iM*i>**^ luwwiwMin'iwirn «ii - ■ :«»»*■ -**■■■ ■■■^ CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY FROM Miss Charlette Howe Cornell University Library arW38947 Choice of pursuits 3 1924 031 754 553 olin,anx The original of tliis bool< is in tlie Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924031754553 Choice of Pursuits; OR, WHAT TO DO, AND WHY, DESCRIBING SEVENTY-nVE TRADES AND PEOFESSIONS, And the Talents and Temperaments Required for Each ; ALSO, HOW TO EDUCATE, ON PHRENOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES, EACH MAN FOR HIS PROPER WORK. TOGETHER WITH PORTRAITS AND BIOGRAPHIES OF MORE THAN ONE HUNDRED SUCCESSFUL THINKERS AND WORKERS. new edition, revised ajtd enlarged by 180 pages. By nelson SIZER, PBESroENTOFTHE" American Institote OP PHRENOLoaY;" Authorof"F«rtt Yeabs IN Phrenology," "How TO Teach; OR, Phrenology IN the School- Room and THE Family;" '"Thoughts on Domestic Life; or, Marriage Vii^dicated and Free Love Exposed;" AsscciATE Editor op "The American Phbenoloqioal Jodrnal," Etc. TSTKW YORK: FOWLER & WELLS CO., 27 East 2ist Street. L. N. FOWLER & CO., Ludgatk Circus, London. 1897. Ho Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, By nelson SIZER, In the office of the Libarian of Congress, in Washington. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1889, BY NELSON SIZER, In the office of the Librarian of Congress, in Washington. PREFACE. The occupation wliicli a man follows does much to make oi mar his happiness. We can not over-estimate the importance of selecting a proper life-pursuit, and of the requisite culture of tlie faculties, through the action of which health, success, and happi- ness may be obtained. Whatever will minister in any degree to these great interesta should challenge ready attention and cordial acceptance. Most young persons stumble into business, or are thrown into it by accident or temporary necessity, or are drawn to it by mis- guided ambition or a perverted fancy, without any serious thought as to their real fitness for the vocation they adopt. When the years for learning the theory and practice of their trade or pro- fession are passed, they often awake, with regret and dismay, to the fact that they have not only made a mistake in their selection, but have wasted the precious years of early manhood upon a wrong pursuit An attempt is made in this work to show what bodily and mental pecuMarities are adapted to different trades and professions, and also to show how the faculties of the intellect, the selfish and animal propensities, and the moral sentiments of man may bo cultivated and ti'ained, so that each person may secure not only the best possible development of his natural powers, but that guid- uice, training, and exercise which wUl enable him to make tht iv Preface. most of himself as a human being, and to place himself in snch relations to his life-pursuit as to secure the best possible succesi and *o render to the community the highest degree of service ; in short, to tell every honest inquirer "What to do, and why; and how to educate each man for his proper worlc." In the author's professional duties as a lecturer and in the apfii- cstibn of mental science to practical life, during a period of mere than thirty years, the substance of the matter composing this vol- ume has been given to patrons in criticism, instruction, and advice ; and he has reason to believe that many persons have been led thereby to the adoption of appropriate pursuits, to higher life purposes, and to a richer mental culture ; and he earnestly hopes that many thousands may be inspired to the achievement of a better manhood and nobler success through the influence of these pages, long after the friendly hand that penned them shall have gone to its rest. New Tork, .Tidy ith, 1877. PUBLISHERS' PREFACE ''What Ought I to JJo?" and "■ JSmo Should I be Educated for Duty?" are important questions. This book deals with them pointedly, and may be read with profit by all successive generations. A story once read is dismissed. This book will bear fifty readings. Every page is full of instruction. No one, with a true tenet of its value, would be without it. CONTENTS. PASS Introauction 9 Choice OP PoRsnrr^ 11 Desire for a Frofesslon 12 Labor-SavIng Inventions 15 COIiTIVATION OP THE SOIL 17 Food-Raising: 17 Educated Farmers IS Wilder, M. P., Portrait of. . . 18 Raw Material for Clothiiig. . . 20 Jewett, Solomon W., Port- rait 20 Stock Raising 21 Mandtacttjking 22 Bright, John, Portrait of 22 Qualities Required 23 Mechanic a Benefactor 23 Savage and Barbarous Coun- tries 24 Book Farming 25 Inventor a Great Man 26 Blanchard, Thomas, Portrait of 26 Mistakes In Selection 28 Ibaiies REQirmrKa Stbensth. Blacksmithing 31 MosiBB, John L. H., Portrait 33 Carriage Ironing 35 iron Founding. 36 The Machinist 36 Burden, Henry, Portrait of. . 36 Tin and Stove Business 30 Plumbing and Gas-Fitting... 42 Brass Finishing 44 Brick Laying 44 Stone Masonry. 46 Stone Cutting. 43 Coopering 50 Carpentry 51 Cabinet Making. 52 MiUine 53 Butchering 53 Tanning and Currying 54 Pratt, Zadok, Portrait of . . . . 54 The Seaman 55 Farragut, Admiral, Portrait. 56 Trades REtjumiNo Aoiivitt. 65 Cloth Manufacture 65 Paper-Making 68 Die-Siukiug 73 Engraving on Steel 73 Engraving on Wood 74 Howland, William, Portrait of 74 Printing 75 Book-Binding 77 Picture-Frame Making 78 VASB MbRCAJJTIHE PtlBSUlTa 7 TO CULTIVATE AND EMPLOY ALL THBIB POWERS W THE HOST USEFUL AND SUCCESSFUL MANNER, THESE PAGES JlXR affectionately AND HOPEFULLY INSCRtBBD BY THE AUTHOR Choice or Puesuits; WHAT TO DO, AND ^?VHY. A few inherit large fortune, and with it, perhaps, a lucratiye business. Without thought or plan of their own they are fixed in their pursuit, and, with no need of change, have only to continue that which their fathers with skill and care established. The great majority of young men, however, must make their own way in the world, and the more thoughtful of them naturally ask the important question, what is my true road to wealth and honor ? And fortunate, indeed, is he who finds it. If all had a reputable business which would yield a sure and comfortable support, it would immensely add to human happiness and prevent nine-tenths of the vice that curses the race. On no subject are young men more liable to mistake. Without definite knowledge of their capabilities and de- ficiencies, and with little experience to guide them in their choice, they may be misled by a treacherous fancy, or if pressed by necessity for immediate action, they stumble into an avocation for which their talents and character are not adapted; and, after wasting the best years of their life in discovering their mistake, they be- come dejected in hope and ambition, or in despair de- scend to vice and degradation. He who adopts a pursuit in which he cannot win suc- cess, is not, himself, the only sufEerer. His family, and the community at large in which he dwells, must, in some measure, share with him the misfortune of his wasted life. If each man could select an occupation ^f or which he were better adapted than to any other, he would be master 13 Desiee eoe a Pbofession. of the highest and best field of action he is capable of filhng, and bave within his reach the largest amount of success ana \appiness of which he is capable; and i^ idded to this fact, he could have some positive assurance of success, h« mind would acquire a spirit o^ contentment with his lot, and a pride or ambition to fill his station welL Moreover, a vast majority of the crime and wretchedness that now scourge the race, would be obviated if all men had enough to do of the right kind of business ; and we believe that all might have, if every man were in his true sphere. Most men are better adapted to farming or mech- anism than they are to mercantile pursuits, to art, or to professional life, and it is apparent that the industrial pur- suits open a far wider field for efibrt than the avocations requiring taste and culture. We want at least five him- dred farmers and mechanics to one lawyer, one clergyman, one physician, one artist, and one merchant. In the present state of public sentiment, however, nearly every young man, with any pretensions to talent, thinks he must be a lawyer, doctor, minister, or merchant. The plow is abandoned in the furrow ; the saw, the hammer, and the plane are discarded; and the stores, medical schools, and lawyer's offices are swarming with candidates lor wealth and fame. The statistics of medicine, law, divinity, trade, and art we Have no means of ascertaining ; but suflSce it to say, that nearly every one of these pursuits is overcrowded, and that failure and poverty necessarily await the great majority of those who are entering the lists to obtain the few prizes in this great professional lottery. Land waiting fob Tillees. 13 Our fanners are reaping a golden harvest, and through all seasons of hard times which pinch nearly everybody but themselves, they command enormous prices for their products. Does not this fact indicate that the plow has been neglected for trade and other pursuits, until farming has become a monopoly, and farmers the true lords of the land? They vii'tually put an embargo on our mouths, and name the premium at which they will raise it ; and though judges, senators, and millionaires cry out extortion ! kod- BERY ! the farmer quietly holds the keys to our stomachs, and refuses to yield them except on his own terms. Every mercantile crisis is a severe test of virtue, as numerous frauds, defalcations, and failures attest. Is not this a sufficiently severe lesson for young ' men who t.hiuk it would be veiy fine to be a merchant ? There are, at least, a hundi-ed blanks to a prize in this pursuit. On the other hand, millions of acres of land in our great West, rich, nay rank with unshorn luxuriance, await the first foot-prints of civilization, and beckon the gathering hand to take possession of their inexhaustible stores. Prairies almost boundless wave their blooming verdure to the breeze with no owner's eye to admire their beauty, no olfactory to be regaled by their floral fragrance, and no hand to garner up the teeming fruits of this sunny bosom of nature. It is a common remark, that everybody wants to do that which is easiest and most remunerative. In our professional career we often meet with those who are sincerely desirous of doing the wisest and best thing possible, and we are frequently asked, "What position 14 Haed Work Commendable. m life am I best fitted to fill properly ? With my talents and characteristics, what ought I to do ? What would be best for the comrziunity that I should do ? Not merely wherein can I secure the most money, but what has the world a right to expect from me ? " Others have a different spirit. One young man whom we happen to know, wrote us for our assistance in obtain ing a situation. He modestly stated : " I want a situation in which the duties are very light and the pay very large." This seems to be the desire of many, but few have the candor to put it in black and white. Many persons, though not endowed with talent for a high vocation, still crave earnestly the pleasures and emoluments of pursuits for which they have little or no talent, and in which they can deserve no high degree of success. Men. seem anxious to avoid the supposed curse of gaining their bread by the sweat of the brow. Occasionally we find a man willing to bend his back to the rough burdens of life. One snowy, sloppy day in New Tork we passed an aged son of Erin engaged in carrying coal, from a pile on the sidewalk, up several flights of stairs. As he bent to his task, we thought, " What a pity that he could not have in his old age relief from Bu3h toil ! " and ventured to ask him if he did not wish he had learned some trade when young, so that at Lis time of life he could avoid such drudgery. He replied, in a ringing, hopeful voice : " Who, thin, sir, wud do the laborin' work ? " God bless you in your cheerful perform- ince of humble duty, thought we as we passed along ; whoever is willing to do " the laborin' work," and does ii Laboe-Saving Maohinebt. 15 cheerfully, may be fulfilling his destiny and earning the final commendation : " Well done, good and faithful serv- ant." Since that time, whenever we see strong arms engaged in the fulfillment of heavy work, we say, God bless those who are willing to do " the laborin' work," if it must be done by manual strength. LA30E-SAVING INTENTIONS. We render special homage to the genius which contrived the steam-engine, whereby horse-flesh and manual labor are greatly relieved, and the comforts of the world multiplied a hundred-fold. He who invented the mowing machine relieved the -aching backs of millions. Verily he made two spires of grass grow where but one grew before, or made it possible for a man to avail himself of twice as much as, by hand, he was previously able to do. All honor to the man who invented iron fingers to do the world's sewing, as well as to him who invented the spin- ning-jenny and the power-loom with which to make the cloth. Notwithstanding all the machinery the world has in use, there is still a great deal of laboring work to be done. There is no doubt that a man of genius and talent, with an equally strong body, would make a better laborer than the stupid hind who only knows enough to use his physical strength to break stone or shovel earth. But since all men are not possessed of inventive talent and philosophical planning ability, many must be content to perform the simpler operations of labor, and happy is the man who has the wisdom and honesty to accept cheerfully the pursuit in which he can serve the world and himself 16 Good Service the Measttee oe Merit. best, whether it be according to the world's estimate, high or low. To be a good and faithful doer, and to secure success in the doing, should be the great object of effort.. It does not require great sagacity to understand that it is better for a man to be a first-rate lumberman than a third-rate cabinet-maker. He who can fell trees, float the logs to market and cut them into boards, and do it W3ll, is far more useful in his success than the shabby- builder or cabinet-maker who partially spoils good lumber in the construction of indifferent houses or poor furniture. Success, in its best sense, is the measure of merit. It is not how much money he makes — 'the world sometimes pays for poor services — but it is how much good service he renders the world ! When a man has rendered such service, the world owes him adequate compensation ; noth- ing less than this should he receive, nor has he a right to anything more. What, then, can each person do in which he can serve the world in the best manner, and through those means deserve such remuneration as will be neces- uary fof his comfort and support ? If one finds out that he has adopted a wrong pursuit, even though he shall have reached the age of thirty years, he may properly change to a business more in ac- cordance with his tastes, talents, and necessities. He might, it is true, lose half the value of his time for three years, while learning a new business, but after that, through all his remaining years, he may be worth twioe as much to himself, to his family, and to the world. Vacant Lands in tue East 11 l^uHlDalion of ik miH, POOD-EAISING. It should be the aim of every honest man, in the prose- cution of business, to do only that which is useful — that which will add to the intelligence, the comfort, the virtue, ov the legitimate wealth of the world. Among the labo- rious vocations, we regard those as standing first which produce something intrinsically valuable. The first neces- sity of man is food ; consequently food-producers ought to take a prime rank among men. In this country, at least, we need five farmers where we now have one. An error, as we believe, has pervaded public sentiment rela- tive to the size of farms. Men have frequently two hun- dred acres or more, when they could cultivate properly not more than fifty, the remainder lying partially waste. These two hundred acres, therefore, should have three more farmers, giving to each fifty acres. While men are traveling from the Eastern States into the West, even going to California, to cultivate the land, about one-third of the State of New Jersey, and probably one-third of the State of Pennsylvania, and very large fields of territory in the State of New York, are yet untouched, utterly uncultivated and wild ; and that expense which would bo requisite to move a family ~Eo Kansas would buy land enough in the State of New Jersey to support a family. Men should learn to till the soil well, and make every acre 18 Food-Raising. of land largely productive. Nor should men be satisfi&l simply to raise cereals for the market; and though bread is the staff of life, every family needs fruit in liberal meas- ure for the health of its members. FarmiQg, therefore, should not be understood as merely raising corn and wheat, pork, beef, and butter. Every farmer should raise all the fruit, his own family requires, and a considerable quantity for market. This woiilJ insure to himself and family this healthful ingredient of food, while the market would be amply supplied, so that citizens and villagers engaged in other occupations could have in abundance this much-needed article of food. EDUCATED TAKMEES. Farmers should not be the drudges and intellectual drones they now are. They should study chemistry, and understand soils ; botany and physiology, that they may understand the nature of plants, and the properties of food, and the laws of health, and thus prosecute theit vocation intelligently. Some people think that brute force, and not intelligence, is required by the farmer. A man of thorough culture will get as much profit from ten acres of land as one without cultui'e, or the knowledge derived from other people's culture, will get from fifty acres. It is well, therefore, for young men to turn their attention to farming; and if people following that pursuit are less intelligent and less respectable than they should be, let a million young men of cultui-e manfully go to the soil, and thereby redeem the business from the disgra.ce of igno- rance and consequent unthrift, and acquire a generous MAESHALL P. WILDEE. This veteran worker in the caune of Agricnltare, Horticaltare, and Pomology was bom in Ringe, N. H., September 22, 1T98. Since 1835 be baa resided in Boston, Mass, Was einbt rears President of tbe Masaacbasetts Horticaltural Society, and a long time President of the American Pomological Society, and President of tbe United States Agricaltural Society, As President of tbe Senate of Maaeachasetts he labored to establish tbe State Board of Agricnltore, lS}i Young Men should Seek the Soil. 19 support, instead of shivering around the outskirts of the overcrowded professions. Let them carry their intelli- gence to the proper cultiyation of the soil, and as nature always generously rewards honest, intelligent labor, they will have their reward. True, a farmer needs courage and strength ; he needs energy of character and perseve- rance; he ought to have Combativeness and Destruo- tiveness sufficiently developed to give him force and the spirit of industry ; he ought to have Cautiousness, to give him prudence ; and Acquisitiveness, to give him economy ; he should have a fair degree, of Constructiveness, to under- stand the principles of inechanism and to enable him to wield the tools and implements of his business with skill and effect ; he ought to have large perceptive organs, so that his power of observation shall be sufficient to open Ids mind to all the surrounding facts of nature ; he should have the power of analysis and a good memory, so that the facts of past experience may be carefully treasured up and be made available to him. The farmer does not really need an eloquent tongue. He does not need much Ideality or Approbativeness, though we believe the possession of all the organs well developed and properly cultivated would make him more of a man and more of a farmer. The right temperament for a farmer is one in which the Motive, or muscular, is sufficient to give a good frame ; in which also the Vital temperament is sufficient to give strong nutritive and sustaining power ; and there should be a fair developmcni of the Mental temperament, but that should not be in excess, otherwise he would be inclined to neglect physical 20 Grazing— FLAx-RAisniTG. exertion, and live too much in the realm of mental specu lation. A plump, strong, suhstantial body, therefore, is the best for a farmer, so that physical exertion shall not ^ be too great a tax on the one hand, and that it may b« pleasurable on the other. RAW MATEEIAl FOK CLOTHING. The production of food by the farmer does not cover the whole ground of production from the soil. There is wool-growing, the raising of flax, hemp, and cotton, the raising of cattle for their butter, cheese, hides, and beef The vocation of gra2ang varies gomewhat from that of grain and fruit raising. It can be conducted on soils ill adapted to the profitable raising of grain. The mountain ranges of Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, and Ver- mont could be profitably employed for pasturage ; while with proper facilities for the transportation of flocks, either by rail or by driving, they could be taken to be wintered where hay is abundantly produced. The idea of keeping a few sheep on a mountain range, and being obliged to pick out the smooth places to mow grass to keep them through the winter, is not, in our judgment, the way to raise wool. But let the whole mountain ba employed for pasture, and some not too distant valley, where hay is plentiful, be the wintering-place. America ought to be ashamed to import wool of any kind; and linen, we doubt not, could be quite as well produced here as in Ireland; and if we have not enough Irish people here to dress and spin the flax, we certainly could import them. 1 VI SOLOMON W. JEWETT, The Shbfsebd ot Vebhont and CALnroBioA. He l9 widely known as a saccesBfnl breeder of Panlar Bheep and otiier fln* wooled varietiea, and also the heaviest importer of Merinos from the best flocks In Europe, and exported to California as early as 1859 the Vermont improved Merino, and also the French Merino, at a charge for freight alone of $9,000. Mr. Jewett published, with Uinstrations, in the " Cnltivator," the first approved standard of Merino sheep for breed, relating to form, constltation, and fleece, which breeds have since added many millions to the prodnct of the wool crop annually. Mr. Jewett was the first to disseminate this stock over the United States and Sonth America. As early as 1834 he was known as the largest flock- master in Vermont, and, being an artist, gave fine drawings of sheep and other stock, lllastrating it for wide publication. His sons in California succeed him in Bheep and wool culture, and have been known to raise over 12,000 lambs from one yeaning. In the fall of ^76 they added to their sheep stock by pur- chase 18,000 large wethers, fattening them for the spring market on hay and lj7«in alone. Thus they follow as shepherds their father and (raodflitlier. 30ji FoEEST-TeEE CULTtJEE. 21 STOCK-RAISING. The basiness of raising cattle ought to be largely fol- lowed. Pork is unfit food for man, as it is generally pro- duced. If swine could run at large as beef cattle do, and not be confined to close pens without exercise or pure air, and were not stuffed with corn and o-ver-fattened, thereby rendeiing their flesh diseased, pork wnuM not be so detri- mental an article of food as it now is. But let oxen and sheep, which make the best kinds of ap\mal food for the use of man, take the place of swine, ard it would be a great step toward progress and improvemi,nt. Beefsteak ought not to cost thirty cents a pound. It ought to be so abundant as to be relatively cheap. Two men could take care of five hundred head of cattle, especiaUy during the grazing season ; and we think it would be profitable for farmers having, say, thirty or forty acres of Irrd, to raise something besides cattle-feed. Let the caitle he grown mainly where the soil is not tillable; at least l^u them spend eight months of the year on such lands. The stock-raiser requires to be a patient, thoughtful man, who has Hope enough to wait until his appo'^ited time for profit ; one who is inclined to read and think, rnd is fond of general exercise and exertion. Such a man ne^d not be a plodder. He may be, even, ambitious and enter prising. LUMBERING AND TREE CULTURE. Another of the departments of productive industry requiring perseverance, energy, industry, and good practi cal judgment, is that of " lumbering." But if our views of right modes of cultivating land could prevail, this 22 MAinJFACTUEIlftt. Bhcariug of tie native forests would not last for many generations. Timber is becoming comparatively scarce, and if land were wanted by a million more farmers it would Boon be, to a great extent, stripped. There should be attention paid to the planting of forest trees. They will grow about as quickly as fruit-trees. In twenty years, chestnut timber can be grown large enough for railroad ties or fence posts. In general, to follow the pursuits mentioned, a man needs strength, courage, fortitude, and patience originating in a strong temperament and a large base of brain, with good practical- talent and large Firm- ness. A man does not need a high degree of taste or mechanical talent. He needs but little policy, and not great Imitation or logical power ; good common sense and good health being, of course, as in other callings, chief qualifications. jiaimfaduring. The first great need of mankind being food, and tLat having been properly supplied, the next great want is clothing, the raw material of which is supplied directly or indirectly from the land. We now come to consider the usefulness of manufactures, and the talents required in these pursuits. The manufacture of clothing, of course, does not cover the whole field of mechanical ingenuity j but there is hardly a more useful department ; certainly it JOHN BRIGHT, Manufactcber and Statesuait. This la a noble head, royal In moral standing and talent, and a grand •peet- men or the triumph of talent and worth rising to distinction above the barrieri of precedent, and aristocratic and royal prejudice. Verily, he stands unabashed among nobles, princes, and kings, by mere force of inward strength and unqaes tioned worth. Bom November 16, 1811. Is at the head of a firm of cotton mannfacturers in Bochdale. In 1848 he entered Into the Anti-Corn Law Asso- ciation, and became one of its leading spirits. Elected to Parliament in 1847, 1853, and 1857, During our war he warmly took onr part, hoth in and out of Parliament ; became a member of Gladstone's Cabinet in 1868, In the affectioM of the common people he is the foremost man in England. He is a most elo- qnent and thocoaghly honest speaker. 22;i Evert Useful Puesuit Honokable. 23 h second only to food-raising in its importance and value to mankind. THE QtTAUTIES BEQITIKED. To be a manufacturer and a tool-user requires, first of all, constructive talent, and this comes from large Con- structiveness combined with large perceptive organs, espe- cially those of Form, Size, Weight, and Order. One needs, in addition to these organs, a good degree of Causality, as a basis for the planning and inventive talent. Many persons are good tool-users, with simply perception and Constructiveness, and that part of Constructiveness, too, which seems to work with the perceptive organs, not that portion which works upward with Causality and Ideality, and gives a tendency to plan, lay out work, and invent. THE MKCHAinC A GREAT BENEFACTOB. When we look around us and consider how many of the comforts of life, to say nothing of its elegances and refinements, originate in constructive talent, the mechanic appears to be one of the principal men in the community ; and so he is. It requires ingenuity to make a yard of cloth ; to work the raw material into threads ; and those threads into fabrics, and those fabrics into garments. To change the raw hide of animals into useful and ornamental boots, shoes, gloves, harness, and the Uke, is no child's- play. The house also should be regarded as a part of the clothing of the human race. The umbrella as well as the cloak keejps off a part of the storm, and so the roof and the walls of the house are a certain kind of outside cloth- ing, as the shuck and shell of the walnut shield the living 24 Lord of Loom and Anvil. germ within. The carpenter, the mason, the cabinet- maker, the decorator, and the carpet-weaver must not be forgotten::^ Look at a house and its furniture, with the 'clothing of the family ! Look at all the conveniences for cooking and eating, the elegant contrivances for the grati- fication of taste which a well-appointed house affords ! and one would think that three-fourths of the human race were employed in the realm of manufactures. Viewing the subject from this point, we may ask, is not THK LOKD OP THE LOOM AND THE ANVIL a lord indeed among men? Certainly he serves the world ; and as, according to Scripture, " he that would be great, let him be your minister," so he who ministers to the comfort of men in the way of clothing, useful articles or implements, houses, furniture, and decorations, ought to rank weU. Let no man who can construct a house, or a carpet, or a piece of useful furniture, or an utensil for cooking, feel that he is, by virtue of his pursuit, degraded. If he incline to feel so, let him look into SAVAGE AND BAEBAEOUS LANDS, where the three-legged stool has yet to be invented ; where the skins of animals are used for clothing, or rude structures of the bark and branches of trees are the only houses, and contrast that nation with those which are highly civilized, and he will appreciate the dignity of mechanical labor. To be an artisan, doubtless requires a higher order of talent than it does' to be what is generally anderstood by the term farmer. The artisan has sharp Rivalry an Eduoator. 26 competition. The world kno-ws the difference between good and had work when it relates to the construction of a chair, a hoot, or a bureau, hut has not yet so far advanced as to be able to determine, in general, the difference between good and bad farming. Indeed, there is so little of good farming, that we have nothing really with which to contrast poor work in that line ; and so long as every man who has culture and aspires to be respected entertains the untruthful opinion that to be a tiller of the soil is to be merely a drudge, and a disrepu- table one at that, so long the best talent and culture will seek other vocations. The sharp attritions and competi- tions of rivalry serve to urge manufactures forward toward perfection much more rapidly than any influences now operating tend to push forward and perfect agriculture. Agricultural publications are working in the right direc- tion ; still, there is a sneer on nine-tenths of the faces of the farmers against "book farming," and this sneer is partly merited, because fanciful, unl»,bo- rious gentlemen, with chemistry and vegetablcjphysiology in their heads, and very little practical experience, have undertaken to carry on farming by the book with kid gloves on, and of course made everything cost more than it would sell for. But this is no argument. The sturdy son of the soil should have a sturdy, common-sense edu- cation, and then he can elevate his pursuit. The mechanic is forced by competition to educate himself in his business, to bring aU the appliances of science to the perfection and development of his work, 3 26 Ths Inventor a Gbeat Man. The mechanic needs a prominent brow, to ^ve him perception, and a good development above it, to ^ve reasoning talent. He needs a full temple, to give him ingenuity and taste, and considerable widencss to the middle and back head, to give him economy, energy, and force. He requires a good degree of the Mental temper- ament, to make his mind sharp and clear; and enough of the Motive temperament, to give him force, industry, and activity ; and of the Vital temperament, sufficient to furnish the steam for vigorous effort, and to maintain him in health ; and last, but not least, he needs pure air to breathe, and plenty of sunlight. Making boots in cellars by gaslight is low business, because it crushes the mao. THE INVENTOE A GEEAT MAN. Consider the inventor of the steam engine, the power loom, the printing press, the sewing machine, and all other machinery by which various articles of utility and elegance are constructed. Verily he is a creator who can compel dead iron, wood, and other material substances, to take the place of fingers, and almost take the place of thought. He who looks upon the inventor or the successful user of machinery as an ignoble man, or upon that pursuit as low and base, has yet to learn the first lesson in the realm of truth as applied to justice, honor, and respectability. UTiLrrr or phrenology in selecting tbades. It is an unfortunate fact, that thousands blunder into business without any knowledge of their capacity for particular occupations, and stumble on through difficulties thomas blanchabd, Ths Ihtentob. Thli is the head of the mechanical thinker. He was bom in Sntton, Hau., Jane 24, 1788. At thirteen he Invented the apple-parer ; at eighteen a machine for making tacks, and sold the Invention for $5,000. His greatest Invention! made at thirty years of age. Is the macbmc for tnming Irregnlar forms, snch as t^n stocks and shoe lasts, and also its application to the cutting of basts in marble or other material, and also cameos. Another of nearly equal Importance waa the process for bending ship timber, plow handles, wagon feloei, and putf Of clwin and other taroitare. He died in Boston, April U, 18M. 26}i Eakjsting vs. Stealing. 2T and disappointments to bankruptcy of pocket and of hope. Their lives are rendered miserable by ill-success and vexation. They find fault with their fortune, and some, in a fit of desperation, quit a life which has been to them only a scene of imrequited struggle. There are few per- sons of any intelligence who are not adapted for respect- able success in some useful pursuit ; and could they but ascertain, before wasting long years of fruitless apprentice- ship, for what avocation they are best adapted, they might at once avail themselves of this most important informa- tion, and taking the flood-tide of circumstances, go on to success, if not to fortune. The world has need of all the energy and skill of its inhabitants, and if each one could find his true pursuit, and would follow it honestly and faithfully, failures would become exceedingly rare, while the sum of human happiness would be vastly enhanced — the average of life extended, and there would be probably a third more accomplished by mankind than at present. EAKNING VS. STEALING. We have often thought that there were few men in the world so depraved that they would not prefer an honest to a dishonest pursuit ; and if they could be provided with the means of procuring a respectable and honest livelihood, nearly all the crimes which disgrace humanity would be done away. He who has a sui-e, respectable, and honest trade, by which he can secure not only his daily bread, but many of the comforts and conveniencies of life, has comparatively Uttle temptation to engage in the precarious modes of dishonest acquisition. If we wero 28 Mistakes in Selection. to recommend, as a safeguard to the young, any single thing, it -would be this: Give your son a business oi trade by which he can gain an honorable maintenance and a respectable place in society. Do not try to make him B gentleman without labor, or teach him that he can be respected without intelligence and virtue. MISTAKES IN SELECTION. Phrenology* we regard as an essential aid to parents in the selection of pursuits for their children, and in thou- sands of instances we have had opportunity to witness the great advantages to be derived from its application. Many persons suppose that if a boy have large Construct- iveness, he can succeed in any mechanical trade. This is a great mistake. It must be understood, however, that by success we do not mean mere physical or pecuniary success. Real success embraces other ideas. A man should be happy in following his trade ; should feel proud and ambitious in respect to it, and try to perfect and advance his line of business. For example — a boy with large Form, Size, and Constructiveness could succeed in blacksmithing, so far as forming and finishing work are concerned; but if he have small Combativeness and Firmness, he will never engage in its prosecution with anything Uke pleasure. He might, however, succeed well as a locksmith, or as a gas-fitter, a maker of fine cutlery, or anything light, nice, and ornamental. A young man, with brawny muscles and stalwart frame, witli great force of character, pride, and energy, would prefer to be a blacksmith, or stonecutter, or a millwright, * gee Bxplanatlon of the Facnltlee and Temperaments, ot (be close, SlOWTN-ESS IK- LEAKmJSTG A Tradk. 29 in which he could wield his force and power, and work oft his physica. steam. He could not be coniincd to watch- making, or to mathematical instruments, or any other light trade, though he has all the requisite ingenuity for its successful prosecution. Some have such a combination of organs that they can readily take up a trade without instruction or apprenticeship, and in a short time becorao excellent workmen. Others have less practical talent, or the elements of mechanical skill; they require years of experience, but nltunately make good workmen. These latter should not be discouraged if they can not cope at first with those who require comparatively little or no practice or experience. Some require to have their avo- cation minutely explained at every step ; but when this is done faithfully, they comprehend their business. Masters should understand this fact, and not lose their patience with such apprentices, nor fail to instruct them ; nor should the comparatively smart ones boast over the others be- cause of their success in this direction, while they may lack many noble qualities of intellect and disposition which go to make the man and the citizen, which the others possess. Some persons are so organized, mentally and physically, that anything like hard work awakens dread and aversion. They do not lack the spirit of industry ; they are willing to give attention, thought, and such effort as they can bestow, but they can not take hold of heavy, hard work. They could ride all day, and half the night — the steam- engine or horse doing the drudgery. They can think, talk, •ff£|,tch, wait, negotiate, and do light worfe. These 30 Teades eequieing Strength. persons generally hare light muiscles, a comparatively small chest, and not very much digestive power. They make but little steam ; the base of their brain is compara- tively small, and most of their cerebral development la forward of the ears. Another class like hard work; as it has been said, " their muscles ache with pure strength," and if they are confined to light occupations or sedentary pursuits, they fret, become discontented, and probably quit the business at the first opportunity. Such a boy, put to engraving, type-setting, watch-making, or tailoring, will straighten up a hundred times a day, and every fiber in his system will yearn for liberty and for labor. Therefore physiology — ^bodily development — ^is to be considered, in selecting a pursuit, as well as mental disposition and talent. sqttipjg Itr^njgth. Amoitg the trades requiring robustness of constitution, with strong bones and muscles, large lungs, and a broad base of brain, we would name blacksmithing—including carriage-ironing — bricklaying, carpentry, coopering, iron- founding, milling, millwrighting, tanning, stone-cutting, stone masonry, mining, farming, lumbering, and sea-faring. E*ch of tljese pursuits demands a similar general bodily The Blacksmith. 3J organization, becanse each requires bone anil musole, strength and energy, hardiness and health — ^in short, thu power to generate vitality by converting food into nour ishment, thus giving muscular force and constitut.onal vigor to perform the necessary labor. But the mental differences required for a first-class blacksmith, miller, or farmer might cause a failure in one or all if their vocations were exchanged. BLACKSMITHING. We regard the blacksmith as the prince of mechanics He is at once an artist and a mechanist. He who can mold a statue, having in his mind the image, while the clay is yet but a rude mass, and knows how to remove the excrescent parts, and mold the mass into the requisite forms, has the same talent which the blacksmith requires, who withdraws from the forge the flaming bar of metal and is required to mold it with his hammer into the desu-ed shape. This shape must exist in his mind as the statue does in the mind of the sculptor, and though the fact of repeated heavy blows seems a rude way of working out his artistical thought, it is only so because his metal is less malleable than the plastic clay. We contend that who- ever can be a first-rate blacksmith could be also an ai-tist in clay and marble. But the blacksmith, in order to re- duce the firm metal to the form required, must have mus cle, strength, executiveness, resolution, thoroughness power, and, if we may say it, the elements of fineness joined with the elements of coarseness ; the elements of taste with the elements of strength. A first-rate blacksmith requires to be a first-rate man j 32 Indispensable Qualities. and though his face be blackened and his hands hard, he will generally be found with a fine, strong brain. We are speaking, it will be remembered, of the first- class blacksmith. We have visited large factories where edge-tools were manufactured, and in the examination of a hundred or two of the forgers we have found them to be very superior men, capable of taking and maintaining a good rank in any field of industry or education. In such places the best workmen are required. Ample com- pensation attracts the best class. Competition weeds out the poorer, and presents as a result a class of men who are an honor to any age or country. The faculties which the blacksmith must have, in order to excel, are, large Form, to give the idea of shape, and enable him to realize the form required in the iron which is hissing on his anvil He does not, like the carpenter, map out the article he chooses to make, and hew off all the unnecessary parts, but molds the whole mass into the tling desired, or so much of it as is required, wasting nothing. He must have the organ of Size, which measures proportions and magnitudes, and so nicely is this faculty exercised, that rivets, nails, and other small articles that are made without meas\irement, will be found almost exactly alike in size and weight. We may say that the wood-turner also requires the organs of Size and Form in an equal degree of development and culture, but he ices not require so much imagination or creative talent as the blacksmith. The blacksmith requires Constructiveness, to give him »n idea of mechanical adaptation, and also facility in the JOHN L. H. MOSIEB, FoREjus or THE SmTHs' Shop of Brkwstib & Co., Cabbiasb Faotobt New Tobk. Mr. Mosler was bom at Serbyline, Vt., Hay 38, 1833. His father, grandfather and great-vrandfather were blacksmithu, and his grandfather and great-grand- father, on his mother's side, were carriage-makers, and therefore he rightfally inherited a taste for the trade he has so long and so snccessfully followed. After learning his trade in New York he went to Morristown, N. J.; he went Boath, but returned in 1862, and in 1863 entered the employment of Brewster & Co., and in 1867 became foreman of the shop, which position he retains after * term of fifteen years. In that head and face talent and resolation are shown, and in bis strong frame to give health and strength, a long and awful Ufe maf •eezpectcd. «, 3*^ BlAOKSHITH THK PrINCE OF MECHANICS. 33 ase of tools. He mast understaud the mechanical l&we wh'ch are involved in the construction of the thing in hand, and the mechanical forees required to produce the desired result. He needs Ideality, to give appreciation of style, beauty, and harmony, and to aid in creating the thing in his mind's eye, before the iron begins to take form — in short, a clear conception of what is to be done before it is commenced. If he is making edge-tools, and has to temper them, he needs the faculty of Color, to appreciate the requisite shade or color of the steel when, by the action of heat, the temper has come to the right point. The faculty of Imitation, also, enables a man to imitate his own processes until his whole body, as it were, becomee habituated to the doing of a particular thing. We believe that an experienced blacksmith, if he would work a month in making horse-nails, or knife-blades, or any other small affair, would become so accustomed to it, that he could make an article with his eyes shut, guided by the sense of feeling, communicated to him by the handle of his hammer, and by his sense of hearing — limitation aiding if not lying at the bottom of this state of facts. In other words, the process becomes automatic, just as does the using of the knife and fork, walking, dressing one's self, and the like. These, then, are the talents required by this most useful of mechanics. We say most useful, because he not only makes his own tools, but the tools of every other mechanic, or the tools by means of which every mechanic's imple. ments are constructed. But the blacksmith requires, in addition to these talents, the disposition, as well as the bodily conditions, to qualify him for his work. These 34 The Hoese-Shoee. talents might be possessed by the -watchmaker, and, in tha main, ought to be. But the blacksmith must have the spirit of courage imparted by Combativeness and Deetruct- iveness ; he must have determination, imparted by largo Firmness. He must be what the Germans call a " schmeiter," hence " schmidt," — in English, smith. Combativeness gives this disposition to smite. A man in whom it id large, likes to do all his work with a blow or a jerk. l£e will split wood or chop wood rather than saw it. One with less Combativeness prefers the drawing stroke of the saw rather than the sudden blow of an axe. Large De- structiveness gives that kind of eflScient force And severity, a tendency to crush and batter, that the trade requires. The stonecutter, whose business is largely effected by blows, needs also Combativeness and Destructiveness. The carpenter, who likes to use the axe, the adze, and tha hammer, will be found amply endowed with Combative- ness and Destructiveness. There are many minor qualities which tend to make the blacksmith successful or to hinder his success, such as Cautiousness, Approbativeness,^ Self-Esteem, Acquisitive- ness, Secretiveness, — all the qualities that go to make up a judicious and influential character will of course aid the blacksmith, as it would a man in any other trade or occupation. The blacksmith, especially the horse-shoer, should have a keen sense of hearing, because in driving horse-shoe nails he is chiefly guided by the sound of his blows as to whether the nail is being driven into the sensitive part of the foot or is turning out of the hoof at the proper Careiage-Ironing. 86 place to make the clinch. When the hearing becomes mach impaired, the horse-shoer resigns his post, or pricks many a valuable horse's foot. Let no yomig man, then, engage in blacksmilhing who has not an energetic physical constitution adapted to work hard. He should, next, have enough Combativeness and Destructiveness to give the disposition to use the power he posse»ses and strike while the iron is hot, and such a degree of firmness and steadfastness as will enable him to use his power persistently until the iron becomes cool. He should have a broad, deep chest, large bones, brawny muscles, a head broad in the region of the ears, wide at the temples, broad between the eyes, with a prom- inent brow, with strong if not coarse hair, and rather dark complexion. Such a man will be tough, efficient, enduring, and, if temperate, successfuL CARRIAGE-IRONING. The carriage-ironer requires talents, and constitutional peculiarities resembling those of the common blacksmith ; but one who has a special desire for niceness and taste, and a tendency to get into one track or channel, and keep in it will succeed in the carriage-ironing business, who would not be able or willing to take hold of general blacksmith- ing, where there are no two jobs in succession alike. Carriage-ironing is what might be called factory work, where many things in succession are to be made according to .1 given pattern. In this trade dies are made for differ- ent parts of the work which are used to give form to particular things, and thus it saves, to a considerable 36 lEOK-FoTJKBrNG. extent, tlie exercise of originality and skill. To a certain extent this is true in the forging of cutlery or fine machin- ery. But one who can be a first-rate general blacksmith will do better in this department than one who can work well by rule, and not by the eye. IRON-FOUNDING, The iron-founder needs also a strong muscular system, and a great deal of constitutional endurance, especially if he has much heavy lifting, as one has in the kind of work that in a foundry is called light. When the work is very heavy, the lifting is done by ponderous cranes, or machin- ery, which makes the lifting to be done by hand compara- tively little. Iron-molding requires precision, delicacy of touch to prepare the sand molds for the final casting. It requires great caution, especially for large work, to strengthen the molds so as not to have the weight of the iron destroy them, and lose thereby a great deal of labor. Good constructive talent, fair Ideality, large perceptives, and a strong base of brain are required in this trade. If one is an iron-melter, he requires some knowledge of chemistry and mineralogy. Brass-founding, and the cast- ing of small work, requires more activity, and loss strength, — ^rapidity, rather than power of action. THE MACHINIST, The machinist requia-es good constitutional health and vigor, but it is not absolutely necessary that he should be a very strong man, though it is better that he should be HENBY BUBDEN, MACHINIST. Here is an original thinker and eminent inventor, bom in Scotland, April SO, 1791. His first snccess in invention was a threshing: machine. He came to America in 1819, and devoted himself to improvement in agricaltural imple- aents, inventing a plow and the first cultivator ever in nee. In 1832 he invent- ed a flax machine. He went in the same year to Troy, N. T,, where he became agent for thfe " Troy Iron A; Nail Factory," and nllimately became sole pro- prietor. He invented a machine to make wrought nails, and the first machine for making horse shoes, which turned out 3,600 shoes per hour; and, thongb he took but twelve patents, they are among the most important in the history of the mechanic arts. His was a prolific brain, and did the work of ten thonsand men, and his great inventions will bless the world for a hundred generatioiut Be died January 19, 1871. 36;i The Machinist. 37 of fiill size and av^erage vigor. There are somj depart meuts of this trade in which an extra amount ol physical power is useful ; hut as men of this trade generally work in groups, it is not essential that all should be even of average strength. The head rather than the muscles ia the great desideratum. All the perceptive organs should be amply developed with a fuU degree of the reasoning powers, and large Constructiveness and Ideality. More- over, the machinist should have large Cautiousness, so that he wUl work carefully on account of the importance of the work on which they are engaged, and also on personal accounts. Many machinists get their fingers caught, and lose them. Some lose an arm or a leg by getting drawn into the machinery used in working at their trade. To take a good rank in this vocation, one needs the drawing talent, so thai he can make complete drawings for the construction of engines or any other machinery. If he have the talent to make the drawings, he will the more readily understand those which may be furnished him to work by. The machinist, in heavy work, requires large-, ness and strength of mind — a kind of intellectual courage to grapple with the ponderous work ; but in the heavier kinds of work, such as turning shafts for steamships, the personal labor is not very hard, because the heavy pieces, weighing sometimes many tons, are lifted for adjustment by means of machinery called the " crane." When such a piece of iron is once placed in the en^e-lathe for boring or turn- ing, there are sometimes many days' work to be done with- out an!y change being required. But in turning car axles the manual labor is harder, because 1 wo men can lift one 38 Machinist's Tbade Popular. of them, and adjust it in the lathe. The machinist, lik« the iron-founder, works easiest who has the heaviest work to do. That which is called light iron work is hard for the men. The blacksmith who m.ikes horse-nails is ham- mering almost all the time, and it is absolutely harder labor than it would be to make horse shoes, axes, or har- row teeth, because three quarters of the time would be required to heat the iron on the larger work. In the light work of the machinist the jobs are short, and the labor of lifting and adjusting the articles occurs frequently. POPULARITY OF THE TEADE. To be a machinist, one need not expect to become head of the business unless he have very superior ability. It ia considered a popular or desirable trade, because the steam- fire engine or the machinery of a steamboat or locomotive being polished and handsome, and working so nicely, attracts the attention of boys, and leads them to feel a desire to construct them. And when they have become harnessed to a business, it is not very easy for them to retire. Since, then, so many bright, intelligent boys rush to this trade, the competition for high positions is very sharp, and one can not rise to rule a shop filled with such persons unless he has ability to rule anything, and rise anywhere. If he does become head man, he is all the more confined. Indeed, it then becomes imprisonment. The common hand can be off for a day without disturbing everything, but a foreman must be first on the ground and last to leave, and every sense and talent he possesses must be on the alert. Not Easily Established. 39 The machinist should also be patient, willing to submit to the rules and controlling power of his superiors ; should be wilUng to work for a company that does not know him from a stranger, and that cares no more for him than for a stranger. NOl EASILY ESTABLISHED. We do not recommend young men to rush into this trade, because it is generally fully stocked, and the busi- ness is coming to be conducted by heavy firms, where a hundred thousand dollars are required to start it ; hence one can hardly hope to become owner so as to be master of his own time and talent. Therefore, if a machinist have independence, love of liberty, and a disposition to be his own master, he will fret and chafe under the restraint of going to a shop by the bell, and being ranked as one of two hundred and fifty men, being practically like a single picket in a string of fence, or one of the cogs of a large wheel, with his individuality almost lost. Such a man should stay away from that business ; he will make trouble as long as he stays in a shop, and be likely to go out of it in disgust at the very time when he should ba laying the foundatious of his fortune. If a young man had half enough money to start a machine shop, we should advise him by all means to start some other business, equally respectable and remunerative. TIN AND STOVE BUSINESS, will always be good, and will furnish to the good work- man as much pay as a machinist of equal talent can com- mand. We are aware that boys acquire a disgust for this 40 Tin and Stove Business. trade from tbe traveling tinker who cries "Tin- ware to mend 1 "' and they fancy that the regular tinsmith is only a prosperous tinker. EASILY SET UP, Ther" are many advantages in this trade, some of which we will mention. It requires but little money, say five hundred dollars, to start it in a small way, and at the end of one year after beginning, a prudent young man might safely marry and establish housekeeping on a modest and prudent, scale. We believe that a trade which will permit a young man to start for himself easily, and insure the support of a family within three or four years from the time he ends his apprenticeship, is best calculated to build up good citizenship, and keep young men in the path of virtue and morality. Thus established, he can work alone, and customers will come to him for his wares. As his business increases, he wiU take an apprentice, then a jour- neyman ; he begins to sell stoves on commissiop, and in ten years, with temperance, industry, and skill, he will be likely to have in his employment ten or a dozep hands, and a stove warehouse with a profitable trade. He does tin-roofing, he makes the boilers and furniture for stoves, constructs the pipe, and sets up stoves where they are to be used. Whatever is required in his line of business can not be done even by ingenious families. They must send to the shop and pay the tinsmith for doing the work TIME EtTLLT OCCUPIED. Another valuable feature of this and similar trades is. What is Best foe Poor Young Men. 41 that in dull times, or stormy days, when no orders come in, the mechanic can be working up stock into staple arti- cles which soon must be wanted, thus filling up every hour of the time, so that when orders come rushing in, the pans, kettles, stove furjiiture, stovepipe, and leader-pipe shall be ready when wanted. This keeps a man with small Hope and large Cautiousness in good heart through days which otherwise would be dark, besides being ready with material to rush business when it comes, as it were, all in a heap. A business which must always wait for orders is likely to be either a feast too abundant to be available, or a famine too severe to be good for mind, body, or estate. Moreover, a tradesman who has idle time is very likely to get into bad company and adopt dissipated hab- its. We can not imagine that this trade shall by any means be run out, as some others have been by the use of machinery, and tinware is not likely to be superseded by anything equally light and durable. WHAT IS BEST FOE POOE TOITNG MEN. It may be said that this is a small business, and we re- ply that that is the best business on an average for young men, which can be set up in a small way, such as black- smithing and carpentry, for be it remembered that only a few are competent to start a large factory, even though they have the means at command. They would not have the comprehensive talent to employ two or three hundred men. Besides, large fortunes are only to be anticipated by few, and the trade which a young man can learn before he is of age, and within two years get started, and in a 42 Plumbing and GASFiTTnra. year or two more be settled in life, — a trade in ■which hn can accumulate enough to educate his childien and make himself comfortahle in his declining years, must be regard- ed as an excellent field for a young man. All can not be captains who would be coldiers, and all can not be at the head of rich establishments. The great working world must hammer out its success by individual effort, and this the tinsmith can do. We have known some, who, having talent for it, and beginning in the stove line, worked into the iron-foundry business, and made large fortunes. But if young men wait to find a business in which large fortunes are pretty sure, it will be like waiting for a decision in the English Court of Chan- cery — ^fruitless. PLUMBING AND GASFITTING. This business embraces practically two trades, though they are now generally united. Like tinsmithing, it re- quires energy, industry, practical talent, and financial judgment. The plumber and gasfitter should be a man of good judgment, for he has to take his contracts by esti- mation. He should be able to calculate within a few dollars what it will cost to supply a house with gas-fittings, or to do the plumbing. Then he can make a close esti- mate, and secure contracts where the competition is sharp, and be wise enough not to take business at too low a price. He should also be a man of integrity, so that he will feel bound to do the work well, though the owner may be miles away, absorbed in his business afiairs. He should Sound Judgment and Integrity Kequieed. 43 be careful to promise no faster than he can work. Some- times plumbers pull up old work, and leave a house three days without water. They do it simply to secure the work. They sometimes promise to do a job of repairing, and it will be perhaps three days or a week before they make their appearance, greatly to the disgust and incon venience of the family interested. This should be re- formed altogether. Such men deserve to be neglected and di'iven out of the business, for there is nothing more annoying than a leaky gas-pipe, which half an hour's labor would correct, or leaky water-pipes, or pipes in any way out of order. A man who is honest enough to sayj " I can not do this work for two days," and thus perhaps sends his customer temporarily to somebody else, will deserve the man's patronage when he is at leisure to do his work. This trade requires a good deal of mechanical ingenuity, good taste, and good judgment in many respects, espe- cially in delivering gas or water wherever it may be re- quired with the least possible expenditure of pipe. Some men waste their profits by a lack of good calculation in this respect. A quick eye and a quick hand are required in this trade. In "wiping joints" on lead pipe artistic facility and quickness are required. If by slowness or awkwardness the workman make a failure, he may lose an hour's time, when ten minutes is ample for him to do the work in hand. So much of it is light and requiring exactness, that if it be not rapidly handled, much time is wasted. In lifting heavy blocks of stone into walls, in placing great beams in structures, in making a great cast- ing in a foundry, or lifting a heavy shaft into a lathe to b« 44 Brass Fihishiwo. turned, slowness may be tolerated ; but in putting up gas- fittings, a quick motion will double a man's value. In a light trade, where there are many little things to be handled and adjusted, one quick man will sometimes do as much as two clumsy, strong men ; and this activity will of itself be a sufficient margin for profit. BRASS FINISHING. The brass finisher requires more artistic taste than me- chanical talent. He needs a good eye for proportion, for he has to shape things of graceful form by the eye and the judgment. He must make nice curves, neat finish, and stylish work, and there are no prescribed lines or marks which he can employ as a guide to complete his work. Like paring ofi" the sole of a boot, it has to be done by a sense of that which is graceful in form and proportion. The carpenter can draw his straight lines or angles, and cut to the line, and call it finished, but the last-maker, the axe-helve maker, he who makes gun-stocks, or finishes brass work, must have an excellent development of Order, Size, Form, and Ideality, and large perceptives generally. He needs also to be rapid in motion, and quick to see, and should have a fine and active temperament. BRICKLAYING. The bricklayer, though requiring less power than the blacksmith, stone-mason, or stone-cutter, requires a mathe- matical mind. His work belongs to the domain of geom- etry. He lias straight lines and particular angles to con- sider. He must judge of the straight, the angular, and Bkicklating. 4f, the plumb. He has arches to construct, but the cai-peiitei ■ generally builds the form on which the arch is laid. The construction of the arch form, however, really belongs to the mason, though, for convenience, the wood-worker builds it. I The bricklayer must also study the chemical laws of the composition of mortar, the strength of materials, and tlie law of pressure and resistance in reference to arches and their abutments. He needs especially to be quick ic eye, and to have large Individuality, so that his perception of the condition of things will be quick and correct. He needs large perceptives generally, so that form, proportion, weight, or plumb shall be appreciated instantly. He should be active in muscle, rather than strong or brawny, bo that every motion shall be prompt, ready, and decisive. He needs to lay out comparatively little strength at each particular effort, but he wants that muscular power at hand, that he may promptly repeat his motions a thousand times an hour. His temperament should be more active than is required for the stone-cutter, stone-mason, black- smith, or hewer of timber, so that his mind shall work rapidly. As he has ten thousand decisions to make as to direction, levelness, and plumbness in a single day, the workman succeeds best who can decide these little ques- tions most rapidly and correctly. We notice some masons who will deliberate and look, and not get a brick right at last. Others will give a rap or two with their trowel and the work is straight, level, plumb, and right, and their walls iDok trim and handsome. Others will lay their work badly, the whole wall being twisted, and each brick 4fl Stone Masonet. baving a dii iction of its own, irrespective of the otliere, looking as if it lay uneasily in the wall. One may see, ic riding through a farming region, where an inexperienced wall-layer has been laying a stone fence ; there is a kind of tumble-down look to it, — no two stones seem to have any harmonious relation to each other, and the whole wall looks cobbled up; while a wall evenly laid, in proper rows, even of common rough stone, will have points of harmony and propriety of appearance as if it only required a little mortar to make it a finished job. The bricklayer requires large Weight, to understand the law of gravitation, so that he can quickly see when a wall or a single brick is plumb. Some men will run up a corner by the eye alone ; another will be using his plumb- rule half the time, working hard and long to get his wall vertical. This faculty of Weight is also required to give him steadiness in climbing and working on high scaf- folding without being dizzy; so this faculty, while it enables him to do his work properly, gives him a steady head in high situations. The bi'icklayer, therefore, requires less Combativeness, Destructiveness, Firmness, and Self-Esteem than the black- smith. He may have a more active temperament, because his work is done by quick motions, and he does not require to use a great deal of strength at any one time. STONE MASONRY. The stone-mason requires a sense of the perpendicular, the same as the bricklayer, but does not need so active a temperament, nor so prompt and positive muscular actioa Qualities Required. 47 His ■work is heavier : he needs more bone and muscle ; he shonld have a true eye, a coiTCCt sense of strength and of the law of pressure; he needs large Combativeness, Destructiveness, and .Firmness, and especially a large organ of Size, for he breaks stones to fit particular places, or selects those that are already of the right size. It is interesting to watch a stone-mason, and see with what ac- curacy his eye leads him to his decisions. He should not have an excitable temperament, but a cool, steady disposition, that he may not fret and worry and strain himself by overlifting. The brick-mason may hurry, and he can hardly overwork ; and we believe that of a hundred energetic bricklayers, there would not be one-tenth as many broken-down men as there would be in an equal number of stone-masons. Men can get tired handling brick and using the trowel, but they can not very well strain themselves. But the stone-mason, who sometimes handles stone weighing from one hundred to five hundred pounds or more, is very liable to overlift, espe- cially if he has a light frame, sharp features, and an excit- able temperament. To be fit for his business, he should have broad should- ers, a strong, sturdy back, large arms and legs, thick, bony hands, a broad face, large features, a broad head, and square forehead. Such a man will have •ound judgment, executive force, endurance, and power, without that excitability which loads to rashness and overworking. The very business leads a man to slow motions. The stone-mason moves like an ox, the brick- mason like a sprightly horse, and persons for these trade» 48 Stoneotjtting. should be selected with a view to the claims of the 'radcd upon them respectively. When we see a thin-skmned, fine-haired, sharp-featured, sensitive man working as H stone-mason, we think of a light road-horse harnessed to a plow, or a heavy truck, each being equally out of place, and a candidate for being early broken down from strains and exhaustion. Many a man would work forty years, and retain his health as a brick-mason, when he would be used up in five years as a stone-mason ; and many a great, square, heavy, slow man engaged in bricklaying would be urpopular because so slow, and be left out of employment, except when help were scarce and work pressing, who, if he were put into stone masonry, would be the man of men for that position ; on the same principle that a heavy, strong truck-horse, being harnessed to a light wagon, where speed is required, would be fretted and worried by the haste and hurry, and perform very unsatisfactory ser- vice after all. "The right man in the right place," is a good motto. Everybody knows the law of having the right horse in the right place, and men are wise enough, generally, to classify horses for the particular service required. Why should not men be classified with equal wisdom? STONECUTTING. This trade requires a strong development of the Mo- i[\ e and Vital temperaments ; the first to give bone and mascle, the second to give strong lungs, good digestion, and a desire for physical exertion, with steam to carry it out Stonecuttek's Consumptioh". 49 The mental requisites for tliis occupation are Combat- iveness, Desti-uctiveness, Firmness, and Continuity; the two former to do the smiting and give a wiUiagnesB to exercise the strength requisite ; the Firmness and Conti- nuity to give steadfastness, strength of purpose, and patient application. He requires, also, a large development of the organs of Form and Size, to give a taste for shape and pro- portion, and an ample development of Weight, to regulate the necessary force of the blows, and to give a straight eye, as required by the brick-mason. Although the stone- cutter has lines to work by, they are simply outlines ; he has to be guided very much after aU by his eye to work out the required shapes, and to know when his work is well done. No man with weak lungs should ever attempt this business, because the air-passages are apt to get filled up with stone-dust, and there is a tendency to what is called " stonecutter's consumption." Those who live much in the dust of grindstones, as in the grinding-room of axe factories, often get the pulmonary passages so filled with grit and steel dust combined, that the substance of the lungs after death will weigh almost as heavy as stone, and the air-passages are filled with solidified minera,l matter, resembling branch coraL No man, therefore, should un- dertake stonecutting or grinding in an axe, scythe, or tool factory who has not a great deal of lung room to spare, for ten years of such service finishes a man. Twenty years ago five years' time was the average for using up axe-grinders. They earned great wages, to be sure, but such a recompense was no fair equivalent for such sacri- fice. Capital does not always properly protect labor, 60 Cooper — ^Millweight. Efforts are making by means of exhaustive currents oi air to carry away the dust of stone and steel, and thereby save the health of the prinders. COOPERING. The cooper needs a robust constitution, strong shoulders and arms, and a good Vital temperament, to give ardor and industry, and a fair degree of endurance. He needs especially the organs of Form and Size, because he has to work by the eye. He does not lay a rule on in the shaving and jointing of his staves, but has to taper them from the middle both ways, and have the bevel or the edge vary according to the tapering form of the cask, so that the edges of the staves will make a tight joint inside and out- side; consequently, the edge has to twist slightly, gradu- ally changing its bevel, and one who has skill in this will shape these edges in such a way as to make the outside and inside of a vessel seem to be solid wood where the joints come together. A carpenter would not be able to make such joints. The cooper will thus shave and taper the staves for a cask by the eye only, and when set up, the two ends of the cask will not vary an eighth of an inch in diameter, -^ MILLWRIGHTING. The millwright is a machinist and a carpenter combined —the constructor of ponderous machinery partly of wood and partly of iron, that does not require to be so very nice. He who constructs a steam-engine must be an art- Cabpentet. 6] ist, as compared witk a millwriglit. He ranks as the cab- inet-maker does in comparison with the carpenter. Hia engine must run easily, and yet so snugly as not to make a noise in its revolutions. "We have stood by the side of sn engine of a hundred-horse power, in the U. S, Armory, and when it was running at ftiU speed, driving a whole establishment, only the creaking of the leather belt could be heard, as there was no jerking, no pounding, and no friction that created noise. Whoever proposes to learn any of these trades should be well endowed with the Motive and Vital temperaments, that he may have the strength, energy, enterprise, and courage necessary to fill his position welL Thin, nervous people should keep away from these vocations, for they , will be third-rate in execution, and in the amount of work : they will do, though they may have the requisite skill to succeed in doing good work. CARPENTRY. The carpenter, in addition to general strength, force of character, Firmness, and SeK-Esteem, requires large Inhal> itiveness, to give him a relish for houses and homes. lie needs good Constructiveness, large Order, Calcula,tion, tal- ent for geometry arid drawing, including Size and Form, but does not require "Weight or the sense of propulsion and motion to qualify him passably for his work, though Weight is useful in setting work plumb by the eye and keeping hia balance in high situations. The wagon-maker, the mtj- chinist, the millwright, the gunsmith, and locksmith mutt 62 Milling. construct that which moves on itself^ and they require tii» faculty of Weight and Constructiveness, and a large de- gree of Ideality in addition. The carpenter has now an easier task than formerly when all the planing, match-grooving, all the moldings, mortising, and tenoning for sash and doors must be done by hand ; now he has little to do but put up the work. Up to 1835 there was hardly such a thing known as a planing, sawing, grooving, or mortising machine. What a slow and hard job it was to plane all the clapboards, floor- boards, all the stuff for doors, sash, casings, and mold- ings, after having ripped them out with a hand-saw ! Then it required bone and muscle. No wonder the "joiner came and never went away" when a new house was being built. CABINET-MAKIKG. The cabinet-maker is a Idna of artistic carpenter. He does fine work, makes close joints, and requires taste, Order, and a finer temperament than the mere carpenter, for he has to polish his work, and make it, as it were, air- tight, sometimes constructing joiats that deceive even the eye, though it is said that bUnd people will find them by the touch. MILLING. In small " custom " mills the miller needs a great deal of strength, to handle the bags ; and he should be ingeni" ouSjfor he has to understand all the gearing and machinery of his mill, and, in the main, keep it in running condition, BUTOHERING. 53 In a large flouring egtablishment, milling is more of a science, requiring nicer adjustments, the appreciation of complicated processes, and machinery to produce them; also certain chemical and mechanical laws which are not much required in the small country miUs. In these large establishments, the lifting is chiefly done by the elevator. StUl, a man in such a concern should be energetic in dis- position, and have a good degree of strength and willing ness to be industiions when occasion requires the use of active energy. BUTCHERING. The butcher requires not only a robust constitution and a great deal of strength and activity ; he requires strong muscles, and a vim and resolution which amount almost to fierceness when aroused. "We seldom find a successful butcher, and one who enjoys his pursuit, that has not rather large Destructiveness. If he were weak in this respect, he would break down when the calm eye of the ox or the sheep met his own, just as he was to deal the fatal blow. The butcher requires ingenuity, skill, and facility of touch. If one doubts it, let him try with the long, sharp knife to separate the hide from the flesh, and see how he will cut the one or hack the other. A skilled butcher handles his knife very deftly, though it has a savage look, and, watching him, we discover a grace in his motions, and in the results. For a man to take off the hide and dress a sheep in two minutes by the clock, he requires not only practical skill, but great energy. For two men to slaughter an ox, and hang np the quarters ready for market in four 64 TAIfNING AlfD ClXBEyiWG. teen minates, is quick work, requiring skill, energy, and experience ; and as long as men require flesh meat, butch- ering must he considered a trade. We said to a stranger under our hands, that having such a development of Form, Size, and "Weight, if he were accus- tomed to buy cattle for slaughter, he would go through' a yard containing a hundred oxen and estimate their weigbt so as not to vary ten pounds each from their true weight. He replied that he could do better than that, for the week before he had thus estimated a drove of 107 oxen, vary- ing from 900 lbs. to 1,800 lbs. each, and it was found by the scales that his estimate was less than five pounds each from the weight. Not that he estimated each ox within five pounds, but it averaged nearer than that on the lot. To cut up and sell meat one should have skiU and strength ; a correct appreciation of Size and Weight, to estimate the amount required. He should have patience and integrity and punctuality, and he will win and keep customers and secur6 success. For health and an ample reward for industry and good judgment this is an excellent business. We have never known a thorough, energetic^ sensible, and temperate man to fail in it. TANNING AND CURRYING. The tanner requii-es long arms and. a strong back; clear head, good judgment of Form and Size and Color, He should be something of a chemist, to comprehend the nature of his work and adapt him to its proper perform- ance. Tanning has become a great business, and is done The Most Extensitb Tanhee i» the Wosld, HIb very make-np of head and face, of bone i-u& sinew, of temperament ano tonglmesB, evince liis fitness to be, as be was, thj greatest tanner in the world. He was bom October 9, 1790, at Stephentown, N. af., and learned the trade of tanning from his father. In 1S3S he established, at Frattsville, N. T., the largest tanner; in the world, founded a village, a bank, bnilt more than a hundred hoDses, amassed a large fortune, spent eight years in Congress, fostered re forms, gave liberally to all good causes, and was the life and soul of the regici wbere be lived. He died about 1870. 54^ The Seamaw. 55 on » large scale, reqturing a comprehensive business talent in those who conduct it, and practical skill in those who do the work. Machinery is so largely used of late that the tanner needs to have in good measure the knowledge and skill of the millwright and machinist. The depart- ment of leather-dressing requires skill of hand and clear- ness of judgment. The skiving or shaving of leather is a very nice job, and the best work of that kind is done by hand. The calfskin for boots needs to be shaved down to an equal thickness. The cowhide for carriage-tops must also be thus shaved with great care by hand, and the sense of touch to determine the thickness, and the sense of feel- ing to -know how deep the instrument is cutting, the sense of sight to watch it carefully, require a keen, shai-p, inge- nious head. Only a few men in a hundred can do this kind of work well, and they generally command great wages. The organs of Form, Size, Weight, Comparison, Order, Color, and Constructiveness in a higher degree of strength and activity are required by the leather-dresser, whose vocation practically belongs to the business called tanning. THE SEAMAN. In reference to sea-faring, there is, in the minds of most persons, a certain wild, romantic idea. Poets have sung of the sea; of its might and its mystery, of its silence and its storms, of its beauty and its wrath. When the seamen quits the land and trusts his life and fortunes upon the bosom of the deep, and Las only the vaulted sky and the planets and stars as subjects of permanency and truPt, 66 What the Sailob Shoitld be. he is hidden, buried as it were, from all his fi-iends aud associations. For months, and perhaps years, no word reaches his friends as to his safety, and some, alas! are never heard of more. Their death, and the place of their sepulture, is a mystery forever. In connection with all that relates to the sea, there is uncertainty and mystery, and it is not strange that the stoutest-hearted seamen entertain feelings of superstitious fear relative to special days, and unlucky ships, the appear- ance of birds, and other omens of good and ill. Some of the finest stories that have been written are of the sea. Dana's " Three Years Before the Mast," and Captain Mar- ryatt's sea stories, have been read by boys with more-enthu- siasm than anything else. WHAT THE SAILOE. SHOULD BE. One of the first needs of the sailor is health, a substan- tial, tough, and enduring constitution. He should have tapering limbs, indicating agility and sprightliness of motion. One who is trained to the sea from boyhood will, if he have a fair constitution, always show broad shoulders and relatively narrow hips, because nearly all his work is done with his arms and shoulders. The sailor lifts things by the tackle, by pulling downward, lightening the burden from his lower limbs, and giving the tendency to broaden the chest and make the arms brawny, without much increasing the lower half of the body. It is pro- verbial that a company of sailors, for their height and weight, will show broader shoulders and larger arms in proportion to the lower part of the body than other ABMIEAI/ DAVID G. FAERAGUT. Thic brave and patriotic seaman has a history as brilliant as snccessfnl, and m character which was gentle and lovable in private life as it was pure, dis- interested, and honorable in the great public positions he so eminently filled. Bom Jnly 5, 1801, in Tennessee ; at eleven received a midshipman's appoint- ment, and sailed with Commodore Porter on the famous Essex, and in the war with England, aided in the captnre of many vessels, in which he showed great gallantry. His marvelous capture of New Orleans in 1862 is fresh in public memory, and stamped him as one of the bravest and cIest. as wel- as sonndeit of naval officers. He died August 14, 1864. S6H His Mental Qualities. 51 men. The farmer, -who carries burdens, and uses his legs abont as much as he does his arms, will be more equally developed. We would recommend no man of narrow chest and flat breast to go to sea. A boy so organized might measurably overcome the defect, but he would never make so good a sailor as one of the brawny, square shouldered, deep-chested, strong, natural constitutions. On a ship at sea, struggling with a storm, there is no place for shirks, invalids, or imbeciles. Every pair of hands ought to have a robust body, and a determined mind con- nected with it, for every man there should count for the safety of himself and others, as well as that of the ship and its treasures. The sailor should have Combativeness and Destructive- ness large enough to give him courage. He shou'ld have broad shoulders, a good-sized neck, a broad base to the brain, to give foundation for vital courage and earnestness of character ; a full development of Cautiousness, to make him on the alert for danger of every kind at sea, and even when lying at the dock and preparing for sea. An incau- tious, reckless man would stow a cargo in such a way that it would be injured, or that it would shift and en- danger the ship. In ordering repairs, he would treat the ship carelessly — which ought to be stanch in every partic- ular — as he would a cow-shed on shore, thus risking his own life and that of many others. The seaman should have Firmness and Self-Esteem, to give him steadfastness, dignity, and self-reliance. Noth- ing taxes Self-Esteem and courage more than with a ship to fight the angry ocean ; for when the great waves come 68 His Mental Gultivation. roUmg up, making a clean breach over the deck, and for the moment coTering with water the hardy seaman who is lashed to the wheel, and he stands- hy the helm catch- ing breath when he may, and thus for hours striving with the storm, it requires no faint heart or weak body for such a place. When a man loads a team for a distant market- town, he considers how much that team can haul up the, steepest hill on the route ; he does not load his team for the level stretches and easy grades, but for the steep hills. So when seamen are selected for duty, the character of each man, and the number of the men should be con- sidered with reference to these terrific storms. "Weaklings may do to sail upon placid summer seas where neither " tack " nor " sheet " need be changed for weeks together. He who has not in him the conscious strength and courage, the hearty healthfnlness and vigor requisite for the worst, should stay ashore. HIS MENTAI, CULTIVATION. The seaman, however, requires something besides mere physical courage, prudence, and bodily vigor and endur- ance; he should have intellectual capabilities, and a good degree of culture. There is no good reason why seamen should be proverbially rough, base, outcast men. True, in large cities, there are many temptations to vice and demoralization, and some men who are seamen ran away from home before their characters were formed, fell into bad company and bad habits, and now disgrace the name of seaman as well as the name of man ; and when these roystering, ruined sons of the sea are going in Chaeaotee and Habits. 59 noisy groups, intoxicated through the streets, and become a terror to children and others, there are many qaiet citi- zen seamen who are at home rejoicing with their families as sober. Christian men, saving their wages and building up an enviable prosperity. In many of the small towns along the coast of Massachusetts and Maine the most respectable of the citizens are seamen. On a Sunday, their brown faces, with the wife and group of pretty chil- dren, may be seen in the pews of the church. The best young men learn the science of the sea, and honor the profession they follow. In the large commercial towns the veterans of the sea, the victims of land-sharks and intemperance, may haunt the public imagination, as they are a disgrace in the public eye ; but there is no reason why men of culture and first-class talent and morals, like the immortal Farragut, should not be common in this great field of industry. It is not to be expected that all men who go to sea " be- fore the mast " shall be scholars and gentlemen, for this is not relatively true in any other pursuit. But every man on shore or on sea should have a good practical education. Mathematics,- astronomy, and navigation should be pretty thoroughly studied, and geography should be as familiar as one's right hand to him who " goes down to the sea in ships." Many a boy runs away from school, or anxiously seeks permission to go to sea, before he has established his education. Having an ardent desire to rise in his profes- sion, and expecting to become master of a vessel, he ulti- mately finds himself an able seaman, so far as work is con- cerned, but destitute of the sciences which lie at the basis 60 WiLB Sea Notions of Boys. of a knowledge of navigation. Unless by good fortune he meets some officer who is willing to instruct him, he re- mains before the mast for life, with a brain hungry to rise, and capable of acquiring knowledge, but not having the opportunity to do so, his life becomes relatively a failure. Moreover, many a boy who runs away to go to sea, and thinks he has a real yearning for the seaman's life, finds at last that he made a mistake — it was only a desire to see something of the world, to visit places he has read about, that urges him to the reckless step he takes. Many of this class of boys, if they could be sent as passengers to Liverpool, London, or Havre, or could make a trip to Chicago, St. Louis, and New Orleans, would return con- tented and go to work on the farm, in the shop or store, or at his books in school But denied this opportunity, he slips his hawser, or his halter, and wastes his life in roam- ing, dissipation, and vice. The seaman should have large Constructiveness, for there is no occupation in which the work to be done re- quires more tact, sleight-of-hand, and ingenuity than the work of the seaman; and he who witnesses a rough sailor handling the ropes, making knots, fastenings, splicings, and the like, can not fail to be impressed with the manual skill and dexterity required in this pursuit. The sailor, moreover, should have large Perceptive organs, a fuU and prominent brow, with a comparatively receding forehead, not from a want of tophead, but from an abundance of development in the lower part of the forehead. These organs give quickness of observation. A good seaman A Steady Read Required, 6J reads the sky, tlie clouds, and the sea like a book He discerns the signs in the heavens, and many a sharp-eyed seaman has shortened sail and made everything snug be- cause he saw a storm " brewing " in the distance, which would not have attracted the attention of a landsman at all, and which, if pointed out and described, would not have been recognized as a thing"to fear. In whale-fishing and in exploring, men are kept at the mast-head on the look-out for laud, for ships, and for the " blowing " of the whale. A strong, clear visionj- with these large perceptives, which give the talent to perceive and recognize quickly, should also be possessed. A STEADY HEAD BALAJifCING POWEE. The seaman should have large "Weight, for it is this which enables him to balance himself, and to go aloft witk out a swimming head. Some people become sick in lofty situations, and are utterly incapable of going up ; but who- ever has a large development of the organ of Weight can climb like a monkey, and not be giddy. The seamen who are obliged to " tumble up " aloft in the total darkness, of midnight, when the winds howl and shriek through tha rigging, and the blinding hail-storm is fiercely pelting, and they must go to the end of the yard-arm, perhaps a hun- dred feet above the deck, and take in frozen sails, find it no child's play. Imagine men on the leeward end of the main-yard, that stretches out over the boiling sea, and as the vessel plunges and bows to the gale, carrying the end of the yard with th< men cling-jig to it six feet under the crest of the wave^ 62 The National Seevicb. i and when they emerge going on with their work, thup ing drenched perhaps a dozen times before the tasi ia completed ! This is not holiday work, but it must be done, or the ship and all on board will be lost. A- sensible sear man thus working for his own life, while he ministers to the safety of the ship, needs no prompting, but simply guidance and instruction. Nowhere else will men work so freely and hazaijd so much as at sea in a gale ; shirking at such a time is death. The seaman needs large Locality and Order, so as to remember the special locality of every rope and footUne from the niain-truck to the deck. Imagine such a feat as going aloft and shortening sail by a blind man ; yet this is precisely what seamen's life and labor is in dark, stormy nights. Let those pale, cowardly, iU-developed saplings who think that going to sea is pleasant recreation, con- tent themselves by staying ashore, where their weakness will be chiefly their own misfortune, and not, as it would be at sea, the misfortune of all on board. THE NATIONAL SBEVICE. The national naval service differs somewhat from the commercial service ; not in navigation ; but there is gen- erally more discipline, a greater number of men to do the work, and a higher degree of culture among the dfficers. But in addition to this there is the science of war, and, it aaay be added, the dangers and terrors of war. In tlie age of wooden ships, a battle at sea was a very different affair from what it is now. One would think it were bad enough to tempt the perils of the ocean, without tempting Pirates. 63 also the belching broadsides of cannon as welL Before tho age of steam, a single shot at a man-of-war might disable her sailing and put her at the mercy of the ocean or of the foe. But with ironclads to resist cannon-shot, and sub- merged steam machinery for propulsion, the war vessei can leave its foe, or stand the cannonading better than for merly, though the enginery for battering a foe is ten times more deadly than in the days of wooden ships. Half a century ago, the marshaling of two first-class frigates for battle had something awfiilly dramatic in it, requiring of the men dauntless courage and patriotism as well as great skin in maneuvering the ships. CTTLTtTRE OF NAVAL OFPICBES. Officers in the war vessels of all nations are noted for dignity, learning, gallantry, integrity, — ^in short, manliness. We think such qualities can hardly be developed from a bad source. There is something about life on the ocean which makes men generous, sympathetical, and magnani- mous. Sailors have a mellow heart; they may have a tanned and rough visage, a brawny arm and bony fist, and perhaps use the latter oftener than is required, but back of these there pulpitates generous, cordial afiection, and a kind of good Samaritan impulse which are rarely^ if ever, appealed to in vain. PIKATES. When seamen lose integrity, and make war on the human race, as some unfortunately have done, the word pirate carries with it dread and dismay ; and so terrible 64 SoiENOE OF Sbamakship. are their acts, such impunity being offered by the silenc* of the sea, that mankind have learned to think of pirates as of demons let loose. If the opportunities of bad men at sea furnish facility for impunity in crime, and by its mystery make it seem more terrible, there are in proportion more pirates on land -who hunt for their victims with a stealthier step, and with equal mahgnity of purpose. EDUCATION OF SBAMEIT. Some may ask, " Why does the common seaman require to understand the science of navigation?" The answer is simple. Every officer might be stricken down with sickness, or washed overboard in a storm, and it would bo desirable if each seaman were able to take the ship's papers, and work her voyage home half around the world. This was the case with a large East India ship which lost every officer by cholera, where the captain's wife, Mrs. Blount, understanding navigation, brought the noble ship home to Southampton, England, about the year 1850. The heroic conduct of Mrs. Mary A. Patten, aged twenty years, wife of Capt. Joshua Patten, of Boston, must be remembered with pleasure and pride by many. They sailed from New York in July, 1856, for San Francisco, in the clipper ship Neptune's Car. When doubling Cape Horn the captain suspended the mate for neglect of duty, and had double duty to perform; becoming ill of brain fever, Mrs. Patten, understanding navigation, nursed her delirious husband, and took the ship in safety to San Francisco. Tlie underwriters of New York presented hei with a purse of a thousand dollars. Cloth Manufacture. fifi |raa«^ I ifiqutrmjg OLOTH MANUFACTURE. Tnio pursuit is divided into many branches. One who manufactures ■woolen cloth may confine himself to cassi- meres, plain or fancy, and the trade differs accordingly. He may make broadcloth or heavy beavers ; he may make flannel, fine or coarse ; he may make carpets — ^which is a trade by itself, and that really contains three or four trades, differing as much as blacksmithing and tinsmithing or carpentry and cabiaet-making. The velvet carpets of the finer and higher grades, the Brussels carpets, the ingrain, — all have different machinery, and require differ- ent management and skilL One set of hands can not readily go from one to another. StUl, it is all cloth manufacture, viz., the construction of textile fabrics. Then, again, the spinning and weaving of silk, satin, crSpe shawls, merino shawls, cambric, common muslin, duck for sails and sack-cloth, — ^how various 1 The man- agement of a loom, whatever the fabric, is governed by the same general laws. However widely looms may seem to differ, the putting of filling into warp, and thereby con- structing the fabric, has something in common in all looms. Take the manufacture of broadcloth, for example There are several trades connected with that. 66 WOOL-SOETIKG — DtELNG. Wool-sorting comes first, requiring skill in a particular direction; a nice sens a of feeling as to coarse and fine, governed, doubtless, by the sense of touch in respect to harshness, and by the faculty of Size in respect to size of the staple. We have known sixteen quaUties of wool to be obtained in one lot. One fleece would give a consider- able amount of first quality, and some of it would be coarse enough for the seventh quality, and another fleece would begin at the seventh quality, and run all the way down to the sixteenth. We have seen handfuls of wool taken. In the absence of the wool-sorter, from five or six of his sixteen bins, and he took each handful, and with one look and a pull with the hands instantly assigned it to the box from whence it came. This was tried with five or six different men in the same shop with the same result. This is one trade, and an important one, as it grades the wool for difierent qualities of cloth, and requires men of Mental-Vital temperament, and calm, quick, clear judg- ment. DYEING. Dyeing wool and cloth is another trade. The wool-dyer requires large perceptive organs, to give him talent for chemistry, and memory of the facts belonging to that science. He needs to have a large organ of Color, so as to appreciate the nice shades, and in looking at a handful of wool or piece of cloth which he is coloring, to readily see what is needed in the way of coloring material to bring it to the required shade. Without a large develop- ment of the organ of Color and fair Ideality, he can not be a fancy dyer. There are some plain colors that can be Cloth-Finishing. 6T made by fixed recipes. Even then a trained judgment ia required in estimating the kind and amount of coloring matter for different kinds of goods. Some will take color easier than others, and display them to better advantage. CAEDIKG AND SPESrerlNG constitute another trade in the manufacture of cloth. The talents required for this branch are similar to those of the machinist. He has to run the machinery, and needs to understand its laws. ~ In this trade, Constructiveness, Causality, and large perceptive organs are required, and in spinning, a- sensitive touch and a very quick hand to mend the broken threads. WEAVING. The weaver claims his department as a trade. When one looks on and sees the beautiful pattern of the carpet or shawl thread by thread coming into being until the entire pattern is completed, and then the continuous repetition of the same, he will consider it an art as well as a trade, and regard the loom as almost a thinking machine. But broad- cloth weaving, as done by power-looms, is very plain, straightforward work. A person can follow that who is endowed with fair common sense and a quick eye, with nimble fingers to handle threads and mend those that break. Still, the weaver should be capable of building the loom as well as of running it, — ^not by experience, but he should have the head, ths talent which are required to construct the loom, in order to be a first-class weaver, CLOTH-FINISHING, Finishing cloth is another trade. It has to be cleansed 68 Papee-Making. and fulled. It must be napped, sheared, brushed; and pressed. In order to raise a full and fine nap without in- jury to the material, great care is necessary. This requires a nice sense of touch, keen criticism, and a good eye. The cloth-finisher must be a tidy man, for he has to quarrel ■with lint and dust and everything that can deface the beautiful cloth which he wishes to have shine like satin as it leaves his hands. No man can be a good manufacturer or tradesman in any of the nicer departments of mechanism without large, well-trained perceptive organs, for these give a knowledge of qualities, conditions, and particulars, and sharp, com- mon-sense judgment of things; and the larger and more active they are, the quicker the man will see the condition of things, and what is required to be done. PAPER-MAKING. In respect to this department of busiaess, few people have any knowledge. It is known that rags, cotton-waste, ropes, old sacking, straw, Manillargrass, and even wood are made into paper, but how is not generally known. Fine book-paper, and even letter-paper is often made from colored rags, dirty cotton-waste, which may have been used to clean machinery, and is so full of grease and gum that it would take fire by spontaneous combustion if left in a heap ; old scrubbing-cloths, waste rags, canvas, sack- ing, and rope, that are picked up by the scavengers in the streets, can be so completely cleansed that it will look as wliite as curdled milk or blanc mange, when prepared in the form of pulp to be put into paper. Geinding the Stock. 69 The cleansing process is performed by sabjecting the stock to strong acids or alkalies and a high degree of heat by steam. This process alone is a great art, and is an im- portant trade of itsel£ Straw is bleached in hot lime- water or other alkaline material, and the woody substance is thus softened so that it washes out, leaving the fiber for paper. Rope, sack, or cotton-waste in small quantity is used with straw for making paper, to give it toughness. Certain fibrous kinds of wood are cut into shavings, and these are subjected to a bleaching process, which releases the attendant useless material from the fiber, and this is made into paper. The paper for some of the New York dailies is made from wood as the chief materiaL Bank-note paper of the best kind is made from new linen cloth ; and the splashes of long fibers of blue or red to mark it, which the paper of some banks always shows, are caused by cutting red or blue silk cloth in pieces three-fourths of an inch square and, putting them into the pulp when it is nearly ground and letting the engine pull it into threads and fibers ; oi silk threads of the required length are cut and put in and ground till untwisted and reduced to fibrous splashes. Water-marks are made in all Bank-of-England note-paper, generally specifying the denomination of the note, and in many other kinds of paper. This is done by working into the velluin or wire-cloth on which the paper is formed, with very fine wire, the outline of the required figures, and this produces a thinness of the paper over the figures worked in, and presents semi-transparent lines when held np to the light. The engine or grfnding-mill which reduces the rags to 70 POEMING THE PaPEE. pulp is adjusted with a cylinder two feet long and twenty inches in diameter, having knives or tliin bars of steel re- sembling the blades of shears in its outer sui-factf. This roll or cylinder revolves in such a way as to bring the edges of these knives in pretty near contact with a set of similar knives bolted together, and fixed in a bed below the revolving cylinder. These are slightly crooked, so that when the straight knives of the cylinder revolve above them, they together constitute a kind of shears. These are so adjusted that by letting the cylinder down grad- ually the fixed knives and the revolving knives act on each other like shears, and thus achieve a cutting operation. These, by being brought gradually toward each other, serve to bruise the rags or paper stock into pulp, the fibers of which shall be from an eighth of an inch to half an inch in length, according to the quality of the paper to be made. If one wiU take common paper, say Manilla paper, and tear it, the fibers will be exhibited. The grinding engine con- sists of a long, shallow vat or tub, which will hold thirty barrels of water. The roll or cylinder is fixed to revolve in one side of this vat. Two hundred pounds of rags or other paper stock, more or less according to the size of the engine, are put into this vat filled with water, and the rev- olution of the roll causes the water and rags to flow in a circuit around and around, thus subjecting every part of the stock to the grinding process until it is reduced tO' pulp of the desired shortness of fiber. Old paper is made over, even printed paper can be cleaned from the ink and made ijito delicate white paper. After this pulp is thus ground, it is drawn off into another vat and made thin by Finishing Paper. 71 adding water, so as to flow like milk, and it is caused to flow over the surface of a wire sieve, which is continuous like a belt, and passes like a panorama around and around, making a continuous sheet of paper ; just enough of pulp being permitted to flow over the wire-cloth surface to make the required thickness of paper. The thickness of the paper is controlled by the stream of pulp which flows in by a faucet. The surplus water passes through the gieve. The embryo paper is taken off from the sieve with a cylinder called a " coucher, " having a woolen cloth over it ; then it passes between closely fitting rollers, and becomes pressed; passes around iron or brass rollers, heated by steam, which dries the sheet ; :t continues on, passing through paste, which sizes the fabric ; it then passes between rollers which remove the extra paste and give firmness to the sheet ; then goes around other heated cylinders to re-dry it ; passes through other steam-heated " calendering " rollers that are pressed together very tightly, which gives a hard, brilliant, smooth surface to the paper ; it then passes through the ruling-machine, and is cut up into sheets. Thus, in a distance of forty or fifty feet, a sheet of paper is pulp, and goes through all these processes of forming, drying, and sizing, and re-drying, and calendering, ruling, and being cut and counted. And this process goes on from Sunday night at twelve until Saturday night at twelve, without once stopping or the oaper breaking. On fine, nice stock a machine will thua continue to run without a breakdown sometimes for weeks, and even months, only stopping for Sunday. The coarser papers hivve fewer processes, and the work is rongher. 72 Talents EEyciiKED. A man to be a thorough paper-maker needs to be a chemist, that he may learn how to clean the stock properly, for the processes are quite numerous and complicated. He needs to understand machinery, and have a nice sense of criticism, both with eye and hand. When the paper is running off from the machine, an experienced paper-maker by letting the sheet pass between his fingers will judge of the thickness of the paper so nicely that he can detect a variation of four ounces in a ream of sixty pounds weight, whether it be too thick or too thin, increasing the flow of pulp, or decreasing it accordingly. Paper-making is a great trade, and, of course, is useful ; but, like the machinist's business, it circumscribes a man's liberty, and makes it necessary for him to work for others by the week, and his wages day by day is the measure of his prosperity ; whereas, if one is a tinsmith, or black- smith, or cooper, or carpenter, he can set up the business for himself, because it does not take a great deal of capital, and can be conducted in a small way profitably ; while the woolen factory, machine shop, iron foundry, or paper-mUl requires a large amount of capital, must have a superin- tendent of each room, and the rest of the men must neces- sarily be subordinates. THE PEOUD-SPIBITKD. When a young man with vim and energy comes nndeor our hands, inquiring what he can and ought to do, we have to consider whether he is a man requiring to be gov- erned and guided, or whether he is one of those proud, restless, energetic spirits that must be at the head of the Engraving. 73 business, ■wnatever the smallness of it may be. A man who is cautious, with moderate Self-Esteem, and not a great deal of force and energy of character, can run en- gines or a paper-machine, can be a cloth-finisher, a man- ager of carding or spinning machinery, and feel better to be thus under supervision than to be in a position that re- quires courage, fortitude, self-reliance, and boldness of de- cision. Many have a proud, independent disposition, but lack talent to take the lead. These should content them- selves with such a place as they can fill, though they gen- erally are full of trouble to keep such a place as they are willing to occupy. Some have more talent than self-reli- ance, and remain below their true places. DIE-SINKING, like engraving, is an art, yet it is called a trade. No man should touch this work who has not large Imitation, Form, Size, Order, and Ideality. He needs first-rate eyesight, and large Continuity, to give him patience, for he must sometimes work for days on a field not larger that a silver dollar. A man of dark complexion, with the Mental rather than the Vital temperament, should follow this business. ENGRAVING. The steel engraver, like the die-sinker, requires accuracy of eye and fineness of execution. In the main, his work is quite artistic. He needs quiet nerves, a strong, clear eye, and a very steady hand. A blue-eyed, sandy-haired 74 Wood ENaKATiwo. round-olieeked, ruddy-faced boy, wKo would prefer to drive a horse, or play a game at ball, rather than to sit either at books or business, should never undertake to be an engraver, for he would run away from himself, if he did not from his master. He would almost " die daily," and feel like an eagle chained to a rock. An engraver should be a man who likes sedentary habits. WOOD ElfGEAVING ,S different from that of steel .or copper ; the material is softer; the work is done more rapidly, and there is hot so much danger of spoiling the job as in steel and copper work. The wood engraver must work by the eye and judgment rather than by rule. We have been informed, by an emi- nent wood engraver, that he has found out, by experience, that if a boy is fond of mathematics, and therefore feels the necessity to demonstrate everything in connection with his work, he will never succeed in wood engraving. So firm is he in this idea, that when a boy applies to him to become an apprentice, he inquires if he is good in ^figures and mathematics. If the boy blushingly confesses to- a deficiency in this respect, the engraver considers it a favor- able indication, and is willing to try him. To, illustrate the point : a father brought his son to me for an examina tion. They looked sad, as if the world went ill with them. The father wanted to know, what the boy could do best The reply was, " Almost anything that can be done by rule. But a trade like wood engraving he would not suc- ceed in, because that can not be done by rules and scales and gauges, but by taste and judgment." They exchanged WliLIAM HOWLAND, EsaBAVZR OK Wood. Mr. Howland was born in Fnnghkeepsle, N. T. , April 29, 1832 ; learned and practiced wood-«ngraTing for abont thirty years, and did some of tbe best work of tbe time in that line. Bis own portrait here shown is his own work. He was for years a member of the Tth Begiment, N. Y., and went into the war in 1861 88 a captain. He was a nidPt worthy and amiable man, as well as a con- iistent Christian worker, and a [rlcd and trusted friend of the author. He died I|ll86>. 74)^ Pbintino, 76 smiles, and at the close of the examination infoimed me that the boy had been six months in an engraver's office, and had that day been dismissed because he wonld not, or could not, work by the eye ; but in making tints or shading, he wanted a fixed guage or scale, so that it could be done, as it were, by machinery, or by demonstration and measurement. He was recommended to become a carpen- ter, where he could make his lines and work by them ; and at once showed skill and judgment, and rapidly became Bnccessiiil. PRINTING. The setting of type should be done mainly by men who are not able to knock about in the rough work of life, or by women. It is light work, and that which is plain requires simply a quick eye, a quick hand, and a good En- glish education, especially in orthography. The secret of successful type-setting is this : that when one type is being adjusted, the eye of the compositor shall look to the box containing the next letter, and fix the eye on a particular letter, so as to see which end up, and which side first it lies, and having got hold of it he need have no further thought, his l^nd will do the rest, while his eye selects a letter in the next box, and thus he will throw in the types as fast as he can pick them up. But if he give his entire attention to the type which is being adjusted, before he looks up the next, he learns to " duck and bob," makes many false motions, and does not work nearly so fast aa one who lets his eye precede his hand. It requires large Individuality, to set type~rapidly, and large Size, to give 76 Talents Required. the idea of proportion and distance, not only in reaching for the type, but in spacing and "justifying" the lines. To follow the printing business^. a person needs large Con- tinuity, to give a quiet, persistent, plodding patience, with- out which he will become nervous, restless, and either quit the confining business in disgust, or accomplish little if he remain. As this pursuit requires an abundance of light, pnnting offices are usually at the top of the building, which must be fiill of windows, giving to the printer an abund- ance of air and light, which promote health. Printers are generally intelligent, and a steady man who is adapted to the business may retain his health and earn good wages. Working nights on morning newspapers soon breaks down all but those who are very tough. The Mental-Motive temperament is best for this trade. Stereotyping requires a quick eye, sharp criticism, care- fulness, rapidity of motion, and in some departments of it considerable physical strength, especially in shaving the plates. The -printer ought to be of a calm, patient, and un- ruffled disposition ; for the whims of authors, bad manu- script, bad grammar, and sometimes worse sense, with unreasonable alterations of proof-sheets, overrunning of matter, and then being scolded for extra charges, are cal- culated to call into exercise all the Christian graces if they are possessed ; or, if these are absent, something quite of the other sort. Writers for the press ought to spend three months at least at the case to learn the feasibility or pos- eibility of required changes and sources of vexation caused by slashing alterations after columns or pages are Book-Binding. 77 m type. An experienced type-setter will alter matter changing phraseology in such a way as to cause little trouble to the compositor. Another would add a word or two, causing the overrunning of a whole page. Every editor or habitual writer should, for his own sake, as well as that of the compositor, first learn to be a compositor himself JOB PEINTING. Thus far we have considered the printer as a mere straightforward type-setter on plain book or newspaper work. The job printer must be an artist as well as a mechanic to produce a handsome job. Constructiveness, Imitation, and Ideality are required to fit a man for such work. In cards, circulars, title-pages, and show-bills nice taste and critical judgment are required to harmonize dif ferent styles of letter and give a fine effect to the whole. The process of printing or doing the press-work is really another trade, and those who use the hand press on plate printing or other fine work require decided mechanical skill and correct artistic taste. Machine press-work re- quires a good knowledge of machinery, with great watch- fulness and prudence. BOOK-BINDING. Common, straightforward book-work is a trade requir- ing practical talent, fair mechanical judgment, rapidity of action, and tidiness. In the binding of fine books the trade becomes more an art. But for all kinds of work in this line, whether it be what is called job, fancy, oi 78 Piotuee-Feame Making. staple work, one requires patience, attention, quick per- ception, order, activity, and a kind of energy -which keeps the faculties at work to the best of their ability. The book-binder can work by rule when he has established his pattern or style, and has his guages set. When he has to make a thousand, or ten thousand, books exactly alike in appearance, the work becomes monotonous and almost automatic. The book-binder needs quickness of mind, rapidity of motion, artistic taste, and energy to secure success. In some styles of work it is difficult to have fresh, cool air, and though most of the work is not heavy or laborious, it can hardly be called a very healthful trade PICTURE-FRAME MAKING. The manufacturer of these articles of elegance and lux- ury Jieeds, in the first place, fine taste respecting pictures and works of art ; and ingenuity and artistic skill in mak- ing rames and adapting them to the uses required. If a man lack the faculties of Color and Ideality, and the sense of harmony and criticism, he will put the wrong style of frame to a picture, or an improper frame to a given sized mirror. But the picture-frame manufacturer and dealer in pictures should have as high a degree of taste and cul tui « as any of the men with whom he has occasion to detJ, Then he will please connoisseurs, — his best or m' Bt difBcult customers, and be able to advise those who hr re less culture as to what is appropriate and becoming. T le manufacturer of chandeliers and candelabra and other r tides of elegance and adornment needs artistic taste d mechanical skill combined. LiTEBABY CbITICISM. 79 BOOK-SELLING. Thi". business requires a man of decided Mental temper- ament, with a good degree of the VitaL He need not have much of the Motive temperament, for it is not hard, heavy work, hut he should have a clear, sharp mind, a taste for books and literature. The more intelligence he has, the better he would be_ capable of comprehending the contents and quality of a' book, and of teaching or im- pressing these facts upon customers. If he is competent to write, it is well. If he were a poet or an orator, he would succeed all the better, because he has to come in contact with that kind of people who make books and enjoy books. If he could have all the talents which any of them can be supposed to possess, he could meet each person on his own plane. A man who stands behind a bookseller's counter, and regards books as so much mere merchandise, as if he were selling mustard done up in battles, is not fitted for his position. A bookseller should be able to run through the contents of a book, and read here and there a page, and thus come en rapport with the book. LITEEAEY CEITICISM. To be a successful bookseller, one should love books for what they contain, and know how to talk them apj thereby 80 Dby-Gtoods, creating an interest in the minds of buyers. The most emioent puhlishing houses have members of their firms who are writers, good critics of book-making, and are thus able to scan matter offered for publication, and to meet authors and readers intelligently. A man should understand literature and science in order to be successful in the book business, especially as a pub- lisher, on the same principle as one should know any other article of merchandise. The cloth manufacturer is the best cloth seller. The tanner becomes the best shoe-dealer, and one who has served his time at carpentry is just the man to keep a lumber yard, for he understands carpenters and the materials they work with. The time will come, we fancy, when clerks will be received iuto book houses ia pursuance of the acquisition of a good rank in scholarship. They ought also to possess enough of mechanical and artistic talent to understand the quality of the work con- stituting the niake-up of a book including the papej", printing, engraving, and blading, and also clear^ far-seeing mercantile capability, — in short, good business talent a,nd managing ability. A publisher and bookseller should be a first-class man. DRY-GOODS. In the sale of dry-goods, one needs to understand that which he is selling. In the retail trade, we believe thax women should in the main sell the dry -goods, for they know practically more about the articles to be dealt in than men do; moreover, a lady customer often wishes to ask for articles of particular kinds, or material for special thingo, Jobbing — Shopping. 81 and would much prefer to deal with a woman than with a man. Sometimes one wishes to ask advice as to kind or amount needed for certain uses, and a saleswoman would know and a man would not, and it would be no embarrass- ment to ask her. Men ought to be ashamed to occupy a place which a woman could quite as well and much more properly fill. In the wholesale department, zhe customers, being merchants, vmderstand goods about as well, perhaps better, than the jobbers who seU by the piece, and who must dispose of the styles and qualities according as they buy them from the manufacturers. JOBBING. The jobber's business requires power to read mind and control character, quite as much as it does to understand the goods in which he is dealing. He must mold and manage the man rather than dilate on the articles he has to seU. The manufacturer gets up the styles and supplies .he market, and the jobber, who sells to merchants, must sell what the manufacturer has furnished, and must sell at such prices as he can afford, being regulated in this mattei by the cost. But when the retailer takes his goods where they are to be worn, some patterns will not be likely to strike the fancy of many, and it requires great skill to dispose of the undesirable styles. The retailer needs to Jbe a lineal descendant of Job in respect to patience, with a good deal of Lord Chesterfield's politeness, and not a little of the meekness of Moses. SHOPPING. If women sold the dry-goods, there would not be half 4* 82 FanCT GrOODS. as much mere " shopping " done as at present. The cus- tomers then would go to buy goods, not to visit and gossip. Moreover, blandishments and persuasion on the part of fair customers would not be so effective nor so frequently tried as now in order to get goods cheaply. We recommend young men to avoid the retail dry-goods business. It is imprisonment, and one who has spirit will find it exceedingly irksome to bear all the hard, selfish oriticism of the proprietor on the one hand, and all the caprices of his sharp, selfish customers on the other. The consumers of dry-goods generally know more about goods, and always think they do, than the masculine strip- ling who sells them. He knows the cost or market value perhaps better, but does not know half so well as the clear-headed, motherly woman- who wishes to buy, the quality and absolute value of the goods in question. He thinks she is ignorant and green, and she knows him to be so. Nothing is more contemptible and vexatious than to witness the winkings and smart sayings of a number of dry-goods clerks when some persons are in whose dress or manners are not the work of yesterday. Good manners are very desirable on the part of clerks, but unfortunately not uniformly exhibited. But some are ignorant, and the unnatural confinement makes them nervous, short, and sharp. FAirOT GOODS. The sale of fancy goods requires taste, activity, prompt- ness, enterprise, patience, and politeness. The dry-goods retailer, and the retailer of fancy goods of every descrip- tion, need a kind of poetic temperament, made up mainly Hakdwabe. 83 of the Mental and Vital, inducing mellowness and compli- ant agreeableness. He does not need great bones, and hard, strong muscles, nor an imperious will or stately dignity, for these would be out of place, and would give a kind of coarseness and positiveness to his character and manners that could not be ia harmony with such a busi- ness. Unless men are slender, delicate, and effeminate, they should not occupy a place which could in nearly all cases bo better fiUed by women. HARDWARE, Our ideal hardware merchant has an abundance of the Motive temperament, with iron in his very blood, which gives him dark hair, dark eyes, and dark complexion. Such a man wiU sympathize with iron, steel, and with metal of all sorts, as something hard, enduring, and strong. He does not want to handle satins, sUks, rainbows, and gossamer. He would not know what to do with them. His wares, from anvils to the finest cutlery, have a certain solidity, hardness, and strength. He should sympathize with these, just as a good cook sympathizes with good living through an active appetite, and a knowledge of what is good in that line, or as the music-dealer sympathizes with music, or an artistic man with works of art. QUAilTIBS NEEDED, The hardware dealer should have a long, strong back- bone, cropping out at Firmness, giving him steadfastness, endurance in feeling and pui-pose. He should have a fair 84 Seceet oe Success and Failitke. degree of Combativeness and Destructiveness, to give him, that kind of resolution required for handling heavy goods, even in small parcels. He needs a good muscular system, because everything he handles is heavy. One who is dealing in draperies needs grace and a delicate touch, but he who handles hammers, files, locks, iron, and steel-goods generally, requires a different touch and different sensa- tions. Moreover, the hardware man ought to have mechanical judgment or talent sufficient to manufacture anything he deals in. If he have not, he will never understand them. He has to deal with builders, and with > other mechanics whose tools he sells. The more he knows of their business respectively, and the use of their tools, the better he can buy, and the more intelligently can he aeU them, and the more respect will he receive from his various customers. SECRET or SUCCESS AOT) PAILUEB. Two hardware dealers, located side by side, one having good mechanical talent and the other without, yet both having good sense and equal mercantile capabilities, will be found, at the end of fifteen years, to have run a very different race. The one who is by nature a mechanic will know what to buy, or rather what to reject, and he wUl have in his store a stock of " live " goods. The other will buy all sorts of new things which inventors highly recom- mend, and will consequently have a stock of " dead " goods. One half of the stuff he has is unsalable, ana hangs like a dead weight on his hands. His profits are wasted in the unwise purchase of imsalable and compara Secket of Success and Failubb. 85 dvely useless articles, while his neighbor, sound ia hia mechanical judgment, rejects everything which is not asefal, and needful, and appropriate. The talents re- quired by the manufacturer are indispensable to high suc- cess in the dealer. To be a hardware dealer, then, one needs something besides mere mercantile talent. Pig iron, or mahogany logs by the ton, are merchandise ; but when this ton of pig-iron has been sent to the factory, and comes back in the form of locks, cutlery, tools of all descriptions, in short, in a gjvod variety of hardware goods, it is stiU merchan- dise, but the qualities which the mechanic has imparted must be comprehended by the hardware dealer, or he is not St to be a merchant in hardware. When the logs of caahogany and rosewood, which in the raw state are also raluable as merchandise, come back fi-om the factory in all conceivable forms of furniture and articles of taste and utility, it requires quite another class of faculties to com- prehend the new elements of commercial value which the ingenuity and elegant taste of the manufacturer have added, and a want of these in the merchant will be fatal to his success. The sale of raw material, such as cotton by the bale, - wool by the sack, iron by the ton, or timber in the log, is one thing ; it is quite another to sell clothing, hardware, and furniture. To sell these manufactured goods of any description, one needs a mechanical mind, so as to be able to comprehend the intricacies pertaining to them. Hence, as we have said, the best dealer in cloth or clothing is the cloth manufacturer; so the best hardware dealer is one 86 The Lumbeb Dealeb. who has learned the machinist's, or locksmith's, or the tool maker's trade. One who could make everything he has to sell will at least understand it thoroughly, and then, if he have mercantile talent added, with good manners and good general judgment, he will succeed. Thus it will be seen that though some special talents are absolutely essen- tial to the bookseller, hardware dealer, or dry-goods dealer, general judgment of men and things, good culture, and good address are by no means unimportant. THE LUMBER DEALER. " The lumber dealer is not always a manufacturer of lum- ber. One man with his strength, energy, perseverance, and endurance, having prominent features, great bones and muscles, is the one who properly fells the trees, and rafts them through rivers and lakes to the place where they are to be cut into boards. This is pioneer business, requir- ing a large brain, strong wUl, comprehensive as well as practical judgment, and power to control men. A man who would be a brave soldier or an excellent seaman would be the one to do this. To cut and prepare this lumber for market requires mechanical ingenuity to use the sawing mills, the planers, the groovers, or the molding cutters. He who is not capable of managing such machinery wisely, or using it with skill, should keep away from the business; THK SALESMAN OF LUMBKE. rhen there is the lumber seller ; he needs large percep- The Gbooee. 87 tive organs, so as to be a quick inspector, that he may see ten feet off, by the complexion and appearance of a pine board, whether it be rich, soft, mellow, and right for nice work, or whether it be tough and contrary, like sprace or hemlock timber. Lumber is sorted into several grades, and one of these bright, positive, driving men, with a quick temperament and large perceptives, will handle a cargo of what he would buy as second-class lumber, pass it rapidly piece by piece in cril)ical review, and assign now and then a board to the first quality, and so get out enough of the first or higher grade to make all the profit he needs to make on the whole cargo, the regular profits being extra and gain clear. The lumber dealer should be familiar with carpentry with the uses to which boards of every kind and tim- bers of all sizes are adapted, so that he shall not seem selfish, or false in his statements when talking with build- ers. The retention of the good opinion of the customers is a great point gained. If a man through ignorance calls third-rate stuff first-rate, and thinks this or that will do for certain purposes when the user of the material knows better, he thinks the dealer is either a knave or a fool, and a man should be neither in any business. THE GROCER requires a good development of the Vital and Motive tem* peraments, so that he will be able to work hard and work quickly. He should have, relatively, more body than brain, 88 Talents and Trials op the Gkooee. BO that he will not need so much sleep as do those large headed bookish men, for grocers keep long hours — un. ■wisely, we think. We see no reason why people should buy groceries at eleven o'clock at night, as in cities many do. K every man would close at nine o'clock, as some greedy, selfish ones would not, all the groceries could be bought at reasonable hours. Grocers must start early, and be driving and enterprising. They must be able to talk quickly, decide quickly, and do up parcels quickly, for when they have a dozen customers waiting they must work rapidly, and tell short stories. People who buy groceries frequently leave their politeness at home. Iii purchasing clothing, fancy goods, articles of style and elegance, a person's Approbativeness and Ideality — the faculties of taste and good breeding — are uppermost in activity and influence. But when going from the kitchen to buy groceries, they carry with them a kind of kitchen manners, sometimes, which are offensive to the dealer, if he be a man of taste and refinement. Hence, we say a grocer should have a pretty thick skin in one respect. He should not care much what people say in the way of crit- icism and fault-finding. He should be good-natured, happy, cheerful, free and easy, and at the same time gen- tlemanly. He should not answer back, or he will not be likely to succeed. We have known many persons who were, when dressed and in society, or purchasing articles for the parlor, the library, or wardrobe, quite ladylike, while at other times they would throw a shawl over the head, and in the dusk of evening run around to the grocery, and talk to the attendant as they would not think HON. ABBOTT LA-WBENCE. Abbott Lawrence was bom in Groton, Mass., December 16, ITSa, and died la Boston, Angast 18, 1855. He was a merchant engaged in the sale of cotton and woolen goods, and after 1830 was selling agent for the manufacturing companies of Lowell. The City of Lawrence came into being about this time, and received Us name in compliment to the eminent firm in Boston, ^ilch took their goods and distributed them in the markets of the world. In 1834 he was elected to Congress. In 1849 President Taylor oflFered him a seat in his Cabinet, which he declined, but accepted the post of Minister to England, which he occupied with credit till October, 1852, when he was recalled at his own request. In 1847 he gave Harvard University $50,000, and also left $60,000 for the erection of model lodging houses, the income to be forever applied to ceitain charities. He was a large and handsome man, uoi courtly in his manners, and society in LondoE, after lie left the embassy, used him as a model of comparison, especially for Ul •nccessors. isn Importing. 89 of doing if nicely dressed, and purchasing goods -which appeal to the sense of elegance and refinement. We will not stop to criticise ladies who forget to be ladies, lovts simply show that a grocer must hear these abuses, sus- tained by this consolation, viz., that when persons are buying things for the body or stoniaeh, and not for the gratification of the refined elements of their nature, they are apt to forget that which belpngs to good breeding. The grocer needs all the Christian graces, and an excel- lent constitution, sound health, courage, energy, activity, and Acquisitiveness enough to do hard and thankless work for small profits. Such a man will make a fortune. Grocers are very liable to become dyspeptics, partly from irregular meals, but chiefly because they are liable to be nibbling all day. When weighing up sugar, raisins, cloves, cinnamon and other spices ; tea, dried fruit, crack- ers, etc., they eat a little of each, and thus keep the stom- ach in a feverish and unnatural condition, until it broiks down. This habit should be reformed altogether. THE IMPORTER. needs to understand political economy, the laws ot ex change, trade, and commerce, and especially the laws of banking and finance. He need not go very largely into detail. He deals by the cargo, seldom or never breaks a case or a bale of goods, and sells to substantial firms, known to the market, whose paper will be redeemed at maturity ; and a man who has talent for banking has one essential element required for the importer. He must 90 Financiering. think of the prospect of productive crops ; he must know the quantity of certain goods in the market ; the prospect of home manufacture ; the laws of importation, demand, and supply, and these plans must be drawn months, some- times a year or more, in advance. Ho must have such comprehensiveness of mind as to be able to take in a broad field of thought, make large operations, and deal in heavy amounts. He must take into account the probabili- ties of war or peace, and a great many things with which the retail dealer has scarcely anything to do. The im- porter should have a large head, a broad, heavy forehead, and a cool, strong temperament. FINANCIEEIITG. This pursuit requires a calm and equable temperamenl^ which has strength as a basis for patience, perseverance, and uniforniity of feeling and action. It requires clear- ness without much excitability. One should have enough caution to keep always on the safe side, guarding against " corners " and tight times, giving a tendency to keep a good balance in bank, and, as a driver would say of his team, to keep the business " well in hand." One should have a full degree of Hope, to modify the action of Cautiousness, and aid in imparting patience nnder depressing circumstances. A financier should have courage to face difficulties and act boldly in emergencies ; Firmness, to give steadfast strength under trials ; and Self- Esteem, to give self-confidence and independent action strong Causality, to comprehend consequences, plan wisely, WHUiM WINDOM, nniTBD States Sinatos tbou Mibitesota, Secbbtabt Of tbx Tbeaiitxi UKDEB PBESIDENT GABPIELD. He haB a large head, a good 1)od^, and excellent health ; the maBBlvenesB ot the forehead eviaceB strength of mind, and the width above and forward of the Pars BhowR taBtc and talent for financiering. His rare eucceBS in Ainding a large amonnt of 6 per cent. U. S. bonds at Si per cent, was an aBtonishment to moneyed men. On bis retirement from his post in the Cabinet, after the death of President Garfield, he was re-elected to the United States Senate. He was bom in Ohio, May 10, 1837, was educated in the Academy of the vicinity, was apprenticed to the tailor's trade, and soon abandoned it for the study of law ; at 23 was admitted to the Bar, and in 1852 was elected Prosecuting Attorney for Knox County. In 185o he removed to Minnesota, and in 1858 elected to Congress, and served eight years. In 1870 was appointed to the United States Senate, in 1871 elected, and in 1S77 re-elected, and now, also, he is serving hlf third term. In his make-up thcic are the elements of Buccess, and his careei has been one of success and honor. The Salesman. 91 and with reference to the future. He should have a good development of the percepdve organs, and an excellent memory, so as to take into account all the facts which belong to his business and retain them for future use. The financier and importer have much in common. He should have Calculation large, that he may be quick and correct in figures, and have enough Acquisitiveness to give him a desire for gain and a sense of value, of profit and loss. THE CASHIER requires large perceptives, a very active mind, with Order and Calculation and many of the traits which belong to the financier; but the cashier needs to be more rapid than the planning financier. These two functions are frequently combined in the same person. THE SALESMAN. Of late years there has been a great rush of young men toward merchandizing, a fact arising partly from the sup- position that it is easier than farming or mechanism; partly, perhaps, from another supposition, that it carries with it greater respectability, or that it affords a surer and shorter way to wealth than any other calling. Some suc- ceed — ^many fail ; those who are adapted to it succeed, and thousands of honest, well-meaning, industrious young men, after a vain struggle of years for position as salesmen, drift away into whatever business may ofier itself, and thus lile becomes to them, practically, a failure ; for he who wastes the years between seventeen and twenty-five in cndeavoP' 92 Qualities fok a Salesman. ing to secure success in a business, and finds at last that he is obliged to take up with something else, is very likely to become discouraged and disinclined to devote such study and labor upon a new and appropriate business as will be requisite for success. There are instances, however, in which men have en- tered upon a new career at thirty, and taken eminent rank ; but such men, we fancy, have the developments which qualify them for almost anything. As some plows can turn a furrow but one way, other plows are constructed to turn a furrow either way ; some men have a few facul- ties adapting them to certain specific pursuits, while others are able to turn a furrow either way, and succeed equally ■urell. We have no doubt that a salesman would be all the better, as such, by having every faculty amply devel- oped and well cultivated. Most men, however, are but partially developed, and to secure success in the midst of strife and rivalry, they need to use their strongest faculties in order to take and maintain a good position. QUALITIES EEQtriEBD IN A SAXESMAN. The salesman requires, first, an active temperament,' and a clear, quick intellect, that he may be able to undei> stand the qualities of goods and qualified to explain their virtues and value to the buyer ; and ample development of Language is necessary to render the address easy and the power of description good ; large Form and Color to remember faces so as to recognize a customer a second time, and also to judge of form and proportion and color in goods. One should also have large Eventuality, tc EDWARD KIMBALL, Thb Chubch Debt EzTiNanisHEB. GeninB, or something; aMn to it, appears to glow npon any line of action when all tbe mental powers are concentrated upon it, Mr. KimT)aIlf born in New England abont 1823, trained to commercial life, strongly religions and specially generous and broad in his spirit, has become widely known for hii efTorfs in raising tbe means to pay church debts. When a congregation hag struggled for years to pay the interest and running expenses, and Mr. Kimball proposes to raise and pay off, say $80,000, he is looked npon as a lunatic. The people meet, he speaks thirty minutes, and in a few hours the debt is canceled, and people regard him as almost a prophet. Tbe most hopeless cases yield to the magic of his efforts. 92}i Integrity in Teade 93 retain all the facts relative to business in general, or ta former transactions with a given customer. The salesman also should have good moral development, a love of truth and integrity, remembering that honesty, even in traffic, in the long run, wins ; while trick, and sharpness, and dishon- esty, with as many prices as there are customers, is sure to bankrupt the man, if not in pocket at least in character but most frequently also in pocket. mTEGEITY IN TBADS. Our settled conviction, from many years' close observa- tion, is, that whoever, having sound sense and business capability, with good address and a genial disposition, nhall tell the truth and give honest measure for an honest price, win win customers and fortune. In the hardest street in the hardest city an honest, truth-telling trader wiU soon be found out and resorted to, certainly ■fey those who are truthful, and generally also by those who do not feel themselves sharp enough to trade with tricksters. FEIENDSHIP rw TEADB. It is sometimes said " there is no friendship in trade." There was never a greater fallacy. A man who has a strong social nature has a magnetic attraction for people ; and he who can give a hearty welcome, a warm palm, and a firm grasp to customers, will win them and hold them. Suppose a man has traveled night and day, among stran- gers, a thousand miles to a great market town. He has left his family and friends, and his heart is hungry. Ho remembers, perhaps, a salesman who is cheerfiil, and baa 94 Friendship in Teadk. shown himseK friendly; and when he crosses his thresh- old, his heart hounds with delight as, with a smile like a sunburst, that man takes him heartily by the hand, and in a moment becomes to him, as it were, a substitute ^or the family and friends that he has left behind, and it only remains to select the goods ; they are already sold, and if the man be honest, and name only fair prices for the goods, why should not that man be a life-long customer ? who could win him away or hinder him from bringing his own friends to be well treated, and become permanent customers? Suppose a salesman has five hundred such. They can not be coaxed away from him, unless goods are ofiered at prices below their market value by others. Sup- pose he travels at certain seasons of the year, seeking new customers. His intelligence opens the way, but his cor- dial, friendly spirit enables him to consummate his errand. The ccJld, stern, stanch, dignified man, grim and severe in his manners, may be able to sell drugs to sick people, or articles of necessity, where thpe is little or no compe- tition; but in a large market town such a man would freeze out his prosperity. Occasionally such a man is wise enough to get a warm-hearted, sympathetic, gejiial man to sell his goods, and thus he secures prosperity through the Influence of his capital. GKNEEAl MAITNEES. The salesman needs Approbativc[ness, to give him a de- sire to please. He needs a knowledge of human character, along with a spirit of agreeableness ; and if he is selling articles of taste, works of art, or things of elegance, ho Pecitliar Talents Required. 98 needs large Ideality, to appreciate and describe them. If he sells furniture, clothing, and especially hardware, he needs large Constructiveness and large peroepmve organs, to give him. mechanical judgment to understand and prop- erly describe the goods he has to sell. No man should attempt to sell manufactured goods who has not nearly or quite enough moch-anical talent to succeed m manufactur- ing them. To sell books, one requires a literary taste, that he may appreciate the works he has for sale. Everybody sup poses that the man who sells birds, dogs, or horses must be a fancier of those animals, that he may have a heart in the work, and be intelligent in respect to them; and that one who sells pianos, and other musical instruments, should have musical taste and culture. This law applies to literary and scientific works as much as it does in the sphere of mechanism. One should have a full degree of Acquisitiveness to be successful as a trader, that he may bear in mind the value of the small amount which may constitute his profit, and also that he may know that^ hip customer will not bear too high a price. Men with little or no Acquisitiveness frequently will ask two prices for an article, thinking that their customer perhaps cares so little for his money that he will pay the exorbitant charge. We have noticed that spendthrifts are apt to charge enormous prices for their services ; while a man who values a dollar for all that it is worth will do a good deal of work for a dollar, foT he is so anxious to get something, that he will sell goods at a small profit that he may get a profit. If we desire to obtain anything at a low figure, we go to a 96 Book-Keeping. man who thinks mucli of a dollar, for we are sure that he will sell his goods as low as they can be afforded, to secure our patronage. The salesman, then, needs intelligence, talking talent, knowledge of character, integrity, manly sympathy, and strong affection ; and to sell goods, he needs the very qual- ities which are " requisite to the production of the articles he has to selh BOOK-KEEPING. When a young man, desiring a situation that is pleasant and profitahle, looks through the range of business occu- pations, and finds one man sweating and begrimed with dust and dirt, toiling at some laborious trade, he instinct- ively recoils ; but when he finds another, in a cool and airy office or store, neatly dressed, of gentle manners, with everything tidy, quiet, and respectable about him, perhaps waiting upon a customer, disposing of some article of ele- gance or luxury, or perchance standing at a desk, with ledger and daybook open before him, and everything around wearing an air of wealth and quiet respectability, he is instinctively attracted to it, and a desii-e is awakened m him to be a salesman or a book-keeper. He does not inquire whether or not he is well adapted by nature, edu- cation, and habit to either position. He does not stop to analyze the patience, the nerve-shattering labor, the head- work, the heartaches, the rivalries, the competitions, frets, and jealousies which may form a part of such an elegant life, as he imagines it to be. Temperament and Taleht. 97 So long as business is done, there mnst be boot-keeping. It requires brains and integrity, and a fair degree of talent and culture to fill such a position. It is important and respectable, and good men, and only good men, should fiU such a post. What, then, is required to qualify a man to be a good book-keeper. TEMPERAMENT. He should have enough of the Mental temperament to give a studious tendency, as well as clearness and activity of mini There should be also a good development of the Vital temperament, — ^not that phase of it which gives a man broad shoulders and a deep chest with a small abdo- men, but that which gives one a rather large digestive ap- paratus and a tendency toward the lymphatic, the quiet, the patient, the moderate. One who is not anxious to knock about and be here, there, and everywhere, but one who can bear confinement without weariness, and mental labor without nervousness. The plump, genial, easy-going man should be the book-keeper, yet he should have intel- lectual force enough to make him scholarly, thoughtful, and skillfuL He does not need a large base of brain ; the less Combativeness and Destructiveness he has the better. BODILY EEQOTEEMENTS. It has often been a matter of question with us whether it were proper foi stalwart, vigorous men to keep books —to stand or sit at a desk making a record of transactions when they are so well qualified to strike out manfully and make transactions to be recorded. Why not give place to 98 Book-Keepee's Talent. the lame, the slender, or to -women who have the reqmsiti brain and bodily strength for this vocation, and go out like men and win manly success in more active pursuits ? A strong man with vigorous health and limbs, and brain enough to keep accounts, can rise above the best achieve ments of book-keeping as a profession. Those who art engaged in it should look beyond it, and work and hope for a higher, wider, and more remunerative place in the business world. We speak not merely of copyists and scribes who have no talent for anything else, but of those first-class accountants who have clear minds and strong bodies. These can grow out of, and advance higher than to record other persons' transactions. He who possesses, in addition to the talents required by the accountant, those talents and forces which enable one to guide and conti-ol men, to wield large business operations, should make the contracts, mold and manage the customers, and let the record be made by others who can not, as yet, fill his place. TAlElSrr EEQUIEED In the matter of talent, the book-keeper should have an ample development of Calculation, for this is indispensable to perform the necessary amount of figuring with accuracy und dispatch. The book-keeper must not make mistakes, »nd if he have the genius to run up two or three columns of figures at the same time, and to work out rapidly in the head the calculations which are necessary in order to make extensions in accou^nts, all the better. He needs large Eventuality, that he may carry in his mind the history of the customers and the transactions of the house. If he Moral Character. 99 fiail in this, he will be always neglecting something which onght to be done, or doing wrongly many things. . He should have large Order, to make him systematic and neat Ifis organs of Form, Imitation, and Constructivenesa should be large, to give him the mechanical talent requi- site for handsome penmanship, and the disposition to com- bine and tabulate the business in such a way that the transactions of different months and years can be spread out on a given page, so as to show at a glance the ag- gregate and comparative business of many months and years. Cautiousness should be large enough to keep the mind wakeful relative to dangers and mistakes ; and if the book- keeper have large Causality and Comparison, to give the necessary genei-aUzing judgment, combined with prudence, which is necessary to the practical guidance and manage- ment of business, he will be prepared to give a note of warning to the proprietors, who are absorbed in buying and selling, whenever the capital has become too much spread, or when " bills receivable " bear not the proper relation to " bills payable." If one is merely a book-keeper, and simply makes a record of transactions without any comprehensive thought relative to the soundness of the business which his work represents, he will lack elements necessary to the highest order of success. MOEAI, STATUS. The book-keeper, moreover, should have enough Ac- quisitiveness and Conscientiousness, the former to give a keen sense of the law of profit and loss, so that if business 100 Maitnees as well as Morals. is going behindhand, or is conducted in a manner not profitable, he shall be apprised of it and give the alarm. It will also tend ta make him sharp in making collections, and in seeing to it that his leniency does not damage the concern. His Conscientiousness should give him unquali- fied integrity of purpose, especially if he have also the post tion of cashier. With Conscientiousness and Cautious- ness, to give prudence and integrity, and enough of Ac- quisitiveness and reasoning power, to appreciate what is fit and proper to be done, a man will not be likely to permit himself to engage in any speculations, or in any use of other people's money, even innocently, that might jeopard his reputation or the soundness of the house. Defalcations do not always begin with dishonesty, but with excessive Hope and deficient Cautiousness. One who has in his very organization the feeling, " touch not, handle not " other people's money for personal uses, has the right and only safe principle. Defalcations probably do not gener- ally commence in rascality, but in that incautious, extra- hopeful riskiness which men sometimes permit themselves to indulge in to make money for themselves with the idle capital belonging to the concern that employs them. MAJTVEES AS WELL AS MOEALS. The book-keeper should have large Continuity and Firmness, to give him patience and steadfastness. He ghould have Benevolence and Veneration, to give him kindness and respect, that he may be popular, conciliating, and placable. A man who has to make bills and receipt them, who has collections to make and moneys to disburse, Broken Health of Merchants. 101 needs nearly all the Christian graces to fill his position ac ceptably. If, like a hull-dog, he stands at the strong box and snarls at every man who presents a bill for payment, he does injustice to his employers, injury to tiie business, and renders himself unpopular, and all the patrons of tha house unhappy. Afifability, courtesy, dignity, and defei ence on the part of a book-keeper will win respect, secure patronage, and lay the foundation of success. HEALTH OF CLERKS AKD MERCHANTS. No fact is more apparent than the general diminution of health and bodily energy among our merchants, clerks, and book-keepers. This is owing partly,*perhaps, to an improper mode of Uving, such as hastily eating a dinner and immediately devoting the entire mind and nervous energy to the prosecution of business ; or, long-continued mental effort without proper food; deprivation of the proper amount of sleep ; the habit of smoking, etc. ; but we apprehend much of the difficulty may be traced to a want of proper physical exercise. When a young man enters upon a mercantile career he is occupied for a time as an errand boy, and is, of course, regarded as a kind of servant for the whole establishment. While this relation continues, he has a ruddy face, a bound- ing pulse, vigorous digestion, and unqualified health ; bat as soon as he takes a higher position, and another lad is in- itiated into his old situation, his pride and ambition lead him to look upon the one occupying his former place as in college the Sophomore looks noon the Freshman, and ha 102 Ambition of Clerks. consequently takes special pains to avoid all drudgery and to keep his eye in that direction which will lead him to a set of books, or to an equally active and exclusive exercise of his menta'i powers as a salesman. His chief study is to work with the brain, and not with the hands ; to become a gentleman, and not a drudge. The consequence of a dis- use of the muscles and the avoidance of that energetic effort which induces copious breathing, a free circulation of the blood, and good digestion, is a prostration of the youthful health and vigor of the body. The cheek becomes pale and thin ; the eyes seem large and glaring ; the hands, in- stead of being warm and plump and smooth, become cold, blue, and bony; the muscles become weak, the lungs small, and the chest flat. The waist and abdomen shrink away, especially under the pressure of modern pantaloons ; the pulse becomes feeble, and general weakness of the en- tire system supervenes ; and who wiU wonder if he feels a strong disinclination for any active, laborious effort ? The braiu and nervous system, of course, become excited, and he expends through theni nearly all the vital energy which, in its present condition, his body is able to manu- facture. The result is, he becomes prematurely old, and breaks down ; and the mercantile profession is blamed for the ruin that is wrought. Now salesmen, and book- keepers especially, should understand at the start that if they would maintain their health in following a pursuix requiring so little of physical energy, they must establish some system of daily physical exercise, for it is a law of nature that that which is not employed will become weak. The tree, even, that stands in the forest and is sheltered Retiring from Business. 103 from the fury of the blast, grows slim, loose-grained, and soft, and has but few roots; while the oak that stands ' alone on the hill-top and must resist every storm, from whavever quarter, becomes solid in its texture, stout in trunk, and abundant in fruit, lifting aloft its sturdy arma aud bidding defiance to every gale. Let clerks repudiate this false pride which lifts them above the work of the porter and packer, and take a turn at nailing up and rolhng boxes, and pulling at the wind- lass, and they wUl find themselves improved in health and manliness ; or, let them supply themselves with dumb-bells, and use them morning and night, or have a pair also in the counting-room, which they can use for five minutes at a time when the head becomes hot, the brain feverish, and every nerve seems to be on fire ; and in three months' time many of them would gain ten or fifteen pounds in weight and fifty per cent, in real vigor and health, and be able to do even more business than before, and that with less of mental and nervous friction. Hundreds of merchants in our large cities who have risen from poverty to a position through unwearied and nerve-shattering effort, are obliged, on account of dyspepsia, nervous prostration, a rush of blood to the brain, palpitation of the heart, or some kin- dred derangement, to retire from business at thirty oi thirty five, and spend the remainder of their lives as groan- ing invalids, or go to early graves with their great destiny of life unfulfilled. They started to acquire position. This they have done ; — to obtain wealth, this they have com- menced to do, but have failed to achieve it. They expected to retire, but not with a broken constitution and a slender 104 How TO Save Health. fortune, but with robust health, and rosy cheeks, without a wrinkle or gray hair. This they might have done had they understood the laws of health and not been too proud or too intensely occupied to have obeyed them. But, in using dumb-bells, we would caution those who are young, slender, and in their growing season, not to use those which are too heavy. Many suppose that the object in using them is to show how much weight they can lifti and how heavy ones they can wield. In the first place, those who need them most are not in a condi'-'on to use those that are very heavy ; nor, after a trial or two, would they feel inclined to make the necessary exertion ; besides, it would tend to fatigue and exhaust, rather than to give them strength. Who would put a colt before a heavily loaded dray if he wished to promote his growth and strength ? still, he should have exercise, and as much of labor as his constitution will bear. This he could obtain attached to a light vehicle, and make up the sum of his effort in a more rapid motion. A young man. eighteen years of age, and weighing perhaps a hundred and thirty pounds, and who is weak for a want of exercise, should never begin by using dumb-bells weighing over four pounds to the pair. If these feel too light for him, let hun increase the speed of his motions. Many young men have been induced to try this experi- ment of domestic gymnastics, and have, to use their own words, ".become new men " in a very few months. Something, surely, need be done to arrest the decay and premature death of our most enterprising young mer chants, who are by nature qualified to become ornampntl The Contractor. 106 in society and of the highest importance to the mercantile world. We would not recommend the public gymnasium as the (mly, or chief^ means of acquiring physical development; because it is expensive, and not always at hand, and re- quires going abroad, and set times for its attendance ; but dumb-bells can be used in one's own room or at the store, and that, too, a dozen times in the day, in leisure moments ; or when a throbbing brow indicates that the brain is being overtasked, and that the blood should be withdrawn to the extremities by means of a Uttle vigorous bodily exertion. THE CONTRACTOR. This business lies in the direction of manufactures or mechanism, and needs financiering talent. The contractor should have mechanical and manufacturing talent in addi- tion to that of the financier. He also requires energy of character, to push the business to which he is devoted ; large^ Self-Esteem, to give dignity; and Combativeness and Destructiveness, to give courage and strength of char- acter, BO that he may be able easily to control and govern men- He needs sharp perceptive intellect, and a tern- .perament chiefly Vital and Motive. 6* i06 Insubanok. THE CONVEYANCER should understand the forms of law which pertain to real estate. He should have a calm temperament; never bo m a hurry, but should be cautions, orderly, and deliberate; should be a draughtsman and first-rate penman, and have that method and tidiness about him which will enable him to prepare papers with care. He should have a good memory and large Comparison, so that he will be critical in his examination of titles in all their complicated details. If we add to this real-estate dealing, large Constructive- ness would be desirable, for he who buys houses should know enough about mechanism in genei'al, and carpentry and masonry in particular, to understand the value of a house according to the standard of excellence embodied in its construction. INSURANCE BUSINESS requires strong common-sense, kindness, patience, perse- verance, integrity, self-reliance, friendship, a good memory, and large Caution, to set forth the danger of being burned out, or dying without an insurance on one's life, and leav- ing^the family unprovided for. A strong social nature will enable the life-insurance agent to make the interests of the family, the disaster of leaving the wife and child without support, a paramount consideration. This business requires a strong appreciation of human nature, a quick perception of the character and disposition of men, so that the operator will be able to frame his con- Canvassing — Livery. 107 Tersation and arguments in such a manner as not to ofiendj and at the Bam« time carry the point. THE CANVASSER, COMMERCIAL TRAVELER, and Collector require very much the same talents as the insurance agent. He who can succeed in one can suc- ceed in the other. Still, the collector needs a little more dignity and positiveness, which, though clothed with kind- ness, give the impression that there is imperativeness in the matter, and that it must he promptly attended to. EXPRESS AND TRANSPORTATION require in the persons engaged, ardent temperaments, force of character, great industry, determination, and deci- sion, with large shoulders and lungs, prominent features, bony frames, and good digestion, with that kind of push and enterprise that does not quit until the work is done. LIVERY BUSINESS. To fill this position well, a man needs first-rate health, an ardent, energetic temperament, and a disposition to be active, enterprising, and thorough. He should understand men at a glance, and be able to read grand larceny in a stranger's face at sight, if the fact and motive exist for such a crime. It will not do for him to require reference every time a stranger asks for a horse and carriage. The man's face and bearing must tell the story. But one of the principal elements of success in the livery-stable keeper is to understand horses, so that ho can buy stock 108 IWJTTKIOtrS FUESUITS. wisely, and feel a disposition to take care of it pwperly. Where this love of horses is very strong, every trait of character belonging to all of the twenty or forty horaes which may be owned will be known to the proprietor. In fact, he will know the sound of every wagon, and the footstep of every ho)-se, when at a distance they are approaching, even in the night. A horse lover only shouM keep the livery stable, for he will be tender and careful of his pets, and, so far as he is concerned, there will be no need for a " Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Ani- mals." USELESS AND INJURIOUS PURSUITS. Every man should do something to advance the com- mon wealth and happiness of the human race. He should not engage in anything which has a direct tendency to debase the morals, impair the health, or lower the race in the scale of being, AlCOHOLIC LIQUOKS. Among the most detrimental pursuits is the manufac- ture and sale of alcoholic drinks. If that traflSc could cease, there would perhaps be much unhappiness for a while among those accustomed to use stimulants ; but in five years' time, as a blessed consequence of abstinence from intoxicating drinks, mankind, as a whole, would be augmented in power, and the means of solid happiness increased at least twenty per cent. It is the writer's pleasure to remember that he has never, directly or indi- rectly to his knowledge, gained a penny by the traffic in DAOTEL MAGNEB, Tbc Horbe Taubb, Tbaineb, and Educator, Was boni In Waterford Coanty, Ireland, in Febrnarr, 1832, landed In New Vork in 1S43, and was engaged Tor years in mechanical bueineas, dnriDg wblcb be acquired tbe babit of trading borses, and became noted for success in tbe control of vicions ones. Tbis talent seemed to be intuitive. He gave ezbibi- tions in bor&e training, and followed it as a businei>B, giviog lessons in borse management. In 1865 he exhibited before the Maine Legislature, broke four vicious borses in their presence, and was, by that body, commended to the people. Tbe ablest horsemen in New York brought four of tbe most vicious, and he trained them to submission, to the amazement of all, and tbe simplicity and humanity of tbe treatment were above all praiee. He should be at the head of a school for instmcting those who nse horses for pleasnre or profit and then Mr. Bergh'a vocation woald become comparatively anneceasary. lo&)i Liquor — ^Tobacco. 109 alcoholic liquors, and is not aware that any of his ancestors have ever in any way been engaged in the business. TOBACCO. The mannfactare and sale of tobacco is an unmitigated curse to the world. We always advise young men to steer clear not only from the use of these articles, but to avoid engaging in their manufacture and sale. From the day Columbus discovered America to the present hour, tobacco has been an unqualified bane to mankind, sapping the foundation of constitutional health and vigor, lessening the power of body and mind, rendering those who use it — except such as are of a plethoric habit — twenty-five pounds lighter, and two or three inches shorter, than they would otherwise be ; and, as we firmly believe, depressing mental and physical power twenty-five per cent., and shortening life in an equal degree. No man can afibrd to use tobacco ; and, as we conceive, no man with the right information and proper judgment in the matter can afibrd to make money by ministering to so bad a habit. " Save me from blood-guiltiness," is a prayer that could be wisely uttered in reference to these pui-suits. Although we know many amiable and some excellent men who are engaged in the manufacture and sale of tobacco, as we know many excellent men who are using the article, yet from a physiological point of view, we see the evil neces- sarily growing out of the traffic in and use of these arti- cles. We therefore advise all young men who have yet to select their occupation, to avoid these, and those who are in them, to wash their hands of them at once. 110 Tkaohing. :jBtcttpaiion8 fur ||omi:n. One of the great evils of the present time is that women do not have laudable, useful, remunerative, and pleasant occupations. It is all very well for people to assert and reiterate that woman's proper sphere is in the domestic circle ; but some, from choice or incidental influences over which they have no control, do not find themselves in a domestic circle of their own. Thousands of girls find it necessary to support themselves, or help a widowed mother to maintain the family. They are quite as competent, men- tally, to learn any trade, as a man is. There may be some kinds of business in which woman's susceptible nature does not permit her to compete with men successfully, even in such business as she is strong enough to perform. Woman is patient, as the knitting, embroidery, and other needle-work which she does, attests ; and that patient application to sedentary occupations at once compromises her health and robs her of that courage and resolution which would be preserved and promoted by a more execu- tive and active vocation. TEACHING. Speaking generally, we regard teaching as the best ocv cnpation for woman, because it demands good culture, and Millhteet. m that is desirable and useful after teachmg shall he aban doned. It gives a woman — in the present condition of public sentiment — a higher rank than any other avocation which she can follow. More women are invited to desir- able positions in marriage, from the school-room, than .rom any other department of industry ; — partly because, peiv haps, those who have brain enough to succeed in teach- ing, and body enough to give support to that brain, are superior in point of fact. It is an intellectual profession, and men of high business success without such education as they ought to have had, leam to respect the teacher more highly than one who has a finer training in the arts and elegancies of social etiquette. Teachers soon acquire a certain straightforward earnestness which attracts the attention of earnest men. Many a minister or successful business man will pass by a dozen elegant and carefully- cultured belles, and take one of the heroine teachers, and he shows his wisdom in so doing. Moreover, such a woman would not accept one of the weak-headed, ineffi- cient men. Schooled in the realm of good sense, and strengthened in judgment by the sharp attritions of hi-i professional position, she learns to despise sham and pre tense, and to detect and shun the debased and the hypo criticaL Hence, she generally marries well, or not at alL MILLINERY IB generally the next most desirable vocation, or the one which women most naturally tend to adopt. This is well. We know several who commenced without a dollar, except 112 Dkess-Making. that whieli they earned, and placed themselves and tleii families in independent circumstances. This requires in- genuity, originating in large perceptives, large Constrncv iveness and Ideality, and large Approbativeness. If a per- son has a good social development, all the better. She ■wiU thereby be rendered popular. She needs Cautiousness and Acquisitiveness, to give her prudence and economy ; and Firmness, Combativeness, and Continuity, to give her stability, energy, and patient application ; and artistic taste, to select suitable articles, and to know how to combine colors and adapt them to form of face and complexion. DRESS-MAKING. It would be well for every young woman to learn dress- making, because it would enable her, while single, to earn an honorable living, and could be rendered exceedingly useful when settled in life, not only in aiding herself in the matter of dress-making, but doing such work for a family, especially daughters. Such a woman could hire a dress-maker to cut and fit while she and her daughters could do the most of the work, and save many a dollar which perhaps she could ill afford to pay out to have the work done elsewhere. The dress-maker needs less Ideality than the milliner, but Form, Size, Continuity, and Constructiveness should be amply developed. It is more a real, solid trade, whilfi millinery is rather an art., A fanciful, aiiy nature can do better at millmery than at dress-making. Teades foe WoMEir. 113 SHIRT-MAKING. This is a first-rate business, and should be mainly in the hands of woinan. Men sometimes conduct the business, and employ a cutter, while women do all the work A dozen young women who know how to run a sewing ma- chine, and perhaps own one, could form a co-partnership, and get a good business woman to take care of the office, and in that way make themselves independent. Some few women are doing this successfully, and employing girls to do the work TAILORING - is also a good trade for women, and we know several who learned the trade in the days of girlhood, followed it suc- cessfully until marriage, and after twenty years of married life returned to it in widowhood, sustaining themselves and children handsomely and laying up money. To know how to make up boys' clothing, and how to keep men's clothes in repair by the " stitch in time," is of no small consequence to a family in the line of comfort, to say nothing of the economy or necessity of it. PRINTING can be done by women as well as by men. Certainly they can do the type-setting with quite as much taste and skill We think at least one-half of all the type-setting should be done by women, if not eight-tenths of it. "We have known among them some very active and successful type-setters, and we see no reason wliy the nimble fingers and delicate touch of women should not be thus employed. 114 Teades foe Women. WOOD-ENGRAVING is practiced by -woman suecessfully. The "work can ht taken home from, the office and done at one's residence, foi it has all to be done by the eye and hand of the engraver. Supervision, while the work is in progress, is not required. The proof determines what has been done, and how Woman is endowed with great fondness for pictures, and naturally adopts something of an artistic character. Whatever is ornamental attracts her, and calls 'Out her taste and skill Women as well as men need trades they can set up and be their own masters, little capital being required to make them profitable. Many of these vocations afford the female operatives only starvation rates of wages. We may mention a number of occupations at which women are era- ployed in the large cities ; but some of these can not be conducted by a woman. Artificial flowers, bead work, button-making, brush-making, bonnet frames, burnishing, cord and twine, gloves, hoop skirts, paper collars, shoe fitting, toys, type-finishing, tobacco stripping, upholstery, nmbreUa and parasol work. WATCH-MAKING. The delicate touch and nice appreciation which belong to woman's hand, head, and eye would do the fine work incident to the jewelry business. We have known one or two woman watch-makers. In poiat of fact, one-half of aE the watch work done in manufactories is done by girls, under masculine supervision. But that is " factory work," PuESTjiTS roB Women. 113 and done at small wages. Let some leading woman of ability learn the business, and then take apprentices. The trade is well suited to her sedentary disposition. DENTISTRY. This profession or trade could be quite as well con- ducted by a woman as by a man. The extracting of teeth is now done under the influence of anesthetics, and is not so much performed by each dentist as formerly. The fill- ing of teeth, and making sets of teeth, could be just as well done by women. We have known several women who have had a strong desire for that occupation, and only needed encouragement and a chance to engage in it. Public sentiment allots woman the post of marriage and domestic life, and partly on this account, and partly from the expectation of a settlement and a competent sup- port, woman seldom resolves to adopt a trade or profes- sion, until time admonishes her that her future independ- ence is to depend on her own exertions. Her brother, no more capable than she, knowing that he has to fight life's battle for himself, gives undivided attention and persever- ing energy to the pursuit of his choice, learns it thoroughly as a life-pursuit, whether he is to be single or married, and thus secures suocess. The same motives on her pari, would secure similar efiort and success. MERCHANDIZING. K there is any doubt that women can sell goods as well as men, let us remember the grace and skill with which 116 Women Book-Keei>ERs. they accomplisli this matter at fairs. The depleted wallets 01 many a man will bear witness that woman's power of description, and her persuasive eloquence, are equal to the task of sellLug goods at high figures and in ample quanti- ties. Besides, most of the goods that are sold in retail and fancy stores are understood quite as well by women as by men, for they use most of these articles. Why should a man stand and talk about lace handkerchiefs, dress goods, ribbons, and all the various elegant trinkets which go to make up a stock of fancy goods and, largely, woman's wardrobe ? Woman should do the selling, and men should go about some more manly business. BOOK-KEEPING should be learned by those who are quick in figures and have a taste for writing. We have known marked speci- mens of feminine skill and success in this field of industry. We have often thought, and said, that no man should be a book-keeper who has not some bodily defect,-"— lameness, or some physical incompetency to struggle with the more laborious occupations. GROCERY BUSINESS. Who knows more about groceries than women? Who use them ? Who purchase them ? If woman stood be- hind the counter instead of in front of it, would she know less of the qualities and uses of that which belongs to the grocery, such as tea, coffee, butter, sugar, and the like? I^EMAiE Physicians. Ill We know some widows who have succeeded to their hu8< twind's bnsiuess in this line, and have done admirably There should be a man or two about the store to do the beaA-y lifting and working.; but does not the servant girl roll out the ash barrel from nearly every house in the city ? Does not she carry the coal sometimes up two or three flights of stairs ? and could not she handle a tub of butter or a barrel of apples in a grocery store for better pay ? Woman does in the housekeeping line a deal of drudgery, with meager compensation and no thanks. It is quite as onerous as that which might be called the drudgery of the grocery business, and much of the work in this line io neither drudgery nor hard labor. MEDICINE. The profession of medicine is coming to be a woman's oocupation. Men may turn the cold shoulder, and well- housed women may lift their eyebrows in scorn, but wo- men" are bound to do more than half the medical practice m this country in less than fifty years. She is quite as well adapted to learn the sciences of chemistry, physi- ology, pathology, and materia medica as men are; and many a nurse is as good as a doctor. Woman has an apt- itude for this pursuit, and we rejoice to know some whose medical education is beyond criticism, and whose services are so sought and prized, as to give an income of more than twenty thousand dollars a year; others, ten thousand ; others, less but incomes ample for the support of a large family. 118 Science and Akt of Cookery. COOKING. There should be schools for instruction in cooking ; not schools for the preparation of hotel fare, and for great banquets, but schools in which the preparation of a plain family dinner should be taught. Every woman should "-know how to cook who assumes to be at the head of a family. "We do not assert that she should follow it, that she should have no assistance ; that she should not have a cook capable of and generally doing the whole of it. But if the cook should be sick, or vacate her situation, it cer- tainly would be more disgraceful for a woman to be igno- rant, and obliged to exhibit her ignorance in a pinch, than for her to know how to do the work which she may not be expected or required constantly to follow. If some of the time and study now largely wasted on music, which will be abandoned in twelve months after marriage, were bestowed on learning to make the table a real blessing, at once attractive and a ministrant of tem- perance and health, many husbands would eat fewer sup- pers at club-rooms and fashionable restaurants, greatly to thr benefit of their pockets, their morals, and the happi- ness both of wives and husbands. Let wives continue to leave cooking largely or solely to ignorant and selfish ser- vants, perhaps not knowing themselves how to correct their errors, and execrable cookery, domestic unhappiness, and the tendency to outside dissipation in various fonuH will continue to flourish rankly and ruinously. If it were understood that the mistress knew how to do cooking, she would not be half so likely to be abandoned by an angry cook, out of spite, or have a saucy demand made LAxmDKT Work. 119 for an increase of wages, as if she were ignorant and liable to be left at any time, but especially when company for a week is expected. The ignorance of mistresses in respect to cooking is a wand of power in the hands of the hired queen of the kitchen. Learn how to do it well, and if misfortune com- pel you to practice it for life, you can perform it with pleasr ure and success ; if you chance to be able, hire the chief pan of the cooking and housekeeping done if you please, and thus knowing how, you can instruct the green, and com- mand the respect and obedience of those who know how. LAUNDRY WORK. Not one woman in twenty, who does her own laundry work, knows how to do up Unen properly. A shirt from a store will have a shine and finish which is never repro- duced unless it be sent back to a laundry. Women should understand that secret. Girls do the work in these laun- dries, but some selfish man understands the secret and prepares the material, and the girls who do the work- do not know the ingredients which give it the fine^nish, but they do the muscular work and produce the desired result Why not do the brain work and pocket the profit ? If women understood diflferent kinds of business, so that they could earn an independent living, fewer would :.hrovr themselves away on worthless men, or pine in poverty as at present. There is a certain false senti- ment in the community, that women must be ladies in the iense of elegant idleness and uselessness, to be petted and 120 A Good Example, fostered and flattered. As most women are taught by public custom to expect marriage as a means of support, there is a tendency to neglect the acquisition of any per- manent and substantial business. Needlewomen, from the close attention required, and from a want of exercise, early break down in health. We know one who was an excellent shirt-maker, and though her constitution was excellent, it began to fail. She had learned the art of doing up the work as it is done in the regular laundries, and her customers ventured to ask her to do up their shirts, which she had made for them. They would get them washed, if she would starch and iron them. As they were not always well washed, she finally proposed to do the entire work. In a short time she a&- certained that she could earn five dollars as quickly in washing and ironing shirts as she could earn one dollar in making them, and was regaining her former health and cheerfulness, and she had the good sense to abandon the needle and take up the washboard and smoothing irons. She was thus able not only to support an invalid husband, buflay up money with which to buy real estate. She ac- cepted only shirts, and these from fixst-class customers, which commanded a good price, and she had enough to dc to employ a stout assistant, and she soon placed herself in independent circumstances. So much for not being too prond to do useful and necessary work. The Salaky Question. 121 ToxTNG men who are clerks, or are otherwise employed at wages or on a salary, make a signal mistake in press- ing the question of wages often and earnestly. A clerk, for example, who wishes to become a merchant, desiring to rise to a prominent and lucrative position, should, in the first place, seek the right situation, where men are honorable and conduct business on business principles — a firm that has good repute and excellent credit ; in short, the firm should be what the young man himself is desirous to become in character, capacity, credit, and reputation. What he needs, therefore, after the temperate and proper supply of his bodily wants, is instruction and advance- ment in the science and real merits of the business. It is not salary, simply, that he should work for. The greater part of the compensation is the instruction received. Let this be illustrated by an apprentice to a useful trade. He leceives sometimes sufficient for his food and raiment. Sometimes he has a hundred dollars in addition when he is of age. Sometimes the parents furnish the clothing, and the master the board. Sometimes, as in England, parents are obliged to pay a sum of money for the privilege of his learning a trade, and support their son besides, during his apprenticeship. The appi-entice, then, is working solely for the trade,' the knowledge, the skill, the information, 122 Low WiuiES AT First. tbe mode of doing business. This is, to him, ample ccm. pensation for his time and labor. Apply this principle to the commercial clerk, and the question of salary takes a very subordinate position. The clerk who is always push- ing for more pay, and earning as little of that which he gets as may be ; who is tardy in the morning, and in a hurry to get off at night ; who begins to black his boots and brush and comb half an hour before "quitting time ; and who requires half an hour in the morning to make himself presentable for the business of the day, will be dropped out of the corps of helpers whenever business becomes slack, or any plausible excuse exists for ridding the concern of the leeches. Clerks should also avoid engaging in amusement and nonsense at every opportunity during lousiness hours; should not linger long at their lunch, or seek occasion to gaze into the street, and thus kill time. Such persons appear to work only for their pay, and they earn it very poorly. The true young man who is heartily in earnest to learn his business and fill his situation to the full, will maintain a decorous sobriety, be promptly on the spot in the morn ing, attend to his business sagaciously, and act as if he were there expressly to forward the business, rather than to acquire a certain sum of money at the end of the month or week. LOW "WAGES AT FIRST. It were better for a young man to take five dollars a week at the start, though he might get six, and then by industry, attention, and integrity impress every one with High Wages a Damage. 123 the idea that he earns much more than he gets. He may accept such advances in pay as might be cheerfully offered ; but if he earn more than he obtains, he will acquire the reputation of being cheap and valuable help, and of giving more than he receives. He should seek at every opportu- nity to increase his knowledge of the business, so that he may be all the more useful. He may thus make himself so necessary to the establishment that it really can not well get along without him. Such a person's situation is per- manent. We have this moment in mind a man who served a single firm thirty-six years, with a constantly increasing compensation to the last. TOO MUCH WAGES A DAMAGE. On the contrary, if one gets at the start all he can earn, and a little more, and presses for a more rapid increase of pay than his qualifications warrant, he comes to be re- garded with disfavor, and his place is very insecure. Sup- pose a man does have a dollar or two a week less than he earns ; suppose he is one year behind his merit in respect to the advance of salary, it is but a small sum at most, and that is nothing compared with the permanent security of his position. Besides, one who attends to his duties in season and out of season ; one who watches every chance to forward business and benefit the house; one who is found faithful in the discharge of his duties, even when not particularly under the eye and criticism of the pro- prietor of the establishment, will grow up into a partner- ship almost as certain as age relaxes the energy and dims the eye of those who are his seniors in the buBiness and 124 HOJTESTT THE TeUE PoLIOY. have facilities for promoting his prosperity. Many a sound, far-looking merchant is watching to find among his twenty or forty clerks some worthy young man who «hall be invited to a partnership, — not in the firm, merely, — but his way facilitated to become more than a partner — a member of his own family, to inherit, with . a fa va rite daughter, the fortune which years of care and sagacity shall have gathered. The spruce young spark who thinks chiefly of his mus- tache and boots and shiny hat, of getting along nicely and easily during the day, and talking about the theater, the opera, or a fast horse, ridiculing the faithful young fellow who came to learn the business and make a man of him- self, because he will not join in wasting his time in dissi- pation, will see the day, if his useless life is not earlier blasted by vicious indulgences, when he will be glad to accept a situation from his fellow-clerk whom he now ridi- cules and affects to despise, when he shall stand in the firm dispensing benefits and acquiring fortune. HONESTT THE TRUE POIJCT. Let us say, then, to young men. Be faithful, work hard, take such pay as may be tendered thankfully, and fasten yourself to the interests of the business, so that it can not aflbrd to part with you. Be ' true to those who employ you, for that is the way to be true to yourself. Postpone present acquisition with a view to larger and more perma- nent success afterward. It is as true in secular as in spiritual things, that " whosoever would save his life shall lose it ; and he that loseth his life for my sake, shall find SiTxr^TioKS, How Obtained. 123 It." In other words, he who seeks to serve himself when he professes to be serving another, will end in failure, rlile he who forgets his pei"sonal interests while serving the interests of those who employ him, will find in iiiia very course his own ultimate triumph. mm to Ijbtam a Muatton. Resolve at the start w win success Dy laithful and earnest work; to be true lo the vocation chosen, and by your own virtue and fidelity therein to raise yourself and your business to renown. Look not upon your vocation as a sponge to be squeezed, or as a selfish man may re- gard a livery horse he hires for a day, — but as a part of yourself to be imbued with your own viitue, wisdom, skiU, and power. Visit, with some wise and venerable man, various kinds of business, that you may see them in their rougher and less inviting forms, so that the finished goods in the mar- ket may not mislead you as to the realities of the tradCt He who sees the sparkling jewelry, the polished cutlery, the elegant silver ware, or the handsomely printed book would be surprised to know that in the shops wherein these shining things are produced, there is grease and grime, dust and emoke, aching brains and weary backsy People 126 Obtaiiting a Situation. bxpeoc to Bee the blacksmith with smutty face and hard, begrimed hands, but would hardly credit the fact that the making of gold watch-cases is among the dirtiest of trades. After a thorough investigation of different pursuits, and a careful and honest estimate of your own qualities, and what you really ought to follow, — then start, fully resolved to find an opening, or to make one, in the chosen pursuiti Then having clearly in view the trade or vocation to be adopted, every good establishment of the kind in the town or county should be visited in turn until a vacancy can be found. Do not apply to porters or boys, questioning them about a situation. They will not be likely to know of a vacancy, or if they do, they will desire to have it filled by one of their own friends. Find out who the head man is and go directly to him, and when he is at leisure, looking him squarely and honestly in the eye, teU him you have re- solved to learn his business and grow up in it. Tour choice of his pursuit will at once awaken in him a brotherly feeling, and he will be instinctively drawn toward you, especially if your appearance impresses him favorably. He may have several persons in his employ who are practi- cally on trial, some of whom take no interest in the bud- ness, and are really looking for something difiereut, staying where they are only for the pay. Knowing these &ct8, the proprietor readily accepts the proposal of the appli- cant, feeling assured that he will more than fill the place of the disaffected, who will accordingly be notified to look for something else in the way of business more in harmony with their taste and choice Begin at the Bottom. 121 Merely asking for a sitnation seldom secures one that is worth having. There are too many who go out looking for something to do, indifferent as to what it may be, just to earn enough for present support, careless and dreamy as to the future. Thus boys, and even young men, get situa- tions in offices to run of errands and stay about the place to answer any calls which may be made ; thus they be- come listless, vacuitous, lazy, and utterly demoralized, and they come to man's estate without a trade or profession, and become aimless sponges upon the prosperity of the community. They are " men about town," always in want, open to temptation by the vicious, or faU a prey to un- manly or wicked occupations. Thus they become vaga- bonds, political shoulder-hitters, pimps, and panderers to every kind of baseness which is the natural result of tru- ancy from school, and entire ignorance of any honorable method of earning a support. When seeking a situation do not propose to take an advanced post. Ask for a chance to work, beginning at the bottom. Tou may be considered qualified for some- thing better, yet be placed at the foot to test your temper and fidelity — to ascertain if you wiU be " faithful over a few things" as a qualification to become "a ruler over many things." If you sweep, make fires, dust, do anything and everything promptly and cheerfully, you will be ad- vanced so fast as you are seen to have fully mastered your allotted position. Grumbling at your lot and asking to be put forward will disgust your superiors, who are per- haps planning to obtain some one to fiU your low place that you may be put forward. Men like to manage theii 128 Places Easily HETAmEfi. own business — dislike to have boys make suggestions as tu their own occupation or pay. Plants are not put in large pots until, by healthy growing, they seem to have filled the small ones. If a puny plant were to tease the gar- dener for a large pot or open-air planting, he would wisely say, " Fill the place you occupy first, and thus show your adaptation to a larger one ; " or in disgust he would jerk out the feeble starveling and put a vigorous successor in its place. Many a boy has lost his situation because he whined for a post of duty beyond his present capacity to fill He who, in store or shop, begins at the bottom and learns how to do everything, and is competent to every duty, has his position and ultimate success in his own keep- ing ; and he will be sought after by many if it is known he is at liberty to accept of a new engagement. "We have seen a faithful boy take a selfish man's place in a shop or store, having, of course, increased responsibilities, a more elevated position, and better pay than before. The selfish malcontent was quite certain the proprietor put a boy in his place to save expense, when, in point of fact, he, hav- ng failed to fill the place of a man, it was given to a boy who had more than filled a boy's place. When one has a situation, it is very easy to keep it if he is really in earnest to fulfill its duties, and the faithful worker will always be retained in dull times ; while those who by laziness and slackness seek to get along easily, will bo induced to leave. "We would have all aim high, but the true way to rise is to build strongly the foundation of future success by attention, industry, and faithfulness, Idlees Never Wanted. 129 and if the person have talent, nothing can long keep him down. It is really for the interest of employers to have their assistants grow in skill, capacity, influence, and power. It is better to employ ten first-class men than fifteen m& dium men at the same aggregate amount of compensa- tion. When a man is out of a position it seems that nobody wants him. Those who are unemployed are apt to be regarded as stray waifs not wanted by anybody. More- over, if a man not overstocked with hope and courage is unemployed, he soon comes to feel dejected and irresolute, especially if he applies for employment frequently and is refused. Therefore it is well to take some temporary business in hand as a stepping-stone to that which i» wanted. A man' of good mind and pleasant address once asked us to aid him in obtaining a situation. We handed him a monthly journal and told him to solicit advertise- ments for it at so much a line, on a certain commission, and this would make for him a good excuse to enter stores and have a word with the head man. If he could secure an advertisement, all very well ; if not, he could propose himself as an assistant. He started out, and had not been gone three hours before he found a good position, and returned his agency with many thanks. * One who seeks a situation should not know too much, nor profess much. If he be young, he should say, " I can work, and am willing to do whatever may be required." One who is willing to begin at the bottom, and does not stipulate as to price, but leaves that entirely to the em- ployer, makes a good impression, and awakens in his b© 130 "GrENTLEMBN" NoT WANTED. half a kindly, generous spirit, and his interests will not b« forgotten. A well-educated son of a United States senator tried foi weeks to find a situation in Chicago, and failed. He told his name and connections ; they inquired about Lis knowl- edge of business, and learning that it was meager, and as they did not want another gentleman in the concern, ha was politely dismissed. They did not feel willing to put a handsome, well-grown, well-educated son of a senator to rough work about the store, and readily ascertained that they had no vacancy. He found, to his surprise, that being the son of a senator was no aid in getting a situation in business unless he thoroughly understood it. One day, greatly to the astonishment and chagrin of his sister, he came from his room dressed in a full suit of Kentucky jean, in the shape of jacket and overalls. Explaining his purpose, he sallied forth and asked for work about the stores he visited, keeping Iris family relationship to himself In half a day he had a place at good wages for a working man, and in three months he was assistant bookkeeper. He had written labels for parcels, signed receipts, and on occasion made out a bill, and it was soon seen that t?^e lesolute worker had a brain as well as muscle, and he was rapidly promoted, and he concealed his social (stand- ing until he had won a good position. We happened to know a young man who was bom in Dublin and educated in its university, who landed in New York in 1830, and found, after vainly seeking a nice sitnar tion, his pocket empty and his wardrobe poor. He applied to the agent of Colonel Edwards, the great tanner at Hun- Cheekfulbtess Finds a Pi.aoe. 131 ter, N. Y., for laboring work, and was forwarded with others from New Tork to the tannery to work through the winter for eight dollars a month and his board. He was set to wheeling bark from the shed to the bark-mill. As the farmers and others brought their loads of bark for sale, the bookkeeper came from the office to measure each load. Out modest Dublin man, hearing the dimensions of the loads announced, picked up a piece of bright bark and cast the contents of each load ur)on its smooth surface, saying nothing. The bookkeeper saw what he was doing, and asked him if he understood arithmetic, and desired to Bee the result of his work, when, behold, it was done in algebra. " Where did you learn that ? " "In the univer- sity, sir," was the reply. This was repeated at the office, and in a few days his fine penmanship and knowledge of the science of accounts gave him a warm situation as assistant cashier and bookkeeper, instead of running a wheelbarrow where the thermometer was at or below zero. " He that humbleth himself shall be exalted." Do not go out seeking a situation with a hopeless, sad, helpless look. Nobody wants a dead weight, a cheerless parasite to drive away all gladness and joy from the estab- lishment. We like the spirit of the brave lad who asked at a place for employment, and when informed that his services were not required, replied cheerily, " Very well, gentlemen, if you do not want me, somebody else will." They Uked his hopeful self-reliance, called him back, and made a place for him. Where many persons are employed, there is generally room for one more, especially if he be of the right sortk 1S2 The Abtist. jjrof^^tonal potationa. THE ARTIST. What is it to be an artist? and what faculties are required to secure success in that vocation ? We believe that all pursuits will be more normally prosecuted by men of good, sound, bodily constitutions than by those nervous, fidgety, half-built men who are partial in their develop- ment, and, of course, must be partial and fragmentary in their efforts. MENTAl EBQUISITES. We say, then, the artist should have a poetic tempera- ment — an abundance of the Mental or nervous, well sus- tained by the Vital, with a dash of the Motive, which gives frequently dark hair and eyes. The artist should have a high, long head, and breadth from the external angles of the forehead backward; in other words, the upper part of the side-head should be full and well expanded. The Mental- Vital temperament serves to give emotion in the direction of sentiment, while large Ideality and Consti-uctiveness, combined with large Spirituality, tend to give creative fancy, imagination, power of con- struction, and ability to work out the image which the mind has created, and thus produce tangibly what the inspiration of sentiment has created in the mind. THOMAS NAST, Cabicatube Abtist. Dnring the war, and ever since, the pencil of this remarkable artist, ttarongb Harper's Weekly, has heen a power In the land. Lincoln once.said ; " Tell Kast to transfer his talent to me and he may take my place." Daring a heated political campaio:n Nast^s cartoons arc worth a score of the best stump speak- ers, or 50,000 votes in New York State, They did mach during the war to keep np the spirit of the people, and they were said to be worth 100,000 men in the field. He works so rapidly that he can giyc pnblic entertainments, drawing before the andience, as by a mas^c hand, the portraits of well known characters. Tweed said : ** Print what yon like aboat me, but spare me from the pictarea ofNast. The people al! understand them." Ho was bom in Bavaria, tSeptem.- ber 27, 1840 : came with his parents to New York In 1846. At fourteen he wai employed by Frank Leslie as draftsman ; in 1860 he went to Italy to sketch Garibaldi's campaign for London and New York papeii ; tn 1861 be becsoM permsncnllf conneGted with Harper' t Week!]/, The Abtist. li>3 The true artist does not begin his picture or his statue as one does the brick wall of a house, laying it out by metes and bounds and erecting it with line and plummet, according to fixed mathematical rules ; but in the dream of the artist or the artisan the beautifol dome, with all its elegant finish, is instantly brought into being and spanned above his head. The statue or the picture comes to him iike a dream, and the secret of art-power is to hold those images in the memory until the faculties of Constructi^e- ness, Form, Size, and Order have wrought out and fixed the image in material form. ENOWLSDOB OF CHARACTSB. In portraiture and sculpture the artist must possess an mstinctive appreciation of character. Landseer loved dogs, understood their character, and could sympathize with them, and thus embody their character in their expression. Rosa Bonhenr studied and understood, not the forms of horses and cattle only ; she knew their dispo- sitions, absorbed their consciousness as it were, knew how they felt, and learned to express in her work the inner Bpirit of her subject. Hence, everybody who knows ani- mals well, readily appreciates her success. The man who looks upon an ox as so much beef, or upon a horse as being merely bulky and strong, would neither appreciate nor purchase one of her matchless pictures. The same law holds good respecting successful art in human portraiture or sculpture. He who has a good knowledge of Phrenology and Physiognomy will compose a head and face in such a manner as to reveal the real 134 The Aetist. character of the subject. One of the best and most successful sculptors in America in posthumous busts, mod- els his heads ia conformity with Phrenology. If firmness, force, pride, and prowess belonged to his subject, he is careful to represent the organs of Firmness, Self-Esteem, Combativeness, and Destructiveness in strong develop- ment, and the world wonders how the very life and char, acter of the man can be so embodied in the marble when the artist never saw the original, and had only photographs to work from. An artist was modeling the head of a beautiful girl from a single, very small photograph, the only one the bereaved family had. The work was not satisfactory to the friends, and the writer was requested to inspect the work critically. Having during her life examined her head, and knowing her character, he at once saw the defect in the phrenological development of the head, and requested the artist to pile on the clay half an inch thick at Firm- ness, Conscientiousness, Self-Esteem, and Causality. This altered the whole aspect and expression of the head and face, and the parents were delighted with the resemblance to the original, and it was then put in enduring marble. The artist who attempts to get along without a knowi edge of Phrenology is not aware ho'W great an aid he ignores. We have seen in the modeled bust of General Jackson a striking illustration of this principle. The face, the forehead, and the front hair were very correct, but the crown of the head was an inch and a half too low, and gave the bust an expression of diffidence, inefficiency, and yielding pliability and meekness entirely at varianccwith FEANCIS B. CARPENTER, Portrait Painter, This well-known artist was born in Homer, N . T., August 8, 1830, and like many another aspirant for hard work, stupid criticism and expected ti'iumph, was obliged to struggle against obstacles at the very outset; but determined to paint or perish, he worked in the atticon a portrait o£ his loving mother, until it was so good a likeness as to convert his father to the idea that painting' might be better for Frank than farming— thanks to the dear mother. His career has been signally successful. He told the writer, many years ago, that in every picture he ever painted he had done his very best, whether it were to be paid for or not. Effort with such a spirit must secure success. He is best known for his great historical picture, "The Emancipation Proclamation," which was painted at the White House. It has been engraved and widely sold. The Sculptor — Art not Enginebking. 135 the char^tcter of the original. Nobody was satisfied with it, and only the phrenologist knew why it was worthless. The mechanic who becomes an inventor is, in most instances, an artist by nature, if not by practice, in the beginning. The most useful inventions have flashed in a moment upon the imagination of the inventor, although whole years might require to be consumed by the mechaa ical and mathematical faculties in working them out. THE SCULPTOE should possess a fine temperament with a good degree of the Motive to give strength and vigor. A bland, mellow, pliant character has less sympathy with statuary, Avith solid forms than with painting. We question whether success in statuary has been produced by persons having what would be called a soft temperament. The sculptor needs Foi-m, Size, Locality, Constructiveness, Human Nature, and Comparison ; while the painter requires lai^ge Color in addition, and, we fancy, a little more mellowness of temperament. The sculptor must have large Weight, so as to pose the statue properly, to balance a group, especially a horse and his rider. K a sculptor fail to balance a statue in an easy and harmonious manner, or if a painter violate the law of Weight or gravity in a full-length figure, it gives one as much annoyance as it is said architects feel in looking at the Leaning Tower of Pisa. AET NOT ENGIKEKEING. The engineer who employs mJttl^em^tics anij certt^ip 136 The Artist, philosopLicai laws to build his bridge or construct hi» building, pursues his course with a plodding deliberation, building one part uj)on another, and thus in consecutive order works out his problem, guided by fixed laws. Not 60 with the artist. There are certain executive rules which. artists can be taught for the better working out of their conceptions ; but the artistic spirit must be possessed, the creative fancy must be present before the practical talents can be rendered useful in realizing the work of the artist. The great majority of artists, however, live an unhappy because an unnatural life ; they live in a state of nervous excitability, and many trust to tea, tobacco, alco- holic stimulants, or opium to stir up the nervous system to its work. ECCENTEICrrY OF AETISTS. There is no reason why a poet or an artist should be negligent in his dress, quaint in his manners, and in many ways violate the canons of good taste and good sense ; but he who supposes he must live on the wings of imagi- nation constantly, and ignores all the facts of common sense and common life, will be warped and peculiar in his artistic or poetic manifestations. The' artist who can cultivate a good body and stern common sense, who can come into intimate sympathy with common people in their daily pursuits and aspirations, and at the same time have all those artistic conceptions which give breadth and finish to the mind and its work, is indeed the true artist. The pictures which live are those which are based on some gieat want or principle of human nature. A ROSALIE BONHEUB. DiSTisemsHBD Faikteb oy Ahihai^. Bom March 22, 1832. After receiving In- etractien from her father, who was a painter, she conetantly studied living sal)^ jectB. Among the most noted of her paintlngB are " The Horse Fair," " The Horse for Sale," " Horseii in a Meadow," "The Three Musketeers," "Cows and Sheep in a Hollow Koad," " Bucks in Repose." On the "Horse Fair" she worked eighteen months, attending the horse market twice a week regularly dur- ing the time. She has succeeded aUo in sculpture. She has heen decorated with the Cross of the Legion of Honor. SIR EDWIN I/ANDSEEB, This celebrated painter of animals, particularly dogs, in whose delineation he was unrivaled, died in London, October 1, 1873, at the age of seventy-one. He excelled in painting animals while a boy, and became a student of the Boyal Academy in 1816. He began to exhibit his pictures when but little over fourteen years of age, and his earliest productions attracted attention, and gave great promise of future excellence. Among the best known of his numer- ous paintings are the following, all of which were exhibited at' the Koyal Academy : " A Hi^land Breakfast,*' " The Drover's De- parture," "The Dog and the Shadow," " A Fireside Party^' " No Place Like Home," "The Two Dogs," "The Old Shepherd's Chief Mourner," "A Jack In OfBce," "Tethered Earns," " Sancho Panza and Dapple," "The Ang- ler's Guard," "Sus- gense," " C o m i c it 1 ogs," "Tonng Eoe- buck and K o u g h Hounds," and "The Eagle's Nest." Equ- al Ty celebrated are " Bolton Abbey in the Olden Time,'' "Ti- «ania,""LayingDown the Law," and " Wel- lington Visiting the FiSd of Waterloo," "Deerstalking," "Doubtful Crumbs," "A Rind Star," "Flood In the High- lauds," "The Shrew Tamed," "Windsor Park," " Squirrels Cracking Nuts,' " Man Proposes, but God Disposes." The majority of his compositions have become popular engravings. He became an associate of the Boyal Academy in 1827, and a Boyal Academician in 1830. He was knighted by the Queen of Great Britain in 1850. His poj:trait indicates the man of tbongatfol Mbit, to- geUker with a close and careftal scrutiny. Common Sense in Art, 137 work of art conceived in the realm erf imagination and wrought out in that realm, may be brilliant, but will be cold as an icicle. The poets and artists who know how to appreciate rustic life, give us poems, pictures, and statues which the world, from the lowest to the highest of its children, appreciates ; and such works are stamped with immortality. The artist ought to be religious as well as moral. He should have strong social affections, so that his work may minister to that great element of human life. He must put love in the statue or the pK o^ic, as well as beauty ; in short, the poet or the artist who can appeal to every feel- ing that is natural and noble in human nature is the true artist, and in proportion as men approximate to this high point are they artists. Artists are apt to be egotistical ; they live so much in the realm of their own thoughts, that whether they are or are not appreciated, their self- hood seems to stand out conspicuously. Unfortunately, many of them become nervous, crotchety, eccentric, sar- castic, and at cross purposes with the world, chiefly be- cause they live in a wrong atmosphere. They seek to live wholly on the wing, when they should often touch the solid earth of common life and common sympathy. COMMON SENSE VS AKT. Art, in this world of fancy and romance, is common, and is daily becoming more so. It is common in two senses. First, in the sense of frequency ; secondly, in the sense of mediocrity. But common sense is almost the rarest commodity in the world. Common sense results 138 The Aetist. from the harmonions, full development of all the intellect nal organs, without a high degree of Mirthfulness, Imitation, Ideality, and Spirituality ; in other words, common sense is the intellect well instructed by experience of common things without being warped by imagination, fancy, of fanaticism. Aet is imagination, invention, and fancy developed by Constructiveness and guided by intellect. In order that such intellectual action should deserve the name of common sense, it should have practical instruction and experience in regard to the outer world. Hogarth has given many admirable illustrations of artistic effort in violation of all high artistic rules and of the laws of common sense; but we have seen a few things in art which showed a lack of practical experience in the world's affairs, and therefore ot common sense, which we do not remember to have seen in Hogarth's ludicrous illustrations, tiet us enumerate a few : At a firemen's parade, in "Hew York city, we observed that the ladders of one of the hook and ladder companies wrrp painted wood color and grained, and the artistic graiiier must needs show how admirably he could represent wood, and therefore he had given the ridiculous represen- tation of ladders half a hundred feet long with miserable cross-grained wood for the side pieces. We are not certain whether the rounds of the ladders were painted, for they were not in sight, but presume, if they were painted and grained by the same genius, that they too were made to show crooked, cross-grained wood. The next truck that passed in the procession with ladders had them varnished npon the raw wood, and wc observed that the grain of the I \ // ^ \9'- JAMES BOGLE, BhIHEKT POKTKAIT PAISTEB. This gestlemsn was bom in Georgetown, South Carolina, In the year 1818. Losing his father while yonng be was early obliged to make himself nsefnl, and ne entered a book store at sixteen and became expert in hnsiness, where he spent foar years onder the training of a careful and honorable man. Qla yonoger brother took lessons in painting under Professor S. F. 6. Morse, and coming home in 1839 he fonnd James at home ill from overwork and rheuma- tism, and commenced giving him lessons in drawing and painting. So apt a pnpil as he soon became able to mabe good likenesses, and he traveled in the Sonth for a time, and, turning northward, he settled in New York. Many ol the leading citizens sat for him, and his pictures soon became noted among tae beet for the accuracy of the drawing and the speaking fidelity of the llb» ■10. Be was uoted for painting a finished picture ia three sittings. I3»}i Common Sense in Art. 139 natural timber was very straight. Now everybody knows, who has ever used a ladder, or studied how they are made, or ought to be made, that the very straightest of timber must be selected out of which to make them. The same is true of broom handles, hoe handles, rake handles, whip stocks, axe helves, and the like. A few years ago an oil painting was for sale on Broad- way, representing a horse hitched to a post pulling back- ward with all his might ; his head and neck were straight- ened out, and his legs and body were in such a position as indicated the horse pulling with all his force and weight ; but the halter, painted by the artist, instead of being drawn particularly straight, appeared so slack as to sag nearly six inches. If such an artist could wear a halter long enough, and be gently rapped over the head bard enough' to learn that a horse, or ass, pulling at a halter would necessarily straighten it, both art and artist might be improved. One of the principal express companies in New York had a card, half a foot in length, printed in various coloiu, on which was an engraving representing a long team of horses, one forward of another, with a baggage wagon loaded excessively, with boxes piled up higher than the wagon. Every horse appeared to be pulling with all his might ; but, strange to say, the draw-chains from the head of the team to the wagon, though elaborately represented, and all the links minutely defined, hung along in festoons the whole distance, when they should have been drawn straight. We thiijK if the artist could be made to hold on to the end of that chain and have the suggester, com- monly called whip, applied to him for awhile, as it is to a 140 The Abtist. draught horse, he would find out that hard pulling woald straighten the chain instead of leaving it slack. For such egregious blunders there is no excuse. City artists sometimes make awkward and ridiculous blunders — for which we do not mean to pardon them, but for which we can see some excuse — namely, they draw and engrave a company of mowers swinging their scythes from left to right; or they make a shop full of blacksmiths, every one of whom is hammering the iron with his left hand ; or, as we frequently see, the picture of a lady on horseback sitting on the wrong side of the horse. Now these three instances of left-handed pictures were drawn so that they looked right on the block oi plate, but, oi. course, when. the. printing was done, it reversed it, and made the right-handed drawing a left-handed picture in print. The common reader may not be awart- (hat the faces of types and of engravings are made backward, but come right when impressed on the paper. In all the pic- tures we have seen representing the woodman, we have never seen an axe properly drawn. It looks more like a butcher's meat-cleaver ; sometimes it looks like a broad- faced hatchet or ancient battle-axe without any head to it. There is in market a very large, elaborate, and ex- pensive picture. It is a plowing scene. The field of ground which is unplowed, and a part of it which is plowed, together with a plow in its furrow, are properly represented ; but the " near " ox, which ought to be on the unplowed ground, is traveling in the furrow, and the "ofi'" ox, which ought to be in the last furrow, is crowded away upon the plowed field some two or three furrows LOUIS FEAKG, THS CHBOKO-IilTHOOBAPH PUBUBHliB. ThU iflcapant face will be welcome wherever his beautiful 'colored prinU known of bb chiomoB. Ue was burn in Breslau, Prussia, March 12, ISW. i^yi Common Sense in Akt. 141 from where he should be. In this case, the plow, though drawn very directly between the oxen, is cutting its fup row quite on the left side of the left-hand ox, and, if wa mistake not (as we have not seen the picture recently, for it gave us such a back-ache that we have since studiously avoided it), the driver is walking in the plowed portion of the field, at the ofE" side of the team, where we never saw the driver of an ox-team walk. It is, however, a common error in pictures to put the driver of oxen on the " off" side of his team, and we presume such an instance in practice can not be found from one end of the country to the other, except, perhaps, with road-makers, who might sometimes find it convenient to have the team at their left hand. "We have seen one or two engravings of milkmaids on the proper side of the cow, but where we have seen one such, we have seen ten representing the milker on the wrong side. Artists who undertake to represent horses pulling, or in harness, farmers mowing, blacksmiths hammering, horseback riding, or plowing scenes, would do well to observe these common facts of every-day life, and try to see them as they exist in practice ; in other words, use common sense with their artistic talent. It certainly would look queer to put the head of an ox on the body of a horse, or the tail of a horse on the body of an ox, in art; but it would be no more untrue to nature and to reality than it is to put to an overloaded wagon a train of horses in the attitude of rapid progress, pulling with all tbeir might, with their draw-chains hanging from one end of the team to the other in easy festoons of slackness. We have heard the story of a painter who was employed 142 The Artist. to paint a ship. When lie came to the anchor, he in.^ aired of the captain what color he should make it. The captain replied, " Paint it whatever color you please." Instead of painting it black, as iron in such form usually is, he painted and gi-ained it the color of pine wood, but it looked 80 incongruous the captain ordered it painted black, lest, when thrown overboard, it should refuse to sink. Artists rarely or never represent correctly an overshot mill wheel. Instead of the water falling quietly into the buckets in a smooth stream, and settling into the buckets nearly ont of sight, and being thus carried toward the bottom of the wheel before emptying, the stream is erroneously represented as running right over the buckets in an unbroken current, and leaving the wheel in the same continuous manner, precisely as it would if the wheel stood still and had no buckets at all. One good look at such a wheel when in motion would instantly show the fallacy of such a representation. Cart wheels which are made of sections or felloes are represented usually without any regard.to where the joints of the rim are placed, and they are often shown as occur- ring at the entrance of the spokes, when they ought to be at equal distances from the spokes. An artist had finished a rural picture representing a litter of pigs, with their mother, eating at a trough. They were faultlessly drawn and colored. Every anatomical and physiological peculi- arity of each pig was nicely observed in the treatment ; they stood in a handsome row, trim and orderly, but he had left the pig character entirely out of the picture. An Irish farm laborer happening to be present, the artist, feeV Teachers and Teaching 14S ing confident be would appreciate the picture, asked him what he thought of it. He instantly replied, "Faix, it's a purty nice picture, sir; but who iver saw siven pigs atin' pacibly wid niver a fat in the trough ? " TEACH,ERS AND TEACHING. It is thought by some people, especially those who have but little education, and are obliged to work at some labo- rious calling, that all the professions are very easy ; and they often say that the lawyer, the minister, the teacher^ the physician earn their money with little or no labor. Such persons seem to think that the man who does not raise a bushel of corn, make a horseshoe, or work up urees into cordwood or lumber, is not a producer, and therefore is a pensioner upon the bounty and leniency of the world. We hold that the thinker, the brain laborer, and especially the teacher who instructs the young in all that pertains to literature and science, is as really a producer as he who uses his knowledge toward the accomplishment of busi- ness purposes. The teacher who instructs the pupil how to keep accounts, and qualifies him for commerce, banking, and other business, contributes as essentially to the acqui- sition of property as he does who keeps the accounts, plans the business, and works out the results. One might say that the grindstone is not a producer because it never cuts down trees, or hews timber, or mows grass, or planes boards ; but the axe, the scythe, and the plane are useless without the sharp edge which the grindstone imparts. So 144 Teachees and Teaching. the human mind sent out into life without- the Bharpening influence of education can not with facility hew its way to success. Let the teacher then feel that he is the main spoke in the wheel of the world's success, and while doing his duty faithfully and nobly, let him stand erect as one of the world's noblemen. SOUiro CONSTITDIIOK A3fD HBAIiTH. But what does the teacher require ? mentally and physi- cally, what should he have? First, an elastic and eneP' getic constitution, with a predominance of the Mental and Motive temperaments, which give activity and compact- ness to the mind, strength and earnestness to the character. He also needs health, and the ample physical exercise which promotes health. A sickly, dyspeptic, nervous, half-dead man has no more business in the school-room, as a teacher, than a crippled horse has on the race-course, or a half-wrecked leaky ship has to go forth upon the ocean. The teacher requires a large and active brain, with a de- cided predominan'je of the perceptive intellect ; the lower part of his forehijad should be amply developed. These faculties enable him to acquire knowledge. He should also be full through the middle portion of the forehead, where the organs of memory are located, that he may treasure up and hold in reserve the knowledge which' he wishes to retain. The teacher should have large Language, that he may be able to explain easily and fully that which he knows and is engaged in teaching. He should also have strong reasoning faculties, so that he can answer the ijnestions of inquisitive pupils ; that he may see the bent THOMAS B. HUNT, F.R.S , Ekiitekt Scisntist and Whiter. Thomas S. Bant, wboee reputation as a cbemlBt, mineralosiat and geologlet, and Incid teacher of these sabjects, extends beyond the bounds of hfi own eonntry, was bom in Norwich, Conn., September 5, 1826- proposed to be a physician— bnt, having a stronger liking for chemistry, became In 1845 a stndent of Professor Silliman at Yale. In 1817 he was appointed Chemist and Mineral- ogist to the Geological Surrey of Canada, a post which he held oyer twenty- five years, which he left in 1872 to accept the Chair of Geology at Boston in Iho InstitDtc of Technology. He became a critic of Liebig and others, developed a system of his own, which is now recognized as the basis of modern chemical theory. Mr. Hnnt has published in the Atnerican Journal of Scienet more thim one hundred scientific papers. He has been honored with the degree of M.A. from Harvard, and the degrees of LL.D. and Sc.D. from the Univcrsiiics of Montreal and Quebec, the French order of the Legion of Honor, membership of Scientific Societies in France, Dublin, Germany, and Koyal Society of Lou don. Qia is the bead of a teacher and scholar, par ezcelleoce. Steowg Moral Sentiments. 14S and bearing of his instructions, and be able to explain the philosophy of any point involved in his subjects i The Repokter. 165 rauce of its deKvery and handed over to be put in type for iLe use of some favorite morning paper, and the real speed', as uttered under the impulse and inspiration of a large and interested audience, and reported on the spot verbaUm for other papers. Though the carefully written speech were the same in general substance and drift, its real spirit could be obtained only by reading the short- hand iiiporter's version of it as it fell from the lips of the excited orator with all the scintillations called out by the time, p>ice, and incidental circimistances. The world does not consider, and in the main does not know, h ow much it is to-day indebted to the reporter for its knoviledge of affairs. Fifty years ago Congressional reports, and the reports of all legislative bodies, and of religious conventions, synods, etc., were meagre — mere ab- stracts ; hardly the dry bones, indeed, of the proceedings and speeches were presented to the public. Now, by the aid of shorthand and its twin brother, telegraphy, speeches made at ten o'clock at night in the Senate or in Parliament are presented fresh and full, in the very words of the speaker, in all the leading papers the next morning. The man intoxicated by passion or by strong drink is reported verbatim to his disgusted con- stituents and an astonished f ablic. Burns uttered the the immortalized words : " O wad some power the giftie gie us, To see oursels as ithcrs see ns. It wad frae mony a blunder free W, And foolish notion ; " Dnt the reporter makes a man's constituents see him as bia 156 The Repoetbic. colleagues in the le^lature and convention are com|ieIled to see him ; and though the reporter gives to the world a deal of chaff which is uttered in public assemblies, he gives also, fortunately, the wheat as well If the public is disgusted by the report of the speech of the Honorable Bombastes Furioso, it is favored with the sound, eloquent, and statesmanlike views of those who do not misrepresent constituencies ; thus a man is enabled to have the reputa- tion to which he is entitled. If he be a braggart and a fool, a wise constituency will wisely elect him to stay at Home ; if he have in him real merit, talent, and worth, the world is made aware of it. The sayings and doings, then, of the world — ^those that are worth transmitting — are pra- eented to us by the aid of the repoi-ter, telegrapher, and printer, upon our breakfast-tables every morning. This triune fi-aternity.(the most important member of which is the reporter, for how could it be transmitted unless it were reported, or printed except it were reported and trans- mitted 7) deserves well in public esteem. FOPUIAB BXFOBTINa. A bustling crowd of people who attend upon le^slative debates, courts, or public lectures, and witness the en- trance of the modest young men who quietly glide to their places near the speaker's stand, may, if they please, look upon them with indifference ; but if they knew theii worth, if they codisidered the service rendered by them to the public, and the elements of reform and progress which grow out of their labor, they would see, as it were, a dia- mond blazing on the brow of every one of those palc^ XDWABD V. nNDERHTLL, Bkfobteb, Wm born at Woleott, Wayne Co., X. Y., in 1830 ; has worked in mercantile establieliments, on a farm, and in a woolen factor; ; in 1847 became a pnpil ot Tberon C Iieland, in stenography. At the age of nineteen, was a reporter on '.he St. Lonls Bepuilican ; developed a taste for literature, and became a eno ceasfnl tanmorons writer. Was a member of the Phonetic Conneil of 1850. In '63, was connected with the Xew Tork press : became the Hmo' war corre- spondent in '61. Since '62 he has been a professional reporter in New York City ; drafted the first bill authorizing official stenographers, and so placed tha profession on an eqaol standing with that of law. Is now official itenographei of the Surrogate's Court. He has brilliant talent, and is a most rapid writei md capable of giving a good dress to speeches which need pmning. hi^% LSGAL BkPOBTIN'O. 167 quiet reporters. One of them having taken ten minutes of the great speech, another takes it up, and with his quick pencil continues the report of the discourse, while the first quietly retiring hurries to the printing-office or telegraph- office to copy and transmit his portion of the speech to the waiting type-setters; and in like manner eight or ten reporters in succession may carry their part away. Four, six, eight, or more long columns of closely printed matter show at daylight the next morning the result but not the real magnitude of the reporter's labor. This is only an outward view of the reporter's life. The last one in the line may get the close of the speech at half- past ten ; two hours may be rtquired to reach the print- ing-office and copy out his report, and two hours more before he can inspect the proof; and at two or three o'clock in the morning he is permitted with weary body and burning brain to hurry home to repose. At ten next morning he repairs to the newspaper office, and is assigned to duty for that day or night. This may be called the simplicity of reporting. LEGAL BBPOBTtVO. If the reporter be. engaged in Court, all the questions and answers of counsel and witnesses, all the remarks of the judges, all the conflicts of counsel mast generally be taken verbatim. Formerly it was a slow process to take testimony, when the attorneys themselves must write down every word in longhand ; but now the court pro- ceedings march onward as if no delay were needed, for the nimble fingers of the quick-eared "stenographer" get 158 The Repobtee. every -flrord, so that he can swear to it if necessary Imagine a noisy session of a legislative body ; appeals to the chair and calls to order are being thrust in, and there 13 the struggle of the member who has the floor, or thinks he has it, to inflict his heavy speech upon unwilling ears, etc. The reporter, one would suppose, needs more than his single set of senses to get all that is said, to know who says it, the order in which it occurs, and have it put down correctly in black and white. OPFICB KEPOETING. Another kind of reporting is that which is done in an oflSce such as a phrenological cabinet, where " character " from dictation is taken down at length and carefully copied out in longhand. Lawyers also employ reporters in their offices, to whom they dictate letters, contracts, de- positions, and other legal documents. Commerce is hav- ing its eyes opened, and is employing shorthand writers to take dictations of letters and other business matters which are written. Sometimes seventy letters in a day are dic- tated to a shorthand writer, the phonographic notes being all the copy that is needed ; thus a man who understands the intricacies of important business can talk to his cus- tomers as if they were present; and a young man or a young woman just out of school can take these dictations and give a fair copy to be sent by post. Thus an import- ant man can virtually do in an hour's time as much letter- writing as he could accomplish by working hard all day. This saves his time, besides making the letter more meUow and fresh than a hurried business man can aflbrd the time How TO Save Clergymen. 169 and patience to make it with his own hand. Instead of the hard, stereotyped phrase, "Yours received, contents noted," he can, through a reporter, he as pliant, polite, and extended in his communication as he would be if he had only three letters a day to write. It may be affirmed that literary labor in general might be lessened three-fourths or seventy-five per cent, by the aid of shorthand writers. HOW TO SAVE CI/EEGTMKN. Clergymen are learning that having read and imbued themselves with the subject-matter of a sermon, one can, some bright morning, when the mind is strong, sharp, and vigorous, dictate a sermon in the quiet of his study, and do as much in an hour as he would be able to do in two or three days of hard labor. Having thus discharged his mind of his subject, he can ride, visit, work in his garden, recreate or rest, and thus maintain his health, and do a world of good to himself, his family, and his parishioners. The next morning, when his mind is again clear and fresh, his amanuensis lays before him a fair copy of his yesterday morning's dictation, or reads it to him, and he may erase or interline, or, having his amanuensis at hand, he can add by dictation a page here and there, to round out the sub- ject and embellish his thought. The next morning a handsome copy of his amended dictation is ready for use in the pulpit. He may then dictate another discourse, and his week's labor, so far as the drudgery of sermon-writing is concerned, is done. It is safe to say that with a little practice a clergyman could do in one day's work all the labor required to write in full two sermons ; and we ve» 160 • The Repoetee. ture the assertion that a year's practice in this way would place a man in such relations to sermon-writing that he could produce results better by fifty per cent, than would be possible in the weary, nerve-wearing process of long- hand writing. When the mind is on fire with a theme, how it burns out the life to hold that burning thought till the slow hand can copy it ! It is this that kills the ser- mon-writer. If the hot thought could be uttered as it would be in extemporaneous discourse, and the nimble fin- gers of the amanuensis could receive it and record it, and then at his leisure write it out, the minister would save his health with which to back up talent, and do double the work, and acquire twice the reputation, and live use- fully twice as long, as by the old method. There is no more reason why the architect of a poem, an oration, or a sermon should submit to the tediousness of copying out his composition, than that the architect of a bridge or a church should be obliged, after the plans are drawn, to do all the work with his own hands. The architect sketches, while the laborers execute, and thus his brain furnishes work for a hundred hands, TAIBNTS EEQUIEKD. Well, what ot reporters ? the talents required, and the prospect of advancement presented? We have consid- ered already the value of reporting, and the questiona come up, what talent is required ? what culture ? and what opening is made for success and achievement to the reporter himself ? We may remark, first, that the more talent and culture the reporter ias, the better. Charlei THOMAS AIIEN BEED, Reporter, of London, waa bom at Watcbet, Somersetebire, England, April 6, 1825. Was an Inveterate reader, and ambitions student, nbicb led bim to s knowledge of sbortband, and be learned Lewises System, and attempted to re- port by it wben bnt thirteen years of a?e. At this time, learning that phono- graphy was a better method, be abandoned the old system and mastered the new. Mr. Reed is the most eminent reporter in Enrope. He has averaged n speed of 185 words per minnte on a test of several hoars' writing. Is author of "The Reporter's Guide," "The Phonographic Grades," "Pitfalls," and ' Leaves from my Note-Book." " Tht Phonographic Beporter," a montbl; petiodlct., is lithographed entirely in Mr. Reed's style. i^a EXPERLEITOE WITH BEGINNERS. 161 Dickeus was a reporter for & cewspaper, and for inan^ years had his seat in ihe reporters' gallery of the British House of Commons. Starting with excellent ability and with only, fair scholastic culture, he not only became a capital reporter, but grew out of mere reporting to be one of the first novel-writers of the world. He won fame and fortune. Fair success, however, may be obtained by a young man of average ability and good English education. It may not be news to readers to say that some sensible and effective speakers are not good scholars; their speeches are ungrammatical, and, in this respect, need working into shape by the reporter ; therefore lie should be a good grammarian, a good speller, and a clear, rapid penmen. He ought to have an excellent memory, so as to forget nothing he learns. He should have large percep- tive organs, to make his mind quick and sharp. He should have keen hearing, and a quick eye, and a wide- awake temperament — not too nervous — so that he may be on the alert to hear, and quick of hand to write. BXFEBIENCB VTITH BBGimrXBS. In the Phrenological OflSce of Fowler i QlfHARMONIOUS DEVELOPMENT. 165 eye, well-defined but somewhat delicate features, fine Laii and skin, with comparatively light bones and muscles, large brain, and general sprightliness and activity of body, and an abimdance of sensitiveness and susceptibility. When these temperaments are possessed in harmonious blending ; when each is about equally represented in the man, there will be a good frame, with strength not amounting to coarseness; there will be fuUness of form without grossness ; there wUl be refinement without efiem- inacy; and general strength, earnestness, health, endur- ance, and the basis of long li£6 , in short, a well-organized man, like a piano with all the strings in tune, and the higher, lower, and middle octaves in comprehensive and harmonious relationship. UNHABMONIOUS DHTBLOPHENT. The life of a physician is one of care, fatigue, patience, perseverance, and seK-deniaL Hence he needs a tempera- ment that lies at the basis of and tending to develop all these qualities. If a man has an excess of the nervous or Mental temperament, he will become easily worn and anxious, irritable, erratic, and unhappy ; and he will carry to the sick-room qualities and conditions which will make the poor invalid feel, not calm and comfortable, but anx- ious and excited. He will resemble a piano with only the higher octavos. If one has too much of the Motive tem- perament, with hard h lir and rough featTires, there will be a lack of gentleness, refinement, and taste, so that the sick, especially the nervous and delicate, will be nnfavor- •shlj affected by his presence. He will be like a piano 166 The Phtsioian. with only the lower two octaves. If one has tto mucii of the Vital temperament, there wiU be a lack of studious- ness, a tendency to over-eat and live too highly, and there- by produce a muddy state of mind, an obtuse intellect and judgment, and a sort of grossness and vulgarity which will not be agreeable to persons of refinement and culture. He will be like a piano containing only the middle octaves, incapable of anything but monotonous mediocre perform- ance. OFFENSIVE CHABACTEBISTICS. Nothing is more unfortunate to the profession 0\. medi- cine than qualities, constitutional or acquired, in the physi- cian, which make him ill adapted to meet humanity in its more sensitive and delicate phases pleasantly. The phy- sician should not, certainly in his own person, be offensive, yet he should have a world of strength ; should be hearty, cheerful, able to bear his own burdens and sorrows, and have sunshine and joy enough left for a dozen sick-rooms. The physician, then, should be so organized, mentally and physically, as not to be repulsive to the refined, from grossness or coarseness, yet he should have strength enough to minister strength to the depressed and weak. It short, no man needs a better constitution or a more har- monious development than the physician, and the more nearly perfection a man is in organization, the better he ia qualified to be an acceptable and successful physician. DESIISABLB TBAITS. We come now to the inquiry as to his mental peculiar! ties, and we might, in general, answer, that perfect har Memokt. 167 mony and a strong devel >pment of all the mental qualities would be highly advisable in a physician; but as most men are not thus favorably organized, we specify some of the indispensable elements, with the reasons therefor. In the first place, a physician needs a world of knowl' edge of "a practical character. He should understand chemistry, botany, mineralogy, physiology, anatomy, and last, and above aU, pathology. These sciences require in the student an ample development across the lower part of the forehead, viz., large perceptive organs. We have never known a successful physician with small perceptive organs, though such a man might be a successful planner of theoretical business, such as bauking, and certain phases of commerce. MBMOBY. Secondly — The physician should have a large develop- ment of the organs which give memory ; the middle part of the forehead should be plump and full, that he may hold, as it were, in solution ready for use, all the knowl- edge he acquires from books, from observation, and from experience. There is no other profession in which so much scientific matter is required to be learned and kept fresh in the memory for instant use. To be a thorough anatomist requires the study of a Ufetime. Physiology has a breadth of investigation and a minuteness of detail sufficient to enlist the best eflEbrts of the clearest mind ond the most retentive memory. Chemistry is a profession of itself; botany, mineralogy, and pathology demand careful study and a comprehensive memory. The!a the departments of therapeutics and surgery — each of which 168 The Physician. is an art as well as a science —require quick powers of observation, sharp criticism, and ingenuity. If the medical student can study both ancient and modern clas- sics, he will find ample use for them, and it will not seem extravagant to assert the need in the physician's mental development of a first-class mind and thorough eultura The medical profession is no place for a stupid mind or a careless disposition. EEASONING POWBB. Thirdly — ^His reasoning organs, located across the up per part of the forehead, especially Comparison, should be amply developed, so that he can analyze, discriminate, and comprehend the philosophy of the causes involved in a given case ; the patient's peculiar temperament, and other conditions and circumstances differing from anything he has seen before. Hence he must understand the philos- ophy involved in the facts. If he have only large pei'- ceptives, he will be very Ukely to apply former treatment of other patients whose conditions and circumstances were different, and thus fail of success. We have known some physicians who were excellent in counsel, but who were not successful in their own practice. Such had a large upper forehead, were theorists, were reasoners, but failed in observing the symptoms, conditions, and peculiarities of patients. They needed some other physician to ob- serve the case and collate the facts, and when these were presented, the philosophical physician could make infer- ences and give sound advice. If the developments of the fact-gatherer and the philosopher could have been com- Decision, Selp-Reliance. 169 bined in one man, he would have been competent to do the work of both, and would incline to seek counsel of none. THE SOCIAI, APFBCnONS. Fourthly — The paysician should have strong social feeling ; the backhead should be amply developed, so that all the relations of social life may be appreciated by him He should love children, and be able when he comes into a family to gain their confidence and win their attention and affection. No man, even with extra talent, can win his way as a physician who can not make cordial and last- ing friends of his patients. The physician must be trusted, confided in, and relied upon in the most important and delicate relations, and if he can not be loved as a friend and trusted as a brother, his power for usefulness and suc- cess will be very limited. DECISIOK, SBI.F-BELIAJI'CB. Fifthly — ^The physician should be a man of decision and BPlf-reliance ; his Firmness should be large, and his Self- Esteem sufficient to enable him to assume responsibility and not feel burdened by it. He should feel that he knows, and that his decisions are sound; then he will act promptly and calmly, with an unclouded judgment. If he lack self-reliance, he will always be timid, doubtful, and uncer- tain ; will incline to try experiments and feel his way, and thus, while trying to become assured as to the propriety of his course, his patient may slip through his fingers. Thus many a man who really knows, yet has his doubts, will fail of success, whereas if he had self-reliance, 8 170 The Physician, thoroughness, and stamina equal to his knowledge, he would hravely assume the responsibility, adopt promptly the proper course, and succeed, to his credit and the joy of all concerned. rOECE, COUEAGE. Sixthly — The physician should have Combatlveness and Destructiveness well developed. These give courage and efficiency ; enable a man bravely to witness pain and suf- fering, and employ the means necessary to relieve, though amputation or other severe surgical operations should be required. It has been said that a physician needs a lion's heart and a woman's hand; in other words, he should have Combatlveness, Destructiveness, Firmness, and Self- Esteem on the one hand to give lion-like stamina and power — with Ideality, Constructiveness, quick perception, sympathy, affection, and the gentleness which comes from refinement of temperament, to impart that which is ex- pressed by the term "woman's hand." We have seen men who had power, vim, self-reliance, and persistency, who carried these forces with gentleness and admirable self-controL PElriDE;NCB, DISCEEETNESS. , Seventhly — The physician should have prudence, cir- cumspection, policy, caution, and Secretiveness, with good common sense. Cautiousness will give him such prudence as the nature of his business demands ; will obviate rash- ness ; will make him anxious to do nothing wrong, and to do everything in the right way and in the right time. Large Secretiveness will enable him to keep his mouth shut at the proper time, and avoid gossiping relative to Mechanical Ingentjitt. 171 patients or respecting his success ; but esjiecially does he want Secretiveness, to control his countenance as •well an his expressions. If a physician see that a patient is sink- ing, and show it in his face and actions, the patient will be discouraged, the family alarmed; and one that by prudence, self-possession, and skill might be saved is thus hurried to the grave. 3nt he who, seeing that the patient is becoming worse, yet hoping for a favorable turn, can put on a smiling face, with a happy good-morning, in a musical voice ; he who can speak words of encouragement though he has to strain a point to do it, can frequently so inspire and magnetize the patient as to carry him over " the dead point," as engineers say. A sad, sober, solemn, gaunt, hungry-looking doctor will often lose a patient who would be saved by one of the joyous, hopefiil, mirthful, cheerful men. HOPB, WIT. Eighthly — ^The physician should have large Hope and Mirthfalness and excellent talking talent, so that people who have the blues, who are sad and desolate, nervous and dyspeptical, may be cheered and comforted by his hopeful, lively manners and his witty remarks. Many a suffering patient has been saved from death by a good hearty laugh ; and many a man by having his weakened Hope .cordially inspired by a cheerful and hopeful physician has been Ens' tained by it until nature could work a cure. UEGHAmcAi. nTGEirtrmr. Ninthly — ^Large Constructiveness is necessary to a sur- f^eon, and also to a physician, that he may understand the 172 The Physician. anatomy and ■working of the physical machinery and the combiaations that are involved in organization. We would recommend no man to become a physician who has not excellent mechanical judgment and ingenuity; for those who have graduated from a medical school, whether well endowed with mechanical talent or not, are liable to be called upon to perform important surgical operations ; and woe to the unfortunate patient who falls into the hands of one of these bunglers ! The twisted feet, the shortened Umbs, the crooked, badly-built-up frames which we have witnessed are sad commentaries on the deficiencies of surgeons who lack mechanical ingenuity. Surgery of late years is becoming a specialty, one or two men doing nearly all the important surgical business of a large city. Those are men of nerve and power, with prominent mechanical talent ; they should be just as good in an ordinary sick- room as they are in the operating-room ; but the awkward- ness of eight-tenths of their brethren throws all the surgery into their hands, and they come at last to do nothing else. MOEAL CHABACTEE. Tenthly- — A physician should have strong moral senti- ments. He should be conscientious, truthful, and just. When people begia to suspect the integrity of the medical adviser, his influence for good is seriously impaired. He should have large Benevolence, to give him that genial and broad generosity which one needs who is to deal with the sick and nervous, the wayward and the wicked. Con- Bcientiousness and Benevolence combined, would lead a physician to give instruction, especially to the poor, how DE. J. MAEION SIMS, DiSTIHGCriSHKD AS A SUKGEOW. BorninSouthCarolina, January 25, 1813, graduated in Soutli Carolina Col- lege in 1872, and in tlie Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia, and settled at Montgomery, Alabama, and soon became widely imown for his sldll in general surgery. In 1845 he established a privatehospital for the surgical treatment of certain diseases peculiar to women regarded as incurable. Here he discovered andintroduced the silver wire suture, instead of sillc, and was crowned with greatsuccess. In 1853 he removed to New York where, through his efforts, a permanent woman's hospital was established under his charge, Themetallic suture in surgery, a great advance in that science, is due to Dr. Sims, and his practical slcill in surgery, especially in diseases o£ women, has given bis name a high place in every civilized country. Selfishness of Patients. 173 to live so as to maintain health and avoid sickness. In fact, a physician ought to be paid a regular salary or yearly sum, on condition of maintaining the health of the family, and when one member of the family is sick, the pay should cease ; then the physician would often call and look after the condition of the members of the family and give them warning and advice while yet disease was only incipient, and thus keep them well, instead of, as at pres- ent, waiting till the patient was half-dead, and then being sent for in haste to barricade their pathway to the grave. SELFISHirESS OF FATIBSTS. Selfishness and the fear of a doctor's bill lead persons to avoid sending for a physician till the patient becomes very sick, whereas he should be called as soon as there is any appearance of Ulness, and a little advice as to sleeping, eat- ing, working, and bathing might save the patient ; and a fee of a dollar or two would compensate the physician, in- stead of a hundred dollars for attending a long siege of sickness. This selfishness on the part of a community tends to make a doctor selfish. He may see the bilious encroachment upon the face of the patient; he may be aware that wrong living and bad habits are prostrating a strong man ; he may know that in a week or two he will have him in his care with a large bill as the result, if hapiy he can succeed in keeping him away from the undertaker • but he is silent ; he waits for his opportunity ; whereas if it were otherwise, if the physician were paid for keeping the man well, a word might save the patient a broken coiv Btitution, a month's time, and a large sum of money. 174 The Physician. EELIGIOUS CHAEACTBE. Finailj — ^The physician should have large Veneration and Spirituality ; should feel that there is a relation between this life and the next. The studies of the physi- cian are apt to lead to materialism. Dealing solely with the body and its functions, physicians come to deify their profession, and to think they know all there is of the Quman being. An active Spirituality and reverence will lead the physician to feel that there is something to the human being besides the body — something that lives with- out material organs, and thus, acting on his patient, by keeping up the strength of his spiritual nature, it will in- spire the body, and thereby he will be able to save it. We always regret to witness a cold materialism in a phy- sician. We have often thought that the profession of the minister and the physician should be combined. " Hope deferred maketh the heart sick," and a spirit laboring under blasted anticipations may leave the frame unsus- tained, and the patient will sink. Job said in his deep afSiotion, when smitten with sore boils from the crown of his head to the soles of his feet, " Though He slay me, yet will I trust in Him ; " "I know that my Redeemer liveth, and that I shall see him for myself, and not for another." Such a spirit in a man inspires him with all that belongs to or serve to invigorate ' life, and gives him fortitude to rise above even disaster; and the physician who can awaken such a spirit in his patient will greatly lessen the bills of mortality. WOMAN AS PHYSICIAN. We have hitherto spoken of the physician in the masciv CLEMENCE S. LOZIEB, M.D. At tbe age of twentr-seven Mrs. Lozier was a widow, snppoitlng ber family by tcacbing. Eleven years »be was principal of a yonng ladies' seminary, and It was bere, and to ber belongs the credit of tbe first introdnctlon of tbe study of cbemistry, pbysiology, and anatomy to ladies. Still continning ber own medical studies, she entered a medical college, and is one of tbe earliest wbo obtained a medical education and entered upon snccessful practice. In 1860 bavlng become established in practice in New York, she commenced giving free lectures to women, which made a nucleus for the organization of the New York Medical College for Women, which was chartered tn 1868. Mrs. .uozict is Its Sean, and also Professor of Diseases of Women and Children. When income taxes were paid and published, we remember hers was over (30,000 i year, and it Is said not to have diminished. I74}i The Legal Pkofession. 175 line gender, but we take pleasure in asserting ihe oouvio tion that, with similar temperament and mental character istics, woman is quite as well qualified for general practice as man ; and in a large class of cases, for various collat- eral reasons, she is, far better than man, calculated to win the confidence of patients and secure success in practice, Among young and delicate ladies many will suflfei for years in silence, who might be restored in a month, rather than be subjected to necessary treatment by a male physi- cian. For the treatment of women and children, there- fore, woman who is in culture and other respects equal, ia better calculated than man to be a physician. Therefore we rejoice in the prosperity of the Female Medical Col- leges, and the deserved success of not a few of their graduates. THE LEGAL PROFESSION". " I would be a lawyer ! " Do you know how much yon propose to yourself? Can you master the knowledge which the legal profession requires ? Have you the cour- age to meet the opposition which is incident to that pro- fession ? With half a dozen well-paid opponents ambitious to triumph, eager to succeed, unscrupulous it may be, pug- nacious and artful, can you meet them all ? Will you wince before their combined battery of mental and magnetic force ? or have you the strength to stand in the presence of such men erect, serene, self-poised, and independent? Have you the talent to meet their arguments ? Have you the memory to hold the knowledge reo^uire4 ? Rave yoo 176 The Legal Peoeession. the quick perception to seize upon facts ana appropriate them to your use on the instant ? Have you the breadth of thought, the philosophic capability to understand the principles of law which will enable you to comprehend the arguments of others and meet them successfully ? Have you the fluency of speech which wiU enable you to express your knowledge, your feelings, and ^our arguments with facility and point ? Do you read the himiau mind clearly and readily, so as to understand a jury, a witness, or an opjDOsing attorney ? Have you the prudence and the con- secutive patience to wade through volumes of law reports and legal enactments to ascertain precisely what the law is in a given case ? It wUl not do to be rash and form hasty judgments ; because your reputation and your suc- cess, and the life, liberty, or property of your client may be at stake ! Have you saeh a balance of all the qualities that you can appeal to every feeling, social, moral, and sympathetica!, in the judge, jury, and audience ? Are you equal to the ablest class of men ? Have you the leaiTiing which wUl enable you to stand unabashed among the learned ? HEALTH AND CONSTITUTION. Have you the health that wiU enable you to work six days in succession, battling every point and struggling against wily and earnest opposition at every step? and then, when every ear is open and' every eye fastened upon you, will you have constitution enough left to make such a speech as the case shall demand and as your ambition and reputation will require ? Have you enough of Con- scientiousness to meet all manner of temptation success' DANIEL WEBSTER, EMIHliNT LAWTES and STATEtHAN, 9orn In New Hampshire, January 18, 1783 ; died at Marabfield, Mass., October fl, 1852. He was graduated at Dartmontb College (n 1801, studied law, and soon gaiaed an eminent rank ; in 1812 elected to Congress— moved to Boston in 1816, In 1832 elected to Congress from Boston, and in 1827 to the United States Senate ; Jannary, 1830, made his masterly speech in reply to Hayno ; was Secretary of State under Harrison and Ty!er, 1841-43, and under Fillmore, 18S0- SS. In intellect he «?as "god-Ilke." 176^ How TO Lkaen the Law. 1T7 fully, to judge of the right, the true, and follow it ? If you have all these qualifications, be a lawtee, and you will be a good one. Or, are you dyspeptical, nervous, slender? and would a week's work, or half a week's workj wear yon out so that you would be like an empty sack when you were expected to be eloquent and strong and clear in your final effort in summing up a case? HOW TO LEAEN THB LAW. The most approved method of obtaining a practical knowledge of legal science is by attending the prescribed sessions of a good law schooL A young man may read law in an office — ^in accordance with the old custom — ^but he will waste a great deal of time over that which may never be of use to him, to say nothing of the confusion of ideas resulting from much reading. At a law school chief attention is given by the faculty to those subjects which will be of immediate interest to the student when he com- mences to practice. The writings of the leading jurists of ancient and modem times are analyzed and digested, and what l^ere is of value in them to the attorney and counselor is clearly pointed out. Sham trials or "moot L-ourts " are held, in which the student is required to take part and illustrate, as far as may be, his legal acquire- ments in the examination of witnesses, the discussion of points of law, the address to the jury, and the conduct geih erally of causes of litigation. Thus the student is prepared for the actual business of his chosen profession in the most practical manner possible. After taking the degree of the institute, the student •** 178 The Legal Profession. should either commence practice or enter the office of some experienced advocate, and there continue his studies with all the advantages of direct practice surrounding him. We think that it is better for a student to read a lew of the elementary books before entering a law schooL Students at law usually read in the outset Blackstone's Commentaries, Kent's Commentaries, Story on the Con- stitution, Story on Bailments, Parsons on Contracts, Green- leaf on Evidence, and other works, including, of course, the Code of Procedure for the State in which it is in- tended to settle. The attentive perusal of the works named will furnish a very substantial foundation for a young lawyer's future career. One does not practice law in the United States Courts until after serving some years at the bar of his State. Those who are admitted to the national courts are usually men in advanced practice, and we suppose that most lawyers look forward with ambition to the time when they shall be able to practice in Admi- ralty. We believe that a lawyer secures his entrance be- fore the bar of the nation by special nomination, and through the approval of the justices of the United States Court. TEUE LAWYER AITO STATESMAN. The true lawyer, in our judgment, is the man of emi- nent ability with a splendid body, an harmonious tempera- ment, a large brain well cultivated and well balanced, so that he will not fail in morality, courage, prudence, policy, perception, memory, judgment, or in financial matters. A lawyer with the right development for comprehending all the duties that belong to his profession, with eloquence of EXJFDS CHOAIE, BuHtENT Lawtbk AKD OaA.TOB. Bom at Essex, Hasa., October 1, 1799 ; died July 13, 1859. He gradnated at Dartmouth College In 1819 ; in 1824 commenced practice In law, In 1825 elected representative in the Massachnsetia Legislature, in 1827 a Senator, in 1832 a representative in Congress, declined a reelection ; he settled down in Boston as a lawyer and soon rose to the highest rank. In 1841 he was elected to the United States Senate. At the close of bis term he resumed practice, and thenceforth to the close of his life he was the foremost lawyer in New England, and was perhaps the most effective pleader of his time. For many years it was common to see Webster and Choate engaged as opponents on great law suits, and as Webster was seventeen years his senior, and basking in the ripeness oi his fame, he generally had opportunity of choice in the sides, and most frc- qn«nt!y won the cases. vsa The Pkofession— How Degraded. 179 speech to set it forth, may justly be regarded as among the first of men. Such a man may be a legislator, a states- man. There are men who are nseful in le^slation who have not these brilliant qualities, but who are simply financiers workers, dry, hard thinkers, capable of following out the details of practical business ; but the real legislator is one who can comprehend constitutions and laws, who under- stands society and its wants, who appreciates all that be- longs to human life in its highest and lowest phases, and has an eloquent tongue to impress others with the truth- fulness and importance of his views, and thus mold legis- lation and elevate, enlighten, and guide public sentiment. Such a man is the true statesman. THE PEOFESSIOir, HOW DEGEADED. It is thought by many that the lawyer needs only tact, keenness, cunning, assurance, and unscrupnlousness, and, doubtless, not a few members of the profession have ^ven just occasion for such a judgment. The practice of law has been sadly perverted. The erroneous sentiment, so widely entertained and practiced, that a lawyer is bound to promote the interests and wishes of his client, even in the wrong, and to take advantage of every opportunity to benefit his case even against justice, has degraded the profession, and the worthy and unworthy alike are looked upon with suspicion. Even men of emi- nent ability and culture, with prosperous practice, whose success on an honorable basis should raise them abov« temptation, seem to nave been canied away by the cur 180 The Legal Profession. rent of corporation corruption, and in the science of " rings " aixd tricky stock jobbers, awakening a praiseworthy remon- strance against it from the better portion of the profession. Men who enter the legal profession without the natural gifts and mental culture requisite for honorable success, and being pressed by want to obtain practice in some way, adopt questionable means of securing business as well as wrong methods of conducting it. Such men become " shy- sters." By giving false advice to dissolute villains or their friends, they succeed in robbing them of their money by charging excessive fees in advance, and then, in order to succeed with their indifferent abilities they unscrupu lously violate the principles of truth and justice. Such disreputable practices, if successfal, pass with many pec pie for ability. The Hon. Nicholas P. Trist, of Virginia, when studying law, inquired of Mr. Jefferson (whose granddaughter he afterward married) what he thought " would be the pros- pects of a young lawyer who should start with the fixed determination never to say or do anything in Court or in relation to legal practice which he did not think was thoroughly truthful and upright?" The venerable ex- President, with flashing eyes and glowing countenance, instantly sprang to his feet (the party being at Mr. Jeffer- son's table at the time) and replied, " Young man, if you will adopt that plan and follow it for life, you will t)btain a reputation which will ring around the world, and ulti- mately bring you ample pecuniary reward." The writer was informed by a lawyer of Springfield, IlL, that "Mr. Lincoln would not take a case unless he really WILLIAM M. EVAETS, ThS liAWTEB AND StATZBKAH. The very name of tbia man BQggestB to the attentive reader, one who, by general consent, is regarded as one of the most eminent of living AmericanB. For more than twenty years he has been regarded as at the head of the legal profession in the United States. He has been United States Attorney General, was one of the connsel in the " Alabama Claims " Arbitration, and has had the most important cases in onr courts for twenty years. His brilliant service aa Secretary of State nnder President Hayes constitntes his latest pcpbllc record. If anything grand is to be said or done the pnblic of every party looka to Mr. Evarts as the one to do it well. He was born in Boston, February S, 1818, «dB- cated at Tale, and has done his law work chiefly in New York. 180;^ Thb Clebgyman. 181 thought the client ought to win; and it came to be under- stood by court, bar, jury, and spectators, that when Abra< ham Lincoln brought a case, that his client was ui the right and ought to obtain a verdict." The gentleman added, " I do not say this from political fayoritism, for in this we were opposed, but simply because it is the truth." The true lawyer seeks for justice, not merely for victory, right or wrong ; for the maintenance of truth, the estab- lishment of the right according to law, both human and divine. If the profession has fallen below this level, it should be at once rectified and elevated, so that pure, noble young men may enter it in the fear of God and in the love of man. THE CLERGYMAN. ■* If ■ man desire the office of a blehop, he deslreth a good work."— 1 7f m. ill. 1. By common consent, the minister of religion stands firat among men ; not that he is necessarily a better man than any other, but because his vocation takes hold of the high- est interests of humanity, deals with the better part of man's being and the ultimate destiny of the race. The vocation of the fanner covers the sphere of food for the body and the raw material for its clothing. The noble horse, the patient ox, and the faithful dog receive their food at the same hand which feeds the king, namely, the farmer. Of course there is a collateral relation between food and mind ; between all the higher human powers and possibilities, and the proper nutrition of the body by means of food. The mechanic ministers mainly to the wants of 182 The Cleegyman. the body as they relate to the present life. Every prcfes- sion that has for its field of effort the physical, the bodily, the temporal, must lake a rank second to those which re- late to mind and to morals. The teacher who instructs the young, the orator who leads and inspires the cultured ciind to higher aims and better deeds, ministers to some thing above that which wears clothes and needs a tigh* roof to shelter it. The minister of religion is a teaqhei' of the intellect as well as of the affections, though his patent duty is to lead the soul to virtue and to God. With such a function, with such an aim, what manner of person ought he to be " in all godliness and honesty ? " One who has a just estimate of the duties and relations of the clergyman might well hesitate and say, in view of entering upon it, " Who is suf- ficient for these things ? " In the outset, we may remark that a minister need not be perfect; the Apostles were not, — they had weak nesses, frailties, tendencies to wrong-doing, liabilities to temptation, like other men. Had the original Apostles been perfect, had they been endowed with genius and almost superhuman virtue, common men might hesitate in an attempt at following them; but they were simple- minded, plain-hearted, common people, in the main, who commenced their labors with the poor and for the poor ; and with the exception of the great Apostle to the Gen- tiles, Paul, there was little to commend them intellectually. Paul was evidently chosen to his great work because he had breadth of intelleetual powei-, outreaching strength of thought, and the high attainments of learning which his BIBHO? GEOBGE D. CUMMINS, D.D., Of the Beformed Episcopal Chubch. He was bom in the State of Delaware, December 11, 1622, graduated at Diclc- iDson College 1841, was ordained 1845, elected Assistant Bishop of Kentucky in 1866 ; in 1873 the moTement to form a separate chnrch body was begnn and ac- complished. All the religfoas organs are very strong, with large flrmness and Ml£«iteeiii, and ilne intellect. lS2}i Health 183 large culture " at the feet of Gamaliel " had given him, sc that his fellow-men who were great in talent and eminent in learning might find in him an equal and a teacher. The minister, to meet the wants of such persons, should be oqual at least to the highest and best in his congrega- tion ; therefore those who seek the sacerdotal office should " covet earnestly the best gifts ; " and it may be, perhaps, justly stated that a man should not consider himself called to preach unless he has good, clear common sense, and a fuU share, at least, of native moral power. Let us enumer- ate some of the desirable qualifications, natural and ao- quired, of the clergyman. HBAXTB. In the first place he should have health. The theology and moral teaching of the world has been administered by those afflicted with dyspepsia already too long. Men called to that office have honestly supposed that they must shut themselves np from all sympathy with the out- ward world, and that they must walk with measured step, speak with bated breath, and move with unnatural circum- spection under their "awful responsibility;" thus they b:.ve breathed gently, eaten gently, and exercised gentlj or none at all, until their breadth and strength of native constitution have been dwindled, dwarfed, and wrecked. Their intellectual culture may have been as great as with a constitution so treated it could be, but lacking bodily stamina, their teachings are dry and exclusive ; there is no muscle, no brawn in their utterances, — consequently men of muscle and brawn are not reached by their imbecile 184 The Cleegtmait. and unmanly ministration. Such hearers ol such preach ers are led to think that a religious life is well enough foi women, children, and weak men, but that it is not r» quired by or adapted to brave, strong men. The clergy- man should have health, because his labors are severe. To think clearly and vigorously, the body must be healthy and ample. The most eminent men have bodies as well as brains; and in spite of the half-contemptuous fling which goes the rounds of the newspapers, and is sneeringly lisped by bloodless ministers about "musctilae chkistianity" in the nineteenth century, it has a hundred times more philosophy in it than most men believe. When we look in upon clergymen in convention, conference, or synod, we observe that the men who have broad shoulders and deep chests are the ones who lead. They may not be the most • learned, but they have the bodily power that gives vitality to enforce what they Enow. They have 'the throbbing . heart, bounding pulse, and earnest energy that drives home their utterances. Boys in school and elsewhere pay great respect to a good bass voice. They somehow feel that behind that bass voice there is power, and they confess it, accept it, and yield to it, without it being exerted ; so the orator whose vitality enables him to express his glowing thoughts with power, is the one who magnetizes his congregation and carries it with him. A frail, thin man might read a robust discourse fall of Dower and sentiment ; but if he piped it with a cracked Ekkoneous Public Sentiment. 385 voxti and evident lack of stamina, one-half the power of that discourse would be lost. We do not forget the gentle and eloquent Channing. The fine grain and weak voice of that eminent man carried refinement, beauty, and elo- quence ; but the thoughts of Channing, if they could have been uttered from a deep fountain of vitality, would have been more widely influential. EERONKOUS PUBLIC SENTIMENT. Everybody knows the duty of the clergyman, but few know his trials. He is a man of serene appearance and decorous conduct ; is generally neatly dressed, highly re- spected in community, and to the casual observer is being " * * * carried to the skies, On flowery beds of ease." He is by many thought to have an easy life ; some think he has chosen that profession to avoid work, and that ho obtains money very easily, considering the smooth and apparently agreeable life be leads. The average American minister finds his position no sinecure. -The education necessary to attain his position, and the study and talent required to fill it acceptably, would, in any other pursuit, win a larger reward in every worldly sense. The truly devoted minister, who rightly considers his high commission, labors earnestly not only to instruct, but to counsel and guide wayward and selfish men to duty and to God. All he has of talent, culture, or influence ho willingly devotes to his work, and laying largely aside his bodily ease and comfort, as well as his pecuniary interest, 186 The Cleegyman. he feels bound to serve the church and the peaple as a duty owed to God and his conscience. Such labor saps the health and depresses the spirits. Some ministers preach three times of a Sunday, and no wonder their Mondays are " blue " — ^that the mental becomes too strong for the physicaL K a minister undertakes to recreate or rest, some people will call him lazy, especially those who think nothing is labor but that which is bodily. There are in the United States about sixty-one thousand ministers of all denominations. Their average salary per annum is computed to be about $700. This would make $42,700,000 annually paid by the American churches in clergymen's salaries. If we assume each clergyman to represent three persons, a wife and two children, making four in all, we have then 244,000 persons to be supported out of this salary fund, and this gives just $175 to each one. The average salary of three-fourths of the ministry is less than $600, and this veiy materially reduces the avei-age per head to each member of their families. In cities and large villages ministerial salaries generally stand at a fair rate of liberality, especially in the wealthier con- gregations. Yet this class represents but a small fraction of the whole. When taken in connection with the whole, so as to make the general average, we have about $700 for each minister, or $175 per head for ministers' families on the basis of four persons to each family. BLUE MONDAY. One of the causes of blue Monday is the miserably small salary of ministers. The corroding anxiety as to how the Blue Monday. 181 Bngel of respectabiUty may be kept in the bouse aTid tho wolf of •want away from the door, does more to break down the health of ministers and their families than all the study and mental labor they perform. We require ministers to live in good houses, dress well, entertain com- pany genteelly and liberally, and blame them for being worldly and selfish if they work or traffic to increase their income. How woi\ld the people who criticise ministers and their wives like to make the effort to feed, clothe, and educate a family for $175 a year for each member? We think the most of them, before a single year was ended, would be led to exclaim, " Dear Lord 1 and shall we eeer live At this poor dying rate ? " The "Shady Side of a Pastor's Life," by Mrs. Hubbel, contains a world of truth ; and as we happen to know the parishes in which she learned the " Shady Side," we in- dorse the practical correctness of her facts and inferences. Dr. Lyman Beecher had an iron constitution, inherited from his blacksmith father, which he maintained by sawing wood, working in his garden, and by shoveling sand in his cellar on Sundays and rainy days, to keep his body and brain in good working order. A good deacon of hia church was once terribly shocked at seeing the Doctor, with his coat off, shoveling a heap of sand from one side of the cellar to the other, Sunday noon between the ser- vices. To his remonstrances the Doctor replied, "God knows I must have the exercise, and my people would be shocked if I were to do something useful, like sawing 188 The Clergyman wood, so I pitch this sand across the cellar every Sundaj once or twice." K ministers worked more physically they would think with more vigor and have less of the blues. If they were paid better salaries they could have exercise and soma jFelease from nerve-shattering anxiety and chagrin incident to poverty, sick wives, and the vain attempt to keep up respectability and an open house for the people of the parish and for church agents and missionaries besides. Better health would help to raise them above despondency, and more ffreenbacks would save them from the blues. BAD HABITS OF CLERGYMEN. The clergyman should understand physiology, that he may know how to take care of his health and learn to say No ! when the kind-hearted parishioner urges him to in- dulge in cakes, pies, confections, strong tea, coffee, and other delicacies, as he is making his parochial visits. One- half the illnesses of ministers, even of those who gradu- ate from the theological schools healthy, is owing to the labored writing of sermons, and the high living incident to the pampering spirit of fond parishioners, and the lack of manly exercise, which, by public sentiment, seems to be denied to them. Some clergymen, unfortunately, use alco- holic liquors, to the damage of their health and occasion- ally to their shame and the scandal of the church. Nearly all use strong coffee and tea ; and since the use of alcoholic Btimilants has become measurably unpopular, thousands of ministers have adopted the use of tobacco in some form, to the ruin of their health, the utter prostration of their Phrenological Endowmenis. 18fl nen )ub systems and their memory, and the demoraliza tion of their manliness. Shut out by popular opinion from the invigorating labors and exercises by whicli other men keep themselves built up, many clergymen resort to some stimulant or nar- cotic, with the delusive idea that the temporary excitement is a source of strength and upbuUding. The result is dys- pepsia, nervousness, throat disease, and general debility. Ministers should at least be temperate in aU bodily appe- tites. Lawyers, physicians, artists, anybody, may play a rousiag game of base-ball or quoits; may ride rapidly; may row and swim, and work in the field ; but the minis- ter must wear black gloves, polished boots, and faultless linen, and prune his manners down to prudery, or else his ill-instructed parishioners will criticise him. He must be too stylish to be natural, and too gentle to be healthy either in body or in mind. We rejoice that the traditional white cravat and ministerial garb are going out of fashion, 80 that the life of the minister is becoming more natural. PHEENOLOGICAI, ENDOWMENTS. A clergyman should have a large brain as well as a good body, so that he may be able to sway the minds of the public. He should, in fact, be equal to the ablest man in his congregation, so that none shall be untaught, none ehall be unfed. He should have the force of character which comes from a well-developed base of brain. When the prophet Nathan preached to King David, it required as much courage to say "Thou art the man," as if would have required to lead an army. 190 The Clekgtman. The minister s ould have enough natural courage not to bo afraid to look men in the face and speak strongly and plainly to them of their sins. He should also have the governing powers, namely, Firmness, Self-Esteem, and Conscientiousness, that he may have stability, dignity, and the love of justice, and not be afraid to utter his moni- tions. He should have a judicious and manly policy, orig- inating in Cautiousness and Secretiveness, that he may be prudent in action and speech. A babbling, talkative, gos- siping minister, who talks to one parishioner of the faults and caprices of others, is unfortunate to say the least, and thereby makes himself contemptible and unsuccessfiiL In the administration of parochial afiairs the minister needs great prudence and circumspection combined with sta- bility, dignity, and courage; and those who succeed in maintaining an influential position in the same parish for a Ufetime are known for these qualities. POWBE TO INSTRUCT. A clergyman uhould be " apt to teach ; " and what does this mean ? It has three elements : first, good perceptive power, ability to see everything, and appreciate all that is seen. He should see in the very grass and trees, in every insect that wings the air or creeps upon the earth, a lesson of industry, of beauty, or of Divine oversight. He should have scientific knowledge, especially physiological, and these perceptive faculties, properly trained in every direc- tion, would double the power of the minister. He should preach health. He should explain laws that apply to the body and the mind. He should be able not only to oibey BET. FRtmK.KTCg W. BOBEBTSON, DUTOiOinsHED AS A WBITIB, An EDgliBh elergymiai, distisgnisbed as an original thinker, eloQnent orator, and «legant and vlgoronB writer. Bom February 3, 1S16, died at Brlgbton, Angnst 15, 1S3. He was cnrate at Winchester, Cheltenham, and Oxford, and in 1847 became minlister at Brighton, and was the centre of attraction of the elite who thronged that fashionable thoroughfare. He devoted himself largely to the organization of a ^' Working Men's Institnte," and labored for the np- Ufting of the common people. His early death, caosed by overwork and th« worry incident to opposition from extreme conserratlTes, cast a shadaw ol (ri«f wbererer Bngliah literature is known. 190}i Memobt. 191 Jaw himself, but to teach the public how to eat and drink so as not to pervert and daily desecrate this human templa cf the living God. MEMORY. He should have an excellent memory, not of things phys- ical and material only, but of general history, of incidents, of the facts and affairs of e very-day Ufe, as well as of Biblical history. The clergyman who can remember the given name of every man, woman, and child in his congre- gation will find this fact an open door to their affection and friendship. He should make himself acquainted largely with secular matters. He may be familiar with agriculture, horticulture, and mechanism, with banking and commerce, with mining and with seamanship. The Master illustrated moral truth by the vineyard, the wine- press, old and new wine ; with navigation and fish-catch- ing; with sawing grain and reaping the harvest; with bread-making, the parental relation, and with the shep herd's tender care of his flock. With such knowledge, the minister can exert a wonder- ful influence upon all sorts and conditions of men, and lead them to see a relation between the life that now is and that which is to come. They will thus be made to feel that their pastor knows what they know, and is also wise in " the things of the kingdom." The minister should un- derstand and preach God's works as well as his word, and thereby enlarge the faith and give breadth to the thoughts and character of his people. He should evince a knowl- edge of their cares and business, and a sympathy with all that laudably occupies their six days' labor. He should 199 The CLEEGYMAiir. show that religion is not merely a Sunday garment, to he laid aside at its close, but one that covers the whole week, with its cares, joys, and labors. PHILOSOPHICAL TALENT. He should, moreover, have theoretical or reasoning power, ability to grapple the causes and reasons of things, and set them forth with clearness and power. He should be a philosopher as well as an historian ; and if endowed with the esthetical faculties, those which give the love of poetry and romance, of beauty and refinement, all the bet- ■ ter ; for when the strong argument has been reared, when the great walls of defense against sin and wickedness have been piled in grandeur and enduring strength, only half the faculties have been gratified. It will not make the walls of truth any the weaker for having the vines and flowers of beauty thrown over their ruggedness. HUMAIT NATUEE. The clergyman should understand human nature clearly and sharply ; should be able to read men quickly and ac- curately, as taught by Phrenology and cognate sciences. He should also have eminent power of illustration, so that by parable or simile he may make truth vi^ad and practi- cal He should have Mirthfulness, to appreciate wit and to show what is ridiculous and absurd, and on proper oc- casions to enjoy with his people a hearty laugh. He should also have strong social affections, that he may sym- pathize with people in domestic afflictions, and know how to rejoice with all that makes the home and the family av emblem of heaven. Pabtial Moeal Developments. 193 UOBAL DEVELOPMENT. And pre-eminently sliould the minister possess morai power. Wten we see a man in the pulpit with a head only a story-and-a-half high, with predominant animal tendencies, we pity his people, and we pity him. The top-head should be ample, broad and long as well as high, indicating not only great devotional feeling, ff-hereby he may lead the devotions of the most devout and spiritual, and also be able to cultivate the devotional feeUng of those who are weak in that respect; but he should have ethical power, and ability to teach integrity ; and not only should this be true of him, but he should be able also to sweep over the human heart an influence that shall awaken its sympathy and inspire its philanthropy. PABTIAL MORAL DEVELOPMENTS. We have known men in the pulpit who were eminently devotional, and their whole service seemed to center and circle around this one feeling. In its place it is good, but it should not be alone. "We have known others who would bring out in strong relief the justice of God and his law ; they would teach justice among the people, and thus train a congregation to be upright but hard, and to regard the Deity, not as a loving Father and Friend who " pitieth them that fear him as a father pitieth his children," but rather regarding Him simply as a sovereign, grim, severe, and distant, " who will in no wise clear the guilty," An- other, with extra Benevolence, and with but little Consci- entiousness, will say little of the justice of God, and bul little of justice among men. He will amplify the benevo" 194 The rHEJDNOLOGIST. lent spirit of Deity ; will teach kindness, liberality, and philanthropy among men ; but fail to teach the ethics of religion as applicable to human affairs. Human natnre embraces these elements, namely, devotion, faith, integrity, and philanthropy ; and those who would teach in the high- est and best sense should be able to lead the faith and de- votion of the most faithful and the most devout ; should be able to treat topics pertaining to the realm of integrity and ethics, whether they relate to the nature of God or the duties of man, so as to brace and strengthen the weak and guide and regulate the strong ; nor should the princi- ple of benevolence be neglected in this world of selfishness and strife. We need " line upon line and precept upon precept," not only to keep the heart warm toward the great God as the Father and Creator, and to be "jivst and fear not," but also to be sympathetical, tender, and for- giving toward our fallible fellow-men. The man who can walk these fields of influence, who can discharge these duties amply, may well be called "Elder Brother," "Father," " Bishop." THE PHRENOLOGIST. The phrenologist, like the minister, the physician, and the lawyer, should be perfect ; but as perfect men are ex- ceedingly scarce, and as the world must be served by somebody in the different capacities of ministration, its servants must needs be taken from among imperfect material. The ideal phrenologist should have a large, fine-grained, DB. F. J. QAIX, Tom Fodssis of Fhssnoloot, Vu bom In Germany Maicb 9, 1768, and died in Paris Angast 22, 18S8. Gall atndled tbe brain In connection with cbaracter, and regarding tbe brain as tbe organ of tbe mind, be learned to look for BimllarcbaTOCtdr in beads wbicli were alike in form: and tbns, step by step, be gained positive knowledge.and faculty after tacnlty were located. DB. J. G. SPDBZHEIM Was the worthy coadjntor of Dr. Gall, and, qnite as mnch as bis em- inent master^ has laid tbe world nnder obligation to blm. He or. fanized the principles discovered y Gall, doing for them what tbe architect and mason do for the DB. T, 1. eALL. roifh blocks of granite and marble ~ which have been forced from their rostinc-placeg In tbe monntainB. He-was bom in Germany, De- cember 81, 1T76, stndied medicine in Vienna, Joined Dr. Gall in 1796, became an antbor, lectnred In Germany, France, England, Scotland, and the United States, and died in Boston, Mass., No- vember 10, 1882, deeply lamented hy the best people in America and Enrope. GEORaE COMBE, The pupil of Spnrzbeim and author of the *' Con- stitution of Man" and oiber works on pbrenol* ogy, was bom in Edlnbursb, Scotland, Octobet 21, 1788. He died AnguBt U, 18SS, leaving a fame for learning and ability which shall be perpetu- ally cherished by all enlightened nationa, DB. GBABLES CAIiDWELL. This eminent scholar and vigor- ous writer met Drs Gall and Spnrz- . heim in Pans, in 1806, adopted their views, and was tbe first to bring tbe new pcience o f mind to bis eative ]and. He was bom in North Carolina. Hay 14, 17T2, and died July 9, 1853. m. J. e. SFUBZHKIU. eaonei ookbb. DB, OHAJU.» OiiaWtiJ. m}i Ideal Pebfect Man. 195 healthy, energetic, and enduring body, so tbat eveiy func- tion and force in his entire make-up would he as perfect as Creative Wisdom could mate it. If such a person ex- isted on earth, he would have no complete companion- ehip ; would find nobody who would be his peer. IDEAL PEKFECT MAST. We have sometimes imagined a man organized and en- dowed in all the faculties so as to rank in every respect with the ablest who have ever made talent and genius illus- trious, — with the body of an Adonis for beauty, vigor, and elasticity ; with the courage and energy of a OaBsar ; with the philosophical talent of Bacon, the wit of Cervantes, the mechanical talent of Watt, the imagination of Milton, the poetic fancy of Shatspeare, the benevolence of How- ard, the religious reverence of Fenelon, the patience and fortitude of Job, and the friendly fidelity of a Ruth or a Damon. Such a man thus wise in all human capability, and endowed with the highest pattern of courage and vir- tue, and the mest abiding and tender affection, would be able to perform any duty, to accomplish any purpose, and achieve any result possible to human nature. Common men, if they could at some fortunate moment appreciate such a man's capacity and worth, would incline to worship him, for we think he would be really higher and better than some men are able to conceive God to be. With this exposition it will be better understood that in describing what is requisite for the different trades and professions there always springs up this thought, that to do anything well it is desirable that the doei 196 The Phkenologist. have every power and faculty belonging to-human nature in its highest and best conditions. There is many a good user of tools with great skill iu manipulation, and if in addition he had the highest order of inventive and philosophical talent and excellent artistic taste, he would be all the better qualified even for a black- smilh or boot-maker. He might not with such endow- ments be willing to follow those pursuits, but while he did follow them, he would do a better job than if he had only the practical talent necessary to do the work. Michael Angelo, one of the first artists and architects the world has known, was all the better constructor for the possession of those supereminent talents. On the same principle the highest culture in mathematics is no detri- ment, but rather a help to the most successful use of the rules of ai'ithnietic. BAD HABITS AND T&EIE KBSULTS. Dwarfed, warped, and imperfect specimens of human- ity, which sometimes we think almost slander the wisdom of the Creator, have become such through manifold weak- ness, wickedness, and misfortune : verily " the fathers have eaten sour grapes, and the children's teeth are set on edge." Men insist on their right to live as they please. They use tobacco, and their children often lack brain and brawn in consequence ; they have poisoned their system with alcoholic liquors, or perverted their stomach and liver by high living, and their children are born with dyspepsia, consumption, or gout, or the tendencies thereto, —hence we find men very imperfect; and if we would Bodily Qitalitijss. 197 hav( ministers, magistrates, physicians, editors, teachers, and phrenologists, we must select our candidates from among a race moi-e or less demoralized by thousands of years of ignorance and vice. We should, however, select, so far as we may, for these teachers and leaders of man kind, those who are the least imperfect, those best endowed and best behaved ; and as mankind must be served by those who are imperfect, it is a matter of vital conse- quence that as good specimens shall be selected as may be found, so that their special topic of instruction may be brought -within the scope and easy comprehension of prac- tical thought. BODILY QUAUTIES. We say, first, the phrenologist should have a good body ; there should be strength, vigor, and health. Dys- peptics, or those who are nervous, angular, and erratic, have just as good a right to practice Phrenology as others with similar defects have to preach the gospel, practice law, treat the sick, or build houses. But the cure of souls and of bodies, the administration of justice, the construc- tion of dwellings, and the practice of Phrenology are sometimes so badly done that the parties in interest must suffer more or less ; therefore we claim that, if possible, there should be a good, sound, hearty, healthy body, so that the ministrations or labors may at least be normal The temperaments which represent the bodily conditions should be such that the man would be active and ener- getic ; his thoughts clear, earnest, and at the same time .cool enough not to be warped and perverted. 198 The Phbenologist. MBNTAI- DBVBLOPMENTS. The phrenologist should have a good-sized brain, so that he may have mental comprehensiveness and momen> turn, and at least be the equal of the average man in the community ; and every organ of his mental composition should be in fair development, so that he may appreciate every mental power in human nature, and be able to describe it successfully. If the phrenologist have a badly balanced head, his examinations will always be so toned and warped by his own peculiarities as to do more or less injustice to nearly every person who comes under his hands. If he have extra Cautiousness, there will always be hesitation, reserve, guardedness, and timidity in his descriptions, and his advice to the anxious and fearful will be anything but encouraging. K in conjunction with large Cautiousness he have small Combativeness, he will never talk to his subject as Nathan did to David, looking him sternly in the eye and saying, " Thou art the man ! " The consequence will be that his patron will not be fairly and firmly dealt with. If the phrenologist have extra large Approbativeness, he will be inclined to say pleasant things to his subjects, perhaps flatter ; will smooth over the rough points, and magnify the favorable qualities. If he have extra large Benevolence, he will take too favor- able a view of his subject ; will excuse or palliate errom and defects. If his Secretiveness be too large, he will lack directness of expression ; there will be so much policy in all he does as to make him non-committal. If his Am. ativeuess be too large, it will give to his life and proles- eional practice a tendency to sensuality ; he will incline to. Deficiencies. 199 ipeak of -vices arising from the abuse of this feeling in a way that shall debase and pervert those who come in con- tact with him. If the examiner have excessive Ideality, Spirituality, and Hope, he will incline to paint the picture too brightly, and encourage young men falsely, and thus lure them into rash speculations. On the other hand, if he be weak in Secretiveness, he will be blunt, abrupt, speak too much, and lack that polish and judiciousness of expression which is essential to an harmonious character. Besides, a phrenologist, especially twenty years ago, needed Secretiveness enough to be always suspicious; for nearly every community would make an attempt to de- ceive him by dressing up the weak and the wicked in the garb of respectability to be examined and described pub- licly, or by taking their best citizens into prisons and poor- houses to be examined as if they were culprits or paupers. A full degree of Secretiveness would lead the practical phrenologist to be suspicious of all such tricks, and teach him not to be deceived by appearances and external cir- cumstances, but to fall back upon his science, regardlisi alike of applause or frowns from an audience. DEriClENCIES. If he lack Conscientiousness, he will not be able to ap- preciate the higher and nobler elements of truth and jus- tice, and he will be always making mistakes, especially in treating those who are better endowed in this respect than himself. Being mostly governed by other qualities, he will know but little about abstract virtue and justice, and not be likely to give anybody credit for those qualities; 200 The Pheenologisi if he be lacking in his philosophical faculties, — ^if his reac soning organs be weak, he will never be able to measure men or describe those who have those qualities strongly marked, but will be flat, vapid, and shallow in his descrip- tions of those of superior talent. With lack of Combativeness and Destructiveness, he will be too gentle and tender, fearful of hurting one's feel- ings ; and even though he may know what he ought to say, he will lack the manly power to say it so as to make it serviceable to the subject or honorable to J.he truth of science. The phrenologist should be amply developed in the social organs, not only that he may win friends by proper appeals to the social nature in others, but because in his examinations so much i;eeds to be said relative to social life, and he should be qualified by strong social feeling to say it eflfectively. He should have rather large Self-Es- teem and Firmness, to give him self-reliance and dignity, that his word may be as law to his patrons, — also that his chai'acter may be manly, steadfast, and honorable He should have at least a full share of Acquisitiveness, to prize his services, and to secure from his labors adequate com- pensation, and also to appreciate the law of economics, that the advice he gives as to business may be useful to his patrons. He should have only medium Alimentive. ness, that he may not only keep his system in right rela- tions to health and effoi-t, but be an example of temper ance to all. A drinking, smoking phrenologist should be regarded as an abomination, and utterly repudiated. He should have a good memory, to retain knowledge; and large Language, to express himself handsomely; and larg« Knowle >gb of Common Lifx 201 Ideality, to give a poetic and eloquent spirit as well as a polished style and manner. He should be a man of talent and a gentleman. The phrenologist needs to have enough of each faculty to feel at home in lecturing upon it, oi describing its action in the subjects under his hands; be- sides, the phrenologist ought to know something about life besides that which he gets from books. KNOWUEDGB OF COMMON LIFE. We have often thought that labor on a farm for years in early life was almost indispensable to sound and com- prehensive judgment, and that the experience and knowl- edge there gained would be highly serviceable to a man in any department of life. For a person to know how every- thing that he eats appears as it is growing, and to know the histoiy of whatever he eats, drinks, and wears, is no mean acquisition. The phrenologist is all the better for imderstanding something of every trade and avocation by which men get a living; then if persons be brought to him who are seeking to know what avocations they are best adapted to, he will be able to direct each man to the right place. The muscular developments, the strength, the style of temperament, and the aptitude for particular pursuits must all be estimated; and the more the phre- nologist knows by experience or observation of the duties, privations, peculiarities, and requirements of all kinds of business, the more readily will he be able to assign f j each pereon the peculiar avocation, all things considered, best adapted to him. One reason why men who start in humble life, and have to work their way up to ponition ^8» 202 The Phrenologist. and influence through hardships and difficulties, are so effective, and able to meet men where they live, ajid on their own ground, and in their own peculiar trials and cir- cumstances, is explained by the fact that they have learn- ed skill by practice and self-reliance by necessity. One reared in the lap of luxury, having conversed with well- to-do, happy people only, may preach an able sermon or a sound theology ; but one of those pioneer Methodiutg, raised on a farm, knowing what poverty and privation mean, can go among the poor and preach a gospel that the poor will understand. But one or two of the twelve Apostles were learned and polished ; the others were com- mon men, having very little learning and no worldly po- sition, with all the weaknesses, frailties, and temptations which belong to the lower relations of life; and they were adapted to go out and " preach the gospel to every creature." The phrenologist, like the minister, then, is all the bet- ter for having an intimate acquaintance with common in- dustries and common life, as well as with books and with the learned and noble, and he who has the breadth to comprehend, and the wisdom to apply knowledge thus gained, can best succeed in the duties of his profession, PECULIAE CULTUEE. The practice of Phrenology, more than any other pur. Buit, tends to the cultivation of the different faculties anc] dispositions of the mind. For when one lectures upoq the organs, and explains a faculty or propensity, he is of necessity brought into sympathy with the subject, with Religious Nature and Cultuek 203 the spirit of each faculty he talks about; and -when one applies the science in examinations, in order to describe each organ successfully, he must of necessity have an active sympathy with that ■which he describes ; conse- quently each of his faculties, while he describes the cor- responding one in his subject, must be wrought up into a greater or less degree of intensity. Thus the brain of the practical phrenologist, if he have a good body to support it, will grow in size, and his faculties will increase their power and long retain their elasticity. "We know of noth- ing better adapted to call strength to weak faculties and modify and regulate strong ones than the practice ol Phrenology, especially if it be done in a conscientious and upright spirit. EELIGIOUS NATUKE AND CtTLTUEB. The phrenologist ought to have not only strong mora> qualities, but the spiritual elements should be amply de- veloped and cultivated. There is no motive which can be brought to bear upon human nature which exercises a more elevating and invigorating influence upon it than • those which relate to the spiritual and immortal. We pity the phrenologist who is an atheist, who regards him- self as a mere machine adapted only to this life, without any relationship to or hope for the higher and better life. As the moral and spiritual faculties are the highest of Ml, the phrenologist should be largely endowed in the top-head, and have a profoundly religious spirit, so that he may instruct men to lead a nobler life by proper appeals to their moral nature. Few ministers of religion have a 204 The Pheenologist. chance to guide, instruct, and impress men so extehdedlj and thoroughly as the phrenologist. He lectures to large congregations, often six times a week ; but in his numer ous professional examinations he has an opportunity to impress truth upon the individual which is unequaled ; be- cause by its individual directness it is almost c*»rtain to he ineffaceable. EABLT OPPOSITION. When the writer entered the phrenological field as a lecturer in 1839, he was severely criticised by his brethien in the church for engaging in such a profession. Indeed, the day was appointed by the church to investigate the Bubject as a misdemeanor. But some of the brethren, disposed to " prove all things, and hold fast that which is good," proposed to have a course of lectures on the sub- ject, to ascertain the nature, the drift, the tendency, and the morality, not to say religious tendencies, of Phrenol ogy , and then, if necessary, proceed to the investigation of the propriety of a Christian man engaging in a profes- sion at that time largely " spoken against." The lectures were delivered, the minister himself as well as the whole congregation being present. All the public examinations were made by the lecturer blindfold, because he was ac- quainted with all his auditors. Nothing further was heard r-f the inquisition, and most of those who interested tliemselves in the subject have since become cordial be- lievers and firm supporters of Phrenology. WHAT IS PHEENOLOGT. Now what relation does the study and practice of Other Vocations. 208 Phrenology — the belief in and support of it — bear to other vocations ? What is the meaning of the word Phrenology ? Many persons do not stop to ascertain that the two Greek words — ippijv, phren (mind), and Xoyos, logos (discoui-se) — of which this term is composed, mean a dis- course upon the mind. Phrenology teaches the nature, the tendency, and the proper training of every power of the mind ; of every passion and propensity ; of every sen- timent, esthetical and religious. It is a system of mental philosophy. It grasps the intellect in all its varied pow- ers. In short, the mait, in his social, secular, animal, in- tellectual, and moral nature, is the topic of its investi- gation, the field of its labor. Who, then, shall call it unworthy ? Who shall think it of less importance than any other? Indeed, rightly understood and properly treated, it need not bow its head in the presence of any of the other professions. OTHEK VOCATIONS. The architect plans houses and bridges, and for this Bociety needs and rewards him. The builder, with his adze, saw, and chisel, follows the architect, and produces in stone, brick, wood, and iron the ideal of the architect, and as a result we have houses to dwell in and bridges to span our rivers. The machinist constructs the instru- ments of industry which do our work, and his machine weaves our cloth, hammers our iron, saws our timber and planes it, and draws our weighty trains over the iron track. But these blessings come to the body, and, indirectly only, minister to mind and soal; they are still outside the man 206 The Phbekologist. himsel£ He that constructs the house builds the outei garment. He that constructs the coat and hat is still -work- ing at the outer garments. Such are ministrants of the body. The physician himself, called to aid in treating the sick, treats the body, just as the tailor and the shoemaker minister also to the body, though the physician comes a little nearer home. But if the physician deal with tlie body in sickness, the grain producer, the miller, and the baker also minister to the body in health. All are ser- vants of the body. The teacher trains the intellect, and the major part of his labor bears the same relation to mind that the grindstone does to the axe, simply sharpens it for use. The province of the lawyer is to settle the quarrels and difficulties and to adjust the secular rights of men. All these are more or less externaL The teacher's duties are more intrinsic than those of the lawyer; still the lawyer's proper duties are useful and indispensable. So are the teacher's and the physician's. The minister of religion is acknowledged to rank among the first, or as the first among men, because his functions relate to this life and to the life to come — to the welfare of the soul as well as of the body. In fact, if the clergy, as a class, knew five times as much about the body as they now do, and would preach to their people the gospel of physi ology, so that they might have sound minds in sound bodies, and thus be qualified to be more successfully led in the path of righteousness and holiness, it would be bettoi for the human race. Abstract theology is good, — so is the roof to a house, — but it needs something to go with it to make it in the highest degree serviceable. Functions of the Pukenologist. 207 TKUK FUNCTION OF THE PHRENOLOGIST. What is the function of the Phrenologist ? Wliat is the. material on which he works ? He must be a physiolo- gist, and must know and teach that which the doctor knows, and ought to teach, hut in far too many instances does not. He must study the intellect in all its phases, that he may guide people to the right use of the mind in the various directions of science, industry, and usefulness. He should appreciate the moral and the spiritual, and in the administration of his profession should know how to use these elements in a normal manner, so that if he does not preach theology per se, he can lead people quite up to the point where theology can be understood and accepted. But the true phrenologist is also a theologist, teaching men not only that which relates to the physical life, but also to the spiritual life. AU the social faculties which bring to us happiness and unhappiness, through which, indeed, both the smiles and. tears of the world flow, come within the scope of phre- nological investigation. Every passion and propensity, every hope and fear, every ray of light and joy, every flash of wit, every scintillation of sentiment, every aspira- __tion for the good, the ti-ue, the beautiful, belongs to the sphere of phrenological investigation and instruction. Other professions are partial and fragmentary. The mathematician addresses himself to three or four faculties only. The mechanician may be wise in the direction of four or five faculties, and there his study practically ceases. The theologist has hitherto dealt maijvly with the moral faculties. The teacher thinks he has finished Ma work 208 The Phbenologist. ■when he has instructed the intellect ; the physician, when his patient recovers his health ; the lawyer, -when he haa adjusted our differences, or rectified the blunders and mis- takes of ignorance and selfishness, regards his task as accomplished. When the clothier or carpenter have clothed and sheltered the body, they congratulate them- selves, on receipt of their compensation, that they have fulfilled their duties. But the phrenologist has to do with faculties through which and toward which all these professions minister. As he deals with eveiy faculty, and others have to do with a portion of them only, as every interest that belongs to the body, mind, and soul come under the administration of the phrenologist, if he be a true man, well instructed in all that belongs to his vocation, there is no one who should rank higher, because no one has so much to do with the weal and woe of men. It is his duty to guide parents and teachers in the education of children, accord- ing to their particular talents or capacities. It is his province to aid in the selection of pursuits — ^trades or pro- fessions. He properly holds in his hands the happiness and prosperity-of his fellow-men. A single word of ad- vice &om him, fitly spoken, may act as the SAvitch-point of the rail track, to change the course and destiny of a young man for life. It is his prerogative to select for the world's service those capable of being prominent in their various pursuits. When he is more generally consulted, and his advice followed, there will not be a single Watt, Folton, Arkwright, or Morse; and there shall be fewer men wrecked in wrong pursuits to their own damage and Dignity of the Peofession. 209 DO the serious detriment of their age and gencratioH. If any reader thinks Phrenology is a small profession, let him rectify his opinion from this hour. If weak or wicked men u the phrenological field have disgraced themselves and damaged the science and its application, it should not be the standard for judging aU. One in twelve, perhaps, of phrenological teachers may have disgraced themselves and their subject, but the eleven should not be condemned for one Judas. Those who work in the phrenological cause, and those who contemplate entering it, if they will for a moment consider the importance of the subject, the material with which they have to deal, viz., the bodies and souls, the intellect, the afiection and the sentiment of humanity, that no other has so wide, so interesting, and so important a vocation, let him stand erect and be thankful for a field of efibrt second to none in importance, in value, and dig- nity. And let it be his privilege, as it is his duty, to faithfully work in that field, and by culture of head and of heart make himself worthy his high vocation, that it may be said of him at last, " Well done, good and faith- ful servant ! Enter thou into the joy of thy Lord ! " USES OF PHRENOLOGY. Phrenology expounds the nature of man, his capabili- ties, moral, social, artistic, mechanical, intellectual, and scientific, as well as his capacities for skill, energy, execn tiveness, independence, and force of character. Why, then, does it not lie at the basis of all culture, improvement, «ud knowledge ? Certainly no mental science is worth 210 Uses of Phrenology. the ink that it costs to explain it, which does not meet the •wants of the soul by such, an adaptation to man as shall take hold of all his sympathies, wants, propensities, aspira- tions, and moral powers. And that his wants may be met, how important is it for those who teach moral truth to understand the nature of the being whom they teach 1 Such clergymen as are led to their profession by high and holy purposes, and have, consequently, a much better mental organization than falls to the lot of the great mass of mankind, are not able, through their own experiences of life, to enter into intimate sympathy with the less for- tunate of their race, who are most in need of moral teach- ing, culture, elevation and guidance. He who has not been tempted to steal, or lie, or break the other eight commandments, can have, by consulting his own conscious- ness, but an imperfect idea of the feelings, the weaknesses and wants of such as break every part of the decalogue, almost as naturally as they breathe. Phrenology, however, opens up to the world a means of judging as to the real and relative dispositions of all classes and conditions of men ; and we venture the assertion most confidently, that Phrenology has done more within the last fifty years to instruct the world, teach the true nature of mind, and the philosophy of its action, than all previous study of that great subject put together. Before Phrenology was known, there was no means of determining, with any degree of certainty, what might be the character, disposition, and talents of any stranger who Hhould be presented. The child in its mother's arms was looked upon as a kind of angelic blank, and fond affec- tion prophesied all that was hoped for in respect to such a human bud of promise. But real history and develop- ment often dashed all these fond hopes, and sent confiding Uses of Pheenology. 211 parents to the grave with sorrow and gray hairs. Now. Phrenology anticipates history, as it views the ' infant asleep on its mother's bosom. It sees the embryo selfish- ness, the passions, and the stubborn elements, and observes the weak points, and suggests the treatment necessary to subdue and rightly direct the unruly feelings, and to fos- ter and cherish the weak points, and how to make the elements of evil, in the soul, weaker, and those of virtue and religion stronger. That all persons are qualified to make these nice distinctions and discriminations on the in- fantile condition, we do not claim ; but that any person reading carefully any well-written volume on the subject, shall be able to block out the character, and to understand the general drift of that which is to be the history of the infant, we do claim; and this capacity for fore-reading hupaan doing and destiny thus brought to light by Phre- nology, and that co-ordinate light thrown on the true method of teaching and training the young mind, is the great glory of the science. This lies at the foundation of morals, of refinement, of high civilization, and of religion, and on this basis can a higher and surer system of ethics, character, and civilization be reared than on any other. Hitherto, religion has served only to make the best of individuals and nations barely tolerable. Children reared to active manhood by parents, teachers, magistrates, and clergymen, without any just knowledge and true philoso- phy of human character and action, have found their work marred in nine cases out of ten, and the tenth case but a meager representation of what nature meant in the organ- ization of the individual; and the results of legislation, education, and justice combined, though well-meant, have resulted in merely patching up mankind, and in keeping it from becoming utterly brutalized. 212 Uses of Phrenology. Some may be surprised when we tell them that the best legislators, preachers, and teachers of to-day, those most widely sought after, most thorough in purpose, most suc- cessful in effort, are those whose teachings and admin- istrations are baaed on phrenological science. We say based on Phrenology, consciously in some cases, and un- consciously in others. The very literature of the day is permeated with the ideas that Phrenology has developed, and thousands are taught by it without being aware of the fact. Mind is understood in its various faculties now as it formerly was not. It is not now deemed impossi- ble for a person to be a genius in one or more traits, and imbecile in others. Persons are now understood as being morbid or insane in a single faculty, while they may be sound in others, and thus a just judgment is awarded. Once, to be insane, was to be possessed of the devil, and men were executed, or incarcerated beyond the hope of release, and were treated as beasts, or worse ; and it is an important fact that every successful manager of insane per- sons in the United States, for the last quarter of a century, has not only been a phrenologist in belief, but has treated his patients on phrenological principles. The treatment of crimmals is better understood from the same cause, and we would avoid nine-tenths of the crimes and of the in- sanity of the times by a wiser and more thorough culture of the race. And this culture, we apprehend, is to be an outflow of the more extended and intimate knowledge of the subject we teach. We would so plant this science in the experience and love of the rising generation, that when we are gathered to our fathers, thousands of other& shall stand ready to push the cause onward, until its be neficent influences shall fill the whole earth. Engineering, 213 ENGINEERING. We meet with many aspiring young men who wish to become engineers. They know of Ericsson, of Roebling, and other eminent men as engineers, and that the profes- sion, in the hands of men who have the talent to make it respectable, will secure • position and pecuniary success. Very few, we imagine, who look wistfully to that profes- sion for position and success, are well advised as to what is required to be able to occupy such a post. There are several kinds of engineering. Some require one set of faculties ; others, a different set in combination with the first. It may be said that an engineer, in the widest interpretation of the word, requires a first-rate temperament, and a good development of all the phreno- logical organs. Engineering requires a knowledge of nat- ural philosophy, chemistry, and mathematics, and includes surveying, architecture, and construction. To be an engineer one must have the talent to plan structures, must understand enough of chemistry to com- prehend the nature of the materials he uses, and must be versed in mathematics so as to determine the laws of gravity, force, and resistance. Civil engineering is only a branch of the subject, and refers chiefly to matters of a fixed and permanent character, such as railways, canals, light-houses, tunnels, sewers, break-waters, etc. Mechan- ical engineering refers to machinery, steam-engines, mill- work, machine-tools, etc. Engineering is further divided into steam e^igineering, hydraulic engineering, agiicul- tural engineering, topographical engineering, and military engineering. To do all this work, and do it well, requires, first and last, nearly all there is of a man, however exalted his talent, or extended his culture. Constrnctiveness may be regarded as the central faculty of en^eering. One may have mathematical talent and 214 Engineering. not be an engineer, though he can not be an engineer with- out this. He may be a thinker, a reasoner, having large Causality and Comparison, and yet not be an engineer ; but one becomes a better engineer for having these organs large. One may have large Form, which enables him to draw and sketch, and not be an engineer ; but with Con- structivcness and Ideality, the faculties which lie at the foundation of mechanical invention, one will naturally seek the means to work out his creative thought. Calculation, Form, Size, Weight, Order, Causality, and Comparison are employed in mathematics. Geometry must be em- ployed in architecture. Every ship, bridge, dry-dock, mill-dam, aqueduct, or important machine must have geo- metric calculations. Mathematics, as applied to surveying, are required. Surveying, as an art, employs, of course, the perceptive faculties and Copstructivenesa. Moreover, an engineer should have the historical faculties, Eventuality and Time, for the remembering of all the details and facts connected with engineering work. He should have as good a recollection as is required by a physician or lawyer A working engineer may not need large Language, unless he is required to write or teach, but a good development of Language would be useful. The fascination which seems to be produced by the suc- cessful prosecution of the. different professions or trade^ misleads thousands. When the engineer with his instru- ments is making measurements on a public park, or run- ning lines for public works through or near villages^ it attracts the attention and commands the admiration of every ambitious boy in the neighborhood. He doesn't know how many years the venerable engineer, who is thus at work, has carried the chain through forests, swamps, and brambles, patiently submitting to annoyances from, sandflies, musquitoes, the inclemencies of the weather, and the peevish dictation of his superiors. He does not kno'W JOHN ERICSSON, The Grrat Engineer and Inventor. Everybody knows that the propeller instead of the side wheels are used for sea-going vessels, and largely for all that ply in harbors, rivers, and lakes, but £e TT know that Ericsson is the inventor. The littllo turreted iron-clad Monitor, which in an hour revolutionized naval warfare, was the child of his prolific brain. He was torn in Sweden in 1803. and in England and the United States he has made many other improvements, which are too numerous to mention, and now, in his eightieth year, he is still at work in New York developing in- ventions which seem to be quite outside, and greatly, as formerly, in advance of aU others, 214;^ Enginejeeing. 21f that he may have had to work hard ten years in subordi- nate positions, for low compensation, before he attained to a position of authority and responsibility, and consequeut ample remuneration. One in a hundred m suborn them to a perjury of their nature, to testify in favor of the abuse. "Now we may talk of the " vanity of the world " forever, and we do not reach the point, or cure the evil in a rational mannei We may try to crush the feeling, but it writhes in pain and lives in agony. The faculty should be understood and enlightened, and it will yield to the claims of reason and a Bound discretion. Poverty often groans for a " decent dis play," and it is felt to be an absolute necessity ; but let i» be shown that this feeling arises from one faculty, exces sive in degree and activity, and all the other elements of mind will be arrayed to allay it. Privation, dishonesty, and theft, even, are resorted to to minister to this faculty, under the corroding impression that the whole mind de- mands the indulgence. A better philosophy would correct this error, and the mind resume a happy submission to it* condition. Hope may be weak and Cautiousness strong, and the person is a slave to groundless fears, mental depression, and despondency. Life is rendered a burden, and the future promises misery. Many such persons have become maniacs and suicides by being taught that the Creator was angry with them, when, could they know that their organ- isation was faulty, and not their fate, they might have been saved from such sad resulta. The mild but conscien- tions and excessively cautious and sensitive Cowper, in his seasons of great despondency, was instructed by his pas- tor, Rev. Mr. Newton, to regard himself as bemg under the displeasure of God for sins of omission or commission. Had the minister been a physiologist and phrenologist, he 230 How TO Educate. could have taught the misanthropic, nervous invalid tha cause of all bis trouble, and saved his gentle nature from a world of torture little less than mortaL Phrenology, by specifying the several mental powers, their laws of action, their natural and unnatural modes of manifestation, will become the guiding star of parental influence, of school management, of pulpit instruction, of prison discipline, of the treatment of insanity, of legislar tion, criminal jurisprudence, and of all the important rela- tions of life. It is as impossible for mind to remain un- moved, when properly addressed, as it is for a perfect musical instrument to refuse its tones when its strings are swept by a master's hand. If our premises be well founded ; if what man requires to know is the true philosophy of his emotions and motives of action ; and if Phrenology furnishes that knowledge as no other system of teaching can possibly do, it follows that the doctrines of Phrenology should be sowed broad- cast throughout the world. Wherever there is mind to be guided and illuminated, ignorance to be dispelled, vicious propensities to he curbed and rightly directed, moral feelings dormant for want of proper culture, ambition and laudable emulation either dying of disuse or fevered by abuse, and working ruin by misapplication, an energetic intellect rusting for want of a sphere of action, or wrenching and wearying its energies on misdirected, and therefore useless, efforts, seeking truth, yet ignorantly chasing false lights, then and theeb is the trae phrenological parish. It is limited in its aims and sphere of usefulness only by the highest and broadoet Eeeoes of Education. 231 wants of man. A perfect development, and a like perfect education of all the faculties of every human being, is a consummation that must be achieved before its mighty mission will be fully realized ; nor will it then have com- pleted its work. Like the glorious sun, which matures one generation of plants, and sends them to mingle with their original dust, yet rolls onward, shedding its light and heat to produce and perfect another like generation of plants, so Pheestologt must be the guiding light to each successive generation of men, even after the highest human perfection shall have been attained, to the end of time. This must be the work of ages and of millions of labor- ers. Like the bees in a hive, all the members of the hu- man family should be co-workers. Every mother, every school, every pulpit, and every press should lend its aid to this work of progressive refonn. Ten thousand competent lecturers should give voice to these truths, while every ramification of society should be vocal with the Greek motto, " Know thyself," and every eflfbrt be aimed at its practical accomplishment. IMPEDIMBNTS TO EDUCATION. The impediments to education are many and varied In order to discuss this subject with any interest to those whom it most concerns, we should first inquire, '' What is education ? " and though the answer is wide m its range, as well as minute and practical in its application, we may take some general views, which ■will be important to parents, teachers, and pupils. Education should be viewed in two aspects. First, the 232 How TO EorcATE. acquisition jf knowledge or truth. Secondly, the hej ^ ful training of all the mental faculties. Diseased or wai j^d minds can not appreciate truth in its proper light, nor can we, with diseased bodies, practice those truths if they were properly appreciated, any more than cracked glass can re- flect light clearly, or represent the true image o' things ; consequently, with a diseased organization, or one in a feverish, irritable condition, no just education jan be ob- tained. The drunken man, it is said, seae thi ^gs double — certain it is that almost everything is distorted. Many persons by dissipation, by over-mental exercise, by excite- ment and irritation of various kinds, are as Ul qualified to acquire a correct knowledge of science, or of the ex- ternal world, as the drunkard is to perceive truth cor- rectly. Such minds either magnify or distort whatever they dwell upon. If the acquisition of knowledge merely were the object of education, a calm, healthy, weU-balanced state of the mind and body would be of the first importance ; but this is not the only,- or the chief, object of a perfect education. The proper training of the mind to a power of well-poised, correct, and consistent action is paramount Discipline is education. The mechanic's apprentice learns the laws of his trade and how to use the tools, but does not make up a stock of goods during his apprenticeship with which to fill his own shop, to remain there as a show for a life- time. In the early education of children too much care can not be bestowed upon their physical constitutions, and the comforts and appliancec by which a healthful coidition of Impediments to Ebtjoation. 233 the body and brain may be secured and sustained. In many places, hundreds of children are crowded into com- paratively small apartments, which are Qver-heated and imperfectly ventilated — if indeed any attempt at all bo made toward ventilation. The conseqiience is, that the brains of the children are overcharged with venous or anoxygenated blood — their minds become stupid— rtheir nervous systems irritated, so that they can neither think nor remember. They are kept still for a great length of time, when it is their nature to be moving ; and parents who know how difficult it is to keep children quiet at home or at church, and how natural it is for them to be in mo- tion, should endeavor to secure such school arrangeiaents as will give their children an opportunity^ for exercise and pure air. "We believe if they were permitted to march around the school-room once in half an hour, that they would be kept in an orderly condition much more easily, and their studies advanced, and their health promoted thereby. Now their minds are over-taxed with excessive Study — ^they are required to take their books home, and pour over their lessons till bedtime — ^then during school- hours, the confinement added to the previous home-study, completes the work of deranging the healthy tone of their mental and physical organization. A dyspeptical tend- ency, nervousness, and irritability, with weakness of body, heat of brain, and confusion of mind, are among the re- sults. This driving the mind beyond the poTver of the body to sustain it, increases the cerebral development at the expense of the bodily liealth and mental soundness ; and as a result we often h^-ar, at the funeral of these bril 234 B.O"w TO Edxjcate. liaut scholars, the old heathen proverb : " Those whom th« gods love die young." After parents and teachers have ignorantly combined to drive the growing children to self-destruction through over-mental exercise and the lack of healthful bodily ac- tion, they receive, at the funeral, the consolation of unphys- iological clergymen, who repeat words which are true in the abstract, but which are not at all true in respect to the cases in point, viz. : " The Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away " — when the language of the clei-gymen, to be applicable, should be, " The Lord gave, and endowed that gift with a well-balanced constitution, with adaptation for recreation and healthful exercise. He also gave it lungs that it mcight have pure air, which has been denied it — ^muscles for exercise, which, to a great extent, has not been afforded — a digestive apparatus and circulatory sys tem, and these have been perverted by unhealthfiil die* and bad habits. He gave a mind, but not to be over taxed ; and now, since through misguided ambition and ig norant fondness the child has been really though innt) cently murdered, it is a perversion of truth to say that the Iiord hath taken it away." In one respect He has taken it away — precisely as He takes away a man's possessions, when, through carelessness, they are allowed to be set on lire — just as He robs us of life when we violate the laws of health, but not as a special infliction of Providential indignation. If any children chance to live through such a course of early treatment and training — if they have constitution enough to resist such violent and repeated attacks, they Impediments to Education. 233 are, perchance, entered upon a collegiate course. Here they meet new acquaintancoa — are thrown into the society of " Young America," each anxious to stand in the front rank, and unwilling to be outdone. Any who have not learned to smoke, have here an opportunity and solicita- tion to do so. Those who have not acquired the habit, or whose unperverted nervous systems revolt at such an out- rage, are called weak, effeminate, and unmanly; conse- quently, learning to smoke is one of the first lessons of the Freshman. We need not say, for any careful observer can , ftscertain the fact for himself, that nearly all college stu- dents become inveterate smokers, and thus seriously injure their health and constitution. A leading illustrated paper recently gave a large engraving designed to illus- trate " College life," or students on the day of commence- ment at Tale College. In a group of students under the classic elms of New Haven, nearly every one of them was represented with a cigar in his mouth. Now, no one can have a healthy brain, and take just views of life and truth, when thus deeply under the influ- ence of tobacco. It is rank poison, and every habitual smoker takes enough of this poison every day to kill a man who is not accustomed to it ; and yet many persons of good general sense think it does not injure their health or warp their minds. What would be thought of a public sentiment which would tolerate in bur academies and colleges the constant and excessive use of al joholic liquors among the students ? Yet tobacco is used almost universally by them, and its uae is sanctioned by parents, professors, and public seoti- 236 How TO Educate. ment — at least, if not sanctioned, no direct effort is mad« on the part ol either to check its growth or uproot it This is one of the greatest impediments to education. If intemperance among the students ceased with the use of tobacco, the contemplation of their condition would be less painful. In some cities where respectable colleges are located, drinMng-houses are maintained exclusively by the students. There they can take their morning " nipper " or their noon-day " bitter " on the sly, and have a midnight carousal or regular " spree " at tJieir pleasure. Can wo wonder that education is so superficial, so warped, and that professional men thus educated should be a disgrace to their age and nation when they come to take an active part in public afiairs ? Who can expect other than fiery Rebates in legislative halls, and rows at elections, and dueling among editors and educated men, when all theii passions are perverted and their nervous energies are set on fire by alcoholic liquors, tobacco, carousings, and mid- night brawlings during their entire college course ? Many students, who have not enough of the heroic ele- ments in their constitution to lead them to those out- rageous acts during their college term or in public life, have become victims to an over-wrought nervous constitu- tion in other directions ; some have become insane, others demented, some excessively timid and nervous ; others sink into a melancholy, good-for-nothing state of mind ; not a few have heart-disease ; and thousands are aMcted with dyspepsia, bronchitis, and all the accumulated ills that outraged human nature is thus made heir to. Few persons are aware, perhaps, that gambling is a col iMPEDIMI-JfTS TO EdUCAIION. 231 lege vice, and that its extent is enormous. The poor, for. tunately, can ndt indulge in this vice to any considerable extent, and the same is true, more or less, in respect to in- temperance in i'jS various forms ; certam it is, that to the poor the world is mainly indebted for distinguished states^ men, able clergymen, and successful physicians ; and when we recount the fact that a certain eminent man was obliged to teach school, or another had to black the boots of his fellow-students, or to be supported at college by charity, we are not generally aware tJiat by so doing we are cast- ing a serious reflection upon the habits and customs of college life respecting students who have money enough lo procui-e the means of indulgence and ruinous dissipa- tion. Poverty is a blessing, in so far as it prevents tho poor from running riot hke the sons of the rich. Licen- tiousness in various forms, especially secret vice, is also a grievous sin in schools and colleges. On this important subject we can not here speak fully, but refer the reader to the writings of eminent men on the subject, remarking as we pass, that this sends to the grave its thousands of students, and blasts the hopes and prospects of other thou- sands, who having better constitutions or having sunk less deeply than some, are permitted to drag out a miserable existence, a curse to themselves and to their friends. These are mighty impediments to a perfect education, but neither pulpits, newspapers, public lecturers or others feel specially called upon to sound the alarm on all these gi'eat evUs. Parents feel anxious, but their fondness for their children leads them to suppose that however others may be, their darling boy will avoid all these evils. Tbej 238 How TO Edttcatb. have set Lim a good example — they have decried smok- ing, and drinking, and other modes of vice, but while they have kept his outward morals uncontaminated under theii roof, they have induced in their child a feverish state of the brain and nervous system while in the common school, so that he is open to temptation on every hand the mo- ment he is removed from under parental restraint and placed withia the influence of young associates, and before they are aware of it, he too is gone, past recovery. No wonder that such parents should seek consolation even under a false statement, that " it is the Lord's doiags." If every person's tomb-stone were to record the true cause of death, what a sad picture would they present, and what a lesson would they teach ! how different, alas I from the eulogiums inscribed on them by fond friends, and repeated at funeral sermons and by the public press. In- Itead of reading, " Removed by the providence of God," or, "Called away from earthly care and sorrow to the fruition of his reward," we should read : " Killed himself by the use of tobacco." — " Shortened his life twenty years, and thus robbed his family and the world of his usefulness by excessive eating and the free use of wine." — "Died of heart-disease and apoplexy, caused by coffee and cigars." — "Committed gradual suicide by over-study at school, through ambition to excel, and by neglecting proper exeiv cise, and afterward over-working the braia in the prosecu- tion of the duties of his profession." — " Went to the grave thirty years sooner than he should have done, in conse quence of a sordid thirst for money, and broke down in makiDg haste to be rich." — " Died of taking opium for ten Impediments to Editcatiojt. 239 years, though nobody knew A." — ^"Died of fashionaMe laziness, combined with whalebone and corsets." When will people learn to live in such a manner as to deserve better epitaphs, and go to the grave full of years, and ripe in all virtue and usefulness ? To EDUCATE is to draw out or call forth the faculties. To TEAiN a faculty is to guide, control, and regulate its action until that action becomes habitual. Now to edu- cate or to train a child, a dog, a horse, or anything else, it would seem to be of the utmost importance to under- stand perfectly the character of the being to be educated or trained. If a man were to undertake to drive a team of horses as many cruel men drive oxen, there would not be one pair of horses in a million that, would not declare, war against the master, and either conquer him or run away from him. Moreover, horses differ from each other almost as much as they do from oxen in disposition. One horse can be managed only by careful, tender treatment ; another horse is stiff-headed, coarse in qualities and dispo- sition, and seems to require to be treated with a determ- ined will and a stiff hand. Some oxen will bear club- bing over the head and almost constant whipping, wliile others would resent such barbarous treatment and become entirjly unmanageable by such a driver. The same ia true of dogs and every other sentient being that serves The mind of man is more complicated and refined in its quality and character than that of the lower animals, and requires a correspondingly nice and complicated mode of treatment; and if any one fact stands forth more than 240 How TO Educate. another in connection with this subject, it iS the need of ai complete and thorough a knowledge of the being to be educated as can be obtained. That this knowledge is im- perfect among parents and teachers needs no proo£ That it needs to be increased ten-fold will not be questioned ; nor will it be questioned by any who have given the sub- ject careful attention, that Phrenology, as an exponent of the mental nature of man, stands forth unequaled for its simplicity, comprehensiveness, and availability. We should hardly be disputed though we were to say that it was the only system of mental philosophy which has any claim to confidence as a practical aid in gaining a knowledge of, and exerting a direct influence over, the human mind. Phrenology points out the capabilities of each person, «rhat qualities require to be developed, and what passions repressed. It enables us to discriminate with certainty between the proud and the humble, the turbulent and the peaceable, the courageous and the cowardly, the generous and the selfish, the thrifty and the thriftless, the passion- ate and the cool-headed, the hopeful and the desponding, the cautious and the reckless, the cunning and the zxtless, the talkative and the taciturn, the reasoning and the weak- minded, the ideal and the practical, the witty and the se- date, those who are qualified for mechanics and those who would fail of success in that department, those who are distinguished for the various kinds of memory and those whose minds lose their knowledge about as fast as it is gained. Phrenology teaches, therefore, what arts and sciences, what trades and occupations, what particular branches of study a person can best succeed in, and Uiy>s ImpbdijIents to Education. 241 the foundation for domestio training as well as scholastic education. It not only points out the true theory of prison discipline, and furnishes the only sound basis for the treatment of insanity, but teaches us what kind of civil and criminal laws are required for the proper guidance and government of mankind, and last, though not least, it gives a nobler elucidation of man's innate moral powers than ever before had been known to the world. At present man is but half educated at best, and that education has been badly conducted, because the first principles of the mind have not been generally understood. Thousands have spent the formatory period of their lives sweating over the classics or mathematics, or vainly en- deavoring to become qualified for some profession or mechanical trade, and have failed to win respectability or secure their daily bread, and are thus made wretched for life. Seme of these persons might have had suitable vo- cations and become eminent, or at least respectable, could they have had in childhood such an analysis of their char- acter and talents as Phrenology would have afforded, and been thereby directed to appropriate occupations. Many persons utterly fail to succeed in a pursuit to which selfish influences and ignorance have devoted them. After a thorough apprenticeship and ten of the best years of their lives, by accident or in despair of success they have adopted a business without an apprenticeship, but a busi- ness which required the exercise of another class of facul- ties, and they have triumphed, not only over the want of training and experience, but over the embarrassments of 11 243 How TO Eduoatb. their condition, and have run rapidly up to distinction and wealth. We have many illustrations of ill-chosen pursuits and of changing, even in middle life, with decided success. One of the best portrait painters that a neighboring city can boast was raised a carpenter, and though he was al- ways sketching with his pencil on the white boards upon his bench the portraits of persons and the outlines of ob jects, h6 still had no settled idea that he possessed artistic talent. He happened to be at a phrenological lecture ol ours where he had an examination, and was informed that he was naturally adapted to be a painter. He took the hint, laid aside the plane, and took up the pallet. Some ten years later we met him, after he had been called upon to paint the portraits of three Governors of his native State for its public gallery. He lived in a fine house, had acquired position, and was in a fair way to pecuniary inde- pendence. He was again brought forward for examina- tion in public, and a similar statement in regard to his talents was made, when he invited the writer to his house and gave a history of his career, and of the former exam- ination, and openly and decidedly gave Phrenology the credit for advising him to leave a pursuit which was odious to him, and to adopt one which has become not only a source of success,, but the pleasure and pride of his life. In 1839, when Mr. Combe was lecturing in Philadel- phia, he visited the House of Refuge for the purpose of studying the character of the institution. He was re- quested to examine the heads of several of the inmates, and to give his opinion of each in writing. One girl, ImpedimewiS to Education. 243 named Hannah Porter, ho described as being naturally tidy, a lover of order, and capable of excelling in musia After the subjects had retired, the descriptions were read. Mrs. Shurlock, the matron, remarked to Mr. Combe that he had made a signal failure relative to Hannah ; " for," said she, "she is the most slatternly person in the house;' and notwithstanding all our eflEbrts to reform her in this respect, she continues in her disorderly and unclean habits. She has been turned away many times from good families where she has lived, because of her filthiness, and she is re- garded as incorrigible by all who know her. Relative to her musical talent, although nearly all in the institution sing daily at family worship, she has never been known to sing a note, and seems to take no interest in it." " I can not help it," calmly responded Mr. Combe ; " she has large Order and Ideality, and is capable of exercising taste and being neat. She has Time and Tune large, and is capable of learning music. She has the developments, and they can he called out." After Mr. Combe had re- tired, the girl was called, when the matron read the de- scription to her, and remarked, " Now, Hannah, the gen- tleman says you can be neat and learn music, and I wish you to try and prove whether he is true in his opinion or not." Mrs. Shurlock has informed us that the girl did try to sing, and in less than twelve months became an excel- lent singer, and the leader of the choir in the chapel of the institution. She also within the same time became one of the most neat and orderly in the same household, and these habits still continue with her years after her mar- riage and settlement in life. Had not this examination 244 How TO Edt gate. been made to encourage alike the girl in her efforts, and her managers to take the proper means to call out and train these faculties, she would have remained a careless, slatternly person, and in respect to music have been mute for life. Now, neatness and order are a blessing to her- self and family, and her musical talent lends a charm and grace to her life. This flat contradiction of the phrenolo- gist, which her previous life and character had presented, left him no consolation but the belief in the correctness of the science and in the justness of his conclusions ; and our informant, the worthy matron, appeared to take great pleasure in stating this triumph of the science, and re- joiced in the practical advantages derived from Mr. Combe's predictions, which, at the time, gave him no little discredit. Phrenology opens to the teacher and to the parent the primary elements of the mind. It informs them what are the native talents and the weaknesses of the child, and the proper mode of awakening dormant powers to activity as well as how to depress those which are too strong. It not only teaches the dispositions of individuals, but what mo- tives to present to those different dispositions to bring forth in them what is good and to restrain that which is bad, and how to induce obedience and impart instruction successfully to those who are unlike in character and tal- ents, though they may belong to the same family or stand in the same class at school. The contradictory traits of children may be played upon by the teacher or the mother who understands the true mental philosophy, with an ease and facility scarcely excelled by the skillful pianist AlIMENTIVEWESS — HUNGEB — FooD. 246 in evoking from the instrument the most delicate harmo- nies, though the unskillful hand may make that instrument give forth the wildest jargon and discord. We have endeavored to define what we understand by the term Education. We have shown that it emhraces physical training, or the development of the body ; also, the development of the different mental faculties, and their excess, and also their perversion by improper training. We have suggested some of the errors of the mental phi- losophers in treating upon the mind, and the great imcer- tainty of their systems as a guide to correct ideas of edu- cation. We now propose to offer some practical hints for the application of Phrenology to domestic training and to scholastic education. ALIMENTIVENESS — HUNGER — FOOD. Man is an animal with bodily wants, and he has a class of propensities which instinctively prompt him to provide for those wants. This he does in the first place without thought or reason ; but subsequently, as he is ripened and instructed by experience, he employs his intelligence and his energy as a means of gratifying the lower elements of his nature. The first, and, indeed, the most imperative, of human wants is nourishment. The new-bom infant, prompted by this natural hunger, intuitively seeks its natural food at the very threshold of its being, as a means of building up the growth and supplying the waste which exercise and labor induce. Nature has kindly planted in us, as a part of the mental nature of the individual, the faculty of Ali 246 How TO Edtjoate. mentiveness, whicb renders eating and drinking not only a duty, but a pleasure. To eat right as to quality and quantity of food, including the proper time for eating it, is one of the most important lessons relating to our physical being. It is a most difficult part of our education, and one which is, perhaps, more frequently neglected than any other which falls within the sphere of every-day life. AinMAL IKSTINCT. The lower anunals seldom exhibit anything which ap- pears like reason iii respect to their manner of eating and drinking, but they are guided by what may be called in- stinct— jnere appetite. In respect to the selection of their food, they usually reject whatever is detrimental or nox- ious, and always eat the best they can get — that which is most pleasing to the appetite. Though a dog may have lived ten years in a family, and have been fed on bread, vegetables, and meat every day of his life, and perhaps never had food in such quantity as to have any surplus, yet he will always devour first the meat, then such bread as may have butter on it, then such Vegetables as may have come in contact with gravy, and last, when his appe- tite is nearly satisfied,' he reluctantly devours the dry bread, the most unsavory part of the meal. A child will do precisely the same thing — will eat the meat, the butter, Ihe delicious fruit first, and cry for more ; but if denied, will then turn to take that which is less agreeable to its appetite. But as a child increases in age, and comes under the dominion of his thinking, reasoning intellect, he sub- jects, to some extent, the faculty of Alimentiveness to the Training OP Appetite. 247 oontrol of his judgment. He does not eat the dessert first, nor, like a child or an animal, gnaw the butter from his bread, and eat all his meat, and afterward the bread and vegetables ; but he eats the more important articles — that which with a keen appetite will taste good — and reserves the delicacies for the close of the meal, when his appetite for hearty, strong food has been satisfied. The dog, as we have said, never learns this lesson by age, but seizes whe most delicious morsel first, and makes wry faces at ^her food at the close of his meaL TEAINING OP APPBTITB. While the child is young he exhibits, as we have said, in the exercise of appetite, the merely animal impulses. During this season he should be guided and controlled by the experience or wisdom of the parent ; and our impres- sion is that there are very few children who are qualified to govern their appetite and exercise it properly until they have reached the sixteenth year ; and parents can not do their children a greater injustice than to allow them to eat and drink as they please in regard to kind and quantity until they are old enough to choose the right food, and to take it in the right manner. What shall we say, then, of parents and nurses who appeal to appetite as a means of governing, managing, and restraining children, who prom- ise to the already excited appetite some choice delicacy, something the appetite craves, with a view to subject the turbulent faculties of the child to temporary obedience ? This method of training produces a feverish excitement in Alimentiveness, which, as the child matures, increases in 248 How Tc Educate. strength until it will not be satisfied with ordinary gratifi cation. INTEMPKEANCE. Society has wept and mourned over the desolations of perverted appetite until the entire doctrine of Total De- pravity has appeared to be exemplified through the abuses of the single faculty of Ahmentiveness. Children some- times inherit from parents badly trained in appetite a ten- dency to these abuses ; and what can we expect from the children of parents who have been ignorantly drugged by tea, coffee, tobacco, and alcoholic stimulants, or surfeited with rich, unwholesome, concentrated diet ? It is within the memory of all persons of middle life when society was first awakened to the fact that alcoholic stimulants were not only unnecessary, but alarmingly destructive to health , but very few persons of extensive culture and good com- mon sense have yet learned that tobacco, strong tea and cofiee, and highly-seasoned food are almost equally de- structive to health and happiness. It is comparatively but a few years since dyspepsia became known in the United States. We used to laugh at the accounts of gout among well-fed English people ; but now our people, by abuses of appetite, are scourged with dyspepsia in the room of gout, a luxury pertaining chiefly to our cousins over the water. And what is dyspepsia but a breaking down of the tone of the stomach, and inability to digest the food and work it up into nourishment for the brain and body ? Alcoholic liquors set the nervous system on fire, and make man a maniac and a demon or a fooL Its eflects are, therefore, more palpable than those which rise from other iNTEMfEEANOB. 249 fonnB of intemperance ; but these just as surely sap the foundations of health, gradually shatter the nerves, and derange all the organic functions, if indulged in to excess. Let the reader look among his neighbors, and how com- mon will he find complaints of dyspepsia, of a torpid state of the liver, of scrofula, of palpitation of the heart, and what is called nervousness. These produce irritability, despondency, loss of memory, insanity, and death in vari- ous ways. Mankind has had a sore lesson on the abuses of appetite; and those who may reform will show their wisdom by obeying the teachings of these sore experi- ences ; but those will be wiser still who learn temperance by their example, and by studying the laws of their being. Though it may take several generations of temperate parentage, and a thorough application of correct training, to rid mankind of the deleterious effects of past imtemper- ance, yet who will be dissuaded from the effort by the difficulty of the case, or consider it a waste of time, when BO great a result is at stake ? We sometimes think, not- withstanding tens of thousands have discarded the use of alcoholic liquors, that we are still an intemperate people. Many have given up the bottle, but only have changed the form of stimulant to coffee or tobacco, or both. After listening to a lecture on Temperance from a distinguished advocate of the cause, we found him smoking at the hotel, which he did constantly for nearly two hours. We in- (juired of him why he did so, arid he remarked, that hav- ing given up liquor, which he had used to excess, he felt that he must have something to keep his nerves braced up. Since this he relapsed into the habit of drinking, and died 250 How TO Eduoatb. of deliriuM tremens. He changed the habit, but did not reform the perverted appetite, and his relapse was a very nataral consequence. As a matter of health, we hardly know which is the worse practice of the two. Though smoking may not make a man neglect or abuse his family, it sends thousands of men annually to untimely graves, leaving widows in poverty, and orphans with nerves all on fire as an unhealthy inheritance from the short-lived father. When it is remembered that nearly all who use alcoholic liquors also use tobacco, and that tens of thousands smoke and chew who regard themselves as temperate men, it will be seen that tobacco is working more ruin to health and happiness than alcoholic liquors ; and the most melancholy fact in the case is, that nien are not aware of it ; nor does society stamp its use with disgrace, as it does that of alco- holic liquors. The whole system of intemperance is a wrong training and use of this primary faculty, Alimentiveness. Mothers and nurses may not be aware that they are training up their children to some foim of intemperance when they nurse or feed them every time they are fretful or uneasy. Some mothers we know who carry cakes, candies, and the like in their pockets, wherever they take their children, an'tl an appeal to appetite with some such delicacy seems to be their chief means of exercising influence over their children. Thus treated, it is easy to understand how the unnatural fever in the who'.e digestive apparatus should be producbd, and also in that organ of the brain which gov- erns that department of our nature. With such an early training, what wonder is it that when they come to iNTEMPEEAlfOB. 251 maturity they seek tobacco, alcoholic liquors, highly-sea- soned food, and thereby break down their constitutions and their morals together. The rules for training this faculty are few and simple. For the first year of a child's life, if its mother be healthy, nature has provided its best food, and, so far as possible, this should be given to the child at given periods, accord- ing to its constitution. Some mothers nurse their children every time they cry or appear restless, and thus keep the stomach in an unhealthy condition, containing food halt digested, and, indeed, in nearly every condition, from that fit to be taken into the blood to that which is raw and crude. Nothing can be more destructive to the tone of the stomach than such habits, unless it be the taking of noxious substances ; but wholesome food thus mixed, in various stages of change, becomes noxious, and there are very few children thus fed who do not become irritable, feverish, and dyspeptical. As a cbiM becomes older, and is weaned, it should bo fed upon a plain diet, in general not such as mature people eat. In England and Scotland, children are not allowed, generally, to partake of such food as adults eat, but they are fed upon oatmeal porridge, or milk thickened with cooked oatmeal, upon vegetables of various kinds, and upon soups made with little meat and much vegetables. In the United States we often see little children two years old making a meal of roast beef and plum-pudding, or ham and eggs — in short, precisely such food as a healthy labor- ing man would eat. We often hear parents remark thai they think their children ought to live as well as th« 262 How TO Bbtjcate. parents. By that they mean that they should drink cof fee and eat meat and highly-seasoned food with adults, and these same parents understand perfectly well that a horse at five years of age will sell for fifty or a hundi-eJ dollars more, to be put into hard service in the city, if that horse has not eaten a bushel of oats in his life, but been kept exclusively upon hay and grass, Men are wise as to horses, cattle, sheep, and swine, but appear to be 'utterly vanting in practical sense in respect to the training and management of their own children. We believe that adults should live on a plain diet, that which is easy of digestion ; beef and mutton are the best articles as meat, not spiced, compotinded, or concentrated, including vege- tables and fruit in large degree. Three times a day, we think, is sufficiently frequent, and these at regular inter- vals; nor should the person ever eat heartily just before retiring, even though circumstances have compelled him to work hard all day on a mere breakfast. If a person can not sit up an hour and a half after eating, he should retire on an empty stomach, though a hungry person might eat a small quantity and retire in half an hour with- out detriment. When will men become as wise as an ox, which, left to roam the fields at will and seek his natural food, never over-eats, and rarely exhibits symptoms of disease during his whole life ? He has no artificial habits ; his appetite, guided by instinct, not pampered by cooking and fashion, remains unperverted. Nature, having established the physical laws which govern men as well as animals, would secui'e to man health and happiness, if he would use his Destbttctiveness and Combativeness. 2l>0 reason in gniding his habits as the animal follows his id Btincts. The organ of Alimentiveness, which is located just foi> ward of where the top of the ear is joined to the head, and which, when large, is indicated, by width and fullness in that region, is the first organ in the mental constitution which comes into activity. The infant or the animal an hour old seeks nourishment, prompted by the faculty of Alimentiveness, and, as we have shown, ten thousand mis- eries follow in the train of its abuse. Is it not strange that man, the noblest creature God has made, should stumble at the very dawn of his life in the exercise of so important a faculty as Alimentiveness, re- lated as it is to the preservation of life and the physical constitution, and that faculty being one of the lowest ele- ments of his nature? If all the other powers were as badly directed and as much abused as this, the doctrine of Total Depravity would need no further illustration or proof. DESTRUCTIVENESS AND COMBATIVENESS. In the base of the brain, backward from Alimentiveness, is the organ of Destructiveness, located directly over the opening of the ear, and Combativeness is situated about an inch and a half upward and backward from the open- ing of the ear, directly behind Destructiveness and Secre- tiveness. These organs spring spontaneously into activity very early in the history of the human being. As we have Baid, Alimentiveness, or appetite, expresses the first want 264 How TO Educate. of the new-born infant ; and we suppose that anger or ex- ecutiveness, which arises from the combined action of Combativeness and Destructiveness, comes into play next to appetite in the order of development. When the child finds itself cramped and restricted in motion, whether by the arms of its nurse or by its clothing, it instantly com- mences to struggle for freedom and to overcome the re- straint. If it succeed in doing so, it seems contented ; if not, it cries as if angry. These feelings, of course, are not only instinctive, but blind in their action ; that is to say, there is nothing of mind or memory connected with them. What is true of the infant in this respect is more or less true also of the actions of adults ; for a man never seems to act so blindly, so unthoughtfully,'a8 when angry. It seems to be the natural impulse of these propensities to resist, to struggle against opposition, to overcome. Sometimes the most careful planning, the most labored preparation which the intellect, guided by science, can command, is made, and seems to guide the executive fac- ulties. This is true in engineering and in the accomplish- ment of great works. It is true in some battles ; but in nine cases out of ten, when the outline of the plan has been followed, personal encounters, hand-to-hand struggles, and indiscriminate skirmishes, guided by the passion of the moment, become practically the law of battle. In ordinary personal disagreements, the intellect rarely does more than act as priming to set on fire the passions of Combat- iveness and Destructiveness, after which they act at ran- dom, impelled by their own energy, apparently with no resiraint. Some persons have large Cautiouspess, strong Coukage: Fobce anp its Laws. 255 reasoning intellect, and that equable moderation of tem- perament which enables them to think of consequences and count the cost even when aroused to anger ; but these people constitute the exception, and not the rule of action. The great object of training and education in conjunc- tion with these propensities should be to guard against their undue excitability, to refrain from appealing to them directly in the hour of exasperation ; and secondly, to as sist or awaken the activity of such other faculties as shall tend to modiiy, check, guide, and restrain these passions. It is not the question whether these propensities shall ex- ist in the mind, nor whether they shall rise into activity ; for they not only exist, but ought to exist ; they not only will spring into spontaneous activity, but it is right that they should do so. But the great question is, How shall the other parts of the mind be brought to bear upon them, so as to keep them, as we might say of a train of cars, "on the track?" We seldom complain of the normal action of Combativeness and Destructiveness. We are proud to see friends dash on nobly in a good cause, and scatter right and left bad, unworthy, and improper oppo- sition to their just progress. In like manner the engineer is proud and the passengers happy when the locomotive, with its long train of cars, rushes onward across ravines, over bridges, thiough tunnels, and across the plains, at the rate of forty miles an hour. Its energy, the outworking of the engineer's courage and force, is a subject of gratula- tion to all parties. But when this wonderful engine es- capes from the track, when it ceases to act under the guid- ftuce of the law by which it is construoted and put in 266 Hov TO Educate. motion, and dashes down an embankment, carrying with it its living freight, it is then only that its speed becomes a mischief, and its momentum desolation and death. Thaa we gloiy in power which is organized into a locomotive engine, so long as that power is under proper control ; but when it breaks from that control, and dire disaster is th« result, we shiink from it with fear and dread. So the pas- sion of anger, or, more properly speaking, executivenesa and courage, while guided by intellect and restrained by sympathy, friendship, honor, and moral sentiment, lay the foundations of deeds which immortalize men. It is only when- they break away from their true line of action, when they get " off the track," and act illegitimately, that they become despots in their character, vid lead to sad conse- quences. The injunction, " Be angry and sin not," recog- nizes the action of these faculties, even if they are evinced by anger ; and the restriction, " sin not," seems to hold anger to legitimate offices — ^keeps it on the track. But when we become angry, and sin through that anger, we abuse the faculties — we are led astray by them. The development of Destructiveness gives width to the head just above the opening of the ears. In carnivorous animals and birds, every head is widely developed in this region; witness the cat and owl, the eagle, the bulldog, and the shark. We mention these extreme cases, because the passion is very strongly manifested, and the organ largely developed. "We refer to these animals, also, be- cause this is the crowning quality of their character Some of them seem to possess almost nothing else, if we except appetite, as in the case of the shark. Combativeness, AKGHB ; AKD ITS TBAINrNG. 257 which is the foundation of courage, boldness, and intrepid ity, gives width to that part of the human head just back- ward of the top of the ears. Some animals appear to pos- sess very large Destructiveness and but limited Combat- iveness. They come into a contest reluctantly, but are ter rific when engaged. Others assail boldly, but are not cruel ; and we see these traits in the human race in nearly every degree of modification. In the education of these faculties the effort should not be to suppress or crush them, but to train them to act in obedience to, and in harmony with, the higher powers of the mind. They are propelling forces, and need guidance ; we would, therefore, make them a team, and harness them to Benevolence, Conscientiousness, Friendship, Construct- iveness, and the intellectual faculties. The energy of Com- bativeness and Destructiveness may be legitimately worked off upon laborious pursuits that require force, and thus be- come indispensably useful The best method to sober a high-tempered boy — and it applies equally well to a horse — ^is to give him plenty of hard work to use up his super- abundant energy. It is only the perversion of the propel- ling forces that produces fighting, wrangling, and wrath. As soon as a child is old enough to show anger, his edn- cation in that respect should begin. Care should be taken to discriminate between mere Combativeness or Destruct- iveness acting singly and the combination of these powers. When only Combativeness is excited, all that is necessary is to employ a calm and quiet manner. If Destructiveness be excited at the same time, or alone, producing bitterness and a spirit of cruelty, it is necessary not only to be calm, 258 How TO Educate but very firm and very kind, so as to awaken opposite feelings in the child. It 18 the nature of mind to be instantly affected with emotions corresponding to those which are exercised to- ward us or- in our presence. It is the nature of Mirthftil- ncss to excite merriment. We can not be in the presence of a pei-son of mirthful disposition, especially if that faculty be at the time active in him, without having the feeling become contagious. We laugh because the other laughs. In like manner, Self-Esteem exhibited by another arouses in us a spirit of dignity. Friendship awakens affect'on, Benevolence makes us sympathetical, and anger excifiefl our anger. If a child shows anger, it usually awakens the saipe feeling in the parent, especially if the child be old enough to understand that he is doing wrong. Nothing is more common than for parents to become irritated by the angei of their children who are less than a year old, and we have seen them treated harshly, and often severely whipped. This manifestation of anger by the parent generally makos the child worse, by adding fuel to the flame, and his or^ gans of Combativeness and Destructiveness become en- larged and inflamed ; and as the child increases in age and ripens in such experiences, he becomes quarrelsome, turbu- lent, and cruel, and seems to feel a kind of satanic delight in fighting with and tormenting others. We have known many instances where children have been roughly and severely treated, in whom the organs of Destructivenes» and Combativeness were doubtless unduly developed by this means, »nd tho natural conseaueoces of wranglii;g and Remedy foe Anger. 259 quarreling, stjlding and fighting, followed as they grew up; while other children in the same family, the parents having been warned by Phrenology, or by their own com- mon sense and the bad effects of such treatment upon one child, have adopted a new course with subsequent chil- dren, and with the best results. Not only have the organs been kept calm and uninflamed, but they have not oeen expanded by exercise and enlarged by use. That proverb is full of truth and sound philosophy which says, " A soft answer turneth away wrath, but grievous words stir up anger," and it reveals the tnie theory of training Destruct- iveness and Combativeness. A person can not govern others well who can not govern himself; therefore one should never allow himself to become angry with a person whose angry feelings he would control. An irritable child often inherits this quality from an equally irritable parent, and for tliis state of mind he is rather to be pitied than blamed. How ill adapted is a parent who can not gov- ern his own anger to control such a child I A child with an undue development of these organs should be fed with a plain, cooling diet, and its treatment in all respects be uniformly kind. It is rarely the case that an angry child can be managed, without great injury to its disposition, by one who is not cool and self-possessed. Soothing tones and amiable language should be addressed to it, and its passion will soon subside ; then a steady and efficient rebuke may be addressed to its moral and intel- lectual qualities, which will be aroused to condemn the bad conduct, and thus the mind becomes fortified against the rebellious facultips, and the power acquired to quel] 260 How TO Educate. the next mutiny among the faculties. Every such victory gives exercise and consequent strength to the higher fao- alties, and laya the foundation of self-controL To speak to a child in anger, so as to excite wrath, increases the tempest, while a calm, steady, unruffled tone, under the command of reason, benevolence, .and affection, will aUay the storm, by prompting the activity of the opposite class of faculties. When children are excited to anger, there are two ex- cellent modes of managing them. The first is by with- drawing the mind from the objects of anger. If the child be young, one can present something interesting to its other faculties. When the child becomes older, it wiU be easy to relate some story in which his own angry conduct will be shown in such a light as to make it appear im- proper or ridiculous. We have seen a child in one minute changed from rage to laughter at its folly for being angry, under the ingenious treatment of an amiable sister or a judicious mother, who was cool and cabn in her manner. Another excellent 'mode tc cool the rage of anger is to pour water on the refractory child. This will be found to work like a charm. It may be sufficient to dash only a little from the fingers on the face and neck of the child, but this must be done in all calmness, kindness, and can- dor, as when you administer medicine. It will subdue the anger in half the time it would take to conquer the child with a whip, and leave no ill effect on the mind of the subject. But this should be followed, when the child's anger has subsided, with a kind and firm statement of the case, so that the intellect and moral feelings of the child TEtTK Wi-T TO Whip. 261 will be fully awakened to sit in judgment upon the previous wrong conduct. Thus we cure the erring, violent passions, and awaken the self-restraining, self-conti'olling elements. There is still another method, and that is the whip. Tliere may he children who can he punished and governed by the use of the whip, who can not easily be managed in any other way ; but we believe if this be resorted to, it should be done by those who are not generally inclined to whip — ^by moderate, prudent, calm people ; and then the child should be allowed time to think. Let him have an hour, or four hours, or let him wait till to-morrow at a given hour ; and when the castigation shall be administered, let it be thorough. One such judicious whipping will be likely to last the child for a year, or for life ; whereas, it he were seized upon violently, and angrily whipped, and cast aside, it would only awaken bad passions, and blunt or suppress the higher and better feelings, and open the way for a hundred whippings, and for a sour and unmanage- able temper for life. If a light blow or two be given, it simply arouses the child's anger ; two or three more may be given and the wrath becomes furious, then another, and perhaps three or four more applications may be made — in all perhaps twenty blows may be given before the culprit from fatigue, fear, and pain gives up, but is not conquered or benefited. If six sharp, heavy blows instead 'ise a sense of danger on all occasions. This may frighten the child into temporary obedience ; but there is no more real integrity and honesty in such obedience than there is in that fear which the whip awakens in the horse or ox. Fear alone induces the obe- dience, and it is precisely so with the child if Cautiousness be the ruling power, and the address or influence is brought chiefly to bear on that faculty. Such appeals to this excessively developed faculty tend to increase the size of the organ, making the character still more unbalanced and warped. The organ sometimes becomes inflamed, really diseased, and hundreds have become insane through its excessive excitabiUty. In the training of extra Cau- tiousness and timidity we should never threaten fearful punishments, such as shutting up the child in the dark, extracting its teeth, or cutting its ears ofi", or giving it to " the old beggar-man " to carry off, or caiUng the big dog or the rats, for by these means we enkindle undying fear on the altar of the child's Cautiousness; and though, when he is old enough to understand that the threats were made to be believed, but not to be executed, he can not rid himself of their influence on his disposition; and he not only loses his respect for our veracity, but all the sad effects of nerve-shattering fear cling to him for life. When Cautiousness is very large and active in children, they are apt to be excessively bashful in the presence of strangers. To the fond and ambitious mother this is a source of intense humiliation. She would fain have her children appear intelligent and self-possessed, especially in the presence of her valued friends. We know of nothing which makes a mother feel more chagrin and embarrass- ment than to have her children appear like fools when hei Excessive Cautiotjsness. 285 former associates call upon her — perhaps for the first time since her marriage — to have them run behind chairs, keep out of sight, cover their eyes with their arms, or run like wild birds. The mother in her vexation fre- quently makes the matter worse for the child by chiding it, caUing it foolish, and she threatens, perhaps shakes or pinches the poor, timid creature, while iJie amiable friends chime in, trying to persuade it that they will not hurt it. Thus everything which is said and done is addressed directly to the child's Cautiousness, and makes the sufferer feel ten times more diffident than ever. The child in its embarrassment thinks the visit is made on purpose to pro- mote its misery, the mother and the visitors seeming bent on producing an involuntary Latimacy. Sometimes, when the company has retired, the mother berates and scolds her chUd, threatens to whip it if she does not actually do it, to shut it up in a dark room if it ever again conducts so badly in company, and it thus lives in constant fear of other calls and another miserable hour, and the threatened consequences of constitutional bashfulness. When the door-bell rings or a carriage drives up to the house, and the mother is engaged in receiving the visitors, the child endeavors to make good his retreat to avoid a complication of evils. Perhaps he skulks away in some back hall or cold room and there palpitates with fear, expecting, if found, to be dragged into the presence of strangers, or get a whipping, or be imprisoned in a dark cellar for showing an unconquerable timidity instead of an impossible forti- tude. The mother remembering how foolishly her children have acted in the presence of strangers, is perhaps glad to be rid of their presence, and it they aro inquired for, she replies, carelessly, " Oh, they are about somewhere," but takes no pains to have them found and brought in, or to ascertain that they are comfortable ; and they are per- mitted to shiver for an hour with fear and cold in some 286 How TO Educate. safe hiding-place. Everybody will see that this is wretched management, and, in the light of our subject, that it is cal- culated to in-c.rease, but never to cure, the difficulty ; and the question arises, how can such children be trained to make a proper appearance, and how can their excessive timidity and bashfulness be allayed ? Phrenology solves this difficulty easily, and the solution appears so perfectly natural and simple, that most persons, when it is presented, think that it is not science, but com- mon sense, and therefore endeavor to defraud Phrenology of the credit of its discovery, forgetting that science is only common sense organized, and that phrenological science, like many other kinds of scientific truth, becomes common, and is blended with the general current of popu- lar knowledge. The exposition of the practical methoJ of managing bashful children is simply this : the trouble to be obviated is the great excess' of Cautiousness in the child who has, perhaps, a nervous temperament, which makes it peculiarly susceptible. Now, that which is requir ed to be done is, to allay the excitement of Cautiousness 5 consequently no appeal should be made to it, but eveiything that is said or done should be addressed exclusively to the other faculties. Suppose, then, that company comes in, and the child appears timid ; let neither the mother nor the visitors appear to notice that the child is present ; lei it alone — do not look at it or speak to it, but let joyout and familiar conversation be unrestrained between the parent and the visitor. If the child be unnoticed, its Cau- tiousness will be in a few moments partially allayed, its curiosity excited, and perhaps it will venture slyly to ap p roach the stranger to obtain a better position to see, hear, and enjoy. If the stranger desires to mnke the acquaint- ance of the child, it is very easy to start some subject that will awaken its interest by talking of picture books, hobby horses, kites, hoops, or of little boys and girls at home, Diseased Cautiousness. 287 and this should he done without looking sternly at the child. Nothing is so cowering to bashfulness as the direct, earnest gaze of a stranger. A well-timed reference, la an easy, careless manner, to such things as the child can un- derstand, and in which he may be supposed to feel an interest, will make his little heart pulsate with a pleasant excitemeDt. How will the little eyes dilate and sparkle with joy, and how will the fancy, imagination, and intellect " devour up the discourse ! " he will instantly approach the stranger with deep interest in all that is said, and stammer out a childish reply, without fear, or the consciousness that a stranger is present. The Cautiousness of the child is now of course allayed. What has become of its fear ? It has been hushed to repose, and the stranger, discovers what the mother knew before, that the child is not a fool, but an intelligent, happy being. We should be ashamed not to be able to allay the fear of the most timid child in ten minutes, so that it would be wUling to talk, or approach us without fear. So many times have we tried the experiment, that we have but little patience with people who manage timid children as we have before described, when they might save them- selves all the inconvenience and trouble which timidity produces, and procure a complete and controlling influence over the chUd in so happy a manner and with such readi- ness and ease, if they would but study the theory of train- ing which Phrenology affords. The symptoms of diseased Cautiousness usually are, over-anxiety, apprehensiveness, brooding melancholy, fore- cast, timidity, trembling anxiety about everything v/hich involves possibility of danger or difficulty, and this against the person's own judgment. People sometimes g&y, " I am safe, but, still, I fear." It may not be so easy to suggest a cure ; but rest and non-excitement of the orf^ans of Cautiousness are about as essential to its cure as 288 How TO Edtjoate. a dark room and cooling applications are esBential to the cure of inflamed eyes. All excesses of excitement in tha faculty should be removed or avoided, as we shield the lacerated flesh from the air and from contact with externa) objects by putting a plaster or bandage on it. Another way of restraining the undue action of this organ is by mtroducing to the subject pleasant, joyous, cheerful sub- jects and associations. An English gentleman having a great sense of safety, desired to employ a coachman who would be as careful as he desired, and having advertised for one — having numerous applications for the place — he decided which would best secure his required safety by carefully asking each one how near he thought he could drive to a square precipice without being in danger of going over. One thought he could drive within a few feet ; another, within half a yard ; and, finally, an Irishman, on being questioned, replied, " Ah ! your honor, I would drive as far from it as possible, and I would not go near it at all, at all." " You are the coachman for me," replied the gen- tleman, and he was right. So we say of the treatment of people with diseased Cautiousness ; keep them as far from danger as you can, and when trouble comes, soothe them by calmness, and by the assurance that the danger is not imminent, and, in short, keep the faculty from excitement, and the organ will get well. Strong faculties r.oinetimes act as helps and sometimes as hindrances — it depends on the cireumstaiices under which they are called into action. The action of the fac- ulties, moreover, is pleasurable or painful, according to the oondition under which they are exercised. Cautiousness, for example, when a person is trying to cross a crowded street among the clashing vehicles, produces unhappiness and pain ; but when the difficulty is fairly overcome, and he is safely landed on the opposite side, the action of Cautiousness brings a sense of safety, and tho result is Cautiousness. 289 gfreat pleasure and gratification. Cautiousness under some circumstances renders a person cringing, weak, retiring, full of trepidation, and makes him utterly miserable. But let the individual be placed in imminent peril, but in such a position that he can not retreat, can not evade, hide, or flee from the danger, then Cautiousness becomes a power- ful stimulant in the form of fear, and the man will fight against any odds, and, as the saying is, " sell his life as dearly as possible." His bravery in such a case is not cool, not collected, not seK-possessed, but fierce as despe- ration itself can make it. The coward, when cornered, will fight for his life with greater efiect, sometimes, than a man of courage, because his fear realizes to him with ex- treme vividness the peril of being conquered and crushed ; while, on the contrary, the man of courage, who has but little fear, apprehends bnt little in the way of sufiering a defeat. If two men fight, the man with large Combative- ness and small Cautiousness having knocked down his op- ponent will stand back and wait for him to arise ; whereas the man with excessive Cautiousness and small Combat- iveness, if he succeed in knocking down his opponent, is afraid to let him up, and will follow up his blows, perhaps, till he has utterly disabled or killed his fallen antagonist. Many a man commits murder on account of large Cautious- ness. Having knocked down or seriously injured another, he, fearing the penalty for what he has done, or fearing t,hat if he lets his antagonist up he may get the advantage of him, and perhaps take Ms life, strikes the fatal blow and becomes a murderer. Thus robbers, having plundered their victims and subjected themselves to the Uability of the pen- itentiary or the gallows, will finish their work by murder, under the motto — "dead men tell no tales." As they think their chances of detection will be less than if they allow their victim to live to appear against them, and perhaps identify them, they commit a double crime, not 13 290 How TO Edtjoate. through any desire to eviiice cruelty, but through feai alone. This conduct may seem paradoxical, but it 'S per- fectly logical. Their fear induces them to count the chances, and between two evils choose the least, or the one which promises the least danger to themselves ; and since robbery, which they have committed, perhaps is punished by death, and robbery and murder both can be but death, and since detection is less certain with the victim dead than ahve, the sense of safety impels the last act. ACQUISITIVENESS. This faculty is given to prompt man to lay up food and other articles of value for future use; it is eminently a providing faculty. It is also possessed by some animals, to impel them to acquire or lay up in time of abundance for a time of scarcity ; to gather the fruits cf summer for use during the dreary winter. In other classes of the lower animals there is no trace of it ; they exhibit no de- sire to gather and lay up, and no perception of the hoard- ing principle. In his valuable treatise on Human Rights, Judge Hurlbut illustrates this truth as follows : " A quan- tity of corn being thrown upon the ground within the reach of a flock of fowls, each one will greedily devour all that is required to satisfy the appetite and will go away without caring as to what remains, without gathering up or secreting anything for future use." It is well known that a squirrel, on the contrary, ii he were to discover the corn upon the ground, would exhibit unwearied industry in carrying it off as rapidly as posn- ble to his nest or hollow tree, until the last kernel had disappeared, before he would attempt to satisfy his prea- ent hunger. Thus he would find himself in possession of a supply of food for many months. The unacquiring fowl, however, when again hungry, woiild return foi Acquisitiveness. 291 another meal but find nothing left to supply it, the squirrel in the mean time having appropriated the •whole of it to himselt The bee is an eminent instance of the acquiring instinct ; it lays up its food during the long summer, eating what it needs day by day of the honey which it gathers, and laying by a surplus not only for its own use in winter but as food for its young. Birds supply their wants as best they may from day to day with no apparent care for the future relative to food. Such birds as live in high northern latitudes and do not migrate are forced to pick up during the winter a preca- rious subsistence. The crow, the hawk, the partridge, the snow-bird are instances; but the robin, the wild goose, the bobolink, and many other species, raise their broods in the north, and when their natural food begins to fail they migrate southward, as far, perhaps, as from Vermont to Virginia, or from New York to Georgia, where nature furnishes them a climate to their taste and food for their daily wants. The fox makes his meal from his prey, and if there is any surplus he buries it for future use, and will fight for it as property. The wolf will fight over a carcass for a present supply, but when satisfied does not, so far as we know, protect what is left nor regard it in the light of a possession for use hereafter. The proper exercise of this faculty in the human race, how it shall be cultivated when too weak and restrained when too strong, is an inquiry of serious import. If we were to canvass the world and seek the solution of this problem by the universal verdict of men, we should fail to obtain a philosophical solution of the subject, because in most countries this is the reigning faculty. Among savage tribes the idea of property exists, though not in a high de- gree ; but as men become, civilized, and live under laws and constituticr.8 which protect persons and property more 292 How TO Educate. perfectly, the all-absorbing inquiry seems to be, how can I become rich ? Thus, the faculty being too highly stimu- lated, exists in a perverted state. Each is eager to be rich, while the entire property of the world, at its highest mar- ket value, if equally divided among mankind would leave to each person a few dollars at most. He who has a crav- ing desire to be rich, unless the substance of the wealth he covets is to be created by his own efforts, must enter- tain thia feeling at the expense of a majority of his fellows. Until society shall be reformed in respect to the activity of this faculty, the true standard for its exercise will not be attained. When man's real wants shall be ascertained, and he shall have such training of all the faculties as to make him willing to accept and to be satisfied with what is really necessary, or look to his own creative, produc- tive, energetic skUl for the supply of his wishes, he will be guided by a felse standard, and will entertain a craving desire either on a wrong basis or at the expense of his fel- low-men. The present speculative spirit, when viewed from a proper standpoint, is a crime against the race. Since there is not property enough in the world to make aU rich, those who become rich by traffic and speculation gener- ally accomplish it by such management as enables them to feather their own nests at the expense of the labor and productive skill of millions. Thus, while a few become rich, the mass remains poor. Labor alone will hardly make any man rich. Sometimes it is achieved by some rare discovery or invention, and the penniless man becomes a millionaire, without traffic or selfish business operations ; then it is the discovery or invention, not mere labor. Large manufacturing establish- idents, where the many contribute to the prosperity of the few, and mercantile and managing transactions where tri- bute is taken from thousands and deposited in the coffers of th»> few — it is from these sources the large fortunes are AOQTJISITIVEITESS. 293 gained. The man of eniint-nt talent who can plan for a thousand and employ them at good -wages, may honestly make a fortune as the fair remuneration of his skill — the laborers being better provided through his agency than they could be by their own unaided eflforts. The primitive design of the faculty is to inspire every human being with the spirit of industry and frugality, to lay aside from the earnings of youth and health for sick-' ness and for age ; to amass property partly by economy in reference to our present wants, and by active, well-di- rected industry to acquire the means for the development, rearing, and education of the young. It may be gravely doubted whether it be well for children that parents amass for them such fortunes as will obviate the necessity of industry and fi-ugality on their part to meet the common wants of their own lives and those of their children during minority. When a man becomes a millionaire, his chil- dren generally become useless drones in society, and the world is not benefited by their existence. They never buUd houses or ships ; they will not navigate the ocean, tUl the soU, or follow any productive occupation ; but they consume the property which their fathers have with industry — ^perhaps graspingly and unrighteously — taken from the past generation. The laws of trade as they exist at present are based upon excessive Acquisitiveness. Public sentiment on this subject is grossly perverted, yet men are not conscious of it. How shall I make money ? by what means shall I be- come rich ? seems the embodiment of public sentiment, anfi this thought is one of the earliest lessons taught to the rising generation. While it is regarded as the badge of respectability, men are measured by their amount of gold or the number of their broad acres. The fact of being weighed in the world's estimation by the property they can command, and not by their moral and intellectual excel 294 How TO Edttoate. lence, sets on fire the youthful mind to run that race, for getting most, if not all, collateral interests. A public sen- timent which respects a man because he is rich and neglects and despises another because hie is poor, awakens every- nerve, arouses ambition and energy, calls out the intellect, develops the mechanical sldll, harnessing all these elements to the car of acquisition, so that they be- , come the willing servants of this master passion. In such a system of training, with such a public sentiment to live and act in, is it strange that the world becomes a grand shaving shop, and that men grow up greedy as tigers for their prey in pursuit of wealth ? Something besides Acquisitiveness is necessary to the successful prosecution of business and the accumulation of wealth. Those who are possessed of skill and talent,. with a fair degree of moral feeling, even though their Acquisi- tiveness be as strong and active as such an education would render it, will, by the over-mastering power of that talent, accumulate wealth, and do it within the pale of civil law. They plan, devise ways and means, see results before they are reached, anticipate improvements and depressions in business affairs, and know when to let out and when to take in ; these get rich, and do it honestly, lawfully, respectably. But those, on the contrary, who have but little mechanical skill, and are wanting in energy and industry ; those who have not the talent necessary to perfect far-seeing plans for acquiring property; those, also, who lack the shrewdness to compete with the artful, wiU find themselves poor, neglected, and, in the world's esti- mation, disreputable. Thrifty, wide-awake, industrious, and prosperous people always look down contemptuously upon shiftless, listless, unskillful, and unsuccessful men, however good and virtuous. Persons finding themselves pinched with want, their children suffering privations, are driven to desperation. This intense love for their faudlies, Acquisitiveness. 295 those lioly feelings which, under favorable circumstances, minister to virtue and happiness, under the pressure of such poverty and privation, have a directly opposite tend- ency. Many a man in such a position has been led to stea! and rob, and has found himself on the ciiminal list, not because he was by nature vicious, or coveted his neigh- bor's property, but because he had not the shrewdness, talent, and industry to acquire the comforts and necessa- ries of life in a legitimate manner, and to save his loved ones from cold and hunger has violated the criminal law. Moreover, such persons may labor, but they have too little skill to make that labor highly successful ; and being sur- rounded by sharpers, and those who, by management, con- trive to absorb the profits of their labor, they remain poor from year to year, and the history of such people is one of privation, if not of sufiering and crime. Now, in what consists the remedy for gigantic evils such as these ? This, surely, is not the natural state of man; a single propensity, one selfish desire. Acquisitiveness, should not rule the human race with such despotic sway. In tropical climes, man, in his savage state, has but little of the faculty of Acquisitiveness. While his wants are few, this organ is small ; and it is an interesting fact, that in the African race we seldom find this organ large ; and although they are accused of stealing, it is the result of thriftlessness, and too little Acquisitiveness to prompt them to provide for prospective want ; and consequently, becoming destitute, they steal to supply their present need. In their native land, where they can reach forth the hand and pluck the fi-uits of eternal summer, and in a climate where they require no houses and clothing to shelter them from wintry blasts. Acquisitiveness is neither required nor developed. But as man wanders from the equator into colder lati- tudes, clothing, shelter, and accumulation of food for win' 298 How TO Eduoatb. ter are necessary ; and ■with such people the organ is mor« amply developed, together with those qualities of ingenu- ity and energy which lie at the foundation of skill and industry, than in people living in hot climates. It is not necessary to argue the importance of this faculty, as the provider of the absolute necessaries of Ufe, nor to state that it lies at the foundation of all those faculties which enable us to enjoy the comforts of a sufficiency, and the means for the gratification of taste ; but there is a proper limit to its development and activity, beyond which its exercise becomes vicious. A morbid Acquisitiveness, which gives an excessive desire to acquire, is akin to that feverish state of Amativeness which leads to licentious- ness, or to that of Alimentiveness, which produces intem- perance. This faculty should be trained equally with Conscien- tiousness, Benevolence, Cautiousness, and Friendship. Every young man should be trained to feel that the human race is a great brotherhood, that each man has rights as well as himself, that each has no right to the earnings of others without a fair equivalent, and that this faculty should be used for the public good as well as for private gaia Some men who account themselves honest do not scruple to defraud the government of the city, state, or nation, but would feel guilty for perpetrating a like fraud upon a person whom they knew. In our country, there is coming to be a public sentiment adverse to faithful, persistent industry. The intellect and skill of the race should, to a great extent, bq trained to real production, either from ma.nufactures or from the bosom of the soil. The prevalent disposition of young men to be merchants and manufacturers, which leads some to study how many half-fed women can be employed, or how many sets of profits can be wrung from a single bnshel of wheat, or a pair of boots, before it gets from Acquisitiveness. 291 the producer to the consumer, is a system of prey and plunder condemned alike by common sense and conscience. One-balf of the nominal value of the property of the world is added to the real cost of production in the shape of profits. Three-fourths of all the expenses and additions to the cost of goods, in the shape of profits, are entirely unnecessary to the trading world. The nearer the pro- ducer and the consumer can be brought together without the intervention of a platoon of men who aspire for the lion's share of the profit, the better will it be for all concerned, and, of course, the less will be the cost to the consumer. There is no point in the education of the young where there needs to be more reform than with reference to the exercise of Acquisitiveness. The demoralizing effects which the gratification of a miserly disposition produces on the individual man, the passion, the vioionce, the deso- lation, and the crime which grow out of this absorbing spirit of penuriousness, this grasping avarice on the part of a portion of the community, ought to arouse the moral sense of the world to a right training of this faculty ; and this training should be done in harmony with the higher powers of the mind, whose office it is to exert a command- ing and restraining influence over the passions and pro- pensities. Acquisitiveness is often stimulated by perverted Self- Esteem, which gives a love of power, and Acquisitiveness is employed to acquire the means of securing that power. Perverted Approbativeness, also, stimulates it; this leads one to rejoice in parades and splendor, and money is useful to carry out those feelmgs. Sometimes morbid Cautious- ness excites Acquisitiveness to the highest degree to pro- vide the means for future safety and security. The mer- cenary spirit exerted around us tends to awaken Cautious- ness and Secretiveness in the direction of money-making, and when Acquisitiveness is the central desire and the 13* 298 How TO Educate. ruling agent in this waifare of man upon man, the scran> ble for wealth and pecuniary advancement becomes ridio ulous, if we could forget the criminality and the misery which are necessarily coupled with such perversioru In this Age of Gold, Acquisitiveness occupies so conspicuous a position, has so much to do with stimulating and excit- ing both normal and morbid mental action, we may be pardoned for a thorough and earnest exposition of the subject. ACQUlSirrVENESS AND SECRETIVENESS. We find it inconvenient to speak of the abuses and evil training of Acquisitiveness until we have called attention to its nearest neighbor and most common ally, namely, Secretiveness. The very name of Secretiveness indicates the general nature of the faculty, yet we shall speak of its true office as well as its perversion. The design of this faculty is to produce concealment and a restraining influence upon the other faculties. It is one of the animal propensities, and in its action has merely selfish gratification in view. In the lovrer animals it acts as a blind instinct, while in man it is coupled with reason- ing power and moral sentiment, by which it may be guided, modified, and restrained, and allowed to act only in har- mony with the higher dictates of the mind. Nearly all carnivorous animals have Secretiveness in a high degree of power. The cat species, fi-om the lion downward, secretes itself and patiently waits and watches the approach of prey, and when near enough seizes it at a single bound ; before the unconscious victim is aware of the presesce of a concealed enemy, it receives a death-blow from a masked battery. Most of the herbivorous animals havp little Secretiveness, since their food does not flee at their approach. Their only use for Secretiveness would b" to Acquisitiveness and Seceetivewbss. 29S conceal themselves from enemies. But n:.any of them have fear and fleetness, which they use as a means of safety. Secretiveness is so strong in many of the human race that their whole character is tinged with a fox-like or cat-like cunning. All they do and say has an air of mystery, con- cealment, suspicion, and artifice about it. They use am- biguous expressions, and never speak right out boldly, plainly, definitely, but qualify their remarks with pruden- tial terms, and hedge about all they say with so many con- ditions that they sometimes seem to be either cowards or to consider themselves as holding communion with rascals. There are others who have the organ small. These are too abrupt, blunt, and ill-timed in their remarks, and " carry their heart on their sleeve for daws to peck at." We can undei-stand a bold, outspoken character better than a sly and crafty one, but neither is the proper stand- ard ; the medium between , the two extrenies is best. This requires a full development of Secretiveness in har- mony with all the other organs. It is important to train this faculty when it is weak, and to guide and restrain it when it is too strong. Often a plain expression of truth might wound the feelings of some person present, or might develop to the world that which should be kept in a small circle of friends. Chil- dren should be taught not to expose unnecessarily their weaknesses or their ignorance, and also never so far to develop their character that dishonest strangers might take advantage of it. Deficient Secretiveness makes a man so transparent in his actions and words as to be liable every hour to fall a victim to the selfishness of those around him ; while an excess of this faculty leads him to practice duplicity, cunning, artifice, dissimulation, and perhaps falsehood. Some persons have this so large, in conjunction with rather low Conscientiousness, that their chief pleasure seems to consist in deceiving and mislead' 300 How TO Eduoatb. ing, not to hide their character and seutiments, really, bnt to put forth language and actions of a deceptive nature, quite foreign to their general character, for the mere pleas- ure of the good cheer and amusement it may afford. Thus, though honest at the core, they appear, for tho time being, hypocritical and deceitfuL "Writers and sp3akers who have Secretiveness large, have s tendency to shroud in mystery not only what is at- tempted to be expressed, but to make the hearer believe that much of importance is yet to come. Novelists, who usually have the organ large, develop and perfect a plot on one page only to lay another, or to raise a mystery to be afterward developed. Thus they, go on, linking mys- tery to mystery, for the purpose of exciting interest and leading the reader on ; and sometimes such writers close their book in a labyrinth of undeveloped history, especially if another volume is to follow. The abuses of this faculty in social life are numerous. Many parents deceive their children from the cradle. It is thought by many mothers and nurses that a straight- forward, truthful course with a child is not good policy, therefore they rule them by deception ; and though these children will master one deception after another, they still suppose themselves to be surrounded by hardly anything but deceit ; certainly they do not know what to believe and what to doubt. They soon begin to deceive their playmates,- next their parents and teachers, and finally, they learn to lie outright. It is generally bad policy to trust the training of children to servants ; for they usually lack the patience, the wisdom, and the self-restraint to take the true and proper course with a child. But there are mauy mothei'S, of education and refinement, whose whole mental texture is interwoven with Secretiveness and decep- tion. Such women teach their servants practically to utter falsehoods, by requiring them to say that " the mistress is AOQ'riSITIVENESS AND SeCBETIVENESS. 301 not at home," unless the person calling happens to be one of the favored few. It would be indeed strange if ser- vants thus treated did not learn to tell falsehoods ou theif own account, and if children are left in their care, teach them to do likewise. Servants, who depend upon obedi- ence for their daily bread, are required to practice decep tion as a part of their duty, and it would be a marvel if they did not learn to deceive and lie to secrete their own faults or minister to their own interests. Children, as well as servants, hear mothers lavish the most endearing ex- pressions of regard and kindness upon persons who call, and wlien they are gone learn distinctly, in so many words, that " their room is better than their company." At first, the unsophisticated child looks with astonishment at such bold hypocrisy; it is bewildered at the inconsistency; but it soon finds out that it is living in a sphere of duplicity, and learns to practice deception accordingly to carry out its own purposes. But Secretiveness is perverted not only for the sake of gaining social advantages, but it is more often harnessed with Acquisitiveness and made to work deception for pur- poses of gain. The merchant, who ought to be a man of acknowledged truth and integrity, and who would con- sider it a great insult if his character were called in ques- tion, is led, by the intrigues and deceptions of cunning sharpers, to bend from his straightforward, truthful course to conform to an erroneous public sentiment created by the tricksters of trade. We believe that, even in a "crooked and perverse generation," if a man or a firm •would stand up squarely upon the Une of truth and integ- rity, and let it be widely known, as it soon would be, that falsehood, deception, and cheating would on no account be practiced, that man or firm,, as a consequence, would thereby attract business and make a fortune. But plotting and counter-plotting have become so general, that mer 302 How TO Educate. cantile life is a network of deception, and nearly eveiy article of goods on the shelves is made to speak falsehood by the yard. It is frequently demanded of clerks to practice deception and falsify with a brazen face, or lose their places. Clerks thus trained generally double back upon their masters, and cheat on their own account ; and then what horror and consternation rages through the mercantile community ! It is simply this : that the mer- chant trained the young man to be dishonest for the inter- est of the employer, and he turned and practiced his acquired dishonesty upon his preceptor. If he had cheated somebody else, a customer, it would have been considered smart and praiseworthy. But merchants are not the only ones who abuse Acquis- itiveness and Secretiveness in conjunction. Manufac- turers use cotton warp in the room of silk or linen ; plated ware is sometimes sold for solid, and nearly, if not more than one-half the manufactured goods that are offered for sale are embodied falsehoods — ^polished on the surface, but shabby within. Take a simple but familiar example. A manufacturer of flannels siibstituted cotton warp for woolen, stored his goods until he had a large amount on hand, and then rushed them into the exhausted market. The deception was not apparent. It is a part of the oflSce of Secretiveness not to have the deed show. Before the cheat was known to the consumer, the manufacturer had realized half of a splendid fortune by the operation. The warp, which in the manufacture of woolen goods is tho most costly and difficult to make, being substituted by cotton, the fabric looked even more beautiful than if it had been honestly made, though it cost very considerably less. The consumer soon became aware that it was half cotton, but not till it was half worn or he had attempted to color the cloth, when the cotton warp, not taking color in a woolen dye, exposed the cheat. From the time the cotton ACQTJloXTIVENESS AND SeCRETIVENESS. 303 W3,rp was detected, everything in the shape of wliitc flan nel was carefully criticised. The shrewd manufacturer however, had anticipated all this, and made a large quan- tity of goods, not with cotton warp and woolen filling, but by mixing in equal parts the cotton and the wool by card- ing them together, so that through the entire fabric, both warp and filling, the cotton was covertly intermixed with the wooL Thus each thread, if it were broken and held up to the light or scorched, would indicate the presence of wool. But suppose the cloth were colored red, the cot- ton fibers, not taking color, would give a gray appearance to the goods." This cheat was, however, soon detected, but not until the other half of the splendid fortune had been realized by this new deception, and the manufacturer had retired fi"om business with his cool half million and lived in splendid style. Now, it is not too much to say that this excess of profit on the sale of deceptive goods for the full price was sheer robbery, and that those who purchased them had been taxed without an equivalent. Such men may gather fortunes to endow colleges or build churches, but the All-Knowing will hold them to an ac- count. All their wealth is an incarnate falsehood; and though their ill-gotten gains may bless orphan asylums, we would not willingly take their share of the profit with its responsibility. Men make themselves merry over wooden nutmegs, horn gunflints, wooden hams, and white- oak cheese, each of which may have been, in single instances, constructed and sold as a mere playful decep- tion, for the sport of the thing ; but deceptions, as gro89 as would be wooden nutmegs, are found in every avenue of trade ; and if eveiy falsehood incorporated into manu- factured goods could step forth from the articles in which they are embodied, the contents of most stores would be as completely disorganized as if the warp were to forsake the filling in every yard of cloth. 804 How TO Eduoate. This system of duplicity, this perverted Secretivenass, exercised for the gratification of Acquisitiveness, is not confined to trades and manufactures, to peddlers and mock auctioneers, but it extends to farmers, who are supposed to be removed from temptation, and who are, perhaps, by circumstances, the most upright portion of the community The craving desire to gratify the love of money leads the farmer who has Secretiveness large to call it to his aid, to enable him the more successfully and rapidly to acquire a fortune. Who dare buy a horse or any other animal from farmers without a sharp investigation? Who does not wish to put the trier into a tub of butter to" see if it is all alike from top to bottom ? who would not be disappointed to find that turkeys and chickens had not been fed to re- pletion inmiediately before being killed, so as to sell corn which is worth a cent a pound, for twenty cents a pound , and though the amount of gain be small, in a given case, the principle is incorporated into the transaction. Indeed, Secretiveness finds opportunities to work deception in every department of life; each profession has its sharp practice, its quiet concealments, its smooth outside, and its shortcomings within ; but some lines of business seem to furnish more opportunities for deception than others, and consequently stronger temptations to deceit. A pursuit which fosters the use of Secretiveness, and can not well tolerate frankness, accumulates in its range all the sly, sliarp, cunning persons, while the frank and truthful are generally pushed out of it before they have enteried upon mauhood, and it is said of them, " they did not succeed." This classifying the tricky persons into pursuits which furnish opportunity for deception, and pushtng the candid and the honest to adopt trades or professions in which they can use candor without bankruptcy, can be distinctly seen in its effects upon different branches of trade; and we think that we could almost classify successful business men Mechawical Talent and Skill> 306 if they were put into a crowd, and place in their respective groups those that succeed by policy and those who can succeed by straightforward plainness. We ought not to close this topic without stating that secretive, tricky customers teach merchants and clerks deception as a means of seK-defense; for Ananias and Sapphira leaning over a dry-goods counter could not tell more positive falsehoods than are uttered by the smiling lips of respectable men and women of our day ; and this method of cheapening was practiced in Old Testament times, as well as in modern days, for we there read, " It is naught, it is naught, saith the buyer j but when he has gone his way, then he boasteth." MECHANICAL TALENT AND SKILL. CoNSTETTCTivENESS lays the foundation for mechanical taste and skill, and from its exercise nearly everything which adorns and blesses life proceeds. If we look abroad we see hardly anything that the hand of artistical and mechanical skill has not produced. Man has been called a tool-using animal. Physically considered, independently of intelligence or tools, man is far inferior to some of the lower animals. Let man stand up in the forest naked, and if compared with a bear, to all outward seeming the bear has alniost every advantage. He has a coat which keeps him warm in winter, never becomes unfashionable, wears out, or needs repairing. His teeth are strong for defense and for pro- viding himself with game as food. His claws are long, strong, and sharp, with which he may dig roots, or climb trees, or hold his prey. Man has neither claws nor strong teeth, nor has he a garment of fur to protect him from storms and the cold of winter, but in process of time hia intellect and constructive talent have projected those do 306 How TO Educate. fenjeless fingers of his into a thousand productions. He contrives weapons of defense and offense which make the bear his prey, and convert his warm robe into a coat for the captor. To protect himself from the storms of win- ter he builds houses ; he works metals into aU sorts of tools, and uses those tools for every imaginable purpose, and in process of time, though the bear has remained sta- tionary, man has made great progress, and populous cities, commerce, art, have sprung from his plastic hand, and all the appliances of civilization occupy the place where the bear once roamed the master, and he retreats to the forests and fastnesses of the mountains, and timidly flees at the approach of man, who, at the beginning, seemed so in- ferior. Without Constrnctiveness, no man could live where winter reigns three or more months in the year ; and we find in the hot climates, where houses and clothing are comparatively unnecessary, the faculty of Constrnctive- ness is not much developed. Without the use of tools man would indeed be helpless. He might, like the squir- rel, lay up nuts for the winter, but how could he con- struct a shelter or clothing with his naked hands ? The squirrel has the means with which to dig and burrow, or to gnaw his passage into a hollow tree, but without the agency of tools man could accomplish neither of these results. One of the most intelligent animals, the horse, has been known tp starve in midsummer, being tied to a tree with a common xope. He had gnawing ability, for he gnawed the bark ixDm the tree to which he was tied, from the roots as high as he could reach. He might have ob- tained his freedom in five minutes had he possessed the intelligence to gnaw off his rope. The wisest of the lower animals use no tools except in one or two instances, of apes, which merely use a club to defend themselves, Mechanical Talent and Skill. 301 gome of them let fall a stone upon nuts to crack them when too hard for their jaws. Thus we see that with these exceptions, animals are not tool-using in their nature. The bee, the beaver, and bird buUd in a specific way in obedi- ence to fixed instincts, but they use no tools, and the order of their mechanism is generally low and simple. And although the Bird builds a nest, the bee its cells, and the beaver its dam, thus evincing the building instinct, man is the only being that possesses the manufacturing talent be- yond these mere instinctive efibrts. He combines intellect with ConstructivenesB, and thus by invention carries out new plans for the production of whatever he desires. The printing-press and the art it subserves, the power-loom which seems almost possessed of intelligence, the ship, the steam-engine, and the machinery it impels, and all the articles of convenience, utility, and ornament which fill and bless the civilized world, grow out of tMs great but often m.uch neglected element of our nature. Though man was created without any natursi weapons of defense, and in physical structure is weaker fo* self- protection than many of the inferior animals which <i Firmness. 817 and ornamental Avood, and with what care they are treas< ured, as heirlooms, for a century 1 What is true of furni- ture and clothing is also true of architecture, books, and in fact everything, as the rough usage of rough school- houses fully proves. Qn the contrary, let a school-house be built with " cornice, frieze, and architrave," according to a tasty^ architecture, with inside work of molding and column, all nicely painted, grained, and properly finished, and what mischievous pocket-knife, even in Yankee land, ever dares, or deems it other than sacrilege to make its onslaughts. There it wUl stand, even a school-house, for years, without a hack or unnecessary mark. Besides, these articles serve to refine and elevate the mind. Coarse thoughts are apt to dwell with coarse ex- ternal objects, while beauty begets a polished imaginatios and correct taste, which flow out in politeness of language and manner. We therefore urge the cultivation of Ideal- ity upon all who have the charge of the education of the young. Let every flower make its impress on their mindSj and every form of beauty in nature and art exert its refin- ing influence upon their characters. Teach them not- only refinement of mental action, but an elegant and polished mode of expression, and you have done much to make them beloved and happy. FIRMNESS. The oflSce of this organ is to give stability, fixedness of purpose, determination, and tenacity of mind and feeling. Nothing is more common than to apply hard names 'to this organ, and as it exists in some people, it doubtless deserves them. But generally its abuses have been re- garded chiefly, rather than its natural or normal functions, when opprobrious epithets have been applied. Many per- sons seem to suppose that stubbornness, obstinacy, and 318 How TO Edfoate. willfulness really indicate its normal characteristics ; bat in the light of a true mental philosophy, those names in.li- cate the abuses of this important element of our nature. Firmness is not the only quality or propensity that has been misnamed. Anger for Combativeness, murder and cruelty for Destructiveness, theft for Acquisitiveness, lying for Secretiveness, are terms quite as appropriate to the natural functions of these organs as are those which are commonly applied to Firmness. When these propensities are not subjected to the restraining influence of other men- tal powers, they evince the abuses indicated. Everybody knows that in every well-constituted char- acter, earnestness and executiveness must exist. Suppose a man having a full share of Combativeness and De- structiveness, to have all his other faculties, his reason, his Inoral sentiments, his prudence, paralyzed, so that they should not guide, restrain, and modify Destructiveness and Combativeness, what would he be but a tiger ? In a well-balanced pair of seales, an ounce-weight in one side is found to turn that scale against the empty one just as really as if a ton had been applied ; hence if a man be deficient in one element, a fair development of the oppos- ing quality will show an excess. Not that he has too much of the quality excessively indicated, but that he has nothing to modify, restrain, or balance it, as a teaspoonfiil of lemon-juice without its counterpart, sugar, would seem to (smbody the world of acidity. Some men have a pre- dominance of animal propensity, and their tendency of character is toward animal indulgences ; others have in- tellect as their prevailing development, consequently, thought, and not propelling energy, is their forte ; others have moral power, with too little intelligence to guide it, and are superstitious. Some are exceedingly good, but have too little propensity to give them energy, courage, und force, and are too tame to produce upon society any FiBMNESS. 319 marked influence. They are like lemonade with the lemon left out, altogether too sweet and insipid. Others are warped and unbalanced by a predominance of social feel- ing. They will follow their friends, in business to bank- ruptcy, and in social and convivial life to dissipation and licentiousness ; whereas, if they had enough of something else, to keep their social feelings on the track, in other words, to balance and offset them, whUe the world would admire them for their cordial and social sympathies, it would not be obliged to regret in their behalf a course of dissipation and social profligacy. These natural states of mind are much modified by circumstances and educa- tion. Such influences as serve to allay the activity of strong faculties, and excite those which are weak or dor^ mant, will produce almost immediate change Id the mani- festations. If a person be irritated in consequence of large Destructiveness and Combativeness, nothing should be done or said calculated to arouse these ferocious lions of his nature in an unnatural manner ; and, at the same time, Benevolence^ Approbativeness, Adhesiveness, and Con- scientiousness should be called into activity by proper words and deeds ; and although they may be developed only in a subordinate degree, it wiU be surprising how quickly they will respond, showing kindness, justice, polite- ness, and friendship. In other words, the faculties which occupy a minor position, as to power, may become ruling and controlling forces by being rendered active; while the major forces, by inactivity, shall be governed and ruled. Firmness, when it exists in' a predommant degree, will often be manifested in the form of an obstinate, captious, contrary spirit, towering over reason, justice, and kindness. The way to manage such a character is to address to it language and actions calculated to arouse the moral senti- ments and amiable dispositions into activity, while no 320 Ho"w TO Educate. special opposition be raised against the position Firmness nas taken. In such a way a stuhborn man may be led or a stubborn child subdued, and a complete victory be ob- tained by the moral sentiments over that disagreeable trait of character which we call stubbornness, another name for a blind and energetic action of Firmness. A person who desires self-culture and wishes to modify his excesses and develop his deficiencies, can use every eflfbrt of judgment and moral power to guard against ms easily besetting sins ; to foster all his weak and dormant facul- ties by all the appliances of society, and other circum- stances, which are favorable to an improvement of his character. Hence, a person whose anger is his besetting sin should be wise enough not to go into the society of quarrelsome, captioxis persons ; and those whose Fu-mness is extravagant, should avoid those whose Firmness and SeK-Esteem are so strong that a continual conflict for tho wpremacy will always arise when they meet. The true nature of Firmness is to give stability, forti ^ude, fixedness of pui-pose, and constancy of cbaracter ; to enable one to stand up against the current of opposition, to hold one's faculties to their work tmtil the duty is ful- filled. The influence of Firmness seems to terminate on the mind itself, giving the quality of permanency to tho manifestations of the other powers. Thus, with Combat- iveness, it produces determined bravery; with Conscien- tiousness, inflexible integrity. It is not the source of en- ergy, but serves merely to hold the faculties of energy to their object; Combativeness and Pestructiveness give propelling energy to character, as the sails or engine give propulsion to a ship ; while Firmness keeps the working faculties to their purpose, as the rudder keeps the ship on her course against winds and currents, thus making the elements of propulsion available for reaching the desired haven. A man without Firmness is governed by a moment Firmness. 321 ary impulse, and, like a ship without a rudder, is blown about by every wind_ or floated at will by all the devious currents that cross his path. A man without Firmness can not be trusted, however honest he may be, because he can be persuaded in the du-ection of any of his strong faculties ; and if he can't say no, he is liable to be ovei> ruled by everybody and every circumstance. When his Benevolence is aroused, he will be all sympathy, will not be able to hold his feelings under proper check. We have known a man to start off to pay a debt long due, and meeting some friend in trouble, he lent or gave the money which belonged to the patience-worn creditor. The per- son could not help it. Firmness in proper development gives endurance to all the other mental powers — a kind of fortitude and deter- mination to the whole character ; it gives a stiffness and uprightness to the gait, a positiveness and hardness tc the manner, especially when opposed ; a strong, steady coun- tenance, a firm step, and a decided and emphatic tone to the voice. In the training of children, therefore, as well as in our intercourse with mankind, we should never for- get the true functions of Firmness. If we find it large in a person, we may feel assured that mild, persuasive meas- ures are most suitable to produce on him any desired re- sults. If we attempt to force such persons abruptly, they instinctively resist us, and positively refuse to do that which their judgment, inclination, and conscience would suggest as proper and desirable if they were allowed to choose their own course and act freely ; but if compulsory measures are employed, they will resist until left to free- dom of choice, when, of their own accord, they will per- haps take the very course we liad wished, and which they had refused to take so long as compulsory measures were ased. Whoever has seen a pair of oxen which crowd or haul, 322 How TO Edtjoate. cxne against the other on the road, will have seen a fine illustration of Firmness. When -worked on a narrow road one wants more room, and to get it crowds his mate. Ho instantly resists so as to keep room enough for himself; thus they will travel for nules, each leaning against the other at an angle of forty-five degrees. When oxen are worked in a yoke which is too short, they haul^ that is lo say, lean outward at a similar angle, their feet often cross- ing ; and thus they labor, laying out more strength ia try- ing to maintain their footing than it requires to draw their load. If either ox would cease his efibrts against the other, it would break up the habit in the other at once. Each crowds because the other crowds him. Neaiiy everybody has learned that a stubborn horse that refuses to go is made worse by rough treatment and by whipping ; while by patience, mildness, patting on the neck, and other soothing influences, his stubbornness is made to yield. It is said that by hitching a good draft- horse to the tail of a cart to which a balky horse is attached, and pull him backward for a few yards, he will rush forward and never trouble his driver afterward by stopping. He thus finds his Firmness opposed by counter- firmness, and to gratify the faculty which makes him re- fuse to go, he rushes ahead in the very direction his mas- ter wishes him to go, and thus the habit of stopping is cured. So in the management of children ia respect to Firm- ness, If we undertake -to drive a child by austere means, every element of resistance is awakened in him. He may yield because his judgment may convince him that he must, or do worse ; yet it is with an ill grace, and a con- cealed determination to be more obstinate when it can be done without personal detriment. Children sometimes thus reluctantly comply with the letter of the imperative demand, while they disobey the spirit of the requirement Firmness. 323 A hungry child will even refuse his dinner if an attempt be made to compel him to eat it. It matters not whether the thing to he done is desirable in itself or not, if he feels resti-ained in his course, he incliaes to repel the domination and braces himself up against it. If the organ of Firmness be too small, there is a conse- quent vacillation in the effort of the child. K he lack fortitude and patient endurance in effort, he should have objects planned for him to overcome, and be encouraged to hold his faculties in steady, stern action, until he achieves his victories over the obstacles which obstruct his pathway. Every successful effort we make, every triumph over difficulties, strengthens the faculty of Firmness, and imparts power and a disposition to meet opposition, and to rely upon self for success. If a mother will stand by a child and cheer him on in his attempts to conquer difficul- ties, urge him to try and to try again, she will create in his mind a habit of unyielding effort, and the feeling that any possible end can and must be achieved by it. If children are not well endowed with Firmness, give them easy tasks at first, then more difficult ones ; but never overtask and thus discourage them. As the office of Firmness is to produce stability, perse- verance, and permanency to the feelings and actions, it should be cultivated when deficient. Without it man vacillates and gives back under trial and hardship, and he fails to realize the proper results of his plans and pui"posea. Intellect may reason and plan, desire may urge to action, ambition prompt to effort, and courage act in vain. If a man be deficient in Firmness, he will be like the steamer with her machinery working vigorously, with nobody at the helm. It is a great hindrance to success, therefore, to have this organ weak ; and hence it should be cultivated whenever it is deficient, especially in children. If a child inclines to give up, bev^ause x'ne work is difficult or the 324 Row TO Edtjoatk. journey long, special pains should be taken to brace up and encourage him in the exercise of Firmness and sta- bility. On the contrary, though large Firmness be often a help, it is sometimes a hindrance. Those who are always in- clined to have their own way, to be stubborn and con- trary, apparently for the sake of carrying their point, are apt to be opposed by everybody. Whoever has anything to do with such persons is apt to plan beforehand, in such a way as to compel the stubborn one to yield his point. There seems to be a delight on the part of everybody to get such people into close quarters ; hence they lay plana purposely to head them off and circumvent them. Be- sides, stubborn characters are not only unpleasant to get along with, but often positively offensive in their tone of mind and in the character of their manifestations, and thereby are rendered so unpopular, that people seem to take a pleasure in disobliging them. Again, the stubborn man, when he has committed himself to any course of action, has so strong a disinclination to modify, change, or retreat from his position, that he forces it through, often to his inconvenience, loss, and perhaps disgrace. And there is no greater tyrant over a man than his own inor- dinate Firmness. It even tends to silence the kindliest sympathies, and to shut in the most tender and generous emotions of the soul. We have seen some instances of perverted Firmness almost as pitiable and ridiculous as the story of two brothers, who owned contiguous farms, parts of the old homestead, having quarreled about line fences and other trivial matters for twenty years; one being sick, and on his death-bed, invited the other to call on him before he died. Feeling that he was near his end, he desired to make up their quarrel and die in peace, which was accordingly agreed to. But the excitement of the conversation aroused the sick brother for the moment Contest PITT ok Concentkativeness. 325 and made him feel comparatively stiong ; and as his visitoi was about leaving him, he remarked : " Now, mind, if 1 die, the difficulty is settled, but if I get well, the old grudge holds good I" CONTINUITY OR CONCENTRATIVENESS. The offices of Continuity and Firmness are often con- founded by those who are not well versed in the phreno logical theory and in mental analysis ; so also are those of Combatlveness and Destructiveness, Ideality and Sublimity, Self-Esteem and Approbativeness, and Cautiousness and Secretiveness. We wiU endeavor to draw the line of dis- tinction between Continuity and Firmness. The faculty of Continuity gives the power of mental abstraction, ability to devote the intellect or the*feelings to a given subject or object with a patient, consecutive application — ^to become so much absorbed in its contem- plation as to lose the consciousness of all other ideas and surrounding circumstances, such as the striking of a clock, the passage of time, the voice of a friend, hunger, cold, and even bodily pain. Firmness gives a stiff, determined fortitude, decision of character, and serves to brace up the other faculties, whether the action of those faculties be continued for a moment or prolonged for days. Firmness gives a kind of determination and obstinacy of purpose, while Continuity gives a patient, perfecting, plodding ap- plication. We may, perhaps, illustrate the action of these faculties in this way : two men are working in stone ; both have large Firmness, and they are alike thorough and per- severing. But one has large Continuity, and prefers to use the drill in one place for hours, while the other, with small Continuity, craves variety, and prefers to use the chisel in cutting and dressing the entire surface of the stone. Each exercises Firmness and energy in an equal 326 How TO Educate, degree, but one brings his whole mind and energy to a single point, while the other indulges his love of variety in giving only a single blow in a place. Continuity existing in excess gives to persons a dreamy absent-mindedness, a neglect of the pressing duties of life, to pertinaciously follow some single idea. They are those who make a hobby of whatever they do, and think the world hinges on that which engages their attention, and they are utterly astonished that all mankind do not em- brace their subject at once, and see it as they do. They throw their whole power upon a single object or theme. Their minds become to that subject microscopic, which magnifies it into mammoth importance, while they leave unnoticed all the rest of the wide domain of thought as if it did not exist ; or if they deign to consider it at all, it is only as the mere granite pedestal of their adored Parian statue, or as only the indistinct background to that picture on which the entire light of their soul is thrown. As speakers, they are tedious in the careful examination of details ; as writers, prosy and voluminous. The heavy, lumbering, long-winded style of many Eng- lish authors, contrasted with the terse, nervous, pithy style of American writers, evinces the action of large and small Continuity. The mode of doing business and manner of working of the people of the two nations is in good keep- ing with their style of writing. In England, an artisan serves seven years to learn, and foUows for life a singlo branch of a trade, and bends his entire mind to that, which gives facility and perfection to his skill in that one line of effort ; while in America, a man is in turn a farmer, a carpenter, a blacksmith, a shoemaker, a peddler, a teacher, a lecturer, and a lawyer, and can pursue each with tolerable success. A man residing in Indiana, about forty years of age, recently called at our office for an exananation, and we v/fi &^ w^m^w^^^^^y^y-^ NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, Ehihbnt as a Obacefctl Wbitbb, As a writer of Btorics and romance be had no eaperior in tils line on tti* American Continent. " His books," says George William Cnrtis, " are fall of glancing wit, of tender satire, of exquisite natural description, of subtle and strange analysis of human life, darkly passionate, and weird." He was bom In Saiem, Mass., July 4, 1804, died May 19, 1864, graduated at Bowdoin in 1825. He 1b well known as the author of " Twice Told Tales," " The Scarlet Letter," " The Wonder Book," and was a prolific writer for the best magazioea. v&yi CONTINFITI OR CONOENTBATIVENESS. 321 told him he had " so much ingenuity and such small Con: tinuity that he would be likely to spend his whole life in learning trades rather than in following one." He replied that he could get full wages at seventeen different trades, but he preferred the last one that he took up, gunsmithing, and he had confined himself to it for several years. A man 6ometim.es finds it convenient to abandon a trade or profession which he has unwisely adopted, and prepare himseK to foUow one more in harmony with his talents and taste than that which necessity, ignorant guardians, or the fanciful whim of his boyhood led him to adopt. With a versatility of talent, so prevalent in the American mind, arising from an active temperament, large perceptive organs, and average Continuity, a man, in ease of failure in one occupation, can assume a new one, and become proficient and highly successful in it. Tet we ought to guard against having too many irons in the fire — to find an appropriate pursuit in the outset, and adhere to it. In a highly advanced state of society labor becomes divided into its different branches,, so that each may follow one for life. In a city, for example, where men are numer- ous, business becomes thus divided. In the construction of a house, for instance, no less than eleven different classes of aitisans are successively employed. First, the class whose pursuit it is to excavate the cellar, which requires, perhaps, twenty carts, according to the distance the earth is to be carried to a place of deposit ; next come the stone- masons, who leave when that part is done; the brick masons follow ; the carpenter succeeds ; then the plaster- ers ; next the joiners ; then the stucco-plasterers ; then the glaziers ; next the plain painters ; then the grainer ; and last the paper-hanger. But in the country, the mason will excavate and stone the cellar, and do all the brick work and plastering, and the carpenter will put up the frame and do all the joiner work, glaze, paint, and papei 828 How TO Educate. the house ; and not a few will do the entire work of 3 house in decent style, emhodying eleyen distinct trades, as they are recognized in the city. In the new regions of the West, from a lack of trades- men, or from lack of means to pay them, men are com- pelled to turn their hands to all branches of business wh'.oh their necessities demand, embracing tilling the soil and constructing nearly all their agricultural implements, building their houses, making their shoes, household furni- ture, etc., and although the things made may be rude, they answer the purpose, while this discipline gives a versatile tone to the character. Is it strange that such people should have small Continuity? It should be remembered that this mode of American life, although it renders Continuity small, has the effect to stimulate the faculties of perceptive intellect, Constructiveness, and all those elements which give self-reliance ; but does it not also impart to the char- acter a tendency to vacillation, restlessness, and impatience ? As society becomes older, and the branches of labor are more divided among artisans, a less degree of enterprise and versatility of talent may be the result, but we shaU have a higher order of skill and perfection in the indus- trial arts. The faculty of Continuity should be cultivated in the American mind ; there is too much shifting and changing, too great fondness for variety ; a curiosity to make all parts of an article, a rifle, for instance, when several distinct trades are necessarily involved in its construction. The result is, that it takes three times as long for a man to make all parts of a rifle indifferently well, as it wonld if the different parts were allotted to different men who bad followed each his part untU it was perfectly mastered. We often find a kind of mechanical pride among artisans to have it to say, though perhaps a mason, " I made that bass-viol, tuning-fork, rifle, writing-desk, table, carving CONTESrUITY OE CONOENTEATIVENESS, 329 knife, set of spoons, a pair of boots," etc. Thus, men will neglect their regular business and spend their time in tinkering at things which they could earn in half the time at their own trades, and those of a better quality, while theii- prosperity and the comfort of their families are sao- rificed on the altar of this foolish vanity. Such " rolling Btones gather no moss." Whatever has the quality of steady perseverance and close application in it, they dislike. As students, they are superficial — they read rather than study — know a little of everything, and are well versed and profound in nothing. The advancement of society requires that he who is an assayer of metals, or a chemist, should apply the entire strength of his mind to perfect himself in his science ; so should the lawyer, the engineer, the navigator, the painter, the sculptor, the musician, the glass-worker, the machinist, the ship-builder, the engraver, the printer, the architect, and so on to the end of the catalogue, in order that the highest degree of facility and perfection may be attained. It is folly for every man to expect to range the whole cir- cle of the sciences — ^to demonstrate every species of knowledge. After a man has completed his daily duties in his own sphere of usefulness, he may sit down with the works of Liebig, or Lardner, Humboldt, Audubon, Cuvier, or Sir Humphrey Davy, and drink in the fruit of their extensive research in the great arcana of nature, and become wise, without indulging in the vain pride of trying to make all the discoveries and demonstrations for himsel£ It is so in mechanism. " Mind your business," is an excel- lent motto, and suggests the exercise of Continuity. Let mothers and teachers seek to lead the minds of children to a habit of patient, concentrated labor. Teach them to do or study one thing at a time, and that thor- oughly. The habit of requiring students to get half a dozen lessons on different subjects in a single half day 330 How TO Educate. dissipates the mind at the same time that it overtasks it A judicious variety, ■which calls out different classes of faculties, serves to rest the mind. If a child have small Continuity, keep him more strictly to one thing; if too large, give him, and require him to follow a variety of pursuits or studies, to impart a necessary elasticity and versatility of mind. We would urge the due exercise, of all the faculties, but let every man have one leading, reliable occupation to lean upon, in which to exert his power and perfect himself, and let other subjects and branches of business be employed as a collateral recreation and pastime. Many persons, by trying to do and know everything, fail in all, and remind us of a cat of ours, which, when let into a room with a number of mice, seized one in her mouth, and one with each fore paw, and then stood and growled because she could not catch the rest, and did not seem to know how to dispatch those in her power. She had her " hands too fulL" The office of Firmness seems to be to stand up againsl positive opposition, and to meet and overcome difficulties in conjunction with Combativeness, while Continuity is shown more in a patient waiting for a chance to act, and quietly improving that chance when it arises. It is in no hurry, but merely takes hold and works as it has opportu- nity ; if obliged to suspend, it remembers where it left off, as the plow, left in the furrow over-night, moves off, on the arrival of the team, in the same channel as if it had not been interrupted. Continuity works with any of the faculties equally well Does Ideality inspire, it ministers to disconnect the mind from diverting influences until Ideality has wrought out its purposes. To the mathematician it gives patient, con- tinuous effort to the mathematical faculties ; to the reasoner or linguist, united action to the reasoning and the literary Conscientiousness. 331 faculties, in like manner as it inspired the Philoprogeni- tiveness of Rachel, who " refused to be comforted," -when mourning for her children, " because they were not." CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. No quality of the mental constitution is more import- ant than Conscientiousness; none is more talked about, and none less understood. Certainly the metaphysicians of the last thi-ee hundred years have not settled the ques- tion as to its nature and uses ; and we may confidentially remark that Phrenology at a single bound has dissipated the doubt and darkness which hitherto had enshrouded the subject ; and if it had conferred no other benefit on the human race, its discoverer would deserve honorable men- tion and perpetual -remembrance by every thinker and every lover of his race. The location of this organ is on each side of the organ of Firmness, which organ is situated in the middle of the back part of the top-head. If a line be drawn from the opening of the ears to the top of the head, it will rest on the front part of Firmness ; the organ of Conscientious- ness being situated outward from Firmness on each side, it gives, when large, elevation and expansiveness to that part of the head. When Conscientiousness is small, the head slopes like a steep root When this faculty is powei-ful, the individual is disposed to regulate his conduct by the nicest sentiments of justice. In his manner there is earnestness, integrity, and tnith, which inspires us with confidence and the conviction of his sincerity. It is interesting to' observe the conflicting opinions which have been entertained on the subject of moral conscious- ness by various writers. Some seem to have a clear per- ception of the truth ; some regard the moral facility ai 332 How TO Educate. being the action of Approbativeness, Cautiousness, or the elements of self-interest. Hobbs, for example, taught that " we approve virtuous actions, or the actions beneficial to society, from self-love ; because we know that whatever promotes the interests of society has, on that very account, an indirect tendency to promote our own." He further taught that " the laws which the civil magis- trate enjoins are the ultimate standards of morality." It is easy to see that with this writer reasoning and consid- erations of self-interest took the place of Conscientious- ness. Mandeville maintained as his theory that, by nature, man is utterly selfish ; that " among other desires which he liked to have gratified, he received a strong appetite for praise ; that the founders of society, availing themselves of this propensity, instituted the" custom of dealing out a certain measure of applause for each sacrifice made by selfishness to the public good, and called the sacrifice — vir- tue." This idea, of course, arose from a man in whom Approbativeness was the prevailing characteristic, and in whom also the faculty of Conscientiousness was naturally weak. Mr. Hume wrote an elaborate treatise to prove that " utility is the constituent or measure of virtue." Accord- ing to this system, " virtue is the mere search of pleasure or personal gratification ; it gives up one pleasure, but it gives it up for a greater; it sacrifices a present enjoyment, but it sacrifices it only to obtain some enjoyment, which in intensity or duration is fairly worth the sacrifice. Hence, in every instance in which an individual seems to pursue the good of others as good, he seeks his own personal gratification, and nothing else." Doctor Pa," ?y, the most popular of all authors on Moral Philosophy, does not admit a natural sentiment of justice in the human mind as a foundation of virtue, but adheres CONSCIES^TIOTJSNESS. 333 to the selfisl system under a modified form. He makes virtue to consist in " the doing of good to mankind in obedience to the will of God, and for the sake of everlast ing happiness." According to this doctrine, " the will of God is our rule, but private happiness our motive." It is only selfishness in another form. Doctor Adam Smith in his theory of the moral senti- ments labors to show that " the standard of moral appro bation is sympathy on the part of the impartial spectator with the action and object of the party whose conduct ia judged o£" Doctor Clarke, Doctor Hutcheson, Doctor Reid, Lord Kames, and Mr. Stewart recognize the existence of a moral faculty which produces the sentiment of right and wrong independent of other considerations. These conflicting theories will convey to the reader some idea of the great value of Phrenology if it can fix on a firm basis this single point in the philosophy of the mind. According to phrenological teaching, there exists a power or faculty distinct from all others, the object of which is to produce a sentiment of justice, a feeling of duty and obligation independent of selfishness, fear of punishment, or hope of reward. Those persons who have the organ large, experience powerfully the sentiment of justice ; while those in whom it is small, are little alive to the emotion. It is as easy to observe the difference existing between per- sons in regard to this development and the corresponding manifestation, as it is to demonstrate any palpable conclu- sion of physical science. It is the office of Conscientiousness to produce the feel- ing of obligation or incumbency. Justice is the result of this sentiment, acting in combination with the intellectual powers. In moral investigations this faculty is highly essential to produce a truly philosophical mind ; lifting the individual above prejudice and interest, it leads him tc 334 How TO EDTJCATjfi. desire truth, gives him a readiness of recognizing it, and a perfect reliance upon its invincible supremacy. One in whom this faculty is deficient, inclines to view propositions as mere opinions, estimates them as they are fashionable or obnoxious, profitable or unprofitable, and cares bnt little for the real basis on which they rest. To those in whom the organ is small, no quality of the mind is more incomprehensible than this. They can understand conduct which proceeds from ambition, revenge, or self-interest, or any other inferior feeling ; but that high moral integrity which suffers reproach, and even death itself, from the dis- interested love of truth, seems to them inexplicable. Men who are more highly endowed with this love of truth than others become the martyrs of the ages in which they live They are regarded as insane, essentially mad, or fanatical. Madame De Stael narrated of Bonaparte that he never was so completely baflled in his estimate of character as when he met with opposition from a person actuated by the pure principle of integrity alone ; he did not comprehend the motives of such a man, and could not imagine how he might be managed. As we have said, this sentiment must act in conjunction with intellect. WhUe it produces in the character a desire for the right, a love for justice and duty, a willingness to labor and suffer for the right, it is not a sure guide as to what is right. Man "has to be educated; parents are bound to instruct their children as to what is right be- tween man and man ; and when this instruction is received, those who have Conscientiousness feel boimd to obey; those in whom it is weak obey according as interest or convenience may dictate. Every emotion requires intel- lect to guide and regulate it. Anger springs into spon- taneous activity; reason, prudence, and policy pave the way for its progress, or barricade it. Parental love is awakened ; the reason must teach the mother how to ex- SOLOMON FOOTE. We insert this portrait to empbaeize tie integrity and higli moral character of the original. Ko stronger or purer spirit ever left the scenes of public life with a sweeter or richer fragrance in the memory of all who knew him. Bora m Cornwall, Vt., November 19, 1802; died in Washington, D. , March 28, 1866. Educated at Middlcbnry College, Vt., admitted to the Bar 1834, In '42 eleeted to Congress, in '61 elected to the United States Senate, and continued to urve mntll ii» deatia. He wa*. In tha best sense, a Christian statesman. 334;^ Conscientiousness. 335 ercise her love for the best good of the chili Sometimes parental love must be crossed for the moment, while we deny to childhood that which parental love would blindly concede. Amativeness is an emotion which needs intellect to guide and regulate it, to instruct it in the direction and in the manner it may properly be exercised ; and Consci entiousness, though it seems to be the supremest sentiment of the whole mental nature, needs light as a basis for its action as much as any other emotion. In the training of children, it is of the first importance to impress them with clear and distinct notions of duty. A thousand opportunities are offered in the nursery to in struct the child in the exercise of this sentiment respect- ing his iaterccirse with his fellows ; and if there is any one injunction of more importance than any other con- nected with the whole subject of domestic education, it is this : that the child shall receive the impression from his earliest years, that he may expect unswerving integrity and justice from his parents ; that he may rely upon their word, their truthfulness — that they will not deceive him ; and that if he be promised a penalty for wrong-doing, he is just as sure of receiving that penalty as that he lives ; or if any excuse or extenuation be given, the child should be made to see the justice on which he is forgiven — the reasons why he is exempt from punishment. The little girl who, when her mother's word was doubted, opened her radiant eyes and said, " My mother never tells a lie," expressed precisely what every child should have reason to feel and believe in respect to the parent. We do not believe in telling children everything, of having no con- cealments; but what is told to the child should be the truth. K he may not know a fact, it does no harm to let him understand that you conceal it intentionally for good reasons. There is no duty which the mother can perform with such hope of reward or neglect with such prospect 336 How TO Eduoatb. of moral disaster as the personal training of her oHldrea Those who leave the young- in the hands of selfish and ignorant servants who, to further their own conyenience, will frame any story to allay the curiosity of the child, and mislead it, or fi-ighten it into obedience, or deceive it into compliance, do more to deprave the morals of the' ris- ing generation than all the Sunday-schools and pulpits oi the land can eradicate. VENERATION. The function of this faculty is to produce the sentiment of reverence or veneration in general. It is the foundation of the sentiment of piety or religion, and of that tendency to worship a superior Power which manifests itself in every tribe of men yet discovered. The faculty of Veneration does not tell us what to worship or reverence, but pro- duces an emotion leading us to respect whatever is great, powerful, or good; and the other faculties, the intellect especially, has much to do in deciding what is great, good, or venerable. Veneration, like Conscientiousness, was de- signed to have intellect as its guide. Heathen nations worship things which their own hands have made, but which we suppose they regard as mere symbols of power, of goodness, and of greatness. This emotion in itself be- ing blind, is clamorous for an object toward which to send its prayers and its reverence, and when unenlightened, it still acts with all its strength, but is misguided and erratic. This sentiment also produces the element of filial love and reverence. To the little child, the father and mother occupy the position of God. Burns somewhere says that " man is the god of the dog," and describes, in glowing terms, his fidelity and submission ; and intimates that if man were half so faithful to his God as the dog is to his EICHAED S. STOBRS, D.D. Bom in Braintree, Mass., Angnst 21,, 1831, graduated at Amherst College in 1839, and finished his theological conree at Andover Seminary in 1845. The same year he accepted a call to the Harvard Congregational chnrch at Brook- iine, Mass., and the year following he was called to the Chnrch of the Pilgrims at Brooklyn, N. T., where he still remains. Dr. Storrs is one of the most accomplished scholars on this continent. His lectures on biography and his- tory are among the most fascinating and brilliant productions in the langnage. His sermons, delivered without notes, are finished productions as they fall Tiom his lips, and deserve to be classed with the most polished of pulpit com positions. His delivery is slow, distinct, emphatic, and impressive; bli illustrations are drawn from nature, science, and history; his subjects are well-chosen, and bis learning, eloquence, great talents, and genius have given him an enviable position among the foremost of our religions teachers and orators. He has a powerful body, and a large head, with all the moral and Tellglons organs amply developed. Veneration is specially strong In head and character. 336;^ Veitebation. 331 master, the world would be greatly elevated in this re- spect. Mr. Combe remarks that, " It is a groundless terror to apprehend that religion will ever be extinguished or even endangered by the arguments or ridicule of the pro- faae, because Nature has implanted the organs of Venera- tion and Wonder (or Spirituality) in the brain, and the corresponding sentiments in the mind. Forms of worship may change, and particular religious tenets may now be fashionable, and, subsequently, fall into decay ; but while the human heart continues to beat, veneration for the Divine Being will ever animate the souL The worshiper will cease to kneel, and the hymn of adoration to rise, only when the race of man becomes extinct." We have said that Veneration does not teach us what to worship, but to worship whatever the other faculties aid us to recognize as great, good, or wise ; in short, supe- riority. Parental Love teaches the mother to love her own offspring par excellence ; but Parental Love does not enable the mother to determine which is her own child ; and if it could be removed from her at the hour of birth, and another woman's child put in its place, she would love it with all her maternal fondness as her own. At the end of a year, let her, through her intellect, be convinced that the child belongs to another, and have her own child pointed out to her, and without a doubt she would transfer lier love from the alien to her own child. She would, however, feel a tenderness toward the one she had nursed so long ; for we know that women who take children to nurse, knowing they belong to others, will retain for them for years a tenderness which they do not feel toward other children of the same family who are in all respects as beau- tiful and as good. In like manner Veneration can be mis- led. A child just as naturally, until he learns better, pours out reverence before an altar consecrated to a false deity, with a fervor worthy of the true God. But instruct .is 338 How TO BDUOAra. his judgment, and he ■will employ the same Veneration, with equal fervor, but toward the right object. The faculty of Veneration requires training and culture, especially iu a republican country. Where each man is equally free, and every position of trust and honor are open to him, he is not apt to have his Veneration much culti- vated in the direction of reverence for superior classes; and the sentiment not being strong in such a people toward rulers and men of position, it ceases to be active and vig- orous in its exercise toward the Supreme Being. The children of such parents are liable to inherit less than their parents have, and by their want of culture, in this respect. Veneration is not increased, and it is not strange, there- fore, that Young America, at the age of twelve, speaks of his parents as the " old tblks," and assumes in the society of his parents and their friends such conversation as prop- erly belongs to persons of full age. In other words, Toung America is fast, saucy, pert, independent ; and if we were to say that this is one of the chief faults of the American character, we should not be disputed by any of our coun- trymen who have carefully and properly studied the sub- ject ; and we would probably have the unanimous verdict of all cultivated foreigners. In monarchical countries, where they have lords, nobles, and privileged classes, where the property is entailed, where rich men are very rich, and the great masses, if not very poor, have no ojjportunity of becoming rich, where there is a state church, and the form of religious worship is mostly of a devotional character, surrounded by signs and symbols, by ceremony and parade. Veneration be- comes large and active, and the idea of the " divine right of kings" is easily inculcated, because the people are adapted to accept it. For a country, however, where every man may vote or hold office, where the poorest or- phan boy may rise to be the chief magistrate ; where ther« Veneration. 339 is no State church, and the tendencies to plainness and democratic simplicity in religious observances prevail, how can it be expected that Veneration can be much en- couraged in the mental constitution ? Profane swearing fa believed to be more common in the United States than in any other countiy in the world ! It certainly is more prevalent than in England ; and we suspect that the rea- son is to be found in the smaller Veneration in the Ameri- can head, and its greater development in the heads of other nations. It is said the language of the Indian has no words for cursing one another, or for insulting the Great Spirit. "We deprecate the smallness of this organ in our country. We are less polite to each other than would be agreeable ; the aged receive less respect from the young than they deserve ; and in our worship there is less of the devotional element than is desirable. We are coming to have an in- tellectual and ethical Christianity, with too little Spirit- uality and devoutness. This is as great a mistake as it would be to undertake to build up society and the family relations on intelligence and conscience alone. People do not love one another simply because it is their conscien- tious duty to do so, nor because the intellect approves affection as appropriate, but because there comes welling up from the fountains of friendship, parental love, conjugal and amatory affection, an affluence of sympathetic tender- ness, and, in spite of reason and conscience, these feelings glow with a fervor that defies extinction, though suscep- tible of and requiring guidance. Veneration is liable to abuse. When not subjerted to the guidance of reason and conscience, it may produce a blind bigotry for old customs and absurd institutions, if they be only sanctified by time. It tends to give rever- ence for great names and authorities in religion and phi- losophy ; and this oflen presents obstacles to the propaga- 340 Hov TO Educate. tion of important truth. Those in whom this sentiment ii weak are generally ready to adopt new ideas; those in whom it is strong, adhere to old customs because they are old. There is some danger of excessive radicalism when moderate Veneration leads men to ignore the line of "safe precedents." The most religious people in the world, those most sincerely pious, have always been slowest to adopt scientific discoveries as true. Astronomy was ignored by the priests, and its advocates were condemned to suffer. Geology, Phrenology, and even many of the important mechanical inventions which bless the world, have been held at a distance by sincerely religious people for fear that they would unsettle the foundation of the world's faith. On the other hand, persons nearly devoid of Veneration are liable to go to the other extreme,- and adopt new notions without sufficient investigation. Lack ing the conservative element which Veneration would give, they feel at liberty to adopt anything which seems to be true and useful, though it may prove fallacious. Ex- cessive Veneration, without a very active and well-trained intellect, will surely lead to superstition and a blind big- otry for whatever is old, without much regard for merit ; while an acute and powerful intellect, with moderate Ven- eration, will lead to the deifying of philosophy," and the ridicule of whatever is religiously sentimental. "We say to our countrymen, cultivate Veneration in the children, well assured that we shall not live to see the day when i) will be necessary to say to parents, " Sold, enough J" The Intellect. 84"i INTELLECTUAL CULTURE. Inikixectuaxlt considered, there are two classes of minds. In one, the reasoning organs take the lead ; in tha other, the perceptive organs predominate. The intellectual organs are Located in the forehead, which, when large, give a prominent and massive development. For every quality of matter man has a correspond ing mental faculty. Individuality takes cognizance of things as mere existences without reference to bulk, shape, density, color, number, order, or place. It appreciates the divisibility of matter. Form judges of shape ; Size, of extension or bulk ; "Weight, of density or ponderability ; Color, of hue; Order, of arrangement; Calculation, of number; Locality, of place or direction; Tune, of sound ; Time, of duration; and Eventuality relates to scenes, facts, or transactions. These give practical talent, and gather data for the use of the reasoning faculties. The perceptive organs are located in the lower part of the forehead, and impart to it sometimes a retreating appearance, especially if the organs of perception are much larger than the organs of reflection, which are located at the upper- part of the forehead. The size of these organs must not be measured by the relative prominence of the lower part of the forehead, because that prominence and the retreating appearance may be caused by a deficiency in the upper portion rather than by an excess in the lowei portion of the forehead. The length from the opening ol the ear forward is an approximate indication of the size of these organs. Some people have a short forehead, but it being perpendicular and high, it is supposed to show a good intellect, when, in fact, the anterior lobes of the brain, in which the intellectual organs are situated, are short and comparatively small. A retreating forehead, therefore, may indicate a fiill share of the reasoning Intel- 342 Sow TO Educate. lect, and a very strong development of the perceptive department of the mind. Observers should always note the length of the head from the opening of the ears for- ward, before they begin to study the shape of the forehead. Individuality, the first organ of the perceptive intellect, is located just above the root of the nose, and gives a recognition of things and of the special points and facts of a subject. The old name — " Attention " — is well sus- tained by this faculty. Quickness of observation is an element in the acquisition of knowledge, which is very important ; but this faculty has to do with the existence and not with the qualities of things ; it recognizes things merely as things. The organs located outward from In- dividuality are. Form, Size, Weight, Color, Order, and Calculation. Things have form or shape, and those who are broad between the eyes have a good development of the organ of Form. They remember faces, foi-ms, out- lines, could be skillful at drawing, cutting, modeling, and forging. Artists and mechanics require this in ample de- velopment. Things have not only existence and form, but they have magnitude or extension, and the faculty of Size relates to this quality of matter. Some are good judges of the weight of things, the quality of which is known. The butcher is a judge of the weight of oxen by their size ; horse dealers of the size and weight of horses. . Men who buy articles estimating value by bulk require the organ of Size laj-gely developed. Persons who work oy the eye, as blacksmiths, turners, modelers — in fact, learly everybody who works through mechanism — require a quick eye for distance and magnitude. This faculty can be much improved by use or practice. Everything that has substance, form, and size must have weight. The faculty of Weight adapts us to this law of nature. Objects are attracted by the earth accord- ing to the mass of matter they contain. Man related to :r»^wp>'.^y^i5r JAMES RUSSELI. LOWELL, LL.D., The Poet, Professor, and Diplomatist. James Hussell Lowell was born in Cambridge, Mass., within siglit of Har- vard College, February 32, 1819. He graduated in Harvard in 183S, entered iii3 Law School, and was promoted to the Bar of Boston in 1840, and opened a law ofiice in that city. Finding the practice not congenial, h.© abandoned it and devoted himself to literature. In 1841 he published his first volume of poems, in 1844: another. In 1848 he published a new collection of poems. During the Mexican war, 1847, he contributed a series of satirical poems, in the Yanlree dialect, to the Boston Courter, by *''Hosea Biglow." These and others wire subsequently published under the title of ** The Biglow Papers." In 1855, ou the resignation of Mr. Longfellow, he was appointed Professor of Mod*^rn Languages and Belles Lettres in Harvard College. Whenthe Atlantic Monthly started he was selected for its editor. During a visit to Europe in 1874 the English University of Cambridge conferred on him the degree of LL.D, He accepU'd the appointment of Ministerto Spain, and afc the end of several years he was called to the vacancy of the Court of St. Jamr-s, where now, 1S83, he still remains, greatly to the satisfaction of the people trf" both countries. The IcrrELLECT. 345 the earth by gravitation is adapted to this condition by this faculty of Weight. Some men balance well, they walk with ease and grace, they can ride on horseback, they can walk on high places without giddiness ; but if the faculty of Weight be weak, they can neither balance themselves well, nor balance on horseback, nor climb with safety and success. All should cultivate this by balancing, walking on narrow timbers, by lifting objects and then weighing them, horseback riding, dancing, etc. Color is another inherent quality of matter which en- ables us to distinguish things from each other which may be alike in form, size, and weight. Some people can not tell red from green ; we have met a score of them. Color bears the same relation to sight that music does to the sense of hearing. To hear does not presuppose talent to judge of the quality of sounds musically considered. Noise and music are not necessarily the same, though music is noise. Light and shade are recognized by vision, but the quality of color is something besides mere light and shade, as music is something besides mere noise. Order gives the appreciation of method and system, and Calculation gives the idea of numbers. In the middle of the forehead, above Individuality, the organ of Eventuality is located. While Individuality rec- ognizes the substantive quality of things, and the other perceptives the adjective qualities, Eventuality takes into consideration action, or the verb element. Individuality recognizes the horse, and there stops ; Form perceives the peculiar shape ; Size, the magnitude ; Color, whether it be bay, Bon-el, or black. Eventuality recognizes the motion of the animal, what it does, and takes into account the action of all the other mental faculties and dispositions as a fait or transaction. It is the faculty for stories and history. Locality, outward from Eventuality, judges of directions, local position, and lies at the basis of the study of geog^ 844 How TO Educate. raphy. All these organs should be amply and equally de- veloped, and well trained. The merchant requires the perceptive organs, because the qualities of the things in which he deals must be judged of and recognized by these faculties. The scholar should have these organs large, in order to give him ability' to estimate the qualities of mat- ter, the elements of science, as in chemistry, physiology, mathematics, geography, and physics generally. The upper part of the forehead is the location of the reasoning organs, in the center of which the organ called Comparison is situated, that enables us to reason by anal- ogy, to see the relation which one thing bears to another, and is the basis of analytical judgment. It is the founda- tion of all proverbs, fables, and illustrations. Those who in conversation, in writing, and speaking use similes and figures of speech, have large Comparison. Causality is located on the upper and outer corners of the forehead, and sometimes presents a very square and bulging appearance. It enables us to reason from first principles, to understand the why and wherefore, and to take logical views of subjects. A person with a high, square forehead, with large Causality, and not very largft Comparison, and rather moderate perceptives, is one of the dry, logical, abstract thinkers that rarely makes an argu- ment or statement so plain that common people can under- stand it, while one with large perceptives and a full share of Eventuality will use his Causality and Comparison in guoh a way as to make every subject glow with apparent truthfulness and clearness. Such men are " apt to teach," bringing in things both new, and old to illustrate the logic of the subject, and to make it sliand out with a vividness which defies incredulity. Common sense, as it is called, comes from a harmonious combination of the various intel- lectual faculties, and such a state of the fc-.elings, the senti< mente, and propensities as shall not warp the judgment. Oedek. 346 With large perceptives one is quick, practical, off-hand, and perhaps shallow as to strength of thought ; while one who has very large reasoning organs may be dumb and dull and blind in regard to common things. He can solve an ab- stract problem, and reason deeply on sume abstruse ques- tion, but he has not common sense enough to get a living. All these faculties can be cultivated, trained to greater strength and activity than belongs to them naturally — mjre especially if they are medium in strength — and the way to develop them is to use them. We exercise muscle if we would cultivate n uscle. "We breathe deeply of pure air and thereby enlarge the lungs. The eye as well as the hand can be trained, and every faculty of mind may be not only trained by exercise individually, but also by being exercised in combination with others. Indeed, the whole mind ought to be so trained to act in harmonious relation- ship, faculty with faculty, and every faculty separately and in combination, in conjunction with the feelings, that the mind shall act automatically, without reflection, with- out conscious planning and determining. He is best edu- cated who has learned how to use with facility and eftect every faculty of his mind and all the powers of his body. ORDER. Few persons consider the importance of this faculty, yet most persons have enough of the organ of Order to be in- fluenced by its worMngs. When we stop to think how Order is interblended with the creation, and how much we really depend upon the fixed chain of things, it would almost seem as if Order were not only "heaven's first law," but its greatest law. In nature, system, method, and uniformity have existence. We feel conscious of that element in ourselves, and we are sometimes surprised that man in his administration of affairs does not more strictly conform in his arrangement to this great natural law 346 How TO Edtjoatb. Not only do the seaeons come and go in their order, and the whole planetary system revolve according to the insti- tnted adjustment of path and time, but everything con- nected with the growth and decay of plants, the develop- ment and characteristics of animals, are governed by sys- tem, rule, order. Every' kind of fruit follows a given law of its nature. And though the characteristics of straw- berry, cherry, peach, plum, apple, and currant are pecu- liar, yet we are inclined every year to rely npon similar recurrences in regard to each, forever. True, each kind of fruit can be improved, but this is done according to i,he philosophy of its nature. We never look for potatoes on corn-stalks, nor for ears of com to grow on trees, or in the ground. " "We never gather grapes from thorns, nor figs from thistles ; " and even the silly hen, when she has been cheated into sitting on ducks' eggs, is terrified when her duckling chicks rush into the water for the first time. As she has no means of expressing her surprise at the extraor- dinary physiognomy of her brood, or at the singular feet with which they are endowed, we are left in darkness as to her views of those aspects of the subject. If man could not trust this law of method and uniformity, he would be entirely afloat. It is natural to have a place for things, and things in their places. It is so in nature — it should be so in all human affairs. There are two or three aspects in which the faculty of Order is evinced ; one is in having things always in partic- ular places, and in having a uniform method of doing things. Another aspect of Order has to do with the best rule for doing things. We know persons who have the first kind of order ; each thing belonging to them has its fixed place, and there it can always be found when not in use ; but the appropriateness of the place where their things are kept is liable to question and criticism. One old lady had her tea-kettle stand before the right andiron of th« Order. 347 firepiace. When it was not being boiled over the fire, it was alwa.ys standing in that particular place. From the time she commenced housekeeping until her life was closed, namely sixty years, it was never known to be elsewhere. A just sense of tidiness and propriety would have sug- gested a different place for the tea-kettle. We knew an old farmer who always kept his saddle hanging up in the kitchen and his axe behind the head of his bed ; no one ever doubted where these articles could be found, day or night, yet every one doubted the taste and appropriateness of their location. We remember when all the pewter-ware of a household would be kept standing on what was called the " dresser," or the kitchen cupboard, flaming in all its brightness. In modern times dishes are kept in closets, concealed from light, dust, and observation. Some persons, in their style of dress, pile on various in- congruous things without regard to order or taste. Some persons, in their work, do that first which should be second or third, and lack method in all their plans, so that they fail to secure celerity and success in the transaction of their affairs. Some mechanics have eveiything mixed up ; they have finished and unfinished work, raw materials, patterns, tools, chips, all mixed and confounded. Such men have their bench full of tools, and find with difficulty the one they wish to use, and are vexed perpetually with their work on account of the confusion. Another man has a rack in which his tools are kept, and when any tool is used it is returned to its proper place. He loses no time in hunting for his tools ; they are not injured by contact with other things, and he has no chafing of temper in con- sequence of delay, disappointment, and suspense in hunting for them. In his plans, he does that first which ought first to be done, and each department or procehs follows in its regular order — as in nature we have " first the blade, then the ear, after that the full com in the ear " 348 How TO Educate. A man in whom Order is large, though he has a factorj full of machinery and material, will be able to go into the mill in the dark, and -without running against machinery find anything he desires, because each thing has a particu- lar place, and he knows where it is and where to feel for it. A housekeeper in whom Order is large, will have a par- ticular place for each thing in the whole house, and she would be as much surprised to find the dinner plates on the fourth shelf of the pantry when they belonged on the second, as she would to find the gridiron in the parlor, or that the apples in the cellar had changed places with the potatoes during the night ; that the coal had changed from one bin to another, or that the dining-table and piano had changed places. An orderly person wiU lay oflF his clothes at night in a particular way so that he can dress himself in the dark, if need be ; he wiU have his clothes in a trunk, closet, or drawer so arranged that each keeps its uniform place. And if he does not find stockings, handkerchiefs, shirts, or cravats where they belong, he will not look in another drawer but inquire for them at headquarters. Much is said against " red tape," but the formalities thus found fault with are a product of order, rule, method ; and though it may seem in the way at times of emergency and necessity, on the whole such method is a safeguard against abuses, and is highly essential to the public service. K a school of a hundred boys be dismissed at a word, each one being in a hurry to get out of the room, there will be such crowding and confusion as to require much longer time to clear the room than it would to dismiss the school class by class and let them file out like sol- diers, and how much more graceful and elegant is the latter process ! Nature established the law of order, and we can not, if we would, abrogate that law in relation to t\nT own purposes without serious detriment to interest and convenience. LocALrry. 349 Lei this faculty be cultivated in children ; let the little three-year-old child have something to do, have a place for its playthings, its shoes, and other clothing, and be re- quired to recognize this law of arrangement. I£ the child may throw down its playthings at will and have them picked up by nurse or seryant, it will become a slattern. But if the child have a basket or box in which to place everything when not ia use, this faculty will become auto- matic in action and necessary to comfort and convenience. The sloven is always hindered and fretted from his dis- order and want of arrangement, and though neat people sometimes fret and scold when disorder is practiced by others, the kind and amount of pleasure such persons ex- perience from neatness and method will probably more than coiuiterbalanoe these disturbances. The parent or teacher does the child or pupil a wrong who neglects the training of this important organ, and that training can be done as easily as any other. It is not enough to inveigh against persons for disorder. Scolding does not teach method. It may irritate the disposition, but will not produce neatness and order. Kindness and good example will do the work. LOCALITY. The faculty of Locality, or, perhaps, more properly de- nominated Local Memory, or Memory of Locations, ia situated on each'side of the center of the forehead, outward and slightly below the organ of Eventuality. It is about an inch and a half upward and outward from the root of the nose, and, when large, gives prominence to that part of the forehead. Its office is to give an idea of the relative position of places. Since no two things can occupy the same space at the game time, everything must, in respect to one's self, be located above, below, or in some direction outwardly. 350 aow TO ±!Jduoate. Let the reader suppose himself to be investigating th« nature of this faculty. Think of any object — the church where you worship, the place of your nativity, the capital of your State, your nearest market-town, your post-office ; each of these places has its own locality ; and if you can conceive correctly the location «f each place as it respects yourseK and of each place in respect to all other places, that conception originates in the faculty under considera- tion. Now, suppose you change your location in any direc- tion, then stop and think where aU these places are relative to yourself, what is the direction then to the capital of your State, your native place, your post-office ? All the direc- tions will have been changed. For instance j common sense or general intellect might understand that from the house or home of the person certain things were located north- ward, eastward, southward ; but if that person were moved away from the accustomed plac6, he would find it impos- sible, without an active condition of Locality, to estimate correctly the new directions which all the places by his moving had assumed. Let a man reside in Albany; he thinks of Boston as east, Buffalo as west, New York as south. Let him go to Philadelphia, and instantly he must conceive Boston to be northeast, and New York nearly on a line in the same direction. While Buffiilo would be west of north and Altfany east of north ; in a single day's jour- ney, the relative direction of all these places would be changed. Persons accustomed to traveling will recall the fact, that at the close of each day's journey they are obliged to think of all places of interest as being in direc- tions different from what they were in the morning. With ihese hints the reader can extend the idea and apply it in a thousand ways. The whole system of geography ia based on this faculty, and those pupils who have the organ largest, succeed best in that study. Indeed, the study of geography is the proper method foi cultivating the faculty. LtOALITT. 851 In oar boyhood, there was a custom among us of blind folding an individual and setting him to walk &om a cer tain fixed point to some other ; and it was amusing how few could maintain the direction when deprived of the use of the eyesight. It is said that when a man is lost in a forest or prairie, he walks in a circle. Certain animals evince this faculty in a high degree of perfection. Dogs may be removed from on shipboard to a strange country, and placed on a track which they will follow all day, among hills, ravines, forests, and jungles, and when the game is taken or the chase abandoned, they wiU instantly lead off in a straight line for the place where they ate their breakfast. It is known to most farmers that a pig which never has been out of the sty may be put into an open-topped barrel and carried in a circuitous route for miles, and without having seen the ground be put into a similar sty, and if he get his freedom he will lay a bee- line for the place whence he came without regard to roads or bridges, wallowing through clover fields, threading forests, and swimming rivers, to reach his old home. The horse will often find his way when his master is lost, and it is well known that the horses of mail-carriers who dis- tribute newspapers along the way, also the horses of milk- men in the cities, learn every stopping-place; and the horses of physicians can hardly be whipped by places where patients have been many times visited. Carrier- pigeons evince a very active state of this faculty. Before the telegraph was invented, it was customary for generals, navigators, and others to take carrier-pigeons to the field or to sea, and when they desired to send dispatches to the government, to underwriters, or to lovers, they attached the important mibsive to the bird, which was then set at liberty, and it would fly with great rapidity and directness to its home, perhaps five hundred or a thousand miles Bway; nor was it necessary to get a permit for such a 352 How TO Edtjcatk messenger to pass over an enemy's country. The song once so popular, " The Carrier Dove," beginning — " Fly away to my native land, sweet bji-d," is based on the extraordinary capacity of that bird for re- membering places and direction. The organ of Locality was. perhaps the second one dis- covered by Dr. GalL He mentions that his taste for nat- ural history led him frequently into the -woods to catch birds or to discover their nests ; but he generally found it impossible to retrace his way to the nest which he had dis- covered, notwithstanding his precaution to cut marks on the trees and stick branches into the' ground. He was obliged, on this account, to take with him a schoolmate, who, with the least possible effort, went directly to the place where a snare was set, though they had laid ten or fifteen snares in places not familiarly known to them. Though Gall's friend cared nothing for birds or natural history, and had no interest in finding places except to oblige his friend, he remembered the places without diffi- culty, while Gall, having an urgent reason to revisit the places, was not able to do so. Gall afterward molded the head of this lad, and also that of a celebrated landscape painter who had an extraordinary memory of place, and found a similar fullness where this organ is located. "We meet many persons who are fond of roving, who go to sea and suffer all the hardships and privations before the mast, that they may see London, Liverpool, Gibraltar, and other places. "We examined the head of a man in whom Local- ity was extravagantly developed, and he related to- ua that, being born at the east end of Lake Ontario, he went into lake na-\'igation when seventeen, that he might see Buffalo, Niagara Falls, Detroit, Cleveland, and Chicago. He had not the means of making this journey independ ently of working his way ; " and now," said he, " I hav« Sm KODERICK MUKCmSOK, The Euinjbnt GEOLoeiBT. Roderick Marchison was bom in Scotland in 1793, and prepared for a mlUtaty career. In 1808, when only sixteen, he obtained his commiseion, serving with the array of Spain and Portugral, under Lord Wellington. He was appointed to serve in Sicily, and finally attained the rank of captain. After the peace of 1815, Mr. Murchison left the army and married the daughter of General Bugonin. Mrs. Murchison was a very good conch olOjE^ist, and, meeting Sir Humphrey Davy, his conversation directed her husband's attention to geology. In 1825 he became a member of the Geological Society, and soon after we find that he is launched on an independent course of experiment and iuqniry. Murchison and Brewster were foremost in helping to establish the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and it was at their first annual meeting in 1831 that the former laid before the Association his ideas of the distinctive divisions of English geology. In the year 1840 M. de Verneuil, the great paleontologist, proposed to Mr. Murchison that they should go together on a scientific tour to Russia, the geoloff^ of which country was almost un- known. In 1845 Mr. Murchison pubUshed his great work on the " Geolofry^ of Russia and the Ural Mountains." In consequence of this splendid contribution to science, the Emperor Nicholas conferi;ed npon him several Russian orders, besides various magnificent presents. Soon after the publication of the work on Rassia, Mr. Murchison received the honor of kjiighihood from Queen Vic- tori&, fuid in 1866 he was made a baronet. He died in lUSl. 352;^ Locality. 553 enlisted in the army as a private soldier, though I leave a farm and a wife and family at home, that I may see Balti- more, Washington, New Orleans, or any other places which, being a soldier, I may be required to visit ; and if I live to get back," said he, " I intend to go as a sailor, that I may see other portions of the world." We onoe knf w a man who had never seen Niagara Falls, though he lived within seven miles of it and could hear the roar of its waters whenever the atmosphere was clear. We knew another man who lived on Long Island, not fifty miles from New York, who had amassed a fortune of over fifty thou- ■ sand dollars by sending his various products to the city ; yet he never had visited New York, and was then seventy years of age. The organ of Locality in both these in- stances, with the perceptive organs generally, was small, whUe their Lihabitiveness, which gives a love for a fixed place of abode, was strong. Persons sometimes possess in a high degree both Lihabitiveness and Locality, one inciting to love of place, the other a disposition to see the world. Such persons leave home with pleasure, that they may see new places, but return with delight, that they may enjoy their home. Persons who are very fond of reading the history of voyages and travels are generally well endowed with this facultJ^ Such persons wiU follow Humboldt, Bayard Taylor, Doctor Kane, or any other explorer or traveler, with the greatest interest, and read of all their wanderings. To one in whom this organ is weak, to lead such a fugitive Jfe would be painful They might read descriptions of places with pleasure, but the account of journeys, the making ready to start, bidding adieu to a pleasant place, and struggling with storms, mountains, and other transit difficulties, would be annoying and painfal to them, even in contemplation. We remember examining the head of a lady thirty years ago, in Sunderland, Massa- chusetts, who could not remember the direction of th* 354 How TO Edfoate. cardinal points nor her right hand from her left, except she remembered ■which one she ■wore the thimble on ; and the only ■way she co'uld remember north ■was to think which way it -was said her father's house faced, then, by placing herself in imagination facing north, she had heard that the right hand or the thimble hand would point to the east, the left hand to the west, and that south would be behind her. Yet she was teaching the principal school in the -vdllage, and in all other respects appeared to be very intelligent and accompKshed. Her organ of Locality was so small that it attracted our attention, and she related ihese facts pro^ving her want of it. The North American Indian cultivates this faculty by <)is vagrant mode of life. He has occasionally a trail, but ao roads fenced in, no guide-board naming the place de- sired, ■with the distance, and a hand pointing in that direc- tion. He wanders off five hundred miles through dense forests, ■without a path or a marked tree, in a zigzag course ; finds little villages of tents nestled in the center of the trackless fores't — -villages covering, perhaps, not a hun- dred acres, yet he misses not one of them. He remem- bers directions and distances, is a natural pioneer, and all his perceptive organs, including Locality, are large. It is well known that fish not only have a home for spawning, but also a -winter home, returning yearly to their summer haunts. - The little phoebe that buUt her nest under a bridge in the State of Maine, "will find a home for ■winter in Maryland, or farther north. When the spring returns, she -will find her way back where she built her nest last summer. Doctor Gall imagined that the migra- tory species of birds had an extraordinary periodical ac- tivity of the faculty of Locality, prompting them to go they knew not whither. The organ was large in Columbus, in Captain Cook, and in all other eminent travelers and explorers. All who LANonAaB. . 365 have the portrait of Bayard Taylor will see the promi- aence there is in his head above and about the root of the nose. Successful players at chess, checkers, billiards, ten- pins, and quoits require this organ large, together with large Form, Size, and Weight. LANGUAGE. By language we mean the vocal expression of ideas and emotions. This may be done by articulate language or by inarticulate sounds; and there is another method of expressing ideas, namely, by the natural language of the faculties through pantomime or action. Articulate lan- guage is an invention. Inarticulate speech is common to the human race. The sigh, the groan, the laugh, the sneer are the same in all nations, and instinctively understood by all, whatever their nationality. The babe in the snow- hut of the Esquimaux, the pampered child of wealth in the palace of European kings, the yellow babe in the bam- boo cot in India, the ebon infant of Africa, and the child of Brazil and Patagonia utter their natural wants by cries pre- cisely alike. The sigh of sadness, the groan of pain sound alike from the father of each of these children. The merry laugh of joy is the same with alL Music also expressed vocally sounds aUke to every tongue and kindred of men ; the German, the Spaniard, the Frenchman, the Italian, the Greek, or the Russ may sing the notes of Home, Sweet Home, or Old Hundred, and no man can tell that the voice has any nationality. Out of this natural language of in- articulate sounds and monosyllables has grown conven- tional or artificial language. We use the term conven- tional because men in different parts of the world have adopted certain sounds for the expression of particular ideas. We find, by the common consent of different na- tions, that different words are employed to express tha 356 How TO Edttoate. same thing. In England, they say tree; in Germany meaning the same thing, they say baum. Many primitiva words, rudimental, radical in their nature, are similar among the various nations of the world, however diverse their language. Ma, for mother, and pa, or papa, for father, are uttered by nearly every child, and there are very many other words equally generic and common. These monosyllables are easily spoken, hence their universality. Even the lamb, the kid, and the calf utter a cry similar to ma, as spoken by the child. . The faculty under consideration has to do with remem- bering sounds, simple and compound, as expressive of par- ticular ideas and emotions. It might, perhaps, be called the organ for names, since horse, mountain, rock, tree are names, and express to us the simple idea of these objects. Branching out ferther, we append to the substantive, words which we call adjectives, and say large man, strong man, white man. These additional terms are simply names of qualities belonging to the man himself, so that we use words expressing peculiarities of ideas, and those who are most gifted in the use of adjectives, and are most fertile in language, are those who have, in addition to the faculty of Language, the perceptive organs large, which organs take cognizance of the peculiar qualities of things. If we observe the likenesses of writers who are remarkable for their descriptive power, we wiU find that they are not only well endowed with the organ of Language, but that the lower and middle parts of the forehead arc generally prominent. Writers, on the other hand, remarkable for their tendency to write on metaphysics and discuss ab- stract questions, have the upper part of the forehead amply expanded. In other words, the ideas or emotions must originate in the various faculties of the mind and disposi- tion, and become an inspiration of speech or an excitant of the organ of Language, who|^ duty it is to make these I BXIHU BUEKITT, KnowK A3 " The Lkarned Blacksmith," Mastered three langaages while working over the anvil, and afterward forty-nine more. He was born in New Britain, Conn., December 8, 1811, and died there abont March, 1879; His forehead is extremely full across the brow, in the region of perception and memory, bnt the npper forehead was not fall enongh to gire an original, philosophic mind. He was the emiDeiit scholar, not the eoM tbioker. H« was most amiable and religions 356;^ Language. 367 ideas or emotions understood by means of sounds or the use of words The language of courage and heroism, of course, is in- spired by Combativeness, Destructiveness, Firmness, and Self-Esteem ; the language of love, by Amativeness, Friend- ship, Conjugality, and Parental Love; the language ot patriotism, by Inhabitiveness and Veneration; the lan- guage of religion, by the moral group ; and the language of mechanism, poetry, property, and prudence, by the organs in the side-head, and all guided and modified by the influence of the intellect. The organ of Language is located at the base of the anterior lobes of the brain, directly behind the eye-brow, upon the upper arch of the eye-socket; and when it is large, it tends to press that arch downward, and with it the eye-baU. The consequence is, the eye is made to stand forward, and press downward, indicating a swollen appear- ance beneath the eye-ball, as well as a prominence of the ball itself What would be called a full, prominent eye is a, sign of a good development of this organ. During hfe, the organ itself can not be reached, and must be judged of from external appearance only ; and care should be taken in estimating the amount of the development in question by considering whether the eye-ball be really large or small in proportion to the socket which invests it, because sometimes an individual inherits the frame of one parent and the tissues of the other ; that is to say, a large trame, and with it a large eye-socket, together with light muscles, delicate tissues, and, of course, a small eye-ball with small surrounding investments. In such a case, the eye will not seem to be protruding forward or downward, and the individual will possess more talent for expression than would at first be supposed by the appearance of the eye. On the other hand, some persons inherit from one pareat a small frame, and from the other parent supera- 358 How TO Educate. baudant tissues ; then the eye-hall will be large and the socket fiinall. In such cases, we have what is sometimes called the " pop-eye," or the " ox-eye," without a corre- sponding manifestation of Kngual power. There seem to be two modes of manifestation of the faculty of Language : in the first, the eye seems pushed directly forward without any depression. This indicates precision in the use of words, the tendency to select just the word, and to use as few words as will express the thought or emotion. In the second, the eye is pushed far down from the brow, and the lower lid seems to hang in a swollen sack on the surface of the face, giving volubil- ity, wordiness, even exuberance. Charles Dickens is an instance of this development and its manifestation. He appears not satisfied with simply encompassing a subject with words ; he hangs them in gorgeous festoons, ampli- fies and enlarges sometimes, we think, to excess. Another will select with care and compact with precision his words, so as simply to form a chain of expression to compass the idea. The Dickens' style is like covering a wine cask from bung to chime with wooden hoops, each of which goes around the barrel and laps half a yard; the other style is like putting six iron hoops on the cask, the ends of which lap an inch, just enough to take a rivet. Perhaps no other faculty is more susceptible of extended cultivation than this. Every man who feels in himself a lack of conversational power should set about cultivating the faculty by using it. Reading aloud is an excellent way ; writing serves tolerably well, but outspoken speech is that which gives most natural action to the faculty. Some nations are better talkers than others. Africans are very sociable, talk much, and, if they have opportu- nity to learn, they talk well In them the organ of Lan- guage is large, and their eyes are proverbially full. The reverBe, iii habit and development;, is true of the Awericap WILUAM OBTON, Latb Preksbnt 01" TUR Wbsteen Uniok Teleobapb Compast A brigiit, capable, clear-beaded man of basinees. Born in Cnba, N. T., Junf 14, 1826. Witb few aids to edncatlon, he made the best nse of them. From 1845 to 1861 he was m the book trade in New York. lu '02 appointed Collector of Internal Revenue iQ New York ; m *65 Commissioner of Internal Revenue in Washington ; in '67 unanlmoasly elected Pres'fdenc of the Western Union Telegraph Company. The multitude of duties and his willingness to do thf ;irork of (oar men broke bis health, and he died of brain ezbaastion t^ 1^3, iii^H GrlBlS— ThEIK TEAINUfG. 369 bidian. Children Bhould be early taught to use good lan- guage, and not snubbed, when they are trying to expTesB their thoughts, with the statement that they have " two ears and but one tongue, and, therefore, should hear much and speak little." Persons who train up their children in that way generally feel embarrassed when their girls and boys of seventeen can not pass the compliments of the day without blushing and embarrassment. In school, children should be encouraged to write familiar letters to their friends, as compositions, not try to write an essay on some abstruse question with which they have no acquaintance ; in this way they could learn an easy, colloquial style of writing, and would find such training serviceable to them all their lives. TRAINING OF GIRLS. " I have finished my education," has been said by many a young lady fresh from the boarding-school ; and, indeed, so restricted were the ideas of an education which had been impressed on her mind, that she felt contented with the culture she had acquired, and she put forth efforts for no more — satisfied to hang up her framed diploma in a safe yet conspicuous place, and to use the smattering of learning which her brief years and superficial instruction had afforded. One might as well expect to raise giant oaks or imperial cedars in flower-pots as to look for great and noble Uves with such stinted notions of education. THB SSZES BLEimXD If the education of woman were not constrained and artificial, she would stand forth in all the plenitude of her rights individualized, not isolated or independent, as some modern advocates of "woman's rights" have unwisely taught, nor a mere cipher, silent drudge, or slave of her 360 How TO Educate. supercilious lord ; but, like one of the stiings of a well tuned Larp, a prime necessity of social harmony. Chri* tianity was the dawn of woman's enla,ncipation from that mute serfdom imposed on her by pagan ages; and now under the best culture which the best civilization has awarded her, she does not occupy, comprehensively, Ln any community, a position equal to the talents and moral forses with which the Creator has endowed her. Xo the- ory, no training can educate the masculine and feminine minds to occupy the same plane or to flow in precisely the same channel, nor would it be desirable if it were possible. The duties as well as the tastes of the sexes are not iden- tical ; but if properly developed, the difference which nar ture has implanted will produce harmony, as the bass and treble strings of an instrument enrich the music by com- bination, each freely contributing all it can to the common stock, and enhancing the quality as well as the quantity of sound. MASCULtNB WOMEN. The few women who persist in the study of logic and mathematics are those whose inheritance of masculine qualities leads them to break away from the more feminine channels, and to bear these acquirements in a manner bold, and, perhaps, offensive to man's self-love. Hence he usu- ally regards a " strong-minded woman " with aversion. Only the daring animal leaps the inclosure that still re- tain? the common herd ; and we should not be surprised if those women who have the courage and the inherent strength do defy custom and scale the impediments of usage, should use their liberty in an extravagant manner. As woman is now generally educated, her freedom and her career resemble far more the dead level of a canal — the monotony of which is relieved only by well-adjusted and carefully-guarded locks — than the sweeping rivei that flows freely along its brooded shores or flowery banks PETEK THE GBEAT. Any man of fair talent can follow a beaten track nnder tbe Impulse of bla snrronndings, but he i5 great who atepB to a bigber plane than any of his conntrymen occupy, and makes bimscll' master of hie age. After he ascended the Russian throne- Peter organized a new army, entered ihe ranks bimself, and rose through every grade, which he required his nobles to follow. To improve his barbarous subjects he fostered trade with Western Europe, and, sensible of his own deficiencies, he went abroad in 1697, and, in disguiBe, worked in Amsterdam as a ship-builder, studied Natural Philosophy, Astronomy, and Geography. He returned to his dominions, reformed abuses, widened the life of his people, built defensive works, constructed ships, dockyards, and wharves, giving employment to thonsands, and laying a substantial basis for commercQ. He built canals and factories, established uniformity in weights and measures framed codes, ore:anized tribunals and hospitals, and in 1733 founded at St Petersburg the Academy of Sciences. Born 1672, died 1725. 360;^ (JiELS — Their Tkaining. 361 roaring at will over cascades at the mountain's base, danc- ing onward in the sunbght, or reposing in beauty under the placid beams of the harvest moon. GIBLHOOD BESTBATNTS. First, then, the body needs education, for the lack of which physical and mental ills innumerable exist. We shall not now stop to diuiuss, at length, the laws of bodily nutrition, but simply remark that highly-seasoned food, with tea and coffee, are doing destructive work on the health of woman. It is no small item to regulate the ap- petite and dietetic habits of the young, in order that the highest degree of health may be secured ; and that dys- pepsia from the use of stimulating and concentrated food, and shattered nerves from the effects of narcotics, may be avoided. We call attention to another and much neg- lected branch of female education necessary to physical development, including air, exercise, and pleasant and use- ful employment. Why is it that our young girls are as nimble of foot, as ample in breath, as capable of enduring fatigue, and as fond of romping over hill and plain as boys of equal age, if nature has made such vast differences in their physical capacities and taste for such exercises as we see so firmly established a few years later in life ? Except in the wildest of rural districts, girls are trained from the cradle to remember that they are "ffirls." They must walk, sit, speak, laugh, and live in a particular way, not because they are immortal, responsible human beings, but because they are girls. Thus all naturalness and freedom are driven out of them by this intermiaable reminder of their girlhood. In present fashionable society, a girl, as she approaches womanhood, is expected to lay aside all vigorous physical effort ; to walk in a restrained, mincing manner, with arms and hands motionless ; to dress in such a manner as to cramp the lungs and other vital organs. 362 How TO Edttoate. and to restrain the free action of the muscles of the entire trunk. She is expected to avoid everything in the way of industry that can by any possibility harden the hands oi develop the muscles, or send the blood bounding with a healthful vigor through the system. Add to this, con- firmed sedentary habits, delicate needlework, reading ex- citing books, and keeping late hours, and if we see them with small waists, narrow chests, attenuated muscles, pale cheeks, colorless lips, sharp faces, nervous irritability, head- ache, dyspepsia, and consumption, it is only what might be expected from such an erroneous system of training and education. To the physiologist it would appear miracu- lous if it were otherwise. How different is this every-day picture from that of their earlier years, when fashion did not deem it necessary to mar nature's work by such arti- ficial habits and appliances I The little girl driving her hoop, or jumping the rope in the open air, or rambling for flowers or berries on the rugged hillside, without dreaming of fashion or restrictive propriety, is such a contrast in appearance, as well as in health and stamina, to the fashion-bleached lady, which by false education she is destined in due time to become, that nature, though charmed by the child, would disown the woman. CAUSBS OF lirVALID WOMEN. The public sentiment is, we think, grossly at fault on the subject of the physical education of females. The false idea that they must be shut up in heated apartments badly ventilated, reclining on sofas or lounging in easy-chairs; that they must do nothing but fancy-work, and never walk vigorously in the bracing breezes ; but, on the contrary, to be respectable and fashionable, they must dress in such a manner as to restrain all freedom of motion, and thereby lose all the natural advantages of exercise ; that they may attend balls and parties in mid- winter with arms and necks English Women. 363 bare, and after dancing in heated rooms till near morning are permitted to go forth in the frosty air to their homes, to obtain, in cold rooms, such fevered and untimely sleep as may be possible. With habits such as these, can we wonder that we have a nation of invalid women ? If this is a picture of the life of the wealthy and fashionable, there are, on the other hand, thousands of the poor who toil with the needle sixteen hours a day in small rooms, merely to sustain life, who have been so educated by public senti- ment as to deem it a disgrace to pursue, instead, the healthful avocation of housework. In this country sound health is the exception among women, unsoundness the rule. In England, health is the rule, as all know who have visited that country, and as all may infer who will observe the immigrants from her shores — not the laboring classes merely, but the wealthy, the educated, and the refined. They have red cheeks, full chests, stout muscles, energy of action, fine health, and a good appetite. The reason is, they exercise much in the open air, and dress in a manner adapted to that exercise. An English woman of education aud'refinement thinks nothing of walking six miles, or of riding on horseback twenty. A celebrated American journalist (N. P. Willis), writing of the habits of the women of England, remarked: " I remember once being at William and Mary Howitt's, when some one proposed that we should make a little family visit to Epping Forest, distant some four or five miles. The thought never entered my head that they proposed going on foot. As we crossed the threshold of the door, I was expecting the next moment to help the two ladies making our party into the carriage ; but I saw no carriage ; and when I asked where was the can-iage ? I got for a reply, ' We are going on foot, of course.' And so we walked all the way there, and rambled all the day long over the beautiful torest, and at night walked had 364 Ho"w TO Educate. to ' The Elms.' I kept lOoking at the ladies while wa were returning, expecting to see them faint away; and finally, I ventured very quietly to ask one of them, 'Are you not very tired ? ' I got for a reply a merry ringing laugh and a 'To be sure not; I could walk. half a dozen miles farther yet ! ' "When I got home I was so fatigued as to be unable to stand without great pain and trouble, and was obliged to acknowledge that the English ladies were my superiors in physical powers of endurance. I saw at once the secret of their glorious health, their buoy- ancy and flow of spirits. It was their habits of exercise out of doors. " I was once conversing with an English lady who was near eighty years old — ^the mother of a distinguished writer — upon this capital habit of walking which the ladies of England have, when she broke forth with, ' When I was a young woman, and in the country, I used to walk ten miles to church on a Sunday morning, and back again after service.' WOMAIT IN THK GAEDEN. " Another cause of the brilliant health of English women is their natural love of horticulture. An English lady is at home in her garden, among the flowers, and I know of no more beautiful sight in the world than that of a fair, open-browed, rosy-cheeked woman among a garden full of flowers. Talk of your merry creatures in hot drawing- rooms, ' by the light of the chandeliers,' to the marines ! Here is beauty from God's own hand and nature's ; here «re human flowers and those of nature blooming together." EFPECTS or CLIMATE. Our American climate, we are aware, is drier and hotter than that of England, and much more conducive to menta. activity and nervous excitement, and, as a consequence Habits of QuEEif VioroKiA. 36ri Bomewhat less favorable to the expansion and health ol the physical organization ; but there is ten times more dif- ference in our actual condition, in these respects, than the difference of climate will account for. Our men, descend- ants of the English only three or four generations back, have relatively more bone, and drier and harder muscle, more sprightliness of mind and activity of body, and in advanced life have less of that corporeal roundness and youthfulness of appearance than are seen in the English ■ but the difference is by no means so great between the men of the mother country and this as that existing be- tween the women. As we are largely descended from British and German ancestry, we ought, at least, to inherit in some good degree the health and robustness of constitu- tion so pre-eminently belonging to those nations. To this statement it may be responded, that many of the English, Irish, and German women work in the field* like the men, and that their robustness and endurance thus acquii-ed is but a species of masculine coarseness in- compatible with intellectual culture and refinement of feeling which no woman in America should be expected to imitate even for so great a boon as health. If this were the only means of acquiring or of developing and retaining the native health and vigor of woman, we might, perhaps, justly claim that so valuable an acquisition is richly worth the cost. But while we aver that this particular course is not the only one open by which women may acquire bodily health and vigor; that other more ladylike, yet useful, occupations are open to all, and equally valuable as effecting health, we beg to cite the health and vigor of the British Queen, which was not obtained by labor in the harvest field. Her health has been the subject of care, not of the hot-house order, but on horseback, galloping over the fields, or walking for hours, and by calisthenics and other equally appropriate means. Her large and 366 How TO Educate. healthy family is an evidence that her full cheeks, rounded arm, and plumpness of figure are not counterfeit indices of constitution and ■well-preserved vital power. True, she has the wealth of the British empire to procure for her the leisure and the means for such exercises and regimen, together with the wisdom of the most talented and learned physicians to prescribe and direct them. The expenditure of such wealth and wisdom, with suoh valuable results, should not be lost as an example to our countrywomen who have wealth, and who ought to value their lives enough to sacrifice as much time, money, and efiToi't to preserve their health and happiness as they now do to en- dure sickness, pay physicians, and be miserable. THE GKEAT MIDDLE CLASS. If the wealthy will not be wise, and for the sake of health 'rise above their repugnance to perform any exer- cises that seem like work, we may appeal to the great middle class, for it is this large class that makes up the majority of society and sways the destiny of mankind in America. To these we say, useful and pleasurable ex- ercise, indoor and in the open air, is within your reach. The modern light gymnastics can be introduced into pub- lic schools, female seminaries, and families. Moreover, you pay strong and healthy servants — and they are healthy and strong because they work — to do all your household duties that have in them any health-invigorating labor, while you daintily creep about and dust parlor trinkets ■with gloves on, attend to birds or a few house-plants, or confine yourselves to needlework or other sedentary occu- pations. When you go abroad, as an apology for exercise, it is with thin slioes, with some parts of the person over- clad and other parts ex])osed ; and such walking is so de- mure, restrained, and artificial as to serve no valuable purpose as a means of healthful exercise and development Sedentabt asd Labokious Persons. 361 Do you reside in the country, or in a rural city, where yoo can have a garden ? let your own hands cultivate it in the main. In the house, divide between yourselves and your servants the health-giving effort required to wash, h-on, sweep, etc., that you may share with your servants their health, and also divide with them the drudgery of needle- work, that you may escape the debilitating effects of con- stant aj)plication to sedentary pursuits. The luxury of rest and leisure is rarely or never known to persons wholly devoted to light and sedentary occupa- tions. The toiler, when he becomes wearied with labor, would gladly exchange it for one hour's rest at the tailor's or watchmaker's work, constant application to which .li sending them to untimely graves ; and the latter, by en- gaging for several hours each day in some manly avoca- tion, like working in a garden or sawing wood, could return to his sedentary pursuit as a pastime. Will not the same law apply with equal force to woman's domestic sphere ? EABLT HABITS OP 6ISLS. In childhood and youth, girls appear to oe as healthy, hardy, and capable of enduring fatigue as boys, because nature has kindly endowed them with equal constitutional power to perform the duties of life. Then they run and romp in the open air, and thus secure health by obeying the promptings of unsophisticated nature. Yet when these children are matured, the men are much more healthy than the women. Take the families of the merchants and business men — not the purse-proud nabob on the one hand, nor the mere delver on the other — and how stands the matter ? The men aru active, industrious, accustomed to a g ing and thought to manage a family and fill her station in society with wisdom and dignity ? Give her these, for she has talent to appreciate and use them; her true sphere demands their exercise, and she will cease to he deemed a frivolous, fitful, useless buttei-fly. It is a wonder that Ler education has not spoiled her. If she were not the better half of creation, she could not have endured so much bad management, and still be deemed worthy of adoration by the other half We rejoice that within the last quarter of a century female education has received new attention, and made vast progress. The first woman who took the degrees of a college was looked upon but a few years ago with wonder. Now, colleges for women are dotting the land, and the strength of their influence is being felt ; and we rejoice in the thought that educated women are hereafter to be com- panions of educated men, and the mothers of generations yet to be. As colleges and seminaries of learning mul- tiply, common schools will be raised to a higher grade, until the great mass of girls and boys shall hereafter have opportunity for an education nearly equal to that of a col- lege half a century ago. HABIT, A LAW OF MIND. Man is not unfitly called a creature of habit. So true is this, that perhaps more than half of all that he does is performed under the influence of custom or habit. But what is habit ? It is the doing of certain things, first by determination or thought, until the doing becomes BO common, so much a matter of course, that it is done without a special thinking or resolution to do. In other words, it is the training of the faculties, by use, to such a degree of perfection in action that their labor is performed Habi*, a Law op Mind. 375 automatically, or without an intellectual determination tc do this or that. Habit is the result of training and expe- rience, and appertains, not to muscular action oiily, but to the action of the mind as well If we go down to infancy, ,we find the child making a strenuous efibrt to get his hand to his mouth. He has strength enough to do it ; he has an intellectual compre- hension of what he desires to do, and he puts forth tho effort. But at first the hand hits wide of the mark ; when the effort is renewed, the hand goes as much to the other side. And we have seen the little child become angry because he could not readily accomplish his object. But this lesson he is not long in learning, for the little fel- low, long before he needs pantaloons, is able to find his mouth readily with spoon or fork ; and so habitual has this action become, that with fingers or spoon, fork or long knife, he has no trouble in measuring the distance td his mouth correctly ; and what is more, not only is the hand trained to measure the distance correctly, but the mouth itself has acquired the habit of opening at the right time, and we never hear of his pricking his lij)S with his fork because they fail to open in season; and if the process be watched, it will be seen that the mouth loses no time in opening itself too soon. So the eye learns to shut itself, as it were, when objects of danger approach it ; and though this may be regarded as a mere instinct, it is nevertheless learned by experience, and by practice it ac- quires the force of habit. Behold, also, the little stranger to life's cares and labors undergoing the tedious apprenticeship of walking. He must first arrange himself on his center of gravity — must learn to stand. When this is accomplished, the mind le- Bolves on taking a step ; decides which foot shall take the lead ; and when that is placed at a convenient distance from the other, then a muscular effort is necessary t« S76 How TO Editoate. throw the weight of body upon the advancing foot. Tha mind takes cognizance of this necessity, ajid then as mtch as says, " Now, muscles of the left leg, make an effort to throw the body forward, and, muscles of the right leg, brace to sustain this weight now for the first time wholly imposed on you." So these mandates are sent out from the mind to each leg in turn, and they render obedience in turn, to the best of their ability ; and if the little learner succeeds in working his machinery successfully the .first or even the fortieth time of trying, the fond mother regards it as a feat worth rejoicing over and recording. The whole household and all the visitors are informed that little Charlie has learned the difficult process of walking. In the lapse of time he becomes accustomed to the control of the muscles ; learns how much force to apply to each, and also the order of. time and succession required for these operations, so that in a few months, even, he walks as men do, without thinking. In other words, the mind, uncon- sciously to itself — or at least unconsciously to the memory — learns to control all the muscular motions employed in plain walking, so that he is not aware that he thinks and resolves. But when the child goes away from the level nursery floor, and is required to go down stairs, or to ascend steps, then he has to learn new lessons of muscular action and effort, and a new application of the law of bal- ance. But this is ultimately mastered, and he goes up and down stairs like an old settler. And when he goes into the street and finds an uneven surface, or roams a field where no two steps in succession find the same level, he has a new lesson of walking to leara, using, of course, the rudiments of all the former processes, but obliged to apply new rules of effort, resistance, and balance at every step. Ultimately, at twelve or twenty years of age, the lad has mastered nearly all the lessons of ordinary loco- motion ; he has learned how to walk ; and habit has taken Habit, a Law op Mind. 371 the place of thought or determination in the matter. But this habit is continually liable to be disturbed, broken in upon. New lessons are thrust upon him, according to new circumstances. But in the main, the habit of walking erectly and easily becomes so perfect that thinking dis- turbs rather than helps the process. Hence habit will en- able a person to walk without trouble on the narrowest board of the floor with perfect ease, and without the slightest inclination to step off from it. But if we take away all the boards each side of it, and leave the yawning chasm of three stories below, the mind, acted upon through Cautiousness, leads him to put forth circumspect efforts so as not to fall, and he finds he can not balano« half so well when he tries as when he does not try — or that habit is a better guide than thought or determination. When we rise to the consideration of the highei forms of habit, a vast field of contemplation is opened to our view. Take, for instance, the educational processes. It is with more or less effort that we learn the multiplication table, and how to divide, subtract, and perform arithmeti- cal calculations. But practice makes the processes easy ; habit finally takes the place of special thinking, and we run up a column of figures, and some persons can even two or three columns, with about the same ease, and with as little apparent labor of the mind, as one walks. The same is true of spelling. Crude and inconsistent as Eng- lish orthography is, the mind has such a wonderful facull y of acquiring a habit of doing things, that many people learn to spell, so that, in writing, the pen takes the circu- itous and inconsistent course in combining the letters which spell words, and for hours we are not conscious of the slightest effort of the thinking power in the perform ance of spelling, which early in life was a most bitter tasL Again, when the child begins to write, he must think how each lettei is to be formed, and control his musclei 378 How TO Educatk. in forming those letters, as he was obliged to do in leain fJig to walk. Who does not remember stopping to thinh how I, k, r, b, 0, or h were to be made, and saying to him- self, " Now I must make a loop at the top by a light up ward stroke, bringing my pen down nearly straight, bear ing on as it descends ? As I approach the line, I must make a curve and an upward hair line." And then join- ing that letter with, and running it into the next, was a new effort of the miad and of the muscles. And so on to the end of the long, tedious writing-lesson. At the same time he is obliged to learn which side up to hold his pen ; how to take hold of it ; how to dip it in the ink without blacking his fingers, blotting his paper, etc. And is it strange that the school-boy's first copy-book should make such a sorry appearance ? And should not these consid- erations induce teachers to be considerate of the poor little apprentice, and even praise him for successes which at first view would seem to a practiced penman as being miserable failures ? But let the boy write a few hours a day for a few years, and be wields "the pen of a ready writer." In other words, he has learned to hold his pen ; to dip it in the ink ; to form all the letters, joining them properly ; to spell the words as he writes, and to drive his pen over tha paper with an ease and rapidity truly astonishing, compar- ed with his first rude beginning. He has learned a habit of spelling, of controlling the muscles which guide the pen, so that it is easier to do it right than wrong. He writes as easily as he walks ; habit has taken the place of thinking and it has become to him, as it were, " a second nature." What is true of writing is quite as true of every trade or occupation which people follow. The carpenter wields his plane, his saw, and his hammer, by the force of habit, with accuracy and ease. The beginner thinks of his thumb as he is trying to crack a nut or drive a nail ; or if he do not, he has soon something to remind him that the hammer Habit, a Law of Mind. 379 is harder than his fingers. But -what accomplished work man thinks of fingers ? The hammer finds its own way to the head of the naiL What stone-cutter, with mallet and chisel — what caulker, ever looks to see whether the mal- let or hammer is to hit the handle of the tool he uses ? He merely looks. at the cutting edge of the instrument. The right hand knows where to find the chisel-head ; it knoweth literally " what the left hand doeth." But a per- son who has foiTtied no hahit of controlling the muscles in connection with tool-using, will be obliged to look and practice with care, in order to bring the hammer and thii chisel-handle in contact. In othei- words, he learns to us. these tools by special thinking, as he at first learned to use his legs, or to find his mouth with spoon or fork. The use of language is another illustration of habit When one first begins to speak, he is obliged to select his words and think of his grammar. But the mind ulti- mately becomes so trained in the formation of sentences that ideas are expressed with clearness and force, the right words seeming to come of their own accord. This is seen in extemporaneous speakers ; those who practice acquire the habit of easy and correct speaking. Observe the musician trying to evoke the proper tones from the reluctant violin. He is obliged to look for the string, see where to place his finger, then turn to the bow and see that it is placed upon the same stiing ; and then the note is produced by another special efibrt. After this is produced, he thinks about the note which follows it, where it must be found on the instrument, then how it is to be produced, and so on through the piece. Is it strange that the beginner is left alone as much as possible in these incipient music lessons, and that most persons who have in their house an apprentice of this s«)rt become utterly tired of the violin? One would suppose that the learner himself would become disgusted ; but his consciousness of 880 How TO Educate. improvement from effort to effort smooths his pathway each better note making an apology for the past, and en- couraging him for a future effort ; and thus his mind in kept on the stretch for the good that is to come. Tfee child in walking fails, but he tries again and again, and why should not the earnest follower of Paganini ? This doctrine of habit, in its applications to the higher action of the mind, is one of infinite importance. The ex- ercise of Conscientiousness renders justice and duty habit- ual, as the exercise of Cautiousness leads the mind to a habit of prudence. The mother or nurse who has for months had the care of an infant, if it be removed, will, for many nights awake in alarm, not finding it in her arms. She learns by habit not to overlie it, but to protect ii i-Ten in her sleep ; and we have known a mother who could not sleep after the removal of a child without taking a pillow in her arms, or, without knowing it, get hold of the pillow and brood it as she had done her child in her sleep. Politeness, urbanity, kindness, cheerfulness, respect, the dictates of good taste, aU become habitual. We remem- ber being in the United States Senate Chamber in 1841, when Mr. "Woodbury, having been for years Secretary of the Treasury, and being, at the close of Mr. Van Buren's term, transferred to the Senate, went from the Cabinet on the 3d of March to the Senate chamber on the 4th, and in his first speech there he addressed the President of the Senate, to the infinite amusement of all present, with " My iear sir," as it is presumed he had been accustomed to address the President and members of the Cabinet in council He had formed the habit of this more friendly method of address, and though for years previously he had been a member of the Senate, he had lost the habit of stately speaking during his four years of court life, and had learned this new mode o f address. So a lawyer, accustomed to say, "Gentlemen of the jury, may it please the Court," Habit, a Law of Mind. 381 in a popular audience forgets himself and his habit of speaking, and sayo to his audience, "Gentlemen of the jury," or to him who presides, " May it please the Court." Approbativeness may be trained to act with the highei sentiments — Conscientiousness, Veneration, and Benevo- lence — so that virtue, philanthropy, magnanimity, and re- ligion will become habitual, and a person feel ashamed and mortified if he swerve from any of the. requirements of these higher faculties. Or the same Approbativeness may be trained to act with appetite, or with any of the animal propensities, so that it becomes easier, and to the mind's habit more respectable, to do wrong than to do right, to foUow sensuality rather than morality. We will not here descend to consider those animal hab- its, some of which pervert the morals and blast the health and prospects of the man, such as the use of opium, alco- holic liquors, tobacco, etc. These habits are mainly based upon mere physical appetite. We accustom the physical constitution to the use of certain things until it craves them, and grasps eagerly for its own bane. The nervous system becomes accustomed to a given amount of stimu- lants, which is resisted at first by nausea and other tokens of dissent ; but the habit finally becomes fonned so strongly that tlie constitution is unbalanced and bewildered with- out the indulgence. But this class of habits only serves to show the law of mental habit, and ought to suggest to all the infinite importance of doing only that which is right, as nearly as possible, not only with respect to the mere animal wants, but to all the cravings and aspirations of the mind. If we are " a bundle of habits," let us, in the name of wisdom and goodness, have habits that are correct, healthful, and respectable, and by doing thai which is right until it becomes habitual and pleasurable, our whole life shall become one of benefaction and harmony. 382 Pood for Thinkers and Workbbb. ood for l^lmtkra an£ lorkra. There is no subject with which everybody has bo much to do, and in respect to which so many people know so little. The subject of diet is an unpleasant one, so we propose to say nothing about it. The subject of food is a very agreeable one, and we shall therefore confine oui remarks to it. There are three necessities for the use of food. The boy would make but one — "'Caus I'm hungry." The gourmand would say, " Because it tastes good." Physi- ology says, " One object of food is to keep up animal heat ; another, to furnish material to build up the tissues of the body, the bones, muscles, nerves, ^d all the organs ; and a third and most important use of food is to furnish mus- cular and brain force, thereby giving power of thought and action." In nearly all kinds of food the elements re- quired for the support of the system are found, but not in ^hose proportions which are necessary for its complete oourishment. Hence the necessity for variety, so that what is deficient in one kind may be found in arxother. To speak scientifically, it is now believed that c'aring vig- orous action of the brain a great deal of nhosphorus is used up, and that vigoi'ous thought car ti'A Icng be main- tained without the use of such food as contains much of Food foe Thinkees and Woekees. 383 this substance. Hence thinkers will do well to use those articles of diet which contain considerable phosphorus, as eggs, fish, oysters, mutton, and unbolted wheaten bread. It is an interesting fact that thinkers relish and even crave these articles. Prof. Agassiz recommends the use of fish for brain workers on account of the large quantity of phosphorus it contains. He says, "Fish enters largely into the requisition of the human system. It is a kind of food which refreshes the system, especially after intellect- ual fatigue. There is no other article of food that sup' plies the waste of the head so thoroughly as fish diet Fish contains phosphorus to a large extent, a chemical ele< ment which the brain requires for growth and life. He would not say that exclusive use of fish would make a blockhead a wise man, but that the brain would not be wanting in one of its essential elements." We may add that phosphorus is not used in the brain alone, for it is found in small quantities in nearly every tissue of the body, while in the bones it exists in the form of phosphate of lime in very large proportions. Unbolted wheat-meal bread contains a great deal of the phosphate of lime, and is an article of diet from which to nourish and build up a good bony structure, as about half of the substance of bones is phosphate of lime; if they were not, they would bend and yield under the great pressure to which they are subject. In countries where brown bread and oatmeal are largely eaten, there will be found few rickety and hump-backed people. The muscular tissue, and the tissues of most of tho other organs of the body, on the other hand, contain very 384 Food foe Thinkees and Woekers. little phosphortiB and no phoHphate of lime. If they did, they would be stiff and rigid, preventing movement with agility and grace. Muscular tissue is made up very largely of what chemists call nitrogenized substances, that is, substances containing nitrogen. A physiologist would call them Proteids. The proteids are the gluten of flour, the albumen of white of egg, syntonin, a chief con- stituent of muscle, the casein of cheese, etc. These sub- stances are similar in composition, and no doubt in the body are converted from one to another. They abound in beans, peas, corn, wheat, and lean meat of all kinds. Those who wish to possess good muscles, and use mus- cular power to labor, should eat of food in which these substances abound. The provision for keeping the body warm is a very im- portant one, and there is a special class of articles of food adapted to do this. They are the /ate, as any kind of oily or fatty matter ; and the amyloids, as starch, gum, sugar. These substances contain a great deal of carbon, but no nitrogen. The slow burning of this carbon in the body is the main source of animal heat, while an excess of such food furnishes the supply of fat to store up in the system for future need, and to round out the body and give it a plump, full appearance. The principal articles of food which supply material for animal heat are fat meat, butter, cream, oily nuts, sugar, sweet fruits; articles containing much starch, as potatoes, rice, the various grains, etc. In printer we need a great deal more of this food than in sum- mer ; indeed, in summer, food containing fatty or starchy matter or sugar should be eaten very sparingly. Food fob Thinkebs and Workees. 385 Kecent physiologists maintaia tliat much of the muBcu- lar and other forces of the body are the result of the com- bustion of this kind of food in the system, analogous to the force of steam in the engine. This may explain why hard workers, even in hot weather, desire fat meat, and why Arabs, who live largely on dates, are so muscular ; and the value of dates as an article of diet is corroborated by others who walk much. But how few men know what to eat ! "We have seen lawyers, during court time, come to tlie table and eat roast pork, rice or Indian pudding highly sweetened, and wind up with mince pie and cheese. They understood the stat- ute laws, but not the laws of the human body, and their causes and clients suffered from the muddy state of intel- lect induced by their ill-selected food. That dinner might have answered for a stage-driver, or a man going into the forest for a load of wood, with the thermometer at zero. In old time, baked beans and pork constituted the Sun- day food in New England, and an old divine carefully and mirthfolly undertook to estimate the number of " tons of beans and pork preached to in New England eTery Sun day while the owners were asleep." This illustrates one point, that those who are expected to be skillful and thoughtful should not eat food chiefly adapted to produce heat, and fat, and sleep. We are often asked to give a list of articles of food which furnish support for brain, and is therefore fit for thinkers and students. We are also often requested to ^ve a list of articles best adapted to support muscular 17 b86 Food fok Thinkers and Wokkebs. powei. We can not attempt here to do more than give a few hints. Those who expect to think should not eat much of that food which produces warmth and fat, such as ham, fat pork, white bread, butter, rice, tapioca, sugar, and starch. These contain very little phosphatic food, or support for brain, being chiefly carbonaceous or heat-producing. The amount of phosphatic or brain-supporting food con- tained in the flesh of animals is in proportion to the activity of the animals ; those of great activity, such as the canary- bird, for instance, secure food which feeds brain, nerve, and muscle, but does not produce fat. The flesh of the trout, the pickerel, or salmon impart more mental and phys- ical vigor to the eater than the flesh of comparatively dormant fish, like the eel and flounder. The flesh of wild animals, such as the bison, or deer, and boar, promote activity in the eater more than the stall-fed ox, sheep, or hog. Wild game generally is considered better food, especially for the convalescent, than the fattened domestic turkey or goose. Barley, oats, and wheat ground without bolting, furnish food for brain ; but lawyers, ministers, and students eat the white, superfine, or bolted wheat bread, and go to sleep. That which would fatten a pig, and give him no desire to exercise or to think, is eaten bv the learned and refined of the human race, who look in pity upon the poor peasant following the plow, because he is obliged to eat his brown loaf; which brown loaf and cheap fish and wild game contain the incitement to brain work, in which poems, orations, and art are conceived and nursed. Tlie proper food for laboring men— ve wean those wko Pood fok Thikkeks and Woekees. 387 have to exercise muscular strength chiefly — should be that which contains nitrogenous and carbonaceous matter. Among these articles bro^Ti bread, meat, and cheese stand high. The red flssh of the ox or sheep and unbolted bread are the leading articles. Men who train prize-fighters seem to understand much better than others how to build up physical strength and endurance. When their battle or their race is ended, they lay aside their unbolted bread and fruit, their lean beef and mutton, and fall into their old habits of liquor-drinking and of eating starch-bearing articles, such as rice, fine bread, pudding, with fat meat and butter, and they soon become as fat and lazy as these carbonaceous articles can make them. K a man wants to stand the cold, he may eat buckwheat sakes with butter, sirup, fat pork and white beans ; but let him look out, when hot weather comes, for bilious fevers, pimples on the face, and a rank smell of the whole system, and a muddy, dirty complexion. Men living at the north pole, or near it, can drink fish-oil by the quart, or eat pounds of cake tallow, and the cold climate will burn it out ; but in warm or temperate regions the food should be BO selected as to furnish nourishment for muscle, bone, brain, and warmth in proper proportions. Many persons ask what vegetable and farinaceous food is best to support the brain ? We reply, unbolted wheat, Southern corn, oats, barley, beans, peas, and sweet potor toes ; indeed, these are excellent articles also for the sup port of muscle. We regret to see poor women go to market with a big basket and a sjender purse on Saturday night t9 buy 388 Pood for Thinkers akd Workers. food for hungry, thin-clad children. And what do thesa women get? Turnips, cabbage, beets, carrots, potatoes, and fish. They carry home a load, but their green vege- tables are from 15 to 95 per cent, water, and the nutrition which is obtained is very little ; whereas if they would put half the money into com meal, wheat meal, white beans, and mutton, they could live grandly on it, and have the rest for the purchase of fuel and clothes. But the rich delectate on fine flour, cake, butter, pies, fat poultry, nice fat ham, eating four times too much carbon, and not half enough phosphorus or nitrogen for brain and muscle. One class starve, get poor, weak, sickly, and die of maras- mus; while the others, who are able to have everything, become dyspeptical, feverish, and diseased from the extra richness of their food. " Man should not live by bread alone," especially superfine bread. If one eats wheat-meal bread and milk, he will find in these two articles all the elements which the system requires in just about the right proportioa But who knows how to eat ? The old prayer in its application to the most of us should be extended — " Give us this day our daily food, and tell us what kind of food we should daily eat." This prayer is really answered by chemistry and physiology ; but the world turns up its precious nose at the studies of chemistry and physiology as applied to the kitchen and the stomach. It does very well to compound medicines and hair-dyes, cosmetics, paints, dyestufis, and materials for manufactures and com- merce; but when chemistry in cooking is the subject, or physiology is applied to food and regimen, science ia flouted, and folly and appetite are enthroned. PORTRAITS AND BIOGRAI'HIES EMINENT THINKERS AND WORKERS. No field of literature is more inviting, either to the writer or reader, than that of biography. From the " Story of Joseplv" to the "Life of Washington," the history of persons whose lives and experience have been remarkable, has commanded the interest of mankind. The lives of eminent thinkers and workers, while they avraken the ad- miration, also inspire the hope, and become at once the leaders and teachers of the young and inexperienced, who, to make their fortunes, have all the world before them. There is a peculiar fascination in the recital of the labors and privations of self-made men. Those who master the difficulties of their situation, and by patience, skill, and heroism force their way to success, and raise their names to honorable prominence, must ever stimulate to duty and self-sacrifice thousands who will be led upward toward their bright ideal, even though but few may reach the summit of their hopes. Among the millions of men and women living to-day, only a few will be gratefully remembered half a century after they are dead. Of that few, the name and fame of some will be brighter and higher a hundred years hence than at the close of their lives. There are many who are eminently practical and useful, and, though not destined to enduring fame, would, if properly portrayed, shed light 390 Eminent Thinkers and Workers. on ihe pathway of many who need a word of encourage' ment in their struggles for success in pursuing a similar course. In a great, free country, where no post of honor, no measure of achievement, is denied to any who have the talent and industry to deserve them, the proper descrip- tion of the trials and triumphs of those who, by honest and wisely directed labor, have attained success and dis- tinction, must merit the attention and nerve the efibrts of all who aspire to better their condition. SALMON P. CHASE. One of the faithful, great men of the nation passed away on the sixth of May, 1873, leaving behind him a rec- ord of priceless service to his country, an unspotted rep- utation as a legacy, and an example to all aspirants for eminent position and enduring renown. As indicated in the portrait, Mr. Chase had a large, finely-developed brain. It was well rounded, high in the crown, and long in the anterior lobe. His great intellect had an outreach and a power which commanded the re- spect of all ; and his moral force made him a peer of the best, and a constant reproof to the selfish and wicked. Salmon Portland Chase was the son of a farmer of Cornish, New Hampshire, and was born in that place, on the 13th of January, 1808. His ancestors on the father's side were English, on the mother's side Scotch. His grandfather, Samuel, had seven sons, five of whom were educated at Dartmouth College, and became more or less distinguished in public life — ^Dudley Chase as Senator of the United States and Chief-Justice of Vermont ; Salmon Chase as a leader of the bar in Portland, Me. ; Philander Chase as Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Ohio. His father died suddenly, leaving hjs family in Salmon P. Chase. 391 straitened circumsiancea. Salmon was sent to school at Windsor, Vermont, and at the age of twelve was com- BAIiMON FOBTLASD CEABB. mittcd to the care of his nncle, the Bishop, who lived at Worthington, near Columbus, Ohio, and young Chase di- vided his time between farm work and hard study in the 892 liMiNENT Thiitkebs and Workers. Bishop's acaSemy. His uncle next placed him in an in- stitution at Cincinnati, where he remained until 1823. Salmon then returned to New Hampshire, taught Bchool for a while, and also prepared himself for college, entering the junior class of Dartmouth in 1824, and was gi:&daated two years later at the age of eighteen. With his diploma Bnd a few dollars he went to Washington, and obtained charge of a school from which the proprietor was about to retire, and which numbered among its patrons Henry Clay, William Wirt, and other distinguished men, and during his leisure hours he pursued the study of law under Mr. Wirt's supervision. He settled at Cincinnati immedi- ately after his admission to the bar, and while waiting for practice he prepared an edition of the statutes of Ohio, with notes and a historical introduction, which brought him into notice, and as early as 1834 he was appointed Solicitor of the Bank of the United States in Cincinnati. Mr. Chase avowed sentiments adverse to slavery. This was unfavorable to his prospects in the very outset of his career as a lawyer, especially as Cincinnati lay on the boundary between slave and free territory, and at that time was in warm sympathy with Southern sentiment. He had a hard struggle with poverty, but ill fortune could not force him to relinquish his opinions. In 1837, a case which involved the application of the " Fugitive Slave Act" brought the ambitious young lawyer prominently before the Cincinnati public. He appeared in court as the counsel for a colored woman, Matilda, claimed as a fugi- tive slave, and in her defense took the ground, then entirely new, that the phrase in the Constitution which required the giving up of fugitives from service or labor did not impose on magistrates in free States the duty of catching and returning slaves, and that Congress had no right to impose such duties on State officers. The Court decided against him, and, as he left the room, some one said, Salmon P. Chase. 39b " There goes a fine young fellow who has just ruined him- self; " but, as the result proved, he there found his open- ing opportunity to achieve reputation and practice, and the principle he then laid down was afterward sustained by the Supreme Court of the United States. Other cases of a similar character were intrusted to his care. The part thus taken by Mr. Chase as an advo- cate in those exciting times, led him more and more into the walks of political life. He signed the call for the National Liberty Convention at Columbus, in December, 1841, and wrote and reported its stirring address on the powers and duties of the people, and the piinciples of the new party. From tbat time his relations with public measures were intimate and important, some of the most marked move- ments in the political history of the nation owing their origin to his talent and activity. On February 22, 1849, he was chosen Senator of the United States by the entire vote of the Democratic members of the Ohio Legislature, and of those Free Soil members who favored Democratic views; but when the Ohio Democracy sanctioned the nomination of Gen. Pierce by the Baltimore Convention, in 1852, Mr. Chase acted with consistency, formally end- ing his connection with the party, and proposing the or- ganization of an independent Democratic party. The Convention met at Pittsburgh, and adopted a platform framed by Mr. Chase, who continued to act with it until the political fragments which had been gradually shaped and guided under his influence combined in the formation of the Republican party. In the Senate the construction of a Pacific Railroad, the passing of a Homestead law, a system of cheap postage, and a reform in the public expenditures, were among the topics to which he especially applied himself. But it was in the slavery debates that he took a commanding positioa 394 Eminent Thinkers and Workers Retiring from the Senate in 1855, he was elected Gov. ernor of Ohio. In 1857 he was re-elected to that offio« by the people of Ohio, as a testimonial of their confidenoa in his ability and prudence, and in his devotion to the true interests of the State. The 4th of March, 1861, found him in the Senate of the United States for a second term, but two days afterward, yielding to a very general demand, he resigned his seat and assumed the very grave responsibilities of the Secre- taryship of the Treasury. He erftered upon his duties with a hopeful, earnest spirit, in a most embarrassing epoch of the country's history, and to the surprise of friends and foes achieved a success which rises to the level of the wonderful. As one of the greatest finance ministers of modern times, the man will be esteemed who brought our country through the unexampled trial of the war, without serious embarrassment and with unshaken credit. June, 1864, Mr Chase withdrew from the Secretaryship, and in October following was commissioned by Mr. Lin- coln as Chief-Justice of the United States. In this sphere Mr. Chase showed himself eminently worthy of the honor. His decisions invariably commanded respect. He came to the Supreme Bench with mental powers apparently unim- paired — they were bright and eiBcient to the very last day of his life — and a mind enriched by much and varied ex- perience, but with a physical system utterly broken down by the stupendous labors of the previous years. Careful habits of eating, sleep, and exercise contributed to buoy bim up during the trying years of his occupancy of the Treasury. But his enfeebled frame was never able, after he retired from the Cabinet, to perform the full measure of work which his intellect would have imposed upon it. It would be out of place to say that Mr. Chase' made no mistakes ; yet so conscientious was his devotion to princi- pie that he had occasion very rarely to defend bis coursa COKNELITTG VaNDEEBILT. 398 from imputations of selfishnuss or insincerity. He was a rofined and cultivated scholar, read and spoke several lan- guages, was familiar with classical as well as modern liter- ature, and greatly enjoyed poetry. Those who were admitted to his intimate acquaintance knew the zest with which he recurred to his private studies after release from public business. His conversation was always elevated, instructive, and attractive. The more intimately one knew him the more reason he had to adadre, respect, and love him. CORNELIUS VANDERBILT. A complete statement of this man's struggle from pov- erty up through a long career of successful endeavor, would be a chapter of American history hardly credited outside the field of his efforts. There is, doubtless, some- thing in blood, original talent, and tendency, as applied to human achievement, as well as in reference to the speed of horses, or the courage, endurance, and fighting power of the game-cook. , Human success is not all, or mainly, the result of accident or luck. Talent, skill, and hard work have been the basis of Vanderbilt's success in his great enterprises. The railroad interest has expanded so rapidly that it has spread over the land like a network; its gigantic power in financial and political affairs is already alarming many of cur statesmen and shrewd business men. Among the ruling minds that wield this great power, this "Railroad King," as he is sometimes called, moves as the peer, if not the master. Mr. Yanderbilt stands six feet high, weighs 180 pounds, and measures over forty inches around the chest, and 22| inches around the head, and has a large, strong frame and a well-balanced tomperameru. His eyes are dark brown, 396 Eminent Thinkeks and Wobkee&. almost black, and very expressive ; his hair, originally Iht same color, is now thin and nearly white ; his skin is soft, clean, and silky to the touch, though its texture is firm, with a lively, peachy look. Indeed, he is to-day, though seventy-nine ^years old, a picture of perfect health. Hia brain is large, in perfect keeping with the body, of the best quality, and in most respects well proportioned. His will, self-reliance, energy, and ambition to achieve success are immense. Intellectually, he is a long-headed thinker, a quick and accurate observer, and remarkably intuitive in forming business judgments and in reading character; a single glance reveals to him the motives and capacities of men. Cornelius Vanderbilt, popularly known as the " Commo- dore," was born on Staten Island, May 27, 1794. At that time the island was owned by farmers who sold their pro- duce in New Tork city. Some of these, among whom was the father of Cornelius, owned boats for conveying supplies to market. As the inhabitants increased there arose a demand for superior facilities in communicating with New York, and Yanderbilt, senior, established a ferry. With the management of this, young Cornelius liad much to do, spending the greater part of his time upon the water. For five years he was engaged as a boatman, carrying pleasure parties to picnics, boarding ships, and performing almost everything in that line. No matter how it stormed or froze, if he had agreed to board a ship or to deliver dispatches, he did it. Many a lime anxious ship-owners could not have communi eated with their ships in heavy winter storms but for Vanderbilt'a courage and skill, as the steam-tug was then unknown. By the time he was eighteen years old, he found himse.if part owner and captain of one of the largest periaugers in the harbor. During the war of 1812 he rendered material service in furnishing supplies by night to the forts about Cornelius Vandeebilt. 89'V New^ York. In fact, his energy, skill, and daring b(3camf BO well known, and his word, when he gave it, could be relied upon so implicitly, that " Cornell, the boatman,' as CORNBLrUS VAKDBRBILT. he was familiarly called, was sought after far and near when any expedition particularly hazardous oi important was to be undertaken. At one time, during the wai (Sep- tember, 1813), the British fleet had endeavored to pene- Eminent Think ees and Workees. trate the port during a severe south-easterly storm just before day, but were repulsed from Sarxdy Hook. After the cannonading was over, and the garrison at Fori Rich- mond had returned to quarters, it was highly imi?ortant that some of the officers should proceed to headquarters to repurt the occurrence and obtain the necessary reinforce- ments against another attack. The storm was a feai'ful one — still the work must be done, and all felt that there was but one person capable of undertaking it. Accord- ingly, Vanderbilt was sought out, and upon being asked if he could take the party up, he replied promptly, " Yes, hut I shaU have to carry them under water part of the way!" They went with him, and when they landed there was not a dry thread on the party. The next day the garrison was reinforced. In 1813 he married Miss Sophia Johnson, and about a year afterward moved to New York from Staten Island. As a boatman, at the age of twenty-three, he was mak- ing about $5,000 per annum. But perceiving that steam would ere long become the great agent of navigation, he determined to study its application as a motive power. Foi- that purpose, in 1817, he entei-ed the service of Thomas Gibbons, then proprietor of a line of steamboats running between New York and Philadelphia, and took command of a small steamer. Vanderbilt remained in the employ- ment of Mr. Gibbons about twelve years, the line all the time increasing in importance and profit. Thus having labored faithfully for others with such bril- liatt results, he now felt at liberty to look after his own interests more exclusively, and to commence bneiness again on his own account. Therefore, in 1829, he inform- ed Mr. Gibbons of his plan to leave him. " You must not," he replied ; " I can not carry on this line a day with- out you." He then offered to increase his salary to five thousand dollars, or more, if money was his object But Cornelius Vanderbilt, 399 Vanderbilt had thought well before he decided on the step he was about to take, and at ouce refused the offer. Fi- nally, Gibbons told him he could not run the line without him, and that he might have the Philadelphia route, say- ing, " There, Vanderbilt, take all this property, and pay me for it as you make the money." This tempting offer was also declined, for he was unwilling to put himself uiider such an obligation to any one, although fully sensi- ble of the great kindness that prompted it. Thus ended Vauderbilt's engagement with Mr. Gibbons, and soon after Mr. Gibbons sold out the line to other parties, find- ing that the life of it was gone. Once again the Captain was now his own master. He had served a long time in a severe school to make himself thoroughly acquainted with the details and practical man- agement of steam navigation. The next twenty years of his life we must pass over rapidly. During this period he built a very large number of steamboats, and established steamboat lines on the Hudson, the Sound, and elsewhere, in opposition to corpoi-ations and companies having a monopoly of the trade. His plan was always to build better and faster boats than his competitors, to run them at the lowest paying rates, and thus furnish passengers with the best and cheapest accommodations. About the year 1850, the Nicaragua Transit Company was organized, and Mr. Vanderbilt chosen President. He personally superintended the examination of the navigable facilities of the San Juan River, in the furtherance of hia desire to find a shorter route to California, and succeeded in mapping out and fixing the transit route from ocean to ocean. Steamships were sent round to the Pacific to nn in the line from the harbor of San Juan del Sur to ^an Francisco, and soon the entire line was in efficient opera- tion. Under his management the route became a favorite on« 400 Eminent Thinkers and "Wobkers. with California travelers, and the price of passage from New York was reduced from $600 to $300. In 1853 Vanderbilt sold his interest in this undertaking to the Transit Company. About this time he built hi? celebrated steamship the North Star. He had now be- came a man of great wealth. From the little boy of sixteen with his hundred-dollar sail-boat, he had gradually but surely crept up, accumulating and so using his accu- mulations that now his vessels plowed almost every sea, and his enterprising spirit was felt in every part of our country. In the North Star he made a tour in Europe with his family, and evei-y where his noble vessel, with her splendid appointments, elicited profound attention. The North Star was the first steamer with a beam-engine to cross the Atlantic. In 1S55 he established an independent line between New York and Havre, building several new steamships for the purpose ; among these were the Ariel and the Vanderbilt. Subsequent to the building of the Vanderbilt, there was an exciting contest of speed between the boats of the dif- ferent lines. The Arabia and Persia, of the Cunard, the Baltic and Atlantic, of the Collins, and the Vanderbilt of the Independent Line, were the competitors. Great inter- est was taken in the contest, as many will remember, but the Vanderbilt came out victorious, making the shortest time ever made, till then, by any steamer. In the spring of 1862, when the Government needed immediately a large addition to its navy, to aid in carry- ing on its military operations (an occasion which many were too eager to turn to their own advantage at their country's expense). Commodore Vanderbilt illustrated the nature of his whole-souled patriotism by making a free gift of this splendid ship to the United States. A resolu- tion of thanks was passed by Congress, and approved b7 Peter Cooper. 401 the President, for this present to the nation, January 28, 1864, and a gold medal forwarded to Mr. Vanderbilt in attestation of the event. He has built and owned exclusively himself upward of one hundred steamboats and steamships, and has never had the misfortune to lose one of them by any accident. Pie has had extensive machine shops, where he made his own machinery, according to his own ideas, and his ves- sels have been generally built by days' work, under his constant supervision, and from plans entirely his own His capital has not been confined to naval enterprises, but he lias also interested himself in railroad matters. In 1865 he sold all that were left of his vessels, and trans- ferred the greater portion of his wealth to railroads. He is now the largest railroad proprietor in the United States, and one of the two or three richest men of the Empire City. He has control of the Hudson River Railroad, the Harlem, the New York Central, the Lake Shore, and Michigan Southern, and much to do with many other lines. With his tremendous energy, breadth of plan, and practical judgment, he evidently would be master of the railroad system of America if he could live twenty years longer. Commodore Vanderbilt owes his success in life to those qualities which distinguished him when a mere lad — per- severance, excellent judgment, and indefatigable industry. He was ever self-reliant and firm in the prosecution of his enterprises, taking care " to be sure that he was right " in the first place, and then " going ahead." Died Jan., 4, 1877. PETER COOPER, There is no name better known in New York, or a face more familiar, than that of Peter Cooper. When he enters an audience room, and he never comes late, it ie 402 Eminent Thinkers and Wokkers, the signal for a round of hearty applause. Every bodj geems willing to do him honor. He is a public benefactor, and there appears to be a general desire to show him pei> Bonal respect and friendly recognition. Poor men and women know him ; children point him out to their com- panions, and no one seems envious of his fame. If any man ever lived in the future, and saw, during life, the honor which the ages are to accord to him, we think Peter Cooper is that man. He did not wait until he could no longer hold his property, but wisely gave nearly a million dollars for the benefit of the unaided, struggling sons and daughters of poverty and genius. While in the vigor and wisdom of his ripened manhood he built the great monu- ment of his generosity, the Cooper Institute ; he now en- joys in the plentitude of wealth and honor the rare happi- ness of seeing his work prospering. Thousands have already been freely educated and gone forth to do the noble work of life, at once an evidence of the wisdom of tlie benefaction which has blessed, and will for ages continue to bless, those who receive its benefits. This eminent philanthropist was born on the 12th of February, 1791. His father was a lieutenant in the Rev- olutionary army during the war for independence. The business of his father was that of a hat manufacturer; and in early youth Peter was employed in the business, and labored assiduously until he had attained the age of sev- enteen, when he was apprenticed to Mr. Joseph Ward well, a coach-maker. In a few years he became skilled in this trade, and at the expiration of his apprenticeship, contin- ued working as a journeyman until the opening of the war of 1812, when he abandoned coach-making for the manu- facturing of machines for shearing cloth. The war taught ns that we must make our own cloth, and this necessity called for invention and skill in producing machmery to do the work. Petek Cooper. 403 This last business he carried on suocessfnlly to the clo8« of the war, and then entered into the manufacture of cabi- net ware, which he subsequently quitted, and opened a grocery store. This business, however, he found to be PBTBR COOPER. rather out of his line, and he soon returned again to man- nfacturing. The department which now interested him was that of the preparation of glue and isinglass for the market, a business which be carries on at the present time. 404 Eminent Thinkers and Wokkers. He became interested, while yet a young man, in the development of the American iron interest.. In 1830 he established extensive iron works near Baltimore; and afterward started a rolling and wire mill in the city of New York, where he made the first successfal attempt at the adaptation of anthracite coal to puddling iron. This mill was afterward removed to Trenton, New Jer- sey, where it was from time to time enlarged, until it has become the most extensive rolling mill in the United States. Vast quantities of railroad iron and wire have been turned out of this manufactory. The business of this establishment was placed in the hands of a company, of which he became a prominent manager. The first locomotive in general use on this con tinent was built by Mr. Cooper, at Baltimore, after his own designs, and worked on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Having .at heart not only the manufacturing, but also the scientific interest of his country, Mr. Cooper has ever prominently identified himself with all important , public undertakings tending to the development of science. He was warmly interested in the electric telegraph from its earliest conception ; and invested liberally in enterprises having in view its establishment. He has also been associated with the city government of New York, and won a prominent position by his earn- est efibrts to promote the welfare of the community. He has made his name especially famous, however, through his many large charities. The cause of education has ever found him a warm advocate. His sympathy in this matter finally culminated in the erection of a splendid building in the central part of New York city, at great cost, and devoting it to the free education of the working classes. His designs in this respect have been carried out, and thousands^ of worthy but needy youths have been ed ■ Peteb Cooper. 405 acatttd in ihe higher branches of knowledge in the Coopei Institute. In connection with the educational advantages thus thrown open to the public, Mr. Cooper has establish- ed a large and neatly appointed reading-room, which is open to all comers, and contains a large and valuable col lection of books, and the current periodical literature of the day. Lectui'es are given and classes are taught in various branches of useful learning. There are large classes in English literature, mathematics, natural philosophy, chem- istry, architectural drawing, free-hand drawing, mechan- ical drawing, phonography, and vocal music. There is an art school for women, in which modeling, drawing, wood- engraving, and telegraphy are taught. There are annually in attendance more than two thousand pupils. Free night schools are thronged, aa^ also the public read- ^ ^ "^ " ing-room. The Cooper Institute may well be called the Free College for the Poor. The corner-stone of the structure was laid in 1854, and has ~^ —^ — J^ «— ^ celebrated its four- COOPBR LNSTITUTE. tcenth academic year by the Commencement of 1873. On the ground floor of the edifice are handsome stores to rent, and the second story is rented for offices, and it contains, also, several small lecture-rooms, which are used by scientific associa- tions and others. The stories above are devoted to pur- poses of instruction. Entirely below the sidewalk, in a deep basement, the great hall, or public lecture-room, ia situated. It will seat over three thousand persons on a single terraced floor. It is warmed by steam, and ventil Wl^^ 406 Eminent Thinkers and Workers. ated by having warm or cool air, according to the season, forced, by means of machinery in the sub-cellar, up through numerous small holes in the floor, so that the air, no mat- ter how great the crowd, is fresh and pure. The foul air is permitted to escape at openings constructed for the pur- pose. N'o stranger, in passing this great and now noted edifice, would imagine that below the level of the street, out of the way of all noise, there is one of the most airy and capacious audience-rooms in the city. Moreover, it is surprising how quick the audience will rush up the broad steps and empty the room. In going up stairs a brisk walk can be maintained, there being no trailing dresses in the way of those behind. As the structure is completely fire-proof, being composed entirely of stone, brick, and iron, no anxiety is ever felt by an audience on the subject of fire. The building is of brown stone, and is a massive and commanding structure. It is wider at one end than the other, but averages 120 feet in width, and is 200 feet long, covering the entire block of ground bounded by Astor Place, Third and Fourth avenues, and Seventh Street, and being at the junction of Third and Fourth avenues, it stands directly at the head of the Bowery, and overlooks that broad avenue, thus having a most commanding aspect. Mr. Cooper intends to bestow upon the Institute an- other million dollars, to endow it with extensive apparatus and museums of science and art, an increased library, and other facilities, which will require the entire building foi purposes of education. Mr. Cooper has several strong qualities of mind and character, viz., practical judgment and clearness of in- tellect ; moral sentiment, including kindness, justice, and reverence ; decided force and energy, great perseverance steady friendship, and an afiectionate interest in the young, and especially in the improvement and culture of woman. HOBAOB trKEELET. 407 HORACE GREELEY Was bom at Amherst, N. H., February 3d, 1811, and was the oldest survivor of seven children, two having died before his birth. His father and mother were both born a few miles eastward of Amherst : the latter in Londonderry, of Scotch-Irish lineage (her maiden name Woodbura) ; the former in that town, or Pelham, of English exti'action ; but both families had long been settled in that region — the Woodburns since 1723. All his ancestors, cso far as there exists any remembrance, were farmers. The subject of this sketch, when not quite three years of age, was taken to spend the winter in the family of his maternal grandfather, with whom he was an early favorite. After the novelty of his visit had worn off, he was sent to the district school, a few rods off, rather to diminish the trouble of looking after him in a large family of grown persons, than in the hope of his learning anything. But he had already been taught the alphabet, and the rapidity with which he passed from this to the first class in reading and spelling, was long a matter of vivid local remembrance, and even fabulous exaggera- tion. At four years of age he could read and spell cred- itably; at five he was esteemed at least equal, in those branches, to any one attending school. He continued at his grandfather's during most of the school months — asually six in each year — until six years old, the school in his father's district being two miles from the family dwelling. But he evinced no such faculty for learning higher branches. Grammar, commenced at five, was not fairly comprehended until eight, nor mastered until some time later ; in geography proper (the relation of places to each other) he was not proficient, though the historical and other statistics intermingled therewith were easily iiKINJlJST ThIJSTKEES AKD WOEK.SES. and rapidly assnnilated ; penmanship utterly defied all hi« exertions, and it was only when he came, some years later, to take up the elemental arithmetic of the common school that he found himself able to press forward with infantile celerity. He could not remember the time when he had not the multiplication table at command, and all the pro- cesses of school arithmetic seemed but obvious applicar tions of, or deductions from, this. But his school days in summer ended with his seventh year, and in winter with his fourteenth, being much interrupted at earlier periods by the necessities of a life of poverty and labor. He never enjoyed the benefits of a day's teaching in any other than a rural common school, generally of two to four months each winter and summer, and these very far inferior to the schools of the present day, even in the least favored sections of New York and New England. When not quite ten years of age, his father lost his little property in New Hampshire, and renioved to West- haven, Vermont, near the head of Lake Champ" ain, where he remained nearly six years. The first tw< were em- ployed in land-clearing, upon contract, with the aid of his two sons ; the next in a saw-mill, while the boys worked on a small, poor farm ; the residue, in clearing and farming upon shares. During these, as before, our subject was favored with the loan of books and periodicals, by neigh- bors of ampler resources, and devoted very much of his «pare time to reading, especially in the winter evenings, when the labors of the long days of summei-, which so sevei'ely tax the sinews of a youth of ten or twelve years, had been succeeded by shorter days and lighter tasks. At eleven years of age he made (at Whitehall, N. T.) his first attempt to find employment as an apprentice to printing, which he had previously decided to follow as a vocation, but was rejected on account of his youth. After- ward, he could with diificulty be spared. When fiftecit. Horace (jheelet. 409 however, his father found himself enabled to make a long- meditated tour of observation westward, with a view to the removal of his family ; and now the eldest son was permitted to gratify the cherished desire of his heart, by V^ JA^^ HORA.CB OBBBLET. entering (April 18tb, 1826), as an apprentice, the printing- office of the Northern Spectator, at East Poultney, Rut- land County, Vermont. Here he remained more than four years, until late in June, 1830, when the paper was 18 410 Eminent Thinkers and Workeks. discontinued. Meantime, his father and family had re- moved, in the fall of 1826, to Wayne, Erie County, I'a., where he visited them in 1827 and 1829, and whither he repaired, on quitting Poultney, in 1830. Working hy spells on their rude wilderness farm, and, when oppor- tunity offered, at his trade, in Jamestown and Lodi, N. Y.,, and in Erie, Pa., he remained in that region for a little more than a year, finally quitting it, when work ran out, about the 1st of August, 1831, for New York, where he arrived on the 16th of that month. He worked as a journeyman during the first year and a half of his stay, with some unavoidable interruptions, through want of em- ployment, until early in 1833, when, in connection wnth an- other young printer, he purchased materials, and undertook the printing of a cheap daily newspaper, for a man who failed soon afterward. Other printing was soon procured, less promising, but better paid. His first partner was sud- denly taken away by drowning, in July; another took his place; the concern M'as moderately prosperous; and in the following spring (March 22d, 1834) our subject issued, without subscribers, and almost without friends) in a city where he was hardly known beyond the circle of his boarding-house and his small business, the first number of the iVeto Yorker, a weekly journal devoted to popular literature and an impartial summary of transpiring events. That paper was continued through seven years »nd a half, having a circulation which rose, at one time, to over nine thousand, and averaged more than five thou- sand throughout, but was never pecuniarily profitable, arising, in good part, to bad management in the publishing department. In September, 1841, it was merged in the weekly issue of the New York Daily Tribune, started aa a daily on the 10th of April in that year. In the follow- iiag autumn the Weekly Tribune was commenced, aud with these journals his name has since been identified. Horace Geeelej-. 41] In 1848 he was elected to Congress to fill a vacancy and served in that body from December 1st of that year to March 4tk, 1849, distinguishing himself chiefly by hia endeavors to reform the abuses of the mileage system. As an editor and a lecturer he labored zealously to pro- mote the Vi^elfare of the laboring classes, and was an earn- est advocate of the rights and interests of the oppressed in our own nation and the world. As a journalist he had no superior in America, and perhaps not in the world. In 1850 a volume of his lectures and essays was pub- lished under the title of " Hints Toward Reforms." In 1851 he made a voyage to Europe, and during his stay in England served as one of the jurymen at the Crystal Pal- ace Exhibition. After his return he published a volume entitled "Glances at Europe." In 1856 he published a "History of the Struggle for Slavery Extension or Re- striction in the United States from 1787 to 1856." In 1859 he made a visit to California, traveling thither by way of Kansas, Pike's Peak, and Utah. He was every- where well received, and in the larger places of California was welcomed by the municipal authorities and citizens, whom he publicly addressed on politics, the Pacific Rail- road, etc. He was the father of the Republican party, and after the nomination of Mr. Lincoln he did, perhaps, more than any other man to promote his election and to sus- tain his administration, and the war for the Union. Few men wielded a more vigorous pen, or dealt more search- ingly with vicious and dishonest practices by public men, yet he was gentle and peaceable in his personal character. Among his later writings are " What I Know About Farming ; " a kind of autobiography entitled, " Recollec- tions of a Busy Life;" and two large volumes, "The Am- erican Conflict," which is the most complete and satisfac- tory history of the great struggle that has been produced. In 1872 he was nominated for the Presidency by thf 412 Eminent Tiiinkees and Workees. "Liberal" party, consisting of a portion of the Repub- licans, and was adopted by the Democratic Convention as its candidate. But his support by that party was not very hearty or general, and he was defeated. The sever- ity of the criticisms by the pictorial press, and by many of his former friends and associates, and the thought that his candidacy might have been an injury to the cause he had at heart were too much for his sensitive nature, and this, with the exhaustion incident to a long and bitter campaign, broke his health and his spirit, and in a state bordering on insanity he sank to rest November 29th, 1872. His death at once cancelled every element of bitterness engendered by the just closed political campaign. The country mourned one of its greatest and best men. His was the most solemn and imposing civic funeral ever wit- nessed in New York. He lived for peace and human weal, and at his funeral, as well befitting the occasion, without musket or music, the silent and solemn cortege, without distinction of party or sect, paid tribute to his eminent worth by attending his remains to their resting-place, in Greenwood Cemetery. Mr. Greeley was called eccentric. So, indeed, is nearly every person who has a strong and independent nature; but he was not half so singular as the public was made to believe. It was the easiest thing in the world for some half tipsy, witty, worthless Bohemian of the press to re- peat "bran-bread," "cold water," "Communism," "old white hat," " greasy white great coat," as a characteriza- tion of the habits -and appearance of a rival ; and very natural for selfish opponents and thoughtless crowds to accept the picture as a grave indictment, worthy of taj-, feathers, a rail, and the rope at the hands of sturdy, mus- cular regulators of public morals and private conscience. When those ribald utterances were carefully examined, they were found to mean, simply, the best and only proper Horace Gtreelet. 413 bread; the true God-given drink of the world; the co- operation of labor with conscience in the bond, as capital has ever co-operated with selfishness as its bond • a hat clean and often renewed, of a color allowed alike to min ister and millionaire, when favored by fickle fashion ; and an overcoat clean, costly, and of light, color, the crime in respect to it being that its owner wore it as well when out of fashion as when in style. So oft was that false picture of the man and his sur- roundings repeated, that the world accepted it as true, and deemed it odious. "We have often pointed out Mr, Greeley to intelligent countrymen visiting New Tork, when they would start back with a look of incredulity and astonishment, and exclaim, " Where is the greasy old rig we have so often heard of? He seems to be one of the cleanest of men, though he carries himself a little awkwardly, and his clothes seem somewhat loose and un- fitted." He really dressed well, so soon as he was able. We have often seen him wearing a fine black suit, but there was always an air of negligee, especially in regard to his cravat, which he never could succeed in tying with a square knot, and sometimes it would get worked around so that the knot would be at the side, and as one corner would stick up and the other down, it gave an awkward appearance to his whole make-up. Then, as he was very near-sighted, he put his head forward and had a groping manner as he moved in society or strode with hasty steps along the street. Moreover, one leg of his trousers was occasionally seen at the top of his boot, and his coat col- lar rolled up at one side, as if the result of haste, careless- ness, preoccupied thought, overwork, and near-sighted- ness. But he was clean to refinement, and was one of the most wholesome-looking of men. He was uncontaminated by liquor, tobacco, bad teeth, offensive breath, or dirty 414 Eminent Thinkers and Wokkees. nails ; and of not one in a hundred of those who traduced and ridiculed him could so much be said. In respect to the false picture so often drawn of him, Mr. Greeley once responded in his paper, saying that he " abhorred uncleanliness, and was unwilling to bear such a name ; and if a thorough bath every morning in the year, and a clean shirt as often, could keep a man clean, he was not dirty." In fact, his skin was fair, fine, and fresh as that of an infant, and every newspaper man in New Tork knew it, though many of them, for a 'questionable purpose, repeat- edly avowed the contrary, and thus disseminated the stu- pid slander very widely. Mr. Greeley lived well and worked hard, but he sensibly avoided food which he deemed not good for him, and conscientiously refrained from the use of all stimulants. As an illustration of his temperance habits, the following fact will be in point Having attended a public banquet, he wrote an account of it for the next morning's Tribune before going home, in which he stated that "the Heidsick and Champagne flowed freely." When he reached the Tribune office the next morning, he found a group of his editors and report- ers making merry over his account of the banquet. When he inquired the cause of their glee, he was informed that the wine was all Champagne, Heidsick being 7nly the name of a particular brand of Champagne. " Is that so ? I presume I am the only one about this office who would be likely to make such a mistake ; " and be walked into bis own room, doubtless thinking, " Where ignorance is bliss, 'tis folly to be wise." Another fact we happened to know at the time, but it has never been in print. Soon after Mr. Lincoln's electi )n to the Presidency, Mr. Greeley received notice that a clerkship in the New York Custom House was at his di* HoKACE Mann. 41£ posal. He wrote to a, friend a few miles oif tendering the place, but said he did not know its duties nor its emolu- ments. The friend called, and Mr. Greeley gave him a letter to the Collector as follows: Hon. Hiram Barney — I hereby nominate the bearer, Henry Vail, to the position in the Custom House said to be at my disposal, and if he steals anything, charge it' to we. Horace Grbelet. HORACE MANN, LL.D. That enjinent educator, the father of the common school system, and President of Antioch College, who really did more than any one man of his time for the present and future generations of America on the score of intellectual culture, departed this life at Yellow Springs, Ohio, August 2d, 1859. He was born in the town of Franklin, Norfolk County, Massachusetts, May 4, lYOe. His father, Thomas Mann, who was a fanner, died when Horace was thirteen years of age, leaving him little of this world's goods ; but a bet- ter inheiitance — the example of an upright life, virtuous inculcations, and an hereditary thirst for knowledge. His father was a man of feeble health, and died of con- sumption. Horace inherited " weak lungs, and from the age of twenty to thii-ty years he just skirted the fatal shoras of that disease on which his father had been wrecked. This inherited weakness, accompanied by a high nervous temperament, and aggravated by a want of judicious physical training in early life, gave him a sensi- tiveness of organization and a keenness of susceptibility which nothing but the iron clamps of habitual self-restraint conld ever have controlled. As the apostle of education, he has often illustrated the responsibilities of other teach> ers by the shortcomings of his own. 416 Eminent Thinkers and Workers. In a letter written to a friend, he said : "1 regard it as an irretrievable misfortune that mj childhood was not a happy one. By nature I was exceed' ingly elastic and buoyant, but the poverty of my parents subjected me to continual privation. I believe in the rugged nursing of Toil, but she nursed me too much. In the winter time I was employed in in-door and sedentary occupations, which confined me too strictly ; and in sum- mer, when I could work on the farm, the labor was too severe, and often encroached upon the hours of sleep. " As to my early habits, whatever may have been my shortcomings, I can still sav that I have always been ex- empt from what may be called common vices. I was never intoxicated in my life — unless, perchance, with joy or anger. I never swore — indeed, profanity was always most disgust- ing and repulsive to me. Arid I consider it always a cli- max, I never used the ' vile weed ' in any form. I early formed the resolution to be a slave to no habit. For the rest, my public life is almost as well known to others as to myself; and, as it commonly happens to public men, otli&ra know my motives a great deal better than I do." He entered the Sophomore class of Brown University, Providence, in September, 1816. Under the burning stimuli which entering upon new fields of knowledge supplied, he forgot all idea of bodily limitations to mental efibrt ; and at the end of his first college year he found himself utterly prostrated by illness, from which neither the resuscitative energies of nature, nor all the care whicn nis laborious life has allowed him to take, enabled him to recover. What strength he afterward possessed was only the salvage on a wreck. He was a rnarked man among his young associates ; marked and remembered for those peculiarities of charac- ter which have distinguished him ever since: first, bold and original thinking, which led him to investigate sub- Horace Mann. 411 jects without veneration for anything but the truth and right that he found in them ; second, a horror of cant and sham which made him attack, with invective and satire, %^ who resorted to them for selfish purposes. He saw not only Ten Commandments, but ten thousand. Hence the delicacy of his moral sense; hence his nniform Mid 18* 418 Eminent TniNKif&s and Wobkebs. stern purity of life ; hence his uncompromising hostility to the impiousness and sin of immorality of any kind, or by whomsoever committed. Immediately after commencement he entered his name in the office of the Hon. J. J. Fiske, of Wrentham, Mass., as a student at law. He had spent here, however, only a few months when he was invited back to college as a tutor in Latin and Greek. In the latter part of 1821, having resigned his tutorship, he entered the law school at Litch- field, Conn., and was admitted a member of the Norfolk County (Mass.) bar in December, 1823. An opportunity was offered to Mr. Mann to display his powers as an advocate, and from that time business flowed to him in a more copious stream, until he left the profession in 1837. We believe the records of the courts will show that, during the fourteen years of his forensic practice, he gained at least four out of five of all the contested cases in which he was engaged. The inflexible rule of his professional life was, never to undertake a case that he did not believe to be right. He held that an advocate loses his highest power when he loses the ever-conscious conviction that he is con- tending for the truth. He used to say that in this conscious conviction of right there was a magnetism, and he only wanted an opportunity to be put in communication with a jury in order to impregnate them with his own belief In 1830 Mr. Mann was married to Miss Charlotte, youngest daughter of the late Rev. Dr. Messer, for many years President of Brown "University. She died August 1, 1832, and the manner in which he was affected by her death shows most strikingly the depth and strength of his affections. In 1843 he married Miss Mary Peabody, iu whom he found not only a most affectionate and worthy companion, but an earnest assistant and sympathizer in all his educational labors. HoEACE Mann; 419 In 1827 he was elected a representative to the Legisla- ture of Massachusetts. Tet he was never a political par- tisan. He loved truth better than he loved any party. It is worthy of remark, that among all his speeches and writings, touching as they do almost the whole circle of moral, social, and economical subjects, not a single parti- san speech or partisan newspaper article of his is anywhere to be found, and for the best of reasons, for he never made or wrote one. But the act by which Mr. Mann most signalized his legislative life in the House of Representatives was the establishment of the State Lunatic Hospital of Worcester. This benevolent enterprise was conceived, sustained, and carried through the House by him alone, against the apathy and indifference of many, and the direct opposition of some prominent men. He removed to Boston in 1833, and engaged in the practice of law. At the first election he was chosen a Sen- ator from the county of Suffolk to the State Senate. By re-elections he was continued in the Senate for four years. In 1836 that body elected him its President; and again in 1837, in which year he retired from political life, to enter upon a new and more congenial sphere of labor, and in June, 1837, accepted the office of Secretary of the Board of Education of the State of Massachusetts. Immediately on accepting the office he withdrew from all other professional and business engagements whatever, that no vocation but the new one might burden his hands or obtrude upon his contemplations. He resolved to be seen and known only as an educationist. It is obvious, on a moment's reflection, that few works ever undertaken by man had relations so numerous, or touched society at so many points, and those so sensitive, as those in which Mr. Mann was now engaged. Mr. Mann laid his hand upon the abuses to be corrected. 420 Eminent Thinkers and Woekees. the deficiencies to be supplied, and the reforms to be b© gun. His first report, and his first address or lecture, both written within the first six months after his appointment, foreshadowed everything that has since been accomplished, A holy chord of the public heart had been touched, and the contemplation of great principles enfranchised the mind from sordid motives. He followed up his victory. His object was to commit the State to great measures of reform and progress before the day of reaction should come. Extensive changes in the law were proposed and carried. Union schools were provided for. Above all, the Normal Schools were established, first under the plea of being an experiment ; but long before that hold was re- leased, they made a grasp upon the public good-will, by success achieved and benefits bestowed, which has now incorporated them among the permanent and most valued tnstitutions of the State, and of many other States. Of Mr. Mann's labors during the twelve years of his secretaryship it is difficult to speak without the appearance of exaggeration. Some of the products, however, are be- fore us. He wrote twelve long Annual Reports, of one of which — the tenth — the Edinbur^gh JReview says, "This volume is indeed a noble monument of a civilized people ; and if America were sunk beneath the waves, would re main the fairest picture on record of an Ideal Common- wealth." Well might he say, as he did in his Supplementary Report, in 184S, that "from the time when I accepted the secretaryship, in June, 1837, until May, 1848, when I ten- dered, my resignation of it, I labored, in this cause, an aT erage of not less than fifteen hours a day ; that, from the beginning to the end of this period, I never took a day for relaxation, and that months and months together passed without my withdrawing a single evening from working hours to call upon a friend. My whole time was devoted, Horace Mann. 421 if not wisely, yet continuously and cheerfully, to the great trust confided to my hands." Of the results of these labors the educational world Bcems to have settled down into a clear and unanimciis opinion. The labors were great, but they brought forth " an hundred-fold." Many of Mr. Mann's Rs^rts have been republished in this country and in England. His opinions are cited as authority in the Legislatures of the CTnion, and in the British Parliament, and quoted in Re- views and in standard educational works. " It was my fortune," said the late Hon. Anson Burlingame, of Mass., in a public speech, " to be, some time since, in Guildhall, London, when a debate was going on. The question was, whether they should instruct their representative in favor of secular education. They voted they would not do it. But a gentleman rose and read some statistics from one of the Reports of Horace Mann. That extract reversed the vote in the Common Council of London. I never felt prouder of my country." On the 23d of February, 1848, Mr. John Quincy Adams, who was a representative from the Congressional district in which Mr. Mann resided, died in the United States House of Representatives, which for almost twenty years had been the theater of his labors. A successor was to be chosen, but where should one be found ? Mr. Mann was named, and at once the only question was, whether he would accept the offer if tendered. As soon as elected, he tendered the resignation of his secretaryship to the Board. In the ensuing November he was re-elected to Congitss by an overwhelming majoiity, receiving eleven thousand out of about thirteen thousand votes, and was re-elected again in 1850, against two opposing candidates. The principle of Mr. Mann's published works are the ten volumes (octavo) of his Common School Journal; a 422 Eminent Thinkers and Workers compilation called Abstracts of the Massaclm&etts Schoo. Reform and Reports ; his twelve Annual Reports as Sec- retary of the Board of Education ; his volume of " Lec- tures on Education ; " his "Thoughts for Young Men," a lecture of which some twenty thousand copies have heen sold ; two lectures on temperance, one addressed to the " poor and ignorant," the other to the " rich and educated ;" two lectures on the Powers and Duties of Woman ; Fourtli of July orations, etc. Harvard College honored herself by conferring the de- gree of Doctor of Laws on Mr. Mann. On the 15th of September, 1852, Mr. Mann was chosen President of An- tioch College, a new institution, situated at Yellow Springs, Ohio. The trustees had voted that the college be opened on the first Wednesday of October, 1853. Thus from the day Mr. Mann entered public life, he was always elected or appointed to a new office before the time of his previous election or appointment had expired. The peculiarities of the college over which Mr. Mann was called to preside were those for which, during the whole course of his life, he had shown the strongest affin- ity. It was founded on a most liberal basis as to denomi- national tenets. Those under whose auspices it was started take the Bible for their rule of faith and practice, rejecting all other creeds ; they hold that the tree is known by its fruit, and, therefore, that Christian character and a Chris- tian life are the true tests of Christian fellowship. The institution was also founded to secure the realiza- tion of one of Mr. Mann's most cherished objects during his whole educational career — namely, to, give to the female sex equal opportunities of education with those afforded to males. THE LAST HOUES OP HOBACE MANIT. A writer in the Christian Register gave the following interesting statement ; Loxjis Agassiz. 423 . "On Monday morning (^August 1st) I was allowed to visit him, and my first glance convinced me that the chances were against his recovery. On Tuesday, at five o'clock P.M., the great soul mounted from the fallen tower. I was with him constantly during the last thirty-six hours of his life, and I must say that I never saw the excellences of his character so fully revealed. All that was craggy, angular, and masculine had already died, and what re- mained was rich indeed. His real greatness never shone out more than in the death-hour. When he was told that he had but a few hours to live, his brain flashed up with all the glow of his best days, and he talked at least two hours in a strain of almost supra-mortal eloquence. The members of his family, students remaining here during the vacation, and many of his neighbors were called in at his request, and he had for each some word of warning or cheer. It was particularly noteworthy that his remarks to each person had some specific pertinency of adaptation. " His ideas, and the language in which he clothed them, were really grand, and amazed us all to silence — nay, melted us all to tears. A signal sweetness and tenderness pervaded every word. Not often in one's lifetime does one have the privilege of witnessing so great a scene. I am forced to confess that I never before appreciated the softness of the core that this masculine heart contained." LOUIS AGASSIZ. The science of Natural History has received more illn- mination from the lips and pen of this profound scholar than from any other one man of the whole army of those " whose names are written on high " in the archives of science. Nature seems to have designed him for his task in giving him " a sound mind in a sound body." From his birth he seems to have inherited a strong conBtitution, 424 Eminent Thinkees and Workers. which he early improved by his constant exposure to th« rough mountain air of his native land. In no other por tlon of our globe is there to be found such wild and roman- tic scenery as among the hills of Switzerland, and there, too, are the physical features of the race most perfectly developed. Beside all this, science, learning, and religion have for ages been cherished, liberalized, and encouraged among the fastnesses of those eternal hills. There, in that invigorating atmosphere, Louis Agassiz drew in the first inspiration of his mortal existence — it was in the little town of Orbe, at Waatland, Switzerland, in the year 1807. His father was the intelligent and pious pastor to the church of the village, and young Louis was early taught the precepts of holy living. Almost in his infancy he exhibited the strongest love of knowledge. Before he was ten years of age he exhibited a decided pre- dilection for the pursuit of natural history. He was never happier than in threading the intricate mazes of his mount- ain home, or in climbing those sharp acclivities in search of some new fern, or flower, or fossil, or other manifestar tion of his favorite study, while the finding of the least of these filled his soul with delight, amply repaying him for all the fatigue and labor he had undergone. Pastor Agassiz had the sagacity to discover the rich germs of intellect in the soul of his brave boy, and he determined to use every means within his reach to bring them forth in their due proportions and richness. At the tender age of eleven he was sent to Biel, where was a cel- ebrated gymnasium. The hardy methods of juvenile development practiced in that school were admirably adapted to the habits and tastes, as well as the physique of young Agassiz, and such was his proficiency that he was promoted to the Academy of Lausanne before he was fifteen. Here his unquenchable thirst for knowledge led to the severest application to his studies, and enabled him Louis Agassiz. 423 to OTilstrip his fellow-students in the race for academia honors. About 1826 he was matriculated at the Univer- sity of Zurich, where liis modest bearing, the purity of hia life, and the close a|)plication of his intellectual powers to LOUIS AGASSIZ. his studies won for him the respect and even the love of his tutors and fellow-students. Here he acquired that broad and deep foundation foi- his knowledge of medicine and the exact Bciences which has made him a niai'ltcd man 426 Eminent Thinkers and Woekers. in these studies. Having graduated with the highest hon- ors of the University, he entered the world-renowned schools of Munich and Heidelberg. Here he devoted him- self, for the term of nearly three years, to the study of comparative anatomy and its kindred sciences, to no branch of which was he more devotedly given tlian to chemistry in all its wide and liberal range. It was from the latter of these institutions that he recieved the degree of Doctor of Medicine. While pursuing his studies at Heidelberg, and after his graduation, he devoted himself with great zeal to the study of the natural histoiy of the piscatory races. About this time the celebrated Martins asked and obtained his assist- ance in compiling and editing his famous work containing an account of the fishes, discovered by Spix, in the waters of Brazil. The arduous and delicate task of arranging and classifying the one hundred and sixteen species of fishes which Spix had discovered, fell entirely to the hands of our youthful student; yet so successfully was this work accomplished, that there has not yet occurred the necessity for a re-classification. Immediately on the conclusion of this great work, he wrote and published his "Natural History of the Fresh- Water Fishes of Europe," a work of great thoroughness, and which has become a text-book for students in this department of science. Nearly in con- junction with this, his untiring pen gave to the world his " Researches on Fossil Fishes," and his " Descriptions of Echinodermes ; " themselves a rich library of scientific knowledge. It was wonderful to behold the amount of literary labor of which he was capable. He seems to have been possessed of powers of mental endurance which weie actually incapable of fatigue or ennui. No sooner was one work accomplished, than with a spirit refreshed, rather than wearied with past tasks, he entered upon his new labors with a zeal which knew no bounds or satiety. Louis Agassiz. 427 While engaged in these works a friend sent him a fish^ scale, of peculiar shape, which had been exhumed ficm the chalk formations beneath the city of Paris. It had once belonged to a race of fishes now extinct, and this was the only available testimonial which had come to the hands of any scholar. Nothing daunted, Agasgiz set to work to give from these, slender materials the exact posi- tion and relation of this antediluvian among his tribes. He first drew a profile of the extincj; fish, placing the ac- quired scale in its proper place, and then gave it a name and described its habits, etc. He then sent the drawing, together with the description, to the Journal of Arts and Sciences, then, as now, issued at Paris, where it was pub- lished at length. Five years subsequent to this publica- tion, in which Agassiz had risked his reputation, his friend fortunately discovered a perfect fossil spepimen of the defunct race of fishes, and sent it for his inspection. Upon examination, so accurately had he made his drawing, not a single line had to be altered. Professor Agassiz has not been a mere student of the outward world; he has "looked through nature up to nature's God." From all his scientific researches he has resolved, to his own satisfaction, several of the popular questions of theology prevalent in the world. About thirty years since he gave the world his famous work, "Study of the Glaciers." The religious and scientific schools were startled by the views advanced by this astute savan, and the whole literary world was filled with the controversy which they evoked. The modesty with which he threw these opinions before the world has only been equaled by the bearing and courage with which he has constantly maintained and defended them. Mr. Agassiz studied with great care the historical record of the world, and made himself familiar with the political constitutions of the various countries of mankind, and theii 428 Eminent Thinkers and Woekees. .practical workings with the respective nations among which they have been cherished. After long and impar- tial examination, he decided in favor of the government of the United States, and. resolved to become a loving and obedient subject of the same. Accordingly, some thirty years since, he took up his residence with us, becoming a naturalized citizen. Immediately on reaching our shores bis indefatigable spirit set to work to examine the physi- cal features of our widely-spread country. He explored the land and the waters all along the coast of our sea- board, from the farther shores of Lake Superior to the Atlantic, and from the sunny shores of the Pacific to the waters of the Passamaquoddy. At this time he was called, by the University of Cambridge, Massachusetts, to the chair of Natural Philosophy, which he occupied until his lamented death, which occurred December 14, 1873. But, after all, it is the morale of the man that renders him a favorite in all the circles of his acquaintance. Mod- est, afiable to his inferiors, and respectful to his compeers, his society was eagerly sought and cordially cherished by all whose opportunities brought them in contact with his gigantic intellect and gentle, childlike nature. His his- tory is one which every youth of our land should study, and whose pure character he should strive to emulate. CHARLES SUMNER. This distinguished Senator was born in Boston, Mass., Jan. 6, 1811. In person he is of commanding presence, with a tall figure and dignified bearing which would awaken attention and command respect in any assembly. His brain, as a whole, including the intellectual lobe, is decidedly large — exceeding twenty-three inches in circum- ference — and the organs of Firmness, Self-Esteem, Appro- bativeuess, Conscientiousness, and Combativeness are con Charles Stjmnee. 429 Bpicuons. He is a natural critic, proud-spirited, self-relying, upright, tenacious, persevering, and courageous. As an earnest and conscientious champion of the equal rights of man, Charles Sumner has had our respect and admiration. Bom to wealth and eminent social rank, he might have CHARLES SDMNBIt. assumed an aristocratic position, hut he adopted the cause of the poor and oppressed, and has spent the strength of his manhood, and brought the wealth of his learning and talent to defend the cause of the weak and unpopular. Many of the most important measures which have been 430 Emikent Thinkebs and Workebs. put in operation by the general Government for many years, have owed their sucoessful introduction wholly or in great part to the efforts of Sumner. He has also been for years the recognized mouthpiece, on the floor of the Senate, of American sentiment with reference to our rights and privileges as a nation at home and abroad. I'erhaps he has, at times, exhibited more of the ultraism of the theorist than of the conservativism of the practical thinker; but his spirit has contributed in no small degree to advance ind ennoble the character of our civilization. The qual- ities of the man are indicated by those of liis ancestry, some account of whom we compile from various sources. The grandfather of Senator Sumner, Major Job Sumner, was a native of Milton, Massachusetts. He entered Har- vard College in 1774, but when, after the battle of Lex- ington, the students were dispersed and the college edifice was converted into barracks, he joined the Continental army, in which he continued until peace was declared. He was second in command of the American troops who took possession of New York on its evacuation by the British, November 25, 1783, and was also second in com- mand of the battalion of light infantry which rendered to General Washington the last respects of the Revolutionary army, when, on the 4th of December, 1783, at New York city, he took leave of his brother-Officers and comrades-in- irms. Major Sumner died on the 16th of September, PSQ, and was buried, with military honors, in St. Paul's churchyard. New York city. Alexander Hamilton was one of the pall-bearers at his funeral. Charles Pinokney Sumner was the only son of the fore- going, and the father of the present Senator from Massa- chusetts. He graduated at Harvard College with dis- tinguished honor in 1796, and studied law under the guid- ance of the Hon. Josiah Quincy; and though he never rose to extensive practice, he acquired a reputation for the Chaeles Sumneb. 481 accuracy and extent of his legal lore. He early attached himself to the Democratic party, and was,* throughout, a firm and consistent advocate of its principles. Through life he -was characterized by the ripeness of his scholar- ship, his integrity, and the ease and grace of his deport- ment. He was often styled the " best-mannered man in Boston." Charles Sumner received his early education at the Eos- ton Latin School, was graduated with brilliant reputation at Harvard University in the year 1830, and soon after commenced his professional studies at the Law School in Cambridge. He was a favorite pupil of the late Justice Story, and at his instance was appointed editor of the American Jurist. Admitted to the Boston bar in 1834, he was at once recognized as a young man of rare legal erudition, of singular devotion to study, and of elegant classical attainments. During the absence of Professors Greenleaf and Story he lectured, at the request of the Faculty, for three successive winters, to the classes in the Cambridge Law School He won golden opinions from the students who enjoyed his instructions, and enlarged the basis of his professional reputation. Deciding to devote some years to the study of Euro- pean institutions, he sailed for England in 1837. He was speedily introduced to the best circles of society, was received with marked distinction by the members of th» bar and the bench, and was admitted to a degree of famil- iar intercourse with the highest intellectual classes, at that time rarely enjoyed by private gentlemen from this coun- try. He remained abroad for three years, and upon his return again occupied the chair at the Cambridge Law School, and after the death of Justice Story, in 1845, was unanimously pointed out by public opinion as his successor. He was disinclined, however, to the office, and accordingly the appointment was not made. '432 Eminent Thinkers and Woekeks. Though' decided in his political opinions; Mr. Sumnei ubstaihed from all active participation in the politics of the day, until the movement for the annexation of Texas. Although his tastes and habits were averse to public of- fice, he consented to become a candidate for the United States- Senate as successor to Daniel Webster, and waH elected to that post in 1851. His first important speech was upon the Fugitive Slave ■Act, and in it he argued that Congress had no power to legislate for the rendition of fugitive slaves. ' In the debate on the repeal of the Missouri Compro- mise, and on the Kansas outrages, which took place at the session of 1856, Mr. Sumner was one of the most prominent speakers. Some passages of an elaborate speech whibh he pronounced on the situation of afiairs in Kansas so irritated the members of Congress from South Carolina, that one of them, Preston S. Brooks, assaulted Mr. Sum- ner with a cane, during the recess of the Senate, while he was alone writing at his desk, and continued to strike him on he head until the Senator fell insensible to the floor. '.This hrutal and unparalleled outrage, not only against common decency, but upon the order and dignity of a •national assembly, created an immense excitement through- out the whole country, and had a most, powerful - effect upon the action of Congress with reference to those meas- ures afiecting the interests of slavery. For over three years following it he was almost dis- abled from attending to matters of public business. Two years were spent in Europe under medical treatment. 'When he appeared on the floor of the Senate in 1860, he resumed with even more ardor than before his hostility to ■ slavery. He took an active part in the Presidential con- test of that year, advocating the election of Lincoln. ■ During the late war he was generally found in the front rank of those who urged strong measures in the conduct FiiKDKRicK Edwin Chukoh. 433 of military operations. As Chairman of the Senate Com- mittee on Foreign llelations, which position lie held for ten years, he strongly urged the claims of the United States against Great Britain. With reference to the " Alabama Claims," his stand'was conspicuous for its pa- triotic earnestness. As an orator, he lias been pronounced one of the most brilliant of the day, and as an exponent of American ideas his career has been as honorable as it is conspicuous. He died in Washington, Marcb 11th, 1874. FREDERICK EDWIN CHURCH. Among the men who hare shed luster on the American name by the possession of talent and genius, aided by pa- tient study and careful, persistent labor, Frederick E. Church deserves a place. If he had painted but the single picture with which his name is so familiarly associ- ated, his truthful representation of that indescribable wonder of the world, Niagara, would have made him famous. Scenes which are so common as to leave on the mind a definite impression are easily reproduced by words ; but the majestic and solitary Niagara must be seen long and familiarly before the words of description convey to the hearer any satisfactory meaning. One who has not seen it has nothing in the mind which gives signifieance to words of description — moreover, language was not made in the presence of such scenery, and fails to meet such a want. The brush of the artist must fix the rolling flood as Church has done, with a fidelity which makes the be- holder fancy he sees the waters move and hears their cease- less voices ; then, and not till then, the reality of the great presence is felt. Mr. Church was born in Hartford^ Conn., May, 1826. When nineteen years old he was placed as a pupil under Cole, the well-known author of " The Voyage of Life," 19 434 Eminent Thinkers and Wokkbbs. who was then living at Catskill, N. T. His early works show great accuracy in drawing, a patient regard to detail an;l brilliancy of color, which qualities, together with an unusual felicity of subject, soon gained foi his pictures a ready sale and admittance to the galleries of the Academy of Design and Art Union. Mr. Cole often said of hia pupil that " he had the finest eye in the world for draw- ing." That he had marked natural gifts is certain, but he never failed to improve his opportunities for study and practice. His life had been divided between almost in- cessant work at his home in New York and sketching excursions to Maine, Labrador, the West Indies, and the Gulf country of South America, not forgetting the beau- tiful scenery of his own State. His famous picture of the Falls of Niagara, produced in 1857, secured at once an extended popularity. He was himself made aware, in a somewhat grotesque way, of the general approbation re- Bpecting it. A short time after its,exhibition he went to the Falls, and made some further sketches of diflTerent points, and while thus engaged, one of a party of loiterers, seeing him at woi k, ventured to inspect his sketch. The self-appointed critic scrutinized the paper, and then, with an air of mingled contempt and pity, exclaimed, " Pshaw ! you ought to see Church's Niagara." " I painted it," was the modest and smiling reply. The poor critic would fain have buried himself amid the whirl of Niagara just then. The European critics declared that " Niagara * gave them an entirely new and higher view both of Amer lean nature and art. Ruskin bestowed upon it the highest praise, and, to use the words of the English critics, " m the rush of waters and the fine atmospheric efiects it realized the idea of sound as well as motion." Before this, Church had painted several other admirable works, among which we may mention "A Scene on Catskill Crefek" (1847), "Rutland Falls, Vt." (1848), "Above the Clouds Frederick Edwin Church. 4:]fl — Snnrise," " The Plague of Darkness," " Evening After a Storm " (1849). In that year he was elected by the Na- tional Academy of Design a full academician, an hoiur lo.ldom, if ever accorded to one so young. In 18fi0 hp FREDERICK EDWIN CHUBCH. produced a large twilight scene, called "Short Arbiter 'twixt Day and Night," and " Ira Mountains, Vt." In 1851 followed " Deluge," " Beacon Light off Mount Des- ert," and "New England Scenery." These pictures at 436 Eminent Thinkers and Workeks. once placed him among the foremost of American artists. The last picture mentioned was sold at the disruption of the Art Union, in December, 1852, for |1,300— at that time an unprecedented price for any landscape painting. Ill 1854 ho visited the mountains of New Grenada, South America^ and in the Academy Exhibition of 1855 were tlie " Cordilleras— Sunrise," "Tamaca Palms," " La Mag- dalena," and the "Falls of Tequendama." In 1857 the artist made a second visit to South America, besides paint- ing " Niagara," of which we have already spoken. At the exhibition of 1857 he exhibited " Autumn," a "View on the Magdalena River," and the " Andes of the Equator," one of his finest color pieces, described by a critic as a " landscape which seemed a quivering haze upon the wall. It was a representation of heat itself." The years 1858 and 1859 were principally spent upon the " Heart of the Andes," a picture of the utmost elaboration and splendoi', and one of the most extensively known of his pictures. After "A Morning in the Tropics" and "Twilight in the Wilderness," in 1861 he produced "The Icebergs," from sketches made in the summer of 1850, when the artist chartered a small schooner and cruised among the ice islands. This picture commanded universal admiration and the highest critical tributes. Mr. Church finished a second " Niagara " in time for the Paris Expo- , sition of 1867, and was awarded a medal of the second class, the first being reserved for historical art only. Mr. Church resides on the bank of the Hudson River, near the city of Hudson, N. T. SAMUEL PINLEY BREESE MORSE Was the oldest son of the Rev. Jedediah Morse, D.D., the author of Morse's Geography, a school-book universally known. He was born at Charlestown, Massachusetts, on Samuel Fiwley Beeese Moese. 431 the 27th of April, 1791. His mother was a Miss Breese, a descendant of the Rev. Samuel Finley, D.D., a former President of Princeton College. Young Morse had a passion for painting so sti-ong that, in 1811, soon after graduating from Yale College, hia father sent him to Europe, that he might perfect himself in the art to which he desired to devote his life. Pie bad letters to West and Copley, and soon had the satisfaction to excite the peculiar regard of the former, who was in the zenith of his fame. In May, 1813, his picture of the "Dying Hercules" was exhibited at the Royal Academy, Somerset House, eliciting much commendation. Auxiliary to the painting of this picture, he had modeled a figure of "Hercules" in plaster, which he sent to the Society of Arts to take its chance for a prize in sculpture. His ad- venture was successful, and, on the 13th May, 1813, hci publicly received a gold medal, with high commendation from the Duke of Norfolk, then presiding. In August, 1815, Morse returned to his own country flushed with high hopes, based on Lis success abroad. Ho opened rooms in Boston, where he exhibited his " Judg- ment of Jupiter;" but for a whole year he did not receive a single oifer for that picture or a single order for any other of an historical character. This was a cruel disap- pointment; for in that direction his ambition lay. He betook himself to portrait painting, and in that pursuit visited various towns in New Hampshire. In a few months he returned with considerable money, acquired by painting small portraits at fifteen dollars each. On that trip he became acquained with Miss Walker, whom he afterward married. He also fell in with a Southern gentleman, who assured him that he could get abundant employment in the South at quadruple prices. He went to Charleston, and stopped with an uncle who resided there, and though for a time his prospects were gloomy, a portrait of bis iiiS Eminent Thinkees aitd Woekee8. ancle finally attracted so much attention that orders a; sixty dollars each came in much faster than he could exe- cute thein. With three thousand dollars in hand, and a numher of large engagements, he returned to New England and married Miss Walker. For four successive winters PROF. S. F. B. MOBSB, At the age of forty-four, when he had completed his great invention. he returned to Charleston for the practice of his art, where he was not only successful, but was respected and beloved. Tn 1825 he was bereaved by the sudden death of his wife. He now made New York his place of residence. In the fall of 1825 he was active in organizing a drawing Samuel Finlet Beeese Mokse. 439 association, which constituted the germ of the " N&tional Academy of Design," of which he was President for many years after its organization. PEOF. B. F. B. MOKSE, AT EIGHTY. In 1827 he delivered, before the New York Atheuasum, the first course of lectures on the fine arts ever delivered in America. 440 Eminebtt Thinkers and Workees. In 1829 he again visited Europe, spending three years among the artists and collections of art in. England, Italy, and France. In Paris, he painted the interior of the Louvre, copying in miniature the most remarkable paint- ings hanging on its walls. In the fall of 1832 he returned to tlie United States, and resumed his position as President of the National Academy of Design, to which post he was elected every year during his absence. The department of activity in which Morse acquired his world-wide reputation — electro-magnetism — now claims our attention. During his collegiate course at Yale he had been in- structed by Professor Silliman in all that was then known on the subject of electricity and the formation of electric batteries. During the residence of his family at New Ha- ven, or about 1&24, enjoying the friendship of Professor Silliman, and having free access to his laboratory, he ob- tained from those sources full information of the progress of electrical discovery and science from 1810 up to that time. In the winter of 1826-7 he attended a series of lec- tures on electricity, delivered by Professor Dana in New York, and there saw the first electro-magnet which prob- ably ever was exhibited in America. Thus far, Morse had felt no other interest in electric science than that of a lively curiosity. During his voyage •from Europe, in 1832, circumstances occurred which awak- ened new thoughts, and opened a new path to distinction. On board the packet-ship Sully, in which he embarked, he met with Dr. C. T. Jackson, of Boston, Hon. William C. Rives, of Virginia, J. Francis Fisher, of Philadelphia, and several other intelligent men. The conversation embraced a great variety of topics,' among which recent experiments in galvanism and electro-magnetism had a prominent place. Statements made by Dr. Jackson in relation to certain results he had recently vyitnessed in France suggested to Samuel Finlet Beeese Morse. 441 Professor Morse the idea that either the electro-chemica or electro-magnetic effect of the current might be used to make permanent marks at great distances so varied as to communicate ideas. The project took full possession of his mind, and was the subject of his daily conversation and nightly dreams. He found the shapes of the Roman letters and Arabic figures, being composed of straight lines and irregular angles and curves, ill suited to be made at a distance by any simple machinery. He therefore changed their forms, making them of a straight line cut up into dots and dashes, and his letters and figures were made up of various combinations of these elements. This part of his invention was substantially matured on board the Sully, and drawn out in a sketch-book. He had also prepared and di-awn out in the same book a form of appa- ratus to make the letters and figures by the electro-chemi- cal process, upon prepared paper, passing under the end of a wire or stylus, through which the electric current derived from the distant battery should be made to pass. He had also devised a species of types to be used in break- ing and closing the circuit, and giving greater or less duration to the current, as might be required to make a dash or a dot. It was agreed between him and Dr. Jack- son that the latter, who had a laboratory, should try a series of experiments, to detern'ine what chemical solution was best adapted to the purpose. So engrossed was the mind of Professor Morse with this project, that immediately after passing salutations with his brothers on landing at New York, he mentioned it to them, and immediately set himself at work to cast the type intended for the breaking and closing of the circuit, preparatory to the construction of the other machinery. But Dr. Jackson failed to make the promised experiments, and Professor Morse, sufiering under the blight of pov erty, had no funds to purchase the necessary material, 442 Emiitent Thinkeks and Woekebs. and was obliged to resort to his pencil for the means of subsistence. Far from relinquishing his great project, it was the sub- ject of constant thought ; and, hearing nothing from Dr. Jackson, lie devised a plan for making his letters and fig- ures by (ilectro-magnetism. Iq 1835 Morse was appointed a professor in the Univer- sity of New York. Having a room in the University, he constructed, of rude materials, a miniature telegraph, em- bracing all the elements of an electro-magnetic telegraph, composed of a single circuit, which he afterward patented. This was shown to a few friends before the close of 1835. In 1832 his friend Dr. Gale had been appointed a professor in the same University. To him Professor Morse showed his instrument and disclosed all his plans. That an effect- ive telegraph could be made on a very short circuit there was no doubt ; but experiments indicated that the mag- netic influence of the electric current rapidly diminished as the length of the circuit was extended, so as to make it uncertain at what distance sufficient power to make a mark, or even produce motion, could be obtained. Morse con- ceived a plan by which he could mark at any distance where he could produce motion. This was by employing the motiou obtained upon a first circuit to break and close a second, which migt^t be made as short as necessary to obtain marking power. But the idea did not stop there ■ it contemplated the use of the second circuit to close and bleak a third, and so on indefinitely. The obvious incon-- veniences of this plan, so far as the recording is concerned, are obviated by the introduction of the local circuits. In- ilead of shortening the main circuits, so that the power of tlieir batteries shall be sufficient to record on all parts of the circuits, they may be extended as far as motion can bo obtained, and this motion is used to break and close a local circuit wherever a station may be wanted. At first, the Samuel Fii^let Beeese Morse, 443 recording apparatus was only a register workod by an electro-magnet in the main circuit. Now, the recording apparatus consists of a local battery and circuit, a registei magnet and register, called into action by an electro-mag- net in the main circuit. Professor Morse's merits as an inventor have been Eeverely criticised, and attempts have been made to con- 6ne them to very narrow limits. What they really are is now pretty well established, as may be seen from the fol- lowing facts, which are very interesting in the history ol the telegraph: In 1819 Oersted discovered that a current of electricity, passing on a conductor, would deflect the magnetic needle wljen brought near it. This was the discovery of electro- magnetism. In 1810 Schwieger conceived that if the cur- rent was made to pass many times around the needle by means of a coU of insulated wire, it would increase the force of the deflection. On trial the result was as he ex- pected. This coil is called " Schwieger's Multiplier." In 1825 Sturgeon conceived that if the electric current were sent through a wire coiled around a piece of iron, it would produce magnetism in the iron. He tried the experiment by insulating a round bar of iron, winding a naked wire spirally around it, and passing a current through the wire. The iron became magnetic. This was the inventior of the electro-magnet. About 1830 Professor Henry conceived that if Schweig- er's multiplier were applied to Sturgeon's electro-magnet, it would much increase its magnetic force. He wound insulated wire around the naked iron bar, making many turns, and, passing the current through it, found the result to be as he expected. A variety of batteries had been invented, but one thing was yet wanting ; that was, some means of renewing the magnetic force of the electric current before it becomes 444 Eminent Thinkers and Workers, entirely exhausted by reason of the length of the circuit That desiflei-atum Professor Morse supplied by l)is com- bined circuits. This, with his alphabet and the new mech- anism employed by him, constitutes Morse's invention; and these, in combination with the new result jiroduced by him, are all he claimed. Foreign countries have done honor to the American inventor. A telegraphic convention of the German States, of which Professor Steiiiheil was the leading spirit, recom- mending Morse's invention in preference to his own, adopt- ed it for general use throughout Germany. He has re ceived honorary testimonials from the Sultan of Turkey, the kings of Prussia, Wurtemburg, Italy, Portugal and Denmark, the Legion of Honor from the Emperor of France, Knight Commander of the Order of Isabella from the Queen of Spain, while the French Academy and the most distinguished savans in France and England concede bis merits. Professor Morse prosecuted his experiments and re- searches in electro-magnetism with all the ardor of his nervous character, foregoing, to a great extent, even the practice of his art, upon which he depended chiefly for support. The invention of the magnetic telegraph was completed by Professor Morse in 1835, but improved by him after- ward. In 1838 he petitioned Congress for means to con- struct an experimental line from Washington to Baltimore. Though men saw the ajDparatus work,' and messages were sent through its short wires, many were skeptical as to its power to work at any considerable distance, and the majority, as it usually treats its greatest benefactors in every age, ridiculed the whole project as the fanciful dream of an unsound or misled mind. He turned to for- eign countries and could obtain, even in England and Prance, no substantia] guarantees, at that time, under tlicir Samuel Finley Breese Morse. 448 patent laws, and he came home to battle for four weary, poverty-stricken years, not discouraged, but deteripined to attempt again to interest his countrymen in behalf of his invention. He attended upon committees, explaining his invention, session after session, only to see party politics and official stupidity push his great cause into the shade. The session of Congress of 1842-3, however, was memor- able in Morse's history. He had worked, watched, and waited till late into the last night of the session, and be- lieving his prospects to be crushed in the scramble of a closing Congress, he retired, like a repulsed hero, to his bed, but was awakened on the morning of the 4th of March, 1843, by the announcement that the bill had passed at midnight appropriating $30,000 to be placed at his dis- posal to make his experimental line to Baltimore. In 1844 the line was completed; the experiment was a success, and the world was thus made a compact brotherhood by the practical annihilation of space and time — at least for thought — civilization was set ahead a century in a day, and the name of Morse and telegraphy were wedded for aU future time. Within thirty years the whole civilized world has been united by a network of wires tremulous with intelligence, pulsating alike under the oceans and over the lands, and, forgetful of distance, belting the globe with a thousand nerves of thought. Professor Morse realized a handsome fortune from his telegraphic patents, and lived at a beautiful place of his own near Poughkeepsie, on the Hudson. Different foreign nations have since loaded him with medals and decorations, and vied with each other in doing him honor, while his proud and grateful countrymen have erected statues and monuments to his memory, ard en« shrined him in their reverence and love. Happily he lived to see and know that he was thui 446 Eminent Tiiinkeks and Wokkers. appreciated; and, iDlessed with ample wealth, with honor and wodd-wide esteem, he died, April 2, 1872, aged eighty- one years. We do not mention Professor Morse's faults. He was human, and must have had faults. We never heard them spoken of, and never inquired about them. The world accepts gratefully his eminent benefaction, and woul/ willingly forget any faults he may have had. Though the sun is said to have dark spots, his effulgence effect- ually hides them from the gaze of men, and we thankfully bathe in his beneficent beams, forgetting everything but his brightness. HARRIET G. HOSMER, THE SCULPTOK. In this fine and firm organization are the indications of physical vigor, intellectual ability, skill, taste, self-reliance and force of character. Miss Hosmer, the most widely known among the American female sculptors at Rome, was born in Watertown, Mass., on the 19th of October, 1830. Her father, an eminent physician of that town, having lost his wife and only other child by consumption, impressed upon Harriet the necessity of good physical training, then and now so much neglected among gii'ls. Accordingly, her childhood and youth were spent in occu- pations and pursuits more like those of a boy than of the conventional young lady. She delighted in her horse and dog, and became expert in riding, shooting, swimming, Tcwing, skating, and other out-of-door sports. Vigorous m body and bright in mind, she was not easily amenable to discipline when placed under instructors, and many anecdotes are related of her practical jokes and boyish freaks. She is said to have been expelled from one school and pronounced incorrigible in another. At the ago of Harriet G. Hosmee. 449 sizteen she entered the celebrated school of Miss Sedg- wick, of Lenox, Mass., and under her judicious care, and the excellent intellectual and social influences of that delightful village, her bold and turbulent nature seems to have been successfully restrained, and she improved rapidly in knowledge, self-control, and development, while her active habits of body continued. Although restrained, EABREET O. HOBMEB. her bold and fearless nature was not eradicated, for the high-spirited girl has developed into an equally fearless, Iiigh-spirited, and unconventional woman, whose eccentrici- ties have for years been the standing wonder of the Romans. At a comparatively early age she began to give much attention to modeling figures in clay, and after leav- ing Miss Sedgwick's school her early predilections ripened 448 Eminent Thxnkees and Wokkees. into the purpose to make sculpture a pursuit. She accord ingly entered the studio of Mr. Stephenson, of Boston, for lessons in drawing and modeling, and at the same time studied anatomy with her father; and in the fall of 1850, while visiting a school friend in St. Louis, took advantage of the consent of the medical college there to admit female students, and went through the regular college course, receiving a diploma for her attainments; and the mimense value of the knowledge she thus acquired has shown itself in all her subsequent work. She traveled ill the West unattended, visited the Dacota Indians and the Falls of St. Anthony (when that region was new) climbed to the summit of what was deemed an inaccessible bluff, and finally returned to her New England home to occupy a studio her father had prepared for her in the garden. The muscular adaptation and strength gained by her vig- orous physical exercise greatly eontributed to her success in the manipulation of clay. She now produced her first works in marble — a reduced copy of Canova's bust of Na- poleon, and an ideal head called "Hesper." The latter was much praised at the time. Her next task was to cut in marble a copy of her friend's likeness by Clevenger. Miss Hosmer now resolved to carry out at once the one aspiration of all artists — namely, to go to Rome. This resolution was intensified and fixed by an acquaintance formed at this time with Miss Charlotte Cushman, tlie well-known actress and in the autumn of 1852, accom- panied by her father and new friend, she reached the Eternal City. Dr. Hosmer at once took daguerreotypes of "Hesper" to Mr. John Gibson, the English sculptor, and asked him to allow Miss Hosmer to become his pnpil. At first he hesitated, but after examining the evidences of the young lady's proficiency, he consented, and she was soon at work amid the marble wonders of that renowned artist's studio in the Via Fontauella. Her per- Haeeiet G. Hosmek 449 sevorance and industry were remarkable. She spent her first months in modeling from the antique. She copied the head of " Venus de Milo," the " Cupid " of Praxiteles, and the " Tasso " of the British Museum, alternating her art studies with gallops across the Campagna unattended, to the astonishment of both natives and foreigners. Her first original attempt was a head of " Daphne," then one of " Medusa," both of which were completed in 1853. They were sent to Samuel Appleton, Esq., of Boston, and two copies of the "Daphne" were subsequently ordered. Gibson recognized both patience and progress in her studies. In the summer of 1853 she finished her first full- length figure in marble — a statue of the nymph CEnone, ^e shepherd-wife whom Paris deserted for Helen This was ordered by her friend Wayland Crow, Esq., of St. Louis, and gave so much satisfaction that she at once received a commission to execute a similar work for the Mercantile Library in St. Louis. This commission was filled two years later by a life-sized statue of " Beatrice Cenci," representing the maiden lying in her cell after the torture had been applied and just before her execution. Both these statues are very beautiful, the latter especially, which has been pronounced her best woi'k. In them are conspicuous the qualities which have characterized all her later work : clearly conceived ideas, marked simplicity and directness in working them out, unfailing perceptions of the just limitations of her art, and a thorough knowledge of all its mechanical possibilities. Miss Hosmer's next work was a statue of " Puck," an exquisitely humorous little figure, based on Shakspeare'a description of the fairy, and one of the most pleasing and characteristic of her works. This statue, which was finished in 1855, was sent to the Hon. Samuel Hooper, of Boston, and three copies of it are in noble collections in England. Among her other works are a colossal Btatnc 450 Eminent Thinkers and Wobkers. of Zenobia, architectural in style, with highly finished drapery, massive and dignified ; a bronze statue of heroic size of Col. Thomas Hart Benton, which now stands in Lafayette Park, St. Louis, and which has been pronounced by an able critic " the best specimen of monumental statu- ary in America ;" a " mortuary monument " in the Church of San Andrew del Fratte at Rome ; " Will-o'-the-Wisp," now in the possession of Mr. George Low, of Boston ; the " Sleeping Faun," which found many admirers in the I'aris Exposition of 1867 ; the " Waking Faun," a companion of the latter ; a statue of a drowned girl, illustrating Hood's " Bridge of Sighs ;" designs for gateways, fountains, and chimney-pieces, and, grandest of all, though not yet carried . out, a design for the Freedmen's Monument to Lincoln. Miss Hosmer is yet in the prime of life, being but forty- three years old ; and we may hope that many niore will yet be added to the above list of marbles before the final record of her work is made up. Her studio is said to be the most beautiful in Rome, and she occupies a leading Dosition in the art society of the Eternal City. HORACE B. CLAFLIN. Among the great merchants of America, Horace B. Claflin justly merits a place in the first rank. The head of a wholesale dry-goods establishment, whose annual sales exceed those of any other exclusively wholesale house in New York, he has been the chief instrumentality of its origin, growth, and present vast proportions. Great as have been his achievements, he walks modestly among men. There is no display, no haughtiness of man- ner, and few would suspect his power or position. Those who know how to estimate the quality of organization, however, instantly recognize in him that fineness and com- pactness of texture which give facility of motion, clearness Horace B. Claflin. 451 and rapidity of thought, and that elasticity of both body and mind which works easily and effectively. He stands about five feet six inches high, and weiglis about one hun- dred and forty pounds, and has a large head compared with the size of his body. Not one man in fifty thousand has so fine a skin. He is extremely clean and delicate ; not feeble or sickly, but has that quality which indicates refinement, sensitiveness, and susceptibility. If he were devoted to physical labor in a line which did not require a great deal of strength, not one man in ten would turn off more work than he. Anything which re- quired accuracy, rapidity, precision, he would do to per- fection ; and since his habits are very temperate and cor- rect, he gets the full benefit of all his natural endowments. Another marked feature of his organization is the har- mony or balance of his developments. He has a very retentive memory ; can attend to all the details of business, and hold all, as it were, in his grasp. His success in life has been doubtless the result of clear ness of thought, ready and rapid intuitive judgments, sound common sense, gi-eat industry, guided by a sound moral culture, and a thorough practical 'business training, which he obtained in his native State, and where he won succoi=h as a merchant before seeking the wider and more respoii- gible field of business in New York. He was bom at Milford, Massachusetts, in 1812. His tather was a merchant, doing business in that growing town, and gave to Horace the best opportunities for an education the place afforded. We are told that the elder Clafiin was " a good specimen of the type of industrious, frugal, religious, and rather intolerant, but humorous grandfathers of the present generation of New England men and women," and doubtless destined his son to play his part in life in some useful department of industry. Soon after leaving school ho was installed in his father';^ 452 Emikent Thinkers and Workers. Btore as a clerk. There he became familiar with the rou- tine of country store-keeping, and acquired that miscella- neous business knowledge which a bright boy would pick ap naturally in the course of several years' experience. Having attained to his majority, he proposed to pur- chase the business of his father, and, with a young friend associated as partner, did so. The new firm had but little capital besides the elder Claflin's " good-will " and his own staunch probity to sustain it; but it soon commenced to prosper, and did well during the two years of its con- tinuance in Milford. Concluding that their energy would find more scope and better returns, Mr. Claflin and hi? partner, Mr. Daniels, removed to Worcester, Mass., and there opened a store. Fair dealing, unwearied enterprise, and liberal advertis- ing early procured a large and increasing trade for the young men. Mr. Claflin was one of the few business men of that early day who appreciated the utility of judicious advertising. In the start he employed the local papers to make his firm extensively known, and as business increased he enlarged his advertising list until it contained all the leading newspapers of the Eastern States. In half a dozen years his Worcester house had become as well known throughout New England as the great New York estab- lishment of "H. B. Claflin & Co." is now known in all parts of the Union. In 1843 Mr. Claflin sold out his intei-est in the business at Worcester, and came to New York city. Mr. W. II. Buckley joined him in the venture he purposed to make in this great commercial center, and the new firm of Claflin & Buckley opened a store in the wholesale dry-goods line in Cedar Street. In six years the business had grown so laige that it was deemed necessary to find more ample aoccmmodatioiis. The store known as No. 57 Broadway was built and occupied in 1850, but at the end of two Horace B. Claflin. 453 years that ■was found too small to meet the inoreaaing patronagei. Another removal was therefore determined on, and in 1853 the firm, which had been changed by the H0KA.CE B. CLAFLIN. retirement of Mr. Buckley and the joining of Mr. Mellen and one or two others, formerly clerks, took possession of the large store in what is generally known as Trinity 454 Eminent Thinkeus and Woekees. Building, at the upper corner of Trinity church-yard, which had been erected especially for its accommodation. Mr. Claflin's comprehensive business intellect courted the remiirkable extension of his trade, and seemed to ex- hibit the greater energy with each addition. The reputa- tion of his establishment became widely circulated, hig customers came from all parts of the Union, and alwayi received from him liberal consideration. The great commercial distress of 1856^ while it cramped the affairs of Claflin, Mellen & Co. to no small degree, did not prevent them from meeting their obligations promptly, and in its final results considerably strengthened their credit in public esteem. Between 1857 and 1860 the tide of business flowing to their doors was ever on the increase ; the amount of goods sold the last year mentioned involved thirteen and a half millions of dollars. In fact, the ware- rooms in Trinity Building, large as they were, had become too small in 1860 for the still growing trade of C, M. & Co., and they were obliged to cast about for a larger place. The site fronting on West Broadway, Worth, and Church streets was selected, and the colossal building, now so well known, was erected where formerly stood old dilapidated tenements, the abodes of want and sin, from the vicinage of which respectable people turned with loathing. With the erection of his new warehouse Mr. Claflin inaugurated a new era in that miserable quarter. The old_ buildings rapidly disappeared, and extensive and beautiful stores took their places, and the region became . a great nucleus of wholesale traffic. A few years after the new building was occupied soma changoB occurred in the firm, Mr. Mellen retiring, and a new partnership being formed under the style of H. B. Claflin & Co. But the business continued as before, with the same phenomena of growth. Horace B. Claflin. 45ft In 1862 the goods sold amounted to thirty-eight milliona of dollars; in 1865 to the amount of sixty-eight millions, and in 1866 seventy-two millions. The commercial de- pression suhseqiient to 1866 has somewhat reduced Mr. Claflin's sales, but his establishment maintains the lead among the wholesale houses of the city. A glimpse of the dry-goods palace in which so much business is done may interest the reader. The main build- ing is eighty feet wide by three hundred and seventy-five feet long, seven stories in height', including basements, and is buUt of Nova Scotia sandstone, in a style adapted to economize space as well as to afford the greatest possible strength. Besides this, the subsequent addition measures fifty by one hundred and twenty feet, and, taken with the large part, gives a floor area of about six acres. In this vast space are stored the products of a thousand factories, and the work of hundreds of thousands of people in every quarter of the globe. Tiers of open cases, displaying the finest fabrics, meet the eye of a visitor on entering the broad doorways. Long lines of counters, supporting piles of foreign and domestic stuffs, each, however, in its propel department, excite the wonder of the uninitiated, and in- duce the question. Whence do all these come, and whither do they go ? The number of men employed in the different depai"t- ments of this warehouse exceeds seven hundred, and although the discipline exercised over so many is necessa- rily strict, no man in the city of New Yoi-k enjoys more of the confidenpe and esteem of his subordinates than Mr, Claflin. He is a mellow, accessible man, of large and judi- ■ cioas charity, and at the same time quiet and altogether anassumiijg. His liberality in adjusting claims against insolvent debtors is well known, many an unfortunate tradesman owing his re-establishment in business to a few words of encouragement on the part of Mr. Claflin, coupled 456 Eminent Thinkers and Wokkeks. with a liberal extension of time for the payment of liabili- ties due H. B. Claflin & Co. Mr. Claflin is of medium height and well proportioned. His appearance is that of a younger man than he is by at least seven years, while his physical activity and mental energy are unimpaired, enabling him still to preside oyer all the operations of his immense establishment. Having an excellent constitution, fortified by a prudent course of life, he seems likely to tread for many years longer the path of usefulness which in youth he marked out before him, .and which he has pursued, not with the sordid am- bition of the monopolist, but with an honest philanthropic aim. Mr. Claflin is ejninently a self-made man. He has carved out his own fortune by his own energy and sagacity, and while he has grown in wealth and influence, he has not become too proud to work, or too haughty to meet com- mon men and make them feel at ease in his presence. Men like the man, and are willing he should acquire wealth, for it does not seem to spoil him. JOHN ROGERS, THE SCTTLPTOR. The genius of the sculptor is variously estimated. One, like Powers, excels in single figures in calm and restful attitudes. Rogers is known for the production of those matchless groups, each full of character, sentiment, and action, which, go where we may in America or Europe, are found among choice artistic collections. Mr. Rogers was born at Salem, Mass., on the 30th of October, 1829, and after receiving a good common school education, was placed as a cloi-k in a Boston store. Ho remained in that connection but two years, finding it quite oncoEgenial to his tastes. John Rogers. 467 In early boyhood a strong fondness for druwing and painting had shown itself, and though parents and frienda sought to discourage and root up the artistic germs, ha was not to be more than temporarily diverted from chei- ishing it. An opportunity offered him to join the engi- JOHN ROGERS. neers at ■work on the Cochituate water works was accept- ed. Here his aptitude for draughting was exercised with the most encouraging success. But his enthusiasm was too earnest for his physical endurance ; his eyes were im- paired, and to avoid their serious injury he gave up his confining employment. A voyage to Spain and back for the benefit of his health was made; and soon after hig 40 458 EMiNEiirT Thinkers and Woekees. return, in 1848, -we find him at the bench of a machine- shop, in Manchester, N. H., learning the trade of a ma- chinist. For seven years he labored in the different de- partments of his shop; but in the meantime he never forgot his old artistic yearnings. He found time to pursue his studies in modeling figures in clay. As he became more and more skillful in modeling, his duties in the ma chine-shop became more and more irksome; but as his friends were not willing to assist him in his hopes, he was obliged to keep at the machinery. In 1856 he took charge of a railroad shop at Hannibal, Missouri. The financial crisis of 1857, however, -caused a suspension of work and threw him out of employment. Having some means at command, he determined then to visit Paris and Rome, and reap what advantage he could in the study of classic art. Accordingly, he spent eight months in France and Italy, but without the success he had hoped for : the works of the old masters had awak- ened but little enthusiasm. His taste and genius seemed to be peculiarly his own, and not sufficiently in accord with classicism to find encouragement therein. Mr. Rogers returned from his artistic survey in Europe with feelings somewhat depressed. He found employ- ment in the office of the city surveyor of Chicago, and in ft short time won the favor of his principal by his skill and industry. A few months after his establishment in Chicago, he made a venture in the artistic line by placing at the disposal of a fair, in the interest of some charitable sibject, a group of "checker players" which he had care- luUy modeled. This work at once drew public attention, and was highly applauded by newspaper critics for itu characteristic expression and faithfulness to nature. The work which brought him into successful notoriety, and encouraged him to think that he could depend on art for support as well as reputation, is the " Slave Auction," John Rogees. 459 which he modeled in Chicago, and afterward brought to New York for exhibition in 1859, a time at which the slavery question was culminating in the John Brown raid and the secession movement of the next year. This group took hold of popular sentiment at once, and his talent for designing and modeling was generally acknowledged to be of a high order. H& opened a studio in New York, and zealously went to work. Orders came in freely for his designs, so that he found it necessary to reproduce his groTips by the best mechanical aids he could find or in- vent. To the "Checker Players" and "Slave Auction" he soon added the "Village Schoolmaster," the "Town Pump," the "Picket Guard," " Camp Fire," "Sharpshoot- ers," " Union Refugees," and " Country Post-Oi#ce." The effective manner in which Mr. Rogers hit off character in these groups — a veritable rendering into sculpture the detail of the canvas — commanded attention everywhere, and the low price at which the groups were furnished to ' the public — about three dollars — won for him the appreci- ation of all classes. His incidents of the civil war are admirable examples of truthful expression ; and in the selection of subjects he has shown unwonted tact as well as fertility of judgment. The " Home Guard," " Bushwhacker," " Returned Volun- teer," "Taking the Oath, and Drawing Rations," "Mail Day," " Wounded Scout,""" One More Shot," must long remain in favor ; the " Wounded Scout," " Taking the Oath, and Drawing Rations" being, perhaps, of those enumerated, the most highly esteemed for their touching thought, silent eloquence, and merit as works of art. The " Fairy's. Whisper " is a graceful design, represent- ing the form of a fairy rising out of fern leaves, with her tiny mouth at the ear of ar boy who is leaning over ic listening surprise and pleasure. 460 Eminent Thinkers and Workeks. Among Mr. Rogers' later designs are the "Charity Patient," the "Council of War," "Uncle Ned's School," the " Courtship in Sleepy Hollow," the " School Exam- ination." The chief feature which is stamped upon every produc- tion of Mr. Rogers is its distinctive nationality. The spirit of the age has animated him-; and he can not be said to owe aught to foreign schools besides, his well- known distaste for the emulation of classic style so preva- lent among artists. A steady industry, the practical mastery of three mechanical trades, and genuine art talent, have made him a successful and honored man. • JOHN A. ROEBLING. Mr, Roehling, the, distinguished civil engineer, was burh June 12, 1806, ^t Muhlhausen, in Thuringia, Prussia. He received the degree of C.E. from the Royal Polytechnic School at Berlin, and it is worthy of notice that the sub- ject of his graduating thesis was " Suspension Bridges.'' With this class of structures his name will ever be iden tified. He came to the United States in 1831, and bought a considerable tract of land near Pittsburg, Penn. He soon after commenced the practice of his profession, and con- tinued it upon various railways and canals for more than ten years before the time ripened for him to carry out his ideas of a suspension bridge. In 1844, having previously commenced the manufacture of wire rope, he was awarded the contract for reconstruct- ing the wooden aqueduct of the Pennsylvania Canal across the Alleghany River, upon the suspension principle, which he successfully accomplished. This aqueduct consisted of seven spans, each 162 feet in length. The wooden trunk vhich held the water was supported by two continijoiMi John A. Koebling. 461 wire cables, seven inches in diameter. The baspension bridge across the Monongahela, at Pittsburg, succeeded. This bridge has eight spans 188 feet long, and the cable* are four and a half inches in diameter. JOHN A. EOEBI/INa. Mr. Roebbng contracted, in 1848, to erect four suspen- Bion aqueducts on the line of the Delaware and Hudson Canal, all of which were completed in due time. In 1851 the great suspension bridge at Niagara was cominenccd. 462 Eminent Thinkers and Woekees. and was completed so that the first locomotive irossed in March, 1855. This was an engineering feat that compelled the universal acknowledgment of Mr. Roebling's great genius. The subsequent works of Mr. Roebiing were the bridge over the Alleghany River, at Pittsburg — the most eleg»ut suspension bridge, probably, on this continent — and the Ohio bridge at Cincinnati, completed in 1867. His name and reputation have acquired a greater prom- inence within the past few years because of his zealous activity in connection with the great East River bridge, which is to connect New York city with Brooklyh. His plans and specifications were accepted as the most practi- cabl<\ and he. was engaged for some months previous to the jtccident which' caused his death, July 22d, 1869, in perfecting the surveys of the river banks, and other mat- ters preliminary to the actual beginning of the great work. The injury he sustained was receive^d while examining the approaches of the projected bridge. Being absorbed in some measurement, he did not notice a ferry-boat com- ing into its slip, which, pressing against the rack of the dock, forced it back, and so crushed his foot. Mr. Roebiing left a son, who has given his whole atten- tion to -the same line of business, and who is said to be fully competent to carry on the work so well, designed by his father. The work upon which, at the time of his death he was just entering — ^the bridging of the East River by a single spai, 1,600 feet long — was with him a favorite idea for several years before it attracted much attention from those most nearly interested. The plans which he had so carefully and studiously matured for this magnificent projected bridge are being followed by his son, who has been selected to succeed him Bs chief engineer. Chaeles Dickens. 463 His life, character, and halbiU afibrd a splendid exampla for young men. He entered upon life without means or influential friends. His honor, his earnestness of purpose, and perseverance against all difficulties and the prejudices of men who opposed and sometimes ridiculed his projects, secured for him both. Mr. Roebling had a full-sized brain on a well-propor- tioned body; a very active mind, in keeping with his clearly-marked Motive-Sfental temperament. His Con- Btructi veness, Concentrativeness, Firmness, and Self-Esteem were large. His perceptive organs were also large and active. As a whole, the head and body were well formed, and the character was in harmony with the same. It was by close industry, by the use of his faculties, that he gained fame and fortune. CHARLES DICKENS. On the evening of the 8th of June, IS^O, while enter- taining a party of friends at his house, near London, Charles Dickens, the eminent novelist, journalist, etc;, suddenly expired from an attack of apoplexy. His death created a profound impression on both sides of the Atlantic. Mr. Dickens had become, by his cosmopolitan spirit, and by that brotherly sympathy which makes all men kin, entitled to the " freedom " of every country, especially where the English language is spoken. His writings are read and relished, and make him seem as near to us as he possibly could be to those of England, where his labor was done and where his body reposes. He had a large brain, chiefly developed in the front, side, and back head. The intellectual lobe, including both the percL-ptive and reflective groups, was of large size. Language was very large ; Ideality, Sublimity, Imitation, Mirthfulness. Human Nature, Constructiveness, and Be- 464 Eminent Thinkeks and Wokkeks, nevolence were well marked. His Veneration and Con- scientiousness were moderate. Dickens was not strong in the spiritual, the devotional, though he possessed bound- less sympathy; and he knew, like a aramatist, how to touch the affections and the sympathies of others. He was born at Portsmouth, England, February 7th, 1812; educated at Chatham and Rochester, and com- menced the study of law in London. After two years' experience as an attorney's clerk, he left the law for liter- al are, taking first a reporter's position on a newspaper. From 1838 to 1842 he wrote "Oliver Twist," "Nich- olas Nickleby," " Master Humphrey's Clock," " Old Curi- osity Shop," and "Barnaby Rudge," which served to assure his numerous readers that they had not mistaken the real genius of the author of Pickwick. The fertility of his imagination and the facility of his pen may be in- ferred from this immense amount of work in so short a time. In 1842 he ^isited the United States, and after his return, in 1843, published "Martin Cbuzzlewit," as a sort of take-off of American men and manners. When our peo- ple complained of injustice, he said he had talked harder about the people of his own country and they had not complained. "Dombey and Son," "David Copperfield," " Bleak House," " Little Dorritt," " Great Expectations," " Tale of Two Cities," and others of his works followed. In 1869 he made his second visit to America, and gave readings in the principal cities with decided success. He married Miss Hogarth, the daughter of a lawyer who had been an intimate friend of Sir Walter Scott and Jeffrey. The union did not prove a happy one, and aftei twenty years, during which several children were born, an agreement to live apart was entered into between Mr. and Mrs. Dickens. The cause of their domestic unhappiness, as stated in the document of separation, was " uncongeni- ality of temper, implying no dishonor to either party." Chaeies Diokeks. 465 Mr. "Dickens' life may be looked upon as an abstract oi his numerous and remarkable works. His personality lives io them, and the chief feature of his character, charity CnAKLBS DICKTtNS. breathes through them. He was an earnest worker, yet he knew how to enjoy the comforts of life and society. One of his favorite recreations was the organizing of dr» 20* • 466 Eminent THiNfeEKs and Woekeks. matic entertainments at home, to which he invited his lit erary friends and others. As a writer, he occupied a place by himself. He viewed life and character as no other man saw them, and at the same time he exhibited a mastery in handling liis subjects which won respect in the outset of his career. A writer of the people and from the people, his sprightly delinear tions of eccentric character made him as familiar to Amer- icans as to Englishmen, the good in his works winning our esteem and theirs. He had his faults ; but we believe bis literary labors sprang from a good motive and were pursued with a good aim, and his record is in them. The obsequies of the great writer were performed on the 14th of June, and his remains were deposited in the Poet's Corner of Westminis-ter Abbey. He left an estate estimated at half a million dollars. ISAAC PITMAN, INVENTOR OF PnONOGEAPHY. The English-speaking races needed a brief system of writ- ing, and Isaac Pitman gave them Phonography. Thought is rapid and speech easy, but writing has been slow, tedi- ous, embarrassing. A visual expression of words, chat is, re-presenting sounds to the eye by means of writtc.n sym- bols that should be rapid to the writer and legible to the reader, could only be accomplished — as in all perfected mechanism — by the utmost economy of material and force. Heretofore the signs employed to represent ideas, whether by the hieroglyphic symbols of Egypt, the idcagraphio or word representation of the Chinese, or the letter represen- tation of sounds as employed by modern nations, have all been lengthy and complex; hence, wasteful of time, ma- terial, and force. To print 20,000 impressions an hour, as has been accom Isaac Pitman. i6i plished by a recently perfected printing-press, the papci must be fed from a continuous rolL The expenditure of time and force necessary to pick up each separate sheet would wholly defeat the possibility of the miraculous B\eed attained, and would make the difference between four thousand and twenty thousand impressions an hour. So Isaac Pitman, by economizing the signs employed, using simple right lines and curves, and modifications of ISAAC PITMAN. them, instead of complex forms like m, k, Wj etc., enables the penman to write one hundred and fifty words a minute with no greater number of movements of the hand than would be required to write twenty-five words of the ordi- nary long-hand. The present system of writing needed improvement ; first, 468 Eminent Thinkees akd Workeks, in simjilifying the signs or symbols of repi-esentation ; sec- ondly, in clearing away the myths, errors, and intellectual oobwebs of its so-called orthography; and lastly, in sup- plying the deficiencies of the present alphabet by provid- ing signs for sounds that now have no representation. The present orthography of the language is to a strictly philosophical representation of words what the supersti- tious and philosophic vagaries of the medieval ages are to modern science and an intelligent belief. To set orthog- raphy aside, to represent words as they are spoken, not as thej'' are spelled, was Isaac Pitman's twin reform, whpse accomplishment resulted in a system of writing, brief, therefore rapid ; philosophic, therefore entirely legible. Isaac Pitman, by whose intellect and industry phono- graphy waA invented arid elaborated, may, with no dis- respect, be liaid to be an exceptional character, as were Sir Isaac Newton, Napoleon, John Wesley, and Blondin. Our iacongruous analogy is intended to suggest types of men whose abilities were great, but special; abounding in one dirccticn, limited in others. The invention of a set of symbols to represent the sounds of a language with a certain degree of accuracy would re- quire no great effort of genius, as the history of letters has shown. But to discover and arrange a complete alphabet of sounds, to discover and arrange the briefest and best set of signs to represent those sounds, and then, most difficult of all, to select the best of a thousand possible adapt- ations of signs to sounds that should meet the require- tnents of a language so vast in its vocabulary and so com- prehensive in its use as the English, was a task requiring such special aptitude that it not undeservedly goes by the name of genius. The incident that, perhaps, primarily led Isaac Pitman to the invention of phonography is characteristic of the man. As a student, self-educated for the most part, ha Isaac Pitman. 469 desired to be master of the English language. To this end he read through "Walker's Dictionary, copying out every word of the spelling, pronunciation, or meaning of wliich he was before in doubt. This he did a second and a third time, the list diminishing with each attempt. Isaac Pitman was born at Trowbridge, Wiltshire, Eng- land, and is now (18V3) sixty years of age. He is the third child of a family of eleven, ten of whom reached maturity. As a. schoolboy, he was bright, yet diffident and retiriug. lie would run with the fastest, jump with the lithest, swim or ^dive with the most reckless, not from emulation, but from simple personal enjoyment. As a youth, he was in- capable of violence, and chose to endure rather than resent injury and wrong. His religious life, when he attained manhood, was of the same gentle yet athletic type. He became a "Wesleyan Methodist, when Methodism meant labor and self-abnega- tion. While occupied five days in the week as a school- teacher, he preached and traveled, fasted and prayed with a quiet earnestness that observant folks said out-Wesleyed Wesley. The austerity of his early manhood was modified in later years. At the age of twenty-five he became a de- vout reader and receiver of the writings of Swedenborg, about the same time that his life's thought was turning to the elaboration of his system of phonography. From this period he relaxed somewhat in the severity of his disci- pline ; but all his life he has been remarkable for the extreme simplicity of his dietary habits, almost whoUj avoiding animal food, tea, cofiee, and all fermented drinks. Two traits mark Isaac Pitman's character as exceptional ; an earnestness as remarkable for its quietude and continuity as for its intense practicalness ; and secondly, his utter ne- gation of self — the thing to be done, the duty to be per- formed, the necessity or desirability of a good to be Bccomplished, absorbing him; the labor and seLf-sacrifice 470 Eminent Thiwkees akd Wokkees. incidental to its attainment apparently not presentini; themselves as an element of calculation. In an af^e remarkable for its selfishness and greed, it wiL not perhaps be readily comprehended that a man could give the thought and labor necessary for the discovery and elaboration of phonography, an art of pecuniary as well as iDtellectual value to its possessor, and then sell, or rather give away, the entire system as presented in an elaborate steel engraving for one penny (two cents). At this price the first edition of phonography (1840), was sold. Another instance of his love of labor for its use to man- kind, as he conceived, was ofiering freely to revise and correct Bagsters' Comprehensive Bible, containing 500,000 parallel passages and notes. The Bagsters, of London, were strangers to him at the time he made this offer; but the fact that here was the best and most comprehensive Bible in existence, was a sufficient incentive to lead him to desire to correct and complete this great work. And many houi's a day for several years were spent by him in a task that, perhaps, no other living person could or would have .accomplished. Such was his familiarity with the text of the Old and New Testament, as printed in a small Polyglot he used for reference, that with the aid of slightly projecting slips, arranged like the lettering of the index of a ledger, on which were written the commencing and con- cluding chapter, verse, and book, he could turn to any passage with a single movement of the hand, bis finger instinctively gliding to the exact spot. An immense correspondence, and a business which from its nature scarcely admitted of clerical aid ; the printing of his own works; his experiments in applying the phonetic principle to printing, as well as writing, and various efforts at changing the details of his phonographic system, re- quired an amount of labor which not one man in a million could give, and live. Certain it is that Isaac Pitman has Ealph Waldo Emekson. 471 done more work, has spent fewer minutes in society, and more hours at his writing-desk, than any person we have evor known. While Reporting and Telegraphy, those twin agencies of civilization and progress, shall remain to mankind, the names and the renown of Pitman and Morse will be gratefully perpetuated. RALPH WALDO EMERSON Was born in Boston, in the year 1803. His father, descend- ed ifrom a rigid Puritan ancestry, was the pastor of the First Congregational Church in that city, and was a man of cultivated and elegant tastes, well imbued with the learning of his day, and a model of integrity, high moral aims, and devotion to his profession. Mr. Emerson's mother was a lady of uncommon personal beauty, com- bining a singular dignity of manners with graceful amen- ity, and no less remarkable for the vigor and justness of her intellect than for the cheerful serenity and sunny love- liness of her disposition. Ralph Waldo entered Harvard University in the year 1817. To the casual observer, he appeared as a cold, reserved, dreamy youth, whose intellect needed the fire of entiiusiasm to warm it into genial action. He was little known among his associates, was hardly spoken of among the young men of mark whose early brilliancy gave flattering presage of future greatness, and was almost eclipsed in college estimation by a throng of popular rivals, whose showy and effective talents distanced competition. A few, however, discovered the signs of genius in the juvenile recluse. They notedy in connection with the manly bearing of the boy, a certain maturity of wisdom, uncommon at his age ; a bold originality of thought, which his gentle courteousness could not con- ceal; and the seeds of that quaint felicity of expression trhich, in his essays and discourses, has given a new il- 472 Eminent Thinkers ani> Workers, lustration of the resources of our mother-tongue. He was learning to explore the treasures of Shakspcare, and Milton and Montaigne, and to appropriate their riches to his own mental sustenance and growth. He cultivated the art of elocution with great care, and soon became distinguished for his impressive and original de- livery. His favorite recreation was listening to the con- spicuous orators of that time, among whom Webster, Ev- erett, and Channing were pre-eminent. Nor was he less devoted to the practice of rhetorical composition. In this branch of the college exercises he soon won an honorable and brilliant reputation. An essay on "The Death of Socrates," which gained the first annual prize for excel- lence in writing, attracted much attention by its originality of conception and its exquisite grace of style. The poeti- cal talent, for which Mr. Emerson has since attained such a well-merited fame, was developed to a considerable ex^ tent before leaving college. His principal specimens in this kind were poems delivered at the public exhibitions of the under-graduates, and a valedictory on the final leave-taking of a college life by his class. His copious journals, to which he devoted his best hours, were S'/ed with snatches of thought, fragmentary suggestions, isoluted hints, brief criticisms and comments, and occasional unfiii- ished poetic effusions. It was his practice afterward to develop and elaborate these sketches, and work them up into his more formal compositions. The inconsecutive and abrupt character which many complain of in his style, is no doubt partly due to this practice. Upon taking his first degree at Harvard College in 1821, Mr. Emerson engaged in the business of teaching; and for several years conducted a school for young ladies in Bos- ton, which was considered at the head of the private insti- tutions for education in that polished metropolis. The next step in Mr. Emerson's career was his entrano* Ralph Waldo Emerson. 473 into the Divinity School at Cambridge, as a tneoiogical Btndent It was soon perceived that he could not drill in f^ai / 1 BALPH WALDO EMERSON. ^ 'I the nniiorm of a sect, although one of the most liberav pretensions. Upon commencing bis public functions in the pulpit, he was heard with mingled wonder, admiratioii, 474 Eminent Thinkers and Woekeks. and astonishment. His manner was entirely unique. With his clear, sonorous, and silvery voice, betraying no trace of the formal elocution of the schools; the secular bearing of his erect, manly figure ; the singular union of paradox and common sense in his statements ; the copiousness, un- expectednebs, and quaint audacity of his illustrations ; bis utter freedom from anything like religious dogma or tradi- tional phrase ; and the pointed and startling emphasis w'th which he enforced the principles of spiritual noble- ness and manly individuality of aim apd endeavor, his audiences were struck dumb with surprise, and were at a loss to assign to the new prophet his true position. Mr. Emerson was invited to take charge of a religious society in Boston. In the discharge of his ofiicial func- tions he was faithful, devoted, earnest, although he did not shape his course according to the beaten routine of the profession. His success, however, in the highest sense of the term, was great. He won all hearts by the beauty of his private life, while his public ministrations gathered around him the choicest youth of the city, to whose aspi- rations for the highest excellence he gave a fresh impulse. In the midst of his brilliant career, the people of his charge were startled at his announcement of doubts in regard to the permanence and eflBcacy of the sacrament of the Lord's Supper. His scruples on this point soon ripened into positive conviction. He declared liis inability to continue the administration of the ordinance, and after B series of amicable discussions between his society and himself, he resigned his pastoral charge. Since that time he has not engaged in clerical pursuits, but at his beautiful rjral residence in Concord, Mass., surrounded with all the means and appliances of intellectual luxury, and honored by " troops of friends," who wait upon his words of wis- dom as upon the utterances of an oracle, he has led a life of aerene contemplation and communion with nature, Ealpii Waldo Emerson. 473 maintaining his intercourse with the busy world chiefly bj moans of his writings and lectures, which have extended his fame wherever the English language is spoken. The works which Mr. Emerson has given to the public are few in number, though of wide influence. Among them„are "Nature;" two series of essays; a volume on " Representative Men," and several lectures and anniver- sary diRcourses, besides a volume of poems and contribu- tions to magazines. His strong assertion of individualism is combined with a singular freedom from passion. His clear, cold intellectu- ality predominates over sentiment. This perpetual equil- ibrium pervades his whole character. In the sphere of ethics he is just, rather than generous. No temptation could lead him to do a conscious wrong to a fellow-being ; but he could never be beguiled into an extravagant action by devotion to an inspiring cause. It is remarkable that, with this frigidity of temperament, his mental operations should, partake more of an intuitive than a reflective character. He realizes the paradox of thinking by impulse and acting by deliberation. Relying on certain mystic revelations to the soul of the individual, he shows scarcely any trace of the logical faculty. He doubtless has a method of his own, but it is never visible to his readers. His writings never betray an attempt at argument. You look in vain for any consecutive order in the array of his thougfhts. With the brilliancy of the pieces of glittering metal in the kaleidoscope, they exhibit also their confusion. Whatever conviction he may cherish emanates from his own mind. He oasts his calm, searching eye over the uni- verse, as if he were the only spectator of its infinity. No school of philosophy or religion can hold this broad, an- trammeled thinker within its walls. He rejects no coia that has the true ring, for want of 476 Eminent Tuinkees and Wokkees. the sign of some approved mint. While his own life is a model of saintly and ascetic purity, his principles, it may be thought, might lead others of a less fortunate mold to convert the liberty which he inculcates into abuse. A strong vein of common sense runs through Mr. Emer- son's character, tempering his boldest flights with its con- servative influence. He is habitually skeptical and dis- trustful. He is the last man to be victimized by any poi> ular illusion. To his sharp and clear perceptions the world is never veiled beneath any poetical hallucinations. An idealist in theory — as far as such a thinker can be said to have any theory — he cherishes a most persistent and unrelenting attachment to reality. There never was' a keener observer of nature or of society. His descriptive sketches have all the minute fidelity of a miniature paint- ing. He unites the dreamy, mystical contemplation of an Oriental sage with the hard, robust, practical sense of a Yankee adventurer. In person Mr. Emerson is slender, above the medium stature, and with a commanding and impressive countie- nance. The lines of deep thought with which it is in- scribed are softened by an expression of peculiar sweet- ness, while every tone and movement are cliaracterized by an incomparable dignity and refinement, he died April 27, 1882. ELIAS HOlV^E, INVENTOB OF THH SKWINGJ-MACHINB, In the trials and triumphs of this man, the old story of poverty, hardship, with the ridicule and selfishness of tho world, is repeated. Nearly every great invention has been born of necessity in the vale of poverty, if not of sufiering. Fulton, Goodyear, Morse, and Howe passed through a similar " Red Sea " and " wilderness " to the EnAS HowK. 47? land of hope and promise. He who has the fonano or the misfortane to think much in advance of his fellcw-men, rai'ely finds one who can or will appieciate and li^Jp him KLLA8 HOWX. 1j ventors not only have to eat the " bread of carefulness," but often their care is taxed to the uttermost to get bread; a'^d our subject was no exception to the general rule. Elias Howe, the inventor of the sewing-machine, was 478 Eminent Thinkers and Workers. born in 1819, at Spencer, in Massachusetts, where his father was a farmer and miller. There was a grist-mill, a eaw-mill, and a shingle-machine on the place ; but all of them together, with the aid of the farm, yielded but a slender revenue for a man blessed with eight children. At six years of age Elias worked with his brothers and sisters at sticking the wire teeth into strips of leather for " cards," used in the manufacture of cotton. As soon as he was old enough he assisted upon the farm and in the mills, attending the district school in the winter months until he was sixteen. He has often expressed the opinion that it was the rude and simple mills belonging to his father which gave his mind its bent toward machinery. In 1835, with his parent's reluctant consent, he went to Lowell, and obtained a learner's place in a large manufac- tory of cotton machineiy, where he remained until the crash of 1837 closed the mills of Lowell and sent him adrift, a seeker after work. He found employment in Boston, at the shop of Ari Davis, a manufacturer of philo- sophical instruments, and an inventor. In the year 1839 two men in Boston — one a mechanic and the other a capitalist — were striving to produce a knitting-machine, which proved to be a task beyond their strength. When the inventor was at his wit's end his capitalist brought the machine to the shop of Ari Davis, to see if that eccentric genius could suggest the solution of tlie difficulty, and make the machine work. The shop, resolving itself into a committee of the whole, gathered about the knitting-machine and its proprietor, and were listening to an explanation of its principle when Davis, in his wild, extravagant way, broke in with these words: "What are yon bothering yourselves with a knitting- machine for ? Why don't you make a sewing-machine ? " " I wish I could," said the capitalist ; " but it can't be done." Elias Howe. " Oh, yes it can," said Davis ; " I can make a sewing machine myself." " Well," said the other, " you do it, Davis, and Pll in- sure you an independent fortune." There the conversation dropped, and it was never re- sumed. The boastful remark of the master of the shop was considered merely one of his sallies of affected extrav ttgance, as it really was ; and the response of the capitalist to it was uttered without a thought of producing an effect. Nor did it produce any effect upon the person to whom it was addressed. Davis never attempted to construct a se wing-mach ine. Among the workmen who stood by and listened to this conversation was Elias Howe, then twenty years old. The person whom we have named the capitalist, a well-dressed and fine-looking man, somewhat consequential in his man- ners, was an imposing figure in the eyes of this youth, new to city ways, and he was much impressed with the emphatic assurance that a fortune was in store for the man who should invent a sewing-machine. He was the more struck with it because he had already amused himself with inventing some slight improvements, and recently he had caught from Davis the habit of meditating new devices The spirit of invention, as all mechanics know, is exceed ingly contagious. One man in a shop who invents some- thing that proves successful, will give the mania to half his companions, and the very apprentices will be tinkering over a device after their day's work is done. There were other reasons, also, why a conversation so trifling and acci- dental should have strongly impressed itself upon the mind of this particular youth. Before that day the idea of sewing by the aid of a machine had never occurred to him. Judging merely by appearances, no one would have pitched upon him as th^ person likely to make one of the 480 Eminent Thinkers and Wokkees. revolutionizing inventions of the age. Undersized, curly headed, and exceedingly fond of his joke, he was, at twen- ty, more a boy than a man. The only immediate effect upon him of the conversation in the shop of Mr. Davis was to induce a habit of reflecting upon the art of sewing, watching the process as performed by hand, and wonder ing whether it was within the compass of the mechanic arts to do it by machinery. His uppermost thought in those years was, what a waste of power to employ the ponderous human arm, and all the intricate machinery of the fingers, in performing an operation so simple, and for which a robin's strength would suffice ! Why not draw twelve threads through at once, or fifty ? And sometimes, while visiting a shop where army and navy clothing was made, he would look at the heaps of unsewed garments, all out alike, all requiring the same stitch, the same num- ber of stitches, and the same kind of seam, and say to himself, " What a pity this can not be done by machinery ! " At twenty-one, being still a journeyman machinist, earn- ing nine dollars a week, he married ; and, in time, children came with inconvenient frequency. Nine dollars is a fixed quantity, or, rather, it was then; and the addition of three little mouths to be fed from it, and three little backs to be clothed by it, converted the vivacious father into a thoughtful and plodding citizen. His day's labor at this time, when he was upon heavy work, was so fatiguing to him that, on reaching his home, he would sometimes be too exhausted to eat, and he would go to bed, longing, as he has been heard to say, " to lie in bed forever and ever." It was the pressure of poverty and this extreme fatigue that caused him, about the year 1843, to set about the work of inventing the machine which he had heai'd four years before would be an " independent fortune " to the inventor. Then it was that he caught the inventor's mania, which gives its victims no rest and no peace tiU Elias Howe. 481 they have accomplished the work to which they hava abandoned themselves. He wasted many months on a false scent. When he began to experiment, his only thought was to invent i. machine which should do what he saw his wife doing when she sewed. He took it for granted that sewing must be that, and his first device was a needle pointed at both ends, with the eye in the middle, that should work up and down through the cloth, and carry the thread through it at each thrust. Hundreds of hours, by night and by day, he brooded over this conception, and cut many a basket of chips in the endeavor to make something that would work such a needle so as to form a common stitch. He could not do it. One day, in 1844, the thought flashed upon him : is it necessary that a machine should imitate the performance of the baud? May there not be another stitch? This was the crisis of the invention. The idea of using two threads, and forming a stitch by the aid of a shuttle and a curved needle, with the eye near the point, soon occurred to him, and he felt that he had invented a sewing-machine. It was in the month of October, 1844, that he was able to convince himself, by a rough model of wood and wire, that such a machine as he had projected would sew. At this time he had ceased to be a journeyman mechanic. His father had removed to Cambridge, to establish a ma. chine for cutting palm-leaf into strips for hats — a machine invented by a brother of the elder Howe. Father and eon were living in the same house, into the garret of which the son had put a lathe and a few machinist's tools, and was doing a little work on his own account. His ardor in the work of invention robbed him, however, of many hours that might have been employed, his friends thought, lo better advantage by the father of a family. He was ex- tremely poor, and his father had lost his palm-le^f machine 2X 482 Emijstent Thinkeks azsd Workees. by a fire. With an invention in his head that has since given him more than two hundred thousand dollars iu a single year, and which is now yielding a profit to more than one firm of a thousand dollars a day, he could scarcely provide for his little family the necessaries of life; nor could this invention he tested except by making a machine of steel and iron, with the exactness and finish of a clock. At the present time, with a machine before him for a model, a good mechanic could not, with his ordinary tools, construct a sewing-machine in less than two months, nor at a less expense than three hundred dollars. Elias Howe had only his model in his head, and he had not money enough to pay for the raw material requisite for one ma- chine. There was living then at Cambridge a young friend and schoolmate of the inventoi-, named George Fisher, a coal and wood merchant, who had recently inherited some property. The two friends had been in the habit of con- versing together upon the project of the sewing-machine. When the inventor had reached his final conception, in the fall of 1 844, he succeeded in convincing George Fisher of its feasibility, which led to a partnership between them for bringing the invention into use The terms of this part- nership were these : George Fisher was to receive into his house Elias Howe and his family, board them while Elias was making the machine, give up his garret for a work- shop, and provide money for material and tools, to the extent of five hundred dollars ; in return for which he was to become the proprietor of one-half the patent, if the machine proved to be worth patenting. Early in Decem- ber, 1844, Elias Howe moved into the house of George Fisher, set up his shop in the giirrot, gathered materia!,? about him, and went to work. It was a very small, low garret, but it sufficed for one zealous, brooding workmanj who did not wish for gossiping visitors. Eli AS Ho WE. 483 It is strange how the great things come about in this world. Thi& George Fisher, by whose timely aid such an inestimable boon was conferred upon womankind, was led into the enterprise as much by good-nature as by expecta^ tiou of profit, and it was his easy acquisition of his money that made it easy for him to risk it. So far as we know, neither of the parties indulged in any dream of benevo- lence. Howe wanted to invent a sewing-machine to de- liver himself from that painful daily toil, and Fisher was inclined to aid an old friend, and not disinclined to own a share in a valuable patent. The greatest doers of good have usually proceeded in the same homely spirit. Thus Shakspeare wrote, thus Columbus sailed, thus Watt in- vented, thus Newton discovered. It seems, too, that George Fisher was Elias Howe's only convert. "I be- lieve," testified George Fisher, in one of the great sewing- machine suits, " I was the only one of his neighbors and friends in Cambridge that had any confidence in the suc- cess of the invention. He was generally looked upon as very visionary in undertaking anything of the kind, and I was thought very foolish in assisting him." All the winter of 1844-45 Mr. Howe worked at his ma- chine. His conception of what he intended to produce was so clear and complete that he was little delayed by failures, but worked on with almost as much certainty and steadiness as though he had a model before him. In April he sewed a seam by his machine. By the middle of May, 1845, he had completed his work. In July he sewed by his machine all the seams of two suits of woolen clothes — one suit for Mr. Fisher and the other for himself — the sew- ing of both of which outlasted the cloth. This first of all sewing-machines, after crossing the ocean many times, and figuring as a dumb but ii-refutable witness in many a court, may still be seen at the Howe Machine Company's office in Broadway, where it has recently sewed seams in 484 Eminent Thinkers and Wokkeks. cloth at the rate of three hundred stitches a minute. It is agreed by all disinterested persons who have examined this machine, that Elias Howe, in making it, carried the THB FIBBT SBWrNG-MACHTNE. inTention of the sewing-machine farther on toward its complete and final utility than any other inventor has ever brought a first-rate invention at the first triaL It ia a Elias Howe. 485 little thing, that first machine, which goes into a box of the capacity of cbout a cubic foot and a half. Every con- trivance in it has been since improved, and new devices have been added, but no successful sewing-machine has ever been made, of all the million now in existence, which does not contain some of the essential devices of this first attempt. This assertion is made without hesitation or re serve, because it is, we believe, the one point' upon which all the great makers are agreed. Judicial decisions have repeatedly affirmed it. Like all the other great inventors, Mr. Howe found that, when he had completed his machine, his difficulties had but begun. After he had brought the machine to the point of making a few stitches, he went to Boston one day to get a tailor to come to Cambridge and arrange some cloth for sewing, and to give his opinion as to the quality of the work done by the machine. The comrades of the man to whom he first applied dissuaded him from going, alleging that a sewing-machine, if it worked well, must necessarily reduce the whole fraternity of tailors to beg- gary ; and this proved to be the unchangeable conviction of the tailors for the next ten years. It is probable that the machines first made would have been destroyed by violence but for another fixed opinion of the tailors, which was that no machine could be made that would really answer the purpose. It seems strange now that the tailors of Boston could have persisted so long in such an opinion, for Mr. Howe, a few weeks after he had finished his first model, gave them an opportunity to see what it could do. He placed his little engine in one of the rooms of the Quincy Hall Clothing Manufactory, and, seating himself before it, offered to sew up any seam tha I might be brought to him. One unbelieving tailor after another brought a garment, and saw its long seams sewed perfectly, at the rate of two hundred and fifty stitches a minute, which was 486 Eminent Thinkees and Woekees. about seven times as fast as the work could be done by hand. For two weeks he sat there daily, and sewed up seams for all who chose to bring them to him. He amused himself at intervals in executing rows of ornamental stitch- ing, and he showed the strength of the machine by sewing the thick plaited skirts of frock coats to the bodies. At last he challenged five of the swiftest seamstresses in the establishment to sew a race with the machine. Ten seams of equal length wei-e prepared for sewing, five of which were laid by the machine, and the other five were given to the girls. The gentleman who held the watch, and who was to decide the wager, testified upon oath that the five girls were the fastest sewers that could be found, and that they sewed as " fast as they could — much faster than they were in the habit of sewing" — faster than they could have kept on for one hour. Nevertheless, Mr. Howe finished his five seams a little sooner than the girls finished their five ; and the umpire, who was himself a tailor, has sworn that " the work done on the machine was the neatest and strongest." Upon reading testimony like this we wonder that man- ufacturers did not instantly set Mr. Howe at work making sewing-machines. Not one was ordered ; not a tailor encouraged him by word or deed. Some objected that the machine did not make the whole garment; others dreaded to encounter the fierce opposition of the journey men; others really thought it would beggar all hand sewers, and refrained from using it on principle; others admitted the utility of the machine, and the excellence of •the work done by it, but, said they, "We are doing well as we are, and fear to make such a change." The great cost of the machine was a most serious obstacle to its intro- duction, as in 1845 he could not have furnished his machine for less than three hundred dollars, and a large clothier or shirt-makor would have required thirty or forty of them. Elias Howe. 487 The inventor was not disheartened hj the result of the introduction of the machine. The next thing was to get the invention patented, and Mr. Howe again shut himself up in George Fislier's garret for three or four months, au'J made another machine for deposit in the Patent OlBct Late in the summer of 1846 the model and the docuraenK being ready for the Patent Office, the two associates treat ed themselves to a journey to Washington, where tht wonderful machine was exhibited at a Fair, with no re- sults except to amuse the crowd. September 10, 1840, the patent was issued, and soon after the young men re- turned to Cambridge. George Fisher was now totally discouraged. He had maintained the inventor and his family for many months ; he had advanced in all about two thousand dollars, and he saw not the remotest probability of the invention be- coming profitable. Elias Howe moved back to his father's house, and George Fisher considered his advance in the light of a dead loss. " I had lost confidence," he has since testified, " in the machine's ever paying anything." But mothers and inventors do not give up their offspring so. America having rejected the invention, Mr. Howe re- solved to ofier it to England. In October, 1846, his brotlier, Amasa B. Howe, took passage in the steerage of a sailing packet, and conveyed one of the mai'hines to London. An Englishman was the first manufacturer who had faith enough in the American sewing-machine to invest money in it. William Thomas employed, according to his own account, five thonsand persons in the manufactui'e of cor- sets, umbrellas, valises, carpet-bags, and shoes. He exam' ined and approved the machine; Necessity, as Poor Richard remarks, can not make a good bargain ; but the bargain which it made on this occasion, through the agency of Amasa B. Howe, was signally bad. He sold to Mr. Thomas, for two hundred and fifty pounds sterling, the 488 Eminent Thinkers and Wokkeks. machine he had brought with him, and the right to use as many others in his own business as he desired; There was also a verbal understanding that Mr. Thomas was to pat- ent the invention in England, and if the machine came into use there, he was to pay the inventor three pounds on every machine sold. That was an excellent day's work for William Thomas, of Cheapside. The verbal part of the bargain has never been carried out. He patented the invention, and ever since the machines began to be used all sewing-machines made in England, or imported into England, have paid tribute to him at the rate of ten pounds or less for each machine. Elias Howe was of opinion that the investment of that two hundred and fifty pounds has yielded a profit of one million dollars. Mr. Thomas fur- ther proposed to engage the inventor to adapt the machine to the work upon corsets, ofiering him the munificent sti- pend of three pounds a week, and to defray the expense of workshop, tools, and material. Amasa B. Howe returned to Cambridge with this offer. America being still insensible to the charms of the new invention, and the two hundred and fifty pounds having been immediately absorbed by the long-accumulating necessities of the family, and there being no prospect of advantageous employment at home, Elias Howe accepted the offer, and both brothers set sail for London February 5th, 1847. They went in the steerage, and cooked their own provisions. William Thomas provided a shop and its requisites, and even advanced money for the passage to England of the inventor's family, who joined him soon- wife and three children. After eight months of labor the inventor succeeded in adapting his machine to the purposes of the stay-maker, and when this was done the stay-maker apparently desired to get rid of the inventor. He required him to do the miscellaneous repairs, and took the tone with him which the ignorant purse-holder, in all lands, is Elias Howe. 489 accustomed to hold in his dealings with those to whom he pays wages. The Yankee, of course, resented this beha- vior, and William Thomas discharged Elias Howe fronj his employment. To be a poor stranger, with a sick wife and three chil- dren, in America is bad enough ; to be such a person in London is to be in trouble without visible outlet. He hired a small room for a workshop, borrowed a few tools and small sums of money of a kind man named Charles Inglis, and began another machine. His poverty pinched him so that he was obliged to send his wife to America to lessen expenses, and she being too ill to walk to the ship, and he having no money to pay cab-hire, bor- rowed a few shillings of Inglis for that purpose, repaying it by pawning some of his clothing to raise the amount. Poverty pinched the solitaiy inventor now worse than ever, and, says Mr. Inglis, "he has borrowed a shilling from me for the purpose of buying beans, which I saw him cook and eat in his room." After three or four months of labor the machine was finished. It was worth fifty pounds. The only customer he could find for it was a workingman of his acquaintance, who offered five pounds for it if he could have time to pay it in. The inventor was obliged to accept this offer. The purchaser gave his note for the five pounds, which Cliarles Inglis succeeded in selling to another mechanic for four pounds. To pay his debts and his expenses home, Mr. Howe pawned his precious first machine and liis letters patent. " He drew a handcart, with his baggage on it, to the ship, to save the expense of cartage;" and again he took passage in the steerage, along with his English friend, Charles Inglis. His brother Amasa had long before re- turned to America. In April, 1849, Eliafi Howe landed in New York, after an absence of two years from the country, with half a 490 Emineistt Thinkers and Workees. orown in his pocket. Four years had nearly elapsed since the completion of his first macliine, and this small piece of silver was the net result of his labors upon that inventioa He and his friend went to one of the cheapest emigrant boarding-houses, and Elias Howe sought employment iu Ihe machine shops, which luckily he found without delay. The news reached him soon that his wife was dying of consamption, but he had not the money for a journey to Cambridge. In a few days, however, he received ten dol- lars from his father, and he was thus enabled to reach his wife's bedside and receive her last l^reath. He had no clothes except those he daily wore, and was obliged tc borrow a suit from his brother-in-law in which to appeal at the funeral. It was remarked by his old friends that his natural gayety of disposition was quite quenched by the severity of his recent trials. He was extremely downcast and worn. He looked like a man just out after a long and agonizing sickness. Soon came intelligence that the ship in which he had embarked all his household goods had been wrecked off Cape Cod, and was a total loss. But now he was among friends who hastened to relieve his immediate necessities, and who took care of his chil- dren. He was soon at work; not, indeed, at his beloved machine, but at work which his friends considered much more rational. He was again a journeyman machinist, at weekly wages. As nature seldom bestows two eminent gifts upon the same individual, the man who makes a great invention ia seldom the man who prevails upon the public to use it. Neither George Fisher nor Elias Howe possessed the ex- ecutive force requisite for so difficult a piece of work aa the introduction of a machine which then cost two or three hundred dollars to make, and upon which a pur- chaser had to take lessons as upon the piano, and which the whole body of tailors regarded with dread, aversioD, Elias Howe. 491 OT contempt. It was reserved, therefore, for other men to educate the people into availing themselves of this ex qnisitc labor-saving apparatus. TTpon his return home, after his residence in London, Elias Hotv-e discovered, much to his sui-prise, that the sewing-machine had become celebrated, though its in- ventor appeared forgotten. Sevei-al ingenious mechaaiios, who had only heard or read of a machine for sewing, and olliers who had seen the Howe machine, had turned their attention to inventing in the same direction, or to improv- ing upon JNIr. Howe's devices. In fact, in 1849 a sewing machine was carried about in Western New York and exhibited as a curiosity, at a charge of twelve and a half cents for admission. The inventor, upon inspecting these crude products, saw that they all contained the devices which he had first com- bined and patented. Poor as he was, he was not disposed to submit to this infringement, and he began forthwith to prepare for war against the infringers. When he entered upon this litigation he was a journeyman machinist; his machine and his letters patent were in pawn three thou- sand miles away, and the patience, if not the purses, of hia friends was exhausted. When the contest ended a lead- ing branch of the national industry was tributary to him. The fiist step was to get back from England that first machine and the document issued from the 'Patent Oflice. In the course of the summer of 1849 he contrived to raise the hundred dollars requisite for their deliverance, and the Hon. Anson Burlingame, who was going to London, kindly undertook to hunt them up in the wilderness of Surrey. He found (hem, and sent them home in the autumn of the same year. The inventor wrote polite letters to the in- fringers, warning them to desist, and ofiering to sell them licenses to continue. All but one of them, it appears, were disposed to acknowledge his rights and to accent his pro- 492 Eminent Thinkers and Wokk;ek». posal. That one induced the others to resist, and nothing remained but to resort to the courts. Assisted by his father, the inventor began a suit, but he was soon made aware that justice is a commodity much beyond the means of a journeyman mechanic. He tried to re-awaken the faith of George Fisher, and induce him to furnish the sin- ews of war, but George Fisher had had enough of the sewing-machine ; he would sell his half of the patent for what it had cost him, but he would advance no more money. Mr. Howe then looked about for some one who would buy George Fisher's share. He found three men who ^.greed to do this, and tried to do it, but could not raise the money. The person to whom he was finally indebted for the means of securing his rights was George W. Bliss, of Massachusetts, who was prevailed upon to buy Mr. Fish- er's share of the patent, and to advance the money needful for carrying on the suits. He did this only as a specula- tion. He consented to embark in the enterprise only on condition of his being secured against loss by a mortgage on the faim of the inventor's father. This generous parent came once more to the rescue, and thus secured his son's fortune. The infringers of his patent were not men of large means nor of extraordinary energy, and they had no "case" whatever. There was the machine which Elias Howe had made in 1845, there were his letters patent, and all the sewing-machines then known to be in existence were essentially the same as his; but in August, 1850, a man became involved with the infringers who was of very diCerent mettle from those steady-going Yankees, and sapable of carrying on a much more vigorous warfare than they; this was Isaac Merritt Singer. In 1850 he saw for the first time a sewing-machine, and made an efibrt to im- prove it by adapting it to a greater variety of work, Elias Howe. 493 wbich he succeeded in doing, and at once applied for a patent. Such was the introduction to the sewing-machine of tho man whose energy arid audacity forced the machine upou an unbelieving public. He borrowed a little money, and forming a partnership with his Boston patron and the machinist in whose shop he had made his model, began the manufacture of the machines. Great and numerous were thevdiflSculties which arose in his path, but one by one he overcame them all. He advertised, he traveled, he sent out agents, he procured the insertion of articles in the newspapers, he exhibited the machine at fairs in town and country. Mr. Singer had not been long in the business before he was reminded by Elias Howe that he was infringing his patent. The adventurer threw all his energy and his growing means into the contest against the original in- ventor. In the year 1854, after a long trial, Judge Sprague, of Massachusetts, decided that " the plaintiff's patent is valid, and the defendant's machine is an infringement." The plaintiff was Elias Howe. Judge Sprague further ob- served, that " there is no evidence in this case that leaves a shadow of doubt that, for all the benefits conferred upon the public by the introduction of a sewing-machine, the puKic are indebted to Elias Howe." This decision was made when nine years had elapsed since the completion of the first machine, and when eight years of the term of the first patent had expired. The patent, however, even then, was so little productivo, that the inventor, embarrassed as he was, was able, upon the death of his partner, Mr. Bliss, to buy his share of it. He thus became, for the first time, the sole proprietor o^. his patent; and this occurred just when it was about to jield a princely revenue. From a few hundreds a year, his in 494 Eminent Thinkers akd Wokkeks come rapidly increased, until it went beyond two hundred thousand dollars. Many valuable additions and improvements have been made to the sewing-machine by other pei-sons, Allen B. Wilson, perhaps, taking the first rank ; but all the double- thread machines are obliged to use Elias Howe's " shuttle,'" or its equivalent, and all machines must use his " needk with the eye near the point," and thus must pay to him a royalty. His invention covered essential points in all sewing-machin es. When, by the decision of the courts, all the makers had become tributary to Elias Howe, paying him a certain sum for each machine made, then a most violent warfare broke out among the leading houses— Singer & Company, Wheefer & Wilson, Grover & Baker — each accusing the others concerned of infringement. At Albany, in 1856, these causes were to be tried, and parties saw before them a good three months' work in court. By a lucky chance one member of this happy family had not entirely lost his temper, and was still in some degree capable of using his intellect. It occurred to this wise head that no matter who invented first, or who second, there were then assem- bled at Albany the men who, among them, held patents which controlled the whole business of making sewing- machines, and that it would be infinitely better for them to combine and control than to contend with and devour one another. They all came into this opinion, and thus was formed the "Combination" of which such terrible things arc uttered by the surreptitious makers of sewing- machines. Elias Howe, who was the best-tempered man in the world, and only too easy in matters pecuniary, had the complaisance to join this confederation, only insistiiig that at least twenty-four licenses should be issued by it, so as to prevent the manufacture from sinking into a mo- nopoly. By the terms of this agreement Mr, Howe was td Elias Howe, 4S)e receive five dollars upon every machine sold in the United States, and one dollar upon each one exported. The other parties agreed to sell licenses to use their various devices, or anj of them, at the rate of fifteen dollars for each ma- chir e ; but no license was to be granted without the con- sent of all the parties. It was further agreed that part of the license fees received should be reserved as a fund foi the prosecution of infringers. This agreement remained unchanged until the renewal of Mr. Howe's patent in 1860, when his fee was reduced from five dollars to one dollar, and that of the combination from fifteen dollars to seven. That is to say, every sewing-machine honestly made pays Elias Howe one dollar; and every sewing-machine made, which includes any device or devices, the patent for which is held by any other member of the Combination, pays seven dollars to the Combination. Of this seven dollars Mr. Howe receives his one, and the other six ojo into the fund for the defense of the patents against infringers. The business of making and selling sewing-machines, which was not fairly started before 1856, has attained a truly wonderful development. Twenty firms or compa- nies are engaged in the business. One«f these has twenty- four stores of its own in the large cities of the world, be- sides a much larger immber of,local agents. About one-fifth of all the machines made in the United States are exported to foreign countries. Foreigners can no more make a Yankee sewing-machine than they can tnake a Yankee clock. They have not the machinery — as curious as the machine itself — by which each part of the apparatus is made at the minimum of expense, and with perfect certainty of excellence. To found a sewing-machine manufactory in Europe which could compete with those of America, would involve the expenditure of two millions of dollars, and the expainaiioa of several of our American 496 Eminent Thinkers and Woekers. » foremen. It is only upon a great scale that machines can be made well or profitably. By means of the various improvements and attachment* the sewing-machine now performs nearly all that the needle ever did, It seams, hems, tucks, binds, stitches, quilts, gathers, fells, braids, and embroiders, and makes button- holes. It is used in the manufacture of every garment worn by man, woman, or child. Firemen's caps, the en- gine hose which firemen use, sole-leather trunks, harness, carriage curtains and linings, bufialo-robes, horse-blankets, horse-collars, powder-flasks, mail-bags, sails, awnings, whips, saddles, corsets, hats, caps, valises, pocket-books, trusses, suspenders, are among the articles made by its assistance ; but it is employed quite as usefully in making kid gloves, parasols, and the most delicate article of ladies' attire. Attempts have been made to estimate the value, in money, of the sewing-machine to the people of the United States. Professor Renwick, who has made the machine a particular study, expressed the opinion twelve years ago, on oath, that the saving in labor then amounted to nine- teen millions of dollars per annum. Messrs. Wheeler & Wilson have published an" estimate which indicates that the total value of the labor performed by the sewing- machine, in 1863, was thre^ hundred and forty-two mil- lions of dollars ; and since that time there has been a great increase. A good hand sewer averages thirty-five stitches per minute ; the fastest machine, on some kinds of work, performs three thousand a minute. There are in a good shirt 20,620 stitches — what a saving cf time, labor, and expense to do them at machine (speed 1 It is, indeedj'fit to honor such an inventor. Mr. Howe died in Brooklyn, N. Y., October 3d, 1867, aged forty-eight years, and his remains were taken to Cambridge, Mass., for buiiaL Charles Goodyeak. 49T CHARLES GOODYEAR. Enthasiasm is an essential attribute of an inventor. It piomises success in new fields of thought and effort, and braces the spirit to self-sacrificing heroism that scorns hardships and mocks opposition. Fulton endured ridiculf. and opposition, and toiled in poverty, while his enthusi- asm was warmed by the prophetic visions which now float over the waters of the wide world like fairy palaces. Morse, too, penniless and almost friendless, studied and labored to harness the fiery agent whicli the enthusiastic Franklin, three-quarters of a century before, had bravely invited from the stormy heavens. Charles Goodyear, imbued with the same spirit, would listen to no persuasion from his friends to abandon that which, to them, appeared a hopeless project ; and though his means were expended, and his credit exhausted with cool, business men, and he saw nothing before him but penury and the poor-house, he did not give up his darling thought. His hope, undimmed, burned with unabated fervor in the darkest hour, and thus sustained him until his conquest was completed. We remember seeing him, haggard and weary, in the darkest hours of his struggle, and, though he was pointed out to strangers as the man who was " crazy on the sub- ject of India-rubber," we saw, in the pale and care-worn ra*n, evidences of the faith and hope that, though casi down, are not destroyed, and a gleaming fire in his eye that bespoke confidence in himself and in his great idea. Few inventions have done more to increase human com- fort than that by which caoutchouc, or India-rubber, ia made available, as it now is, for so many uses. It foritia an important part of a lady's bracelet^and it constitut(^a the rail-car spring which bears a burden of many tons, and yet gives to the motion of the car an almost liquid softness. It would, indeed, be difficult to tell where it Ih 498 Bmineut Thikkers akd WokkekS. not in some form used; and hardly a day passes that some new mode of employing this ubiquitous and infinitely pli- able and elastic article is not developed. We remember when India-rubber was used only to erase pencil-marks from paper — hence its name " rubber." The rude shoes first made over lasts of clay, half an inch thick, and so stifE and hard when exposed to a low tem- perature, that human power could produce scarcely any effect upon them, were thought a great achievement. Its quality of resisting water, and its freedom from a tendency to rot like other fabrics, made it desirable for articles of clothing and other purposes. It was seen that if India- rubber could be made pliable like cloth or soft leather, not liable to harden in the cold nor melt in a high tem- perature, a great desideratum would be gained. As it was a new article, chemistry could give little light on the subject. If was left for such men as Goodyear to exhaust everything but the genius of invention, sustained by hope until success crowned his efforts. Charles Goodyear was born in New Haven, Conn., December 39, 1800. In 1834 he engaged steadily in ex- periments to overcome the difficulties which beset the manufacture of rubber. Destitute of means, and pinched with poverty, sometimes imprisoned for debt, driven from place to place, he still pursued the thought of his life. He went from New York to New Haven in 1836 ; to Staten Island in ISS'?; in the same year to Roxbury, Mass.; and the next to Woburn, Mass., where he met Mr. Hay ward, a fellow-laborer in the same field, and bought from him his " Sulphur Invention," and hired him to assist in con- tinued experiments until he finally realized his hopes^and in June, 1844, he obtained his great patent for vulcanizing rubber by hea't and sulphur. He went to Naugatuck, Conn., and was aided by his ]^rother-in-law, Mr. De Forest, to start a large establish- CnAftLES GrOODYEAK, 499 ment for the manufacture of shoes and other beautiful fabrics from the new material. "He had added to the arts," says Parton, " not a new material merely, but a new class of materials, applicable to a thousand divers uses. It CHARLES OOODYEAR. was Still India-rubber ; but its surface would not adhere, nor would it harden at any degree of cold, nor soften at any degree of heat. It was a cloth impervious to water. It was a paper that would not te»r. It was parcbmenl 600 Eminent Thinkers and Workers. that would not crease. It was leather which neither rain nor sun would injure. It was ebony that could be run into a mold. It was ivory that could be worked like wax. It was wood that never cracked, shrunk, nor decayed. Il was 'elastic metal,' as Daniel "Webster termed it, that could be wound around the linger or tied into a knot, and which preserved its elasticity almost like steel. Trifling variations in the ingredients, in the proportions, and in the heating, mad£ it either as pliable as kid, tougher than ox-hide, as elastic as whalebone, or as rigid as flint." Though Mr. Goodyear had nominal prosperity, infringe- ments upon his patents caused him much harassing litiga- tion ; but he was everywhere honored and respected. Mr. Webster, in his great argument in behalf of Mr. Goodyear's patent, and the last time this prince of advo- cates ever appeared at the bar, said, " It would be painful to speak of his extreme want; the destitution of his family, half clad, he picking up with his own hands little billets of wood from the wayside'to warm the household ; suffering reproach — not harsh reproach, for no one could bestow that on him — and receiving indignation and ridi- cule from his friends." " Is Charles Goodyear the discov- erer of this invention of vulcanized rubber ? Is there a man in the world that found out that fact before Charles Goodyear ? Who is he ? Where is he ? What man, among all the men on earth, has^seen him, known him, named him ? I say there is not in the world a human being that can stand up and say that it is his invention, except the man who is sitting at that table. I believs the joan who sits at that table — Charles Gpodyear — is to go down to posterity, in the history of the arts in this couis- try, in that class of great inventors at the head of whici stands Robert Fdton." Worn by excessive brain-labor, anxiety, and care, and wasted by disease, Mr. Goodyear died July 1st, 1860. AETHTTE JfENEHTN StAIJLKT. 601 AETHUK PBNRHTN STANLEY, CEAlt OF WESTMINSTEB. Early in the fall of 1878, a distingnished prelate of the Church of England landed in New York, made a rapid tour, and retomed to his home. It was Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, dean of Westminster. Well known in the Chris- tian world for his earnest piety, broad charity, in which there appears scarcely a trace of denominational asoet- 502 Aethde Penehtn Stanley. icism, and for high literary culture, the cordial welcome which this gentleman received at the landing and wherever his footsteps led, was a foregone conclusion. The general expression of his face and head was that of refinement, susceptibiUty, and self-possession, with a kind of interior intensity which made him wonderfully in ear- nest and very sincere. He was a clear, strong, far-reaching thinker, and a great critic. Bis Benevolence and Vener- ation were strongly indicated. He recognized the good there is in men, and made allowance for the tmfortunate and unfavorable conditions which are associated with hu- manity. For this reason he made more friends among poor people and those who are not commonly well received than almost any other man in his sphere of action. The poor, ignorant and weak were not afraid to look him in the face and tell him their wants, and even their faults; so that while he was the equal, intellectually and morally, of strongmen and cultivated thinkers, he was approachable to the commonest. He was bom at Alderly, Cheshire, on the 13th of Decem- ber, 1815. His early training received its chief impulse at Eugby under Dr. Arnold. From Kugby he passed to Ox ford University, where he was graduated. In 1851 be was appointed Canon of Canterbury, and a few years later Ee- gius Professor of Ecclesiastical History at Oxford. This chair he kept from 1856 to 1864, when he was made Dean of Westminster, and as such has been conspicuous in Eng- lish life not only, but in the Christian world at large. Few men in the ecclesiastical office have borne themselves with so much dignity and with so much advantage to the re- ligious instilTitions with which they were connected. An American writer very properly characterizes him as Dot merely a divine, or a scholar, or an author, bat a man of the age, exquisitely sensitive to poetry and art, and keenly alive to the charm which there is about sncient Capt. E. B. Ward. 503 places and venerable institutions. He loves knowledge, his library, his books, and the society of scholars, but he wants to mingle also with the great living world that roUa and dashes in the ocean outside of cathedral walls. lie died on the I8th of July, 1881. CAPT. EHER B. WARD, THE GREAT BUSINESS MAN OF MICHIGAN. tiy the death of Captain Ward, in 1875, the West lost one of the strongest agents in her rapid development of the last forty years. He was a man of tremendous force, indomitable energy, and intense practicality. Physically be was a massive man, weighing two hundred pounds or more, with broad shoulders and a strong frame. He was 504 Capt. E. B. Waeo. born in Canada (although an American citizen) in 1811, his parents having been temporarily in that country. Mr. Ward, Sr., first visited Detroit in 1821. This was sixteen years after the old town had been destroyed, and at a period when there was but one frame house in the town, the average buildings being of logs, with cedar bark roofs. At this time the largest vessel that floated on the lakes was only of thirty tons burden, and when one of these ar- rived at Detroit's solitary«wharf, men, women, and children thronged the river's bank to get a glimpse of the strange visitor. A vessel known as the Greek Hunter was the only means of water communication between Detroit and Buf- falo. About 1824 Eber commenced life by securing the posi- tion of " cabin boy " on a small schooner. Observing his energy and activity, Mr. Samuel Ward, an uncle, the lead- ing ship-builder of Marine City, called the youth from his sailor life, and gave him a. clerkship in his warehouse. This change marked the beginning of a lite of usefulness and importance in Michigan commercial affairs. Being constantly in connection with interesting marine transac- tions, his growing business talents were rapidly improved. His first floating investment was a quarter interest in the General Harrison, of which he became master. He took command of this craft in 1835, and managed her suc- cessfully, until the value of his interests at Marine City de- manded his presence there. He was admitted as a partner with his uncle, and he continued a most successful business until 1850, when he withdrew from the firm and went to Detroit, where a larger and less occupied field afforded him a peculiar opportunity for success. Prom that day he pushed the marine interests of Detroit with a giant hand, and built and owned many vessels. Mr. Ward gradually withdrew from the vessel business and invested his extensive capital in another direction. He JoHu W. Gakebct. 508 waa heavily interested in the Chicago Rolling Mills, and in a similar corporalion in MHwriee, Wis., and in the Wy- andotte Rolling Mill, and ownea real estate to the amount of over tvyo millions of dollars, and had in the neighbor- hood of three millions invested in different speculations. No disaster can conquer such a man. Strip him of hia possessions, but he -will not yield ; will rub his hands and take a fresh hold. He had the enterprise of Vanderbilt with more vigor, a large brain, cultivated by reading the best books in the language. With his powerful physique and indomitable will he would have risen to distinction in any useful Tocation. JOHN W. GARRETT, PEES. BAiTIMOEE AXD OHIO RAILWAY. We presume that there is not a railway or business man m the country to whom the name of John W. Garrett is not familiar. He is known to the entire country, and in the commercial centers of Europe, as the head of the great cor- poration that controls the Baltimore and Ohio Railway and its connections. He was bom in Baltimore, July 21, 1820, and left La- fayette College, at Easton, Pa., at nineteen, to enter his father's commercial counting-room, whither his brother had preceded him as partner. The two sons widened the busi- ness, and it became the American branch of the great house of Peabody & Co., of London, and represented in this country some of the most important commercial houses of London and Liverpool. In 1858 Mr. Garrett was elected president of the Bal- timore and Ohio Railway Company. A new order of things appeared, and at the next annual meeting of the company its fruits were apparent. The gross receipts of the road for 1859 wa« an increase of $725,325.16 in th» '>.2 506 John W. Gaebett. comparative net gains. The first practical result of it was the payment to the stockholders in the spring of 1859 of the first semi-annual dividend of the regular series, which has never been interrupted siiice. In 1858 when Mr. Garrett first took part in the manage- ment the stock of the road was quoted at $57. A recent quotation in the Baltimore Stock Board makes the stock stand at $200, and none to be had even at this figure^ We hke this face. It looks stanch, steadfast, and de- termiaed. It looks honest and intelligent, as if the owner had no concealments, and no need of them, and could be trusted in business, social or political Ufe. He has a world of intuition — that sense of truth which comes flashing upon the mind without waiting to verify its evidences, and brings conviction and decision. This is a man for emergencies ; and will manage more crooked and restless men than most men in similar relations, and he has peculiar ability to bring men to terms who would quarrel with nearly every- body. He vyiU win friends among foes. He has the tact to disagree with people without exciting their animosity. He is very friendly, large-hearted, genial, and calculated to inspire, confidence; is a first-rate judge of strangers. Men stand before him luminous, and he looks through them as one can look through a ladder, and it does not do much good for people to try to deceive him. He does not believe in sham of any sort. He believes in justice ; he loves it because it is just. He has the tendency to mind his own business, and to be master of it ; to feel self-satis- fied with his efforts, with his judgment, and is willing to be criticised. During the "late war Mr. Garrett played a very impor- tant part in its conduct, and few have any idea of how inti- mate was his connection with many of the most important mjlitaa-y operations that took place. President Lincoln had the greatest confidence in Mr. Garrett's judgment, and John W. Gabkett. 507 some of the most critical movements of the Union armies were made upon his advice. His relations with the Gov- ernment were marked by excellent judgment, tact, and consummate abihtj. JOHN W. OAKBETT. Mr. Garrett's absorbing interests have not deterred him from humanitarian pursuits, and ho is a well-read and cul- tivated gentleman. In person he is large and portly, of aflfable and polished manners, determined and curt of biw'Tiess speech, but withai a oleasant and agreeable man. 508 James Liok. JAMES LICK, OF CALIFORNIA THE BENEVOLENT MHJUONAIBB. Tms face indicates an active, keen, shrewd, cautions^ secretive, earnest, tenacious, persevering, saving, calcalat- ing, thooghtfal, honest, kindly, enterprising man. There is " business " in that head and face. The expres- sion hov7 intense I There is no dullness in either brain or face ; the clear penetrating mind acts through and shao^pens* the features. Activity, energy, go-ahead are seen in every line. That closely-knit brow means dose and careful scrutiny. Those piercing eyes mean penetration. That thin, prominent nose, with its dilating nostrils, means an active mental temperament. That compressed mouth and long upper Hp mean determination and decision. He could say no, and stick to it. That high, broad, and full forehead means abihty to think, reason, originate ; and the large Constructiveness assists in planning and contriving ; while the large Combativeness and Destructiveness con- tribute toward the execution of his designs. He had large Firmness and Continuity, and so held steadily to a purpose, finishing what he began.^ Of Mr. James Lick who has not heard, especially through the general interest awakened by his munificent contribu- tions to California science, art, and society? The peculiar features of his gift-making, challenge respect, for, while they are out of the usual line of endowments established by wealthy capitalists, they have a practical utility which is at once understood and appreciated. James Lick was bom at Fredericksburg, Lebanon Co., Penn., on the 25th of August, 1796. Having a mechanical turn of mind, he was not satisfied with the pursuit of his father, who was a farmer. He desired to engage in enter- prises of a broad, expansive character, and in whatever he attempted as a young' man, with few facilities and fewer James Lioe. S09 encouragements, he exhibited rarest energy, enterprise, and diligence. JAMES LICE. In 1821 he left his old home and went to South America. In Buenos Ayres he spent ten years, owning or controlling SIO Jamks Liok. large rancLos. He lived in Gbili four years, and eleven in Lima, Peru, always pushing forward certain commercial projects, quietly, unobtrusively, but with excellent results In 1847, when the news of the gold discoveries in Cali^ fomia reached him, he was a business man ia Valparaiso. Believing an opportunity had come for a grand " strike," he at once set out for San Francisco, and there selected such property as his keen foresight decided would rapidly appre- ciate in value, and invested the profits of his South Ameri- can ventures in it. It is said that he then purchased laud to the extent of $20,000 worth, and to-day that land is valued at millions. The good judgment of Mr. Lick is well shown in the following incident, which we find in a California publi- cation : ' "In 1853, J. R Weller, United States Senator from Califomia, said, in his place, ' I would not give sis bits for all the agricultural lands in California.' At this very time Mr. Lick was preparing the foundations for a floiu:- ing-miU in Santa Clara County, which, with its massive foundations, fine burr-stones and interior finishings of solid mahogany, had, before it was completed, cost him half a million of dollars. This done, he took fifty acres of adjoining land, reduced its surface to a spirit level, and set, by the square and comjiass, with his own hands, the whole with the choicest varieties of pear trees. These operations, and numerous others, proved very remunera- tive." Ten years or so later he erected the Lick House, one of the finest hotels in the country. In fine, nearly everything which he haa done since 1855 has been of large proportions, at once creditable to the man and honorable to city and State where he has made his home. He had not forgotten his birthplace in Lebanon County, Penn., for he had the old house removed all the way to his farm in Califoraia, and James Lick. 511 there set up and farnisbed with the same appointments aa were familiar to him so many years ago. The manner in which Mr. Lick has applied his vast estate is thus set forth : " To the observatory, founded by him on Mt. Hamilton, he gave $700,000, to purchase such a telescope and other apparatus as the world had not yet seen. He gave $100,000 for public monuments in Sacramento, and $150,000 for city baths for the people ; $540,000 for a school of mechanical arts in Cahfomia, and $60,000 for a monument in Golden Gate Park to Francis B. Key, author of ' The Star-Spangled Banner.' Various sums are given to benefi- cent societies — for instance : ' Old Ladies' Home, San Francisco, $100,000 ; Ladies' Protection and Relief Society, San Francisco, $25,000 ; Protestant Orphan Asylum, San Francisco, $25,000 ; Orphan Asylum, San Jose, $25,000 ; Mechanics' Institute, San Francisco, $10,000 ; Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, San Francisco, $10,000 ; to Academy of Sciences and Pioneer Society, San Francisco, residue of estate — perhaps $225,000.' " Some criticism has been made on the large amount designated by Mr. Lick for the Key montmient, and in this place it may be stated that that mxmificent patron of art had more reason for his act in this behalf than people, not old Califomians, appreciate. When California was on the brink of being hurried out of the Union, by secession advocates, in 1861, that song was hissed from the stage in the leading theatre of San Fran- cisco. The following evening that theatre was densely crowded with lovers of the old flag, and as it appeared upon the stage in the hands of the lady vocalist who had been driven off the night before, the Star-Spangled Banner was greeted with one of the most thrilling and soul-stirring acclaims that ever went up from human voices, and that night secession stock in San Francisco went almost to 612 Samuel Sloan. aero, and never rose again. For a long time after that the soul-stirring verses were among the most popular of sor^a Bung on the Pacific slope. Mr. Lick's proposed memoriSi to its author is an expression of patriotic remembrances. BKs gifts amount to $2,000,000. He provided for the comfort of his relatives also, and reserved to himself his homestead and 125,000 a ;ear. Taken altogether a more splendid act of benevolence and public-spiritedness does not exist on the record of American millionariea Mr. Lick died in 1876, SAMUEL SLOAN. PKES. DELAWARE, LACKAWANNA, AND WESTERN R. R. Every person on looking at this portrait must be struck with the remarkable character of its outlines, chiseled on the principle of accuracy, precision, and delicacy. There are thought and sentiment, positiveness, endurance, and earnestness. He is remarkable for his quickness of ob- servation, his accuracy of opinion, and for a self-poised decisiveness with which he reaches conclusions. He would have made a very able lawyer, his power showing itself in the clearness of his plans, correctness of judgment, and in the quiet persistency with which he would have gone forward in carrying out his purposes. He was born on Christmas Day, 1817, at Lisbum, near Belfast, Ireland. His parents were Scotch Presbyterians, industrious, frugal, and intelligent. He was about two years old when they emigrated to America, and settled in the city of New York. Samuel became a pupil in the first public school of New York ; he afterward attended the grammar school of Columbia College, and continued his studies until his father's death, in 1830. He secured a Samuel Sloait. 513 derkship in an old-established commercial house, and re- mained with it until 1845, when he was deemed worthy of a partnership. Mi. Sloan, having in 1855 been elected SAMUEL SLOAN. President of the Hudson Eiver Railroad Company, retired from the bosiaess, and gave his whole attention to the in terests of the railway. In the fall of 1857 ho was elected State Senator. Mr. Sloan remained in the presidency of tlje Sqdson River 23* S14 Gen. Custee. Kailroad until 1867, and a year after was elected on a com- mission of the trunk railroad, consisting of the New York and Erie, thei Baltimore and Ohio, New York Central, and Pennsylvania RaDroad Oompanies, adjusting complications arising out of the competition in the passenger and freight traffic of the railroads mentioned. He had been a director in connection with the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Bailroad Company ever since 1864, and in February, 1839, he was elected president of that extensive organization. Mr. Sloan is the personification of a business man, dis- tinguished by sound and practical sense. He is' a fluent writer, expressing his meaning in clear and terse language. He has ever taken an interest in philanthropic and reli- gious matters, exhibiting in these, as well as in his business relations, intelligence and executive skill. In his general deportment he is quiet and unostentatious. He is tall and slender, vrith hair formerly dark, now tinged with gray, and dark ey^s, and a face indicating a studious and reflec- tive habit of mind. GEN. GEOEGE A. CUSTER. "The death of Gen. Custer and of his command in the campaign against the Sioux in Montana, June 25, 1876, produced a deep impression throughout the country. His dashing, chivalric character was the admiration of all who esteem high courage and soldierly prowess, and his death is felt to be a national loss. One year before his death he obtained a written description of character at our office, and the examiner (the author) had not the slightest inkling of the name and rank of his subject imtil after he had closed his dictation. The description appears in full in the Phrenological JourncU ior Sept., 1876. We make a single quotation : Gen. Custee. 515 " Ton should always avoid overdoing. It is as natural for you to overdo as it is for birds to spread their wings when they feel in a hurry, and it makes httle difference what youi OEN. OKO. A. OUSTEB. busijiess is, you would contrive somehow to overdo at it. You make work of pleasure. If you were aa overworked citizen and went to the country to rusticate for a month in the summer, you would get up all sorts of enterprises, and 616 S. S. Paokaed. excursions to mountain-tops, romantic ravines, fishing grounds and what-not ; and you would blister your hands with rowing, and your feet with tramping, and your face with unaccustomed exposure to sunshine, and you would be a sort .of captain-genei^l of all such doings. If you were an army ofl5cer and in active service, you would get as much' work out of a horse as General Custer or PhiL Sheri- dan would, that is to say, as much as the horse could ren- der. If you were running a machine, that machine would have to go a few turns faster to the minute than machines of that sort are generally run." George A. Custer was bom in Ohio about the year 1839. At the age of sixteen he received a nomination to West Point, and graduated in June, 1861. The war had just be- gun and the armies were organizing, and he was sent into active service with the Fifth Regular Cavalry as a first lieu- tenant under McClellan. In the summer of 1863, he was made a brigadier-general of volunteers, and he did good work in the battle of Gettysburg, and was brevetted a ma- jor in the regular army on the day of the conflict at Gettys- burg, and in 1864 he was brevetted major-general of volun- teers, then being but about twenty-four years of age. On the 13th of March, 1865, he was brevetted major-general in the regidar army. S. S. PACKARD, FBESIDENT OF FACEABd's BUSINESS C0Ij:.Eai!. Mr. S. S. Packard, whose portrait is before the reader, looks to be the active, wide-awake, intense spirit he is. He stands about five feet nine, and weighs nearly one hundred and fifty pounds. His eyes are blue, his hair brown, his complexion fair. His brain is decidedly large, nearly twenty-three inches in circumference, and its quality is good. The mental tern S. S. Packard. 517 perament greatly predominates, and be is of the high- pressnre stamp. He is capable of cxcelliDg in any one of a Inindred pursuits. He has great versatility, vivacity, si^bai^^:^^';///////" S. S. PACKARD. enthusiasm, and push. We count him among our rising men, and, through his college, making a high mark. He T^as bom in Cummiagton, Massachusetts, April 28, 1836. His father, Tntb his five boys, sought as a home the 518 Ex-Gov. Claflin. then new country of Ohio. When about fourteen he at- tended a boys' academy at Granville, about six mUes away He excelled in penmanship, and at the age of sixteen deter- mined to enter upon his cajreer as writing master, and taught successfully. He then taught district school. In January, 1 848, he removed to Cincinnati, where he spent two years in connection with " Bartlett's Commercial Col- lega" In the fall of 1853 he established at Tonawanda— a village lying loidway between Buffalo and Niagara Falls — a weekly paper, called " The Niagara River Pilot." In the fall of 1856 he was induced to join the Messrs. Bry- ant & Stratton in their efforts to establish commercial col- leges in every city and village of the United States and Canada. In 1858 he came to New York, and established the most excellent institution which he has now in charge. Its success is well and widely known. In 1 859-60 he pre- pared for the press three separate works on book-keeping, which have met the expectation of publishers, and also a public demand. WILLIAM CLAFLIN, EX- GOV. OF MASSACHUSETTS. This gentleman has a combination of mental develop ments which leads him to form very specific individual opinions, and he early in life learned to decide questions from his own point of view. He does not look through other people's spectacles. Facts which he acquires him- self are positive and decided, and his mind is centered, fo- calized, pointed and positive, rather than broad, compre- hensive, and philosophical. As a business man, he looks after practical affairs, and though he may have book-keepers, he wants to see the books ; though he may have salesmen, he would hke to be m the u)idst of his business. As a manufacturer, he would Ex-Gov. Claflqj. 519 be very discriminatiiig, would learn how to make an articld with less expense than most men. He has what may be BS.-GOV. CLiTUN. called common sense — a mind that acts directly, not with wide philosophic sweeps, but with microscopic analysis and discrimination. 530 Andrew D. White. Governor Claflin was born at Milford, Mass., March 6th, 1818. His father was a tanner. At an early period he ex- hibited annsual aptitude for biisiness, and announced his determination to go Weat. There he commenced in 1839 at St. Louis operations in the boot» ahoe, and leather trade, and soon buHt up a respectable business. In 1845 he re turned to Boston to establish the manufacture of boots and shoes, which proved highly successful, and he has become the laroprietor of a number of boot and shoe factories and tanneries in dififerent parts of Massachusetts, employing upward of five himdred hands. Mr. Claflin, from 1849 to 1852, was. a member of the House of Representatives of Massachusetts ; served in the State Senate in 18G0 and 1861, presiding over the proceed- ings of that body in the latter year. At the State election in 1865, he was elected Lieutenant-Governor of Massachu- setts, and in 1868 was elected to be Governor, and in the elections for State officers in 1869 and in 1870, was re- elected. He is hberal in charity, but unostentatious, dispensing his wealth with a free hand wherever his discreet judgment determines it will prove an agent of good- ANDREW D. WHITE, PRESIDENT OP COENELL TTNIVBESITY AND U. ^ MINISTEB TO GEBMANT. Mr. White is a natural leader of thinkers, and possesses also the quaUties which make him a leader of men as men. He has ambition, is mindful of rank and reputation,- and while he seeks to build himself up in knowledge, in respect- abili^, rank, and standing, he inclines to lift other people up as well, and give them large opportunities for attainment and advancement. A man so organized is not likely to be afraid of rivals ; he does not stop to discuss that. His Andebw D. White. 521 ambition does not need to poll any one down in order thai he may rise ; he feels strong in himself. He has talent for research and inquiry, the ability to compass broad fields of thought and plow more deeply than most men, combined wi& imagination that gives him ca- AKDEEW D. WHITB. pacity to broaden out his life, and moral sentiment enough to regulate and control his emotions and passions. We re- gard him as a very superior man — first, in quality ; second, in sentiment ; third, in miad. Andrew D. White was bom in Cortland County, N. Y., in 1832. He was well educated, studying at Hobart Col 523 Andeew D. White. lege, taMng the baccalaureate degree at Yale, and then vis- iting Europe for the purpose of a course in history. He remained abroad about two years, stopping mainly in Paris and Eerlin. In 185G he spent another year at Yale, as special student of history, when he was elected to the chair of History and English Literature in Michigan Uni- versity. In 1862, he was elected to the State Senate of New York, and re-elected in 1864. During his two terms he introduced several important bills for making the common schools entirely free, and for establishing normal schools. While in the Legislature the question arose with reference to the State accepting the Congressional land-endowment for colleges of agriculture and the mechanical arts. The share allotted to New York amounted to nearly a milUon acres. The friends of the existing colleges wished to have it parceled among them ; but Mr. White advocated the keeping of the endowment for founding a new institution worthy of the country and the State. Mr. Cornell, himself a senator, offered an additional donation of $500,000, pro- vided the Congressional endowment shotild be preserved intact, and the institution located at Ithaca, Mr. Cornell's native town. This offer was accepted, and in 1865 the bill incorporating Cornell University was passed. This may be regarded as the turning point in Mr. White's career. He was appointed a trustee of the new institution, and in 1866 was elected its President. Since then his time and atten- tion have been devoted to the University. He visited Europe for the third time in 1867-68, for the purpose of examining into the organization of the leading schools of agriculture and technology, and of purchasing books and apparatus for the University. On the death of Bayard Taylor in 1879, Mr. White waa appointed to succeed him as United States Minister ai Berlin, still retaining his presidency of CornelL Peob. Joseph Henbt. PROF. JOSEPH I]ENRY, LATB OF THE SMITHSONIAN rNSTITDTB. The full and prominent forehead of this eminent scholar, witli his open and intelligent eye, sl^pw sharp criticism, quick perception, and sound and logical handling of the facts acquired. 624 Peof. Joseph HENKt- With practice, he would have been an excellent exiempcv raneous speaker, especially in the realm of teaching. Joseph Hekey, bom in Albany, N. Y., is of Scotch Presby- terian descent ; his grandparents, on both sides, landed in New York the day before the battle of Bunker's HiU. Having lost his father at an early age, he was adopted by an uncle, dividing his time between a store and attend- ing school. He resolved to devote his life to the acquisition of kuowl edge, and immediately commenced to take evening lessons in the Albany Academy. Occupying his time ia teach- ing and studying, he learned and practiced surveying, but the professorship of mathematics in the Academy having fallen vacant, he was elected to fill the chair. He com- menced a series of original investigations on electricity and magnetism, the first regular series on natural phUosoph} which had been prosecuted in this country since the days of Franklin. . These researches made him favorably known, not only in this country, but also in Europe, and led to his call, in 1832, to the chair of Natural Philosophy in the College of New Jersey, at Princeton. In 1835 he was elected Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of Virginia. In 1846 he was requested by the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, to give his views as to the best method of realizing the intentions of its founder. On account of this exposition, and his scientific reputation, he was oaUed to the office of Secretary or Director of the establishment, and brought the institution into a condition of financial prosperity and wide reputation. He was a member of various societies in this country and abroad, and has several times received the degree of LL.D., the last time from C§,mbridge, Mass. The mere naming of his great discoveries in science would alone transcend our space. OTErS W. FlELO. 622 CYRUS W. FIELD, THE FATHER OF STJBMAKINE TELEGRAPHY. The veracious historian of Capt. Scott tells us that his , rigUance as a hunter, and his accuracy as a marksman, were so widely known to the 'coons in his neighborhood, that when one of them from the tree-top saw the captain with his lifle, it would merely inauire of him if he were Ctrxjb W. Field. Capt Scott, on learning which it offered to come down at once without troubling the captain to fire. Men, also, de sire to find a leader, and usually recognize him at once, and accord to him confidence and respect. A natural lead- er also seems to live far in advance of others, and knows the new fields of effort in which fortune and fame can be found, and, as a matter of course, falls into the line of lead- ership,' nominated by intuition and elected by common con- sent When Francis Murphy -visited a place to labor in the cause of temperance multitudes rushed to listen, to weep, and reform. They seemed to think " Now is the time or never." Armies of men signed the pledge, and thousands of drunkards have been redeemed. Moody and Sankey are invited and prepared for, and thousands willingly accept their leadership, and enter upon a new life. When Ed- ward Kimball comes to a church which is hopelessly loaded with debt, his magic touch seems to transform the minds and the4)ockets of the people, and their debts vanish like April snow under the glowing sun. The people eagerly accept their chief, and heartily co-operate, and ever after wonder how the great work was done. Cyrus W. Field is organized to be a natural master among men. His life has been, in respect to other men, what the keen coulter is to the plow-share, cutting ob- stacles in advance and preparing an easy way for others to follow. Instead of presenting to our readers the portrait of a man of sixty years, bald, bearded and bleached by time, we prefer to give his likeness as he looked in that supreme moment of his life, when, like another Neptune, he strode from the oceaii, carrying in one hand his dripping trident, and in the other hand the electric cable, vivid with the emancipated thought of the world, and at once the har biue;er and hope of a new era in civilization. Cykus W. Field. 527 Mr. Field was bom in Stockbridge, Mass., Nov. 30, 1819, was educated in his native town ; at fifteen, became a mer- cbant's clerk in New York, and after a few years was at the head of a prosperous business. In 1853 he partiaUj retired from business, and traveled in South America. On bis return he became interested in a telegraph line already- begun in Nevsrfoundland to cross the island, 400 miles from Cape Ray to St John's, from which a line of fast steamers could reach Europe in seven daya While studying this subject the thought flashed through his mind, " Why not carry the telegraph line across the ocean f " This was the seed thought which has grown into one of the most impor- tant interests of modern times — ocean telegraphy. To carry out this great thought he obtained in 1 854 from the Legislature of Newfoimdland a charter to construct a tele- graph line from the continent of America to Newfound- land, and thence imder the ocean to Europe. With him were associated Peter Cooper, Moses Taylor, Marshall O. Roberts, Chandler White, and Wilson G. Hunt, of New York, under the title of the " New York, Newfoundland, and London Telegraph Company," for the purpose of carrying this design into effect. They built the land line across Newfoundland, and laid a submarine cable to con- nect Cape Eay and Cape Breton. In 1856 he went to London, and there organized the "Atlantic Telegraph Company" to carry the line across the ocean, and himself Etubscribed for one fourth of the whole capital of the company. By his personal applica- tion, he procured from the British and American govern- ments aid in ships, and accompanied the expeditions which sailed from England in 1857 and 1858 to lay the cable across the Atlantic ocean. Twice the attempt failed, once in 1857 and once in 1858. The third attempt was success- ful, and in Aug., 1858, telegraphic communication was made across the oqean. The cable worked feebly and soon 628 Oteus W. Field. became silent llie public lost faith, and to resuscitate the project now became more difficult than ever ; but its chief promoter, Mr. Field, renewed his efforts, crossing and re- crossing the ocean scores of times during seven weary years, until at last, in 1865, a better cable and better appliances were prepared, and the Great Eastern — a marvel of naval folly, except solely for cable laying — took it on board, and sailed West, and after paying out 1,200 miles, the cable broke and was lost, and the ship returned to England de- feated. la 1866 another expedition set out and was success- ful. The two shores of the Atlantic were united by the cable, and it worked perfectly. The Great Eastern re- turned to where the year before she had lost the cable, found it and spliced it \rath one she had on board for tho purpose, and carried it safely to the western shore. Thus after twelve years of such labor as would have killed or discouraged almost any other man, in which he had crossed the ocean fifty times, he saw the great work completed. Mr. Field had the prophetic sagacity to see what ought and what could be done, and the courage to make the ef- fort. The iron will and the persuasive wisdom which could lead, govern, and co-ordinate the mental, financial, legislative and popular forces requisite to begin, guide, and finish such an undertaking, might not again be found in a century. John Bright pronounced him " the Columbus of modem times." His own country, by the unanimous vote of Congress, granted him a gold medal, and foreign countries also expressed grateful honor in every way permissible to the citizen of another country. Thus at the age of thirty- five, he devoted himself to the great, untried task, and at forty-seven he had realized his hopes, and won the perpet- ual gratitude of the human race. Wblhelm Eichaed Wagnee. 529 WILHELM EICHARD WAGNER, THE GEEAT GEEMAN COMPOSEB. When this portrait was presented to me, the name being hidden, my first remark was • " Who is that ? He looks as 630 WlLHELM RiOHAED "WaGNEB. if be were listening to music." The reader will observe in the expression a kind of dreamy enthusiasm, as if he were listening for something to come to him, instead of looking that he might see something. That is a strong and hand- some face; no fault can be found with any of its features. That is a massive and magnificent head, especially large in the upper side region. How capacious across the brow ia the region of Perception I How heavy and broad in the upper part of the forehead, where the organs which theorize and comprehend are located ! Then look at the breadth and expansiveness of the temples in the region of Tune, Constructiveness and Ideality, faculties which are employed in musical composition, and in invention, or in the study of combination. AH great musical composers, as well as ill great poets, artists, and mechanics, are broad and full in the temporal regions, and especially in the higher part of the temples. The subject before us, an inventor in music far beyond the common prescribed boundaries of musical composition, with his wonderful, weird passages, has bewildered, aston- ished, and sometimes maddened the world of criticism. There are those who are his rivals for the pubhc ear, whc would decry his work; there are others who beUeve he has touched the realm of the musical future ; that he is the phenomenon of the time and for the future. The temperament is exceedingly fine, susceptible and en- thusiastic. He does not need to take inspiration from other people's mental life, nor to light his torch at their taper. He warms himself by his own fire, and hke the locomotive, travels with his own strength, and illumines ioB pathway for himselfl Wilhelm Richard Wagner was bom in 1813, at Leipzig. Sis father died six months after the birth of his dis- tinguished son. The widow married again, taking for Wag- ner's stepfather an actor and painter. It was bis intention WiLHELM KlCHAED WaGNEE. 531 to make a painter of Richard, but he found him possessed of no taJent for drawing. Eichard was only about seven years of age when his second father died, and the day before that event he requested the boy to play several pieces which he had learned on tht piaro. After lis- tening to his playing, he remarked: " It is possible that Richard, who is good for nothing else, may make some- thing of himself in music yet" Left now to himself, he learned nothing which he could not claim as entirely his own. He wrote plays when but twelve, and he was but fifteen years of age when a composition of his was put upon the stage, and from that time his whole career has been one of advancement, although every step until he had reached his thirtieth year was against very discouraging obstacles. In his eighteenth year he entered the University of Leipsic, as a student of philosophy. He now received music lessons of Weinlig, who was renowned as a teacher. He then gave most of his attention to composition. When scarcely twenty-one he was made Music Director of the Magdeburg Theater, where he remained from 1834 to 1836, going from thence to accept a similar position at Konigsberg, and thence into the theater at Biga, in the same capacity. Here he began his " Gola Rienzi " which he finished in Paris, and began to compose his " Flying Dutchman. " In Zurich he was first enabled to bring his peculiar musical talents into public favor. He wrote the three ■ pamphlets, "Art and Revolution," "Art in the Future," and ''Opera and Drama;" and also a considerable part of the so-called " Niebelungenring," a trilogy of operas, upon which he was more or less engaged for fifteen years. Thia woi'k, together with its introduction, required four conseo- ntive evenings for its comnlete representation. The great undertaking for the production of his " Nifr' 632 William E. Gladstonb. belungenring," which had its accomplishment in the little town of Baireuth in Bavaria, in 1876, constitutes an era in German music. A theater was specially erected, and the series of operas belonging to the Niebelungen performed before a great and brilhant audience. Wagner's aim has been to give to German music a peculiarly German char- acter — ^the motives, sources, dramatis personw, melody, be- ii^ German ; at the same time he asserts that the hitherto popular drama and music " are insincere and trivial," and not calculated to elevate the mind of the hearers. His views on the proper sphere of music, and the nature of his own efforts as a composer are set forth with much elabora- tion in his " Gesammelte Shriften and Dichtungen," which constitute nine volumes, and were published in 1871. In person, Wagner is short and thin, with a large head, strongly marked in outline, and resolute in expression. WILLIAM E. GLADSTONE, FKHiEi imnsTEB of England. The m'ental and physical make up of this gentleman is remarkable, and for nothing, perhaps, more than the fact that it is not eccentric, but smooth and harmonious. His Temperament is strong and well balanced and his brain measures 23^ inches. He weighs 180 pounds, and is about six feet in height. The brain, therefore, being large, strong, and well sustained, we have an instance of power, endurance, and susceptibility in admirable combination Endowed as he is by nature with abilities to be the first oi statesmen, his culture and associations have been such as to ripen him for his work, and the times have opened for him a pathway to renown such as rarely falls to the lot oi any man in any covmtry. The Et. Hon. Wm. Evart Gladstone was bom in Liver- pool, Dec. 29, 1809. John Gladstone, afterward Sir John William E. Gladstone 532 Gladstone, was of Scottish birth, and an enterprising mer- chant. Becoming connected with the West India trade, ho amassed great wealth, of which he spent freely on the WILLIAM E. GLABSTONE. education of his children. William was distinguished in childhood for his rare intelligence. He was educated at Eaton and at Christ Church College, winning there the highest honors for scholarship. 534 "William E. Gl. dstonk. Mr. Gladstone was but twenty-tbree when he represent- ed the borough of Newark in the House of Commons. His abilities drew the notice of Sir Robert Peel, who, in 1835, appointed him a Junior Lord of the Treasury, and then Under-Secretary for the Colonies. Mr. Gladstone was made a member of the Prvy-CouncU, and accepted office as Vice- President of the Board of Trade and Master of the Mint In 1847 he was elected to Parliament for the University of Oxford, and espoused more warmly than ever the cause of the Liberal party. On the formation of a ministry by the Earl of Aberdeen, Mr. Gladstone became Chancellor of the Exchequer. In June, 1859, when the second Palmers- ton Administration was formed, he was once more made Chancellor of the Exchequer. This post he held in the Liberal Ministries until the resignation of Earl Rus- sell's cabinet in June, 1866. On the resignation of Dis- raeli in Dec, 1869, Mr. Gladstone became Premier. In 1874 he resigned, and DisraeU took his place. In 1880 there was another revolution in Enghsh politics, and Glad- stone became Premier, which office he still (1882) con- tinues to hold. As an orator and as a statesman, Mr. Gladstone is proba- bly the foremost in English politics. His fecundity of speech is remarkable, while at the same time his remarks are always characterized by great clearness and pertinency. One of the ablest economists of the age, his Budget speeches are marvelous efforts of business eloquence. Amid his pressing public duties, he has found leisure to 3o no small amount of literary work. He has published "The State in its Eolations with the Church,"." Church Principles Considered in their Eesults," some able criti- cisms on Homer and the Greek Mythology, besides essays of a theological character. He' has been twice elected Lord Rector of the University of Edinburgh, and in 1865 was made a member of the Institute of France. Cleveland Abbb. 535 CLEVELAND ABBE, " PROBABILITIES." Within a few years daily reports of the state of the weather at different parts of the country, and predictions with regard to the changes that may be expected in this oi that section, have become a part of our every morning's news. The daily newspaper has its special accommodation (or the reports of the Signal Service Bureau, and every 536 Cleveland Abbe. business mm, as he turns over his paper, glances down the columni to see what " Probabilities" has to say with re- gard to the character of the day. On its promises or fore- bodings he deems it safe to rely as to whether he shall need his umbrella, or if it wiU be best for his daughter to accompany the proposed excursion party ; whether he shall order his ship to sail, or wait till the threatened storm is over. How much saving of health, of happiness, and of money depend on the kind of weather we may ex- pect, w« are learning through the increasing uses of the in- formation supplied by this new institution. In our portrait we have the indication of a very fine na- ture ; the mind very active and exceedingly nice and accu- rate in all its efforts. The head expands as it rises, in- creasing in width aU the way to the top. Such a person ia a natural theorist an'd reasoner, and believes that every- thing in nature has a well ordered cause. Observe the squareness of the upper part of the forehead, also the ex- pansive side-head at the temples, indicating the capacity for comprehending combinations, and the ability to invent and study out truth. Cleveland Abbe was bom in New York, on the 3d of De- cember, 1838, and was graduated at the College of the City of New York in 1857. He developed a taste for mathe- matics, astronomy, and other branches of science, and after graduation was engaged as instructor in mathematics at the University of Michigan. He afterward took part in the Coast Survey Service, and had opportunity to pursue his favorite studies for three years under Dr. Gould at Cam- bridge, Mass. His preference, however, was the study of astronomy, and in the furtherance of that he accepted the offer of a position in one of the finest observatories of the world, the Royal Astronomical Institution of Russia, near St. Petersburg. After a stay of nearly three years he re- turned to America, and was engaged in work at the Na * Joseph Hioksok. 63t lional Observatory in Washington for several months, and while thus occupied he received a call to assume the dicta- torship of the Cincinnati Observatory. While at Cincinnati Mr. Abbe carried out a most suc- cessful expedition, which occupied the most northern post of all the scientific parties that were dispatched to observe the memorable eclipse of Augufit, 1869. His party was sta- tioned in the heart of Dakota Territory. It was while conducting the regular vrork of the observ- atory that he conceived and carried into execution the first practical attempt to form a meteorological weather-bureau in this country. By earnest e£fort he succeeded in establishing, under the auspices of the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce, some twenty or thirty posts of observation throughout the West and South, and along the Great Lakes, from which he re- ceived three times a day the results of simultaneous obser- vations, as telegraphed to him at the obswvatoiy; and from these he compiled a "Daily Weather Bulletin," which was posted in the rooms of the Chamber of Com- merce, and these " Probabilities '' (for such they were first called by him) were eagerly sought and utilized for their business purposes by the large grain dealers and pork packers of that city. This undertaking was carried on for several months with marked success, and when, in 1871, the U. S. Signal Service assumed the character of a Meteorological Depart- ment, Mr. Abbe was called upon as the most competent man to act as its meteorologist. JOSEPH HICKSON, MANAGER OP THE OBANS TETJNBL RAILWAY OP CANADA. The portrait before us indicates great strength of char acter and vigor of physical constitution. People feel wil- 538 Joseph Hiokson. ' ling to obey him. If he were in an army and ordered a charge, and led it, his men would follow as thev did at BalaMava. The forehead is plump and full at the base, showing practical talent, first rate memory of facts and things, pow- er to gather up details and co-ordinate them, and to carry business in his mind without confusion. If he were a teacher, he would hold his knowledge in solution on all the* subjects of instruction, and be able to answer instantly any questions which might arise, and the pupils would get an idea that he knew everything. His ConstructivenessL qualifies him to understand any- thing mechanical, and to see through compUcated affairs instantly. He is intuitive in his judgment, his first opinions are his best, and his mind comes to a focus or a decision like that of a prize pigeon-shooter, whose first look at the bird tells the story. Mr. Hickson was bom in Northumberland, England, in 1830, and when a mere youth entered the employ of the York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway, and subsequently became connected with the Maryport and Carlisle Railway as chief agent at Carlisle. In 1851 he received an appoint- ment on the Manchester and Lincolnshire Railway, and while there he became known to the gentlemen connected with the management of the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada, and in 1861 Sir Edward Watkins engaged Mr. Hickson as chief accountant. Shortly afterward he was appointed secretary and treasurer of the company, which office he occupied until his appointment as general manager. Having been found faithful and of high capability in the performance of duties often very intricate, and having given entire satisfaction to the Home Board of Directors, on the withdrawal of Mr. Brydges he was placed in charge of the railway, and has since been chief executive of the JOSEPU HiCKSOlf. 53d eompany in Canada, with the title of General Manager and Treasurer and President of the Executive Council. He possesses the esteem of those associated -with him in JOSEPH HICKBON. business, and of friends and acquaintances, on account of his superior abilities as a manager of aflEiirs, and also oe account of his sterling qualities of head and heart. 540 Hebmann Lttdwig Helmholtz. HERMANN LUDWIG HELMHOLTZ, THE EMINENT GERMAN EHTSIOLOGIBT. The portrait before us is an admirable specimen of con- etitutional vitality and vigor. Thie head is broad from ear to ear, indicating force, courage, earnestness, and positive- Bess ; and it is massive in the forehead, showing talent for facts and things, and a desire for practical science. His language qualifies him to express himself with ease and Aaenay, and he is well adapted to do the literary work that belongs to his pursuit. Conspicuous among observers and experimenters in mod- em physiological science, stands Hermann Ludwig Helm- holtz. He was bom in Potsdam, Prussia, on the 3J st of August, 1821 ; was the son of an instructor at the gymna- sium of that city, and received his early mental training under the direction of his father, at the Royal Militaiy School of Berlin, and studied medicine. In 1834 he was appointed assistant surgeon in the Char- ily Hospital of. that city, and afterward given a military po- sition at Potsdam. Here, in 1847, he prepared his first volume for publication, on " The Conservation of Force." Its appearance attracted attention, and gave him high rank as a thinker and investigator in natural science. In 1848 he was made assistant professor in the Anatom ical Museum of Berlin, and in 1849 he was appointed tc the chair of Physiology at the University of Konigsberg. From, that time his most important discoveries and in- ventions which relate to physiology and therapeutics dale One of these, made in 1851, was an eye mirror, for the examination of the retina of the eye in living beings. In 1855 Helmholtz was called to the University of Bonn as professor of physiology and. anatomy. Here he pub- lished his first investigations ia acoustic physiology. A treatise on this subject was published in 1862 ; a second and Helmholtz. 641 enlarged edition followed in 1865. He invented a method of analyzing sound, which has led to the acquirement of HELMHOLTZ. facts previously unthought of, and to the explanation ol the principles governing in musical harmonies. He also 542 Thomas Dickson. discovered the acoustic cause of the vowel sounds of hu man speech, and not only analyzed them, but also produced them artificially with tuning forks. Important results have been achieved by Helmholtz in his study of atmospheric vibration ; of the movement of eJeCr tridty inbad conductors ; of the motion of light in its re- fraction in different media. From 1865 to 1871, he waa professor of physiology at Heidelberg. Since 1871 he has been professor of physical science in the University of Berlin. In 1870 the French Academy admitted him to its foreign membership, after some discussion, in the course of which a member said : " Tou will place yourself ia the worse light before the woiid if, for any reason, you refuse to admit Helmholtz, the foremost and greatest naturalist of this age." THOMAS DICKSON, PBES. DEIAWABE AND HUDSON CANAL COMPANY. The portrait of this gentleman indicates a smooth and harmonious organization, one that inherits more from the mother's than from the father's side. The head is amply developed, giving great general power and decided force of character, but the force is modified by smoothness, by bal- ance, and harmony. He is persistent, yet he has in him the elements of patience, prudence, circumspection, guard- edness, and he would carry his power in such a way as not to hazard his cause by rashness on the one hand, or incur the displeasure of those who co-operate wicb him on the other hand. If he wanted twenty men to work at some dis- agreeable job all night, he could get volunteers in abund- ance ; the pay nob being the only consideration. Let him be one of ten contractors engaged on some continuous line of work, at the end of six months this man would be able to select his help fro all of the gangs. It would get Thomas Dickson. 543 noised about among the men that he was fair in his deal- ings, and just and kind in his treatment of men ; that he knew what a good day's work was, and when a man Lad rendered the proper amount of service. He has intellectual grasp, is comparatively quick in learn- ing facts ; but his power lies in his ability to combine facts, and co-ordinate aU the forces within his reach. Pie criticises, analyzes, and then generalizes largely and liberally ; and it does not seem to hurry, worry, or disturb him to have a multiphcity of cares or responsibilities ; he seems to take them all in, appreciating that which is best under the cir- cumstances, and so can do the right thing at the right time, with the least possible friction. He reads men with remarkable promptness and accuracy ; he would be able to select men fo^ positions as fast as they could be paraded before him. His power to judge of dis- position and capacity is excellent. He is a good financier, appreciates the value of property, of time, and effort. If he had a thousand men working for him, it would be a standing joke, that nobody ever knew when he would "turn up," or when he would appear among his men. He does not make much talk, but has the happy fac- ulty of making other people talk, and thereby show their plans, while he reserves his, if necessary, or modifies them, as occasion may require. He would have made a good lawyer, and an excellent judge on the bench. In the social circle he is much beloved, in business circles respected ; men do not fear him, yet they are not willing to disobey or disoblige bim. There is scarcely an important field of eflfort in which he might not take a worthy and successful part. Among the professions we would first give him the law ; second, engineering ; medicine third ; in the business world, the general management of men and affairs, rather than to be shut up in a commercial house, would be the best. 544 Thomas Dickson. Mr. Dickson was bom in Scotland in the year 1824. When he was but twelve years old his iather emigrated to America, and settled at Carbondale, Pennsylvania. He early evinced strong intellectual powers, and also developed great executive abilities. As a merchant and manufacturer he was eminently successful. He was but little over thirty years of age when, in connection with his brothers, John and George, he established the " Dickson Manu&iCtuiing Company," which, vrith its extensive works, not only at Scranton, but at Carbondale and Wilkesbarre has become the leading manufacturing company in that part of Pennsylvania. In 1860, at the urgent request of the Canal Company, Thomas Dickson entered its employment in the important department of its mines, taking charge as Super- intendent. The first great effort of the new Superintendent was to extend the area of its coal fields. In 1866 Mr. Dickson was made General Superintendent of aU. the business of the company, and Vice-President ; and in 1870, on the re- tirement of that noble man, George Talbot Olyphant, he became the President. To form a proper appreciation of the duties which de- volve upon Mr. Dickson as president of this Company, let it be understood that the Lackawanna Valley produces about twelve million tons of coal per annum, and the Com- pany referred to can produce about one-fourth of it. In the Wyoming Valley twenty-eight breakers are owned or controlled by the Company, and vrith the working of all these, in addition to his railway duties, Mr. Dickson is thoi^ oughly familiar. His early life and its practical experience qualify biTn to meet these burdensome duties in an eminent degree. It is a common saying by the multitudes of people in the Lackawanna Valley, "Pd give more for Tom Dickson's Thomas Dicesok. 645 opinion on coal matters than for that of any other railway man in Northsrn Pennsylvania." In the difficulties which THOMAS DICKSON. occasionally occur in mining regions, wherein labor pits it self against capital, the Delaware & Hudson Company have STer been fortunate in possessing such a spirit as Thomas 646 Thomas A. Scorr. Dickson to adjust the matters at variance. He has a hold upon the affections of the miners which is marvelous, and in no instance do they ever disregard his counseL THOMAS A. SCOTT, UiTB PRESIDENT OP PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. Thomas A. Scott is widely known to have been an enter- prising, progressive, bold railroad man. For many years his name has had a more important influence in railway movements than that of any other man. He had a large brain harmoniously developed and amply sustained by an excellent body. His large perceptive organs, giving him fullness across the brows, enabled him to look after details and appreciate particulars ; and comprehensiveness of thought and breadth of plan and purpose. He had remarkable quickness in taking in all the facts and princi- ples involved in a large financial operation. He had a great deal of what may be called vital mag. netism, personal influence, power over others, ability to call out their affection, their talent, their courage, and their persistency, and, at the same time, he was able to control strong men. In fine, he was a natural king or leader among men. " Col." Scott, as he is generally styled, was bom in Lou- don, Franklin County, Pennsylvania, December 28, 1824. After serving as a derk in several country stores, he be- came the clerk of Major James Patton, his brother-in-law, who was collector of tolls at Columbia, on the State road. He next became a clerk in the extensive warehouse and commisEdon establishment of the Leeches, at Columbia. In 1847 he left this position to go to Philadelphia, where he bad been offered a situation as chief clerk to A. Boyd Cuimnings, the collector of tolls at the eastern terminus of the public works. After three years of service in that Thomas A. Soorr. 547 relation, he availed himself of an opportunity to take an important position in the service of the Pennsylvania Bail* OOL. THOMAS A. SOOTT. road Company, being stationed at Duncansville, as general agent of the mountain or eastern division of the road. On the completion of the vrestem division he was placed 548 Thomas A. Scott. in charge of that section, and was soon afterward made general superintendent of the entire line. In 1859, on the death of the Hon. William B. Foster, the vice-president ol the road, he was elected his successor, and retained iihat position up to the time of Mr. Thompson's death, being designated first vice-president after it became necessary to divide his duties. At the outbreak of the late war C!ol. Scott became the assistant of Governor Curtin in equipping and forwarding troops to the field. He was shortly afterward called to Washington, and acted the part of assistant Seeretaiy of War, having charge of the very important department of transportation and supplies, a position which he held imtil May, 1862, when his railroad duties summoned him back to Philadelphia. Col. Scott's labors, however, have not been confined to the one company. He has been from its organization in March, 1871, the president of the Pennsylvania Company, the agency through which the western roads leased by the Penn- sylvania Bailroad are operated; president of the Pan Handle Eoute (Pittsburg, Cincinnati, and Stw Louis Bail, road) since March, 1871 ; president of the Union Pacific Eailroad, from March, 1871, to March, 1872, when this road passed under the control of -Mr. Vanderbilt; presi- dent of the Texas Pacific Railroad since its organization on April 15, 1871 ; president of the Atlantic and Pacific RaQroad (which is to follow the thirty-fifth parallel of lati- tude) since August 9, 1873 ; a controlling director of the Southern Railway Security Company, which has the management of a great network of roads in the South; and a director of the Kansas Pacific, Denver and Pacific, Denver and Bio Grande, and has a controlling interest in other roads. In 1874, the presidency of the Erie Railway of New York was offered him and declined. On the death of Mr. ThomoBon, the esteemed and able president HtTMBOUDT. 549 of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Mr. Scott waa chosen to succeed him by tlie unanimous sufiEragcs of the Board of Directors. Broken down by overwork he died AIay22, 188J. BARON VON HUMBOLDT, TKAVEIjai, SCIENTIBT, PHILOSOPUEK. The name of this great German Naturalist is familiaT even farther than letters and civilization are known. Ad- 550 Httmboldt. miration for his greatness, as a scholar and as a man mingles with a tender and kindly reverence for his gentle- ness and goodness; hence his name is a household word from the cabin to the palace around the belted earth. He was bom at Berlin, Germany, Sept. 14, 1769, and died there May 6, 1859, and was carefully educated at home in the natural sciences, and he studied the classics, technology, botany, natural history, and philology in the universities of Frankfort and Gottingen. At 21 he journeyed through Holland, England, and France; returning to Germany he studied finance, commerce, and mining. Obtained an im- portant position as a mining expert he explored in the interests of mines in Bavaria and Prussia; made a journey of scientific exploration in Switzerland and Lombardy. In 1797 he had published a work on galvanism and perfected his knowledge of astronomy. He entered upon his scien- tific joumeyings, and though meeting with the opposition of learned ignorance and bigotry in Italy and Egypt, nothing daunted he kept studying and growing. In 1798-9 he was making journeys in Spain for observation in astro- nomical, magnetic, and botanical subjects; and having made a most favorable impression upon the Spanish govern- ment, obtained its sanction to explore aU Spanish posses- sions in Europe and in Ajnerica, and to aid in his investi- gations he was permitted freedom to use any scaentifio instruments under royal control in those countries. Prom 1799 to 1804 he was engaged in every form of scientific observation and experiment incident to his expeditions through Venezuela, S. A., Oronoca Valley, Havana, Mag- dalena River, S. A., the Cordilleras, Quito, Ohimborazo, the A&des, the Amazon, Peru, Mexico, and the United States, In Paris he resided, in all, about twenty years iii prosecuting experiments, and collecting and publishing his important discoveries. He visited England in 1814 and the chief cities of Italy. From 1827, having; resumed David Webstee. 551 Berlin as his residence, he lectured in public on his greal discoveries, and in 1829 he visited, as a scientfic explorer, Asia, the Caspian Sea, and Russia, which was prohflc ol good results. This journey laid the foundation for mag- netic and meteorological stations extending from PeMn, in China, to St. Petersburg, which have been copied largely throughout the scientific world. Humboldt was distinguished for the comprehensiveness and accuracy of his researches, and for his ability to relate his knowledge to aU that preceded him. He studied in bis travels soUs, mines, atmospheric and thermal changes, plants, and, animals; he measured altitudes of mountains, and nothing in nature or in art seemed to escape his obser- vation, and every subject he touched he developed and adorned, and largely embodied it in the " Cosmos '' publish- ed late in life. He won the confidence and respect of the great, and the reverence and love of the humble, and for the last thirty years of his We he was the companion of kings and princes, and enjoyed government favor in val- uable confidential political positions, and he left at hia death, in 1859, the largest and richest scientific legacy to the world of any man whose life had ever shed light upon it. DAVID WEBSTER, THE GAIiANT SCOTTISH SAILOH. Deeds of gallantry and self-devotion on land and sea always command the respect and admiration of society everywhere. David Webster was serving in the capacity of second mate on board of the bark Arracan, of Greenock, Scotland, while on a voyage in 1875 from Shields to Bombay. In the Indian Ocean the vessel took fire, an:l the flames spreading rapidly, the crew was obliged to abandon her and take to the boats. For three days the boats kept 652 David Webstbe. together, the object entertained being to reach the MaJdire Islands, but the current being too strong it was agreed to separate, and a division of provisions was made. The master of the vessel took command of the long- boat, which he headed for Cochin, while the mate and Mr. Webster, each in charge of separate boats, made for the Maldive Islands. After two days Webster's boat was damaged by a heavy sea, and could not keep up with the mate's, and so lost sight of it. The brave fellow worked his little craft, with its freight of four persons besides him- self, slowly along for about fifteen days, by which time the supply of provisions and water had been consumed. Soon the hunger of the men became so great that lots were cast which of them should be first MLled to serve as food for the rest, and the lot fell upon the youngest, a boy named Homer; but Mr. Webster, who had been asleep while this terrible business was going on, awoke in time to save the boy's life. The baffled men that night made an attempt to kill Webster himself, but the boy Horner awoke him in time to save himself. Two hours later the crew again attempted to take Homer's life, but were prevented by the determined conduct of Webster, who threatened to shoot and throw overboard the first man who laid hands on the boy. Three days later one of the crew tried to sink the boat, and expressed his determination to take the boy's life. For this he would have been shot by Mr. Webster had not the cap on the gun missed fire. Soon after, pat- ting a fresh cap on his gun, a bind flew over the boat which Webster shot; it was at once seized and devoured by the «rew, even to the bones and feathers. Sis days later some of the men became delirious. One of them lay down exhausted, when another struck him on the head with an iron belaying-pin. The blood which flowed was caught in a cup and drank by the man himself and the two other men. Afterward they fought and bit one another, and only David Webstee. 553 left off when completely exhausted, to recommence as soon as they were able, the boy Homer during the time keeping watch with Webster. On the thirty-first day of their experience in the boat they were picked up, 600 miJe* from PAVID WEBSTER. — BRAVE SEAMAN. land, by tne ship City of Manchester, by which they wew taken to Calcutta. The hves of all were saved by the courage and discretion of Webster, and, as a testimonial in acknowledgment oi his noble conduct, Queen Victoria conferred upon him the Albert medal, an honor which was accompanied with the approval of the British Board of Trade. 654 Edwaed t). fluQHto, EDWARD D. HUGHES, INVENTOR or THE HUGHES PBINnNO TELEGBAPH. Americans may be justly proud of the acMevements in the direction of electricity, telegraphy, ocean cable laying, and the telephone, and the names of Franklin, Morse, Hughes, Field, and Edison have been written in light inextinguishable. The printing telegraph was invented by Edward D. Hughes, whose likeness is herewith presented. The leading indications exhibited in this portrait are mi intellect eminently practical, strong perceptive faculties, large Constructiveness, an active temperament, and a good vital condition. He is a man of action ; has a natural dig- position to work out his ideas into tangible form, and in a thorough, practical way ; whatever he attempts must have the quality of usefulness prominently marked to win his persistent attention. He is a natural mechanic, and is able to. understand at a glance the processes and adapta- tions of mechanism. Edward David Hughes wag bom in 1831 in Louisville, Ky. Early in life he was drawn to the study of mathe- matical and mechanical science. At the age of nineteen he was appointed professor of Physics in a CoUege in Ken- tucky, and at that time began his studies in telegraphy. His aim was to devise a method by which the messages transmitted on the electric wire could be printed in com- mon type-letters on paper. He succeeded ia inventing an instrument making the scheme practicable, and in 1855 the American Telegraph Company adopted his device. In 1861 it was adopted in France, and successively in Italy and England in 1862 ; in Russia, 1865; in Prussia in 1866, and in other countries, European and American. The latest nation to appreciate the utihty of Mr. Hughes's invention was Spain, which, in 1875, introduced it into telegraphio affairs. Edwabd T>. Hughes. 55fi In consideration of Mr. Hughes's services to scienoe, in Bu practical a department as that of telegraphy, he has been made a member of nearly all the scientific academiea of Europe. He received the great gold medal at the Uni- EDWAKD D. HTJGHES. versal Exposition of Paris in 1867 ; he has been decorated in Spain and other countries, and the sovereigns of Europe, following the lead of the scientists, have exhibited a very high consideration for him. The king of Spain in 1875 conferred a title of nobility upon him, viz., " the baron" oi Hughes. 660 Alfeed H. CoLQTjrrr. ALPKED H. COLQUITT, OOTEKNOB OF OBOBQU. Among the Southern States, Geor^a was the first to indicate an awalcening from, the terrible depression in every department of industry which was produced by the war and she has been far in advance of the others in commer- cial activity and those social and pohtical enterprises which stimulate the growth of people. The present Governor, Alfred 11. Colquitt (1882), con- tributed much toward extricating Georgia' from the toils of a btirdensome debt, and rendered it practicable to plan methods for the reduction of the rate of taxation, and at the same time advance the credit of the State abroad. The portrait before us gives to the reader of character several pointed and prominent impressions. Health in its broadest and best sense seems evinced in the whole make- up. The next thought is power; a third, endurance; and a fourth, balance or harmony. In that face we see strength, persistency, sincerity, practical ability, directness, dearness of thought, truth- fulness, fidelity to friends, courage. He was born in Walton County, Georgia, April 20, 1824. His grandfather, Henry Colquitt, was a Virginian, and settled in Georgia in 1801. His father, Walter T. Colquitt, Judge, Member of Congress, and United States Senator, was one of the ablest and most briUiant public men Georgia ever had. He graduated at Princeton CoUege in 1844, was admitted to the bar in 1845, and began the practice of law in Macon. In 1847 he offered his services for the Mexican war, and was appointed a major. At the battle of Buena Vista he acted as aide to Gereral Taylor. He returned home in 1848 and resumed his professiona. practice. In 1852, at the age of twenty-six, he was elected to Congress. Alfeed H. GoLQurrr. 667 When the war opened he accepted its issues, entered tho army as a captain in the 6th Gteorgia, and won rapid pro- motion, becomiag in turn colonel and brigadier-geueral. GOV. ALFRED H. OOLQUITT, OF GEOEGI V. He took part in all the great campaigns in Virginia. At Antietam he performed signil service. At Sharpsburg he won his brigadier's stars. At Ocean Pond or Olustee, 668 Alpeed H. Colqthtt. Florida, he foiight a battle in independent commaHd. This battle was one of the most decisive of the far South. Col- quitt won the title of " Hero of Olastee," and exhibited dash, coolness^ and fine generalship. Riding a white horse, his handsome figure and face aflame with martial fire, he was a notable object of distinction in the engagement. He then returned to Virginia, and commanded a division at Drewry's Bluflf. In the campaigns around Petersburg he won his commission as major-general, but in the confu- sion incident to the close of the war it did not reach hia hands. For the decade after the war Governor Colquitt led a most useful life to the public. Identifying himself with the great farming interests, he became the leader of agri- cultural and religious progress in the State. He declined all political office that had emolument connected with it, though he had frequently thrust upon him places of dignity that carry only honor and uncompensated labor. In 1870 he was made president of the State Agricultural So- ciety, which he held for sis years. In 1872 he was made delegate to the Baltimore Convention. As an agricultural worker he set his face resolutely against practices of an immoral nature. For instance, he was the one man who has had the courage to take publicly a determined stand against racing and gambling at a State Fair, and it was the most successful State Exposition ever held in Georgia. In 1876 he was nominated by acclamation and elected Governor by the largest majority, 82,000, ever given in the State. His administration of this high office has been beneficial and brilliant. As a financial success it is unpre- cedented in the State's history. He came into office finding her credit dragging, a floating debt of $350,000 embarrabs- ing her yearly, and the rate of taxation burdensome. In bis first message to the General Assembly he lined out a comprehensive plan of retrenchment^ which was made the Chabljes p. Kimball. 659 basis of legislative reforms, and which under his stnrdj' execution have worked results oi a suipiising characteir. Toward the freedmen Governor Colquitt has shown a kind and conciliating spirit, which, in spite of the e£fect upon them of social troubles in other States, has produced a strong impression, in great part winning their confidence and disarming their prejudices. In person he is a fine specimen of physical manhood, being erect, symmetrical, and dignified in movement He has very strong religious views and these pervade hia life, toning his thought and conduct, whatever may be the subject to which his attention may be directed. CHARLES P. KIMBALL, CABBIAGE MASEB OF FOBTLAND, MAINE. Here is a large head, measuring twenty-three and a-half inches ; and, fortunately there is body enough to give it support. He is a decided thinker, wants to know the " why and wherefore," and is dissatisfied until he reaches it; and, though his intuitions give him an outline of the truth, he wants to go over it philosophically. , He loves the truth ; believes that " honesty is the best policy "; is cautious, mindful of consequences ; is very sensi- tive relative to reputation; has the power to govern, and at the same time to get the good- will of those who are under his control ; is a singular compound of power, plausibility, and mellowness. He is strong, but carries his strength with gentleness, and will make his mark in the world — has already done it, and has left fewer scars where he has made his mark than many others who have done so much as he has. Mr. Kimball was bom in Maine on the 6th of August, 1826, of intelligent parents, and in humble life ; be hae 560 Chableb p. KmBAix. risen by the sheer force of native energy and persevering industry to a place second to none in his native State. Unaided by the advantages of a Uberal education, he devoted his leisure to improving his mind in aU branches of solid information. At the age of eighteen he joined his brother, a successful carriage-builder, and learned the trade. At the age of twenty-one he started a carriage manufac- tory on his own account, at Norway Village, in his native county. There the remarkable sources of his mechanical genius, his business enterprise, and force of character soon became apparent. No obstacle was too great to be over- come, no detail too trifling to receive his attention. So rapid was the increase of his business that soon there were scores in his employment, and the formerly quiet village became marked for its new life and animation. The growth of his business, and the demand for im- proved facilities, determined Mr. Eimball on the removal to Portland, Maine, which took place in 1854. There he entered at once upon an extensive business, which now comprises two large manufactories. He is also a member of the firm of Kimball Bros., of Boston. Mr. Kimball's originality and sMll as a designer, and his entire familiarity with eveiy part of his business, have given him an immense influence with his workmen, and secured an excellence in his carriages that has, while fixing his own reputation for trustworthiness and skill, also gained a world-vride recognition of the excellence of his workman- ship. His extensive business, conducted with eminent executive and financial ability, has proved remunerative. Mr. KimbaU has long been a leading spirit in, and several years president of, the Maine Charitable Mechanics Association — a society having for its object the improve- ment of the condition of mechanics socially, mentally, and pecuniarily; and its prosperity and usefulness aie largely due to his untinng in its behalf. Chables p. TTTurBATT, . 5gi The Democratio Gubernatorial Convention held in Bangor in 1869, Mid over which he was oaUed to preside, CHARLES P. KIMBALL. tmaniiflously nominated Mm as their candidate for Gov- ernor, but he promptly and positively declined the honor. 662 Fitz-Geeene ILai-leck, and when the' same party met in convention at Angusta in June, 1872, to put in nomination a candidate upon the " New Departure," or Liberal Republican, platfonn, Mr. Kimball was so eminently the man for the position, that upon the first ballot he received 445 votes out of 463 —the whole number cast. The leading Republican journal oi the State had previously said : " Mr. Kimball stands bettdi with the business people of the State than any other candidate the party can present, for the reason that he is better known as an energetic and skillful manufacturer and a prompt and honorable business man than as a Demo- cratic politician." In the ordering of his life,he has been distinguished by habits of temperance, and a systematic observance of the higher proprieties of morality and religion. PITZ-GREENE HALLEOK, THS POET, This modest son of genius was bom at Guilford, Conn., July 8, 1790, and died there Nov. 17, 1867. He received a grammar-school education in his native town, and be- tame clerk in a store there. In 1811 he entered the bank- ing house of Jacob Barker in New York, in whose employ- ment he remained for many years, and in 1832 entered the position of confidential assistant to John Jacob Astor in his enormous business, and remained with him until he died, March 29, 1848. He was named by Mr. Astor as one of the original trustees of the Astor Library. In 1849 he retired to bis native place, to reside with an unmarried sister, where he remained the rest of his life. It has been said of Halleck that his greatest defect as a writer was that he wrote so little. He formed a literai-y partnership with Joseph Bodman Drake to write the '' Croaker " papers, which attracted great attention Fitz-Geeene Halleok. 563 Drake's death, in 1820, was touchiagly commemorated by one of Halleck's tenderest poems, in which he said " None knew thee but to love thee. None named thee but to praise." PITZ-GKEEKE HALLECK. In 1819 he wrote a satire on the fashions, follies, and public characters of the daj, entitled '* Fanny," 664 Dr. Nathah Allen. In 1822-3 he visited Europe, and published anonymooslj aa edition of his poems including "Alnwick- Castle,'' "Bums" and " Marco Bozzaris," which last is regarded as a masterpiece. A full length bronze statue is erected, not to hif memory, but to his honor, in Central Park, New York. NATHAN ALLEN. M.D., LL.D. Dr. Nathan Allen was born in Princeton, Mass., April 25, 1813. He was brought up on a farm and accustomed to hard work from early hie. His academic education was finished in 1836 at Amherst College, where many w^ho have become distinguished as clergymen, lawyers, and statesmen were enrolled among his classmates. In 1838 he went to Phila- delphia to pursue a course of medical study, and three years later received the degree of M.D. While a medical student Dr. Allen edited the first three volumes of the American Phrenological Journal. Li 1841 he settled in Lowell, Mass., and commenced the practice of medicine, and soon afterward entered upon a course of researches relating to the laws of population, physical culture and degeneracy, public health, hereditary influences in the improvement of stock, longevity in its connection with life insurance, causes and treatment of insanity, etc. The results of his investigations have found their way to the public ia many essays and treatises, among which his pamphlets on " The Opium Trade between India and China," "Medical Problems of the Day," " Intermarriage of Belations," and his " Report to the Massachusetts Legisla- ture on Lunacy," are specially deserving of mention. Through these publications Dr. Allen opened a field of practical thought and discussion quite new to the majority of thinking and scientific men. His position on the Massa- chusetts State Board of Charities for fifteen years, and his appointment as Examining Surgeon for Pensions for the De. If athan Allkn. 565 same time, have enabled him to exercise a marked pablio influence. For twenty years he has been a trustee of Am- herst College, and chiefly instrumental in introducing the NATHAIt ALLEN, M.D., LL.D. methods of physical culture for which Amherst CoUege tias taken special rank among American educational estab- lishments. Dr. Allen is among the Urst to maintain that the laws oi propagation or population are based chiefly upon the science of physiology, and that a great predominance of 566 EZEA COKNELL. the nervous system becomes unproductive. When, there- fore, a race or people become generally possessed of such an organization, the legitimate tendency is to run out in ofispring, and as a race or people become extinct. This doctrine is comparatively new, and, if true, is one of vast importance. In 1872 Dr. Allen visited Europe. To the International Congress vyhich met in London that year to consider the matter of reforms in prisons and other correctional institu- tions, he was a delegate.. His reputation had long preceded his visit and provided a cordial welcome from eminent men of his own profession, and secured many desirable oppor- tunities to study the sanitary methods and institutions ol England. EZEA COKNELL, FOUNDER OP CORNELL UNIVERSITY. This eminent man, distinguished for his interest in pop- ular education, and in the liberal arts, accomplished during the last twelve years of his life, which closed in Dec, 1874, what would be considered a noble life's work for any man, and stamped his name in undying characters upon the records of American philanthropy. He will be remem- bered as the founder of Cornell University, at Ithaca, N. Y., toward which he contributed $500,000 in cash, with the opening of which the American system of collegiate education may be said to have taken a new departure. He was bom at- Westchester Landing, N. Y., on the llth of January, 1807. His father was a potter, and young Cornell spent' a good deal of his time in the shop where the wares were offered for sale, and in performing miscellaneous services. In 1819 his father removed to De Ruyter, in Madison County, where he settled on a farm, and also established a pottery. There the farm mainly occupied the attention, of Ezra. His educational advantages were few^ Ezra Cornell. 567 and obtained chiefly by attending a few sessions of the \7inter schooL This lack of mental training in his yoath :^/- Jit i ''j gj Bw*' *! ^ SiM /' EZRA COBNEIi. doubtless had an important influence in the philanthropic projects of his later years. He exhibited a rem-"*'' ee of constructive talent 568 £ZBA COEKBLL. when a mere boy. At eighteen he undertook to build a house for his father, and succeeded admirably. This trial of mechanical skill did much toward developing his charac- ter. In 1826 Ezra left the home of hia father to seek a fortune for himself. Circumstances led him to Ithaca, where he formed such business and social relations that he made that place -his permanent residence. He worked in a cotton mill at first, then in a flouring mill for ten years, superintending the latter in every particular. In 1843, while prosecuting 51s business, his attention was directed to the telegraph schemes of Prot Morse by a gentleman who had contracted to assist in laying pipe for the telegraphic line. Mr. Cornell became so deeply inter- ested in the matter that he joined the contractor in the execution of his part of the work, and by his ingenuity and tact conkibuted, in no small degree, toward the success of the experimental line of telegraph between Washington and Baltimore. The pipe plan failed, and poles and open wires were substituted. He devoted his time and means to the development of the practical uses of telegraphy, and in the end reaped a harvest of success and a splendid fortune. So soon as Mr. Cornell became a rich man he began to devise methods for the beneficial use of his wealth. His life-purpose was to foimd a great university, in which any- body could learn anything desirable among the sciences and arts of life. And in the little village where lie stopped, when a young man of twenty-one, to work for a few dollars a month he saw the realization of his dream in the stately buildings which now crown the hill overlooking Lake Cayuga. A writer in one of our weeklies says truly : " Mr. Cornell was one of the men who are called pecu- liarly American, because of the feeling that his qualities and" his career, the energy, probity, sagacity, industry, and econ omy which gave him the victory over adverse circumstances Wm. II. Aspinwall. 669 are precisely the forces which have subdued this continent and made this nation. He filled many positions, among others that of the presidency of the State Agricultural Society, and was chairman of the board of trustees of the Cornell University when he died, and in all he showed the same fidelity and intelligence. Personally tall and square, his face was of the American type, grave and shrewd ; and he made an immediate and profound impression of honesty, sagacity, and pluck. His pride and joy was the university, to which his devotion was so absolute and absorbing that it was not al«7ays easy for him to understand why others were not as wholly interested as he." He felt "that all his money and his time and his powers were but a divine bounty which he held in trust for the benefit of his fellow- men." EDs son, Alonzo B. Cornell, is now (1882) Governor of the State of New York. WILLLIAM H. ASPINWALL, use sncoESSFUL uebohaiit. Among the names of enterprising Americans wh(> have obtained a world-wide reputation in commercial affairs, few can claim the prominence of AspinwaJL The son of John Aspinwall, a prominent merchant many years ago. Mi. Aspinwall, born in New York in 1807, began business life in the counting-house of G. & S. Howland as a clerk, and in 1832, at the age of about twenty-five, was admitted into the firm. A few years later he assumed a prominent position in the business, the firm becoming known as How land & Aspinwall. The business increased very rapidly, and the ships of Howland . Here, associated with Mr. Samuel Bowles, he entered upon his first work as editor. The earlier years of this con- nection were years of severe -labor, the two young men doing the entire editorial work of the establishment. 614: Db. J. G. HOLLABD, Two years after entering the office he became joint pro- prietor, and continued his interest in the business through- out the entire period which was occupied in raising the concern to its present magnitude and' prosperity. In 18G6 Dr. Holland withdrew from the management, and subse- quently visited Europe. In 1870 he became editor of Scribner's Monthly, a maga- zine in the establishment of which he took a leading part. It is unnecessary to dwell upon the great popularity of this periodical, which from the start has been weU printed, well edited, and admirably illustrated. Dr. Holland's own editorial contributions were principally comments upon literary, political and social topics, and usually marked by much independence of opinion and plaimiess of speech. Besides his editorial writings and occasional contribu- tions to prominent magazines and other periodicals, he has given to the world several volumes of superior merit. His first book was " The History of Western Massachusetts," in two volumes. Then followed a novel, entitled "The Bay PatL" Subsequently he produced "Bitter Sweet,'' a poem which has been generally admired; " The Titcomb Letters," an exceedingly pleasant volume; "Gold Foil," a series of essays; " Miss Grilbert's Career," a novel; " Les- sons in Life "; " Letters to the Joneses "; " Plain Talks on Familiar Subjects"; "Kathrina," a poem of unusual sweetness. Among his later volumes "Arthur Bonni- castle," " Sevenoaks," and ' Nicholas Mintum " are note- worthy Of the " Titcomb Letters," 61,000 copies have been sold; of "Bitter Sweet," 90,000; of "Kathrina," 100,000; while the circulation of the magazine has always been very large. His books have given pleasure and profit to a generation of readers, and in so large a list it is a great deal to say, as it would be of any author, that there is nothing in them ofifensive or unclean. Jambs Vick. 676 JAMES VICE. THE EMINENT HOBTICDLTUBIST. James Vick is one of the most remarkable and well- known horticulturists In the United States. He was born NoY. 23, 1818, at Kingston, a suburb of Portsmouth, Ea- 576 James Viok. gland. His father, a mechanic, was a skillful amateui gardener, and the son conceived a great liking for flowers almost from infancy, and attended the floral exhibitions at every opportunity, occupying much of his boyhood-time in efforts at flower culture. In 1833, when fifteen years of aga, he came to America with his parents. With ambition, and some literary tastes, he had a desire to learn printing, and he commenced setting type by the side of Horace Greeley, who was then a journeyman printer. After work- ing a year or two at the trade in New York, he removed to Eochester, N. Y., and commenced work at printing, culti- vating flowers, and writing for the agricultural papers. This brought him into acquaintance with Luther Tucker, who then published the Genesee Farmer, and who was glad to give him employment on his paper. Mr. Tucker pur- chased the Albany Gvllivaior, and united the Genesee Farmer Avith it. But a paper called the New Genesee Farmet soon started in the field thus opened. The prefix "New," was soon dropped, and the paper was pubUehed with varied fortunes until 18.50, when Mr. Vick was solicited to undertake its publication, which he did, running its circulation to the then unparalleled number of 50,000. Some three years after this Mr. Vick bought the Horticul- turist, published by Luther Tucker, ,at Albany, and pub- lished it in Rochester for a number of years, being ably assisted in its editorial management by Mr. P. Barry. The Seed Business. — During the years that he published these journals it had been his custom to import new and choice flower seeds from all parts of the world, and give them as presents to his agents and correspondents, and to all who exhibited any interest in his journals; in fact, in all places and ways where he thought he could increase the love of flowers. This seemed to "be his mission." The neighbors of these favored ones, seeing such choice flowers James Viok. 577 in their gardens, naturally inquired where the seeds cams from, and, being informed, would write him to forward just such seeds as "his neighbor received last season," and " send on the bill." Not being in the business, Mr. Vick declined receiving any compensation, but invariably made a graceful present of the seeds desired. Of course, this Tnnd of business grew rapidly on his hands, he giving away annually some $200 worth of imported seeds, besides large quantities grown by himself. He disposed of the Sdrticultumst, and commenced editing the Sural New Yorker, just established by Mr. D. D. T. Moore. He then abandoned his Free Seed business, which had become too large and costly for him to carry it on. About 1857 Mr. Vick recommenced the seed business in earnest ; all that had been done before was merely pre- liminary advertising — though not intended as such. He was literally driven into it, and from that time to tiiis he has driven it with an energy, zeal, and judgment which have produced results simply marvellous. Most of the business is done by mail. From one to three thousand letters a day during the busy season are received and answered, the post- age alone amounting to over $30,000 annually. Two and a half tons of mail matter have been forwarded in a single day. Until the present year all this business has been con- ducted in a rented building in State Street, but he has now completed and moved into an elegant and substantial building ia Bast Avenue. It is buUt of brick, 54 ft. wide, 160 ft. long, and four stories high. He has employed in this building over one hundred experienced and trusty persons, a large proportion of them women. In the building is a printing office, a book-bindery, pos(>office, mailing and packing rooms, and every convenience which his long experience has taught him is necessary to the successful prosecution of his business. Mr. Vick oversees everything himself, yet he is never so much hurried as not to be ready 578 Dr. Hoeaoe A. Buttolph. to receive visitors with tho most cordial affability, and giva much of his valuable time to works of benevolence and pablic good. He is always genia., just, and honorable. His success has been well deserved. He is an honor to the goodly city (Rochester) for which he has done so much to make famous the world over as the " Flower City." He died May, 1882. DR. HORACE A. BUTTOLPH, B0PEBINTENDENT OF THE STATE ASYLUM FOB THE INSANE, AT MOEHISTOWN, N. J. Genius is evinced in many different directions. One shows it in poetry, another in art or invention, another in finance, another in administration ; one shows it in law, another in medicine, another in writing or teaching, and each wperson follows the lead of one or more controlling faculties which lie in the direction of the peculiar talents or tastes exhibited. The subject before us appears to have genius iu caring for the insane, and in addition to the med- ical and administrative drift of his mind, he Itas two other notable points, viz., a disposition remarkable for balance and equipoise, never losing his temper, his patience, or calm self-respect ; and, secondly, a gift in mechanical invention and manipulation, which he has applied to the details of the great institution over which he now presides. He was one of the commission to select a site and prepare plans for the colossal structure ; and in its completed form and in all the details for ventilation and warming, as well as for carrying out every domestic need of a perfect home, the talents of the superintendent are everywhere evinced. He has spent forty years in the care of the insane, five under Dr. Brigham at the TJtica N. T. Asylum, beginuing in 1842, 29 at Trenton, N. J., as superintendent, and since 1876 in the new institution above named. While at the head of ths Dr. Hobace a. ButIolph. 579 old institution at Trenton, he was appointed by the Legis lature as one of a commission to prepare plans for the build DE. HOEACE A. BUTTOLPH. ing, arranging, and fitting the new asylum, and we see in it his skill and talent, which had been educated by experience at Trenton, in all the perfected details. It; runs like clocV. 580 De. lIoRACE A. BmroLPH. work withont the ticking or the necessity for winding npi every assistant seeming to adopt the spirit of the place. In the portrait we can see, in that fullness of the forehead and bidehead, indication of superior talents for acquiring knowledge and carrying it into effect ; also inventive, con* Rtmctive, and planning talent to comprehend and govern machinery, and organize and mould administration. His large perceptives qualify him to gather knowledge and hold it until it can be apphcd to use. He has an excellent memory of particulars ; can carry complex affaire very clearly in mind. With that large constractiveness and specializing intellect and discriminating judgment, he is well adapted to the superintendence of an extensive manufac- turing establishment, with its world of associated machinery — ^he could carry all its details clearly in mind without con- fusion. His power and success are largely due to his mechanical and inventive talent, which not only enable him to understand material affairs, but also the complicated relations of human disposition and character, thus qualifying him to govern and control people. His language is large enough to make him a good talker — ^not one very fluent or copious in the use of words, but one able to express himself with clearness, precision, and comprehensiveness. He was born April 6, 1815, in Dutchess County, N. Y., attended the Stockbridge, Mass., Academy, graduated at the Berkshire Medical College, and attended one course for the sake of surgery in the University of New York. He commenced his lifework in 1842, as assistant to Dr. Brig- ham in the Asylum at Utica, N. Y., and at the end of five years was called to take the supeiin tendency of the New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum at Trenton, which he re- modelled and greatly improved, and in April, 1876, he was called to superintend the new Asylum at Morristown. The work of erecting this building — or, rather, series of 682 De. Hoeace A. Buttolph. buildings — was beg^n in 1872, and about two and a hali million dollars have been expended upon it. This institu- tion is very imposing in appearance, especially when viewed from the front, which stretches out in a continuous line from nodJito south over 1,270 feet, each subdivision reced- ing until the rear of the two extreme wings, which inclose a square court, are about 600 feet distant from the front line of the central projection. AU. the buildings are five stories high, including the basement, and are fire-proof as far as stone, brick, iron, and slate can make them. Every contrivance or faciUty known to science has been brought into requisition for the proper warming, ventu lating, feeding, and lodging of the patients. The asylum in its present condition is intended to receive eight hun- dred patients with their attendants. The departments are heated by steam, for the supply of which, as well as the power needed to run the machinei-y of the shops, laundry, etc., are eight large boilers in a suitable building, placed at some distance in the rear of the central structure. It may give some idea of the great extent of the edifice to say that there are nearly eight acres of floors, two thousand doors, and twenty-five hundred windows. There are between four and five thousand radiators and about three thousand registers connected with the heating apparatus, together with something like eight miles of iron pipe for the conveyance of steam, water, and gas. The gas used is made on the premises in a separate building. The visitor who passes through the many passages of the basement and viaws the Unes of iron pipe, will be at first bewildered by their apparent complexity ; but after a few moments ol examination, especially if he be conducted by the superin- tendent, whose comprehension of the building with aU its infinitude of detail is perfect, he will be astonished to perceive bow simple the system is which has been brought uito use. Isbasttl oe MenTjU^ Debakgemknt. 583 Dr. Buttolph has devoted himself to his profession with enthusiasm, and the care of tlie insane has been a Hfe-long study with him — indeed a sphere in which he has found enjoyment because of his peculiar adaptation to it, and the large measure of success which has attended his efforts to restore disordered minds to a normal condition. We are not aware of any other person whose record as j physician to the insane entitles him to a higher place ia the world's esteem than Dr. Buttolph, and the State of New Jersey .has reason to be proud of the magnificent edifice which she has erected for the care of her unfortunate citizens who have lost their mental balance, and of the man who presides over the vast array of instrumentalities, moral and physical, which have been marshaled therein. In 1872 Dr. Buttolph was honored by Princeton College with the degree of LL.D. Dr. Buttolph accepts the composite structure of the brain and appreciates the necessity of varied employments for the exercise of the different organs and faculties of the mind. The following is substantially the light in which he regards INSANITY OB MENTAL DERANGEMENT. As in aU discussions in relation to healthy mental action, it is necessary to make distract allusion to the brain as the organ or agent by or through which the mind is manifested in this life; so, in disordered mental action or insanity, it is equally essential to a right understanding of the phenomena presented, and for adapting means for relief, to consider the brain as the part affected by disease; the disturbance resulting therefrom to the mental facilities, the moral and animal feelings being merely symptomatic of disease in the physical parts. At- this point it may be stated that the 584: iKSAumr. distinction to be made by man between insane and criminal conduct, is this. The former is prompted, or caused, by a diseased state of the brain, to be established by the circum- stances and symptoms of each case separately ; while the latter arises from, or is asjsociated with, the healthy but perverted exercise of that organ. In the first he is par- tially or wholly irresponsible, because his moral liberty is abridged or restrained by disease ; while in the other, he is responsible to the extent of his ability for judging and acting rightly, because thus far free. This distinction does not apply to cases of idiocy, either intellectual or moral, in which the brain is defective in quality or development, or both, though healthy in action. A degree of confusion often arises in regard to the subject of insanity, from the language of statutory or legal defini- tions, which have been made or interpreted to embrace only or mainly those cases of insanity in which the intel- lectual faculties are specially at fault. In this way the whole class of cases of mental derangement in which excited, depressed, or perverted feeling is the leading symptom, a,nd popularly though inaccurately called " moral insanity," is brought into disrepute, or wholly ignored by courts and juries. In estimating the responsibility of an individual whose character and conduct have become changed through disease of the brain, no distinction is made by many observers and writers on account of the locality of the disease in that organ, or of the class of faculties, whether intellectual or affective are most involved ; whQe the daily and hourly observation of men connected with the care of the insane snow that the moral freedom, and therefore the responsi- bility of individuals, is as effectually abridged or sus- pended through derangement of the emotional faculties, 8S if the intellectual was deluded and most disturbed. The iNSANirr. 58£ members of the medical profession, in giving evidence in suoli cases, while carefully avoiding the error of seeming to fovor the effort of criminals to escape merited punishment through a groundless plea of insanity, should, nevertheless, carefaUy distinguish between cases in which there is mainly eccentricity and moral obUquity, from genuine cases ol derangement of the intellectual and emotional faculties, from disease of the regions and parts of the brain with which they stand related. With partially deranged intel- lect only, or mainly, in a given case, the knowledge ol right and wrong may be a fair test of the responsibility of the subject of disease, but it is no sufficient test of respon- sibility when the impulsive feelings are morbidly strong, indeed uncontrollable, through disease of their respective organs in the brain. If in the result of trials for capital offenses, extenuating circumstances are found to exist in favor of criminals, which should modify the rigor of the law, let them be used in favor of lessening, or so modifying the severity of legal penalties, as to put the exercise of mingled justice and mercy within the discretion of the court. Executive clemency should then seldom or never be appealed to in behalf of culprits, except to correct obvious mistakes of fact, or of essential forms in legal proceedings. The forms of mental derangement vary with the kind ol morbid action present in the brain, whether it be excited, depressed, or perverted in its character; also, with the location of disease in that organ in the forming stage, and its extension during the progress of ffie case afterward. The causes of insanity are of two kinds or classes — predis- posing and exciting. The first embraces hereditary or con- stitutional defects in the quality of the brain, by which it is rendered more susceptible to the effect of disturbing ia- fluences. This susceptibility is also greater when it is 586 Insanttt. inherited from both parents, and in families in which inter marriages have been frequent; the standard of physical vigor being thereby rendered much lower. It is not sup- posed in these cases that insanity is directly transmitted from parent to offspring, or that it will inevitably appear in the latter in the most favorable circumstances for health, it is presumed only, that a quality or condition of brain is communicated by which they are rendered more liable to attacks of cerebral disease, and hence to insanity. The imperfect or susceptible state that remains after some of the diseases of infancy or childhood, that have appeared in a severe form, may predispose to this disease ; too great indulgence of the appetite in the use of over- stimulating or irritating articles of food or drink ; injuries of the brain from blows, falls, etc., in childhood and after- life, although they may be slight, are sometimes followed by increased habihty to disease. Of the mental and moral causes that predispose to insanity, none exert a greater influence for evil than the imperfect development and training of the various faculties in their individual and associated capacity, as they are constituted to be mutually dependent upon each other in working out the great problem of life. If the intellectual, moral, or animal group of faculties, or any individual belonging to either, are neglected in their educational training, are cultivated too highly or at the expense of the rest, the equilibrium of the mind is impaired or destroyed, and the individual thus rendered liable to be affected unduly by the exciting, depressing, or the otherwise disturbing influences of life. Many of the 'systems, or rather plans of educational training in vogue, are defective in this respect, that they dof not embrace a correct and comprehensive view of the constitution and wants of the mind, and thus tendencies to unbalanced states are directly developed, predisposrog to mental disorder from slight causes. r. A. p. Baknaec. 58* The excitiitg causes of mental derangement are all those means and influences, whether physical, mental, or moral, that tend to disturb the bodily health and mental tranquillity of the individual. In harmony with the view here presented in reference to the nature, forms, and causes of insanity, we regard atten- tion to all those means tending to aid the full development of the brain, and thus establish the proper activity and strength of the faculties of the mind, as the most e£S.cient and reliable means of warding off disease. In regard to the general principles of treatment appli- cable to mental disorders, it may be stated that in asylxmia and hospitals for insane, as elsewhere, it may be properly divided into medical and moral ; the former including tbe ose of medicines of various kinds, warm or cool bathing, regulated diet, etc. ; the latter, all mental and moral influences that can be brought to bear upon an individual, as employment, amusements, regular habits of rising and retiring, proper nutrition, habits of order, cleanliness, etc., etc., the principle being to secure and maintain, as far as possible, a satisfied, cheerful, and hopeful state of mind. F. A. P. BAENARD, LL.D., PRBSIDENT OP COLUMBIA. COLLEGE, NEW YOBK. The constitutional characteristics of this organization are decidedly marked. Power and endurance seem to stand out in relief, as if he could have taken a position in any field of effort where hard work and long and weary joumey- ings might be required. He cotdd have been a farmer, or ft mechanic, a navigator, a soldier, an explorer, and have 6SS F. A. i*. BAENAliD. earned with him health, endurance, vigor, and that physi cal persistency which wins by tiring out opposition. He not only has strength, but there seems to be an intense activity, a quick sensibility to all that is interesting. Hia mind works rapidly as well as strongly, and he is peraistent,J never leaving a point until he has satisfied himself in respect to its treatment. When a boy, if he started to accomplish anything, everybody who knew him believed that he would catch the fish, or get the nuts, or shoot the squirrel, or win the prize. He always had a purpose, and a persistent earnestness in the accomplishment of that purpose, and he makes sure of his footing as he goes for- ward. Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard was bom May 5th, 1809, in Sheffield, Mass. At the age of fifteen he entered Yale College, and was graduated four years later, taking the highest honors. He then gave his attention to teach- ing, having obtained a position in the Hartford Grammar School In 1830 he became tutor at Yale, served but one year, and then took charge of a department in the Ameri- can Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb at Hartford. One year later he was called to the New York Institute lor the Deaf and Dimib, where he remained five years ; then was Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in the University at Tuscaloosa, Alabama, untU 1848, when he was transferred to the chair of chemistry and natural his- tory in the same institution. After sis years in this pro- fessorship, he accepted the chair of mathematics, natural philosophy, and civil engineering in the University of ISIississippi. Two years later he was elected president of that institution. He remained thus related until the open- ing of the late war, when he resigned. In May, 1864, he was elected President ot the Columbia College, New York. This important post he has occupied F. A. P. Baknaed. 589 nntil the present time, 1882, eviacing in its administra- tion an abHitjr which has contributed much to extend the nsefuhiess of that widely-known and highly-reputed insti- tntion. r. A. p. BARNARD, LL.D. PRESIDENT OF COLUMBIA COUJBGE, NEW TOKK. He has been a prolific and vigorous writer on educational, scientific, and other topics, evincing extended culture and broad \'iews, and commanding a national influence. 59C Thomas H. Selbt. THOMAS H. SELBY. EX-MAYOR OF SAN FRANCISCO. This is an expressive, not to say speaking counteuance. It belongs to a strongly marked character ; there is both thought and force in it. Had he developed in a literary instead of in a commer cial direction, he could have attained the topmost round of the ladder, and sent his name down to posterity in thoughts and books which would live. Educated for the law, he would have readily worked into statesmanship. In short, he could have filled any place in any sphere of action to which he may have aspired. There is Combativeness without querulousness ; Destruc- tiveness without cruelty, and force with' kindness and con- lideration. He has Caution without timidity, and economy without parsimony. Such an organization governs circumstances instead of being governed by them ; it makes its own way in the world without depending on luck or chance. Mr. Selby, for many years one of the most prominent merchants of the Pacific coast, was bom in the city of New York. His school training was concluded while he was but a youth, and then he obtained employment in the store of Mr. A. T. Stewart One of his associate clerks and most intimate friends at that time was Cyrus W. Field, afterward so successful and eminent in telegraphic enterprise. In 184% when the agitation consequent upon the dis- coveries of gold in California was at its height, young Selby concluded to go thither and try his hand for a fortune. Instead, however, of attempting the uncertain and dangerous pursuit of a miner, he commenced business in Thomas H. Selby. 591 San I^ancisco, and laid the foundation of the present house of Thomas H. Selby & Co. Mr. Selby has had a hand in nearly every important THOMAS H. SELBr. business enterprise on the Pacific coast, and many prosper ous movements of to-day owe their existence to his suggestive mind. The great smelting works, the shot- tower, and other large manufactories, affording employ. 692 SiE .TosiAH Mason. ment to hundreds of personSj and leading agencies in tht development of the resources of the Golden State, are the offspring of his fertile mind and keen foresight. He repeatedly declined the nomination of the " Tax Payers' " or Independent Party ; but it was forced upon him as the only man in whose strength they could confide for victory at the ballot-box. In 1869 he was elected, and in Decem- ber took his seat as mayor of San Francisco for two years. SIR JOSIAH MASON. AN EMINENT ENGLISH BENIX'AOTOB. One of the more conspicuous men of England in the spheres of industrial success and practical philanthropy was Sir Josiah Mason. He rose from poverty to the possession of great wealth, from complete obscurity to special distinction. This implies the p&ssession by Mr. Mason of superior mental powers, and his head being over twenty -four inches in circumference — an extraordinary development — confirms the instructive history. In 1862 hia head measured twenty-three and a haK inches, and in 1870 twenty-four and a half inches, and measured by the same careful man, L. N. Fowler, in 1880, twenty-five inches. Sir Josiah Mason was bom at Kidderminster, February 23, 1795, when quite young he worked as a shoemaker, then as a baker, and next as carpet weaver. At the age oi twenty he went to Birmingham, where for ten years he was a jeweler and gilt toy-maker. At thirty he became con nected with the manufacture of steel split-rings and key rings, which was conducted by Samuel Harrison, the first inventor of steel split-rings. Mr. Mason regarded this as. the foundation of his worldly prosperity. He afterward succeeded to the business of Mr. Harrison, and then added to it the manufacture of steel pens. Mr. Mason's introduction to the pen trade is strikingly SiE JosiAH Mason. 593 ninsti-ative of his business intellect. In the year 1828 or 1829 he was walking up Bull Street, in Birmingham, when, looking into the shop window of a then well-known stationer, he saw a card containing nine steel pens, the SIB JOSIAH MASON. price of which was 3s. 6d. (84 cents). Infinitely better pens are now sold at 10 cents per gross. " The novelty of the thing," said Mr. Mason, "induced me to go in. The proprietor was writing with one of the pens. I instantly saw that I could improve upon it, and I bought the pen for sixpence." On examining it, Mr. Mason made out the name of the maker to be " Perry, Red Lion Square, Lon 594 Sib Josiah Mason. don." When he got home he made thiee pens, from which he selected the best, and sent it by that night's post to Mr. Perry. Two days afterwards Mr. Perry presented himself in Lancaster Street, to see the man whc had made a better pen than his, to ascertain if he could make them in large quantities, and to conclude a bargain with him. In both the split-ring and the pen business Mr. Mason was eminently saccessfal, and with the capital thus ac- quired he entered into the business of electro-plating and gilding, then into the business of copper smelting. Mr Mason established a copper-smelting business at Pembury, in Wales, which, an obscure village in 1850, has, through his enterprise, been converted into a flourishing town The school built there by his firm to accommodate between 400 and 500 children, is now found too small. Another sphere of Sir Josiah's activities was in connection with the banking interests of the Midlands. When the Birmingham Bank failed, he^became chairman of a new company formed to assist and, if possible, to repair the losses of the old. His first great work of benevolence was the erection and endowing of almshouses, and an orphan asylum for boys and girls near Birmingham. The first portion of the buildings was erected in 1858, one part as almshouses, and the other for an orphanage. There is accommodation in the almshouse portion for thirty women, spinsters or widows of the age of fifty years or more. Each inmate is provided with a furnished house, coal, gas, and other advantages. The part which was originally the Orphanage is DOW converted into a home for girls educated at the Orphanage, who may be out of service, or suffering from sickness. Not satisfied with these acts of beneficenc ?, Mr. Mjison laid the foundation stone of a new orphanage him- self, on the 19th of September, 1860, and it was fin ished »nd first occupied in 18^ lu addition to the expenditure Seb Josiah Mason. 595 of $300,000 on.the building, Sir Josiah has endowed the institation with land and building estates of . the estimated value of $1,000,000. The inmates of the Orphanage are to be "lodged, dothed, fed, maintained, educated," and brought up at the cost of "the Orphanage income." There is no restriction whatever as to locality, nationality, or religious persuasion. The institution is now capable of accommodating 300 girls, 150 boys, and 50 infants (boys), who meet together for meals and prayers, but are separated as to school and dormitories. The rules permit the admis- sion of boys from seven to ten years old, and girls from four to ten years. Boys leave when they are fourteen years of age; girls from fifteen to seventeen years of age, as situations are found for them. Besides this noble and munificent charity, Mr. Mason has built and endowed a college for the study of practical science, to promote "thorough systematic education and iastruction, adapted to the practical, mechanical, and artistic requirements of the manufactures and industrial pursuits." The college was completed early in the fall of 1880, and is a magnificent Gothic edifice, with a frontage of 148 feet. The buildings cover an area of about 2,400 square yards, but when the plan of the founder iiv carried out they will occupy nearly double that area. In the year 1872 Her Majesty conferred on Mr. Mason the honor of knighthood, in recognition of the munificence of his many benevolent and philanthropic labors for the good of his fellow-men. Of all who have received the honor at the hands of the Queen, few have merited it so well as Mr. Mason. There are some remarkable resem- blances between Mr. Mason and the late Mr. Peabody. Both were bom within five days of each other, both began poor and became wealthy through their own energy and industry, *ad both have distributed nearly a similar sum 596 Rev. John A. Beoadub. among the poor. But while Mr. Peabody handed over hk money to trustees and left the arrangements to them, Mr. Mason has superintended the details of his own charitiea He died in 1881. JOHN A. BROADUS, D.D., LL,D., THE EMINENT BAPTIST CLERGYMAN AND SCnOLAB. The wide reputation and commanding influence of this solid thinker and ripe scholar, warrant for him a place in our pages, since, wherever he is known the ablest men acknowledge his natural talents and varied acquirements. That massive head, strong face, and ample body, challenge respect and win the confidence of every beholder. He is a man who can be angry and not boU over, who can reprove delinquents without abusing them, who can preach strong doctrines without seeming personal. Some must be an- gry before they are strong or brave; he is both strong and brave vrithout the necessity of showing anger. When he is much provoked, and it will not help his cause, he does not permit himself to explode. His power to reason and criticise, to combine facts and logical arguments, to systematize and build up a subject or argument, are shown in all his work. An organization like this would rank well in any department of effort and usefulness, where the competition is strong and the duties demand courage, outreaching thought, and dignity and force of character. John Albert Broadus was bom in Culpepper County, Virginia, on the 24th of January, 1827. His family is of Welsh extraction, and the name was formerly spelled Broadhurst. He completed his studies at the University ol Virginia. Dr. Gessner Harrison was then Professor ol Ancient Languages, as he had been for more than a quarter of a century, and with him young Broadus formed a close intimaoy. In after years one of the results of this friend Kev. John A. Beoadus. 597 ship was the marriage of the student to the professor's daughter. In 1850 Mr. Broadus received his degree from the Umversity, and a year later he was offered and accepted the position of Assistant Professor of Ancient JOHN A. BBOADUS. Languages in his alma mater. Two years later, the Bap- tist church of Charlottesville invited him to take its pulpit, and he accepted it. As a young man he was eminently fitted for the place of a teacher. This the prominent mem- bers of Southern Baptist circles were not long in discover- 598 Rev. John A. Beoadus. ing ; and when a vacancy occurred in the Theological Semi- nary in 1859 he was invited to take the Professorship of Ne\? Testament Interpretation and Homiletics, which he still occupies. The seminary was then located at Greenville, S. C ; it is now in Louisville, Ky. An acquaintance of Dr. Broadus says he "is a man of deep and varied scholarship, and of commanding ability in the pulpit. In his knowledge of the Greek in the New Testament, he is without a peer in the South. There are frequent calls upon him to preach in the churches in Louis- ville, and the announcement of his name does not fail to draw a large congregation. Even his own students who attend his daily'lectures, consider it a privilege to hear a sermon by him and to come under the sway of his power which is remarkable in the lecture-room, but is far more so in the crowded assembly. The Baptist denomination in America has no man to-day of whom it is rightly more proud, and there is probably no man in the denomiuation who has done more for it than Dr. Broadus." He has published a volume or two of sermons, an account of a visit to Palestine, and lectures on the History of Preaching, which were delivered in the Newton Theo- logical Seminary, Mass. In his own department of special instruction he has published little, principally a Review of the American Bible Union's version of the New Testament, which was contributed to the Religious Herald of Rich- mond, Va., in 1867-69. As a speaker Dr. Broadus is remarkable for the 'sim- plicity, yet vigor of his style. He wins the attention at once by the easy, off-hand manner of his opening, and develops the truth and application of the most profound principle with so much clearness, fertility of illustration, and self-command, that the listener is surprised to find apparently easy what he had previously regarded as para- doxical. KlCHOLAS LoNGWOKTH. 599 NICHOLAS LONGWOETH, PHILANTHEOPIC Mn.TJONAIBE OF CINCINNATI. Nicholas Longworth, whose history and fortunes were BO closely identified with those of Cincinnati for more than half a century, was bom in Newark, N. J., Jan. 16, 1783. NICHOLAS LONGWOETH. He was descended from good English and Holland stock, noted as pioneers and patriots in New Jersey and Long Island^ and known for worth, wealth, and influential 600 Nicholas Longwobth. standing amoAg the communities where they dwelt. Their property, which was large, was lost in the vicissitudes of the Revolution, and it became necessary that our subject and his brothers should be early trained to self-help. At nineteen years of age Nicholas Longworth went to Georgia, where his brother Joseph had a rice plantation, but finding that the climate of the South did not suit his constitution, and having a taste for the law, he went to Cincinnati in 1803, and began under the best of tuition to prepare for the bar, which in due time he entered, and began a hfe marked by industry, probity, and prosperity, investing his earnings at the bar in vacant lands outside the little village of Cincinnati, which, as the town grew, brought his property into the heart of the present city, and made him very rich. He foresaw that the West must have a vast growth, and he anticipated that Cincinnati would become a large and important place, hence he bought land in view of its future improvements and great value. In 1806 he married the widowed daughter of Major Silas Howell, and for more than fifty years they lived in a loving and harmonious marriage, and of all the blessings that fell to Nicholas Longworth his wife was the bright and crowning one. Mr. Longworth was a friend and patron of Hiram Powers, the artist, and of many others whose fame is now less known. He was greatly interested in horticulture, and his large gardens and well-arranged conservatories became objects of interest to all who visited Cincinnati. He first undertook the making of wine in America, and expended large sums of money and much valuable tirce in conducting the experiments. It was his hope that wine might be produced in America of so good a quality and so cheaply that it would take the place of distilled alcoholic liquors, and thus tend greatly tc Geoeqe Law. 601 icssen intemperance ; and he persevered in this philan- thropic design long after he discovered that his idea, to have a fair trial, must cost a very great sum of money, and in this industry there was invested, at the time of his death, nearly half a million dollars, and more than that sum had been sunk in the enterprise. Mr. Longworth was a man of broad and liberal views ; was so kind and charitable, bright, hopeful, and cheerful ic disposition, that he made a most agreeable companion even when most engrossed by his affairs. He had a keen and playful wit, and his sarcasms, aimed only at shams and pretences, cut deep. He was singularly simple in his mode of life, and, though sometimes a victim to misplaced confidence, he never lost faith in human nature. He died Feb. 10, 1863, aged 81, leaving one son and two daughters. Having well and faithfully performed his part in life he left as a token of his talent and skill a fortune of fifteen milUons, and as an evidence of his moral worth an un- spotted reputation, and the universal respect of his fellow citizens. GEORGE LAW. FBOU HOD TO STEAMSHIP. George Law, long and vridely known as a masterly ^'usiness man and milKonaire, was bom in Jackson, Wash- ington C!o.,N. T., Oct. 25, 1806, and died in New York in 1881. His father was an energetic farmer, in moderate circumstances, who gave his children no opportunity for education except those obtained at the poor district school George learned to read and write, became fond of reading, and that was the sum total of his early education. Tb'e boy was educated on the farm and by the brook, and he early evinced his skill by building miniature dams and 602 GEofiQE Law. bridges Among the books read by him in his youth wa» the " Life of William Ray," who left his father's farm, went out into the great world and made a fortune. This book fired the ambition of George Law, and at eighteen he worked all one summer for a farmer, earned forty dollars, and with that sum in his pocket walked to Troy with the hope of hving over the career of William Ray. His father reluctantly consented to his going, but gave him no outfit. Arriving at Troy he did a sensible and brave thing : he took the first job that offered, which was hod-carrying, at which he worked thirty-three days, and earned thirty-three dollars. In the winter work failed, and George, who felt the lack of education, bought DaboU's Arithmetic, Morse's Geography, and a work on single entry bookkeeping, and devoted his whole time during the winter months in mastering these books. He almost learned them by heart. In the spring he went to work as a mason and bricklayer, but his employer failed and he -lost his summer's work, and was unable to pay up in fuU for his board ; but nothing daunted he walked twenty-two miles to a job, earned the sum he owed, and walked back and paid his landlord. A year or two after ward he was in Pennsylvania getting out stone for the canal at & fixed price by the foot; he rose to be a sub-contractor and finally a contractor, and before he was thirty years old he had made a fortune, married, and was the father of a little family. He then returned to his native State, and bid for and obtained some sections of the Croton Aqueduct. To him, also, was awarded the con- tracL for building the High Bridge over the Harlem river for the passage of the Croton Aqueduct, and it was the execution of this work which made him a millionaire. He introduced so many ingenious plans for saving labor, that, though he took the work at a very low estimate, he made it immensely profitable. Afterward he was extensively engaged in ocean steam navigation, owning at one time no Gesbqe Law. 608 kss Qian sixteen large steamships. To him belongs much of the credit of the Panama Baikoad. He did not origU nate the idea, but without the aid of his capital and enecgy the road could not at that time have been built. Ho 604 Two Paths of Life. owned several ferries between New York and Brooklyn, and was quietly conducting business in several large and im- portant channels. Of late years he has taken life easily in his Fifth Avenue residence, where, among thousands of costly books, he showed with pride the few school-books which he bought and studied in the first year of his inde- pendence. About 1855 he was much talked of as a candi- date for the presidency. Mr. Law was a mighty man bodily and mentally. He weighed heavily, was very sohd and enduring, and was tall and brawny as a giant, and he bad a strong practical brain to match. Verily he was a law to himself, and always a law to aU whom he employed. He knew what ought to be done and just how, and would brook no delay or deficiency. Hence he rose from being a mason's " clerk " to be a millionaire, and by his integrity and efficiency he literally " found and followed the royal road to wealth." TWO PATHS OF LIFE; OK, INFLUENOE OF HABIT ON CHAR4.CTER AND DESTINY. The old proverb, " A man is known by the company he keeps," finds illustration everywhere, especially among the young. Original organization gives power and tendency, but imitation of others and the mental habit growing out of it modify the character in such a manner and to such an extent as to produce an apparent revolution, even in the tone and temper, as well as in the direction of the mind and character, and the form of the head and body. A young person comes to a point in life when he can do this or that with equal facility ; as at the switch on a rail- road, but a point divides between one course of conduct nnd another. The decision is formed through the influence of some person, impulse, or thing, and heuceforwaid the co'D'se is radically changed. Two Paths of Life. 606 Sometimes a friendless boy \vith high, hopes and strong passions, having no one to care for him, meets as by acci- dent some good book, person, or influence which sets him in the right path. The doing of the first good act xmder right influences awakens his better elements, and his course is henceforward toward virtue, useful knowledge, honor, and happiness. Another of similar mental und physical constitution, standing in a similar manner, " where two ways meet," is acted upon by an adverse influence, and his way thence is downward, becoming trained by habit antU the lower nature gains the predominance, and vice becomes not only the rule, but a pleasure, proving the old maxim, "EvQ communications corrupt good manners." How necessary to the young is the choice of good company and favorable influences ; and how useful the invocation, " Lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil." The following contrasting series of faces illustrate the influence of a right aad wrong course of life upon an individual, and may be called "The two paths of life,** equally open to each person. Fig. 1. INNOCENT CHILD. Here in Fig. 1 we have a child with all the faculties foi good and evil, as yet without habits good or bad, but with power freely to choose his course. Let us suppose ho 606 Two Paths of Litb. chooBes the way of righteousness, associates with the moral and religious, lives temperately, is studious and industrious, and at fifteen he has an excellent reputation and presents an amiable, intelligent face as in Fig. 2, ^JtV -WRONG PATH. Fig. 2. EIGHT PATH. Fig. 3.- On the contrary, in Fig 3 we have an illustration of one who chooses the downward course — disobeys parents, plays truant from school, neglects or avoids religious and moral influences, casts off restraint, ignores respectability, be- comes rough in feature, slovenly in dress, impudent and vulgar ia manner ; he learns to smoke, chew, drink, swear and gamble; attends horse-races, cock-fights and prize- fights, spends his nights at some low play-house or dram- shop, and develops into the full-grovm rowdy. In process of time Fig. 2 develops into Fig 4, and is here seen in the full maturity of his faculties and powers, and is constantly becoming widely and well-known for his well-directed talent and for his upright and honorable manhood. His habits are regulated by a well-instructed judgment ; his body and brain act with harmony, clear- ness, and vigor. His features are comely, fresh, and open.. Integrity and intelligence are stamped upon the head and beam from his manly face. He is a loving husband, a kind fattier, a faithful friei an esteemed citizen, capable of Two Paths of Life. 607 filling positions of responsibility, and is a man whom the people delight to honor. Fig. 4 ^VTRTUOUS. rig. 5. — VICIOUS. On the contrary. Fig. 5 coming naturally from Fig 3, ia familiar with all sorts of vice and vulgarity ; he disregards the domestic ties, and his wife and children suffer from his tyranny, baseness, and neglect. He leads yonng men into vicious, if not criminal courses ; he is a demagogue in politics, and ob- tains a precarious living by fraud and &Ise pretenses. lie is as corrupt in morals as he is in body, and his face shows his dissipation and depravity. Is it strange that such a manhood should ripen into such an old ago as Fig. 6 represents, and that having violated every die- Fig- 6. — "sin when it a tate of decency and every canon finished. of morals, his career should be terminated in frenzied suicide, or his worthless life should end by delirinm- tremens or the gallows, in a prison or a mad-honse ? 608 Two Paths of Ltrc. With increasing years Fig. 4 naturally becomes as Been in Fig. 7, and gamers his honors. Like the rich cluster, he becomes sweet-minded as he ripens, and in the autumnal sun of peace he patiently waits the gathering hand of the heavenly Father ; and as he quietly glides from the fruition of a well-spent life, he enters upon his glorious future, and his memory remains the cherished legacy of his de- scendants. Toung men, this double picture is before you ; you can become Fig. 7. — ^viETUE ITS OWN tlie one or the other ; you can EBWABD. mate life royal in all greatness and goodness, or you can be a failure in all that makes man " the image of God." Which do you decide to b* eonef CONCLUSION. The road to success may be made grand by all who will bring to the performance of duty the qualities of hoaor, fidelity, and intelligence. Success is not fully represented by land, merchandise, or money ; it embraces, also, nobility of character, ripeness of culture, and soundness of health ; and in order that wealth made up of all these elements may be a crown of honor to their possessor, they must be achieved and used in harmony with the best instincts of human nature, and in obedience to the law of the highest. In general, success is the representative of sldll, industry, perseverance, temperance, and self-denial. When so ac- quired, it is a badge of respectability. Property may be acquired, however, by the exercise of talent' and selfishness, while honor and morality in the means employed are ^ored. Those who thus selfishly seek property without desiring to render for it to the public a fair equivalent, can not properly call their accumulations wealth, nor the way by which they reached it Success. Wealth of mind and cnlture may also be sought, ob- tained, and used for mere selfish and personal ends, and employed with tyranny toward others, and without lasting benefit to themselves, because the spirit that inspired the desire for acquisition, and the path which led to it lacked moral purpose, which is one of the chief elements of royalty. Great talent and scholarship may be possessed, while honor and truth are lacking, and the character, though strong, is ignoble. Wealth, nghtly and broadly considered, is of three kinds — Financial, Mental, and Moral. A person may possess any one or two of these without the other, and it requires their harmonious combination to fulfill the com- plete idea of wealth. 610 Co^oLusios. We ought to have wealth of body, which ia another word for health. With a good natiiral endowment, proper exer- cise, useful occupation, and temperance, health may be insured. By temperance we do not mean the avoidance, merely, of alcoholic stimulants, while indulging in over- eating, wrong eating, and the use of narcotics. As we view the subject, true temperance is the right use of right things. Intemperance is the vyrong use of right things, and my use atdloi wrong things. FmANoiAL wealth may be made noble only by the use of talent, foresight, and skill, directed by high moral purpose, and sustained by patient perseverance. A few, by the exercise of talent, force, and miserly greed, may ride over the rights of others, and capture a large amount of prop- erty, but such acquisitions in most cases prove an inward curse to their owners ai-d the ruin of their children. The history of succe>.sful business men who do not become bankrupt in souJ, would indorse the sometimes neglected maxim that " Hoaesty is the best policy." We may refer to an eminent exaaiple of this jn the case of the wealthiest merchant America, has lost He learned hia business thoroughly, and faitLfully followed it, working hard, attending to details, avoid^ag speculation outside of his line of business ; marking evexy article in plain figures at I'fair and honest price, and selUng to all on the one price system. The sons of wealth and of poverty, the influential and the obscure, stood on b Lsvel before his coun- ters, and, in respect to price, there was "•' no respect of per- sons." The honest, one price system, ffhich he inaugu- rated in this country, and earned out to tiie end, gave him a fortune of a hundred millions. We have heard his course severely criticised respecting some business transactions outside of his commercial matters; also his course of action toward rival houses, especially new ones, ia which he was esteemed selfish and CONOLTJSIOK. 611 hard, and determined to break them down by underselling at prices ruinous to all but a millionaire. We believe he never wished to be regarded other than as the greatest merchant in the world. He did not profess to be a philan- thropist, hence labored with a single eye to accumulation ; but in his relations of business with his customers he brought talent, experience, good judgment, a fair and fixed price, and as a mere business pohcy, if it had no higher aim, it was successfuL In his great capacity as a merchant, and in his square dealings with his patrons, he stood with- out a superior. Some men are wealthy without much money, their possessions being moral and intellectual. Who cares to ask if Bancroft, Tennyson, or Longfellow (who but yester- day, March 26, 1882, was laid to his rest) have any sur- plus of property ? All would be glad to suppose they had enough for their modest wants — yet we regard them as men of success — their wealth is of the finer sort. The names which shall remain fragrant long after the wealth of the mere millionaire may have spoiled half his descendants who have learned, not "to labor," but "to wait" for the opportunity to scatter their inheritance by reckless dissipa- tion, are those who have sought through the royal road of talent and worth, the sohd wealth of MIND, BODY, and ESTATE, which shall be a perpetual blessing. Integrity is the comer-stone of success ; diligence and talent the means of attaining it; and whoever can combine these, and wisely choose occupations suited to their endow- ments, may find and foUow the true road to success, and other children besides their own ' shall rise up and call them blessed." PRINCIPLES OF PHRENOLOGY, The term Fhrenolog; signifies disamree on the mind, and is based on certiis definite principles whicli are as easily understood as the science of chemistry or the laws of natoral pliilosopby. Phrenology claims to explain the powers and faculties of the mind, by atndylng the organization of the brain daring life. Its doctrines, briefly stated, are : 1. The brain Is the organ or instrument of the mind. a. The mind has many faculties, some of which may be stronger or weaker tbtm the rest hi the same person. 613 614 Principles of Phrenology. 3. Each focalty or propensity of the mind has Its special organ in the bnin. 4. Siie of brain, if the qnality be good, ie the tme measure of its power. Tba brain, when deficient in size, or low in qnality, is always connected with a loiv degree of mental power. Among the lower animals the brain is fonnd to be laigi and comiilicated in proportion to the variety and strength of the faculties. 6. Organs related to each other in function are grouped together in the brain. For example, the organs of intellect are located in the forehead ; those of the social nature in the back-head; those of passion, appetite, and eelf-preservatioD In the side-head ; those of aspiration, pride and ambition, in the crown ; and tbost of sentiment, sympathy, morality, and religion, in the top-head. fi. As each f unction of the body has its specific organ, so each faculty of the mind, favorm- ble to dignity, sternness, determination, power of will, and desire to guvem aad control others. It gives slowness of passion, desire for heavy labor or large baa- iness, and a liability to miasmatic diseases. The Vital Tehpebambnt is evinced by large Inngs, a powerful circnlatoiy awtem and large digestive and assimilating organs, abnndance of blood, and tkimal spirits. Tbe form is plump, the limbs rounded and tapering, the com plexlon light or florid, with an inclination to take on flesh as age advances. This temperament is a combination of the Semgulnt and tbe LympluUie, as set forth by Mr. Combe and other writers ; but as the digestive and assimilatiog organs, which constitnte the Jiymphatic Temperament, together with the reapi- rtitory and circnlatory systems, which constitute the Sanguine Temperanent, are really tttai. organs, we regard their combination into one, under the name of ViTAii TmpzKAMEHT, as both convenient and philosophical, ■fax Mertal TmraHAHENT (formerly called Nervons) depends on tbe dsri( opmcntof the brain and nervous system, and 18' indicated by mental aetlTltj, tight frame, thin skin, fine hair, delicate features, and large bnln as compute Mental Faculties. 6i5 arttb the body. It Imparts sensitiveness and Tivaclty to the mind, a dispoiltioc to think, study, or follow some light and delicate bnfiiness. The Btrnctureti which, in excess or great predominance, determine these tem- peraments, exist in each individual. In one person one temperament may pr» dominate— in the next, another. They can be modiiled by proper training. PEFDirriON OF THE MENTAL FACULTIES. DOMESTIC PROPENSITIES. This grmip cf organs is located in the baek-?iead, and gites length and fullness to the Jiead backward from the ears. No, 1, Amativeness— The faculty of physical love lends attractiveness to the opposite sex, and a desire to nnite in wedlock and enjoy their company. Excess : Tendency to licentiousness. D^fideruy : Indifference to the other sex. A, Conjugal Love — The monogamic faculty, giving a desire to reciprocate the love of on« in matrimony. fSccess; Morbid tenacity of attachment, D^ficteney: Aversion to permanent uniou ; domestic vacillation. Mo. S, Philoprogenftiveness— Parental love; the parental Instinct. Disposes one to give due attention to offspring and pets. Mxcess: Idolizing children; spoiling them by indulgence. DejUAancy : Neglect of the young. No. 3, Friendship— Adhesiveness; the social feeling; desire for companion- ship; attachment; devotion tofriends. Excess; Undue fondness for friends and company. Bejldency: Indifference to friendly or social interests. IVo. 4, Inhabitivenesfi — It gives a desire for a home, place of abode, or haven of rest. It also gives rise to love of country, and offensive nationalism. Excess: Undne exalting of one's own country and home. D«!/Mmey : A roving disposition. No. a, ttentlnnity— Gives undivided and continued attention to one subject nntil it is finished. £!ci;«w.-Frolixity; absence of mind. D, Suavity — Agreeableness; tendency to speak and act In a mellow, persuasive manner ; to nut a smooth surface ou rough affairs, and say disagreeable thinsi agreeably. M^cess : AiTectation ; blame;. Jkifidmey : Want of ease of manner. INDEX. Ablie, CleTeland, " ProbatilitieB," Portrait and Biography 535 AcqaisitiTeiieBB,it8 natare and uses 290 Aga? Biz, Loais, NatnrallBt, Portrait aud Biograpliy 423 AlimentiTeness— Hunser— Food.. . 245 All Gifts combined in one man ... 195 Allen, Dr. Nathan, Scientist, Por- trait and Biopraphy 564 Ambition of Clerks 102 Ambitions boy 268 American children 2S2 Anger and its training 257 Animal Instinct as to fooJ 246 Apostles n«t perfect 182 Appetite, training of 247, 251 Approbatireness, its cnlti ration. , . 262 Artist and art 133 Aspinwail, W. H., Merchant, Por- trait and Biography. S69 Asylum for the insane, illustrated. 581 Bad habits of men 196 Barnard, F. A. P., Pres.Colum.Col., Portrait and Biography 587 Bashfulneis 285 Beecher, Dr., working Sunday 187 Beecher's sermons, reporting 162 Begin at the bottom and work up. . 128 Birds, miration of 354 Blacksmith, prince of mechanics.. 31 Bianchard, Thomas, Inventor, Por- trait and Biography 26 "Blue Monday" 186 Boasting. 279 Bogle, James, Artist, Portrait and Biography 138 Bonhenr, Bosa, Painter, Portrait and Biography 136 Book-binding 77 "Book-farming" 25 Book-koeping, talents required.. 96, 116 Book-selling. 79 Boys and school-honses 816 Brain, how to make It strong. 385 Braes finishing 44 Bricklaying. 44 Bright and dull boyi 29 Bright, John, Mannfactnrer and Statesman, Portrait and Biog.... SI Broadne, Ecv. Dr. J. A B9I Brougham, Lord, and Napoleon. . S71 Burden, Henry, Machiniet, Portrait and Biography 86 Bnrritt, Elihn,"The Learned Black- smith," Portrait and Biography. 856 Butchering 58 Cabinet-making 53 Canvasser lO'" Carpenter, B. P., Artist, Portrait and Biography 134 Carpentry 51 Caldwell, Dr. Charles, Portrait and Biography 194 Carriage-ironing 35 Cashier 91 Cat with " hands too full " 830 Cantiousncss, its natnre and uses.. 2S0 *^ its treatment 287 Changing occupations 343 Character and talent of teachers.. 143-6 Chase, S. P., Eminent Jurist, Por- trait and Biography 390 Children Bhould learn to work 809 Choate, Hufus, Eminent Lawyer, Portrait and Biography 178 Church, P. E., Artist, Portrait and Biography 433 Clafiin, Ez.-Gov., of Mass., Por- trait and Biography 618 Claflin, H. B., Groat Merchant, Por- trait and Biography 450 Clarke, Macdonald, Poet, Portrait and Biography 282 Clergyman, The 181 Clergymen, Proper endowments of 189 Climate affects energy and economy 295 Cloth manufacture 65 " College life," and bad habits ... 235 Colleges and mechanism 808 " for girls 874 Color 343 Colquitt, O0T.A.H., Port, and Blog 556 Combe, George, in Pbiladelpt!«. . . 241 " " Port, and Biog.... 194 620 Index. Oommerda. traveler 107 Common eeoee in art 137 Conclaslon 609 Conflicting opinions of conacicnce 333 Congress of faculties 283 Consclentloasness 331 ConstmctiTeneBs and its useti 305 Continuity or concentrativeness . . 3%5 Contractor 105 Contrast,A 265 Conveyancer 106 Cooking 118 Cooper Institute bnUding 405 trait and Biography. 144 Ideality, Us natnre and uses 313 Ideal perfect man 195 Importing 89 Introduction 5 lii^ane Asylam, Hlnntrated 681 Insanity of various kinds 274 Whatisitf 583 Insurance business 106 Intellectual Culture 341 Intemperance of temperance men. 248 Invalid women— the cause! 862 Inventor a gre«t m»ff v .• 99 Irish art critic 142 Iron founding 36 Jefferson on law and lawyers 1(W Jewett, S. W., Improver of Sheep, Fori rait and Biography 20 Jobbing business 81 Judgment in practical things S43 Kimball, Chas. P., Carriage Maker, Portrait and Biograpby K^ Kimball, Ed., Church Debt Raiser, Portrait and Biography 93 Laboring work 14 Labor-saving inventions 15 Land waiting for culture II Language and its laws 335 Land^eer, Sir Edwin, Artist, Por- trait and Biography 136 Laundrywork 119 Law, George, Great Business Man, Portrait and Biography 601 Law, How to learn the 177 Lawrence, Abbott, Merchant, Por- trait and Biograpby 90 Learning to walk, 376. .To fiddle . . 879 Legal profession 175 Lesseps, F. De, Suez Canal Fame, Portrait and Biography 216 Lick, James, Philanthropist, Por- trait and Biography 508 Lincoln as a lawyer 180 Livery business 107 Locality, its uses and culture 349 Long-winded English vriterg 826 Lord of the loom and anvil 24 Lowell, James Russell, Poet, Por- trait and Biography S42 Lozier, Dr. C. S., Port, and Biog.. 171 Lumbering, 21 . . Lumber trade. 86 Lying fabrics 302 " taught from the cradle SCO Machinist 36 Maener, Daniel, Horse Tamer, Por- trait and Biography. 108 Man " a bundle of habits '• S81 Mann, Horace, Great E^iacator, Portrait and Biograpby 415 Man's power over matter 807 Manufacturing 22 Masculine women 86C Mason, Sir Joslah, Manufacturer, Fortnit and Biography. {iW 622 Index. Mecbanlc a benefactor S3 Mechanical talent and Bklll 805 M^chaniBm asef al to all 310 Medicine, profession for woman . . 117 Mercbandieing 115 MetaphysicB not practical 220 Methodist pioneer. Wt Millinery Ill Milling 62 Millwrightlng 50 Mistakes In i>election 28 Mlttag, Dr. J. F. C, Port. & Biog. 274 Morse, Prof. S. ? B., Telegraphy, Portrait and Biography. 436 Mosler, J. L. H., Boss Blacksmith, Portrait and Biography 82 Mnrcheson, Sir Roderick,ScientiBC, Portrait and Biography 853 Mnrphy, D. P., Reporter U. S. Senate, Portrait and Biography.. 1(H " Maecnlar Christianity " 184 " My mother never tells a lie " . . . 835 Nast, Thomas, Artist, Portrait and Biography 132 Nathan as a preacher 225 Naval service. , 62 Occnpations for women 110 Opposition to Phrenology 204 Order and bow to edacatc it 345 Orton, William, Telegraphy, Por- trait and Biography 858 Overtradlnst. 297 Oxen and horses stahhom 821 Packard, S. S., Pres. Bus. College, Portrait and Biography. 616 Paper-making 69-73 Paths of Life, Elnstrated Pay large and labor light 14 Perceptive f acnities 342 Persons in wrong parsnits 241 Perversion by training .<*... 217 Peter the Great, Portrait and Blog. 806 Phonography, invention of 466 Phrenologist, The 194 Phrenology in art 134 " In selecting trades 26 " shows how to educate. 240 WhatlsitJ Physical training 218 Physician, his cnltnre and qnali- U«* 164-175 Pictnre-frame making H Figs know their way home Ml Pirates 61 Pitman, Isaac, Inv. Phonography, Portrait and Blograpby 468 Plow neglected li Plumbing and gas-fltting 41 Poe, Edgar A., Poet, Portrait and Biography 814 Political editor 150 Popularity of machinists' trade.,.. 38 Poverty a blessing 287 Prang, Louis, Ohromos, Portrait and Biography *40 Pratt, Zadok, Tanner, Portrait and Biography 64 Precocious children, 233. . Girls .... 370 Prinling 75, 118 Pi of essional avocations 133 Professions, over-crowded 12 Proud men, trades for 72 Qualifications of the farmer 19 Baw material for clothing 20 "Red Tape" 848 Reed, Thomas Allen, Reporter, Portrait and Biography, 160 Remedy for anger in children.. ... . 258 Reporting and reporters 164 " to save clergymen 159 Retiring from business 103 Review editor 149 Right preaching and teaching .... £24 Rivalry an educator 25 Roach, JobnrSbip Builder, Por- trait and Biography 810 Robertson, Rev. Fred. W., Writer, Portrait and Biography 190 Roebling, John A., Engineer, Por- trait and Biography 460 Rogers, John, Sculptor, Portrait and Biography 456 " Rolling-stone gathers no moss " 329 Root of intemperance 250 Choice of present 11 Salaries of ministers 18€ Salary or wages 121 Salesman 91 Savages unsklllfnl S4 School, exercises In 938 Scott, Thomas A., Penn. Railioad, Portrait and Biography M Index. 623 Bcnlptare 135 Seaman, talents sdncation, and dnties 65 Secretivenesa 299 Secret of eacccss and failure 84 Selby,T.H., Ex.-Mayor San Fran- cisco, Portrait and Biography... . 590 Self-esteem, its nature and uses. . . 275 Seventeen different trades 327 Sewing-macliine, invention of . 476 Sexes blended in education liSS "Shady Side" 187 Shame and its crimes 268 Shoppers and shopping 81 Shirt-maMng. . .. 113 Sims, Sr. J. Marion, Snrgcon, Por- trait and Biography 172 Sitnations, how obtained 125 Sloan, Samnel, Railroader, Portrait and Biography 512 Son of a Senator in Chicago 130 Spnrzhelm, Dr. J. Q., Phrenologist, Portrait and Biography 194 Squirrels, bees, foxes 290 Standard of pride and ambition... 270 Stanley, Bean of Westminster, Portrait and Biography 501 Statesman and lawyer 178 Stock-raising 21 Stone-cntting, stone, and masonry 46 Storrs, Rev. Dr. Richard S., Por- trait .and Biography 836 strong and weak points 271 fcnner, Charles, Statesman, Por- trait and Biography. 428 Tailoring 113 Tanning and curryinn 54 Taste in cabin or court 316 Taylor, Cbas., M.D.,D.D., Portrait and Biography 164 Taylor, Bayard. 353 " " Port, and Biog... 148 Teachers and teaching 110, 143 Telegraph, invention of 443 Tennyson, Alfred, Poet-Laureate of England, Portrait and Biog. . . 816 Time fully occniMed 40 Tin and stove bnsinees 89 Tobacco 109 llsdes rcQulrlng strength 3C Training by fear 284 Tricks of trade 802 Trades not easily set op 89, 41 True way to teach 836 Two paths, Illustrated S04 trndcrbill, Edward F., Reporter, Portrait and Biography 166 Useful pursuits honorable 3S Useless and injurious pursuits 108 Vacant lands in the East 17 Vanderbilt, Cornelius, "Railway King," Portrait and Biography. . 393 Veneration, its nature and abuses 886 Vick, James, Horticulturist, Pop- trait and Biography 575 Victoria, Queen, her habits 869 Vocations for different persons.... 240 Wagner, Richard, Composer, Por- trait and Biography Cfi7 Ward, Capt. E. B., Great Mechanic and Business Man, Port. & Biog. 503 Watch-making 114 Wayward beauty 264 Weaving 67 Webster, Daniel, Statesman, Por- trait and Biography 176 Webster, Daniel, in court 312 Webster, David, Brave Seaman, Portrait and Biography 651 Western life 32£ What is best for poor yoang men.. 41 " toeat 882 Whipping children when angry . . . 261 White, A. D., Pres. Cornell Univ., Portrait and Biography. 620 Who can b" trusted f 804 Wilder, Marshall P., Scientific Agric'st, Portrait and Biography 18 Willis, N. P. , in England 363 Woman's, poor, market-basket . . . 387 Women in the garden 364 " Trades for HO Woodbury's, Levi, politeness 880 Wood engraving 74,114 Wool sorting and dyeing 61 Wrong pursuits a source of crime '^ Toung men should seek the soil . . W Works by NELSON SIZER Choice of Pursuits ; or. 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The work is illustrated bjr forty- seven cuts, and is sent bymail, post- paid, on. receipt of price, only ten cents. BY ONE WHO HAS DONE BOTH. Under the titles "Finding allate" and "Keeping a Mate "the author gives pointiof interest to both married and unmarried Those who wish to be loved and those who wish some one to love, will find numerous suggestions of value in its pages and illustrations. 'Bj mail, postpaid, only ten cents. fowler & "Wells Co,, Putlishers. 27 East 21st St, New Tori. jiumap ffature library. ISSUED MONTHLY. Subscription Price, 30 cents, (1 s. 3d. Englisli) a Year, or for any Four Numbers. Single Numbers, 10 cents each. EACH NUMBER IS COnPLETE AND PRACTICAL. No. I. Self-Reltance \ or ,Self-Esteein as an Element in Human Character, its uses \ and culture. Illustrated. Nelson Sizer. - No. 2. Phrenology: its Principles, Proofp, etc. J. F. Tracy, 20 Illustrations. , No. 3. Physical Factors in Character ; or. The Influence of Temperament. H. S. Drayton, M.D. Illustrated. No. 4. The Choice 0/ Occupation / or. My Right Place in Life, and How to (Find it. Prof. Nelson Sizer. No. s. The^Servant Question, Hints on the Choosing and Management of Servants. H.S.Drayton, M.D, No. 6. Inventive Genius: or, Construc- tiveness the Basis of Civilization and Pro- Prof. Nelson Sizer. No. 7. Integrity or Conscientiousness-^ Its Nature and its Influence. H. S. Dray- lon, M. D. No. 8, Who Should Mary : Right Selec- tion in Marriage. The How and the Why. What temperaments and mental character- istics should unite in wedlock. Illustrated. Prof. Nelson- Sizer. No. 9. A Debate Among the Mental Faculties. Prof. Nelson Sizer. No. 10. The Will: Its Nature and Educa- tion. J. W. Shull. No. II. Ambition: or, Aprobativeness as Factor in Human Character. Prof. Nelson Sizer. No. 12. A Complete Man : How to Edu- cate for Life. H. S Drayton, M.D. No. 13. Addresses delivered at the close of the annual session of the American Insti- tution of Phrenology, 1 890. No. 14. Faculty and Brain Organism. Bernard Hollander. To prove that separate Psychological Functions require separate Physical Organs. No. 15, Resemblance to Parents^ and How to Judge It. Prof. Nelson Sizer. Nos. 23, 24, 26, 27, 28 Not Published. No, 16. Self-Study Essential to Mental Improvement and Development and to Personal Success. Dr. H. S. Drayton, M.D. No. 17. The Uses of Mental Science^ and papers read at the close of the class of 1890 in American Institute of Phrenology. No. 18. Getting Married and Keeping Married— How to Do It. By One Who Has Done Both. No, ig. Character Reading front Photo- graph : How to Do It. Prof. Nelson Sizer, No. 20. The Perceptive Faculties. Their Use and Training; showing how to see things, by Prof. Welson. Sizer. No. 21. Phrenology a Scieuce^ with ad- dresses delivered before the American Institute of Phrenology 1891. No. 22, The Amateur Phrenologist^ a Comedy Adapted for Public Representation or the Home Circle. By H. S, Drayton, No. 2^. What is Phrenology f By Nelson Sizer, with addresses delivered before the Americon Institute of Phrenology 1892. No. 29. Value of Phrenology. Closing Exercises and addresses of Class 1693. No. 30. Phrenology in Actual Life. Closing Exercises and addresses of .Class 1894. No. 31. Phrenology as an Art. Closing Exercises and addresses of Class 1895. No. 32, The Organ of Human Nature. By Jessie A. Fowler, ' No. 33. Phrenology Applied. By Prof. Nelson Sizer. With closmg exercises and principal addresses of the graduating class — i8g6, of the American Institute of Phreno- logy. No. 34. Phrenology in the Home : or. The Ethics of Family Life. By Jessie A. Fowler, No. 35, Phrenology in the School: or. Evolutionary Methods in Teaching. By Jessie A. Fowler. No. 36. Music : or. The Language of Tune. By Jessie A. Fowler. FOWLER & WELLS CO., 27 East 21st Street, New York City. L. N. FOWLER & CO., Ludgate Circus, London. Brain and diind, OK, MENTAL SCIENCE CONSIDERED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PRINCIPLES OF PHRENOLOGY AND IN RELA- TION TO MODERN PHILOSOPHY. By H. S. Diayton, A.M., M.D.,and James McNeill, A.B. Illustrated with over One Hundred Portraits and Diagrams. The following, from the Table of Contents, shows the scope and character of- the work : General Pbinciples. The Tekpeeaments. Structure of the Braim and Sedll. cliasbificatxon o? the faculties. The Self^k Organs. The Intellect. The Semi-Intellectual Faculties. The Orqanb oi' the Social Func- tioks. The Moral and Relioious Senti- ments. The Selfish Sentiments. How to Examine Heads. How Character is Manifested. T3E Action of the Facui/ties, The Eelation of Fhrenoloqy to Meta- physics AND Education. Value of Fhrenoloot as an Art. Phrenology and Physiology. Objections and Confirmations by the Physiologists. Phrenology in General Literature. In style and treatment it is adapted to the general reader, abounds with valuable instruction expressed in clear, practical terms, and the work constitutes by far tlie best Text-book on Phrenology published, and is adapted to both private and class study. The illustrations of the Special Organs and Faculties are fir the most part from portraits of men and women whose charactera are known, and great pains have been taken to exemplify with accuracy the significance of the text in each case. For the student of human nature and character the work is of the highest value. It is printed on fine paper, and substantially bound in extia cioth. By mail, postpaid, on receipt of price, $1.50. 6s., English. POWLEE & WELLS CO., 27 E. 21st St., New York. L. N. FOWLER & CO., Ludgate Circus, London. PRACTICAL . . . . TYPEWRITING By Bates Torrey. Ubirb E&ftion. 1Revfse5 anb Enlarged. THE STIINDARD WORK ON THE TOUGH OR ALL-FINGER METHOD. For Schools, Business Colleges and Private Instruction. SBND FOR DESCRIPTITB CIRCULrARS. 8vo, over 200 pp. Cloth. Price, $1.50. POWLEE & WELLS CO., 27 E. 2lBt St., New York. U. N. POWLER & CO., Lad{^te Circus, LpndQn, Phrenological Journal AND SCIENCE OF HEALTH. (ESTABLISHED 1838.) WITH WHICH IS raCOBPORATXD THE ENGLISH PHRENOLOGICAL MAGAZINE. (ESTABLISHED 1880.) Is always in advance of the timeES in everything pertaining to the study of Human Nature, as well as all questions of health and hygiene. Steadily gaining in public favor. Editors, F50F. HELSOH SIZES, B. S. DBA7T02T, U.D., aid UI9S lESSIE A, FOWLES. Among the Most Prominent and ATTRAonvE Features FOB lt97 Will Be CHARACTER STUDIES OF FAMOUS MEN AND WOMEN In America and Europe, by Prof. Sizer and Miss Jessie A. Fowler. THE CHILD CULTURE DEPARTHENT Will guide mothers and leachers how to study the capabilities of each particular child as to its proper development. By Prof. Nelson Sizbu. THE SCIENCE OF HEALTH DEPARTMENT Will contain practical articles and valuable hints on health, and the hygienic methods of securing it. By H. S. Dravton, M.D., and English articles by Mr. J. B. Eeswice. SHORT, USEFUL CONTRIBUTIONS AND STORIES By the best writers, on Choice of Forsnits, Proper Selection 1r Wed- lock, Belations of Employers and Kmployed, Fhrenologi, Wit and Wisdom, Phrenological flits, etc., etc., etc. NEWS AND NOTES OF THE MONTH Bearing upon Phrenology, but outside the direct Phrenological field. PHRENOLOGICAL ORGANS One to be described each month. ~ INSTITUTE NOTES Will contain Notes and Queries from members of the American and English Institutes, etc., etc. A NEW DEPARTURE for New Subscribers to the Phreno- logical Journal. A short delineation of the leading trails of the applicant will be given and printed In a special column devoted to the purpose, called " Character Sketches from Ph tograybs." To insure accurate deline- ation photographs must be accompanied by a stamp and directed envelope for the return of photographs. These, of course, to be accompanied by a remittance of Si 00 (five shillings English) for a twelve months' subscription to the consolidated Phreuological Journal and Phrenological Magazine. FIELD NOTES, BOOK NOTICES, Etc. POWLEB & WELLS CO., 27 E. 21sb St., New York, J,, Nf FpWLBR & CO., Lud^ate ^irpws, Lpndon, Bn^Iand, UNCLE SAM'S Letters on Phrenology 200 Pages. F"aper, 2S Cents. Is., Englisln. BRIGHT I ATTRACTIVE 1 INTERESTING I Chapters containing : Way and Manner — The Whence and What of Phrenology — How Phrenology Gets Along Here — Begin- ning to Begin — Pairing, and the Half of a Story — Parentage, and the Other Half of that Story — Home — Surrounding Affections — Breakfast, Dinner, Supper — Tool-tact — The Getter — Take Care — Keep Close — I, Myself — A Sort of Self-regulator — The Dictator of Duty — The Pillar of Strength — The Individualizer — A File of Fine Fellows — Order There, Order ! — The Accountant — The Register of Deeds — Whither and Where — The Timepiece — Musical — The Mas- ter of Sports — A Bird's-eye View — A Sharp One — The Greatest of the Graces — Respect, Veneration, Worship — One Like Another — Belief, Faith— A Cheerer — Nothing but Words — Onward, Still On- ward, Evermore — Reasons Why Phrenology is True^-Size of the Head — Our Great Men — Fat, Blood, Fibre, Nerve — Temperament — Something New — Advantages of Phrenology — Conclusion. Written in a clear and symmetrical style, at times rising to the plane of eloquence and melody. Is one of the best books for gen- eral reading. There is a brightness and life in the descriptions and illustrations rarely found in the literature relating to the sub- ject. Some descriptions of the faculties are unsurpassed. No more impressive and interesting manual can be named as an intro- ductory book to the more careful study of the subject. POWLIE & WELLS CO., 27 E. 21st St., New york. L. N. FOWUBB & CO., u Jgate Circus, Lo idon. 1-^