am T w «i* 4'f ** m- m # & S # « # Si KSi S S£ # 4**4'M£ 4* *M*"£* ^4*^ : ^#^--^ #.!« fc .-^.<^'^ %■ CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Cornell University Library F 268.H49 v.1 Men of mark in South Carolina; ideals of 3 1924 010 120 586 The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://archive.org/details/cu31924010120586 Men of Mark in South Carolina // Ideals of American Life A Collection of Biographies of Leading Men of the State / J. C. HEMPHILL Editor of "The News and Courier' Editor-in-Chief VOLUME I Illustrated with Many Full Page Photo-Steel Engraved Portraits MEN OF MARK PUBLISHING COMPANY ^\umt„ r ) Washington, D. C. ^v^ r. \ J y "''' 3 1907 S*6,' '"»«""»■», ... / hJ '-•> i '"' '■ , 'f-L^V^ J^L^UiL J-a-i^*^ yr£ hj JAMES ALDEICH 15 and educated woman, guided his reading and aided him in every way. His father was of decided literary ability and often read to his children, explaining as he read. The subject of this sketch attended the preparatory school of the Rev. B. F. B. Perry until about 1862, when, his father being in the Confederate service, the family lived on a plantation upon the Edisto river. Here he studied under the guidance of his mother until the fall of 1864, when he, with the family, returned to Barnwell. In 1865 the Federal army, under General Sherman, was marching upon South Carolina, and Barnwell was in the line of march. James Aldrich, then but fourteen, volunteered to join first a Confederate States company and then a state company, but was both times rejected because too young. President Davis had recently declared that "the seed corn of the Confederacy" must be preserved. He then joined an independent company known as a "cradle and grave company," composed of boys and old men. Dr. Eoper, founder of the Eoper hospital in Charles- ton, was a refugee in Barnwell, and, in the winter of 1864-65, raised such a company, which the youth joined. The company served until the Federals had passed through and beyond the vicinity of Barnwell. James Aldrich took with him, for the use of the company, his father's carriage horses and wagon. On returning home he went among his father's farmer friends in a part of the country where the Federal troops had not been, and collected a partial supply of sorely needed provisions for his destitute family. These troops had destroyed the South Carolina railway from Branchville to Montmorenci, taken or killed the mules, horses, etc., and destroyed the wagons. The merchants of Barnwell had been burned out and were anxious to procure new goods. Here he saw his opportunity to provide for the necessities of his family. He hauled goods for the merchants from Branchville to Barnwell, about forty miles, until the railroad was rebuilt. He then farmed for two years, working as a laborer. From 1867 to 1869 he studied in the village schools of Barn- well, after which he entered Washington college at Lexington, Virginia. General Robert E. Lee was the president of the college ; but, upon his death and in his memory, Washington and Lee university was established. James Aldrich remained at the university until June, 1872, when, his means becoming exhausted, 16 JAMES ALDKICH he had to abandon his hope of taking the A. M. degree. While in college he was an active member of the Graham-Lee Literary society, representing it on several occasions. In 1872 he returned to Barnwell, where, under his father, he studied law; and, on January 20, 18tf3, was admitted to the bar. He settled in Aiken, where he practiced law up to 1889, and early became one of the foremost attorneys at the bar. Soon after settling in Aiken, Mr. Aldrich aided in organizing the "Palmetto Rifles," of which he was elected first lieutenant and afterwards captain. This company, during the "Radical" days, kept the peace in the city and county. It took part in numerous fatal Republican riots, such as Ellenton, Rouse's Bridge and others. The Republican governor disbanded the Palmetto Rifles and called in their arms, but the men reorganized as a social organization, purchased sixteen-shooting Winchester Rifles, and continued to protect life, society, and private property until after Governor Hampton was inaugurated. Like most Southern men, Judge Aldrich, prior to 1876, took an active part in public affairs. He opposed fusion tickets, and advocated a straight-out Democratic nomination. In the May, 1876, Democratic convention he urged the nomination of a Demo- cratic ticket and cast the first vote in that convention for a straight-out nomination, but the convention was not ripe for the move. In the same year, however, the fight prevailed, and Governor Hampton became the nominee of the "unterrified Democracy" and redeemed the state. The subject of this sketch took an active part in that ever-memorable campaign. Judge Aldrich was elected a member of the house of repre- sentatives for his county, Aiken, for ten years, from December, 1878, to December, 1884, when he declined reelection; but he was again elected in December, 1886, and served to December, 1889. He was active in committee work and chairman of several important committees. In December, 1889, Judge Aldrich was elected judge of the second judicial district of South Carolina, then composed of the counties of Aiken, Barnwell, Hampton, Beaufort and Colleton; to these Bamberg was afterward added. In nearly fifteen years he never missed a term of court. To dispose of work he fre- quently heard cases at night. Though not oldest in age, he is the judge now longest in commission, and during his long service JAMES ALDRICH 17 has presided at many of the most important and exciting cases tried in the state, and his decisions are quoted as authority throughout the United States. Judge Aldrich, as circuit judge, is ex officio a member of the court en banc, the court of highest and last resort in the state of South Carolina. (See article V, section 12, constitution of 1895.) It is convened by the chief justice whenever two or more justices of the supreme court desire it, to consider questions of constitutional law, or any other important cause. All of the justices of the supreme court and circuit judges sit together, except the circuit judge from whom the appeal is pending, and the decision of the majority of the justices and judges sitting is final and conclusive. Judge Aldrich has always taken an active part in education. He assisted in organizing the Aiken institute, and was its first president, and has also been an active member of the South Carolina Historical society. He is a past master of the Aiken Masonic lodge, a member of the Episcopal church, and has fre- quently represented his church in the convention of the diocese. In 1903 Judge Aldrich published "A Short Sketch of the Lives of James Thomas Aldrich and His Wife, Mrs. Isabel Coroneous Aldrich." Several biographies of Judge Aldrich have been published; one on page 3 of "Men of the Times," South Carolina, by J. C. Garlington, in 1902, and another on page 43, volume 3, of "The National Cyclopedia of American Biography," by James T. White & Company, of New York, in 1893. Judge Aldrich was married December 15, 1874, to Miss Fannie Lebby. Three children have been born to them, one of whom, Mrs. Huger T. Hall, is now (1907) living. Judge Aldrich's address is Aiken, South Carolina. Vol. i— s. c— 2 THOMAS MALLALIEU BAILEY BAILEY, THOMAS MALLALIEU, D.D., was born at Grace Hill, county Antrim, Ireland, December 27, 1829. His parents were Joseph and Margaret (Warden) Bailey, both of Scotch-Irish descent. They had eleven children, of whom the subject of this sketch was the youngest. Until his fifteenth year Thomas Bailey attended the village academy. A natural taste for outdoor life made him desire to become a farmer, which was the occupation of his father, but the latter preferred for him the occupation of a merchant, and apprenticed him to a firm in Ballymena, four miles from his home. Here he worked for four years, walking home every Saturday night. By close and systematic attention to his work he won the confidence and esteem of his employers, and formed those careful business habits which have characterized him through life. He was next employed by Baker Brothers, a firm of well-known Quaker merchants in Dublin. They promoted him rapidly and soon made him superintendent of the store, a position which he held for three years. During this time he studied at night, preparing himself to enter Trinity college. He changed his mind, however, and went to London, where he pursued a course of study in the British and Foreign Society school preparatory to going abroad as a missionary. He was at this time a Moravian in religious faith. After finishing the prescribed course he was sent out by the society as a missionary to the island of St. Thomas, in the Danish West Indies. He entered upon what he expected to be his life work, but an attack of fever undermined his health and his physician ordered him to Santa Cruz, where he energetically and successfully ministered to churches and gathered the young into Bible schools. While a missionary in Santa Cruz he became acquainted with Baron Joseph von Bretton and his wife, and her sister, Miss Alice Kierulff. For the latter he formed a strong attachment and they were married in the home of the baron. She was his faithful and efficient helpmeet until her death in 1886. About the time of his marriage his religious views under- went a change. He resigned his position as missionary and with mm 7. >n. S] THOMAS MATJiAT.TEU BAILEX 21 his wife came to the United States and settled in what was then Edgefield district, South Carolina. Here he joined the Gilgal Baptist church, and was baptized by the Kev. E. L. Whatley. He was soon called to the pastorate of Baptist churches in that part of the state and preached with great acceptance. He remained in Edgefield two years and moved to Alabama and preached to churches in Dallas and Lowndes counties. In 1867 he moved to Iowa, and for a short time was pastor at Newton, but the climate proving too severe for the health of Mrs. Bailey, he returned to Alabama and resumed the work he had so recently laid down. In 1874 Dr. Bailey was elected secretary of the mission work of the Alabama Baptist state convention, and became a resident of Marion, in that state. He remained in this position until January, 1886. During this period he visited the churches, dis- trict associations, preached, and made addresses on missions and education, in all parts of the state, and was instrumental in greatly building up the churches and increasing their interest in missions and in other forms of benevolence. Having been a foreign missionary, he was well equipped for this work. The eleven years he spent in this position were full of arduous toil and great self-sacrifice; but his iron constitution, clear intellect, and strong sense of humor, together with a genial disposition, enabled him to endure the hardships without serious injury. In December, 1885, he was elected corresponding secretary of state missions for the Baptists of South Carolina. He entered upon his work the first of January, 1886, and has been unani- mously reelected every year since. His life is as full of work as ever, as he is constantly visiting churches and public gather- ings all over the state. The degree of D. D. was conferred upon him by Howard college, Alabama. Dr. Bailey possesses a fine intellect, which has been cultivated by diligent study and wide reading. He is a preacher of great ability and a platform speaker of unusual power. He is a man of wisdom and good sense, one who understands human nature, and who is broad-minded and sympathetic. He readily compre- hends the situation, is quick to decide, and when he reaches a conclusion he acts without hesitation. Always hopeful, cheerful, and encouraging, he is a safe counsellor and his advice is sought by churches and pastors throughout the state. During his twenty 22 THOMAS MALLALIETT BAHJET years of service in South Carolina the work has grown rapidly and the denomination he represents now has the largest member- ship of any in the state and is in all respects an efficient and honored body of Christians. He is a strong advocate of the cause of education, and of all judicious forms of benevolent and charitable work. He is well informed on all topics of current interest. Although never active in political affairs, he is in sympathy with the Democratic party. His favorite form of relaxation is working in his yard and garden. Of the seven children of Dr. Bailey by his first wife six are living in 1907. Before her marriage the present Mrs. Bailey was Sue McMillan, of Barnwell county, South Carolina. She studied under Dr. W. B. Johnson, one of the leading educators in the state, and is a woman of superior graces and fine intel- lectual attainments. The address of Dr. Bailey is Number 519 Hampton avenue,, Greenville, South Carolina. JOSEPH WALKER BARNWELL BARNWELL, JOSEPH WALKER, lawyer and legislator, was born in Charleston, South Carolina, October 31, 1846. His parents were William Hazzard and Catharine Osborn Barnwell. His father practiced law for a time and then became a clergyman of the Protestant Episcopal church. For twenty-one years he was rector of St. Peter's church in Charles- ton. He was a man of fine talents, high character, industrious, courageous, an eloquent preacher, and a public-spirited citizen. His wife (who was born a Barnwell) was a woman of excellent attainments and gentle and kindly disposition, whose influence upon her son was strong, helpful, and enduring. The earliest ancestor of the family to locate in this country was Colonel John Barnwell, who came from Dublin, Ireland, and settled in Charles- town (since 1783 spelled Charleston) in 1701. He commanded the expedition against the Tuscaroras in 1711, was colonel in the Yemassee war of 1715, and in 1719 was sent to England by the colony to negotiate its transfer to the crown. His son, Colonel Nathaniel Barnwell, was aide to General Oglethorpe in the expe- dition against St. Augustine in 1740. Robert Gibbes Barnwell, son of Colonel Nathaniel Barnwell, was speaker of the house of representatives and president of the senate of South Carolina. He was a delegate to the continental congress and a congressman in 1791, and a valiant soldier in the Revolution, in which war he received no less than seventeen wounds. In childhood and youth Joseph W. Barnwell was healthy and strong. He was fond of books and of games of all kinds that were common in his locality. Until he was six years of age his home was in Charleston. During the next nine years he lived in Beaufort from May to November and passed the remainder of the year on his father's plantation on Broad river, Port Royal island, ten miles from Beaufort. He studied at Beaufort college, and the schools of B. R. Stuart and A. Sachtleben, both at Columbia, at the Citadel during the war, and later at the Uni- versity of South Carolina. He also studied for a time at the University of Gottingen in Germany. Although he acquired a broad education, he never took a professional course. In order 24 JOSEPH WALKER BARNWELii to take these courses of study he was given by friends $2,500, but paid back the entire sum after he commenced professional work. From January 1, 1864, to December 7 of the same year he was at the South Carolina Military academy, and on the day last named he received a severe wound in an engagement near Tulafinni, South Carolina. From early boyhood he had felt that he was destined for the bar. He was admitted to practice in 1869, and in January, 1871, he commenced active work in his profession. His success was assured at the start. And he not only made his way as a lawyer, but his talents and energy brought him political honors. In November, 1874, he was elected a member of the state house of representatives from the Charles- ton district. In this capacity he served for two years, and with Honorable George A. Trenholm sustained the policy of Governor Chamberlain in his attempt to secure reform in the state govern- ment. At the close of the term he declined reelection. In 1890 he was a candidate for attorney general on the Haskell ticket, in which political contest Judge Alexander Cheves Haskell and Benjamin R. Tillman were opposing candidates for governor. In 1894 he was elected to the state senate, in which he served two years, when, owing to a change in the district, the office was abolished. In 1900 he again became a member of the state senate for a term of four years, at the expiration of which time he declined to be a candidate for reelection. For several years he served with ability and fidelity as chairman of the Democratic party in Charleston county. He has also been prominent in the social and literary life of Charleston. He has been president of the Charleston club and of the South Carolina Historical society, vice-president of the Charleston literary society and of the Carolina Art association, and chairman of the managers of the St. Cecilia society. In all of these positions he has won high commendation. Through these societies, and in various other ways, he has done much to maintain and still further develop appreciation of art and literature and the higher pleasures and refinements of life in the cultured city in which he lives. Among his plans for the future is the bringing of McCrady's "History of South Carolina" down to date — a work which it is much to be hoped he will carry out. His reading has been wide and varied, including, as he says, "all kinds from the Bible down." He finds his relaxation in a month's holiday each year at Flat JOSEPH WALKER BARNWELL 25 Eock, North Carolina, and in reading everything he can find time to read. In politics he has always been a Democrat. His religious affiliation is with the Protestant Episcopal church, in which he is deeply interested. On January 23, 1883, Mr. Barnwell was married to Miss Harriott Kinloch Cheves, daughter of Dr. Charles M. Cheves and Isabella Middleton. Of their five children three are living in 1907. His postoffice address is Number 48 South Battery, Charleston, South Carolina. WILLIAM H. BRAWLEY BRAWLEY, WILLIAM H., LL. D., judge United States court for the district of South Carolina, was born in Chester, South Carolina, May 13, 1841. After taking the usual preparatory course he entered the South Carolina college, from which institution he was graduated in 1860. In April, 1861, he enlisted as a private in the sixth regiment South Caro- lina volunteers. He was with this command at the time of the attack upon Fort Sumter and soon afterward went with it to Virginia. He participated in all the battles in which his regi- ment was engaged until his military career was cut short at the battle of Seven Pines, where, late in the afternoon of May 31, 1862, he received a wound which necessitated the amputation of his left arm. This compelled him to remain for three months in the hospital at Richmond. He then returned home, and, his father having died meanwhile, took charge of the plantation, until April, 1864, when, partly to recover his health, which had been much impaired, and partly for the completion of his education, he ran the blockade and went to Europe, where he remained for study and travel until November, 1865, when he sailed for home. Upon his return he studied law, and in 1866 he was admitted to practice. He was elected solicitor of the sixth circuit in 1868, was reelected in 1872, and in 1874 resigned that office upon his removal to Charleston, where he became associated in the practice of law with the Honorable W. D. Porter, and subsequently, upon Mr. Porter's retirement from the bar, became associated with Joseph W. Barnwell, Esquire. He was elected to the legislature from Charleston in 1882, and by successive reflections remained in the legislature until his election to congress in 1890, having been chairman of the judiciary committee of the house during the last years of his service there. During such service his skill as a man of affairs, and his mastery of public problems and ability to dispel the illusions of the hour and present questions in their true light, soon secured to him respectful attention and influence. His delicate political tact, and astute judgment of human nature, with his great force in debate, made him at once WILLIAM H. BKAWLEY 29 a powerful ally and a formidable adversary. His speech in opposition to granting the railroad commission full power to fix rates, without giving any right of appeal, has been conceded to be one of the ablest arguments ever made in the South Carolina legislature. His appeal to the house, in 1886, in behalf of the sufferers from the great Charleston earthquake of that year was one of those impassioned bursts of oratory heard only from gifted speakers on rare occasions. His influence in the legislature, and position as chairman of the judiciary committee, made him the acknowledged leader in the house of representatives at the time of his retirement in 1890, when he was elected to the fifty-first congress. Possessing scholarly attainments, a complete master of the English language, with accurate and comprehensive knowledge of the public issues of that day, he entered congress fully equipped for the work before him. In March, 1892, the people of the United States became acquainted with his ability and power through his speech in the debate on the silver question in oppo- sition to the Bland bill for free coinage at the ratio of sixteen to one. This speech elicited most favorable and extended com- ment from prominent men in public life, and the leading news- papers of the country, and was regarded as one of the most valuable utterances on that question, evincing careful study and preparation and thorough knowledge of the subject. The closing paragraph of that speech was referred to by many of the leading newspapers as a model of style as well as sentiment, and the late Speaker Eeed pronounced it "worthy of the finest old Stoic who •ever talked philosophy." His speech on the bill to repeal the Sherman Act, in September, 1893, elicited like favorable comments, and again demonstrated his fitness for leadership in public affairs, so that it was with great regret that many of his constituents learned of his retirement from congress in February, 1894, to accept the appointment from President Cleveland as United States judge for South Carolina, an appointment which was offered without any intimation of his desire for that office. His career as a judge has been marked by' the same ability, steadfastness of purpose, and adherence to principle which had characterized his previous public life. His pure style and vigorous language have added much to the value of his decisions, 30 WILLIAM H. BRAWLEY which have covered a wide field, embracing, among others, ques- tions of admiralty, patent law, and prize law. His occasional addresses have exhibited a wide range of thought and scholarship, and are marked by great felicity of diction. Among the latest of such addresses is one delivered at Chester on the occasion of the laying of the cornerstone of a monument to the Confederate dead of that county, May 10, 1905. It is doubtful that any address of recent years on the causes of the War between the States has awakened more public interest in all parts of the country. "Harper's Weekly" has referred to it in a recent editorial as "an oration admirable in thought, word and spirit, which we commend to the attention of such readers as can by any means lay hands upon it. It is a discourse of so much charm, and put together with so fine a sense of harmony, that it could not be properly presented in fragments, as extracts could not do it justice." One of the most scholarly men of the South has written of it: "It has conspicuous merit as history, rhetoric, sentiment. Its language is perfect, and its spirit lofty; proud, but not arrogant ; conciliatory, but not deprecatory ; dig- nified, catholic, patriotic." The degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by the South Carolina college at its centennial celebration in 1905. The address of Judge Brawley is Charleston, South Carolina. HENRY BRIGGS BRIGGS, HENEY, banker, was born at Pickensville, South Carolina, October 12, 1851. He is the son of Alexander Sloan Briggs and Anna La Bruce Robinson. His parents were members of large and influential families, thrifty, substan- tial, honorable country people, worthy representatives of a large class for which upper South Carolina is noted. His mother still (1907) lives in Greenville. His father at one time was secretary and treasurer of the Spartanburg and Union railroad. Henry Briggs grew up in sight of the Blue Ridge mountains, and early developed a vigorous constitution, and through life he has been strong and healthy. He attended the schools in the towns of Greenville and Spartanburg. In early life he entered a store as a salesman, and gradually worked himself into more responsible positions. He commenced his business career in Greenville in 1870, when he was employed as a clerk in the general merchandise store of Williams & Whitmire, later with Mr. Jack Whitmire. He left this position to become bookkeeper and head clerk for Mills & McBrayer, general merchandise. In 1876 he formed a copartnership with Frank Hammond, under the firm name of Briggs & Hammond. About this time he was elected an alderman of the city and did excellent work as chairman of the street committee. In 1884 he formed a copart- nership with his brother, George Briggs, and Captain O. P. Mills, and bought out and consolidated the business of Briggs & Ham- mond and Mills & McBrayer. He retired from the consolidated business in 1890 and moved to Florence, Alabama, where he lived one year, engaged in the house contracting business. He returned to Greenville and established the American bank, one of the best banks in upper South Carolina, of which he has been president ever since. He is also connected as director with many business enterprises in Greenville and other places. Mr. Briggs came to Greenville a poor boy, but by diligence, industry, economy, exemplary habits, and courteous manners he has built himself up in the confidence and esteem of the people, and has become one of the most reliable and substantial business men of Greenville. Except the position of alderman, he has 32 HENRY BEIGGS never held public office. Twice he was a candidate for mayor, and lacked only a few votes of being elected. He is a Democrat, but, being a quiet, conservative man, he has never taken a con- spicuous part in party politics. He is a Mason and a Woodman of the World, and is affiliated with the Baptist church. He owns considerable real estate in and around Greenville, and is consid- ered an authority in all matters of business investments. Having struggled himself in early life, he knows how to encourage and help young men who are trying to build themselves up by industrious habits and correct business principles. Mr. Briggs married Emala Louisa McBee, a member of one of the oldest and most influential families of Greenville. They were married April 18, 1883, and have one son now (1907) living. The address of Mr. Briggs is Greenville, South Carolina. cro<^ ABNER ALONZO BRISTOW BRISTOW, ABNER ALONZO, merchant and board of trade president, was born in Bennettsville, Marlboro county, South Carolina, April 22, 1854. His parents were Abner Nash and Ann Elizabeth Bristow. His father was a merchant and for some time held the office of judge of probate for Marlboro county. He was noted for earnest purpose and devotion to his home and friends. In religion he was a Baptist, and for many years he served the local church of that denomi- nation, in which he held the office of deacon, with great fidelity. The first ancestors of the Bristow family came from England and Wales, and, like their descendants, they were prominent in the intellectual and public life of South Carolina. In his boyhood and youth Abner Alonzo Bristow lived in the village in which he was born. He was slender but active, and, while he was fond of reading, he was also interested in outdoor sports, especially hunting and fishing. Fortunately for himself, as it proved in later years, he had regular tasks to perform. When quite young he was required to work a large garden, and by degrees he learned all the varied kinds of farm work. In this way he was taught habits of industry and early rising, and was led to see that constant, unremitting labor was the only road to success. This training also taught him how to cope successfully with the great difficulties which were caused by the changed conditions brought about by the War between the States. He attended the village school until he was fifteen years of age. The death of his father at this time compelled him to give up all hope of obtaining a public education. The section in which he lived had been devastated by the war and he felt that he must find employment that would enable him to support himself and aid his mother and sisters, who were then largely dependent upon him. His first position was that of clerk in a country store in Marlboro county, where he commenced work in September, 1869. His earnestness and fidelity secured his advancement and led to his connection with some of the leading merchants of the state. In 1877 he went on the road as a representative of a firm of manufacturing clothiers, and he 36 ABHER ALONZO BEISTOW has continued until the present time, and with great success, a traveling salesman. On February 1, 1892, he entered the retail clothing business in Greenville, South Carolina, as a member of the firm of Smith & Bristow, to which he gives the time that is not required on the road, and which, largely through his efforts, has been a marked success. During the past twenty-eight years he has represented, in the Carolinas, three manufacturers. Of these, two went out of business, and for the past fifteen years he has traveled for Hamburger Brothers & Company, of Baltimore, Maryland. ' Mr. Bristow has served four terms of one year each as president of the Greenville board of trade. As business required him to be out of the city a large part of the time, he declined reelection at the end of his first term of service, but he has been kept in office to the present time. Largely through the wise and energetic leadership of its president, the board has induced various enterprises to locate in Greenville, has secured concessions from the railroads in the matter of freight charges, obtained better facilities for travelers, and the erection of a new passenger station. Mr. Bristow is a director in various industrial com- panies, and is a hard, worker for the interests of his city and state. By example and precept he has done much to maintain a high tone of life in the community, and by his integrity and his careful training of those who have worked under him he has greatly helped many young men to secure a good start on the road to success. The first strong impulse to strive for the prizes of life came from the necessity of helping his widowed mother and his sisters. He has not been able to read extensively, but has kept well informed regarding current events. In estimating the relative strength of various specified influ- ences which have helped him in his work, he names that of home as paramount, and notes the fact that the influence of his mother on his moral and spiritual life was very strong. School and early companionship were helpful, but, for want of time and facilities, private study amounted to but little. Contact with men in active life he has found exceedingly helpful. In earlier years hunting was his favorite mode of relaxation, but in recent years he spends the little time he can take from business in visits to the mountains. The only prominent fraternity of which he is a member is the Eoyal Arcanum. He has never held or sought ABNER ALONZO BRISTOW 37 political office, but he has always been a member of the Demo- cratic party. His religious affiliation is with the Baptist church, in which he has held the office of deacon since 1898. He has also been greatly interested in, and very helpful to, the two Baptist educational institutions in his town. In reviewing his life, Mr. Bristow finds that he has been successful, but adds that unremitting effort has been the price he has paid. The "early to bed and early to rise" habit was formed from necessity when a boy, and it has never been broken. In reply to a request that from his own experience and observation he would offer suggestions as to the principles, methods and habits that will contribute to the strengthening of sound ideals in American life and be most helpful in enabling young people to win true success, he says: "In determining any question, of however great or little importance, ask one's self the question, 'Is this right?' — if so, do it; if not, let it alone. Strive to do as much as possible for your employer, and do it thoroughly. The reward will come when you least expect it. Don't think more of pay-day than your work; let work be done promptly and thoroughly and pay will grow larger. Never guess a thing is done when you are asked by those in authority. Either know or see that it is. Work to obtain a finished education, and, above all, build character." On December 1, 1885, Mr. Bristow was married to Miss Annie Hudson, daughter of Joshua Hudson, one of the most distinguished jurists in South Carolina. Of their three children, all were living in 1907. The family residence is Number 229 Broadus avenue, Green- ville, South Carolina. FREDERICK GARLINGTON BROWN BROWN, FREDERICK GARLINGTON, president of the Anderson Phosphate and Oil company; president of the Anderson Chamber of Commerce, and vice-president of the Peoples Bank of Anderson, was born at Anderson, South Carolina, October 28, 1860. His father, John Peter Brown, a lawyer and a graduate of the University of Virginia, was second lieutenant in Moore's regiment in the army of the Confederate States of America at the beginning of the War between the States. Because of poor health, which followed military service, he was forced to return home. He retired from his profession of the law, and lived upon his plantation until his death in 1879. His father's grandfather, Edward Vandiver, was a soldier of the Revolution, and shared in the battle of Eutaw Springs. His family was from Maryland, and originally from New York state. Through his mother, Mrs. Julia (Reed) Brown, a Christian woman of culture and education, whose influence over her son was strong, he is descended from Cornelius Hammond, who was a member of the Maryland house of burgesses, from Anne Arundel county, in the seventeenth century. Colonel LeRoy Hammond, Colonel Samuel Hammond, and Captains Samuel, George and Joshua Hammond, were in the Continental army and served in the Revolutionary war. His grandfather, the late Judge J. P. Reed, was a native of Anderson county, a lawyer of note in his state, who was elected to congress on the Democratic ticket imme- diately after the War between the States; but was prevented from taking his seat at Washington by the rules which governed during the period of reconstruction. Samuel Brown, another ancestor, was a large planter and merchant at Townville, South Carolina. Frederick Brown had a strong and healthy boyhood; and by his father, who was a planter, he was trained to assist in all kinds of work which had to be done on the plantation. His early years were passed in the country, in Fork township, Anderson county. He attended the country schools near his home, and even in his early boyhood he was exceptionally fond of books. But it was not until he was eighteen years of age that he had FREDERICK GARLINGTON BROWN 41 any advanced schooling, and then he remained but one year a member of W. J. Ligon's high school at Anderson. He was recalled to his home by the death of his father, in 1879. After some years passed on his father's plantation, he took a position as salesman with Bleckley, Brown & Fretwell, at Anderson, South Carolina, September 1, 1885. From the first his determination was formed to make whatever he undertook a success, regardless of the hard work or the time which might be required. He has always felt that the habit of regular daily employment which was formed on his father's plantation in his boyhood has been of great advantage to him, not only because "regular work keeps a boy, as well as older people, out of mis- chief," but still more because the habit of persevering diligence is the most important part of the equipment of a business man. He has resided at Anderson, engaged actively in business life, since 1885. During these twenty years and more he has had an interest in many of the more important business enterprises of his town. He is president of the Anderson Phosphate and Oil company; president of the Anderson Chamber of Commerce; president of the Anderson Keal Estate and Investment company ; president of the Anderson Improvement company ; vice-president of the Peoples Bank of Anderson; vice-president of the Ander- son Traction company; and he is a director in the following corporations: The Farmers' Warehouse company, the Bank of McCormick, the Brogon Cotton mills, the Toxaway Cotton mills, the Riverside Cotton mills, the Orr Cotton mills, the Cox Manu- facturing company, and the Ninety-Six Cotton mills. He is also a director of the county fair association. Identified by conviction and choice with the Episcopal church, he is a vestryman, and treasurer of Grace Protestant Episcopal church. He served four years as alderman of his city, representing the first ward. He is a member of the Masonic order, and has advanced from the Blue Lodge to the degree of Shriner. He is also a member of the Commercial club of Anderson, of the Com- mercial club of Charleston, and of the Columbia club ; and he is one of the vice-presidents of the South Carolina club. His political affiliations are with the Democratic party. He married Miss Mamie McCrary, November 16, 1887. vol. i— s. a— s 42 FREDERICK GARLINGTON BROWN He offers to the boys and young men of South Carolina a piece of practical advice, which his own experience leads him to emphasize: "Do not change your position too frequently. I worked in one corner store from 1885, when I began at twenty- five dollars a month, until 1900, when I had become the senior member of the firm, at which time I sold out my interest in that business and began manufacturing." The address of Mr. Brown is Anderson, South Carolina. VI JOSEPH NEWTON BROWN BROWN, JOSEPH NEWTON, lawyer, business man, and banker, has been prominently identified with the practice of law in his part of the state and with the business interests of Anderson since the close of the War between the States. He was born near Anderson, December 16, 1832. His father, Samuel Brown, was a merchant and a planter, a solid business man, who held no public office, but made activity and integrity in business his leading aim in life. His mother, Mrs. Helena T. (Vandiver) Brown, like his father, had strong religious convictions and much of practical benevolence in life; and they both gave religious training to their son from his earliest years. His father's father was John Brown, a native of Baltimore, Maryland, of English descent. His mother was a descendant of Jacob Van der Weer, a Dutch settler of New York in 1650, who served in the Dutch army which captured from the Swedes Fort Christina (now Wilmington, Delaware,) in 1655, and settled there. Edward Vandiver, Colonel Brown's great-grandfather, was a Revolutionary soldier, who fought at Eutaw Springs ; and he had six sons who were preachers of the Baptist church, among whom Reverend Sanford Vandiver, Mrs. Brown's father, was prominent. A hearty, healthy country boy, he enjoyed the sports of hunting and fishing; and he early became habituated to moderate labor on the farm with the negroes who belonged to his father; and this, he feels, gave him "health and strength, and the habit of perseverance." He attended the country schools within reach of his home — the old field schools ; and when an accident to his father interrupted his attendance at school, he took a place as clerk in his father's store. Later he attended the classical school of Wesley Leverett, at Williamston, South Carolina. In 1855, when he was twenty-three years old, he entered mercantile life at Laurens, South Carolina. Soon afterward he began the study of law in the office of Colonel J. H. Irby; and was admitted to the bar in 1858. With his preceptor he formed a partnership as the law firm of Irby & Brown, which was dissolved by the death of Colonel Irby, in 1860. A partnership 46 JOSEPH NEWTON BROWN with Colonel B. P. Todd was then formed; but in 1861 both partners entered the Confederate army, the former attaining the rank of lieutenant-colonel of the Third South Carolina regiment, while Mr. Brown, by successive promotions, became the colonel of the Fourteenth South Carolina volunteers. Enlisting as a private in Company D, Captain James M. Perrin, Gregg's regiment, on Sullivan's Island, January 11, 1861, he was transferred on March 5 to Morris Island, where he served through the bombardment of Fort Sumter. Keturning to Lau- rens, he organized Company E of the Fourteenth South Carolina volunteers, and as captain of that company reentered the service, August 16, 1861. On February 20, 1863, he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of that regiment ; and he became colonel of the regiment on September 17, 1863, continuing in that command until the close of the war. He commanded the regiment in most of the important battles from Chancellorsville until April 2, 1865, when he was captured at the fall of Petersburg and was held as a prisoner of war at Johnson's Island until July, 1865. As senior colonel, McGowan's brigade, he commanded the brigade in the battle of the Bloody Angle, Spottsylvania court- house, Virginia, May 12, 1864. He had commanded his regiment in the battle of Gettysburg, July 1, 1863, and with the First regiment, Colonel McCrary's, his men were the first troops to enter Gettysburg. He was severely wounded at Gaines's Mill, June 27, 1862, and at Gettysburg, July 3, 1863. He participated in most of the battles of Stonewall Jackson's corps. His military record appears in Caldwell's "History of McGowan's Brigade." After his release at the close of the war, Colonel Brown removed to Anderson, South Carolina, and in October, 1865, formed a partnership with the Honorable J. P. Reed, then solicitor of the Western circuit, which continued until 1874. For the next six years he practiced his profession alone; while from 1880 to 1888 he was in partnership with J. L. Tribble and William S. Brown. In 1888 he virtually retired from the prac- tice of his profession, having acquired from a large and lucrative practice a handsome competence. In his political relations always a Democrat, he has voted the regular ticket, even for W. J. Bryan. Although he "differed from him on financial questions," he "was unwilling to be a bolter." JOSEPH NEWTON BROWN 47 In 1886 and 1887 he was a member of the house of repre- sentatives ; and he drew up the bill for refunding the state debt, and took an active part in advocating the sale of the Columbia canal by the state of South Carolina to the city of Columbia. He is a director in the Anderson Cotton mills, and the Gluck mills. He is a public-spirited citizen, and has contributed largely to the various manufacturing interests of the city and has given ten thousand dollars to the Anderson Public library. In August, 1872, he took a leading part in organizing the State Savings and Insurance Bank of Anderson, as he also did in forming the National Bank of Anderson, in Jan.uary, 1873, — a bank which "paid good dividends for nineteen years, and closed up the business in September, 1891, paying the stockholders $470 per share on each $100 share invested." Throughout this period, Colonel Brown was president of the bank. Colonel Brown and the other officers of the bank recall with pride the fact that when that bank was closed "it stood eighth in point of success in the United States, and third in the South." It was for several years the pioneer in making small loans to farmers to enable them to purchase their supplies for cash; and it was a strong factor in beginning to make Southern planters and farmers financiers, by teaching them the value of ready money. On February 28, 1866, Colonel Brown married Miss Lizzie Louisa Bruce, daughter of Thomas and Nancy Bruce, of Ander- son. They have had one daughter, Miss Varina D. Brown. Colonel Brown has been a member of the Baptist church for over fifty years, and a deacon in that church for more than thirty years. Whatever measure of success he has attained in his profession and in business life, he attributes to "industry, perseverance, and a strong will." "Diligence," he says, "insures success." To the youth of South Carolina he commends as most helpful in attain- ing true success in life, "Industry, economy (by which I do not mean stinginess), temperance, honesty, fair dealing." And to young lawyers he adds: "Above all things, inspire in your clients confidence that the interest of the client is your first and leading thought, from the beginning to the end of your relations with him and his affairs." His address is Anderson, South Carolina. GEORGE LAMB BUIST BUIST, GEORGE LAMB, lawyer, was born in Charleston, South Carolina, September 4, 1838. He was of Scotch extraction. His earliest ancestor in America was the Reverend George Buist, D. D., who was born in Fifeshire, in Scotland, in 1770, and was graduated at the University of Edin- burgh. He came to Charleston in 1793 upon the call of the Scotch Presbyterian church of Charleston, and became the min- ister of that church. Reverend Doctor Buist was an eminent divine, the author of two volumes of sermons, and was for some time the head of the College of Charleston. The father of George Lamb Buist was George Buist, and his mother's name was Mary Edwards (Jones) Buist. George Buist was an attorney at law by profession, and held for many years, and until his death, the office of judge of probate, or ordinary, for Charleston county. He was also a trustee on many educational boards, and was one of the commissioners of the Orphan House in Charleston. His marked characteristics were his sterling integrity, a fund of rational common sense, and a wise and honest heart. The early life of the subject of this sketch was passed in the city of Charleston, South Carolina. His physical condition in childhood and youth was good ; he was fond of athletic exercises, and as a boy was devoted to outdoor sports, though his special tastes and interests lay in the lines of reading and public speak- ing and delivery. The influence of his mother was particularly strong upon his intellectual, moral and spiritual life. He had no difficulties to overcome in acquiring an education, but avail eti himself of the best advantages offered him by the schools and colleges of his native city. His chief line of study was in the classics and rhetoric. A part of his studies were pursued at the New Jersey academy at Burlington, New Jersey. From there he went to the Charleston college. He studied law of his own accord, in his father's office, and was admitted to the bar in January, 1860. He felt early the necessity for providing for obligations which he had assumed, and applied himself earnestly to the practice of his profession, soon building up a large and J u -5, C^C<2^- GEOKGE LAMB BUI8T 51 lucrative business. He married, early in life, Miss Martha Allston White. They have had ten children, seven of whom are still living. Mr. Buist always attributed his success in life to the effect of his early home influences. He has long been a man of mark in his native state and city. When the War between the States broke out, he went into the Confederate States army as a lieutenant of the Palmetto Guards and served in the Iron Battery on Morris Island in command of the eight-inch gun ; afterward he became captain of the Palmetto Guards artillery, and, eventually, rose to the rank of major of artillery, and served in that capacity until the surrender of General Johnston's army. After the war was over, he returned to the practice of his profession, and having been elected to the South Carolina legis- lature, he served for three years in the house of representatives and for sixteen years was senator from Charleston county. During his service in the house he was chairman of the Ways and Means committee, and after he became senator he served as the chairman of the Finance committee of the senate. In a recent number of "The News and Courier" the following just tribute was paid to Mr. Buist for one of the greatest services ever performed by him for the community in which he lives and by which he has been highly honored for many years : "A community such as Charleston should at all times be represented in the state legislature by her best and ablest men. Whether they are in the minority or the majority, their influence cannot be destroyed, and the work that representatives and senators of this county performed years ago is still bearing fruit. This is strikingly illustrated by the following, taken from a Columbia 'State' editorial of May 25, replying to a correspondent who defended the dispensary : " 'Does he know that for years a dispensary opponent had no more chance of fair treatment in either the executive or legis- lative branches of the government than a Republican? Does he remember the metropolitan police in Charleston? Does he remember that magnificent appeal to South Carolinians made in the senate by George Lamb Buist in a vain endeavor to arouse some members of the majority to a realization of the enormity of the offence being perpetrated against the people of Charleston 52 GEOKGE LAMB BUIST in depriving them of local self-government? Like an old lion, surrounded- by enemies, Major Buist made the greatest speech those halls had heard for twenty years, and probably the greatest they will hear for twenty years to come. And with what result ? The same treatment that would be accorded a wounded lion bravely facing a band of Zulus armed with assegias !' "The 'metropolitan police' has long since ceased to be other than an unpleasant memory, and not only has the eloquent remonstrance of ex-Senator Buist been fully vindicated, but it remains in the memories of men to be used as an argument in the fight to free the state of the miserable whiskey system which made the metropolitan police possible. "We risk nothing in saying that throughout South Carolina the ability and courage which Charlestonians displayed in legis- lation, when they were opposed by an overwhelming and enven- omed majority, is recalled with respect and pride by these same opposers whose ears have later been opened to words of truth and soberness." Other important public services were rendered by Mr. Buist, especially along educational lines. He was a trustee of the Col- lege of Charleston, and was for many years a commissioner of the public schools. Mr. Buist was an enthusiastic Mason, and held the office of master of Franklin lodge. He was always identified with the Democratic party and never changed his political or party allegiance upon any issues. He was a member of the Episcopal church, and was for many years chairman of the vestry of St. Paul's Episcopal church, Radcliffeboro, in Charleston. He was always a busy man, and allowed himself little relaxation except an annual trip to Saratoga Springs, New York. Mr. Buist's philosophy of life consisted in a grateful and contented nature. He believed that to have the approbation of a good conscience and the esteem of all good people was better than riches or worldly eminence. Since this biography was prepared for the printer, Mr. Buist died about midnight of Thursday, May 30, 1907, at his home in Charleston. ELLISON GAPERS GAPEES, ELLISON, D. D., was born in Charleston, South Carolina, October 14, 1837. His parents were William and Susan (McGill) Capers. His father was a distin- guished and eloquent divine of the Methodist Episcopal church and one of its first bishops in the South. He founded the missions of his church to the negroes in South Carolina and wrote a catechism for their use, and also a useful work for the moral training of children. He ably edited the "Southern Christian Advocate," and served efficiently as a missionary to the Indians in the Southwest. The earliest paternal ancestor to settle in America was William Capers, a Huguenot of France, who had fled to England to escape religious persecution. About the year 1690 he settled upon grants of land from the "Lords Proprietors," in Christ church parish, on the seaboard of South Carolina. Capers Island and inlet were named for this family. William Capers, the grandfather of Ellison Capers, was one of Marion's captains in the Eevolution, and his brother, G. Sinclair Capers, also fought under the same great leader. The first ancestor on the maternal side to come to this country emigrated from Ireland and became a farmer in Kershaw county. The childhood and early youth of Ellison Capers were passed in the city of his birth, but in his twelfth year his father removed to Anderson county, and he was appointed to the arsenal in Columbia. He was graduated from the South Carolina Military academy, Charleston, November 18, 1857. No degree was given then. The stirring address to the class made by his brother, the superintendent, Major Francis W. Capers, made a strong impres- sion upon him. He was of vigorous physique and was especially fond of horses and outdoor exercise, including tasks in the flower and vegetable garden. He served as resident graduate and assistant instructor in mathematics and rhetoric in the Citadel in 1858. His inclination was for the profession of law, and he com- menced the study in the office of Hayne & Miles in Charleston. Upon his return, in 1860, from Winnsboro, where he taught in Mt. Zion academy during the intervening year, he recommenced the study of law. On February 24, 1859, he was married to 56 ELLISON CAPERS Charlotte Eebecca Palmer, fourth daughter of John Gendron and Catherine Cutrurier (Marion) Palmer, a scion of the distin- guished Dwight family of America, of St. John's Berkeley, and moved to Winnsboro, South Carolina. In 1860 he was elected professor in the Citadel with the rank of second lieutenant, in which position he was highly regarded by the cadets and his superior officers. In 1861 he was commissioned major of the First regiment, South Carolina rifles, for the Confederate service, and assisted General Pettigrew in the organization and drill of that splendid command. He commanded the light battery on Sullivan's Island during the siege and bombardment of Fort Sumter. When Colonel Pettigrew resigned, to go to Virginia, Major Capers succeeded to the command. He resigned in 1861 and joined Colonel C. H. Stevens in organizing the Twenty-fourth South Carolina volunteers, as lieutenant-colonel. He did gallant service with that regiment on the coast of South Carolina and at Wilmington, North Carolina, during 1862. On James Island he led a gallant charge in which the One Hundredth Pennsylvania regiment was driven back half a mile and twenty-two of their number captured. This was the first conflict on James Island, which later became the scene of many engagements and skir- mishes. At Secessionville, Colonel Capers received the thanks of Generals Evans and Smith for the gallant service he rendered. In May, 1863, with Gist's brigade, he was ordered to the relief, of Vicksburg, where he was in a bloody battle. He commanded the left wing of the brigade from sunrise to midday, being severely wounded in his left leg and his horse killed. At Chicka- mauga he was again severely wounded. In 1863, at Dalton, Georgia, he was promoted colonel, and served with conspicuous gallantry at the head of his regiment. He commanded Gist's brigade in the siege of Atlanta and the battle of Jonesville. At this battle the commanding general complimented him and his brigade for their brilliant deportment against Sherman's assault. In the desperate battle of Franklin, Tennessee, Colonel Capers was a third time severely wounded. In February, 1865, he was promoted brigadier-general. He was assigned to General John- ston's army in North Carolina and placed in command of his old brigade. Throughout the war he had proven in every position his absolute fidelity and devotion to his country's cause. ELLISON CAPERS 57 In 1866 General Capers was elected secretary of state for South Carolina, and such was the exigency of the time that he remained in that position even while studying for the Episcopal ministry, in which he was ordained in May, 1867, by Bishop Davis. He then tendered his resignation as secretary of state, but it was declined by Governor Orr until the legislature could meet, and General Capers held the great seal of South Carolina until July, 1868, when he turned it over to F. L. Cardoza, a negro representative of Federal usurpation. For twenty years he remained the well-beloved minister of the mountain parish of Greenville, South Carolina. He then went to Columbia as the rector of Old Trinity, and for five years the people of that parish were blessed in having the guidance of his strong yet gentle hand. He was elected bishop of South Carolina in May, 1893, and consecrated in the July following. The degree of D. D. was conferred upon him by the University of South Carolina in 1892, and by the University of the South in 1893. After the death of the Right Eeverend Thomas Under- wood Dudley, chancellor of the last-named institution, Bishop Capers was elected to succeed him in June, 1904. He is a Mason ; a member of the S. A. E. Greek fraternity; of Camps Sumter and Hampton, United Confederate veterans; of the Historical committee of the Grand Camp, United Confederate veterans; and of the Historical Society of South Carolina. In 1882, at a Democratic convention, he was nominated, without his knowledge or consent, state superintendent of education. He positively declined to accept the position, deeming it inconsistent with his ministerial duties. He impressively states that the period of the stupendous struggle of the South for sacred rights were years of feeling, impulse, impression, and resolution, which could but leave their indelible mark and influence in directing brain and heart. "To this impress I owe the convictions and resolutions which ulti- mately brought me to the ministry of the Protestant Episcopal church." To the "Confederate Military History," edited by General Clement A. Evans, and published in Atlanta, Bishop Capers contributed chapters 1-16 inclusive, embracing the Con- federate history of South Carolina. Save for one year spent in Selma, Alabama, he has held no charge beyond his own home state. Upon his consecration as bishop, his devoted parishioners 58 ELLISON CAPERS there sent him a magnificent Episcopal ring as a testimonial of their regard. Blessed in a devoted wife, the embodiment of womanly virtues, the guide and inspiration of their seven surviving chil- dren, he resides in Columbia in one of the old-time mansions of the place spared from Sherman's fire and invested farther with the historical reminiscence of having been the one in which General Lafayette was entertained on the occasion of his visit to Columbia in 1825. Here, with nought of regretful retrospect of his own efficiency in the years of our grand Southern struggle, honored and beloved of all, his waning years are peacefully passed. His address is 910 Barnwell street, Columbia, Eichland county, South Carolina. JAMES PEELE CAREY GAKEY, JAMES PEELE, lawyer, railroad president, and director in many corporations, was born in Oconee county, South Carolina, on April 27, 1858. His father, John W. L. Carey, a farmer and for many years tax collector for Pickens district, combined great popularity with strict integrity and attention to the public business, and was never defeated at the polls. On his mother's side Mr. Carey is a direct descendant of the Kentucky pioneer, Daniel Boone. Largely dependent upon his own exertions in securing opportunities at school, even in his boyhood, he was early taught the value of time and the need of persistent and continuous industry if one is to succeed in life. He early felt the wish to fit himself for the practice of law; and his first strong impulse to strive for the prizes of life he feels that he owes to "the hardships of a country boy's life and the feeling that there was something higher in life possible," with proper effort. After such opportunities for education as were afforded in the country schools at Old Pickens, he studied at Adger college, where he won all the prizes offered to his class. He was graduated from this institution with first honor and received therefrom the degree of A. B. in June, 1880. In April, 1883, he began the practice of law at Pickens. In September, 1885, he married Miss Lynda Troupe Lovett. They have six children, all living in 1907. While Mr. Carey has never desired to be known as anything else than a public-spirited lawyer, he has served the community in various other ways. He is president of the Pickens Bailroad company; he is a director in most of the corporations of the county, and is attorney for many of them. He has acted as special judge in the courts of South Carolina. In 1906 he was elected by the opponents of the state dispensary a member of the legislature and received the most flattering vote ever cast in Pickens county. At a conference held before the legislature convened, Mr. Carey, and Mr. Cothran of Greenville county, were chosen to draft a bill to be presented to that body. They prepared the "Carey-Cothran Local Option bill," which passed 60 JAMBS PEELE CAREY both houses, was signed by the governor, and made the dispen- sary system in South Carolina a thing of the past. He early became a member of the Presbyterian church; and he has been an elder in that church for nearly twenty years. Politically, he is identified with the Democratic party. He has found exercise and relaxation in hunting, fishing and gardening. To the young people of his state he commends as the key to success the cardinal virtues, "truthfulness, honesty, reliability, strict attention to business, and performance of duties without regard to consequences." His address is Pickens, South Carolina. JAMES HENRY CARLISLE GAKLISLE, JAMES HENKY, LL. D., educator, was born at Winnsboro, Fairfield county, South Carolina, May 4, 1825. His parents were William and Mary Anne (Buchanan) Carlisle, who came to America from County Antrim, Ireland, about 1818. His father was a physician of excellent character and attainments, and his mother, though for many years an invalid, was a woman of firm yet gentle character and exerted a powerful influence for good upon the mental and spiritual life of her son. In early life James Carlisle lived in the country. He had no regular tasks which involved manual labor to perform, and his tastes and interests were those common to boys of his age and place. His health was good and he had no special difficulties to overcome in securing an education. He studied in the common schools of Mount Zion, Winnsboro, and Camden, in South Caro- lina, and after securing his preparatory education he entered the South Carolina college at Columbia, from which he was graduated as second honor man with the degree of A. B., in December, 1844. Want of means prevented him from taking a post-graduate course and compelled him to enter at once upon the active work of life. Conditions, as well as personal inclina- tion, favored his becoming an educator, and in January, 1845, he commenced teaching in Columbia, South Carolina. His college education, together with well-directed private reading in the fields of general literature, more especially history and biography, furnished him with an unusually good equipment for his pro- fession, and his success as a teacher was both marked and rapid. In 1854, Wofford college, Spartanburg, South Carolina, was organized, and Mr. Carlisle was elected professor of mathematics, which position he held until 1890, when he became professor of moral science and astronomy. In 1875 he was chosen president of the college. He discharged the duties of that office until 1902, when he resigned and became president emeritus. In 1872 the degree of LL. D. was conferred upon him by the Southwestern university, Georgetown, Texas. 62 JAMES HENRY CARLISLE Not only in the line of his profession as an educator has he won distinction, but, in recognition of his worth and ability, and with confidence in his wisdom and patriotism, he was chosen by his people a member of the famous convention of 1860, which passed the ordinance of secession, and was also elected to the state legislature, in which he served from 1863 to 1865. His unwavering courage and high determination to faithfully and loyally serve his state during those crises in her history were exemplified in such manner as to place his name high upon the scroll of patriots and statesmen who gave their best services to South Carolina in the time of her greatest need. The war over, he continued the quiet pursuit of educating the young, and by precept and example taught his pupils not only the learning of books, but also the great lessons of how to meet and conquer adversity and how to lay broad and deep the foundations upon which the South was to renew the structure of its civil life and show the world the most wonderful example of a people triumphing over defeat and oppression that its history has ever recorded. Doctor Carlisle has led too active and busy a life to have much opportunity for writing books, but he has done some literary work of a high order, among which may be mentioned the editing of the "Lives of Arnold and Ascham" for the Chau- tauqua circle. His religious connection is with the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, of which he has long been an honored and efficient member. On December 12, 1848, he married Miss Margaret Jane Bryce, daughter of Robert and Jane (Shand) Bryce, of Colum- bia, South Carolina. Of their three children, two are living in 1907. At the ripe age of eighty-two, Doctor Carlisle is still vigor- ous both in body and in mind, and in the evening of his days, full of years and honors, the object of the love and veneration of hosts of friends and former pupils, all of whom join in wishing him the brightest blessings and the most peaceful joys. The address of Doctor Carlisle is Number 174 College Hill, Spartanburg, South Carolina. JOHN CURTIS GARY GARY, JOHN CURTIS, was born in Oconee county, near the site of old Pickens court-house, eight miles north- east of Seneca, South Carolina, July 10, 1848. He is the son of Captain John W. L. Cary and Martha M. (Curtis) Cary. His father was a carriage builder and, in later years, a farmer. For twelve years he was tax collector for Pickens dis- trict. For a few months in 1863 he was captain of his company in the Confederate army. While on the South Carolina coast he was kicked by a horse and permanently disabled. John Curtis Cary is descended from an ancient and illus- trious English family. Its earliest known ancestor was Adam DeKarry, Lord of Castle Karry, of Somerset county, England, in the twelfth century. The name originally was Kari. Henry Cary, Lord of Kursdon, was, through his mother, Mary Boleyn, a cousin of Queen Elizabeth. For many years he served as governor of Berwick and warden of the borders. It was he who suppressed the rebellion of the north. From him were descended the earls of Devon and Monmouth. Patrick Cary, the poet, was a member of this family, as were also two members of the cele- brated London company of 1620, namely, Sir George and Sir Henry Cary. The son of Sir George, a second Sir Henry Cary, fought in the army of Charles I, and, upon the success of par- liament, was heavily fined. In 1651 he was again put under the law, and his large estate, Cockington, was confiscated. Three years later he emigrated to Virginia, but, on the restoration under Charles II, returned to England, where he died. The son of Sir Henry, above noted, was a celebrated literary character. He was dignified by James I with the Scotch title of Viscount of Falkland. His son, Lucius, the second Lord of Falkland, was secretary of state to Charles I and was the typical cavalier of his race. Among the members of this family who came to Virginia was Colonel Miles Cary, who came over from Bristol, England, and served in the Colonial Council of Virginia under Governor Berkeley. Vol. I— S. 0.-4 66 JOHN CURTIS CAKT Not all, however, of the Cary family were supporters of royalty. A notable exception was afforded by Archibald Cary, a member of the Virginia convention of 1776, and conspicuous for zeal and ability. He was a type of the Colonial capitalist, owning a large iron furnace and mills, which Tarleton, of unsavory memory, committed to the flames. Archibald Cary was familiarly styled "Old Iron." This sobriquet was appropriate for more reasons than one, for Archi- bald Cary suggested iron, not only by his commercial dealings, but by his character and conduct. He was as pronounced a patriot as some of his ancestors were royalists. To him a mon- arch by any other name was equally odious ; and when, as later, some misguided spirits proposed to make Washington king, others equally misguided proposed to make Patrick Henry dicta- tor, Archibald Cary hurled his defiance at the popular hero in these words: "The day of your appointment will be the day of your death; for, before the sun sets, you will find my dagger in your heart!" One of these early Englishmen in Virginia was the father of James Cary, who was the father of Captain John W. L. Cary, who in turn was, as stated, the father of John Curtis Cary. John Curtis Cary's maternal ancestry dates back to the famous Kentucky hunter and pioneer, Daniel Boone. Martha M. Cary was born in what is now Oconee county, and was the granddaughter of Nathan Boone, a descendant of Daniel Boone. In youth John Cary was healthy and strong. His early life was spent in the country, and he was trained to perform all kinds of farm work customary at that time. His early life and development were materially influenced, in every way, by his mother. Being but thirteen years old when the War between the States broke out, and left at its close in poverty, he encountered great difficulty in acquiring an education. Nevertheless, he derived general culture from early study of that best of classics, the Bible. Then, and later, he was interested in reading the lives of men who have left their impress upon the times, among whom he names George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Napoleon Bonaparte, and Grover Cleveland. John Cary studied in the common schools of the country, and prepared for college in Thalian academy, taught by Eev- erend J. L. Kennedy, a famous educator of that time. While at JOHN CURTIS CARY 67 the academy, in 1864, he responded to the call for sixteen-year- old boys, and enlisted in the Confederate army. He served six months, was second lieutenant of Company I, First regiment of South Carolina militia, with which he remained until the close of the war. On returning home he promptly reentered Thalian academy, where he studied until August, 1866. In the fall of that year the appointment of beneficiary from Pickens district to South Carolina college was offered him, but as his father had recently died, he declined to leave home. During 1867 he studied under Professor W. J. Ligon, of Anderson, while the year 1868 he spent at home on the farm. Mr. Cary's active life work began in 1869, as a clerk in a general merchandise store at Walhalla. Later he held engineer- ing positions with various railroads ; was employed as bookkeeper and paymaster for a railroad contractor ; on account of the panic of 1873 returned to the farm for a brief period, assisted in the survey of a railroad from Greenville, South Carolina, to Ashe- ville, North Carolina; and then became a clerk in a general merchandise store at Seneca, South Carolina, where he remained until 1876. In the fall of 1876, that memorable year in the history of South Carolina politics, Mr. Cary became a candidate for county clerk. He was an enthusiastic admirer of General Wade Hamp- ton, and he threw into the campaign all the ardor and energy of his young manhood. Though defeated, he received a nattering vote. Mr. Cary now turned his attention again to business. This he could not enter on his own account ; for, from the close of the war till this time, he had saved not a cent for himself; every dollar of his earnings, above his necessary personal expenses, having gone to his mother and to the support and education of younger brothers. He accepted the agency for the great cotton merchants, George H. McFadden & Brother, of Philadelphia and Liverpool, and up to 1890 he was their representative for western South Carolina and northeastern Georgia. In addition to his service for the firm, he improved many opportunities to do business for himself, and thus laid the foundation for his more recent operations. He built the well-known Keowee hotel, at Seneca, in 1880, and sold it in 1889. In the year last named he organized the Lockhart Railroad company, was elected its presi- dent and treasurer, and had the road open for business by June, 68 JOHN CURTIS CART 1900. Mr. Cary owns about 2,000 acres of land in Oconee county and gives much attention to practical farming. He is president of the Seneca Oil Mill and Fertilizer company, and is an earnest promoter of the manufacturing interests of the New South. In 1893 he sold his water power on Little river, in Oconee county, to Charleston capitalists and superintended the construc- tion of a large cotton mill for the Courtenay Manufacturing company. In the following year he purchased of the officers of the Lockhart mills their water power and other property, which had been obtained for the purpose of erecting a cotton mill at Lockhart Shoals, on Broad river, Union county, South Carolina. He reorganized the company and erected Mill No. 1 with 25,000 spindles and 800 looms. This mill was completed in 1895 at a cost of $650,000. Mr. Cary was treasurer and general manager of the company from its reorganization in June, 1894, until November, 1895, when he was elected its president and treasurer, which positions he still (1907) retains. On May 25, 1905, the capital stock of Lockhart mills was increased to $1,300,000 for the purpose of building Mill No. 2, which has been completed. This mill contains 25,000 spindles with a full complement of looms and other machinery. In politics Mr. Cary is a lifelong and active Democrat of the gold wing. He has represented his county in several state conventions of his party, and, in 1884, he represented it in the congressional convention of the third district of Seneca. In this convention, in a brilliant speech, he renominated Mr. D. Wyatt Aiken for congress. Mr. Aiken received the renomination from the convention and was reelected. In the same year Mr. Cary was a delegate to the Democratic National convention which nominated Grover Cleveland. Mr. Cary is deeply interested in the schools of his town, and has served as a member of the board of trustees and as secretary of the board. He is a Mason. In religion he is a Presbyterian, holding the office of elder in this church. To the young he advises soberness, integrity, and perseverance. On February 12, 1885, Mr. Cary was married to Miss Mary Frazer Livingston. They have had one son, Whitner Livingston Cary, who is now (1907) living. Mr. Cary's address is Lockhart, Union county, South Carolina. JAMES LIDE COKER COKER, JAMES LIDE, LL. D., manufacturer and finan- cier, was born at Society Hill, Darlington county, South Carolina, January 3, 1837. He was the son of Caleb and Hannah (Lide) Coker. His father was a merchant and planter, whose business was extensive. He held no public office except that of magistrate for his district. He was distinguished for integrity, close attention to business and for sound judgment. His family, and that of Mrs. Coker, were representatives of the highest type of character. On his paternal side, James Coker was descended from Thomas Coker, who came to South Carolina from Virginia about 1740. On his maternal side, his early ancestors in this country were John Holloway, who was born in Virginia in 1719, and whose parents are supposed to have come from England; and Robert Lide, who was born in Virginia in 1734 and was of Welsh descent. These all settled on the Pee Dee river, and their descendants are still numerous in that locality. Robert Lide was a major in Marion's celebrated brigade in the Revolution, was commissioner for the Cheraws in 1784, and the following year he was a justice in Darlington county. James Coker had no difficulties in obtaining an education, and the schools which he attended were of the best. He studied at Saint David's academy, Society Hill; the Arsenal academy; and at the South Carolina Military academy, known as the Citadel, 1853-57, but did not graduate. Later he attended the Harvard University Scientific school, in which he studied chem- istry and botany and attended lectures on zoology, in 1858, but did not take a degree. The active work of life was commenced in 1858, as a planter at Hartsville, South Carolina. His own personal preference determined the choice of his occupation. With his work of planting he, after the war, united that of merchant and carried on affairs until 1905. From 1874-81 he was a member of the firm of cotton factors known as Norwood & Coker, at Charleston, South Carolina. He also entered the banking business and engaged in manufacturing. He became president of the National Bank of Darlington, of the Bank of Darlington, and is now 70 JAMES LIDE COKEK president of the Bank of Hartsville. In the manufacturing line he has been president of the Carolina Fiber company, making paper from wood fiber, since 1890; president of the Southern Novelty company since 1899; was director of the Darlington Manufacturing company, 1885-1902; and director of the Harts- ville Cotton mills since 1902. On the opening of the War between the States he entered the Confederate service as captain of Company Gr, Ninth South Carolina infantry. In 1862-64 he was captain of Company E, Sixth South Carolina volunteer infantry, and 1864-65 was major of the same regiment. In 1863 he was so severely wounded as to be disabled for active military service, and was elected a member of the legislature, in which capacity he served for two years. He published (1899) "The History of Company E, Sixth South Carolina Volunteer Infantry," which is interesting to the sur- viving members of that company and their families, to the relatives of members who have died, and to the general reader; while it may be valuable to the future historian. Mr. Coker has been deeply interested in education, and, as it was his earnest desire that the facilities for study keep pace with the growth of the town, he urged the establishment of an advanced educational institution at Hartsville, and was practically the founder of the "Welsh Neck high school, which, with its strong faculty and hundreds of students, has become one of the principal centers of learning in that part of the state. On March 28, 1860, Mr. Coker was married to Susan Arm- strong Stout. Of their ten children, seven are now (1907) living. That in early manhood Mr. Coker chose a wide field for usefulness, and that his opportunities in that direction have been well improved, the present condition of Hartsville, as compared with its past, amply proves. When he commenced operations there in 1857 he had a plantation. There was a postoffice near by, and a few scattering houses — and that was all. In the Hartsville of today there are churches, academies, stores, facto- ries, banks, railroads, the telegraph and telephone, and a marked development of agricultural resources. The credit of the incep- tion of the plan of enlargement and improvement belongs to Mr. Coker, and, in a great measure, the conversion of the plan into tangible results has been due to the genius, the energy, the good judgment, and the business ability which he has displayed. JAMES LIDE COKER 71 / He has proved himself a patriot, an unselfish worker for the good of others, a man of high ideals and noble purposes, together with the graces of culture and piety. His achievements have been remarkable and his conspicuous success has been fully deserved. In recognition of his character and services, South Carolina university, when celebrating its Centennial, in 1905, conferred upon him the degree of LL. D. The postoffice address of Mr. Coker is Hartsville, Darlington county, South Carolina. CHARLES JONES GOLGOCK, JR. GOLCOCK, CHAELES JONES, JE., educator, principal of the Porter academy, of Charleston, South Carolina, was born in Beaufort district, South Carolina, on Jan- uary 17, 1852. His first American ancestor on the father's side, Doctor Henry Woodward, came from the Barbadoes; and inter- married with his descendants were men and women from England, Scotland, and others of French Huguenot stock. Captain John Colcock came from Essex, England, to Charlestown, South Carolina. Among the distinguished ancestors of Principal Colcock have been his father ; his great-grandfather, Charles J. Colcock, of the court of appeals of South Carolina, who was president of the bank of the state ; and Judge William Smith, of the supreme court of New York. His father was a planter, energetic, of rare good judgment, and of a high order of executive ability ; a magnetic personality such as exerts great influence in any city or community. He was the originator of many enterprises of a public nature. From 1861 to 1865 he was commander of the Third Military district, and colonel of the Third South Carolina cavalry. His mother (Mrs. Lucy O. Horton Colcock) was of English extraction. A most devout Christian, her influence on her son's character was marked. She died when he was eleven years old. Her early training left in him a "desire to do his utmost toward realizing her ambition for him"; and in the fulfilment of this desire he was constantly encouraged by his father. This home influence led him to pursue most assiduously his private studies. His own tastes, too, led him to study and reading; and he was especially interested in mathematics. Books of natural science and stories of adventure and history he enjoyed. After a few years of preparatory training he entered the Holy Communion Church institute in Charleston, taking the classical course ; was at the College of Charleston for two years ; and later he matriculated at Union college, Schenectady, New York, to pursue a course in civil engineering. From Union he „\r «\ V ft \rf \/v, £rs64^£ /i PHILIP ALBERT EMANUEL EMANUEL, PHILIP ALBEET, son of Simon and Maria Cochrane Emanuel, was born at Brownsville, Marlboro county, South Carolina, May 3, 1847. His father was a merchant and planter. For forty years he was captain of militia and postmaster of his village. He was noted for uprightness of character and business integrity. His political influence was weighty. He also exerted great influence in the religious circles of his community. At the time of his death he was deacon in the Baptist church of Brownsville. On his father's side, Mr. Emanuel's earliest known ancestors came to America from Eng- land ; on his mother's side, they were Scotch-Irish. The history of his mother's family is found in "Thomas's History of Marl- boro." Many of the relatives of his mother were distinguished in the Revolutionary war. From childhood, Philip Emanuel was subject to severe attacks of asthma. He was a lover of books from an early age, and a great reader of all kinds of literature and of science. His early life, until he was fourteen or fifteen years of age, was passed at Brownsville. He was reared on a farm and learned to plough and hoe, and also to keep his father's mercantile and post- office accounts. His mother's influence on his intellectual, moral and spiritual life was notable. Up to the beginning of the war young Emanuel studied in Brownsville academy and in a private school. These studies he followed with a course at Hillsboro Military academy. Through- out his course he read omniverously, devouring religious, politi- cal, philosophical, and scientific works, as well as other lighter reading. His reading taught him that an ambition to rise to the issues of life and meet them like a man is noble. This he has endeavored, step by step, to do, though conscious that his health and environment had placed limitations upon his probable success. He was among the leaders in forming a cadet company, rebelling, and leaving Hillsboro, North Carolina, Military insti- tute, for Charleston, South Carolina, in the late summer of 1863. That was the end of his schooling. 106 PHILIP ALBERT EMANUEL During the War between the States, Mr. Emanuel was a member of the Washington Light infantry, Company A, Hamp- ton legion, Gary's brigade, Army of Northern Virginia. After the surrender of Lee's army at Appomattox, in 1865, Mr. Emanuel began clerking for Francis Murphy, in Charleston, South Carolina. In 1876 he commenced the study of law on his plantation on John's Island. In February or March, 1877, he removed to Aiken, read law under D. S. Henderson a few months and, in 1877, was admitted to practice at the bar. However, he did not confine himself to the practice of law. He planted, and operated a cotton mill and gins on John's Island until 1877, his brand of cotton being regarded with favor in Europe. He was one of the founders of, and is now (1907) attorney for, the recently organized Farmers and Merchants Bank of Aiken, South Carolina. Mr. Emanuel has been a deacon and is now an elder in the Presbyterian church. He has never cared for political life as it has existed in South Carolina since 1877. He was a member of the State Democratic convention which sent delegates to Chicago to nominate Grover Cleveland. He has served as mayor of Aiken. During his term he helped to bring about the electric railway connection with Augusta, Georgia. His administration disentangled the finances of his city and placed its credit upon a solid basis. Mr. Emanuel has also been interested in practical science. He discovered that sulphate of aluminum and sulphur heated together in a closed retort produced a remarkably good quality of oxide of aluminum, and the sulphur could be recovered as sulphurous oxide (or acid gas). This process he patented about 1890. In 1898 he also patented in the United States and Europe improved galvanic batteries. In order to develop manufactures of products of Aiken county clays into alumina, he demonstrated in a laboratory the practicability of his method. The panic in 1893 compelled him to abandon his investigations, but, before doing so, he convinced himself that the clay mines of South Carolina would, in the future, become the basis of an immense investment of capital, the only problem being that of available fuel supply. Mr. Emanuel has been commander of Barnard E. Camp No. 84, United Confederate veterans, but declined reelection. He PHILIP ALBERT EMANUEL 107 has since been elected colonel of the regiment composed of all the camps of United Confederate veterans of Aiken county, South Carolina. He is a Democrat in politics. His relaxation is found in field sports of all kinds. His ideal in life has been not so much to shine in any profession as to make the most of the opportunity afforded by his environment to be a useful member of human society. He has been ambitious to make his life a success, but to be a good, rather than a great, man. His biogra- phy has been published by Garlington and others. On December 24, 1868, he married Miss Amelia Josephine Wilson, daughter of Major I. E. Wilson. His address is Aiken, South Carolina. vol i— s. c.-a JOHN GARY EVANS EVANS, JOHN GARY, lawyer, legislator, veteran of the Spanish war, ex-governor of South Carolina, was born at Abbeville, October 15, 1863. His father was Nathan George Evans, a soldier, who neither sought nor held any public office, and whose most marked characteristic his son declares to be that he was "a fighter." His mother was Ann Victoria Gary, and her son feels that her influence was strong upon his intel- lectual development and in his moral and spiritual life. A full genealogy of the Evans family has been compiled by James Evans, of Philadelphia. Passing his boyhood in a village, and possessed of fairly good health, he found his two strongest tastes and interests during childhood in books and fishing. While Governor Evans, like other boys who were born at about the time of the War between the States, was trained to the performance of "chores about the house," he does not think that this had any particular effect either way upon his character. By the easy circumstances of his family, the way to a liberal education was opened to him without the need of work by him for self-support. He was prepared for college at Cokesbury Conference school. He entered Union college at Schenectady, New York; but left that institution in his junior year. His habits of reading were already formed; and from his boyhood he had found especial delight in history, biography, and essays. The law as a profession was his own personal choice; and he began the study of law as a clerk in the office of his uncle, William T. Gary, in Augusta, Georgia. He was admitted to the bar of South Carolina in 1887, and settled in Aiken, South Carolina. In 1888 he was elected a member of the house of represen- tatives of South Carolina, and in 1890 he was reelected, from Aiken. In 1892 he was elected (still from Aiken) to the state senate, where he served for two years. In 1894 he was chosen governor of South Carolina, serving until 1897. In 1895 he was elected president of the State Constitutional convention. JOHN GARY EVANS 109 At the breaking out of the war with Spain, in 1898, Governor Evans was commissioned major in the United States volunteer service. He served on the staff of Major-General Keifer. Transferred to Havana, on the staff of Major-General Ludlow, he was placed in charge of the city government of Havana. He organized the first court after the American order in those islands. He was commissioned May 12, 1898, and was mustered out in May, 1899. He is a member of the Democratic party. He has been for years a director of the Bank of Aiken, and a director of the Carolina and Georgia railway. He is a Mason, a Knight of Pythias, a Woodman of the World, and a member of the Order of Eed Men. In college he was a member of the Delta Phi fraternity; and he is now a member of the Union College Alumni club, of the Delta Phi club, of the Waterbury club, and of the South Carolina Historical society. He is an attendant upon the services of the Episcopal church. His favorite modes of exercise and amusement are fish- ing, horseback riding, and planting and gardening. Governor Evans places the influence of his early home first in importance in shaping his later life. He says: "I came in contact there with men in active life who stimulated my ambi- tion, and with women who were proud of my successes. Private study was made necessary, and furnished the weapons for later contests." Questioned as to the source of his first strong impulse to win political prizes, he writes : "I was always ambitious. I entered politics from a deep sense of the injustice done my uncle, M. W. Gary, by the ring of politicians in South Carolina; but afterwards I became deeply interested in the problems which concerned us in our state." Governor Evans was married on December 15, 1897, to Miss Emily Mansfield Plume, daughter of David Scott Plume and Abbie Cameron Plume, of Waterbury, Connecticut. They have had one child. Their residence is Spartanburg, South Carolina. CLAUDIUS CYPRIAN FEATHERSTONE FEATHERSTONE, CLAUDIUS CYPRIAN, lawyer, and in 1898 candidate for governor of South Carolina, was born at Laurens, South Carolina, December 1, 1864. His father, J. C. C. Featherstone, was an attorney at law and a member of the legislature of South Carolina ; and his son speaks of him as characterized by "thoroughness and conscientiousness." The earliest American ancestors of the family were two brothers Featherstone, who emigrated from London to Virginia, settling in Culpeper county. His early years were passed in Anderson, South Carolina. In his boyhood he was trained to the performance of certain regular tasks which involved manual labor. His opportunities for study in school were restricted. He was compelled to leave the high school before graduation and to engage in work for self-support. When he was sixteen he entered a printing office and spent a year in learning that trade, but the fact that his father was a lawyer, and the vivid impression made upon him by scenes which he witnessed as a boy in the county court-house while court was in session, inclined him strongly to the study of the law. After a year in the printing office he became a clerk in a mercantile establishment, engaging in that occupation from the time he was seventeen until he was twenty. The study of law then engaged his attention and filled his time ; and after he was admitted to the bar he took up the practice of law at Laurens, South Carolina, in 1887. Mr. Featherstone has never held political office. He was a trustee of the graded schools of Laurens for 'a number of years, and in 1898 he was a candidate for governor of South Carolina. He failed of election by less than four thousand votes. In his political convictions and relations he has always been identified with the Democratic party, giving his hearty allegi- ance to the measures and the candidates of that organization. He is a member of the Methodist Church, South, and is steward of the Methodist church at Laurens, and superintendent of the Sunday school of that church. CLAUDIUS OTPHIAN FEATHERSTONE 111 On October 10, 1903, he married Miss Lura Lucretia Pitts. They have had three children, all of whom are living in 1907. Mr. Featherstone is a Mason, and a member of the Knights of Pythias. He finds amusement and exercise in horseback riding, hunting, and fishing. As suggestions to young Ameri- cans designed to promote their true success in life, he writes: "Honesty and perseverance and hard work are the requisites to success in life. My advice to young men is, be sober, honest and industrious. This will insure you true success. Without these virtues, success is not possible." The address of Mr. Featherstone is Laurens, South Carolina. JOHN FREDERICK FIGKEN FCKEN, JOHN FREDERICK, the only son of John Frederick and Rebecca (Beversen) Ficken, was born in Charleston, South Carolina, June 16, 1843. His parents were natives of Hanover, Prussia, who settled in Charleston early in the nineteenth century. His father was a merchant, who was highly successful, his probity and ability justly securing him universal esteem. The son, after having the advantages of the best private schools of his native city, matriculated as a student in the College of Charleston. The momentous struggle of the South for constitutional rights began during his collegiate course, and he was soon enrolled in the Confederate States army in the defence of his section, serving efficiently when needed at various times in the vicinity of Charleston and Georgetown, on Sullivan's Island, and at Fort Johnson in Charleston harbor. He subse- quently became a member of the German artillery, Company B, under command of Captain Franz Melchers, and served with that company at Battery White, near Georgetown, South Caro- lina. By a special order of the secretary of war, he, and other members of his college class, were for a few months detached from service in the field to enable them to complete their college course, being momentarily subject to recall. In the meanwhile they performed garrison duty in Charleston as occasion required. He was graduated from the College of Charleston with the degree of A. B., in 1864, and at once rejoined his command at Battery White, but his health from childhood being delicate, gave way, and he was detailed for duty at the headquarters of Major-General Samuel Jones, commanding the department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, and served in this position continuously under the several department commanders until the dissolution of the department by the conclusion of hostilities. The pious counsels of his devoted mother had a potent influ- ence with him in directing his energies. He was a close student, and fond of reading, his preference being for works of history. He early decided upon the profession of law, and after the close of the war he entered upon its study in the office of the late SI4*n vf "jMarfl Fu&Aal'nj Company. JOHN FREDERICK FICKEN 115. Colonel John Phillips, in Charleston. In 1869 he went abroad and took a course in civil law in the IMversiHsy of Berlin; returning to Charleston in 1370, he commenced the pjraotaic* of law. His ®fea mater, the College of Charleston, conferred on him the degree of Master of Arts the same year. In politics Mr. Ficken has been a consistent Democrat and constant in his advocacy of the best interests of his native state, his party, and his country as he held each. In 1877 he was elected a member of the house of represesMbaMves of (the state of South Carolina, in which he served continuously and acceptably until his resignation, in December, 1891, to enter upon the duties of mayor of Charleston, South Carolina, to which he had been elected for the term of four years, at the conclusion of which he declined to become a candidate for reelection. His administra- tion was a progressive one, his final review presenting the city as materially prosperous and in an improved financial condition. He has been a consistent member of the Lutheran church, with which his ancestors were identified. Of a social nature, he has cheerfully given his influence for good when he deemed it opportune. He is a member and an ex-president of the German Friendly society of Charleston, South Carolina, a time-honored organization founded in 1766. He is also prominent in the Masonic fraternity, having attained the thirty-third degree of the Scottish Kite. His determination, as he states it, "to be true to his own manhood, honest in all his dealings with others, and to strive for thoroughness in every work undertaken," has secured the legitimate result — success and the esteem of his fellow -citizens. He has served as a member of several State Democratic conventions, and was a member of the National Democratic convention which met at St. Louis, Missouri, in 1876, and which body nominated Samuel J. Tilden for the presidency of the United States. Mr. Ficken is president of the board of trustees of the College of Charleston, a trustee of Newberry college, of South Carolina, and of the Medical college of South Carolina. In 1902 he accepted the presidency of the South Carolina Loan and Trust company, which financial position he still (1907) holds, and also continues in the practice of his chosen profession as a member of the law firm of Ficken, Hughes & Ficken. 116 JOHN FEEDEBICK FICKEN Mr. Ficken has been twice married; first, on May 30, 1871, to Margaret B. Horlbeck, daughter of Henry Horlbeck, Esquire, of Charleston, South Carolina. She died in 1873, leaving one child, Henry Horlbeck Ficken, who is now associated with his father in the practice of law. Mr. Ficken married second, on January 12, 1887, Emma Julia Blum, only daughter of the late Colonel J. C. Blum, of Charleston, South Carolina. His address is 94 Rutledge avenue, Charleston, Charleston county, South Carolina. ALFRED HARRISON FOSTER FOSTEE, ALFRED HAEEISON, merchant and planter, was born in Union county, December 7, 1835, the son of Joseph Foster and Minerva Margery (Means) Foster. His father's occupation was that which the son has followed, merchandising and planting. The earliest known ancestor of the family in America was Eeginald Foster, who came from England and settled in Ipswich, Massachusetts, about 1638. One of his descendants, Abiel Foster (the grandfather of the subject of this sketch), was a graduate of Harvard college and a member of the house of representatives, and later of the senate of New Hampshire, and president of the senate; a member of congress from New Hampshire for several terms, and distinguished by the close personal friendship of General Washington. Abiel Foster was present when Washington resigned his commission in 1783, and his face is depicted in Trumbull's picture in the rotunda of the capitol at Washington. His great-grandson is now in possession of an exceptionally fine miniature of President Washington, which was given to Abiel Foster by General Wash- ington in token of esteem and friendship. Born in Union county, and passing his early life in village or country, Alfred Foster's education began at home and con- tinued in the country schools within his reach, was completed, so far as schools have educated him, by attendance upon the village academy of Spartanburg. He then became a clerk in his father's store and engaged with his father in the business of planting as well as store-keeping. When he was twenty-six the outbreak of the War between the States appealed strongly to his love of his own common- wealth; and he promptly volunteered (April 13, 1861), serving for a year as captain of Company F, Fifth South Carolina volunteers. He was then elected captain of Company D, r Pal- metto sharpshooters, and served as such during the remainder of the war. He took part in the first battle of Manassas, 1861, and in all the principal engagements of the Army of Northern Virginia excepting Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. He was with General Longstreet in his East Tennessee campaign. At 118 ALFRED HARRISON FOSTER Appomattox, April 9, 1865, at the time of the surrender, he was in command of his regiment. Three years after the war he began, in 1868, the business of merchandising at Union, South Carolina, which he has continued until the present time (1907). He has also been a planter duriog most of these years. He votes and acts with the Democratic party. By education he affiliates with the Presbyterian church. On August 31, 1876, he married Miss Hettie V. Brandon. They have had four children, of whom three are living in 1907. His address is Union, South Carolina. HUGH WILSON FRASER FASEE, HUGH WILSON, of Georgetown, South Caro- lina, constructing civil engineer, since 1903 cashier of the Peoples Bank of Georgetown, and since January 1, 1906, mayor of Georgetown, was born June 30, 1872, in the city where he still resides. His father, Samuel Sidney Fraser, was for years identified with the fire insurance business of that city, and served as chairman of the Democratic County committee in 1876, and was county treasurer from 1877 to 1882. His mother was Mrs. Sarah McLeod (Wilson) Fraser. His father's family was descended from John Fraser, who emigrated from Scotland about 1730 and settled in the Sumter district. The earliest known American ancestor of his mother's family was Hugh Wilson, a Huguenot exile from France, who settled in the Charleston district. Mr. Fraser is one of the group of well-educated young South Carolinians who, through their love of mathematics and out-of- door life, and their perception of the growing possibilities of commerce and manufacture in the South, have been led to choose the work of practical constructing engineers in helping to develop the natural resources of the New South. His early life was passed in the village of Georgetown, where the opportunities afforded by good schools were open to him; and from his very earliest boyhood he was exceptionally fond of reading. He attended the South Carolina Military academy, and was grad- uated in 1891 with the degree of Bachelor of Sciences, having done his best work as a student in mathematics, engineering and history. At once he took a place as rodman on the survey of the Norfolk, Wilmington and Charleston railway in North Caro- lina. As constructing engineer, he was engaged on the Florida Central and Peninsula railroad at Savannah, from 1893 to 1894. In 1895-96-97 he was engaged upon drainage work in Florida. During 1898-99 and 1900 he was in the United States Engineer service. From 1900 to 1903 he filled a position in railroad work in Georgia and Tennessee. On the 18th of April, 1900, Mr. Fraser married Miss Kathe- rine Parkhill, daughter of E. C. Parkhill, of Monticello, Florida. 120 HUGH WILSON FRASER They have had three children, all of whom are living in 1907. In 1903 he determined to establish himself at Georgetown, South Carolina, and he was elected cashier of the Peoples Bank of Georgetown, a position which he still fills. The people in his native town have shown their confidence in his ability and their kindly feeling toward him by electing him mayor for a term of two years from January, 1906. During his college course Mr. Fraser was a member of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity. He belongs to the Associated graduates of the South Carolina Military academy, and is a member of the Engineers' Association of the South. He is a Mason, a Knight of Pythias, and a member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. In his political party relations he is a Democrat. His religious affiliation is with the Protestant Episcopal church. He finds healthful exercise and recreation in walking and playing golf. He gives to young Americans as the keynote of success : "Work ! The majority of the younger gen- eration do not seem to understand that work is necessary." JOSEPH JOHN FRETWELL FETWELL, JOSEPH JOHN, son of Joseph Y. and Nancy Louisa Eussell Fretwell, was born at Anderson, South Carolina, March 21, 1849. His father was a farmer, a captain in the state militia prior to the war, and a man noted for honesty and truthfulness. In boyhood Joseph Fretwell was blessed with perfect health. He passed his early life in the country, amusing himself with outdoor sports, hunting, fishing, and riding, and also assisting in feeding stock on the farm and often working as a hand. He had little time for reading, but biographies of great men inter- ested him most. He attended an "old-field" country school, and later took a business course at Bryant and Stratton's college in Baltimore, graduating about 1874. After the close of the war, Mr. Fretwell's father, then over sixty years of age, turned over his farm to his son of sixteen, placing upon him the responsibility of making the crop with the help of three or four hands. He made and gathered two crops and was well contented with his work. But one day, while in the field gathering corn with a negro boy, a buggy drove up and .he was summoned to Anderson, a village of less than two thou- sand inhabitants, to clerk in a store. Upon his arrival he was employed as a helper in a general merchandise store, conducted by Mr. Sylvester Bleckley. Nothing was said about salary, but the youth entered upon the work before him with great interest and enthusiasm, working day and night with the determination to succeed. Five years later Mr. Bleckley made partners of three of his clerks, including young Fretwell. From that time the business flourished, and in the three years following the partners made considerable money. In the meantime Mr. Fretwell had mar- ried Miss Mary Catherine Bleckley, the second daughter of his former employer. He now asked for an increased share in the business, and from that time on the firm was composed of Messrs. Sylvester Bleckley, Elijah W. Brown and Mr. Fretwell, all equally interested. Fifteen years of business success followed, the trade becoming very large, when Mr. Brown withdrew from 124 JOSEPH JOHN FRETWELL the firm, leaving Messrs. Bleckley and Fretwell in charge. They now discontinued the sale of general merchandise, taking up live stock, vehicles and harness. For thirty years Messrs. Bleckley and Fretwell were in business together, their relations being most harmonious. Mr. Bleckley was a man of strong impulses, gen- erous, but a strict disciplinarian, hewing to the line. Coming from ancestors who were alike rigid in their ideas and honesty of purpose, Mr. Fretwell easily fell in with the business views of his senior partner ; and, since the death of the latter, has tried to follow, in every respect, his teaching and example. At the death of Mr. Bleckley, Mr. Fretwell, who was made his executor and the trustee of the Bleckley estate, bought out the interest of his deceased partner and continued in business. He organized the Peoples Bank of Anderson with a capital of one hundred thousand dollars, and was made its president. He is president of the Anderson Hardware company; a director of the Peoples Furniture company of Anderson, and of the Isa- queena Cotton mills at Central, South Carolina ; president of the Peoples Oil and Fertilizer company, the- Fretwell-Hanks com- pany, the Oconee County Kailway company, and of the Anderson Guaranty and Trust company, which he has recently organized. With one exception, Mr. Fretwell has taken an active part in promoting all the mills that have been organized in and around his city, subscribing to their capital stock and giving , them encouragement in other ways. The first cotton mill built in Anderson, the Anderson Cotton mill, was largely indebted to the interest taken by Mr. Fretwell's firm, and he was one of eight committeemen who laid the plans by which the mill was organized in one day's time. Mr. Fretwell has assisted many young men in taking part in different enterprises of his city and county, and is proud of their success. He has also assisted in all public enterprises of his town and county. He is not a club man, neither is he an officeholder, except that, in 1876, he was captain on Governor Hampton's staff. He owns the old homesteads of his father and grandfather, on one of which he is maintaining in comfort the old slave who "toted" him in childhood. Mr. Fretwell warns the young men of the South to avoid the use of whisky and tobacco in every form, and the practice of JOSEPH JOHN FEETWELL 125 lying. These three evils he regards as the curse of the country. "If," says he, "our Southern young men want to forge to the front in agriculture and manufacturing, they must learn to load light and come often." He advises close application to business, punctuality, honesty, and temperance. The liberation of the slaves meant, in his judgment, the liberation of the South. Having already accumulated more than a hundred thousand dollars, and being in a fair way to become a millionaire in the next ten years, Mr. Fretwell takes a pardonable pride in the degree of success he has achieved, and believes that, being the husband of a contented and happy wife, with a family of eight happy children, he can easily take the first place among his neighbors in true happiness. Mr. Fretwell is a Democrat in politics, and a Baptist in religion. His address is Number 737 Church street, Anderson, South Carolina. CHARLES MANNING FURMAN FUEMAN, CHAELES MANNING, soldier, planter, teacher, lawyer, and since 1893 professor of English literature in Clemson college, South Carolina, was born at Society Hill, Darlington county, South Carolina, July 8, 1840. His father, the Eeverend James Clement Furman, D. D., one of the most widely known Baptist ministers of the South, was president of Furman university, and was a member of the Seces- sion convention of his state. The earliest known ancestor of the family in America was John Furman, who came from England with Endicott and settled at Salem, Massachusetts, in 1628. Among his distinguished descendants, kinsmen of the subject of this sketch, may be named Eichard Furman, D. D., 1755-1825, the first president of the triennial Baptist convention, a leader in denominational education; and James Kincaid, the great- grandfather of Professor C. M. Furman, of Scotch-Irish descent, who settled in South Carolina before the Eevolutionary war, served as captain under General Marion; and after the war became a well-known planter and merchant, erecting the first cotton gin in South Carolina. To his mother, Harriet E. (Davis) Furman, he owes much, intellectually and spiritually. He writes: "She died when I was nine; she trained me very carefully in the practice of the duties of religion." His first nine years were passed in the country, then for three or four years he resided at Charleston; and afterward at Greenville, South Carolina. The circumstances of his father's family were such as to make the acquisition of an education easy for him ; and the traditions of the family were in favor of scholarship. He "never did a day's work with his hands, until he entered the army." In his boyhood he was fond of reading, and he has read widely all his life. Hunting had an engrossing interest for him in childhod and early manhood. He studied at the High school of Charleston, from 1851 to 1853; and he was graduated from Furman university in 1859. Choosing the profession of law, he read with the law firm of Whaley & Lord, at Charleston, until the war interrupted his studies. He entered the army, May 9, 1861, as a private in the fe^2;#;; : #;7* .'.■■ ■/.-■ i jlf§^;. ■eSB 1 ■ j^L i..-. .:;'■' . ■■ •:■:'■,'/■■ ■ :. ■ ■hi MiT 'BIj/, < W3| JraSn ifai.. />!0k^^m ^^^ H MI^^^Hijp&' ' i 1 1 " >c fli^ 1 llllllflllp^' '" W :rN ' '^fpll| 3fsn ajf ' 2£arr)c FubtisTvrvj Carnpairy A ■ ~WcL3hxngtan,U O AU^ - £^C-^_^^^Clr_, fl* U—L^l^ ■ £. A>. X CHARLES MANNING FUKMAN 129 Palmetto Guards, the Second South Carolina regiment, in which he served until January, 1863, when he was transferred by exchange to Earle's Light battery on the South Carolina coast. In July, 1863, he was elected lieutenant in Company H, Six- teenth South Carolina volunteers ; and shortly afterward he was promoted to the captaincy of the same company, remaining with that company until he was paroled after Johnston's surrender. After the war he was a farmer from 1865 to 1868; then as professor of mathematics at Bethel college, Bussellville, Ken- tucky, he taught from 1868 until 1877. From 1878 until 1892 he practiced law in Greenville, South Carolina. He was assistant United States attorney for South Carolina from 1886 to 1889. In 1893 he was elected professor of English literature at Clem- son college, South Carolina; and he still (1907) fills that chair. He has always been identified politically with the Demo- cratic party. In college he was a member of the Chi Psi fraternity. His denominational relations are with the Baptist church. His favorite forms of sport and relaxation are bird- hunting and trout-fishing. Professor Furman married Miss F. E. Garden, in February, 1864; and of their six children, four are now (1907) living. He married a second time, December 23, 1887, Miss Sallie Villi- pigue; and they have three children. Professor Furman, in suggesting to young Americans such views of American life as may be helpful toward success, writes : "I do not think that American life is different from any other, except that there are greater opportunities for making money. I think that dishonesty is our national sin. The two things all young men should guard against are 'graft' and drunkenness." His address is Clemson college, South Carolina. vol. i— s. a— 7 CHRISTOPHER SGHULZ GADSDEN GADSDEN, CHRISTOPHER SCHULZ, second vice- president of the Atlantic Coast Line railroad, was born in the town of Summerville, state of South Carolina, on the 15th day of August, 1834. He was the son of the Reverend Philip Gadsden and his wife, Susan Brantford Hamilton. His father was rector of the Protestant Episcopal church of St. Paul's, Summerville. His character was marked by the qualities of simplicity and piety. The ancestors of the Gadsden family in South Carolina were Thomas and Elizabeth Gadsden, who came from England in 1720 and settled in Charleston, South Carolina, Thomas Gadsden being the king's collector of customs. Among Mr. C. S. Gads- den's distinguished ancestors were Brigadier-General Christopher Gadsden of Bevolutionary fame, Bishop Gadsden of South Caro- lina, and General James Gadsden, who negotiated the Gadsden purchase when minister to Mexico. General James Gadsden was aid-de-camp to General Andrew Jackson in the Seminole war. Christopher Gadsden's physical condition in childhood was healthy and robust. His tastes were for laborious outdoor exer- cises, such as cutting trees and wood for family use, and the enjoyment of outdoor sports. Up to the age of fourteen he lived in Summerville, attending his father's school, and then went as a cadet to the South Carolina Military academies in Columbia and Charleston. Graduating at the age of eighteen at the South Carolina Military academy, he joined a party of engineers engaged in railroad surveying in Mississippi, Ohio, and other parts of the West. In 1854 he returned to South Carolina and was employed in early surveys of the Charleston and Savannah railroad, now a portion of the Atlantic Coast Line railroad; and on completion of this line, took charge of the surveys of what was then the Port Royal railroad, now the Charleston and Western Carolina railroad. He was engaged in this survey and construction up to and including the War between the States. During that war Mr. Gadsden was in the military service for a short time along the coast of South Carolina, but upon urgent representations as to the necessity of the construction of the CHRISTOPHER SCHU1Z GADSDEN 131 Port Royal railroad for the purpose of coast defence, returned to the construction of said road, and was thus employed when Sherman's march through South Carolina terminated all enter- prises of this character. Mr. Gadsden's mother was of a strong intellectual and moral character, and had large influence upon the development of the life and character of her son. His father's means were limited, and he, therefore, accepted a beneficiary cadetship of the South Carolina Military academy. The thorough mathematical train- ing obtained by him at that academy fitted him for the pursuit of civil engineering in connection with the railroad work referred to above. He was graduated fifth in a class of nineteen at the South Carolina Military academy in 1852. He was largely influ- enced in the choice of his profession in life by General James Gadsden, his uncle, then president of the South Carolina railroad and afterwards minister to Mexico. On the 9th day of May, 1861, he married Florida I. Morrall. Seven children have been born to them, of whom four are now (1907) living. The main influences which have impressed themselves upon Mr. Gadsden's career have been, first and foremost, the influence of his home life; next, the exacting discipline of military train- ing, and the association in railroad service with men of high and strong character. After the close of the war, Mr. Gadsden was again associated with the Charleston and Savannah railroad in its reconstruction, then was in charge of it as superintendent for thirty-four years. Afterwards, in the consolidation of the Plant System and the Atlantic Coast Line railroads, he occupied the positions, respectively, of vice-president and president of different sections, and finally as second vice-president of the consolidated railroads known as the Atlantic Coast Line System. He has held various public positions, having been an alder- man of the city of Charleston for twenty successive years, and chairman of the board of visitors of the South Carolina Military academy. Mr. Gadsden's life has been mainly devoted to rail- road construction and management, but he has found time to give much thought and labor to current local, municipal, and state affairs, and has rendered great service to his native city in these regards. He is a member of the association of the Sons of the Eevolution, being president of the South Carolina branch, 132 CHRISTOPHER SCHULZ GADSDEN and is also vice-president of the Alumni association of the South Carolina Military academy. He is a member of the Protestant Episcopal church. Outdoor exercises on horseback and in walk- ing have been his special modes of relaxation. He believes that the true principle of success in life is to be careful in the selection of one's life work, and to be constant in carrying out the object selected. His own career is a striking example of the soundness of this philosophy. The address of Mr. Gadsden is Number 64 Hasell street, Charleston, South Carolina. GEORGE WILLIAMS GAGE GAGE, GEORGE WILLIAMS, lawyer, was born Feb- ruary 4, 1856, near Fair Forest, Union county, South Carolina. His parents were Eobert J. and Martha (Williams) Gage. His father was a planter who was noted for his kindness of heart, clearness of intellect, and sound judgment. In 1835 he was a member of the general assembly from Union, and in 1863 he served on the board of visitors of the South Carolina Military academy. His mother, though an invalid nearly all of her life, was a woman of fine intellectual endow- ments, remarkable social charms, and deep piety. She was a great help to her children in their studies, even after they reached the higher grades, and was kind and helpful to all to whom she could render service. The first paternal ancestor in this country was John Gage, who came from Coleraine, Ireland. His father was Robert Gage, who lived and died in the old country. John Gage located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1800, and two years later removed to Union, South Carolina. He was the father of Robert J. Gage. On the maternal side, the first ancestor in America was Richard Williams, who came from Glamorganshire, Wales, and was living in Taunton, Mas- sachusetts, in 1637. Edward Williams, father of Martha Wil- liams Gage, was fifth in the line of descent from him. For a long period this branch of the Williams family resided in Maine, and several of its members were prominent in public affairs. In childhood and youth George Gage lived in the country. His health was delicate, but his tastes were for outdoor work and sport, and being much in the open air gave him increased bodily vigor. The devastation caused by the War between the States placed the family in limited circumstances, and made it necessary for him, at a comparatively early age, to take up the various kinds of work which a boy on the farm is able to per- form. This experience taught him "the value of doing things for one's self," and proved of great benefit in later years. From 1864 to 1871 he attended the inferior schools which at that time the country supplied. In the year last named he entered Wofford college, from which institution he was graduated in the summer 134 GEORGE WILLIAMS GAGE of 1875 with the degree of A. B. In the following October he entered the employ of the Carolina Savings Bank, Charleston, South Carolina, where he remained for three years. Afterward he studied law at Vanderbilt university, from which institution he was graduated in 1880 with the degree of LL. B. In this course he also won the "Founder's Medal" for scholarship in law. Immediately after his graduation he opened a law office in Chester, South Carolina. For a time he was associated with his uncle, by marriage, the late Giles J. Patterson, and the late T. C. Gaston, and afterward for several years with J. K. Henry. His natural ability, thorough preparation, and excellent judg- ment, soon won for him a large and lucrative practice. In 1898 he was elected circuit judge, which office he still holds, having been reelected by the legislature in 1906. The political honors that have come to him are those of member of the Chester City council, 1884; presidential elector, 1888; member of the State Constitutional convention, 1895, and member of the State legis- lature, 1897. His principal difficulties in acquiring an education came from the necessity of strict economy. During the five years in college his expenses were only eleven hundred dollars. The books which he has found most helpful in fitting him for and aiding him in the work of life, he names as the Bible, works on history, psychology, biography, and law. His first strong impulses to strive for the prizes he has won came from his admission to college at the age of fifteen and a day spent in a court room at Spartanburg about 1873. He was left free to choose his profession, and his purpose to study law was formed during his second year in college. In estimating the relative strength of various influences which have helped him in attain- ing success, he names those of home first. He states that his mother exerted a strong and inspiring influence upon his life, and that his parents had almost constantly at their country home men and women of culture and character. Next came the influ- ence of college, especially for its bringing him into contact with Doctor Carlisle, who then became, and who still remains, a great force in his life. Since marriage, his wife has been most encour- aging and helpful. Judge Gage has never joined any fraternal order or social club, finding his best entertainment with his family, his books, GEORGE WILLIAMS GAGE 135 and his friends. In politics he is a lifelong Democrat. His religious affiliation is with the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. He has never paid attention to athletics, but he enjoys horseback riding as a means of exercise and relaxation. His public services have been largely in the line of efficient and fruitful efforts to improve the streets, secure and maintain public utilities, keep the schools of his town to a high standard, and to strengthen the church with which he is identified. He is quick to see the merits of a case, and he states his views concisely and convincingly. Though never attempting to force his opinions upon others, he is free to state his convictions at suitable times, and he does so without regard to their effect upon his popularity. When they are in the right, he is always ready to take the part .of the weak, and he cheerfully commends good conduct of the obscure and unknown. In order to help young people who may read his biography, Judge Gage says that any falling short of what he had hoped to do in life has been due to "the failure to always realize that the prizes of life lie in 'this day.' " On December 21, 1881, Judge Gage was married to Janie, daughter of Captain J. Lucius and Margaret Hemphill Gaston, thus becoming allied with some of the oldest and most highly honored families of the South. Of their seven children, six are living in 1907. The home of the family is in Chester, South Carolina. thomas Mcdowell gilland GILLAND, THOMAS McDOWELL, lawyer, ex-member of the house of representatives, and for a term, from 1884, solicitor of the third circuit, was born in Oakley, Chester county, South Carolina, July 6, 1848. He is a son of Rev. James R. Gilland, a Presbyterian minister and a teacher, at one time professor in Davidson college. He was born in the home of his grandfather, Dr. W. S. Gibbes. His mother, Mrs. Mary Caroline (Gibbes) Gilland, was a daughter of Dr. Wilmot S. Gibbes, a granddaughter of Chan- cellor DeSaussure, and a descendant of Robert Gibbes, chief justice of South Carolina in 1708. His father, who was and is a practical teacher as well as a preacher, prepared him for college. His son writes: "It was while I was under my father's training that I acquired a con- tempt for all meanness and prevarication which has followed me I trust as a characteristic throughout my life." At the time when he would naturally have entered college, the breaking out of the War between the States, and the call of his state for the service of its old men and its boys, took him into the South Carolina state troops, where he served as first lieutenant of his company. At the close of the war there was little opportunity for well-paid employment, and he continued at home prosecuting his studies. In 1866 he taught school for a year in the lower part of Richland county, and in this year saved enough money to take him to college. In 1867 he entered the South Carolina university, and continued a student there for one year — as long a time as the funds at his disposal would support him. He then taught school for a year in Franklin county, Pennsylvania. The next year he taught at Hagerstown, Maryland ; and while teach- ing he began the study of law in the office of Major Henry Kyd Douglas, formerly a member of the staff of General Stonewall Jackson, by whom Mr. Gilland was prepared for the bar. Returning to South Carolina in the early part of 1870, he took up his residence for the practice of law at Kingstree, in Williamsburg county. In 1880 he was elected to the house of representatives from that county, serving for one term. In 1884 thomas m'dowell gilland 137 he was elected solicitor of the third circuit and served? for one term. In 1895 he was a member of the Constitutional convention called to prepare an amended constitution for the state of South Carolina. He is allied with the Democratic party. By religious con- viction he is connected with the Presbyterian Church, South. On April 1, 1877, he married Miss Louise Brockinton. They have had eight children, two of whom died in infancy, while six are living in 1907. The oldest son of the family, having taken an academic course and a professional course in law at the South Carolina college, is now associated with his father in the practice of law. His address is Kingstree, Williamsburg county, South Caro- lina. JOHN LYLES GLENN GLENN, JOHN LYLES, lawyer and banker, was born in the country, where the present village of Lowryville stands, Chester county, South Carolina, April 26, 1858. His parents were Ephraim Lyles and Louisa Holmes (Carter) Glenn. His father was a physician in Chester county for many years. He was successful in his profession, and by his high character and kindly disposition won the confidence and esteem of those who knew him. His health becoming impaired, he removed to York county, South Carolina, and gave most of his time to the cultivation of a farm. The earliest ancestors of the family to settle in this country came from the north of Scotland. Of these, Nathan Glenn, who lived in Cumberland county, Vir- ginia, about 1735 bought a large tract of land along Broad river in what is now Union county, South Carolina. His brother, James, purchased a tract on the other side of the river, now Chester county. The Glenn family was well represented in the war of the Revolution. James Glanton Glenn, a son of Spillsbey Glenn, and grandson of Nathan Glenn, just named, married Eliza Lyles, and from this marriage was born Dr. Ephraim Lyles Glenn, the father of John Lyles Glenn. Eliza Lyles was a daughter of Ephraim Lyles, who was a son of Colonel Aromanus Lyles, of the Eevolution. The Lyles were among the earliest settlers along Broad river, and one of the family, Aromanus, who was born in 1748, was the first white male child born in Fairfield county. He reached the rank of colonel in the Eevolution. The family has long been prominent in public affairs. The Carter family, into which the father of the subject of this sketch mar- ried, settled in Maryland, but about the time of the Revolution they removed to Chester county, South Carolina, and have always been respected and influential. In childhood and youth John Lyles Glenn was well and strong. His home life was pleasant; and though she died when he was only thirteen years of age, his mother exerted a powerful and enduring influence upon him for good. Among other things, she helped him to overcome a naturally indolent disposition. At that time the schools in his neighborhood were very poor, and he WbaMnalonJl.L JOHN LTLES GLENN 141 had to change schools or teachers every year. Because of this his early education was defective. He succeeded, however, in preparing for and securing admission to Wofford college. He took the full course of study in this institution and was grad- uated therefrom, with the degree of A. B., in 1879. Having read law for a year in the office of Patterson & Gaston, in Chester, South Carolina, he then studied for one year, 1880-81, in the law department of Vanderbilt university. In the fall of the year last named he commenced the practice of law in Chester, South Carolina, which he has continued with great success. For a number of years he has given a large part of his time to railroad and other corporation cases, in which line he takes a high rank among the lawyers in his state. He has long been district counsel for the Seaboard Air Line railway, and attorney for the Lan- caster and Chester railway and for local cotton mills. Mr. Glenn was associated in the first years of his practice with T. E. McLure, Esquire, the firm being Glenn & McLure. This partnership was dissolved by the untimely death of Mr. McLure. Mr. Glenn then practiced alone until the formation of the firm of Glenn & McFadden in 1894, S. E. McFadden, Esquire, being the junior member of the firm. This firm is one of the best known and most successful in upper South Carolina. For some years prior to 1903, in which year he became its president, he was a director and the attorney for the Exchange Bank of Chester, South Carolina. He has always taken a deep interest in the welfare of his town and state. For several years he was chairman of the board of trustees of public schools in Chester and did much to elevate the character and increase the efficiency of these schools. He was chairman of the commis- sioners of public works when water, sewerage and electric lights were installed in Chester. He was active in the building and improvement of the church of which he is a member. He was a member of the Constitutional convention of 1895, and is now (1907) a trustee of Wofford college. In 1898 he was elected to the state senate, but at the end of the term he declined a reelection. In regard to the influences, aside from those of home, which helped him greatly in his struggle for success, Mr. Glenn says that entering college was a turning point for the better in his life. It awakened an ambition to do something in the world, 142 JOHN LYIiES GLENN and the faculty of Wofford college did much to help him. In the choice of a profession he was free to follow his own inclination. He has never taken a course in physical culture, but finds plenty of exercise and recreation in looking after the affairs of his farm. When in college he joined the Chi Phi fraternity, and he is now a member of the Blue Lodge and Chapter Masons, at Chester. In politics he has always been a Democrat. His religious con- nection is with the Methodist Episcopal church, of which he is an active and efficient member. In response to a request for suggestions which will help young Americans to win success in life, he says : "Too many desire and expect success without being willing to work sufficiently for it. They expect that which they do not really deserve. They are not willing to labor and wait. They expect results too quick." Mr. Glenn is a man of strong convictions, but he is always tolerant of the opinions of others. On April 26, 1883, Mr. Glenn was married to Miss Alice Hall. Of their nine children, eight are now (1907) living. Mrs. Glenn, on her father's side, is a descendant of the Halls of Fair- field, and, on her mother's side, of the Hardins of Chester. The postoffice address of Mr. Glenn is Chester, South Caro- lina. J JAMES PLEASANT GOSSETT GOSSETT, JAMES PLEASANT, son of Pleasant Tollison and Elizabeth (Steen) Gossett, was born at Rich Hill, Spartanburg county, South Carolina, September 23, 1860. His father was a planter and breeder of live stock; a Jeffersonian Democrat of the old school ; and a firm believer and advocate of the doctrine of "states rights and a general govern- ment of carefully defined powers." According to tradition, the family is of Norman origin, and were strong Protestants. A branch settled in France, but took refuge in England upon the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. Mr. Gossett's paternal great great-grandfather, John Gossett, is supposed to have descended from this family and to be related to the family of the same name now in England. He came to America just prior to the Revolution and settled in Virginia. In 1777 he enlisted in the Continental army and served throughout the war. The name "Steen," the mother's family name, is Scandinavian and indicative of solidity and strength of character. The early possessors of the name lived in Norway and Denmark, one being an officer in the army of Gustavus Adolphus at the time he invaded Germany to rescue the Protes- tants from the tyranny of the house of Hapsburg. Mr. Gossett's maternal great great-grandfather, James Steen, was born in Ire- land, near "The Vow" in County Antrim, Province of Ulster, about 1734. He came to America about 1755, and settled in Union district, South Carolina, where he married. He fought in the Revolution and was killed in the battle of King's Mountain, October 7, 1780. The Steens are Scotch-Irish, and have a family crest, or coat-of-arms, which has been in use for more than two hundred and fifty years. Its rightful color is Presbyterian true-blue, which symbolizes fidelity. It represents the fabled Phoenix bird rising from its own ashes, with extended wings ready to fly away — an emblem of faith in God and hope of immortality. They also have a genealogical history which runs back for several hundred years and includes the celebrated Dutch painter, Jan 146 JAMES PLEASANT GOSSETT Steen, whose paintings are on exhibition at the Royal Museum and Picture Gallery at The Hague. Young Gossett was brought up in the country ; he was strong and robust, and fond of athletic sports of all kinds. His father, at the time of his son's birth, was a prosperous planter and slave owner, but he lost all in the war. The mother died in 1869 and the father in 1870, leaving eight children. Their property was sold at ruinous prices to satisfy pressing debts, in consequence of which the children were left homeless. This was during the trying days when the state was overrun by the negro and the carpetbagger, then by the Kuklux Klan, and later by the Federal troops; each, at such times, thought first of himself, and little provision was made for the destitute. There were no charitable institutions in which the orphans could take refuge and they were scattered among neighbors and relatives. James was assigned to Eli Bryant, a farmer, near Glendale, Spartanburg county, to work until twenty-one years of age, at which time he was to receive "a horse, bridle and saddle, and $50 bounty," with no mention made as to the quality of the horse. The old man was unlearned, but a hardy and rugged yeoman, who, by hard labor and economy, had accumulated means. He rose before day, and, with plow in the field, waited for light to run the furrow. Here he remained until the stars came out at night. The boy was with him, learning all kinds of farm work. He loved work and the fields, but longed for books and school. These, to the old man, were vain and hurtful. Realizing that if he were ever to be more than "a hewer of wood and drawer of water" it must be by his own efforts, the boy pressed the old man time and again either to send him to school or release him. Both alter- natives being refused, James deliberately and openly left, without a change of clothing or a cent in his pocket. He finally settled at Colerain, Union county, with C. P. Brown, an old friend of his father, who paid young Gossett seventy-two dollars, with "board and washing," for his first year's work. Mr. Brown was a prosperous merchant and planter and encouraged the boy's ambition for an education. He aided him in saving, in three years, one hundred dollars, with which sum the youth, on Jan- uary 1, 1878, entered the high school at Pacolet, South Carolina, under Professor L. B. Haynes. Though eighteen years old, James was assigned to class work with children of ten and JAMES PIJSASANT GOSSETT 147 twelve; but his determination to succeed overcame all obstacles. He bought provisions, hired his cooking done, and paid his own way with the proceeds of his earlier savings and of cotton raised while in school. In his teachers, especially Professor John G. Clinkscales, he found fast friends. In 1880 he secured a first grade certificate to teach in Spartanburg county, and taught for three months with complete success. He then accepted a position as salesman in the store of Eogers & Clinkscales, remaining during 1880-81. In 1882 he accepted the position as salesman and traveling agent with Wilkins, Poe & Company, of Green- ville, South Carolina, remaining until 1886, when he entered the service of William Brice & Company, wholesale hardware mer- chants of New York City, as traveling salesman. Upon the death of Mr. Brice, in the fall of 1887, Mr. Gossett went with the Bay State Shoe and Leather company, of New York City, traveling for them until 1902. He assisted in the organization of the Williamston Oil and Fertilizer company, and served as its president from 1895 to 1902. In 1899 he organized the Bank of Williamston, and became its president January 1, 1900. He also became president and treasurer of the Williamston mills December 14, 1901, both of which positions he still holds. In 1876 he was a member of the "Red Shirt" organization, which overthrew negro domination and reestablished white supremacy. Mr. Gossett is a Master, Royal Arch, and Council Mason, a member of the South Carolina Bankers association, the South Carolina Traffic association, the Cotton Manufacturers Associa- tion of South Carolina, the American Cotton Manufacturers association, and the American Asiatic association. Mr. Gossett was married on November 20, 1883, to Miss Sallie Acker Brown, the eldest daughter of Doctor Benjamin Franklin and Sallie Wideman Brown. Eight children have been born to them, five of whom are now (1907) living. Mr. and Mrs. Gossett reside at "The Oaks," their home, in the beautiful little town of Williamston, South Carolina. ROBERT PICKET HAMER HAMEE, EOBEET PICKET, of Dillon, Marion county, South Carolina, planter, and president of the Hamer Cotton mills, was born at Little Eock, Marion county, on the 15th of September, 1838. His father was a planter, a magistrate, a commissioner of public buildings, and a man whose whole life was characterized by an interest in good citizenship, Eobert Cockran Hamer. His mother, Mary Bethea Hamer, died when her son, Eobert P. Hamer, was but one year old ; and one of his aunts cared for him through his boyhood. His father's family were of English descent, and the first American ancestors of whom they have a record settled in Maryland. His boyhood was passed in the country ; and the poor health which he knew as a little child led him to delight in the out-of- door life of a plantation, particularly in the live stock, and, most of all, in horses. It was part of the wise plan of his father always to keep the boy employed, certain duties about the home and the farm inculcating orderly habits and giving to him, even in the early years of his boyhood, a sense that he was trusted by his father and that he was of use. He attended the Little Eock academy; but his health con- tinued so delicate that his father was unwilling to allow the son to attend college. He began the active business of life for himself in planting and farming in 1859. Before he had reached middle life he became a large and prosperous land owner, owning nearly three thousand acres of desirable land, and cultivating about eight hundred acres, while some six hundred acres are in pasture land, and fourteen hundred acres are of fine timber. From eighteen acres of his cotton land he recently gathered three thousand six hundred pounds of seed cotton per acre in one year's crop. As a planter, Mr. Hamer has interested himself in varied agriculture, peas, forage, corn and fodder, sharing his attention with cotton ; while thoroughbred horses and Jersey cattle receive a share of his attention. After attaining decided success as a farmer, Mr. Hamer interested himself in banking and manufacturing. He is a direc- ROBERT PICKET HAMER 149 tor of the Merchants and Farmers Bank, of Marion, South Carolina, and he is president of the Hamer Cotton mill. He has never offered himself as a candidate for public office, although his fellow-citizens have frequently requested him to do so. He has contented himself with the practical service which he could render to the public interests of his community as commissioner of roads and as school trustee. During the War between the States he saw a year of service as a private in the Confederate army. He is connected with the Democratic party, and declares that he has never changed his allegiance, "unless the avowed advocacy of Cleveland as a can- didate should be considered a change from Democracy." Mr. Hamer is also a member of the order of Masons. He is connected with the Methodist church. He has found sufficient exercise and amusement, he says, "in his daily business"; and following diversified pursuits as he has done in combining farming with manufacturing and banking, it is evident that the relaxation which comes from a change in the kind of effort put forth is made possible in the routine of Mr. Hamer's daily business. He was married to Miss Sallie D. McCall on the 31st of October, 1859. They have had fourteen children, nine of whom are living in 1907. Vol. I-S. 0.-8 ALEXANDER GHEVES HASKELL HASKELL, ALEXANDEE CHEVES, soldier, lawyer, jurist, financier, and business executive, was born in the Abbeville district, South Carolina, on September 22, 1839, the son of Charles Thomson and Sophia L. (Cheves) Haskell. He is the scion of an old American family of English origin, which antedated the Eevolutionary era. Elnathan Has- kell came to South Carolina with General Howe when he took command at Charleston, and left the army with the rank of major, subsequently settling in St. Matthew's parish, near Fort Mott, South Carolina. Here he married Charlotte Thomson, a daughter of Colonel William Thomson, who commanded the Carolinian Eifle rangers, organized in the state in 1775. Major Haskell's death took place on December 21, 1825, at Zantee, his country estate in Orangeburg district, South Carolina. Among the children of Major Haskell was Charles Thomson Haskell, father of Alexander Cheves Haskell, who was born in 1802. The elder Haskell was a prominent planter, and gained a wide celebrity in many portions of the state for his hospitality, genial companionship, and many other excellent traits of char- acter. For a number of years he served in the South Carolina house of representatives, and was generally active in the public life of the state. On December 1, 1830, he married Sophia L. Cheves, daughter of Langdon Cheves, of Charleston, South Caro- lina, and they had a family of ten children, of whom Alexander C. was the sixth in order of birth. In early years, as was the custom in the best Southern fam- ilies, Alexander Haskell was educated at home under private instructors. When about fifteen years of age he attended a school for some time at Charleston, South Carolina. In 1856 he entered South Carolina college, at Columbia, from which he was gradu- ated with high honors in 1860. Among his classmates was T. M. Logan, who subsequently rose to the rank of brigadier-general in the Confederate army, and left a noble record of conspicuous service. On January 3, 1861, young Haskell enlisted as a private in Company D, First regiment, South Carolina Volunteer infantry, HH>oMoIC ALEXANDER CHEVES HASKELL 153 under the command of Colonel Maxcy Gregg. The original term of enlistment for the regiment was six months, but at the expi- ration of that time it was reorganized, and Mr. Haskell was appointed adjutant, which rank he retained until November, 1861. At that time Colonel Gregg was advanced to brigadier- general, and Adjutant Haskell received appointment as his chief of staff with the rank of captain, continuing in this position until the death of General Gregg at Fredericksburg, Virginia, in 1862. He continued on staff service under General Gregg's successor, General Samuel McGowan, and also under General Abner Perrin. In March, 1864, he was appointed colonel of the Seventh South Carolina cavalry, and continued in command of that regiment until the surrender of General Lee's forces at Appomattox. On this occasion he was detailed by General Wil- liam H. F. Lee to surrender the Confederate cavalry to General Merritt of the Federal army. During his years of military service, Colonel Haskell saw active duty from Sullivan's Island to Appomattox. He was engaged in the battles of Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Chancel- lorsville, Cold Harbor, and many other important engagements incident to the campaigns in which his command took part. At the battle of Malta-dequeen Creek, in May, 1864, he was seriously wounded, and still carries the ball. He was also wounded and left on the field among the dead at Darbytown, near Eichmond, on October 7, 1864. Previously he had sustained wounds at Fredericksburg, on December 12, 1862, and at Chancellorsville, in May, 1863. Upon his return from the army at the close of the war, Colonel Haskell began his civic career as a school teacher at Abbeville, South Carolina. In connection with his duties as schoolmaster, he simultaneously took up the study of law, which profession he had decided to follow. In December, 1865, he was admitted to the South Carolina bar, and in the same year was elected to the lower house of the state legislature from his native county. He served two years in this body, during which time he also pursued the practice of law, and at the end of the term was elected judge of the district court at Abbeville. He had just fairly entered upon his judicial duties when he was elected to a professorship of law in South Carolina university, at Columbia. Consequently, he resigned the judgeship in September of the 154 ALEXANDER CHEVES HASKELL same year to enter upon his professorship. He held the chair of law until July, 1868, when he was made a presidential elector,, and took an active part in the state campaign in behalf of the Democratic national ticket, with great credit to himself and important results to the party. At the close of this campaign he opened a law office in Columbia, and shortly thereafter associated himself in the prac- tice of his profession with Joseph D. Pope, a partnership which lasted until December, 1877. In the last named year he was- elected associate justice of the supreme court of South Carolina,, and during a career of two years on the bench gained much distinction for his wide legal learning as well as for his distinct, judicial qualities. Two years before the expiration of his term on the bench he resigned to accept the presidency of the Char- lotte, Columbia and Augusta railroad. This office he held until 1889. Meanwhile, in 1883, he was elected president of the Colum- bia and Greenville railroad, which has subsequently merged with the former company. In his administration of these roads he' exhibited a high order of executive ability, and showed himself" to be a skillful financier. When they passed under a new owner- ship he became the chief leader in the organization of the Loan and Exchange Bank of South Carolina, to the presidency of which he was elected in 1886. He remained at the head of this bank until 1897. In December of that year he effected the con- solidation of the Loan and Exchange Bank with the Canal Bank,, the latter going into liquidation, and its president, Mr. Edwin W. Robertson, becoming president of the Loan and Exchange- Bank, with capital raised to $150,000. In 1902 the Central National Bank of Columbia, capital $100,000, was absorbed by the Loan and Exchange Bank, the capital of the latter being raised to $300,000. In July, 1903, the bank was converted into- the National Loan and Exchange Bank of Columbia, with a capital of $500,000. Since his resignation as president in 1897,. Judge Haskell has been vice-president, and still occupies that position in the National Bank. During the memorable campaign of 1876, Judge Haskell was chairman of the Democratic State Executive committee, and his part in the politics of the state was commendable both for wis- dom and generalship. At its close, when the dispute over the ALEXANDER CHEVES HASKELL 155 governorship had reached an acute stage, he was chosen to repre- sent the state at Washington to secure the recognition by the Federal authorities of General Wade Hampton as governor. After six weeks of unremitting effort, General Hampton was recognized and popular government vindicated through his per- sistence, ability and tactful conduct of the situation. From 1887 to 1889 he was, through appointment by President Cleveland, one of the directors on behalf of the United States government of the Union Pacific railroad, and was chairman of the com- mittee which originally reported the plan followed in the final adjustment of the relations growing out of the situation. He was in this capacity associated with Mark Hanna, Judge Savage, Franklin H. McVeagh, and Frederick E. Coudert, as government directors. In 1890 he led the opposition to Governor B. E. Tillman, and received the nomination for governor as a protest against the issues of that well-known gubernatorial campaign. Judge Haskell has achieved notable success in several fields of endeavor. He is a brilliant lawyer, a capable jurist, an expe- rienced financier, a strong executive and organizer, a forceful advocate, whether of the cause of a client or the larger issues of the people, and he made an excellent record on the field of battle. He has been twice married. First, on September 10, 1861, to Eebecca C. Singleton, daughter of John and Mary Singleton, of Eichland county, South Carolina, who died on June 20, 1862, leaving one daughter; and second, on November 23, 1870, to Alice V. Alexander, daughter of A. L. and Sarah H. Hillhouse Alexander, of Washington, Georgia, and sister of General E. P. Alexander, of Savannah. By his second marriage he had ten children, all of whom are now (1907) living. His second wife died on October 29, 1902. His address is Columbia, Eichland county, South Carolina. JOHN GHEVES HASKELL HASKELL, JOHN CHEVES, lawyer, planter, and legis- lator, was bom on a plantation in Abbeville county, South Carolina, October 21, 1841. His parents were Charles Thomson and Sophia Lovell (Cheves) Haskell. His father was an energetic and industrious man, of imperious dispo- sition, who owned and successfully managed a large plantation. Although he did not seek public life, he served for two years as a member of the state legislature. His mother was a daughter of Langdon Cheves, whose father came from Scotland and whose grandfather was a banker near Glasgow. Langdon Cheves removed to Charleston, South Carolina, and practiced law there with great success until he was elected to congress, where he served as chairman of the Ways and Means committee and suc- ceeded Henry Clay as speaker of the house, in which position he served for two terms. Later he became president of the Bank of the United States. After several years' service in this capacity he resigned and accepted the position of chairman of the com- mittee under the treaty of Ghent. Later he became judge of the circuit court of South Carolina. After resigning from this position he removed to Georgia, where he became a successful planter. The earliest ancestors of the family to come to this country were named Thomson, who came from Wales and settled in Massachusetts. Some members of the family were prominent in the war of the Revolution. One of them came to South Carolina with General Gates, married and made his home in Charleston, and conducted farming operations on a large scale in Orangeburg county. Until he was seventeen years of age, John Haskell lived on his father's plantation in Abbeville county. He attended the local schools and then entered the famous school of Searle, Miles and Sachtleben, in Charleston, where he was prepared for college. His favorite books were works on history and biography — especially Plutarch's Lives. In December, 1859, he entered the South Carolina college, at Columbia. Here he remained until the opening of the War between the States. Early in April, 1861, he entered the Confederate States army and was serving ^)tnAA^ t— JOHN CHEVES HASKELL 159 on Sullivan's Island as courier and volunteer aide to Colonel Richard Anderson when Fort Sumter fell. He was promoted junior lieutenant of Company A, First South Carolina regulars. After the surrender of Fort Sumter the company was equipped as a light battery and was sent to Virginia soon after the first battle of Manassas. He reached the rank of colonel, took part in many battles, and won the esteem of his commanders and of his comrades. After the close of the war he located in Missis- sippi, and for ten years was engaged in planting, but during the last two years of the time he read law, and at the expiration of that period he was admitted to the Mississippi bar. In 1877, Mr. Haskell removed to South Carolina and was elected a mem- ber of the state legislature and by successive reelections continued in that capacity until 1896. During the last four years of his legislative service he was chairman of the Ways and Means com- mittee. When the Tillman forces gained control of the state, Mr. Haskell resigned from the legislature and since that time he _has not held public office. For two years after returning to his native state he gave much time to planting. He then removed to Columbia, where, when not engaged in legislative duties, he practiced law with great success, until 1890, when he became receiver of a railroad and also of a company which was engaged in mining coal and iron ore and operating furnaces at Bristol, Virginia. He was engaged in this work until 1896, when he received an injury which disabled him, temporarily, from active service. He is a member of the D. K. E. fraternity and of the Clariosophic society of the South Carolina college. In politics he has always been a Democrat. His religious affiliation is with the Protestant Episcopal church. In 1865, Mr. Haskell was married to Sallie Hampton, daugh- ter of General Wade Hampton, of South Carolina, who died in 1886. In 1896 he married Lucy Hampton, daughter of Colonel Frank Hampton. Of his four children, by his first wife, all are living in 1907. His postoffice address is Columbia, South Carolina. EDGAR CHARLES HAYNSWORTH HAYNSWORTH, EDGAR CHARLES, was born June 27, 1859, in Sumter, South Carolina. He is the son of William F. B. and Mary L. Charles Haynsworth. His father was a lawyer, a commissioner in equity, and county treasurer under the Hampton administration. The earliest known paternal ancestors, the Haynsworths and Furmans, moved in the middle of the eighteenth century from Virginia to South Caro- lina. Mr. Haynsworth's paternal grandmother was a Morse, from Connecticut. His maternal ancestors, the Charles family, moved to the state from Philadelphia at about the same time as did also other of the maternal relatives, i. e., the Lides and Pughs, of the old Welsh Neck settlement. Mr. Haynsworth's early life was passed at Sumter. For three years he attended Furman university. He came of a family of lawyers. His father, grandfather, and other of his relatives, followed this profession. This fact influenced his choice of the same line of work. For a time he taught school, studying law meanwhile. Later he entered upon the practice of his profession. Mr. Haynsworth has held offices in his county and on city boards of education. He is a member of the Chi Psi college fraternity and of the Knights of Pythias. He is a Democrat in politics; in religion, a Baptist. His relaxation he finds in the pursuit of agriculture. On June 27, 1898, he married Clara B. Talley. Seven chil- dren have been born of this marriage. Mr. Haynsworth's address is 103 E. Calhoun street, Sumter, South Carolina. DANIEL SULLIVAN HENDERSON HENDEESON, DANIEL SULLIVAN, was bom in the town of Walterboro, Colleton district (now county), South Carolina, April 19, 1849, and was a son of Daniel S. Henderson and Caroline Eebecca Webb, his wife. His father was a lawyer of prominence and for some time a member of the general assembly of South Carolina. His marked characteristics were honesty, fair dealing, and Christian fortitude. The Hen- dersons had come to America from County Armagh, in the north of Ireland, and the Webbs from England. Benjamin Webb, his great-grandfather, married, in 1763, Eebecca Pinckney, a daugh- ter of Major William Pinckney, sometime master in chancery, and sometime commissary general of the province of South Carolina, and brother of Chief Justice Charles Pinckney. Mrs. Webb was, therefore, a first cousin of Charles Cotesworth Pinck- ney and Thomas Pinckney, distinguished soldiers of the United States army, and diplomatists. Her brother, Colonel Charles Pinckney, was a distinguished soldier and statesman of the Eevolution, and her nephew, Charles Pinckney, was four times governor of South Carolina, a United States senator and some- time United States minister to Spain. Young Daniel S. Henderson was healthy as a child, and fond of study. His mother died while he was yet quite young, and he was reared by a relative — a woman of excellent qualities of mind and heart — whose influence upon him was beneficent and enduring. He was raised up in his quiet little native village and attended the Walterboro academy until old enough to attend college. His spare moments were spent in reading history and travels, so that his preparatory training had well fitted him to win a scholarship at the College of Charleston, where he was graduated in 1870 with the first honors of his class. The war had left his family poor, and the young student had to work his way through college, but, with that energy and intelligence which has always characterized him, he succeeded as few in such circumstances do. For a short time after leaving college he studied law in the office of Simons and Seigling in Charleston. 164 DANIEL, STJLOJVAN HENDERSON At the expiration of this period he went to Chester, South Caro- lina, as a school teacher. His manly bearing, self-reliance and thorough methods won him success as a teacher. In his spare moments he continued the study of law. In 1872 he was admitted to the bar and went to Aiken, South Carolina, and opened an office. He made friends rapidly, and those friends were not long in finding out that he was an unusually able young man, and his rise in his profession and in business was rapid. During the troublous campaign of 1876, when South Carolina was redeemed from the disgraceful rule of ignorant, illiterate native whites, half savage negroes, aliens, and a general combination of thieves, young Henderson came to the front as a leader in the struggle for white supremacy, honesty, and decency. When six hundred respectable and prominent citizens of the State were arrested and haled into court for complicity in the Hamburg riot of that year, he defended them, and the manner in which he conducted that defence won for him a lasting reputation as one of the ablest lawyers of the state. A motion for bail was made before Judge Maher and was opposed by the radical Attorney-General Stone and United States District Attorney Corbin. General M. C. Butler and Colonel A. Pickens Butler were two of the most prominent defendants. The trial resulted in a victory for the defendants. Mr. Henderson also defended, in the United States court, those charged with complicity in the riots at Ellenton. He there proved himself not only a lawyer of ability, but a stubborn fighter of untiring perseverance, coolness, and determination. His splendid plea for the defence, and especially his examination of the witnesses, was openly praised by Chief Justice Waite of the United States supreme court, who presided at the trial. He charged no fee for conducting this defence, but to this day he wears a gold watch and chain that were presented to him by the people of his county in recognition of his patriotic services to his people on this occasion. He declined the Democratic nomi- nation to the State senate from his county in 1876. He was too young to enter politics. In 1880 he was elected to the State senate from Aiken county. He was now a State leader. He was the author of the anti-duelling oath prescribed for office-holders in South Carolina. He was an earnest advocate of the legislation by which a railroad commission for the regulating of railroad DANIEL SULLIVAN HENDERSON 165 traffic was established for South Carolina; of the law against carrying concealed weapons ; and of the eight-ballot-box law, by which the white man's rule was perpetuated through an educa- tional test for voters. He retired from the senate in 1884. In the same year he was a delegate to the Democratic National convention, held in Chicago, which nominated Cleveland for president. In 1886 he was a candidate for congress in the then second district. His opponents were Honorable George D. Till- man, the incumbent, of Edgefield county, and Colonel Robert Aldrich, of Barnwell. Mr. Henderson went into the convention with ten votes from his home county. Colonel Aldrich had the twelve from Barnwell county and the three from the portion of Colleton county lying in the district. Mr. Tillman had the twenty votes from Edgefield and Hampton counties. For over three weeks the convention ballotted without breaking the dead- lock. Two of the Colleton delegates were the first to desert their favorite and go to Tillman, and finally a Barnwell man made the twenty-three necessary to a choice, but Henderson's followers from first to last were as immovable in his support as a stone wall. In 1895 his county sent him as a delegate to the State Constitutional convention, receiving the support of both factions of the Democratic party in the party primary. There he was one of the leaders. In 1896 he was elected to the State senate by an overwhelming majority and was reelected by a like majority in 1900. Conspicuous among the legislative enactments to which he gave his support on the floor of the senate were the county government law ; the law equalizing the taxes of the cotton mills and fertilizer factories ; the separate coach law, and the anti-trust law. He was chairman of the committee on education. In 1902, Mr. Henderson resigned from the State senate in order to become a candidate in the Democratic primary of South Carolina for the Democratic nomination for the United States senate, to fill the seat of John L. McLaurin, whose term was to expire March 4, 1903. In that contest he was unsuccessful, but ran third in a race in which there were six aspirants, the highest of whom was only a few thousand votes ahead of the lowest. In 1904, Mr. Henderson was elected president of the State Democratic convention, defeating ex-Governor McSweeney by a handsome vote. DANIEL OSCAR HERBERT HEEBEET, DANIEL OSCAE, lawyer, banker, colonel in the South Carolina militia, in 1902 elected member of the house of representatives of his state, and reelected in 1904 by the highest vote ever received in Orangeburg, was born in Newberry county, South Carolina, April 19, 1857. He is the son of Captain Chesley W. Herbert, a farmer and magis- trate, who was captain of Company C in the Third South Caro- lina regiment during the war, from 1861 to 1865, and lost his life in the troublous times of 1866. His son speaks of him as a man of "quiet and even temper, of stern integrity, and of a strongly religious temperament." His mother, Mrs. Elizabeth S. Herbert, was his principal teacher in his youth, and he had no other teacher until he was fifteen years of age. He says : "I owe my education almost entirely to my mother, who devoted herself to the education of her children." Her son owes her a deep and lasting debt for intellectual and moral influences, which have helped to ennoble his life. The Herbert family came from England more than two hundred years ago, and settled in New York and New Jersey. The great great-grandfather of Colonel D. O. Herbert, Walter Herbert, was born in New Jersey in 1742, and was living in Newberry county, South Carolina, at the time of the Eevolu- tionary war. His son, Walter Herbert, Jr., born in 1773, was a prominent man in that county, a magistrate, and for several years a member of the state legislature. His son was also prominent as a planter, a magistrate, and a member of the legislature. Spending his boyhood in the country, robust of health and always well-grown for his age, D. O. Herbert's taste and interest in childhood and youth centered first in reading and study; but he enjoyed keenly hunting, fishing, and all out-of-door sports. He was trained in his boyhood to regular tasks upon a farm. This developed a strong physique. He says: "I followed the plow and hoe at thirteen and fourteen, and cultivated my own crop of cotton and corn when I was fourteen." After studying at home under the inspiring direction and the careful teaching of his mother, he was for a time in the 170 DANIEL OSCAR HERBERT preparatory department of Wofford college, and he was gradu- ated from Wofford college in 1878 with the degree of A. B. and with the first honor in his class. After a year of post-graduate study at Wofford, he received, in 1879, the degree of Master of Arts. Two years of professional study followed, in the law school of Vanderbilt university, from which he received the degree of Bachelor of Law in 1881. He taught school for one year. His own preference and choice, after mature deliberation, led him to the profession of the law. After some years of practice, from 1887 to 1890, as United States postoffice inspector he traveled widely through the United States, becoming well acquainted with many towns and cities in many of the different commonwealths of our country. He has been practicing law in Orangeburg since 1890. He is president of the People's Bank, which he organized in 1901; president of the Cameron Oil mill; president of the Building and Loan association, and of other organizations. In 1899 he was elected alderman of Orangeburg; in 1901 he was appointed a member of the county board of education, and from 1902 to 1906 he served in the South Carolina house of represen- tatives, but declined to be a candidate for reelection. While a legislator he worked earnestly in the interest of education. He was the author of, and strongly supported, the Clemson Scholar- ship bill ; and the "Dog Law," under which dogs of the state are so taxed as to contribute twenty thousand dollars toward the support of the common schools of the state. Every man who loves a dog has, in South Carolina, a double reason for caring for the good dogs which help to keep open the public schools for poor men's children. For fifteen years Colonel Herbert has served in the state militia of South Carolina, at first in the ranks of the Edisto Kifles, in which he has filled every position, from private to captain. He served for six years as captain of the Rifles, and commanded the company in the Spanish- American war, where it was known as Company C of the Second South Carolina regi- ment,, from 1898 to 1899, and, by all who knew it, was regarded as one of the best companies which went from South Carolina under Colonel (now General) Wilie Jones. After the company and its captain had been mustered out of the United States service, C a Ptai n Herbert was elected lieutenant-colonel of the DANIEL OSCAE HERBERT 171 Second regiment of South Carolina militia, and on January 1, 1903, he was elected colonel of that regiment. On July 1, 1905, Governor Heyward appointed Colonel Herbert inspector of small arms for the state militia — a position which he still holds with the rank of colonel. By religious conviction he is allied with the Methodist Epis- copal Church, South. In his political affiliations he is a Democrat. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias, of the Woodmen of the World, etc. His favorite forms of exercise have been base- ball, football, and tennis. He says, "the influences of my college life and studies at Wofford have been preponderant in such success as I have won"; and he places the influence of his home as the next strongest in impelling him to success and qualifying him to attain it. On January 25, 1893, he was married to Miss Julia S. Salley, daughter of Mr. A. M. Salley, and granddaughter of Dr. Alex- ander S. Salley, of Orangeburg, South Carolina. They have had five children, all of whom are living in 1907. His address is Orangeburg, Orangeburg county, South Caro- lina. JOSHUA HILARY HUDSON HUDSON, JOSHUA HILAEY, son of Dabney and Narcissa Cook Hudson, was born at Chester, South Carolina, January 29, 1832. Dabney Hudson was a tailor by trade, a man small of stature, handsome of person, genial and social. Joshua Hudson, the earliest known ancestor of this family, the great great-grandfather of the subject of this sketch, and a man of English parentage, settled in Amherst county, Virginia, in 1745. Young Hudson was, as a boy, strong and healthy, fond of the usual sports and amusements of boyhood, and devoted to books. His early life was passed in the village of Chester. For- tunately, regular manual labor was required of him. Serving in every way in which a poor boy can help a poor mother, gave him the useful discipline which can come only through toil. Young Hudson's life was, in every way, greatly influenced by his mother. She was a devout Christian, a member of the Baptist church, and a woman whose religion rose above form and ceremony and became a matter of character and life. She, in part, directed his reading, and thus deepened the impressions she had otherwise made upon his mind and heart. He early became interested in that greatest of classics, the Bible, which he supple- mented with those other inexhaustible reservoirs of wisdom and inspiration, history and biography. School, early companionship and private study cooperated with the influences already named. In these circumstances the boy early developed an ambition to become a worthy and useful member of society, and his later asso- ciations with men in active life helped him greatly in carrying out his purpose. The road to an education proved by no means a royal one to Joshua Hudson. Straitened circumstances, lack of free time, and indifferent school facilities, combined to retard his progress. He found it possible, nevertheless, to attend the village academy at Chester. Later he was enabled to attend South Carolina col- lege. Here he showed the results of his earlier training, for he not only completed the college course in December, 1852, but received first honors. His alma mater, in which he had thus % t44z?/,/fytei Spsfan 0~L^A^4 <~A^L Ca^ *-^C*_^ J. H. Hr^L^cO>t JOSHUA HILARY HUDSON 175 distinguished himself in early life, did not forget him, or lose sight of his later career. In June, 1903, the college conferred upon him the degree of LL..D. Doctor Hudson's serious life work began when, after leav- ing college, he accepted the position of teacher of the school in Bennettsville, South Carolina ; this work he continued from 1853 to 1857. Meanwhile he had occupied his spare time with the study of law, and, in 1857, he entered upon the practice of this profession. From 1857 until January, 1906, when he retired from prac- tice, the law, in one or another of its various aspects, demanded the attention of Doctor Hudson. From 1857 to 1878 he was a regular practitioner in the courts of his state. In 1878 he was made circuit judge of the fourth judicial circuit, in which posi- tion he continued until 1894, when he was made counsel for the receiver of the Cape Fear and Yadkin Valley railroad. The latter position he held until 1900. In January, 1907, he was chosen president of the South Carolina Bar association for the regular term of one year. He served as member of the South Carolina house of representatives in 1858-59, and, again, as state senator in 1905-06. In 1896 and 1897 he presided over the Bap- tist State conventions. He has also seen military service, having served in the Confederate army from 1862 to 1865. Entering as a private, he was advanced to the post of drill master in the Twenty-first regiment, and then, successively, to the ranks of adjutant, major and lieutenant-colonel of the Twenty-sixth South Carolina volunteers. In the midst of his legal, public and other duties, Doctor Hudson has found time for literary work, having published a volume of "Sketches and Eeminiscences," and, also, in 1903, an autobiography. He is a Mason, in which order he has held the position of worshipful master. In politics he has, through life, been a consistent Democrat. In religion he is, like his mother, a Baptist. Doctor Hudson's life has been too full of labor to allow much place for diversion or relaxation. In college he was inter- ested in gymnastics. His alternative now to work is rest. In answer to the question whether he had in any degree failed to accomplish what he had hoped to do in life, and, if so, what lessons might be drawn therefrom, Doctor Hudson said : "I have Vol. i— s. c— 9 176 JOSHUA HILARY HUDSON been a worker all my life, but feel now that I might have suc- ceeded better if I had been more persevering." The advice he has to offer the young is temperance in all things, sobriety, morality, piety and diligent toil. On May 4, 1854, Doctor Hudson married Miss Mary Miller. Of this marriage fourteen children were born, four of whom are living in 1907. His address is Bennettsville, Marlboro county, South Caro- lina. JOHN PIERCE HUNTER HUNTEE, JOHN PIEECE, from 1880 until 1894 sheriff of Lancaster county; from 1894 to 1898 United States marshal for the district of South Carolina, headquar- ters at Charleston, appointed by President Cleveland; and from 1900 to the present time (1907) by election and reelection sheriff of Lancaster county, is a striking and interesting personality. He has hosts of friends in his county and throughout the state; and many of them feel that through all his public life he has given evidence of living in the spirit of these words of his: "While I have always tried to make friends, it is a source of gratification to me to know the fact that I have never forsaken an old friend in order to make a new one, and that I have always tried to be true and square in all my dealings with my fellow- men." He was born on a farm in Lancaster county, South Carolina, October 8, 1855. His father was James K. Hunter, a farmer, for four years coroner, for twelve years tax collector, and for eight years sheriff of Lancaster county — "a benevolent, kind-hearted man, always ready to lend a helping hand to the poor and needy, and writing many official documents gratis, such as leases, deeds, etc." His great great great-grandfather, Isaac Hunter, was Scotch-Irish, and, coming from Ireland to the colonies, settled in Wake county, North Carolina, eight miles above Ealeigh. Isaac Hunter's grandson, James Hunter, married Amelia Chives, and they settled in Lancaster county, South Carolina, in 1818. The histories of North Carolina and the history of the United States, written by Alexander H. Stephens, mention several of the kinsmen of Captain Hunter who were distinguished in the political life of the colonies and the states, as well as in the Eevolutionary war. John Pierce Hunter in his boyhood had very delicate health, and has never had a vigorous physique; but he has done such work and' endured such hardships as would have tasked a man of the most vigorous constitution. Living as a boy on his father's farm in the country, he describes himself as in these early years "a dear lover of horses," his greatest pleasure being to ride, 178 JOHN PIEECE HTJNTEK drive, fish and hunt. From early boyhood he was trained to do bis share of the farm work, and he liked it, although he was not physically strong enough to hold his own with the older laborers. His parents were in moderate circumstances, and the help he could give in making crops was needed by them and was freely given by him. When the crops were in the ground he would attend the "old field log cabin schools for a few weeks" before gathering crops; and would go to the same kind of schools for a short time during the winter. For a time he attended the high school at Lancaster court-house. His first public work was carrying the mail by star route from Lancaster court-house to Camden. This he began to do when he was eighteen, in 1873. In the fall of that same year he commenced to serve as trial justice, constable and deputy sheriff under his father, James E. Hunter, sheriff of Lancaster county. He also rode as constable for two trial justices at Lancaster court-house. As constable and deputy sheriff, he succeeded in "slipping on and arresting some very bad and desperate violators of the law, and in almost every case without assistance, as he was more successful when he went alone." Of his ambition to succeed in public office, he says : "My farm work was done from necessity, my public work was brought about by the persistent encouragement of friends who wished me to do such work; and after engaging in such service, I had a desire always to be suc- cessful, to do my work well, to render to my friends and the county my best services. And I appreciated commendation more than money consideration." He continued to serve as deputy sheriff under his father until the fall of 1880, when he was elected sheriff to succeed his father, who had served for two terms and declined to run for the office again. His discharge of the duties of the office was fear- less, and he carried into it so much of politeness, consideration for the rights of others, and prompt and decisive enforcement of the law, that he was extremely popular throughout his county. He resigned the office of sheriff on April 1, 1894, to accept the appointment tendered him by President Cleveland as United States marshal for the district of South Carolina, with head- quarters at Charleston. This office he held for four years; and he made no secret of the fact, when a Republican administration succeeded the Democratic, that he was ready to vacate the office. JOHN PIEHCB HUNTER 179 He wrote: "Having served under a Democratic administration, I cannot afford to go to the Republican party for a job." Returning to his old home at Lancaster in April, 1898, he engaged in farming; but at the next election for sheriff he was again chosen to that office; and he was reelected in 1904. His present term of office will expire in 1908. Captain Hunter married Mrs. Laura A. Hickson (nee Laura A. Fraser), daughter of Rev. Elias L. Fraser, January 13, 1881. Their only child, a daughter, is living in 1907. Mrs. Hunter died on January 1, 1895. While he was serving as United States marshal, Captain Hunter married a second time, Miss Florella Meynardie, daughter of Rev. Dr. Elias J. Meynardie, November 3, 1898. Captain Hunter was reared by Methodist parents and speaks most respectfully and reverentially of their Christian character and their influence upon him. He is a Democrat in his party relations, and has always supported the candidates and measures of that party. He is a Mason and an Odd Fellow. As in his early boyhood, so in his manhood, his favorite forms of exercise are horseback riding, hunting and fishing. He says to young fellow-citizens : "Honesty, strict adherence to what is just and right; sobriety, and the avoidance of the popular dissipations of this age," will contribute invariably to success in life ; and he adds : "I set for myself as an ideal worthy of attainment, genuine charity and cordial hospitality; and I have had no cause to regret this aim in my life." It is very interesting to notice the fact that Captain Hunter, after so many years of experience in riding the county and his state as constable, deputy sheriff, sheriff and collector, should have written recently for one of the newspapers of the state a strong article under the caption, "How to Solve the Race Prob- lem," in which he advocates very effectively the view that the difficulties between the races can be made to disappear "by instill- ing morality, politeness and industry into every child, both white and colored." In this article he lays great emphasis upon the value of politeness and its little forms in the ordinary casual meetings and in all the social and business intercourse of fellow- citizens with one another. He thinks that people are apt greatly to underrate the moral effect of politeness upon character and will-power, since will is constantly directed, molded and rein- 180 JOHN PIERCE HUNTER forced by feeling, and politeness in intercourse has a vast effect upon the feelings of the man who exercises it as well as upon those toward whom politeness is shown. A steady, habitual and morally intentional politeness between black people and white people, he believes, can be maintained without the slightest approach to "social equality"; and instead of endangering race purity and the control of affairs by the white race, he believes that the inculcation of politeness of manners as a moral duty will go far toward abating the gravest dangers of the race problem. Taken altogether, the views, and the executive and official life and deeds of this exceptional South Carolina sheriff and marshal, are exceedingly interesting, and are such as to render him in the best sense of the word a "Man of Mark" in his state. His address is Lancaster, South Carolina. JAMES FERDINAND IZLAR IZLAR, JAMES FERDINAND, was born November 25, 1832, at Orangeburg, South Carolina. His parents were William Henry Izlar and Julia E. A. Izlar. His mother was Miss Pou. His father was a farmer, but was interested in mechanical pursuits. He was intelligent, pious, honest, upright and temperate, a noble Christian gentleman of the old school. The earliest known ancestor in America was Jacob Izlar, the great-grandfather of James Izlar ; he came to this country before the Revolutionary war. He was a native of either Germany or Switzerland. At any rate, he was German-Swiss. James F. Izlar's mother's great-grandfather came from Scotland in 1740. Gavin Pou held a position under the king. James Izlar's health in childhood was good; he enjoyed books and was greatly inter- ested in home and parents; his early life was passed in the country. His father, being a farmer, naturally believed in the gospel of work, not only for himself, but for his children. He, therefore, saw to it that his son, James, until ready to begin his preparation for college, lacked no opportunity to enjoy this valu- able discipline, especially in the multitudinous lines afforded by a farm and farm home. James Izlar was blessed with good parents, "both of whom he tenderly loved; the influence of his mother was especially helpful in shaping his character. He was a believer in home study, and to the training thus derived he owes much of his later success. He was a great reader, devouring books and periodicals of all kinds, especially history, biography and law. In the acquirement of an education James Izlar encountered many difficulties, but energy and perseverance overcame them all. In early life he attended the "old field" schools, though these were irregular. He prepared for college in Barnwell county and was graduated from Emory college at Oxford, Georgia, in the class of 1855, with the degree of M. A. After graduating, Mr. Izlar taught school at Branchville, South Carolina. Next, having a strong bent toward the legal profession, he studied law at Orangeburg, South Carolina, under 184 JAMES FERDINAND IZLAR Honorable Thomas J. Glover. Mr. Glover was colonel of the First South Carolina volunteer regiment; he was killed in battle. Mr. Izlar's business in life has been the study of law. Save in his office and on the bench, he has done no professional work. For twelve years he held the position of state senator for his county, and during eight of these was president pro tempore of that body. His retirement from the state senate came only with his election, in 1889, by the general assembly, to the bench as judge of the first circuit of South Carolina. This position he held four years, until the Tillman revolution, when he was defeated for reelection. He was, however, at a special election held shortly after, elected to the fifty-third congress to succeed Judge William H Brawley, who resigned to accept a federal judgeship. Judge Izlar received a majority of about five hun- dred votes over his competitor, J. William Stokes, who ran as an Alliance Democrat and Eeformer. Judge Izlar's majority was afterwards cut down by the state board of canvassers to one hundred and eighty. He took his seat in congress April 5, 1894. Judge Izlar has served as chairman of the Democratic Exec- utive committee of his state, as delegate to the National Demo- cratic convention of 1884, and as trustee of the South Carolina college. The latter office he deems an especial honor. Judge Izlar has also been a soldier. He first volunteered for twelve months in the First South Carolina volunteers — Hagood's old regiment — and served out this period. The three years following he was captain of the Bdisto rifles, Hagood's brigade, and was a member of the Twenty-fifth regiment, com- manded by Colonel C. H. Simonton. Judge Izlar is an Odd Fellow and also a Mason. He is a past grand master of the state of South Carolina; in the order of Masonry he has filled all the chairs in Masonry and Odd Fellowship. For twelve years he was the master of Shibboleth Lodge, No. 28, A. F. M., of Orangeburg, South Carolina. He is also a thirty-second degree Mason, and is the representative near the grand lodge of South Carolina for the state of Mississippi. He is a lifelong Democrat, and would not on any account change his political faith. He is a communicant of the Protestant Episcopal church, holding to this faith by conviction rather than heredity. Judge Izlar feels that he has encountered disappointments, many and grievous, that his fond ambitions have failed, but that, JAMES FERDINAND IZLAR 185 despite reverses, energy, perseverance, and a desire to succeed, will conquer all things. To the young American he says: "Be sober, be temperate in all things, be a Christian gentleman, be honest and truthful, be upright in walk and conversation. Eead the best authors. Study hard. Understand what you read. These are some of the things one must do, and live up to, if he would succeed." Judge Izlar has been twice married; first, on February 24, 1859, to Frances M. A. Lovell. They had ten children, seven of whom are now (1907) living, and are scattered among three states. His second marriage was on November 1, 1906, to Miss Marion P. Allston, of Charleston, South Carolina. His address is Whitman street, Orangeburg, South Carolina. THEODORE DEHON JERVEY JERVEY, THEODORE DEHON, son of Theodore Dehon Jervey and Anne Hume Simons, his wife, was born August 19, 1859, at Charleston, South Carolina. His father was a factor, banker, and, for a time, collector of customs of the port of Charleston. He was noted for his liberality and devotion to duty. The earliest known ancestor of the family in America was David Jervey, who emigrated from Bathgate, Scotland, in 1738, and in 1740 settled in Charleston. Thomas Jervey, son of David, was, in 1778, captain and deputy muster master in the Fifth Continental line, Colonel Huger's regiment. As a boy, Theodore Jervey was especially interested in books, though otherwise he was of an indolent disposition. He was graduated in 1879 from the Virginia Military institute. His active life work began at Charleston, South Carolina, in 1879, where he began the pro- fession of law, a work to which he was drawn by his own tastes and native bent. From 1881 to 1886 he was in partnership with and assisted the solicitor of the first judicial district of South Carolina; and, in 1888 and 1891, he was editorial writer on the "Charleston World." Mr. Jervey has been a vestryman in St. Philip's church; from 1891 to 1895 he was chairman of the city Democratic Executive committee, and in 1892 he was a delegate to the National Democratic convention. Mr. Jervey has also given some attention to literature, hav- ing written "The Elder Brother," a novel. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias. His political affiliations have always been with the Democratic party. In religion he is a Protestant Episcopalian. His chief relaxation is trout-fishing. Mr. Jervey confesses to lack of application as his besetting sin. He commends to all young people the open profession of the Christian religion. He believes, moreover, not only in spir- itual health, but in physical ; the latter constituting the founda- tion upon which the former may be built. He, therefore, advises the observance of rational diet and systematic daily exercise in the open air. Mr. Jervey has never been married. His address is Charles- ton, South Carolina. Hfeafonqton, £7C MenafMa-rRPui DAVID BANCROFT JOHNSON JOHNSON, DAVID BANCROFT, LL. D., educator, was born in La Grange (West Tennessee), January 10, 1856. His father founded, and, until his death, was president of the La Grange Female college. In a direct line he is descended from John Johnson, who came to America from England with Winthrop, the first governor of the colony of Massachusetts. He worked his way through the University of Tennessee at Knox- ville, from which he was graduated with the degree of A. B. with the highest honors of a large class in 1877, and immediately took up the profession of teaching as first assistant of the boys' high school at Knoxville. In 1879 he was awarded the degree of A. M. by his alma mater, and in 1905 the degree of LL. D. by the South Carolina college. After some service in the University of Tennessee as assistant professor of mathematics, and having developed qualities which demanded a larger sphere for their full exercise, he entered upon his life work. His rare talent as an organizer was recognized, and by his masterful application of the true principles of teaching, he infused new life into the system of public instruction, and a spirit and enthusiasm among the teachers, which prepared the way for his remarkable success. He organized graded schools at Newbern, North Carolina, and so marked was their success as to attract the attention of educators in that and adjoining states. Having demonstrated his executive ability and his thorough grasp of school organization and man- agement, when the system was adopted by the city of Columbia, South Carolina, in 1883, Professor Johnson was called to organize it, and in the course of a few years, under his superintendence, out of the crude material of the old common school a system of public instruction was evolved which is an honor to the state, and has become an example after which many of the larger towns and cities of the state have modelled their schools. To meet the requirement for better teachers to introduce these better methods, Professor Johnson, aided by the Peabody board, established in 1886 the Winthrop Training school for teachers. The legislature of South Carolina provided a permanent appropriation for the maintenance of one beneficiary in the institution from each 192 DAVID BANCROFT JOHNSON county in the state, at a cost of one hundred and fifty dollars each per session, and afterward made it a full state institution under the name of Winthrop Normal college, of which Professor Johnson is president. This training school was at the time the only one for white teachers in the section embracing the states of South Carolina, Georgia, North Carolina, and Florida. Its graduates are teaching successfully throughout South Carolina and adjoining states. Professor Johnson has served as an instructor in successive state normal institutes, and was presi- dent for several years of the State Teachers' association, which he reorganized and placed on its present satisfactory basis in 1888. He organized, in 1889, the State Association of School Superintendents, of which he was president for some years. He organized the Columbia, South Carolina, branch of the Young Men's Christian association, and was its president for years, and he was also chairman of the State Executive committee of the organization. He is a ruling elder in the First Presbyterian church of Eock Hill, South Carolina. He is vice-president of the National Educational association, a member of the National Council of Education, of the National Geographic society, of the National Civic league, the South Carolina Historical society, the South Carolina Audubon society, and the South Carolina Agri- cultural and Mechanical society. In 1902 he organized the South Carolina Woman's associa- tion for the improvement of rural schools, which is expected to accomplish great things for the country schools of the common- wealth. He is a member of the Educational Campaign committee for South Carolina, appointed at a convention of representative educators in 1903, to labor for the improvement of rural schools and the advancement of education in the state. The governor of the state, in recognition of his ability and his high educational record, appointed him a member of the state board of examiners, and also a member and chairman of the special commission of three to make an investigation, and report to the legislature for action, on the subject of the establishment by the state of a normal and industrial college for women. The admirable report of this commission led the legislature to found the Winthrop Normal and Industrial College of South Carolina, which in com- pleteness of plant and character of work is the equal of any DAVID BANCROFT JOHNSON 193 institution of its kind in the country. Much of the honor of the general adoption and success of the graded school system in South Carolina may be justly accorded to Professor Johnson. His postoffice address is Rock Hill, South Carolina. IRA BOYD JONES JONES, IKA BOYD, the son of Charles Milton Jones and Mary Jane (Neel) Jones, was born December 29, 1851, at Newberry, South Carolina. His father was a cabinet maker, who, in later life, conducted a carriage and blacksmith shop and livery stable in combination. Charles Milton Jones was a modest man, actuated by a high sense of honor and duty. To him, his word was his bond. Withal, he was prompt and industrious, and, in all material matters in the control of his family, he was firm in discipline. The earliest known paternal ancestor in America was Ira Jones' grandfather, John Jones, a French Huguenot, who came to Colleton county. On his mother's side, the oldest was James Neel, a Scotch-Irishman, who emigrated from the north of Ire- land to Newberry county. Ira Jones was strong and robust in youth, and passed his early life in the village of Newberry. Good educational advan- tages were always provided him by his father. He attended the Lutheran college at Newberry, from the primary through the sophomore class, and then entered as a junior in Erskine college, Due West, South Carolina, from which he was graduated in 1870. After leaving college, Mr. Jones taught school in Edgefield and Newberry counties. From his earliest years, however, he had been possessed of an ardent ambition to enter the profession of law. While teaching school, he gave close attention to legal studies, and, in 1873, was admitted to the bar at Newberry. He practiced law in Newberry county from 1873 to October, 1875, when he moved to Lancaster, South Carolina, where he continued to practice law until he was elected associate justice. Aside from minor offices, including those of magistrate, intendant, county chairman, and chairman of the congressional committee, Judge Jones was elected to the legislature in 1890, became chairman of the Ways and Means committee, was elected speaker at the close of the term of 1890, and was successively elected speaker until January, 1896, when he was elected associate justice of the supreme court. He was also vice-president of the Constitutional convention of 1895. IEA BOYD JONES 195 Judge Jones is a Democrat and a member of the Associate Reformed Presbyterian church. For amusement and relaxation he resorts to chess, novel reading and driving. On January 21, 1875, he married Eebecca Wyse. Of this marriage seven children have been born, five of whom are now (1907) living. His address is Lancaster, South Carolina. EDWARD SOUTHEY JOYNES J0YNES, EDWAED SOUTHEY, for more than fifty years prominently connected with the work of higher education in the South; from 1866 for several years professor of modern languages and English in Washington college, now Washington and Lee university; from 1875 to 1878 filling the same chair in Vanderbilt university at Nashville, Tennessee; from 1878 to 1882 professor of modern languages in the Uni- versity of Tennessee; since 1882 to 1888 professor of German, French, and Spanish, in South Carolina college at Columbia, South Carolina, where he still resides; was born on the 2d of March, 1834, in Accomac county, Virginia. His father, Thomas Kobinson Joynes, of the Ninth Virginia regiment in the Revo- lutionary war, had married Miss Anne Bell Satchell, daughter of Christopher and Anne Satchell. His grandfather was Colonel Levin Joynes, of the Ninth Virginia regiment in the war of the Revolution ; his eldest brother, Judge W. T. Joynes, of the court of appeals of Virginia, and Dr. Levin S. Joynes, professor of medical physiology in the Medical College of Virginia, have been prominent in their respective professions. The family is of English descent, and among its members who were prominent in the colonial history is Tully Robinson, a member of the Virginia house of burgesses at various times from 1702 to 1723. Thomas Robinson Joynes was admitted to the practice of law September 24, 1810; in 1811 was elected to the house of delegates; in 1813 served as lieutenant of a company in the Second regiment of the Virginia militia, and was later promoted captain. He served as master commissioner in chancery in the county court of Accomac; as commonwealth's attorney in the supreme court; as clerk of that court in 1828 ; as a member of the State convention to revise the constitution in 1829; and has left an honorable record as a public-spirited lawyer of high, character, and of remarkable gifts of eloquence. A memorial volume to Thomas R. Joynes was edited by the late Dr. Levin S. Joynes, and revised and reedited by Levin S. Joynes, Jr., and Edward Southey Joynes, the subject of this sketch. EDWAED SOUTHET JOTNES 197 The early life of Edward Southey Joynes was passed in the country, a hearty and healthy boy, fond of hunting, riding and boating, yet giving a fair share of his time to reading and study. He had the advantages of home instruction given him by his father ; he attended the "old field schools" and Concord academy in Virginia, Delaware college, and the University of Virginia; and from the last named institution he was graduated in 1852, with the degree of B. A., receiving the degree of M. A. in 1853. From 1856 to 1858 he studied at the University of Berlin, Ger- many, hearing, among others, Boeckh, Haupt, Bopp and Benary. Although his father had hoped that the son would follow the profession of the law, it soon became evident that the work of a teacher was to be his life occupation. His first college appointment was to the position of assistant professor of the ancient languages in the University of Virginia, under Doctor Gessner Harrison, from 1853 to 1856, before his study at the German university. After his return from Europe he was made professor of Greek and German at William and Mary college, Williamsburg, Virginia, serving here from 1858 to 1861. At the outbreak of the war, as William and Mary college was closed, he became chief clerk in the Confederate States War department, serving with Secretaries Walker, Eandolph, Benja- min, and Seddon, an experience to which he owes prompt and accurate habits of business and well- developed power of organiza- tion. From 1864 to 1865 he was instructor of modern languages in Hollins institute, one of the best Southern schools for women, . where he developed a deep interest in the study of English and of the modern languages; and in 1866 he was made professor of modern languages and English in Washington college, now Washington and Lee university. This recognition of the study of English, in a college professorship, was perhaps its earliest recognition as a distinct branch of collegiate study instituted in the Southern states. From 1875 to 1878 he filled the chair of English and modern languages at Vanderbilt university, Ten- nessee, and from 1878 to 1882 the same chair at the University of Tennessee, on the organization of the first faculty of that institution. From 1882 to 1888 he was professor of modern languages and English in South Carolina college at Columbia. The department prospered under his charge and was divided in 1888, since which year he has been professor of modern languages, Vol. I— S. 0— 10 EDWARD SOTJTHEY JOYNES 199 in all things, with sympathy for the struggles and aspirations of your fellows; seek to live, so far as possible, with and for others; and know that selfishness is the bane of life, and the root of all evil. Professor Joynes' address is University of South Carolina, HEIMAN KAMINSKI KAMINSKI, HEIMAN, merchant, was born in Posen, Prussia, May 24, 1839. His parents, Joel and Hannah Kaminski, were highly respected by the people among whom they lived. Until he was fifteen years of age, Heiman Kaminski lived with his parents. From very early years he was obliged to work hard in order that he might not be a burden to others. He was willing to work, but, being ambitious, and seeing very little prospect of advancement in his native land, he became anxious to get to America, in hope that here he would find a more favor- able environment. When he was fifteen years of age the matter was thoroughly discussed in the family circle, and it was decided to allow him to emigrate to the United States. He landed at Charleston, South Carolina, in 1854. Here he- maintained himself for two years, meanwhile attending the high school. In 1856 he was obliged to leave school and enter upon the active work of life. He became clerk in a mercantile house in Georgetown, South Carolina, where he served for a year, when his employer sent him to Conway, South Carolina, to work in a branch house which had been established there. He remained at that place until the spring of 1861, when, on the opening of the War between the States, he promptly enlisted in Company B, Tenth South Carolina volunteers, Confederate States army. It was soon seen that he had an unusual aptitude for organization and remarkable executive ability. Because of the possession of these qualities, he was detached from his company and placed first in the commissary department, and later was promoted to- the position of regimental commissary. In this position he dis- tinguished himself by devotion to duty, which was manifested, by his untiring efforts to supply not only the necessities but as far as possible the comforts of life to the troops. He continued with his command until the surrender at Greensboro, North Caro- lina, in 1865. When the army was disbanded, his pay amounted to one dollar and ten cents in silver, and with this sum for his cash capital he started for home to again begin his business life. In the fall of 1865 he entered a Georgetown, South Carolina,, Wr ' V Hf 1 rtfe?^* ' * Jfl NKiUb* jlUS ■ * ' iff 1 WmKIB MM • ■ '^jjgk »p*!5' | ' n B|BB mmm UliHl Wkmt% m ■ ^BBH^BHIH^H^ss^itii/ 'ill HEIMAN KAMINSKI 203 business house in a subordinate capacity, but in 1867 he withdrew therefrom and began business on his own account. By honest dealing, industry and enterprise, he was enabled to rapidly build up a business which has now reached very large proportions. Mr. Kaminski has been twice married ; first, in 1866, to Miss Charlotte Virginia Emanuel (a descendant of the Gomez family, who were among the early settlers of this country), who died in 1880; and second, in 1885, to Miss Rose Baum, whose ancestors took an active part in the Revolutionary war. His children, four by the first wife and one by the second, are all living in 1907. Mr. Kaminski is now president of the Kaminski Hardware company; of the Willow Bank Boat Oar company; of the Pee Dee Steamboat company; of the Taylor-Dickson Medical dis- pensary, a charitable institution; vice-president of the Bank of Georgetown and of the Georgetown board of trade, and a director in the Georgetown Rice Milling company, and in several other local enterprises. Mr. Kaminski has never held or desired public office, though he has taken a deep interest in current affairs and has held important positions in various civic and mercantile bodies. He is a director in the Country club, and has been a member of all the social organizations of Georgetown. He has always been aligned with the friends of good government, and he has been liberal with time and money to aid movements and enterprises which had for their end the advancement of the best interests of his adopted city and state. The address of Mr. Kaminski is Georgetown, South Carolina. JOHN PATTERSON KNOX KNOX, JOHN PATTERSON, Associate Reformed Pres- byterian clergyman, was born October 19, 1860, on a farm near Davidson college, Mecklenburg county, North Carolina. His father, Samuel W. Knox, a plain, honest, and energetic farmer, and brave soldier throughout the War between the States, in General A. P. Hill's corps, with which he laid down his gun at Appomattox, was fond of reading stories that taught good lessons and was a faithful follower of Christ; his mother, Sarah (McAuley) Knox, a truly pious woman, alive and well at seventy-four, has been and is the mightiest influence in his life, and he gladly gives her the credit of making him what he is. His blood is Scotch-Irish ; the line of descent on the paternal side is through his great-grandfather, Robert Knox, from Scotland (probably a connection of John Knox, the great reformer), who came to America about 1770 and settled in Mecklenburg county, North Carolina, and his grandfather, James Knox, who spent his life in the same county; on the maternal side, through his great-grandfather, Daniel McAuley, of Irish descent, who came from Scotland and settled in Mecklenburg county, North Caro- lina, prior to the war of the Revolution, and his grandfather, Hugh McAuley, who was widely known as a surveyor. He is connected with President James Knox Polk, whose mother was Jane Knox. He was reared on a farm ; was robust and healthy, fond of all outdoor sports, and a hard worker at all kinds of farm labor. This gave him good health, with admiration and respect for toilers, and taught regular habits so well that he was never late at college. His first strong impulse to strive for success was caused by his desire to please his parents; his choice of the ministry for a profession was due to the wishes of his parents and his own inclinations and circumstances. His record so far, and he is still comparatively young, has demonstrated the wisdom of his choice. He is self-educated ; that is, he had to work between sessions in order to make the money to pay for all he got, except the primary portion, which he obtained at the public school of the JOHN PATTERSON KNOX 205 county; he was prepared for college at Huntersville (North Carolina) high school, under Dr. W. W. Orr, going thence to Erskine college, South Carolina, and was graduated in June, 1887. Later he spent two years in Erskine seminary, and in 1890 completed his course in Allegheny seminary. During vacations from 1881 to 1888 he taught school. He was elected elder in the Huntersville Associate Reformed Presbyterian church in 1882, and began his career as a minister in April, 1890, soon after his ordination, in Rockbridge county, Virginia, having three churches, Broad Creek, Bethel and Ebe- nezer; in 1891 he became pastor of Hickory Grove and Smyrna churches, in York county, South Carolina, remaining there eight years. Since 1889 he has been pastor of the Centennial church, Columbia, South Carolina, which he built at a cost of $8,000, and where he has achieved a marked success in all lines of minis- terial work, and has won the respect and esteem of the entire community. Since 1897 he has been chairman of the board of regents of the Associate Reformed Presbyterian orphanage, Hickory Grove, which he organized, bought the property, and opened on his faith in the members of the church and in God who gives all things. Since 1894 he has been a trustee of Erskine college, and in 1892-94 he was chairman of the board of trustees of Hickory Grove high school. He thinks that next to the Bible, which he read from child- hood with his mother and received her explanations, the books most helpful in fitting him for his life work were history and biography, especially the biographies of self-made men. He has said of the influences in his life: "Home started me; school encouraged me; early companionship helped me; private study determined me, and contact with men in active life literally inspired me to do as they were doing." He believes young men should know themselves; that they should have a definite aim in life and a clearly marked plan to reach it; and that they should recognize the rights of others and stick to an honorable profession. During his school and college days he was an enthusiastic baseball player, and it remains one of his most enjoyable outdoor recreations; the others are hunting and fishing. He says he has failed in some things, but has ever tried to turn failure into a 206 JOHN PATTERSON KNOX spur to urge him to try harder in his next undertaking; that a failure, or partial failure, if not a lesson, is worse than a failure, if such can be. In politics he is and has always been a Democrat. On November 20, 1890, he married Louisa J. Brice, youngest daughter of Rev. R. W. and Anna M. S. Brice, of Chester county, South Carolina. His address is 1120 Richland street, Columbia, South Caro- lina. ( Men of MarK Publ-isTiing Company 'Washington / H jL^Cv^iZs/C CHARLES WILSON KOLLOCK KOLLOCK, CHAELES WILSON, physician and surgeon, was born in Cheraw, Chesterfield county, South Carolina, April 29, 1857. His parents were Cornelius Kollock and Mary Henrietta (Shaw) Kollock. His father, the son of Oliver Hawes Kollock and Sarah James Wilson, was one of the leading surgeons of his state, and was noted for his genial temper, great kindliness of heart, and self-sacrifice in the amelioration of suffering and devotion to his profession. For more than forty years he did a most extensive practice in the Pee Dee section and was regarded as the surgical authority in that part of the state and adjacent North Carolina. His bent was toward surgery. His greatest reputation was achieved in abdominal surgery, and the results of his operations were often praised by the foremost men of that profession. He served as president of the South Carolina Medical association, and of the Southern Surgical and Gynecological association, and was a member of the American Gynecological society, and of other scientific bodies. The life work of the son was a natural sequence. The ances- tors of the Kollock family were Huguenots who fled from France after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes; and after an inter- mediate sojourn in England, settled in America, most of them in the vicinity of Boston, Massachusetts. Among other distinguished representatives of the family have been Honorable Shepherd Kollock, of Delaware, 1750-1830, a Revolutionary officer, a journalist, and judge of the court of common pleas for thirty-five years, and Reverend Henry Kollock, D. D., 1778-1819, a brilliant preacher of the Independent Pres- byterian church, of Savannah, Georgia. A brother of the last, Shepherd Kosciusko Kollock, D. D., 1793-1865, was also a min- ister and an author of note. The great great-grandfather of Doctor Charles W. Kollock, Colonel George Hicks, was a very prominent patriot in the Pee Dee section, South Carolina, before, during, and succeeding the war of the Revolution, in which he distinguished himself in the command of a South Carolina regiment. 210 CHARLES WILSON KOLLOCK The subject of this sketch grew up a healthy lad in the village of his birth, especially fond of outdoor sports, with less regard than he should have had for study. His mother was highly endowed intellectually, and a woman of sincere piety. Her influence in directing the career of her son was highly salu- tary, as was that of his grandmother, Mrs. Charles B. Shaw, who lived near Boston, and furnished means for the prosecution of his studies. He attended Cheraw academy, and later the Virginia Mili- tary institute at Lexington, Virginia, from which he was grad- uated July 4, 1877. He took a course of professional study at the University of Pennsylvania, 1878-1881, graduating M. D. He was interne for a year at the Philadelphia (Blockley) hos- pital, six months at the Children's hospital, and one year at the Wills Eye hospital— all in Philadelphia. He attended the post- graduate course at the Polyclinic in Philadelphia; and later he pursued his studies in London and Paris, attending the eye clinics at the Royal Ophthalmic, Guy's, St. Thomas; King's college and the Westminster hospitals in London, and in Paris the clinics of Panas, deWiecker, Landolt and Galczowski. Doctor Kollock commenced the practice of his profession in Charleston, South Carolina, which place he deemed offered the best field for success in his native state, in which he preferred to pass his life. He attributes his success in life to the influence of his parents, and largely to his military training, which taught him self-reliance. Faithful to a heritage of distinction, and to his military training, Doctor Kollock has served in the Charleston Light dragoons for nineteen years, and has been in command of that body as captain for the last four years. He was special military aide to President Roosevelt when he visited the exposition at Charleston in 1902, under the appointment of Governor M. B. McSweeney, with rank of colonel, and he also commanded the cavalry escort to the president — the Charleston Light dragoons. Doctor Kollock is one of the attending surgeons at the Eoper hospital and at Shirras dispensary, in Charleston, and is lecturer on diseases of the eye, ear, throat, and nose, in the Charleston Medical school. He has served as a member of the Charleston board of health, as a member of the city council and as presiding officer of the same as mayor pro tempore of the city for one year. CHAKIiES WILSON KOLLOCK 211 He is a member of the American Medical association, the American Ophthalmological society, the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Oto-Laryngology, the South Carolina Med- ical association, the Medical Society of South Carolina, and the Tri-State Medical Association of the Carolinas and Virginia, and has served as president of the three last named. He is a member of the Greek letter fraternity Alpha Tau Omega, the Charleston club, Carolina Yacht club, and St. Andrew's society, of Charles- ton, South Carolina. He has been constantly identified with the Democratic party and is a communicant of the Protestant Episcopal church. He has from boyhood been interested in athletics and finds relaxation from the cares and duties of life in hunting, golf, swimming, and other outdoor pleasures. Doctor Kollock married, on November 10, 1885, Miss Ger- trude E. Gregg, of Charleston, South Carolina. She died Octo- ber 24, 1904, leaving two children, a son and a daughter, both of whom are now (1907) living. On December 11, 1906, he married Miss Sarah E. Irvin, of Washington, Georgia. His address is Charleston, South Carolina. ASBURY GHURGHWELL LATIMER LATIMEE, ASBUEY CHUECHWELL, United States senator for South Carolina, was born on his father's farm, four miles south of Lowndesville, Abbeville county, South Carolina, July 31, 1851. His parents were Clement Theophilus and Frances Beulah Latimer. His father was a practical farmer, whose distinguishing characteristics were strong common sense, a positive character and intensely honest convictions. His earliest ancestor in South Carolina was his grandfather, James Latimer, who emigrated from Maryland and settled near Honea Path, Anderson county, about 1790. The family is believed to derive its descent from the famous Hugh Latimer, of England. Mr. Latimer comes from a family which has always been distin- guished for honesty and uprightness of character. Asbury Latimer was brought up in the country. In child- hood and youth he was strong and well and was fond of exercise. At a comparatively early age he was required to put in full time on whatever labor was necessary on his father's farm, and thus the lessons of industry and of prompt performance of duty were early impressed upon him. All his life he has been obliged to gain by hard labor every prize that he has attained. He attended a preparatory school at Lowndesville, South Carolina, but, on account of the War between the States, was not able to attend college. About 1878 he removed to Belton, Anderson county, where he engaged in agriculture, which has constituted the principal business of his life. He soon became one of the most prominent planters of Western South Carolina, and his plantations are object-lessons in the proper use and cultivation of farm lands, and in the utilization of every variety of farm products. Always a man of broad public spirit, he has been closely identified with nearly all of the business enterprises of his community, especially in the lines of banking and of the manufacture of cotton. Mr. Latimer first became interested in politics about 1890. He served as chairman of his county Democracy, and was urged to enter the race for lieutenant-governor, but declined to do so on account of the demands of his private business. In 1892 he ■■■■"--■ ASBUBT CHTJRCHWEUi LATIMER 215 was elected to congress, and was reelected for five consecutive terms by overwhelming majorities. His record as a represen- tative was one of hard practical work. A few of his special achievements may be mentioned: By hard and persistent work with individual members and with committees of congress he secured for Newberry college its just claim for damages from the Federal government. He introduced and succeeded in getting passed in the house a bill requiring corporations in the hands of receivers to pay their taxes to the state in the same manner as individuals. One result of this act was that $208,000 of past taxes due the state of South Carolina was paid into the state treasury by one railroad alone. It was largely due to his efforts that the system of free rural mail delivery was originated and incorporated with the postal system of the government. This matter was agitated by him during his first term in congress, and his district was one of the first in the country to receive the benefits of daily rural mail facilities. He labored earnestly for the agricultural interests of his district, and succeeded in very greatly broadening the scope of the experimental and practical work of the Department of Agriculture. He secured a soil survey of his state, from which charts and maps have been made illus- trating the character of the soil, the waterways, and the mineral deposits — a work which has been of great benefit to the people of the state. In 1902 he entered the race for the United States senate. He had as opponents five of the ablest debaters in the state, but after a canvass lasting three months he was nominated for the office by a majority of 18,000 votes. He was subsequently elected by the state legislature, and took the oath of office on March 4, 1903. During the time that he has been in the senate he has gained for himself a national reputation by his efforts to secure the aid of the Federal government in the improvement of the public roads. His introduction of this measure in the senate was looked upon by many of his associates and by a large part of the public press as an impracticable scheme, full of the dangers of paternalism and bankruptcy. In an able and exhaustive argu- ment in support of the measure he succeeded in stemming the tide of opposition, and secured a favorable report from the committee having charge of the bill. His efforts in this behalf became the nucleus of a great movement throughout the country, having for 216 ASBURT CHXTRCHWEIX LATTMEB its object a general betterment of the conditions of rural life, and particularly the securing of good roads. Senator Latimer has addressed large and enthusiastic audiences in nearly every state in the Union, and many of the state legislatures, on the merits of his bill for the improvement of the roads. This work, when accomplished, will be inseparably connected with his name. Among other measures now before congress, in which Senator Latimer is interested, are the bills to reduce letter postage to one cent; to apportion to the thirteen original states their proper share of public lands for public school purposes, and to drain the swamp lands of South Carolina. On account of a disagreement between the senate and house on the enactment of an immigration bill, a provision was inserted in the bill for the appointment of a commission of nine, com- posed of three senators, three representatives, and three laymen, appointed by the President, for the purpose of making a thorough investigation, in the United States and abroad, of the whole subject of immigration. Senator Latimer was one of the three senators appointed on the commission and sailed for Europe on May 18, 1907, landing at Naples on June 1, following. He was appointed chairman of a sub-commission, consisting of Messrs. Burnett and Howell, members from the house, and assigned to the territory of Northern Europe, embracing Northern Italy, France, Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, Holland, Scotland, and Ireland. After a thorough investigation of this territory, coming in contact with immigrants from almost every part of Europe at the control stations in Germany and the steamship lines from Hamburg, Bremen, Rotterdam, Antwerp, Havre, Marseilles, Glas- gow, Londonderry, Cork, and Queenstown, he made quite an exhaustive report, setting forth fully the conditions of agricul- ture, manufactures, scale of wages paid, and the cost of living (including rents and taxes), throughout the territory traversed by his sub-committee, and he is now engaged in an investigation in the United States of the immigrants who have come to this country and their adaptability to conditions here, with a view to making a report to congress at the present session. In politics Senator Latimer has always been a Democrat. He is a member of the Methodist Church, South. He has given no special attention to athletics or any modern system of physical culture, but finds his chief relaxation and ASBURY CHTJRCHWELL LATIMER 217 amusement in farm and country life. His philosophy of life may be summed up as follows : Perform promptly and well every duty that presents itself and cultivate temperate, economical and industrious habits. On June 26, 1877, he was married to Sarah Alice Brown. Of their six children, five are now (1907) living. The postoffice address of Senator Latimer is Belton, Ander- son county, South Carolina. RICHARD DOZIER LEE LEE, RICHARD DOZIER, was born in Sumter, Sumter county, South Carolina, August 5, 1850. He is the son ' of Colonel George Washington Lee and Susan Ann Dozier, his wife. His father was an extensive planter and an owner of numerous slaves. He served also as commissioner of public buildings for Sumter district 1850-60, as Confederate chief of commissary for Sumter and adjoining districts 1861-63 — 1863-65 ; was colonel of the Twentieth regiment, South Carolina troops, and commanded the Confederate States forces at the battle of Dingles Mill, near Sumter, South Carolina, April 9, 1865. He was distinguished for his uniform courtesy in manner, ster- ling patriotism, untiring energy, and sincere piety. The mother of Richard D. Lee was a woman of fine intellect and sincere piety, and her influence has been a powerful aid in his efforts to win success. According to the family tradition, and the historian McCrady, a paternal ancestor, Richard Henry Lee, one of the English Virginians, settled in 1746 on the high hills of the Santee, South Carolina. Another paternal ancestor was John McCord, who married a daughter of Major Charles Russell; Colonel William Thomp- son, of the American Revolution, married another daughter of Major Russell, and McCord and Thompson settled in Amelia township, on the Congaree, in what is now Orangeburg county. Among the ancestors on the maternal side was Leonard Dozier, a French Huguenot, who first settled in Virginia and later on the Pee Dee, in what is now Georgetown, South Carolina. Colonel John White, of Scotch-Irish descent, first settled, in 1710, in Christ Church parish, afterward removing to Prince Fredericks, on the Pee Dee. Of the sons of these ancestors, paternal and maternal, Anthony Lee was an officer under General Sumter in the Revolution; David McCord was an officer under his uncle, Colonel William Thompson; and John Dozier was a captain of volunteers, under General Francis Marion, in the same struggle for independence. Anthony White was a member of the Pro- vincial congress, which met at Charleston, South Carolina, in RICHARD DOZIER UEE 221 1775 and 1776. He was also a vestryman in Prince Fredericks in 1749, and a warden in 1766. The subject of this sketch was christened Eichard Henry Lee, in honor of his paternal ancestor, but upon the death of his brother, John Dozier Lee, a Confederate officer killed in battle in 1862, another ancestral name, Dozier, was substituted for Henry. He was a healthy and vigorous lad, and was fond not only of horses, hunting and field sports generally, but also of reading works of history and standard fiction and poetry. His early life was largely spent on the plantation of his father in Sumter county, but the family residence was in the village of Sumter. He attended the preparatory schools of Sumter of Pro- fessor Copeland Stiles, 1856-60; the Male academy of Professor J. E. Kendrick, 1861-65; the high school for boys of Professor A. W. Dozier, 1865-66, and finally the South Carolina college (or university as then called), 1867-68. He acted as clerk and read law in law offices (as then required by statute), 1870-72, and was admitted to the bar in 1872. His profession was the choice of himself and parents — there having been a lawyer in the family for successive generations. He cherished from the beginning an ambition to succeed, and his life has, consequently, been highly gratifying — professionally, and financially, a success. He has served as president of the Sumter Bar association, and has held offices also in the State Bar association. He is a director of the First National Bank of Sumter, and president and director of various other business enterprises. He has served also as a member of the house of representatives of South Carolina from Sumter county, 1882-86; member of the State Democratic Executive committee, 1882-90; member of the State Constitu- tional convention, 1895 ; and president of the electoral college of South Carolina in 1900. In 1906 he was vice-president of the State Democratic convention. He gave earnest and active service on the hustings in the vital Hampton campaign in 1876, and in that against Tillman in 1890, giving evidence of allegiance to Democratic principles by inheritance. He is a regular attendant of the Protestant Episcopal church. He finds relaxation from the daily duties of life in horseback riding, and reading. He is also a constant patron of the drama. He served as lieutenant in the South Carolina Volunteer troops, 1877-81, and as aide on Governor Thompson's staff in the Yorktown centennial in 1881. vol. i-B. a— n 222 RICHARD DOZIER LEE He is a member of the Phi Kappa Tsi and of the Clariosophic society of South Carolina college, and of the Sumter chamber of commerce. In reply to a request for suggestions to young Americans, he says : "Be courageous, not cowardly ; exercise self-control, and do nothing in passion; ever exhibit true manliness and strength of will, and be steadfast in adherence to truth and an absolute rectitude of conduct." And he holds that success in life is to be secured by "application to duty, patient industry, unfailing courtesy to others, and inflexible integrity of principle." He married, April 22, 1875, a cousin, Mary Elizabeth Dozier. Of their five children, the three daughters are married, the elder son was graduated from the University of South Carolina in June of the present year and the younger son is now (1907) a student at that institution. His address is Number 3 Warren street, Sumter, Sumter county, South Carolina. WILLIAM WALLACE LEWIS LEWIS, WILLIAM WALLACE, lawyer and educator, was born September 23, 1867, in Eock Hill, York county, ' South Carolina. His father, Joseph Newton Lewis, cotton and commission merchant, was chief of the division of postoffices and postroads of the postoffice department of the Con- federate states; his mother, Emily (Snow) Lewis, a refined and cultured woman of high intellectual attainments, was a strong influence in his intellectual and moral life and helped to inspire him with the ambition that has helped him up the ladder of success. His ancestry is Welsh. His great-grandfather was one of a large family which emigrated from Wales to the colonies some years prior to the war of the Eevolution. The famous Lewis family of Virginia are among his connections. Until he was twelve years of age he lived in Baltimore, Maryland, and attended the public schools of that city five or six years. After his return to his native state he attended the graded schools in Chester, going from there to the South Caro- lina Military academy, which conferred the honorary degree of B. S. upon him in 1889. In order to keep himself in school he worked in the afternoon and on Saturdays in a lawyer's office, and it was largely that employment which influenced him to choose the law for a profession, though the law was a long way ahead of him at that time. He began his career as a teacher in the graded sehools in Rock Hill, his birthplace, in 1889, and made such a good record that the following session he was made principal of the Yorkville graded schools, and remained there two years, 1890-92; in the fall of the latter year he went to the Georgia Military institute as commandant of cadets, and remained there until 1893, when he closed his career as an educator. Meanwhile he had been reading law during vacations and as opportunity occurred, and in 1894 was admitted to the bar. Since then he has practiced with success in Yorkville, and has also been successful in com- mercial lines in which his practice incidentally interested him. He has been town attorney, and while holding the office compiled the provisions of the constitution and acts of the legislature 224 WILLIAM WALLACE LEWIS relating to corporations, and the ordinances of the town of York- ville, both published in 1902. He was president and treasurer of the Yorkville Cotton mills, September, 1902, to April, 1905 ; is a director of the Yorkville Loan and Savings Bank; member of board of governors of the Commercial club; was chairman of the board of trustees of the graded schools two years, and since 1901 has been a member of the board of visitors of the South Carolina Military academy. He is colonel of the First Infantry regiment, National Guard of South Carolina; a Mason; member of the Knights of Pythias; of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon frater- nity, and of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. In politics he is, and has always been, a Democrat. He rates the most potent influences in his life in the order named: Home, school, and contact with men in active life; and as the books that were most helpful in preparing him for his life work, the lives of Washington, Franklin, Lee and Jackson. He thinks every youth who seeks success should start with integ- rity, energy, and a determination to do something for humanity, and to be something under the providence of God. On December 31, 1890, he married Anna K. Eawlinson; six children have been born to them, of whom three are now (1907) living. His address is Yorkville, York county, South Carolina. WILLIAM GARTER LINDSAY LINDSAY, WILLIAM CARTEE, D. D., Baptist minister, was born in Louisa county, Virginia, February 15, 1840. He was educated under private tutors, and at the age of fifteen was sent to Hanover academy, where he spent four years in charge of Colonel Lewis Minor Coleman. He spent two years in the Medical college of Eichmond, Virginia, expecting to enter the medical profession. Before he finished his preparation for the practice of medicine he entered the Confederate army, and spent four years in the cavalry under the famous General J. E. B. Stuart. After the war he decided to enter the ministry and spent four years in the Southern Baptist Theological semi- nary; then located in Greenville, South Carolina, and subse- quently removed to Louisville, Kentucky. His first pastorate was in the town of Wilson, North Carolina. He remained there from October, 1870, to March, 1871. In October, 1871, he became pastor of the Baptist church at Barnwell, South Carolina. Here he remained five years, and during his pastorate the congregation rapidly increased and the church grew in strength, numerically and financially. While pastor in Barnwell he took a course in law under Honorable Isaac Hutson, not with the intention of practicing that profession, but for his own pleasure and better equipment. He says that the courses in law and medicine have been of very great advantage to him in the ministry. He resigned from the Barnwell church to accept an agency, in the year 1876, to raise money for the endowment of Furman university and the Southern Baptist Theological seminary. The effort did not meet with success, owing to the political disturbances in the state, and the financial stringency of the times. In August, 1877, Doctor Lindsay accepted the pastorate of the Baptist church in the city of Columbia, and is still (1907) the honored pastor of the First Baptist church in that city. When he went to Columbia there was only one Baptist church in that city. Subsequently, after other Baptist churches were established, as the city grew, the church of which he is pastor became known as the First Baptist church. When Doctor Lind- say became pastor of this church it was not considered a specially 226 WILLIAM CARTER LINDSAY desirable or prominent position, as the church was not strong financially and its membership was not large. He has remained at his post of duty for about thirty years, and he has seen his church grow to become one of the most influential in the city and one of the best in the state. He is more popular with his own members and with the people of the city than ever, and he is held in the highest esteem, not only by the people in that city, but also wherever he is known. He has not been very robust in health, but he has done a vast amount of work in his study, in the pulpit, and in the pastorate. He has met calls for special services in Columbia and in other parts of the state. A few years ago his church provided him with an assistant pastor, and if the people can have their way he will remain in his present field the remainder of his natural life. Doctor Lindsay has been a close student; he keeps up with the thought of the day, is interested in public affairs, reads a great deal, and has traveled extensively in this country and in Europe. He is a fluent, eloquent and forcible speaker. He knows people, understands human nature, has a fine vein of humor, a genial disposition, and a warm, sympathetic nature. He is held in the highest esteem by the religious denomination of which he is a distinguished member, and for many years he has filled prominent positions, as a member of the board of state missions, and also a member of the board of trustees of the Southern Baptist Theological seminary, and for several years he was a member of the board of trustees of Furman university. He received the degree of Doctor of Divinity from the Washington and Lee university, Virginia. The First Baptist church, of Columbia, of which Doctor Lindsay is pastor, meets in one of the most historic buildings in Columbia. It was in this building that the South Carolina Secession convention first met and organized and held its first •sessions. Owing to the existence of smallpox in the city, and which had become epidemic, it was decided to adjourn and meet in the city of Charleston, which was done, and the ordinance of secession was passed in that city. The edifice of the First Baptist church in Columbia is a beautiful and almost perfect specimen of the Doric style of architecture; it is kept in fine condition, is well located, and is greatly prized by the people of Columbia and of the whole state. In addition, it is a monument WILLIAM CARTER LINDSAY 227 to the liberality and farsightedness of one of its earliest pastors, the late Doctor James P. Boyce, formerly president of the South- ern Baptist Theological seminary. He was a man of large means and but for his large gifts to the building funds such a splendid house of worship could not have been built in Columbia in those times, and in the early history of the church. Doctor Lindsay is a worthy successor of Doctor Boyce, one of the finest and ablest men South Carolina ever produced. Doctor Lindsay married Margaret Ella Steen, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Steen, of Greenville. They have an inter- esting family of sons and daughters. His address is Columbia, South Carolina. jH» JAMES JONATHAN LUCAS LUCAS, JAMES JONATHAN, soldier, merchant, and viti- culturist, was born at Tiller's Ferry, Kershaw county, ' South Carolina, November 21, 1831. His father, Benja- min Simons Lucas, M. D., was an eminent physician and surgeon, noted for his intelligence, sound judgment, and amiability. His mother, Melita Eleanor (Tiller) Lucas, whose ancestors were English and Welsh families well known for their integrity and ability, strongly impressed her powerful moral character upon her son, to his lasting good. His blood is English, and French Huguenot. On the paternal side, the founder of the American branch was Jonathan Lucas, who came from England to Charles- ton in 1785. He invented a rice mill in 1787, upon which his son, Jonathan, made improvements, which were patented in 1808. The first ancestor of the family on his father's maternal side to settle in America was Benjamin Simons, who came from France to Charleston, South Carolina, in 1685, upon the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and at once took an active part in the affairs of the embryo city. His grandson, Benjamin Simons third, was a member of the Jacksonboro legislature. Lucas arms : Ar. a f ess gu. between six annulets gu. Crest : Out of a ducal coronet or, a griffin's head couped, gu. Motto: Veritas Vincit. Major Lucas lived on a farm until he was sixteen years old. He was not robust physically, but that he had the stamina which was to be one of his marked characteristics in after years was demonstrated when he was only fifteen. One of the negro plow hands being taken sick, he offered to do the work. His father laughingly doubted both the lad's ability and perseverance. Thus spurred, the boy, though unaccustomed to manual labor of any sort, took the negro's place and plowed every day for a week In youth his favorite occupations were reading and horticulture. He received his preparatory education in the country schools, which he attended until he was sixteen, when he entered the South Carolina Military academy, from which he was graduated November 20, 1851. In 1904 the same institution conferred upon him the degree of B. S. JAMES JONATHAN LUCAS 231 He began his business life in 1852,' as a clerk in his uncle's hardware store, in Charleston, but the year following he engaged in the same line of business for himself, which he successfully conducted until the opening of the War between the States. He represented Charleston in the house of representatives from 1856 to 1862, and was the first graduate of the Military academy to attain this distinction. Among his notable achievements in the legislature were the acts: To appropriate dividends on state- owned railway stock; for deepening the entrance to Charleston harbor; for presentation of a sword to Captain Nathan George Evans, United States army, for gallant services in Indian war- fare; and for the first appropriations for the library at the Citadel. But the proposal of which he was proudest failed, because other members of the legislature were not gifted with his foresight. This was the recommendation of General A. M. Manigault, Colonel Lewis M. Hatch, and himself, members of a state commission to reform the militia laws, of a bill authorizing the formation and equipment for the field of a select militia force of ten thousand men. Opponents ridiculed it as "Lucas's standing army" bill, but before Sumter was fired on they realized how wise its adoption would have been. In February, 1861, while serving as aide-de-camp to Governor Pickens, Major Lucas brought forty thousand pounds of powder from the Mt. Vernon arsenal, in Alabama, to Charleston without publicity. This was used for the reduction of Fort Sumter. The history of Lucas's battalion of heavy artillery, which he commanded from its organization to the end of the war (when he thinks he was the senior major in the Confederate service), is a part of the history of the notable and gallant defence of Charleston, much of which may be found in official publications. Credit is due Major Lucas for the most striking recognition given the enlisted men by General Beauregard — the naming of Battery Tynes, adjacent to the famous Battery Pringle, in honor of First Sergeant S. A. Tynes, Company A, Lucas's battalion of artillery, who was killed during the defence of Battery Wagner. He and his command participated in the capture of the gunboat Isaac Smith, in the Stono river, January, 1863; also in the famous continuous night and day bombardment of Fort Sumter, and Batteries Wagner and Pringle. It was the failure to silence Battery Pringle, where Major Lucas commanded, that prevented 232 JAMES JONATHAN LUCAS the capture of Charleston from the "rear, as Admiral Dahlgren had planned. He was in charge of the fortifications on the Stono river, which guarded the back door to Charleston for nearly four years — until the evacuation of that city and its defences. With his command he joined General Hardee's army in its retreat to North Carolina, where he took part in the battles of Averysboro and Bentonville, and was struck five times. One wound might have proved fatal had not the musket ball been stopped by a suspender button. As a result, he was three weeks in the hospital at St. Mary's school, Ealeigh, North Carolina, where he was the pet of fifty young ladies. When the fearful collapse of the Confederacy came, he was at home on sick leave. In 1865 he removed from Charleston to Society Hill, Dar- lington county, South Carolina, where by his intelligent culti- vation of grapes and wine-making he formed a noted industrial show place. His home is one of the most refined and cultivated in the state. He is a director of the Atlantic Coast Line Bail- road company ; a member of the board of visitors, South Carolina Military academy ; and a trustee of the Porter Military academy, Charleston, South Carolina. He was president of the Darlington Agricultural society for three years ; is a life member of the St. Cecilia society, of Charleston; is a member of the Huguenot society of that city ; was for seven years captain of the "Palmetto Guard," Charleston, and trained that company for its brilliant career in the Confederate army. He has been a Mason since 1856. In politics he has always been a Democrat. In religious conviction he is an Episcopalian. He is, and has long been, a lay reader of Trinity in his home town, and he was elected an alternate delegate from the diocese of South Carolina to the triennial convention of the American Episcopal church, which met at Richmond, Virginia, in October, 1907. Hunting and shooting were long his favorite recreations, but he has done little of either for some years. His advice to the young is: "Be prompt in whatever you have to do, and try to do it a little better than your fellows." Fear of being in the minority never prevents him from expressing his opinion. He never fought a duel, but, in 1856, he was one of the seconds in "an affair of honor," in which, fortunately, no blood was spilled. He is an open advocate of the code duello on the ground that it elevated the tone of society. JAMES JONATHAN LUCAS 233 On November 21, 1861, he married Carrie Mclver, daughter of Rev. David It. Williams Mclver, and granddaughter of Judge Samuel Wilds. Doctor Thomas Smith married the widow of Judge Wilds, and adopted her granddaughter, Carrie Mclver, changing her name to Smith, three years before her marriage. Mr. and Mrs. Lucas had seven children, five of whom are living in 1907. Mrs. Lucas and J. J. Lucas, Jr., passed into the eternal world in October, 1901, within sixteen days of each other. Melita Eleanor Lucas, the youngest daughter, died July 20, 1907. The address of Major Lucas is Society Hill, Darlington county, South Carolina. JOSEPH ALLEN McCULLOUGH McCULLOUGH, JOSEPH ALLEN, LL. D., lawyer and legislator, was born in Dunklin, Greenville county, South Carolina, September 9, 1865. His parents were the Eeverend A. C. and Ann Eebecca (McCullough) Stepp. His father was a Baptist minister and farmer. He was a man of strong convictions, very outspoken, with a taste for controversy, a close student and a preacher of great power. He was brought prominently before the public in 1876 by a controversy with Doctor Toy on the inspiration of the Scriptures. He was not only able as a writer and forceful in the pulpit, but he was also an effective stump speaker, and in this line he did good service for the Democratic party. His adopted father, Colonel James McCullough, was a farmer, an officer of the Sixteenth regiment, South Carolina volunteers, in the Confederate States army in the War between the States, a member of the state legislature, and a member of the convention which nominated Wade Hamp- ton for governor of South Carolina in 1876. His first ancestor in America was Joseph McCullough, who came from County Antrim, Ireland, and was one of the earlier European settlers in this country. When the subject of this sketch was an infant his mother was seriously ill, and her brother, Colonel James McCullough, and his wife, having no children of their own, adopted him and by an act of the legislature had his name changed to McCullough. In his early years Joseph McCullough was in good health. His home was in the country. He was fond of reading, fishing and hunting, and took pleasure in working with the thresher, the cotton gin, and other farm machinery. At this time mechanical devices for feeding had not been introduced, and he was regarded as the best cotton gin feeder in the county. For ordinary farm work, however, he had no taste. This fact, together with his love for books, led him to study for one of the learned professions. He attended the schools in the neighborhood, studied a year at Wofford college, and then went to South Carolina college, which he entered in 1882 and from which he was graduated, with the degrees of A. B. and LL. B., in 1887. The active work of life I ■ ■ -•-, n c C^rf ffot/cf ^C ^^^^ JOSEPH ALLEN m'cTJLLOXJGH 237 was commenced in September, 1887, as a lawyer in Greenville, South Carolina, where he soon secured a large and profitable practice. In 1892 he became city attorney, which position he held for six years. For several years he was president of the Carolina Loan and Trust company, and from 1896 to 1900 he was a member of the state legislature. He has held several terms of court as special judge; has also conducted a law school for one session at Furman university. He has delivered numerous addresses on important occasions and written many articles for the newspaper press. He is now, and has been for years, a mem- ber of the board of visitors of Wofford college. In obtaining an education he not only had no difficulties to overcome, but he received a great deal of encouragement. He says that he is not, in any sense, "a self-made man." Of the books which helped him greatly in boyhood and youth he names the Bible, history and biography, and the works of Dickens and Bulwer. In recent years he has derived much benefit from the writings of Tolstoi, Emerson, and Doctor Watson. His first strong impulse to strive for the prizes of life seems to have come to him from reading biographies of distinguished men and from the encouragement given him by Doctor McBryde, president of South Carolina college, when, by reason of an attack of fever, he had fallen behind his class and was thinking of giving up his studies and going back to the farm. Thus incited, he returned to college, did the work of four years in three years, and led his law class in its final examinations. In estimating, by request, the relative strength of various specified influences in enabling him to succeed in life, he places that of home as first. For some years he lived within two miles of his own parents and spent considerable time with them. The influence of both his mothers was especially strong for good. Next in the scale he places private study; and third, he names contact with men in active life. He adds, however, that above all these should be placed religious ideas and influences. He was free to choose his own profession, and from the fact that he has made a success therein, it is evident that his choice was wise. He finds his principal relaxation in driving and reading. He has taken one course of physical culture, from which he derived great benefit. Of the prominent fraternities with which he is connected, he names the Masons, Odd Fellows, Knights of 238 JOSEPH ALLEN M'CULLOTJGH Pythias, and Woodmen of the World. He has been high priest of the Cyrus chapter of Masons, and president of the "Club of Thirty-nine." In politics he has always been a Democrat. His religious affiliation is with the Methodist Episcopal church, of which he is a prominent member and in which he has held an official position for many years. He was chairman of the lay delegation to the general conference of his church, which con- vened at Birmingham, Alabama, in May, 1906. Together with four other jurists and lawyers, he was appointed a member of the Vanderbilt commission for the purpose of investigating and deciding the legal relations existing between Vanderbilt univer- sity and the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. Several sessions were held and a decision was filed settling these issues, which had long been a matter of controversy in the church. On June 3, 1890, he was married to Miss Maud d'Alvigny, of Atlanta, Georgia. Of their five children, three are living in 1907. In reply to a request for suggestions regarding the principles and habits which will most help young people to attain true success in life, Mr. McCullough advises them to avoid all intoxi- cants; to use tobacco, if at all, in moderation; to care for the body; to be systematic, looking carefully after details; and to fully master the subject in hand. For reading he recommends good literature, and especially the Bible, history and biography. By hard and persistent study and effort he has secured a place in the front rank of his profession in the state, and by his upright life, his courtesy, and his fidelity, he has won a large measure of public esteem. At its Centennial celebration in January, 1905, South Carolina college conferred upon him the honorary degree ofLL.D. He owns large plantations in the country, but his home, which is attractive and to which he is strongly attached, is in Greenville, South Carolina. JAMES McINTOSH McINTOSH, JAMES, a leading professional and business man of Newberry, South Carolina, was born at Society Hill, in the county of Darlington, South Carolina, on Febuary 27, 1838. His father, James Hawes Mcintosh, was a merchant and farmer, and a man of strict integrity, and was successful in his business and other relations. An early ancestor, John Mcintosh, a man of distinction, came from Scotland to the Welsh Neck settlement on the Pee Dee in 1750. Strong, athletic, and unburdened by labor, save such as he chose to perform, young Mcintosh passed in his native village a happy childhood. His mother, Martha Gregg Mcintosh, had much to do with shaping his moral, spiritual and intellectual character, and her influence he regards as the dominant factor in his life. School privileges were his from the first. He attended the village school at Society Hill, and South Carolina college at Columbia. Having a decided leaning toward medicine, he resolved to prepare himself for this profession. To this end he entered the South Carolina Medical college at Charleston, the leading institution of its character in the state. In the year 1861 he was graduated with distinction. Ten years later he supplemented this course with studies in gynecology, and the therapeutics of the throat and lungs, in New York city. His standing in general scholarship and in his profession has been recognized by the South Carolina college and the South Carolina Medical college, both of which institutions have honored him, and, at the same time, honored themselves, by conferring upon him their degrees. For the subject of this sketch the serious work of life began when, at the opening of the War between the States, he enlisted in Company F, Eighth regiment of South Carolina volunteers. Soon afterward he was appointed assistant surgeon in the state service. Two weeks later the Eighth regiment was mustered into the Confederate service, and, as he was anxious to go to Virginia, Mr. Mcintosh resigned his commission, joined the same company and regiment, and went to that state. He served through the 240 summer campaign and was under Kershaw's command at the first battle of Manassas. On November 1, 1861, he was appointed assistant surgeon in the Confederate States army, and until Feb- ruary, 1865, he served continuously at Charlottesville, Virginia. After the capture of Charleston, and the destruction of Columbia, he was ordered to South Carolina, established a temporary hos- pital at Newberry, and continued there until the last of the volunteers of the armies of Lee and Johnston had passed through to their Western homes. In June, 1865, he entered upon the general practice of medicine and surgery at Newberry, South Carolina. Among the positions held by Doctor Mcintosh may be named the presidency of the South Carolina Medical association (1876- 1877) ; trustee of Furman university ; president Newberry Build- ing and Loan association, and president of the Newberry Savings bank. Doctor Mcintosh has also served as chairman of the board of commissioners of public works of Newberry, South Carolina, for eight years. Throughout his life, and in the midst of changing party policies, Doctor Mcintosh has been a Democrat. In religious faith he is a Baptist. In addressing young Americans he would emphasize the supreme worth of character, honesty, honor, and truthfulness, and would urge the importance of fidelity to obli- gations; of energy, industry, application, and the determination to succeed. On the 25th of November, 1862, Doctor Mcintosh married Miss Fannie C. Higgins. They had four children. On June 13, 1903, he married Mrs. Sarah B. Boozer (nee Book), of which union two children have been born. Five of the children are now (1907) living. The address of Doctor Mcintosh is Newberry, South Caro- lina. JOHN LOWNDES McLAURIN McLAUKIN, JOHN LOWNDES, lawyer, legislator, some- time member of the United States senate and house of representatives, was born at Eed Bluff, Marlboro county, South Carolina, May 9, 1860, son of Philip Bethea and T. J. (Weatherly) McLaurin. He is of Scotch descent, and the family tradition records Colin McLaurin, the celebrated Scotch mathematician, as the earliest known ancestor. His great-grand- father, John Lauchin McLaurin, who emigrated from Argyle- shire, Scotland, about 1785, was the founder of the American branch of the family, in the paternal line, while his mother's forebears were substantially settled in this country before the Revolution. The father of John L. McLaurin, was an extensive planter in Marlboro county, a lawyer of marked ability, and a public speaker of high local reputation. He served in the legislature of the state two terms, entered the Confederate army during the War between the States, in which he commanded a company in a regiment of South Carolina volunteers, and gave promise of a brilliant career, when, at the age of thirty-three, he met an untimely death. He was a graduate of Davidson college, North Carolina, a man of refined nature, scholarly habits, and much intellectual force. At his death he left three children: John L., the eldest; Thomas, who died at Englewood, New Jersey, at the age of thirteen; and Margaret, who married Throop Crosland. His mother was a daughter of Colonel T. C. Weatherly, a prominent legislator of the state, and author of the South Caro- lina "Lien Law" and several other important measures. After the death of her husband she married W. S. Mowry and removed to Englewood, New Jersey, where the youth of her children was in part passed. Mr. McLaurin was educated at Bennettsville academy; the academy at Englewood, New Jersey ; Swarthmore college, Penn- sylvania; Carolina Military institute, and the University of Virginia. He was graduated from the Carolina Military institute in 1880, and received his degree in law from the University of Virginia in 1882. In the year following he was admitted to Vol. I-S. 0— 12 ;J,'fc 242 JOHN LOWNDES m'lATJRIN the bar, and began the practice of law at Bennettsville, South Carolina. His training and natural abilities soon gave him a commanding place at the bar of the county, and made him a strong advocate and a leader in local politics. For some years after his admission to the bar he was associated in practice with Judge C. P. Townsend, of Bennettsville. In 1890 he was elected to the South Carolina legislature, and to the office of attorney-general of the state in the following year. After a brief career as the chief law officer of the state, he was elected to the lower house of congress, and served in that body from 1891 to 1897. Here he was a member of the Ways and Means committee. Upon the death of Joseph H. Earle, United States senator from South Carolina, he was appointed by Gov- ernor Ellerbe, on May 27, 1897, to fill out the unexpired term of that senator. After a vigorous campaign, in which the question was submitted to the people of the state, he was regularly elected to the United States senate for the term ending March 3, 1903. While in the United States senate Mr. McLaurin was a mem- ber of the committees on claims, improvement of the Mississippi river and tributaries, Indian affairs, manufactures; organization, conduct and expenditures of the executive departments; trans- portation routes to the seaboard, and industrial expositions. His attitude on public questions was one of dignified independence, and his advanced views brought him into sharp conflict with the conservatism of his party in the state. On July 25, 1901, the Democratic State Executive committee of South Carolina asked him to tender his resignation as United States senator, which request he ignored as coming from a misunderstanding of his true position on important issues to the South. A very clear and logical vindication of his political course in congress was made in a speech delivered at the annual dinner of the New York chamber of commerce in 1901. Senator McLaurin's most important speeches while in the senate were his deliverances on "The Philippine Islands," Feb- ruary 28, 1900, and on "The Repeal of the Ten Per Cent. Tax on State Banks of Issue," January 16, 1900. These speeches, especially the one on the Philippine policy of the country, were marked by careful preparation, cogent reasoning, and a broad view of public policy, although they were the chief offenders against the more provincial sensibilities of the South. JOHN LOWNDES M'lATJBIN 243 On July 11, 1902, President Roosevelt tendered Senator McLaurin the position of judge of the United States court of claims, which he declined, and at the expiration of his term as senator he returned to the practice of law- Before entering congress, Mr. McLaurin was, for some time, chief of ordnance on the staff of Governor B. R. Tillman, with the rank of colonel, and was also captain of a volunteer company of militia known as the Gordon Rifles. On February 19, 1883, Mr. McLaurin married Nora Breeden, daughter of Thomas J. and Sallie Helen Breeden, of Marlboro county, South Carolina. They have had six children, all of whom are now (1907) living. His address is Bennettsville, Marlboro county, South Caro- lina. AMOS McMANUS McMANUS, AMOS, of Lancaster, South Carolina, ex-sheriff of Lancaster county, ex-member of the legis- lature of his state, a veteran of the Mexican war, captain of a company in the Confederate army for thirteen months, 1861-1862, in the War between the States, was born at Lancaster on May 15, 1826. His father was a farmer of sterling character, John McManus. His great-grandfather came from Ireland to Virginia in colonial times; and his grandfather removed from Virginia and settled in the western part of Ches- terfield county on Lynch river. Born on a farm and the son of a farmer, he early determined upon farming as his own life occupation. He attended the com- mon schools of his county, meanwhile having excellent health, and doing such "chores," and such kinds of more regular and more severe work on a farm as his strength and youth permitted. He had access to few books besides school text-books and the Bible; but he learned to love to read the Book of Books. At the outbreak of the Mexican war he joined the army and for nineteen months, in 1846, 1847, 1848, he was with the United States forces on the border and in Mexico. In 1861 he was elected sheriff of his county, serving for three years, after he had served as captain in the War between the States for one year. In 1880 he was chosen as the representative of Lancaster county in the house of representatives of South Carolina, serving two years, 1881 and 1882. He was postmaster of Taxahaw, Lancaster county, South Carolina, for four years, 1886 to 1890. Connected early in life with the Democratic party, he has not, at any time, found reason to swerve from his allegiance to that organization, but he has supported its measures and its candidates. He has been twice married: to Martha Ann Hough on December 18, 1849; and a second time to Bebecca Jane Roberts on March 31, 1864. By his first wife he had a daughter. amos m'mantts 245 In his religious belief and worship he is identified with the Baptist church. A veteran of two wars, an octogenarian who has always proved his public spirit by his deeds, he feels that he owes much of his outlook upon life and his interest in public affairs to the stirring scenes in which he had a part, in 1846-1848, and 1861- 1865; and to the men in public life with whom he has been associated. Many well-wishers in his county and state hope to see Mr. McManus live out a full century of useful life. His address is Lancaster, Lancaster county, South Carolina. JOHN McSWEEN McSWEEN, JOHN, of Timmonsville, South Carolina, president of the John McSween company, is a business man who by his energy, perseverance and probity, has built up in a comparatively small place a business such as would deserve and command attention in any city of the South. Born in Argyleshire, Scotland, December 21, 1847, and entering a store in Glasgow, Scotland, as messenger boy, when he was but four- teen, he has steadily won his way by industry and fair dealing; and now, for thirty-three years a merchant, and for fourteen years a banker, his success in business life entitles him to be ranked among South Carolina's "men of mark." His father, John McSween, was a Gaelic school-teacher, a man of piety and character, who did necessary religious mis- sionary work while he taught among the Scotch highlanders. Both he and his wife, Mrs. Catherine McSween, had a decided and deep influence for good upon the character of their son, who was the second of the family to come to America. Strong and healthy as a boy, making good use of the limited opportunity for an elementary education, which was open to him in a Scotch country school, John McSween laid the foundation of a business education in the public school at Port Ellen Islay, Scotland. The "Lives of Eminent Scotchmen," and other biog- raphies, early stirred his ambition; and as he met with or read of men who had succeeded in life, he says: "I determined, if hard work could accomplish it, to succeed, myself." His own choice led him toward a mercantile life; and at fourteen he became errand boy in a Glasgow store. In 1868 he came to South Carolina, and he established him- self at Timmonsville soon afterward. In 1873 he began an independent business there, on his own account. It has grown under his management until it has become the important corpo- ration known as "The John McSween Company, Wholesale and Retail Dealers in General Merchandise," whose spacious building is one of the marked features of Timmonsville, while the trade of the company is widely distributed through all that section. 247 Mr. McSween is president of the company. He is also president of the Bank of Timmonsville. He was one of the com- missioners to look after the construction of the public buildings when Florence county was established. He is a member of the Commercial club and of the St. Andrew's society of Charleston. In his political associations he is a Democrat. Born of a Christian mother, whose religious beliefs and Christian life impressed her son deeply, and having a devotedly pious father, he early became by conviction and choice identified with the Presbyterian church. "The influence of home was paramount in my life," he says, "and association with clean companions, and good reading," helped to form sound principles and high ideals of business life. On March 12, 1882, he married Miss Kate Keith; and they have two children. This successful and honorable merchant, whom all Caro- linians who know him would gladly enroll among the natives of South Carolina if they might, writes for young men of his adopted state this brief advice: "The young man who would succeed must be willing to pay the cost of success. He must apply himself in earnest. He must use self-denial. He must have high ideals of life. He must dare to do right." His address is Timmonsville, Florence county, South Caro- lina. RICHARD IRVINE MANNING MANNING, EICHAED IEVINE, son of Eichard Irvine Manning and his wife, Elizabeth Allen Sinkler, was born at Homesley plantation, Sumter county, South Carolina, August 15, 1859. The father, a man of equable tem- perament and gentle and unobtrusive in manner, was noted for his excellent judgment and scrupulous uprightness in life. He impressed all as an honorable and just man, and his opinion naturally, in matters of moment, was often sought. He was a successful planter, and served acceptably in the state senate of South Carolina. His paternal ancestor, Laurence Manning, was born in Ire- land, and emigrated thence prior to the American Eevolution and settled in Craven, subsequently Clarendon, county, South Carolina. He married a daughter of Eichard Eichardson, a distinguished patriot, born near Jamestown, Virginia, 1704, where he had been a land surveyor. He removed to Craven county, South Carolina, where he engaged in farming. During the Indian border wars he commanded a regiment; was a member of the council of safety at Charleston in 1775; and for his services in quelling a dangerous loyalist revolt in the "back country" received the thanks of the provincial congress and was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general. He was a member of the legislative council of 1776, and in the provincial congress of South Carolina assisted in forming the state constitution. Lord Cornwallis made fruitless efforts to gain him over to the royal cause. Made prisoner at the capture of Charleston, he returned from the prison of St. Augustine and died in a few days near Salisbury, North Carolina, in September, 1781. His eldest son, Colonel Eichard Eichardson, commanded the right wing of General Francis Marion's army at the battle of Eutaw, and was wounded. Another son, James B. Eichardson, was governor of South Carolina, 1802-1804. The same Laurence Manning, great-grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was a Eevolutionary soldier, and was distinguished for his intrepid courage and imperturbability of demeanor in moments of great peril, instances of which are RICHARD IRVINE MANNING 251 narrated in "Garden's Anecdotes." He was the first adjutant- general of the state of South Carolina. His son, Eichard Irvine Manning, was born in Sumter dis- trict, May 1, 1789 ; was graduated from South Carolina college in 1811; served in the war of 1812; was a member of the South Carolina legislature 1822, and governor of South Carolina 1824- 1826; was state senator, and was elected a member of congress from South Carolina in 1834, and died during his term, in Phila- delphia, Pennsylvania, May 1, 1836. The early years of the subject of this sketch were passed upon the plantation of his father, and he grew up a healthy and active lad, fond of horseback riding and fox hunting. His father dying when he was only two years of age, the responsible care of the plantation and of his mother and sisters fell upon him when he was a mere lad. His training was of great value to him. It necessitated daily intercourse with his neighbors in varied matters of business and impressed him with the value of the golden rule in all his transactions as well as accustoming himself to self-sacrifice. His mother was highly educated and refined, a sincerely pious woman of deep religious faith in whom all considerations of selfish comfort and pleasure were always subservient to her duty to God, to the cause of humanity and the good of her country. The special lines of reading which young Manning found most helpful in fitting him for his work in life were, primarily, the Bible, with the biographies of men famous in the world's progress. After attending the primary schools in the vicinity of his birth, he was for two years a student at the Ken- more University high school of the late H. A. Strode, in Amherst county, Virginia, and later at the University of Virginia, which he left in 1879 before completing the course of study. He commenced the active work of his life in Sumter county, South Carolina, as a farmer in 1880. On February 10, 1881, he married, at Eichmond, Virginia, Lelia Bernard Meredith, daughter of Honorable John A. Mere- dith and Sarah Anne Bernard, his wife. Judge Meredith was a descendant of Colonel Elisha Meredith, of the American Eevo- lution. Two brothers of Mrs. Manning, Messrs. Charles V. and Wyndham Eobertson Meredith, of Eichmond, Virginia, are prominent members of the Virginia bar. The first choice of 252 EICHAED IEVINE MANNING young Manning was for the profession of law, but his eyesight being threatened, he abandoned the study. He was elected a member of the house of representatives of South Carolina in 1892, and in 1894, although he declined the nomination, he was reelected to the house. In 1898 he was elected a member of the state senate of South Carolina, was reelected in 1902, and served as president pro tempore of that body in 1905. He was also chairman of the finance committee, a member of the sinking fund commission of the senate, and a member of the Wade Hampton Monument commission. He was a candidate for the Democratic nomination for governor of South Carolina at the Democratic primaries in 1906, but failed of success, after a hotly contested campaign, in spite of his confessedly greater popularity than that enjoyed by his winning competitor. Besides developing his planting interests, Mr. Manning has proved himself in many ways a progressive and public-spirited citizen, and has been influentially connected with various business and other enterprises. Among his trusts have been president and treasurer of the Masonic Temple association, president of the Sumter Compress company, president of the Sumter Cotton Warehouse company, president of the Home Building and Loan association ; director in the Bank of Sumter, in the Sumter Tele- phone Manufacturing company, Sumter Telephone company, Sumter Machinery company, Sumter and Wateree Railroad com- pany, and president of the Bank of Sumter. He has also been connected with other enterprises tending to the improvement and development of his community and state. In his party affiliation he has been a consistent Democrat, and has always aided in every effort to purify elections — "the ballot being the foundation stone of republican institutions." He believes that "effort should be made to rid elections of fraud; that they should be protected from the exercise of undue influence so as to arrive at a free and untrammeled expression of the popular will." He introduced in the house of representatives, in 1894, a rigid Australian ballot bill, but it was defeated. He has always taken an active part in all legislation touching the assessment and taxation of property, and in everything promoting the educational interests of South Carolina. He has actively worked for the development of the common school system, as well as for the thorough equipment and the broadening of the sphere of the institutions of higher RICHARD IRVINE MANNING 253 learning. He is a communicant of the Protestant Episcopal church, is chairman of the vestry of the church at Sumter, and its treasurer, and is also treasurer of St. Mark's church at Clar- endon, South Carolina. He is a member of the standing com- mittee of the Protestant Episcopal diocese of South Carolina, chairman of the finance committee of the diocese of its board of missions, and of the executive committee of the Young Men's Christian association of North and South Carolina. He served in the state militia of South Carolina, 1876-78. He is a member of the following fraternities: A. F. and A. Masons, the Delta Kappa Epsilon, and the Knights of Pythias. He has found healthful relaxation from the duties of his busy and useful career in driving, riding, occasional hunting, and travel when time and opportunity have admitted. He believes that the principles, methods and habits which will prove most helpful to our young people in attaining true success in life are: "A regular reading and study of the Bible, the study of history and the biographies of those characters whose lives and achievements appeal to the student, and, above all, to ever aim at the attainment of the highest ideals of citizen- ship, with purity of morals and uprightness in character in the daily walks of life; to feel it a duty to take interest in and to create, foster and direct a healthy public sentiment in all public questions, and to be ever ready to sacrifice private inclination, personal comfort, and pecuniary interests, in the discharge of duty to God and to fellowmen, with the paramount ambition to be useful and valued members of the community." His address is 421 North Main street, Sumter, Sumter county, South Carolina. PATRICK HUES MELL MELL, PATRICK HUES, Ph. D., was born in Penfield, Greene county, Georgia, May 24, 1850. He is the son of Patrick Hues and Lurene Howard Cooper Mell. His father was a Baptist minister and teacher; from 1842 to 1856 professor of ancient languages in Mercer university; from 1856 to 1878 professor of ethics at the University of Georgia; and from 1878 to 1888 chancellor of the University of Georgia. He was a colonel in the Confederate army, and president for many years of the Southern and Georgia Baptist conventions. He was the author of a valuable work on parliamentary law, and of several books on religious subjects. He was pastor of several churches, serving one for thirty years, and his section of the country was known as "Mell's Kingdom." He received the degrees of D. D. and LL. D. He was a powerful, logical, intel- ligent, and profound reasoner, strong-willed, yet ever gentle and courteous, possessing great self-control and personal dignity; a born ruler and leader of men. Among the early ancestors in America should be noted the following: John Mell, who emigrated from England in 1677 and settled near Charleston, South Carolina; Patrick Hues, an Irish patriot, who was exiled from Ireland and in 1772 settled in St. Matthew's parish, South Carolina. The Summer, Andrew and Baker families, of English descent, removed from Massachusetts to Dorchester, South Carolina, in 1696. They were also ancestors of Patrick H. Mell. Reverend Wilson Connor, of Irish descent, born in 1756 in Marlboro district, South Carolina, was the great- grandfather of Patrick H. Mell. In childhood and youth the subject of this sketch was "just an ordinary boy; healthy, full of play and mischief." He was always interested in mechanics and science, possessing, at the same time, much love for art and literature. He was city bred. His boyhood and youth fell in the War between the States and Reconstruction period. At this time all Southern youths had to work. Doubtless this necessity developed in the boy habits of industry, patience, and self-denial. PATRICK HUES MBLL 255 His mother was a woman of culture and Christian character, and her influence upon him was, in every way, for good. The precepts and example of his father have also proved to him through life an inspiration. He was prepared for college by his father. In 1871 he was graduated from the University of Georgia with the degree of A. B. In 1873 he received from the University of Georgia the degree of C. E. and M. E. ; later he received from the same institution the honorary degree of Ph.D., while the South Carolina college bestowed upon him the degree of LL. D. In 1873, Doctor Mell assumed the duties of mining engineer for a copper mine in Georgia. The professional work of Doctor Mell has been in the geological, botanical, and meteorological sciences. From 1873, when he commenced his professional duties in Georgia, he was for many years a mining engineer. During 1877-78 he was mining expert for companies in Georgia, North Carolina, and Alabama. From 1874 to 1877 he was state chemist of Georgia ; from 1878 to 1902 he was professor of natural history and geology in the Alabama Polytechnic institute. In 1887 he was elected botanist to the Alabama Experiment station. In 1880 he was elected a member of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, but resigned ten years later. From 1884 to 1893 he was director of the Alabama Weather service; and from 1898 to 1902 director of the Alabama Experiment station. In 1896 he was made chairman of the section on botany and horticulture of the American association of agricultural colleges and experiment stations; in 1898 he was elected vice-president of this body, and also director of the Alabama Experiment station. In 1902 he was made president of Clemson Agricultural college, and con- tinued as director of the experiment station. Doctor Mell has, from time to time, declined important positions, including the chairs of geology in two leading institu- tions in neighboring states in 1890, and the presidency of Mercer university in 1893. For several years Doctor Mell was president of the Baptist Young People's union of Alabama; from 1899 to 1902 he was a member of the Baptist State Mission board. Doctor Mell is a voluminous writer. His productions include many important papers published in scientific journals, in the transactions of scientific societies, and by the United States 256 PATRICK HUES MF.T.T. Department of Agriculture, together with a very large number of experiment station reports and bulletins on agricultural and kindred subjects. He has also written a "Life of Patrick Hues Mell, State Chancellor of the University of Georgia" (1895), has revised "Mell's Parliamentary Law" (1902), and also revised White's "Gardening for the South." He invented the present system of local weather signals. This, at first, was known as the "Mell" system, and later as the "Alabama" system. It is now adopted and used by the United States Weather bureau. Doctor Mell is a member of the Southern Historical society, the South Carolina Historical society, the Alabama Historical society, the Kappa Alpha college fraternity, and the Sons of Veterans. He is a fellow of the American Academy for the Advancement of Science, and of the Geological Society of Amer- ica, and a member of the National Geographic society, and of the International Congress of Geologists. Doctor Mell is also commander of the Sons of Veterans in Alabama. In boyhood he was fond of outdoor sports, and as a man he is deeply inter- ested in athletics. In politics he has always been a Democrat; in religion he is, as has been indicated, a Baptist. On June 15, 1875, he was married to Miss Annie Eebecca White. His address is Clemson College, Oconee county, South Caro- lina. ALLARD MEMMINGER MEMMINGEE, ALLAED, M. D., was born September 30, 1854, in Charleston, South Carolina. He is the son of Christopher Gustavus Memminger and Mary Wilkinson Memminger. His father was a lawyer and was the first secretary of the treasury of the Confederate States of America. He was noted for lucidity and intenseness in expres- sion. Doctor Memminger's most distinguished ancestor was his paternal grandfather, Christopher Godfrey Memminger, who was an officer in the Austrian army which fought Napoleon at Wag- ram. It was due to injuries received in this battle that he finally died. Allard Memminger's mother was descended from English ancestors, and his grandfather on this side of the house was a physician. In youth, Allard Memminger was rather delicate. He was reared in city and country. Manual labor was not demanded of him; he was, however, required to apply himself closely to his books. The influence of his mother upon his character was strong in every way. Allard Memminger was educated at a private school for boys taught by Doctor Henry M. Bruns, in Charleston. From this institution he went, at the earliest age at which matriculation was permitted, to the University of Virginia. Here he took an academic course of three complete sessions. After graduating, he went home, but afterward returned to the university and took a special course in the department of chemistry. He was grad- uated in all the schools of chemistry, and then returned to his native city and began business as an analytical chemist. In 1878 he entered the Medical College of the State of South Carolina as a student of medicine, continuing meanwhile his business in analytical chemistry, and graduating from that institution in 1880 as a doctor of medicine and surgery. After this he went abroad, visiting the hospitals in Edinburgh, London, Paris, and Vienna, with a view to perfecting himself in the knowledge of medicine and surgery. With the same object, he also visited the Pasteur institute in Paris. While pursuing the profession of an analytical chemist, he became chemist for a number of fertilizer 260 ATJiABn MEMMTNGEB manufacturing plants, constructing for them, in many instances, the acid chambers required in the factories. He conducted, at the same time, a very large analytical business, and was appointed chemist for the state of South Carolina. He was also offered, but declined, a like position in the state of North Carolina. He is now professor of chemistry, hygiene and clinical, urinary diagnosis in the Medical College of the State of South Carolina; professor of general applied chemistry in the College of Pharmacy of South Carolina; one of the visiting physicians in the city hospital of Charleston; member or ex-member of state, national and international medical, pharmaceutical, scien- tific and hygienic societies ; and corresponding honorary member of the Academie Parisienne Francaise des Iwoens. He has been a member of the state board of pharmaceutical examiners of South Carolina and of the Charleston city board of health. To obtain hygienic data for the governments of the United States and France, he made an examination of the water used by the city of Charleston, a laborious and highly scientific undertaking. He is an honorary member of the Pharmaceutical association of South Carolina. He is author of "Diagnosis by the Urine" (second edition published in 1902) ; "Qualitative Chemical Analysis," a brief work (second edition issued in 1904) ; and "Science in the Field," a brochure published by the News and Courier Publishing company, of Charleston. He has written many articles of scien- tific and medical interest on the subjects of water, climate, and disease of the kidneys; these articles have appeared in many of the leading journals of this country. He has also published a special article on "The true Function of a State Medical Exam- ining Board," which led to a considerable change in the medical laws of South Carolina. The law now in force was, in great measure, drawn from this original article, and was framed by Doctor S. C. Baker, of Sumter, member of the examining board, and Doctor Allard Memminger, of the Medical college. Doctor Memminger received the gold medal of honor, and a diploma of honor from the Academie Parisienne Francaise des Iwoens, for an account of original research on the use of fluoride of calcium ; and, at the request of the American Medical association, he prepared a paper on the use, by himself, of sodium chloride in Bright's disease. He was appointed by the governor as one o? the commission in the famous trial of Lavelle for wife ALLARD MEMMINGER 261 murder. Lavelle, it will be recalled, was convicted by the jury, but was afterwards adjudged of unsound mind and placed in the state penitentiary. In this case Doctor Memminger wrote the report of the minority of the commission. He is the origi- nator of an important food for invalids, which has been highly recommended by distinguished members of the medical profes- sion. He is also the originator of a tablet manufactured by Parke, Davis & Company, under the name of "Salt and Iron Tablets for Anaemia." He is now occupied in experimenting with a new compound for the cure of anaemia and neurasthenia. Doctor Memminger was for years a member of several of the social clubs, including the St. Cecilia society, the Cotillion club of Charleston, and the Charleston club, and he is now a member of the new Commercial club of Charleston. Although a Democrat, he has never been in politics ; he has, however, been examined as an expert before committees of the state senate and house of representatives of South Carolina, and before the United States Naval committee at Washington. Doctor Memminger has never been married. For the advancement of social well-being, his advice is: "Train the con- sciences of men and women in the highest manner, and then there will be less need for so-called laws, which can always be evaded." His winter address is 34 Montague street, Charleston, South Carolina ; his summer address, Richmond Hill, Flat Bock, North Carolina. vol i-a a— u MARION MOISE MOISE, MARION, was born on Sullivan's Island, Charleston county, South Carolina, June 14, 1855. He is the son of Edwin Warren Moise and Esther Lyon, his wife. The father, a prominent lawyer, held the position of adjutant and inspector general of South Carolina for the period 1876-1880. He is of Jewish descent. Abraham Moise, a native of Alsace (one of the old German provinces ceded to France in 1648), emigrated to the West Indies and married the daughter of a prominent Jewish family of the Island of Saint Eustatius. Upon the memorable insurrection of the slaves in 1791 he fled to Charleston, South Carolina. His son, Abraham Moise, born in 1799, married Caroline, granddaughter of Meyer Moses, and these were the grandparents of the subject of this sketch. Marion Moise grew up a healthy and active youth, with a special taste for hunting and fishing and but little love for study or reading. His early years were passed in the town of Sumter, and the circumstances of his father being prosperous, the son had no tasks or special duties assigned him as a boy, and he preferred to be amused. His mother, however, was an excellent wife and parent and exercised a signal influence for good in his intellectual and moral life. His special lines of reading were the Bible and Shakespeare, and later the legal writers, Blackstone and Kent. His preparatory studies were in the schools of Sumter. He subsequently attended the Virginia Military institute at Lex- ington, Virginia, and finally was a student for a few months in 1872 of South Carolina college. Deciding upon the profession of law, he laid the foundation for his career as a clerk in the law office of his father, in Sumter, South Carolina, and the sterling character and well-earned success of the parent were potent in stimulating the son to exertion, not only toward efficiency in his profession, but in other lines of activity. Commencing the prac- tice of law, he married, November 7, 1877, Isabel DeLeon, whose family name has been distinguished in literature and the arts. They have had seven children born to them, of whom five are now (1907) living. MAHION MOISE 265 Mr. Moise has filled usefully many positions of trust and honor. He served as state senator of South Carolina from 1886 to 1890, and also as intendant of the town of Sumter, for two terms, without remuneration of any kind. He became president of the Sumter Cotton mills after the enterprise had been adjudged a failure, and by his energetic management its success was assured. He has served as vice-president of the Bank of Sumter for the past fifteen years, and is further prominent in financial circles, being a director of the Sumter Savings bank, and in many other business institutions. He has also served as a member of the board of school trustees for the Sumter graded schools for the past thirteen years. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias, of the Knights and Ladies of Honor, of the Masonic fraternity, of the Euphradian society, and of a number of other organiza- tions. He has been constantly identified with the Democratic party, using his best efforts for the interests and prosperity of his state and country. He is a zealous member of the Jewish Congregation Sinai. His relaxation in mature years has con- tinued from boyhood in hunting and fishing. His precepts for success in life for ambitious youth are to "adhere to the simple life of our ancestors; to subdue all desire for indulgence beyond one's pecuniary resources, as the trend is toward habits of extravagance ; to act uprightly in every relation and responsibility of life without ostentation or pretence; to be a true man in all things and to concentrate all one's energies unflaggingly upon whatever work or duty is undertaken, but, lest one fall by the wayside, some short periods of relaxation should be taken as often as may seem requisite to the maintenance of health. Be ever pure in thought, sincere in utterance, and urbane in manner to all, in whatever sphere, exalted or humble." His address is 17 Warren street, Sumter, Sumter county, South Carolina. WILLIAM JOSEPH MONTGOMERY MONTGOMERY, WILLIAM JOSEPH, twice mayor of Marion, president of the Merchants and Farmers bank, and president of the Marion Business league, was born in Marion county, South Carolina, May 20, 1851. He is the son of Calvin Montgomery, a farmer, who died while his son was a child, and of Desda Anderson Montgomery. The family are descendants of a Scotchman who came to this country in 1735 and settled near the line of Virginia and North Carolina. Until he was eighteen years of age, William J. Montgomery lived on a farm, where as a healthy and robust young man fond of books and sports of field and stream, he divided his time between school and manual labor on the farm. Like many of America's leading men, he worked his way through both school and college. After attending several preparatory schools, he took a literary course in Wofford college, where in 1875 he was graduated with the degree of A. B. In his college work and in after life he has been a great reader, especially of the lives of the great men of this and other countries. It was his mother's wish and his own desire that he become a member of the legal profession. In 1875 he became town clerk of Marion, and while in this position he devoted all his spare time to the study of law. In 1877 he was admitted to the bar by the circuit court of South Carolina, and immediately commenced practice. He has been successful as an attorney and also as a banker and a public man. He was president of the Merchants and Farmers bank from its organization until it liquidated to form the Farmers and Merchants bank, of which he is also president. In 1882 he was elected a member of the house of representatives of South Caro- lina, and again in 1899. He was a member of the Constitutional convention in 1895, and was twice elected mayor of Marion. He is president of the State Bankers association and of the Marion Business league. He attends the Southern Methodist church. In politics he is a Democrat of the Grover Cleveland school. Hunting and fishing are his favorite forms of amusement. In advising young men how to succeed in life, he says: "Strict WIIiLIAM JOSEPH MONTGOMERY 267 integrity, industry, economy, sobriety, will bring success in any line of achievement." On December 13, 1877, Mr. Montgomery was married to Annie Stackhouse, daughter of Colonel E. T. Stackhouse, of Marion county, who at the time of his death was a member of congress. Of their six children, five are now (1907) living. His address- is Marion, Marion county, South Carolina. JULIUS ANDREW MOOD MOOD, JULIUS ANDREW, A. B., M. D., physician and surgeon, is of German descent — that thrifty element which has contributed so largely to the industrial peopling of the United States. His emigrant ancestor, Peter Mood, from Wurtemburg, Ger- many, settled in 1751 in Pennsylvania, the primary destination of a majority of the emigrants from Germany, Holland and Switzerland, whence they spread to Maryland, the Valley of Virginia, North and South Carolina, and thence permeated the Southern and Western states. In religion they were chiefly of the Lutheran church, and by vocation farmers. Depending more upon themselves than upon others, they were important factors in the building of this great nation, and were especially prominent in the development of its mechanical and mining interests. The son of the emigrant, Peter Mood, the great-grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was born in Oxford, Pennsylvania, in May, 1766. In 1798 he removed to Charleston, South Caro- lina, where he followed the craft of silversmith and jeweler, in which vocation he was succeeded by his son in the establishment on King street, so well known. The last, in religion, was of the Methodist Episcopal church, in which two of his sons attained prominence by their good works. Eeverend Francis Asbury Mood, D. D., who, being thrown upon his own resources at the age of fourteen years, taught a school for colored youth to acquire means for his college course. He graduated from Charleston college in 1850, and joined the South Carolina conference the same year. He served with acceptance on circuits, in stations as presiding elder, and in missionary work among the colored population; was appointed chaplain in the Confederate States army, and assigned to duty in the hospitals in Charleston during the War between the States. Afterward, having made a tour in Europe, he entered on the presidency of Soule university, at Chapel Hill, Texas. Subse- quently, on its consolidation with several Methodist colleges into the Southern university, he was elected regent of the university fiSiit Wmm JULIUS ANDREW MOOD 271 in 1873. His brother, Reverend Henry McFarlane Mood, remov- ing to Lenoir, North Carolina, was president of Davenport Female college there 1859-62, and of Columbia Female college 1862-65. His characteristics were zeal and unostentatious devo- tion to the service of the Lord, and a uniform consistency in every requirement of the daily walks of life. Julius Andrew Mood, the son of Reverend Henry McFarlane and Laura Clementine Mood, was born in Lincolnton, Lincoln county, North Carolina (where his father was then stationed), April 22, 1854. His health was delicate in childhood and youth, and his father, like the majority of the ministers of the Methodist church, was always in moderate circumstances. The son was furnished with no pocket money for personal indulgences, and had none save what he earned himself. His tastes were, fortunately, for reading, with a decided bias for natural history, and he became familiar, while a mere child, with the names and growth of plants and trees, and with the habits of animals and birds. His desire for an education was controlling, and, with the determination to earn the means requisite thereto, he entered the printing establishment of Derry, Cook & Perry, in Charleston, South Carolina, at the early age of twelve years, and continued a type-setter until he had earned enough to pay his expenses at college for a year. He was prepared for college by ex-Judge W. C. Benet, at Cokesbury academy, and was graduated from Wofford college in 1875, with the degree of A. B. His preference was for the medical profession, and he entered the Medical College of South Carolina, from which he was graduated M. D. in 1879. He subsequently took a post-graduate course in the Medical College of New York, 1895-97. While in active and successful practice of his profession he established, in 1895, at Sumter, South Caro- lina, a private hospital for surgical work, in which successful operations on patients from every part of the state have been per- formed. Nor are these services of Dr. Mood less to be regarded than the performance of other duties to which he felt himself impelled. He served as a warden of the town of Sumter; was its first mayor when it was chartered as a city ; president of the board of health ; chairman of the board of school commissioners, and also served as surgeon, with the rank of major, in the First 272 . JULIUS ANDREW MOOD South Carolina regiment of infantry in the Spanish- American . \ war. Doctor Mood has been twice married: first, on January 13, 18T6, to Alma Archer, of Spartanburg, South Carolina, who died Martsh 22, 1332. He" married again, March 12, 1883. His second wife* survives. He has living five children, four by the . first marriage and one by the last. Doctor Mood is a Democrat and a consistent states rights man. Of a distinguished Methodist family, he naturally clings to membership in that church. He is a member of two fraternal bodies, the Elks and the A. F. & A. Masons, and has served as master of Claremont lodge, No. 64, Sumter, South Carolina. He seeks relaxation in quail shooting, being a keen sports- man, and finds riding in an automobile helpful to him in his V active duties of life. His address is 24 South Washington street, Sumter, Sumter county, South Carolina. ^| BBl ^b fl 1 v .4^^ J H WEt |»- »j ^^^^Kf 1 "* Mitex ^11 ^^^mi. PjWp^*^ ^^^^^^^| ^^^^nn^f Yl^th^tnjy^ * '^/ JAMES WASHINGTON MOORE MOORE, JAMES WASHINGTON, of Hampton, South Carolina, attorney and counsellor for several railroads, for twenty-five years legal adviser and counsel for the county of Hampton, ex-member of the house of representatives of South Carolina, and for sixteen consecutive years, 1878 to 1894, state senator, representing Hampton county, was born February 25, 1837, in Coosawhatchie, Beaufort county, South Carolina. His father, John Moore, was a merchant of marked integrity of character, good judgment, a high sense of justice, yet of genial and kindly nature, who held the appointment of postmaster, but declined all elective offices. His mother, whose maiden name was Sabrina Woodbury Beard, he speaks of as "a woman of the finest attributes, both mentally and morally ; whose character and example had a most important effect in forming her son's ideals and habits of life." His family has been distinguished in our colonial history; and nothing proves more conclusively our common American life, North and South, than does the tracing of the career of descend- ants of immigrants of sterling character, as their children, dividing, settled, some in the North and some in the South, becoming colonial patriots in Massachusetts and in South Caro- lina, their descendants coming to be leaders of their respective states in lines of development which differed widely, but in which these kinspeople, South and North, held to the same lofty ideals of duty which had animated their common ancestors. The earliest known ancestor of Mr. Moore in America was a son of that John Moore of Clan McDonald, who was killed in the infamous Glencoe massacre. His children escaped — first to Ireland, and then in 1718 came to Londonderry, New Hampshire, removing in 1751 to Peterboro, New Hampshire. Of their descendants, and ancestors or kinsmen of J. W. Moore, were Samuel Moore, representative in the fifth Provincial congress in 1775, whose son, Samuel Moore, Jr., fought at Lexington; John Moore, who was also engaged in the battle of Lexington ; Colonel Andrew Todd, of colonial days ; and Honorable Levi Woodbury, 276 JAMES WASHINGTON MOORE secretary of the United States treasury and justice of the United States supreme court. Mr. Moore's early life was passed in the villages of Coosaw- hatchie and Gillisonville, which were successively the county- seats of Beaufort county. While he was a strong, robust boy, and very fond of field sports and athletics, he was still keenly interested in studying and reading instructive books. He had no tasks involving manual labor; his time was passed in attending school, and field sports. While his parents directed his studies and reading at home, he attended the Beaufort District academy at Gillisonville for his preparatory work for college; and in 1856 he was graduated with the degree of A. B. from the University of Georgia, receiv- ing in 1859 the degree of A. M. from the same university. Admitted to the bar, he began the practice of the law at Gillisonville in January, 1859. His life has been spent in the practice of his profession and in the service of his state and county as a legislator, except the four years of the War between the States. In 1861 he enlisted in the Hampton legion as first ser- geant of the Beaufort District troop. In 1862 he was elected second lieutenant of Company C, and the same day was appointed adjutant of the cavalry, of the legion, afterwards known as the Second South Carolina cavalry. He took part in all the impor- tant engagements in which the legion had a share, and at Brandy Station he received a severe wound, by which he was disabled for two months; but he returned to the regiment and remained with it until the close of the war. On May 13, 1868, he was married to Cornelia Elizabeth Tillinghast, daughter of Honorable R. L. Tillinghast, a lawyer of repute, and state senator. They have had three children, and two of them, daughters, are living in 1907. In his professional work, Mr. Moore rapidly won clients. He was counsel for Hampton county for twenty-five years. He has long been the local counsel for the Southern railway, for the Seaboard AirTAne Eailway company, and for the Charleston and Western Carolina Eailway company. He has always been a loyal member of the Democratic party. In 1876 he conducted the campaign in Beaufort county as chair- man, and was very influential in the creation of Hampton county. JAMES WASHINGTON MOORE 277 He was chairman of the State Democratic committee in the cam- paigns of 1886 and 1888. He was a delegate to the National Democratic convention, in Chicago, when Cleveland was first nominated for the presidency. The people of his town and county have often honored him by election to offices, where they wished his services for the commonwealth. He has served as commissioner of the poor, as commissioner of public buildings, as magistrate, and in 1866, immediately after the war, as member of the South Carolina house of representatives. In 1878 he was elected state senator to represent Hampton county; and, reelected three times, he served for sixteen years consecutively until 1894. In 1900 he was again elected to the senate to fill out the unexpired term of a senator who died in 1900. Senator Moore has also served as brigadier-general and later as major-general of the state militia, and as chairman of the military committee of the senate; he also was a state delegate to the Yorktown centennial. He is a Knight of Honor, and has been grand dictator of that order. His church relations are with the Presbyterian Church, South. He has always felt, and has often said, that the early influ- ences of his home have contributed more than any and all other causes to such success in life as he may have won. "The feeling of obligation and desire to strive for the truly best to be obtained, there ingrafted, has accompanied me through life." For the young he writes: "I can only give my one rule in life: Be faithful, honest and truthful in the discharge of all duties. Work steadily for what you are trying to achieve, and expect nothing without laboring for it." His address is Hampton, Hampton county, South Carolina. WILLIAM DOYLE MORGAN MOKGAN, WILLIAM DOYLE, financier, banker, presi- dent of the Bank of Georgetown, South Carolina, was born in New York city on February 5, 1853, son of John and Mary Morgan. His parents were natives of Ireland, met and were married in New York city, and shortly thereafter went South and settled in Georgetown, South Carolina. At the time of their advent in Georgetown the subject of this sketch was an infant two or three months of age, and subse- quently three daughters were born to them, making a family of four children. When the War between the States broke out he was only eight years old, and the continuance of that conflict prevented his receiving the advantages of a liberal education. This deprivation of educational opportunities was in part offset by attending private schools for short periods and by private instruction at home under his father, who was a highly educated man, was physically exempt from active war duties on account of lameness, and was peculiarly gifted in the art of imparting what he knew. The father's property interests were swept away by the war. At its close he renewed his efforts to again establish himself in merchandising, but before he had opportunity to accumulate anything he died, in 1866, leaving a widow and four dependent children, one an infant. These circumstances suddenly placed a heavy burden of responsibility on the subject of this sketch, and compelled him to take up the real battle of life at an unusually early age and with very inadequate preparation save that of good health and a stout heart. His mother filled his young life with high ideals and abundant encouragement. He read and studied in his spare moments and at night, and applied his working hours to the task of supporting the home and family. His efforts inspired confidence, and in the course of time this confidence served as an important capital. Through persistent effort, and a natural fondness for the subject, he learned accounting, and, in 1869, obtained a position in a drug store to take charge of the books, where he incidentally learned something about the drug business. The druggist being WILLIAM DOYLE MORGAN 281 postmaster at that time, he also performed the duties of assistant postmaster. For more than two decades thereafter he occupied responsible positions as bookkeeper and accountant for the largest business houses of Georgetown, and in April, 1891, was elected president of the Bank of Georgetown. This position he has filled with signal ability from that time until the present (1907), and has also been an active figure in a number of other financial, municipal and public enterprises. He was chief of the fire department of Georgetown for several years; mayor of the city for fifteen years consecutively ; president of several local building and loan associations ; and director in various business and other organizations. He took an active part in securing the charter and promoting the Georgetown and Lanes railroad — the first rail- road to be built to Georgetown — and took great interest and devoted much time and energy to securing appropriations for the construction of jetties at Georgetown and otherwise improving its harbor and waterways. In 1903 he was unanimously elected treasurer of the League of American Municipalities, serving three consecutive terms without opposition and resigning at the meeting of 1906 at Chicago. In recognition of his services as mayor, and his efforts for the improvement of Georgetown harbor, the citizens of the city, in May, 1905, presented him with an elaborate and handsome punch bowl. At the annual meeting of the South Carolina Bankers association, held at the Isle of Palms, near Charleston, South Carolina, in 1907, Mr. Morgan was elected president of the asso- ciation. He is a member of the Palmetto club, and, as its first president, received President Cleveland during the visit of the chief magistrate to Georgetown, in 1894. He is also a member of the "Winyah Indigo society, and the Elks, and president of the Georgetown chamber of commerce. In politics he is a consistent Democrat, and in religion he is a member of the Boman Catholic church. Whatever honors have come to Mr. Morgan have come unsought, and have been the result of a well-founded confidence in his integrity and ability. The foundation of this confidence he affectionately attributes, in large measure, to his mother's advice and inspiration, supplemented by contact, when a very young man, with the elderly representative men of his city. "I would suggest," he replied, in answer to a question on true success in 282 WILLIAM DOYLE MORGAN life, "to all young men that they cultivate high ideals of life and conduct; to value character and honor above dollars and cents; to avoid bad company and bad habits. Never make light of serious things. Respect your elders and court their friendship. Seek their advice, for their experience will be valuable. Honor your father and mother. Lead honest, temperate, pure lives, and you will have the confidence and respect of your fellow-citizens and business associates. Do your full duty at all times." This concise and wise homily, it is needless to add, has been the proven philosophy of a lif e full of good works and conscientious endeavor. Mr. Morgan is unmarried. His address is Georgetown, South Carolina. J t?/'s*fixrA /^aifiiA. HOPE HULL NEWTON NEWTON, HOPE HULL, of Bennettsville, South Caro- lina, lawyer, six years solicitor of the fourth circuit, ex-member of the legislature, was born on February 16, 1845, in the county in which he still resides. His father, Cornelius Newton, a planter and a local preacher of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, was a man of great energy of mind and body, supremely devoted to duty, self-denying and benevolent, generous in gifts of time and money to the service of others, humane to his slaves, and an ardent lover and student of books to the year of his death at the age of eighty-one. His mother, Mrs. Dorcas (Purnell) Newton, was a devout woman and a devoted mother, stimulating her son in his studies and molding his char- acter by her example and her words. Mr. Newton's ancestors in direct line came from England to Virginia early in the eighteenth century. His great-grandfather, Giles Newton, came from Hen- rico county, Virginia, and settled before the revolution in what is now Marlboro county, South Carolina. His son, Younger Newton, grandfather of the subject of this sketch, served both in the Revolutionary War and in the War of 1812. Healthy and strong in his boyhood, which was passed in the country, Hope Hull Newton early learned to work upon the farm. He said: "My father compelled me to work at intervals along with the slaves on the farm. It was not a necessity in the family economy, but my father regarded it as a necessary part of my training for life; and I was thus taught how farm work should be done, and, at the same time, I developed a fine physique." Learning to read and write at five, he began the study of Latin at ten, and Greek at twelve. Books were his great delight in childhood; and besides the classics, which he early learned to enjoy, he read with avidity the theological books which were to be found in his father's library— the works of Dick, Wesley, and other noted writers. He was prepared for college at the Palmetto academy, near his native place; and, after four years at Wofford college, he was graduated A. B. in 1869, receiving his Master's degree two years later. 286 HOPE HULL NEWTON Before he entered college the War between the States had made its appeal to the young men of his state. When but sixteen years old, in January, 1862, he enlisted in Company E of the Fourth regiment of South Carolina cavalry ; and he served until May 28, 1864, when he was badly wounded at Haw's Shop. The war destroyed his father's estate; and Mr. Newton met and man- fully overcame serious difficulties in securing the means with which to complete his preparation and take a college course. After graduation in 1869 he taught school (at the same time studying law) until July 4, 1870, when he removed to Bennetts- ville, where he has since resided, and on September 19, 1870, he was admitted to the bar. His first strong impulse to strive for the prizes of life, he writes, "I owe to the encouragement of my father in holding up high ideals for my admiration and imita- tion." Home influence first, then school rivalries, and finally the contests and rivalries of his professional career, have been his strongest incentives to effort, and he estimates their relative influence in the order in which they are named. In January, 1883, Governor Thompson appointed him solici- tor for the fourth circuit, to fill an unexpired term. In 1884 he was unanimously nominated for the full term, in which he served his state acceptably for four years more. He was elected member of the house of representatives of South Carolina, for Marlboro county, for the sessions of 1880 and 1881. He secured the passage of the stock law for his county in 1880, and in 1881 the Marlboro act, thus secured by him, was adopted for the whole state, save a few small excepted portions. He was also active in legislation affecting railroads; and he was a member of the committee of the house which sat during recess and suggested needed railroad legislation for the session of 1881. He advocated railroad com- missioners with plenary power to compel railroads to comply with their regulations ; but "plenary power" was not given them. He has had extensive business experiences, especially in manufacturing, banking, and farming. His earnest efforts to improve agricultural conditions by inducing farmers to abandon the old system of exclusive cotton culture and diversify their operations by raising live stock, and growing grains and fruits, while keeping a limited area for cotton, has been productive of great good. His own farm shows the benefits of the course which he advises others to pursue. He built the first cotton oil mill HOPE HTJIi NEWTON 287 erected in his county, managed it for a time, but at length resigned his position as president of the company because he was overworked. He has been a director in several banks and is now (1907) president of the Union Savings bank, of Bennettsville, a young and prosperous institution. Mr. Newton has been for years a member of the Marlboro county board of education ; and he has shown a deep and intelli- gent interest in all that looks to the improvement of the educa- tional system and the school work of his county and of the state. The veterans of the War between the States have had in him an earnest advocate of all measures for their relief and for the care of their dependent families. A Democrat, Mr. Newton was a member of the straight-out Democratic convention of August 15, 1876. He has repeatedly served as chairman of the county Democratic conventions of Marlboro county. Identified with the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, he was a lay delegate to its general conference at Nashville, Tennessee, in 1882, and again to the conference at Memphis, Tennessee, in 1894. He has been three times married. In 1872 he married Martha Johnson, daughter of A. Gr. Johnson, Esquire, of Ben- nettsville; and their son, H. H. Newton, Jr., is now living. His second marriage was to Mary E. McKae, daughter of John A. McEae, Esquire, of Bennettsville. Of their three daughters, two are still living. He was married to Kate McCall Monroe, in 1888, and of their six children, five are living in 1907. Mr. Newton has found his favorite relaxation and exercise in horticulture, and especially in viticulture, of which he has made a scientific study. The suggestion which he offers to the young people of South Carolina is deserving of especial attention, because one seldom hears such a caution to the young from a man whose own pro- fessional career has given evidence of so much hard work. He writes : "I have failed lamentably to accomplish the good I had hoped to do in life ; and because of too much of slavish devotion to my office and my secular engagements. If I had my life to live over again, I would do less professional work and would seek more the companionship of others, to receive and to try to do good. For many years I thought that life meant merely work, VoL i-s. a— u 288 HOPE HULL NEWTON work, work! But life means rational devotion to professional work, with ample time reserved daily for recreation, and specific good works — for reading good books, meditation, prayer, and for human-hearted association with others and particularly with one's family. 'Our young people should not overwork themselves, and should not be overworked by their employers.' " His address is Bennettsville, South Carolina. ALLAN NICHOLSON NICHOLSON, ALLAN, journalist, was born in Union, Union county, South Carolina, August 1, 1875. His parents were William A. and Kebecca E. Nicholson. His father, who came from Scotland in 1857, was a banker, a man of firmness, fearlessness, and strict integrity, whose high character and influence caused him to be chosen a member of the Constitutional convention in 1895. The mother of Allan Nicholson is a woman of fine qualities of mind and heart, and has exerted a powerful and an enduring influence for good upon her son. The subject of this sketch has had many difficulties to over- come in the struggle for success. From his birth he has been heavily handicapped, which necessitated the attendance of a body servant whenever he wanted to move about. In childhood and youth he was fond of books. He also enjoyed being in the open air and spent a considerable part of the time that could be spared from study in riding and driving, which, with attendance at baseball games, are still his favorite diversions. His physical disability prevented his attendance at a school of any kind, but his mother, who was well qualified for the task, superintended his reading and study, and, with her assistance, he obtained an excellent working education. The active work of life was commenced, when he was only twenty years of age, as a partner in the firm of Smith & Nich- olson, booksellers. In the following spring he purchased the interest of his partner and continued the business in his own name. About a year later he added a printing plant, which soon grew to such proportions that its patronage extended beyond the bounds of the state. In February, 1900, he became publisher of a newspaper known as "Progress," and six months later, on account of circumstances which had not been foreseen, he became the editor and the sole owner of the paper. From early years he had felt a strong inclination for literary and journalistic work, and his connection with the paper has enabled him to develop his talents in these directions. It is fortunate for the community that in the position which is occupied by Mr. Nicholson it has a 290 ALLAN NICHOLSON man of lofty ideals and the highest principles, who consecrates his talents to the upbuilding of his town and state, not only in what pertains to material prosperity, but also in all that makes for the social, moral, and religious uplifting of the people. In politics Mr. Nicholson is a Democrat. His religious affili- ation is with the Presbyterian church, and for many years he has been an active worker in the religious field. For eight years he was the secretary and treasurer of the South Carolina Christian Endeavor union, and from 1900 to 1904 he was superintendent of the Sunday school at the Excelsior Knitting mills. In 1897 he was elected deacon of the First Presbyterian church in Union. In addition to his literary work on his paper, Mr. Nicholson is a frequent contributor to the secular and religious press of the South and the North. His manners and cheerful disposition have caused him to be admired and beloved by a large circle of friends, and his genial humor, quick wit and kindly consideration for others, make him a welcome member of any group of his acquaintances. In the opinion of many of his friends he is, so far as Union is concerned,, entitled to be described by the words used by President Eoosevelt in speaking of his friend, Jacob Riis, "useful man Number One." Mr. Nicholson believes, and he puts this belief into practice, that work should be faithfully performed not merely for the accumu- lation of wealth, but in order that the worker and the world in which he works may be made better thereby. The postoffice address of Mr. Nicholson is Union, Union county, South Carolina. ,, JAMES CORNELIUS OTTS OTTS, JAMES CORNELIUS, a prominent and rising young lawyer and politician, of Gaffney, South Carolina, was born in Pinckney township, Union county, in "the same state, June 27, 1869. His father was James Dabney Otts, a teacher by profession, who served the Confederacy as a soldier under Eobert E. Lee. His health was shattered by the hardships he underwent while in the army, and he died of consumption, in Florida, in 1875. His mother was Ellen Gault, and her paternal grandfather, who came from Ireland, was a soldier of the Revo- lution and was captured by the British at the battle of Camden. Her father was a local Methodist preacher, noted for his piety. Her grandmother was a member of the Page family, of Virginia. His father's brother, Reverend J. M. P. Otts, D. D., was a noted Presbyterian preacher, who filled important pulpits in Phila- delphia, Pennsylvania, and Wilmington, Delaware, and was the author of several books, mostly on travel and religious subjects. Like many other young men of the South who were brought up in the period following the great War between the States, James C. Otts had to contend during his childhood and early youth with poverty and privation. The death of his father, which occurred when he was a child six years of age, leaving his mother practically nothing, necessitated the removal of the family, which now consisted of his mother, himself and two younger brothers, one of them a mere baby, to a small farm in Union county owned by his mother's father. On this farm his time was spent, until at an early age, by reason of the responsi- bilities placed upon him by circumstances, his boyhood merged into manhood. As a boy he was blessed with a strong physique, which was developed by outdoor life and labor on the farm, the management of which soon devolved upon him, and, aided by his brothers and a hired hand, he succeeded in making the farm provide a living for himself and the other members of the family. In the circumstances, his opportunities for securing an edu- cation were necessarily very limited, but at an early age he developed a fondness for reading, which fortunately was nurtured upon such books as Scott's Novels and Franklin's Autobiography. 294 JAMES CORNELIUS OTTS This kind of reading, together with studies in American history and such schooling as he was able to obtain at the common schools of his county, during the brief periods when he was able to attend school at all, furnished him with a fair groundwork of an education. To this he added private study, which gave him a cultured and well-stored mind. His inability to obtain a colle- giate education was the bitterest disappointment of his life, but notwithstanding this disadvantage, he persisted in carrying out his youthful purpose to become a lawyer. By reading Blackstone and other legal works at home, and through the inspiration he derived from reading the life of Charles O'Conner, the great New York lawyer, which deepened his determination, he prepared himself for examination, and in 1897, at the age of twenty-eight, he was admitted to the bar and opened an office at Union. Before that time, however, while still a farmer, he had entered public life through the door of politics. The early nineties were stren- uous years in South Carolina. The Farmers Alliance was in full swing then, and Mr. Otts identified himself with it and became prominent in its councils. This resulted in his being sent as a delegate to the Farmers convention in 1890, which suggested Mr. Tillman for governor. From that time on he was prominent in Union county politics, and was made a member of the State Democratic committee in 1892, and in the next year or two was a delegate to several state conventions. In 1894 he was elected to the house of representatives from Union county at the head of the ticket. During this term he framed and introduced the first separate coach bill to be acted upon acceptably by the house, but the bill did not pass in the senate. In 1895 he was elected to the Constitutional convention and took a prominent part in the fight for smaller counties. While a member of this convention he became acquainted with Colonel George D. Tillman, an elder brother of the redoubtable Benjamin, and a strong friendship sprang up between them. Colonel Tillman, who manifested a deep interest in him, advised him to carry out his long-cherished ambition to become a lawyer. After his service in the Constitutional convention he gave up farming and moved to Gaffney, in Cherokee county, devoting the next six years of his life to the practice of law, a pursuit in which his strong character, energy, ability, and determination have brought him gratifying success and vindicated the wisdom JAMES CORNELIUS OTTS 295 of his choice of a vocation. In 1904: he again entered the political arena, and although in his previous legislative career he had advocated the dispensary system, he was now of a different mind and made the race for the legislature as a Prohibitionist. After a bitter fight he was again elected to the house, once more leading the ticket and receiving the largest majority ever given a candi- date for the legislature in Cherokee county up to that time. In the legislature of 1904 he was appointed on the steering committee in charge of the Morgan local option bill, and on the committee of free conference on the part of the house to confer with the committee from the senate. He also served on the judiciary and military committees of the house, and, with Messrs. Nash and Hemphill, prepared and engineered the ten judicial circuit bill through the asembly, a work which he considers his most impor- tant public service. In 1906 Mr. Otts was a candidate for state senator. Like himself, his competitor was opposed to the state dispensary, and was a worthy man, but Mr. Otts was elected by about six hundred majority. In the senate he has been very efficient in various lines and was the recognized leader in the fight against the state dispensary system for the sale of liquors, which was abolished at the 1907 session. Of a strong athletic build, one of his favorite modes of relaxation has been to participate in the great national game, baseball. He has also evinced a strong predilection for military service, and organized the Pea Eidge Rifles, a company of which he was captain from 1890 to 1897. He was also captain of the Limestone Guards, at Gaffney, during the period including 1903-1905. As a man of recognized success, though young in years, he would urge upon all who desire to attain true success in life the value of temperance, of truth, of earnestness of purpose, of manly independence. He advocates helpfulness to others, and would impress by both precept and example the gospel of right living and sober, honest, faithful effort, and diligent perseverance. His address is Gaffney, South Carolina. LEWIS WARDLAW PARKER PARKER, LEWIS WARDLAW, lawyer and manufacturer, was born at Abbeville, South Carolina, July 11, 1865. His parents were William Henry and Lucia (Wardlaw) Parker. His father was a lawyer and banker, who was master in equity of Abbeville county from 1856 to 1866, code commis- sioner of South Carolina in 1884, and from 1880 to 1888 was a member of the state legislature. He was one of the foremost citizens of the state, and by all who knew him he was respected for his fine qualities of mind and heart. He died in 1905. The first paternal ancestors in this country came from Jamaica and landed near Charleston about 1730. On the maternal side the ancestors settled in Pennsylvania, and removed first to Virginia, and thence, about 1750, to Abbeville, South Carolina. Among the prominent ancestors of the subject of this sketch were William Henry Drayton, chief justice of South Carolina and a member of the colonial congress; Governor Bull, the first colonial execu- tive of the state ; and David Lewis Wardlaw, of the state supreme court. As there was a large family, and his father's means were limited, Lewis Parker had some difficulties to overcome in secur- ing an education. In his earlier years he attended the public schools of Abbeville, but at the age of fifteen he entered a mer- cantile establishment in his native town as clerk and served in that capacity two years. Later he took the academic course in South Carolina university, which he completed in 1885, obtaining the B. A. degree with high honors. He then entered the law department of the same institution, from which he was graduated two years later with the degree of LL. B. While in the law school, and for a short time after his graduation, he taught school in Columbia and Barnwell. In 1888 he removed to Greenville and commenced the practice of law. From the first he was suc- cessful. He was in partnership at different times with Honorable J. A. McCullough and H. J. Haynsworth, Esquire, two of the most prominent attorneys of that city, but Mr. Parker withdrew in 18 h in order that he might enter the comparatively new and very promising field of cotton manufacture. He was confident LEWIS WAKDLAW PARKER 297 * that in this way he could serve his state, and his own interests, better than he could as a lawyer. The results of the change have fully vindicated his clear foresight and his discriminating judgment. On his withdrawal from the practice of law, Mr. Parker continued to look after certain bank affairs in which he had become interested and took the management of the Victor Manu- facturing company, of Greer, South Carolina, which had been organized a short time before. The Victor mills were prosperous from the start, and the plant is now twelve times the size it was when he became connected with it. Mr. Parker was also one of the organizers of the Monaghan mills, located at Greenville, South Carolina, and from the first he has been vice-president and treasurer of the corporation. Both mills have model villages, with schools, libraries, and places of entertainment for the opera- tives. When it became necessary to reorganize what was known as the "Whaley group" of cotton mills in Columbia the parties in interest made careful inquiry in order to find a man of high character and proved ability who would accept the positions of president and treasurer of the corporations. After careful inves- tigation they selected Mr. Parker. He accepted the positions with the distinct understanding that this new undertaking should in no wise interfere with proper attention to the management of the mill properties in and around Greenville with which he was connected. The conditions at the Whaley mills were bad, and, on account of the financial and other troubles in which the busi- ness was involved, the outlook was discouraging. But by means of his knowledge, skill, and efficiency, Mr. Parker solved the difficult and complex problems and in a comparatively short time put the mills on a paying basis. One of these mills, the Olympia, contains 100,320 spindles and is the largest cotton factory in the United States under one roof. It was a very common custom of young lawyers in his day to seek public office, but Mr. Parker did not follow this course. He is a Democrat, and has always been willing to aid his party, both in local and in state affairs, but he has never desired public office. In 1896 and 1900 he did not vote for the presidential candidate of the Democratic party on account of the free silver issue. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias and a deeply interested and a very helpful member of the Historical Society 298 LEWIS WARDLAW PARKER of South Carolina. His religious affiliation is with the Protes- tant Episcopal church. The life of Mr. Parker is a marked illustration of the great change which has occurred at the South during the past few decades. The development of the cotton manufacturing interest has drawn many men of ability from professional life to the management of cotton factories and the development of other industries. Mr. Parker was a leader at the bar when he left it, and as a mill manager he now has more spindles under his direction than any of his associates. His success is due to his natural ability, his legal training, and, in a great degree, to the choice of wise methods and close and constant attention to all that has to do with his chosen field of activity. The achievements of his administration of the mills under his control have made him one of the commanding figures in the industrial life of the South. His postoffice address is Greenville, South Carolina. THOMAS PINGKNEY PINCKNEY, THOMAS, was born in Charleston, August 13, 1828. He is the son of Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, of Charleston, and Caroline Elliott, his wife, of Beaufort, South Carolina. His father was a lawyer by profession, but spent the greater part of his life planting rice. He had no desire for political life, but was, nevertheless, once elected lieutenant- governor of the state, and was also a member of the Nullification convention of 1832. He was a devoted planter, but more deeply interested in the welfare of his negroes, both temporal and spir- itual, than in the advancement of his material interests. He was the first planter in the state to introduce the religious instruction of the negroes upon his plantation by the employment of mis- sionaries to preach to them on Sundays and catechize the chil- dren on week days. He was, moreover, assiduous in his own exertions in this direction. An instance of his consideration for them is illustrated by the fact that on one occasion a heavy rainfall had inundated the lowlands on his farm. One of his men, who attempted to return by a causeway across the valley, found the water had risen above his depth, and being unable to swim, climbed a tree and whooped for assistance. Mr. Pinckney, on discovering the situation, mounted his most trusty horse and swam out to the tree on which this terrified man had taken refuge, and putting him upon the horse, turned it loose. The horse made straight back for the shore, landing his rider safely there, while Mr. Pinckney breasted the surging current and swam safely to the highland. The subject of this sketch is a descendant of the Pinckney family who were prominent in the early history of this country in framing the constitution of the United States, and in repre- senting their country in the courts of England, France and Spain. Thomas Pinckney, the first of the name to cross the ocean, sailed from England to the Barbadoes in 1691, and the year after landed in Charleston from the Loyal Jamaica with many other settlers. His son, Charles, was appointed chief justice of the province by Governor Glenn in 1752. His son, Thomas Pinckney, was a major in the Bevolutionary army, and after the close of that war was 302 THOMAS PINCKNEY appointed by Washington minister to the court of St. James. In the War of 1812 he commanded the Southern department, and also in the war with the Creek nation. Thomas Pinckney, the subject of this sketch, was delicate in childhood, but the influence of a country life enabled him to outgrow this tendency. His early life was spent at El Dorado, a rice plantation on the Santee river, in winter, and in Pendleton in the summer. No work or unusual duties were required of him in youth, and to the influence of his parents he is indebted for his moral and spiritual growth. History and books of adventure were the reading most congenial to his taste. His first strong impulse to exert himself came from a realization of the fact that he could win success in life only by his own exertions, coupled with the examples of hard-working, energetic, successful men with whom he was thrown in contact in business. No financial obstacle stood in the way of his acquiring all the education he would take, first at village schools in Pendleton, then at the University of Virginia, where he spent two years in the academic department, after which he spent two years at the Medical college of Charleston, graduating in 1850, and took a subsequent course at the Medical college of the University of New York. The serious work of his life began when he commenced rice planting, which was accomplished by his going heavily into debt for negroes to plant some of his father's unoccupied land. A balance of this debt he has discharged since the war, although some of these very negroes had been enlisted in the ranks of the opposing Northern army. On the secession of his native state, he raised a cavalry company, and was put on duty by Governor Pickens in guarding the seacoast from the depredations of fre- quent raiding parties sent in from the blockading fleet. In 1861 his command was mustered into the Confederate service, merged into the Fourth South Carolina cavalry, and after one year's similar service at Pocataligo, under General "Live Oak" Walker, this regiment was transferred to General Hampton's division in the Army of Northern Virginia. In a hotly contested engage- ment between Generals Hampton and Sheridan, at Hawes Shop, Virginia, Captain Pinckney was captured, and, after seven months' imprisonment at Point Lookout, Fort Delaware, Morris Island, and Fort Pulaski, he was exchanged, rejoined his regi- ment, then with General Johnston's army (General Hampton THOMAS PINCKNET 303 having been promoted lieutenant-general and transferred to com- mand all the cavalry of that army). Here he had the misfor- tune to have a leg broken a few days before the final surrender in 1865. In November he returned to Santee, to resume rice planting and face the troubles precipitated upon the South by the iniquitous reconstruction acts, and to realize the curse that had been visited upon the country by the Fifteenth amendment to the Constitution, and the blighting consequences it has entailed for all future time. At El Dorado he found the negroes, upon their emancipation, had "shared" out the household furniture, as well as the planting land, among themselves, and the books from the old library were thrown out of doors and strewed around on the plea "that the white people had gotten all their sense out of them, and should get no more good from them." The planters were obliged to call in the aid of Federal troops to dispossess them of what they had appropriated, and restore order on the plantation, and it was only after their means of subsistence had been exhausted that they could be induced to resume work to obtain their rations; under which circumstances as laborers they were most unsatisfactory and insubordinate, serious collisions frequently arising between the two races. Captain Pinckney, preferring the quiet, more independent life of a rice planter as it existed in ante-bellum days, declined propositions made to him to take part in public life, though after the war he did his utmost for the preservation of our civilization, so seriously threatened by those reconstruction acts which dis- franchised our prominent men in both civil and military life and enfranchised the negroes, who soon proved themselves utterly unfit to be trusted with the ballot. On one occasion only did he deviate from this rule, when chosen a member of the Taxpayers' convention in 1875, which led to the nomination of Wade Hamp- ton for governor, and thus to the redemption of the state. During the winter of 1865-66, after returning to his desolated home, he supported himself by his gun, selling his game in Charleston market, and thus supplying himself with what he was otherwise unable to buy. He is a member of the Masonic order; of the Society of the Cincinnati; of the South Carolina society; the Agricultural Society of South Carolina; Camp Sumter Veteran association; 304 THOMAS PINCKNEY Charleston Library society; the Historical society; Art associa- tion; St. Cecilia society; Charleston club; Westmoreland club, of Eichmond; member of the board of trustees of the Porter Military academy ; Church of the Redeemer for seamen ; Church Home and Orphanage; Society for the Advancement of Chris- tianity for South Carolina; Society for the Belief of Widows and Orphans ; Bible society, etc., and he has served on the board of trustees of the University of the South. In educational work he has always taken a deep interest, feeling assured that upon the enlightenment and virtuous training of the rising generation the future of this country must depend. He was always a Democrat, though he could not approve of the adoption of the free silver heresy. He has also grown up in the faith of his forefathers, as exemplified in the Protestant Episcopal church. He has always had a great fondness for outdoor sports, especially riding, hunting and shooting. As to his advice to the youth of the country, he suggests that they must not hesitate to push themselves forward by all honorable means in attaining the object of their praiseworthy ambitions, and adds: "A strict adherence to principle, even though it appear to the disadvantage of the individual, is the basis upon which the most exalted characters have been founded, and on the preservation of such ideals the future of our country will depend." He is a strong opponent of the dispensary law as it has been administered in this state, for although he admits that the closing of bar rooms has done some good, he thinks this is more than counterbalanced by the amount of fraud, as well as hypocrisy, its administration has engendered, demoralizing those who have come in contact with it, as a rule, from the highest to the lowest, besides which it has led to many murders at the hands of its minions. Thomas Pinckney was married twice ; first to Mary Stewart, of Brook Hill, Virginia, in 1870. Of this marriage, six children were born, of whom one son alone survives, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, of Richmond, Virginia. The second marriage was to Camilla Scott, of Eichmond, Virginia, in 1892, of which marriage one daughter, Josephine, survives. . JOSEPH DANIEL POPE POPE, JOSEPH DANIEL, professor of law in the Uni- versity of South Carolina, at Columbia, was born April 6, 1820, in St. Helena parish, on the sea island of the same name, upon the coast of South Carolina, upon his father's plantation called Mullein Hill, within three miles of the Atlantic ocean, in the house that was the home of his grandfather, Joseph Pope, in the present county of Beaufort and within eight miles of the town of Beaufort. His father's name was Joseph James Pope and his mother's maiden name was Sarah Jenkins. His father was a sea island planter of comfortable fortune consisting mostly of lands and slaves, and though not of great wealth, his means were ample. He held few public offices, being averse to public life, but in spite of his indifference to office he was several times elected a member of the South Carolina legislature, and took much comfort to himself for being one of those who voted to establish the lunatic asylum in Columbia in 1822, against very strong opposition. He also voted for the nullification ordinance in 1832. His marked characteristics were great personal dignity, high courage and integrity and remarkable conversational gifts. He was esteemed by all who knew him as a man of profound judgment and was always a leading member of the community. Mr. Pope numbered among his ancestors on his father's side the distinguished portrait painter, Jeremiah Theus ; Colonel James Theus, of the "War of the Eevolution, and Simon Theus, who was the first Republican collector of the port of Charleston. The Pope family came to South Carolina from Pope's Creek, Westmoreland county, Virginia, about the year 1700. The earliest one of the name was Thomas Pope, who settled on tidewater, in the low country of South Carolina, where the family lived and prospered, both socially and pecuniarily, until they were utterly broken up and impoverished by the invasion of the Federal army in 1861. On his mother's side, Mr. Pope traces his ancestry to the Scotts, the Jenkinses, the Adamses and the Ashes, all families of great respectability and social standing. Mr. Pope grew up upon his father's sea island plantation and was a healthy boy, fond of outdoor life and developing no 308 JOSEPH DANIEL POPE special tastes, except for horseback riding, g rinnin g and boating. He was not compelled to do any manual labor, as his father was in easy circumstances, with the best trained negro servants to wait upon the members of the household at every call. Naturally, in such conditions, the influence of his parents was paramount in his early life. His education began at his mother's knee, and after he was eight years old the combined influence of both his father and his mother affected the whole of his moral, spiritual and intellectual development. When he was twelve years old a New England teacher was employed in the family, who, in spite of many personal objections to his character and opinions, was nevertheless of the greatest service to his scholar in opening his mind to knowledge and in teaching him how to study and to educate himself. This teacher subsequently left the South, and his letters, published after his death, were filled with many slanders concerning the Southern people, especially with regard to the period of nullification, but Mr. Pope has always felt that this did not detract from the intellectual debt which he owed to him as above suggested. After his mind had been opened by this early training, the books that he found most helpful to him for his work in life were the writings and speeches of John C. Calhoun, Hallam's Constitutional History, and Gibbon's History of the Decline and Fall of the Eoman Empire, and in a literary way the writings of W. M. Thackeray. Without claiming to be a classical scholar in the proper sense of the term, Mr. Pope has read the usual classical courses of the colleges, and very widely and largely in English literature, and has all his life been a student of the best models of English style. After a time Mr. Pope was sent to what was known as the Waterboro academy, kept by the Eeverend Mr. Van Dyck, by no means a ripe scholar, but an admirable teacher to others of what he himself knew, and his pupils were greatly benefited by his instruction in the Greek and Latin languages. In 1840, Mr. Pope was graduated from the University of Georgia with the degree of A. B., while Doctor Church was its president. He did not engage in professional study at any institution after his gradu- ation, nor did he take any post-graduate course at any college; but he received from the University of Georgia the degree of A. M., and, in later life, the degree of LL. D. from Furman university. JOSEPH DANIEL POPE 309 On the 11th of December, 1845, he married Catherine Scott, the daughter of Doctor John A. P. Scott, of the Parish of St. Helena. His married life lasted fifty years and nineteen days. Seven children were born to him, two of whom are now (1907) living; his daughter, Mrs. Reed Stoney, living with him in Columbia, and his son, of his own name, living in Florida. Mr. Pope's professional life began as a student of law in Charleston, in the office of James L. Petigru, the famous jurist. He was subsequently admitted to the bar and practiced his pro- fession for many years with marked success. He was for many years a member of the house of representatives of South Carolina, and held the chairmanship of the committee on federal relations. At the time the John Brown raid occurred, Mr. Pope, as chairman of that committee, carried the house with his report and speech thereupon. Subsequently, Mr. Pope became a member of the senate of South Carolina, and his services in that body upon the judiciary and finance committees were of the greatest public importance. He was a member of the senate during the exciting period of secession. He was also a member of the Secession convention, and took a prominent part in its deliberations, as will appear by its published proceedings. During the War between the States Mr. Pope was a member of the senate of South Carolina, and was subsequently appointed by President Davis chief collector of the Confederate war tax for that state, and also, for a time, superintendent for the printing of the Confederate notes. After the war was over he returned at once to the practice of his profession in Columbia. He deter- mined never to hold again a public office of any kind, but this did not prevent him from taking a very active part in what is generally known as the Hampton movement for the redemption of the state from negro rule. About 1886, at the solicitation of the trustees of the South Carolina college (now the University of South Carolina), Mr. Pope was induced to enter upon the laborious task of building up a law school in the college, and since that time he has conducted that department with marked ability and success. He has graduated about three hundred stu- dents in the period indicated, and the law school has added greatly to the character, ability and learning of the South Caro- lina bar. Vol. i-s. a— 15 "'1 310 JOSEPH DANIEL POPE Mr. Pope having led a busy life in the law courts and in public affairs, has not been the author of books, but he has written a great deal for the daily press and has contributed articles for the magazines. He has delivered numerous literary addresses, on sundry occasions, which have always been well received. His postoffice address is Columbia, South Carolina. ' (n-^sT^i o c*^ y.f. (fy t^^ YOUNG JOHN POPE POPE, YOUNG JOHN, chief justice of the supreme court of his native state, was born in Newberry, South Caro- lina, April 10, 1841. His parents were Thomas Herbert and Harriett Neville (Harrington) Pope. His father was a distinguished lawyer and statesman, who for several years was commissioner in equity, and was also an influential member of the South Carolina legislature. His death at the age of forty- seven years was a great loss to the legal profession and to the state at large. In childhood and early youth Young John Pope was rather frail, but with increasing years his health greatly improved. He was fond of hunting and of other sports that were common to boys of his age. But while permitted to engage in them to a reasonable extent, he was taught by his mother to be industrious and was required to work in her flower garden, and perform other tasks, before his hours for play. He had no difficulties in obtaining an education. After a preliminary course he entered the Newberry Male academy, in which he was prepared for college. He then studied at Furman university, Greenville, South Carolina, from which institution he was graduated August 6, 1860. He had chosen the legal profession and immediately after his graduation began the study of law under the direction of John Belton O'Neall, one of his kinsmen, who was then chief justice of the supreme court of South Carolina. Early in the following year, when the War between the States began, he left his studies and was among the first to enter the military service of the Confederate government. He enlisted as a private in Company E of the Third South Carolina infantry, and in a short time he was promoted its first sergeant. In April, 1862, on the reorganization of the regiment, he was promoted adjutant. This regiment saw a great deal of hard fighting, and its losses of killed and wounded were very heavy. Mr. Pope was wounded seven times, and at the battle of Cedar Creek, October 19, 1864, while acting adjutant-general of Conner's brigade, he was shot through the face with a minnie ball that destroyed the sight of one eye. 314 YOUNG JOHN POPE At the close of the war Mr. Pope returned to his home, and under the direction of Colonel Simeon Fair resumed the study of the law and was soon admitted to the bar. His progress was very rapid, and in a short time he gained a high rank in his profession. As early as 1865 he was elected district judge for Newberry. This position he held with credit for three years, when the district courts were abolished and the government came under the dominion of the alien and the negro. His general practice was large and many of his cases were important. For eleven years he was attorney for the National Bank of Newberry, and in 1878-79 he was one of the attorneys for the state in the famous suits involving the validity of certain bonds issued by the "radical" government that dominated South Carolina from 1868 to 1876. One of the results of these suits was the elimination, in a legal and equitable proceeding, of a million and a half dollars of fraudulent bonds, thus reducing the valid debt of the state by that amount. Judge Pope also rendered efficient service as mayor of New- berry for five terms of one year each. During his administration there was a marked improvement, not only in the outward appearance, but also in the general spirit of the municipality. In 1887 he was elected a member of the lower house of the state legislature. The following year he was elected to the state senate after one of the greatest contests ever known in his county. His opponent was highly popular and up to that time had never been defeated in an election. In 1890 Mr. Pope was elected attorney- general of South Carolina and entered upon the duties of that office on December 3 of that year. In December, 1891, he was elected by the legislature one of the associate justices of the supreme court of the state, and in January, 1896, he was unani- mously reelected to this position. On January 20, 1903, he received a unanimous election as chief justice of the state, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Chief Justice Mclver, and on January 23, 1906, he was, without opposition, reelected for the full term of eight years. In the same month and year the South Carolina college conferred upon him the degree of LL. D. Judge Pope has always been a Democrat, and for many years, including the remarkable campaign of 1876, he was county chairman of Newberry. Since his elevation to the supreme court he has, very properly, kept entirely aloof from political manage- YOUNG JOHN POPE 315 ment. His religious affiliation is with the Baptist church, of which he has been an honored and efficient member for many years. On December 3, 1874, he was married to Mrs. Sallie H. F. Rutherford, daughter of Colonel Simeon Fair, and widow of Colonel W. D. Rutherford, of Newberry. Of their two children, one is living in 1907. The postoffice address of Judge Pope is Newberry, South Carolina. ROBERT OBADIAH PURDY PURDY, ROBERT OBADIAH, was born February 11, 1857, at White Plains, near Lawrenceville, Brunswick county, Virginia. His father is James Purdy, and his mother Jane Wells Purdy. His father is a farmer, characterized by honesty, sobriety, great industry and decision of character. The father and mother came from County Down, Ireland, after they were married, and are both living. Robert Purdy's tastes were literary in his youth. He grew slowly, but enjoyed the advantages of life in the country. Here, on the farm, he was inured to toil. Before going to school in the morning and after returning in the evening, a distance of three miles each way, he was required to perform his daily tasks. The means for school expenses up to seventeen years of age were furnished by his father. After that he paid all of his expenses, including the cost of a course in the University of Virginia, earning the money by his own effort. In 1873 he attended the Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical college (now the Virginia Polytechnic institute). In December, 1874, lack of means neces- sitated discontinuing his studies, but on October 1, 1880, he was able to resume college work, and entered the University of Virginia. Here he took the full law course, and after one year, on June 30, 1881, received his diploma. Among the books which most influenced him may be men- tioned Scott's novels, Warren's "Ten Thousand a Year," and other literature of this class which he read between the time of his leaving the Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical college and entering the University of Virginia. Home was the greatest influence in shaping his character, though he feels that, while school was a valuable factor, his education consists largely of what he has learned from men by association and contact. At seventeen years of age he resolved to study law; and, through poverty and discouragements, never gave up the idea, and never thought of entering any other calling or pursuit. On December 5, 1881, at Manning, South Carolina, he began the practice of law. In 1886 he removed to Sumter to take the position of partner of the late Senator Joseph H. Earle. When Washing Ion, 27 C- &.&.& EOBEET OBADIAH PURDY 319 Senator Earle removed to Greenville, South Carolina, Judge Purdy formed a partnership with Mark Keynolds. Judge Purdy's life as a lawyer was not different from the life or expe- rience of a busy county lawyer, enjoying a full general practice. From 1890 to 1892 he was mayor of Sumter; he was also several times alderman. In January, 1902, he was elected judge of the circuit courts of South Carolina by the legislature, commencing his term of service in December, 1902. He is a member of the Pi Kappa Alpha college fraternity. Through life Judge Purdy has been, of course, a Democrat. He was not identified with the Reform movement inaugurated by Mr. (now Senator) Tillman. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. His legal and judicial pursuits he varies with fishing and bird hunting. To the young he commends honesty, industry and faithfulness, and promptness in business matters of all kinds. "A prompt, honest and energetic man can," he declared, "and will, meet a full measure of success here." On December 18, 1883, he married Hattie H. Ingram, of Manning, South Carolina. They have had nine children, of whom eight are now (1907) living. -His address is West Hampton avenue, Sumter, South Caro- lina. THOMAS MIDDLETON RAYSOR RA Y S O K, THOMAS MIDDLETON, was born in the county of Orangeburg, South Carplina, May 26, 1859. His parents were P. A. and Annie M. Raysor. His mother died while he was an infant. His father was a noted planter of Orangeburg, who, at the outbreak of the War between the States, enlisted in one of the South Carolina regiments and served with distinction until the close of that memorable struggle, during which he reached the rank of captain. He was graduated from the Citadel academy, Charleston; was a ready writer and a fluent speaker, and took a prominent part in all the political movements of his day in which the interests of the Palmetto State were especially involved. After the close of the war he went to Texas, where he remained until the time of his death. Thomas Middleton Eaysor's ancestors on his father's side were English; on his mother's side, Scotch-Irish. They came to America about the year 1731 and settled in South Carolina. Public life and state affairs seem to have engrossed the attention of the Raysors for generations past, for we find that the great- grandfather of the subject of this sketch was a member of an early legislature of the state, while his grandfather was a state senator, and, as above noted, his father was conspicuous in social, military and political life. The early years of Thomas M. Raysor's life were spent in a little village and on his father's plantation nearby. Though not required to engage in any regular manual labor, he enjoyed working occasionally in the fields. For recreation and exercise he spent many hours in swimming, fishing and hunting. There were no difficulties in his way in acquiring a good education, for his father was possessed of ample means to send him to the best schools. After leaving the village school he was sent to Wofford preparatory school, at Spartanburg, and later to Orangeburg academy. In the class of 1878 he was graduated from "Wofford college with the degree of A. B. After leaving college, Mr. Raysor began the study of law in the office of the Honorable Samuel Dibble. Law was his choice among the professions. He THOMAS MIDDLETON RAYSOK 321 was always fond of reading, history, poetry and biography being his favorite subjects. The reading of Plutarch's "Lives" made a deep and lasting impression upon his mind when he was quite young, and later the teaching of Doctor James H. Carlisle had a great influence over him for good. Mr. Kaysor was a member of the South Carolina state legis- lature for three terms, 1884 to 1890; is now (1907) serving his second term as member of the state senate from Orangeburg county. He is attorney for and a director of the Bank of Orange- burg, and attorney for and a director in several other financial institutions. From early manhood he has been a public-spirited citizen. He took a very prominent part in the work of establishing a graded system for the public schools of the city of Orangeburg that has been exceedingly satisfactory to the citizens of the place; he has ever been a strong advocate and supporter of South Carolina college and Citadel, and he introduced a bill in the legislature to provide for the rebuilding of the west wing of the Citadel. As a member of the senate, he is regarded as an earnest, faithful representative, loyal to the best interests of his own district, yet not overlooking the claims and merits of his fellow-citizens in every other part of the state. His literary work has consisted chiefly of articles for the newspapers upon such topics as engaged the attention of the public at the particular time. He is a member of the Chi Phi fraternity; he is a Mason, a Knight of Pythias, and a member of the Orangeburg Business Men's club. He married Miss Mattie Mandeville Eogers, of Darlington county, South Carolina. In politics he has always been a Demo- crat. His religious connection is with the Episcopal church. Much walking, an occasional day's fishing, and frequent horse- back riding are his favorite methods of recreation and amusement. In a retrospect of his own life, though yet in the vigor and prime of manhood, Mr. Baysor feels that he has failed in some of his more youthful aspirations, principally because he did not take advantage of opportunities as they came in his way, and also through a lack of persistent, unflagging industry, which alone can win the coveted prizes. To young Americans who desire true success in life, and wish to accomplish some good work f br the 322 THOMAS MIDDLETON RAYSOR benefit of mankind, Mr. Raysor tenders the following excellent advice: "Let every one for himself cultivate the great virtue of self-control and lead a life of service and earnest high endeavor." Mr. Raysor's address is Orangeburg, South Carolina. GEORGE ROGERS REAVES REAVES, GEORGE EOGERS, of Mullins, Marion county, banker, merchant, and member of the legislature, was born in Marion county, near Mullins, September 3, 1863. His father was a planter, George W. Reaves, who filled acceptably the office of magistrate, and was known as a liberal giver to church work in his town. His mother, Mrs. Emma (Rogers) Reaves, had a strong influence for good on her son. His great- grandfather, Solomon Reaves, who came from Virginia about 1790, was a famous Baptist preacher of the Revolutionary days. Born on a farm, he early learned farm work. He says: "My father lost everything in the war, and as he was growing old, I had to help early to support the family; and I took the plow as a regular hand at twelve years of age. As a consequence I had only such opportunities for an education as were afforded by the common schools." In 1884, however, he took, at the Commercial college of the University of Kentucky, a course in business principles and methods, bookkeeping, and elementary commercial law, which has been of great use to him in managing his own business and that of the bank of which he is president. From the reading of the Bible he got, in his boyhood, his rirst and strongest impulse to make his life count for something. Biographies of successful men in all lines of life also stirred his ambition to succeed. He took the first position in business which was open to him; and as the merchant to whom he engaged himself proved an honest and fair man, Mr. Reaves continued in his employ until the time came when he himself was o-eady to assume directing control. Then he planned the incorporation of the business, and was made president and general manager of the Mullins Hard- ware company. Upon the organization of the Bank of Mullins, Mr. Reaves becames its president. In 1904 he was elected a member of the legislature, and was reelected in 1906. In politics he is a Democrat, and he has always acted with that party. He is a member of the Baptist church. He is a 324 GEORGE SOGERS REAVES Knight of Pythias, and has filled several important offices in that organization. He was married February 15, 1893, to Katie Daniel, daughter of W. H. Daniel. They have had six children, five of whom are living in 1907. Like many other men who have succeeded in commercial life and as bankers, Mr. Reaves feels that he owes much to the excel- lent health and the habits of systematic work which were acquired by his early life on a farm. He writes: "My own experience leads me to the conviction that early life on a farm, with regular employment, is the best possible life for boys. They come nearer to Nature there." »&^™ifc.», n ,_ CTlsO^J 'Z'O^lstsCy ROBERT GOODWYN RHETT RHETT, ROBERT GOODWYN, lawyer, banker, financier, was born in Columbia, Richland county, South Carolina, March 25, 1862, son of Albert Moore and Martha (Good- wyn) Rhett. He is descended from an old colonial family, whose earliest American representatives were Thomas Landgrave Smith, governor of South Carolina in 1693, and his brother, George Smith, who came to Charlestown, Massachusetts, about 1670. These two Smiths were the grandsons of Sir George Smith, of Exeter, who was also the grandfather of George Monck, Duke of Albemarle. The grandson of George Smith came to Carolina and married his second cousin, Sabina Smith, the granddaughter of Governor Thomas Smith. In 1744 their son, also named Thomas, married Sarah Moore, the granddaughter of Colonel William Rhett, and his grandchildren, amongst whom was Thomas Moore, the grandfather of Robert Goodwyn, adopted the name of Rhett, about to become extinct. William Rhett attained to most creditable distinction in the pioneer days of the colony of South Carolina, and in 1706 was speaker of the house of commons of that colony. In the same year he received a commission as vice-admiral of an English- Colonial fleet fitted out against the French, and in 1717 he com- manded the expedition which resulted in the capture of the pirate Bonnet. The paternal grandfather of Mr. Rhett, Thomas Moore, was a planter, and took no part in public life. Two of his brothers, however, attained considerable distinction — Albert Moore and Robert Barnwell. The rise of Albert Moore Rhett in his profession and in public life was one of remarkable rapidity. In the same year that he was admitted to the bar he entered the state legislature, where he took rank with the ablest debaters in the state, and at the end of his four years' service he had also risen almost, if not quite, to the head of the bar. In 1843 he removed to Charleston, and in October of that year was stricken with yellow fever, and died at the early age of thirty-four years. 328 ROBERT GOODWYN RHBTT In an article from the pen of an early friend of Albert Moore Bhett, high praise is given to his abilities as a public speaker. "In his address," says this writer, "Mr. Bhett was self-possessed, grave, and earnest; but when he was warmed by debate his logic and invective were overwhelming. His fine voice and tall, hand- some person added not a little to the graces of his elocution; while his choice and pregnant English reminded one by turns of the terseness of Tacitus and the solid periods of Milton. He was as severe in the selection of his phrases as in the order of his logic, and when he spoke on the spur of the occasion, or after much preparation, no link ever dropped from the chain of his argument, and his periods were filled up and rounded with all the completeness that rhetorical art could impart. If he had lived to old age, he would have been one of the first men and one of the greatest orators of South Carolina." Robert Barnwell Bhett was also a distinguished lawyer and advocate of states' rights. He was in congress for a number of years, and upon the death of John C. Calhoun he succeeded the latter in the United States senate. He was a rival of Jefferson Davis for the presidency of the Confederate States of America after the ordinances of secession had been passed. Bobert Goodwyn Bhett's father is a native of South Caro- lina, and was born in 1834. He was one of the pioneers in the manufacture of fertilizers from the phosphate rock discovered near Charleston in the late sixties, and constructed the largest of the factories there. Upon the acquisition of nearly all the fertilizer factories in South Carolina by the Virginia-Carolina Chemical company, he was placed in charge of them all, which position he now occupies. His mother was a daughter of Doctor Bobert Goodwyn, of Virginia, who fought with gallantry in the Florida war, and afterwards settled in Columbia, South Carolina, where for more than twenty years he was president of the branch of the State bank located at that place. The early life of Mr. Bhett was spent in and about Charles- ton, South Carolina, where he grew up amid a cultured environ- ment. He fitted for college at Porter academy, Charleston, and at the Episcopal high school, near Alexandria, Virginia, and entered the University of Virginia in the fall of 1879. In 1883 he was graduated from that institution with the degree of M. A., and in the following year took his degree in law. Immediately ROBERT GOODWYN RHETT 329 thereafter he entered the law office of Brawley & Barnwell, of Charleston. In 1886 he formed a partnership with George M. Trenholm, under the firm name of Trenholm & Ehett. In 1893 W. C. Miller, and in 1899 E. S. Whaley, were admitted to the firm, which was then styled Trenholm, Ehett, Miller & Whaley. It was not long after his admission to the bar before Mr. Ehett attained a prominent position in the profession, but his energies were not confined to the practice of law. The business of fertilizer manufacturing attracting his attention as one which could be profitably extended, he became instrumental in the establishment of two large factories, and continued to take an active and leading part in this industry until it was concentrated in the ownership of the Virginia-Carolina Chemical company. In 1896 he was elected president of the South Carolina Loan and Trust company, and in 1899 he acquired a controlling interest in and became head of The Peoples National Bank of Charleston, the oldest national bank in Charleston. The latter position he still retains. Mr. Ehett's faith in the future of Charleston has never wavered. His interest in its commercial life has been wide and deep. In the relation of a private citizen he has touched the business of the city at many points, and has unsparingly devoted his time, thought and means to its support. He has been at one time upon the board of direction of not less than twenty-five Charleston companies. Believing that building and loan associations, when honestly and intelligently managed, are important factors in the upbuild- ing of a community, he has lent them his hearty support, and has himself been the president of eight such associations. One of the most notable achievements by the business men of Charleston in recent years has been the establishment of the Commercial club of Charleston. This club was shaped and organized under the direction of Mr. Ehett, and he enjoyed the honor of being its first president. In politics Mr. Ehett is a conservative, though aggressive, Democrat, and has taken an active part in local, state and national campaigns. He was alderman from 1895 to 1903; mayor of Charleston from 1903 to the present (1907), and has again been reelected for another term of four years in the office of mayor; and was delegate-at-large to the Democratic national convention 330 ROBERT OOODWTX RHETT held in St. Louis in 1902. In 1905 he was elected president of the League of American Municipalities. The most important public enterprises under consideration during Mr. Rhett's term of office as alderman were the construction of a navy yard by the United States government, and the location and building of a new system of waterworks by the Charleston Light and Water company. Mr. Rhett manifested an absorbing interest in each of these measures, and in the case of the waterworks, its final accomplishment was due in no small measure to his untiring efforts. Fraternally, he is a member of the Charleston, Commercial, and Country clubs, of Charleston, and in religion holds member- ship in the Protestant Episcopal church. He is fond of music, golf and society when disengaged from professional and business cares. On November 15, 1888, Mr. Rhett married Helen Smith Whaley, daughter of William B. and Helen Smith Whaley, of Charleston, South Carolina. To this union four children were born, three of whom, Helen Whaley, Margaret Goodwyn, and Robert Goodwyn, Jr., are now (1907) living. Mrs. Rhett died April 26, 1904. On August 8, 1906, he married Blanche Sally, the daughter of D. Hammond and Ida E. Sally, of Aiken county, South Carolina. His address is Number 116 Broad street, Charleston, South Carolina. ^to F /-^'-A Publishing Gampewf EDWIN WALES ROBERTSON ROBERTSON, EDWIN WALES, lawyer and banker, was born in Columbia, South Carolina, September 3, 1863. His parents were Thomas J. and Mary O. (Caldwell) Robertson. His father was a successful planter and a member of the State Constitutional convention. He was elected to fill out an unexpired term in the United States senate, and was reelected for a full term, thus giving him continuous service in that body from 1868 to 1877. The preparatory studies of Edwin W. Robertson were taken at the Emerson institute at Washington, District of Columbia, and the Hopkins Grammar school, of New Haven, Connecticut. In 1881 he entered Yale university, and was graduated therefrom in 1885. In the year last named he entered the law department of South Carolina college, from which he was graduated in 1887 with the degree of LL. B. He soon afterward formed a partner- ship with M. Herndon Moore, under the firm name of Robertson & Moore, and secured a large and profitable practice. But Mr. Robertson had long been thinking, and in 1893 he became fully convinced, that in the wider field of finance, with the industrial development which it would produce and sustain, he could cer- tainly be of greater service to the public, and could probably win a greater measure of success for himself than would be possible if he continued to practice law. Foreseeing that in the near future the South was to become a magnificent field for manu- factures, commerce, and agriculture, he gave up the law and with energy, skill and enthusiasm, he entered upon what has proved to be a brilliant career as a banker and a manager of industrial affairs. Until 1861 the Commercial bank, of which John Crawford was president, and the Branch bank of the state, of which Robert H. Goodwyn was president, were the best known and the most successfully conducted financial institutions outside of Charleston in the state of South Carolina. Then, as now, Columbia was the seat of the state government and the home of many wealthy planters, as well as the town in which wealthy merchants had made their fortunes. It was not, however, a large and growing Vol. I— S. C— 16 334 EDWIN WALES ROBERTSON manufacturing and railroad center, and the two banks which have been named were able to furnish all the money which was needed to conduct the business operations of the time. But Mr. Kobertson saw great opportunities to develop various industries which would require a large amount of capital and make additional banking facilities necessary. Consequently, in May, 1893, with Gilbert M. Berry as his associate, he established the Canal Dime Savings institution with a capital of thirty thousand dollars, which was increased to fifty thousand dollars in the fall of 1895, when the name was changed to the Canal bank. On January 1, 1898, the Canal bank bought a controlling interest in the Loan and Exchange bank, of which Colonel A. C. Haskell was the founder and president, and the two institutions were merged into the Loan and Exchange bank of South Carolina, with Mr. Kobertson as president, which position he has since held, and Colonel Haskell as vice-president. The bank then had a capital of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. In February, 1902, the bank bought a controlling interest in the Central National bank, and the two institutions were merged into the Loan and Exchange bank, with a capital stock of three hundred thousand dollars, and on July 4, 1903, a national bank charter was obtained with a capital of five hundred thousand dollars, the largest bank capitalization in South Carolina. Dividends of ten, twenty, and thirty-three and one-third per cent, have been declared by the Loan and Exchange bank, in addition to its regular semi-annual division of profits. In October, 1903, the bank took possession of its new and perma- nent home, on the site of the modest building in which the Canal Dime Savings institution originated, in a superb structure. The building is constructed of Columbia brick, of which over one million and a quarter were used, steel, and Indiana Bedford stone. It has thirteen stories, including the commodious basement, and measures one hundred and eighty- four feet from cellar to roof. The first suggestion of erecting such a magnificent home for the National Loan and Exchange bank was made by its president, Mr. Kobertson. The almost marvelous development from a Dime Savings bank, with only thirty thousand dollars capital, into South Carolina's strongest national bank, with a capital of five hundred thousand dollars, and showing the largest deposits of any institution of the kind in the state, in a period of only ten EDWIN WALES ROBERTSON 335 years, is indisputable evidence of excellent judgment and remark- able financial ability on the part of the manager of its affairs. In all that pertains to the well-being of his native city and state, Mr. Kobertson is always deeply concerned. He is financially interested in important enterprises which are designed to promote industrial, commercial and agricultural prosperity, and in several large corporations he is a leading spirit. He is president of the Electric Street Eailway Light and Power company, the Columbia Gas company, the Columbia Eeal Estate and Trust company, the Public Service company, the Union Cotton mills, the Buffalo Cotton mills, the Union Manufacturing and Power company, and (1906) receiver of the Union and Glenn Springs Eailroad company. He is vice-president and director of the Standard Warehouse company, and of the Capital City mills, a. director in the Olympia mills, the Prudential Building and Loan association, the Land and Investment company, the Interstate Trust company, Hermitage Cotton mills, Home bank, and the Steamboat company which has opened an active trade by river between Columbia and Georgetown, thus securing for Columbia cheaper freight rates. The facts and figures which have been given show that Mr. Kobertson has secured a high rank as a financier, and the records show that his success has been honorably won. A notable evidence of wide recognition as a man of character and a financier of ability is manifested by his appointment as a director of the Equitable Life Assurance society of the United States, when that society was in process of reorganization, in company with such men as Valentine P. Snyder, Paul Morton, George Victor, Thomas Randolph, and others of the highest standing in the financial world. And it is vastly to the credit of Mr. Robertson that he has won this high degree of eminence without the spur of necessity. He had ample means and could have lived in the most comfortable manner, without following a profession or engaging in business of any kind. But he preferred to be a laborer rather than a drone, and in early manhood he determined to do great things for his city and his state. And this record, though necessarily incomplete, shows that his purpose has been fully accomplished. The Robertson home, an elegant and costly structure built in the colonial style, crowns one of the lofty hills upon which Columbia is built. From its spacious collonade one can see far 336 EDWIN WALES ROBERTSON over into Lexington, perhaps into Sumter county, across the valley of the Congaree, and the smoke curling from many mill stacks reminds the beholder, who may chance to be Mr. Robert- son's guest, what an all-important factor his host has been in rebuilding, in larger proportions and in greater beauty than it had known before, the Columbia which in 1865 was only a mass of smouldering ruins. Mr. Robertson, although a busy man, is far from being an ascetic. He believes in meeting with his fellows, and he holds that man should be of a social disposition. He is a member of the Pi Sigma Tau and Psi Epsilon fraternities ; of the Yale ; the University, New York city ; the Columbia, and the Metropolitan clubs; and is a Mason and Knight of Pythias. In September, 1886, he was married to Miss Evelyn P. Titcomb, of Kennebunkport, Maine. Of their four children, all were living in 1907. The postoffice address of Mr. Robertson is Columbia, South Carolina. WILLIAM JOSEPH RODDEY RODDE Y, WILLIAM JOSEPH, banker and manufacturer, was born in Chester county, South Carolina, October 2, 1861. His parents were William L. and Anna Cousart (Baskin) Koddey. His father is a prominent business man and capitalist, a man of clear foresight and excellent judgment. He resides at Eock Hill, and has long been closely identified with its interests and has done much to promote its prosperity. In addition to various minor positions which he has held, he has been president of the following named corporations: The First National bank, the Victoria Cotton mill, and the National Union bank, in all of which his son has also been an officer. The earliest known ancestors of the family in this country were of Scotch- Irish blood. They settled in South Carolina about the time of the Revolutionary war. When a boy, William J. Roddey enjoyed good health. He took part in various outdoor sports, but was especially fond of reading. His preparatory studies were carried on at Eock Hill. When sufficiently advanced, he entered Erskine college, from which institution he was graduated in 1880, with the degree of A. B. Later he passed two years in post-graduate study at the University of Virginia. The active work of life was commenced in 1884, when he became a partner with his father in the banking business, under the firm name of W. L. Roddey & Son. Three years later he organized the First National bank of Rock Hill. This succeeded the above-named banking firm. Mr. Roddey was the first cashier, and later became vice-president of the bank. Soon after the First National bank was succeeded by the National Union bank, in 1898, he became president of the latter institution, a position which he still holds. Since 1889 he has been general agent and local manager of the Equitable Life Assurance society. In July, 1904, he became vice-president and active manager of the Victoria Cotton mill, of Rock Hill. He is also a director in various other local enterprises. In 1895 he was made a trustee of Winthrop college, and in 1905 he was elected to a similar position in 340 WH^LIAM JOSEPH RODDEY Davidson college. In May, 1906, he was elected president of the South Carolina Bankers association. On August 6, 1890, he married Miss Perry D. Roddey. They have six children living in 1907. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias. In politics he has always been a Democrat. His religious affiliation is with the Presbyterian church. In the choice of his life work, Mr. Roddey was free to follow his own inclination. He still retains his early love for books. Outside of reading, and the simple pleasures of the home circle, he finds his principal relaxation in hunting and other field sports. In all of his affairs Mr. Roddey has been characterized by strong common sense and well-balanced business judgment, as well as by a sterling integrity of character and fidelity to principle. As a typical, level-headed business man, of clear mind and energetic disposition, he is fairly representative of the young men who are building up the South upon a basis of greater prosperity than it has yet known. The address of Mr. Roddey is Rock Hill, South Carolina. JAMES AUGUSTIN BROWN SCHERER SCHERER, JAMES AUGUSTIN BROWN, Ph. D., LL. D., president of Newberry college, author of "Four Princes," "Japan Today," "Young Japan," "The Holy Grail," and "What is Japanese Morality?" — while one of the youngest college presidents in the country, has already won for himself an honor- able distinction as author, preacher, missionary, lecturer, and successful administrator and executive. The college of which he is president is the property of the Lutheran synod of South Carolina, and was chartered by the legislature on the 20th of December, 1856, having developed naturally and vigorously from the "Classical and Theological Institute," which had been main- tained by the Lutheran church for many years at Lexington. The preparatory department was opened in October, 1858; and the college proper began its work in February, 1859. Before the outbreak of the War between the States there were one hundred and seventy-five students in attendance and the prospects seemed most flattering. But a very large proportion of students volun- teered for service in the Confederate army, and the institution was greatly hampered for several years. Occupied by a Federal garrison, in the summer of 1865, the original building was seriously damaged and the school removed to Walhalla. In 1898 the Federal government appropriated fifteen thousand dollars to the college in somewhat tardy reparation for the loss thus expe- rienced. It was not until 1877 that the institution was reopened in Newberry, citizens of that town having offered grounds and funds for a building. The college has had six presidents, Reverend Theophilus Stork, D.D., 1859-60; Reverend J. A. Brown, D.D., part of 1860; the Reverend J. P. Smeltzer, D. D., 1861 to 1877; the Reverend George W. Holland, D. D., 1878 to 1895 ; and Doctor George B. Cromer, from 1896 to 1904. Finally, in January, 1904, after the resignation of President Cromer, Doctor Scherer, who was then pastor of Saint Andrew's church, of Charleston, was elected president, and his administration during the last three years has tended to the prosperity of the college financially, in numbers, 344 JAMES AUGTJSTIN BROWN SCHEREK in its hold upon the denomination and upon its alumni, and in its influence on affairs in the state and throughout the South. Doctor Scherer comes of good stock. His father, his grand- father, and several of his uncles and great-uncles were Lutheran preachers; and he has three brothers in the Lutheran ministry. He was born in Salisbury, North Carolina, on the 22d of May, 1870. His. mother was a sincere and devout Christian woman, whose influence on the character of her son was strong. The first known ancestor of the Scherer family in America came from Germany in 1748. President Scherer's mother was Miss Harriett Isabella Brown; and her ancestors came to the Carolinas from Great Britain, early in the eighteenth century. His father, Reverend Simeon Scherer, a preacher and synodical debater of great force, and a man of the strictest integrity and of sound business judgment, died when his son was very young. But the lad was not to be prevented from acquiring an education by any difficulties with his surroundings or his mother's lack of means. When a boy of but eleven years he took a place as clerk in a store, and soon learned the lesson of hard work. For a short time he was a student in the preparatory department of Pennsylvania college, at Gettysburg. The climate proving too severe, he con- tinued his studies at Roanoke college, and in 1890 was graduated with the degree of A. B. During his college course at that institution he not only made many friends, both among students and professors, by his genial, social nature and his lovable character, but he also distinguished himself for scholarship. As a writer he was recognized as easily the first man in his college. He took the scholarship in English literature ; received a medal for oratory ; and gained the distinc- tion of graduation with absolutely perfect marks in English, as well as with "first distinction." He took a prominent part in all the Christian work of the undergraduates during his college course. After graduation from Roanoke, he was engaged in mis- sionary work in Pulaski City, Virginia, for a year and a half, meanwhile reading theology. He was examined and ordained to the Christian ministry by the South Carolina synod in 1891. The next year he was sent by the Southern Lutheran church as their pioneer missionary to Japan. There he continued the careful reading of theology while most actively engaged in the JAMES AUGTJSTIN BROWN SCHEEER 345 study of the Japanese language and of mission methods. After some months spent at Tokio he removed to Saga and inaugurated the work of the Lutheran mission. He made rapid progress in the language and was soon a ready speaker to the Japanese in their own tongue. While at Saga he performed a most valuable piece of work for missions in Japan, in the translation into Japanese of Luther's "Small Catechism." For several years this was the compend of theology regularly used in the Lutheran missions in Japan; and through this book Doctor Scherer is still a missionary force in that country. On the 5th of July, 1894, he married (in Japan) Miss Bessie Brown, a talented and accomplished missionary teacher, daughter of the Reverend Faris Brown, of New Concord, Ohio. Two children have blessed this union. In the spring of 1896, to the great regret of all friends of missions in Japan, Doctor Scherer's health broke down. Several months spent in the cooler climate of North Japan did not effect any permanent improvement; and after some time in Tokio he was compelled to follow the advice of his physicians and permanently withdraw from the field. During four or five years spent abroad, Doctor Scherer was in the employ of the Japanese government, while engaged in his duties as missionary. After some time spent in rest and recuper- ation at home, he accepted a call to the pastorate at Cameron, South Carolina ; and after a year of successful work there he was unanimously called to Saint Andrew's church, Charleston, where for six years he was the useful and beloved pastor of a united people, discharging at the same time the duties of professor of church history in the Southern Theological seminary. While in Japan he had taken up one of the post-graduate courses prescribed by Pennsylvania college, at Gettysburg, and he received from that institution the degree of Doctor of Phil- osophy in 1897. Boanoke college had already conferred on him the degree of A. M. in 1895, and in 1905 South Carolina university gave him the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws. President Scherer is not only known as a strong and eloquent preacher and a thorough scholar, but he has made a reputation for himself as an author, especially by his books on Japan, which have been read by the thousand, both here and abroad, several being published in Europe. Besides writing the books mentioned in the first sentence of this sketch, President Scherer has contributed to many 346 JAMES AUGU8TIN BROWN SCHERER magazines and periodicals, writing especially upon historical and literary themes. As a public lecturer he is well known and is warmly welcomed in various parts of the country. In describing a great international convention which assembled at Toronto in the summer of 1905, the editor of the "Sunday School Times" wrote as follows: "The program at Massey Hall was a fitting climax to all that had gone before. A young college president, Dr. James A. B. Scherer, of Newberry college, South Carolina, virile and keen in the fire and consecration of young manhood, sounded the call of Japan. He drew a picture, forceful, burning, flaming, of Japan's leap, as the 'fore-ordained leader of the Far East,' from the medievalism of half a century ago into the civilization of today." In politics Doctor Scherer is a Democrat of the Cleveland stamp. While in college he was a member of the Phi Delta Gamma fraternity. He is chaplain of the Washington Light infantry, at Charleston; and belongs to many learned societies. Under his able and inspiring leadership, the reputation of Newberry college is spreading from year to year, while all the work of the institution and the life and character of the students feel the effect of his sound scholarship, his high character, and his gifts as a writer and public speaker. OSBORNE LAMAR SCHUMPERT SCHUMPEET, OSBOENE LAMAE, son of Jacob Kinard Schumpert and Harriet Abney Schumpert, was born at Newberry, South Carolina, July 26, 1845. His father was a mechanic and farmer, a trustee of Newberry college, and for many years, and to the day of his death, an elder in the Lutheran church, of which he was a member. He was a man to whom religion was a matter not only of observances, forms and cere- monies, but of life. He was temperate in all things, and con- scientious to the minutest detail, in the discharge of every duty. The father's practical bent manifested itself not only in his personal character and life, but in the training he gave to his children. Like the Apostle Paul, he believed that if any man would not work neither should he eat, and he required of his children regular work fitted to their several capacities. The subject of this sketch, healthy and robust, and passing his early life in the country, was trained to labor on the farm, a discipline for which he has many times in subsequent life been grateful. Work, however, was mixed with play and outdoor sports, includ- ing the riding and training of horses, hunting and fishing. The mother was a woman of strong characteristics, and impressed herself upon the plastic nature of her son. "Whatever of good," he says, modestly, "there be in me, I owe in major part to her influence and discipline." Among others of the formative influences which affected his tastes and life should be mentioned "Todd's Students' Manual," and addresses of great men, both of which aroused his deepest interest and enthusiasm. To them, in fact, he traces his first strong impulse to accomplish results in life. He also enjoyed the privilege of association with eminent public men. The subject of this sketch found the path to academic culture prepared for him. When ready, he attended Pagesville academy, Newberry college, and the University of Copenhagen, in Den- mark, from which he was graduated in June of 1871. Newberry college conferred upon him the honorary degree of A. B. Mr. Schumpert's active life work began at Newberry, in 1871, when he entered upon the practice of the law. Among the 348 OSBORNE LAMAR SCHUMPERT positions to which he has been called, and the activities which have claimed his attention, may be noted the following : Member of the general assembly of the state of South Carolina, 1884-85; solicitor of the seventh judicial circuit from 1888 to 1896, and special judge to hold Spartanburg court in the fall of 1903 ; the latter position he owed to his appointment by Chief Justice Pope, which was confirmed by Governor Heyward. Mr. Schumpert was also elected a trustee of Newberry college in 1872, a position which he still holds. He was also a member of Governor Hagood's staff. In 1876 he was president of the Democratic club of his county, and in connection with this office he delivered numerous political addresses in his section of the state. He was also commandant of Newberry county's quota of clubs to Columbia in 1876-77. In addition he has served as a delegate to state and county conventions. Mr. Schumpert served in the War between the States in the Third regiment of infantry, Kershaw's brigade, Longstreet's corps. He served as private, sometimes as a courier for General Kershaw and General Longstreet, and as the orderly of the regiment. He is a Mason and Knight Templar, and has held the office of master of his Masonic lodge for four years. Mr. Schumpert has always been a Democrat. In religion he is a Lutheran. His principal exercise and amusement is walking or riding in the country. Of his accomplishments in life, he speaks in terms of reserve and self-depreciation, holding that what he has done would be of little interest or inspiration to any one — a view with which his friends do not coincide. On the 5th of January, 1876, Mr. Schumpert was married to Miss Mamie Estelle Pool. Four children were born of this marriage, two of whom are still (1907) living. Mr. Schumpert's address is Newberry, South Carolina. t j J ^^> % fl ■ ^fl^fc^m^^^^l HI * ■ - ' »■» ■ 1 IHKI '-"•■■■ . ". JAMES MARSH SEIGNIOUS SEIGNIOUS, JAMES MARSH, cotton factor, banker, financier and expert accountant, was born in the city of Charleston, South Carolina, November 4, 1847, son of Francis P. and Martha Hester (Wightman) Seignious. He is of French lineage on his father's side, and English and Scotch on his mother's side. His paternal grandfather was born in Alsace, France, and during the Revolution of 1789, in the reign of Louis XIV, with other Huguenots, he fled from his native country and took refuge on the Island of Martinique, near Hayti. Shortly after his arrival in Hayti the historical negro insurrection in San Domingo took place, in which he was wounded. Subsequently, he took passage, with other refugees, in an American vessel bound for the American coast, suffered shipwreck shortly thereafter, and was finally rescued by a passing vessel and landed in Charleston, South Carolina. Here he lived, married, and died, both he and his wife having been interred in Trinity church cemetery, Charleston. His maternal grandmother (mother of Martha Hester Wight- man), Eliza Stoll, was born in Charleston, January 25, 1800, and died in the same city, August 13, 1834. She was a daughter of Elizabeth (Douglas) Stoll, who came from England in the seventeenth century, and was of English and Scotch parentage. Her father, Justinus Stoll, was a man of large wealth, and owned a large part of the South Battery, of Charleston, in his lifetime, a relic of which is Stoll's alley, which bears his name at the present time. His wife was a noble and remarkable woman, the history of whose life reads like a romance. John Thomas Wightman, Sr., Mr. Seignious' paternal grand- father, was born in Charleston, South Carolina, March 25, 1784, and there died August 28, 1875. He was a son of Major William Wightman, who was major of a regiment in the American Revo- lutionary army, and a son of William Wightman, of Harrow- on-the-Hill, County of Middlesex (near London), England, who was consul at Tunis, Algeria, under the British crown, about the year 1735. 352 JAMES MARSH SEIGNIOUS Major Wightman owned considerable property at the corner of Chalmers and Meeting streets in Charleston. He resided in a large brick house just north of his place of business, both of which buildings are still (1907) standing in their original places. He is described as a portly and handsome man, of quiet demeanor and moral repute. His wife was a daughter of an old Charleston family, whose mother, during the battle of Fort Moultrie, when the troops were drawn up along the battery, passed along the line encouraging the soldiers and fresh recruits in their struggle against the British. The Wightmans are from a very old family stock, both in this country and England. It is thought that they originally came from the Isle of Wight. Books of heraldry give three families — English, Scotch and Welsh — but the Charleston branch comes direct from the English, and was one of three branches to be established in this country. Of the other two, one settled in New England, and one in New Jersey. The New England Wightmans were loyal to the British crown, fought in the Amer- ican Revolution, and Captain John Wightman was wounded at the battle of Hobkirk's Hill, South Carolina. He was a son of Colonel John Wightman, of the "Loyal New Englanders," who returned to England at the close of the war, where he died. The coat-of-arms and crest of the Wightman family were granted to William Wightman, Esquire, of Harrow-on-the-Hill, Middlesex county, England, in London, on July 14, 1562. The crest of the family was still retained and used on the family coach by Mr. Seignious's great-grandfather, during his lifetime, in Charleston. Mr. Seignious has in his possession a copy of the coat-of-arms and crest. Four of the Wightman brothers left the old home in Eng- land, namely, John, Thomas, William, and Nicholas. The two former were the founders of the Northern branch of the family in America, and William of the Southern branch. Nicholas was murdered in Charleston, South Carolina, about 1788. A full account of this event is inscribed on his tombstone in the old St. Philip's church graveyard in Charleston, South Carolina. Major William Wightman, and Elizabeth, his wife, had two sons, whose names were William and John Thomas, named, respectively, after their uncles, both born in Charleston. William JAMES MARSH SEIGNIOTJS 353 was the head of the Bishop William M. Wightman branch of the family, which had numerous descendants. John Thomas, the other son, founder of the Charleston branch, and who, as before stated, married Eliza Stoll, had the following named children : Martha Hester, born 1819, died 1905 ; William Edward, born 1821, died in California, 1870, unmarried; Keverend John Thomas Wightman, D. D., born 1825, married and now (1907) living in Baltimore, Maryland; Harriet Eliza- beth, born 1830, widow, residing with her son in the West; Ann Eliza, born 1832, married, and died a few years ago ; and Charles Christopher, born 1834, married, died 1905. The Southern branch of the Wightman family has been remarkable for the number of wives of ministers that it has supplied to the different churches. They were a highly educated and intelligent family, of high moral character, and held high positions in the domain of military, literary, and civic affairs. The early life of James Marsh Seignious was, for the most part, passed in the city of Charleston. The influence of his mother was particularly strong on his moral and spiritual life, and his father's personality impressed upon him the more rugged virtues. His father was a manufacturer and merchant, who confined himself closely to his business interests. He was a man of firm and sincere friendships, conservative in his opinions, fearless in the discharge of duty, prompt in meeting every obli- gation or promise made, industrious, persevering, quick in action, genial in manner and of a pleasant and jovial temperament. There were eight children in the family, four of whom are now (1907) living. James M. was the fourth child. He was of robust constitution, fond of outdoor sports, studious of habit, ambitious to succeed, and was particularly fond of mathematics, debate and oratory. He attended the public schools of the city, later studied under private tutors, and in 1863 entered the first class of the Charleston high school, from which he was graduated in his seventeenth year, with high honors, and delivered the class anniversary address. Immediately after his graduation he entered the Confederate army, and remained therein until the close of the war. Upon his return home he found that his father had suffered the loss of all his property, except his home and place of business, and was without means to conduct his former enterprises. The son, 354 JAMES MARSH SEIGNIOUS thus placed upon his own resources, accepted a position, at a small salary, in the office of the Charleston "Daily News." Later he was promoted assistant bookkeeper, and became cashier and general office manager, at a good salary, before he had reached his majority. In 1868 he was a tutor in what is now the Porter Military academy, intending to study during leisure hours, but in the following year he entered the bookkeeping department of the First National bank, of Charleston, and continued there until 1870, when he formed a copartnership with J. B. E. Sloan as a cotton factor. In 1881 he established an independent business of his own in the same line, which has been so successful that at the present time (1907) he is ranked among the leading cotton factors and commission merchants of the state. Mr. Seignious, in addition to his cotton interests, is a member of the board of directors of the Bank of Charleston, National Banking association, and chairman of the examining committee of said association; director of the Bank of Orangeburg, South Carolina, since its organization in 1887; and for many years was director of the Bank of Edgefield, South Carolina; and vice- president of the Boyal Bag and Yarn Manufacturing company, of Charleston, South Carolina, to which latter position he declined reelection in recent years; president of the Charleston Cotton exchange for seven years, and president now; member of the board of harbor commissioners; member of the dock commission for Charleston; was made manager of the ways and means department of the South Carolina Interstate and West Indian exposition, during 1901-1902, by unanimous request and vote of the directors; is a member of the Charleston chamber of com- merce; the Young Men's Business league; Commercial club, and many leading societies, and has represented the city of Charleston in many business conventions in other cities. Politically, Mr. Seignious is an unswerving Democrat. He has been a delegate to the county and state Democratic conven- tions, representing the county of Charleston, in nearly all the conventions held during the past twenty years. In 1902 he was appointed to the Danish vice-consulship for South Carolina by the foreign ministry of Denmark, and confirmed by the president of the United States. JAMES MARSH SEIGNIOTJS 355 In 1895 Mr. Seignious was solicited by representative citizens of Charleston to become a candidate for mayor, but he declined to enter the race under the conditions that then obtained. Four years later he entered a vigorous but unsuccessful contest against the administration candidate, who was in complete possession of the political machinery. To his tireless efforts not a little of the success of the Charleston exposition in 1901-1902 is due. He served without pecuniary compensation throughout the entire period of the exposition. At its close, resolutions were passed speaking in the highest terms of the services rendered by him in its behalf. The name of Mr. Seignious is a synonym of progress and public spirit. He has given of his time and energy and money to almost every movement for the advancement of the educational, the civic, the commercial, and the moral life of the city. "I would suggest," he once said, "to every young man starting out in life that the first necessary thing is to have a well-defined purpose. Your vocation once selected, stick firmly to it, and give it your time, your energy, your best abilities. Improve your education, cultivate a pleasant demeanor, be truthful and honest in all things, industrious, frugal in your expenditures, and asso- ciate with men of honorable life and refined tastes. Don't neglect details." Mr. Seignious has been twice married. First, November 19, 1868, to Christiana H. Pelzer, daughter of Francis J. Pelzer, of Charleston, South Carolina. She died in 1889, after having borne nine children, four of whom — Eva Antoinette, wife of Vanderhorst B. Murray; Mattie, wife of Joseph L. Barry; and one daughter and one son unmarried — are now (1907) living. His second marriage was to Esther Barnwell Heyward, daughter of Honorable Nathaniel B. Heyward, of Beaufort, South Caro- lina, to whom he was married in 1891. His address is Charleston, South Carolina. Vol. I— S. 0.— 17 CHARLES JOHN SHANNON, JR. SHANNON, CHARLES JOHN, Jk., merchant, planter and banker, was born at Camden, Kershaw county, South Carolina, July 1, 1863. His parents were Charles John and Mary (Ancrum) Shannon. His father was a physician and surgeon, a man of good judgment, fine intellectual attainments, and who served as a surgeon in the Confederate States army. His mother was a woman of fine qualities of mind and heart and exerted a strong and enduring influence for good upon her son. The earliest paternal ancestors of the family to settle in this country were Charles John Shannon, who came from the north of Ireland about 1780, and Joshua English, who came from England in the early part of the eighteenth century. Two of the maternal ancestors, George Ancrum from England, and Isaac Porcher from France, also came over early in the eighteenth century. These families have been noted for culture and char- acter for two centuries. In childhood and youth the subject of this sketch enjoyed good health. He lived in a town of about three thousand inhab- itants, and his tastes and interests were those of the average boy of that time. His father died when he was but seven years of age, and from that time he felt that he must do all that was in his power for his mother and sisters. As he was obliged to commence work at an early age, it was impossible for him to take a course of study at a college or university, which he would have been glad to have done, but for several years he studied at night under the direction of his mother. His favorite books at this time were mathematics and history, and to these studies he gave more attention than to others. After a time he was able to attend the private school of F. Leslie McCandless in Camden and completed its course of study, but he was never able to obtain a liberal education. He began the active work of life as clerk in a shoe store in his native town. His preference would have been for profes- sional life, but as circumstances were such that he could not properly equip himself therefor, he decided upon a line of work in which he could do credit to himself and benefit his employer. CHARLES JOHN SHANNON, JR. 359 He was ambitious to rise in the world, and by faithful attention to his duties he obtained a good reputation and soon fitted himself for a higher position. He advanced rapidly, and in 1889 he became a member of the large cotton, banking and mercantile firm of Springs, Heath & Company. Two years later the firm name was changed to Springs, Heath & Shannon, and in 1900 to Springs & Shannon, which name it still retains. Mr. Shannon is president of the Commercial bank, of Camden; president of the Shannon-Stevens-Boykin company, at Cheraw ; a director in several corporations, and since 1894 he has been president of the Camden board of trade. Several years ago he engaged in the production of cotton, and is now probably the most extensive planter in Kershaw county. Mr. Shannon traces the first strong impulse to strive for the prizes of life to self-respect, pride in his family, and a desire to regain its fortune. Estimating the relative strength of certain influences which have helped him in preparing for and carrying on the work of life he names home as by far the greatest; private study as the next in importance, and then contact with men in active life. He is fond of all athletic sports, but has been too busy to devote any time to them. As all the exercise required is found in supervising the operations of his cotton plantation, no attention has been given to any system of physical culture. He is a Mason, and is a member of several social clubs. In politics he has always been a Democrat. His religious affiliation is with the Protestant Episcopal church, and he has held the office of vestryman in the church at Camden since 1889. On April 30, 1895, Mr. Shannon was married to Emily Jordan Nesbit. They have had two children, both of whom are living in 1907. In reply to a request that he would say something in the way of suggestion that may help in their efforts the young Americans who read his biography, Mr. Shannon says: "I consider short cuts to success very dangerous. They are likely to lead to much trouble and disappointment." He lays great stress upon "a determination to attain some object so fixed as not to be turned aside by disappointment or failure. The 'get up and try again' spirit is essential to a young man's success. To this must be added rigid honesty, clean personal habits, and self-respect." The home of Mr. Shannon is at Camden, Kershaw county, South Carolina. CHARLES UPHAM SHEPARD SHEPAED, CHAELES UPHAM, M. D., of "Pinehurst," Summerville, Dorchester county, South Carolina, chemist to the state board of agriculture, expert upon phosphatic deposits, tea planter and special agent for tea culture, United States department of agriculture, is the son of a noted miner- alogist and chemist, and was born at New Haven, Connecticut, October 4, 1842. His father, Professor Charles Upham Shepard, filled the chair of mineralogy and chemistry at Yale college, and at Amherst college, Massachusetts, and also at the South Carolina Medical college, at Charleston, South Carolina. He was one of the most noted of the early American mineralogists. His collec- tion of minerals was world-famous ; and he had a keen perception of the properties of minerals, which enabled him to discover more species than has any other mineralogist, except Breithaupt. His father's ancestors were among the earlier English settlers in New England. For several generations most of the men of the family have been lawyers, ministers, physicians, or professors in institu- tions of learning. As a family, they have held higher ideals in life than the mere attempt to make money. The early life of the son was passed partly in the town and partly in the country; and while he was still a boy he made several trips to Europe with his father. He writes of his boy- hood: "I was always glad to do any out-of-door work. While this was not necessary, I enjoyed it; and it is probably this love of out-of-door work which has brought me in second childhood to the tillage of mother earth." "No, I had no difficulties to overcome in acquiring an education; the difficulties were for my teachers; I was fond of the usual boy's books, but I disliked Latin grammar at ten years of age." His classical studies were completed at that celebrated classical school, the Phillips academy, of Andover, Massachusetts, from which he was graduated in 1859. Entering Yale college at once, in 1863 he was graduated with the degree of A. B. Several years of study at German universities followed, and in 1867 he received from the University of Gottingen the degree of Doctor of Medicine. Several years later he studied agriculture at the University of Halle, Germany. CHARGES TJPHAM SHEPARD 361 Eeturning to America in 1867, he became assistant professor of chemistry at the Medical college of the state of South Carolina, at Charleston, South Carolina. His first and strongest impulse to strive for academic honors and a place in the annals of science came, he says, from "my father's unflagging application to science." The wish of his father, as well as his own preference and choice, led to his association with his honored, father in the work of the chemical class room and laboratory of the Medical college at Charleston. Throughout his life he has found pleasure and relief in constant occupation in professional work. For years Doctor Shepard served as chemist to the board of agriculture of South Carolina. As an analytical chemist and an expert upon phosphates, he has rendered great public service to his state and to the country at large by his professional work in discovering and developing the phosphate deposits and fertilizers which have enriched South Carolina. He has also been deeply interested in experimenting in the field and in the factory upon the culture of tea. For years he has been a tea planter at "Pine- hurst," Summerville, in Dorchester county. He has been for years the special agent for the United States department of agriculture for tea culture, and so persistent have been his inquiries and investigations and so unflagging his correspondence in the interest of tea culture in the United States, that the tea planters of India and Ceylon have dubbed him "that pertinacious tea pioneer." So enthusiastic an advocate of tea culture is Doctor Shepard, that he regards the title thus bestowed on him as his most highly valued "honorary degree." During the Prusso-Austrian war of 1866, Doctor Shepard served as a volunteer surgeon in the Hanoverian army. He has made various inventions in chemistry, and in processes of curing tea and preparing it for the market. He is the author of many reports and scientific articles, privately and publicly printed. Future reports of his upon tea experimentation are awaited with interest. Professor Shepard is not identified with any one of the political parties; indeed, he is so far from taking the American view of the necessity and the importance of "parties," that he declares: "I never found any material difference among them, except that between the 'ins' and 'outs.' " When asked "What is the sport, amusement, form of exercise, or mode of relaxation 362 CHARLES TJPHAM SHEPAED which you enjoy and find helpful?" he replies: "Charity school for both races (separate)." For physical culture, he recommend farming. Speaking seriously of the possibilities of partial failures, h writes: "My life has not lacked disappointments, which havi taught me to endeavor to wear my harness with contentment, ii the wish to better the condition of my fellow-men." Doctor Shepard was married, January 18, 1872, to Ellei Humphrey, daughter of the late Honorable James Humphrey, o: Brooklyn, New York. In reply to the request that he offer a suggestion to thi young people of his state which may help them to attain tru< success in life, he offers this : "I regret to write that the averagi young American might profitably entertain more respect foi parental and governmental law than is usually the case. By s< doing, he would suffer no loss of self-respect, but advance hii own happiness and the welfare of the community." BENJAMIN SLOAN SLOAN, BENJAMIN, LL. D., son of Thomas Majors Sloan and his wife, Nancy Blassingame, and grandson of David McCurdy Sloan and his wife Susan Majors— the former born in Ireland and the latter in England— was born near the village of Old Pendleton, Oconee county, South Carolina, April 15, 1836. His father was a successful farmer and eminent for varied usefulness to the community in which he lived, and was not only deservedly held in high regard by his neighbors and friends, but widely in his state, in the legislature of which he served acceptably and efficiently for a number of terms. He grew up a strong and vigorous youth, inured to outdoor exercise, as his father required of his sons their aid on his farm, entrusting chiefly to them the care of the farm stock — cattle and horses. Naturally young Benjamin was fond of horses and all outdoor sports, but he was also of studious habits, fond of general reading, with a bias for the study of ancient languages. His mother was a woman with the highest virtues of her sex, a model as wife and mother, and she exercised a potent influence in molding his character for usefulness in life, and he gratefully records: "My mother was of the salt of the earth." His education was commenced in Pendleton academy, which he attended until 1849; he was then a student at the Citadel academy, Charleston, South Carolina, from 1852 to 1854. He entered West Point Military academy, July 1, 1855, and was graduated from that institution in the class of July 1, 1860. Among the members of his class were Generals Wesley Merritt, James H. Wilson, A. C. M. Pennington, and Horace Porter, of the United States army, and General Stephen D. Ramseur, of the Confederate States army, and many men who became distin- guished in civil life. He was appointed lieutenant of dragoons and served on frontier duty at Albuquerque and Taos, New Mexico, in 1860. He resigned, March 2, 1861, to enter the Confederate States army. He served first as adjutant in Orr's South Carolina rifles, and subsequently as captain and major of ordnance, gallantly and faithfully throughout the war. He was 364 BENJAMIN SLOAN appointed superintendent of the Columbia and Greenville rail- road in 1866, and so continued until 1868, when he relinquished the position and engaged in farming until 1872. He then became the manager of the Pendleton Cotton mill, which position he held until 1878, when he engaged in teaching. He was professor of mathematics in Adger college from its establishment until 1880, when he was elected professor of applied mathematics in South Carolina college. He became president of the college in 1902. His course of study was selected with the advice of his relatives and friends, and his strong desire has ever been to perform to the best of his ability the duties of life as they arose, choosing as models and standards of excellence the best citizens in the several communities in which he has lived and served. He advises all young men who earnestly desire to succeed in life to be truthful in all things, faithful in every performance undertaken, loyal ever to their community, their state and their country, and, above all, reverential of the laws of the land. In recognition of his abilities and his services in the cause of education, the honorary degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by Wofford college in January, 1904. He was married December 1, 1862, to Annie Moore Maxwell, daughter of Captain John Maxwell and Elizabeth Earle. They have had two children, neither of whom is now living. They have one grandson, Benjamin S. Beverley. The address of Doctor Sloan is University of South Carolina, Columbia, Bichland county, South Carolina. '■0-^,:^'c^J? C JOEL ALLEN SMITH SMITH, JOEL ALLEN, banker and financier, son of William Joel Smith and lone Allen Smith, was born at Abbeville, South Carolina, March 4, 1856. His father was a planter before and a merchant after the war. He was a colonel on the staff of General A. M. Smith, of the State militia, before the war and served faithfully throughout the War between the States. He never sought but persistently declined all other public offices. He was characterized by firmness, concentration of purpose and a marked ability to give close attention to detail. The great-grandfather of J. Allen Smith, William Smith, was born in Culpeper county, Virginia, November 5, 1762, and married Lucy Wright, of the same state. He was a planter and slave owner. He settled in South Carolina, in 1794, at Stony Point, Abbeville county, now Greenwood county. Joel Smith, grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was one of the most successful men of his day. He was a prime mover in inaugu- rating and carrying to a successful issue the building of the Greenville and Columbia railroad, one of the first built in the United States. He was a director of the same, and was also a leading spirit in building the Graniteville Cotton mills, near Augusta, Georgia. He was for years a member of the legislature from Abbeville county, was an elder in the Presbyterian church and esteemed for his high integrity and uprightness of character. Young Allen Smith was a robust, healthy and active boy, fond of outdoor exercises and athletics. His early life was passed in the village, with vacations spent in the country, at the old homestead at Stony Point. His parents, having ample means, required no manual labor of their son. The influence of his mother was especially strong on the ethical side of his nature. He was rather fonder of reading than of hard study, and read much of history, general literature, and biography, especially delighting in the latter. The influence of home, of school and early companions tended largely to form his disposition and to develop the amiable and softer side of his nature, thus serving as a check against too great sordidness. From private study he obtained his ideals, these rather tending to hero worship and 368 JOEL ALLEN SMITH the romantic. The character of Julius Caesar was his youthful beau-ideal', the genius, daring and personal magnetism of the "Roman hero taking strong hold of the boy's youthful heart and imagination ; and many a youthful escapade received its inspira- tion from this source. The expression "Always I am Caesar," borrowed, perhaps, from Shakespeare, and the motto, "Every day begin again," have exerted no small influence throughout his whole life, but it was from contact with men in active life that the sterner and no less necessary traits of character were developed, which have entered very largely into the degree of success he has attained. He feels that he has had little to do with results, these having come to him unknowingly while his attention has been confined to matters in hand. Educational advantages came to Allen Smith with no material difficulty. He attended the celebrated school of Mr. Edward E. Miles and King's Mountain Military school. After- ward he attended Washington and Lee university at Lexington, Virginia, and studied law privately. Though never admitted to practice, he found the knowledge and training thus gained of great assistance in the work of life. In choosing a pursuit, Mr. Smith's preference was for the law; circumstances, however, led him into banking. He was engaged in mercantile pursuits and banking at Abbeville, South Carolina, from 1876 to 1906 ; was president and treasurer of the Abbeville Oil and Fertilizer company, president and treasurer of the Enterprise Ginnery company, president of the Upper Long Cane society, president and treasurer of the Athens Oil and Manufacturing company, of Athens, Georgia, and president of the National Bank of Abbeville from 1889 to the present time (1907). He has always manifested much interest in education and was a member of the county board of education, and was a trustee of Abbeville graded school and of the Presbyterian college of South Carolina. He was first a deacon in the Abbeville Presbyterian church, and afterwards an elder in the same. In addition, he has joined the following associations: The Sons of Confederate veterans, and chosen commander of the local camp ; also the society of the Sons of the Revolution. In college he was a member of the Delta Psi fraternity, in which he was gradually advanced to the highest positions. In politics he has always been a Democrat, and, though esteeming the game of politics the JOEL ALLEN SMITH 369 most engaging, scientific and intricate of all games, Mr. Smith has never sought or held a political office ; though in each genera- tion some member of his family has represented the state in the general assembly. His relaxation is found in reading, traveling, and association with kindred spirits; he has also constantly, throughout life, indulged much in outdoor exercises and in the use of the free arm movements, finding them of great benefit. To the young he commends "faith in a Supreme Being — the only living and true, Triune, God; great reverence for and unremitting study of the Bible (with a good commentary), which aside from its immeasurable religious benefit, is the most inter- esting of all books ; as much and as accurate an acquaintance with history and general literature as is possible ; lofty and true ideals, eliminating, as much as possible, the selfish, and encouraging patriotism, especially love of one's own state." He advises, also, "the cultivation of the ability to write essays, and to speak one's thoughts forcibly while standing before an audience. As for the rest, I should say it is all contained in the words: concentrate, concentrate, work, work." Mr. Smith has been twice married: First, in early life, to Eebecca, daughter of the late Judge James S. Cothran, of Abbe- ville, South Carolina, of which marriage were born three children, all of whom were living in 1907 ; second, to Mary Baker, daughter of the late Judge Edward J. Harden, of Savannah, Georgia; five children were born of this union, all of whom are living in 1907. His address is Abbeville, South Carolina. HENRY NELSON SNYDER SNYDER, HENRY NELSON, LL. D., educator, was bom January 14, 1865, in Macon, Bibb county, Georgia. His father, Henry N. Snyder, was a business man and merchant of sterling honesty and unfailing high-mindedness, and served through the War between the States as captain in the Confederate army; his mother, Anne (Hill) Snyder, was a woman of strong intellect and piety, and decidedly influenced his life on its intel- lectual and moral sides. His early American ancestors were from Holland, England and Scotland, and he is related to the well- known Powell, Hill, Taliaferro, Harrison and Robertson families of Virginia. One of the latter, General James Robertson, was one of the first settlers in middle Tennessee and the founder of the city of Nashville. The subject of this sketch passed his early life in the city, and, though active in every form of outdoor sport, was always somewhat "bookish." He received his primary and academic education in private schools, and the Edgefield (Tennessee) high school. At the age of fourteen he went to work as clerk in a book store in Nashville, Tennessee, where he remained eight years (counting his college vacations as years), and learned lessons of business which have been invaluable to him in his career. After careful consideration of his tastes, inclination and fitness, he decided to devote his life to educational work in the South. With that purpose in view, he, in 1883, entered Vanderbilt university, Nashville, from which institution he was graduated A. B. in 1887, and A. M. in 1890. He remained at the university as instructor in Latin until the fall of 1890, when he became professor of English language and literature in Wofford college, Spartanburg, South Carolina. After serving the college in this capacity for twelve years he became its president, which position he still (1907) holds. He was lecturer on English literature in the South Carolina summer school for teachers, 1896-1898; in the summer school for the South, Knoxville, Tennessee, 1903-04; and at Chautauqua, New York, and the University of Chicago, 1906. He is a member of the board of education of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, for the term 1898-1910; a member of W&sHvitfto/i lasts'* HENRY NELSON SNYDEK 373 the joint hymnal commission of the Methodist church, 1903-04, and of the Inter-church Federation congress, 1905. He took a special post-graduate course of one year at the University of Gottingen, Germany. The South Carolina college has conferred upon him two honorary degrees, Litt. D. in 1902, and LL. D. in 1905. He is one of the leading educators, not only of South Caro- lina, but of the South, and is one of the highest authorities on English literature in the United States. His lectures and writings are marked by purity and beauty of language, clearness of diction and thorough knowledge of the subject-matter. As a college president, he has been so successful that greater things are confi- dently expected of him. He has not consciously striven for any prize, as such, but has simply worked hard on the task in hand, from a sense of duty, and with the steadfast purpose of always doing his best. He rates as the three strongest influences in his life, in the order named, home, contact with a few great teachers and scholars, and private study. He thinks the requisites for true success are training, thoroughness and accuracy; fixedness of purpose ; unselfish devotion to the work in hand for its own sake, and, above everything, sound morals, based upon intelligence. He is a frequent contributor to magazines and reviews on literary and educational subjects; a member of the Southern Historical society, the Modern Language association of America, the Religious Educational association, and of the college frater- nities, Chi Phi and Phi Beta Kappa. In politics he is a Demo- crat. His favorite form of exercise and outdoor recreation is playing lawn tennis. On July 9, 1889, he married Lula Eubank; three children have been born to them, two of whom are now (1907) living. His address is Spartanburg, South Carolina. CHARLES EDWARD SPENCER SPENCEE, CHAELES EDWAED, of Yorkville, South Carolina, lawyer and bank director, was born July 30, 1849, in Sumter (now Lee) county, South Carolina. His father was Elisha Spencer, who married Mary Alice Fraser. Attending in his boyhood the country schools within reach of his home, and, like other boys of his age, losing, through the troubled years of the War between the States, many of those opportunities for study which in the years between twelve and sixteen are so important, he was, nevertheless, prepared to enter college in 1867, and he was graduated from the University of South Carolina, with the degree of A. B., in June, 1869. He received the degree of Bachelor of Laws from that institution in June, 1872. In February, 1870, he was appointed to an instructorship in the King's Mountain Military school, at YorkviUe, and he remained connected with the teaching corps of that institution, meanwhile reading law, and for the last three years practicing law, until January, 1877. Beginning the practice of his profes- sion in 1874, in 1877 he laid aside teaching, and for the last thirty years he has devoted himself exclusively to the practice of his chosen profession. In that year (1877), he formed a partnership with the late Judge I. D. Witherspoon, which was dissolved when Mr. Witherspoon was elected to the bench in 1882. Mr. Spencer was secretary of the York county Democratic executive committee during the memorable campaign of 1876; and for several years, in the early eighties, he was a member of the state Democratic executive committee. His character and his devotion to his profession early gave him the confidence of his fellow-townsmen; and he was intendant of Yorkville for two years, in the late seventies. Since 1900 he has been a trustee of the University of South Carolina, his alma mater. He is a Presbyterian. He is a Knight of Pythias and a Mason; and for several years he was the chief officer of the Masonic lodge of Yorkville. Since the reorganization of the Yorkville Loan and Savings bank, in 1900, Mr. Spencer has been a director of that bank. CHAELES EDWABD SPENCER 377 In April, 1873, he married Miss Sallie H. Clawson, of York- ville, who died in February, 1883. Five years later, in December, 1887, he married Miss Agnes Currell Moore, of Yorkville. Mr. Spencer's principal law office (as well as his residence), is at Yorkville, South Carolina; but he is also a member of the law firm of Spencers & Dunlap, of Eock Hill, South Carolina, where his son, Charles W. F. Spencer, and Walter M. Dunlap, are the resident members of the firm. LEROY SPRINGS SPEINGS, LEROY, banker and merchant, was born on Springfield plantation, near Fort Mill, York county, South Carolina, November 12, 1861. His parents were A. Baxter and Julia B. (Baxter) Springs, who were third cousins. His father was educated for the law, but in early life he turned his attention to planting on an extensive scale and also became largely interested in banking and in railroad affairs. He held the office of president of one railroad and was a director in two other roads, and while conscientiously performing the duties required by these positions he also managed his plantation with intelligence, care and skill. The qualities which made him successful in private business led to his election as representative and later as senator in the legislature of South Carolina and to membership in the convention which passed the ordinance of secession. As a man as well as an official he was widely known and greatly esteemed for his high aims and upright life. The earliest ancestors on the paternal side to come to America emigrated from Holland and located in New York about 1700. Later they removed to Pennsylvania and to Delaware. Two brothers removed from Delaware; one to Mecklenburg county, North Carolina, and the other to the Panhandle of Lancaster county, South Carolina. The family of the latter did much to build up the town of Charlotte, where many of his descendants now reside. On the maternal side the ancestors came from Scotland, settled in Penn- sylvania, removed to Mecklenburg county, North Carolina, and afterward settled in Georgia, in the country tributary to Sparta, about 1810. The great-grandfathers of the subject of this sketch, on both sides, were officers in the Revolutionary army, and his grandfather Baxter was an able and distinguished lawyer and became a member of the supreme court of Georgia. Leroy Springs passed his early life in the country. His health was good and his tastes and interests were those of the average boy of his age and locality. He was taught to be indus- trious, and even when quite young he had duties to perform before and after school hours, and as he grew older he passed ^^o<^^J LER0Y SPRINGS 381 his vacations working the farm crops. This outdoor work main- tained his health, and the knowledge of practical agriculture which he thus obtained he considers of great value. His education was commenced at an "old field" school on his father's plantation and was continued there until he was thirteen years of age. .About this time his father moved to Charlotte, North Carolina, and there the son attended the high school f or a time and then entered the sophomore class in the University of North Carolina. Here he remained through the junior year and then went into active business as a clerk and salesman for a large wholesale grocery house of Charlotte. In January, 1884, he moved to Lancaster, South Carolina, and opened a wholesale and retail mercantile business under the name of Leroy Springs & Company. In September, 1885, this business was merged with that of Heath Brothers under the name of Heath, Springs & Company, and at the same time, and by the same men, the business of Springs, Heath & Company, Camden, South Carolina, was organized. The business improved from year to year, and in 1888 Mr. Springs bought out two of his partners, but continued the business under the same firm name. At the same time he organized the Kershaw Banking and Mercantile Company, at Kershaw, South Carolina, and the firm of Springs & Heath, at Heath Springs, South Carolina, taking J. M. Heath into partnership with him- In 1899 he bought out J. M. Heath's interest in all these firms and incorporated the Lancaster house under the name of the Lancaster Mercantile Company, the Heath-Springs house under the name of the Springs Banking and Mercantile Company, the Kershaw house under the name of the Kershaw Mercantile and Banking Company, and the Camden house under the name of Springs & Shannon, associating with him in these various enterprises several young men who had been faithful employees for years. Mr. Springs is now (1907) at the head of these institutions. In addition to the above, the following named corporations were organized by him, and, largely on account of his excellent judg- ment and wise administration, have been very successful ; in 1889 the Bank of Lancaster, of which he became president; and in . 1896 the Lancaster Cotton mills, of which he was made president. In the year last named he reorganized and became president of the Lancaster and Chester railway, which was purchased by Tfol. I— S. 0.— 18 382 LEROY SPRINGS himself and his associates, and in 1904 the Bank of Kershaw, of which he also became president. He is also president of the following named corporations, all located in South Carolina: The Springstein mills, and the Eureka Cotton mills, Chester; the Millfort Mill company, Fort Mill; the Columbia Compress company, Columbia ; the Landsf ord Water Power company, Lan- caster. He is connected, as a director, with the following named financial institutions in the same state: National Loan and Exchange bank, Columbia; Exchange bank, Chester; Bank of Kock Hill, Eock Hill; Southern Trust company, Spartanburg; Commercial bank, Camden; Savings bank, Fort Mill; Peoples Bank and Trust company, Rock Hill; and Bank of Fairfield, Winnsboro. At the time it was merged with the Southern rail- way he was a director of the Charlotte, Columbia and Augusta railroad. He is a member of the New York and New Orleans Cotton exchanges, and a trustee of the Mutual Life Insurance company. Throughout all his active life he has been interested in political affairs and has always been a Democrat. In 1888 and again in 1904 he was a delegate to the National Democratic convention, and at the one last named he was a member of the notification committee. He served for four years on the staff of the late Governor John P. Richardson, with the rank of colonel. Much of his success in life he ascribes to the influence of home and early companionship, and he has been greatly helped by the knowledge of human nature which he has acquired by contact with men in active life. His religious affiliation is with the Presbyterian church. Mr. Springs believes that the best suggestion that can be made to young Americans in the direction of the strengthening of sound ideals in our American life is the formation of good habits, strict attention to all business responsibilities, good asso- ciates, strict integrity, and honest dealing, and setting business before pleasure. His ambition in life is to make a success of his every undertaking, let it be small or great. He believes that South Carolina is badly in need of a compulsory education law and of good public roads throughout its domain. These two things he considers essential to the prosperity of the state and the development of a higher civilization. LEEOT SPK1NG8 383 On December 28, 1892, Mr. Springs was married to Miss Grace Allison White, daughter of Captain Samuel E. White, of Fort Mill, South Carolina. They have one child, Elliott White Springs, living in 1907. The address of Mr. Springs is Lancaster, South Carolina. ALEXANDER SPRUNT SPRUNT, ALEXANDER, D.D., Presbyterian clergyman, was born in Glasgow, Scotland, July 10, 1852. His father, Alexander Sprunt, a merchant, whose marked character- istics were rigid exactness and faithfulness to every trust committed to him, came from Scotland to Wilmington, North Carolina, in 1853, where he served as British vice-consul. His mother, Jane Dalziel Sprunt, was a woman of strong intellect, high morals, and great piety, and to a great extent she molded her son's character after her own. The family left Wilmington in 1862 and went to live on a farm in Marion county, South Carolina, where they remained four years. Of this, the hardest period of young Alexander's life, he says : "Though a mere child, I plowed many a day, but never regretted it in after years." In 1866 the family returned to Wilmington and he again entered school. In 1869 he went to Upper Canada college, Toronto, Canada. He returned to the United States and entered Davidson college, North Carolina, from which he was graduated A. B. in June, 1875. Later he took a course at Union Theologi- cal seminary, Hampden-Sidney, Virginia, graduating in 1878. Davidson college conferred the degree of D. D. upon him in 1897. He began his career as minister in Winchester, Virginia, in 1878, as assistant to Reverend H. M. White, D. D., pastor of Loudon Street Presbyterian church ; the following year he became pastor of Augusta church, Augusta county, Virginia, where he remained until 1885, when he went to Henderson, North Carolina, to take charge of the Presbyterian church, remaining there until 1891. In 1891-92 he was superintendent of evangelistic labor in the synod of North Carolina ; in 1892 he was the stated supply of the First Presbyterian church, Memphis, Tennessee, and from 1892 to 1901 he was pastor of the First Presbyterian church, Rock Hill, South Carolina. In the year last named he became pastor of the First Presbyterian church, Charleston, South Caro- lina, which position he still (1907) retains. Doctor Sprunt thinks the most potent influences in his life have been his home and his contact with men leading active lives. M«n ?f V-~.-s P/j/, ', &k 7 / Looking back over his career, he has regretfully expressed the opinion that timidity and lack of self-confidence have kept him from doing his full share in the work of life. The books in general literature that helped him most when fitting himself for his life work were Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, and the writings of Moody, and standard novels. He is a Mason; a member of the Knights of Pythias, of which he has been grand keeper of records and seals, and of the Woodmen of the World. In politics he is a Democrat. On October 26, 1869, he married Florence Earle, daughter of Elias and Harriet Earle. Ten children have been born to them, of whom nine are now (1907) living. His address is Confederate street, Fort Mill, South Carolina. BENJAMIN RYAN TILLMAN TILLMAN, BENJAMIN EYAN, industrial, educational, and political reformer, and statesman, was born at Edge- field, South Carolina, August 11, 1847. He is the youngest of eleven children and the son of Benjamin Eyan Tillman and Sophia Ann (Hancock) Tillman. His father was a farmer, a man of bright mind and nervous temperament, and a great reader; he died when his son and namesake was but two years of age. Mr. Tillman's ancestors, both paternal and maternal, came to South Carolina from Virginia before the Eevolution. The paternal ancestors were German and Irish ; the maternal, English. As a boy, young Tillman was strong and healthy. He early developed a taste for good reading and was fond of all outdoor sports. His early life was passed in the country. Brought up on a plantation of eighty slaves, he worked, as did other Southern boys similarly placed, only when he pleased. The striking traits which have characterized this remarkable man are to be traced primarily to the influence of his mother. She was a woman of phenomenal strength; mentally, morally and physically, and, in every way and for good, she impressed herself powerfully upon her son. All he is, he attributes to his mother and his wife. The son's schooling was obtained at Bethany academy, under George Galphin. Much of his early education was received from reading. He had access to a good library, and from it drew at will. He read voraciously and omnivorously, especially works of fiction and poetry. Mr. Tillman's active life began in 1866, when he assumed the management of his mother's farm at Edgefield, South Caro- lina. Shortly after she bought a farm in Florida, to which her son removed in 1867 ; he was married the following year, but the climate disagreed with him ; his health failed, and he returned to the South Carolina farm, and continued on it until the evolution of conditions in his state forced him, contrary to all his previous expectations, tastes, and ambitions, into politics. The Eubicon once crossed, however, he has continued uninterruptedly in this absorbing pursuit until the present time (1907). BENJAMIN RYAN TILLMAN 401 Before entering politics, Mr. Tillman was devoted to the peaceful pursuit of agriculture, a work which, though entered upon from necessity, he has always loved. In this, however, he saw more than mere individual sowing and reaping. Farming in the South he recognized to be in a backward condition, and he set himself to solve the problem of its redemption. The solution, he finally decided, lay in education, but of a different sort from that which consists chiefly in second-hand knowledge of dead languages and in abstract studies in general. He became con- vinced that the farmer boy should be taught to farm. This necessitated a school providing facilities, it is true, for general culture, but focusing its energies upon the work of preparing young people to live normal lives in the country and extract their livings from the soil. This conviction once formed, Mr. Tillman started an agitation for the establishment of an agricultural college in South Carolina, a work greatly facilitated by the passage of the Morrill Agricultural and Mechanical College Act of 1862 by the national congress. Mr. Tillman's efforts culmi- nated in the establishment of the Clemson Agricultural and Mechanical college, at Calhoun's old home, "Fort Hill." The demand for educational reform now broadened into a demand for other changes in state affairs. The conditions which in the West and South developed the Farmers Alliance and Peoples Party were present in South Carolina. Mr. Tillman became a leader of what was called the "farmers movement" in his state. In 1890 he became a candidate for governor. After an exciting and heated canvass, he received the nomination in the Democratic convention by a vote of 270 to 50 cast for his opponent, and was elected in the following November. This was his first political office. In 1892, before the expiration of his first term, he was reelected by an overwhelming vote. Governor Tillman's administration was especially signalized by the passage of the dispensary law for the control of the liquor traffic by the state. The success of Clemson college, exclusively for men, created a demand and prepared the way for the establishment of an institution on similar lines for women. This demand was vigor- ously voiced and its supply made possible by the action of Governor Tillman ; the result being the establishment in 1891 of the Winthrop Normal and Industrial college for women, also at 402 BENJAMIN RYAN TILLMAN Bock Hill. This institution now bids fair to lead all similar- schools. In 1894, Governor Tillman entered the race for United States senator against General M. C. Butler. The choice was. referred to the people of the state. The two candidates canvassed the state, county by county, and presented to throngs of listeners, their respective views of public policy. The result of this campaign was the election of Governor Tillman by the state legislature by a vote of one hundred and thirty-one to twenty-one for his opponent. In 1901 he was reelected, no one opposing him. The independence which through life has characterized him,. Mr. Tillman displayed as United States senator against the, national administration, although it represented the party to which he belonged. Some of President Cleveland's policies, clashed with the Senator's conception of the public good, a fact to which he gave utterance in the senate chamber in no uncertain tones. In consequence he became a leader of the independent wing of the Democracy, which repudiated the Cleveland admin- istration, and, at the Chicago convention of 1896, adopted the. famous Chicago platform and nominated William Jennings Bryan for president. Senator Tillman, who had participated in the national Democratic convention of 1892, was a prominent, factor in the convention of 1896, and an active campaigner in the subsequent contest. He was a delegate to the national Democratic convention in 1900, which met at Kansas City and renominated Bryan; and again he participated actively in the campaign, speaking in various states. In 1904 he was a delegate to the St. Louis convention, which nominated Alton B. Parker for president. The celebrated "gold telegram" sent by the. candidate immediately following his nomination at first aroused Senator Tillman's vigorous resentment, but, after consideration,, he accepted the situation and was selected by bis fellow-delegates to pour oil upon the troubled waters of the convention, an act which he performed with singular tact. He also campaigned for Parker as he had done for Bryan. Mr. Tillman is a staunch believer in the doctrine of white supremacy, and is one of its leading champions. He encouraged the suppression of the negro vote and promoted the calling of ' South Carolina's State Constitutional convention in 1895. This convention, strongly representative of his views, drafted the constitutional amendment under which, since that date, by means . BENJAMIN RYAN TILLMAN 403 of educational or property qualifications, the large numerical negro majority is controlled by law. In 1903, Senator Tillman, in company with Senator Burton, of Kansas, traversed several states discussing the question of negro disfranchisement, Senator Tillman advocating the repeal of the fifteenth amendment of the national constitution. Senator Tillman was the first prominent man in the South to give voice to the doctrine of white supremacy on the floor of the senate. In a speech of five hours, in February, 1903, he challenged the Eepublican view of the negro with such an array of facts and force of argument that no one even tried to answer, and frequently, before and after, he in short speeches dwelt on the subject in connection with our policy in the Philippines. His speech in the senate is considered his masterpiece. Not only has Mr. Tillman been a conspicuous figure in the United States senate, to which he was reelected for the full term of six years by the South Carolina legislature in January, 1907, but he has also attained considerable distinction as a platform lecturer. During the present (1907) recess of congress, as in several pre- vious years, he has discussed the race question in many and widely separated localities. He has commanded the attention and held the interest of a multitude of hearers, but his views have been too extreme to be accepted by the great majority of conservative people in his native state or in the country at large. Senator Tillman has also seen military service, having been private, lieutenant and captain in the militia fourteen years. His chief relaxation is the culture of flowers. Senator Tillman's advice to young Americans is to be in earnest ; to be willing to work and to stick to it ; to learn to speak the truth and practice no guile; to deal honestly with all men, and to live soberly and simply. Senator Tillman was married, January 8, 1868, to Sallie Starke, of Elbert county, Georgia. They have had seven chil- dren, five of whom are living in 1907. His address is Trenton, Edgefield county, South Carolina. VoL I-S. 0.-19 DANIEL ALEXANDER TOWNSEND TOWNSEND, DANIEL ALEXANDER, was bom July 19, 1837, in Robeson county, North Carolina. He is the son of Jacob Rhodes and Sophronia Buie Townsend. His father was a farmer, characterized by honesty and good, hard sense. Daniel Townsend's health in early life was good. This was fortunate, for his youth was one of unremitting toil, unvaried by the sports and pastimes which render the lives of many boys joyous and glad. This labor was performed on a farm, side by side with the negro hands ; and so continuously that, to the boy, hard work appeared to be the natural and inevitable lot of youth. The influence of his mother upon the development of his higher nature was helpful. No serious difficulties were encountered by him in securing the rudiments of an education. He attended the county schools, and, July 15, 1858, was graduated from Davidson college with first honors and the degree of A. B. His choice of occupation was determined in part by the wishes of his parents, but more, doubtless, by necessity. His serious life work was begun as a teacher in the schools of Marlboro county in 1856. He pursued this calling in Marlboro county in 1859-60-61. For a time his work as a teacher was interrupted by the call to arms. During the early part of the war he served in the infantry in the Confederate army. When the war was ended he returned to the schoolroom, teaching in Marion, South Carolina, from 1865 to 1870. From 1876 to 1878 he was county school superintendent, and from 1882 to 1885 mayor of Union, South Carolina. On December 4, 1890, Mr. Townsend was appointed assistant attorney- general by the then attorney-general, Y. J. Pope, now Chief Justice Pope of the supreme court of South Carolina. In Decem- ber, 1891, he was reappointed assistant attorney-general by the then attorney-general, John L. McLaurin. In December, 1892, he was elected attorney-general of South Carolina, and filled this high position so acceptably that on December 11, 1893, he was elected by the general assembly of South Carolina judge of the seventh judicial district for four years, beginning December 15, DANIEL ALEXANDER TOWNSEND 405 1893. In this work his record was so acceptable that he was reelected until he had served three terms. Judge Townsend is a charter member of the Beta Theta Pi college fraternity. In politics he is an unchanging Democrat. In religion he is a Methodist. The severe experience of his boyhood but foreshadowed the subsequent history of Judge Townsend. Amusement, relaxation, rest and recreation, have found no place in his life; for, year in and year out, the task master of toil has driven him like the galley slave at the oar. Fortunately, he has not fallen short of his expectations. To the young he commends sobriety, honesty, and steady work. He possesses all the qualifications of a judge. Not only is he well versed and learned in the law, but he knows how to apply it, always taking care of the unprotected. He is honest and upright in all his dealings with his fellow-men. On November 4, 1864, Judge Townsend married Sallie Belle Douglass, daughter of Doctor George Douglass. Of their three children, two are now (1907) living. The address of Judge Townsend is Mountain street, Union, South Carolina. CARLOS GHANDOS TRACY TEACY, CAELOS CHANDOS, of Walterboro, Colleton county, South Carolina, intendant of Walterboro from 1880 to 1884, school commissioner of Colleton county from 1885 to 1888, and one of the presidential electors of South Carolina in 1892, was born at Grahamville, Beaufort county, South Carolina, on the 27th of January, 1856. His father, Clemm C. Tracy, was a lawyer, who married Miss Emma H. Parker, daughter of H. M. Parker, of St. Luke's parish, Beaufort district. The earliest known American ancestor of the family was Lieutenant Thomas Tracy, who came from England in 1679 and settled at Norwich, Connecticut. Judge Thomas Heyward, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, who had been educated at Temple Inn, London, was his maternal great- grandfather. His mother also numbers among her ancestors Arthur Middleton. As a boy he was feeble in health ; and since he was thus cut off from many of the active enjoyments of boyhood, perhaps his natural love of reading and books became more intense by reason of his poor health. His early years were divided between life in the country and in a village. His mother died when he was but eleven. Her influence had been strong in shaping his intel- lectual life. The circumstances of his father were such as to make easy for him the way to good preparatory schools and to college. He began his preparation for college at Mt. Zion insti- tute, Winnsboro. He entered Washington and Lee university, at Lexington, Virginia, but he did not complete the course of study for a degree. He was admitted to the bar in February, 1875, by especial act. He began his active work as a man by serving as an organizer of Democratic clubs in 1876. In 1880 he was chosen intendant of Walterboro, and he filled that position until 1884. In 1885 he was made school commissioner for Colleton county, serving in that capacity for three years. He had been secretary of the Democratic executive committee of his county from 1878 to 1882. He was made one of the presidential electors of South Carolina for the Democratic party in the campaign of 1892. He CABLOS CHANDOS TRACY 407 has represented his party in several state conventions. He served as supervisor of registration for Colleton county from 1892 to 1903. From 1878 to 1880 he was captain of a troop of cavalry in the state militia. Mr. Tracy is a Knight of Honor. In politics he is a Demo- crat; and he uniformly supports the platform and the nominees of his party. By religious conviction he is a communicant of the Protestant Episcopal church. His favorite form of amusement and relaxation has always been hunting. On the 20th of April, 1880, he married Miss Annie Caroline Williams, daughter of O. P. Williams, of Walterboro. Of their five children, two are living in 1907. CHARLES STUART VEDDER VEDDEE, CHAKLES STUAKT, D. D., pastor of the Huguenot church at Charleston, South Carolina, was born in Schenectady, New York, October 7, 1826. His father was Albert A. Vedder, and his mother Susan Fulton Vedder. His father was a farmer in early life and was for many years a magistrate in his native county. He was a man of sturdy integrity, as became his Holland-Dutch extraction, and of great gentleness and courage. The first paternal ancestor to come to America was Harmen Albert Vedder, who emigrated from Hol- land and settled in New York city in 1562. Two ancestors, John and Albert Vedder, were carried captive to Canada in the French and English wars. John subsequently fought in the Eevolu- tionary war in 1776. The subject of the sketch was a studious youth and possessed a passionate love of reading. His health was vigorous from early childhood until his twentieth year, when it was impaired by overstudy. His early life was passed in the cities of New York and Schenectady. He determined to train himself for editorial life, and left the academy at which he was studying to learn practical printing with a view to that end. He spent four years at the Harpers' establishment and in the offices of the New York "American" and "Evening Gazette." At this time he had no taste for other professional life, and chose printing as most likely to be useful to him in his future career. Home influences, especially the influence of his mother, were very efficient in the development of his character. He had no difficulty in acquiring his education except such as arose from his impaired health. All through his life he has set the Bible above all things, and that book and the Imitation of Christ, by Thomas a Kempis, were most potent and helpful in his intellectual development. He entered the Schenectady Lyceum academy at an early age, and subsequently Union college, Schenectady, from which latter insti- tution he was graduated in the year 1851, becoming, after his graduation, one of the tutors of the college. He took a post- graduate course at the Theological seminary at Columbia, South Carolina, from which he was graduated in 1861, and was licensed CHARLES STUART VEDDEK 409 to preach the same year. He has received the honorary degree of D. D. from the New York university and the Charleston, college, and also the degree of LL. D. from the latter institution. On the 7th of June, 1854, he married Helen Amelia Scovel. Doctor Vedder began the active work of life in New York city and Schenectady. His impulse toward the ministry was wholly spontaneous, though the early influences of the Sunday school had suggested it. His service as a minister of the Gospel began in Summerville, South Carolina, in 1861, and he remained there through 1866, at which time he was called to the pastorate of the Huguenot church in Charleston, South Carolina, a post which he has held for forty years and which he now (1907) occupies. He has been the president of many social and civic societies, such as the New England society, of Charleston, the Charleston Ministerial union, the Howard association, the Train- ing School for Nurses, the Charleston Bible society, and the Charleston lyceum. During the War between the States, Doctor Vedder served as chaplain of the Eighteenth regiment of state troops, and is now chaplain of Camp A. Burnet Ehett, United Confederate veterans. He has written and published many sermons, poems and addresses. He has been a Mason for fifty years and a member of the Phi Beta Kappa society for a like period. Among the official positions he has held are those of president of the New England society for twenty years, and master of St. George's lodge, F. A. M. He has always been a Democrat and a Presby- terian, and while giving no especial attention to athletics, he is able to enjoy a good game of baseball. A leading belief of Doctor Vedder's has always been that God helps those who help themselves, and any failures that may be chargeable to his own account are traceable only to the neglect of this maxim. His favorite motto has been those words of John Ruskin, "All things beautiful and good are possible to him who believes in their possibility and who will bend every energy to make them realities." In this belief he has lived, and he would commend it to all who desire to form a sound ideal and to attain true success in life. 410 CHARLES STUART VEDDER A brief biography of Doctor Vedder has been published in the "Presbyterian Cyclopedia," to which reference may be had for further particulars as to his long, busy and useful career. His postoffice address is 116 Church street, Charleston, South Carolina. WashTngta-n., 27. C. WILLIAM HENRY WALLACE WALLACE, WILLIAM HENRY, editor and teacher, was born in Newberry county, South Carolina, Novem- ber 4, 1848. His father, John Wallace, was a farmer, well known for his industry, honesty and kindness. He brought up his son to the ordinary labor of a farmer, requiring systematic labor on the land when the boy was not at school, and expecting daily attention to "chores" even in school-term time. A strong, healthy boyhood with its share of outdoor sports, and particularly with much horseback exercise, gave to the growing youth a sound constitution, which has stood him in good stead in the later labors of life. His father sent him to a good preparatory school ; and later to Wofford college, from which institution he was graduated in 1871 with the degree of A. B. He pursued post-graduate studies under the advice and direction of the faculty, and in 1874 received the second degree in arts, A. M., in recognition of this work. As a boy he had been fascinated by the style and subject- matter of Macaulay's History of England; and to the essays of Macaulay, as well as to study of law books, he feels that he owes much of such power as writer as his editorial work in middle life has shown. From 1871 to 1876 he taught; for the first year in the Eeid- ville male school in Spartanburg county, and for three succeeding years in Columbia Female college. From 1876 to 1893 he edited a newspaper published at Newberry. Teaching claimed him again, and he filled a chair in Columbia Female college from 1893 until 1895. He was superintendent of the Newberry schools for five years, 1895 to 1900. He edited the "Greenville Daily News" for a year, 1900-1 ; and since 1901 he has been the editor of the "Newberry Observer," using wisely that relation (of friendly critic of the life of the community and guide to public opinion) which gives so much of influence to the local editor when he is a man of character whom his fellow-citizens respect. During the War between the States, Mr. Wallace served for 414 WILLIAM HENRY WALLACE six months in the Confederate army, although he was but sixteen when the war closed. He was a member of the Kappa Alpha fraternity, as an under-graduate at college; he is a member of the Knights of Honor; and in both fraternities he has held official positions of prominence. He is identified with the Southern Methodist church. On December 26, 1872, he married Alice A. Lomax, daughter of Lucien H. Lomax, of Abbeville. Of their two children, one is still (1907) living. Mr. Wallace was led by personal preference to his life work as editor. The profession of teaching and superintending schools, which has claimed several years of his time, he has regarded as closely allied to his work as editor in shaping public opinion and chronicling and endeavoring to better the life of the communities in which he has lived. It would be hard to say whether a larger number of "old pupils" or "old subscribers" are to be numbered among the host of friends who feel personally indebted to Mr. Wallace for instruction and good influence. His address is Newberry, South Carolina. T4fcahinif ■fori, £j. £ , JOHN EDWARD WANNAMAKER WANNAMAKEE, JOHN EDWAED, planter and fanner, who has a firm and most cheerful faith in farming as a paying business, and in modern, intelligent farm- life as the very best school for character, in these years when manufactures, trade and town-life attract most Carolinians, is an interesting character. Not only by reason of his pronounced convictions upon the attractiveness of farming and planting, but also by reason of his public spirit and his active interest in education and public morals, John Edward Wannamaker has made a place for himself among the men of mark in South Carolina. He was born at Poplar Spring, near Orangeburg, South Carolina, on September 12, 1851. His father, John Jacob "Wan- namaker, was a local preacher and farmer, whose honesty and fidelity to duty had won him the respect of all his neighbors, and led to his election as a member of the state convention which passed the ordinance of secession. His mother, whose maiden name was Mary K. Salley, was a most potent influence in forming his character and his ideals of life. His mother was of Scotch lineage, his father of German stock. A strong, healthy boy, fond of outdoor sports, books of adventure had a charm for him in early boyhood; and a warm interest in biography, awakened then, has continued and grown deeper in his mature years. He says of his boyhood: "I have always considered it a great misfortune that I had no tasks required of me which involved manual labor. We had plenty of servants, and it was not then the fashion to work. I did voluntarily learn to plow, and I planted and worked with my own hands patches on the farm for pocket money. This was very helpful. It strengthened the body, clarified the mind, and gave me a better appreciation of labor and its deserts. Every boy should be required to do some manual labor to give fiber to his muscle and strength to his mind, and for the good of his soul." "The period between 1865 and 1872 in the history of our state tried men's souls," he writes; and Mr. Wannamaker had 418 JOHN EDWARD WANNAMAKER to encounter serious difficulties in acquiring an education. The neighboring country schools and private tutors finally prepared him for college, and he was graduated from Wofford college in 1872 with the degree of A. B. He began his chosen life work as a farmer, in 1873, on the plantation which he inherited from his father, who had died before the close of the War between the States, leaving two daughters and two sons to be reared and educated by their widowed mother. As the oldest of these children, John Wanna- maker felt it at once a privilege and a duty to relieve his mother of this load of anxiety in as far as he could, and he took charge of the plantation. From his earliest boyhood, prompted by the earnest desire "to be of some service to his fellow-men," he began the management of this property with the hope of not only gaining a livelihood for his family, but of making his life as a planter and farmer tell upon the ideals and interests of his neigh- bors and his fellow-citizens. He says: "To keep 'from going to seed' on the farm, I do not confine my reading to agricultural works exclusively, but try to keep in touch with the broader thought of our time; and I am slowly building up a library of choice books — poetry, history and fiction." In January, 1878, he married Miss Martha Nelson Duncan, daughter of Major D. E. and Mrs. Virginia (Nelson) Duncan, of Spartanburg, South Carolina. Of their eight children, seven are now (1907) living. At college a member of the Kappa Alpha fraternity; by conviction and choice a Democrat ; finding healthful recreation in "field sport with gun and dog," Mr. Wannamaker has devoted himself to his plantation and to the interests of farm-life and education, advocating with pen and voice such views as are indicated in the closing paragraph of this article, in which he speaks to young Carolinians of his convictions and his hopes for his state and theirs. A member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, he has served as steward, trustee, and continuously since 1879 superintendent of the Sunday school of St. Paul Methodist Episcopal church at St. Matthews, Orangeburg county. While Mr. Wannamaker has always taken a deep interest in politics, both state and national, he has never sought or held political office. He served as president of the "Farmers associa- tion" of his county. Under his leadership the prime object of JOHN EDWARD WANNAMAKER 419 that semi-political body was the establishment, in South Caro- lina, of an agricultural college separate and distinct, and it was largely due to their efforts that the Clemson Agricultural and Mechanical college was instituted. Although Mr. Wannamaker was not acquainted with him, and had no knowledge of his intentions regarding his selection of officials, Mr. Clemson, the founder of the college, appointed him a life trustee of the insti- tution. Mr. Wannamaker is also president of the Orangeburg County Cotton association — a strong organization which seeks to secure fair prices for that unrivaled crop of the South, cotton; and at the same time encourages and promotes a sane and safe system of diversified agriculture. "Plenty of fresh air, day and night, winter and summer; pure water, and 'deep breathing,' " he commends to his fellow- citizens. He says : "If I had to live my life over, I think I would devote more time to its social features and not so much to business, for 'character is formed in the stream of life.' " To the young he says : "Let young Americans set their faces rigidly against the 'easy dollar' and 'get-rich-quick' schemes. Let them regard money as a means— not an end. Be a 'live wire' — but do not make the grievous mistake of measuring all success by the dollar-mark. Be 'on time.' Keep engagements religiously — this enters into the warp and woof of character." In the interest of farming and education in South Carolina, Mr. Wannamaker writes: "I am essentially a home man, living on my farm, and I revel in its delights. Believing that home influence makes an indelible impression on the character of chil- dren at the formative period of their lives, I strive to make it conducive to the making of strong, pure, virile character. Self- help is a cardinal doctrine in this home; and the companionship of books, papers and periodicals is favored and encouraged for all its members. I take delight in my work; I believe heartily in the splendid opportunity of the Southern farmer to make a good living and to educate his children; and I view with sorrow and alarm the tendency of our white people to drift into the villages, towns and cities, turning over to the ignorant negro the fertile fields of Carolina to be butchered and bled to death by a vicious system of farming. Agriculture in this glorious South- land has marvelous possibilities. We can grow here almost everything that man needs, and we have a natural monopoly of 420 JOHN EDWAED WANNAMAKER the greatest and most wonderful money crop in the world. American middling cotton can only be grown extensively in the southern belt of the United States, and it stands unique, without a rival on the globe. Given a moderate capital; given energy and push, brawn and brain; given books and daily papers now within the reach of all; given the wonderful telephone, which has the ear of all the world; given rural free postal delivery; and why should the farmer, in daily contact with nature and with nature's God, envy his more polished brother, in the din and the depths of a great city ? I have long thought that a great deal of human misery and of the woe and wretchedness of great cities, with many other perplexing municipal problems, would be relieved and solved could some plan be devised to move the hundreds of thousands of "the miserables" from the hot-beds of sin, corruption and vice in our great cities to the broad and friendly bosom of mother earth in the country, teeming with fruitfulness and all good things." "I am deeply interested in the education of our people; in the colleges and common schools of our state. We are strong in natural resources and material development; we are weak along educational lines. The strength of our state consists not in her fertile fields, her mines and factories ; but always in her cultivated sons and daughters, in educated brain and noble character. Our colleges are liberally supported ; our common schools are not. We underpay our teachers, who, in a large measure, are shaping and forming the character of our children. We must pay more, and 'set a higher standard for our teachers.' " THOMAS RICHARD WARING WAEING, THOMAS EICHAED, son of Edward P. Waring and Anna T. (Waties) Waring, was born December 7, 1871, at Charleston, South Carolina. His father was in charge of the traffic department of a railroad, and, at one time, was county superintendent of education. The earliest known ancestors of the family came from Eng- land early in the eighteenth century and settled about Charleston. In this city, Thomas Waring's early life was passed. His educa- tion was obtained at the Porter academy, Charleston, and at Hobart college, Geneva, New York, from which he was graduated in 1890 with the degree of B. L. His active life work was begun in the traffic department of the South Carolina and Georgia railroad, in which he worked from 1890 to 1894. From 1894 to 1895 he was employed in the business department of the "Evening Post." From 1895 to 1897 he worked on the reportorial and sub- editorial staff of the same paper; and, in 1897 he became editor. Mr. Waring is a member of the Kappa Alpha (Northern) college fraternity; of the Masonic order, Landmark lodge, No. 76, of which he is a past master ; of Union chapter, No. 3, Eoyal Arch Masons ; of Enoch council, No. 1, Eoyal and Select Masters ; and of Carolina lodge, No. 9, Knights of Pythias. He is a mem- ber of the Commercial club, and of the chamber of commerce. In 1906 he was appointed by Governor Heyward a member, from the first congressional district, of the South Carolina commission to the Jamestown exposition. He is a Democrat in politics, and is an Episcopalian in religion. On November 23, 1898, he was married to Laura C. Witte, daughter of Charles O. and Charlotte Sophia (Eeeves) Witte. Two children have been born of this marriage, both of whom are living in 1907. His address is Charleston, South Carolina. HENRY ALEXANDER WHITE WHITE, HENEY ALEXANDEE, D. D., Presbyterian clergyman, educator and author, was born May 15, 1861, in Greenbrier county, West Virginia. His father, William Orr White, surveyor and farmer, was a strong-minded Scot from Ulster, Ireland, of spotless integrity, untiring energy and industry, with a talent for mathematics and the surveying of lands, and given to quoting poems of Eobert Burns; his mother, Mary McClure (Irwin) White, was a woman of strong piety of the strict Scotch type, possessing rare tact and a great desire to send him to college, and exerted a strong influence upon his intellectual and moral life. His blood is Scotch-Irish, a blend that has produced many distinguished men. His grand- father, William White, an officer of Omagh infantry, left Tyrone, Ireland, in 1817, and came to Virginia with his wife, Eebekah Orr, and their children. This William White was related to the Caldwell family, which came from the north of Ireland to Virginia; his maternal grandfather, Captain John Irwin, came from Augusta county, Virginia, to Greenbrier county, West Virginia, about 1820, and became supervisor or county judge and an officer of Virginia militia. He was reared on a farm, was in perfect health, and from early childhood had an insatiable thirst for knowledge, read all the books in the house and borrowed all he could from the neighbors. He was also fond of outdoor life, and enjoyed the management of horses, in which he soon became an expert, both as rider and driver. He was taught surveying by his father, was methodical in habits of work, and a close observer of animals and men. Most of these early traits he has retained, and he still finds his most enjoyable recreation in horseback riding and in long walks. His ambition was aroused by successes in the public schools and in the academy. At the public schools he was fortunate in having unusually efficient teachers ; also at the academy, where he was prepared for college under Eeverend George T. Lyle (a Presbyterian clergy- man) and Professor E. H. Marquess. At Washington and Lee university, Lexington, Virginia, after taking every scholastic HENRY ALEXANDER WHITE 423 honor in the institution and being editor-in-chief of the "Univer- sity Magazine," he was graduated M. A. in 1885, and was valedictorian of his class; he took a medal for best essay (subject was "St. Paul"), orator's medal and medal for special attainments in history, philosophy and literature, and delivered the Cincin- nati oration, the highest honor given. The following session he began a post-graduate course, and was graduated Ph. D. in 1887, the thesis for the degree being passed on by Doctor Noah K. Davis, of the University of Virginia. In 1887 he entered Union Theological seminary, Virginia, and after one session transferred to Princeton Theological seminary, New Jersey, where he was graduated in 1889. During the last year of his theological course he took post-graduate studies in philosophy, at Princeton college, under Doctor James McCosh, one of the grand old men of American Presbyterianism. The honorary degree of D. D. was conferred upon him, in 1891, by the Central university, of Kentucky. In the fall of 1889, having been ordained a minister of the Presbyterian church, he began his career in the dual capacity of minister of the Gospel and professor of history in Washington and Lee university, remaining there until 1902. Since the open- ing of the school year 1902-03 he has been professor of New Testament (Greek) literature and exegesis in Columbia Theo- logical seminary, Columbia, South Carolina, where his work has fulfilled the promise of his brilliant college record. He is in demand as a pulpit orator, but other demands upon his time make it impossible for him to accept more than a few of the invitations he receives. His name has also become widely known as a writer. He is the author of "Eobert E. Lee and the Southern Confederacy" (one of the G. P. Putnam's Sons' "Heroes of the Nations" series), published 1897, favorably commented upon by press and public of the rest of the country and enthusiastically received in the South; "A Grammar School History of the United States" (1904) ; "A Beginner's History of the United States" (1906) ; "The Making of South Carolina : A School History of the State" (1906) ; "Life of Stonewall Jackson" (1907) ; "The Pentateuch in the Light of the Ancient Monuments" (1894) ; "The Gospel of Comfort" (sermon) (1895), and a volume of addresses delivered before the Scotch-Irish society of America, the Historical society Vol. is. c- 424 HENRY AliEXANDEB WHITE of Massachusetts, and the Northern and Southern synod of Ken- tucky at its Centennial celebration, Lexington, 1902. He is honorary member of Alpha chapter (William and Mary college, Virginia) ; of Phi Beta Kappa Greek letter fra- ternity (was initiated in company with Doctor Thomas Nelson Page, the distinguished author) ; a member of Victoria institute, of London, England, and of the executive committee of the Scotch-Irish society of America. In politics he is a Democrat. He rates the influences upon his success in life as having been, in about equal proportion, home, school, private study and contact with men in active life; thinks history and the English Bible were the most helpful books in fitting him for his work in life. On July 18, 1889, he was married to Fanny Beverley Well- ford, daughter of Judge Beverley Randolph Wellford, Jr., of the circuit court of Richmond, Virginia. His address during the school year is Columbia, South Caro- lina. JOHN GEORGE WHITE WHITE, JOHN GEOKGE, of Chester, South Carolina, member of the banking firm of John G. and T. H. White, was born at Bullock's Creek, York county, South Carolina, January 25, 1861. His father was a merchant, who held no public office, and transmitted to his sons such standards of industry and honor in business-life as have helped them to success and to public esteem. John George White passed his boyhood in the country, and early learned to work with his hands as with his head, having daily tasks which inculcated systematic habits and a love of study and useful occupation. He attended the common schools near his home, in the troubled decade which followed the War between the States. Until he was nearly twenty he worked on a farm; and in 1881 he began mercantile life as clerk in a store in Chester, where he still resides. Within four years he was admitted a member of the firm of Joseph Wylie & Company (1885). Subse- quently he and his younger brother, Mr. T. H. White, acquired the business and continued it under the same firm name. Mr. White married Bessie McFadden, daughter of John C. and Louise (Waters) McFadden, of Chester, August 18, 1891. They have had six children, of whom four are living in 1907. For twenty-two years, as a member of one of the leading business firms of Chester, Mr. White has been identified with the interests of the place. Beside such an influence in local affairs, for righteousness and good government, as a merchant of upright character and industrious habits must exert, Mr. White has served for three years in the local company of South Carolina militia, the Lee Light infantry. He is a Mason. His political associa- tions are with the Democratic party, and from allegiance to that party he has never swerved. He is a member of the Associate Eeformed Presbyterian church. REID WHITFORD WHITFOED, REID, civil engineer, United States assist- ant engineer, was born at New Bern, North Carolina, October 26, 1855. His father, John D. Whitford, was president of a railroad, mayor of New Bern, North Carolina, collector of that port, and state senator ; who had been a member of the secession committee — a man of decided literary talent, a newspaper writer, and a colonel in the Confederate army. His mother, Mrs. Jeanie (Eeid) Whitford, died while her son was still too young to be greatly influenced by her. John Whitford, his earliest known American ancestor, came from Scotland and settled in Maryland, and later in Virginia, about 1700. Beid Whitford's great-grandfather was engaged in the effort to sup- press Tories in Eastern North Carolina during the War of the Bevolution. His son, Mr. Beid Whitford's grandfather, served in the War of 1812. His early life was passed in the city of New Bern. His health was perfect. He had a strong predilection for sports, especially for hunting and the management and operation of boats. Light tasks in gardening, flower culture and the planting of trees, gave him some knowledge of "how things grow," and how growing things must be cared for. Books were early a delight to him, and books upon architecture and engineering he has always enjoyed, although it was rather his father's decision for him than a preference of his own, which settled the choice of his life work as an engineer. He studied in the common schools of New Bern, North Carolina ; and when he was eighteen he took up special studies in engineering and joined a class in civil engineering which did practical work in the field. He began his professional work as a rodman in the engineer- ing corps work on the Raleigh and Augusta Air Line railroad in January, 1875. Until 1879 he was engaged in engineering work for railroads and extensive land surveys. Since 1879 he has been engaged on United States river and harbor work, etc. He was under Captain Phillips, United States army at Norfolk, Virginia; then under different officers in river and harbor works on the South Atlantic coast. He was assistant engineer to the REID WHITPOED 427 state of North Carolina from 1886 until 1896. He was assistant United States engineer in the construction of jetties at the entrance to Winyah bay, and in the construction of Estherville and Minim Creek canal connecting Winyah bay and the Santee river, and for other public works in North and South Carolina. During the Spanish war he superintended the construction of the defence of Georgetown harbor, acting in this capacity as assistant United States engineer. He is a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers. 'e is a Knight of Pythias, and a Mason. His favorite relaxation finds in photography, as an aid in scientific work and as a fine art. He is a Democrat in his political relations. In religious convictions and affiliations he is an Episcopalian. On February 25, 1879, he was married to Miss Marian E. Satchwell, daughter of F. J. and Sarah J. Satchwell, of Beaufort, North Carolina. They had three children, none of whom long survived their mother. He was a second time married, November 16, 1893, to Miss Mary Ely Vaux, daughter of E. W. and Eliza C. Vaux, of Georgetown county. They have one child. To young men he offers this advice : "Adopt some calling at an early age, pursue it with unfaltering persistency, and attend strictly to details." His address is Georgetown, South Carolina. Vol. I-S. 0.— 21 BRIGHT WILLIAMSON WILLIAMSON, BKIGHT, of Darlington, South Caro- lina, banker and president of the South Atlantic Oil company, and other important business organizations, was born near Darlington, South Carolina, on the 3d of March, 1861. His father, Benjamin Franklin Williamson, was a planter, a man of first-rate executive ability, of exceptionally good judg- ment, and a successful planter and manager of landed property. His mother, Margaret (Mclver) Williamson, was devoted to her husband and children, and had a strong influence upon the later life as well as the childhood of her son. Among his earliest ancestors in America were Colonel Alexander McAlester, from Kintyre, Scotland, and Evander Mclver, also an emigrant from Scotland, who came to South Carolina about 1740. As a boy he was especially fond of machinery, mechanics, and the study of elementary natural science, with reading upon scientific subjects ; but his enjoyment of all the sports of boyhood was hearty and keen. He learned various forms of work in his youth; and his parents made a point of his mastering whatever he undertook to do so thoroughly that he should not only be able to do it himself, but should also Tbe competent to show others how to do it. The circumstances of his family were such as to relieve him from the need of working for self-support during his years in college and in preparation for college. He attended, first, the local country schools near his home ; and later, at King's Moun- tain Military school, he was prepared for a course at the Univer- sity of Virginia, where he studied from 1879 to 1881. In 1881 he began the business of life for himself by under- taking the management of a farm in Darlington county. In 1889 he took the position of cashier of the Bank of Darlington; and in 1890 he was elected president of that bank. While he has been more widely known in later years through his business as a banker and as president of business organizations of Darlington, he has been all his life a successful planter. The record of his connection with the prominent business interests of Darlington is in brief as follows : Cashier of the Bank of Darlington from 1889 BRIGHT WILLIAMSON 431 to 1890; president of the Bank of Darlington from 1890 until the present time (1907) ; president of the Darlington Phosphate company, 1895; president of the Darlington Oil company from 1899 to 1902; president of the Independent Cotton Oil company from 1902 to 1904; was elected president of the South Atlantic Oil company in 1906, and of the Darlington Brick company. He is also a director in many other organizations. He was president of the board of trade of his town in 1899, and has been president of the Darlington Historical society since 1905. For a number of years he has been a vice-president of the South Carolina society, perhaps the leading social club of the state, and of the Darlington Agricultural society. In his political relations he is a member of the Democratic party. His favorite forms of amusement and exercise have been hunting, travel, riding and driving, while in his youth he was keenly interested in all athletic sports. Mr. Williamson is inclined to believe that "every person has sufficient ability to succeed in life, but the price of success is eternal vigilance." To young Carolinians who wish to succeed, he commends: "Good associations, industry, promptness, and frugality; the highest regard for truth and honesty, and due respect for the character, opinions and feelings of others." In 1906 Mr. Williamson married Miss Margaret Jones, of Shelby, North Carolina. STANYARNE WILSON WILSON, STANYARNE, statesman and lawyer, was born January 10, 1859, in Yorkville, York county, South Carolina. His father, William Blackburn Wil- son, lawyer and member of South Carolina state legislature, was a thorough master of his profession, very religious, eloquent, widely read, of poetic temperament, and loved home rather than public distinction; his mother, Arrah Minerva (Lowry) Wilson, a most estimable woman, died when he was a small boy. His ancestry is English-Irish; the Blackburns, one of whom, George, was a professor in South Carolina college, came from England in 1760 ; the Stanyarnes, for some generations sea island planters, from England in 1720 ; the Millers and the Lowrys, business men and famous planters, the first from England and the latter from Ireland in 1700, and the Wilsons, doctors, preachers and lawyers, from England in 1800. In youth he was slender, but healthy and strong, and decidedly studious, a trait he has retained. He received his primary education from his father, and his preparatory training at Bang's Mountain (South Carolina) Military school; then took a university course at Washington and Lee university, Lexington, Virginia. He studied law in his father's office, and in 1880 was admitted to the bar and began the practice of law in Spartanburg. Until the spring of 1884 he was content with his practice, which had been all that a young lawyer had a right to expect, and he had no intention of entering politics. Then along came one of those insignificant incidents that occasionally change the whole- current of a man's life. He got into an argument with a candi- date for the legislature, which ended in a fist fight between them; though he was not defeated in the fight, his blood was aroused, and on the spot he announced himself a candidate against his whilom physical opponent, and he won. He made a remarkable record in the legislature, getting two bills, of which he was author written into the state statutes: the eleven hour labor law and the present railroad law. In 1894 he was nominated and elected representative in congress from the fourth South Carolina district and served three consecutive terms until March 4, 1901. He was &rn.BfJ%BT*2h2>fcsMna £o . Wash-in.^ tonM.C STANYARNE WILSON 435 a candidate for renomination in 1900, but lost. In congress his ability was recognized by the party leaders, and during his last term he successfully led the Democrats of the house in the fight against the bill framed by South-hating Eepublicans, providing for a reduction in Southern representation in congress and in the electoral college. Since returning home from congress he has devoted his time mostly to his law practice and business interests, but has not entirely neglected politics; his friends do not, by any means, regard his political career as closed. He was for several years captain of the Hampton guards, a crack Spartanburg military organization ; is president of the Carolina Mutual Fire Insurance company; a member of the Protestant Episcopal church; a Ma- son, and a member of the Phi Gamma Delta college fraternity. He rates private study as having been the strongest influence in his career; contact with men in active life next, and thinks the books most helpful in preparing him for it were history and the speeches of eminent English and American statesmen and lawyers. His favorite outdoor recreation is riding ; indoor, read- ing. He suggests as a chart by which the young may steer safely through the rough waters of life : "Thoroughness in ground work and details ; industry and perseverance ; greater concern about the present than for past failures or future hopes ; faith in one's self and cultivation of the optimistic ; cultivate a good conscience, and fear nothing and no man; accumulate all one can, honestly and without being mean." On November 25, 1896, he married Hattie W. Hazard, daughter of B. I. Hazard, of Georgetown, South Carolina. Two children have been born to them. His address is Spartanburg, South Carolina. CHARLES OTTO WITTE WITTE, CHARLES OTTO, merchant, banker, and representative of foreign governments, was born in Blomberg, Principality of Lippe-Detmold, November 23, 1823. His father was Ernst Witte, a graduate of the Univer- sity of Jena with the degree of Doctor of Law, who, in 1848, represented the county of Luneburg in the upper house of the parliament of the kingdom of Hanover, being the only member of that body not a nobleman. His grandfather, also Ernst Witte, was a wealthy merchant of Blomberg and mayor of the city, holding office by life tenure. His mother was Lisette Linnemann, of Hovededissen. The first of the name of whom the family have documentary records was Bernhard Witte, who came with Count Simon de Lippe from Saxony- Weimar and settled at Horn in Lippe-Detmold in the sixteenth century, subsequently removing to Blomberg, where he built a residence. This residence was still in possession of the family when the subject of this sketch came to America. Charles O. Witte was the third child of a family of ten children — eight boys and two girls. His father, though educated for the law, spent his life as an agriculturist, and during the first eight or nine years of Charles's life was the lessee of the Domain of Blomberg, near Blomberg, having fourteen hundred tenants. He then purchased a farm, called Kleefeld, in the suburbs of the city of Hanover. Here Charles spent his youth, receiving his education in the Hanover lyceum, which he regularly attended until he reached manhood, devoting himself especially to agri- cultural studies, in part under private instructors, and supple- mented, out of school hours and in vacations, by the performance of regular tasks on the farm and in the gardens. His education completed, he resolved to come to the United States and engage in planting, expecting to put to some practical use his special agricultural training, but soon after he arrived at New York, October 7, 1846, he reached the conclusion that his means were not sufficient to engage in farming under favorable conditions and determined to become a merchant. He found employment in the counting rooms of H. E. Moring, a large A^ OHABLES OTTO WITTE 439 commission and exporting and importing house, and rapidly familiarized himself with the details of the business. The next year, 1847, he removed to Charleston, arriving on the last day of the year, under an engagement as clerk for Herman Thierman, a merchant, who needed the services of a man who had some knowledge of the exporting and importing trade, and he has been a resident of Charleston since that time. Two years later Mr. Witte went into the grocery and commission business on his own account. This business included exporting and importing, as well as domestic trade, and was conducted with success until the breaking out of the War between the States, when, of course, it was interrupted. At the close of the war Mr. Witte contemplated retiring from active business. A little later this course was fully decided upon, and on February 15, 1866, he was married to Charlotte Sophia Eeeves, daughter of Matthew and Ellen Boune- theau Reeves, of Charleston. He closed his mercantile affairs and the newly married pair at once sailed for Europe, where they remained for a year and a half. Their eldest child, now Mrs. Alice Witte Sloan, was born in Germany during this visit. Returning to Charleston, the wish of Mr. Witte to escape from active business was not to be gratified. His ability was widely recognized, and the public claimed his services. So it came to pass that on April 13, 1868, he was chosen director of the People's National bank, the first national bank organized in South Carolina, its charter number being 1621, and on February 21, 1870, he was elected its president. He was at the head of this institution until November 27, 1899, and during his admin- istration the bank prospered and became, as it still remains, one of the leading banks in South Carolina. Meanwhile, the Security Savings bank had been organized and he had been chosen its president. This latter position he retained, after selling his interest in the Peoples National, and is still (1907) its president. The offices are at Number 18 Broad street. After the unification of Germany under William I., Mr. Witte was commissioned consul for the Empire at Charleston, and held the office until November, 1907, having of his own motion tendered his resignation in the April preceding. Upon his retirement the Imperial government conferred upon him the decoration of the Royal Crown, in recognition of merit, making him a knight of the order, fourth class. He long held the offices 440 CHARLES OTTO WITTE of vice-consul for Sweden and Norway, resigning upon the sepa- ration of those kingdoms. He has long been and still is consul for the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In recognition of services in the protection of the commerce of Sweden during the War between the States, he was given the decoration of Knight of Vase by the king of Sweden. He has also received a decoration of lesser importance from the Austrian Empire. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States a few years after coming to Charleston, when he began to acquire real estate, in which he always had a firm faith as a form of investment, and of which he is a large holder, in Charleston and elsewhere in South Caro- lina and in Florida. The home of Mr. Witte, Number 172 Eutledge avenue, is one of the handsome places in Charleston; the house, a mansion of colonial type a century old, and the grounds being the object of admiring interest to visitors. He also has a home on Sullivan's Island, where he has for years spent the summers. Mrs. "Witte died in 1892. There are six daughters, all of whom are married and living in Charleston, some of them and their families with their father. Mr. Witte has always enjoyed vigorous health. His youthful fondness for plants and flowers survives, and he takes a lively interest in his gardens. He is a wide reader, familiar with English as well as German literature, and keeps well informed, especially in the line of international politics. He is fond of the companionship of his friends, and his home is notable for its hospitality. He is a member of the Lutheran church. His address is Charleston, South Carolina. •Osi JOHN FRIERSON WOODWARD WOODWARD, JOHN FRIERSON, of Bishopville, Lee county, South Carolina, planter, banker, manufacturer, was born near Bishopville October 4, 1845. His father, Jesse Woodward, was a planter, and the son has all his life felt a strong influence for good in the memory of his father's piety and integrity. His mother, Mrs. Nancy (Stuckey) Woodward, interested herself deeply and constantly in the moral welfare and the intellectual progress of her son, as well as in his comfort and happiness; and to her he professes a great debt of gratitude for her influence on him. His ancestors came from England and settled in South Carolina before the Revolutionary period. He had a healthy and happy boyhood, passed on his father's farm, where he learned to do general farm work, and to direct others in doing it. But he had the good fortune to be one of those boys and young men who enjoy farm-life and find pleasure in their daily duties in the changing round of the seasons with their differing forms of occupation in farm-life. And he began at an unusually early age to be responsible for the management of his father's farm. The War between the States found him eager to be in the military service of his state and his section; and while a boy of sixteen he entered the Confederate army and served for fifteen months. The troubles of that period in the history of his state inter- fered with his attendance at school. He did not try to prepare for a course of advanced study, but attended, as he was able, the common schools of the county. In his youth he had access to few books, but then, as in his later manhood, he was an interested reader of the newspapers and of current literature, with a keen desire to "keep abreast of the times" in matters political and social. At eighteen he began business for himself as a planter. And of the years which followed he writes : "I simply kept on working and waited until assisted by circumstances." 444 JOHN FKEERSON WOODWABD He was married to Addie J. Wilson, daughter of Hosea and Mary Wilson, on October 14, 1875. Of their two children, one, Hosea Wilson, is living in 1907. In July, 1902, Mr. Woodward became president of the Bank of Bishopville, which position he still holds. In May, 1903, he was made president of the Lee County Manufacturing company, but he resigned that office in 1904. Since April, 1901, he has also been president of the Bishopville Masonic Hall company. He is trustee of the Methodist church of Bishopville. He is a Mason, and has been treasurer of the Bishopville lodge since its organization. In politics a Democrat, he has at no time seen any reason to deviate from strict adherence to his party in measures advocated or in support of candidates nominated. It is his lifelong custom to attend regularly to business for the greater part of his working hours, and his only form of recreation he has found in an occasional trip of a few weeks to the moun- tains or the seaside. It is evident from this sketch that Mr. Woodward believes in close personal attention by every man to the occupation to which he professes to devote his time. His advice to young men who would succeed in business, after emphasizing the business virtues of promptness, regularity, energy, industry, integrity, sobriety, and unceasing vigilance, is as follows: "Keep every detail systematized. Give personal attention to even the smallest matters." List of Full Page Portraits VOLUME I. FACING PAGE Ansel, Martin F 3 Heyward, Duncan C. . . 6 Aldrich, James 12 Bailey, Thomas M 18 Brawley, William H. . . 26 Bristow, Abner A 35 Brown, Frederick G. . . . 38 Brown, Joseph N 45 Buist, George L 48 Capers, Ellison 55 Cary, John C 65 Colcock, Charles J., Jr. . 72 Courtenay, William A. . 78 Coward, Asbtjry 85 Eidson, John D 101 Emanuel, Philip A. . . . 105 Ficken, John F 112 Fretwell, Joseph J. . . . 123 Furman, Charles M. . . . 126 Glenn, John L 138 Gossett, James P 145 Haskell, Alexander C. . 150 Haskell, John C 156 Henderson, Daniel S. . . 163 Herbert, Daniel O. . . . 169 Hudson, Joshua H. . . . 172 Izlar, James F 183 Jervey, Theodore D. . . . 186 Johnson, David B 191 Kaminski, Heiman .... 200 Kollock, Charles W. . . 209 Latimer, Asbury C. . . . 212 Lee, Richard D 218 FACING PAGE Lucas, James J 228 McCullough, Joseph A. . 234 Manning, Eichard I. . . . 248 Memminger, Allard . . . 259 Moise, Marion 262 Mood, Julius A 268 Moore, James W 275 Morgan, William D. . . . 278 Newton, Hope H 285 Otts, James C 293 Pinckney, Thomas .... 301 Pope, Joseph D 307 Pope, Young J 313 Purdy, Robert 316 Rhett, Robert G 327 Robertson, Edwin W. . . 333 Roddey, William J. . . . 339 Scherer, James A. B. 343 Seignious, James M. . . . 351 Shannon, Charles J., Jr. 356 Smith, Joel A 367 Snyder, Henry N 370 Spencer, Charles E. . . . 374 Springs, LeRoy 378 Sprunt, Alexander . . . 384 Stackhouse, James .... 388 Tillman, Benjamin R.. . 398 Wallace, William H. . . 413 Wannamaker, John E. . . 417 Williamson, Bright . . . 428 Wilson, Stanyarne . . . 432 Witte, Charles 436 Woodward, John F. . . . 443 Index to Biographies VOLUME I. PAGE Ansel, Martin F 3 Heyward, Duncan C. . . 6 Aldeich, James 12 Bailey, Thomas M 18 Barnwell, Joseph W. . . 23 Brawley, William H. 26 Briggs, Henry 31 Bristow, Abner A 35 Brown, Frederick G. . . . 38 Brown, Joseph N 45 Buist, George L 48 Capers, Ellison 55 Carey, James P 59 Carlisle, James H 61 Cary, John C 65 Coker, James L 69 Colcock, Charles J., Jr. . 72 Cothran, Thomas P. . . . 76 courtenay, wllliam a. . 78 Coward, Asbury 85 Davis, Zimmerman .... 87 Dean, George R 90 Dreher, Julius D 92 Duncan, William W. . . 97 Eidson, John D 101 Emanuel, Philip A. . . . 105 Evans, John G 108 Featherstone, Claudius C. 110 Ficken, John F 112 Foster, Alfred H 117 Fraser, Hugh W 119 Fretwell, Joseph J. . . . 123 Furman, Charles M . . . 126 Gadsden, Christopher S. . 130 Gage, George W. 133 PAGE Gilland, Thomas, McD. . 136 Glenn, John L. 138 Gossett, James P 145 Hamer, Eobert P 148 Haskell, Alexander C. . 150 Haskell, John C 156 Haynesworth, Edgar C. . 160 Henderson, Daniel S. . . 163 Herbert, Daniel O. . . . 169 Hudson, Joshua H 172 Hunter, John P 177 Izlar, James F 183 Jervey, Theodore D. . . . 186 Johnson, David B 191 Jones, Ira B 194 Joynes, Edward S 196 Kaminski, Heiman .... 200 Knox, John P 204 Kollock, Charles W. . . 209 Latimer, Asbury C. . . . 212 Lee, Richard D 218 Lewis, William W. ... 223 Lindsay, William C. . . . 225 Lucas, James J 228 McCullough, Joseph A. . 234 McIntosh, James 239 McLaurin, John L. . . . 241 McManus, Amos 244 McSween, John 246 Manning, Richard I. . . 248 Mell, Patrick H 254 Memminger, Allard . . . 259 Moise, Marion 262 Montgomery, William J. . 266 Mood, Julius A 268 448 INDEX TO BIOGRAPHIES PAGE Moore, James W 275 Morgan, William D. . . . 278 Newton, Hope H 285 Nicholson, Allan .... 289 Otts, James C 293 Parker, Lewis W. . . . . 296 Pinckney, Thomas .... 301 Pope, Joseph D 307 Pope, Young J 313 Purdy, Robert 316 Raysor, Thomas M. . . . 320 Reaves, George R 323 Rhett, Robert G 327 Robertson, Edwin W. . . 333 Roddey, William J. . . . 339 Scherer, James A. B. . . 343 Schumpert, Osborne L. . 347 Seigniotjs, James M. . . . 351 Shannon, Charles J., Jr. 356 Shepard, Charles U. . . . 360 Sloan, Benjamin 363 Smith, Joel A 367 PAGE Snyder, Henry N 370 Spencer, Charles E. . . . 374 Springs, LeRoy 378 Sprunt, Alexander . . . 384 Stackhouse, James .... 388 Stone, J. Theodus .... 392 Talbird, Thomas 394 Thornwell, James H. . . 396 Tillman, Benjamin R. . . 398 Townsend, Daniel A. . . 404 Tracy, Carlos C 406 Vedder, Charles S 408 Wallace, William H. . . 413 Wannamaker, John E. . . 417 Waring, Thomas R. . . . 421 White, Henry A 422 White, John G 425 Whitpord, Eeid 426 Williamson, Bright . . . 428 Wilson, Stanyarne . . . 432 Witte, Charles 436 Woodward, John F. . . . 443 #mm $$ **> # # p # ^ +f *t ^f # ^