioner Cobb said: " Mr. Chairman, Dr. Low, Distinguished Guests, and Ladies and Gentlemen: We have assembled here to-day to dedicate this building which represents in part the interest of the great State of New York in this Exposition. In this beautiful William Leary, Assistant Secretary PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 91 structure during the time that this Exposition shall last, all of those who owe allegi- ance to the State of New York, either as the place of their birth, or of their habita- tion, will find a home which will be symbolical to each of the greatness and import- ance of the position which the Empire State holds in our commonwealth of nations. It has not been erected, however, in a boastful spirit, alone expressive of the wealth and importance of the Empire State of the Union, but as typical and expressive of the art and learning of our modern civilization. It stands for the noblest ideals of the citizens of our great State and with the magnificent exhibits which our State has furnished, it is and shall remain to be, until the sun shall have cast its last effulgent ray in this beautiful spot on the closing day of this great Exposition, a most eloquent expression and fitting representation of the most cherished ideals which education and commerce has fostered among our people and which civic pride ever maintains. " The Architect who conceived the structure has reflected great credit upon our State and has fashioned a monument to his name. It is not, however, for New Yorkers alone. The hospitality of the Empire State is not confined to its borders or its citizens. It is world-wride. The portals of this structure shall ever swdng inward, and on behalf of the Commission and the great State which we have the honor to represent, I extend to you and the countless thousands who shall pass through the gates of this wonderful Exposition no matter from what State or Nation they shall come, a most cordial greeting and a most hearty welcome. " Well has it been said that * Time's noblest offspring is its last.' Many Expo- sitions have been held in the past, all in commemoration of some great event and each expressive of the marvelous growth and development of the centuries that have passed. It remained, however, for the people of California, with the co-operation of the United States Government, the various States of the Union and the Nations of the Earth to conceive, create and set in motion the most wonderful Exposition the world has ever known. As American citizens we are all proud of the fact that the genius, enterprise and inteIHgence of the people of California has been able to fashion a celebration commensurate with the marvelous achievement it seeks to commemorate. It is most fitting that this Exposition should be Universal and Inter- national in character, for as has been so many times said, the completion of this canal affects the interests of every civilized nation in the world. When Balboa, upon reaching the summit of a moimtain in what was then known as Darien, on Sep- tember 25. 1513, first beheld the waters of the Pacific Ocean and viewed from this prant both the Atlantic and Pacific and saw the possibility of an Isthmian Canal, he had Uttle conception of the centuries that would pass, of the study and thought that would be entailed, of the millions and millions of dollars that would be expended, and of the sacrifices that would be made before the isthmus was severed and the canal became a reality. Time will not permit my recounting the interesting history of this great achievement, but I cannot pass, however, without expressing the pride which I know every American citizen entertains over the fact that it was after all the genius, the courage, the bravery and the resources of the people of the PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 91 structure during the time that this Exposition shall last, all of those who owe allegi- ance to the State of New York, either as the place of their birth, or of their habita- tion, will find a home which will be symbolical to each of the greatness and import- ance of the position which the Empire State holds in our commonwealth of nations. It has not been erected, however, in a boastful spirit, alone expressive of the wealth and importance of the Empire State of the Union, but as tjrpical and expressive of the art and learning of our modern civilization. It stands for the noblest ideals of the citizens of our great State and with the magnificent exhibits which our State has furnished, it is and shall remain to be, until the sun shall have cast its last effulgent ray in this beautiful spot on the closing day of this great Exposition, a most eloquent expression and fitting representation of the most cherished ideals which education and commerce has fostered among our people and which civic pride ever maintains. " The Architect who conceived the structure has reflected great credit upon our State and has fashioned a monument to his name. It is not, however, for New Yorkers alone. The hospitality of the Empire State is not confined to its borders or its citizens. It is world-wide. The portals of this structure shall ever swing inward, and on behalf of the Commission and the great State which we have the honor to represent, I extend to you and the countless thousands who shall pass through the gates of this wonderful Exposition no matter from what State or Nation they shall come, a most cordial greeting and a most hearty welcome. " Well has it been said that * Time's noblest offspring is its last.' Many Expo- ations have been held in the past, all in commemoration of some great event and each expressive of the marvelous growth and development of the centuries that have passed. It remained, however, for the people of CaUfornia, with the co-operation of the United States Government, the various States of the Unioii and the Nations of the Earth to conceive, create and set in motion the most wonderful Exposition the world has ever known. As American citizens we are all proud of the fact that the genius, enterprise and intelligence of the people of California has been able to fashion a celebration commensurate with the marvelous achievement it seeks to commemorate. It is most fitting that this Exposition should be Universal and Inter- nadonal in character, for as has been so many times said, the completion of this canal affects the interests of every civiHzed nation in the world. When Balboa, upon reaching the summit of a mountain in what was then known as Darien, on Sep- tember 25, 1513, first beheld the waters of the Pacific Ocean and viewed from this point both the Atlantic and Pacific and saw the possibility of an Isthmian Canal, he had little conception of the centuries that would pass, of the study and thought that would be entailed, of the millions and millions of dollars that would be expended, and of the sacrifices that would be made before the isthmus was severed and the canal became a reality. Time will not permit my recounting the interesting history of this great achievement, but I cannot pass, however, without expressing the pride which I know every American citizen entertains over the fact that it was after all the genius, the courage, the bravery and the resources of the people of the 92 STATE OF NEW YORK United States which made this marvelous achievement a reality. The great Slate of New York was particularly interested because it possesses the greatest seaport on the American continent. By the completion of the canal new trade routes and commercial lines have been established, distance annihilated and the width of our great continent commercially wiped away. A distance of more than ten thousand miles for sea-borne traffic between the east and west has been eliminated^ and the great seaports of the Pacific have been, commercially speaking, brought in close proximity to those of the Atlantic. From a commercial standpoint, the beneficent results of this canal cannot with any degree of accuracy be even prophesied. The people of the Empire State at once saw the possibilities. We not only appreci- ated the great good which would come to our State, but also realized the wonderful impetus it would give to the growth and development of the great West, particu- larly to the States on the Western Coast and to the nation as a whole. When, therefore, the people of California conceived the idea of this Exposition and sought to have this beautiful city designated as the place at which it was to be held and a rivalry arose between New Orleans and San Francisco, the problem was presented to our Representatives in Congress of deciding between the City of the South and the beautiful City of the West. Our Legislature unanimously passed a resolution urging our Members in Congress to favor San Francisco, and notwithstanding an adverse report from the committee in charge, our representatives voted as a unit for this city and made the Exposition at this place possible. The responsibility of our State to make this Exposition a success, in so far as it was within our power, commenced on that day. While Governor Dix was Chief Executive of our State an act was passed by the Legislature creating this Commission and making a most generous appropriation. Our State was the first in the east to take official action con- cerning the Exposition, and that fact, together with the fact that a very liberal appropriation was made, was with an acumen characteristic of the people of Cali- fornia, made use of in inducing our sister States to join in making this Exposition a great success. Each of our Governors, who have succeeded to office, have given this Exposition most cordial and generous support. Our Commission would have been much gratified to have had .our distinguished Chief Executive, Governor Whit- man, present to-day, but circumstances prevented, and he had chosen one of our most, if not the foremost, citizen of our State, the Hon. Seth Low, to represent him on this occasion. Aside from the work of our Commission the foregoing is a brief history of the relation of New York State to this great Exposition. The work of the New York State Commission speaks for itself. The building, with its beauti- ful ornamentation, is, perhaps, the most expressive exhibit of the art, culture, intelli- gence and enterprise of our great State. The other exhibits represent, in some degree, the various activities of our State. We have sought to bring to the western shores of our great nation a sample of the best we have, whether it be chosen from the bounty of nature or from the art of man. We are justly proud of our great State. Rich in all that nature can bestow, yet softened and chastened by time Seth Low, ll.d. Dr. Low Represented Governor Whitman at the Dedication Ceremonies at the New York State Building PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 95 and the religious and educational influences of centuries, she ought to and truly is, the Empire State. Great as our State is we recognize that our prosperity depends in no small clegree upon the growth and development of this great western country. Wonders have been wrought by the courage and industry of your people. You have been pioneers in the development of an important part of this great nation. We congratulate the officials of this Exptosition and the people of this State most cordially upon the success of this wonderful Exposition. Each succeeding Inter- national Exposition makes the world wiser and better. As artisans become more skillful and the contributions to science and art become more liberal, civilization advances. While other peoples are engaged in deadly combat we can congratulate ourselves that we are engaged in the peaceful pursuits of the world, striving not only for the development and betterment of our own people but seeking to hasten the day when the universal brotheirhood of man and the fatherhood of God shall be recognized by all nations of the earth." As President Moore arose to present a bronze plaque in commemora- tion of the dedication he was given a most cordial greeting. In his address he said : Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen. — Balmy, genial and cordial is the day, indicative of the feelings of all of us toward good old New York and its people. (Applause.) I wear today this badge of New York. Do you think it is a mark of courtesy towards the Commissioners? You are wrong. I have the right to wear that badge, I am a native of New York. (Applause.) Although the son of a California pioneer of 1849, although I was raised in this State, the interesting event to me of my birth took place in that grand old State. I did not stay there long then, but I have gone back many, many times, and always with pride, and always with pleasure to think that this country had a New York State and City. (Applause.) " Mr. Cobb has out-lined to you briefly the part New York played with refer- ence to this Exposition. In its early days, the days of trouble and uncertainty, there was never a faltering note in the course of support that we always had from New York. In the days that followed, frequently days of trouble and anxiety, always PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 105 dream come true, and have brought a vision of a better civilization of brotherly men to our eyes. (Applause.) "And when this stalv^art man, who is more than New York's favorite son, who is America's asset, brings to us the challenge of his splendid message, we are stirred with what we seem to feel is our own mission here. Shall it be possible that out of the gathering of these people, that out of this Exposition of the art and craft of men, that there shall not be left for the upbuilding of the race a permanent value that shall last as long as these tides shall surge in and out this Gate? Indeed no. For here at this place of privilege, if you please, upon this Mount of Transfiguration, we have caught a vision, we have seen the gleams, we shall follow the Hght, and in company with all our friends and brothers around the world, we shall go forward to meet the task of the widening day." (Applause.) Mayor Rolph, speaking for the City of San Francisco, said: " Every American knows the Empire State, every American knows the great commercial city of the Empire State. There is not a boy or a girl but what knows New York and New York City, and today New York plants herself in our very midst on the shores of the Golden Gate in the City of San Francisco. (Applause.) " Mr. Mack asked the question, has New York made good? Yes, Mr. Com- missioner, and to all of your associates. New York has certainly made good. New York has made good with San Francisco on every occasion. (Applause.) When San Francisco has needed help New York has always responded nobly to her call. (Applause.) This magnificent building typifies the big-heartedness of the big men and the big women of the big Empire State of New York. " I was most interested in the dedicatory speech of his Honor, the former Mayor of New York, in speaking of the commercial advantages of New York and the commercial possibilities of the Pacific Coast. I can remember the day — and it was brought vividly to my mind when I stood on the steps of the State of North Dakota Building the other day, and saw coming through the Golden Gate a white winged sailing ship. But those ships that in the early days of this port brought the New Yorkers — and I am sure there are many of them here today — around Cape Horn to the Pacific Coast, are fast facing from view. The steamship lines of the future will bring the New Yorker through the Panama Canal out to the Pacific Coast. What a sight it is to stand on the docks of New York and see those palatial liners sailing from New York and Hoboken down the Bay of New York and past the Liberty Statue and out into the broad Atlantic, leaving there almost every day in the week. I say to you, my fellow-citizens of San Francisco, that those scenes as indicated by the former Mayor of New York will soon be scenes in the port of the City of San Francisco. (Applause.) " It is absolutely true that the pulse of commerce and the pulse of trade, and the pulse of finance of this great country have beat faster and stronger and harder in 106 STATE OF NEW YORK New York than anywhere else. We like to go to that great State for help when we need it. That State throws out its help to the whole United States, to the whole Americas, and I believe it will not be far distant in the future when New York will be the great financial center of the world. (Applause.) New York has been one of the greatest contributors to our Exposition. A magnificent building has been erected here to show their good will, their friendship and their appreciation. Inside that building hospitality such as cannot be shown in any other place is shown here to the fullest extent. It is hospitality of good hearts, of warm friends, of the City of the East to the City of the West, and today I pay your respects, the City's respects, the State's respects, and the Exposition's respects to the men and women who comprise the New York Commission, and who are doing so much to make our Exposition a success. (Applause.) And I want to have the pleasure of thus introducing as the Mayor of the City, the former Mayor of New York, clasping the hand of the Easterner with the hand of the Westerner, and presenting him to my friends in San Francisco." (Prolonged applause.) Mr. Thomas E. Hayden, President of the New Yorkers Society of California, delivered the closing address: "Mr. Chairman, Mr. Lov>, Cenilemen of the Nem York Commission, and Calif omians: Ours is the last and doubtless the feeblest voice that will be uttered today in behalf of two great Conmionwealths. It is my privilege to stand, as it were, in the middle of the road, to be one of those who represent a social body here in our midst that were bom in New York, but have become citizens of CaUfor- nia, and if I say, I think you can rely upon its truth, that no body of men could better welcome or more truly express the feeling of California for the State of New York. We were both there. Some of our society came around the Horn in '49, some of them came across the Isthmus, which was dreaming of a Canal at that time at Nicaragua, some of them schoonered across the plains, some of them came later by more modern transportation. All of them have found here the greatest State in the Union possibly save one, and only possibly. (Laughter and applause.) " Whatever of praise the native Californian might sing of California would be discounted naturally by the native from New York, because Californians are reputed eversrwhere to be boosters for the State of California. When on the open- ing day, the 20th of February, we had most unusual weVither conditions for February, the New York Commissioner said to me: ' Mr. Hayden, we have been led to believe that when we crossed the Sierras we would find nothing but sunshine on the hither side,' and I said, ' That is the rule, Mr. Commissioner, that is the rule, but fearing that you so far away from home might be homesick for something locally and characteristically New York we start the day with rain and hail and then bring out sunshine for the important hours of the important event.' (Applause.) a z S 5 CQ UJ H < o > J < X z o p (X UJ u Q Z < J CQ < PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 109 " I am warned by the distinguished gentleman who represents the United States of America here today, and you are warned that those who deal in figures must of needs be dull indeed, and yet another distinguished citizen of New York, Chauncey M. Depew, has said, and it is one of his favorite witticisms, that there is nothing more unsubstantial or unreliable than figures, unless it be facts. And yet I cannot pass this moment without reviewing briefly, very briefly, some important and his- torical events. " It is pecuUarly effective, Mr. Low, that beyond is the building of the Nether- lands, and her colonies. We started out as a civic institution with the name of New Netherlands, and not of New York. (Applause.) The chief est city on this con- tinent today, and the greatest city in the commercial history of the world today, bar none, was known in its early history by the euphonious name of New Amster- dam. For 150 years Governors came and went under royal charter, first from the States General of Holland, then from the King of England, and it is worthy of note that in the reign of 150 years, we had 45 who occupied the office of Governor, or wanted to occupy it as acting Governor, and among that list was one whose euphonious name is tjrpical of much in the political history of New York. He was known as Rip van Dam. He signalized his brief sojourn in office by quarreling with his successor as to who should have the fees during the 1 3 months of his occupancy, and when the Supreme Court ruled against him, he went quietly into oblivion. It is remarkable that since this State was founded as a part of the Union it had 45 Governors also down to the time of his present Excellency, Governor Whitman. " There was the beginning to show you that we were founded well. Com- mercially it is only necessary to say that the whole Island of Manhattan was pur- chased less than 300 years ago for $24 in trade. A bead, a glass necklace, a hatchet, a jack-knife, and a dress, showing beyond peradventure of a doubt it was destined to become a fashion center of the world. Twenty-four dollars, my friends, was its full value less than 300 years ago, and today its assessed valuation on a basis of not more than 60 per cent, is albout $1 0,000,000,000. Then the burghers who founded New York traded baubles for land. Some of their descendants are trading land for baubles I am told. (Laughter.) " New York today has the glory as a city of spending $30,000,000 a year for the education of the children of New York. (Applause.) Our school department is asking the present Supervisors for approximately $3,000,000 for the schools of San Francisco. That gives you some idea of what has been done in the City of New York in the past 200 odd years. "And then it might be well to recall to you that before the city absorbed Brook- lyn, it never thoiight of doing that act until Mayor Low had been Mayor of Brooklyn, Brooklyn would never have joined New York if New York had not intended to make Mayor Low, Mayor of New York. (Applause.) So far as our Commission is concerned, we have the distinguished citizen from Brooklyn and the no STATE OF NEW YORK Greater New York Mayor Low, with the distinguished citizen in the chairman of this Commission, Mr. Mack, from the western end of our great State. " Now, what has CaUfomia to set up against this? New York is an area of 47,000 square miles, is increased by its inland lakes to 48,000; if you take in the lakes that He upon its borders, to 52,000, possibly: while California has an area of 236,000 more or less. New York has mountains which we once thought high. 5,300 feet old Mount Marcy rises in the Adirondacks. CaHfomia has Mount Whitney. 14,555 feet, the highest point within the United States of America. CaUfornia has the lowest land in the United States, 237 feet below the sea level. (Laughter.) California has the largest trees. I am glad the gentleman who pre- ceded me did not take up these topics — the largest trees. Mr. Commissioner, trees that were growing when Christ was born. California has the oldest and the finest living things in the world today. Do you wonder. Mr. Commissioner, that when we have been here ten or five or fifteen or forty-five years, we learn to love Cali- fornia with a love that has in it a hope that the older States have never been able to inspire? And it is our wish to you gentlemen, representing as you do the greatest Commonwealth in commercial activity and in wealth today, the greatest population gathered in any State, it is our hope that you will make California in your minds and hearts, as you are bound to do if you stay here long enough, if not your first, your second love, at least; that when you return to New York you will feel that this State is your second home, and if you ever leave it, you will do as our Society and its membership has done, trek west until you come at last to the West, the State of CaUfornia. (Applause.) " There is her building, there was the start, here was the present, beyond lies the future. (Applause.) This is a dedication exercise, we are bound to express our appreciation to this Commission for their kindliness, for their ability, for their hospitality, for the spirit of friendliness and friendship which they have expressed in act and word to the people of San Francisco and the people of California. " This State that we are in is the West. We have a northwest, we have a south- west, we have a middle west. California is the West. (Applause.) " Commissioners, you have the advantage of having the sun rise three hours earlier upon you than it does upon us. but it lingers with us three hours longer. You must rise three hours earlier in order to say your matins. We have the pleasure of still sleeping sweetly, while you are rising in a climate which we now think severe; while we have die pleasure of the vesper hymn and the parting bene- diction of the sun as it sinks in the golden west. This is California, and she wel- comes you. she welcomes you with a heart as large, and with a thought as kind and with a manner as cheerful as the day is pleasant, and I would have you remember that this is a typical California day." (Applause.) Almost every member of the New Yorkers Society attended the dedi- catory exercises. One section of the block of seats in the grand stand had 'Tn ■ -xji. i 'i_-'. Main Entrance — New York State Building PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 113 been reserved for them and ofEcers of their organizations acted as ushers in the handling of the unexpectedly large crowd that honored New York at the exercises. Dr. Low and Mrs. Low were guests of honor at an official banquet given by the State Commission at the New York State Building on the evening of March 23d. More than 200 persons attended and Commis- sioners Mack, Yale, Bussey, Cobb, Hearst, Huppuch and McLean were the hosts of the occasion. Addresses were made by Franklin D. Roose- velt, Assistant Secretary of the Navy and one of the United States Commissioners, former Vice-President Fairbanks, of Indiana; President Moore, of the Exposition ; Adjutant-General Stotesbury and Dr. Low. Commissioner Cobb acted as toastmaster. In his dual capacity of member of the National Commission to the Exposition and Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Mr. Roosevelt, who had spent the day in viewing the Exhibits made by New York State and the other wonders of the jewel city said in the course of a brief address : " I have had, I might say, a dual connection with this Exposition. As a New Yorker it was my privilege while serving in the State Legislature to vote for the New York State participation here. I am glad to see a number of my old colleagues, who were also charged with that pleasure, here with us tonight. During my first year in the Legislature a resolution was passed unanimously, as I recollect, asking our representatives in the Congress of the United States to do all in their power to favor the Exposition project and hold the Panama-Pacific International Exposition m San Francisco. It was after that that I had the pleasure of voting for the appro- priation of the State of New York. I Kttle thought then that I should have the privilege of coming here as a representative of the National Exposition Commission. It is a little difficult for me to remember that I am connected vnlh the National Exposition Commission in view of the fact that I have been here only three days. " It is the voice of this Exposition which compels me to note the service with which I am connected. The opening of the Panama Canal, of course, to the Navy has meant new ideas, new problems. It has emphasized to the National Adminis- tration that the Pacific Coast is just as much a part of our jurisdiction as the Atlantic. My one regret, and I have told this to President Moore, is that the program, as oudined by the Administration could not have been carried out. I had hoped on this great occasion that there would be a line off this Exposition of twenty battleships. As you know certain things prevented this from being carried out at the present time, but it has been planned, and it is the present intention that the fleet of the United States shall pass through the Canal and shall come here and take part in 114 STATE OF NEW YORK the Exposition as originally planned, for among our officers and among our men there is hardly a village or hardly a place in the United States that is not represented. They come not only from the coasts but from the interior. They all make good sailormen, and the mere fact that the American Fleet has that kind of men is going to bring home to the 50,000 men and to the 2^500 officers of the service more and more keenly the fact that this is all one country. "A certain Elx- Vice-President once made a remark in which he said he wished that for five minutes he could be Congress too. He wished that several times in the course of his career, but on this particular occasion he wanted to be Congress so as to put through a law compelling every member of Congress before becoming a candidate for Congress to file a certificate setting forth that he had traveled and visited in every one of the forty-eight States in the Union. " It seems to me that this Elxposition speaks for far more than New York or California or San Francisco for it speaks of a new era which has come to this country, which by the building of this Exposition, by the carrying out of these plans, by the gatherings which have been held here, has proven conclusively that the day of the Pacific Slope, the day of the New England States, or the day of the South, has gone by and the day of the forty-eight States of the United States has come to stay. I am very glad to have this opportunity to come out here and see my old friends from Little Old New York. Almost lost in this great assemblage it gives me great pleasure to realize what the State of New York, my State, has done in taking its share, as it should, in this great Exposition of modern times." Former Vice-President Fairbanks said : " We have a Great American as our guest tonight. There is no truer, better name, no name that stands for higher ideals in the social life of America than Seth Low, whom we all know. I have often wondered if we appraise it at its true worth. Mrs. Low, true friend and companion, has worked in silence by the side of this modest great man', and is crowned with glory of our love and ambition. " I think that this great event which is being celebrated is going to revolutionize the Commerce of America, and a large portion of the world, and New York and California are to be the chief beneficiaries. They both have loyally supported the project. New York was early in celebrating, but we from Indiana have some glory in it because we feel we have a share in it the same as New York. New York and San Francisco have been brought some 10,000 miles nearer to each other and that in itself is cause for rejoicing. " One of the important things in our development is the development of the National Spirit. The distinguished Assistant Secretary of the Navy expressed the thought that weis in my mind most admirably. As we grow in population there is a danger that we shall lose in a degree this national spirit. This should never be." o 2 5 D CQ < Oi o H O O a: z o p us o a: z o I UJ Z a: o u PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 117 In the course of his address Dr. Low said: " Most people, I think, who are not familiar with the details think that the City of New York has been made what it is by reason of its magnificent harbor. No doubt its great harbor is a necessary feature of its prosperity, but I want you to consider whether the fact is not that New York has become the City that it is because of the Hudson River and the Erie Canal, which give it water communica- tion with the Great Lakes and the interior of the Continent. I can make this clear to you, I think, that the suggestion of mine is real by telling you that a few years ago Mr. James C. Brown of the well-known banking firm of Brown Bros, told me that his father and two uncles came to this country about 1800. The eldest brother went to Philadelphia, at that time the most important city. The second to Portland, next in importance, and the youngest brother to New York. Within twenty years from that time the Erie Canal was completed and New York began to grow by leaps and bounds and obtained such a start upon all other cities on the* American Continent that it has remained the first City of the Union. That is what water communication, iinder favorable circumstances, can do. Of course, in that early day there were no railroads, no telegraphs, no telephones, but nevertheless the water communication without any of those did not hinder the City of New York starting as told. " I heard it told by Mr. Vanderbilt, by Mr. Vanderbilt I mean the Old Com- modore, that when he had secured control of the Hudson River Road, and the New York Central Road, and had merged them into one system, somebody said to him, * Now, Mr. Vanderbilt, what are you going to do with them?' * I am going to dry up the Erie Canal and drive every boat off the Hudson River.' He did not quite do that, but he did see that the railroad could be made so much more cheaper, and effective. The canal itself must be improved to continue to give to New York the advantage which it originally had. That is why the State of New York is expending over $100,000,000 to enlarge the Erie Canal. Now, if I am at all right in my conclusion the vast importance of the prosperity of the nation is due to the transportation of merchandise by water. I think you can see at a glance how inevitably the opening of the Panama Canal will aid every section by bringing our Western Coast nearly 8,000 miles nearer to the Atlantic Coast. The impetus due to the Panama Canal will become more marked every year." In addition to the ceremonial entertainment at the Exposition grounds. Dr. Low was guest of honor at the dinner of the Columbia University Alumni Club of Cahfomia, at the University Club, on the evening of March 24th. and guest of the Woman's Board of the Exposition. March 22d, and the principal speaker at the San Francisco Chamber of Com- merce dinner. March 19th. On the evening of Sunday, March 21st. 118 STATE OF NEW YORK he delivered an address in the Protestant Episcopal Cathedral and on the eve of his departure was a guest of honor at the Grand Military Ball in the Civic Auditorium. In the name of Governor Whitman, Dr. Low acted as host at a luncheon in New York State Building on March 25th. He had as guests the principal officers of the Exposition, the representatives of the foreign governments, the officials of the Woman's Board and officers of the Chfunber of Commerce, as well as the principal military and naval officers stationed at San Francisco. In bidding the guests welcome Dr. Low said: "As the representatives of Governor and Mrs. Whitman, Mrs. Lx>w and I have teceived such abounding hospitaUty in San Francisco, and at this Exposition, that we desired, in the Governor's name, to use this occasion to return a part of this hospitaUty, and to welcome you here as his guests and as ours. " You know that there is in Athens a statue of the Wingless Victory. The goddess is graven out of marble, without wings, and stooping down to unloose her sandals, as if to indicate that, having reached Athens, victory had there reached her abiding home. And I would like to suggest that the Wingless statue of hospi- tality ought to be erected upon these grounds, to stand for the fact, which all of us- perfecdy understand, that here hospitaUty can go no further,' here it is perfectly at home. (Applause.) " We have wished also, as the representatives of the Governor to affiliate New York with our own Government, with the management of the Exposition, with the foreign countries, and with the other States, as simply one of a great number of unities that have been cooperating to create this great Exposition. The event that we are commemorating, all of us together, is really a notable event. The two- greatest oceans of the world that, from the beginning of time have been divided by an isthmus and a mountain range, are now united by a canal. How simple it is as a statement, and yet how many generations of men have trod the earth and been gathered to their fathers, before that little statement of fact could be actually made. The engineering achievement is so evident that the whole world perceives it. May I take just a moment of your time to call attention to the human achievement, because to give recognition to the human thing that was done, adds significance to this great celebration. " There were at work at Panama for several years an army of 45,000 men, more or less, and they were drawn from every tribe and nation, I might almost say. When Mrs. Low and I were on the Isthmus two or three years ago, we went to the hospital at Ancon, and there we found that they had to maintain three separate rations, — what they called an American ration, for the Americans and the people Vestibule at Main Entrance Showing New York Time Benches — New York State Building — Just Above "Amen Corner " PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 121 of northern Europe; what they called a Spanish ration, for Spaniards and the people of southern Europe; what they called a West Indian ration, for the negroes from the United States and the West Indies. And then they said, ' We have to prepare to give to the people from India anything which they ask for, because we never know what any particular Indian will eat or will not eat.' What a significant evidence that is that the great Canal across Panama is the product of the labor of the whole world. " Let us who are here today, as we listen to the words of Tennyson, about the federation of the world and the parhament of man, be very, very sure that Tennyson was listening then to the inner flow of things; that he was gathering wisdom from the central deep ; and that he was speaking to you and me, out of eternity. " Mrs. Low and I have hoped that at this gathering, we might be permitted to show special honor to those who have borne in some particular way, the burden of the work of providing this Exposition." (Applause.) Judge Lamar, as representative of the National Government, was the first speaker called upon by Dr. Low. In a brief address the National Commissioner felicitated the New Yorkers for the happy selection of Dr. Low as Emissary of the Governor. In calling upon the Commissioner-General for Italy Dr. Low said : " There is a saying, you know, that ' all roads lead to Rome.' For us today, all roads also lead out of Rome. Byron said, you remember, ' While stands the Coliseum, Rome shall stand; when falls the Coliseum, Rome shall fall; and when Rome falls, the world.' Certainly no one could speak for the foreign and sister countries of this Elxposition more appropriately than one who has been himself the Mayor of the * Eternal City.* I take pleasure in calling upon Mr. Ernesto Nathan." In the course of his speech Dr. Nathan said: " We are here at the invitation of Dr. Low, representing the greatest metropolis of the new world at present, and you will allow me, in a parenthesis, to relate my experience here in San Francisco. I say, as I said before, that the man who comes to San Francisco is blessed by the wonderful position in which he is placed. In fact, you have more hills than we have in Rome and steeper also. Its wonderfiil products that are so beautiful. And lastly, and not leastly, the wonderful inhabitants of San Francisco. They are the product of the western world, and they are the product of the new world, in its perfect form. " I have heard repeated on several occasions that the way of civilization follows the sun and goes from east to west. Perhaps Dr. Low may have some doubts on the subject as to whether that is so. You know ladies and gentlemen that, when the sun describes its circle in the sky and goes from east to west, the sun sinks near 122 STATE OF NEW YORK the Golden Gate, the sunset is near and the shades of night pervade the face of the earth, they pervade it only because the sun sinks below the horizon to rise again. Let me believe that the night in which we are living at present may be simply the precedent of the rising dawn, and that rising dawn you have a sign of in that Pacific Canal that joins two oceans and joins two worlds. Let me therefore believe that the rising sun will rise on a new civilization, in which the old and the new world, all humanity, will be united in a long and universal peace." In presenting Mr. Fairbanks Dr. Low said: " New York is only one of a great sisterhood of States, and we love each one of our sisters so dearly, that, if we were called upon to make choice we could not do it. But after all, there is one State which is the heart of the sisterhood in point of population. It is represented here to-day by one who has been Vice-President of the nation, and I am sure that there is no voice that could speak for the other States in the Union at this time more appropriately than Vice-President Fairbanks." (Applause. ) Mr. Fairbanks said: " Forty-eight States are represented here. We each love our State, we each hold the name of our State of nativity or adoption in the highest possible regard, whether it be small or great in numbers, far-reaching or restricted in territory, we believe that it is, after all, at least as good as any other of the sisterhood. We are told in the sacred volume that one star differeth from another in glory, and so with the States who have commissioned us here on this great occasion. Indiana holds the middle rank, between the people on the east and the west, the north and the south. She has brought her tribute to this great festival of arts and the sciences, the greatest that has been witnessed in the world, before even the foundations of Rome were built. (Applause.) "And I may express a word of appreciation to these foreign representatives with entire propriety, when I say that this is a particular triumph of our entire Union, to have these distinguished representatives of the different countries of the world here in concord, here in co-operation with us. And I wish to thank the distinguished Commissioner from Italy for his felicitous and splendid utterance. (Applause.) " The forty-eight States of the Union have a particular interest in this great festival. It is an important thing, not only to have forty-eight independent sov- ereignties under our State system, but it is important that they should after all be cemented together and bound together in spirit and purpose and ambition. It would be unfortunate if our sisterhood of States would lose any sympathy with our sister States. There was a time when our States were divided, when there was division between the north and south, but no one looking here upon this assembly, or upon o z 5 5 CQ < K O O o o z tc u o a PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 125 the other great assemblies that gather from day to day in this Jewel City, could discern any trace of the old division. A million of men bathing our soil in the richest blood of the republic, wiped out sectional differences, thank God, and forever. "And one of the finest things that is to grow from this great undertaking will be a more lasting fusion of the different portions of America. " I believe that one of the great results of this assemblage of the genius of the present and the past will be to emphasize in our minds, more and more, the abso- lute dependency we have upon the political institutions of our fathers. In the old world, governments are going down into dust and destruction, but America has forty- dght States that are here so well represented, forty-eight States standing in their majesty and power unmatched in the history of our western world. Let us have a care that our political fabric does not suffer at our hands. " I wish I could foretell the future of America, I wish I could foretell the future of the forty-eight States here, I wish I could foretell. God Almighty, in His omnipotence knows it, but we have faith to believe that, as we cultivate love of liberty, that they will continue stronger and more beneficent, a blessing to the cause of liberty, for millions of Americans, as well as many abroad, who are copying our institutions. " The State that I have the honor to represent here v^shes to pay her tribute to the State of New York. New York has shown her cosmopolitan, broad, splendid spirit, in the manner in which she has contributed to this great occasion. Of course, while I feel like taking her down occasionally, I more often feel like exalting her. She is a great commonwealth, she is destined, I believe, to a higher place in the com- mercial and industrial world. She is a leader in many avenues, and we follow her. We have confidence and loyalty, we love the old Empire State, we love her for what she has been, we love her for what she is, we love her for what she is destined to 'be. We are her guests. Her hospitality has been as boundless as the sea. She has made a distinct impression upon the nations assembled here, a distinct impres- sion upon the other States that are here in friendly rivalry. These good men who have presided over this building, these good men who have represented her here, and the women, we Uft our voices in praise and gratitude, and wish all honor to New York, all honor to the great Exposition." (Applause.) In the course of a brief address Dr, Benjamin Ide Wheeler remarked: " It is a very great pleasure for me to sit down at the hospitable board of New York, especially with you and Mrs. Low at the head of it. It takes me back to the old simple times when you and I ran our bicycles along the shores in old New England, and communed by the way, concerning all things great and good. We were both of the New England inheritance, of simple conditions, and if we, as children, had ever been allowed to attend festivals in such glorious buildings as these 5 126 STATE OF NEW YORK of California and New York, side by side, with their glory of decoration, we surely would have looked around for the handwriting on the wall. " Both of us have been college presidents, though I exonerate you entirely. (Laughter.) You have lived it down, good friend. You have made your mark in various lines. How Seth Low has been called upon to lead, lead as the first Mayor of Greater New York, early in his life as Mayor of Brooklyn, then to bring Coliunbia University up out of the slough on 49th Street and set it on a hill. You have done all of these things. I would so gladly have seen him made Senator from New York or Governor of New York, or President of the United States. (Applause.) But he is growing so much more under the simple, seven-lettered name, Seth Low. Everybody knows what that name stands for. He needs no further label. When anything is being undertaken m New York City or State for the well-being of mankind and society, that name goes first. Seth Low, they all look for first. " We rejoice greatly that the oceans have been united, and we bring our greeting here and meet these greetings that are brought to us. We are now one coast, one country. And we rejoice to have the greetings brought to us by the first citizen of New York, citizen at large of all good citizenship." (Applause.) As the Exposition work beceune systematized the work of passing upon the merits of the various exhibits was gotten under way. In the selection of jurors for this important phase of the Exposition, New York was strongly represented. Artists, men of letters, of science and industry were bidden from the Empire State to judge the examples of handicraft and invention displayed in such great profusion throughout the Exposition grounds. This jury work continued for months and the New York State Building was the gathering place of many of the group and superior juries. While the important work lasted most of the jurors were of&cially entertained by the Exposition authorities at the New York State Building. The New York City Building was dedicated on April 6 with appro- priate ceremonies. Henry Bruere, City Chamberlain and representative of Mayor Mitchel made the journey across the Continent as the bearer of good will from the Empire City to the Jewel City. Mr. Bruere on the day preceding the city building dedication was the guest of the State Commission at a dinner at which William H. Crocker and M. H. De Young. Vice-Presidents of the Exposition, United States Senator Jas. D. Phelan, Dr. Frederick, J. V. Skiff, Director in Chief of the Exposition. Morton L. Fouquet, special representative of New York City and Law- rence W. Harris made addresses. 'J. o u 2 H < < > 5 a: < u. < a. o o tc H H < H CO Q O Z 5 5 H < 2 H D en o H O u a 2 a: 2 < EE DC O 2 a: o O PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 129 As the New York State week approached there was a noticeable quickening of interest in the Exposition affairs on the part of the large colony of former New Yorkers in and about Exposition City. This revival of interest in old home affairs was added to largely by the delega- tions of New Yorkers who attended the various congresses and conven- tions held during the month of May. Mayor John Purroy Mitchel and Mrs. Mitchel made a short stay at the Exposition in connection with the celebration of New York City day which occurred May 26th. Several representatives of the city govern- ment accompanied the Mayor and delivered addresses both within the Exposition grounds and before the leading organizations of the city. Governor Whitman arrived at the Elxposition by special train on the afternoon of May 3 1 st and was accorded an ovation. He was accom- panied by Mrs. Whitman and their daughter Olive, Adjutant-General Stotesbury and seventeen members of the military staff, together with Speaker Thaddeus C. Sweet, of the State Assembly; Mrs. Edward Schoeneck, wife of Lieutenant-Governor Schoeneck; Mr. George A. Glynn, Executive Auditor to the Governor and Mrs. Glynn. On behalf of the Commission the Governor was accompanied by Vice-Chairman Yale and Commissioners Brown and Whitney. When the Governor arrived at the Exposition gates, after a brief pause for limcheon in Oakland, he was met by an official escort from the Ejcpo- sition, consisting of military and naval officers, as well as officials of the Elxecutive Board of the Exposition. He was greeted by two troops of the First U. S. Cavalry and two battalions of Marines. His progress to the New York State Building took on the character of an ovation. The holiday crowd, within the Exposition grounds and in the principal streets of the city, cheered him enthusiastically. Every hour of the Governor's time, from his arrival in San Francisco until his departure twelve days later, was fully occupied. On the even- ing of his arrival he was the guest of the National Commission at an informal dinner in the Hotel Fairmont. On the following day he was the guest of honor at a luncheon tendered by the President and ELxecutive Officers of the ELxposition in the California Building. Later, the same day, he was entertained at the home of Mayor Rolph. 130 STATE OF NEW YORK The Governor and his party were the guests on the evening of June 2d at an elaborate dinner given by the State Commission in the New York State Building. For that occasion the State Building, both within and without, was elaborately decorated and especially illuminated. The United States Government, all of the foreign governments participating in the Elxposition. and all of the States of the Union were represented at the dinner which was attended by nearly 300 persons. After bidding the Governor cuid Mrs. Whitman welcome, Mr. Mack, Chairmcm of the Commission, following toasts to President Wilson and the Governors of California and New York, called upon Commissioner George H. Whitney to act as toastmaster. At the conclusion of a few felicitous remarks Commissioner Whitney called upon President Moore as the first speaker. In the course of his address he said: " There are here to-night, to meet the Governor of New York, representatives of many great coimtries, and very prominent San Franciscans. These men from foreign countries, who have entered so strenuously and well into the making of the Exposition, know that many Governors have come already and know that many more are to come, and some may wonder, why this spirit that is in the air. why any special interest? If they think for a moment they will realize that now in our midst is the Governor of New York, and there is only one New York. (Applause. ) We of the Elxposition have received inspiration and assistance from the very first from that grand old State. It was the first State to appropriate, the first to par- ticipate, and has voted and used more money here than many foreign countries. Not only that, but throughout the whole history of our work, now nearly five years, have they by consistent and earnest effort aided us always. I wish to say here in the presence of Governor Whitman, for himself since he has become Governor, and for his predecessor and the various Legislatures of the State of New York, that they have never refused us a request. They aided us in Washington and they aided us in the country at large, and their fine example has been an inspiration to other States and other countries as well. " Now, therefore, when our brethren of other countries say ' Yes, but what other reasons have you, separate and apart from those, why you feel so closely bound to New York?', we reply that were New York a nation by itself, it would stand out among the great powers of the earth. There are comparatively few nations so much greater in population and wealth than the State of New York alone. And. there- fore, our foreign brethren can understand how Americans, from whatever State they conie, feel a pride and an interest in the grand old State, leading in popula- tion, leading in wealth and influence, standing to-day as the commercial and financial heart of the nation. It matters not, as I say. from what part of this nation we come, PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 133 we all feel a glow of pride when New York's name is mentioned. I take pride in the fact that I happened to be born there. " Now, an Exposition necessarily introduces a sense of proportion. If a cordial welcome is extended to the representatives of the smaller States, why certainly words are inadequate for the Exposition managers, for its Board of Directors through me, to express to the Governor of New York our sentiments of delight and satisfaction at having him here. I will not attempt to thus express it. I will rather let him gather from our countenemces, from our actions, from our earnestness, and heart purposes, the fact that we welcome him. I believe that he will know that to a man and woman, as one, we Californians welcome him and are delighted at his presence. " Now, New York has done much and taken an active part in the creation of this Exposition. Most of you have heard frequently my references to the fact that the greatest good of this Expostion, beyond all its other advantages, is the opportunity for us to get acquainted with these prominent people of foragn countries and acquainted with our people from other States. And, therefore, in that mission. New York certainly has played a leading part, and we of the Elxposition wish on all occasions to make grateful recognition of the splendid part that New York, through its Commission, is playing in this grand work. " I do not know what else I can say further than to remind Governor Whitman that yesterday he was appointed a member of the official family. In that official family are many men and women from our own country and from foreign lands. We expect and we know that Governor Whitman, wherever he goes, will remember his kindred, and we count on his active co-operation in the future, as he has shown it at all times since he has become Governor. I want this audience to take advan- tage in the fullest way of his coming. I want him to thoroughly familiarize himself with every part of this Exposition, so when he is interrogated, as we know he will be, and must be, he can of his own knowledge speak of the work done by the Com- mission of which he is the official head. We want him to enter into the spirit of what this Exposition is accomplishing, not only in the matter of nationalism, but internationalism. We want him to understand thoroughly what has been accom- plished, what we hope to accomplish, because, far and away above the dollar mark are the ideals on which this Exposition was created, which has carried us over many and many a rough road, and over a many a discouraging moment. But we believe that the Exposition has a definite destiny. We beheve that its influence for good is going to be felt the world over, and in that accomplishment we want the Governor to feel from now on, if he has not felt it before, that he is a component part and a working member of the force, and we want him while here to enter into our social life, we want opportunity afforded for our people to meet him, because. Governor Whitman, we want you to know now that our people, one and all, not only wish you to appreciate, to understand and we trust commend what we have done, but we want you to like us as we know we like you. Welcome!" (Great applause.) 134 STATE OF NEW YORK After short addresses by. United States Senator Jsunes D. Phelan of California, Adjutant-General Stotesbury, Judge Henry Melvin, of the Superior Court, and Commissioner Rowell, representing Governor John- son of Cahfomia, Governor Whitman was introduced. After paying tribute to Governor Johnson Governor Whitman said : " I know that there is no man or woman here to-night who would intentionally, by look, word or gesture, reflect upon, detract from or increase the difficulty or add to the burden of the man who to-day is living in the White House in responsibility and solitude, and who stands before the world as the leader of the American people, confronted by difficulties of no small description, and who is entitled to have, and I believe is entitled to feel, and does have and feel back of him the support of the great American people — the President oT the United States. (Applause.) Of course, it is a great privilege and a great honor to be welcomed as we have been welcomed on this occasion. I reahze that your enthusiastic welcome is extended not to an individual and not to an official, but to us as representing for the time being a people who are profoundly interested in the success of this great venture, and it is still something of a venture, and in the success of this wonderful Exposition, which is no longer a venture, but a grand achievement. (Applause.) " Of course, we congratulate you upon what you have done. Some of us did not begin to realize what you had done, until it was our privilege to see it. I am inclined to think that the great masses of our people cannot realize what there is out here in this City until they see it with their own eyes. And what Httle we can do to persuade or induce others to see it as we have seen it, we are going to do, to bring to you those whose pride in American endeavor, in American accomplish- ment, is going to be infinitely increased when they look upon the wonders that are here in this beautiful City to-day. " Now, I realize that there are a great many people here to-night who do not come from CaHfornia, and who do not come from New York. I sympathize with you, and I am somewhat sorry for you, but the next best thing to having been born in California or New York — and I was not bom in either State — is that we were bom in the United States of America. (Applause.) And while I would not for a moment detract from the credit of those who have done so much for this great Exposition — and it is true that New York did appropriate the first amount and the largest of any State in the Union outside of Cahfomia, but after all, it is the largest State in the Union, and if it had not made that appropriation it would not have done its duty — I say that, notwithstanding that fact, its wonderful success is due to all of the States of the Union, to all of the men and women, bom, as I say, outside of one of these States, to all of those who feel an interest in the success of this enterprise, and back of it see the success of that wonderful work which divided PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 135 the continents but united the peoples, the success of American enterprise, of Ameri- can genius, of American determination, of American endeavor and of the American character. For it was done after all by the men who were willing to work faith- fully, and somewhat remarkably, in the light of the years that have gone by, who were willing to work honestly to accomplish that which the peoples of the world had asked for and looked for and hoped for for centuries. It was the genius of the nation, not of California or of New York alone, that made the canal possible, and brought together all the people of all the nations. " I am not going to keep you longer. I do not see how you people stand it. I never saw such a patient crowd in my life. Why, you know a lawyer can always talk. It does not make very much diifference what he has to talk upon, or upon what subject he is talking, he can always talk. The difficulty that he often has is to get anybody to listen to him. And that you people, talked to death as it seems to me you must be. can listen so patiently and so kindly day after day and evening after evening, to what I know is almost always the same kind of talk — for I do not flatter myself that I am saying anything you have not heard during the weeks that are past, there is not much that is left to say — but I do like to feel, as I look out over an audience like this, and I believe we are all just alike and feel very much the same sentiment that was expressed by an Indiana poet. I think it was — he called himself a poet, other people had some difference of opinion on that subject — who saw in a London hotel a name registered. ' John Smith, U. S. A.' And if I can quote him correctly he said : ' When a man has sojourned abroad awhile, as I have done, he likes to think of all the folks he has left at home as one, and so they are.' For after all there is little in a name. Our Browns, our Jones, and our Smiths are very much the same. All represent the spirit of the land across the sea, all stand for one high purpose in our country, and whether John Smith comes from south or north, from west or east, so long as he is an American. ' it matters not the least whether his crest be badger, bear, palmetto, palm or pine, his is die glori- ous stars with which the stripes comtane, and whate'er he be, where'er he roam, he is known, not by mortal name, but by his country's name alone.' " (Great applause.) The dinner was brought to a conclusion with a toast to the represen- tatives of the other States and foreign nations assembled as New York's guests. For the ofHcial celebration of Governor's Day, which occurred Friday, June 4th, reservations were made for New Yorkers officially connected with the Exposition, members of the New York Society and representa- tives of the New York exhibitors. Governor R. Livingston Beeckmam, of Rhode Island, and Mrs. Beeckman were among the distinguished 136 SJATE OF NEW YORK guests. Hon. Norman E. Mack, Chairman of the Commission, opening the exercises designated Hon. Thaddeus C. Sweet, Speaker of the Assembly, as presiding officer. The speaking program was as follows: Hon. Norman E. Mack. Chairman, Panama-Pacific Elxposition Commission, State of New York, introduced the Presiding Officer. Hon. Thaddeus C. Sweet, Speaker of the Assembly of the State of New York. ADDRESSES BY Hon. Charles S. Whitman, Governor of the State of New York. Hon. Charles C. Moore, President, Panama-Pacific International Elxposition. Hon. William Bailey Lamar, Representing the President of the United States. Hon. Chester Rowell, Representing Hon. Hiram Johnson, Governor of the State of CaHfornia. Hon. James Rolph, Jr., Mayor of San Francisco. Mr. Thomas E. Hayden, President, " The New Yorkers." Major-General Murray, commanding the military forces of the Pacific coast, who was present with his staff, detailed a large force of infantry to the exercises. More than 1 0,000 persons gathered outside of the New York State Buildmg and the crush was so great that the United States troops were called upon to aid the Exposition guards in looking after the seating arrangements. The musical program of the day, which was rendered by the Conway Band of Syracuse, was as follows : 1 . March, " Stars and Stripes " Sousa 2. Overture, " Mesaniello " Auber 3. Airs from " The Red Mill " Herbert 4. Serenade, " The Harlequin's Millions " Drigo 5. Valse from " Sari " Kalman 6. "American Fantasia " Herbert PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 139 In opening the exercises Speaker Sweet said : " Mr. Mack, Associate Members of the Ner» York State Commission, and Cuests: To preside over the ceremonies of an honored day such as this occasion, set apart by the Exposition Commission in recognition of the part which the Empire State has taken in commemorating that great achievement, the uniting of the Atlantic and the Pacific, which has so beautifully been pictured as the marriage of the waters, is indeed an honor. " I am impressed, as I have traveled about these grounds, by the grandeur and the splendor, the magnificent display, the blending of the architecture, and by the thought, which is so satisfactory to the hearts of the American people, when we see among the exhibitors that country which first pointed the way to the undertaking which has fallen to the privilege and the honor of our country to carry through to completion. That country to which I refer is France. It impressed me with the seriousness and the fulfilment of those words found in the Book we all love : ' That he that soweth the seed and he that gathereth the harvest, shall rejoice together.' " To-day, the fourth of June, having been set apart by the Exposition Commis- sion as Governor's Day, in honor of our chief executive, is a day of pride and satis- faction to the heart of every loyal son of the Empire State. " I should feel, as a guest of the New York State Commission, remiss in my duty, if I did not at this time make public utterance and acknowledgment of the debt of gratitude which I am sure every citizen of our Slate owes to our Commis- sion, to Commissioner Mack, and his fellow Commissioners, for the manner in which they have conducted the affairs of the Commission, for the faithful steward- ship in the trust that was left to their keeping in the erecting of this magnificent building, marking the part our State shall take in this Exposition. By the edict of the Exposition Commission it has been decreed that the part thus played shall be perpetuated in the minds of the people of the world by the planting of a tree, not because the tree which we have selected is necessarily the tree of our State, but because it symbolizes that quality of sturdiness and loftiness and ambition to which we all aspire, and we will at this time bestow upon the chief executive of our State, our Governor, that honor of officiating in the planting of the tree. " Governor Whitman, you will at this time commemorate the part of New York State in the International Exposition, and plant the lofty pine as the symbol of New York's stability, and the Commission and guests will accompany the Governor to the grounds where the planting will take place." Governor Whitman, the Commission, and the principal guests, repaired to the lawn in front of the New York Building and Governor Whitman planted the tree. 140 STATE OF NEW YORK Chairman Sweet, at the conclusion of this ceremony, continued: " The developmoit of an Ej^osition such as this, the Panama-Pacific Inter- national ELxposidon, can only be successfully carried to its completion by the untir- ing effort and devotion to the task of a man possessed of that rare qualification of leadership and genius for organization. It is fortunate for the powers of the world, for our nation, the State in whose honor we gather to-day, and for the great State of California, within whose confines the Exposition takes place, that we have a man possessed of these rare qualifications, a man who has through self-sacrifice devoted his time to making the Elxposition one of the greatest successes of all such under- taking ever witnessed within the bounds of the entire globe. (Applause.) " It affords me great pleasure to introduce to you the President of the Interna- tional Elxposition, Mr. Charles C. Moore." (Applause.) President Moore said: " Mr. Chairman, Governor Whitman, Friends: My heart is ripe for the occa- sion to-day, but my lips are not. Perhaps some of you can see from a distance. The laudatory remarks of the Chairman would apply equally as well to others as to me, and one of those gentlemen has kindly consented to officiate in my place. I will, therefore, ask Vice-President Hale to serve the Exposition as usual." Vice-President Hale said: "Mr. Chairman, Governor Whitman, Representatives from the Great State of Ner» York, and Friends, Both of California and New York: It is always a privi- lege to speak for the Exposition, particularly to those friends of California and the Exposition who have proven true and loyal under all circumstances. It is also a privilege to speak for that man, who, as the President of the Elxposition, has kept the forces which have created this spectacle in harmonious relation with one another, and brought about what the world has often declared as the greatest Exposition so far presented to the people of the earth. " The builders of the Elxposition have tried to present to you more than a mere spectacle, beautiful, remarkable, wonderful, though that spectacle may be. They have tried to maintain that high standard of education which was presented and emphasized by Chicago and St. Louis. We have here assembled, thanks to the representatives of States and foreign nations, exhibits of the productivity of mankind from all over the civilized world, and we believe that by going through our palaces and pavilions, both State and National, one may receive the most liberal education that is possible in any university, aye, greater than any university in any nation on earth. " Elxpositions are primarily for educational advance, and for the advancement of mankind. They bring together for comparative purposes the products of the human PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 141 mind and the hand of man from all over the countries of the world. The Superior Jury is now at work to Anally pass upon those exhibits which are most worthy of award, and their findings will record a history of the world's progress from the period extending from 1905 to 1915. " The architectural features of this Exposition, as you have already been told on various occasions, are in advance of what has been presented in past Expositions. We have reached a higher development, which, after all, is merely an expression of the development of the human family at this particular moment, and in creating this picture and in presenting these exhibits for your edification, we are indebted to the people of the States of this Union, and of the nations of the world, and particu- larly are we indebted to the great State of New York. (Applause.) When our contest was at its height in Washington, it was New York State which first passed a resolution favoring San Francisco as the city in which should be held the celebra- tion in commemoration of the world's greatest engineering achievement. (Applause.) Afterwards the Empire State appropriated $700,000 for their participation, thereby setting a standard for other States, and even the nations of the world to follow, placing upon the E.xposition its stamp of approval in such a substantial way that it without question established the high standard of this Exposition. " We are also indebted to New York for the representatives whom they have chosen to come here to install their exhibits and to erect this wonderful pavilion, and to fraternize with the people from all over the world, and thereby cement a bond of friendship and good will among all people for the development, for the advancement, for the fellowship of all the peoples of the world. " We thank you. Governor, for the part that you have played in developing this great Exposition. We wish to make some material acknowledgment. We have chosen as the emblem of this occasion a small case of jewels. They are replicas of the jewels on the Tower, which is the architectural piece de resistance, if I may use the term, of our architectural picture. (Applause. ) Their intrinsic value is not great, but the sentiment and good will which go with them is deep in our hearts, and we hope you will carry away with you the acknowledgment as deeply as we feel it, and that you may always feel that you and your people will be welcome, that our hands from California will always be extended across the continent, in acknowledgment of your helpfulness, and in that bond of fellowship which always has existed and will always exist between the peoples of our respective States." As Vice-President Hale handed over the casket, contaming crystals from the tower of jewels, the crowd broke out in cheers which continued as Governor Whitman rose to speak. The Governor said: > " For myself and for my ovna, it is a great privilege to accept and to express our gratitude for this mark of what we believe is the regard and esteem that is felt among our fellow citizens here in California for New York, for all that New York 142 STATE OF NEW YORK has been and has done, and for the generous, friendly and cordial feeling which exists among the people of the great State in the east for the people of the great State in the west. " The one regret which we all must feel, and I know you all share the regret with us, as we gaze upon the charming and beautiful sights, so many and so varied, which greet the eye on every side this afternoon. Is that this wonderful city by the sea, enclosed within the Exposition walls, is going to remain and abide only in the memory of those who have been so fortunate as to see it in reality. These struc- tures, beautiful in design, symmetrical in outline, complete and perfect in every detail, are but the creations of a day, not to remain after they have fulfilled the pur- pose for which they were constructed. It is a natural sentiment, and one which all of us to whom your hospitality and your generous welcome have meant so much, and whose recollections of this Exposition will ever be so delightful — I say it is a natural desire that something permanent, which may forever recall the occasion, should here be placed, and this tree brought from New York, planted by those representing the millions in the distant State, although but a very slight token of the good will and the good wishes of the givers, is, we hope, going to remain and flourish and grow, marking the site of New York's home, the home of one of the sister States in the group of buildings representing our own and foreign countries, in the never to be forgotten EJcposition of 1915. (Applause.) " I know that you will not care to hear at this time again recounted — for I know how many speeches you people have listened to during the last week — the vast benefits to be derived, we believe actually and certainly to be derived, by the vari- ous portions of the United States as a result of the final construction of the Panama Canal. While the citizens of every one of the States represented here are proud of the commonwealth from which they come, each of them possessing peculiar advan- tages and excellencies, I am sure that so much has been said by our representatives of the Empire State, that there is little new I can tell you about the resources, the advantages, the products, the vast wealth, or what we believe and fondly hope is to be the great future of New York. I am not going to take advantage of this occasion in an eifort to exploit her position or her power. No other State in the Union, no other city in the nation, in the vast family of commonwealths and com- munities which make up the nation in which we live, has ever done more than has been done by the State of California and by the City of San Francisco to celebrate an event of national and world-wide interest. (Applause.) " It has been interesting to me to see how generally the nations of the world, notwithstanding the awful shadow in which some of them are living, have contributed of their products, of their inventions, of their means and of their effort, to share with us in the rejoicing at the accomplishment of the wonderful engineering feat which has brought the nations of the world forever nearer together. I know that the management of the Ejcposition, as well as the visitors from all portions of the United States, appreciate the foreign display, and recognize the good will of other nations. a 2 s 5 ca ui H < o u. o z o H < z i D J J H X a PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 145 as expressed by the presence of their representatives, and by the splendid showing made by their people. " Great deeds, like great lives, speak for themselves. To comment in detail upon the nation's work in Panama is a waste of words, a waste of effort and a waste of time. The story is forever written in the sundered rock and in the severed mountains of Panama. (Applause.) " This Exposition, and all that it is, and all that it may mean for our people, and for all people, creating, as it must, a better understanding of conditions, a more general familiarity vnth world problems, emd efforts at their solution, and with all that is being done in city, in state and in nation contributing to human progress, needs no words of public approbation or explanation. Its completeness and its beauty speak far more eloquently than any words the human tongue can utter. (Applause.) " We hope the tree which we plant to-day, deep rooted in California's fertile soil, may stand for countless years to come. But whatever fortune may await it, the sentiment imbedded in the heart of every loyal American citizen, the recognition of the sisterhood of States, of the interdependence of our commonwealth of which we have heard and seen so much, will abide and remain forever. Ours is to be, forever to be, as it has been from the first, ' one country, one constitution, one destiny.' " (Applause.) Chairman Sweet said : " Complete would be oi^r pleasure were we to have the honor of the presence of our national host, our President. (Applause.) But while we mingle in peace- ful communion, he in solemn thought is studying the problems, and endeavoring to learn how to guide our nation. And may it be our silent prayer that the hand of God guide and sustain him. " We are fortunate, however, to have with us a representative of our President, a man chosen for his worth, for his services rendered to our national government, a man equipped with that quahfication, a judicial mind, who has rendered such valuable assistance, not only in solving the problems of our government, but in his association with this International Exposition Commission in making this Exposition a great success. I have the honor to present to you, the Honorable William Bailey Lamar." (Applause.) Judge Lamar said : "Mr. Chairman, Governor Whitman, Mrs. Whitman, Commissioners of New York. Ladies and Gentlemen: This splendid day is New York's Day. Right loyally does New York measure up to its own day. New York is the Empire State of the Union. That is compliment enough for New York, great as it is. (Applause.) 10 146 STATE OF NEW YORK " In this splendid building, by its munificence placed on these grounds, with its fine chairman of its Commission, and its family dispensing hospitality here like so much California sunshine radiating from it, with this splendid delegation and mili- tary, the associated State Commissioners, and above all one of the most eminent of New York's best citizens, raised to the chief magistracy of that State, its honored Chief Executive, Governor Whitman, it is not any too much pf a compliment to say that the best day that San Francisco can put forth, is none too good for New York and for Governor Whitman. (Applause.) " Now, it is eminently proper that the United States Government should appear here on all these occasions by one of its representatives, by some representative. I have the honor at this particular hour to be its only representative present. This great International Exposition owes its Kfe to the Act of Congress and to the approval of the President of the United States. All of these splendid buildings are built here in pursuance of that Act. They came into being through the sanction of the people of the United States, expressed by its Congress and its Chief Executive. All of these magnificent pavilions of foreign countries are built here by invitation of the people of the United States through their public agents. So it is perfectly proper that this great International Exposition, upon each one of these splendid occasions, celebrating the engineering triumph of the people of the United States, the comple- tion of the great canal, it is proper that our government be officially represented here, and I am proud and glad to be its representative upon this occasion. " New York, with its great and splendid commerce, domestic and foreign, expects to profit vastly by this great engineering triumph, and its Governor and his staff and his associated Commissioners are here to contribute to the splendor of this Exposition by their personal presence and thar participation on this occasion, and as the national representative I extend to them the most hearty good will and greeting of our great Federal Government, known as the people of the United States. (Applause.) " Now, my friends, I have a great respect for a great engineer. I have a per- fect and a complete respect for a great railroad man, for a great insurance man, for a great merchant, for a great farmer, for any man in this country who, by the expenditure of physical health and mental ability, of moral character, contributes to the success and the advancement of his city, of his county, of his state and of his nation. But knowing a little of public life — and now that I am out of it, I can speak with perfect prc^riety, for I am not flattering myself — speaking with a per- fect sense of the importance of what I say, I believe that the man, especially in a free government, the man that our people should honor, above all other men, is an honest and efficient public officer. The railroad man, the insurance man, the miner, the agriculturist, all attends to his private business, and sometimes he does not give very much thought to the public business. The public man gives his entire time to your business, to the public business, and outside of the gratification of ambition, gets very, very little out of it. Very many times it so exhausts his health and his PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 147 finances that after a long period of service if he dies out of a court of bankruptcy he is lucky indeed. " So this great Republican people should feel a perfect right to condemn an inefficient and a dishonest public agent, but it should not only be the highest pleas- ure of the American people, it should be their imperative duty to cultivate in their own mind a perfect and sincere regard, attachment and admiration for their efficient, honest, capable public servants. (Applause.) " Now, we have with us today — and saying that I close — one of the dis- tinguished New York citizens who, by a long course of public service in his City and in his State has reached the second highest office in the gift of the American people. Now, in this country ruled by parties, we all belong more or less to opposite politi- cal parties. But I say frankly, representing a party difierent from Governor Whit- man, that if the highest gift of this Republic in the choice of the people should at any time, next year, or any other year, fall upon his shoulders, we have a right to say, in view of his past life, that that honor would be well and worthily bestowed, and we feel sure that the honor would be well and worthily worn." (Applause.) Chairman Sweet said: " Only this morning the New York State Commission received a note from Governor Johnson, stating his inability, by reason of legislative duty, to be present with us today. Deep is our regret that the Governor of your great State cannot be with us, but we are honored by the presence of his personal representative, Mr. Chester Rowell, who it is my pleasure to present to you at this time." Mr. Rowell said : " Mr. Chairman, Governor, and friends of New York and California. It is par- ticularly appropriate that we should be able to welcome the great Empire State here at this spot, at the head of the Avenue of States, and right across the street from your native country, Holland. (Applause.) " You are called the Empire State, and you have come here to participate in an imperial Exposition, imperial, not merely in the vague, but the literal sense, because an empire is a family of states, a family of nations, and here we are represented in little on these grounds, the only world family there is, and we have, as I said, just across old Holland, and here new Holland. Down just a little ways is the build- ing of Canada, the representative of the great British Empire, and there come • the two streams that were the origin of New York. In sight beyond is Italy, from which has come one of the greatest single colonies in your greatest city, and I might go on. But it is enough to suggest that the Empire State, in the imperial Exposition, should feel at home. " Your Governor has spoken of the common sadness we all feel on looking around on these buildings to realize how little of this will be left this time next 148 STATE OF NEW YORK year. But, however much of that which you see with your eyes and around you may then have been destroyed, the most important parts of this Exposition will still be here, and will last forever. Little things and big. The tree we have just planted, we hope will stay. Some of the buildings we would like to keep. We would like to keep this one, if we may. (Applause.) On a greater scale, the Panama Canal and the halving of the girth of the world which we now celebrate, will be still here, and the world which gathers in these grounds will be nearer together through all the future ages by virtue of the events which we celebrate. Still more the friendship of peoples, the personal friendships between the repre- sentatives of the various States and the nations gathered here, the broader sympathies and the better understandings of the ideals and the interests of all the world which are embodied here, and which this year are embodied in all the world only here, they too will last forever, and the experience of this year will make the world cherish them, as it never could have done before. " So of this Exposition, its lessons, its sentiments, its memories, its friendships, those will last, and if the physical aspect of it disappears that will be the least lost. " On behalf of the State of California, I am proud to welcome you here, proud to welcome once more the Governor here and to participate on behalf of the State on this memorable occasion." (Applause.) Chairman Sweet said: " We of the Empire State, proud of the possession of that great seaport of the Atlantic, are indeed privileged to be the guests of the New York State Commission in your beautiful city, the seaport of the Pacific Ocean. We have with us today the man who has rendered nearly four years of valuable service to your city as its Mayor, who has given much of his time in making this Expoation a success, who represents so much that the City of San Francisco has done, that we of the east might enjoy the privileges of the Exposition, and I introduce to you at this time, the Honorable James Rolph, Jr., Mayor of San Francisco." (Applause.) Mayor Rolph said: " Mr. Chairman, Your Excellency, the Governor of New York, and Mrs. Whitman, your Excellency, the Governor of the State of Rhode Island, and Mrs. Beeckman, gentlemen of the New York Commission, Justice Lamar. President of the Exposition, and my fellow-citizens: (Applause.) "A few weeks ago I stood here and extended a welcome to the personal repre- sentative of the Governor of the State, to Dr. Seth Low, a former Mayor of the City of New York, whom the Governor sent out here as his personal representative, to be present upon the dedication of New York's Building. Just a few days ago I stood on the steps of the New York City Building, and extended a welcome to Tree from New York State Planted by Governor Whitman ON Lawn in Front of State Building PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 151 the mayor of the greatest city in the world, Mayor Mitchel of the City of New York. (Applause.) "And this afternoon I come to extend the hand of friendship and extend San Francisco's congratulations and hearty welcome to the distinguished Governor of the Empire State, Governor Whitman. (Applause.) Governor Whitman and myself are not strangers. In December of 1913, when I went on to Washington in connection with our Hetch Hetchy bill, I went to New York, paid my respects to Governor Whitman, who was then the District Attorney, to get some ideas and some advice from him, never thinking that at that time he would be the Governor of the State. But he does not look any different to me this afternoon, whether he is Governor or whether he is District Attorney. (Applause.) " The Governor instead of coming by the overland route could have come by the * Kroonland ' or the ' Finland,' traveled by trans-Atlantic liners through the Canal, and come out to visit us on the Pacific Coast. It opens up to us a vista that the commerce and the trade-routes of the past have all been changed, and the Canal has brought the world closer to New York, has brought the world closer to San Francisco, and has brought New York still closer to the City of San Francisco. The days when our old New York friends who came out here and contributed so much to the building of this City and State, making the long tempestuous voyage around the Horn, — those days are gone, and within a few years we have seen that ] 4,000 miles cut out, and our friends of New York able to come to San Francisco, either by rail or by water in a very short space of time. " I am mindful of the fact that a minute was allotted to me and that the telephone line inside this building is connected now between Albany, New York, and San Francisco. I vnll not, therefore, detain you longer than to say : ' San Francisco welcomes you. Governor,' I welcome you also as one who knew you before you came here. We hope your visit will be pleasant, and San Francisco vfill ever be mindful of the compliment that New York has paid and the honor you do us in coming personally to be present at Governor's day in San Francisco." (Applause.) Chairman Sweet next introduced Mr. Thomas E. Hayden, President of the New York Society of California, who said in part : " Some weeks ago I stood here as a humble representative of those who trekked across the plains, who rounded the stormy Horn, who braved the dangers of the Isthmus seeking a new land, and a great opportunity, and I had then the prescience to remark that New York need not be so upset over the compliments then paid her, because her origin was humble, born of honest parents, and those parents had been so fond, and still so loyal, that though she had joined another nationality, that they had followed her even here to the Pacific Coast and builded their building opposite. And I find the distinguished representative of the Governor of the State of Cali- fornia calling your attention to the fact that beyond sits the States General's 6 152 STATE OF NEW YORK Building, still watching carefully the child that she set in motion politically, over 300 years ago. (Applause.) " Governor Whitman, you come to us as a man great in your own character, doubtless, worthy of our respect and admiration of your achievements, but great, surpassingly great, by the fact that you represent 1 0,000,000 honest-hearted Ameri- can citizens on the Atlantic Seaboard. (Applause.) The fact that when I look at you, I can see 20,000,000 kboring hands, toiling daily that the highest ideals of the best country God ever yet planted might be reaUzed by sweat and toil, then I know that your position is a great position, and I hope that those who represent us in high places can always be privileged to see the toil and the idealism that makes possible the things we most hope for. " Cities are distinguished more by their human products than by their archi- tectural beauty. The heart is a stronger binding tie than any other thing that yet has been fastened. Historically Uttle has as yet been said. I only want to remind you of a peculiarly significant fact, relating back to the very early history of the State of New York. In that State there was an Indian Confederation known as the Five Nations, or the great Iroquois. They were the first federated nationality on the continent of the New World. They taught the English colonists the principle of a federation. And this is the significant fact that I wish to bring out today: there were five nadons federated that met in common council in the Long House of the Onondagas, each paying tribute and giving devodon to the state that he represented, the Onondagas, the Oneidas, the Mohawks, the Senecas and the Cayugas. But aside and above and throu^ it all there was a family sign known as the totem sign. An Oneida might be blood brother or totem brother to an Onon- daga, and that heart tie bound him more closely than the state tie, and if it came a question of war between Oneidas as a nation and Mohawks as a nation, brother totem always saved and labored for the brother of the other tribe. And it is in that sense that we make you totem brother of San Francisco and of CaUfomia. We want you to know that this great State, great in its area, great in its mountains, great in its valleys, in its trees, in its flowers, in its peoples, an empire, although may- hap today not the Empire State, an empire large enough to enclose within its boundaries five States of the size of New York, productive enough to care splendidly for 20,000,000 people. ''And, Governor of the Empire State, when that time comes that this imperial commonwealth of California, cares splendidly within its borders for 20,000,000 citizens, may it be the happy privilege of New York to care just as splendidly for as many more. We have no rivalry, we have no jealousy, we have heart feeling and high faith. We wish for you what we would have for ourselves, the best that we are able to attain to, by our honest effort, and now in this laudation that must come on State Days, when New York has her place in the sun, it would not be fitting to forget that she is but one of many Stales which make up the nation of which we are so happily proud." PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 153 Chairman Sweet, in concluding the exercises, said: "As we of New York State will soon return to the scene of our activities, picking up the duties which we laid down that we might visit the shores of the Pacific, I beg to assure you, the members of the New York Society of San Fran- cisco, the citizens of the State of California, the citizens of our sister States, and the representatives of the nations of the world, that we shall take with us pleasant recollections indeed of our stay among you, and may the reward and the remunera- tion to our State for the part which we have been privileged to pay in this Exposi- tion be the strengthening of the ties of friendship from Battery Point to the Golden Gate, from the Gulf of Mexico to the Great Lakes, and the drawing closer of the bonds of peace with the nations of the world, forever and everlasting." (Applause.) For the purpose of fittingly commemorating the day arrangement had been made with the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse to have shipped from the soil of the State of New York a tree that would be representative of the State. Dean Hugh P. Baker, in charge of the College, had determined that a white pine, which is a species of evergreen, would be most appropriate. He had accordingly taken from the College of Forestry nursery a healthy specimen of the white pine and sent it to the New York State site just prior to the time of the arrival of Governor Whitman and the official representatives of the State. The tree, Deein Baker explained, was typical of the New York forests, which were orig- inally great timber-producing territory. The tree was in excellent con- dition on its arrival in San Francisco and has, since being planted by the Governor, thrived in the California climate. At the foot of the tree fol- lowing the ceremony a monument was erected on which the following legend was placed: This tree was planted by Gov. Charles S. Whitman on June 4, 1915, to mark the participation of New York State in the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. At the end of the Exposition the Commission had the tree transplanted to Golden Gate Park. The monument was also removed there and the tree is still thriving. 154 STATE OF NEW YORK Even before the great concourse of people had melted from in front of the New York Building, Governor Whitman and his official associates were called to the Reception Room of the Governor in the building to respond to trans-continental telephonic requests from Albany and New York City to report upon the ceremonies of the day. The Governor and Mrs. "Whitman, Speaker Sweet, Mrs. Schoeneck, wife of Lieutenant- Governor Schoeneck, and most of the other members of the party enjoyed the rare pleasure of two hours of uninterrupted telephone conversation with members of their familits over the trans-continental telephone wire. In the evening Governor Whitman and Mrs. Whitmem and the other official representatives of the State were guests at a gala ball given in their honor by the Elxposition authorities in the Exposition Host Building, immediately adjoining the New York State Building. Upward of 3,000 former New Yorkers, euid leading residents of California and adjoining States attended the ball and were welcomed by Governor Whitman, Charles C. Moore, President of the Exposition, Mr. Mack and the other members of the Commission. The Governor and the New Yorkers were assisted in receiving by Mrs. Charles C. Moore, Mrs. George A. Pope and Mrs. Epsom Adams, representing the Women's Board of the Esqiosi- tion. Immediately preceding the reception the Governor, with his statf and official associates, together with the representatives of the foreign governments at the Exposition, were the guests of the Women's Board at a dinner. Among those bidden to meet them were Governor Robert L. Beeckman, of Rhode Island, Mrs. Beeckman, Major-General Arthur Murray, Judge Angellotti, Senator Chester Rowell, representing Gover- nor Johnson, Mr. and Mrs. J. Sloat Fassett and the chiefs of all of the departments of the Exposition. By special invitation. Governor Whitman addressed the members of the Commercial Club of San Francisco at a noon-day meeting held in the Merchants' ELxchange, Jime 3d. " The Commercial and Financial Status of New York, and the Patriotism of its People " was the Governor's topic. At noon, June 5th, the Governor was tendered a luncheon by the mem- bers of the San Francisco Press Club. Those in attendance included not only the representatives of the Press of the city, but also many men PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 157 conspicuous in public life. Talks were made by District Attorney Fickert, Edwin Markham, Edward Rainey, representing Mayor Rolph; Norman E. Mack, Judge Flenner of Idaho, and Governor Whitman. The Governor and some of his official associates were guests of honor at a luncheon given by William H. Crocker at the Pacific Union Club on Jime 8th. At the New York Building on Wednesday, June 9th, Governor and Mrs. Whitman acted as hosts to President Moore of the Exposition, to the Chiefs of the Exposition Departments, representatives of foreign governments accredited to the Exposition and to the leading business men of California. On the following day the Governor was the guest of the New York Society of California on the steamship " General Frisbie," which made a tour of San Francisco Bay, including a visit to the Navy Yard at Mare Island, where the Governor was greeted by Commander Frank M. Ben- nett and tendered a reception. While in the Golden Gate the Governor was made an honorary member of the New York Society of California, and made a speech in which he thanked the former residents of his State for the ardor with which they had greeted him and expressed apprecia- tion for the manner in which they had upheld their home traditions at the other side of the American continent. After a twelve-day stay the Governor and the other officials who had made the New York celebration memorable at the Exposition quit the New York State Building for their return journey home. They were escorted to the station by representatives of the Exposition and by dele- gations from the New York Society and the business organizations before whose members the Governor had made addresses during his visit. Throughout the month of June the number of New Yorkers visiting the New York State Building increased steadily. At that time the van- guard of easterners who had come to feast upon the Elxposition sights was in motion and the New York State Building had taken on a gala appear- ance. One of the first delegations of New Yorkers to arrive was that from Columbia and other State universities who reached San Francisco June 14th and remained until June 19th. The convention period in which New Yorkers were conspicuous had begun to approach flood tide toward the end of the month and the New 158 STATE OF NEW YORK York State Building became more than ever the center of Exposition activity. The United States Government Commission, of which Judge William Bailey Lamar was the resident representative, tendered a large dinner to Mr. C. C. Moore, President of the Exposition, and Mrs. Moore, in the New York State Building on June 28th. All of the commanding officers of the military and naval forces, representatives of the foreign nations, distinguished visitors and members of the New York State Commission were in attendance. On the following day the New York State Building was the gathering place for 1 50 leading residents of Brooklyn, who had journeyed across the continent in a special train to visit the Exposition. The Brook- lyn pilgrims, who were headed by Herbert L. Gunnison, Hans von Kaltenbom, Arthur J. O'Keefe, Chauncey C. Brainard, and Senator Frank A. Gallagher, after luncheon were joined in the State Build- ing by upward of 500 former Brooklynites now resident in San Frzin- cisco. The entire party repaired to the New York City Building for the celebration of Brooklyn Day. Following a telephone talk with Bor- ough President Pounds, County Judge Normein S. Dike, Postmaster William £. Kelly, James M. Scarr, Harris Crist and other officials at home, across a stretch of 3,000 miles, the Elxposition visitors listened to a mmiber of musical selections being rendered in Brooklyn and to the roar of the billows of the Atlantic as they pounded on the shore at Coney Island. Commodore Fred B. Dalzell presided at the Brooklyn Day cere- monies. Formal greetings were extended by Edward Rainey, on behalf of Mayor Rolph of San Francisco, and by Frank L. Brown, Director of the Exposition, on behalf of the Exposition authorities. Addresses were made by Senator Gallagher, Mr. von Kaltenbom and Mr. Mack, Chair- man of the State Commission. Former residents of the Empire State were guests of the Commission at a large dance given in the building on the evening of June 30th. The guests were received by the members of the Commission and of the New York Society. The gathering was actually a reunion of original New Yorkers now resident in the Ejcposition City and the district adjacent. PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 159 and of the pilgrims who had made the trip to the Pacific coast to attend the celebration of the national festival day. Six members of the Commission were at the State Building during the Independence Day festivities at the ELxposition. The New York visitors were received by Mr. Mack, Chairman of the Commission, and Com- missioners Brown, Hearst, Gary, McLean and Whitney, The attend- ance at the building on that day exceeded 1 5,000 persons, a considerable proportion of whom were present and former residents of the Empire State. Delegates to the International Press Congress were entertained by the Commission on the evening of July 7. Many of the leading publishers, not only of the State of New York but of other States and foreign nations, attended the reception. On Tuesday, July 13, Judge Elbert H. Gary and Commissioner Gary were guests of honor at a large dinner given in the State Building. The guests numbered 200, many of whom were New Yorkers at that time visiting the coast. Among those who attended were Mr. and Mrs. Charles B. Alexander, Mr. and Mrs. Ross Ambler Curran, Mr. and Mrs. Julian Gerard, Mr. and Mrs. Reuben B. Hale, Commissioner and Mr. William R. Hearst, Mrs, Phoebe A, Hearst, Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Jackling, Mr. and Mrs. Robert Oxnard, General and Mrs. Arthur Mur- ray, Mr. and Mrs. Dent H. Robert. Mr. and Mrs. Edward T. Stotes- bury.. Col. and Mrs. Hamilton S. Wallace, Judges Lamar, Van Fleet and Morrow, Mrs. George T. Marye, Commissioner and Mrs. Mack, Commissioner and Mrs. McLean and Commissioner and Mrs. Whitney. By special arrangement with the Exposition authorities the Com- mission arranged to have the students and officers of the New York State Training Ship " Newport " extended special courtesies during the time that vessel remained in San Fr«mcisco harbor in the month of August. The cadets benefited materially by this arrangement and were shown unusual attention at the Army and Navy headquarters on the Exposition grounds. On the evening of August 1 7 the officers and youths of the " Newport " were tendered a reception in the State Building. Special leave was arranged in order that the embryo officers might have full 160 STATE OF NEW YORK enjoyment and upward of 350 of the younger set of San Francisco society attended the reception. Manhattan Day was celebrated in both the New York State and New York City Buildings on August 19. Marcus M. Marks, the President of the Borough of Manhattan, was chairman of a large delegation that welcomed the visitors. At that time many conventions, with which New Yorkers were prominently identified, were being held in the Exposition City, and President Marks had as lieutenants a Reception Committee numbering more than 100 persons, including delegates to the National Education Association Convention, the Musical Union Convention and other similar gatherings. Mr. M. H. De Young, Vice-President of the Exposition, extended the official welcome of his confreres and Mayor Rolph made an address. On behalf of the mother coimtry, H. A. von Coelen Torchiana, Commissioner-General from the Netherlands, pre- sented a flag sent by Old Amsterdam to New Amsterdam, while the Dutch national anthem was being rendered. In honor of the visiting delegates from New York to the National Education Association Convention a luncheon was given by the Com- mission on August 21. About 100 of the noted educators of the State attended the luncheon, which was presided over by Chairman Mack, assisted by Commissioner Brown. Those in attendance included Mr. C. B. Alexander, a Regent of the New York State University; Presi- dent Marcus M. Marks, of Manhattan Borough; Miss Grace C. Strachan, President of the Interborough Association of Women Teachers; Miss Olivia Leventritt, of the New York Board of Educa- tion ; Miss Agnes C. O'Malley, Miss Isabel A. Ennis, President of the Women's Class Teachers Association; and Assistant Commissioners of Education Augustus S. Downing and Thomas E. Finegan. United States Senator James W. Wadsworth, Jr., of New York, and Mrs. Wadsworth were guests of the Commission in the State Building from August 27 to September 5. In their honor a notable dinner was given by the Conraiission on September 1 , with Mr. Charles B. Alex- ander as toastmaster, and at which the President and Executive Officers of the Exposition, Lieutenant-Governor Francis B. McLean, of Perm- sylvania. Chevalier van Rappard, Netherlands Minister to the United States; United States Senator Phelan and other notables were guests. Q Z O a: a Z o p So O a. X UJ u. o u o z z UJ z < s o o z u o o J > PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 163 Senator Wadsworth was also a speaker at the dinner given by the Penn- sylvania Commission in honor of Governor Martin Brumbaugh on the following evening. Commissioner Brown, who had devoted four months to ofHcial duties at the State Building, was tendered a luncheon by her associates of the Commission on the afternoon of September 1 st, just prior to her departure for home. Commissioner Hearst, the official hostess, presided at the flower- decked table, which was tastefully arranged in delicate pastel tints of the lilies of the valley and gardenias, combined with hydrangeas. Among those at the luncheon were Commissioner Gary, Mrs. Nor- man E. Mack, Mrs. Conger Pratt, Mrs. Ord Preston, Mrs. William Bailey Lamar, Mrs. James Potter Langhorne, Mrs. Arthur Murray, Mrs. Alexander Russell, Mrs. Ernest Simpson, Mrs. Eleanor Martin, Mrs. Daniel Howell, Mrs. J. W. Huntington, Mrs. William T. Sesnon, Mrs. A. Sidney Ashe, Mrs. David Bixler, Mrs. Horace Wilson, Coun- tess Salazar and Mrs. Jaunes W. Wadsworth, Jr. During her stay at the Exposition Commissioner Brown, by her untir- ing efforts and graciousness, endeared herself, not only to New Yorkers who attended the Exposition, but to the thousands of residents of Cali- fornia whom she welcomed to the New York State Building. Labor Day, September 6th, brought to the Exposition City an unusually large number of representatives of wage earners, among whom were many New Yorkers. The New York Building was one of the most popular buildings, as usual, with the holiday throng, and during the day the attendance registered 1 1 ,250 persons. The New York Building was given over to the Zeta Psi Fraternity on September 9th, for the purpose of beginning its Sixty-eighth Annual Convention. Two hundred and fifty representatives of Eastern Chapters, many of them residents of New York, were in attendance at the Con- vention; and the New Yorkers tendered an informal reception to their associates in the State Building before the commencement of the first business session. Among those in attendance at the ceremonies were Colonel George Woodbury Bunnell, the national president, of Shelburne Falls, Mass. ; William Randolph Hearst, Commissioner Shujio, of the Japanese Fine 164 STATE OF NEW YORK Arts Department of the ELxposition ; E. R. Jackson. Jean Ritter, Frank H. Powers and Frank P. Deering, President of the Bohemian Club. CaUfomia on the Seime day celebrated its admission to the Union find the Elxposition, which was made the reviewing point of the annual demon- stration of the Native Sons of the Golden West, entertained one of its largest throngs, and the attendance in the New York State Building during the day was 12,360. Tribute was paid by New York on September 21 st to the genius who wrought the Inter-Oceanic Canal at a bcinquet given to Major-General George W. Goethals, who went to the Coast for a brief visit as guest of the Exposition. General Goethals is a New Yorker, cuid the Commis- sion in doing him honor brought together seventy-five of the leading men of affairs at that time on the Pacific Coast. The dinner was given in the assembly hall of the New York State Building and all of the nations participating in the celebration of the opening of the Panama Canal were represented. Among those who greeted General Goethals in the palatial home of his own State were Charles C. Moore, President of the Exposition; Willicun Bailey Leunar, member of the United States Elxposition Com- mission, five United States Senators and several of the leading officials of New York State. Conmiissioner John F. Murtaugh presided at the dinner, and those in attendance included : Nonnan E. Mack, C. C. Moore, M. H. de Young, Judge William B. Lamar, William H. Crocker, Judge H. W. Melvin, Charles Fay, Thomwell Mullally, Daniel L. Ryem, William Leary, H. A. Van C. Tordiiana, R. A. Crothers, F. N. Bauskett, Alfred Holman, Morton L. Fouquet, C. S. Young, Herman Gade, L. G. Lambert, Thomas E. Hayden, Horacio Anasagasti, Col. H. S. Wallace, J. E. D. Trask, Roy S. Smith, Judge W. P. Lawlor. Philip S. Teller, Prof. H. M. Stephens, John F. Murtaugh, Dr. H. P- Summergill, R. P. Schwerin, C. F. Kohl, Timothy Healy, J. D. Grant, Guy Cramer, George M. Hyland, M. O. Clark, A. G. Hetfaerington, Charles O. Power, Andrew M. Lawrence, Roger Bocquerikz, PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 165 Henry Johnson, Fred. C. H. Humphreys, Gov. J. N. GiUett, F. Lamson Scribner, Captain Barneson, Governor Herrick, William Sproul, Frank Kellogg, C. F. Rand. Dr. F. J. V. Skiff, E. M. Travis, Addison B. Parker, Ferdinand Thieriot, Francis Loomis, Major H. H. Whitney, Philip Bowles, J. O. Davis, J. A. Czizek, F. A. Hazelbaker, Rudolph Taussig, Otto Wadsted, William Ryan, G. W. Moore, Dr. Pierce, W. D. Benedict, Senator Newlands, Senator Phelan, Leon Bocqueraz, Charles Vogelsang, Darwin G. Kingsley, Samuel M. Shortridge, George A. Knight, Judge Henry V. Borst, Rear Admiral Gove, James A. McKenna, George B. Scott, Frank P Deering, Commander Reeves, General Arthur Murray, Commander Clark Wood- ward, Frank Gass. In welcoming General Goethals, Chairman Mack, in the name of the State, eind after toasts to the President of the United States, Governor Whitman and Governor Johnson of California, said: "As Chairman of the New York State Commission I deem it a great privilege and pleasure to welcome you to the New York State Building. I am proud to welcome you, because you were born in the Empire State, and particularly proud, because of your achievements as an engineer. " The citizens of New York are not the only ones proud of you; the American people from Coast to Coast look upon you today as one of the greatest living engi- neers. We have entertained in this building many eminent men, and I want to assure you. General Goethals, that no New Yorker has been entertained here whom we esteemed it any more of a pleasure to honor than the man who gave the world the Panama Canal, and we are proud of the fact that he is a New Yoftcer." Addresses were made by State Comptroller Eugene M. Travis, who was making an official visit to the Exposition, former Ambassador Myron T. Herrick, President Moore. Judge Lamar, Prof. Henry Morse Ste- phens, of the University of California; Supreme Court Justice Henry V. Borst, of Amsterdam. N. Y.. former Congressman Roland B. Mahany, Mayor Rolph of San Francisco, and Commissioners Gade and Torchiana on behalf of the foreign governments which were represented at the cele- bration of the opening of the Peinama Canal. 166 STATE OF NEW YORK In formally bidding welcome to General Goethals Commissioner Murtaugh, as toastmaster, said : " It is indeed an honor to be called upon to preside at such a banquet, and the ELxposition Commission from the State of New York, representing the Governor of the State and 1 0,000,000 of people, are pleased to invite you here tonight to do honor to a native son of the State of New York. (Applause.) " Great was the achievement of creating the Panama Canal. It was the dream of the Spaniards for centuries to connect the two great oceans, and every shipper and merchantman and sailor hoped for the day when the Isthmus could be cleft. From the day that the battleship ' Oregon ' made its great dash around Cape Horn, a demand went up from the American people that the canal should be speedily constructed, for our protection in time of war, and for our prosperity in the time of peace. It was a great undertaking ; in fact one of the great engineering feats of the world. Pleased was the world and its people when they realized that this dream of the ages was at last a reality. Proud were the people of the United States to know that this great country of ours had added another great achievement to its long list of achievements of the past. Proud were the people of the State of New York to know that a born and bred New Yorker was in the Presidential cheur, and had the energy to take the responsibility for opening the canal. And prouder still of the fact that the man at the top, the master mind who was responsible for the engineering construction of the canal was a native born New Yorker, born in the City of Brooklyn, spent his boyhood days in the great metropolis, was sent to West Point from New York. And his name will go down in history as one of the great men that New York State gave to the nation, to the world. (Applause.) " Gentlemen, our country has been extremely fortunate in the past to have great men arise in the great crises. In the days of the Revolution there arose a Washing- ton; in the days of the Civil War there came forth Lincoln; and in these days, when we needed a man in the Presidential chair to protect our neutrality, and to keep us out of the greatest catastrophe in all history, there arose a Wilson; and when we needed a man to battle with the forces of nature, a man who had the energy, character and ability, there arose a Goethals. (Applause.) " And we are pleased and proud, gentlemen, that he is a native son of our great State. That is one of the reasons why New York State has such a splendid participation in this great Elxposition. That is one of the reasons why our State appropriated $700,000. And that is one of the reasons why we have such a magnificent building here, and that is one of the reasons why we have selected one of our most distinguished and eminent citizens to act as chairman of our Commission. (Applause.) " We have also very efficient Secretaries. " New York State is exceedingly proud of its great resources, of its great wealth, of its great industries. But New York State is proud to say tonight, that it was The Tower of Jewels PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 169 the birth place of the great man who is our honored guest, thie birth place and the home of Goethals, who will go down in history as one of the greatest engineers in all time. " I will now call upon one of the men whose energy, enterprise, and forcefulness has made this great Exposition such a wonderful success, the Honorable Charles C. Moore, President of the Elxposition." (Applause.) President Moore: "Mr. Toastmaster, Ceneral Coelhals, Friends: You are a very distinguished gathering. I told Mr. Mack that, including myself, it is one of the finest gatherings that I have seen in all this time. I want this distinguished gathering to know that the program was, as given me by the Commissioner-General, that Senator Phelan and Governor Herrick would come first, so I was called too soon. "As I sat here tonight I thought that, when the curtain is rung down and New York goes home, God bless New York, I wish they could stay here forever. (Applause.) I beHeve that so many of us have formed the habit of gathering here in these splendid quarters, that many a night dozens and scores of San Franciscans, of which the number here is a goodly representation, will come here and expect something doing by New Yorkers. We of the Exposition, as I should say, have enjoyed and been immensely benefited by the earnest, enthusiastic, helpful coopera- tion of New York, and its Commission, so much so that it seems as though they had blended right into our landscape permanently. And I for one — and I know I speak for others — look forward with the deepest regret to the fact that we cannot call on New York for everything and anything as we have in the past eight months, when we know the Elxposition is over. I say that with the greatest earnestness and sincerity, for this building has been a joy to the Exposition, and all the people that have come here, and the splendid hospitality and the fine inteUigence that has directed that hospitality has been so helpful to us. In line with past practice, you have shown the wisdom and good judgment in honor of General Goethals. " General Goethals, the man that means so much to all those committed to the task of celebrating the accomplishment of his work. Sometimes I think we men of the Exposition take ourselves too seriously and try to act it off. Why we think perhaps that we built the Canal. If we had built it we could not take more interest in the accomplishment, we could not take more joy in the celebration than we have in the task that has been assigned to us. Therefore, of all the men that have come here from near and from far, your's is the one name that seems to us so appropriate, so very fitting in our work, you are the man responsible for the very thing we are celebrating. " My friends, I could talk of Goethals a long time. He has not been here long, and I have not known him very long. But he is marked right into our affections, into our regard. He is a man that is strong with sterling qualities. I don't know 170 STATE OF NEW YORK whether he appreciates it very much, but when here before I told him, and I will say it now, that he stands for something more than a man, something more than a builder of the Canal, more than a great engineer. He stands as a symbol of American accomplishment, something for the youth to emulate, something for the adult to regard. And therefore it is the greatest pleasure we have in doing honor to him always. When he leaves here and goes back, he will carry our good will, our warmest regards, and our deepest friendship. " I have said often, and I believe I begin to realize it, that the Canal is com- pleted in San Francisco. He did great work, important work, but our work, the completion of the garlands is likewise important, and the nations are gathered here to register their approval of our government's action in its building, and their approval, too, of the celebration. " Now, I know that you know that every day is showing more and more how necessary to us all are these disciples of engineering, engineering in all walks and activities of life. Everything we do we feel as engineering impulses and engineering intelligences. They play their part not alone in construction, but likewise in destruc- tion. For who can follow the events elsewhere and not realize that the war raging in Europe to-day is a war of engineers and engineering work. Now, it is a delight to all of us. to be here to honor an engineer that has been able to do with kindly and elevating things as an engineer. As the Chairman of the great Engineering International Congress held here. General Goethals stands for all the advancement, stands for construction, not for destruction. " I have no more to say, except as I have in the past, and will now, and always, as a citizen and as an Exposition official, be most grateful to General Goethals for his work, done so graciously, so enthusiastically, so effectively, and I, as well as you. are proud of him as a citizen of our country." (Applause.) The Toastmaster : " Gentlemen, this country has always had a fitting representative in a great crisis. When the great war broke out in Europe, our representatives were able men in the great European capitals. Some of us were caught in the war, like Chairman Mack and myself, without a cent in our pockets, and we realized what it meant to have an able Ambassador, and a kindly disposed Ambassador, and one whose heart was in the welfare of American citizens stranded in Europe, at the French capitol. And on behalf of the Chairman and myself and the New York State Commission, we want to take this opportunity of extending our gratitude and our pleasure at having with us the former Governor of Ohio, and the former American Ambassador to the French Republic, a man who in Europe they said was a prince among Ambassa- dors, and an Ambassador among princes, the Honorable Myron T. Herrick." (Applause.) PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 171 Mr. Herrick: " I know of no man in all the United States whom I would rather do honor to as I do to-night by sitting at this table, than to General Goethals. (Applause.) What he did places us high in the estimation of the people abroad as an indication of what we could do as a nation when we set about it than anything that I have ever known. There was exhibited in Paris a moving picture show showing the building of the Panama Canal. It was a pleasure to me to go there, as I did on several occasions, and hear the comments of the French people upon that work, and hear the burst of enthusiasm when General Goethal's picture was shown on the canvas. Of course, they are especially sympathetic and especially interested in this project, for after all, it was they who were the architects of this great enter- prise. It is seldom in the history of great accomplishment that the name of the builder lives, as it will in this case. It is usually the creator of the idea, the architect. But in this instemce the architect was France, the builder in this splendid way was the United States, represented in the magnificent embodiment of General Goethals. (Applause.) The French could not have finished this project when they began it, because the machinery had not been invented at that time, because the extermina- tion of the mosquito, one of the greatest victories that we have ever won, that had not yet been achieved. But they began it. And one thing more with regard to the architect and constructor of the Canal. In this instance, one of the few in all the world's constructive annals, the man who did the thing, who did the work, stands up high besides the creator of the idea. And as long as time endures will be this friendship between these two nations, France and America. (Applause.) " I have some feeling of sympathy for General Goethals. I have a tremendous / feeling of admiration, and on the short acquaintance, an affection for him. He is a very wise man, for he graduated this year from several colleges. We are young men, the world is all before us, but I have noticed this, that he has not yet said a word, and it is rather a good lesson to some of us who talk too much. We know what he did, but he has not said anything, and my sympathies for him are in this way: I recollect that I came home once after a disastrous campaign, and they called me hard names, and there was a lot of dissatisfaction. Time went on, and then I came back home again, and all my old enemies and friends turned out and welcomed me, and one of them said, after all these nice things had been said, and how fine it is to have these nice things said about us. So I do have some sympathy with the General. But I say. General, we are proud of you, and you have lifted our name up so high that all the world sees us. I thank you." (Applause.) 172 STATE OF NEW YORK The Toastmaster : "Another one of our guests this evening will be called from our midst by a personal engagement. He is one of those citizens of California who extended to the Chairman and the members of the Commission unlimited hospitality and kind- ness, and we are very pleased, on behalf of the Commission, and its Chairman, tonight to thank the United States Senator from California for his kindness and generosity to us during our short stay at the Exposition. I wish to have Senator Phelan now favor us with a few words." (Applause.) Senator Phelzm : " Mt. Toastmaster, General Coethab, Distinguished Quests: The remarks made by our Ambassador to France reminds me that the French Republic bravely attempted to accomplish what the United States subsequently succeeded in doing, and we are very apt to forget, and were it not for the Ambassador's presence, prob- ably would have forgotten the debt that we owe to France. I remember General Greeley telling a story how he was received in London by the Geographical Society after his exploit in the Arctic region, and upon him was conferred a degree, and that it was the degree of G. D. It mystified him somewhat until the English toastmaster explained that, whereas he did not discover the North Pole, he came G — d d — d near it. So we have forgotten General Greeley while we remember Peary, and the achievement was of such great glory to America that as I recollect he received the thanks of Congress. " I know that General Goethals is averse to praise, but he Is obliged to submit to it, and, perhaps, it is well that his native Sta,te should lead in giving him the mete of praise and the recognition which his great achievement deserves. " Last winter I was in the Island of San Domingo and I saw there the dungeon in which Christopher Columbus was incarcerated, the man who pointed the way. who braved the dangers of an uncharted sea, and discovered the New World. He was cast into a dungeon and brought home to Spain in chains. And so I would contrast that treatment with the treatment which we accord to General Goethals and ask him, if he had the choice, would he not prefer even the fulsome praise of the men of his native State, of the men of the country, of the men of the world? So, we are to judge everything by contrast. I was not aware that there were any other native sons until I heard Senator Murtaugh speak. In the west we frequently refer to native sons, and try to ascribe more merit to the men who are bom upon the soil. But the native sons of New York have accomplished so much that they have not in the past been regarded as native sons at all. Their achievements have been of such a high character that they have been claimed by the country. Just as was said of Washington, no country could claim him, no people could appro- priate him, the gift of Providence to the human race, his fame was eternity aad > z D ui X H I- a D o u PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 175 his residence creation. So we on that ground dispute any prior claim of the State of New York. He belongs to us as much as he belongs to them and as California will be the chief beneficiary of the Canal, we claim a superior right to honor him. And yet there is something in the claim of native land. Wherever I have gone in Europe, admiring the architecture and the beauty of cities, I have been told, whis- pered into my ear by the natives, that ' here lived Goethe.' at Weimar ;. ' here was born the great master of music. Mozart,' at Salsburg; and looking through his eyes and through my own I only saw Salsburg and only saw Weimar through the fame and greatness of the son who was born upon the soil, it seemed to encompass every- thing. And here we live in the very birthplace of the man who has done so much. " But I have in mind the fact that the New Yorker has not been so proud in the past of Brooklyn, any more than the San Franciscan has been proud of Oakland, or the Londoner of the Surrey side. Mark Twain said, casting his story far in advance of the event, that in 1910a great cataclysm visited the region of San Fran- cisco, and San Francisco was engulfed, but by a strange freak of nature Oakland was unharmed, and he added, 'There are some things that the earth will not swallow.' (Laughter.) " Now, it is well that the earth did not swallow Oakland, because there dwelt our greatest poet. Joaquin Miller, and there the proud spires of the University of California pierce the sky. Oakland is serving a very substantial use to San Fran- cisco. It is our back country, it opens the door to the east. And Brooklyn has been redeemed in the name of General Goethals. " There is no greater credit in these modern days than the credit which accrues from actual achievement. Politicians talk, legislators pass laws, Congress adjourns, but unless there be some one to carry on the wisdom of Legislatures all their worth is vain, and the failure always has been, not in the wisdom of the laws, but in the failure of their enforcement. And so, when Congress projects a great work such as the construction of the Canal, it is not accomplished until some man is selected to give the idea concrete form and shape. "At the entrance of the harbor of Rhodes there stood one of the wonders of the world, astride the entrance, a monument to the commerce and trade of that beautiful country. The Colossus of Rhodes. ' General Goethals doth bestride this narrow world like a Colossus.' (Applause.) " No returning general from the war. in the estimation of a great, productive, progressive and peaceful nation, is entitled to any higher honor, though his victories be many on battlefield where thousands die to lift one hero into fame. To-day it is the subjection of the forces of nature, overcoming obstacles which seemed insuper- able in the air and under the waters. And better than Zeppelins and submarines are those tunnels which bind together the community surrounding your native State. Far greater than any conquest over men is the conquest over nature by the severance of that Isthmus. These things, in our estimation, are so great that we cannot, in my 7 176 STATE OF NEW YORK estimation, do fitting honor to a man whose ability, whose executive power expressed in the one word ' efficiency,' has brought them to his native liuid as the prize of con- flict, and as the conflict was unstained by blood, it is on that account greater. It rises to the dignity of creation. With the development of the world it appeared that the Isthmus was an obstruction. I feel very much like the man who said that if he were present at the creation I might have made some very valuable suggestions. General Goethals and the Congress of the United States have added in form and substance and utiUty to the world, as it was left from the hand of the Creator, and therefore his act, participates, as it were, in the work of the creation. And remember that the preacher, in describing the virtues of a young man who died — necessarily he had to die in tender years — likened him to the Saviour, and it seemed almost sacrilege, the gentleness of his life was such and his love for his fellow men, but he had not attained to man's stature, and we did not know what might have become of him had he attained to man's stature. So what we described as virtue was merely innocence. But here this nation has attained to a man's stature, it assumed a tre- mendously important work in the severance of that Isthmus, and in the union of the oceans. I don't know whether it is a union of the oceans or a divorce of the conti- nents, but whatever it is, it brings men closer together and will tend to bring ulti- mately, I hope, greater prosperity which will come from the intimate relations of trade and commerce. " New York's great State which faces the Atlantic. California, the great State which faces the Pacific — I would not f br a moment institute a comparison between these great commonwealths, although we are larger, because within our territory we might easily hold the six New England States, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and even add the Governor's State, Ohio, and still the area of CaHfomia would not be enclosed. Still, it is not the extent of the territory which makes the nation. New York has all the physical resemblances to California, or vice versa, California to New York. Its mountain ranges, its rivers and its lakes. And be there men here from other States, I don't think for a moment that they will dispute the supremacy in greatness and potential greatness of natural beauty of New York and CaHfornia. And that they are united here to-night under this roof enjoying the hos- pitality of Mr. Mack and his colleagues for the purpose of doing honor to General Goethals, is singularly appropriate, especially at a World's Fair in commemoration of the opening of the Panama Canal. " I would not for a moment sit down and leave in the mind of any man, no matter what State he comes from, the thought that I depreciated their common- wealth, which adds to the glory of the Union and the pride of the country. But as one star differeth from another in glory, so in the galaxy of the Union, one State differs from the others in magnitude, and in glory I think that New York and Cali- fornia stand alone." (Applause.) PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 177 The Toastmaster : " Gentlemen, the distinguished Senator from California called our attention to one strong point, among others, and that is that General Goethals. while he was born in the great State of New York, belongs to the whole United States. And we have with us this night one of the most popular Commissioners at this great Exposition, the representative of the great government of the United States, and 1 now wish to call upon Judge Lamar, the National Commissioner for the United States Government at the Panama-Pacific International Elxposition." (Applause.) Judge Lamar : " Gentlemen, the hour is growing late, other aifairs are coming, and I will be very brief. It is a great pleasure to speak on behalf of our Government, it is a great honor to represent our Government anywhere, peculiarly a great honor to represent it at a great International Exposition held in the State of California and in the City of San Francisco. And, gentlemen, it is a great pleasure to speak at a banquet extended on behalf of the State of New York, through its eminent Chairman, Mr. Mack, in honor of one of New York's great citizens. General Goethals. " In the completion of this great triumph of engineering, credit has already been paid to the great Republic and Empire of France. The work they did there was grand. As I understand it, our engineers and our country give tribute to the initia- tive that prompted that great country, in the American parlance, to tackle such a huge job so far away from home. There is no minimizing the splendid effort they made and the work they did. but it required a finance greater than France's, it required a basis of operations closer to the Canal than Paris, and it required possibly a more accurate knowledge of conditions than even the great man had whose genius and initiative began that work. It was left to America, to the United States, to complete what France began. And certainly it has been a job yoyally done. And in looking at the completion of this great triumph let us pay tribute to San Francisco, let us give a little credit, for the national movement for this Canal, starting not quite in San Francisco, but from something that grew out of San Francisco sixty, eighty or ninety years ago. The great German poet Goethe, in a letter to a friend, in read- ing Humboldt's Travels in America, outlined, in fact prophesied, that the United States would some day cut some canal across that Isthmus, and regretted that he would not live to see it done. His great perspective eye foresaw that, although he was largely of a literary and poetical turn, but with his close knowledge and read- ing of the travels of Humboldt in this country, he saw that it was to the interest of this Government to cut that Canal. And yet the American people slumbered on it for more than half a century. But in the Spanish-American war, when this fine old battleship now lying out here, now a little bit relegated to the rear but still on deck, the ' Oregon,' completed in your Union Iron Works, a product of San Francisco. 178 STATE OF NEW YORK San Francisco's genius and San Francisco's money and capital made that fifteen or twenty diousand-mile voyage around the Horn to reach the battle of Santiago de Cuba, near my State, then, gentlemen, the American people determined to cut this Canal. It was cut. The American people did it. They did it under the directing aid and genius of a great army engineer, and that army engineer is present, and this occaaon is to do him honor. So, gentlemen, it is a great pleasure for me to be here, and speaking on behalf of the President of the United States, of which you are a component part, we all take pleasure in being here and paying this tribute to a splen- did specimen of American manhood and to the splendid American organization, educated and trained, which put it through to its triumphant conclusion when before his introduction to the Isthmus there had been dissensions, resignations, partial failures, recriminations, and to some extent a demoralization of the work on the Isthmus. After this eminent engineer and army officer went there there was order and organization and completion of the triumph, and this occasion to-night is the occasion organized and inaugurated on behalf of the Chairman of the New York Commission, seconded by your presence here, to do honor to this gentleman. "And speaking for our country, as I have the honor and pleasure to speak for it on this occasion. General Goethals, we all do you honor to-night." (Applause.) The Toastmaster : " If the gentleman, the distinguished Senator from California, would have waited a few moments longer, he would have realized why I laid such emphasis upon the fact that General Goethals was bom in Brooklyn. We have with us as one of our guests this evening, the distinguished Comptroller of the State of New York. Hmiorable Eugene M. Travis. And it was necessary, I thought, to make a special reference to the place, not alone from which General Goethals came, but also the distinguished Comptroller, ' as separate and distinct from the City of New York, across the river. Comptroller Travis has been one of our most distinguished citizens, serving for many years in the Senate of the State of New York, in which I had the honor to serve, and he has proven one of our most com- petent and effident Comptrollers. I know you gentlemen would like to hear a few words from Mr. Travis." (^plause.) Mr. Travis: "Mr. Toastmaster, Honored Cuest, and Gentlemen: I hesitate about saying much. It was said in the New York Constitutional Convention a few days ago that Brooklyn held the purse strings of the City of New York, and that at no time since New York had taken in Brooklyn and the Bronx and Queens County had the County of New York been able to wrest from Brooklyn control of the financial affairs of the greater city. And so it is for us in Brooklyn to furnish the controller _) < X < Q z < o a: UJ z UJ u. o < z o U- PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 181 for the City of New York. We have had several Mayors. Brooklyn is quite a town. I had a little talk with our honored guest in the early part of the evening and found that we had several things in common. We were bom within a few hundred feet, he just a little ahead of me, a few years. We attended the same public school. I asked him if he had several women as teachers, and he said he had. I recall the fact that only a few days ago I had a letter from one of those teachers, and she told me how proud she was of the boys that had been students under her. And I find that we attended the same Sunday School and had the same Superin- tendents, men who had been poor boys, by diligence and hard work had advanced to prominent positions, one having been Mayor and occupied several other positions of trust. And, as I sat here, my thoughts naturally reverted to the thousands and thousands of boys who attended that same public school and Sunday School. As I recall it, there were some 2,600 boys and girls then students at that school, and there are just as many at the present time. That is some forty years ago, and they have turned out a hundred thousand boys and girls, and most of them, if not all, in moderate or poor circumstances. I wondered how many of them had succeeded. I was up in Canada last week, registered my name at the Vance Springs Hotel, turned about to go to my room, and the first man I encountered was one of those boys. He is one of the big insurance men in the City of New York. And I meet them everywhere. To be sure none of us has accomplished what our honored guest has accomplished, but America furnishes such possibilities for usefulness that I am proud of my country, and particularly proud of my State and my own home town. " This great country that we live in has wonderful opportunities for boys and girls, as exempHfied in the wonderful success of the guest of the evening. I congratulate him, I congratulate us all that we and our boys and our boys' boys have such splendid opportunities for success and usefulness in the future." (^plause.) The Toastmaster : "We have also another distinguished citizen from New York here tonight, a gentleman who represents a different department of government than that repre- sented by the Comptroller; the Judiciary, and we would like to hear from Judge Henry V. Borst, one of the most distinguished jurists in the State of N^w York." Judge Borst: " Mt. Toastmaster, Distinguished Guest, and Gentlemen: It has been a matter of wonderment to some of us in the State of New York for a long time that our distinguished friend, the Comptroller of the State, was so popular. We, who belong to a party of different faith, have suffered at the hands of the Comptroller, and I never understood until he gave the explanation to-night. He tells us that he was bom within one hundred feet of where General Goethals was bom, that he went 182 STATE OF NEW YORK to the same school, and that he had the same teachers. Can it be any wonder that h -a c (0 J^ 60 'y C J — _a 03 y3 S C so iS c t: . ^ (/) 3 C PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 187 and saying, ' See what it unites,' and on the other hand a celebrated Frenchman declaring, ' See what it divides.' For a canal both unites and divides. But for my ovra part, instead of trying to give you the summary of various historical papers that were read at that Congress by distinguished representatives who came to us from Spain, from Japan, and from all over the world, I would rather, in the few moments I have allotted to me — and I want to impress upon you the fact that I hold this appearance here the first, I think I may add my last appearance at any Panama- Pacific affair — that there is a particular fitness that we should here recollect that this reception to General Goethals is being given to him by the people who ought to know him best. " Mr. Kipling says somewhere that the greatest danger, and at the same time the greatest source of pride to any man, is the judgment on his work by the experts who understand it. Now, we are not canal diggers to any great extent, and therefore we are not competent to judge the greatness of the particular work that has been done. But at the same time we all know very well, in our own case, that the people whose judgment we fear the most, and which finally must test us, is the judgment of those who knew us when we were boys. That is always the biggest danger of all. It is well known that no man is a prophet and has honor in his own country. It is a little hard, as we grow older, for us to recollect that the Dick and Tom and Harry whom we knew in our boyhood have distinguished themselves in some way or another. It is so easy for other people to take us at our own valuation. But those who knew us in our boyhood, as we ran about, find it harder to realize that we may have grown into a larger position and responsibility and to a larger degree of success. And, therefore, since I heard of Mr. Murtaugh's idea in forcing me to be here to-night, and forcing me to get upon my feet, since he used to listen to me many years ago for many long hours, I thought I would avoid a long speech by slipping into my pocket a copy of a little poem by Kipling, not very well known, which deals with the way in which a man is viewed by his home folks. Not even in the opinion of experts on his work, not even in the opinion of those who form a part of the country to which he belongs, but in the personal opinion of those who knew him when he was a boy. And that instead of further attempting to talk in my own words, I propose to read some lines of a slightly known poem of Mr. Kip- ling, which has as its main point the attitude held toward men who do things, say things or are things by their old childhood friends. " Prophets of honor all over the earth. Except in the village where they were born, Where such as knew them boys from birth, Naturally hold them in scorn. He might have been that, and he might have been this, But they love and they hate him for what he is.'' (Applause.) 188 STATE OF NEW YORK The Toastmaster: " Gentlemen, I am not going to introduce to you the next speaker. He needs no introduction, he is known to the present generation, and the generations to come will not forget him. A toast to Major-General Goethals, the builder of the Panama Canal." (Applause.) Major-General Goethals: " Mr. Toastmaster and Centlemen: I appreciate the honor that has been shown me by my native State. It is true that I was born in Brooklyn, but I had nothing to say about that at that time. In 1 898, during the Spanish war, they called for volunteers and the States, particularly the ladies of the various States, looked after the comfort of the volunteers from their State. The regulars represented no State, so they received very little of the goodies that were passed about. A group of ladies saw a soldier coming down Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington and hailed him as a hero. He said, ' Ladies, I am not a hero, I am just a regular.' And that is my place. Educated at West Point with the motto of ' Duty. Honor and Country,' I have failed to see where I have done anything more than what this Government trained and educated me for. Success is not due alone to me. It was founded on the failure of the French who furnished us with experience. Success is due to the fact that I had the Treasury of the United States back of me, and due to the fact that we had made a treaty wth a foreign power, under which we were to do as we pleased without let or hindrance on their part. And due to the fact that we had the support of each successive President since the enterprise began, started by President Roosevelt, with the announcement that under no circumstances should politics interfere or delay the work — that policy carried out by his suc- cessors up to the present time. It is also due to the loyal support and co-operation of an army of some 30,000 men, gathered from all parts of the world, each man of which felt that he was doing the particular part of the task which was necessary to make it a success. " The part that I played is best described by a conversation that I overheard going in a train from Colon to Panama. I was behind a foreman, a track foreman from the Gulch, who had been over the Isthmus to meet a friend of his coming down on a steamer. I was commonly known on the Isthmus as the ' Old Man.' He was describing just what his particular task was, and seemed to impress his friend that he was doing everything. The visitor turning to him said, ' If you are doing all of it, what is left for the Old Man to do?* * Why,' he says, ' He comes around and jollies us, and sees us doing it, and then goes back to the office to greet the tourists.' " So that, gentlemen, is the part that I played. I feel at such gatherings as these, when I hear what a big man I am, very much as a member of Congress must have PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 189 felt who came to the Isthmus, and desirous of impressing the other members of the Committee with his agility, climbed a ladder, a vertical ladder that we had built in the lock walls, so that, should a man fall overboard into a lock, he would have some means of escape. The ladder was some eighty feet high. He climbed to the top and back again, and greeting us all on the train, he came to me and said, ' I deserve some sort of a degree for that performance of mine.' I agreed with him and told him that he deserved the degree of D. F. for doing something which he was not required to do. " I objected to speaking to-night. I was led to this banquet under the impression that I would not be called upon to speak, as it would be followed by a reception, and there would be no time for after-dinner speaking, but says the Commissioner, * You have talked a great deal lately.' I told him that was true. He says, * The great difficulty is if you talk too much, the people are liable to find you out.' So that I have, concluded from now on I will cease talking. "And I thank you, gentlemen, for this reception and for this delightful banquet." (Applause.) Foreign Governments Entertain In honor of Kai Fu Shah. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Pleni- potentiary from China to the United States, the Exposition officials held a brilliant reception in the New York State Building on the evening of September 23d. This function followed a dinner given to Minister Kai Fu Shah by the Womeui's Board, at which Mrs. Phoebe A. Hearst presided. All of the representatives of foreign nations and commissioners from the various states of the United States were in attendsuice. The New York Building was used on the following evening by the Commission from the Republic of France which tendered a banquet to Senator Jean Amic, Chairman of the Committee on Expositions of the French Senate, who tendered a banquet to the Exposition Commission and the official representatives of France. Senator Amic in an address to the exhibitors and Exposition authori- ties lauded his own country and New York for the enterprise shown by their displays and predicted that both would benefit materially in conse- quence of character of their participation. Former Ambassador Herrick, who had recently returned from France, and President Moore responded on behalf of the United States. 190 STATE OF NEW YORK Secretary McAdoo a Guest When William G. McAdoo, Secretary of the Treasury, representing President Wilson, visited the Exposition late in October he was a guest of the New York Conunission during his stay. On the evening of October 21st the Secretary and Mrs. McAdoo, daughter of President Wilson, were guests of honor at a dinner given in the New York State Assembly Hall. It was largely a New York family gathering cind he was accompanied by many residents of the State. After a formal welcome by Mr. Mack, Chairman of the Commission, addresses were made by representatives of the National Government, the Army and Navy and the foreign commissions. Among those in attendance were Major-General Arthur Murray and Mrs. Murray, Mr. and Mrs. C. C Moore, Rear Admiral Fullam, Rear Admiral Charles Pond and Mrs. Pond, Brigadier-General William Sebert, M. H. de Young, United States Senator Phelan, Charles Fay, Postmaster of San Francisco; Conunissioner General Yamawaki of Japan, Commissioner General Chen Chi of China and representatives of the leading hsnks and business houses of San Francisco. In connection with Canada's celebration a reception, dinner and dance was given in the New York Building by the Canadian Commission in honor of the Hon. Frank S. Barnard, Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia and representative of the Governor General of Ceinada at the special exercises on October 29th. This celebration was one of the largest during the Exposition period, participated in by most of the British representatives along the Pacific Coast. Governor James Withycombe, of Oregon, was tendered a dinner in the New York State Building on October 30th by the Oregon State Commission and Oregon exhibitors. A large delegation of business men came by special train to attend the exercises in honor of Governor Withycombe and 300 attended the banquet imder New York's Roof Tree. PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 193 Reception for Educators Dr. John H. Finley, State Commissioner of Education, was the guest of the Commission during his official visit to the Fair early in November and was guest of honor at a luncheon given by the Commission on Novem- ber 3d. The chiefs of the Departments of Education and Social Economy, the Presidents of California and Leland Stanford Universities and the Commissioners of Education of the states of the Pacific Coast were in attendance. Dr. Finley expressed great gratification over the scope and completeness of the New York Educational exhibit and of the display of educational work made by New York. Dinner to State Exhibitors To mark the conclusion of the program arranged in connection with the trade expeinsion campaign carried on by the Commission and New York exhibitors, the New York State Exhibitors* Association dined in Assembly Hall of the State Building on the evening of November 24th. This dinner marked the completion of the conferences between foreign trade experts and the New Yorkers. It was attended by about 150 representatives of State exhibitors and addresses were made by repre- sentatives of Argentine, Chili, China, Freince, Austria, Guatemala and Uruguay and by Commissioners Mack, Frisbie and Bussey, by State Senators Emerson and Carswell, George B. Scott, of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Exhibit; Thomas H. Griffin, of the Eastman Company ; Paul Mahony, of the Remington Company ; P. E. Sobotker, of the Borden Milk Company ; J. C. H. Ferguson, of the Pneumercator Company; M. F. S. King, of the National Meter Company, and John Clausen, of the Crocker National Bank. In late November, at the invitation of the Commission, representative committees of both breinches of the Legislature made an official visit and examined in detail the work accomplished on behalf of the State of New York. In the Committees were Senators William B. Carswell and James A. Emerson and Assemblymen John G. Malone. James M. Mead, Leonard 194 STATE OF NEW YORK W. Gibbs, John Knight, Peter P. McEUigott, Nathan D. Perlman, Frederick S. Burr and William Bewley. The Committees visited all of the official exhibits made under the direction of the Commission, the cost of which was defrayed from the State appropriation and most of the other exhibits made by New York business concerns. The 2unount of space devoted to official exhibits was a revelation to the legislators, all of whom expressed their gratification, particularly over the exhibit of New York's work in the field of education and social economy. The awards for exhibits of agriculture and horticulture from New York State also gratified them. Former Governor John A. Dix, who was chief executive at the time the Commission was created, and who appointed five of the original fifteen members, was also a guest of the Commission for a few days just prior to the close. Governor Dix and Mrs. Dix were guests of honor at a dinner given by the Commission on November 29th. Tribute to the Chairman In recognition of the services rendered by Mr. Mack as Chairman of the Commission, his associates tendered him a farewell dinner in the Building on the evening of November 27th. Mr. Mack after having devoted much of his time in New York to the work of the Commission had gone to San Francisco in early February and remained at the helm vmtil the end of the Exposition period. With Mrs. Mack and the Misses Mack he had been untiring in his supervision of details and interest in forwarding the welfare of exhibitors and looking to the comfort of visitors from his home State. In recognition of the immeasurable services rendered by Mr. Mack, Charles C. Moore, President of the Exposition, acted as toast- master for the occasion. It was the only time that the President of the Exposition had so honored an official function. Surrounding him were PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 197 representatives of all departments of the great celebration then drawing to a close; representatives of the foreign and State Governments, former Governor Dix, Mr. Mack's associates. Commissioners Yale, Frawley, Frisbie and Bussey, the members of the New York State Legislative Committees and the Mayors of San Francisco and adjacent cities. Seated at the table with the Chairman and Mrs. Mack were Senator and Mrs. Arthur Arlett, representing Governor Johnson of California; former governor and Mrs. Dix, Mr. W. H. Crocker, Vice-Chairman emd Mrs. John R. Yale, Commissioner and Mrs. James J. Frawley, Commis- sioner and Mrs. Dsuiiel D. Frisbie, Senator Thomas H. Bussey, United States Senator James D. Phelan, Col. and Mrs. M. H. de Young. General and Mrs. Arthur Murray. Rear Admiral and Mrs. Fullam, Henry T. Scott, Mr. and Mrs. Reuben B. Hale, Mrs. P. C. Hale, Mr. Ferdinand R. Bain and Dr. and Mrs. Benjamin Ide Wheeler. In honor of President Moore the representatives of the foreign Gov- ernments at the Exposition tendered a dinner in the New York Slate. Building on November 30th. More than 150 representatives of foreign Governments were in attendeuice, and the selection of the New York Building for the function was intended as a compliment to New York and its participation. The State Building had been throughout the headquarters for prac- tically all Exposition activity and the representatives of the foreign Governments who had made it the trysting place for commercial as well as social purposes decreed that their last formal gathering should occur there in compliment to the State and its Commission. The Lights Go Out On the closing day of the Exposition, December 4, interest in the State cmd Foreign Section seemed to center about New York. For weeks previously every seat in the New York restaurant had been bespoken on the part of New Yorkers and others who were sentimentally anxious to be within the Exposition grounds when the lights went out. 198 STATE OF NEW YORK The throng that surged throughout the building was so great that it was necessary during the afternoon to summon guards from some of the exhibit palaces. The attendance on that day was 459,000, and ahnost one-half of that number remained until "Art " Smith, from an altitude of 5,000 feet, wrote " Finis " across the sky in a blaze of light. Just how the final scenes were enacted has been graphically told in the Exposition story, " The Lights Go Out." This is the official record of the close: It had rained heavily all the day before, but the morning of December 4th broke as fair as any day in midsummer, and by eleven o'clock the sun was burning in a cloudless California sky. Men carried their overcoats on their arms. Within the shadow of the Tower of Jewels and on one of the lower terraces of the Court of the Universe a stand had been erected on which sat the Directors of the Exposition, Commissioners of foreign governments and domestic states, and representatives of the Army and Navy, of the State of California, and of the City of Saa Francisco. A marine guard of honor formed two lines down the broad stairs. To right and left buglers were stationed. From the Arches of the Rising and of the Setting Sun. the colossal nations of the east and nations of the west looked down upon a multitude that could not have numbered less than 150,000 people — not a sad audience, but a satisfied and a gratified one, for the work to which the City had set its hand had been completed. The Philippine Constabulary Band played. President Moore stepped forward and introduced the bu^ness of the day. " Our task is done," he said. " The end of six years' earnest endeavor has come. We shall begin these ceremonies with the reading by Mr. Arthur Arlett, member of the California State Commission, of George Sterling's poem, written for this occasion." Mr. Arlett read: The Builders The year grows old, but Progreis has no age: Her flags go forward to increasing light; Behind her lies the night; It is a ceaseless war her soldiers wage, And on her great and ever-widening sky, "Onward! " is still the truceless battle-cry. The Future is our kingdom, and altho Our hands unbuild the city they have built. Yet here no blood is spilt Nor swords uplifted for a nation's woe. And tho the colunms and the temples pass. Let none regret; let no man cry "Alas I " We do but cross a threshold into day. Beauty we leave behind, A deeper beauty on our path to find PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 199 And higher glories to illume the way. The door we close behind us is the Past: Our sons shall find a fairer door at last. A world reborn awaits us. Years to come Shall know its grace and good, When wars shall end in endless brotherhood, And birds shall build in common long since dumb. Men shall have peace, tho then no man may know Who built this sunset city long ago. Wherefore, be glad! Sublimer walls shall rise. Which these do but foretell. Be glad indeed! for we have builded well. And set a star upon our western skies Whose fire shall greaten on a land made free, Till all that land be bright from sea to sea! On the stroke of noon the President of the Exposition read the toast of Presi- dent Wilson, having explained that it would be given the world around at that moment: Three o'clock at New York, three forty-three at Buenos Aires, eight o'clock in the evening at Paris, nine o'clock at Stockholm, five o'clock Sunday morning at Tokio, six o'clock in Melbourne. " I call your attention to it that you may see that the work that has been done by the devoted Foreign and State Com- missioners has produced a bond the like of which, we believe, has not existed before." The toast was : " The Panama-Pacific International Exposition : " Which in its conception and successful accomplishment gave striking evidence of the practical genius and artistic taste of America; " Which in its unusual and interesting exhibits afforded impressive illustration of the development of the arts of peace ; and " Which in its motive and object was eloquent of the new spirit which is to unite east and west and make all the world partners in the common enterprises of progress and humanity. " WOODROW Wilson, President of the United States." Then came a bit of allegory, composed by Lawrence W. Harris of the Foimda- tion Committee of the EJcposition. A Boy Scout was summoned to carry the Exposition's message to the school chil- dren of the world. President Moore put a silk ribbon with a decoration about his neck, and he departed between the ranks of sailors. A JoumaUst was summoned, decorated and sent forth. " To Journalism," said the President, " has been assigned the great task of carrying the meaning of the Elxposition to all men. Go, good friend, there is work for you to do." To a Toiler, with his sledge, the Elxposition's President said: "Tell the toilers of the world, our brethren, that they have con- tributed nobly to man's betterment and the world's advancement." The Cowboy, 8 200 STATE OF NEW YORK the Surveyor, the Soldier and the Sailor were commissioned to carry the message into the unsettled places of the earth, to all far shores and throughout the seven seas. Finally three Elxposition Guards were summoned. H. A. van C. Torchiana, of the Netherlands, Chairman of the Association of Foreign Commissioners, decorated one; John R. Yale, of New York, on behalf of the Association of the Commis- sioners of Domestic States, decorated another ; and the President of the Exposition took from about his own neck the ribbon of Exposition colors he wore and put it about the neck of the third. With it went the message to the President of the United States, which the guards were charged to dispatch; the message reading: "San Francisco, Cal., December 4, 1915. " Hob. Woodrow 'Wilson, Preaident of the United States, White Home, Washington, D. C: " Your inipiring sentiment has at the appointed lime just been read. The enthusiasm it received is expressive of our hope that real world service has been performed here. "Our task is finished. We realize that time, and lime alone, must determine the exact place in the scale of human usefulness that history will accord us. The contributions of Nations, Slates, organizations and individuals have been offered with earnestness and the enthusiastic hope that results beneficial to the world's progress and advancement will follow. " Your endorsement of our efforts is most gratifying. " Please accept assurance of affectionate and patriotic regard. "CHARLES C. MOORE, " President Panatna-Pacifie International Exposition.'' The guards marched away, the sailors fired a salute from their rifles, the big guns on the battleships boomed forth. From the top of the Tower of Jewels an American flag, a wreath and an ELxposition banner descended a long, slanting cable to a point over the heads of the crowd, where doves were released, to circle uncertainly awhile and then join the flocks that have given animation to the Court of the Universe throughout the Exposition period. During the afternoon, ceremonial calls and farewells were exchanged between die Foreign and State Commissioners and the Directors of the Exposition. The people were pouring through the gates like army corps, 459,022 of them in all, swelling the total for the period to 1 8,876.438. It was a larger attendance than on the greatest day at St. Louis and contributed to a larger total of paid admissions. Accompanied by buglers, an escort of Exposition Guards and soldiers, and a " tovra crier " in colonial costume, the President of the Exposition and the Director of the Division of Exhibits went the round of the palaces (with the excep- tion of the Palace of Fine Arts which was to remain open four months longer), to say to the various exhibitors and department chiefs, " Well done, and good- bye," and to command the latter formally to close their doors at six o'clock. The ceremony took place in each instance on a little platform at a main entrance, and was accompanied by the lowering of the palace flag. PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 201 Night came on, the world's wonder of lights; the Exposition lights that would never shine again — a red glow on Kelham's towers, rose flame in the porches of the Machinery Palace, dim reflections in the Lagoon of the Palace of Fine Arts and the broad basin in the Court of the Four Seasons, the splendor of the giant monstrances in the Court of Abundance, the silver phosphorescence of the Adven- turous Bowman on his column and the Lord of the Isthmian Way on his rack-o'-bones horse, the tremulous frosty shimmer of the hundred thousand jewels of the great spire; and over all, the long bands, like lambent metal, of bronze and crimson and green and blue, from the forty-eight searchlights on the Yacht Harbor Mole, bands that barred the heavens so far that they deceived the eye and in the southeast appeared to converge beyond the hills of the city. There were fireworks on the Marina, with bursting globes of gold reflected in the waters of the Yacht Harbor and the Bay. But long before midnight the crowds left the scene and poured from the Esplanade into the Court of the Universe for the last act of the drama. And nature still was kind. The night was balmy, with hardly a stir of breeze. Again the people packed the court. The end was near. For years most of them had worked and waited and hoped for the Exposition. For 288 days it had been doing its work, celebrating the greatest material achieve- ment of man, teaching men science and industry and commerce, and how to enrich their lives with art; answering from the rostra of assembly halls and from every palace aisle, as well as human contrivance could answer, the prayer of the dying Goethe for " More light! " And it was nearly over. The minutes marched with iron tread. They could not be stayed. A choir sang the Hallelujah Chorus, but the concourse was very still, expecting the hour of fate — the termination of an epoch in the history of every soul there present, of an era in the evolution of human affairs. Here and there one heard a half-stifled sob, forced by the anticipated crav- ing for the return of what could never be again. Simply and clearly the President of the Exposition began to speak: " The end of a perfect day. The beginning of an endless memory. We know now more than ever how through all the trying months God's blessing has been ours. " We have assembled here, we builders of the Exposition, for the last rites before official closing. Through it all, good friends, keep a smile on your faces, though there be tears in your hearts. " It is not a time for words. We have been on trial before the tribunal of the world, and what could be said here could not make up for omissions, nor could it add to our accomplishments. " We are here to perform the final act of putting out the lights that we hope have burned brightly, to good purpose. Those lights must now be dimmed. " Whatever place is given us by Time's deliberate but fair decision, at all events we have the consciousness of knowing that we, the forces, elements and factors involved in this work, have striven earnestly and conscientiously to meet a great 202 STATE OF NEW YORK responsibility. We hope, we pray, that we have succeeded. Time, in its fulness, must respond. " The wizard of sentiment and verse, our own George Sterling, has prepared some lines for to-night. Hear the stirring words. He sings: "The hour has struck. The mighty work is done. Praise God for all the bloodless victories won. And from these courts of beauty's pure increase Co forth in joy and brotherhood and peace. " The time approaches. If the reverential prayer of a layman is permissible, let me quote those inspired words, ages old: ' The peace of God, which passeth all understanding, keep your hearts and minds in the knowledge and love of God, now and evermore.' " Friends, the Exposition is finished. The lights are going out" Not abruptly, but slowly and gently, the lamps grew dark, the beams of the searchlights faded, and arches and courts and colonnades and towers and sculptured forms of men and women and angels and great beasts receded into the friendly night, lighted now by the glimmer of the winter stars, Orion and Sirius, Aldebaran and the Hyades. And through the starlight, " Taps " dropped in liquid notes from bugles high on the Tower of Jewels. The lights came on again, but nevermore the lights of the living Elxposition. For ihat, they spelled " Finis " across the lower gallery of the Tower, Six hundred steel mortars planted along the Marina discharged as many bombs into the air in the most spectacular salvo of fireworks ever seen, and then was heard the welcome whir of "Art " Smith's engine as his aeroplane gUded upward into the velvet sky, to turn over and over in trailing wreaths of fire. For this performance suid the per- former the Elxposition crowds had learned to feel a great affection, so that the reappearance of their friend, with his gambols of the upper air, served in some degree to mitigate what might have been a too poignant sorrow. No one was hurried away. It was the wish of the President that all who felt so disposed should linger as long as the mood lasted. There was no vandalism, no destruction of property. It was after four o'clock in the morning of the fifth before the last weary visitor was willing to say good-bye, and to admit in his heart that the lights of the Elxposition had gone out forever. Included among the activities in the New York State Building during the Exposition were the following: March 1. Opening Reception and Dinner by Commission. Guests of Honor, Former Governor Martin H. Glynn and Mrs. Glynn. 15. Reception and Dance under direction of Official Hostess. 19. Dedication, New York State Building. Dr. Seth Low representing Governor Whitman. PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 203 March 23. Dinner by Commission, in honor of Dr. Seth Low and Mrs. Low. 25. Luncheon by Dr. and Mrs. Low, representing Governor Whitman, to Exposition Officials and Representatives of State and Foreign Governments. April 5. Dinner in honor of Henry Bruere, representative of Mayor Mitchel of New York City. 6. Luncheon by Commissioner Hearst, Official Hostess, to members of Woman's Board and distinguished women from New York and other States. 1 3. Dinner to Representative John J. Fitzgerald of Brooklyn, Chairman of the Congressional Committee on Appropriations. 26. Dinner by United States Senator Phelan to Members of Congress. May 6. Reception and Dance under direction of Commissioner Hearst, Official Hostess. 1 3. Cornell Alunmi Club Dinner. 1 4. Dinner by Exposition to Jury on Horticulture. 18. Dinner by Japanese Commission to Japanese members of Exposition Juries. 26. Luncheon in honor of Mrs. John Purroy Mitchel and wives of mem- bers of New York City Exposition Committee. May 3 1 to June 6, New York State Week at Elxposltion. June 2. Dinner in honor of Governor Whitman and Mrs. Whitman. 4. Governor's Day. 9. Dinner by Governor and Mrs. Whitman in honor of New York State Official Exposition Representatives and Commissioners of State and Foreign Governments. 28. Dinner by United States Government Commission in honor of C. C. Moore, President of Exposition, and Mrs. Moore. 30. Luncheon in honor of official delegates to Brooklyn Day celebration. 30. Reception and Luncheon by New York members of National Arts Speech Association. 30. Reception and Dance in honor of Members of New York Association of California. July 7. Reception in honor of International Press Congress. 13. Reception and Dinner in honor of Elbert H. Gary and Commis- sioner Gary. 20. Rochester Day. 26. Informal meeting of New York State Exhibitors. 29. Dinner in honor of Alton B. Parker of New York. August 2. Meeting and organization of New York State EJdiibitors' Asso- ciation. 204 STATE OF NEW YORK August 9. Meeting of New York State Exhibitors' Association. 10. Luncheon in honor of New York State delegates Knights of Columbus. 16. Meeting of New York State Exhibitors' Association. 1 7. Reception and Dance in honor of Cadets, New York Training Ship " Newport." 1 9. Reception and Dance in honor of New York State visitors. 2 1 . Luncheon in honor of New York State delegates to National Educa- tion Association Convention. 23. Meeting of New York State Elxhibitors' Association. 24. Dinner in honor of Charles B. Alexander, Regent of the University, State of New York. 26. Luncheon to New York State delegates, National Convention of For- esters of America. 30. Reception by Netherland Commission in honor of Chevalier W. L. F. C. van Rappard, Personal Envoy of Queen Wilhelmina to the Exposition. Sept. 1 . Dinner and Reception in honor of United States Senator, James W. Wadsworth, Jr., of New York, and Mrs. Wadsworth. 1 . Luncheon by Conmiissioner Hearst, Official Hostess, in honor of Commissioner Brown. 7. Meeting of New York State E^chibitors' Association. 9. Conference and Reception by New York State delegates of Zeta Psi Fraternity Convention. 20. Meeting of New York State Exhibitors* Association. 21. Dinner by Commission in honor of Major-General George W. Goethals. 21. Luncheon to James B. Reynolds of New York. 23. Reception by Panama-Pacific International Exposition Commission in honor of Kai Fu Shah, Chinese Minister to the United States. 29. Reception and Dinner by Commission of the French Republic to Jean Amic, Member of the French Senate, and President of the Committee on Expositions. 29. Dinner by Panama-Pacific International Elxposition in honor of Inter- national Jury on Live Stock. Oct. 4. Meeting of New York State Elxhibitors' Association. 1 1 . Meeting of New York State Exhibitors' Association. 13. Luncheon in honor of New York State delegates to National Con- vention of Public Service Commissioners. PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 205 Oct 21. Dinner and Reception in honor of William McAdoo, Secretary of the Treasury, and Mrs. McAdoo. 28. Dinner and Reception by Commission of Dominion of Canada in honor of Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia, representing the Governor-General of Canada. 30. Dinner by Oregon State Commission in honor of James Withycombe. Governor of Oregon, and his staff. Nov. 1 . Luncheon by Japanese Commission. 3. Luncheon by New York State Commission to Dr. John H. Finley, Commissioner of Education. 20. Luncheon in honor of Frank H. Hitchcock, former Postmaster- General. 23. Dinner by New York State Commission to New York Elxhibitors' Association. 27. Reception and Dinner by New York State Commission in honor of Norman E. Mack and Mrs. Mack. 29. Dinner by New York State Commission in honor of Former Governor John A. Dix and Mrs. Dix. 30. Dinner and Reception by Association of Foreign Conmiissioners to the Exposition in honor of C. C. Moore, President of the Expoation. and Mrs. Moore. At the close of the Exposition the Commission dismantled the State Building and exhibits. An official dinner service, used in connection with the work of the Com- mission, purchased from Tiffany & Co. for $5,168.25, was returned to the Executive Mansion, Albany, for use of the State Executive, Dra- peries and hangings, emblazoned with the Coat of Arms of the State, that had been used for the decoration of the Assembly Hall and else- where in the State Building, were sent to the trustees of public buildings. Albany. All of the furniture, furnishings, etc., and the building itself were dis- posed of at public auction, at a two-days' sale immediately following the end of the Exposition period. The furniture and fumishmgs netted $11,592.61, and the building $3,050. The plants and shrubbery surrounding the building were sold for $2,500. 206 STATE OF NEW YORK Approximately $20,000 was returned to the State Treasury by the Commission for the sale of material purchased for use during the Exposi- tion period. In addition to this the Commission turned over to the State Depart- ment of Education models that had cost $24,000; to the State Depart- ments of Hospital, Health, Agriculture and Elngineering other models that had cost several thousand dollars to construct, cuid to the State Museum all of the material that had been gathered at the expense of the Commission and displayed in the Department of Mines and Metallurgy. NEW YORK STATE EXHIBITORS' ASSOCIATION In order that the fullest measure of benefit might be derived by those New York establishments that had evidenced their enterprise by creating and maintaining exhibits at the Exposition, the Commission gathered the representatives of all New York estabHshments into a State Exhibitors' Association. The purpose of this organization was mutual benefit and the dissemina- tion of information that would result in business expansion or trade better- ment. The Association was the only one of its kind maintained in con- nection with Exposition work. It was the judgment of the members of the State Commission that the Exposition offered New Yorkers an opportunity for interchange of opin- ion in business affairs over a period that had never previously been possible and might not in the future be arranged, except at very great financial cost sind then only by surmounting many barriers. The Exposition offered an arena where the representatives of industry of all nations might meet without concession or disadvantage. Inter- national trade and Pan-Americanism could there be discussed with entire freedom and absence of influences that ordinarily surround more formal conferences. During the Exposition period American exports to the European nations not engaged in warfare increased enormously. Trade with South America also leaped to figures never previously approached. Much of this great traffic was being hemdled by New York State enterprises represented on the ELxposition grounds. Seventy-five per cent, of it was flowing through the port of New York, which at the Exposition, was regarded as a national clearing establishment rather thcui a marked part of any single State. During the calendar year of 1915, while the Exposition was in progress, there was exported from the entire United States goods valued at $2,431,000,000, and of this $1,785,000,000 went out through the port of New York. Of the $1 ,280,000,000 worth of goods imported to [207] 298 STATE OF NEW YORK this country during the same period New York handled $987,500,000 in value. It will thus be seen that of the total foreign conunerce of $3,7 1 1 .- 000,000 of the United States during the year 1915, the port of New York handled $2,772,500,000. At the close of 1915 trade between South America and the United States averaged $ 1 ,500,000 daily. During the month of January, 1916, the average daily trade between the United States — largely New York — and South America was $1 ,702,000. According to official records, both imports and ejcports have been mounting steadily since the beginning of the second half of 1915. Dur- ing the seven months ending with Jemuary, 1916, American exports to South America aggregated $97,400,000 as agabst $63,000,000 for the same period in 1910, and $44,250,000 during the corresponding months ten years ago. Imports from South America in the decade grew to $207,000,000 for seven months ending January. 1916, as against $63,000,000 for the corresponding months in 1906. How to further increase this trade was the purpose of the weekly sessions of the New York State Exhibitors' Association. These gather- ings were in reality conferences and discussions looking to closer and more extended commercial intercourse between the business houses of New York and foreign buyers and sellers who were represented by trade experts or commissioners speaking authoritatively for the twenty-six foreign nations that participated in the Exposition. Representatives of seventeen of these nations made addresses before the New York State Exhibitors' Association. In order to make the views of these official spokesmen for foreign markets of lasting value copies of their addresses were prepared not only for those in charge of the exhibit work on the Elxposition grounds, but were also promptly trans- mitted to the home offices of the exhibitors. In many instsuices requests were made for additional data, following these addresses, in order that " leads " furnished therein might be further pursued. These meetings of the exhibitors and foreign trade authorities were held in the Assembly Hall of the New York State Building after the Exposi- tion Palaces had closed for the day in order that routine work in the exhibits might not be interfered with. PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 209 All the welfare work was directed by a joint board made up of representatives of the Commission and of the exhibitors in the various Palaces, as follows: Officer President Norman E. Mack. Vice-President John R. Yale Vice-President Daniel L. Ryan . . . fW. H. McUren. , Executive Committee. . ■< Secretary George B. Scott G. G. Thomson D. A. Gordon J. G. Heath E. J. Dinger F. D. Nauman James C. H. Ferguson. F. S. King Mrs. George W. Harty. Paul Mahony Thomas H. Griffen. . . Miss Sara Flynn P. E. Sobotker E. L. Gardner J. C. Llewllyn Edward Millhauser . . . William Leary Representing State Commission. State Commission. State Commission. Transportation Ejchibitors. Social Economy Exhibitors. Social Economy Exhibitors. Transportation Exhibitors. Manufacturers Exhibitors. Varied Industries Exhibitors. Transportation Elxhibitors. Machinery Exhibitors. Machinery Exhibitors. Varied Industries Elxhibitors. Liberal Arts Exhibitors. Liberal Arts Exhibitors. Education Elxhibitors. Food Products Exhibitors. Agriculture Exhibitors. Horticulture Exhibitors. Mines and Metals Elxhibitors. State Commission. Included in the membership of the State Exhibitors' Association were: Palace of Education and Social Economy Elxhibitor Representative American Social Hygiene Association Mrs. Cady. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co George B. Scott. Binney & Smith Co Bert M. Morris. Bankers' Trust Co G. G. Thomson. Miss Louise Brigham Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the • Episcopal Church K. B. Mears. R. B. Hough Co Mrs. Julia Morrow. A. N. Palmer Co Miss Sara Flynn. Rockefeller Foundation Misses Signer and Hayden. 210 STATE OF NEW YORK Exhibitor Representative Precision Machine Co Miss Anita H. Gladding. American Medical Association Dr. John E. Hurley. Joint Board of Sanitary G)ntrol Mrs. Helen Mabrey. National Child Welfare Commission Dr. Frank S. Bradley. The Tabulating Machine Co Geo. J. McDonald. New York State Education Exhibit Hugh J. Kelly. New York State Prison Exhibit J. M. Shetland. New York State Blind Exhibit R. M. Britton. New York State Labor Exhibit James Murphy. New York State Health Exhibit George F. Granger. New York State Hospital Exhibit Dr. Philip Smith. New York State Hospital Exhibit Edward Gleason. Palace of Liberal Arts American Tel. & Tel Co G. W. Peck. Columbia Graphaphone Co Haviland Dorian. Corona Typewriter Co J. B. Biema. Funk & Wagnalls Co E. M. Perkins. Peerless Check Protecting Co CO. Bennett. Remington Typewriter Co Paul R. Mahony. P. F. Collier & Son C. E. Bryan. Encyclopedia Brittannica Chas. Weichselbaum. The Grolier Society W. C. Palmer. Methodist Book Concern Howard M. Boys. Ansco Co G. A. Lindsay. Eastman Kodak Co Thos. H. Griffin. Nicholas Power Co R. W. Horn. Sixplex Photo Products Co E. Lion. Bausch & Lomb Optical Co A. E. Welti. W. & L. E. Gurley A. E. Staude. Dentists Supply Co Dr. H. Austin Palmer. The Marcon Co Dr. H. J. Smith. A A. Marks Mr. Spence. American Druggists Syndicate W. S. Quinn. Radium Therapy Corporation Harold P. Nachtrieb. The Solvay Process Co H. G. Carrell. Vermilla Co F. J. Duffy. West Disinfecting Co J. H. O'Keefe. Autopiano Co., ^ Marshall & Wendell Piano Co.. I The Eliers Co. Peerless Piano Player Co., J PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 211 Exhibitor Representative De Forest Radio Tel. & Tel. Co Hugh R. Sprado. General Acoustic Co Miss M. Airy and Mr. R. Fanto. Gem Ear Phone Co H. T. Dale. Star Electric Co H. Grover. G. W. Doty Co M. A. Grady. Western Union Tel. Co B. H. Heathcock. A. Schroeder's Son, Inc W. J. Kirkpatrick. O. K. Manufacturing Co R. P. Harvey. New York State Exhibit H. D. Miller. Palace of Manufactures Singer Sewing Machine Co Mrs. Shellinger. Eberhard Faber Miss V. Hess. Remington Arms Union Metallic Cartridge Co . . J. G. Heath. Boomer Bros H. C. Gleason. Max Littwitz H. Jonas. U. S. Hoffman Co Mr. Franklin. The Arlington Co P. Vanoh. Western Electric Co M. S. Oerick. Savage Arms Co J. S. Hunt. U. S. Leather Co W. D. McKissick. The Ellanem Adjusable Dress Form Co J. Van Praag. Meurer Bros. Co W. E. McDonald. Crex Carpet Co A. A. L, Finch. The " 1900 " Washer Co G. Cole. General Electric Co Geo. L Kinney. Wilhelm & Decsenzi Mrs. S. Decsenzi. Prudential Art Co R. Green. Friction Transfer Pattern Co Alfred Rosenstein. W. M. Crane Co J. B. Reed. Amsterdam Gem Cutting Co A. Schorr. Millers Falls Co J. F. Rountree. Babcock & Wilcox Co W. W. Potts. Davis-Boumouville Co W. Joyce. General Electric Co.—" Home Electrical " W. H. McLaren. Simmons Hardware Co Geo. R. Barclay. 212 STATE OF NEW YORK Palace of Varied Industries Exhibitor Representative A. C. Bosselman D. E. La Hue. Goldberg Display Fixtures M. Reinhart. The Butterick Publishing Co Miss Ruth Squiers. Niagara Silk Mills Mrs. G. W. Harty. Herter Looms Mrs. Stanley Fleetwood. Arts and Crafts Charles F. Ingerson. Gorham Company E. J. Dingee. Multiplex Display Co M. Feintuch. Vacuna Co W. A. McGiU. Johnson, Gowdin & Co G. Gesin. Palace of Machmer}) Max Ams Machine Co C. Pike. E. W. Bliss E. A. Main. Buffalo Gasolene Motor Co L. N. Fisher. Carborundum Co E. B. Sherwood. Estate of W. S. Doig Arthur Price. Gas Elngine emd Power Co H. C. Hyde. Hill Publishing Co Miss H. C. Connor. Intemational-Aclieson Graphite Co S. Dunbock. Lea-Courtnay Richard & McCone. Locomotive Superheater Co R. S. Hensyey. Luitweiler Pumping Engine Co F. O. Norman. McGraw Publishing Co Miss F. J. Phelps. Meitz & Weiss Oil Engine J. Roos. National Meter Co Fred S. King. Pneumercator Co J. C. H. Ferguson. W. J. Marland, representing fourteen New York "' firms. Pyrene Manufacturing Co . . E. A. McAuUffe. Schaeffer & Budenberg Mfg. Co Mr. Hornberger. Mcintosh & Seymour Corporation E. D. Powelson. Shepard Electric Crane & Hoist Co Berger & Carter. The Patent Scaffold Co R. M. Cantwell. J. H. Williams & Co H. P. Linde. Otis Elevator Co A. J. McNicoll. Watson Wagon Works L. Young. Shore Instrument Co F. G. Kendall. Invincible Grain Cleaner Co E. R. Jackson. PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 213 Exhibitor Representative Buffalo Steam Roller Co D. E. Graves. Foote Manufacturing Co E. R. Bacon. Hauck Manufacturing Co H. Kittle. Niagara Machine and Tool Works Edward Lautz. Charles A. Schieren Co C. E. Basler. Gest & Co L. L. Moore. Mergenthaler Linotype Co T. C. Van Schaick. Palace of Transportation American Locomotive Co A. T. Willett. The Rail Joint Co F. D. Nauman. Pierce Arrow Motor Car Co F. O. Brigham. International Mercantile Marine D. A. Gordon. American Hawaiian S. S. Co Paul Smith. The New York Air Brake Co C. J. Smith. The Hewitt Rubber Co Mr. Hodges. The Automatic Transportation Co Floyd Seger. Palace of Agriculture De Laval Separator Co E. L. Gardner. Hinman Milking Machine C. F. Daniels. New York State Exhibit Ross Huson. Calf-Way Milker Co C. S. Bullard. Palace of Food Products Mrs. A. L. Andrea 12 Firms. Ajnerican Kitchen Products Agnes E. Hines. Bordens Condensed Milk Co P. E. Sobotker. Bakers' Weekly Mrs. L. Blackmar. George Washington Coffee Mrs. B. E. Gannon. Anchor Cap and Closure Co Thomas B. Torgenson. Genesee Pure Food Co Mrs. E. P. Bonesteel. The Hills Bros. Co Mrs. E. B. Albright. Liggett & Myers Tobacco Co Charles H. Heyerman. Muller & Co Miss L. Moore. Ridgways, Inc W. R. Hunt. Shredded Wheat Co E. W. Reynolds. Spratts Dog Food T. E. Woodhull. Southern Cotton Oil Co Mrs. E. Smith. Kaffee Hag Corp Mrs. L. J. Culley. 214 STATE OF NEW YORK Exhibitor Representative Walter Baker Co Wallace S. Shaw. Edward & John Burke, Ltd A. Quayle. Welch Grape Juice Co E. J. Rowe. Palace of HoTticulime Gary Manufacturing Co E. M. Eaton. Coldwell Lawn Mower Co John S. Bullen. Field Force Pump Co J. G. LlewUyn. National Canners Association D. A. W. Binting. New York Stale Exhibit E. G. Gillett. Burt Olney Canning Co Ralph Sears. Palace of Mines and Metallurgy Barrett Mfg. Co C. Warren Force. Tiffany & Co C. W. Coyle. New York State Exhibit J. J. Griffin. Standard Oil Co E. M. Percy. John Simmons Co E. D. Bullard. Wolverine Lubricating Co J. E. Lott. Standard Varnish Works Edwai;d Millhauser. At the solicitation of the Commission those in charge of New York exhibits, throughout the Exposition grounds, met in the New York State Building early in July, while the award juries of the various classes of exhibits were still at work. The advantages of orgeinization were pointed out by Mr. Mack, the Chairman of the Commission, Dr. Augustus S. Downing, Assistant Commissioner of Education for the State of New York and by the managers of several of the large exhibits. It was orig- inally suggested that meetings of the exhibitors be held during business hours but the proposal was vetoed becaused of possible interference with the conduct of exhibits. Mr. Mack informed the various State exhibit- ors that in addition to general meetings for the discussion of commercial expansion the New York State Building and the services of the Commission were at the disposal of exhibitors at any time that it was possible to have conferences with individual or conmiittee representa- tives of foreign industries or commercial organizations. It was finally PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 215 agreed to fonn a permanent organization and meetings were held as follows : Meetings, Nen> York State Exhibitors' Association, Nete York State Building. July 26 — Meeting for permanent organization. Election of officers. Reports by representatives of exhibitors in different palaces as to information desired. August 9 — Addresses by Mr. L. G. Lambert, Commissioner for France, and Mr. P E. Quinn, Trade Expert of the Australian Commission. August 1 6 — Addresses by Mr. Horacio Anasagasti, Commissioner-General for Argentine, Mr. Edmund Clifton and Mr. M. Cohen of the New Zealand Commission. August 23 — Addresses by Mr. Jose Flamenco, Commissioner-General of Guatemala, Mr. John Clausen, Manager of the Foreign Department of the Crocker National Bank, and Mr. Emil Fischer, Trade Adviser of the Chinese Commission. September 7 — Address by Mr. Herman Gade, Commissioner-General for Sweden. September 20 — Addresses by Mr. Alexandro Briceno, Commissioner-General of Panama. Mr. William Fisher of San Francisco, and Mr. F. Willekes MacDon- ald. Trade Expert of the Netherlands Commission. September 27 — Addresses by Mr. E. Perrotti of the Uruguayan Commission, and Mr. Eduardo Carrasco, Trade Expert of the Chilian Government. October 4 — Addresses by Mr. Haruki Yamawaki, Commissiner-General for Japan, and Mr. Mirza Ali Kuli Khan. Commissioner-General for Persia. October 1 1 — Addresses by Mr. A. T. St. Clair of the Philippine Commission, Count del Valle de Salazar of the Kingdom of Spain, and Mr. J. Rosondo Pinilla of the Bolivian Commission. Because of the sanguinary and deplorable conflict in Europe that had set commercial relations throughout the world awry and had forced new conditions in trade operations, both at home and abroad, there was keen anxiety on the part of the New York State exhibitors to hear the views of the Commissioners and trade experts accredited to the Exposition by the nations of South and Central America and Asia. It was speedily found that the emissaries from those sections of the globe were groping for just such opportunity as New York State's representatives offered to set before the business interests of the State the things that were needed for freeing the more or less dependent nations from the embarrassments that the European war had brought about. The officials in charge of 9 216 STATE OF NEW YORK these foreign exhibits and of the interests of the hampered nations wel- comed the invitations of the State exhibitors to tell of needs and hopes, both commercial and financial. Invitations to deliver addresses were accepted by the foreigners in a spirit that attested their friendship for New York business enterprises. Criticism of methods long in vogue in dealing with foreign consumers and brokers were made frankly, but good naturedly by many of the speakers from abroad. How it was hoped that beneficial changes in methods of financing, manufacturing and delivering might be brought about were told in detail by each speaker. Heckling and cross-examination of the foreign trade experts by the representatives of New York business interests made the meetings inter- esting. Frequently the speakers were called upon to produce statistics and asked for names and details of those engaged in specified industries. For the first trade discussion the speakers were Mr. L. G. Lambert, Commissioner from France, a former Cabinet Minister of that Republic, and Mr. P. E. Quinn, Trade Commissioner from the Australian Com- monwealth. THE FRENCH VIEW OF OPPORTUNITIES Mr. Lambert's address on the opportunities offered to New York business men for increasing trade with France was as follows: " My purpose in addressing you is to show you that our desire in France is to find the best way to strengthen the relations between France and New York State, and in fact with the whole of America, " Before treating directly with the subject. I will explain what the situation is in France, or rather what it will be when the war is over. You know, as every one knows, that the war has been raging in the northern part of France, which is the richest section of the country. It is the region of the coal mines and where, by fol- lowing a very economic law, factories have been established. These factories are to-day either destroyed or their machinery put entirely out of commission. Conse- quently, what this section produces will not be in the market for a long time. You will realize what this means when you consider that the celebrated factories of Lille, Tourcoing, Sedan. Valenciennes. Roubaix, Armentieres and Maubeuge .are in this part of France. " These factories produced all kinds of woolen material, cloth, house furnishings, linen, laces, carpets, machines of every kind, steel and iron in every form, glass. PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 217 chemical products, cotton material, etc. Consequently, when the war is over, we shall not only need the products that have been turned out in these factories, but we shall require machines to operate these factories. Of course, the State of New York is very much interested along these lines, and I can see from a great many of the exhibits in the different buildings that there will be plenty of opportunity for you to do business with our country. "After the war of 1 870. we noticed that the factories which had been destroyed and were rebuilt and equipped with new machinery and new material made wonder- ful progress and products, and there is every reason to believe that the same results will follow the rebuilding of factories after the present war. " Of course, there are several countries in the world from which we can purchase machinery. Besides America, there are England, Norway, Sweden and Holland. But a certain amount of sentiment finds place even in business in France, and the feeling towards America is such that we will always give America preference over the other countries. " How is it possible for the American manufacturers to get in touch with French buyers? " Everyone who is in business knows more or less about where to obtain infor-' mation. You have your Consuls, as we have, and undoubtedly when you want information about exportation you write to your Consul in Paris who gives you this information. But you ought to know that in France we have a special organization which is entirely under government control, and which has been organized for the purpose of increasing trade with foreign countries. This office, which is called * The Office of Foreign Trade,* collects information about the interior trade of France and the trade outside of France. Private individuals or concerns, either French or foreign, may always write to this office, and be sure of receiving a reply. The files contain a wonderful amount of information, every kind of trade in France being recorded. I wish it might be better known in America, especially in the State of New York, that this organization is in existence. Whenever you wish to do any business with France or export any goods to that country by applying to this office and stating exactly what you desire to do, your letter will receive attention. After that you make yourself acquainted with the people to whom you are referred. I have never heard of such an office in America for foreigners. " I am thinking about what America ought to make for French trade. The French Government would certainly see with a great deal of satisfaction America take the place of France that Germany has had, and it can help a great deal in this way. But America has something to do in the way of favoring French trade, not only in the way of information concerning the importation of French goods, but in making it easier to pass these goods through customs. We have had a great deal of trouble with the American Custom House. When I make this statement, I am not referring to questions of the tariff. The tariff is what it is, but I am speak- ing about the way in which it is interpreted. It is a very delicate question and one 218 STATE OF NEW YORK which our Ambassador in Washington knows more about than any other man living, as he has had so many difficulties to adjust. But we would like to have the Ameri- can tradesman understand that the French people, and particularly the manufac- turers, resent the way in which the rules of the tariff are interpreted in the Custom House. I might even say that this resentment is so strong that it almost killed the desire of our merchantmen to come to the Exposition and it was only when they considered that this obstacle was not the fault of the American people but the Cus- tom House that they finally decided to come. Nothing would please the French people more than to feel that the American merchantmen would unite with them in an effort to adjust this burning question of customs. " Don't make the mistake of thinking that this question of customs does not interest you, or that it is a good thing for you to stop or make difficult the importa- tion of foreign goods in America. It might create a state of mind among foreign nations that would not be favorable." Mr. Lambert explained that he was prepared to answer any ques- tions that might be propounded to him. He urged the machinery firms of New York to get in communication with French business houses. He stated that there was certain to be a great demand for chemicals and dye stuffs and urged his heeurers to offer supplies. AUSTRALIA A GOOD NEW YORK MARKET On behalf of the business interests of the Commonwealth of Australia and particularly of New South Wales, Conmiissioner Quinn made his appeal. In the course of his address he said : " Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Centlemen: We are here to tell you about Australia, and occasionally we have to correct some extraordinary misconceptions. Occasionally we find ignorance of Australia in quarters where it should least be expected, for instance, only to-day a newspaper writer, bearing a high financial reputation in the United States, in discussing the opportunities of trade presented to the United States at present, mentioned almost every country excepting Australia. Considering that the trade of Australia is worth more to this country than the trade with Japan, for instance, one wonders why the attention of the newspapers of the United States so persistently focused upon the Oriental trade. That trade is one which, owing to the activities of the Oriental peoples themselves, is more likely to decrease than to increase. "The trade of Australia with the United States is a lopsided one. We buy about 13 per cent, of our importations from the United States, worth between fifty and sixty milHon dollars annually, but we sell very much less than this. The PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 219 balance of trade is very heavily against us, and the object of the Government of New South Wales in sending Trade Commissioners to this country is to endeavor to assist in rectifying the incidence of trade in so far as it is against Australia. It is hardly recognized here that after the United Kingdom the United States sells more to Australia than any other country. The exports from Germany before the war amounted to 6 or 7 per cent, of our imports, France was less, but our normal trade importations from America amounted to more than the total imports from Germany and France under pre-war conditions. " With regard to the trade with Germany, this has been in articles which the United States can very well produce and which the United States has in fact been producing ; that is, for many supplies Germany has been a competitor in the Austra- lian market with the United States, chiefly in manufactured goods. These impor- tations from Germany no longer exist, and consequently a potential increase of trade is now ofiered to the United States. " The American salesman is not unknown in Australia, although there is a very energetic group of representatives of American firms, corporations and various indus- trial and commercial concerns at present in Australia. These gentlemen are very capable representatives, and are keen students in Australian requirements and con- ditions. The American Consuls in the various Australian cities are vehicles of information concerning the opportunities before American trade as they exist in Australia. " Quite recently, the Department of Commerce supplemented the consular staff by the appointment of a commercial attache, Mr. W. C. Downs. Mr. Downs is at present in Australia and is furnishing information to the Department of Commerce. I understand that still other Commissioners are to be sent out by this Department to various countries, including Australia. There carmot be too much of this thing. The ground cannot be covered altogether by government officers, and is not covered by the commercial representatives of firms and corporations previously alluded to. " There is plenty of opportunity down there for salesmen and representatives of different lines of manufactures, and I should like to stress the fact that now is the opportunity. I know it exists now, but I cannot say what the conditions will be when the war ends. American enterprise in trade has a unique opportunity to-day. This is the time to take the advantage offered. I should like to say that, with regard to Australian requirements, it is necessary to study these. In capturing new markets the country which desires to export its goods must be adaptable; it must not, for instance, seek to enforce its own ideas upon a foreign people but must study the requirements and inclinations of the people to whom it desires to sell its goods. In this respect sometimes Americans are careless. " Recent importations of butter to Australia were very carelessly packed and very far indeed from showing the systems which governs the exportation of Australian butter. The United States is embarked upon a new departure. One of its own publicists accuses it of provincialism. Doubtless, there is some truth in the stricture 220 STATE OF NEW YORK arising from the fact that the United States was so long self-contained and engaged in suppljring a tremendous home market. It is now internationalizing its trade, enter- ing the field of exportation in serious rivalry with other great exporting countries, and it is necessary, therefore, to adopt the methods of other countries which have gained m extent of their trade by a systematic study of foreign markets. " In the extension of our trade activities here, I am, as you have heard, about to proceed to New York with the principal object of endeavoring to bring about the establishment of a line of steamers between New York and Australian ports, that is, a line which will run both ways. At present, the Pacific coast is fairly well served. Three lines of steamships connect the Pacific coast with Sydney. These vessels are supplemented by a regular line of freighters which conduct a monthly service. This is apart from the fleet of vessels engaged in the lumber and coal trade. "Australia takes about 1 4 per cent, of its American imports through the Port of San Francisco and the bulk of the balance of imports come from New York, orig- inating in the manufacturing centers of the Eastern States. Under ordinary cir- cumstances about three ships a month leave New York for Australian ports. These were mainly British fraghters, not concerned with their return cargoes to New York. Having discharged their Australian cargo, they load up in Australian ports with wool, wheat, metals, and other Australian products for European destination. This service is of no use to Australia, as it prevents us from reaching the great markets of the Eastern States with our products. " The trade to be permanent should be reciprocal ; imports are not necessarily paid for with exports, but for the establishment of a permanent trade between the two countries it is better that the balance of trade should be equitably adjusted. This is not the case to^ay in the trade betwedn the United States and Australia, and it cannot be so until there is a direct steeunship service carrying goods to and fro between the two countries. " It is remarkable how the provision of means for transportation will itself influ- ence the currents and volume of trade. The Panama Canal offers an opportunity for such a service, and in a visit to New York, which I made the early part of this year, I found a unanimous agreement among prominent New York merchants and shippers that such a line should be established, and I beHeve it would have been established but for the intervention of the great conflict which is now raging. " We desire to reach your great centres of population with our products. Form- erly, much of the goods sent from New York to Australia were taken to Liverpool and there transshipped to Australian ports necessitating unnecessary expense and delay. I do not wish to intervene in a matter of local politics, but I cannot help pointing out that in order to secure stability of international trade, it is not only necessary to have reciprocity in trade, but it is also necessary that an exporting nation should, as far as possible, be able to transport its own goods in its own ships, and >■ s o z o u UJ < u o CO z o p < u D D UJ u, o UJ u < < PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 223 I am prepared to go this far and say that I believe it would be for the best interest of the United States to have an adequate merchant marine of its own. I should like to present some figures to you which will be instructive: Port of Sydnej) Entered and Cleared Ships Tons British 5.476 11.983,698 German 508 1.540.352 Norwegian 245 422,747 Japanese 94 286,774 American 61 95,279 " Of the American entries, two San Francisco ships, the ' Ventura ' and 'Sonoma' were responsible for 24 entries and clearances out of the total of 61, reducing entries and clearances of all other American ships to 37 during the year. " For the carriage of German trade, 2 1 9 vessels were required, whereas Ger- many had 508 vessels, illustrating that it carried not only its own trade but other trade as well. To carry the United States trade, 2 1 8 vessels were required, carry- ing 565,960 tons, mainly imports to Australia. It is clear that the 61 American ships available were quite inadequate, and that the bulk of American trade was carried in foreign bottoms. Japanese trade was just about provided for by her shipping capacity. " The necessity of the direct service of steamships between New York and Australia of which I have spoken is supported in the following paragraph from one of your own foreign trade officers, an American Consul in Tasmania, who reports that ■ the lack of direct transportation facilities between the United States and Tas- mania is a heavy handicap on trade, as there are two regular direct lines of steamers between this country and Great Britain, which give the British merchants cheaper transportation and quicker connection with this market.' "American goods, with few exceptions, intended for this market are sent to Lon- don, Sydney, or Melbourne and transshipped, which adds to the freight as well as causing only too often injury or delay to the shipment. The trade with Tasmania direct could not justify the installation of a line of vessels, but the large trade between the United States and Oceanica should recommend the opening of freight lines between the cities on the Atlantic and the Gulf vrith this part of the world via the Panama Canal, and such lines could include in their ports of call cities in New Zealand, Tasmania, as well as the large commercial centres on the mainland of Australia. *' The Commerce (Trade Description) Act of the Commonwealth is designed to protect the interests of traders who correctly describe their goods from others who, by false, extravagant or misleading descriptions, deceive the public with the object 224 STATE OF NEW YORK of establishing a reputation for an inferior article to the detriment of the genuine product. It requires manufacturers, where the proper maintenance of the public health and interest is concerned, to indicate on their goods the nature of the ingredi- ents or materials of which they are composed. It seeks to maintain and increase the reputation of Australian industries by ensuring that inferior Australian products should not be permitted to masquerade under a description which is applicable only to the best quality; and by providing that trade descriptions of imports should be in the form of a label or brand affixed in a prominent position to the goods when pos- sible, or when this is not possible the label should be affixed to the coverings con- taining the true description of the goods, and the name of the country or place in which they were made or produced, and in cases where any weight or quantity is set out, that the label or brand should specify whether such weight or quantity is gross or net. " I have noticed remarks made from time to time in the newspapers of the United States alleging that the Australian tariff discriminates against American goods. That is not so. We have the same tariff rates against Canada as against the United States and against France, so that there can be no ground for complednt on account of the tariff. " In order that you may know of the Australian needs that you now supply and of the trades that may soon in large part be yours, let me quote the statistics for the last year available: Austria and Goods United States Germany Manufactures, principally iron and steel $9,095,279 $7,872,235 Machinery 7,372,160 1.364,077 Electrical appliances 295,472 Surgical instruments 275,844 Drugs, chemicals and medicines 441,568 797,157 Soap 331,095 Cameras, magic lanterns, phonographs 35 1 ,029 Vehicles, motors and parts 2,875,235 Rubber manufactures 550,498 1 .076,904 Timber and wood manufactures 6,938,453 Furniture 590.163 110.619 Resin, paints emd varnishes 776.123 106.855 Glassware, china and earthenware 21 3,348 1 ,264,998 Lamps and lampware 240,007 Brushware 1 53,988 Leather and leather manufactures 1,745,491 408.637 Musical instruments 276.731 2.447.630 Fancy goods 575,957 812,929 PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 225 Austria and Goods United States Germany Clocks, watches, jewelry, etc $51 6,295 $590,629 Paper and stationery 1.761.082 1.526.106 Apparel and textiles 2.971 .028 9.971 .581 Tobacco 3.682.183 64.199 Pipes, smoking 76.820 Dyes 98.1 79 Meats 451.230 Fish 1.165.836 Oils 5.363.135 Ale and beer 608.927 Hops ...-. 69.971 Glucose 206.052 Cement 62 1 . 1 36 Arms and ammunition, etc 589.731 371.893 Totals $49.185.51 7 $30,880,978 " What we want is better trade opportunities, especially with the eastern manu- facturing districts of the United States." ARGENTINE'S ASPIRATIONS At the meeting of the Association on August 1 6, the first address was delivered by Commissioner-General Horacio Anasagasti of the Republic of Argentina. Mr. Anasagasti, who is prominently identified with busi- ness enterprises at home, said: " The Argentine Republic, which I officially represent at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, has made a big effort in this time of financial difficulties to install the Argentine section, which is complete in every respect. Its exhibits in the different Exposition palaces show our development and our progress and the resources we have. The present European war gives to the United States of America the best of opportunities to increase its trade with the Argentine Republic and to invest capital with an assurance of obtaining solid, profitable results. The treaties of Trade and Navigation signed with the United States of North America in eighteen hundred and fifty-three and eighteen hundred and fifty-four (1853 and 1 854) have been the initiators of a commercial interchange that has increased year after year in considerable proportions. 226 STATE OF NEW YORK " The commercial advance made in ten years, from nineteen hundred and four to nineteen hundred and thirteen (1904-1913), shows that in 1913 the trade amounted to $996,215,998. gold, as $447,985,737. gold in 1904 which means an increase of $518,230,261. or 108 per cent, in ten years. " One important detail, which shows the importance of the Argentine market in the United States, is that in nineteen hundred and thirteen (1913) the United States exported to Central and South America goods of a total value of one hundred forty-six million one hundred forty-seven thousand nine hundred and ninety-three dollars, gold ($146,147,993, gold). Of this amount, fifty-two million eight hundred ninety-four thousand eight hundred and thirty-four dollars, gold, represents the value of exporU to the Argentine Republic ($52,894,834, gold), equal to thirty-six and two-tenths per cent. (36.2^) of the grand total. These figures clearly show the increase which gradually the American trade has had with the Argentine Republic and the importance of our market. "The Argentine Foreign Trade in nineteen hundred and thirteen (1913). exports and imports, shows the following figures: " United Kingdom — Two hundred fifty-one million two hundred fifty-four thousand three hundred and ninety-eight dollars, gold ($251,227,471. gold). " Cermany — One hundred twenty-nine million two hundred twenty-seven thou- sand four hundred and seventy-one dollars, gold ($129,227,471. gold). " United States — Eighty-four million nine hundred twenty-seven thousand six hundred and two dollars, gold ($84,927,602. gold). " Thus putting the United States in the third place. The effort which the United States made in the last ten years to conquer the Argentine market is clearly demonstrated by these figures. " Many people will wish to know the sources of wealth of the Argentine Republic which to-day places that country in such a prosperous situation? Our chief source of wealth is cattle and agriculture. Meat trade exports in 1885 amounted to six million six hundred eighty-four thousand nine hundred and forty-five dollars, gold ($6,684,945, gold), whereas in nineteen hundred and thirteen (1913) they were fifty-three million four hundred eighty-six thousand seven hundred and sixty-one dollars, gold ($53,486,761. gold). " Exports of animal products in 1 885 were sixty-one nullion one hundred eighty- two thousand one hundred and fifty-two dollars, gold ($61,182,152. gold), against one hundred five million three hundred fifty-eight thousand four hundred and seventy-four dollars, gold ($105,358,474. gold) in nineteen hundred thirteen (1913). " Exports of agricultural products amounted in 1875 to only $1 14.557, gold, while in 1913 these exports reached the sum of $307,520,854, gold. " These figures, which are official, demonstrate the ever-growing increase of the Argentine exportation and wealth. In the present day, b which the manufacturing PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 227 and industrial countries are passing through a period of acute commercial crisis, the Argentine Republic has excellent markets for the sale of its agricultural and animal products. " The American exporter, especially the New Yorker, will be interested to know the imports to Argentina from foreign countries, separated in total amounts and '^^ath the percentage corresponding to the different countries. The figures which follow may be taken as a base and establish a kind of comparative point with a view to initiate a real ' increase in commerce,' endeavor to supply the Argentine Republic with all those goods which until yesterday were imported from Europe, an importation which the present war has paraUzed to great extent. "Principal imports in 1912 were: " Automobiles — Five million three hundred forty-six thousand one hundred and forty-nine dollars, gold ($5,346,149, gold). France, forty-three per cent. (43^) ; Germany, fifteen per cent. (15^) ; United States, ten per cent. (10%). " Cemenl — Four million one hundred thirty-four thousand thirty-one dollars, gold ($4,134,031, gold). Belgium, forty-four per cent. (44^); France, eigh- teen per cent. (18^) ; United States figure is so small that it has not been taken into consideration. " Coal — Twenty-five million nine hundred fify-five thousand two hundred and ninety-two dollars, gold ($25,955,292, gold). United Kingdom, ninety-four per cent. (94%) ; United States, three per cent. (3%). " Copper Articles — One million one hundred twelve thousand and nineteen dol- lars gold ($1,112,019, gold). The United Kingdom, thirty-seven per cent (37%); Germany, twenty-six per cent. (26%); United States, nine per cent. (9%). " Cotton and Its Manufactures — Thirty milHon seven hundred and nineteen thousand dollars, gold ($30,719,000, gold). The importation from the United States is so small that no percentage is given corresponding the greater parts to the United Kingdom, France and Spain. " Calvaruzed Iron — Six million three hundred eighty-three thousand five hun- dred and seventy-two dollars, gold ($6,383,572, gold). United Kingdom, sixty- six per cent. (66%) ; United States, twenty-two per cent. (22%). " Iron Artefacts — One milHon four hundred twenty-eight thousand six hundred and seventy-seven dollars, gold ($1,428,677. gold). Germany, thirty-two per cent. (32%); United Kingdom, twenty-two per cent. (22%); United States, fifteen per cent. (15%). " RailreaX) Material — Five million one hundred ninety-five thousand two hun- dred and sixty-six dollars, gold ($5,195,266, gold). United Kingdom, eighty- nine per cent. (89%) ; Belgium, seven per cent. (7%) ; Germany, four per cent. (4%) ; United States, two per cent. (2%). 228 STATE OF NEW YORK "Steel Rails — Five million two hundred seventy-two thousand nine hundred and sixty dollars, gold ($5,272,960, gold). United Kingdom, forty-three per cent. (43^) ; Belgium, fourteen per cent. (\4fo) i Germany, twenty-six per cent. (26%) ; United States, fourteen per cent. (14%). " It would take too long to mention all the articles in detail. The list which I quote should be sufficient to give an idea of those products which the United States market can very easily supply to the Argentine market. " This interesting problem should be presented in a practical form, and should be solved in a practical form. There are in existence to-day banking facilities between South America and North America which will solve the problem. The formation of an office in New York with an agency in Buenos Aires, backed by American Capital, would be the final complement. This office could bring about an intimate commercial approach between the two rich republics of America, a thorough business understanding between them, and would definitely solve the prob- lem of increasing trade between the United States and the Argentine Republic." NEW ZEALAND NEEDS Mr. Edmund Clifton, (Commissioner from the Dominion of New Zea- Icind, in beginning his address pointed that his Commonwealth, though still young, having been first settled in 1840. is not only prosperous, but one in which practically all public utilities are publicly owned. He said: " The State owns the whole of the railway, post, telegraph and telephone systems, and many other activities are undertaken by the Government that in other countries are operated by private enterprise. " The external trade of New Zealand is $240,000,000 per annum. It is recog- nized that this is a comparatively small sum when the huge volume of trade of this country is considered, but it is the work of a community of one hundredth of your people. "The external trade is divided into approximately $130,000,000 of exports and $1 10.000.000 of imports. " The value of the trade with the United States amounts to $4,502,465 from New Zealand, but America sells to that country products to the value of $10,200,000. This is a great proportion in your favor. Still greater is this in your favor when it is recognized that the exports of New Zealand are entirely food products and raw material while the whole of your exportations to us are prepared products and manufactured material. PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 229 Exports from New Zealand to you are: Wool $1,143,465 Butter 479.285 Coal 14.860 Gum (Kauri) 1 .542.280 Hides 74.940 Fibre (Phormium) 395.285 Grass and clover seeds 38.710 Skins: Calf and other skins 10.705 Sheep, with wool 34. 1 70 Sheep, without wool 768.765 $4,502,465 " Wool is exported to you via Cape Horn and often through London to the Port of New York, and then to Boston — seldom direct to the Boston mills. " The alteration in the tariff which permits the free entry of wool will undoubt- edly increase the quantity of the imports of this important textile. " New Zealand purchases from you : Machinery, automobiles, etc $3,690,145 Mineral and other oils 1 .91 7.765 Iron and hardware 887.610 Lumber and woodwork 669,570 Preserved provisions and fruit 550.940 Apparel, boots and shoes 469,405 Tobacco 425.845 Miscellaneous 1 .588.720 $10,200,000 " It will be observed that of these items machinery is the greatest. It is com- prised of a great variety, including agricultural, mining, printing, electrical machines and appliances, tramway and railway plants, etc. At present there is in the United States under construction a large order for locomotives. The American machine is to be found in the factory, in the lumber mill, in the mine, on the farm, and in the home. Your experts are employed in the installation of your special devices. 230 STATE OF NEW YORK " We look to the immediate future for a closer association and for a greater interchange in commerce. The Panama Canal brings New Zealand closer to your great Eastern Cities. It is in these centres that our food products, meat, butter and cheese will be appreciated, and there that our wool, cordage-fibres and resins will be manufactured. We look to a direct service of ships through the Panama Canal. We hope that these will be our own ships which will operate this new and great enterprise. The Union Steamship Company of New Zealand has already a fleet of 77 vessels with an aggregate tonnage of 260.000 tons. Should this company not undertake this service then it must be your own ships that will operate. " With the immediate development of greater trade, it must be recognized that as practically all transactions with London are based on a system of credit. This system is liberal. With America it is not so. It is short, and it may even happen that purchases are required to be paid for before they even reach the ship, and certainly payment is usually required to be made before they have been received in New Zealand. A system similar to that between Britain and New Zealand will have to be adopted by you to get this trade. It may be pointed out that there are no American financial houses in New Zealand. The banking interests, at least, are not directly represented. It would appear essential that to afford reasonable com- mercial facilities that these banking institutions should be established. "A great volume of trade cannot come about by the mere buying and selling of certain commodities, there must be the closer relation between the countries con- cerned. New Zealand is a land of great resources, which remain yet to be developed. A country which is being developed is a borrowing country. The public debt and the monies invested in private enterprises in New Zealand are all from British institutions. Your country is accumulating capital with an unprece- dented rapidity. This money must be made use of. Could not New York, now the great financial centre of the world, take a part in the monetary transactions that have been carried out wholly through London? The natural resources of New Zealand are awaiting financial means to develop them. These resources embrace immense fields of minerals, including large deposits of iron ore and mineral oil fields. Municipalities are seeking monies for improvements. The manufactory, exc^t the woollen mills, is not yet largely established. These are the fields for your enterprise and with your entry and paaticipation will come increased com- merdal relations. " New Zealand is not visited by many of your people. "A laborer on a farm in New Zealand receives $2 per day. The eight-hour day is almost established. At the industrial works wages are about $2 to unskilled labor, and $3 to those who are steady and useful, with a very large increase to those who are experts. Farm labor is scarce. New Zealand could well maintain a population twice as large as it has now." PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 231 GUATEMALA'S NEEDS At the meeting of the Association on August 23, there were two inter- esting papers read. One dealt with Speinish-American finance. The other with Guatemala. Senor Jose Flamenco, Commissioner-General in charge of Guatemala exhibits, said : " The Republic of Guatemala, which is the most flourishing of those of Central America, covers an area of over 50,000 square miles. The population of the Republic is about 2,500,000. The coast line along the Pacific Ocean extends 1 63 miles and that on the Atlantic is 1 1 5 miles long, giving the country excellent faciHties on both oceans. There are several rivers, some of which flow into the Gulf of Mexico, some into the Lake of Isabal and others into the Pacific Ocean. The country also has a number of large lakes. The mountains of the country are related to the Cordillera of the Andes, which stretch through all of the continent from the arctic polar circle to the extreme southern part of Patagonia. The prin- cipal chain crosses Guatemala from northwest to southeast at a distance which vanes from 12 to 20 leagues from the Pacific Ocean. Toward the northeast it forms vast and cold plateaus which form the Highlands (Altos) of Guatemala which reach their highest point in the Sierra Madre in the Department of Huhuetenango. " The country is very rich in its products, which include corn, rice, wheat, coffee, cocoa, sugar cane, rubber, potatoes, barley, linseed, sesame, vanilla, pepper, tobacco, cotton, vegetable wax, fibrous plants and palms and rushes for weaving hats. In the Department of Isabal there are large plantations of bananas. Cinchona bark, from which quinine is made, grows freely in many parts of the Republic. Fine hardwoods can be found in her virgin forests. "Foreign commerce for 1912 and 1913, was: Imports and Exports 1912 1913 Imports $9,822,464 33 $10,062,327 68 Exports 12,156,537 66 14.449.926 82 Total $21,979,001 99 $24,512,254 50 " There are six banks In the capital with agencies in the principal departments of the Republic: The Agricultural Mortgage Bank, with an authorized capital of 12,000,000 pesos; the Bank of Guatemala, with 10,000,000 pesos; the America Bank with 5,000,000 pesos; the International Bank with 3,000,000 pesos; the 232 STATE OF NEW YORK Bank of the Occident with 2,000,000 pesos, and the Colombian Bank with almost 2.000.000 pesos. " The railroad lines of the country are the Southern road, which connects the capital with the port of San Jose on the Pacific, which is 93 miles in length and has 272 bridges, which has a branch to Patulul, and another to the port of Iztapa; the Northern Railroad which starts at Puerto Barrios on the Atlantic and runs for 195 miles up to the capital; the Railroad of the Occident, from the port of Cham- perico to the town of San Felipe. 45 miles long; the Ocos Railroad, from the port of Ocos to Santa Catarina. 23 miles long; and the Railroad of Verapaz which runs from San Miguel Tucuru to the river port of Pansos on the Polochic River, and which is over 43 miles in length. Guatemala has four ports on the Atlantic side; Isabal. Estrada Cabeera. Puerto Barrios and Livingston, and three on the Pacific: San Jose, Chamberico and Ocos. " Guatemala is one of the countries of Central and South America which offers great facilities to the man who is disposed to work up a comfortable fortune; her laws on immigration and possession of land and mines are liberal in the extreme, and her guarantees to foreign capital are substantial. INTERNATIONAL FINANCES In response to inquiries as to financial methods and conditions in Central and South America countries as they are regarded in business circles in San Francisco, Mr. John Clausen, Manager, Foreign Depart- ment, the Crocker National Bank of San Francisco, read an illuminating paper, as follows : "The whole world is passing through a radical period of reconstruction and while European Nations are so unhappily engaged in warfare — destroying one another's capital — wasting credit and diverting their energies to work of destruc- tion — it behooves the United States of America — the foremost neutral country — to mobilize every available resource and strive for supremacy in the conmiercial and financial world, which position Great Britain, France and Germany have temporarily abandoned. But this is found difficult in that we have almost entirely neglected to provide avenues and means of international distribution, and while among the commercial communities there seems a full recognition of the very great opportunities which are offered at present for pushing our trade, the financial diffi- culties and the lack of comprehensive knowledge of requirements and conditions of foreign markets everywhere stares us in the face. " In this country we are only beginning to recognize the possibilities offered for expansion of trade with foreign countries, and while the Panama Canal has opened for us a great new trade route which we are prone to believe will immediately place PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 233 our country in a position to command the greater share of the Pan-American trade, we must not be illusionized, for unless the American banker and merchant is in position to adequately consummate our contemplated negotiations, a good part of the capital invested for the construction of the great Canal will be wasted, and our competing neighbors in Europe will later reap the benefits of our undertaking. "At the invitation of the Secretary of the Treasury, representative men of affairs of Latin-America recently came to meet merchants and bankers of the United States to settle the problems that now impede the free flow of commerce between North and South America. This meeting will be known in history as the Pan-American Financial Conference, and will prove to be one of the most important ever held in this country to devise ways and means of opening to the merchants and manufacturers the enormous virgin fields for the expansion of trade with that hemisphere. " The President, taking for his keynote the statement that the American Repub- lics ' are not trying to make use of each other, but to be of use to one another,' further acclaimed ' that the Conference was not for the exploitation of the invited nations, but for a« union of interests, in which the United States will not make use of the others, but labor for the advantage of all.' He laid stress upon the necessity of drawing the American Republics together. " The outstanding thought of the Conference as it was expressed by many speakers, was the crying need for improvement of transportation — for a readjust- ment of financial exchange and uniformity of laws, in relation to subjects which vitally affect international commerce. "A standing committee, consisting of one delegate from each country repre- sented, was appointed to consider the question of uniform laws, and this was thought the best plan in that every country has its own peculiar financial problems and shipping worries. " South and Central American merchants look on the United States as the logical source for obtaining manufactured articles and other products, so that it would seem to be only a question of arranging the proper transportation hues and banking facilities to bring our Southern neighbors to this market. " Important among the developments was a definite proposal that an 'Arbitra- tion Code ' be established between the United States and the Southern Republics for the adjustment of commercial disputes. This was favorably considered and it is understood to be object of extending the plan of the proposed arbitration tribunal to cover all the Republics. The Chamber of Commerce of the United States has given its approval to the recommendation and urged that the ' Code of Arbitration ' become operative without unnecessary delay. "The delegates were charged with the duty of setting forth the perplexities of their own countries and aiding in removing peculiar obstacles of their neighbors. If they have practically performed their services in this, direction — if they helped to remove only a few of the obstacles that now impede commerce wth that section 10 234 STATE OF NEW YORK — they will have conferred immeasurable benefits upon their own countries and all the Americas. " The question of weights and measures is a problem in which even the people of the United States have to contend, and a uniform standard for every known commodity should be adopted. " The question of the United States entering the ' South American Postal Union ' was also discussed, and it was felt that business would be facilitated to a large extent, if a lower rate of postage could be established and maintained between this country and the South American Republics. These countries now have a Postal Union of their own with a system of Postal rates lower than those to countries of other continents, and it is a matter under consideration whether the United States should become a party to that treaty. Along with the postal questions, the subject of an improved ' Money Order Exchange ' between the Northern and Southern Republics, is uppermost in the minds of several Pan-American delegates. " Probably the preeminent reason for the success of our European contemporaries in the markets of Pan-America has been ability to finance the trade of those coun- tries on a broad and generous basis, whereas, the exporters of the United States have been greatly handicapped, in that they not only lacked the power to compete with European sellers on the broad plane of international trading, but had no American bank to which they or their customers could go for accommodations. The Federal Reserve Act, however, has provided for this country a real factor in the development of American finance and commerce in South and Central America as well as other countries throughout the world. " The financiers of the United States and the bond-buying part of our popula- tion, should overcome the mistaken idea that all South and Central American securi- ties are doubtful and risky. These countries want a market in the United States for their responsible national, state and industrial bonds, and it is estimated that the United States could readily loan South and Central American countries half a billion of dollars, which, if so invested, would tend to create a corresponding increase in our trade with them. Latin-America is keenly alive to the possibility of opening new financial connections necessary to the exploitation of their vast natural resources, for which hitherto, developments have been kept alive mainly through European banking connections. " The establishment of branch banks of the United States in the various South and Central American countries and the opening by those countries of affiliations in the United States — was pointedly suggested by the Secretary of the Treasury — in that commercial credits, direct exchange, and the facilitation of commercial transactions, depend so largely upon an adequate finemcial organization to foster our international trade and the desirability of such a move, particularly deserves the thoughtful introspection of our progressive bankers. PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 235 " In our business relations with Pan-America, and until only a few months ago, we were obliged to consider the Pound Sterling, French Franc or German Mark as the basis of our operations, and the United States Dollar as an exchange medium has virtually been an unknown quantity to the merchant and our financial con- temporaries in the Southern Hemisphere. The time is now opportune for making the United States Dollar the basis of future transactions. It should be the earnest endeavor of every merchant and bank in our country to give the American Dollar the place it deserves in our international trade. " It may be of interest here to show how under these conditions, a shipment — for example — of wool from Peru may be financed in United States Dollars over New York instead of London or Germany as heretofore: " The shipper in Peru is not iti a position — we will say — to await the arrival of shipment in the United States and the corresponding reimbursement — before receiving in cash the amount of his invoice, and, on the other hand, the purchaser here is unable, for various reasons, to effect payment before the goods arrive and until they have been paid by his customers. A ' Commercial Letter of Credit ' is therefore suggested and supplied by his local bankers, which authorizes the shipper in Peru to draw against the issuing haak in this country (or its New York corre- spondent), say at 90 days' sight, with shipping documents attached covering the value of the shipment. " The ' Letter of Credit ' is delivered to the merchant here against the usual guarantee, and he, in turn, forwards same to the shipping firm in Peru with the necessary instructions to effect shipment within a specified time (also stated in the credit), as well as the manner in which the insurance is to be effected. " Immediately upon receipt of this instrument the shipper arranges to forward the goods, obtains the required set of bills of lading, invoices and insurance certifi- cates, and takes the same to his local banker, who prepares a draft on New York drawn in terms of the credit. This draft is then discounted and the shipper receives his money. The South American banker then forwards the draft and documents to his agent in the United States and when same are received an 'Acceptance' is secured and the bill then held for maturity, or discounted, as may best suit the interests of the negotiating bank in South America. Upon acceptance of the bill, the bank in New York giving this requisite — retains the documents to be later delivered to the client here under what is termed a ' Trust Receipt ' and, after defraying the amount of duties he obtains possession of the goods. Upon date of maturity of the acceptance in New York the amount is collected from the client, who is also called upon to pay the usual commission charges. In this manner the negotiiition is concluded. "All men who have studied the matter are convinced that better shipping facili- ties between the United States and South and Central America are the first essential steps for better trade relations between the Americas. While delegates to the 236 STATE OF NEW YORK Conference were known to feel that American capital will not go into shipping enter- prises, until it is assured of certain modifications in existing laws, it has nevertheless become apparent that as a consequence of the meeting, a serious effort will be made to reverse this state of affairs, in that private capital or Government aid may be elicited for the organization of steamship companies." NORWAY AS A MARKET What modem Norway offers was entertainingly set forth by Com- missioner-General Herman Gade of the Norwegian Commission, before the Elxhibitors' Association on Tuesday, September 7th. Mr. Gade described Norway as one great mass of r6ck broken with cracks and fissures, being the narrow valleys that are inhabited. The cracks all around the indented coast are the celebrated fjords, valuable not only for their unrivalled greindeur, but also on account of their great depth and navigability, making it possible for the largest steamers to reach factories located at the mouth of the rapid-flowing rivers emptying into the fjords. The greatest wealth of Norway is perhaps found in its water-falls with their unlimited quantity of horse-power — what has been called " The white coal " of Norway, cind which never can become exhausted, fed as they are from the vast cind everlasting fields of snow and ice above. Mr. Gade continued: " While the area of Norway is only about one-quarter larger than New Eng- land, it is so extended that it has an extreme length north and south of 1,100 miles. About three-quarters of this area can be used for no productive purpose whatever. Twenty-one per cent, is wooded with pine predominating in the for- ests and only 3J^ per cent, is under cultivation; this being divided into a great number of small farms. The population of the country is 2.500.000, with one-tenth of it in the capital, Qiristiania. Commerce on any great scale, as well as the industries of the country, are of recent origin and growth. " In the first quarter, I may even say in the first half, of the nineteenth century. Norway had very little foreign trade. But then came a factor which gave a tell- ing impetus to increased relations vnth the outside world — the merchant marine of Norway. This soon became the third largest in the world and brought the Nor- wegian flag to ports all over the world. When steam supplanted sail and Norway was imable to substitute the more expensive vessels, she could not for a time retain the place she had held on the seas. But as time has gone on she has little by little forged her way forward until she to-day again stands as number three, and is now among the most enterprising in adjustmg herself to a still newer method commencing to supplant the bulky steam boilers — the oil-operated Diesel motor. PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 237 " It is especially in the decade 1904 to 1913 (the latter year being the last one for which reliable statistics are available) that Norwegian industries have shown a remarkable growth — so remarkable that the figures are well worth noting. The export of Ash products — dried and salted cod and salted herrings show an increase from fifteen to thirty-two and one-half million kroner. It is an interesting fact that the other great export article of earlier times, lumber, h2ts decreased more than 50 per cent, owing to the demand for home consumption. In fact. Norway is to-day actually importing forest products from Sweden, Finland and Russia — the ' cellulose cubs ' which furnish raw material for the wood pulp industry. The latter shows a remarkable growth from twenty-four to fifty-two million kroner, and wood pulp and cellulose now constitute one-seventh of the total export of Norway. " Norway is rapidly becoming a large exporter of mining products, these show- ing an increase from 4 to 18^ million kroner. It is especially copper and iron ore that are foimd in abundance, though of a low grade, and which now can be extracted with profit owing to improved machinery and new methods of mining. During the past few years experiments have been made in the production of zinc, iron and lead by electricity. In the Tinfos Iron Works in Telemarkea it has been demonstrated that it is possible and profitable to produce a great deal of iron in an electric furnace from ore of poor quality, provided the power is cheap enough. The Stavanger Electric Staalverk which manufactures steel goods, began operation in March, 1913, the output for that year being 2,000 tons, and used largely in the automobile trade. The Sydvaranger Iron Mines, in the county of Finmarken (the extreme northern part of the country) produced in the same year about 1 ,000,000 tons of ore from which were obtained 425,000 tons of ' schlick.' Next in import- ance to Sydvaranger are the Dunderland Mines, which, after being abandoned for a time on account of the shortcomings of the electric apparatus, are now to be worked again with a new wet method just installed. The chemical industry has created a big market for the Norwegian pyrite. The results of the Norwegian whaling operations in the year 1913 were 600,000 barrels of oil together willi bards, guano and amber of the estimated value of nearly $9,700,000. "American enterprise and capital have discovered the great advantage of the power in Norwegian water falls coupled with the navigability of the fjords, and a large American plant for the manufacture of carbide, is now in process of con- struction at Saude, near the city of Stavanger, where the first 40,000 horse power leased to the American company will soon be followed by an additional like amount. " Norwegian firms are generally considered good credit risks by those who have had business dealings with them, and they are usually conservative in undertaking obligations of credit, although enterprising in business affairs when (^enings for extension of trade offer. It would seem that these undoubted facts are not gen- erally or sufficiently known to exporters in the United States. Banking conditions in Norway have been and continue good. The moratorium introduced for a short 238 STATE OF NEW YORK time after the breaking out of the war did not effect new transactions. The general tendency towards economy and curtailment in the purchase of many manufactured articles has disappeared, and there seems to be plenty of money in the country, derived in-coiisiderable measure from the unusually high freight rates that have been earned during the last year. "Transportation facilities to and from the country are plentiful and convenient, and are now as regular as before the war. The services to the United States com- prise regular fortnightly steamers carrjring passengers and freight between New York and Bergen, besides a number of chartered freight steamers plying between Nor- wegian and American ports as quickly as possible; weekly steamers between New York and Christiania, carrying both passengers and freight, and last, but not least, the line just started from Norway through the Panama Canal to Pacific Coast ports! " In respect to credit granted Norwegian firms, there has been a wide difference in the terms received in Germany, England and the United States, and this has proved in many instances the main factor in determining importation to Norway from these three countries. Germany has constantly shown the greatest liberality, granted on many goods up to 90 days (and a discount of 5 per cent, if paid within 30) . English firms have come next while the United States has in nearly all cases insisted upon cash and thereby lost a great deal of profitable business in Norway. " Speaking of food stuffs, Norway should be an exceptional opportune market for a large sale of American apples, if they are offered at reasonable prices. This article is a favorite food supply of the average household, and the home production is far from sufficient to supply the demand. Your State of New York ought to be .able to do a good business with Norway with the apple crop. "A careful examination of the imports and trade relations of Norway with the United States and other countries disclose this significant fact that many articles of Americem manufacture are sold in Norway, that are purchased from general agents in England and on the continent. The principal reason why Germany and England supply a large percentage of this market is their location. It takes at least four to six weeks to get American goods after the order has been mailed. In cases where machinery is needed this is a long time to wait. Substitute parts can be obtained from Germany and England within four to ten days. "English and German exporters have canvassers covering Norway regularly, while American exporters are seldom r^resented. English and German exporters quote longer terms of credit, which they are able to do because thar agents cover the ground regularly and can keep in touch with their customers. Personal acquaint- ance with customers is a great factor in booking orders. "American manufactured goods are considered the standard in many lines for quality and effectiveness in doing what they are intended for. Prices are usually Mgher than German or English made goods, and because of this are usually the last ones shown, sometimes not until the customer asks for them. It is not strange PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 241 that extra efforts to call the attention of the customers to their merit are not made when the merchant can get longer credits by purchasing other than American made articles as well as make larger profits on the sale. Were American salesmen to travel through Norway, as do their competitors, the sale of American made articles would undoubtedly increase largely. It is only necessary for exporters to think how little progress can be made in establishing a wholesale trade in their respective states purely through correspondence with dealers without personally seeing either principal or the agents representing him. " The principal obstacles to the extension of American markets in Norway have been here outlined to emphasize the necessity of American, especially New York, exporters entering seriously into the matter of competing on equal terms with com- petitors. It would seem that the present offers an opportunity such as seldom happens, which should be taken advantage of. The system now generally adopted is to appoint an agent in Norway who already has an established business and calls on the trade regularly. This method has some advantage from the fact that the agents are generally acquainted with the customers and their needs, but they often also represent competing articles. "The method of introducing American exports, which in my opinion would be the most successful, is to incorporate a company in Christiania that will at all times have stock on hand sufficient to fill orders promptly and keep traveling agents on the road to sell goods. Such a company should handle lines of articles of various kinds and be prepared to meet competitors in credit terms. As stated before, Nor- wegian merchants and dealers deservedly have the reputation of being honorable and trustworthy, and there is little doubt that the enterprise and pluck of American exporters can greatly extend their export to Norway, if they will seriously look into the matter. " An important agency to assist and promote trade relations with the United States and Norway is being established in the New American-Norwegian Chamber of Commerce, just started with the offices in New York, Chicago, Minneapolis, San Francisco, Seattle, and possibly other cities. The main purpose of this organiza- tion is to assist trade relations with all manner of information, including especially conditions of markets, names and financial responsibility of firms, etc. It may also fill a useful purpose in acting as arbitration tribunal in the settlement of claims when differences occur between firms of the two countries. " Norway with her great sentimental interest in the United States where is settled nearly as large a population of Norwegians as in the home country, and her marked sympathy and affection for their adopted country would certainly hail with much satisfaction increased commercial intercourse between herself and the United States." 242 STATE OF NEW YORK HOLLAND A GREAT MARKET Trade conditions in the Netherlcinds and how the merchants of the State of New York can increase their share of that trade was told at length by Mr. F. L. Willekes MacDonald, commercial adviser to the Netherlands Commission, at the meeting of the Exhibitors' Association on the evening of September 20th. Mr. MacDonald illustrated his dis- cussion by a map showing the trade routes between Holland ports and American shipping points. Being thoroughly familiar with his subject the representative of the Netherlands was one of the most interesting lecturers before the New York business men. After explaining that from the time of Caesar the Hollanders had been noted as traders, Mr. MacDonald went on to impress upon his hearers how at the present time the Netherlands rzuiks as one of the leading com- mercial nations of the world. The disturbance in the commercial world due to the great European war he declared had resulted in increasing Holland's importance in the world of commerce rather than working to its injury : "The total commerce of the Netherlands for 1912 amounted to $1,804,000,- 000." said Mr. MacDonald. 'In 1 91 3 there was large increase and in 1914 records not yet published will show great expansion. In 1912 for the United Kingdom, England, Scotland and Ireland, the total commerce amounted to $7,079,- 000,000 and the United States $4,432,000,000. "The per capita commerce of Holland amounted in the year 1912 to $458, being the first among aay of the nations. " The per capita commerce of the United Kingdom for 1913 was $ 1 54 and for the United States $46.50. " I name these figures to give you an idea of the total commerce of the Nether- lands and to make it plain that in dealing with Holland you are not merely trading with a country of 6,000,000 inhabitants. " The main inland water routes flowing into the North Sea and the Rhine, the Meuse, the Scheldt and the DoUart, together with the connecting canals, enter the very center of Europe and freight is carried from Rotterdam inland as far as Vienna. " It is even possible to go by boat as far as Buda-Pest in Hungary, there enter the Danube and go thence into the Black Sea. PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 243 In fact you may call the Rhine the main artery of Europe and thousands of river and canal boats are constantly plying up and down the rivers and canals thereabout. " These reach the most populous, the wealthiest districts, in fact the very heart of Europe. " The number of people engaged in this traffic is so large that the Government of the Netherlands has established schools on boats where the children of this floating population may be taught. Besides the water transportation, a network of rail- roads centers about the ports of the Netherlands. Within twelve hours' railroad journey from Rotterdam or Amsterdam, there are living not less than 70,000,000 people. Just think what that means. Besides the inland transportation, we must consider the coast-wise traffic emanating from Rotterdam and Amsterdam. " There are four regular lines of freight and passenger steamers maintaining a daily service between England and Holland, a regular line of steamers to Scandi- navia and the Baltic Ports and three or four lines to French, Spanish and Medi- terranean ports, besides innumerable irregular freight steamers all engaged in traffic with European ports. " In this coast-wise business the old lugger fishing boat takes a picturesque part. Finding their livelihood disappearing through the competition of faster and larger steam trawlers, these former fishermen have engaged in the coastwise traffic. They have installed auxiliary engines and take freight to all ports, mostly, of course. England, Denmark and Germany. " My reason for going into the transportation facilities of the Netherlands, is to show you that business conducted with that country does not merely mean trading with a nation of 6.000.000 people, but that you must be prepared to serve a hundred million people of different tastes, wants, ideas and language. " Goods sold to a firm in Holland may be intended for the coal mines in Belgium, the plains of Russia, or the Hotels of Switzerland. " This is why it is of such importance for American firms to become better acquainted with the business men of the Netherlands. " In Holland the complaint is made that American firms will not give attention to the small details of orders placed with them and will not pack the goods in strong enough cases. This is probably due to the fact that the American exporter does not reaUze that the article sold is not intended for Holland, but for some distant point like the oilfields of Roumania. Many complaints are also made in Holland regard- ing shipping inferior quality, especially in foodstuffs, than has been ordered. These complaints could usually be avoided if the exporter here would pay more attention to the real wants of his clients. " For this reason establishing agencies is almost a necessity if a growing and permanent business is to be looked for. If a business does not warrant having an exclusive agent, then let a number of firms club together and estabhsh a joint agency. In most cases, I would recommend appointing a Hollander to such a position in 244 STATE OF NEW YORK preference to an American, for the reason that the Dutch business man is usually fully acquainted with the needs and peculiarities of the German, French, Belgian. Swiss or Austrian people, speaks and writes their language and knows their customs. " Without some knowledge of these people an American is badily handicapped. For such a position it is therefore preferable to have a Hollander acquainted with American business. One who has been in this country and has worked here. " In every instance it is desirable that the representative shall be fully acquainted with the articles he is expected either to sell or buy. " More complaints, difficulties and losses in foreign trade are the result of mis- understanding than any other cause. " Hollanders have always kept well informed regarding matters pertaining to the United States, and especially New York. They have a sort of pride and affection for their big brother across the sea. " It cannot be said that Americans have generally kept as well posted regarding matters pertaining to Holland. " Especially is this true regarding Holland as a distributing center for Europe. There is no finer harbor in Europe than the harbor at Rotterdam, which is certain to be the principal port of Continental Europe in the not distant future. " It will repay you to consider the advantages offered when contemplating Euro- pean connection. "And that brings us to the present, which is in a measure a very in(^portune time to tJilk of European business extension. And yet, the war cannot last forever and when it ends there will be an increased demand for many American articles. The firm on hand when the opportunity offers, will reap the largest benefit. At present all importations into Holland must be made through the ' Oversea Trust,' which is a body formed by the Government to guarantee die neutral destination of the goods. No one not known to the Government or without proper credentials can import any goods. " When peace is restored it will be found that Holland is in a much stronger financial position than any other European nation. Even today, instead of selling American securities, Holland is buying them. " The situation is clearly shown in the matter of interchange rates which to Holland today is 37^ for a florin, or practically normal, while the pound sterling is 4.691/2 and the mark and franc are still lower. Holland today probably holds more American securities than any other nation and it is likely that after the war, she will be the only creditor nation left to the United States. " Wide awake business men in Rotterdam and Amsterdam are looking forward to an unprecedented buaness with the United States and all of this will practically come through the City of New York, and it is to New York in the first place that we look to help in the realization of these expectations. The excellent steamship service between New York and Rotterdam has made these cities almost next door neighbors. PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 245 East Indies a Rich Market " A new link has recently been added to the many that bind New York to the rest of the world by the inauguration of a regular steamship service between New York and East Indian Ports. The first steamer sailed last January and monthly service has been maintained since. To establish this service at this time required considerable courage, but the steamship companies interested feel fully satisfied with the results. " For sometime it has been apparent that direct connection with New York was necessary for the Netherlands East Indies. The enormous growth of the exports from these Islands of sugar, tea, coffee, spices, tobacco, a large portion of which came to New York via London, made it desirable. " Few people in this country have any idea of the development and material prosperity existing in the East Indies under the Dutch rule. The Islands forming the East Indian Archipellago, are inhabited by some 40,000,000 people and not- withstanding the density of the population, starvation and want are unknown among them. " On the Island of Java the greatest advance has been made and the natives there are living under better conditions than anywhere else throughout India. " The Netherlands East Indies have no funded indebtedness. All the irrigation works, railroad and highway and Government construction work has been fully paid for. " The soil is immensely fertile and the mountains possess unrealized possibilities for the development of electric power. With modern knowledge of sanitation, all this land is comfortably habitable for the white races. " The progress that will be made in this part of the world within the next twenty years will be astonishing. American business men looking for trade extension can not afford to overlook the business of the East Indies. It is there, it is sound, the people have money to pay cash. They demand the best and are willing and able to pay for it. "American machinery, structural material, mattresses, beds, furniture especially made for the tropics, pianos, shoes, phonographs, leather goods, hose, shirts, cuffs and collars made for warm weather, office supplies, carbon paper, electric supplies, modern baths and plumbing are among some of the articles that will find a ready sale. " Some firms in the Indies have already established purchasing agents in this country. "American firms desiring to form connection there, will find the government desirous to assist in every way possible. All that is necessary is to address the Department of Commerce and Industries at Buitenzorg, Java. With proper refer- ences, you will find no difficulty in getting the desired information or relations. "All the people ask is that you shall try to become acquainted with them and their needs and also give them a square deal. 246 STATE OF NEW YORK " If I can personally be of any assistance to increase business between New York and the Netherlands or New York and the East Indies, I am entirely at your service. I hope that I have been able to make you see the splendid future possibili- ties with these countries." PANAMA'S POSSIBILITIES Hon. Alijandro Briceno. Commissioner-General of Paneuna also spoke on the trade relations between the United States and Panama before the ELxhibitors' Association on the evening of September 20. Senor Briceno predicted that with the opening of the Canal, the Republic of Panama will soon become a great commercial station for all producing centers, and that large factories and warehouses will be established there in order to facilitate quick shipment to all of the Latin-American countries. He said: " The Republic of Panama extends over 88,300 square kilometres, and has a population of 400,000 inhabitants. Only 30,000 square kilometres are inhabited and about 40,000 hectares are under cultivation he explained. " Our territory is crossed generally by small streams which make it very produc- tive and in some places such as the Province of Chiriqui, to the east of the city of David, the fields are excellently fitted to a system of irrigation. We have good highways, a railroad under construction in the Province of Chiriqui and another under consideration in the Province of Veraguas. All of the centers of population are connected by a good telephone and telegraph service. There are a number of national, American and International banks in operation in the Republic which make commercial transactions easy. " The custom tariff of Panama never exceeds a 1 5 per cent, ad valorem, which means that it is probably the lowest on the American continent. The unit of her money, the Balboa, is equal to an American dollar. The stability of the Govern- ment of the Republic of Panama, the richness of her soil, the variety of the climate all offer great opportunity for the investment of American capital in commerce as well as in cattle raising, in agriculture and in the exploitation of the forests of fine woods and rich mines which exist in large number in the Republic. " The commercial relations between the United States and Panama have not yet been fully developed. Permit me to call your attention to the true cause of it, according to my opinion. It is not enough to have important propaganda in the press and to have efforts expended as those of the Pan American Union; some- thing more practical is necessary. In order to have our country abandon old rela- tions with European coimtries and carry them on vidth the United States, the merchants of the United States will have to approach the terms of credit which the PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 247 other countries have been allowing. The commerce of Panama has gone through a crisis on account of the European war and the commissary stores at both ends of the Canal. These latter import free of duty and compete with our business men. This matter is being considered at Washington and I hope will be arranged satisfactorily. " Owing to the finishing of the work on the Canal and the European war, the income of the Government has fallen considerably and it has been obliged to increase some duties." WHAT CHILE OFFERS AND EXPECTS Eduardo Carrasco, commercial representative of the Republic of Chile to the United States, who devoted some time to a study of Chilean affairs in connection with the Exposition, made special preparation for his address before the New York State Exhibitors' Association on the even- ing of September 27th. He was accompanied to the meeting by the Chilean Consular representatives for the western states. After explaining the purpose of his visit to the United States Mr. Carrasco said : " Chile is nothing but a continuation of this coast of California on the Pacific Ocean some 4,000 miles south. " Valparaiso, its principal port, is situated more or less 600 miles nearer to New York, by the Panama Canal, than San Francisco. "Chile is 2,400 miles in length from north to south, and scarcely 100 miles in width. " No other country in the world possessing such a shape or figure. Being situated from north to south it has all the climates, except the very extreme ones. " Our country can be divided into three distinct zones ; the one on the north, the desert, but full of treasure in mining, nitrate, copper, gold and lead. " The central zone is agricultural, although the presence of minerals is not lacking. The southern zone is covered with forest, full of good timbers ; it is the region of the coal, of the apples, and of the sheep. This zone perhaps could be compared in parts with the States of Oregon and Washington. " The country is now served by a central railway line, from north to south, of 1,900 miles in length, with many branches, making up a total of 5,000 miles of railways, the majority belonging to the State. Ours is a country that does not have revolutions and all our institutions are very liberal. It is a country where living is cheaper than any other country in America. If an American from New York wishes to go to the Argentine or Uruguay he must go by Valparaiso, because it is shorter, and because it cuts out the tropical region of the Atlantic. 248 STATE OF NEW YORK " Chile has a commerce of exports and imports of above $250,000,000, which will reach easily to $1,000,000,000 once we Chileans get to work in a true North American fashion, or once the Americans help us to develop our country. " Our commerce had been largely with Europe, and during the first year of the war there our trade fell approximately 40 per cent. Before the present war begun only 1 5 per cent, of our trade was vnth the United States. You sent us goods to the value of $15,000,000 and we returned you some $22,000,000. As you will see you are below us, and to level up our commerce you will have to send at least another $7,000,000 worth more of merchandise. " Now is your golden opportunity. You are able, gentlemen, to replace these $7,000,000 of our European importation. We import and need everything, from capital to tooth-picks. There is not perhaps a single article of American manu- facture that would not have in Chile a certain market. " But you must take into consideration, that Chile is a country in its develop- ment. Now is the opportunity for the pionedr capitalist. We in Chile can produce everything that is produced in California with the exception of petroleum, but plus the nitrate. Chile and California are twin sisters of nature. Chile is the California of the Southern Hemisphere. Consequently the exporters of New York must ask themselves, what did California need for her development? " We. in Chile are interested especially in the development of agriculture and the irrigation of the land. At present we have 4,000.000 acres irrigated, and we could easily irrigate another 4.000.000. We have water power along the whole length of the country which comes from the great Andes Range, which separates the country from the Argentine. " Our railways and highway system need development. There is a proposal bang discussed in Congress by which all new private railway enterprises will get a 6 per cent, government guarantee. " We have a great abundance of copper mines and gold, and we will be after next year the second biggest copper producers of the world. The enterprising American has in Chile many opportunities in mining. We need capital and experts to establish gold mining with modern systems of elaboration. " We import in normal times: 14 million dollars of vegetable matter. 23 milUon dollars of articles of first necessity in mines. 28 million dollars of textiles. 20 million dollars of coal and fuel and lubricating oils. 3 J/2 million dollars of cardboard and paper manufactures. 2 million dollars of liquors. 3 million dollars of perfume. 13 million dollars of machinery. PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 249 " Our exports consist mainly of nitrate, copper, iron ore and agricultural products. We could develop enormously if we could attract Americans of enterprise and capital. We have an abundance of motive power and raw material and very cheap manual labor. Arrangements have been completed for the drawing of drafts in American dollars on New York. This obviates drafts in Sterling money on London. " To facilitate exports and manufactures of New York in the Chilian market, I think the best means is the organization of joint agencies in Chile. Ten to twenty manufacturers can combine, and with an expense of $100 or $200 monthly main- tain their selling agency in Valparaiso or Santiago, managed by one American and one Chilian, both carefully chosen. In this way with little expense you will obtain from the beginning the best results. "A combination of, say 500 or 1,000 manufacturers at an expense of $10,000 monthly, or less could maintain in Chile an information bureau of their own managed by an American and a Chilian, both competent and of high personal standard. " This is how the manufacturers of Illinois have done in the Argentine, and I believe with very good results. This same idea I have proposed to the New Orleans Association of Commerce whose members are considering it seriously. " Gentlemen, I thank you for the honor you have given me and for your kind attention this evening, and trust that this will be the means of trade expansion between your business men and ours." WHAT URUGUAY OFFERS Senor Eduardo Perotti, Commissioner-General for the Republic of Uruguay, also spoke before the Exhibitors' Association on the evening of September 27th. In beginning his address he apologized, after noting the size of his audience, for not having prepared at greater length for his discussion and explained that he had no idea that the meetings of the Exhibitors' Association were so largely attended. He asked that his hearers question him in detail about matters pertaining to Uruguay and declared that at any time during the Hfe of the Exposition he would be at the service of the representatives of the business men of the State of New York when they were in need of information. In the course of his address he said: " Uruguay is in area about 72,000 square miles and has about 1 ,500,000 inhabitants. In the capital, Montevideo, you find a third of the total population. The territory of Uruguay is exactly 1 86,926 kilometres, about the area of Portugal, Switzerland, Belgium and Denmark together. Ours is one of the really wealthy 250 STATE OF NEW YORK countries of the world as you can see in the statistics. We have colonies of Spanish, Italian, French, English, German, Russian and Swiss people. "The original Republic of Uruguay, which established its freedom and inde- pendence in 1830, is organized on modern liberal lines for the protection of the inhabitants. When the socialistic leader of France came to Uruguay he said that many of the social laws of Uruguay were more advanced than in France. The political organization of Uruguay is the best of South America. Communication with all the world is easy. Along its extensive coasts Uruguay has various ports, some natural, others artificial. Nobody can go to Argentine without passing Montevideo. That city is the key of the River Platte and so we can understand why some people speak of the necessity of going to Argentine, and do not think of the convenience of going to Uruguay also. "Among the more important ports of Uruguay, first place must be conceded to Montevideo, which by reason of its depth, capacity and easiness of access may rank among those of the very first order. The best known navigation companies of England, France, Germany, Italy, Holland, Austria and Spain, own altogether 50 lines of steamers which call at Montevideo. Communication of the capital with all other parts of the country is served by a good railway system. At present the extent of the lines is 2,873 kilometres. " If one compares the proportion of kilometres of railways to the area of the country, Uruguay occupies the second place in all Latin-America, being surpassed only by Cuba. In the principal towns we have electric street cars. " In the matter of education Uruguay stands among the best countries of the world. Instruction is completely gratuitous. The 1 ,059 public schools of Uruguay represent one free public school to every 1 ,200 inhabitants. There are also schools for adults, open air schools. National institutes for deaf and dumb, home for the blind, schools for backward children and schools for professional training of work- ing girls, normal schools. National schools of art and trades, etc. The university instruction embraces secondary, preparatory and faculty studies. " The riches of Uruguay are founded on stock raising. The cattle industry was begun in the year 1603. Due to the rich pasturage of the country and its excellent water supply, the number of animals multiplied greatly. We have now 10,000,000 head of cattle and 32,000.000 sheep. The value of the live stock products exported from Uruguay in the years 1908 to 1912, amounted to $197,- 555,652. In 191 3 the amount exported was $39,682,850. One great advantage that we possess is that all our land is available for cultivation, since there are no deserts, nor mountains, nor great forests. The highest hill in Uruguay is only 1 ,800 feet high. The last industrial census showed the existence in the whole country of 350 dairies, 14 creameries and 4 tanneries. There are 2,266 vineyards and wineries, 1 1 2 wine deposits, 745 tobacco farms, 1 1 5 Hour mills, 45 small mills, 1 sugar factory, 4 breweries and 3 starch factories. PANAMA-PACIFIG INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 251 " We have gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, coal, marble, gypsum, chalk, talc, sulphur, agates, tin, slates and granite. We have a total of a little less than 6.000 manufacturing plants in the Republic, in which those devoted to the making of shoes, leather goods, cement, mosaics, candles, grass fabrics, cloth, pottery and furniture are the leaders. " The importation of articles intended for industrial exploitation is increasing each year. Last year the value of these importations was $20,000,000. The total imports to the Republic during the year approximated $50,000,000. The exports were practically the same, the principal ones being live stock, $25,000,000, agri- cultural products, $3,000,000, mining products, $3,000,000, and fisheries products $400,000. " I desire particularly to impress upon you that Uruguay, with its riches, is one of the best markets for the United States and particularly for New York. On the other hand the United States has always been reckoned one of Uniguays best markets." EXPERT ADVICE FROM JAPAN Hon. Haruki Yamawaki, Resident Commissioner-General of Japan, in speaking before the State Exhibitors' Association at its meeting Octo- ber 4th, said: " Mr. Chairman and Centlemen: When I graduated from the Imperial Uni- versity of Tokyo in the year 1900, I immediately entered into the service of the Government in the Department of Agriculture and Commerce, where I still remain. During that time I have watched with keen interest the growth of the industries and commerce and have looked into some of the problems confronting them. Such being the case, I am thankful for the opportunity you have given me tonight. " In dealing with the subject before us — the American Trade with Japan — it is necessary that I should present two marked tendencies in the commercial world of today. Because of the application of modern science, and the development of the means of transportation, a great revolution has been effected in the productive capacities of the nations of the world, necessitating the finding of new markets for the excess goods. " The fight for the new markets is the first of the two tendencies. If we care- fully observe, I think that you can see that this great tendency in commercial activ- ity gave no small amount of stimulus to the present disastrous war in Europe, which I hope will soon come to an end. Germany has been trying to invade the markets hitherto supplied by England, while the latter has been trying to ward off the incoming forces of the former. When the Germans invaded Belgium, the first thing they did was to destroy all the factories there in order to root out competition with German goods. 11 252 STATE OF NEW YORK " In connection with this great tendency one thing must be noted; the eyes of the world are now turned to the far east, especially to China, for the new markets which the world demands. " The second tendency is the struggle for new materials. This naturally results from a greater production of commodities. Nations are anxious to obtain and extend colonies, if for no other reason than to secure a larger supply of raw materials for their industries. The eyes of the world are now turned toward America, especially to South America, rich in natural resources, vast in fertile land and scarce in population. " In considering your trade with Japan, these two great tendencies, the two strong factors in the commercial and •industrial world of to-day, must not be overlooked. They have a very strong bearing upon our trade. Let us consider the relation of the first to our subject. You all know that Japan and China have much in common. In culture and civilization we are of the same stock. For more than fifteen hundred years we have had special relations, one toward the other, as nations. In senti- ment and mode of thinking, as well as manners and customs we are more akin than any other nations. Not only that, but Japan has a great geographical advan- tage in being so near to China. Thus, Japan is endowed, more than any other nation, with natural and historical advantages in her relations with China. " Naturally enough. Japan desires to be in closest intimacy with her big western ndghbor. Not only does she desire this in her national, but in her commercial and trade relations as well. However, our country is small in area and thickly popu- lated. It is but natural that we should turn to America for raw materials and manufactured articles so that we may be able to keep China well supplied with necessary commodities. " The natural outcome of this may be surmised from the result we see in Corea. Since the amalgamation of Corea with Japan, the importation of American com- modities into the peninsula has made a marked increase. Statistics show that the imports into Corea from America, among other things, of the following articles, have been much increased: Flour, iron, manufactured articles, such as wire and pipe; building materials, kerosene oil. salted fish, condensed milk, cycles, films, such as kodak and moving picture films, and wine. " It is not my intention to worry you with figures ' and tedious statistics, but I have sufficient grounds to believe that the American trade with China will be greatly assisted and developed by the activities of the Japanese. We are in the position to help build the American trade with China. " Let us now consider the second factor in its relation to American trade with Japan. As you know, our country is small in size, and the population is dispropor- tionately large. Every available piece of ground is subjected to the traditional intense method of farming, and on top of this we have an annual increase of no less than 500,000 in our population. The question of food at times becomes a serious PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 253 matter for the nation. How much more serious must it be when it comes to the securing of raw materials for our industries. " Japan is becoming an industrial nation. That is to be the policy of the country. But she has to obtain her supply of raw material from elsewhere, and she has no better country to turn to than the United States and South America. " Japan's position in respect to supplying American goods to China is similar to that held by America in supplying Japan with raw materials from the vast areas of the North and South Americas. That America stands in this relation to Japan is shown, not only geographically, but politically and historically as well — politi- cally and historically, I say, because of the general policy your government has followed in upholding the integrity of the American continents for more than a century past. " Japan and America are in positions to reciprocate valuable services to each other. Such being the case, I venture to say that your country and ours occupy important positions in carving out the destiny of the Pacific and stand vested with natural advantages to adjust the two great factors in the world's commerce. " Let me add that Japan has come to attach great importance to the western coast of the United States. You know that hitherto practically all the trade between Japan and America was carried on through the eastern markets of your country. It is only in recent years that the Pacific slope has come to assume importance in Japan's trade relations with this country. The wonderful development of the western extremity of America in agricultural and manufacturing industries is draw- ing our trade to this part of the country. " The opening of the Panama Canal is bound to bring your country and ours still closer together. The commercial relations between this Pacific Coast of the United States and Japan will be made all the more intimate and important by the creation of the international waterway at Panama. Not only that, but the eastern part of this country, especially New York, has been drawn closer to Kobe and Yokohama. " In our commercial relations New York City has always been comparatively near to us, but the transcontinental freight was a great barrier. But the distance has now been much shortened by the canal. Now our ships can go direct to your port by a straight route. This means a great deal to both nations. " With our intimate co-operation with the largest city in this great republic, Japan should be able to develop still greater commerce between the two nations. Thus, the great waterway at the Isthmus will render a great service in developing trade and commerce between the American continents and the Orient. It will con- Stribute much toward the reaHzation of the great destiny placed in our power. " In conclusion, I wish, from the bottom of my heart, for a prosperous future for the trade between Japan and America. May your people and ours, always moved by the spirit of mutual helpfulness and with a proper respect for the natural laws 254 STATE OF NEW YORK of things which govern the destiny of nations, strive to vtrork in hearty co-operation to bring the different nations of the world together in intimate relationship, one with another." POSSIBILITIES IN THE PHILIPPINES In order that the trade conferences should be of the widest possible scope the New Yorkers were treated on the evening of October 1 1 th to an address by Mr, A. T. St. Clair, on " Trade Relations Between the United States and the Philippine Islands." Mr. St. Clair is Secretary of the Philippine Commission at the Exposition. In his discourse he said: " Commercial relations between the United States and the Philippine Islands mean, of course, an exchange of commodities. To foster such relations, requires a study of the methods which will most likely increase the amount of the stuff we can send to you and a study of how to expand the markets to bring about an increased consumption of those commodities which you can send to us. " Through one source of production only can the Islands hope to rank as an important exporting country. So far as is yet known, our mines are of local import- ance only. The province of Bulacan has a good deposit of high-grade iron, but there is no prospect that it will become commercially important. Coal is found in a few localities but not of a quality, so far as is now known, that would warrant us in the hope that it will ever rank as an export. Gold is wddely distributed, and mines are being worked profitably in several localities. The production has risen from $93,000, in 1907. to $1,100,000 in 1914, but we can never hope to rival Alaska or California in the output of the precious metal. " Neither am I optimistic enough to believe that the Philippine Islands will ever remk high as a manufacturing country, because we possess only one of the many requisites, which is fairly abundant and fairly cheap labor. It is true that many of the so-called household industries are rapidly assuming large proportions, and the manufacture of laces and embroideries may easily rival those of Spain, Switzerland and Belgium, in quantity as many of them now do in beauty and quality, but the world vfiW never come to us for any of the great essentials in manufactured products. " Nor do I believe that the lumber interests of the United States will find a very formidable rival in the Philippine timbers. The home market keeps pretty close pace with the gradual increase in the output. We have about forty thousand square miles of forest lands, and perhaps would seek a more extended market in this country for our construction timber if it were not for the very considerable obstacle presented by the freight rates on the long sea haul. " Some classes of our excellent hardwoods, however, offer a splendid substitute for those that are so rapidly disappearing from the United States. Yacal, Lum- bayo, and Apitong cannot be excelled for hardwood flooring and are found in PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 257 abundance; Molave, Narra, Ipil and Acie are also fairly abundant and are equal or superior to anything you have for cabinet purposes or interior finish. The reason that these woods have never sought a market here is because the home market has sufficed to the present time. The lumbermen of the Islands have just begun to reach out, and you will now find some lauan and tanguile for interior finishing on the American market. " In certain products of the soil, however, we stand supreme. It is in the agricul- tural resources that the Islands find their true rank. And it is upon this foundation of insular prosperity that the United States can best establish commercial relations that will be of mutual permanent advantage. " There are four great export crops for which the soil and climate of the Islands are well adapted, which you need, and while the supply heretofore has been derived from other sources, the Philippine Islands is the logical source from which they should come, as long as any form of close political association is maintained with the Islands, that will encourage preferential tariff relations. These crops are sugar, tobacco, hemp and copra. " The figures for the fiscal year 1913 show that 209, 1 82 long tons of sugar were produced on 435,000 acres of land. According to the report of the Insular Bureau of Agriculture there is an equal area of excellent sugar land not in use. By bring- ing this under cultivation and by improving the methods of production and milling, the sugar crop of the Islands can easily be raised to 500,000 long tons annually. The local consumptioi^ is about 100.000 tons annually, leaving something like 400,000 tons for export; enough to furnish each inhabitant of the United States with a month's supply. " The best tobacco producing provinces are Isabela, Cagayan, Pangasinan, Cebu and La Union. Due to the climate and character of soil, the first two, Isabela and Cagayan, produce a quality of tobacco that is the equal of any. There has not yet been developed a wrapper that equals the Sumatra wrapper, which is imported for the best cigars. Tobacco men believe, however, that this lack is the fault of methods in the Philippines rather than any natural conditions. "In 1909 the Payne tariff law, known among Filipinos as ' EU Bill Payne," created a preferential market in the United States fot a maximum of 1 50,000,000 cigars annually. The manufacturers of Manila never appreciated the significance of this piece of legislation, and failed completely to take advantage of it by any combined effort to educate the American smoker to an appreciation of the fine quali- ties of the Philippine product. The representatives of the distributing agencies in the United States were unwise in regard to business methods in the Orient, and the manufacturers there were ignorant of the proper methods of brining their product to the attention of the great market that lay before them. Misunderstanding arose and inferior articles were placed on the market, thereby nearly ruining it. 258 STATE OF NEW YORK " With the desire to establish a reputation for the Philippine cigar, and with the sympathetic co-operation of the firms in the United States who have taken up the Manila article, it is gradually coming into its own. Out of a total of 305,000,000 cigars produced in 1913, 1 03,000,000 found a market in the United States. This showing compares very favorably with the 867,000 exported to this country in 1909. "About 80 per cent, of the land planted to tobacco is in the hands of small farmers, whose methods are wasteful, who are handicapped by the lack of a system of rural credits and who are slow to adopt new methods and ideas. There are still large areas of good tobacco land waiting to be brought imder cultivation, and the land now used can be made to procure larger and better crops than at present There ought to be a great future for the Philippine cigar. " The third great staple of the soil is Abaca or Manila Hemp. It does not appear to me to be an exaggerated statement to say that the Islands can furnish all the hemp that the United States can use. It may be that we supply all of this particular fibre now that is used, for I know of no other country that grows this splendid article. It is not necessary to explain to you what Manila Hemp means to the cordage interests. So far as I know it has no adequate substitute. Sisal. Maguey, Coir, etc., have thdr own peculiar uses, but for the splendid and powerful fibre of the Abaca plant there can be no substitute. It grows luxuriantly in many parts of the country, and after it has reached a state of maturity, is a source of steady and lucrative income. **' Hemp is first among the exports from the Islands. In 1914 we exported 132,873 long tons, valued at $22,375,000. Most of the export to this country was entered at the Port of New York, but there was entered at the Port of San Frcmcisco some 4,000 tons. " Great areas of good hemp land are available, and the production can be made to equal almost any demand. The fibre is still stripped from the stalk by hand, using the crudest kind of apparatus, and it is a slow, laborious and expensive process. The industry will receive a powerful impetus when a proper stripping machine is put on the market. " Probably the most widely distributed product of the country is the cocoanut. It is estimated that there are 45,000,000 trees producing, and the crop vies with that of hemp in value. In 1913 nearly 61 per cent, of the copra produced was exported to France; 13 per cent, to Germany, and about 6I/2 per cent, to the United States. The oil from the cocoanut has nearly, if not quite, as great a variety of uses as the mineral oil petroleum. It is used as a base for soaps and perfumes; as a primitive illuminant and a refined lubricant. Under the name of * Cresco ' it is widely used in the kitchen as a substitute for lard. New uses for the oil are con- stantly being found and the demand is as constantly increasing. The export value is about $16,000,000. PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 259 " The subject of agricultural resources is by no means exhausted when these four great crops are considered. Rubber of standard quality is being produced. Great tracts of land in Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago are adapted for the production of this crop, but so far no great development has taken place. "Alcohol is produced cheaply and in large quantities from the sap of the Nipa Palm. This industry ranks second only to tobacco among the manufactured products of the Islands; the output in 1913 being about 3,000,000 gallons. Formerly the product was distilled from about 600 crude plants scattered over the Islands, but at the present time the industry is carried on in some 73 modern distilleries. There are vast nipa swamps in the country that have never been used and offer good opportunities for investment. "Another product of the Islands, that comes under the head of what we call minor forest products, is ' Bejuco.' This is the vine from which commercial rattan is made. You get all of your rattan from Hongkong, Canton, and Singapore, and you pay the duty on a hand-made product. The Island of Palawan in the Philip- pines is especiallir prolific in bejuco, and the only reason in the world why the United States has not taken its entire supply from the Philippine Islands, is because the dealers here and the people over there have not come together. " I examined the industry while in Canton and Hongkong. The raw material or vine is gotten in the Malay Peninsula, shipped from Singapore to Canton and there made into rattan and core rattan all by hemd work. There is, however, an excellent machine put out in Berlin which sHts off the outside flat rattan in five pieces and reams out the bore at the same time. It is a great improvement over the hand work, but I have never seen but one in operation either in China or the Philip- pines. They use this machine to some extent in the Bilibid Prison in Manila. " These things I have mentioned, gentlemen, constitute, in large measure, the com- modities which we can send you in large quantities if conditions are right. " What can we of the Philippines receive in return for our products and our cash? The customs returns show that the balance of trade is in favor of the United States. You are sending to the Philippine market at the present time shoes, canned goods, haberdashery, apples, automobiles, tires, cotton goods, raw cotton, flour, drugs, electrical appliances, iron manufactures, lard compound, machinery, paper, soap and wearing apparel. " Probably the greatest increase in your exports will be along the lines of iron manufactures, shoe findings, novelties and machinery, especially the latter. Machin- ery is wanted for sugar centrals, logging operations, rice milling and agricultural work. A people which is progressing as the Filipino will not be content with the Carabao as the sole motive power on the land. " During the time we have been acquainted, very cordial relations have sprung up along commercial lines, but we need two things badly. One is capital, to carry on the development of our agricultural industries, and the other is more frequent shipping facilities between American and Philippine ports. 260 STATE OF NEW YORK "Any policy of this country, with reference to trade relations, it seems to me, ought to be predicated on. not the present population of about 9,000,000 of inhabit- ants, but upon a future population of 30,000,000 or 40.000,000. The country has an area of a little more than 1 1 5,000 square miles, which its present popula- tion cannot begin to utilize, while Java supports a population of 25,698,000 with an area of 50,777 square miles. The fertile countries of the world are becoming too congested with their teeming, crowding population, for this tropical garden spot to remain so sparsely peopled for long. There is nothing surer than that the rich fields of the Philippine Islands will, in the not very distant future, be peopled with many times their present inhabitants. " Part of this increase will be due to the natural growth of the native popula- tion, as a result of better and more sanitary conditions of life, and part of it will, no doubt, be due to the influx of other nationalities as soon as the country feels itself strong enough to control immigration along proper lines." SPAIN'S NEW YORK TRADE • Count del Valle Salazar, Envoy from the Kingdom of Spain, also delivered an address on October 1 1 th, as f ollov^s : " Gentlemen: I sincerely thank Mr. Norman E. Mack, Commissioner or the State of New York, for inviting me to speak here this evening on the subject of the existing trade between New York and Spain, or, more appropriately, between the United States and Spetin, although almost all the exports from my country to this nation come through New York. " I thank Mr. Mack first for the consideration the invitation implies to Spain, and, secondly, because it is a courtesy to me. " The New York Commission is to be congratulated for having periodical lectures or speeches on the commercial relations maintained by the nations of the world with the City and State of New York, not only because they acquaint us with the increase and decrease of international trade and the means of enlarging and encour- aging it, but because the commercial intercourse exercises a foremost influence in the peaceful and intellectual ideas of the people who exchange their respective products. This influence is of vital importance in strengthening and promoting an everlasting friendship. " Commerce is extremely sensitive. As soon as international relations are strained or broken there follows depression or a cessation of trade between the nations where a misunderstanding prevails. " Nothing in the world can be limited to abstract thoughts, especially in that which concerns social and international relations, commerce being the real manifes- tation of the cordiality prevailing among nations. " If we consider the increase of trade between the United States and Spain dur- ing the last few years, the greatest part of which, as I have already stated, passes PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 261 through the Port of New York, and if we study friendly relations entertained between the two nations during those years we will notice that both have been equally and materially benefited. Most of the Spanish merchandise is shipped to New York, either to be consumed there or to be reshipped to interior States. I am unable to ascertain what amount is distributed in the State and City of New York, but I have an idea that about half is consumed there. " The trade between the United States and Spain has made wonderful progress in the last eleven years. In 1902, the United States exported to Spain merchandise valued at $13,311,987. and Spain exported to the United States goods worth $8,270,546. In 1912, the exports of the United States amounted to $25,057,490, and the exports of Spain to this country to $2 1 ,93 1 ,434 ; the exports of the United States increasing nearly $10,000,000 and the imports $14,000,000. In 1913, the amount of our exportations to the United States greatly increased. The value of the articles exported to Spain was $31,471,723. and Spain's exportation amounted to $23,220,012. Therefore, the approximate value of the commerce in 1913 amounted to nearly $55,000,000. while in 1902 it was a little less than $24,000,000. " The principal articles which the United States exported to Spain in 1913 were: Raw cotton $1 3.000.000 Lumber of different qualities and styles. 1. 1 00 ,000 Crude oil 600.000 Phosphate 300.000 Casings for industrial purposes 300.000 Coffee (suppose from Porto Rico) $2,000,000 Tobacco leaves from the Philippines and Virginia 1,100,000 Leather 350,000 Parafine candles 300,000 " The rest of the exports, making up the $32,000,000, were electrical, agricul- tural and industrial machinery and utensils. " The principal exports from Spain to the United States were: Bars of copper $4,000,000 Cork 3,500.000 Almonds 3.000.000 Pig iron and other min- erals 1.500.000 Olive oil 600.000 Onions 350,000 Drugs 300,000 Paper Sulphur Grapes Olives Wines Leather Preserved vegetables. Raisins $200,000 3.500.000 3,000,000 2,000.000 800.000 400,000 350,000 200,000 262 STATE OF NEW YORK " The $23,000,000 are completed with fish preserves, fruits, woven tissues of cotton and wool, laces, works of art, castile soap, liquors, hazel nuts, mineral waters, porcelain and a few other minor articles. Spain leads all the other foreign countries in exports to the United States in sulphur, grapes, almonds, cork, olives, denaturalized olive oil and raisins. It is the second exporter of onions and wines in barrels ; the third in bars of copper, olive oil for table purposes, preserved vege- tables, wrapping paper, mineral waters and castile soap, the fourth importer of bottled wine and of salt. . " Neither the United States nor Spain has an appropriate merchant marine for the trade they maintain. A great part of the merchandise sent from the United States, or from Spain to the United States is carried on boats belonging to nations now in war ; this is the reason for a slight depression in our trade, but that depression does not amount to more than a couple of million dollars divided between the two nations. " It is a misfortune not to possess an adequate number of merchant vessels. Neither nation can properly develop the trade they maintain. The total entries of boats to ports of the United States were 12 sailing vessels and 160 steamers in 1913, totaling 436,802 tons. The greatest number of those boats depart from and arrive at New York. They do not suffice for our trade and I know that fre- quently goods sent to Spain must wait a long time before they can be carried to the ports of Cadiz, Barcelona and Bilbao. " Spain has recognized the necessity of increasing its merchant marine to continue and improve its commercial relations with the United States. She is now planning to establish a great line from the Port of Vigo to New York. Vigo, a magnificent natural port, situated on the northwest coast of Spain, a city of about 70,000 Inhabitants, is the nearest European port to the United States. " There is a great enthusiasm in Spain for the establishment of the new line and the King himself warmly patronizes the plan. " I have received letters from Vigo asking me for articles which might be imported and exported from the western States via New York to Vigo, or possibly by a branch of the company which might come through the Canal to San Francisco. " In my opinion this is what we should do to improve our commercial relations: " First. Have better and more numerous steamers. " Second. You to advertise properly in Spain and we Spainards in the United States. "Third. Establish Chambers of Commerce to stimulate the trade between the two countries. Those Chambers of Commerce could be established in the cities or ports where exist a great traffic with Spain or vice versa. " Fourth. To sustain permanent expositions of the principal American articles which might be used in Spain and Spanish articles to be used in the United States. " Fifth. To comply with the customs of the people where we wish to sell and not to expect that the people follow the customs of the nation or of the person who desires to sell. PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 263 " Sixth. To send representatives to Spain or from Spain to the United States who know well the languages of the respective countries. " Seventh. To give good products and never adulterate them, thus acquiring for the merchandise and its marks a solid reputation. " Now, someone, perhaps, will ask me, ' Do you think that if those conditions are fulfilled, the trade between the United States and Spain could be increased to a great extent,' I reply, * Yes,' and even believe that easily could it be doubled or made threefold within ten years if matters follow the natural development they appear to show and provided we do not break the policy of neutrality on which we stand at present. This country could increase the exports of raw cotton as all the weaving industries are rapidly developing in Spain, and practically up to the present time we do not produce cotton. You could increase the exports of agricultural, industrial, electrical and all kinds of machinery, automobiles, carriages, lumber, crude oil, parafine, pipes, leather, drugs and firearms, without mentioning others which might be well accepted in Spain. " This year we have bought from you several million dollars worth of arma- ments, and I suppose they will increase again the exports from the United States to Spain. " Spain could increase its exports of the articles which appear in the statistics of imports by the United States; articles which I have already enumerated and which include sulphur, grapes, olives, olive oil, almonds, corks, wines, copper, preserves, mineral waters, iron, weaving tissues of all kinds, works of art and laces. Many of these articles could not hurt the production of the United States, for this is a big nation and many of the products of the same kind produced by some States are not sufficient to provide for all the inhabitants of the Union, so I think that you do not need to fear for your own similar industries. " I had thought of giving consideration to both the United States and Spanish tariffs, but I think that I have given you a general idea of the trade between the two countries and I leave both tariffs as they are. To analyze the duties paid on the different articles and those which should be paid, according to any one point of view, would be a very large task. Discussion here would not alter tariff conditions." Aside from the trade expansion work the Association also devoted itself to the adjustment of negotiations growing out of the awards of prizes and diplomas made to exhibitors by Group and International Juries. By bringing these negotiations to a close on broad and impartial lines friction was eliminated and the best obtainable results were secured. New York was ably represented on all the juries, and the members of the New York Commission, that was represented principally by Chair- man Norman E. Mack, always saw to it that the New York Elxhibitors' side was completely presented and thoroughly digested. 264 STATE OF NEW YORK As a fitting finish of the work of the Association a dinner, at which all of those who participated in the weekly conferences attended, was held in the New York State Building on November 23d. Speakers at this dinner, which was presided over by Vice-President Ryzin, included not only the members of the foreign and New York State Commissions, but also representatives of a committee of the New York State Legislature, which visited the Exposition for the purpose of viewing the work accom- plished for the welfare of the State. Addresses were made by the Commissioners for Argentine, Australia, China, Japan, the Philippines, New Zealand, Holland, Guatemala, Uruguay, State Senators Emerson and Carswell, Dr. Augustus S. Down- ing, of the New York Department of Education, who was a member of the International Jury of Awards, and Commissioners Mack, Yale, Bussey and Frisbie and Secretary William Leary, as well as Paul Mahony, of the Remington Typewriter Company; W. H. McLaren, of the General Electric Company; George B. Scott, of the Metropolitan Life Insuremce Company; F. E. King, of the National Meter Company; James C. H. Ferguson, of the Pneiunercator Company, and P. E. Sobotker, of the Borden Milk Compemy. In appreciation of the work done through the Association the exhibitors presented to President Norman E. Mack an illuminated set of resolu- tions, which were signed by practically all of the New York exhibitors. NEW YORK STATE DISPLAYS IN THE EXHIBIT PALACES Within the great Exhibit Palaces the State was as conspicuously repre- sented as elsewhere at the Exposition. During a long period prior to the opening of the gates the New York Conunission had urged upon the enterprising business men of the State the advantage that would accrue from a commercial standpoint by having exhibits displayed where the whole world would come to see them. The campaign, made during a period of considerable trade depression bore excellent fruit and when President Wilson set the great show in motion the wares of fully 1 ,000 New York business establishments were on display. In many details the Exposition differed materially from those that had preceded it. It was a contemporaneous exposition and not an historical one. No article that had been ten years or more in use or offered for com- mercial purposes was accorded .einy award value. The effect of this was to eliminate entirely those things that had been displayed in previous world's fairs. It also kept from the Exposition articles of virtu, heir- looms, works of ancient peoples and crafts and discouraged the display by dismantling and transportation of ancient resting places of museums and collections of various kinds that had been held for generations as curiosities. In the eleven exhibit palaces the name " New York " outranked all others. The State itself had twelve large exhibits in five buildings. Edu- cation, Liberal Arts, Agriculture, Horticulture and Mines and Metal- lurgy. In the Palace of Fine Arts it had works to the number of two thousand. In the Palaces of Manufactures and Varied Industries it was represented by hundreds of its leading business houses. In the Depart- ment of Mines and Metals the New York displays were most conspicu- ous. The United States Steel Corporation and its subsidiaries occupied nearly 20 per cent, of the entire floor space. In the Machinery Palace the greatest exhibits were those from the Empire State. In Transpor- tation, too, including automobiles, steamships, railroad equipment and the like. New York enterprise was everywhere displayed. [265] 266 STATE OF NEW YORK Owing to the prevalence of hoof and mouth disease in the eastern sec- tion of the country, it was impossible to make a satisfactory exhibit of New York Hve stock. The Commission had planned to expend $25,000 for the collection, transportation and insurance of horses, cattle, sheep, swine and poultry and in the augmentation of the cash awards to be made by the Exposition. Owners of blooded stock in all sections of the State were appealed to and in several cases tentative arrangements were made for transportation. State after State, however, proclaimed quarantine against the live stock of the other and three months after the Exposition opened the California State authorities quarantined every State east of the Mississippi River, making the showing of live stock herds from New York absolutely impossible. One of the striking features of the Exposition was the extent to which motion pictures were utilized. The New York State Commission had in constant use approximately 20,000 feet of views of the State and its institutions. The State reservations at Niagara Falls emd Saratoga were pictured cuid were made the subject of daily lectures. Views were also given of Letchworth Park, Watkins Glen, the Finger lakes section in the center of the State, of the hospitals, elementary aind training schools, institutions of higher education, of the State Fair and of the agricultural schools and the like. By regulation of the Directors of the Exposition exhibits were con- fined to the buildings especially erected for their display. Ofiicially, articles shown in the State and foreign buildings were not exhibits but displays and were not regarded as eligible for award. In half a dozen instances, however, notably in the case of the City of New York, Ccinada, Australia and the Republic of Frauice, exceptions were made to this rul- ing. The City of New York was the only one that had an exhibit build- ing of its own and it was for that reason that the rule affecting exhibits was excepted. It is estimated that 275,000 articles were displayed in the exhibit palaces as in competition and where their worth was passed upon first by a jury charged with examining all exhibits in the group in which particular exhibits were classified, next by a jury of the department in which the display was made and finally by an international jury made up of experts from the United States, Europe, South America and Asia. PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 269 The merits of exhibits, as detennined by the Jury of Awards, was mani- fested by the issuance of diplomas which were divided into six classes: Grand Prize, Medal of Honor, Gold Medal, Silver Medal, Bronze Medal and Honorable Mention. The official report of the Exposition places the total number of exhibitors at 35,000, and the total number of awards, exclusive of live stock, at 25,000. Appeals from awards numbered 475. New York's share of these awards, compiled from official sources, has been as follows : Official Exhibits Crand Department Prize Education and Social Economy 3 Liberal Arts I Agriculture 2 Horticulture 1 Mines 1 Total 8 Hon. M.ofH. Cold Silver Bronze Men. Total 6 3 6 5 23 1 1 13 27 20 3 1 66 19 18 13 12 63 1 5 17 9 14 47 40 68 47 29 200 Miscellaneous Exhibits Crand Department Prize M. of H. Fine Arts 1 10 Education 1 9 Social Economy 6 3 Liberal Arts 16 18 Manufactures and Varied Industries 24 13 Transportation 2 4 Machinery 5 II Agriculture and Food Products 7 6 Horticulture I 12 Mines 1 3 Total 64 91 240 200 106 54 755 Hon. CoU Silver Bronze Men. Total 37 65 30 18 161 5 5 1 1 22 8 10 17 3 49 46 26 17 4 127 47 28 20 7 139 13 6 4 1 30 16 6 3 1 42 17 10 1 41 42 33 11 16 115 9 11 3 2 29 270 STATE OF NEW YORK « AH of the official exhibits of the State had one or more demonstrators in attendance at all times. Where there were models to be operated and explained, it was necessary to have two or more persons in constzuit attend- ance. At the official exhibits a record was kept of the number of visitors and there was a register in which residents of the State were requested to enter their names. In this manner it was possible to keep a fairly accurate record of the manner in which the general public regarded the exhibits. The record of the attendance at the official exhibits was as follows : Estimated Net> Yorkers Exhibit Attendance Registered State Barge Canal 706.1 79 5.642 Education 492,267 3.060 Mines and Metals 467.795 1.934 Hospital 441.700 4.421 Agriculture 275.050 13.822 Horticulture 214.125 9.503 Health 213.644 4.359 Prisons 142.700 3.926 Labor 128.150 1.256 Blind 89,315 3.592 Quarantine No record No record Social Economy Theatre No record No record Total 3,170,925 51,515 It is estimated that the average daily attendance in the theatre in which the lectures and motion pictures concerning New York and its activities were the topics was not less than two thousand persons. In the following pages will be found a brief outlme of the New York exhibits. THE OFFICIAL EXHIBITS NEW YORK IN FINE ARTS In the Department of Fine Arts New York was preeminent in the galleries devoted to works by artists of the United States. Out of a total of 6,000 American works, 2,257 were the products of New Yorkers. The State was represented in equal strength in the groups of painting and drawings, etchings and engravings and in sculpture. New Yorkers received unusual recognition at the hands of the Inter- national Jury that passed upon works of art. Of the two grand prizes awarded to the United States one was voted to Henry Wolf, a New Yorker; the other was received by Frederic Carl Frieseke, who studied and begim his career in New York City, although born in Michigan. To New Yorkers also were awarded 10 of the 21 medals of honor, received for works of art in the United States section; 37 of the 69 gold medals ; 63 of the 1 72 silver medals ; 30 of the 83 bronzes and 1 8 out of a total of 39 honorable mentions. New York artists and sculptors were awarded 1 61 of the 386 prizes awarded for American art. Twenty-two of these awards, including two medals of honor, a gold medal and nine silver medeJs. were awarded to women exhibitors resident in New York State. On the International Jury of 29 which passed upon the art exhibit were four residents of New York, five of San Francisco, three of Pittsburgh, three of Boston, three of Washington, three of London, two of Berkeley. Cal., two of Cincinnati, two of Philadelphia, and one each residing in St. Louis, Monterey, Cal., and Center Bridge, Penna. The New Yorkers were William M. Chase. Frank V. DuMond, J. Alden Weir and Adolph A. Weinmann. Under the regulations governing the Fine Arts display, works of members of the International Jury were not eligible for award. For that reason the 32 canvases of Mr. Chase, the 1 3 of Mr. Weir and the 6 of 12 [271] 272 STATE OF NEW YORK Mr. Du Mond that were exhibited in the United States Division were not m competition. The same rule appHed to the 29 sculptures and medal designs of Mr. Weinmann. Had these 78 works of eminent New Yorkers received consideration at the hands of the Jury, New York's share of awards would unquestionably have been much greater than the record shows. The State, however, has to its credit 42 per cent, of the awards made in the United States section and almost 20 per cent, of the total honors accorded artists and sculptors from all parts of the world. Notable works loaned to the Exposition by New Yorkers contributed in no small degree to the strength of the Fine Arts exhibit. Examples of the best works of leading painters, etchers and sculptors were sent from the galleries of the City of New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, National Academy of Design, Brooklyn Museum, The Union League Club, Lotos Club and the Butfalo Fine Arts Academy. New York City loaned Samuel F. B. Morse's portrait of William Paulding. The City also loaned Edward Mooney's "Achmet Ben Ami." The National Academy of Design loaned Morse's portrait of WiUiam Cullen Bryant and Jared Flagg's portrait of John W. Brown. John Ferguson Weir's " Forging the Shaft " was loaned by the Metro- politan Museum. Two portraits by Irving Ramsey Wiles were loaned by the National Academy of Design. It also locined Asher Brown Durand's portrait of himself and Charles Loring Elliott's portrait of Mrs. Mary N. Goulding. Canvases by Homer D. Martin were loaned by the Union League Club and the Lotos Club. The former also losmed Eastman Johnson's "A Drummer Boy " and Frank D. Carpenter's portrait of Abraham Lincoln and several other meritorious works by native artists. Other contributions of the Lotos Club were from the brushes of Worth- ington Whittredge, George H. Smillie and Winslow Homer. From the gallery of the Brooklyn Museum were works by William M. Chase, Winslow Homer, Daniel Himtington, Henry Innman, Rem- brandt Peale and John H. Twachtman. From the Buffalo Fine Arts Academy were examples of the works of George Inness, Samuel Ishman, J. Harrison Mills, Edward Moran, Dwight W. Tryon, Emile Van Marcke and Horatio Walker. H 3 X X UJ z o p < u D Q UJ u H < H en t^ a: o > > < a: z O PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 275 Mrs. Whitelaw Reid, Andrew Carnegie and Mrs. Payne Whitney loeuied a collection of works of Edwin A. Abbey. From the collection of Robert M. OI)rphant were exhibited works by Thomas Hicks, John F. Kensett, Samuel F- B. Morse, J. A. Suydam and Edwin White. Other collectors tmd artists, residents in New York, who made loans were J. Harsen Rhoades, Charles DeKay, Henry Smith, Robert J. Col- lier, Seth Low, Henry E. Huntington, Samuel Untermyer, Harry W. Watrous and Clarence W. Bowen. In the sculpture group loans from New Yorkers included Karl Bitter's " Fountain," owned by John D. Rockefeller ; Arthur Lee's " The Nig- ger," by Mrs. Harry Payne Whitney, and Paul Nouquet's " Soldier of Marathon," from the collection of Gutzon Borglum; two portrait reliefs by Henry Hering, loaned respectively by Evarts Tracy and Stephen H. Olin, and William R. O'Donovan's bust of Dr. Talcott Williams, which was loaned by Dr. Williams. Approximately one-half of the Palace of Fine Arts, which occupied a commanding position at the extreme northerly end of the exhibit area of the Exposition jmd within a short distance of the New York State Building, was devoted to the United States section. Works from twelve foreign nations, represented by art commissions, France, Italy. Holland, Norway, Sweden, Portugal, Uruguay, Japan, China, Argentine, Cuba and the Philippines, filled forty-five galleries, and in addition there were works from England, Germany, Hungary, Austria, Spain, Russia, Den- mark and Finland which were not represented by special commissions, but whose art contributions occupied twenty-five galleries in the Interna- tional section. The loan collection occupied five galleries cind the United States Historical section filled four galleries. It was the wonderful collection of wood engravings, one hundred and forty-five in number, created by Henry Wolf, recently deceased, that won the grand prize for New York. Mr. Wolf, although bom in Alsace, came to New York in childhood and studied here, and, as a New Yorker, gave to the world some of the most remarkable engravings of recent years. He was honored with gold medals for his work shown at the 276 STATE OF NEW YORK Columbian Exposition in Chicago and the Louisiana Purchase Exposi- tion in St. Louis. Grcind prizes were accorded him for exhibits in Paris and in Rouen. Frederic Carl Frieseke, the other representative of the United States to capture a grand prize by verdict of the International Jury, exhibited eight paintings at the Exposition. He is still a young man, having been born in 1874, and studied for many years in New York City. Of the other eight grand prizes awarded for Fine Arts, Italy received one for a painting exhibited by Tito Ettoro; Holland one for G. H. Breitner's canvas, "Amsterdam, Timber Port; " Portugal one for the eight canvases of rural life, exhibited by Jose Malhas; Sweden two for the painting of wild fowl and birds, shown by Bruno Liljefors. and for the thirty-four water colors of Carl Larsen. Japanese artists were awarded three grand prizes for porcelain, embroideries and sculptures in heimmered iron. There were in all more than ten thousand works displayed in the Palace of Fine Arts. Exhibits that were in competition were first passed upon by juries of selection which met before the Elxposition period in New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Cincinnati, Chicago, St. Louis, San Fran- cisco, London and Paris. Residents of the United States, pursuing artistic careers abroad, were permitted to submit their works to the London and Paris juries, which also passed upon the offerings of foreign painters, etchers and sculptors. By the rules governing the selection of works of art only those produced since 1904 were eligible for exhibit in the United States section. Such works by living American artists produced prior to 1904, as seemed desir- able for the Jury of Selection to include in the Exposition, were placed in the locin galleries. It was intended that these form a chronological historical showing of American painting and sculpture covering the period from colonial and Revolutionary times down to a decade ago. The New York State Commission did not in einy way participate in the deliberations of the New York Group Jury of Selection. The jury was made up as follows: John W. Alexander New York. Adolphe Borie Pennsylvania. PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 277 George W. Bellows New York. Hugh H. Breckenridge Pennsylvania. Emil Carlsen New York. William M. Chase New York. Ralph Clarkson Illinois. Daniel Garbor Pennsylvania. Charles Dana Gibson New York. William J. Glackens New York. Childe Hassam New York. Robert Henri New York. Philip L. Hale Massachusetts. WiUard L. Metcalf New York. William M. Paxton Massachusetts. Joseph T. Pearson, Jr Pennsylvama. Edward W. Rediield Pennsylvania. Henry B. Snell New York. Albert E. Sterner New York. Edmund C. Tarbell Massachusetts. J. Alden Weir New York. Daniel C. French New York. Hermon A. MacNeil New York. Herbert Adams New York. Adolph A. Weinmann New York. William J. Baer New York. Laura Coombs Hills Massachusetts. Emily Drayton Taylor Pennsylvania. The Juries pi Selection were interlocking to the extent that many resi- dent artists in New York served on the Boston and Philadelphia juries, and vice versa. In this manner the views of the Selection Juries were much broadened in scope and were relieved from the possibility of local influence. The Jury of Selection worked in harmony with the New York State Advisory Committee, which included all of the jurors and Harry W. Watrous, Irving Ramsey Wiles, Cornelia B. Sage, A. P. Proctor, Wil- liam Henry Fox, Frank T. DuMond and Colin C. Cooper. On acceptance by the Jury of Selection the works of art were for- warded to San Francisco and prepared for exhibition under the direction of the Exposition of Fine Arts' officials. 278 STATE OF NEW YORK As soon as this work was completed Group Juries inspected the works and made reports to the International Jury, which was made up as follows : John W. Beatty Pittsburg. Pa. William M. Chase New York City. George Walter Dawson Philadelphia, Pa. Charles J. Dickman San Francisco, Cal. Frank V. Du Mond New York City. Frank Duveneck Cincinnati, Ohio. Philip L. Hale Boston, Mass. J. McClure Hamilton London, Eng. Francis McComas Monterey, Cal. Walter McEwen London, Eng. Arthur F. Mathews San Francisco, Cal. L. H. Meakin Cincinnati, Ohio. C. Powell Minnigerode Washington, D. C. Eugen Neuhaus Berkeley, Cal. William M. Paxton Boston, Mass. Edward W. Redfield Center Bridge, Pa. Edmund C. Tarbell Boston, Mass. Charles J. Taylor Pittsburg, Pa. J. Alden Weir New York City. Edmund H. Wuerpel St. Louis, Mo. Louis C. Mullgardt San Francisco, Cal. Joseph Pennell London, Eng. Thomas W. Stevens Pittsburg, Pa. Paul W. Bartlett Washington. D. C. Charles Grafly Philadelphia, Pa. Joseph J. Mora San Francisco, Cal. Haig Patigian San Francisco, Cal. Adolph A. Weinman New York City. A. Stirling Calder Berkeley, Cal. a: Id h- < H u. o z o p u a: > o UJ > u] il > m < u H u o z o 2 a; O 5 PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 281 The awards in their entirety were as follows : Awards for Fine Arts Exhibitor Grand prize Medal of honor Gold medal Silver medal Bronze medal Honor- able mention Total New York Group I * 5 I 4 26 4 7 46 3 16 9 8 13 3 I 14 89 2* I 18 ■I* S4 Total I ID 37 65 30 18 161 All United States I I 15 2 4 52 6 II 137 15 20 44 22 17 5 7 27 254 53 79 2 1 Total 2 21 69 172 83 39 386 Argentine Group I I I 8 I 9 I 4 2 22 ■2 5 Total 2 9 10 6 27 Australia I 3 2 2 7 2 Total I 3 2 2 8 Cuba GroiiD I I I 2 2 2 8 China Group I I 3 I 3 8 3 5 7 6 17 20 x Total I 4 II 8 13 37 Paintings and Drawings * Croup / — Painting! on canvass, wood or metal, by all direct mediodi in oil, wax, tempera or other media; enamels; paintings on porcelain, faience and on various preparations, of purely pictorial intent; mural paintings in any media. Paintings and drawings in water color, pastel, chalk, charcoal, pencil and other media, on any material. Miniatures on ivory or ivory substitutes. Etchings, Engravings and Block Prints * Croup 2 — Etchings, engravings and block prints in one or more colon. Aniolithographs with pencil, crayon or brush. Sculpture * Croup 3 — Works in the round, high and low relief; busts, single figures and groups in marble, bronze or other metal; in terra cotta, plaster, wood, ivory, or other materials. Models in plaster and terra cotla. Medals, plaques, engravings on gems, cameos and intaglios. Carvings !n stone, wood, ivory or other materials. 282 STATE OF NEW YORK Awards for Fine Arts — - Concluded Exhibitor Grand prize Medal of honor Gold medal Silver medal Bronze medal Honor- able mention Total Italy Group I I 2 12 5 9 3 3 3 24 3 14 Total I 2 17 12 3 3 38 Japan Group 1 5 4 6 2 15 13 6 14 9 2 4 9 1 4 4 34 2 2 5 16 3 49 Total 3 I 9 23 33 24 9 1 01 Netherlands Group I I 7 I II 2 I 3 2 23 2 5 3 2 Total I I 8 14 S 30 Norway Group I I I I I I 6 2 I 6 2 20 2 6 3 3 Total 2 3 9 8 29 Philippines Group I I 2 I 4 Portugal Group I I I 4 3 I 7 I 16 3 3 Total I I 4 4 8 19 Sweden Group I 2 2 II 2 5 4 4 I 20 2 6 1 6 Total 2 2 13 13 I 32 Uruguay Group I I 5 I I I 7 3 3 Total I 6 2 10 All Others Group I 4 I 21 I 28 7 4 13 7 2 2 67 18 2 3 14 Total 5 22 39 28 5 99 Grand total lO 47 176 330 181 84 828 H 3 I X UJ z o p < u D Q UJ 14 Di O PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 285 In all, sixty-five awards for oil paintings were made to residents of the State and nine to New Yorkers now living outside of the State, and fifteen awards for water colors, miniatures and drawings were made to New Yorkers; sixteen awards for etchings and engravings were made to present residents and two to former residents; fifty-two awards for sculpture were made to present residents and two to former residents. The New Yorkers who were honored were as follows: John W. Alexander, Cecilia Beaux, Gifford Beal, George Bellows, Colin Campbell Cooper, Howard C. Cushing, Ruger Donoho, Paul Dougherty, John C. Johansen, Ernest Lawson, Hayley Lever, Charles Bittinger, E. L. Blumenschein, John Fabian Carlson, Lewis Cohen, E. Irving Couse, Robert D. Gauley, Lawrence Grant, Albert Lorey Groll, Robert Henri, Francis C. Jones, H. Bolton Jones, Leon F. Jones, Annie Traquair Lang, Jonas Lie, Dewitt M. Lockman, Norwood MacGilvary, OIL PAINTINGS Medal of Honor Emil Carlsen, Willard Metcalf. Gold Medal F. Luis Mora, Ellen Emmet Rand, Robert Reid. Wm. Ritschel, Louis C. Tiffany, Douglas Volk, Robert Vonnoh, Horatio Walker, E. K. K. Wetherill, Irving R. Wiles. Silver Medal George H. Macrum, Louis Mayer, Wm. McKiUop. M. Jean McLane, J. Francis Murphy, Raymond P. R. Nielsen. Clara Weaver Parrish, Edward H. Potthast, Will S. Robinson, Chauncey F. Ryder, Henry B. Snell, Eugene E. Speicher, Dwight W. Tryon, Eugene Paul Ullman, Everett L> Warner. 286 STATE OF NEW YORK Louis Belts. John W. Breyfogle, Harold M. Camp, Arthur Crisp, Randall Davey, Bronze Medal Rudolph Dirks. Wm. J. Glackens, Leon Kroll, Ernest David Roth, Honorable Mention William H. Hyde, Cecil Jay. WATER COLORS. MINIATURES AND DRAWINGS Gold Medal Arthur I. Keller, WilUam Jacob Baer, Jules Guerin. F. Luis Mora, Henry B. Snell. Silver Medal W. T. Benda. David Milne, Arthur Byne, Selma M. D. Moellef. Colin Campbell Cooper, Cecil Jay, Anna B. W. Kindlund, Elsie Dodge Pattee, Mabel R. Welch. Bronze Medal May Wilson Preston. ETCHINGS AND ENGRAVINGS Grand Prize Henry Wolf. Medal of Honor C. Harry White. Allen Lewis. Cold Medal D. Shaw MacLaughlin, J. Andre Smith. PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 287 Silver Medal Charles Wesley Chadwick, Earl Horter, Ernest David Roth. Anne Goldthwaite, Antonio Earone, Arthur Wesley Dow, Bronze Medd William A. Levy, John Sloan, Everett L. Warner, J, C. Vondrous. Honorable Mention E. K. K. Wetherill. Herbert Adams. SCULPTURE Medal of Honor Karl Bitter. Daniel Chester French. James Earle Eraser. Paul Manship, Cold Medal Attilio Piccirilli. A. Phimister Proctor. Silver Medal Robert Aitken, Chester Beach, John J. Boyle. Edith Woodman Burroughs, Sherry Edmundson Fry. Anna Vaughan Hyatt. Evelyn Beatrice Longman, Furio Piccirilli, Albin Polasek, Edmond T. Quinn, Victor Salvator, Janet Scudder. Bessie Potter Vonnoh. Bronze Medal Edwrard Willard Deming. Albert Jaegers. Abastenia St. Leger Eberle, Wladyslaw Mazur, Eli Harvey. Olga Popoff MuUer. Karl Augustus Heber. Charles Carey Rumsey, Henry Hering. Lindsey M. Sterling. Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney. 288 STATE OF NEW YORK Vincenzo Alfano, John M. Bateman. Gail Sherman Corbett, Henri Grenier, C. Percival Dietsch, Harriet W. Frishmuth, Margaret Hoard. Honorable Mention Malvina Hoffman, Arthur Lee, Helen F. Mears, Wm. O. Partridge, C. L. Pietro, Amory C. Simons, Edgar Walter. Medal of Honor John Flanagan. James Earle Fraser. Victor D. Brenner, Gail Sherman Corbett, Cold Medal Hermon Atkins MacNeil. Silver Medal Henry Hering. Bronze Medal Spicer-Simpson, T. NEW YORK ARTISTS (NOW RESIDING ELSEWHERE) OIL PAINTINGS Medal of Honor Violet Oakley. Sargeant Kendall, Howard R. Butler, E. D. Connell, Frederik M. Du Mond, Cold Medal Edward F. Rook. Silver Medal Paul King, Mary Curtis Richardson, Lionel Walden. ETCHINGS AND ENGRAVINGS Cold Medal Herman A. Webster. Bronze Medal Helen Hyde. PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 289 SCULPTURE Cold Medal F. G. R. Roth. Silver Medal Sargeant Kendall. Before the close of the Exposition period arrangements were made with most of the exhibitors to continue their display of works in the Palace of Fine Arts for an extended time. The Fine Arts Palace remained open to the public until May 1 , 1 91 6. as an Exposition enterprise, and an effort is being made by art lovers of the Pacific Coast to have the building con- tinued as a permanent museum. 290 STATE OF NEW YORK THE EDUCATION EXHIBIT Since the early days of the Dutch settlements of the colony of New Netherlands, New York has occupied first place in education. It was in this State that the first public school on the western hemisphere was established in 1 633. From that date to the present time, the advance of the State has been uninterrupted. In 1845, Horace Mann, Secretary of the Board of Education of Massachusetts, said in his annual report : " The great Stale of New York is carrying forward the work of public education more rapidly than any other State in the Union or in any other country in the world." In that same year Henry Barnard of Connecticut, in an address before the teachers of New York State, said : " I have watched the progressive improvement in the organization and adminis- tration of the school system of this great State with intense interest and regard it at this time as superior to any other of which I have any knowledge, for its extent, its liberality, its efficiency, and the general intelligence and activity with which its widespread affairs are administered." The names of Horace Mann and Henry Barnard stand out as beacon- lights in the history and development of our education in this country, cind such authoritative statements need no comment; for since the time when New York placed common schools within easy reach of every home, her career as a State has been unparalleled in the history of states for material and intellectual progress. Therefore when the New York State Panama-Pacific Exposition Commission was seeking representation at San Francisco from the several State departments, it looked to the State Department of Education for an exhibit which should portray to the people of the world the interest and confidence which the Empire State has in the education of her people. The Commission through its Secretaries, Daniel L. Ryan, and William Leary,, early set about to interest the Commissioner of Education and the Board of Regents in making an exhibit, and invoked the coopera- tion of Mr. Alvin E. Pope, Chief of the Department of Education and PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 293 Social Economy of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. It was Mr. Pope's intention in planning the organization of education at the Exposition to have the United States Bureau of Education exhibit the American system of education, for notwithstanding the diversity of admin- istration and procedure in the several States, our nation has progressed to the point where it may be confidently stated that we have a truly American system of education, including the elementary, the secondary and the higher. It was therefore suggested to several states, including New York, that each make an exhibit of that phase of education which distinguishes it from all others. It was in 1 784, upon the recommendation of Governor George Clinton, that the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York was established and incorporated by legislative act. The law creating the Board' of Regents made that body the Governors of Kings College and empowered the Board to found schools and colleges in any part of the State. In 1812, legislation was enacted creating a State system of common schools and providing for a State Superintendent thereof. Gideon Hawley, the first State Superintendent, has been called, therefore, the father of the common school system of New York. Just as the first common school in the country was established in New York, so the first State system of education was inaugurated by New York. Thus from the beginning, the educational work of the State was vested in two authorities; the Regents of the University having jurisdic- tion over the academies and higher education, and the Superintendent of Common Schools having jurisdiction over the elementary and public secondary schools. In 1 854 the State Department of Public Instruction was created with its chief officer, the Superintendent of Public Instruction. By the Unification Act of 1 904, the Board of Regents and the Depart- ment of Public Instruction were merged in the University of the State of New York — the State Education Department, with the Board of Regents as the legislative body, having control of the educational policies of the State, and the State Commissioner of Education as their executive officer. Thus from the very beginning the one distinguishing characteristic of our State which has contributed to its educational preeminence is centrali- zation of authority. The existence of a central, authoritative power that 294 STATE OF NEW YORK can be quickly exercised, that can shape policies and concentrate effort, that makes the administration of the school system a State function, together with decentraHzation of service or supervision by local school authorities, is clearly responsible for the preeminence of the position of New York among the States. It was, therefore, determined that the educational exhibit at San Fran- cisco should visualize centralization of control with decentralization of service. In order to do this it was estimated by the Commissioner of Edu- cation that the minimum cost would be $50,000. The original plan for the exhibit included a model of the State Education Building, a topo- graphical map upon which should be shown in miniature and in their exact location all of the elementary school buildings, high schools, col- leges, universities and technical schools; eight stereomotorgraphs carrying 416 lantern slides, showing elementary, secondary, and higher education buildings and grounds, and views of the interior of the Education Build- ing, showing the administrative organization of the State Department of Education ; and a monograph giving a complete history of the develop- ment of the school system of the State in all its various activities. The Commission gave the plan serious consideration, but determined that the maximum amount of money that should be set apart for this exhibit was $35,000, and requested the Education Department to carry out the original plan as completely as possible, omitting the publication of the monograph. The subcommittee of the Commission charged with the responsibility for an educational exhibit, consisted of Commissioners Joseph B. Mayer, Chairman, James A. Foley, George H. Whitney and Mrs. WiUiam Randolph Hearst. Dr. John H. Finley, President of the University of the State of New York and Commissioner of Education, accompanied by Dr. Augustus S. Dovraing, Assistant Commissioner for Higher Education, appeared before the Commission and stated that Dr. Downing would be charged with the responsibility of preparing and installing the exhibit. After many conferences the Commission entered into a contract for the construction of a complete topographical map of the State of New York, on a scale of one inch to the mile, vertical exaggeration of three ; to be 34 feet 4 inches east and west by 27 feet north and south; the o z 5 J D CQ >' o 2 O u j < u o en z o H < u D Q UJ u I H Z o > < CU d: D H O oi a z > o o UJ o 5 u H X UJ PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 297 modelling to be based on 250 or more of the published United States geological survey quadrangles and from unpublished manuscript embrac- ing areas not indicated on the key map to geological survey publications. Upon this model were to be represented by means of small incandescent lights, the various educational institutions of the State, in accurate loca- tion, and at Albany a miniature model of the Education Building, lighted at all times to show that the centralized educational administra- tion emanated from this building. The contract also provided for the creation of a large architectural model of the State Education Building at Albany, on a scale of one-fourth inch to a foot, aggregating in hori- zontal dimensions about 1 6 feet by 7 ; the model to be in replica of the original; the surface material to represent and give the appearance of marble. All of this work was subject to the supervision and approval of the Commission and of the State Commissioner of Education or his deputy. The Commission also entered into contract for the installation and maintenance of eight stereomotorgraphs. The consununation of these contracts involved monthly inspection of the work as it progressed, at Washington, during an entire year. A space of 40 by 60 feet under the central dome of the Palace of Education and Socia^ Economy at the comer of Avenue C and Third Street was assigned to this exhibit. This space held the most conspicuous place in the Palace. The map was placed in the foreground, and the model of the Education Building just beyond the eastern extremity of the map ; the eight stereomotorgraphs along the wall at the north, so that looking across the map, from west to east, one saw the model of the Education Building, as a great marble palace, devoted solely to educa- tion; looking across the map toward the north one saw through the pictures the elementary schools with their millions of children; the high schools with their laboratories and class rooms filled with youth of adolescent age, the imiversities, colleges and technical schools with their magnificent buildings and campuses, and hundreds of workshops filled with modem equipment, where young men and young women are being trained for leadership in the professions and in the trades; and so which- ever way one looked, he was confronted with the relief map of the jgreat 13 298 STATE OF NEW YORK State upon which was visualized, through the Hghts of distinguishing colors, the cause and source of her greatness. On the surface of the great topographic map there were 1 1 ,642 ele- mentary schools flashing white lights; 948 high schools and academies, red; 34 imiversities and colleges, orange; 34 professional schools, canary; 1 1 schools of fine arts, dark blue; 10 normal schools, yellow; 136 train- ing schools, Ught yellow; 7 Indian schools, red; 10 schools for defectives, purple; 21 busmess schools, dark yellow; 513 public libraries, blue; 65 vocational schools, frosted glass. To keep these lamps busy flashing their story, there was enough copper wire hidden under the map to convey electricity for a community of 50,000 persons. Hidden in the compartments set apart for housing the stereomotor- graphs was a transformer, especially constructed for this exhibit, reduc- ing the current of 1 1 5 volts which flowed through to such minimum voltage that the globes of the little lamps were not even warmed as they blinked out several hundred times every day the great story of New York's educational system, and visitors little suspected that the body of the map itself contained 300 pounds of worn-out paper money discarded and ground into pulp by the United States Treasury Department. For the first time in the history of expositions, and doubtless in the history of the world had the prmciple of electric lightmg been applied to a topographical map. This exhibit presented a new principle of exposition, adaptable to the visualization of all manner of industries, products and interests, so that the exhibit became a study not only for those interested in the progress of education in the Empire State, but as well for all who were interested in hereafter presenting in a striking way information of whatsoever kind. The model of the Education Building attracted attention first because of its beauty, and then because of the wonder excited that a State should need to devote an entire building of such wondrous proportions solely to education ; but as cin exhibit it meant more even thaui that to the visitors who CEune to the Exposition from our own State, for State Commis- sioner of Education Draper at the time of the dedication of the building said: PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 299 " The Building is rooted deeply in our illustrious history ; we dedicate it rever- ently to the memory of our pioneers. The people who have erected it are struggling for all manner of progress in the most tense and complex civilization the world has ever known ; we dedicate it bravely and courageously to the needs of the throbbing present. It will have a work to do in the long future. We dedicate it solemnly to the needs of the generations yet unborn. With all our rich experience, with all the records of our past, education is yet in its infancy, and so we dedicate these walls to that which is to come after us. We consecrate this splendid pile of stone and steel to the enrichment of the great soul of the Empire State." And there the building stood, lighted from morning until night as a monument to the faith of the people of the ELmpire State in a free edu- cational system — open from the kindergarten to the university, for the boys and girls seeking it. The exhibit was one of the few that was ready on the 2C)th of Febru- ary when the Exposition opened, and from that date to December 4, it was continuously literally enlightening the world upon the subject which must ever be the chief concern of a democratic form of government. Because the educational activity of the State readily divides itself into elementary, secondary, higher education which includes technical and administrative organization, the Commission determined to enter the exhibit under the award system in four corresponding classes, and to enter the entire exhibit in a class by itself. As a result, the Superior International Jury of Award granted to the University of the State of New York, under whose auspices the exhibit was prepared, a grand prize for the exhibit as a whole, and the next highest award, a medal of honor, for the exhibit in each of the above named four classes. To Augustus S. Downing, LL.D., Assistant Commissioner for Higher Education, a medal of honor was awarded for the contribution of a new and original exposition idea, and the Commission is indebted to him for the conception of the exhibit and for his untiring service in plan- ning and bringing it to a successful completion. Further awards were made in connection with this exhibit to Mr. George H. Robertson, Manager of Howell's Microcosm, Washington, D. C. a gold medal; to Mr. Thomas J. Williams, electrician, Washing- ton, D. C, a gold medal; to Mr. Hiram C. Case, and Mr. Elmer E. 300 STATE OF NEW YORK Arnold of Albany, as collaborators, silver medals; eind to Mr. Hugh P. Kelly, a bronze medal, for his devotion in caring for the exhibit from the date of its installation to the time of the sealing of the car in which it was returned to the custody of the State Department of Education in Albany. The daily throngs of visitors to the exhibit eind the comments of sur- prise and pleasure attested the fact that the New York State Commis- sion had secured an exhibit, simple, stately, worthy of the State; but to none of these visitors was the exhibit more pleasing emd satisfactory than to the Governor of the State, the Honorable Charles S. Whitmem ; Presi- dent John H. Finley, Regent Charles B. Alexander of the University of the State of New York and the members of the visiting legislative com- mittees, who viewed it with pride. Records of the attendance at the Educational Exhibit disclose that it was viewed by 492,200 persons during the Exposition period. During the month of August, when the Convention of the National Education Association was held in Oakland, there were 63,000 visitors to the exhibit. EDUCATION Miscellaneous Awards Grand Prize Columbia Gramophone Co., New York City: Educational Features of Graphonolas, Graphophones, Talking Machines, Dictaphones, Talking Machine Records, etc. Medal of Honor Uiuted States Steel Corporation and Subsidiary Companies: Exhibit of Educational Activities Among Employees, Remington Typewriter Co., New York City: Educational Ejchibit, Including Twenty Machines Equipped for Instruction. Funk & Wagnalls Co., New York City: Educational Features of New Standard Dictionary and Other Publications. Binney & Smith Co., New York City: AH Brands of Crayon and Chalks. Louise Brigham, New York City: Furniture of Her Own Design. A. M. Palmer Co., New York City: Method of Business Writing. H PWlJ ,16 U»gJ 17 MoJ ; ^ » ' * - AVENUE OF PALMS ' J..! J.f...I ^ TLOOB PLAN PALACE OF EDUCATION. & SOCIAL ECONOMY PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 30^ Elncyclopedia Britannica Co., New York City: Educational Features. of Latest Edition of Encyclopedia Britannica. Gregg Publishing Co.. New York City: Collective Exhibit Showing Typewriting, Office Training, Gregg Shorthand, etc. Romeyn B. Hough. Lowville: "American Woods," " Handbook of Trees," and " Leaf Key to Trees," Also Mounts of Wood, etc. Cold Medal General Electric Co., Schenectady: Exhibit of Research Work and Investigation. Pratt Institute, Brooklyn: Exhibit of a Model Room. Methodist Book Concern, New York City: Uniform Sunday School Lessons and Graded Lessons System. Yawman & Erbe Co., Rochester: Filing Equipment Under School and Office Conditions. Grolier Society. New York City: Educational Features of " Book of Knowledge." Silver Medal Syracuse University, Syracuse: Oil Paintings, Charcoal Drawings and Designs. Singer Sewing Machine Co., New York City: Exhibit of Educational Publications and Activities. Teachers College, Columbia University. New York City: Photography and Designs. Jamestown Public Schools, Jamestown : Designs. Free Trade School, Hospital of Hope, New York City: Glass Mosaics. Metal Work, Copper and Wood Engraving and Jewelry. Bronze Medal Albany School of Fine Arts, Albany: Jewelry. Metal Work and Bookbinding. Honorable Mention St. Walburghs Academy. New York City: Designing, Lettermg and Illuminating. 304 STATE OF NEW YORK SOCIAL ECONOMY Miscellaneous Awards Crand Prize American Voting Machine Company, New York City: Voting Machines. Hie Committee of One Hundred of the Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America, New York Gty: Exhibit of Religious Education and Work Relative to Elconomic and Social Reform. The American Bible Society, Participant with The Committee of One Hundred of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America, New York City: Elxhibit of Religious Education and Work Relative to Economic and Social Reform. The National Committee for Mental Hygiene. New York City: Exhibit Showing the Causes and Distribution of Insanity, the Methods of Care, and the Cost of Maintaining the Insane. Rockefeller Foundation International Health Commission, New York City: Exhibit Illustrating the Nature and Effects of Hookworm Disease Statistics on Distribution and Degree of Infection. United States Steel Corporation Bureau of Safety. Sanitation and Welfare, New York City: Exhibit of the Socio-Exonomic Features as Practiced by the Subsidiary Com- panies of this Corporation ; Safety, Sanitation and Welfare. Medal of Honor Bankers Trust Company, New York City: Elxhibit of American Bankers Association Travelers' Cheques. Infant Incubator Company, Luna Park, Coney Island, New York: ELxhibit of a Model Nursery and Infant Incubators. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company of New York, New York City: Elzhibit Showing the Activities Relating to Hygiene. Visiting Nurse Service and Educational Publicity. National Consumers' League, New York City: ELxhibit Showing Conditions of Work of Women and Children in Various Industries, and Indicating Need of Abolishing Sweat Shops and Child Labor. Travelers' Aid Sodety, New York City: EJdiibit of Study of the History Methods, and Development of the Society's Work. PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 305 Cold Medal The American Bible Society. New York City: Elxhibit of Religious Education. American Social Hygientf Association, New York City: ELxhibit of Special Hygiene. Indicative of the Scope and Activities of the Organization. General Electric Company. Schenectady. New York: Economic and Educational Features of " The Home Electrical." National Child Labor Committee. New York City: Elxhibit Demonstrating the High Cost of Child Labor. The National Story Tellers' League of America, New York City: Elxhibit of the Activities of the League. The Salvation Army, New York City: Elxhibit Illustrating Scope and Activities. Workmen's Compensation Service Bureau, New York Gty: Elxhibit Illustrating the Principles of Industrial Safeguarding Established by This Bureau. Children's Aid Society, New York City: Elxhibit Illustrating Work for the Mental. Physical and Social Betterment of Children. Silver Medal American Mis«onary Association, New York City: Elxhibit of Religious Education. Board of Home Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America. New York City: Elxhibit of Religious Education. Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn. New York: Exhibit of Photographs of Children Judged for Beauty. Health, Intelligence and Disposition. Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States of America. New York City: Elxhibit of Religious Education. National Organization of Catholic Women, New York City: Plaster Model of a French Gothic Church. New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor. New York Gty: Exhibit Illustrating the Activities of the Association by Means of Charts. National Temperance Society and Publication House, New York City: Elxhibit Showing the Effect of the Use of and Traffic in Alcohol, Drugs and Tobacco, and the Manner of Regulating the Use of Same. 306 STATE OF NEW YORK Silver Medal Architectural League of New York, New York City: ' Drawings and Photographic Reproductions of Architects' Designs Intended to Make an Ideal America City. New York Probation and Protective Association, New York City: Exhibit of the Methods Used in Caring for and Redeeming Delinquents, Particularly Juveniles. Church Association for the Advancement of the Interests of Labor. New York City: Exhibit Illustrating Welfare Work for Workers in Stores. Factories and Mines. Bronze Medal American Baptist Home Mission Society, New York City: Elxhibit of Religious Education.. American Tract Society, New York City: Exhibit of ReUgious Education. Board of Foreign Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church, New York City: Exhibit of Religious Education. The Congregational Home Missionary Society, New York City: Elxhibit of Religious Education. International Lords Day Society, New York City: Exhibit Showing Its Scope and Activities. The International Order of Kings Daughters and Sons, New York City: Exhibit Showing the Scope and Activities of this Organization. The Joint Board of Sanitary Control in the Cloak, Suit and Skirt and the Dress and Waist Industries, New York City: Exhibit Relative to Regulation and Inspection of Factories and Shops, and of Woman and Child Labor. " Le Lyceum " Societe des Femmes de France a New York: Exhibit Shovnng the Scope and Activities of the Society. Social Service Work of the Protestant Episcopal Church, New York Gty: EJdiibit Illustrating Scope and Activities. Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episc<^al Church, New York City: Exhibit Illustrating Activities. Woman's Home Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, New York City: Exhibit Illustrating Activities. Woman's Board of Home Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, New York City: Exhibit Showing Scope and Activities. PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 307 Bronze Medal Crippled Children's Guild, Buffalo, N. Y.: ELxhibit Illustrating Betterment Work Done Among Cripples by the Guild. Public Education Association, New York City: Ejdiibit Illustrating the Study of School Supervision and School Systems in the State. Catholic Home Bureau for Dependent Children, New York City: Exhibit Illustrating Methods Used in Reclaiming and Caring for Neglected and Dependent Children. Intercollegiate Bureau of Occupation, New York City: Elxhibit Showing Cooperative Methods for Advancement of the Interests of Social Welfare Workers. Bureau of Municipal Research. New York City: Exhibit Illustrating Systems of Government, Charters, Municipal Activities, Budget Making, Training for Public Service. Honorable Mention Girls Friendly Society in America, New York City: Elxhibit Showing Scope and Activities of the Organization. National Association of Life Underwriters, New York City: Elxhibit Showing Scope and Activities. Volunteers of America, New York City: Elxhibit Showing Scope and Activities. 308 STATE OF NEW YORK STATE CARE OF THE INSANE The exhibit of New York State Hospital activities was situated at the junction of Avenue D and Third Street in the Palace of Education. It was prepared and shown by experts of the State Hospital Commission and was given one of the most prominent locations in the building. The display embodied the ideas of professional men. trained in the work por- trayed and represented tv\ro years of plaiming as to the most striking man- ner to indicate in limited space the immense scope and progress of hospital work in the State. In the center of the exhibit was a large glass-covered model of a State hospital plsuit. This model, which was ten feet eight inches long by six feet wide, showed on a scale of twenty-five feet to the inch, an ideal arrangement of a modem hospital for 2.000 inseine patients. The build- ings for patients were grouped around a central recreation park in such a manner that a good view was obtsuned from all windows and immediate opportunity for out-door recreation was afforded. The plan made ample provision for the classification and treatment of patients according to approved present day standards. The buildings shown on the model were copied from the best types now in use by the New York State Hospitals. The lemdscape features were carefully planned and gave an attractive appearance to the whole model. A large section of the exhibit was devoted to hydrotherapy and the different appliances were arranged along one side. These appliances were kept in almost continuous operation. The apparatus for shower, needle, douche, and spray baths was coimected with a marble table on which were valves for controlling the temperature and pressure of the water. A short printed statement above the apparatus explained that in New York State institutions hydrotherapy had largely superseded the use of sedatives and mechanical restraint in allaying excitement in the insane. The ordinary forms of hydrotherapy include hot and cold wet packs, tub baths, hip or sitz baths, rain, circular, needle douches, fan and Scotch douches, perineal, hot air and electric light baths. PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 309 Thermometers on the table are provided with electric contact and cause an alarm when the temperature of the water rises above 120° Fahrenheit. Each fixture is controlled separately and any or all of the baths can be given simultaneously by an attendant and the temperature is maintained at the degree desired during each operation of the various valves. The tub for the prolonged bath is coimected with a mixing device which automatically controls and maintains the temperature at which the bath is prescribed by the physicietn. If either the hot or cold water is inadvertently shut otf the flow to the tub will stop insteuitly. The patient reclines in a comfortable position on a hammock of either canvas or some other strong fabric which is suspended in the tub and connected to fixtures on the sides. Attendemts at the exhibit explained that the bath is often given con- tinuously for several days and again at intervals for periods of weeks, when there is a tendency for the patients to be quiescent they are taken out of the bath but are returned if the excitement recurs. This form of treatment has been most efficacious in maniacal excitement and when given with careful supervision it always has a beneficial effect. The steam and hot air and the electric light cabinets which formed a part of the hydrotherapeutic exhibit are used to excite perspiration and have a stimulating effect on the glands of the skin. They are used before the administration of the various spray or douche baths and are especially prescribed in those nervous conditions where a change in circulation and an elimination of toxic substcinces in the blood are desired. The exhibit of occupational therapy occupied four large show cases and showed the different kind of work which is carried on in the industrial department of the State hospitals. The object of this work is to bring patients out of their ruminations and abnormal mental trend to a healthy mental stream of thought. By stimulating such a mental reaction the patient becomes interested and frequently the mental disease is arrested and further deterioration ceases and in the recoverable mental disorders occupational therapy is a decided benefit in the restoration of the patient to a normal condition. 310 STATE OF NEW YORK Occupational therapy is especially indicated in the chronic mental disorders and mciny inactive cases can, by individual attention, be brought out of their apathy to a state where they show considerable interest in their surroundings. The work in one show case consisted largely of baskets made by patients m all kinds of designs from raffia. This raffia work ranged from the simple woven basket made by a patient in an elementary stage of treatment by this form of therapy, to the fancy jmd intricate designs of patients who are more active and interested or have gradually acquired a higher degree of proficiency. Another show case contained various kinds of artificial flowers, made from crepe paper with such perfection that from a casual observation they appeared like the natural flowers. The show case containing specimens of needle-work, done by patients, was especially attractive and many of the articles demonstrated painstak- ing application. There were specimens of Irish lace, tatting, drawn- work, stitching and embroidery of very fancy design euid a high degree of workmanship. Still etnother case contained specimens of less artistic appearemce but of more useful application. These consisted of articles of clothing, knitting, tinware, shoes, brushes, leather work and specimens of painting and plaster of paris work. Also arranged on tables were specimens of rugs, mats eind carpets which are made by the patients. A glass-covered model of the tuberculosis pavilion of the Binghamton State Hospital cmd of the reception building of the Hudson River State Hospital at Poughkeepsie, also was placed on this table. Above this model and specimens of work were two large views, one of the cottages of the Central Islip State Hospital, and another of the buildings and grounds stretching into the distance of the Willard State Hospital. On an electrically propelled multiplex display fixture of ten double charts were shown photographs of the Commissioners and State Hospital Superintendents and also views of some of the buildings smd recreational and occupational activities of the State hospitals. There was a descrip- tion in the charts as to expenditures covering $9,000,000 annually for the care of the insane of the State, and some of the factors in the apparent increase in the inmates in State institutions. H 5 X X UJ J < O X H < cc o >- Z Q O PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 313 It was pointed out that one-third of all insanity can be prevented by limiting the use of alcoholic beverages; checking the spread of venereal disease; alleviating extreme poverty; teaching and observing the laws of mental hygiene; curbing reproduction in neuropathic individuals; by estabUshing psychiatric pavilions in general hospitals for early treatment of nervous and mental diseases and by establishing departments for mental diseases in connection with existing public dispensaries in large cities. Records were quoted in the exhibit showing that the apparent increase in the number of patients is due : First, to the proximity of institutions to large cities; second, because the average duration of life has increased during the past twenty years and more people live to the age periods in which mental diseases most frequently arise ; third, to improved methods of treatment and the fact that better care of patients cause more mild cases to enter hospitals ; fourth, many cases of insanity now receive treat- ment which were formerly neglected; fifth, because a relatively large number of immigrants become insane. Stress was laid on this last fact in order to impress visitors to the exhibit, coming as they did from all parts of the world, that the last census of the insane in the New York State hospitals showed that 42 per cent, of the inmates were foreign born and had not become citizens of this country. The State of New York has placed upon it, as the gate- way to America, the care of most of the insane of this class, although they have no claim upon State bounty. An electric stereomotorgraph containing 52 slides showed views of buildings, and also some of the recreational, occupational and other forms of treatment and activities in the State hospitals. Another multiplex display fixture of 10 double charts gave many statistical data in regard to the etiology of insanity and admissions to and inmates in hospitals in every State. Also a description of the scope of the work of the Psychiatric institute and some of the scientific work carried on by that department. It was shown that alcohol was the prin- cipal cause in 13.7 of male and 4.7 of female cases admitted to New York State hospitals during 1913 and acted as a contributory cause in 8.5 per cent, of male and 2.9 per cent, of female cases. 314 STATE OF NEW YORK Syphilis was the principal cause in 1 9.8 per cent, of male and 7.2 per cent, of female cases. These were principally cases of general paralysis, a disease which pursues a chronic course and tends by progressive mental and physical failure to a fatal termination. The rate of insanity in large cities and villages and rural districts was also graphically shown. The Psychiatric Institute, which is situated on Ward's Island under the direction of Dr. August Hoch, has as its chief aims: To stimulate a healthy medical spirit in the State hospitals; to furnish a collection of material, both clinical sad anatomical, together with other sources of information, so that important problems of psychiatry can be studied at first hand with adequate equipment ; to suggest profitable lines of work for individual or cooperative study and to help clarify problems which arise in the course of medical work. These measures are carried out mainly : First. Through courses given at the Institute of Psychiatry and corre- lated subjects, to physicians of the State hospitals. Second. Through the study of cmatomical material sent to the Insti- tute from cases which have been studied clinically in the State hospitals. Third. Through conducting meetings at which at least two hospitals unite. A^ these meetings studies made at the hospitals and at the Institute are presented smd discussed. Fourth. Through visits to the various State hospitals as occasion arises either for consultation or assistance. A number of the charts included photographs of both macroscopical and microscopical chemges which occur in diseases of the central nervous system. Particular attention was directed to the pathological changes which occur in the brain in general paralysis, arterio-sclerosis, senility, syphilis and in toxic and other organic conditions. Additional interest was given by lectures which were delivered daily in the New York State theatre opposite the exhibit. The State Hospital G>mmission assigned Dr. H. M. Pollock to this work and he was fol- lowed on May 27 by Dr. G, W. Mills of the Central Islip State Hospital and he in turn was succeeded by Dr. Philip Smith of Manhattan State Hospital on July 28 and he remained until the end of the Exposition. r ^•yfaMiy: H 3 I X UJ z p z < < D a 02 O 2 u; I H tL, o UJ > PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 317 In the lectures, which were supplemented by lantern views and motion picture reels, the care and treatment of the insane was outlined and por- trayed in detail. Attention was called to the fact that there had been a marked advemce in the study of insanity during the past 13 years; that the institutions had emerged from that state when mention of an insane asylum was associated with odiimi and repugnance to one where the hospital for the insane is now considered a place where the insane indi- vidual is regarded as one in need of care and treatment. The general scope of the State Hospital Commission was described in reference not only to the well regulated system which prevails in the 14 mstitutions devoted to civil and the 2 to criminal insane, but also in reference to the work which is being advocated and carried on of a prophylactic nature and subsequent after-care of patients discharged from institutions. The examination of patients both as to their mental and physical condition was fully described and the system of commitment and keeping of proper notes and records of the cases imder observation were explained. Some idea was also given of the symptoms manifested in the different mental disorders and there was a daily general descrip- tion of the present day classification of insanity. The lantern slides were arranged in order to show the buildings, and the occupational and recreational measures which are used as a means of mental therapy. A short explanation was given of each slide and they were followed by the motion picture reels. In these reels, which showed the buildings and grounds of the Binghamton and St. Lawrence State Hospitals, an idea was conveyed to those at the daily lectures of the nature and extent of a New York State hospital plant. Other reels showed some of the outdoor industrial activities, such as hajrmaking and other work in the fields and a number showed indoor industries connected with the sewing room, tailor shop, mattress shop, shoe shop and the department of arts and crafts. Finally some of the reels depicted the recreational features and among these were trolley rides, boat rides and field day exercises which take place at the State hospitals on public holidays. The attendance in the exhibit and at the lectures was always good, and the general public manifested their approval of the humane methods 318 STATE OF NEW YORK which prevail in a modem hospital for the inssme. The result of the exhibit was that enlightenment and instruction was given to many in regard to the great humanitarian work which is carried on in the State of New York among that sadly afflicted class of individuals — the insane. Alienists, general practitioners, philanthropists, nurses and students of social betterment from all parts of the world were daily visitors at the New York State Hospital Exhibit. The daily lectures in the New York State Theatre were advertised in the daily and technical press of Cali- fornia and many special articles were written about the exhibit. The publications of the State Hospital Commission were in constant demand and 25,000 copies of the descriptive booklet of the exhibit, which con- tained illustrated explanations of New York Hospital work and statistics of interest to the lay visitor to the booth, were exhausted before the close of the Exposition. In recognition of the great merit of the exhibit the International Jury awarded it the grzind prize as affording the best exemplification of the advances made in systematic care and treatment of the insane. The work- ing models, one of which cost $3,000 to prepare, and the display of handicraft of the insane occupied 980 feet of floor space. Elxclusive of the colored lantern slides there were 2,500 feet of moving pictures of hospital activities shown daily in the theatre adjoining the general exhibit. These pictures were taken especially for the Elxposition and when it closed were presented, with all models, charts, and other material, to the execu- tive offices of the State Hospital Commission in Albany. The scope and character of the exhibit and the supervision over its preparation were in charge of the Exposition Commission's Sub-committee on Social Economy, consisting of Commissioners George H. Cobb, Thomas H. Cullen, Mrs. Wm. R. Hearst and Joseph B. Mayer. Com- missioner Cobb was Chairman. PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 319 STATE HEALTH EXHIBIT In order to emphasize the correlated public welfare work being done by the State the exhibits of the Department of Health and Hospitals occupied adjoining booths in the Education-Social Economy Building of the Exposition. The exhibit of the State Department of Health was designed to show the scope of the work of the Department, the methods used in furthering its propaganda euid results attained through it. At the same time it was planned so that it would be interesting and instructive both to the general visitor and to the professional observer. In order that the exhibit should appeal to the general public it included models with flashing electric lights £ind moving figures. Supplementing these were models of other types, charts, machinery and statistics. Unquestionably, one of the most interesting models in the Education Building was in this exhibit. It was called the " Path of Life," and by means of rolls of moving figures showed the proportion of people that die at different ages. The first strip of moving mannikins was of the infants, out of each thousand born in New York who die before reaching one year of life. The deaths per thousand in each decade were shown in succeeding strips of moving, erect figures that gradually passed out of sight. Then to show the steps that New York has taken to meet the problem of infant mortality a model of a typical Infant Welfare Station was ^own, on which there was recorded the fact that there are sixty-seven such stations in thirty-two cities of the State, not including New York City. It is estimated that by means of these stations the lives of 1 ,400 infants under one year of age were saved in the last six months of 1914. That part of the exhibit devoted to the work of the Division of Laboratories and Research was especially valuable to the specialist. There were laboratory outfits and supplies displayed in glass cases. Also, there was a large supply station box containing a diagnosis, therapeutic and prophylactic supplies, and wooden boxes with containers for samples of water. Different phases of the work were shown by photo- graphs taken to illustrate the technical procedure used in the work. The 14 320 STATE OF NEW YORK system of recording and reporting results of exeuninations, and the filing of records was described and illustrated. As the population of the State has multiplied and the number of cities mcreased the problem of municipal hygiene, or more properly speaking, sanitary engineering has been forced upon the attention of public health organizations and public health officials. New York has met this problem well, and as was fitting, devoted much space in the exhibit to it. To show the results achieved in this direction a large topographic map of the State was prepared which showed by the flashing of variously colored lights the location of water supply and sewage disposal plants. This model emphasized the fact that there are 5 1 2 municipally owned water supply systems in the State. Sixty-three have filtration plants. There are 144 sewage disposal plants in operation in various municipalities of the State. In connection with the records of these the health exhibit included a model of the Albany Water Filtration Plant and one of the Sewage Disposal Plant of Batavia as representative of the systems of the State. The Albany model showed the details of the sedimentation basin, the preliminary roughing filters and the final slow semd filters. The fact was emphasized that the tsrphoid rate of Albany has decreased since the instal- lation of the filter from 1 04 deaths per 1 00,000 population to 26. The Batavia model showed the preliminary settling tanks of the Imhoff type, dosing or syphon chambers, sprinkling filters and auxiliary sludge bed for the disposal of sludge or solids deposited in the settling tank. This model was also of interest, because the two-story horizontal flow tanks of Imhotf type were the first large tanks of this type to be constructed in this coimtry. In order to impress upon all the danger from improper sewage dis- posal and water supply a model was exhibited showing three villages on a stream with a workman's camp a little above them on its course. Sev- eral cases of t3rphoid fever (indicated by electric lights) occur in the camp. The pollution passes down stream and causes a number of cases in two of the villages using it imfiltered for water supply, while the other village, protected by a filter plant, escapes contagion. A model of the Tuberculosis Preventorium for Children of T^ew York City showed one of the latest developments in the battle against this :^JSfi^ 5 5 X UJ H Z Id s H Di < a. u Q X H J < X < H en v; o z > < a; UJ z o PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 323 disease. This institution takes children, not only predisposed to tuber- culosis, but actually exposed to it eind builds them up, thus preventing development of the disease. It consists of a reception pavilion, where all children are quarantined for three weeks in order to prevent infection of the large group, and four open-air dormitories. There is an infirmary, open-air school rooms, a large administration buildmg with a dining room which seats all the children, and 1 70 acres of land in the sandy pine belt where the children play. In all large cities there are thousands of children far below the average physical development who are living with tubercu- lar parents and under miserable hygienic conditions. In the past there has been no place to send these children. It was to meet such a condition that this preventorium was estabHshed. By placing the model in the exhibit the advance made in another phase of the public health work of the State was emphasized. The two enclosed sides of the exhibit were faced by fourteen illus- trated panels giving a general outline of the work of the State Health Department. One of these described in detail the broad scope of the work of the Division of Publicity and Education. Eight other wall panels illustrated the functions of the eight principal divisions of the Department. The Division of Sanitary Ejigineering was symbolized by a youth pouring out pure water. The Division of Laboratories by a female figure with flask and test tube. The Division of Communicable Diseases by a figure with arms upraised warding otf the flying pestilence. The Division of Vital Statistics by an old meui registering a new-bom mfant. The Division of Publicity and Education by a figure of Minerva sur- rounded by books, printing press and projection apparatus. The Division of Child Hygiene by a maternal figure surroimded by three children. The Division of Public Health Nursing by a female figure sencfing two nurses out to their beneficent work. The Division of Tuberculosis by a female figure leading a sufFerer vp to the heights of health. 324 STATE OF NEW YORK Four peuiels illustrated the principal objectives of the public health campaign cind the most important methods by which these objectives may be reached. These showed the measures by which infant mortality may be reduced; how tuberculosis may be controlled; t3rphoid fever and diarrheal diseases prevented; and diphtheria, scarlet fever, measles, whooping cough and smallpox reduced. Occupying the center pcuiel was an electric flash chart illustrating the organization of the Department. This visualized the relations between the Public Health Counsd and the State Commissioner of Health and his consulting and administrative staffs with a brief statement of the func- tions of each of&cer or group of officers. Supplementing the exhibit there was shown in the State moving picture booth two reels. In order to make the topics as attractive as possible they were worked into story form. One was entitled " In His Father's Footsteps." was intended as a lesson for rural communities and showed the danger of disease from unsanitary farm surroundings and how to right such conditions. The other, called " Bringing It Home," showed the work of the Department in the prevention of infant mortality and included pictures of actual work done in the inffint welfare exhibits at county fairs in New York State. The exhibit won much favorable comment from visitors. One New Yorker remarked that he considered one of the best results achieved by it was the educational value to New Yorkers themselves; that many did not reaUze the scope of the Department until they had traveled to the Eljqjosition and viewed this exhibit. Governor Whitman visited it three times. Dr. W. J. Kellogg, a member of the Michigan State Board of Health, was so impressed with the health work of the State as represented in the exhibit that he asked permission to take photographs of part of it to have made into lantern slides to be used in publicity work by the Michigan Board of Health. The Secretary of the State Board of Health of Illinois spent half a day in the exhibit getting ideas for work in that State. The resident engineer of Berlin. Germany, was so attracted by the Path of Life model that he took down specifications of it in order to have a similar one made to be placed in the Hygiene Museum of Berlin. Dr. Peixotto of the University of California, in preparing an article for PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 327 • the Survey Magazine on things of interest at the Elxposition, devoted much space to the same model and gave a picture of it a prominent place in the review. The exhibit was extremely popular with teachers and students. Special talks euid demonstrations were given at the exhibit to classes of the Uni- versity of California and the San Francisco schools. In several instances the instructors gave special assignments to their classes in sociology, biology and public health to study and describe specific features in the exhibit because of their value to the student. The attendance at the exhibit was most encouraging. There was an average attendance of 1 ,000 a day, the greatest attendance being on San Francisco Day when it was estimated that 3,500 visited it. The exhibit was awarded the medal of honor by the International Jury. 328 STATE OF NEW YORK STATE QUARANTINE EXHIBIT How New York State protects the United States against disease and undesirables was shown by the Commission both by moving pictures and by models. The Port of New York is the point of arrival of 70 per cent, of the immigrants who come to America. In recent years the number of foreigners making their first entry into this country, who have passed through the New York gateway, has reached close to the million mark. The burden of examining into the physical condition of this great flood of immigration has devolved upon the Health Officer of the Port who is a representative of the State government. Fully 60 per cent, of those pass- ing through the gateway were destined for other sections of the country, but upon the State of New York has been cast the work to guard the portal and to look after the health and general welfare of every State in the Union by keeping an adequate force at the Quarantine Station to prevent the entrcince of the physically unfit as well as those likely to intro- duce contagious diseases. Movmg pictures showing how the Health Officer of the Port and his force of examining physicians, inspectors, etc., do their work were shown in the Social Economy Elxhibit of the Commission every afternoon and attracted the attention of Elxposition visitors from all quarters of the world. The pictures were taken aboard Trans-Atlantic steamships, treuisfer steamboats and barges at the Quarcintine Station at the Narrows by a special staff engaged by the New York State Commission in order to show the world how New York performs this task. The magnitude of this work may be imagined from the record of arrivals at the Port of New York durmg four years past. The number of these, classed as immigrants or third-class passengers, and the number of vessels carrying the same, was as follows : Year Total Immigrank Vessels 1912 1.507.452 676.660 4.885 1913 1.876.810 964.448 5.325 1914 1.505.375 648.145 5.151 1915 627.841 119.433 5.831 PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 329 There was a notable falling off in the year ending September 1 , 1915, owing to the European war. In that twelve months the total number of immigrants admitted at New York was only 1 1 9,433. Each and every one of these, however, was carefully examined, and 1,109 of them were temporarily held as " suspects." During the preceding year the number of " suspects " treated was 4,619, of which 3,833 had actually been in contact with immigremts suffering from infectious or contagious diseases. It is not only the human beings aboard these vessels that must be looked after, it is part of the duty of the force of the Health Officer to fumigate vessels from many quarters of the globe and to see to it that rats and vermin, as well as cargo that may be plague infected or otherwise con- tciminated, was thoroughly disinfected before the vessels are given leave to discharge their passengers or cargo or to tie up to American shores. Models of the Quarantine Station and the quarantine steeunboats, as well as of the hospital buildings for contagious diseases located at Swin- burne and Hoffman Islands, were shown in the Quarantine E,xhibit. Physicians and experts narrowly inspected these models and the photo- graphs accompanying them. The exhibit was awarded a gold medal by the International Jury. This was the highest award given for an exhibit of the kind. 330 STATE OF NEW YORK STATE LABOR EXHIBIT The methods employed by New York State in looking after the interest of its industries and its wage earners were shown in a comprehensive exhibit in the New York State Block in the Educational-Social Economy Palace. The exhibit dealt not only with factory construction and inspec- tion, but with the supervision of labor and capital in all lines of industry. It dealt with labor conflicts, conciliation, arbitration, safety devices and general welfare work. Particular attention was devoted to the work of factory, merccintile, tenement house, mine and tunnel inspection. Students of industrial legislation and the betterment of wage workers, who had gathered from all over the world, made the booth a favored rendezvous. The exhibit was prepared by and maintained under the direction of the State Industrial Commission. To give visual proof as to the provisions of the labor laws, models of factory buildings and charts with statistics and information were exhibited. The theory and scope of New York's treatment of the problems con- fronting capital and labor and the relationship of State laws to both were graphically shown by charts and diagrams. Three factory models were exhibited; one a five-story, fireproof fac- tory building with one interior enclosed fireproof stairway, one exterior enclosed fireproof stairway and a horizontal exit through a separating fire wall. This buildmg was equipped with a 100 per cent, sprinkler system and necessary temks on the roof and was a model of a modem fireproof manufactory. Another model, that of an old building, was exhibited showing the various types of exists required in such buildings at the present time. The third model was that of a six-story building which had been provided with two exterior enclosed fireproof stairways, one of the balcony type and the other the vestibule tjrpe. Statistics and information relative to the personnel and work of the Department was shown on charts under the following captions : Organization of Department — Personnel. ' Appropriation and ELxpenditures, 1901-1915. Number of attaches of Department, 1901-1915. Number of attaches classified by nature of work, 1901-1915. s o H < J u Q O O z o I c/2 H 5 Ec X U] o IB < _l > />^->> PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 333 Work of Bureau of Industries and Immigration, 1901-1915. Activities and awards of the Workmen's Compensation Bureau, Stale Insurance. Number of tenement-house licenses in force, 1905—1914. Number of inspections of tenement workshops, 1905-1914, Enforcement of tenement law by stoppage of work. Work of factory inspection, 1901-1914. Orders issued in work of factory inspections by most important subjects. Prosecutions in work of factory inspection by most important subjects. Work of Bureau of Mediation and Arbitration, 1901-1914. Number of Strikes in New York State, 1 901-1 91 4. Number of days lost by workers in strikes, 1904-1914. Work of Mercantile Inspection, 1909-1914. Orders issued in work of Mercantile Inspection by most important subjects, 1 909- 1914. Scope and operation of the State Maintained Employment Bureau. The above statistics and information showed exceptionally good results by the enforcement of the laws governing the licensing of all tenement houses in which manufacturing is permitted, sanitation and comfort in factories, foundries, bakeries, confectioneries, laundries and all places to which the law is applicable. Statistics and information were also given as to child labor and hours of labor of children, minors and women. Specimens and samples of dross, dust, etc., to the number of sixty-eight, generated in various industries and tending to occupational diseases were shown in glass jars. One hundred euid forty-seven photographs depicting gases, fumes, vapors, fibres and other impurities and dsmgers generated or released, smd how they are removed through legal enactment were shown on plates indicated as follows: Research and Investigation. Devices used to assist in ventilation by natural means. Type of dust collectors properly located outside of buildings. Protection afforded workers in Printing Industry. Methods used to remove dust. Methods used to protect workers from poisonous dust. Methods used to protect workers from the effects of gas and vapors. Methods of substituting steam for gas to prevent Carbon Monoxide poisoning. Devices used to protect workers from irritating inorganic dust in the button industry. 334 STATE OF NEW YORK Protection afiorded workers from heat, dust and fumes. Methods used to protect workers from irritating fumes. Means for protecting workers from the effect of poisonous dust of lead, arsenic, copper and zinc. There were eighty views of machinery guards and safely devices required by law. Views relating to sanitation and comfort, toilet rooms, dressing and locker rooms, washing facilities, drinking water, limch rooms, etc., were also shown. By the Industrial Exhibit the Elxposition visitor learned that in New York factory owners contracting to have work on their products per- formed in tenement houses must have permits for the Scime and must have labels on all work sent out; of co-operation of local Boards of Health in reporting all infections, contagious or commimicable diseases in tene- ment houses; of the power conferred on the State Board of Health to destroy all infected articles ; of the prohibition of mcinuf acture in tenement houses of food products, dolls or dolls' clothing, or children's or infants* wearing apparel, or the alteration, repair or finish of the same. By means of illustrated daily lectures and motion pictures of fire drills, escapes, etc., at the New York Theatre the departments' representatives informed the visitor in detail of the principal requirements of the labor laws; of the provisions for fire drills, fire alarms and exits; of the intent and purpose of the laws and the maimer of enforcing their provisions. Supervising Inspectors of the State Industrial Commission, drafted from all sections of the State and expert in all branches of work, rotated as lecturers and demonstrators at the exhibit. Members of the Industrial Commission, in attendance as delegates to the World's Industrial and Labor Congresses, also delivered addresses. The International Jury awarded the exhibit a gold medal for general excellence. PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 335 NEW YORK EXHIBIT FOR THE BLIND Public welfare work carried on within the State of New York for the prevention of blindness, education and employment of the blind, recreation for the sightless cuid relief of State charges suffering from blind- ness, was exhibited in the pavilion immediately adjoining those in which education, health and hospital work were portrayed. The exhibit, occupying a block of 250 square feet, was prepared under the direction of the State Commission for the Blind and was supervised by two partial-sighted men engaged in work for the amelioration of the condition of those suffering, either from partial or total blindness. The demonstrators delivered daily lectures and made daily demonstrations of the industrial and educational work done by and for the blind. The Blind Pavilion was one of those at which there was always an interested audience. During the Exposition a total of 3,392 men and women concerned in the work were registered at the exhibit. These per- sons came from all over the world. Asiatic delegates to social service conventions were particularly keen for information as to the manner in which New York treated its sightless charges. Posters, engravings, photographs and charts giving warnings of the necessity for guarding against blindness, telling how blindness might be prevented and illustrating instcinces where sight had been destroyed from preventable causes, or had been preserved through the use of protective appliances, were conspicuously displayed in the exhibit. Literature con- cerning prevention of blindness, urging " safety first " campaigns as related to the conservation of sight, advocating safe and rational Inde- pendence Day celebrations; warning against wood alcohol, ophthalmia neonatorum and the like, were shown. From the State School of the Blind at Batavia, New York State Insti- tute for the Education of the Blind, New York City Department of Education, Catholic Institute for the Blind, St. Joseph's Home for Blind Girls, Brooklyn Home for Blind and Defective Children and from other State aided and privately maintained institutions, there were exhibits 336 STATE OF NEW YORK of all kinds of handiwork and educational and recreational books and toys. Elxamples of embossed books made at the New York State Institute for the Education of the Blind included those dealing with scientific cuid general reading; photographs showing the work of the State Library for the Blind, includmg catalogs of the works available; photographs and memoranda concerning education of the blind in dictaphone operating and typewriting were objects of general attention. Articles made by the blind, including brooms, rugs, baskets, silk weaves, etc., done both by hand and machine, crocheting, knitting and the like, were on display. In addition there were photographs of many other articles msuiufactured by the sightless and also of the work of masseurs, upholsterers, mattress makers, telephone operators and the like who were at work without being able to see. Educational devices constructed of slates and types for the working out of problems in arithmetic and algebra, the appliances used for writing the New York point system and the geometry board used for working out original exercises were in constant use at the booth. Models of animals sent by the Americcui Museum of Natural History and in use in New York for affording means of acquiring an understand- ing of natural history by the blind ; checker and chess boards and playing cards, all intended for recreation of the sightless, also attracted much attention. On an automatically-operated multiplex machine were a series of 1 00 photographs, showing all aspects of the life of sightless charges of the State. These photographs were taken in the State schools and industrial institutions maintained in various parts of New York for use in the Exposition booth. The exhibit was one that brought home to the more fortunate the fact that with properly directed effort much of the prevailing blindness and misery incidental thereto may be prevented, and, further, that the blind need not be helpless charges either in the family or in the community. The average visitor at the Exposition learned that with proper guidance and equipment the blind may be made self-sustaining and may be edu- cated along lines that will keep the brain and hands busy. PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 339 Students of problems involved in the care of the blind visited the exhibit over and over again. During the Exposition delegates from all over the world attended the Convention of Workers and Teachers for the Blind, most of these delegates including Dr. Fryer, of China; Dr. G. U. Draper, of Japan; Eduardo Nelson, of Argentina; Miss Mandi- cino, of ChiH, and physicians from France, England, Sweden £ind India studied the New York display. The exhibit was awarded a gold medal by the International Jury of Awards. 340 STATE OF NEW YORK STATE PRISON EXHIBIT From earliest times the problem of proper care and treatment of male- factors confined in penal institutions has been one of extreme difficulty. In a cosmopolitan community such as that of the State of New York the problem is more complex than elsewhere. Prison discipline and prison reform are topics in which students of social welfare are today taking the keenest interest and New York State is being looked to from all parts of the world to work out the most satisfactory solution of the problem. In the State prisons of New York at the beginning of the Panama- Pacific International ELxposition there was confined 5,052 prisoners. This was exclusive of offenders serving short terms in city penitentiaries and county jails. Of those committed to the State institutions 1,556 were aliens and nearly that number were nonresidents. The method of bringing about on the part of these offenders a different mental attitude toward society and how best to make law-abiding mem- bers of the community of them has been the great objective in dealing with the present problem in the State. In the New York Prison Exhibit in the Palace of Education-Social Economy, the phases of the work done under the direction of the Superintendent of Prisons were displayed. The exhibit covered the policy of administration, education, classification, industries, discipline and present welfare of the prisoner. Display was also made of the better grades of products from the prison industrial shops. Hardwood and veneered desks, chairs and tables, upholstery, floor mats and other articles from penal institutions were used in the furnishing of the exhibit booth. Detailed statistics, photographs and motion pictures that mirrored the daily life of the inmates of the various institutions were also shown. There was, in addition, a fully equipped Bertillon identification outfit in daily use at the booth. The Bertillon display was in charge of one of the identification experts of the State Department of Prisons and was at the service of every Exposition visitor. Students of prison reform who visited the exhibit evinced the keenest interest in the operation of the PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 341 various industrial plants under prison management and the highway improvement work done by prisoners. During the year of 1914, 640 inmates of these State institutions were employed on public highways for the purpose of improving conditions of the roads and of the men. The work performed in the shops eind on the roads was of a character that was not in any sense in competition with the product of free labor. The attitude of the wage earner toward this pro- ject for making better men of prisoners was indicated by the fact that none of the representatives of organized labor in attendance, either as delegates or as spectators, at the Elxposition protested against the policy of the State in this matter. For years New York State has maintained schools for the elementary education in all of the State prisons. The average daily attendance in the classes of these schools during 1914 was 1,220. The State exhibit brought into relief the guidmg policy of these prison schools and the peculiar needs, in the way of education, of the inmates. The exhibit showed that the principal objects were to wipe out illiteracy and to carry these adult pupils along to a point where their reasoning faculties would enable them better to direct their hands in mechanical endeavor. As shown by charts at the exhibit 38 6/10 per cent, of the population in the prisons in New York are foreign bom and 32 1/10 per cent, of the total population for 1914 were ahens. This very large proportion makes it necessary to adjust the course of study to include the elements of the English language, and some instruction as to the government of the coim- try, and the duties of citizenship. Educational work along this line was clearly shown and explained at the booth by examples of the work of individual prisoners. The method pursued was to exhibit first, a collection of papers, marked " Standard 1 " with explanatory notes on the first page. These showed the efforts of several prisoners ranging in age from 1 7 to 60 years when they entered the school. These were enclosed in folders on the covers of which were clever original designs or quotations, also executed by inmates of the prison. This was followed by examples of the same pris- oners and also of those who entered the school in the higher grades, up to " Standard 6." These standards corresponded to the grades in the public schools. 342 STATE OF NEW YORK Just as the industries aid in conserving the health of the inmates, both mental and physical, so the prison schools take the educationally deficient and illiterate, and give them the elements of an education in order to make of them intelligent and consequently more efficient workers. The v^rork in the prison schools is especially valuable to the younger class of inmates and to the foreigners. A head teacher is employed at each prison who selects from the inmates those especially qualified to assist in the work. Some idea of the work is gained from the following statistics: Number in school Oct. 1, 1913 1.150 Number admitted 2.043 Total enrollment 3,193 Number in school Sept. 30. 1914 1.244 Illiterates 495 The purpose of prison industries was shown to be, first to keep the men employed; second, to educate them so that those who previously lacked the ability to do so, may, when they leave the prison, earn an honest living; and third, by the results of their labor to reduce, so far as possible, the financial burden which crime rests upon the State. Seventy-five separate and distinct trades — the exhibit brought out — are taught, and the products sold to the State, its political divisions and its institutions. Contracts for prison labor are prohibited. The sales of manufactured product for the year 1914 amoimted to $856,3 71.47. A very interesting part of the booth was devoted to views of the various prisons and institutions which compose the State Prison Depart- ment and of the prison workshops, and the work of the prisoners improv- ing the highways, building culverts, concrete and steel bridges, and the msinner in which the men are cared for while doing this work, many miles from the prison. One particularly striking photograph was that of the " Honor Camp," composed of long term and life prisoners, engaged in improving the high- ways at a distance of thirty miles from prison. A remarkable and interesting fact regarding this camp is that not one of the convicts H 3 X X LU PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 345 attempted to escape, though they were at work many miles from super- vision by any of the prison officers. Large illuminated charts and diagrams covered the walls of the booth. One that attracted immediate attention upon entering was cleverly colored and arranged. Its preface was : PRISON DEPARTMENT, STATE OF NEW YORK Seeks to Elevate, Educate, Regenerate: not to Humiliate Degradate, Degenerate REFORM, NOT DEFORM This was followed by a short explanation and symbol of the Mutual Welfare League. The League is a self-governing body composed entirely of prisoners. Discipline is maintained through officers chosen by the inmates and known as delegates. These are elected from the workshops, each forty inmates being represented by one delegate. These in turn elect an executive committee and grieveince committees before whom charges against prisoners are heard and who prescribe the penalty, except for the more flagrant violations of prison rules. Other interesting charts were headed, " Past euid Present." Under each were listed, the related features. Old forms which are now abolished such as the " silent " system, clipping the hair, lockstep, dark cells, etc., were enumerated and many of the changes and improvements which prevail under the advance movement inaugurated in this Depart- ment of the State were so clearly and simply shown that visitors could grasp the meaning at a glance. The statistical charts were also very interesting but simple, clear and concise, enabling a visitor with limited time to gather much information smd depart with the satisfaction that he had a good idea of prison conditions. These charts referred to the number and nativity of prisoners, race and religion, social relations, age at time of conviction, health of prisoners, sentences, parole matters, cost of maintenance and other information. 15 346 STATE OF NEW YORK One of the features of this exhibit that attracted attention from thou- sands of visitors was the daily demonstration of the Bertillon and finger print methods of identification. Finger impressions were taken here and filed according to the classifications peculiar to these systems. A clear expleuiation was given by the demonstrator in charge, one copy being given to the subject without any marking to indicate by whom made except the imprints. Instructions were given the visitors to mail the form back to the booth from any part of the world in a plain envelope without address, name or other marking. Upon receipt of same and classification the original form would be located and both forwarded to the interested subject, thus proving to him the efficiency of the system as used in the prisons. Approximately 1 0,000 sets of finger impressions were taken during the Exposition period. Impressions were taken of prominent officials and business and professional men of the country. Perhaps the most deeply interested in this booth were the teachers and those concerned in educational and social economic questions. Attention was directed in the exhibit to the exceptional results obtained at Clinton Prison in the treatment of tubercular prisoners. In addition to those sen- tenced direct, this institution takes those afflicted with this disease who are transferred from other prisons and through treatment in the hospital first, and then by graduated labor methods, sends them out into the world at the expiration of their sentences in a condition to better surmount the difficulties they will face. Much interest was shown in the exhibits of knitted woolen articles from the " Tom Brown Knitting Classes," of Auburn and Sing Sing Prisons. Thousands of kmtted articles of clothing were made by the prisoners on their own initiative, and sent to the European war sufferers. As an indication of the appreciation of experts of the work done by the State of New York in blazing the way in prison reform the State exhibit was awarded a gold medal by the International Jury. PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 347 NEW YORK BARGE CANAL EXHIBIT From the viewpoint of utility, as well as from an engineering stand- point, the Barge Canal system created and operated by the State of New York ranks in importance as a State institution close up with the Panama Canal as a worldwide aid to commerce. While the Inter- Oceanic Highway is a world project the Barge Canal is a State enter- prise for the general convenience and accommodation of not only the business interests, but of the entire population of the State. As the Barge Canal system has been laid out 8,000,000 residents of the State live within five miles of its banks, taking into consideration con- necting rivers and lakes, which give the system a length of 800 miles. The canal system is a bulwark against injustice and rapacity on the part of railroads and other common carriers. The canal is the State's greatest official financial enterprise. Since the canal connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Great Lakes and is of service to all adjacent territory, it is of more than State-wide or even nation- wide interest. For these reasons the State Commission decided to exhibit models and statistics of the work at the Ejqiosition. ' The canal system will cost approximately $150,000,000, which is nearly one-half the cost of the Inter-Oceanic highway at the Isthmus of Panama. The State waterway will accommodate barges of 3,000 tons capacity and will have terminal equipment that will include the most modem machinery for handling freight in sixty of the cities and towns along its banks. From an engineering standpoint it is one of the greatest pieces of public work ever undertaken. The total material excavated is more than 1 1 5,000.000 cubic yards, and nearly 1 ,000 different structures, many of them requirmg the highest of engineering skill and design, are necessary for its most advantageous operation. Included among these structures are 68 locks and dams and bridges of greater variety than are to be seen elsewhere in the world. Approximately 3,000,000 cubic yards of concrete have been used in general construction work. When entirely completed the canal will be the most comprehensive artificial inland waterway system in the world. 348 STATE OF NEW YORK The Barge Canal Exhibit was planned so as to give a general and easily understood idea of the entire canal system, also to show some of its unique and unusual features. The exhibit consisted primarily of six fine working models of structures on the canal; five large oil paintings showing the route of the canal, an automatic arrcingement by which lantern slides of the canal were flashed constantly on a screen, and a motion picture theatre where motion pictures of the canal were shown. The motion pictures showed the various types of excavators at work, which were used in constructing the canal; the construction of a lock, the operation of one of the movable dams used in canalizing the Mohawk river, and the locking of a fleet of the old Erie Canal type of boats through one of the new completed Barge Csmal locks. These pictures were shown each afternoon in a model of the lower entrance of a lock. In this way the necessity of building a dark room was overcome, and something just as practical and still illustrative of the canal was utilized. The model showed the big lower steel gates of a lock open, while on one side the steps leading to the top of the lock wall were reproduced. All of the models exhibited were " working " models, and all of them had running water flowing through them. Several of the models were operated automatically by the water, others were operated entirely by electric motors, and still others were operated by hand. Probably no other exhibit at the Exposition had so many high class operating models, and this was one reason why the Barge Canal Exhibit was so popular and so largely attended. The largest model, aside from that containing the motion pictures, was one showing the eastern end of the Barge Canal from the Hudson river, near Waterford, to the Mohawk river between Cohoes and Cres- cent. This showed the five gigantic locks between Waterford and Rex- ford, with their combined lift of 169 feet, or within one foot of twice the total lift of all the locks on the Panama Ceuial. It was 27 by 10 feet in size and showed about four miles of canal and adjacent territory for a mile in width. The Hudson and Mohawk rivers were shown, water being used to out- line them, while the rural dwellings of the section were built at various PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 351 points on the model. Water filled and ran through the canal, while the lock gates were operated by a mechanism hidden beneath the surface. Another model showed a typical canal terminal in operation. This was 1 6 by 6 feet and showed the terminal dockwall with a modern steel barge alongside and floating in real water. Back of the wall stood the terminal warehouse and the railroad tracks. A tramp crane took coal from one compartment of the boat and dumped it into a portable bin. A pair of portable belt conveyors carried bulky packages from another compartment of the barge to the warehouse, while a battery truck crane was shown going between railroad car, warehouse and material pile. The entire model was operated by a system of motors ingeniously arrsuiged, while the battery truck crane was operated by a magnet and third rail ; a fourth rail conveyed energy to the motor which moved it. A model of the siphon lock at Oswego was shown, while part of the masonry of the lock had been cut away in order that the principal used in operating this type of lock might be seen through a sheet of transparent celluloid. This model was 20 by 3 feet and was built on a quarter of an inch scale. The Oswego lock has a lift of 23 feet, is the largest lock of this type in the world and the first to be built in this country. This model was an exact reproduction of the real lock emd was so built that the com- plete operation of lifting a boat from one level to another could be demonstrated by an attendant. It is not saying too much to state that this model lock was one of the most popular exhibits at the Exposition. It was equipped with small electric lights of different colors, which showed the position of the gates while being opened and closed by the operator. A movable dam with lock alongside was shown in another model 1 1 by 7 feet. It pictured a dam of bridge type, such as is used on the Mohawk river. As the lock operations were clearly shown by the other models, the lock seen in this one did not pass boats, but showed another distinctive feature of the Barge Canal — the provision made for unwater- ing the lock. A centrifugal pump had been mounted on the dock wall, and the water drawn from the lock chamber after the buffer-beam had been swimg and the needle-dam inserted. One of the closures of the dam was operative. A miniature electric winch, running on a track on the bridge floor, stopped over this opening and lifted the first gate, allow- 352 STATE OF NEW YORK ing the impounded waters of the upper pool to pass, and then raised the upright to a horizontal position beneath the bridge floor. This model was also equipped with electric Ughts upon the lock walls eind the bridge superstructure, while a canal boat of 240 tons capacity, such as is at present used on the canals, was seen lying alongside of a modem Barge Canal boat of 2,500 tons capacity.. A siphon spillway, which utilizes the siphon principle, was displayed in another model. This tj^e of spillway is a product of the Barge Canal design and is adapted particularly to restricted locations where the cus- tomary, long overflow spillway cannot be used. The masonry at one of the four siphons in the model was opened and covered with a trans- parent celluloid window, thus showing plainly the flow of water. The operation of this model was automatic, as was also that of the real structure. A dam with an automatic crest was also shown eunong the workable models. This crest consisted of two leaves set at right angles cind hinged on the masonry at their intersection. These leaves are so proportioned and weighted that the pressure of the water above the masonry and against the upper leaf, and that of the water in a chamber within the masonry against the lower leaf, made the action automatic, the crest drop- ping to allow a flood to pass £uid rising after it had passed. The oil paintings shown in the exhibit pictured different features of the canal. One called "An Aeroplane View " was 30 by 10 feet, and gave a clear idea of the canal and general topography of the State. It showed these features as accurately as a modeled relief map, and at a much lesser cost for the making. Another painting showed the relation the Barge Canal has toward the transportation facilities of the country, and was 1 4 by 6 feet. This was entitled " The Barge Ccinal — Nature's Gateway to the Heart of the Continent " and showed clearly the Atlantic seaboard. Great Lakes, navigable rivers £ind the relation each has to the Barge Canal. Two other paintings, each 3 by 4 feet, appeared on other wall spaces. One showed a typical section of the old canal with its narrow channel and horse-drawn barge, while the other showed a typical section of the canalized Mohawk and a modern Barge Canal boat steaming toward the PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 355 lock. Photographs of Barge Canal structures completed the wall decora- tion, while a painting of the seal of the State Engineer and Surveyor, 4 by 3 feet, was located on the fagade along the aisle leading to the exhibit. On still another wall was an oil paintbg 4 by 7 feet in size of the lift lock at Little Falls. This lock has the largest Hft in the world. When the State Commission applied to the Panama-Pacific Inter- national Exposition meuiagement for space for the exhibit of the Barge Canal, the Exposition authorities anticipating that such an exhibit by the State of New York would be a very creditable one, allotted to them one of a most desirable space in the Liberal Arts Building. This space was located at the comer of the main aisle just to the right of the main entrance to the building. This space was also a comer location having an aisle length of about 20 feet on one side and 60 feet on another side with a total floor space of over 2,000 square feet. On the three comers adjacent to the Barge Canal Exhibit were located the Eastman Kodak Company, Bausch and Lomb Optical Company and the Columbia Graphophone Company, all large and important New York State concems with very fine exhibits. The attractiveness of these exhibits all helped to make this comer the most interesting and popular one in the Liberal Arts Building. The exhibit was placed on a raised floor, three inches above the floor of the aisle. Around the exhibit was built an ornamental f agade sup- ported by round fluted columns. This f agade was peaked at the center between the columns to a height of about three feet and had a clearance of 1 2 feet from the floor. In the center of the span of the facade was built a freune in which was placed an oil painting illustrative of the canal. Along the aisle of the exhibit was built a white wooden railing with orna- mental pemels. There were four openings in this railing for entrance to the exhibit. On each side of the openings were heavy square omamental railing posts. The facade, columns and railings were painted with white enamel and gold. The floor was kept well oiled and the whole exhibit booth harmonized well with the mahagony finish of the models and with the visitors' desk for registry. The railing, facade and columns sur- rounding the booth were of decorative, but of heavy enough constmc- tion to lend dignity to the appearance of the exhibit. 356 STATE OF NEW YORK A somewhat elaborate plumbing system was necessary to operate and supply the models with water. This water, by which the models were operated and which was kept flowing constantly through the models, was supplied by a pump with electric motor from a tank located under the floor of the exhibit. A motor and generator were used to operate the miniature lights on the model and to operate the terminal model. The generator, set with its switchboard, etc., was located in a room back of the exhibit space. This room was also used as a general storeroom and repair shop. Work was started on the preparation of the exhibit in July, 1914. In January, 1915, G. D. Meers, an employee of the State Engineer Department, was sent to the Exposition and the installation of the exhibit started. Mr. Meers remained at the Elxposition until the installation of the exhibit was about completed, when Harlan D. Miller, an engineer of the Department, who was thoroughly familiar with all phases of the ceuial work, was sent to take charge of the exhibit throughout the Elxposition period. Because of the very complicated mechanism of the terminal model, which was built in Albany, Homer Sparr was sent with that model from Albany to install and complete it at the Exposition. Although several of the New York State exhibits were closed on Sundays, and the majority of other exhibits at the Exposition were also closed, the Barge Canal exhibit was kept open and in active operation every day throughout the Exposition period. The average daily attend- ance at the Elxposition was calculated to be about 70,000. On several occasions the number of people entering and inspecting the Barge Canal exhibit were counted. From these counts, it was found that on an aver- age more than one person out of every 20 entering the groimds on a given day inspected the Barge Canal exhibit. This is a very high average. The Barge Canal exhibit was in competition for award by the Expo- sition with all models, plans and designs for public works exhibited. Its competitors included the United States Government and the Panama Canal replica in the Zone, the latter being a $400,000 production. The classification under which it was listed included models relating to. inland waterways improvement of rivers, canals, dams, locks, spill- PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 357 ways, dredges, ports, excavations, terminals, etc. The International Jury awarded the exhibit the Grand Prize. In addition to the exhibit being given the Grand Prize, Frank M. Williams. State Engineer and Surveyor, was awarded a Gold Medal as a collaborator, and Geo. F. Stickney, Supervising Engineer in the State Engineer's Department, awarded Honorable Mention. On a desk in the exhibit was kept a visitor's register where those who wished registered their names and added any comments which they cared to make. This book contained scores of pages of complimentary comment. Public school authorities recognizing the value of the exhibit from £Ui educational standpoint, placed it on the list of exhibits to which teachers were to bring their pupils, imd the exhibit was visited by a very large number of school children. LIBERAL ARTS Miscellaneous Awards Crcmd Prize American Telephone & Telegraph Co., New York Gty: Transcontinental Communicadon. Columbia Graphophone Co., New York City: Grafonolas, etc. Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y.: Hand Cameras. Encyclopedia Britannica Co., New York City: Books, Bindings, etc. W. & L. E. Gurley. Troy. N. Y. (Two) : Standard Weights and Measures. Hydraulic Engineering Instruments. William Randolph Hearst. New York City: Pancoast Universal Unit Press. The Methodist Book Concern. New York City: Bibles. Otis Elevator Co.. New York City (Two) : Worm Gear. Gearless Tractions. 358 STATE OF NEW YORK Nicholas Power Co., New York City: Motion Picture Projection Machines. Precision Machine Co., Inc., New York City: Motion Projector. Remington Typewriter Co., New York City: Typewriters. Walter D'Arcy Ryan, Schenectady. N. Y.: Fireless Fireworks. Underwood Typewriter Co., New York City: Typewriters. Western Union Telegraph Co., New York City: Telegraph System. Medal of Honor Ansco Co., Binghamton, N. Y.: Photographic Studio Apparatus. Broadway Park Place Co., New York City: Office Building. Buffalo Steam Roller Co.. Buffalo, N. Y. : Road Rollers. Corona Tjrpewriter Co., Inc., Groton, N. Y. : Typewriter. Dentists' Supply Co., New York City: Artificial Teeth. Autopiano Co., New York City: Player Piano. Peerless Piano Player Co., St. Johnsville, N. Y. : Peerless Pieuio Player. Funk & Wagnalls Co., New York Gty: New Standard Dictionary. The Grolier Sodety, New York City: Book of Knowledge. Hill Publishing Co., New York City: Photographs of Buildings, Machinery, etc. R. Hoe & Co., New York City. Hoe Universal Press. Charles & Co., New York City: Road Oilers and Sweepers. International Acheson Graphite Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. Crucibles, etc. McGraw Publishing Co., Inc.. New York City: Publications. •<>- PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 361 Mergenthaler Linotype Co., New York City: Linotype Machines. Otis Elevator Co., New York City: Elevators. Sonora Phonograph Corporation, New York City: Phonographs. M. Welte & Sons. New York City: Cabinet Player. Cold Medal American Automatic Press, New York City: Printing Press. Ansco Co., Binghamton, N. Y. : Photographic Supplies and Cameras. California Perfume Co., New York City: Perfume, Toilet Articles and Household Goods. Chiris Antoine Co., New York City. Aromatic Chemical Products. P. F. Collier & Son, New York City: Books and Publications. Columbia Graphophone Co., New York City: Dictaphone. De Forest Radio Telephone & Telegraph Co., New York City: Electrical Methods of Communication. Fanny Dudley, iSlew York City: Books. Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y. (Two) : Photographic Supplies and Equipment. Photographic Paper. Autopiano Co., New York City: Autopiano Electric and Lyrachord. Autopneumatic Action Co., New York City: Musical Instruments. Standard Pneumatic Action Co., New York City: Pneumatic Player Action. Electro Bleaching Gas Co., New York City: Chlorine Water Sterilizing Apparatus. Erie Machine Shops, Erie, N. Y. : Steam Roller. Foote Manufacturing Co., Nunda. N. Y.: Road Mixer. 362 STATE OF NEW YORK Fortuna Machine Co., New York City: Skiviifg Machine. Gem Ear Phone Co., New York City: Gem Ear Phone. General Acoustic Co., New York City (Two) : Detective Dictograph. Turner Interconversing System. W. & L. E. Gurley. Troy. N. Y.: Surveying Instruments and Leveling Rods. William Randolph Hearst. New York City: Illustrative Process of the Manufacture of a Magazine Cover. Heyward Brothers & Wakefield Ca, New York City: Opera Chairs. Indexo Co.. Inc., New York City. Albert E. Jacobson. New York City: Photographic Prints on Japanese Tissue. Frank Dalton Lambie. New York City: Steel House Forms. McKieman Terry Drill Co.. New York Gly: Pile Hammer. Meinecke & Co.. New York City: Hospital and Sick Room Appliances. Molt Iron Works. New York City: Steam and Electric Light Cabinets. Otis Elevator Co.. New York City (Two) : Oil Cushion Buffer. Electro Mechamcal Safety. Peerless Check Protecting Co., Rochester, N. Y. : Check-Writing Machines. Remington Typewriter Co.. New York City: Adding and Subtracting Devices. Shore Instrument and Manufacturing Co.. New York City: Schleras-cope. Simplex Photo Products Co., Morris Park. L. I., N. Y. (Two) : Photographic Shutter. Alamo Motion Picture Camera. Solvay Process Co., Syracuse, N. Y.: Soda, etc. Sonora Phonograph Corporation, New York City: Jewel Multi-Player Needle. Spencer Lens Co., Buffalo, N. Y. : Microscopes and Accessories. PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 363 "Stone," New York City: Illustrated Monthly Magazine. G. W. Todd & Co.. Rochester. N. Y.: Protectograph Check Writer. Vermilax Co., Inc., New York City: Dog Remedies. Weber Subterranean Pump Co.. New York City: Pumps. Wessell Nickel & Gross, New York City: Piano Action. West Disinfecting Co., New York City: Sanitary Closets. Western Electric Co., New York City: System of Telephonic Train Dispatching. Silver Medal American Kron Scale Co., New York City : Automatic Springless Platform Scale. D. Appleton & Co., New York City: Book of Reference for Medical Profession and Colleges. A. C. Bosselman & Co., New York City: Photo Work. Buffalo Specialty Co., Buffalo, N. Y.: Liquid Veneer. Concriste Form Co., Syracuse, N. Y. : Model of the Whalen Form. Prof. R. Dimuro, New York City. Edwards & Co., Inc.. New York City: Electrical House Goods. Marshall & Wendell. East Rochester. N. Y.: Player Piano. Eimer & Amend. New York City: Glass Volumenetric Apparatus. General Acoustic Co., New York City: The Acousticon. John F. Grabau. Buffalo. N. Y.: Bindings. The Emil Grenier Co.. New York City: Glass Volumetric Apparatus. Frederick H. Levey Co., New York City: Printing Inks. 364 STATE OF NEW YORK A. A. Marks, New York City: Arch Support. McKieman Terry Drill Co., New York City: Double Acting Pile Hammer. Charles A. Muller, New York City: Glueing Machine. John J. Pole, Geneva, N. Y. : Tympani. Radium Therapy Co., New York City : Porous Terra Cotta Rods and Plates. H. L. Roberts Co., New York City: Silk Stitching Machine. A. Schrader's Son, Inc., Brooklyn, N. Y. : Metal Stoppers and Syringe Fixtures. Shore Instrument and Manufacturing Co., New York City (Two) : Durometer. Pyroscope. Simplex Photo Products Co., Morris Park, Long Island, N. Y. : Multi-Elxposure Camera. F. C. Stechert Co., Inc., New York City: Books. Wagner Glass Works, New York City: Glass Volumetric Apparatus. William Wood & Co., New York City: Medical Books. Bronze Medal Aseptic Products Co., Long Island City, N. Y.: Sanitary Products. Bonney Supply Co., Rochester, N. Y. : Rapid Loader for Loading Material to Dump Wagons. Prof. Frank Consoli, Brooklyn, N. Y.: Musical Instruments. The EUanem Co., New York City: Heater. E. G. Lang Manufacturing Co., New York City: Loose Leaf Index Tags. Lineatime Manufacturing Company, Rochester, N. Y. : Copyholder Machines. The Marcon Company, New York City: Arch Support. Robert Mayer 8e Co., New York City: Bronzing and Dusting Machine, etc. PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 365 Edward C. Muller. New York City: Engravers* Tools. Patent Scaffolding Co., New York City: Safety Scaffolding Machine. Rebman Company, New York City: Medical Publications. J. E. Robin, New York City: Cinematograph Engineering. Safe-T-Cross Veterinary Remedy Co., Long Island City, N. Y. : Liniments. Shore Instrument and Manufacturing Co., New York City: Rubber Gauges. Simplex Photo Products Co.. Morris Park, L. I., N. Y.: Projectors. L. H. Sweetser, New York City: Polishes. Mary Ellen Wood, New York City: Binding. Honorable Mention The Beck Duplicator Co., New York City: Champion Duplicator. Day and Night Screens, Inc., New York City: Moving Picture Screens. Ftmk & Wagnalls Company, New York City: Lithographic Work. Thermos Company, New York City: Designs of Bonds in Walls. 365 STATE OF NEW YORK STATE AGRICULTURE EXHIBIT New York State furnished a unique exhibit that was by general con- sent conceded to be the great magnet of the Agricultural Section of the Elxposition. It was a single cylindrical block of cheese, 5 J/2 feet high and 78 inches in circumstance cind weighing 1 5,000 pounds. It was made in Lewis Coimty and was transported imder special guard in cUi artificially heated automobile car to the Exposition grounds. " Meet me at the Big Cheese " became a popular by-word in San Francisco and the bay cities soon after the Exposition opened. Pcinama- Pacific guards reported that more persons asked to be directed to the immense cheese than to any other smgle display in the exhibit palaces. The produce dealers of the Pacific Coast during their convention made the big cheese their rallying point, and when the delegates arrived there the latter were placed against the cheese and speeches were made from the top of it by S. H. Green, President of the San Francisco Wholesale Dairy Produce Exchange, who was Chairman; W. D. McArthur, who has sold millions of pounds of New York State cheese of various brands, and by O. C. Pickerel, representing the Produce Exchange of Los Angeles. The official exhibit of the Agricultural Industry of the State occupied a floor space of 3,600 square feet in the Palace of Agriculture. It was located at the junction of the main avenues within the building and was visited by thousands of persons daily. Because of its popularity the exhibit was open seven days every week. At past Expositions the agricultural and food products have been in one building. To the great satisfaction of exhibitors in both branches of industry the Panama-Pacific officials erected separate buildings for each, and as a result there was no division of interest, and the best possible opportunities were afforded for the study of husbandry. The New York State exhibit was collected and installed under the direction of the State Conmiissioner of Agriculture, with a view of using to the best advantage all the products, which placed New York at the head of the States of the Union in many agricultural pursuits. Examples of average products were selected from all sections of the State, shipped PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 369 to New York City and stored there until the month preceding the opening of the Exposition. A special car containing New York Agriculture Exhibit arrived in San Francisco on February 1 2th and a second car containing its represen- tative dairy products arrived a few days later. Opening day, February 20th, found the exhibit one of few fully completed with every feature installed and all crating stored. This day drew one of the largest crowds of the Exposition period, in which westerners, interested in the products of the soil, were strongly represented, because of the fact that agricultural work had not as yet begun west of the Rocky Mountains. For a fitting celebration of New York State Week, from an agricul- tural viewpoint, the big cheese was cut and distributed as souvenirs. A six-inch steel band was placed around the cheese and a piano wire was drawn through it so as to make three-inch layers that divided it into 900 pound sections. These sections were blocked out with gang knives into pound pieces and disposed of in small souvenir boxes. Governor Whitman, who was at the Exposition at the time, was one of the interested spectators and visited the exhibit on several occasions while the cheese was being cut. Persons who tried the cheese were unanimously of the opinion that it was the finest they have ever tasted. The Ohio State Commission pur- chased 1 00 packages for the State Agricultural Department, and repre- sentatives of other dairy States made purchases. The official lecturer of important features and events of the Exposition included the " Big Cheese " in his list. It was the only exhibit in the Agricultural Building to be so honored. Although New York State cheese has been well known on the Pacific Coast for twenty-five years and many tons of it sold annually, the demand has greatly increased since the opening of the Exposition. This was due largely to the splendid exhibit made. It included a large pyramid of cheese. That was the product of John S. Martin Co. of Lowville, and was shown in commercial sizes from the small young American, weighing 1 pounds, to one weighing 1 , 1 00 pounds. There were 65 cheeses shown with a total weight of 9,000 pounds. The first pyramid was installed 16 370 STATE OF NEW YORK February 1 7th and removed August I st, when another shipment of June made cheese took its place. Though nearly a year old and on display in the open under varying temperatures, both lots were in excellent con- dition when disposed of, which furnished striking proof of the keeping qualities of New York cheese. During the Exposition 1 ,350 poimds of fresh dairy butter and certified and pasteurized milk and cream were continually kept on display in a large automatic refrigerating plant. The butter was the product of the New York State Agricultural College at Ithaca, the milk and cream from dairies in the southern, eastern, central and western parts of the State. The Merrill-Soule Co. of Syracuse had powdered milk and mince meat on exhibition, while the International Milk Products Co. of Coop- erstown was well represented by a number of its products. A model of the State of New York, twenty-eight feet in length and two feet high, proved one of the best methods of showing location of the different agricultural activities, and many people, including teachers with their pupils, found this map a convenient way to study New York. Super- imposed on the map were miniature factories where the making of cheese and butter is most extensively carried on, sawmills, improved roads, rail- roads and pulp mills engaged in the making of paper from wood pulp. The map was provided with a supply of extra models that could be rearranged to show in a similar way the activities of any branch or adjunct of agriculture in the State. These visual presentations of New York as a leading dairy and agri- cultural State were revelations to thousands of western visitors. The exhibit completely dispelled the idea that New York is only a financial centre. " Where did you buy the hay? " and " Does New York really raise alfalfa?" were questions asked deuly as plainsmen, ranchers and fruit-growers stopped at the exhibit. A unique way of bringing before the people some of the opportunities, advantages and crop reports of New York was served by the installation of a large movable electric sign containing thirty leaves. This sign was in continual operation and in such a location as to quickly catch the eye of every passerby. A sign reading " New York State Produces More Apples Than The 22 States West Of The Mississippi River Combined," PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 373 brought forth much discussion, and was repeatedly challenged by fruit- growers residing in the famous Hood River and Willamette Valley country. The statements on these signs were changed from time to time as occasion demanded. Eighteen States and seven foreign countries had official exhibits in the Palace of Agriculture, and as in the past at the various expositions and land shows, each State and country did its best to convince the visitors looking for " Back to the Soil " inducements. Even China, with the large tractless waste due to her sections where wheat is still planted in rows and hand-hoed, did her part. In this respect New York, with her high productively and low-priced land, unsurpassed markets, unsurpassed transportation facilities, in the line of trunk and branch railroads, trolley lines, waterways and improved high- ways, her excellent rural schools and accessible churches, had all the best of the arguments. Every doubting farmer and ranchman was forced to admit in the last einalysis that New York is the world's best market. Com, beans, peas, wheat, rye, oats, barley, buckwheat and hops were displayed in miniature railroad cars with glass tops and fronts, and in glass jars. At the beginning of the Exposition twenty-five varieties of New York grown potatoes were shown and inasmuch as New York is the leading potato State, and these specimens were unusually good and true to name, a large number of people will hereafter buy seed potatoes from New York growers. Many orders have already been received. Equally beneficial was the result of an exhibit of New York Maple Syrup. A big pyramid of this State product was shown and the syrup is now for sale at all points on the Coast. The exhibit intact as shown in the Agricultural Exhibit was removed at the close of the Exposition to San Francisco's largest department store and there placed on display again. One of the foremost wholesale houses on the Coast have taken the agency and will push the sales of New York syrup above all other makes. As New York leads the entire country in the production of Cham- pagne and grape juice, an exhibit of New York products in this line was one that attracted much attention. Not all of these exhibits were entered for competition. 374 STATE OF NEW YORK Three of the foremost wine cellars: The Urbana Wine Co., of Urbana, N. Y. The Hammondsport Vintage Co., and the Enqpire State Wine Co., of Penn Yan, contributed the exhibit. The Welch Grape Juice Company of Westfield, the pioneer producer of unfermented grape juice was attractively represented by an exhibit of that product as were also the Puritan Food Products Co. of Fredonia, T. H. Lewis, of Hammondsport, and the Nikko Grape Juice of the Empire State Wine Co. New York is the second State in the Union in the growing of grapes, yielding only to California. These exhibits brought considerable sur- prises to the meiny western visitors who until confronted with the exhibit and official statistics were ignorcuit of one of New York's leading agri- cultural industries. Honey of a dozen varieties artistically banked in a great glass case was another magnet that daily attracted much attention. To get an idea of the vast results obtained for the State of New York, not only from an educational standpoint as to her agricultural products but also from a commercial standpoint, can be best judged from the many requests to Eastern honey producers for their prices. A lau-ge assortment of preserved fruits emd vegetables displayed on counters made a very tempting appearance as well as affording added evidence of the great variety and unsurpassed quality of New York's agricultural canned products. This section of the exhibit particularly drew the interest of women visitors. Through the co-operation of the New York State College of Agricul- ture at Cornell specimens of alfalfa roots at different ages were furnished. A shipment of fancy cheese made by the students was also shown. The official publications of the college were passed out to any inter- ested visitor. About 100 persons expressed determination to enter the Agricultural College. This number included mostly western young people. The New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University super- vised models of forestry work. One model represented the college aroimd a 2 5 J 5 m < D H J D u 5 a < I O o id o >- u, o > PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 377 which was shown a community and how a school of forestry benefits it. Other models showed a forest under primeval conditions; the seime area after it had been logged off aad abandoned to fires, and the same area after reforestation had been inaugurated. The different publications of the college were given out daily. Fourteen large treuisparences showing general forestry scenes in New York were also prominently displayed. A complete motion picture theatre occupied the center of the exhibit. > The films shown included the following reels of about one thousand feet each : " Every Day Farming in the Empire State," " Fruit Scenes in New York," " Students of the New York Ranger School in the Per- formance of Their Duties," " The Summer School for Students of the College of Forestry in the Catskills," " The Origin of Asphalt and New York State Improved Highways," " The Production of Milk," " The Grape Industry of New York." These reels were secured so as to cover all sections and conditions in the State. Lectures were given on Forestry and general Agriculture at stated intervals. Conspicuously displayed about the Exhibit were photographs under glass emd in books of actual farm scenes in various sections of the State. These were viewed by thousemds, not only those who were anxious to learn of New York State, but by former New Yorkers who had left the old home many years ago, and many a tear was shed upon finding some familiar scene. There was also on display Government soil survey maps of 17 tjrpical countries. These maps were of much help in explaining the nature jmd present condition of New York soil. Even present resi- dents of New York examined these maps and took many notes and asked questions. Publications of the State Department of Agriculture were in great demand. The 52 publications which were available for free distribu- tion March 1, 1915, were shown on swinging wings. Approximately 50,000 publications were given out. Chief among them was the bulletin entided " Farms for Sale." This book has become one of the most popular publications issued by the Agriculture Department, and it has done more toward locating a good class of farming people on New York s low priced land, than perhaps any other State publication. At the open- 378 STATE OF NEW YORK ing of the Exposition several thousand copies of this book were on hand and were given to only interested persons — later names were taken and forwarded to the Department at Albany and copies mailed from there. Those interested in New York farms, rural land values and markets, included all classes, from the man with small means looking for low priced lands to purchase or to rent, to farmers with capital looking for land situated nearer to the large markets. Records kept at the Exhibit by the experts from the State Department of Agriculture disclose that already results have been obtained from the Exhibit and that several persons have come here to look for lands. Arrangements were made with the Department of Agriculture to look after these people and give them information regarding any section of the State. The Official Jury of Agricultural Awards assembled in May and deliberated three weeks. New York State had two representatives on it. The New York Elxhibit, out of 1 28 entries, secured 72 awards. Here is the record as given by O. H. Fembach, Secretary of the International Award System: Crand Prize. Exhibitor Address Exhibit State of New York Cheese. Borden Condensed Milk Milk. Cold Medal Dawley, F. E Fayetteville Hay. Haitings, R. C Malone Polatoei. Harrison, Henry Brockport Beans. Lincoln Agriculture School Lincolndale Corn. Larzelere, Henry Dresden Corn. Morris, Walter C Yonkers Honey and Beeswax. Quick, G. T Mendon Oats. Stale College of Agriculture, Cornell Uni- versity Ithaca Cheese. Merrell-Soule Co Syracuse Milk Powder. Martin, Miss C. E Auburn Cucumbers. Martin, Miss C. E Auburn Tomatoes and Okra. Winters and Prophet Mount Morris Peas, Com, Beets, etc. Adirondack Maple Co Lowville Syrup. Cl. < z o p < H W q: o u, hi a 2 < < a z < u o < H O (J z o I H X D 1- J D o 5 o < a: O UJ u. o UJ z a: O O PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 381 Silver Medal Exhibitor Location Ejchibit Atkinson, George S Albion Hay. Bell, David K Brighton Com. Baeber, John T Medina Beans. Stale College of Agriculture, Cornell University Ithaca Butler. Clapp, George Medina Beans. Dibble, Edward F Honeoye Falls Beans. Dibble, Edward F Honeoye Falls Hay and Hay Seed. Dibble, Edward F Honeoye Falls Com. ' Hoag, W. T Tully Potatoes. Huff, Arthur Owasco Wheal, Buckwheat and Barley. HoUisler, E. A Saratoga Springs Rye and Millet. Lunt, C. S Charlotte Rye. Lowe, W. E Geneseo Potatoes. North, Miss Ellen H Geneseo Honey. North, Miss Ellen H Geneseo Cucumbers and Pickles. Merrell-Soule Co Syracuse Mince Meal. Rath, William Fulton Beans. Wadhams, S. W Clarkson Wheal. Wells, Obadiah Suffolk Com. Walt, H. S Albion Hay. Martin, John S., Co Lowville Cheese. Rees, H. A Lowville Cheese. Markham, F. H Corn. Gardiner, Peter Fulton Tobacco. Empire State Wine Co Penn Van Champagne. Empire State Wine Co Penn Yan Wine. Puritan Food Products Co Fredonia Grape Juice. N. Y. Stale College of Agriculture Ithaca Farmers' Reports. Big Elm Dairy Avon Certified Milk. Bronze Medal Allen, George W Sangerfield Hops. Gebhardi, C. B Penfield Wheat. Amos, Charles Albion Beans. Amos, Ben Medina Beans. Andrews, John Medina Beans. Brainard, C. Green Waterville Hops. Carson, William R Geneseo Potatoes. MacPherson. J. Newton Scottsville Barley. Gardner, C. A Tully Potatoes. Gardner, C. A Tully Wheal. Huson, Ross Dresden Potatoes. Manning, William H Saratoga Springs Oats and Hay. 382 STATE OF NEW YORK ElxHiBiTOR Location Exhibit Quinlan, James Le Roy Bean). Riedell, C. H Mexico . . i Corn. Swan, F. W Geneseo Pofatoei. Utter, Abe Perry Beans. Willman, A. E Pavilion Beans. Williams, Joseph Le Roy Beans. Dibble, Edward F Honeoye Falls Potatoes. Empire State Wine Co Penn Yan Grape Juice. Hammondsport Vintage Co Penn Yan Port and Tokay Wine. Hammondsport Vintage Co Penn Yan Champagne. Lewis, T. H Hammondsport Grape Juice. State College of Forestry Syracuse Models of Forestry Work. Honorable Mention Hammondsport Vintage Co Penn Yan Burgundy. Empire State Wine Co Penn Yan Burgundy. State College of Forestry Syracuse Wood Utilization. Martin, Miss E. E Auburn Pickled Peaches, Cher- ries, etc. Reports were made daily to the New York Commission on the number of persons at the Exhibit and the number of visitors particularly inter- ested £ind their names and addresses. The figures which follow gathered in this way are accurate and show the great interest shown all through the Exposition in New York Agriculture. Total number of visitors at the Exhibit was 270,500, as follows: February 20 to March 31 . . 21 .700 September 28,500 April 28,400 October 22,800 May 29.100 November 37.950 June 35,450 December 8,750 July 27,700 August 30,150 Total 270,500 Number of visitors particularly interested and their names placed in daily reports, 828. Number of names sent to State Department of Agriculture, Albany, of good prospects for the purchase of land emd who said they expected FSPLANA-OE r^ nh'. m^ AVENUC A I I * AVCNUC A a I I ■ i \ * ' ■ 1 J I 10 O. i h' N.Y. IOWA OHIo' HISSOURI *vl rt\jl C 14 I I I I I GOVT, in IS I I I ILUNOIS as Avewix o If. TZ^ tTATEl 23 COVEiNlMIHT AVtNuE E ■li*i m i fi h * n i r' lt ^ Floor PLArj PALACE OF AGRICULTURE COURT OF THE U»'VER3E PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 385 to visit the East. This does not include the hundreds who asked for the " Farms for Sale " book, but people of actual intention of buying : March 50 September 25 April 125 October 27 May 117 November 14 June 52 July 27 Total 465 August 28 . Names were also taken of those desiring special literature on any agricultural subject published by the State Experimental Stations, those desiring market reports and freight rates, the purchase of dairy cattle, grzdn and cereals, and those looking for information about the purchase of cheese cuid butter making machinery. Approximately 2,000 people requested information on these various subjects. A register was placed in the Exhibit, and in this former and present New Yorkers placed their names and addresses. Mcuiy also added comments on the Elxhibit. It was the aim of those in charge of the E^diibit to present normal products and average conditions, the exhibition of abnormally large sized products or agricultural freaks, as sometimes exhibited was discouraged. Every phase of New York State agricultural conditions and possibilities was presented by experts whose daily lectures and talks with individual visitors were backed by United States and State Government statistics, by transportation £ind market reports or by other reliable data. AGRICULTURE Miscellaneous Awards Grand Prize Bordens Condensed Milk Co.. New York City: Milk. De Laval Separator Co., New York City: Centrifugal Clarifier and Filter. Genesee Pure Food Co.. Leroy, N. Y.: Jell-O ; Jello Ice Cream Powder. 386 STATE OF NEW YORK Liggett & Myers Tobacco Co., New York City: Tobacco, Cigarettes. Shredded Wheat Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y.: Shredded Wheat Biscuit & Triscuit. Medal of Honor Anchor Cap and Closure Corporation, Brookljm, N. Y.: Anchor Piston Vacuum Machine. Liggett & Myers Tobacco Co., New York City: Cigarettes and Tobacco. Southern Cotton Oil Co., New York City: Oil for Salads and Cooking. Theobald & Oppenheimer, New York City: Cigars. United Cigar Manufactures Co., New York City: Cigars. West Indies Cigar Co., New York City: Porto Rican Cigars. Cold Medal American Coal Products Co., New York City: Sulphate of Ammonia in Its Application on Plant Life. Americeui Kitchen Products Co., New York City: Bouillon Cubes. Anchor Cap & Closure Corporation, Brooklyn, N. Y. : Vacuum Sealing Machines. Cayey-Caguas Tobacco Co., Inc., New York City: Porto Rican Cigars. John Chatillon & Sons, New York City: Spring Scales. De Laval Separator Co., New York City: Centrifugal Emulsor and Yeast Separator. Heppe's Candy Meat Market, Coney Island, N. Y.: Candy Meat Products. Hills Brothers Co., New York City: Cocoanut and Tapioca. Hinman Milking Machine Co., Oneida, N. Y.: Milking Machine. The S. Howes Company, Silver Creek, N. Y. : Grain Cleaning Machine and Tubular Dust Collector. Thomas J. Upton, New York City: Tea, Coffee, Cocoa and Jelly Tablets. PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 387 Pfander Co., Rochester, N. Y.: Milk Storage Tanks of Glass Enameled Steel. Ridgways, Inc., New York City: Tea. Shredded Wheat Company. Niagara Falls, N. Y. : Miniature Factory and Shredding Machine. Taylor Instrument Companies, Rochester, N. Y. : Time Control, Thermometer, and Automatic Pressure Regulator. G. Washington Coffee Sales Co., New York City : Coffee. Welch Grape Juice Co., Westfield, N. Y.: Grape Juice. Silver Medal Austin, Nichols & Co., New York City: Spanish Olives, Plain and Stuffed. D. H. Burrell & Co., Uttle Falls, N. Y.: Cream Separators. Hansen's Chris Laboratory, Little Falls, N. Y. : Rennet Extracts, Junket Tablets and Nesna. Invincible Grain Cleaner Co., Silver Creek, N. Y.: Wheat Scouring Machine and Receiving Separator. Kaffee Hag Corporation, New York City: Caffeine Freed Coffee. Puritan Food Products Co., Inc., Fredonia, N. Y.: Unfermented Grape Juice. De Nobili Cigar Co., Long Island, N. Y.: Cigars, Tobacco and Cork Tips. Gray Stanton, New York City: Air Seal Vacuum Jar. G. Washington Coffee Sales Co., New York City: Instant Tea. Lo Glo Electric Incubator Co., Inc., New York City: Incubators, Egg Testers and Brooders. Honorable Mention G. B. Raffetto, New York City: Marrons, Brandied Fruits, Melba Peaches and Pears, Preserved. 388 STATE OF NEW YORK THE HORTICULTURAL EXHIBIT In preparing for competition on the part of New York State in the Department of Horticulture at the Panama-Pacific International Expo- sition, the State Commission was compelled to reckon with the fact that the display of New York products was not only to be made from 3,000 to 3,500 miles from home, but in a section of the United States in which fruits euid flowers were being cultivated under conditions probably more advantageous than in any other part of the world. The Commission, however, after a series of conferences with leading experts, growers and pomologists connected with the State Department of Agriculture, was unafraid of the result and determined to have New York kept before Elxposition visitors from the beginning until the end of the show. In order to do the State justice imder all conditions, it was deemed advisable to prepare long in advance for the selection of typical New York fruit and to guard against the possibility of imfavorable growing conditions. In selecting the fruit for exhibit it was necessary to have a central station in the State where all satisfactory products might be sent. The collection point agreed upon was a cold storage building in Albion, Orleans Coimty. Organizations of fruit growers and individual raisers of fruit were appealed to for co-operation. Conferences were held in Albany, Syracuse, Buffalo and elsewhere, and the unusual conditions, as well as the necessity of making a representative display, were impressed upon those interested in the fruit industry. After experiments had been made with many kinds of fruit grown in the State, it was found that a journey to the Pacific Coast and the tem- perature changes incidental to the trip would be too great in some instances to warrant competition. Rather than do State grown fruits injustice the scope of the exhibit was contracted to some extent. Fruit that was accepted and retained in cold storage was maintained at a tem- perature varying between 36 and 40 degrees Fahrenheit. It was found that much of the State fruit would " stand up " satis- factorily for long periods if given proper attention. With this assurance, added to the undisputed fact that the flavor of New York fruit is never PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 389 excelled and seldom equalled, the experts employed by the Commission were satisfied that the flavor would give it an unsurmountable advantage. Orchards were visited in the leading fruit counties of the State in the sunmier and fall of 1914 and again in 1915. Varieties were selected and arrangements were made to have the fruit carefully collected, bar- reled and shipped to the cold storage plant during picking time and kept there to await transshipment. After the fruit had thus been secured, Charles G. Porter, Superintend- ent of the Exhibit, and his assistants resorted and repacked it and replaced it in cold storage until the time arrived to load for forwarding to San Francisco. In sorting and packing there was arranged ready for the exhibit 358 single tier boxes, 192 barrels, face and tail or press ends, to be shown in the exhibit as open ends of barrels, 31 barrels of fancy apples to be shown in fancy packages, 1 9 full packed barrels to be shown as such and 100 barrels of choice eating apples of various varieties to be handed to visitors to the exhibit. The barrel exhibits were all faced up, then taken down, wrapped and packed in barrels, which were lined with corrugated caps with a cap between each layer of fruit, each barrel end being marked so it could be easily replaced when packing for installation. The iancy apples were also wrapped and packed in much the same manner. In addition to the fresh fruit there was also selected a collection of canned and glassed fruit of the finest quality the State produces, consisting of 1 varieties, 52 dozen containers in all. One hundred and fifty barrels were made in which to show the barrel end fruit. Large cases were made in which the boxes were packed — twelve boxes to the case — all of which made up one large carload for the opening display. On January II, 1 91 5, the car was loaded and billed out to San Fran- cisco. It arrived at San Francisco January 30th and was unloaded the same day and again placed in cold storage. The space allotted to New York in the Horticultural Palace for the exhibit was 40 x 43 feet, making 1 ,720 feet of floor space. As a setting for the display a booth was constructed after the style of a Colonial Per- gola with large round columns and massive beams and cross-beams above 390 STATE OF NEW YORK with a large scroll lattice at either end. TTie pergola was overhung with a grapevine growing up each lattice and along the crosS'be£uns with a beautiful fall tinted foliage and fruited with vari-colored large bunches of grapes. Diagonally across each end of the space and meeting on either side of a mirrored door, there was built by the Commission two large refrigerator cases, each being 20 feet long and 13 feet high with double plate glass fronts and ends 7 feet high. Within these glass fronted refrig- erators the temperature was kept at between 36 and 40 degrees for 302 days. The color scheme of the entire booth and cases was cream and apple green. In each case there was placed in recesses 1 1 40-watt electric lamps which from concealment threw a beautiful soft light upon the fruit. In one case there was shown 68 boxes of apples four tiers high. In the other was shown 40 barrel ends, one-half showing face ends and other showing the tail or press ends. These were piled four barrels high and represented the New York State standard pack. There were a number of varieties and colors of the fruit in each case, so arranged as to make the exhibit attractive. In the foreground oh the floor of the glass faced refrigerators was a row of fancy baskets filled with the choicest fruit of the exhibit. Concealed lights, backed by reflectors, threw this fruit into bold relief. The exhibit was always such a refresh- ing picture that it invariably arrested the attention of the visitor to the Horticultural Palace. In front of each refrigerator case was placed the canned and glassed fruit making two rows three deep, one above the other the entire length of the cases. At the entrance of the booth there was placed a plate glass floor show case 8 feet long 3 j/2 feet high, in which were placed some of the State's choicest fruit in large fancy baskets. When the Exposition opened New York had on display 25 varieties of apples, including some of the fall as well as the winter fruit of 1914. This exhibit stood practically without change until the second week in May, when substitutions were made, but leaving 22 varieties on the exhibit. As an evidence of the general all-superiority of New York State fruit, it is interesting to note that after all the vicissitudes of reshipping PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 393 there were on September 6th still 1 6 varieties of 1914 fruit in the exhibit, including Rhode Island Greening, Pumpkin Sweet, Hubbardston and Mcintosh. Early in September there were some varieties of 1915 fruit installed with other varieties following as fast as matured. The exhibit was all changed to the fruit of 1915 by October 20, 1915. The 1915 fruit was selected as in 1914, packed in the growers' orchards and sent by express direct to the exhibit, where it was resorted and packed in barrel ends and boxes, retaining however the very fancy fruit for the fancy packages in the exhibit. The scheme of installing the 1915 fruit was changed from that of 1914, making the color scheme entirely different and which proved to be more attractive. There was left some of the 1914 apples upon the exhibit until the close of the Exposition, which were still in good condition when the exhibit was taken down. Every day, from the opening of the E,xposition, February 20th, until May 1 5th, New York State apples were handed out to visitors. People from all States and foreign countries, many for the first time, had the pleasure of tasting a rich, juicy, well flavored apple, and frequently expressed their appreciation and pleasure of tasting an apple that was both juicy and highly flavored. Buyers from other States and some from foreign countries visited the exhibit and expressed a desire to handle New York apples. In many cases arrangements to this end were started at the booth. Exposition visitors generally were much surprised to learn that New York was an apple growing State — that it grew such beautiful fruit, and that its 1914 production was 50,000,000 bushels — about one-fifth of the entire pro- duction of the United States for the year. Consumers frequently visited the exhibit for the purpose of purchasing fruit by the box or barrel, offering premium prices. At the close of the Exposition bidding for the cold storage fruit was keen. The largest department store on the coast took all of it and advertised its sale in the principal newspapers of the State. The entire exhibit was entered in competition with the apples of eight other States for the grand prize. There were 67 individual entries also 394 STATE OF NEW YORK made. New York won. In addition to receiving the grand prize the exhibit of varieties was awarded 20 gold medals; 18 silver medals; 12 bronze medals and 12 honorable mentions, making 63 prizes in all. The judges, who kept at work from May 1 st to November 20th, were J. C. Pultz of Illinois, W. B. Timms of New York. Dr. A. W. Bitting of Washington, D. C, J. C. Figuerado of Portugal, L. Get of Guatemala, R. Gould of San Freincisco, and A. C. Kuhn of San Jose. Awards were made to New York by the International Jury as follows: Crand Prize Exhibitor Location Exhibit Slate of New York State of New York For the Largest and Best Exhibit of Apples in Cold Storage. Cold Medal H. L. Brown Carlton Orange Quince. B. B. Ferris Albion Twenty-ounce Apples. J. A. Hepworth & Son. . . Milton Jcmalhan Apples. Grant G. Hitchings Syracuse Northern Spy Apples. Grant G. Hitchings Syracuse Pound Sweet Apples. Grant G. Hitchings Syracuse Twenty-ounce Apples. Grant G. Hitchings Syracuse Wolff River Apples. R. C. Marshall Albion Northern Spy Apples. R. C. Marshall Albion Rhode Island Greening. F. W. Mason Albion Roxbury Apples. George Petlit Waterport Tompkins King Apples. E. Reynolds Lockporl Baldwin Apples. E. Reynolds Lockport Tompkins King Apples. Leslie Tanner Medina Fameuse Apples. State of New York State of New York For Landscape Gardening Surrounding the New York State Building and Horticultural Decoration within the Building. A. Van Vranken's Sons. . . Rexford Delicious Apples. A. Van Vranken's Sons. . . Rexford Northern Spy Apples. A. Van Vranken's Sons. . . Rexford Van Vranken's Seedlings. A. Van Vranken's Sons. . . Rexford Wealthy Seedlings. A. Van Vranken's Sons. . . Rexford Banana Apples. Collaborator Charles G. Porter Albion Supt. New York State Exhibit. PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 395 Silver Medal Exhibitor Location EIxhibit C. A. Boiler & Son Sodus Northern Spy Applet. Frank Bradley Barker Oldenburg Apples. E. A. Catchpole North Rose Ben Davis Apples. C, M. Harding Albion Baldwin Apples. B, H. Henion Brockport Alexander Apples. J. A. Hepworth & Sons . Milton Baldwin Apples. J. A. Hepworth & Sons Milton Yellow Newtown. J. A. Hepworth & Sons. . . . Milton Northern Spy Apples. J. A. Hepworth & Sons Milton Sutton Apples. Grant G. Hitchings Syracuse Alexsmder Apples. Grant G. Hitchings Syracuse Wealthy Apples. W. E. Howard & Son .... Holley Northern Spy Apples. B. G. "Wilson Waterport Wealthy Apples. H. E. Wellman Kendall Baldwin Apples. Miss M. Laverty Avon Pickled and Brandied Fruits. Miss C. E. Martin Auburn Pickled, Preserved and Brandied Fruits in Glass. B. S. Harwood Appleton Twenty-ounce Apples. A. G. Snyder Albion Tompkins King Apples. Bronze Medal Clark Allis Medina Rome Beauty Apples. Seth Allis & Son Holley Northern Spy Apples. J. S. Beckwith Albion Rhode Island Greening. C. A. Boiler & Son Sodus Esopus Apples. B. J. Case & Co Sodus Wolff River Apples. ^ Mrs. B. L. Chase Dresden Northern Spy Apples. C. M. Harding Albion Tompkins King Apples. Grant G. Hitchings Syracuse Tompkins King Apples. George R. Schauber Ballston Lake Northern Spy Apples. Snyder Bros Gaines Northern Spy Apples. B. G. Wilson Waterport Baldwin Apples. Miss Ellen H. North Geneseo Preserved Fruits in Glass. Honorable Mention James Austin & Son Morton Baldwin Apples. H.L.Brown Carlton Baldwin Apples. B. J. Case & Co Sodus Baldwin Apples. S. T. Christiansen Penn Yan Baldwin Apples. S. E. Crowell & Son . . Kent Baldwin Apples. S. H. FuUager Penn Yan Wagner Apples. H. L. Hill Medina Baldwin Apples. H. W. Miles Waterport Baldwin Apples. C. M. Mower Waterport Baldwin Apples. G.D.Simpson Carlton Baldwin Apples. Snyder Bros Gaines Baldwin Apples. A. Van Vranken's Sons. . . Rexford Wagner Apples. 17 396 STATE OF NEW YORK Miscellaneous Exhibits In addition to the official exhibits made under the direction of the State Commission, New York was represented in the division of horticul- ture by nurserymen and manufacturers of appliances and machinery used in floriculture, viticulture and pomology, doing business in the State. These commercial exhibitors received 60 premiums for their exhibits. Awards to them included 2 Grand Prizes, 12 Medals of Honor, 25 Gold Medals, 16 Silver Medals, and 5 Honorable Mentions. The honors won by New York in the competition for Commercial Exhibits in the Palace of Horticulture were : Grand Prize Exhibitor Location Exhibit John Lewii Child* Flowerfield Best Collection of Thirty-four Varie- ties, Gladiolas. Caldwell Lawn Mower Co. Newburgh Hand, Horse and Motor Lawn Mowers with Demountable Cutter * Units. Medal of Honor Arthur Cowee Berlin Gladiolas, " Peace." Arthur Cowee Berlin Gladiola Silver Trophy. Burt OIney Canning Co. . . Oneida Collective Exhibit, Tomato Catsup, Canned Vegetables and Fruit in Tin and Glass. Beach-Russ Co New York City High Vacuum Pump for Sealing Food Products. Friend Mfg. Co Gasport Friend King Spray Outfit. Friend Mfg. Co Gasport Friend Large Double-action Hand Pump Sprayer. Friend Mfg. Co Gasport Friend Single Ball Compound Shutoff . Friend Mfg. Co Gasport Friend Relief Valve. Friend Mfg. Co Gasport Friend Tank Filler. Perfect Vacuum Caiming Co New York City Automatic Machine for Double Seal- ing Vacuum Cans. Collaborator W. H. Coldwell Newburgh. Adolf K. Malmquisl New York City. PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 397 Cold Medal Exhibitor Location Exhibit Arthur Cowee Berlin Gladiolas, "After Glow." Arthur Cowee Berlin Gladiolas, " Vivid." John Lewis Childs Flowerfield One thousand Primulimus Hybrids. P. Van Duersen Tarrytown Twenty-nine Varieties Gladiolas. Coldwell Lawn Mower Co. Newburgh Hand, Horse and Motor Lawn Mowers. Field Force Pump Co Elmira Garfield Knapsack Sprayer. Field Force Pump Co Elmira Royal Leader Sprayer. Field Force Pump Co Elmira Junior Leader Sprayer. Field Force Pump Co Elmira Junior Leader Sprayer. Friend Mfg. Co Gasport Friend Special Outfit. Friend Mfg. Co Gasport Friend Junior Hand Pump Spray. Lekos & Drivas New York City. Olive Oil. Friend Mfg. Co Gasport Friend Queen Spray Outfit. Friend Mfg. Co Gasport Friend Pony Spray Outfit. Benjamin Hammond Beacon Insecticides. Chas. J. Tagliabue Mfg. Co. Brooklyn Automatic Temperature Controllers and Mercurial Thermometers. Taylor Instrument Cos Rochester Recording Thermometers, Capillary Type. Taylor Instrument Cos Rochester Automatic Temperature Controller. Taylor Instrument Cos Rochester H. Se M. Tycos Thermometers. Taylor Instrument Cos Rochester Tycos Rare Metal Recording Py- rometer. Taylor Instrument Cos Rochester Tycos, Type S, Automatic Pressure Regulator. Taylor Instrument Cos Rochester Four, Type P, Tycos Automatic Tem- perature Controllers. Taylor Instrument Cos Rochester Tycos Tune Controller. Collaborator A. T. Beach Brooklyn. Harrison S. Chapman Elmira. Silver Medal Arthur Cowee Berlin Gladiolas, " Dawn." Arthur Cowee Berlin Gladiolas, " War." John Lewis Childs Flowerfield Collective Exhibit, Elegans, Leonard Joerg and Elegans, Robusta Lilliums. P. Van Duersen Tarrytown Collection of Dutch Bulbs. E. W. Bliss Co Brooklyn Automatic Machinery for Sanitary Packers, Etc. Field Force Pump Co Elmira New Watson Automatic Pump Sprayer. Field Force Pump Co Elmira Red Jacket Automatic Traction Ma- chine. 398 STATE OF NEW YORK Location EIxhibit Elmira Union Leader Sprayer. Elmira Empire King Sprayer. Gaiport Friend Angle Double-ball Compound Shutoff. Huntley Mfg. Co Silver Creek Monitor Whirlpool Blancher and Sanitary Waaher and Scalder. J. Spiropoulot New York City Olive Oil. ElxHIBlTOR Field Force Pump Co. Field Force Pump Co. Friend Mfg. Co Taylor Initrument Co*., Rochester Tycos Hydrometer!. Collaborator A. B. Hoiman Brooklyn. H. Milker Brooklyn. Alfred Roeich Brooklyn. Field Force Pun^ Co. Friend Mfg. Co Friend Mfg. Co Friend Mfg. Co Friend Mfg. Co HonoraMe Mention Elmira White Star Sprayer. Gaiport Friend Angle Driver Spray Nozzle. Gaaporl Friend Calyx Nozzle. Gagport Friend Regular Nozzle. Gasport Friend Angle Regular Nozzle. SOUTH r.i^nblHj a E-t O i o o ^-N ■«to«feEKW> — AtN WEST CNTRANCL ADMINISTRATION AVENUE. PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 401 STATE EXHIBIT OF MINES AND METALLURGY The collective exhibit in the Department of Mines and Metallurgy was prepared under the direction of D. H. Newland, Assistsmt State Geologist, with funds furnished by the State Commission. The pre- liminary arrangements emd general plan for the display were made by him, but a large share of the responsibility for the conduct of the work fell upon Arthur C. Terrill, who spent several months in the field in con- nection with the assembling of materials and afterward took charge of their installation in the section of the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy assigned to the exhibit. New York State was assigned a block of 3,440 square feet in the centre of the Palace of Mines in which to display the mineral wealth and importance of the mining and allied industries. Every foot of the space was utilized. In the general pleui that was formulated and csurried out the first essen- tial was to secure the friendly interest and co-operation of the mining enterprises of the State. It is a pleasure to record the cordial response which they gave imiformly to the request for contributions and for aid in other ways. Their participation in many instances was influenced by no other motives than the desire to promote the success of the exhibit as a whole. The fundamental purpose of the display was to acquaint the public with the great natural endowment which New York possesses in its min- eral resources; a fact not altogether so generally known among its own citizens as should be the case and still less appreciated by the people of the far west, where mining has a pre-eminent place in the industrial activities. As a matter of fact only one or two States compete with New York in variety of mineral products, while in the value of the aggregate mining and metallurgical output it stands well up in the list. Aside from their general educational value the individual exhibits con- tained a great deal that was of interest to the more expert. Mining men and technologists from other sections of the coxmtry could find something 402 STATE OF NEW YORK to hold their attention in the way of products or illustration of methods in economic euid metallurgical treatment of mineral materials. Among the more elaborate of the individual exhibits were those of the Worcester Salt Company, who were represented by a working model of their brine-evaporating plant at Silver Springs; the Sterling Salt Company with a model of their local salt mines at Cuylerville; the Solvay Process Company with a large colored chart, photographs and samples of crude and finished products illustrating the meinufacture of soda compounds; Witherbee, Sherman & Co. with a comprehensive array of crude and concentrated magnetite and accompanying articles and minerals from their Mineville properties ; the Northern Iron Company with a display of ores, fuels and fluxes used in their local blast furnaces and a series of products; Maclntyre Iron Compemy with a unique exhibit of titaniferous ores and pig iron made therefrom; Joseph Dixon Crucible Company with an exhibit of natural graphite and its products; the Carbonmdum Company with a comprehensive series of their electro-metallurgical products, including carborundum, aloxite, silicon and finished wares made therefrom ; the Association of American Portland Cement Manufacturers with a model of a concrete road as constructed on the State Highway System and colored transparencies to show the methods employed ; H. H. Barton & Son Company with crystal garnet of unusual size and abrasive materials of garnet ; North River Garnet Company, garnet rock and con- centrates ; and the Wellsville Refining Company, a display of crude and refined oils. The site selected for the exhibit by the State Commission was in the centre of the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy where an area covering 3,440 square feet bounded on three sides by avenues was secured; of the area 373 square feet was allotted to the Saratoga Springs Reservation for an individual display of mineral waters. For the purpose in view the location was one of the most desirable in the building, both from the stand- point of convenience of access and of its surroundings. The installation of the exhibits made it necessary to provide many dis- play cases and other furnishings, most of which had to be especially con- structed for the purpose, A contract was entered into in New York City for the construction of fifteen vertical glass-enclosed cases, which were shipped to San Francisco and put in place by the contractor. In addition H CQ X X UJ CD J < H Q Z < H < o o > PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 405 six small glass cases were loaned by the New York State Museum; while two exhibitors supplied their own furnishings. The materials as displayed were accompanied by photographs, dia- grams and explanatory matter to assist the visitor in acquiring an intelli- gent comprehension of their character and the part they play in the State's industrial economy. Great attention was given to labeling; every article bore a card on which were given its name, source, and if needed, further descriptive matter. A map of New York on the scale of five miles to the inch was dis- played in a central panel where it could be readily consulted. The base was colored in strong but pleasing tints to indicate the main geological formations that are of economic significance ; and on it were marked also the principal mining and quarry localities inclusive of those from which the various materials in the display were taken. The border of the map was occupied by colored diagrams that compared the position of New York in some of the leading industries with that held by other States. The year 1913 was taken as a basis for comparison, and it may be of interest to note that the mineral industries in that year yielded crude materials to the value of about $42,000,000. One of the historic industries of the State which still plays a prominent part in its industrial activities is based upon the mining and utilization of the ores of iron. The industry was founded on a permanent basis about the year 1 750, with the opening of the famous Sterling mines in Orange County which still supply considerable quantities of ore, and are probably the oldest workings of their kind now active in the country. A furnace was erected there in 1 75 1 , and the iron that came from it was of great use to the Patriot cause m the War of the Revolution. For a long time New York held a leading place in the production of iron largely through the contribution of the Adirondacks, a region once dotted by flourishing settlements which depended for support upon mining, smelt- ing and related industries. Although in the last twenty-five years the Lake Superior districts and Alabama have forged ahead in the industry. New York still continues to produce large eunoimts of ore, a part of which is smelted by furnaces within the State. The exhibits of iron ores were representative of the diflFerent classes and grades now mined on a commercial basis. Witherbee, Sherman & 406 STATE OF NEW YORK Co. of Mineville contributed an extensive series of crude magnetic ores from their several properties, also of concentrates and by-products, alto- gether the largest of its kind at the Elxposition. This firm is the pioneer in the beneficiation of iron ores by magnetic separation. Among the by-products obtained at Mineville is a phosphatic material that finds application for agricultural fertilizer. Accompanying the exhibit v^as an interesting collection of minerals and rocks from Mineville and other iron ore localities in the eastern Adirondacks. The Port Henry Iron Ore Co. of Mineville contributed specimens of magnetite and wall rocks; as also the Cheever Iron Ore Co. of Port Henry, the Chateaugay Ore & Iron Co. of Lyon Moimtain, Benson Mines Co. of Benson Mines, and the Sterling Iron & Railway Co. of Lakeville, Orange County. The Maclntyre Co. of Tahawus, Essex Coimty, contributed specimens of titaniferous magnetite from its properties in the central Adirondacks with which it has recently conducted interesting experiments and suc- ceeded in producing a good grade of pig iron that was also included in the display. An exhibit of hematite, by C. A. Borst of Clinton, contained samples of the well-known oolitic bed and of the wall rocks from the type locality. The Clinton ore is the basis of a large mining industry, but more particu- larly in the Southern States and notably Alabama. A model of the " Old Bed " mines at Mineville was prepared by Mr. Terrill from data supplied by the Port Henry Iron Ore Co. and Witherbee, Sherman & Co. The model showed the outlines of the deposit traced on vertical glass sheets, with its actual position and work- ings accurately portrayed. There is no other magnetite deposit in this country probably that embodies such interesting geological features and that has been so well determined as to outlines and relations. Salt is obtained in New York State, both by underground mining and by the evaporation of brines that are pumped from wells sunk to the salt horizon. In Onondaga County, around Syracuse, a natural brine is found at shallow depths, but elsewhere the wells range from 800 to over 2,000 feet deep, and the brines are made by saturation of fresh water which is admitted to the salt deposit. The industry has been carried on without interruption for more than a century, and the aggregate output up to the year 1914 reached the total of 268,0 II, 788 barrels to which PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 407 an increment of 10,000,000 barrels or over is added each year. The present methods of extracting salt were shown by models contributed by companies engaged in the business in the State. A reproduction to scale of the Silver Springs works of the Worcester Salt Co. attracted much attention from visitors, and in fact was one of the most popular features in the whole mining exhibit. The wells, buildings and local scenic features were shown with faithful detail, while the mechanical equipment of the plant itself was represented in miniature, so that the whole process from the pumping of the brine to the final pack- ing of the salt for shipment could be followed without difficulty. Parts of the equipment were operated by a concealed motor so as to heighten the resemblance to the actual conditions under which the process is carried out at the works. The base of the model carried in front a geological section of the rocks from the surface to the salt bed, which at Silver Springs lies at about 2,200 feet deep. A companion model, exhibited by the Sterling Salt Company, showed the way in which salt is extracted by underground work as conducted on their property near Cuylerville, Livingston County. It consisted of two parts, of which the one gave a section of the strata down to the salt bed which was shown in its relative proportions, with the shaft and hoisting plant in place; and the other constructed on a larger scale showed the mine operations, the methods of breaking down the salt, the system of roof support, and the means of transport underground. The latter model was built up of blocks of rock salt taken from the mine. The mine is one of the largest and best equipped enterprises of the kind in the country. The varied quarry stones, of which New York State has important resources, were shown by sample specimens. These were prepared in the form of 10-inch cubes, the sides with different kinds of finish — rock- face, hammer-dressed, polished, etc. — so as to give the actual effects when employed as building or ornamental stone. The cubes were taken from the collections of the New York State Museum. They were dis- played on the balustrade surrounding the exhibit space. One specimen of green syenite, from Ausable Forks, was exhibited by J. H. Moore of that place. The cement industry of the State has undergone a great change in the last few years and is now restricted mainly to the manufacture of Portland 408 STATE OF NEW YORK cement, whereas formerly the natural or Rosendale cement was the prin- cipal product. The new plants are mostly situated in the Hudson Valley, with one or two in the interior of the State. The growth in the use of cement has contributed a great stimulus to the local industry which enjoys unexcelled facilities for reaching the larger markets of the east. Through the courtesy of F. W. Kelley a model of a concrete road, built in accordance with the standards of highway construction in this State, was prepared for the exhibit. The model was one-half size and was accompanied by samples of the different aggregates used and of the tools necessary for its construction. At the back was placed a panel in which were framed colored transparencies to show the actual process of concrete road construction, a map of the State with the new State high- way system indicated thereon, and two cards of expleinatory matter. The display shared a good deal of attention by reason of its attractiveness and the fact that New York holds a leading place in the building of such roads. Its preparation was under the charge of the Association of the American Cement Manufacturers. The Helderberg Cement Company and the Glens Falls Portland Cement Company also contributed to this section of the exhibit, the former illustrating the uses of cement in engineering and building construction, 2ind the latter showing samples of its crude and finished products. The New York Lime Company of Natural Bridge contributed samples of calcium and dolomitic limes made from the Adirondack crys- talline limestones which are also employed as marbles. Some beautiful and unusually large crystals of white and pink calcite from the dolomite quarry north of Natural Bridge were included. The Trenton limestone of Glens Falls, which yields a high-grade calcium lime, was shown by Finch, Pruyn & Company, together with samples of the commercial product. The production of these minerals is one of the smaller industries carried on in a few localities. They are obtained from bodies of pegmatite which occur here sad there in the crystalline formations of the Adiron- dacks and southeastern New York. The feldspar finds application in pottery and glass manufacture, for glazing tile, as an abrasive, and for various other purposes. The quartz is utilized as an ingredient of wood- filler and also for pottery. Large feldspar crystals and the prepared PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 411 ground feldspar were exhibited by P. H. Kinkel's Sons, whose quarries near Bedford supply considerable quantities of quartz, which was shown in beautiful pink color, and occasional crystals of green beryl that was represented by a big specimen of well-developed hexagonal form. The Crown Point Spar Company of Crown Point showed specimens of crude and crushed pegmatite £ind samples of artificial granite made from their pegmatite by the Paragon Plaster Co. of Syracuse. New York State stcinds alone in the mining of garnet which is obtained in large quantities in the central Adirondacks, notably around North River. Essex Coxmty. The mineral is employed entirely as an abrasive and is of the variety known as almandite, with a light to dark red color. Samples of crude garnet in the rock, including one mass of several hun- dred pounds in weight, were exhibited by H. H. Barton & Son Co. along with prepared garnet abrasives ; another exhibit of garnet rock and concentrates was contributed by the North River Garnet Company who employ mechanical methods for the separation of the mineral from the gangue. There were no other exhibits of this nature at the Exposition. This substance occurs abundantly in southern St. Lawrence County where it has been the basis of mining operations for many years. Recently new deposits have been opened near Natural Bridge, Lewis County. Fine slabs of foliated and fibrous talc of sea green to white colors were displayed by the Uniform Fibrous Talc Company of Talcville and the Ontario Talc Company of Gouvemeur. Samples of the ground or com- mercial talc were included. The product is mainly employed in the paper industry. The important gypsum mining and manufacturing industries were rep- resented by typical materials to represent both the nature of the mineral as it occurs in the State and the various products into which it is con- verted, inclusive of agricultural plaster, stucco, wall plaster, fireproofing, etc. The exhibitors were the Niagara Gypsum Company of Buffalo and the United States Gypsum Company which operates mines near Oakfield, N. Y. New York leads in the output of gyp'sum manufactures. A selection of the various colors and qualities of roofing slate, with specimen roofs covered by them, formed a part of the display. The 412 STATE OF NEW YORK unique red slate of Washington County formed perhaps the most inter- esting feature, while the unfading green slate from the same region also attracted notice. The exhibits were made by the Mathews Slate Com- paay and E. J. Johnson, New York City. Graphite of the highly valued crystalline variety occurs in the Adiron- dacks and is mined near Hague, Warren County, by the Joseph Dixon Crucible Company, where the graphite is converted into various com- mercial articles. Samples of Adirondack ores were exhibited, some that are not now mined. The graphite occurs intermixed with other minerals which necessitates treatment of the ore in a mill after which it is refined. The uses of natural graphite as lubricant, paint, in crucibles, electrical contacts, etc., were illustrated. An exhibit of artificial graphite, which is made by subjecting some car- bonaceous material like coke or charcoal to the high temperatures obtained in an electric furnace, was provided by the International Acheson Graphite Company whose works are situated at Niagara Falls. A small model to show the type of furnace used in the process formed a part of the exhibit; concealed lights lent the appearance of incandescence which the actual furnace shows when in operation. The electro-metallurgical products — carborundum, aloxite and silicon — constituted an interesting group of exhibits prepared by the Car- borundum Company of Niagara Falls. A large vertical case contained an array of articles made from carborundum and aloxite, while a sepa- rate base carried pyramids of the crude material in the condition in which it comes from the furnace. Another base showed the use of carborundum as an abrasive and particularly its employment in wheels for turning and polishing stone as illustrated by seunples of marble emd granite that had been so treated. A pyramid of metallic silicon was displayed on a third base. The application of certain mineral substances for making pigments or natural colors was illustrated by samples of the crude and prepared materials, so far as they are obtainable from local sources of supply. One of the common paint materials is the Clinton Hematite, which, when ground, has a deep brownish red color. Exhibits of this pigment were View of Saratoga Springs Reservation Exhibit PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 415 made by the Clinton Metallic Paint Co. of Clinton and William Con- nors Paint Manufacturing Company of Troy. Red and buff pigments were displayed by the J. M. Wells Paint Company of Ogdensburg. The Solvay Process Company of Syracuse prepared a special exhibit in which the commercial features were subordinated to the technological and scientific viewpoints, and which was of exceptional interest. The company has large works at Solyay and obtains its supply of salt, which is the basis of the industry, from wells in southern Onondaga County. It makes use of the ammonia process for conversion of sodium chloride into the carbonate. The various stages of the process, including the extraction of the brines, the recovery of ammonia from by-product coke ovens, the production of carbon dioxide from limestone, and the different reactions which take place were shown in a graphic way on a colored chart. Samples of the reagents and products were displayed below, arranged according to their place in the process. Photographs of the several parts of the works were a further aid to the popular exposition of technical features. As an educational exhibit it was entirely successful, and that was its main purpose. The petroleum industry, which still has some importance in the mining activities of the State, although the fields have long since found their maximum productivity, was represented by samples of crude oil from the different pools and of the distillates. The Wellsville Refining Company of Wellsville had a very complete exhibit of its products, with which were shown photographs of its distilling plant and a small model in wood of an oil-derrick of the type used in the New York fields. The model was the work of two pupils in the Wellsville schools. The Vacuum Oil Company of Rochester showed an extensive array of its products, hand- somely displayed in glass containers which brought out very contrasting features of color and translucency. Crude oils were shown by A. L. Shaner of Bolivar and Rudolp Dotterweich of Olean. Although the occurrence of zinc ores has been noted in many places and such ores have been the object of exploratory and desultory mining operations for many years, it is but recently they have attained an import- ant place among the mineral products of the State. The first mining on a commercial basis was in 1915 by the Northern Ore Company of 416 STATE OF NEW YORK Edwards. TTie developments seem to assure the permanency of the industry. The display of ores and concentrates by this company was an interesting as well as a novel feature of the exhibit. A set of the reports of the New York State Museum, inclusive of all volumes that icelate to geology, mineral resources, mining developments and statistics, was placed on exhibit. Awards for exhibits made in the State collection were as follows: Grand Prize New York State Museum. Albany, N. Y. : For Collective Exhibit of the Mineral resources of the State and products of Manufacture. Medal of Honor International Acheson Graphite Company, Niagara Falls, N. Y.: Model of electric furnace. Cold Medal New York State Geological Survey, Albany, N. Y. : Collective exhibit of New York State mineral resources. Joseph Dixon Crucible Company, New York City: Specimens of crystalline graphite ore. Worcester Salt Company, Silver Springs, N. Y.: Model. Carborundum Company, Niagara Falls, N. Y.: Metallic silicon casting. New York State Museum. Albany, N. Y. : Statistics and publications on geology, mineralogy and relative subjects. Silver Medal New York State Geological Survey. Albany, N. Y. : Collection of New York State building stones. Association of the American Portland Cement Manufacturers (two medals) : Model. Concrete Form Company. Syracuse. N. Y. : Model of Whalen Concrete Form. Crown Point Spar Company. Crovra Point. N. Y. : Specimens of feldspar and pegmatite. E 3PLAN ADE MJ«N NORTH cKmvwu: rr ■ ■ t I iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii v^ • U N I ■ I 36 Mu^r TED I ■ I V E H TATE H T ^^^^ .^«^^ -1 r- ^SS 10 A,, w ir; Z S N uj a 3 CO H PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 455 While ofHcial reports were to the effect that 50,000 of the prisms of glass with which the upper sections of the tower were emblazoned were made in Austria, it is also imderstood that New York supplied 1 00,000 of these glass jewels, which hung free from the travertine coating of the tower so that they might swing in the endless breeze sweeping in from the Golden Gate and scintillate in the sun by day and under the rays of the great battery of electric lights directed on them from sunset until midnight. The Tower of Jewels, from which the Exposition acquired the name of the " Jewel City," was almost in its entirety the conception of New Yorkers, for not only were the architects residents of the Empire State, but John Flanagan and Charles H. Niehaus, sculptors who designed the impressive figures surrounding the tower and mantling its recesses ; Wil- liam D. L. Dodge, who created the murals, and Mrs. Gertrude Vander- bilt Whitney and Mrs. Edith W. Burroughs, who wrought the famous fountains about the tower, were also New Yorkers. Most of the Joy Zone, as the mile-long amusement thoroughfare at the easterly end of the Exposition was known, was either designed or financed by New Yorkers. This amusement section bordered an asphalt thoroughfare of 100 feet in width, intersected at regular intervals by cross avenues, in which it is estimated it was possible to furnish accommodations of 250,000 persons. Most noteworthy among the attractions on the zone were the reproduc- tion of the Panama Ceinal, covering an area of about four acres; a Wild West Show having an area half as great, and a Japanese village of approximately ten acres. The receipts of the Panama Canal reproduction on the zone for the 288 days of the Exposition are said to have been $388,000, while the Trackless Trans-Exposition Railway during the same period reported fares of $375,000. Several other amusement enterprises recorded receipts in excess of $100,000. Incidental to the opening of the Exposition, February 20th, which was made a State holiday, there was a parade of 50,000 military and civiHans. A squadron of United States warships and a number of naval vessels of 456 STATE OF NEW YORK foreign governments participated in the opening exercises. The Exposi- tion remained open every day of the week and practically all of the exhibits v^^ere in operation daily from 9 o'clock A. M. until 6 P. M. The State and foreign sections and the amusement division were open to the public until 1 1 o'clock P. M. President Wilson, who was unable to attend in person because of the European war, started the Exposition at 9 o'clock on the morning of February 20th by pressing a button in the White House in Washington, which, by the operation of electric current, put in motion the great Diesel engine in the Palace of Machinery, which supplied much of the mechani- cal force and also the electric energy in use in the exhibit palaces. At the moment President Wilson touched the button in the White House, C. C. Moore, President of the Exposition, arose in the reviewing stand and in the presence of 100,000 persons declared the Exposition opened. Addresses were made by Franklin K. Lane, Secretary of the Interior, who represented the National Administration; by Governor Johnson of California, Mayor James Rolph, Jr., of San Francisco, and others. During the first ten weeks of the Exposition the attendance sufFered because of the prolonged rainy season. The Exposition authorities had arranged for the dedication of all buildings within thirty days after the opening of the great show and with local pride as a spur for large attend- ance at these dedicatory ceremonies and with a series of events, includ- ing the Automobile Grand Prix and Vanderbilt Cup Races, interest did not lag, although the weather conditions militated against record-break- ing attendance figures. Memorial Day and Independence Day saw great crowds within the Exposition grounds. On the latter day William J. Bryan addressed an audience of 50,000 persons in the open air from a rostrum in front of the Tower of Jewels. This address marked the close of a three-day celebra- tion in the harbor and within the Exposition grounds. Theodore Roosevelt delivered an address on July 21th before 50,000 persons who had assembled to hear him discuss public affairs. Taft Day was celebrated at the Exposition September 26th. " Pre- paredness " was the theme on this occasion, and residents of the Pacific PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 459 Slope to the extent of nearly 1 00,000 went to the Jewel City to hear the address. Former President Taft was the central figure at a great demonstra- tion on the night of September 3d when a mortgage, representing a loan of $1,250,000, was burned in the Court of the Universe. It was the former President who cast the document into the flames. This mortgage had represented the only real financial indebtedness of the Exposition Company that acted as a lien incidental to the creation of the great Expo- sition. The remainder of the work had been financed through State and county bond issues and popular subscription to bonds of the Exposition Corporation which it was tacitly agreed should be regarded as gifts unless the fair turned out unprecedentedly successful from a financial standpoint. Tourist travel to the Exposition from the eastern and central sections of the United States and from foreign coimtries reached its height during the month of August, when the attendance aggregated 2,287,000. The attendance figures in November, however, amounted to 2,520,000. It was the influx of Cahfomians and residents of other Pacific Coast States that made up the November total. FINANCIAL STATEMENT Receipts 1912 July 28. Nov. 15. 1913 Oct. 28. 1914 March 2. April 4. May 21. July 11. Sept. 30. Oct. 28. Dec. 14. 191f i Jan. 29. Feb. 5. March 17. April 5. 19. June 14. Aug. 25. Oct. 5. 11. Nov. 26. 29. 1916 Feb. 26. June 20. Comptroller, State of New York ... $ 1 5.000 00 Comptroller. State of New York. . . 25,000 00 Comptroller. State of New York. . . 10,000 00 Comptroller, State of New York. . . 1 5,000 00 Comptroller. State of New York, . . 25,000 00 Comptroller, State of New York. . . 25,000 00 Comptroller, State of New York. . . 25,000 00 Comptroller, State of New York. . . 25,000 00 Comptroller, State of New York. . . 35,000 00 Comptroller, State of New York. . . 50,000 00 Comptroller, State of New York. . . 50,000 00 Comptroller, State of New York. . . 50.000 00 Comptroller. State of New York. . . 50.000 00 Comptroller, State of New York. . . 43.223 86 Comptroller, State of New York. . . 50.000 00 Comptroller. State of New York. . . 50.000 00 Comptroller, State of New York. . . 1 7.469 50 Comptroller. State of New York. . . 16.430 01 Comptroller, State of New York. . . 13.686 77 Comptroller. State of New York. . . 14,809 15 Comptroller. State of New York. . . 35,225 61 Comptroller. State of New York. . . 1 1,548 94 Comptroller, State of New York .. . 9.191 46 $661,585 30 Sale of State Building and contents 1 7.331 1 1 Sale of cheese 1 .652 30 Sale of booths and exhibits 877 85 Telephones 278 45 Rebates on insurance 2 1 9 38 Interest on bank balances 509 53 Payments by caterer 2.920 36 Sundry refunds 1 .493 82 Total $686,868 10 [460] =:::::^=;==^ PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 461 EXPENDITUBES Exhibits Agriculture $22,969 91 Education 32.830 1 1 Health 11. 104 49 Hospital 7.81 7 66 Horticulture 10.382 88 State Engineer and Surveyor 1 8.654 88 Mines and Metallurgy 9.232 91 Ubor 3.245 39 Prison 3.885 73 Live Stock 1 .264 20 Niagara Falls 2.103 10 Saratoga Springs 705 57 Forestry 1.394 13 Blind 1.672 56 Quarantine 1 1 8 69 Fine Arts 5.023 53 Social Economy 12,352 24 Motion Pictures of State and Municipal Scenes . . 6,260 00 $151,017 98 State Building, construction $219,848 91 State Building, equipment 32,564 73 252,413 64 State Building, wages 25.627 22 State Building, maintenance 20.206 74 45.833 96 Commissioners' expenses 54,976 55 Employees' expenses 6,770 01 Salaries 60,130 53 Printing and stationery 12,602 68 Office expense 6.741 50 Office equipment 1 .357 65 Telegraph and telephone 5,780 07 Rent 4,800 00 Insurance 3,909 37 Official entertainments 59,185 41 Treasurer, State of New York 21.348 75 Total $686,868 10 462 PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION Summary Total appropriatious $700,000 00 Receipts from State Comptroller $661,585 30 Returns to State Treasurer 21 ,348 75 Net outlay of Commission 640,236 55 Balance $59,763 45 INDEX ADVISORY committee, members, 277. Agriculture, committee on, 68; New York exhibits in, 265. See also Huson, Calvin. Agriculture exhibit, 366—87; appropria- tion recommended for, 73 ; cheese in, 366. 369-70; installation, 366; lo- cation, 366; speeches made from big cheese, 366; Governor Whitman present at cutting of big cheese, 369 ; electric sign, 370; butter, 370; maple syrup, 373; potatoes, 373; forestry work, models, 374; grapes, 374; honey, 374; moving pictures, 377; photographs and maps, 377; publications of agriculture depart- ment in demand at, 377; grand prize, 378, 385 ; attendance, 382 ; miscellaneous awards, 385. Agriculture palace, moving pictures in, 79; list of members of Exhibitors' association in, 213; exybiC space in, 448. Albany Water Filtration Plant, model of, in health exhibit, 320. Alexander, Charles B., guest at dinner for Judge and Mrs Gary, 1 59 ; toast- master at dinner for Senator and Mrs Wadsworth, 160; guest at National Education association luncheon, 1 60 ; pleased with education exhibit, 300. Aloxite, in mines and metallurgy ex- hibit, 412. American trade with Japan, address by Com.-Gen. Yamawaki, 251—54. Amic, Senator Jean, banquet to, 189. Amsterdam, Old, sent flag to Manhat- tan Day celebration, 160. Anasagasti, Com.-Gen. Horacio, guest at dinner to Major-General Goethals, 164; address before Elxhibitors' as- sociation, 225—28. Angellotti, Judge, invited to meet Gov- ernor and party, 154. Apples, in horticultural exhibit, 389-90, 393; grand prize awarded, 394. Appointments, to Commission, 20, 23; sub-committees, 68, 71 ; committee on New York City exhibit, 79. Appropriations, for State's part in Ex- position, 16, 19, 20, 23; recom- mended by Commission, 75. Architects, from New York, 15, 443; on New York State building, 55, 67; on tower of jewels, from New York, 455. Argentine's aspirations, address by Com.- Gen. Horacio Anasagasti, 225—28. Arlett, Arthur, representing Gov. John- son, guest at dedicatory luncheon, 88 ; address of welcome, 1 02 ; at Chair- man Mack's farewell dinner, 1 97. Art exhibit, jury, 271. Artists, from New York, 15; awards to, 285-86. 288. Arts, see Fine Arts. Ashe, Mrs A. Sidney, guest at luncheon for Commissioner Brown. 1 63. Association, see Exhibitor's association. Attendance at Exposition, compared with previous expositions. 45 1 ; days of largest attendance. 452. [463] 464 INDEX Australia, good New York market, ad- dress by P. E. Quinn. 218-225. Awards, method of, 266, 269; New York's shares. 269; work of jury members not eligible for, 271 ; fine arte, 281-82. 285-89; education ex- hibit. 299, 300-3; social economy exhibit. 304-7. health exhibit, 327; quarantine exhibit. 329; labor ex- hibit. 334 ; blind exhibit, 339 ; prison exhibit. 346; barge canal exhibit. 357; liberal arte exhibit, 357-65; agriculture exhibit, 378, 381—82, 385; horticultural exhibit, 394-98; commercial exhibits, horticultural pal- ace, 396—98; mines and metallurgy exhibit, 416, 419—22; manufactures and varied industries, 422—29; ma- chinery, 429—31 ; transportation, 431-33; live stock, 433-34; New York City exhibit. 436. 439. BACHRACH. S.. guest at dedica- tory luncheon. 88. Bacon. Henry, on architectural board, 443. Bailey, L. H., international Juror, 35. Bain, Ferdinand R., guest at farewell dinner for Chairman Mack, 197. Baker, Capt. Asher C, address to New York commissioners on exhibits, 40— 48 ; guest at dedicatory luncheon, 88. Ball. Governor and Mrs Whitman honor gueste at. 1 54. Barge canal exhibit, 347—57; appro- priation recommended for, 75 ; moving pictures in, 79, 348; model of barge canal, 348; plan of, 348; siphon lock at Oswego, model of, 35 1 ; dam, with automatic crest, model of, 352; siphon spillway, model of, 352 ; peuntings, 352, 355 ; location, 355; attendance at, 356; installation, 356; awarded grand prize, 357; medal awarded Frank M. Williams. 357. Barnard, Frank S.. reception to, 190. Barnard, Henry, quoted, 290. Barneson, Capt. John, guest at dedica- tory luncheon, 88; guest at dinner to Major-General Goethals, 165. Batavia Sewage Disposal Plant, model of, in health exhibit, 320. Bauskett, F. N., guest at dinner to Major-General Goethals, 1 64. Beeckman, Governor Robert L., of Rhode Island, guest on Governor's day, 135; invited to meet Governor and party, 154. Benedict, W. D., guest at dinner to Major-General Goethals, 165. Bensel, John A., to act in advisory ca- pacity with Commission, 67. Bentley. R. I., guest at dedicatory luncheon, 88. Bertillon display, prison exhibit, 340, 346. Bewley, William, on committee to in- spect exhibite, 194. Bids, for New York State Building, 71 , 72. Binghamton State Hospital, model of tuberculosis pavilion in hospital ex- hibit, 310. Bitter, Karl, sculpture and color scheme of exhibition under jurisdiction of, 443. Bixler, Mrs David, guest at luncheon for Commissioner Brown, 163. Blind exhibit, 335—39; appropriation recommended for, 75 ; preparation, 335; models, 336; medal awarded, 339. INDEX 465 Boardman, George C. guest at dedica- tory luncheon, 88. Bocqueraz, Leon, guest at dinner to Major-General Goethals, 163. Bocqueraz, Roger, guest at dinner to Major-General Goethals, 164. Bonds issued for Exposition, 443. Borst, Judge Henry V., address at din- ner to General Goethals, 181—83. Bowles, Philip, guest at dinner to Ma- jor-General Goethals, 165. Briceno, Alijandro, address before Ex- hibitors' association, 246—47. Britton, John A., guest at dedicatory luncheon, 88. Bronze medal, see Medals. Bronze plaque, presented by President Moore. 95-96. Brooklyn Day, ceremonies, 158. Brown, Mrs Elon R., member of Com- mission, 4; appointed commissioner, 23; sketch of 24; on fine arts, edu- cation and social economy commit- tees, 71; in Governor's party, 1 29 ; received visitors at State building on Fourth of July, 159; guest at Na- tional Education association luncheon, 160; luncheon given for, 163. Brown, Frank L., guest at dedicatory luncheon, 88; extended greetings at Brooklyn Day ceremonies, 158. Bruere, Henry, guest at dinner given by Commission, 1 26 ; represented Mayor Mitchel at dedication of New York City building, 126. Brumbaugh, Gov., dinner in honor of, 163. Bryan, William J., made address at Exposition, 456. Bryce, Ambassador, alluded to by Dr Low, 98. 20 Buildings, at the Exposition, general plan, 5 1 ; cost, 444; list, 447. Bunnell, Col. George Woodbury, at Zeta Psi ceremonies, 163. Burr, Frederick S., on committee to in- spect exhibits, 194. Burroughs, Mrs Edith' W., designer of fountains about tower of jewels, 455. Business men of New York, increasing trade with other countries, addresses on, 216-64. Bussey, Thomas H., member of Com- mission, 4; appointed commissioner, 20; sketch of, 24; on live stock, fine arts and transportation committees, 68; on receiving Hne at State build- ing, 83 ; guest at dedicatory luncheon, 88 ; host at banquet, 113; made ad- dress at Exhibitors' association din- ner, 193, 264; guest at farewell dinner for Chairman Mack, 197. Butter, in agriculture exhibit, 370. CALIFORNIA, New York Society of, see New York Society of California. Cameron, George T., guest at dedica- tory luncheon, 88. Canadian commission. New York State Building used by, 1 90. Carborundum, in mines and metallurgy exhibit, 412. Carrasco, Eduardo, address before Ex- hibitors' association, 247—49. Carswell, William B., on committee to inspect exhibits, 193; made address at Exhibitors* association dinner, 193, 264. Central America, financial condition in, paper on, 232—36; Guatemsila's needs, address by Com.-Gen. Jose Flamanco, 231—32. 466 INDEX Chase. William M., on international jury, 271, 278; work not eligible for award, 271—72. Cheese, in agriculture exhibit, 366, 369-70; grand prize for, 378. Chen Chi, Com.-Gen., guest at dinner for Secretary McAdoo, 1 90. Chile, what Chile offers and expects, address by Eduardo Carrasco, 247— 49. Clark, M. O., guest at dinner to Ma- jor-General Goethals, 164. Clausen, John, read paper before Ex- hibitors* association, 232—36. Clay, P. T., guest at dedicatory luncheon, 88. Clifford, C. R., international juror, 35. CHfton, Edmund, address before Ex- hibitors' association, 228—30. Cobb, George H., member of Commis- sion, 4; appointed commissioner, 20; sketch of, 24, 27; on agriculture and social economy committees, 68; on receiving line at State building, 83; made address at dinner, 83; guest at dedicatory luncheon, 88; address at dedicatory ceremonies, 88—95 ; host at banquet, 113; chairman of committee in charge of hospital ex- hibit. 318. Coffin. John D., appointed commis- sioner, 20; resigned from commis- sion. 20. Columbia University, delegation from. 157. Columbia University Alumni club of California. Dr Low* guest of honor at dinner of. 1 1 7. Columbian Exposition, cost of New York State Building at, 67. Commercial and Financial Status of New York and the Patriotism of its People, topic of address made by Governor Whitman, 154. Commercial Club of San Frandsco, Governor Whitman made address before, 154. Commercial exhibits, grand prize for, 396. Commission, list of members, 4; duties of, 19; appointment of members, 20, 23; membership increased, 23; offi- cers elected at first meeting, 36; permanent headquarters, 36; re- quest for State building site reser- vation at Exposition, 36; leaves for San Francisco, 40; meeting of, in Buffalo, 40; formal transfer of State building site to, 48; John A. Bensel to act in an advisory capac- ity with, 67; resolution relating to architect's work adopted by, 67; held conference with D. O. Lively and Calvin Huson regarding live stock exhibit, 71 ; appropriations recommended by, 75 ; tendered din- ner to New York visitors, 80; offi- cial banquet given by, 113; dinner preceding dedication of New York City building, given by. 126; din- ner to Governor and party, given by, 1 30 ; address by Governor Whit- man at dinner given by. 134; mem- bers of. guests at dinner to President Moore, 158; entertained delegates of International Press Congress. 1 59 ; dinner for Senator and Mrs James W. Wadsworth. Jr.. given by. 160; luncheon to delegates of National Education association given by. 160; luncheon given to Commissioner Brown by. 163; entertained Secre- tary McAdoo, 190; Dr Finley guest of honor at luncheon given by. 193; INDEX 467 dinner to Governor and Mrs Dix, given by, 194; farewell dinner given to Chairman Mack by, 194; use of motion pictures by, 266. Commissioner of Education, see Finley, John H. Committees, appointment of, 68, 71 ; appointed by Legislature to visit San Francisco, 15; on New York City exhibit, appointed by Mayor Mitchel, 79; from the Legislature, invited to examine exhibits, 1 93. See also Ex- ecutive committee. Concrete road, model of, in mines and metallurgy exhibit, 408. Connick, H. D. H., guest at dedicatory luncheon, 88. Contracts awarded, for construction of State building, 72; for other equip- ment of State building, 75. Conway, Lieutenant-Governor, appoint- ments to commission made by, 20. Conway band of Syracuse, furnished musical program on Governor's Day, 136. Cook, Howard W., international juror, 35. Cooper, Colin C, on advisory commit- tee, 277. Cramer, Guy, guest at dinner to Major- General Goethals, 1 64. Crocker, William H., guest at dedica- tory luncheon, 88; made address at dinner by Commission, 126; Gov- ernor and associates guests of honor at luncheon given by, 157; guest at dinner to Major-General Goethals, 164; guest at farewell dinner for Chairman Mack, 197. Crosby, W. H., international juror, 35. Crothers, R, A., guest at dedicatory luncheon, 88; guest at dinner to Ma- jor-General Goethals, 164. Crystals, see Jewels. CuUen, Thomas H., member of Com- mission, 4; appointed commissioner, 20; sketch of, 27; on social economy and transportation committees, 68 ; on committee in charge of hospital ex- hibit, 318. Cumming, J. M., guest at dedicatory luncheon, 88. Curran, Ross Ambler, guest at dinner for Judge and Mrs Gary, 159. Czizek, J. A., guest at dinner to Major- General Goethals, 165. DAM, model of, in barge canal ex- hibit, 351, 352. d'Ancona, Dr A. A., acting for Mayor Rolph, welcomed New York, 5 1 . Davis, J. O., guest at dedicatory lunch- eon, 88 guest at dinner to Major- General Goethals, 165. Davison, G. Howard, international juror, 35. Dawley, F. E., international juror, 35. Dazell, Fred B., presided at Brooklyn Day ceremonies, 158. Dedication, 87—206. Dedication ceremonies. State building, program, 87 ; guests at luncheon, 88 ; address by Commissioner Cobb, 88; address of welcome by Senator Ar- lett, 102; address of Judge Lamar, 95 ; presentation of bronze plaque by President Moore, 95-96; speech by Dr Low, 97-1 02 ; address by Mayor Rolph, 105-6; closmg address by Thomas E. Hayden, 106-10; mem- bers of New Yorkers society assist in, 110; luncheon, 1 1 8—26. Deering. Frank P., at Zeta Psi cere- monies, 1 64 ; guest at dinner to Ma- jor-General Goethals, 165. 468 INDEX Departmental activities of die Exposi- tion, 39. Depew, Chauncey M., alluded to, 109. De Young, M. H., guest at dedicatory luncheon, 88; made address at dinner given by Commission, 126; gave official welcome at Manhat- tan Day celebration, 160; guest at dinner to Major-General Goethals, 164; guest at dinner to Secretary McAdoo, 190; guest at farewrell dinner for Chairman Mack, 197. Dimond, E. R., guest at dedicatory luncheon, 88. Dinner service, at State building, re- turned to Executive mansion, 205. Disposal of draperies, furniture, etc., in State building, 203. Dix, John A., appointments to Commis- sion made by, 20; to participate in selection of building site, 39; guest of honor at dinner given by Commis- sion, 194; guest at farewell dinner for Chairman Mack, 197. Dodge, William D. L., mural work on tower of jewels by, 455. Dowling, Frank L., on New York City exhibit committee, 79. Dovming, Dr Augustus S., international juror, 35; guest at National Educa- tion association luncheon, 160; made address at Elxhibitors' association din- ner, 264; spoke before ELxhibitors' association, 214; medal of honor awarded to, 299. Draper. Dr Andrew S., extract from ad- dress at dedication of Education building, 298-99. Draperies in State building, disposal of. 205. Drawings, awards for, 286. DuMond, Frank V., international juror. 35, 271, 278; work not eligible for award, 272; on advisory committee, 277. Duncan, J. C, international juror, 35. Dwyer, J. J., guest at dedicatory lunch- eon, 88. EDUCATION, committee on, 68, 71. Education Building, model of, in educa- tion exhibit. 294, 298. Education exhibit, 290-307; New York to lead in, 40; appropriation recommended for, 75 ; moving picture theatre in conjunction with, 76; Dr Finley gratified by, 1 93 ; plan of Mr Pope for, 293-94; purpose of, 294; stereomotorgraphs, 294, 297; moving pictures. 294; topographical map, 294 ; model of State education build- ing, in, 294, 298-99; committee in charge of, 294; cost. 294; location, 297; divided into classes, 299; grand prize awarded, 299 ; medals awarded, 299, 300. 303; attendance at, 300; Governor Whitman, Dr Finley and Regent Alexander pleased with, 300 ; miscellaneous awards. 300—3. Education-social economy palace, list of members of Exhibitor;' association in, 209; New York exhibits in. 265; hospital exhibit in, 308 ; labor exhibit in, 330-34; prison exhibit in, 340; exhibit space in, 448. Edward Schroeder Lamp Works, con- tract awarded to, 75. Elder, Paul, guest at dedicatory lunch- eon, 88. Electric sign, in agriculture exhibit, 370. Ellison, W. C, international juror, 35. Emerson, James A., on committee to inspect exhibits, 193; made address at INDEX 469 Elxhibitors' association dinner, 193, 264. EJigineer and surveyor, John A. Bensel to act in advisory capacity with Com- mission, 67. See also Barge canal exhibit. Engineering, sanitary, part of health ex- hibit devoted to, 320. Engravings, grand prize awarded for. 275 ; awards for, 286-87, 288. Ennis, Miss Isabel A., guest at Na- tional Education Association lunch- eon, 160. Etchings, awards for, 286—87, 288. Executive committee, of Exhibitors' as- sociation, 209. Executive mansion, dinner service used at Exposition returned to, 205. Exhibit palaces. New York State dis- plays in, 265-270. Exhibitors' association, dinner, 193, 264; purpose of, 207; addresses made before, 208; weekly sessions, 208; executive committee, 209; list of members, 209—14; Hst of officers, 209; advantages of organization, 214; list of meetings and speakers, 215; permanent organization formed, 215; work of, 263; resolutions pre- sented to Mr Mack, 264. Exhibits, 39 ; New York to lead in cer- tain ones, 40; Capt. Baker addressed commissioners on, 40—48; allowances made for, 75 ; ready on opening day, 80; inspection by legislative commit- tees, 1 93-1 94 ; New York live stock, plans abandoned, 266; method of awards, 266, 269 ; New York's share of awards, 269 ; record of attendance, 270; registration of visitors, 270; official, 271-434; awards for fine arts, 281-82; education, 290-307; health, 319—27; quarantine, 328— 29; labor. 330-34; blind, 335-39; preparation, 335; models, 336; medal awarded, 339; prison, 340— 46; barge canal, 347—57; agricul- ture. 366-87; horticultural, 388- 400; miscellaneous, 396-98; mines and metallurgy, 40 1 —22 ; New York City, 435-39. Exposition, New York's verdict regard- ing site for. 12; San Francisco ap- pealed to New York for support for, 1 5 ; eastern headquarters, 1 6 ; loca- tion, 16, 443, 448; report of James J. Frawley, on plans for, 1 6 ; appro- priation for State's part in, 16. 19, 20, 23; departmental activities of, 39 ; New York to lead in certain ex- hibits, 40; general plan of build- ings, 55 ; closing day, official record, 197; New York State displays in, 265-270; story of, 440-59; prepa- rations for, 440; purpose of. 440; architects, 443; bonds issued, 443; cost of buildings, 444; list of build- ings, 447; paved area, 448; attend- ance compared with previous exposi- tions, 45 1 ; receipts, 45 1 ; largest at- tendance, 452 ; joy zone, 455 ; tower of jewels. 455 ; addresses made, 456; attendance, 456; opened by President Wilson, 456; W. J. Bryan addressed crowds, 456; Theodore Roose- velt made . address, 456; Taft day, 456; mortgage burned by ex-Presi- dent Taft, 459. Exposition company, list of officers, 444 ; executive staff, 444, 447. FAIRBANKS, ex-Vice-President, address at banquet, 114; address at luncheon, 122—25. 470 INDEX Fassett, J. Sloat, invited to meet Gov- ernor and party, 134. Fay, Charles, guest at dedicatory lunch- eon, 88; guest at dinner to Major- General Goethals, 1 64 ; guest at din- ner to Secretary McAdoo, 1 90. Ferguson, James C. H., made address at Elxhibitors' association dinner, 264. Fickert, District Attorney, spoke at luncheon of San Francisco Press Club, 157. Finances, international paper on, read by John Clausen, 232—36. Financial statement, 460-62. Fine arts, 271—89; committee on, 68, 71 ; awards for. 281-82; New York exhibits in, 265. Fine arts exhibit. New York to lead in, 40 ; allowances made for, 75 ; grand prize awarded to Henry Wolf, 271, 275; works of jury members not eligible for award, 271—72; list of loans for, 272—75. Fine arts palace, exhibit space in, 448 ; United States section in, 275. Finegan, Dr Thomas E., guest at Na- tional Education association lunch- eon, 160. Finley, Dr John H., guest of honor at luncheon, 193; statement relating to education exhibit, 294; pleased with education exhibit, 300. Flag, from Old Amsterdam, presented at Manhattan Day celebration, 1 60 ; of New York State unfurled, 48. 97. Flamenco, Com.-Gen. Jose, address be- fore Exhibitors' association, 231—32. Flanagan, John, designer of figures on tower of jewels, 455. Flenner, Judge, spoke at luncheon of San Francisco Press Club, 157. Foley, James A., member of Commis- sion. 4; appointed commissioner, 20; sketch of, 27; made motion to accept building site, 48; on education com- mittee, 68 ; on special committee, 7 1 ; on education exhibit committee, 294. Food products palace, exhibit space in, 448; list of members of Exhibitors' association in, 213—14. Forestry work, models in agriculture ex- hibit. 374, 377. Foster, A. W., guest at dedicatory luncheon, 88. Fouquet, Morton L., director of New York City exhibit, 79 ; guest at dinner to Major-General Goethals, 164; made address at dinner given by Com- mission, 126. Fourth of July, festivities, 1 59. Fox, Willieun, international juror, 35; on advisory committee, 277. France, Commission from the Republic, State building used by, 1 89 ; trade with, opportunities for increasing, ad- dress, 216-18. Frank, F. J., international juror. 35. Frawley. James J., member of Commis- sion, 4 ; reported to legislature on Elx- position plans. 1 6 ; appointed commis- sioner, 20; sketch of, 27; reported tentative choice for New York State building site. 39 ; on liberal arts, ma- chinery, and transportation com- mittees, 68; on special committee, 71 ; guest at farewell dinner to Chairman Mack. 197. French view of opportunities, address byL. G. Lambert, 216-18. Frieseke. Frederic Carl, awarded grand prize in fine arts, 271, 276. priezes. New York State Building, 63. Frisbie, Daniel D., member of Com- mission, 4; appointed commissioner. INDEX 471 20; sketch of, 28; on horticulture, liberal arts and mines and metal- lurgy committees, 68; made address at Exhibitors' association dinner, 193; guest at farewell dinner for Chairman Mack, 197; made address at Exhibitors' association dinner, 264. Fruits in horticultural exhibit, 388, 389-90. 393. Frutchey, C. A., international juror, 35. Fullam. Rear Admiral, guest at dinner to Secretary McAdoo, 190; guest at farewell dinner for Chairman Mack, 197. Furniture, in State building, disposal of, 205. GADE, Com.-Gen. Herman, guest at dinner to Major-General Goethals, 164; address before Ex- hibitors' association, 236—41. Gallagher, Senator, gave address at Brooklyn Day celebration, 158. Gardner, Col. Cornelius E., and Gen. A. C. Murray, in charge of military display, 51. Garnet, in mines and metallurgy exhibit, 411. Gary, Elbert H., guest of honor at din- ner, 159. G:uy, Mrs Elbert H., member of Com- mission, 4; appointed commissioner, 23; sketch of, 28; on fine arts, edu- cation and social economy commit- tees, 71 ; guest of honor at dinner, 159; received visitors at State build- ing on Fourth of July, 159; guest at luncheon for Commissioner Brown, 163. Gass, Frank, guest at dinner to Major- General Goethals, 165. " General Frisbie ", Governor Whit- man a guest on, 157. Gerard, Julian, guest at dinner for Judge and Mrs Gary, 159. Gibbs, Leoneu-d W., on committee to inspect exhibits, 1 94. Gillett, Gov. J. N., guest at dinner to Major-General Goethals, 165. Giusti, M. R., contract awarded to, 72. Globe Indemnity Company, surety bond furnished by, 72. Glynn, George A., accompanied Gov- ernor to Exposition, 129. Glynn, Martin H.; additional commis- sioners appointed by, 23; guest of honor at opening day dinner, 80; made address at dinner, 83. Goethals, Major-General George W., banquet for, 164—89; address at dinner, 1 88—89. Gold medal, see Medals. Gove, Rear Admiral, guest at dinner to Major-General Goethals, 165. Governor, suite of rooms in State build- ing for use of, 64. Governor's Day, official celebration, 1 35 ; Thaddeus C. Sweet presiding officer, 136; program, 136; tree planted on lawn in front of State building, 139; opening remarks by Thaddeus C. Sweet, 1 39 ; remarks by President Moore, 140; remarks by Chairman Sweet introducing Vice- President Hale, 140; remarks by Vice-President Hale, 140-41; speech of Governor Whitman in ac- ceptance of jewels, 1 4 1 —45 ; address by Judge Lamar, 145—47; address by Chester Rowell, 147-48; address by Mayor Rolph, 148; address of Thomas E. Hayden, 151—52; dos- ing remarks by Chairman Sweet, 153; Women's Board of the 472 INDEX ELxposition entertained Governor and party at dinner, 154; Governor and Mrs Whitman honor guests at ball, 134; Governor held telephone con- versation with Albany and New York, 154. Grand prize awarded, fine arts, 271, 275, 276, 286; education exhibit, 299-300; social economy, 304; hospital exhibit, 318; barge canal exhiUt, 357; liberal arts, 357-58; agriculture exhibit, 378, 385 ; horti- cultural exhibit, 394; commercial exhibits, horticultural palace, 396; mines and metallurgy exhibit, 416, 420; manufactures and varied in- dustries, 422-23; machinery, 429; transportation, 431 ; New York City exhibit, 436. Grant, J. D., guest at dinner to Ma- jor-General Goethals, 164. Grapes, in agriculture exhibit, 374. Graphite, in mines and metallurgy ex- hibit. 412. Guatemala's needs, address by Com.- Gen. Jose Flamenco, 231—32. Guerin, Jules, Exposition's sculpture and color scheme under jurisdiction of. 443. Gypsum, in mines and metallurgy ex- hibit, 411. HALE. R. B., remarks at Gov- ernor's Day celebration, 140— 41 ; presentation of jewels to Gov- ernor, 141 ; guest at dinner for Judge and Mrs Gary, 159; guest at fare- well dinner for Chairman Mack, 197. Hardee, Theodore, guest at dedicatory luncheon, 88. Harris, Lawrence W., made address at dinner given by Commission, 126. Hartman, William, international juror, 35. Hastings, Thomas. ital exhibit, 314. Pond, Rear Admiral Qiarles, guest at dinner to Secretary McAdoo, 190. Pope, Alvin E., plan of education ex- hibit by. 290. 293. Potatoes, in agriculture exhibit. 373. Poughkeepsie, Hudson river state hos- pital, model of. in hospital exhibit, 310. Poultry, awards, 433-34, Pounds, Lewis H., on New York City exhibit committee, 79. Power, Charles O., guest at dinner to Major-General Goethals, 164. Powers, Frank H., at Zeta Psi cere- monies, 164. Pratt, Mrs Conger, guest at luncheon for Commissioner Brown, 1 63. " Preparedness," theme on Taft day, 456. Press congress, delegates entertained by Commission, 159. Preston, Mrs Ord, guest at luncheon for Commissioner Brown, 163. Prison exhibit, 340-46; appropriation recommended for, 73; Bertillon dis- play, 340, 346; moving pictures, 340; charts. 341, 343; views of prison life, 342 ; gold medal awarded, 346. Prize, see Grand prize. Proctor, A. P., on advisory committee, 277. Programme of dedicatory ceremonies, 87. Protestant Episcopal cathedral, San Francisco, Dr Low made address in, 118. Psychiatric institute, work of, shown in hospital exhibit, 313; aims of, 314. Publications of agriculture department in demand at agriculture exhibit, 377. /^ UARANTINE exhibit, 328- V^ 29; appropriation recommended for, 75 ; moving pictures, 328 ; mod- els shown in, 329; awarded gold medal, 329. Quarry stones, in mines and metallurgy exhibit, 407. Quinn, P. E., address before Exhibitors' association, 2 1 8—25. RAINEY, Edward, representing Mayor Rolph, spoke at lunch- eon of San Francisco press club, 157; gave greetings at Brooklyn day cere- monies, 158. Rand, C. F., guest at dinner to Major- General Goethals, 165. Rand, W. J., Jr., guest at dedicatory luncheon, 88. Receipts, from Exposition, 451. Reeves, Commander, guest at dinner to Major-General Goethals, 165. Replicas of jewels from tower, presented to Governor, 141. Republic of Panama, Panama's possi- bilities, address, 246-47. Rice, Calvin W., international juror, 36. Rice, Irving, international juror, 36. Ringrose & Son, contract awarded to, 72. Ritter, Jean, at Zeta Psi ceremonies, 164. Roads, model of, in mines and metal- lurgy exhibit, 408. INDEX 483 Robbins, M. H., guest at dedicatory luncheon, 88. Robert, Dent H.. guest at dinner for Judge and Mrs. Gary, 159. Rolph. Mayor, represented by Dr A. A. d'Ancona, welcomed New York, 5 1 ; made address at dinner, 83; suldress at dedication ceremo- nies, 105—6; entertained Governor Whitman, 129; address at Gov- ernor's day celebration, 148; repre- sented by Edward Rainey, at lunch- eon of San Francisco press club, 157; represented by Edward Rainey at Brooklyn day ceremonies, 158; made address at Manhattan day cele- bration, 160; made address at open- ing of Exposition, 456. Roosevelt, Franklin D., address at ban- quet, 113-14. Roosevelt, Theodore, made address at Elxposition, 456. Rothschild, M. D., international juror, 36. Rowell, Chester, representing Gov. Johnson, made address at dinner given to Governor Whitman, 134; address at Governor's day celebra- tion. 147—48; invited to meet Gov- ernor and party, 154. Russell, Mrs Alexander, guest at limch- eon for Commissioner Brovra, 163. Ryan, Daniel L., secretary of Commis- sion, 4; elected secretary of the Commission, 36; guest at dedicatory luncheon, 88 1 guest at dinner to Ma- jor-General Goethals, 164; vice- presidmt of Exhibitors' association, 209; toastmaster of Exhibitors' asso- ciation dinner, 264. Ryan, W. D'A., in charge of Expo- sition's illumination, 443. Ryan, WilHam, guest at dinner to Ma- jor-General Goethals, 165. SAGE, ComeUa B., on advisory com- mittee, 277. St. Clair, A. T., address before Exhib- itors' association, 254—60. Salazar, Count del Valle, address be- fore Exhibitors' association, 260—64. Salazar, Countess, guest at luncheon for Commissioner Brown, 163. Salmon, Dr Thomas W., international juror, 36. Salt, in mines and metallurgy exhibit. 406,415. San Francisco Chamber of Commerce dinner. Dr Low principal speaker. 117. San Francisco Press Club, gave lunch- eon for Governor Whitman. 154. Sanitary engineering, part of health ex- hibit devoted to. 320. Saratoga Springs reservation commis- sion exhibit, appropriation recom- mended for. 75. Schoeneck. Mrs, talked with Albany and New York by telephcMie, 154. Schroeder Lamp Works, contract awarded to, 75. Schwerin, R. .P., guest at dinner to Major-General Goethals, 164. Scott, A. W.. Jr.. guest at dedicatory luncheon, 88. Scott, George B., guest at dinner to Major-General Goethals, 1 65 ; made address at Exhibitors' association dinner, 264. Scott. Henry T., guest at dedicatory luncheon, 88 ; guest at farewell dinner for Chairman Mack, 197. Scribner, F. Lamson, guest at dinner to Major-General Goethals, 165. 484 INDEX Sculptors, on tower of jewels from New York. 455. Sculpture, awards for, 287—88, 289. Seibert, Brig.-Gen. William, guest at dimier to Secretary McAdoo, 1 90. Selection juries, in fine arts. New York group, list of members, 276.- Sesnon, William T., guest at dedicatory luncheon, 88. Sesnon, Mrs William T., guest at lunch- eon for Commissioner Brown, 163. Shortridge Samuel M., guest at dinner to Major-General Goethals, 165. Shujio, Commissioner, at Zeta Psi cere- monies, 1 63. Siebrecht & Son, contract awarded to, 75. Sign, electric, in agriculture exhibit, 370. Silicon, in mines and metallurgy ex- hibit, 412. Silver medal, see Medals. Simpson, Mrs Ernest, guest at luncheon for Commissioner Brown, 1 63. Sinclair, Angus, international juror, 36. Siphon lock at Oswego, model of, in barge canal exhibit, 351. Siphon spillway, model of, in barge canal exhibit, 352. Skiff, Dr Frederick J. V., made ad- dress at dinner given by Commission, 126; guest at dinner to Major-Gen- eral Goethals, 165. Slade, Arthur J., international juror, 36. Sloss, Leon, guest at dedicatory lunch- eon, 88. Smith, Alfred E., member of Commis- sion, 4; appointed commissioner, 20; sketch of, 32; on machinery com- mittee, 68; on special committee, 71. Smith, H. W., international juror, 36. Smith, Dr Philip, lectured in hospital exhibit, 314. Smith, Roy S., guest at dinner to Ma- jor-General Goethals, 164. Sobotker, P. E., made address at Ex- hibitors' association dinner, 264. Social economy, committee on, 68, 71 ; members in charge of hospital exhibit, 318. Sociology exhibit. New York to lead in, 40; appropriation recommended for, 75 ; moving picture theatre in con- junction with, 76; grand prize in, 304; awards, 304—7; medals awarded, 304-7. Soule, Roy F., international juror, 36. South America, financial condition in, paper on, 232—36; trade with, 207, 208; trade vnth, address by Com.- Gen. Anasagasti, 225—28; what Chile offers and expects, address, 247-49; what Uruguay offers, ad- dress, 249-51. Spain's New York Trade, address by Count del Valle Salazar, 260-64. Speakers, at dinner given by the Com- mission, 1 26 ; at official banquet, list, 113. Spillway, model of. in barge canal ex- hibit, 352. Sproul, William, guest at dinner to Major-General Goethals, 165. Staff, of Exposition, 447. Stanton, Charles S., guest at dedicatory luncheon, 88. State and Foreign Buildings, exhibit space in, 448. State Building, see New York State Building. State flag, unfurled, 48. State treasury, money from sale of equipment of State building returned to, 206. Stephens, Henry Morse, address at din- ner to Major-General Goethals, 1 84. INDEX 485 Stereomotorgraphs, at Exposition, 76; in education exhibit, 294, 297; in hospital exhibit, 313. See also Moving pictures. Stevenson, Frederick H., on New York Gty exhibit committee, 79. Story of the Exposition. 440-459. Stotesbury, Edwrard T., guest at dinner for Judge and Mrs Gary, 1 59. Stotesbury, Brig.-Gen. Louis W., offi- cied escort, 87; guest at dedicatory luncheon, 88; accompanied Governor to Exposition, 129; made address at dinner given to Governor, 1 34. Stoughton, Bradley, International juror, 36. Strachan, Miss Grace C, guest at Na- tional Education Association lunch- eon, 160. Strother, E. French, guest at dedicatory luncheon, 88. Summergill, Dr H. P., guest at dinner to Major-General Goethals, 164. Sweet, Thaddeus C, accompanied Gov- ernor to Exposition, 129; presiding officer on Governor's day, 136; open- ing remarks of Governor's day, 1 39 ; remarks introducing President Moore, 140; remarks introducing Judge Lamar, 145; remarks introducing Chester Rowell, 147; introduced Mayor Rolph, 148; introduced Thomas E. Hayden at Governor's day celebration, 151; closing re- marks on Governor's day, 153; talked with Albany and New York by telephone, 154. Syracuse University, New York state college of forestry, pine tree at State building furnished by, 153; models furnished by, 374. TABLETS, on walls of New York State' building, 60. Taft, President, in San Francisco in 1909, 440; burned mortgage at Exposition, 459. Taft Day, 456. Taussig, R. J., guest at dedicatory luncheon, 88; guest at dinner to Major-General Goethals, 165. Telephone, Governor and party at Ex- posibcm talked with Albany and New York by, 154; Brooklyn visitors talked vnth officials at home, 1 58. Teller, Philip S., guest at dedicatory luncheon, 88; guest at dinner to Major-General Goethals, 164. Therapy, occupational, exhibit of, 309— 10. Thieriot, Ferdinand, guest at dinner to Major-General Goedials, 165. Thornton, Charles R.. guest at dedica- tory luncheon, 88. Timms, Walter B., international juror, 36; judge on horticultural exhibit. 394. Topographical map of New York, see Map of New York. Torchiana, H. A Von Coelen, pre- sented flag from Old Amsterdam, 160; guest at dinner to Major- General Goethals, 1 64. Tower of jewels, 452, 455; architects and sculptors from New York, 455 ; other designers from New York, 455 ; part of jewels supplied by New York, 455. Trade, with South America, 207, 208; with France, opportunities for in- creasing, address, 216-18; with Japan, address by Com.-Gen. Yama- waki, 251-54. 486 INDEX Trade Relations Between the United States and the Philippine Islands, by A. T. St. Clair. 254-60. Trans-continental telephone, see Tele- phone. Transportation, committee on. 68. Transportation exhibit. New York to lead in, 40; miscellaneous awards, 431-33; grand prize, 431. Transportation palace, list of members of Exhibitors' association in, 213; exhibit space in. 448. Trask. J. E. D.. guest at dinner to Major-General Goethals, 164. Travis. Eugene M.. address at dinner to Major-General Goethals. 1 78. Treasury, money from sale of equip- ment in State building returned to, 206. Tree, planted on lawn in front of State buil(£i>g, 139; Governor Whitman in speech referred to, 145; in front of State building, transplanted, 153; sent from Syracuse, 153. Tuberculosis Preventorium for Children of New York City, model of, in health exhibit, 320, 323. Turner, Frank I., guest at dedicatory luncheon, 88. UNITED States and Philippine* Islands, trade between, address. 254-60. United States Government Commission. gave dinner to Presidoit Moore in State building, 158. United States section. In palace of fine arts, 275. University of the State of New York. grand prize awarded to, 299. Uruguay, what Uruguay offers, address by Eduardo Perotti. 249-251. VAN Fleet. Judge W. C. guest at dedicatory luncheon, 88; guest at dinner for Judge and Mrs Gary. 159. Van Rappard. Chevalier, guest at din- ner for Senator and Mrs Wadsworth, 160. Varied industries, miscellaneous awards, 422-29. Varied industries palace, list of members of Elxhibitors' association in, 2 1 2 ; ex- hibit space in, 448. Visitors, State building, evening day, 79; record of, at exhibits. 270. Vogelsang, Charles, guest at dinner to Major-General Goethals, 165. Volmer, R., guest at dedicatory lunch- eon, 88. von Kal'tenborn, Hans, gave address at Brooklyn Day celebration, 1 58. WADSTED, Otto, guest at dinner to Major-General Goethals, 165. Wadsworth, James W., Jr., dinner given to. 160; speaker at dinner in honor of Governor Brumbaugh, 1 63. Wadsworth, Mrs James W., Jr., guest at luncheon for Commissioner Brown, 163. Wallace, Col. Hamilton S.. guest at dinner for Judge and Mrs Gary, 159; guest at dinner to Major-Gen- eral Goedials. 164. Water colors, awards for, 286. Waters. G. Jason, international juror, 36. Watrous, Harry W., on advisory com- mittee, 277. Webb, Hugh S., acting for Governor Johnson welcomed New York, 5 1 . INDEX 487 Webster, W. B., guest at dedicatory luncheon, 88. Weinman, Adolph A., intematicxial juror, 36, 271, 278; work not eligible for award, 272. Weir, J. Alden, international juror, 36, 271, 278; work not eligible for award, 271—72. Wheeler, Dr Benjaimn Ide, address at luncheon, 123—26; guest at farewell dinner to Chairman Mack, 197. Whitman, Governor, suite of rooms in State building for use of, 64; unable to attend dedicatory exerdses, 87, 92 ; represented by Dr Low at lunch- eon, 118; entertained by Mayor Rolph, 1 29 ; guest of honor at lunch- eon given by Exposition officials, 129; guest of National Commission at dinner, 129; ovation on arrival at exposition, 129; dinner given by Commission to, 1 30 ; toasts ^ven to, 1 30, 1 65 ; paid tribute to Governor Johnson, 134; planted tree on Gov- ernor's Day, 1 39 ; speech on Govern- or's Day In acceptance of jewels, 141-45; talked with Albany and New York by telephone, 154; honor guest at ball, 154; guest at dinner given by Women's Board of the Ex- position, 154; addressed Commerdal Club of San Francisco, 154; ten- dered luncheon by San Francisco Press Club, 154; made honorary member of New York Sodety of California, 157; guest on the " Gen- eral Frisbie," 157; guest of honor at luncheon given by William H. Crocker, 157; spoke at luncheon of San Frandsco Press Club, 157; host at New York Building, 157; leaves Exposition, 157; pleased with edu- cation exhibit, 300; visited health exhibit, 324 ; present at cutting of big cheese in agriculture exhibit, 369. Whitney, George H., member of Com- mission, 4; appointed commissioner, 20; sketch of, 32 ; on education, hor- ticulture and liberal arts comnuttees, 68 ; on special committee, 7 1 ; accom- panied Governor to Elxpodtlon, 129; toastmaster at dinner g^ven to Gov- ernor and party, 130; recdved vis- itors at State building (Hi Fourth of July, 159; guest at dinner for Judge and Mrs Gary, 159; on education exhibit committee, 294. Whitney, Mrs Gertrude Vanderbilt, de- signer of fountains about tower of jewels, 455. Whitney, Major H. H., guest at dinner to Major-General Goethals, 165. Wiles, Irving Ramsey, on advisory committee, 277. •• Williams, Frank M., awarded gold medal, 357. Williams, Thomas S., guest at dedica- tory luncheon, 88. Wilson, Mrs Horace, guest at luncheon for Commissioner Brown, 163. Wilson, President, toasts given to, 1 30, 1 65 ; represented by Judge Lamar at Governor's Day celebration, 1 45 ; represented by Secretary McAdoo, 190; from Washington opened Ex- position, 456. Wing, Henry H., international juror, 36. WIthycombe, Governor James, cSnner to, 190. Wolf, Henry, awarded grand prize in fine arts, 271, 275, 286; honors at former exhibitions, 275—76. Women's Board of the Exposition, Dr Low guest of, 117; entertained Gov- ernor and party at dinner, 154. 488 INDEX Wood engravings, grand prize awarded for. 275. Woodward, Commander Clark H., guest at dedicatory luncheon, 88; guest at dinner to Major-General Goedials, 165. YALE, John R., member of Com- misaon, 4; appointed commis- sioner, 20; sketch of, 23; elected vice-chairman of the Commission, 36 ; on special committee, 71 ; on receiv- ing line at New York State Building, 83 ; guest at dedicatory lunchecm, 88; host at banquet, 113; accompanied Governor to Exposition, 129; guest at farewell dinner to Chairman Mack. 1 97 ; vice-president of Exhib- itors' association, 209; made address at Exhibitors* association dinner, 264. Yamawaki. Haruki, guest at dinner for Secretary McAdoo, 190; address be- fore Elxhibitors' association, 251—54. Young, C. S., guest at dinner to Major- General Goethals, 164. Young, Frank L., member of Commis- sion, 4; appointed commissioner, 20; sketch of, 35; delegated to confer with Exposition ofBcials, 39; report of conference with Exposition offi- cials, 39-40; on machinery, manu- factures and varied industries and mines and metallurgy committees, 68. ZETA Psi Fraternity, convention and rec^tion in New York building. 163. Zjrc ores, in mines and metallurgy ex- hibit. 415. Zone, 448. 455. BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF THE PANAMA-PACIFIC EXPOSITION, SAN FRANCISCO FTU\N£^}£j£in Ground Plan of Panama-Pacific International Exposition Ground Plan of Panama-Pacific International Exposition