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 Ten years in Manchuria :a story of medic 
 
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TEN YEARS IN MANCHURIA 
 
 H Storg 
 
 OP 
 
 /iDebical /iDission morft in /iDouft&en. 
 
 1883— 1893. 
 
 BY 
 
 DUGALD CHRISTIE, L.KC.P., L.R.C.S.Ed., 
 
 MEDICAL MISSIONAET, 
 CHITED PRESBYTERIAN OHUKOH OP SCOTLAND. 
 
 J. AND R. PARLANE, PAISLEY. 
 
 THE RELIGIOUS TRACT AND BOOK SOCIETY OF SCOTLAND, EDINBURGH. 
 HODLSTON AND SONS, LONDON. 
 
V\XtSS' 
 
 
 Ki.no^^ 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The only Protestant missionaries in Manchuria are those 
 of the Scotch United Presbyterians and the Irish Presby- 
 terians. These are now united, and with the native elders 
 and members form the Church of Manchuria. 
 
 The following narrative only tells the story of Dr. 
 Christie's Medical and Evangelistic work in Moukden. If 
 the whole history of the Manchurian Mission were to be 
 written in full detail, it would fill every Christian heart 
 with wonder and thankfulness. 
 
 The most striking feature of that Mission is the manner 
 in which the Gospel has been propagated by the Chinese 
 converts themselves. Not only have such remarkable 
 evangelists arisen as Old Wang, the first man baptized by 
 Dr. Ross ; and Blind C/mng who has carried the Gospel to 
 countless multitudes ; but even to the ordinary converts 
 may the language of St. Paul be applied — "From you 
 sounded out the word of the Lord ... so that we need 
 not to speak any thing." 
 
 As the result of their zeal, the Gospel has penetrated far 
 into the interior. Messages often come to the missionaries 
 from towns and villages unknown to them requesting a 
 visit from them, and telling of numbers of professed 
 
6 PREFACE. 
 
 believers. Some one had brought them the good news, 
 they had received the Word gladly, and desired further 
 instruction in the way of Life. After journeying for some 
 weeks, passing from village to village, a young missionary 
 wrote thus — "I went in hope and returned without 
 disappointment. There is a magnificent work going on 
 here. The spiritual tide is entering from the great sea 
 and stealing in to these inland valleys. To oneself it is a 
 solemn thing to be a witness of its rise, still more to be 
 called to open a way for its progress." 
 
 F. W. I. 
 
 All profits from this book will he decoted to the MouMen 
 Hospital. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 I. The Beginning of Medical Work 
 
 II. Encouragements 
 
 in. The New Hospital 
 
 IV. Evangelistic Work 
 
 V. Women's Work 
 
 VI. Some Conditions Which Influenob Disease 
 
 Appendix 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 37 
 
 
 53 
 
 
 63 
 
 rSBASE 
 
 69 
 
 
 89 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTEATIONS, 
 
 Hospital Assistant, Evangelist, 
 Portrait of General Tso 
 The New Hospital 
 
 Dispensary 
 
 Plan of Hospital 
 
 AND Students Frontiajmce. 
 27 
 38 
 44 
 46 
 
TEN YEARS IN MANCHURIA. 
 
 Chapter I. 
 THE BEGINNING OF MEDICAL WORK. 
 
 "V/TANCHURIA occupies the north-east corner of 
 the Chinese empire. It covers an area of 
 about 300,000 square miles, and its population is said 
 to be 20,000,000. Of these, probably, only one in 
 twenty is of Manchu descent ; and even these have 
 adopted the Chinese language and habits. The bulk 
 of the people are Chinese, so that there is practically 
 little difference between Manchuria and other provinces 
 of Northern China. Being, however, the early home of 
 the present dynasty, its capital, Moukden, is considered 
 officially the second city of the empire. It has a 
 population of about 250,000, and is the literary and 
 commercial centre of the province. The city is sur- 
 rounded by a massive wall with eight imposing gate- 
 ways. The streets are much wider than in southern 
 2 
 
10 TEN YEARS IN MANCHURIA. , 
 
 China, but not any cleaner. The houses are all of one 
 storey, the people having a strong superstitious prejudice 
 against anything higher, except for temples. " Spirits 
 may dwell in towers but not human beings." 
 
 The Moukden Medical Mission having now completed 
 its first decade, it may be of some interest to review 
 the progress which has been made. 
 
 On my arrival in Manchuria in the autumn of 1882, 
 I visited Moukden with Rev. Mr Ross, who had already 
 seen good fruit of his labours there, the first convert 
 having been baptized in 1876. Our object was to 
 secure premises in which to live and carry on work. 
 One compound had been bought, but the feeling against 
 the foreigners made it difiicult to get a second. We 
 spent the winter in the port of Newchwang, where 
 several hundred patients were seen, the first being 
 Wang, the faithful attendant of Rev. W. C. Burns during 
 his last illness. 
 
 Removal to Moukden, 1883. 
 In May, 1883, we removed to Moukden, and property 
 was acquired for a Medical Mission house in the east 
 suburb of the city. During the months while it was 
 building both families had to be crowded into one small 
 house. The contrast now is very marked; our little 
 terrace containing four comfortable dwelling-houses. 
 
THE BEGINNING OP MEDICAL WORK. 11 
 
 The congregation, the first time I saw it, was but small, 
 and met in a humble low-roofed house. Now from two 
 to three hundred worship every Sunday in a large 
 imposing church. 
 
 The arrival of a foreign doctor in Moukden, even one 
 who as yet knew but little of the language, caused some 
 stir ; and as soon as I was able to see patients, people 
 came in crowds. Not much actual work was done, I 
 fear ; for the object of many was merely to see the 
 foreigner. It was often difficult to know whether the 
 disease was real or feigned ; and it is questionable how 
 much of the medicine was ever used. After a time the 
 excitement died down, and the numbers diminished 
 rapidly. A small room in Mr Ross's compound was 
 kindly placed at my disposal, and fitted up as a 
 dispensary ; it was opened for regular work in 
 June, about thirty patients coming each dispensing 
 day. In three months the numbers increased to 
 sixty or eighty ; but it was slow work. The 
 patients were as much taken up with the strange 
 foreigner as with their own symptoms; and their 
 language was still a hindrance. There was no 
 trained assistant, so that I had to make up my own 
 prescriptions. Consulting-room and dispensary were in 
 one ; and the waiting-room was so small that preaching 
 was sometimes, during the hot weather, carried on in 
 
12 TEN YEARS IX MANCHURIA. 
 
 the open air. Such ^yere the humble beginnings of 
 our work. 
 
 U2Jidemic. 
 During the months of August and September, a 
 terrible epidemic of cholera visited the country. Native 
 treatment, which seemed to consist largely in piercing 
 with needles, was worse than useless, and the mortality 
 in Moukden city was very great. Yet this calamity 
 turned out for the good of our work ; for great numbers 
 came for medicine, and thus much prejudice was 
 broken down. 
 
 Susjncion. 
 There was still, however, a great deal of suspicion of 
 the foreigner and his drugs. Some said that the 
 missionaries were but the vanguard of an English host 
 who were coming to invade China. Others were con- 
 vinced that our medicine could change the hearts of 
 those who used it, and compel them to follow the 
 foreigner and believe his doctrine. A Mandarin came 
 one day to have a painful tooth extracted, and so afraid 
 was he of our drugs that he could not be persuaded 
 even to wash out his mouth -with the water provided. 
 The old story was soon set afloat, that children's hearts 
 and eyes were taken out and used for concocting drugs, 
 or for photographic purposes. One day during the 
 summer of 1884, a French Catholic priest called on us, 
 
THE BEGINNING OF MEDICAL WORK. 13 
 
 clad in the usual long black robe. He came in a cart, 
 stayed some time in our house, and then returned home. 
 The dispensary was at the time full of patients, so that 
 many knew of his visit. A day or two afterwards 
 crowds gathered outside our gate, and there was con- 
 siderable excitement. The story believed by all was as 
 follows : — The Catholics and we were very anxious to 
 obtain children's eyes and hearts, and were willing to 
 give large sums of money for them. When the priest 
 called, he brought under his robe a little child. We 
 retired into a dark room, weighed it, removed the eyes 
 and heart, and agreed upon the price. This trade in 
 children had .been carried on for some time, and the 
 next day three carts left the city laden with hearts and 
 eyes. Three points of the story were true. A little 
 Mohammedan child was lost, the priest did call on us, 
 and a foreigner, who had been in Moukden, did leave 
 the city with three carts on the day after the visit. 
 
 About the same time a mother brought her young 
 daughter for treatment; and while the woman was 
 detailing to me the symptoms, the girl, frightened at 
 the sight of the foreigner, slipped out of the room. 
 When the flow of the mother's eloquence subsided, she 
 looked round, but her daughter was gone ! In great 
 excitement she rushed back to the waiting-room, but 
 she was not there. There was then a general search 
 inside and outside the compound, but in vain. The 
 
14 TEN YEARS IN MANCHURIA. 
 
 mother, in the meantime, firmly convinced that we had 
 stolen the girl, became violent, and loudly insisted that 
 she be given up. At last someone suggested that she 
 might have run off to the inn where they were staying. 
 A man was sent to see, and there the little fugitive was, 
 glad to have escaped safely from the awful foreigner. 
 Even when this news was brought, it was with difficulty 
 that we got the terrified woman to leave the compound. 
 Of course this was the last we saw of our patient. 
 
 Placards have at times been posted on our gates 
 calling on the populace to drive the intruders out of 
 the country, but nothing ever came of this ; and we in 
 Manchuria have but little to complain of, as we have 
 met with a very different reception from that given to 
 missionaries in some parts of China. Those fears and 
 suspicions which were at first entertained have now 
 entirely died out; though now and again something 
 occurs to remind us that the eye is a suspicious member. 
 Only last Spring a little girl came with a very unsightly 
 growth on one eye, which seriously injured her chances 
 of a good marriage. Her mother, who had been in the 
 hospital before, seemed to have great trust in us, and 
 was much interested in Christian truth. As they were 
 anxious to have the growth removed I performed the 
 necessary operation, and afterwards presented the 
 patient with a false eye. The mother was much pleased 
 at first, as it fitted perfectly, and greatly improved the 
 
THE BEGINNING OF MEDICAL WORK. 15 
 
 appearance of the girl. A day or two after leaving us, 
 however, she brought the child back and asked me to 
 take out the eye, making an excuse, and saying she 
 would return for it. This she has never done ; and I 
 have no doubt that her friends frightened her out of 
 keeping a foreign eye. 
 
 One of our great hindrances from a medical point of 
 view is, that so many of our patients are treated first 
 after native methods, and only come to us when their 
 own doctors say there is no hope. But the proportion 
 of cases brought to us in their early stages has 
 increased year by year, giving conclusive proof of 
 increasing confidence. A rather unwelcome proof of 
 this came to my knowledge lately in the town of 
 Tie-ling. We heard that foreign medicines had been 
 sold on the street by a man supposed to be a church 
 member ; and I was much concerned lest there had been 
 dishonesty in the dispensary. On making enquiries 
 through the Elder of the church there, the truth came 
 out. The man was neither member nor enquirer, but 
 he found he could get a readier sale for his sham drugs 
 if he called them foreign, and he learned one of our 
 hymns to convince the people of his connection with us. 
 Each morning, after setting up his little tent on the 
 street, he sang his hymn, and when the crowd gathered 
 he displayed his medicines, guaranteeing them as the 
 genuine foreign article. 
 
16 TEN YEARS IN MANCHURIA. 
 
 Progress. 
 
 In the autumn of 1883, "we were able to enter our 
 new house, and at the same time the temporary 
 dispensary was removed to a building in our own 
 compound. A young man named Wei was engaged as 
 dispenser, another named Chang was appointed 
 evangelist, and Lui Fu acted as gatekeeper. This 
 man was one of the most faithful agents I ever had, 
 and was valued by all who knew his worth. He died 
 in 1890, when I was on furlough, and I have felt his 
 loss deeply. 
 
 One of our early patients in this compound was a 
 middle-aged man, who was led by his little daughter to 
 the dispensary, almost blind. At one time he had 
 occupied a good position as writer in one of the 
 government offices, but, through failure of his sight and 
 opium smoking, had lost his situation. He sank lower 
 and lower, till at this time he, his wife, and three 
 children, were in a state of beggary. Under treatment, 
 his eyes gradually improved ; and he always listened 
 attentively to the preaching. One day I overheard 
 him telling another patient, " God has had mercy on 
 me, and has opened my eyes." On returning home, he 
 regained his old situation, and soon his family were 
 oace more in a comfortable position. But for nearly 
 twenty years he had been an opium smokex-, and he 
 found that this habit was undermining his health. 
 
THE BEGINNING OF MEDICAL WORK. 17 
 
 After trying in vain to give it up without help, he 
 came to us as an in-patient. He is one of the few 
 opium smokers who have proved satisfactory. All 
 along, he seemed sincere in attributing what was done 
 for him to God's mercy. He has never entered the 
 church — a very difficult step for a man in government 
 employ — but he comes to see us when he visits 
 Moukden, and is always ready to own himself a believer 
 in Christ. He is a good scholar, and has read many of 
 our books. In the case of other patients, the obstacles 
 were fewer ; and in December of this year (1883) our 
 hearts were cheered by the baptism of two men, the 
 first-fruits of the Moukden Medical Mission. 
 
 City Dispensary, 1884.. 
 A year after coming to Moukden, a larger dispensary 
 was opened inside the city, where patients were seen 
 two days each week ; the place in our own compound 
 being open daily. Another year had to pass before we 
 were in a position to. take in-patients. During this 
 time those on whom operations were performed had to 
 stay in their own homes or in inns near us. One of 
 these was an old Buddhist priest, whose eyes were 
 extensively diseased. His sight improved greatly, and 
 a year later he returned for further treatment. The 
 words he had heard, so different from the religion he 
 had followed for so many years, had made a great 
 
18 TEN YEARS IN MANCHURIA. 
 
 impression on his mind ; and he seemed very anxious to 
 understand more fully the way of life. The double 
 blessing was bestowed ; he left us seeing fairly well, and 
 after a few weeks was baptized, at the age of seventy- 
 three, along with two other patients. Though now 
 nearly eighty-three, and feeble with advancing age, he 
 may still be seen at church every Sunday. 
 
ENCOURAGEMENTS. 19 
 
 Chapter II. 
 ENCOURAGEMENTS. 
 
 OjJi,cials. 
 TIPROM the beginning of our work we have beea 
 fortunate in having a large number of patients and 
 friends among the official class. This is an important 
 matter, as the common people are greatly influenced 
 by the attitude which the mandarins take up regarding 
 us. Within a month after arrival, our first official 
 patient called. A simple operation cured him of a most 
 distressing complaint ; and till his death in 1890, he 
 remained our staunch friend. Although a heavy 
 opium-smoker he was always ready to exercise his 
 influence in favour of our work. He was followed by 
 others, many of whom invited me to their homes, where 
 not only the officials themselves, but their wives and 
 children were treated. Since then, we can number 
 among our patients many hundreds of officials, from the 
 Governor of the Province downwards. Special mention 
 should be made of our old friend Gao Tao-tai, one of 
 
20 TEN YEAES IN MANCHUKIA. 
 
 the most intelligent Chinamen I have met with, and a 
 ■warm friend to all missionaries. I soon was installed as 
 his family physician, and had constant intercourse with 
 all his household. He not only was ready to listen to 
 Christian truth when explained, but studied the Bible 
 and examined the claims of Christianity for himself; 
 and, although he never made public profession of his 
 faith, we have every reason to believe he died a sincere 
 believer in Christ. But such cases are rare, and direct 
 spiritual work among these ofJficials is difficult. They 
 like to know of our western inventions and science, 
 but few of them care much for any religion, whether ours 
 or their own. We give away books, and put in a word 
 here and there, and some are interested ; but the 
 barriers between Chinese official life and the Christian 
 Church seem at present well-nigh insurmountable. 
 
 Temporary Hospital. 
 In the spring of 1885 a small rickety building behind 
 our house was opened as a temporary hospital. Within 
 two months thirty in-patients were admitted, and nine- 
 teen eye-operations were performed, two of them for 
 cataract. 
 
 First In-Patients. 
 On the second of May an elderly man, a farmer, 
 living some miles from Moukden,came to the dispensary 
 
ENCOUEAGEMENTS. 21 
 
 to have his eyes treated. The disease was of long 
 standing, and he was almost blind. On his second visit, 
 two days later, he stumbled and fell outside our gate. 
 He was carried into the dispensary, and I found his left 
 leg badly fractured. Our hospital was not yet ready for 
 opening, the kang (brick stove-bed) being still damp ; 
 but the poor old fellow had no friends in Moukden, so 
 rather against our will we were compelled to admit our 
 first in-patient. After thirty-three days he returned 
 home, his leg cured, his sight partially restored, and 
 with a fair knowledge of the teaching to which 
 he had been listening. 
 
 A few days before he left, we admitted our first 
 cataract case. This was a merchant in the city whose 
 right eye had been blind for several years. He had 
 come to us eighteen months before, but, having no 
 place for in-patients, we had done nothing for him. 
 The sight of his left eye was now rapidly failing from 
 the same cause. There was a good deal of interest 
 shown in this case, as, so far as I know, it was the first 
 cataract operated on in Manchuria. It was really done 
 in public ; for, the little hospital being very dark, the 
 operating table was drawn out to the open air, and a 
 number of people gathered round. All went well ; and 
 when I held up my fingers and the people heard him 
 count them correctly, there was quite a sensation. 
 When he left us eighteen days later, he seemed to 
 
22 TEN YEARS IN MANCHURIA. 
 
 be an earnest enquirer, and several in his store bought 
 Christian books; but somehow he has never gone 
 beyond enquiry. Two years afterwards, the left eye 
 was successfully operated on, and now, with the aid of 
 a pair of foreign spectacles, he sees almost as well as 
 any one. On leaving, he gave a good subscription to 
 the hospital. He still continues to come about us, and 
 says he prays to the Heavenly Father, and believes in 
 Christ ; but he shows no desire to acknowledge his 
 faith openly. It is often the case that a man is much 
 interested in our teaching, but cares to go no further. 
 One of these first patients, as a thank-offering, bought 
 a quantity of Christian books for free distribution in 
 his native village, yet he himself has never joined us. 
 Thus the results of our work can only partially be 
 gauged by the number of admissions to the membership 
 of the church, for much Christian knowledge is 
 disseminated even where the church does not visibly 
 gain. In the eight months of 1885 during which our 
 hospital was open there were, however, ten patients 
 baptized. One of these was a skin merehant in 
 the city, who from the first seemed to value more than 
 health the knowledge of Christ he gained while with 
 us. He was a most earnest enquirer, talking with the 
 hospital evangelist by the hour, and telling other 
 patients the good news he himself had so gladly 
 received. Before he left the hospital he was baptized. 
 
ENCOURAGEMENTS. 23- 
 
 and afterwards attended the Sunday services with great 
 faithfulness, though his health was very bad. Two and 
 a half years later, I was asked to go to see him in his 
 own house, as he could not leave the kang. I found 
 him lying in a miserable little room behind his shop, 
 and as I entered, about thirty people crowded in after 
 me. He was dying of an incurable disease, and he 
 knew it ; but his mind was at rest. As he heard me 
 coming he called out as loudly as his feebleness 
 allowed, " The Lord protect you," a common salutation 
 among members. I drew near, and asked if he had 
 peace. Unhesitatingly, he answered, " Yes, in my 
 heart there is perfect peace." After speaking to him 
 for a. little while, and saying a few words to the 
 by-standers, I prayed with him, and turned to go. He 
 took hold of my hand with both his, and bade me 
 farewell, saying, "We shall meet again." He died a 
 few hours afterwards. 
 
 At the time of the heavy summer rains one wall of 
 the hospital fell, and it seemed as if the others would 
 follow ; but the house was successfully propped up and 
 compelled to give shelter to our sick folk for some time 
 longer, though it was miserably cold in winter. 
 
 First Death in the Hospital, 
 About the middle of September a man came to us 
 who had at one time occupied the much respected 
 
24 TEN YEARS IN MANCHURIA. 
 
 position of school teacher. A number of years before, 
 his eye-sight began to fail, and soon became so bad that 
 he was unable to pursue his calling. Totally blind for 
 four years, he was now led to the dispensary in a state 
 of poverty and despair. Examination revealed cataract 
 in both eyes. He gladly submitted to operation, which 
 was followed with most satisfactory results, and in a few 
 weeks he was able to read without difficulty. He 
 stayed with us for some time, acquired a fair knowledge 
 of Christian truth, and, whether listening to the Gospel 
 or reading our books for himself, was a most intelligent 
 and eager enquirer. Towards the end of November I 
 started on a medico-evangelistic journey, leaving the 
 few in-patients under the charge of my assistant Uri. 
 This man was rejoicing over the recovery of his vision, 
 and looking forward to earning an honest livelihood 
 once more ; and he expressed to me his great desire to 
 be baptized. But when I returned home a fortnight 
 later he was dead. A few days after I left he had an 
 attack of inflammation of the lungs ; he was poorly clad, 
 and the room being very cold and draughty the disease 
 developed rapidly. A mounted messenger was sent for 
 me, but I arrived too late ; he had died the day before. 
 This was the first death under our roof; but we have 
 good hope that death proved to him the gate of Life. 
 After this the hospital was closed for the remainder of 
 the winter. 
 
ENCOURAGEMENTS. 25 
 
 Brigands, 18S6. 
 Early in 1886 a small band of robbers were creating 
 great depredations among some villages and scattered 
 homesteads in the far east. A company of sixteen 
 soldiers were sent to put them down, but weeks passed 
 before they could even be found. At last some villagers 
 gave information as to where the gang was lodged. 
 When night came the soldiers surrounded the house ; 
 but the robbers had the alarm given, and all but one 
 escaped. This one took up his position behind the 
 door, which was very small, admitting only one person 
 at a time. A fine young fellow volunteered to lead 
 the attack, and the door was soon forced ; but the 
 robber, a man of enormous strength, was well armed, 
 and made a desperate resistance. The soldier had his 
 sword ready, and gave his opponent a severe wound on 
 the head, which the latter returned by lodging the 
 contents of his pistol, a foreign one, in the intruder's 
 right thigh. But other soldiers now pressed in, the 
 ruffian was overcome, bound, and, after brutal tortures, 
 conveyed to Moukden, where he was executed. A 
 fortnight later a military officer called on me, present- 
 ing the card of the Moukden Tao-tai, and asking if I 
 would do his Excellency the favour of treating the 
 wounded soldier. When the man was admitted, I found 
 that his health had suffered considerably from the 
 knocking about which he had received in travelling. 
 3 
 
26 TEN YEARS IN MANCHUEIA. 
 
 The injured leg was much swollen, and suppuration had 
 set in. After two days rest, good food, and proper 
 dressing of the wound, the imflammation somewhat 
 subsided, and the situation of the bullet was detected. 
 The lao-tai, interested in the case, sent an officer to 
 witness the extraction, an operation which native 
 doctors could never attempt. The bullet was removed 
 without difficulty, and the officer took it away with him 
 to present to his General (General Tso). The patient 
 made a rapid recovery, and left us after a month able 
 to walk as well as ever. The Governor-General sent 
 him a present of twenty taels (£5), and other mandarins 
 followed suit. After leaving us he was decorated with 
 a " White Button " as a reward for his gallant action. 
 He was a Mohammedan, and showed little interest in 
 our teaching ; but his case was of great use in making 
 our work known, and disarming suspicion, especially 
 among soldiers and military mandarins. General Tso* 
 
 * General Tso was killed at the battle of Ping Yang, September loth, 
 1894. Dr Christie writes thus of his death : " To us it is the loss of » 
 personal friend. I have known General Tso for over ten years, and he 
 always shewed himself well worthy of the respect in which he was held 
 by all classes. The poor will miss him this winter, for his soup-kitchens 
 were the salvation of many a starving family. The orphans will miss 
 him, for a Foundling Hospital was established and chiefly supported by 
 him. At the time of the floods in 1888, 1 saw him with his own hands 
 distributing food to the famishing. Though a strict Mohammedan, he 
 was always friendly to our Christian religion, especially in its benevolent 
 aspect. Only a few months ago, he presented a handsome Tablet and 
 subscription to our hospital. He was a brave general, a strict disciplin- 
 arian, and a terror to law-breakers. He will be missed by all Moukden, 
 and by none more than the missionaries.'' 
 
General Tso. 
 
2S TEN YEAltS IN MANCHURIA. 
 
 the Commander of the Chinese forces in Manchuria, 
 has been our good friend ever since. 
 
 Blind Ghanij. 
 
 A few weeks later, a poor ragged blind man found 
 his way to our gate, and begged for admission to the 
 hospital. As we were already over-filled, having 
 seventeeen in-patients in our small house, and as but 
 little could be done for his eyes, we at first refused. 
 But when he told his story, — how he had come from a 
 village near Mai-mai-gai, over a hundred miles away, 
 how he had been attacked by the way and robbed of 
 one hundred tiaos (£2 10/) which he had saved for his 
 expenses in Moukden, and how he had no money to pay 
 for a lodging, — we felt that room must be made for him. 
 We have great reason to be thankful that this man was 
 not turned away, for he was no other than "Blind 
 Ch'ang of Tai-ping-gow," whose name is well known, 
 both in Manchuria and in our church at home. Never 
 had we a patient who received the Gospel with such 
 joy, and the rapidity with which he grasped the leading 
 truths of Christianity was remarkable. After a month, 
 his sight being somewhat improved, and another com- 
 plaint from which he suffered cured, he returned home, 
 but without baptism, as we wished to test his character 
 and sincerity. He had been well known in his own 
 village as a gambler and everything that was bad, so 
 
ENCOURAGEMENTS. 29 
 
 that on his return people laughed at his new religion. 
 " It is all very well for him to reform," they said, " for 
 he cannot gamble without eyes ! " But nothing could 
 shake his faith in Christ, and soon it became evident 
 that it was no passing fancy, but that a lasting change 
 had been produced in his life. In fulfilment of a pro- 
 mise made to him in Moukden, Eev. Mr Webster visited 
 his honie, Tai-ping-goiv, in October. Instead of finding 
 one poor bliad man to baptize, there was quite a 
 company of believers and enquirers ; and the visible 
 church in that neighbourhood was founded by the 
 baptism oinine. There have been great advances since 
 then, and the church in Mai-mai-gai, Tai-ping-gow, 
 and the villages round, now numbers two hundred. 
 Many of these have never seen the blind man, but well 
 might one of them say, " Had Chdng-shun never been 
 blind there might have been no Christians here yet." 
 He has many faults, but his zeal has never grown cold, 
 and as an evangelist for breaking new ground there is 
 not his superior. He is now in a valley in the far east, 
 a hundred miles from Tai-ping-gow, where thirty 
 have been brought in through his preaching, and 
 many more are enquiring. He receives no salary, 
 but his flock there support him. He lives in each 
 house in turn, and when he needs new clothes the 
 women make them for him. When we first saw 
 him he was but thirty-seven years of age, so that 
 
30 TEN YEARS IN MAN(5HURIA. 
 
 we may hope that he will witness for Christ for many 
 years to come. 
 
 Wreck of the Hospital. 
 When the heavy rains came round once more, our 
 hospital, which in the former summer had caused much 
 apprehension, fell and became a total wreck. For two 
 months we had no accommodation at all for in-patients, 
 and then we succeeded in renting for a year a 
 compound to the east of our dwelling-house. The 
 buildings were not very suitable, but were much better 
 than the one which had collapsed. 
 
 Interesting Case. 
 There was in Moukden at this time a merchant who 
 had suffered since childhood from a very painful 
 disease. For two years he had not had a night's rest, 
 sleeping only by snatches. He was thirty-eight years 
 of age, but the constant pain was ageing him before his 
 time. A year before this, he had consulted me, but 
 when I explained to him the nature of the operation 
 which was the only means of saving his life, he refused 
 to submit to it. He then returned to the native 
 doctors, of whom, he told me, he had consulted about a 
 hundred, besides several witches; but their treatment 
 only added to his suffering. He was one of those who 
 hated the foreigner, and lost no opportunity of reviling 
 
ENCOURAGEMENTS. 31 
 
 US. But at last, as his only chance for life, he resolved 
 to submit to our treatment. He came in November, 
 1886, weak, emaciated, excitable, and worn out with 
 prolonged pain and sleeplessness. It was an anxious 
 ■case for us. He was well-known among merchants, a 
 «lass who looked with great disfavour on our presence 
 here ; and the operation, if successful, might do much 
 to break down their prejudices. Failure, on the other 
 hand, might have serious consequences in raising evil 
 reports against us. The operation, however, was 
 successful, and the patient recovered without a bad 
 sympton. A few weeks after returning home he sent a 
 subscription to the hospital, and put up a handsome 
 tablet as an expression of gratitude. 
 
 Happily, his interest did not end there. He 
 -continued to enquire into our religion and study our 
 books, and about three years later was admitted into 
 the church. Unfortunately, though he himself was a 
 sincere Christian, he had a very great hindrance in his 
 wife. She had no sympathy with religion of any 
 Jkind, and always bore her husband a grudge for 
 becoming a Christian, so much so, that she put every 
 obstacle in the way of his attendance at the Sunday 
 services, and prevented their children from receiving 
 Christian instruction. We never suspected this, for she 
 came to the dispensary quite readily, and appeared 
 exceedingly friendly. Years passed on, until in 
 
32 TEN YEARS IN MANCHURIA. 
 
 spring (1893) he had a serious attack of pleurisy. The 
 weather was extremely cold, so although he wished to 
 be removed to the hospital, I thought it better to leave 
 him in his own home which was fairly comfortable. 
 His wife had always seemed a very capable person. 
 Minute instructions as to treatment were given, and 
 one of my assistants visited him several times daily. 
 But the progress of his malady was most incompre- 
 hensible. One day he would improve so rapidly that 
 we thought him out of danger ; next day he would be 
 worse than ever. More than once he begged me with 
 tears in his eyes to take him to the hospital, saying 
 that he knew he would get well there, but that at 
 home he would certainly die. With a temperature,, 
 however, little above zero, I dare not risk taking him 
 into the open air. Had I known then what we found 
 out afterwards, the removal would certainly have been 
 ventured as his only chance. All the time that we 
 were doing our utmost for him, his wife was secretly 
 consulting native doctors ; and the alternations of 
 medicines accounted for the strange rapid improvements 
 and sudden relapses. The whole circumstances are 
 very suspicious, and point to a desire on the woman's- 
 part for his death. For several nights I had sent a 
 man to sit up with him and administer the medicines ; 
 and we were hoping that the worst was past. Then 
 one evening my man was sent home, the wife insisting 
 
ENCOURAGEMENTS. 3S 
 
 that she would do all that was wanted. Next morning, 
 he was worse. I went to see him in the afternoon, and 
 found her, certainly administering the contents of our 
 medicine bottles, but they only contained water, the 
 medicines having been poured out. It was now too 
 late to save him. He knew he was dying, and spoke to 
 me in whispers of Christ and the Home to which he was 
 going, and, after prayer, I left him. Just before the end 
 he sent for me, as he had something special to say. 
 But when I arrived I found that the usual wailing had 
 already begun, for he was dead. He was buried with 
 great pomp as a heathen, but we know that he himself 
 is with Christ. 
 
 Amputation. 
 In accounts of Medicial Mission work all over China, 
 it may be noticed that there is a small number of 
 amputations. This is by no means because diseased 
 limbs are uncommon, for hardly a week passes without 
 such cases coming under our notice. But many a 
 Chinaman would rather die than lose a leg or an arm : 
 when laid in his cofEn he must be complete, fearing he 
 hardly knows what in the dim unknown if any part of 
 him be amissing. Another reason is the want of 
 confidence in any doctor's verdict, and the lingering 
 hope that, after all, the painful member may yet get 
 better without any knife. This hope is less unreasonable 
 
34 TEN YEARS IN MANCHURIA. 
 
 than one would at first think, for the Chinese have 
 wonderful recuperative powers. The longer I am in 
 China, the longer time of probation I allow before 
 pronouncing the terrible word, amputation. 
 
 About the same time as the last mentioned patient 
 was with us, a young fellow of twenty came, whose 
 elbow joint had been extensively diseased for five years, 
 and was now getting rapidly worse. I proposed to excise 
 the joint, or if necessary take off the arm, but to this he 
 would not submit. He stayed with us two months, but 
 in spite of careful treatment was little improved ; and 
 when he left us it was with the promise to return in 
 Spring for whatever operation I thought necessary. He 
 took with him, however, materials for proper treatment 
 of the diseased part, and it began to get gradually 
 better. A few months later he came for more medicines, 
 and to our surprise his arm was in a fair way to recovery. 
 In a few months more the cure was complete, though 
 the joint remained somewhat stiff, He was of a very 
 bright happy disposition, and a great favourite in the 
 hospital. Before long he too applied for baptism, and 
 in his village home has been the means of leading many 
 into the Church. 
 
 Our first major amputation was performed in the 
 Summer of 1887. Three months before, while the 
 patient was carting stones from the hills, a large stone 
 fell out of the cart, coming with great violence against 
 
ENCOURAGEMENTS. 35 
 
 his arm, shattering it, and knocking him down so that 
 the wheel passed over his foot. He was carried home 
 and a native doctor sent for, who, without attempting, to 
 replace the bones, applied to the arm the universally- 
 used black plaster, and told him not to move it. After 
 a week it was noticed that the fingers were getting 
 black, and on removing the plaster the whole forearm 
 was found to be dead or dying. Since then matters 
 had grown steadily worse, and now, after three months 
 suffering, doctors and friends had given up all hope of 
 recovery, and the patient was carried to the dispensary 
 in a dying condition. He was much emaciated, in pain 
 with bed sores, and so weak that he could hardly speak. 
 One end of the fractured bone was protruding for more 
 than an inch, and a splint of millet-stalk, which had 
 been used as a support for the arm, had got imbedded 
 in the tissues, so that the least movement caused severe 
 pain and bleeding. The smell from the putrefying arm 
 was most trying to the patient and all about him, and 
 his foot too was very painful. He and his friends were 
 anxious for amputation as his only hope. He was 
 already dying, and if we could not cure him it would at 
 all events be an easy way to get quit of life. After a 
 few days the operation was performed. His heart was 
 so feeble that for some time we feared he would not 
 rally from the chloroform. He came round, however, 
 and from that day steadily gained strength. After four 
 
36 TEN YEARS IN MANCHURIA. 
 
 months he was dismissed cured, and he presented the 
 hospital with ten taels (about £2 10/). Since then there 
 have been many patients from his village. 
 
THE NEW HOSPITAL. 37 
 
 Chapter III. 
 THE NEW HOSPITAL. 
 
 "pr^OR some months we had been making strenuous 
 efforts to get a suitable compound for a permanent 
 hospital and dispensary, but this was no easy matter. 
 Time after time we seemed about to succeed, but the 
 desired property slipped from our grasp. At last, in 
 June, 1887, a friendly Mandarin, whose house was not 
 more than a hundred yards east of ours, received an ap- 
 pointment to another province, and consented to sell us 
 his compound. The site was in every way suitable, 
 sheltered to the north, and with a fine open out-look 
 to the south. We utilized the existing buildings for 
 the hospital, and erected an entirely new dispensary. 
 All summer the work of building was carried on 
 vigorously. The temporary hospital was closed in 
 September, and in November the new premises were 
 completed. The Mission Board of our church had 
 supported us liberally in this matter. " The Children's 
 New Year Offering" for 1886 was devoted to the 
 building fund, and everything was sanctioned which 
 
'['he NfU" Hosjiital. 
 
THE NEW HOSPITAL. S9 
 
 could make our equipment complete. We were 
 generously helped also by friends unconnected with 
 our church in the Port of Newchwang and elsewhere. 
 On the 10th November, a number of official friends 
 assembled, and the new premises were formally opened 
 by His Excellency Feng Hsiu, President of the Board 
 of War. All the missionaries in Manchuria were also 
 present. In the afternoon there was a large gathering, 
 of members and former patients, who united in 
 expressions of good wishes for the future of the work. 
 
 Our Medical Mission thus entered on a new stage of 
 development. Hitherto the work had been seriously 
 hampered by want of sufficient accommodation, but 
 now we were fully equipped for in and out-door work. 
 The waiting-room could hold about 150, and the 
 hospital could accommodate fifty men and fifteen 
 women. God's blessing has followed us in our com- 
 fortable wards, as formerly in our more humble 
 quarters. 
 
 One of those brought to a knowledge of Christ during 
 that winter was a lad of twenty-one, whose leg was- 
 diseased. He very quickly became interested in the 
 doctrine, grasped the truth with remarkable intelligence,, 
 and soon began to tell others of God's mercy. Often 
 did I find him pleading earnestly with the patients- 
 round him, to forsake idols and believe in the true 
 Saviour. He was with us for several months, and his- 
 
40 TEN YEARS IN MANCHURIA. 
 
 leg, which was operated on, improved steadily. But ia 
 his joy at being able to walk once more, he left his 
 room one day and wandered out to the compound when 
 a cold wind was blowing. The result was an attack of 
 acute inflammation of the lungs, from which he sank 
 rapidly. He was anxious for baptism, so the rite was 
 administered one afternoon in the presence of other 
 patients and the assistants. We then gathered round 
 him, and sang at his request, " There is a happy land, 
 far, far away." That evening as I was passing through 
 the ward I heard his feeble voice calling me in a 
 whisper : " Tai-fu," * he said, " there is only one thing 
 more I want. I want Jesus to come quickly and take 
 me to Himself" His wish was granted. In the 
 stillness of the night-time the Master called him home. 
 
 Floods. 
 During the summer of 1888 there was an unusual 
 amount of rain in the mountains to the east where our 
 rivers rise. In Moukden, on the other hand, there was 
 drought ; but this was followed by an almost incessant 
 downpour during the former half of August. Dark 
 rumours began to be circulated of floods among the 
 hills, and men shook their heads as the water steadily 
 rose in the Hun river, which flows past Moukdei;i 
 about two miles to the east and south. A few hundred 
 
 * Title given to Medical Missionaries. 
 
THE NEW HOSPITAL. 41 
 
 yards to the east of our dwelling houses, and just out- 
 side the outer wall of the city, are a large number of 
 springs. These form the " small river " which flows 
 past our doors about twelve feet below the terrace on 
 which our houses are built. It was feared that the big 
 river might overflow, and the surplus waters find a 
 way for themselves down the small river; and these 
 fears were realized. On the evening of the 13th of 
 August a large volume of water from the hills came 
 rushing down the valley of Him, carrying destruction 
 with it. Village after village was swept away, and in 
 some no one was left to tell the tale. From one 
 village the only survivor was a woman, who was carried 
 down ten miles supported by a piece of wood under her 
 arms. One of my present students was then a boy in 
 his father's home in a small hamlet about fifteen miles 
 up the river. He says the water rose rapidly and with 
 terrible force, so that there was no time to escape to 
 higher ground. House after house came down, and the 
 inmates gathered on the fallen walls. They had little 
 hope of life, but clung to the ruins with the energy of 
 despair. For a whole night and a day they stood there 
 without food, the water reaching tlie waist and armpits ; 
 and when at last the flood subsided, eleven were missing 
 from that one small hamlet. This is but an example 
 of what happened in many a village all over the wide 
 plain. 
 4 
 
42 TEN YEARS IN MANCHURIA. 
 
 Meantime the torrent had swept onward until, at a 
 point about two miles east of Moukden, where stands a 
 large woodyard, the banks of the Hun gradually gave 
 way. The greater mass of water left the course of the 
 river, and poured down in the direction of the small 
 river, submerging miles of low-lying, closely populated 
 country. About eight o'clock, on the morning of the 
 14th, the water in the small river began to rise with 
 extraordinary rapidity, reaching in about three hours 
 a height of fifteen feet. The quiet slow water below 
 our gates was turned into a deep foaming torrent ; and 
 beyond that stretched a great angry sea, out of which 
 here and there stood clumps of trees with men and 
 women clinging to the branches. Logs from the wood- 
 yard, bundles of millet-stalk, trees torn up by the roots, 
 tables, chairs, and all kinds of household utensils were 
 swept past. Then came horses, mules, cows, dogs ; some 
 already drowned, others struggling for life ; followed by 
 human beings clinging to floating pieces of wreckage, or 
 huddled together on hastily constructed rafts. It was 
 impossible for us to render much assistance, but we did 
 what we could, and more than one life was saved. Our 
 mission terrace was transformed into an island. At our 
 own gate the water was several feet deep. The eastern 
 wall of our compound and part of the gate-house were 
 swept away. All the mission compounds were sub- 
 merged, and water was in two of the houses. About 
 
THE NEW HOSPITAL. 43 
 
 4 p.m. the highest point was reached, about sixteen feet 
 above the usual level of the small river, and in the 
 evening the water began slowly to subside. 
 
 It is hardly possible to estimate the loss of life caused 
 by this flood. -Some villages were wiped out entirely, 
 others lost a considerable portion of their inhabitants. 
 In Moukden a large part of the suburbs was under 
 water, and hundreds were said to be drowned. The loss 
 of property was still greater, very many persons being 
 permanently reduced from a state of easy comfort to 
 extreme poverty. All over Manchuria the rivers were 
 flooded more or less, and the crops in great measure 
 destroyed ; so that the distress was very wide spread. 
 
 As a consequence of the flood, a fever epidemic 
 visited Moukden. The hospital was full of patients at 
 the time, and several were infected. Among the women- 
 patients was a Mohammedan, blind from cataract. I 
 operated, and great was her joy to see the light of day 
 after eight years' darkness. Next day she was down 
 with fever ; and shortly afterwards I too was taken 
 ill, and after some weeks was ordered home on furlough. 
 
 The immediate effects of the flood, however, were not 
 the most disastrous ; only when the severe cold of 
 winter set in was the misery of the great mass of the 
 population realized. The harvest had been destroyed 
 in vast regions of rich grain country, and famine 
 followed with its attendant famine-fever. The distress 
 
Dispensary, Siilc View. 
 
THE NEW HOSPITAL. 45 
 
 was beyond description. One good, however, resulted 
 from this evil : many people found out that the foreign- 
 ers were their friends, for every Missionary was busy in 
 the work of famine relief. Dr Young, who carried on 
 the Medical Mission during my absence, did good work 
 among the fever-stricken people. Large numbers were 
 treated, both in the dispensary and in temporary 
 premises at the other side of the citj^ placed at the 
 disposal of the mission by our friend General Tso. The 
 influence of the work was thus greatly extended. 
 
 In 1892 it was found necessary to close the hospital 
 for six months. Its buildings, which, it will be 
 remembered, were not new when opened in 1888, were 
 now in need of extensive repair, and some alterations 
 were also made. The position of the Women's Hospital, 
 so near to the men's, prevented women from readily 
 entering it ; so the building was now altered, and made 
 to form part of the men's quarter, another small 
 compound being temporarily rented for female patients. 
 
 Hitherto our only room for operations had been that 
 marked in the plan " Hall for Meetings." But this was, 
 for many reasons, unsuitable ; so a new operating-room 
 was now built, well lighted both from the roof and from 
 side-windows. One great defect in our hospital arrange- 
 ments had hitherto baffled us, — we could not entirely 
 prevent the Kangs from smoking. As this is specially 
 harmful to eye-patients, we decided to remove the 
 
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THE NEW HOSPITAL. 47 
 
 Kangs from the eye-ward and substitute iron beds, 
 heating the room in winter by a stove. This experiment 
 had been a signal success both in summer and winter ; 
 so much so that we were anxious to place beds in two 
 other of our large wards. 
 
 Progress, 1893. 
 We now find patients muchreadier to enter the hospital 
 than they were in the early days of our work. We of 
 course take care never to press any one to stay with us ; 
 but indeed this is not necessary. Another consequence 
 of the change in the attitude of the people is, that we 
 can do many things now which would have been very 
 unwise at first. In the early years a death after an 
 operation would have been most injurious to our work, 
 and I was always unwilling to take in patients for whom 
 there was little hope of life. Two of the three patients 
 who died under our roof in 1893 would probably have 
 been refused admittance seven or eight years ago. But 
 now our cause is rather furthered than hindered by 
 receiving such cases. When a poor penniless wretch, 
 broken down by incurable disease, is taken into our 
 comfortable wards, clothed, fed, and cared for, his 
 sufferings alleviated, his sores dressed, his last days 
 made happy by the consolations of the Gospel, — the 
 heathen who see and hear of it learn practically what is 
 meant by the religion of Christ. 
 
48 TEN YEARS IN MANCHURIA. 
 
 Professional Etiquette. 
 But though we have so many proofs of the confidence 
 placed in us, we are by no means without disappointments 
 and vexations. " Professional Etiquette " is unknown 
 in China. When one doctor's medicine fails to cure 
 within a few days, another is called without the first 
 being even informed ; and it is quite common to use 
 the medicine of two doctors at once, in the hope that 
 if one does not cure the other may. Even some who 
 have manifestly benefited by our treatment, turn to 
 their own doctors with aggravating readiness. In the 
 spring of this year I was asked to visit the Lieutenant- 
 Governor of the province, who was suffering from an 
 attack of acute rheumatism. I found him lying in 
 agony on his Kang, the least movement causing intense 
 pain. Native treatment had produced no effect, and he 
 was convincod that he was dying. As this man was 
 strongly anti-foreign, and had only sent for me as a last 
 resource, it was fortunate that his malady was one 
 which readily yielded to treatment. I assured him 
 that if he would take our medicine, he would very soon 
 be relieved. Two days later I called again, and he met 
 me at the door walking without assistance. The cure 
 was certainly marvellously rapid, and his household 
 looked upon it as little short of a miracle. After a few 
 days we heard that a native doctor had been called in 
 again, and was taking to himself the whole credit of the 
 
THE NEW HOSPITAL. 49 
 
 cure. Some months afterwards, however, this patient 
 called on me in state, and was exceedingly friendly, but 
 neither he nor I referred to his illness. 
 
 Troublesome Patients. 
 Sometimes even the readiness of a patient to trust 
 us absolutely, causes trouble ; as when a man has such 
 faith in our medicine as to swallow the prescription 
 along with the pill. On one occasion I put a clinical 
 thermometer into a man's mouth to take his temperature, 
 and before I could stop him he had crunched it to 
 powder and was .proceeding to swallow it. We are 
 often hindered, too, by the extreme stupidity of our 
 patients, especially women. Last year a woman came 
 to us suffering from hip-joint disease, and after operation 
 her leg was put in splints. She at once began to 
 complain of the discomfort, and cried herself ill, so that 
 the splints had to be removed. She then promised to 
 lie quite flat and straight ; but after a few hours she 
 was found sitting up with her leg bent. Some days later, 
 she was seized with dysentery,and a small piece of the rind 
 of a coarse kind of melon was found among her bed-clothes. 
 A friend had smuggled it in, and she had eaten it all, 
 even the rind. She was once more beginning to 
 improve, when she began to cry to go home. She was 
 tired of our strictness in diet, and saw no connection 
 between food and her disease. " I am going home to 
 
50 TEN YEARS IN MANCHURIA. 
 
 eat as much fruit as I like," she said. " If I don't die 
 I'll come back to have my leg cured; if I die, there's an 
 end of it." She went home, and died in four days. 
 
 Gratitude of Patients. 
 
 As a rule, however, our patients thoroughly 
 appreciate what is done for them, and manifest much 
 gratitude. They are accustomed to such exorbitant 
 charges by their own doctors that our "freei healing" 
 seems wonderful to them. A young man with a large 
 tumour was carried to the hospital one day in a basket. 
 A native doctor had undertaken to cure him him for 
 24 tiaos (12/), 10 of which were paid on the spot ; but 
 his treatment only aggravated the disease. He had 
 not been long with us when he was on the fair way 
 to recovery, and then the native doctor put in his claim 
 for the remaining 14 tiaos, because he was cured. 
 
 Our only charge is a small one for food, just enough 
 to cover its purchase, and even this we often provide 
 for the utterly destitute. We receive, however, more 
 money as thank-offerings from patients than we could 
 by charging a registration fee. One time-honoured 
 Chinese custom is to present a tablet, which is hung in 
 some conspicuous position in or outside the building. 
 Of these we have already more than we need, and our 
 friends are not encouraged to add to the number. Our 
 subscription book is shown to all well-to-do patients and 
 
THE NEW HOSPITAL. 51 
 
 visitors, and we are gradually accustoming them to the 
 idea that we prefer money for the hospital rather than 
 useless presents. 
 
 Of course some take advantage of us, and give nothing 
 when they could well afford it. About thirty miles 
 away lives a prosperous inn-keeper, who was blind from 
 cataract. This year both eyes have been operated on, 
 and his sight is now very good. He is an old man and 
 rather deaf But it was remarkable how his deafness 
 increased when the subject of religion was introduced ; 
 and he was deafest of all when my assistant explained to 
 him that he ought to show his gratitude in a more practical 
 way than words, and subscribe to pay for the keep of 
 some who were not so well off as he. As he was too 
 deaf to hear a word of this, the subscription book was 
 brought, and he was made to use his newly found sight 
 in examining it. After this he could refuse no longer, 
 and put his name down for fifty tiaos, 25/ — which has 
 not been paid yet. But to all teaching he remains 
 obdurate. Passing through his village some time after- 
 wards, I stayed at his inn, and he was loud in his 
 praises of what I had done for him. " Do not thank 
 me," I said, "thank God. It is by His mercy you see." 
 "No, no! not at all! It is all the doctor's skill!" he 
 protested. This is fortunately an exceptional case. 
 
 We are convinced that medical fees would greatly 
 lessen the influence of our work as a benevolent agency. 
 
52 TEN YEARS IN MANCHUBIA. 
 
 However small the charge, the Chinese would regard us 
 as merchants, and it would be difficult to convince them 
 that we were not making a profit. As it is, subscriptions 
 are increasing. Twenty taels (£5) were on one occasion 
 sent by an official, but the servant to whom he entrusted 
 it absconded, and has never been seen since. When His 
 Excellency heard of it he laughed heartily, and sent 
 twenty taels more. The same sum has been given 
 several times by others. The poor, too, often give a 
 little, the smallest sum we have received being 500 
 cash ("about 3d.). 
 
EVANGELISTIC WORK. 53 
 
 Chapter IV. 
 EVANGELISTIC WORK. 
 
 "T~T is difficult to speak separately of our Evangelistic 
 Department, for it forms an integral part of every 
 branch of our work. All our assistants and students are 
 Christian, and by word and example do much in 
 commending the Gospel to others. The day's work is 
 begun by having worship with the in-patients, after 
 which we go round the hospital wards. The out-patients 
 begin to gather at an early hour, especially in summer, 
 and preaching goes on all forenoon in the waiting-room. 
 Some who have time at their disposal remain to hear 
 more, after being examined and prescribed for. Much 
 of what is said there is but seed by the wayside ; but 
 now and again there is a little good ground too, and a 
 man who has begun to listen because he had nothing 
 better to do while waiting, goes on to enquire because 
 the "words are good." And on the hearts of many 
 who go their way apparently untouched, an impression 
 is made, so that when, perhaps years afterwards, the 
 
54 TEN YEAES IN MANCHURIA. 
 
 Gospel once more comes near to them, they receive it 
 with gladness. Some buy books and tracts, and these 
 find their way to distant homes where a missionary has 
 never been seen. 
 
 In the hospital more satisfactory religious work is 
 done. Besides the morning worship there is a service 
 every afternoon when an address is given. Attendance 
 at these meetings is purely optional, but the majority 
 of the patients come gladly, the hymn-singing being a 
 great attraction. The most important part of all our 
 definitely spiritual work, however, is conversation with 
 the patients individually ; for in this way we get near 
 to them, are able to meet their difiiculties, and bring 
 the truth home to them. Our patients are usually 
 with us for weeks, sometimes months ; and when we 
 have room we encourage enquirers to stay with us as 
 long as they can. 
 
 One great change has taken place in our methods of 
 work since the early days. Patients used frequently to 
 be baptized from the hospital or dispensary, so that we 
 could reckon in numbers the additions to the church 
 which were the direct fruit of our work. During the 
 first four and a half years, fifty-four patients were 
 baptized, but after that a new arrangement was made. 
 The church had greatly extended, persecution of its 
 members had in large measure died out, and it was 
 feared that some might seek to enter it without 
 
EVANGELISTIC WORK. 55 
 
 realizing what this implied. So it was agreed that, 
 unless under exceptional circumstances, no man should 
 be baptized until he had passed through three months' 
 probation, after expressing his desire for the rite. 
 Thus our patients are not baptized as hospital converts, 
 but each man in his own home enters the church like 
 any other enquirer ; and it is impossible to have any 
 idea of the numbers brought in through the medical 
 mission. Many villages are represented on our register. 
 Last year there were over 300, some of them very 
 many miles from Moukden. A list is kept of those 
 who seem interested, and every now and then the 
 evangelist spends a few weeks in visiting these people 
 in their homes, and bringing them into contact with 
 the nearest congregation. We are thus unable to say 
 much about fruit gathered in recently, but the spiritual 
 influence of the work is far greater than in the early 
 days. Many of the patients of former years have been 
 baptized within the past few years, and we hope that the 
 enquirers of the present will make the converts of the 
 future. We are chary of being over-confident of any 
 man whom time has not proved. Sometimes those of 
 whom we are very hopeful fall back sadly, while others 
 who seem in no way remarkable become centres of 
 Christian influence. 
 
.56 TEN Y'EARS IN MANOHUIUA. 
 
 Work by Converts. 
 
 In the autumn of 1886, a young man from a village 
 near Tie-ling came to us to be cured of the opium 
 habit. He was but twenty-five, but had smoked for 
 five years "for pleasure," he said; and now the pleasure 
 had become a very inconvenient one. He seemed very 
 determined to give it up, and also became an earnest 
 enquirer. When he went home, he continued to read 
 our books and frequented the chapel in Tie-ling, 
 where, in the following spring, he was baptized. 
 Shortly before his baptism, two brothers, relatives of 
 his, came down to Moukden, also, to be treated for 
 opium smoking. They were middle-aged men ; one 
 had smoked for twenty years, the other seemed in bad 
 health ; and, altogether, they were not nearly such 
 promising cases as their young friend. They had heard 
 the gospel from him, and learned as much as they 
 could while with us. A few months later they, too, 
 were admitted into the church in Tie-ling. Time 
 passed on. One by one their friends and neighbours 
 became Christians too, till now, out of that village of 
 about 100 souls, thirty are members, and only one 
 family keeps up any form of idol worship. It has 
 practically become a Christian village. But the younw 
 man who was the beginning of it all has fallen back 
 sadly. For several years he did well, studied faithfully. 
 
EVANGELISTIC WOEK. 57 
 
 and was taken on as an evangelist. He was a favourite 
 with every one, but, unfortunately, was too easily led. 
 Opium once more gained its hold over him ; deceit, 
 lying, and other evils followed in its train, and he had 
 to be dismissed from the service of the church. The 
 two brothers who had followed him into the faith have 
 stood firm, and proved the mainstay of the little 
 congregation in that valley. One of them went about 
 selling tracts and preaching on his own account, and 
 was instrumental in rousing a great number of the 
 inhabitants of a large neighbouring valley to turn from 
 idols to seek the living and true God. 
 
 Tie-ling. 
 The only out-station in which we have a dispensary 
 is Tie-ling, a large and growing town about fifty miles 
 north of Moukden. I visited it first towards the end of 
 1885, when mission work was just beginning there, and 
 treated a large number of patients. This visit did 
 much to remove the anti-foreign feeling which had 
 been strongly manifested. In 1891, Dr Young opened' 
 a dispensary there, and visited it once a month to see 
 patients. The subsequent success of the Mission in 
 Tie-ling is largely owing to his work. These visits are 
 still continued as frequently as possible ; but, with our 
 present staff, the work in Moukden needs all our 
 strength, and prevents us giving full justice to Tie-ling. 
 
58 TKN YEARS IN MANCHURIA. 
 
 During the year 1893, 2,237 men and 1,208 women 
 were seen there and prescribed for. 
 
 Itinerating. 
 To the work of itinerating, also, I have been 
 compelled to give less time than I would wish. My 
 last medico-evangelistic jom-ney, in the spring of 1893, 
 strengthened my conviction as to the importance of this 
 department. Along with one of my dispensers I saw 
 patients on four days in three large towns. In that 
 time 680 cases were treated, and several hundred 
 disappointed people had to return as they came, 
 because our medicines were exhausted. It is true that 
 this work is not very satisfactory either from a medical 
 or an evangelistic point of view, as the patients are, for 
 the most part, seen only once. Many, however, are 
 relieved and some cured, prejudices are broken down, a 
 friendly feeling is produced, and thus the way is opened 
 up for the Gospel. 
 
 Assistants.* 
 One of the greatest difficulties experienced in 
 carrying on medical missionary work in China is that 
 of finding suitable assistants. Our standard must 
 necessarily be high as to previous education, personal 
 character, and Christian knowledge. But our church 
 *See Frontispiece, 
 
EVANGELISTIC WORK. 59 
 
 contains few educated men, and still fewer who can 
 afford or are willing to receive for years only a student's 
 allowance. Then, when we do find a man who seems 
 to be what we desire, there is great danger of the very 
 training we give proving a snare to him. As soon as 
 he has learned a little of the healing art, he is tempted 
 to leave us, set up for himself, and try to make a 
 profitable business. We have learned, by somewhat 
 bitter experience, the need of the utmost carefulness as 
 to what men we employ. 
 
 The first man I engaged was Hung Sze Knei, who 
 acted as my personal teacher. He had been left an 
 orphan in a country village, had come to Moukden to 
 push his fortune, and was making a miserable pittance 
 by picture-drawing. He was one of the early members, 
 baptized at the beginning of 1879 at the age of 
 thirty-one, but was still in the utmost poverty when, 
 nearly four years later, he was employed by us. As 
 soon as we opened the dispensary he began to assist 
 me, and afterwards became head-dispenser. 
 
 Mr Wei. 
 Shortly before Hung entered the church, a man of a 
 very different stamp had been baptized of the name of 
 Wei-Hsiao-Ta. His family was well to do ; he had 
 received a good education, and was employed in a large 
 drug-shop in Moukden. From boyhood his mind had 
 
60 TEN YEARS IN MANCHURIA. 
 
 a religious bent, and at one time he wished to become 
 a Buddhist priest; but now Christianity satisfied all 
 his aspirations. Those in authority in his shop, however, 
 did not approve of his new ideas, and when he one day 
 refused to sacrifice to the god of medicine as he was 
 ordered, he was summarily dismissed. In the autumn of 
 1883, when at the age of twenty-five, I engaged him as 
 my assistant, and for the next four years he and Hung 
 were my only medical helpers. I taught them what I 
 could, and they succeeded in picking up a good deal, 
 especially Mr Wei. 
 
 When our new hospital was opened in 1887, it was 
 necessary to have additional help, and I took in four 
 young men as students. Unfortunately, only one of 
 these was a Christian, as it was impossible to find 
 suitable men in the membership. This did not prove a 
 very successful experiment. Within a year we parted 
 with two of them ; and the remaining two, both by this 
 time members, after having much time and trouble 
 expended on them, have had to be dismissed ; one for 
 opium-smoking, the other for dishonesty. Hung, too, 
 has caused great disappointment. He had been with us 
 ten years, and much had been done for him; but he left 
 us a few months ago in a way not very creditable to his 
 Christian profession. Indulgence in the use of alcohol 
 was in great measure to blame for this ; and now, in the 
 desire to make more than the salary we were able to 
 
EVANGELISTIC WORK. 61 
 
 give him, he is proclaiming himself as fully qualified to 
 practise the western method of healing, 
 
 Mr Wei, on the other hand, becomes month by- 
 month of more use to me ; and the work could not well 
 be carried on without his assistance. In later years, 
 when the teaching has been more systematic, no one 
 has shown more interest in it than he ; and he has now 
 acquired a very fair knowledge both of medicine and 
 surgery. He is able to examine and prescribe for a 
 considerable portion of the out-door patients; and he 
 performs minor operations very satisfactorily. He thus 
 relieves me of a large part of the work, and I have 
 never had reason to regret the confidence I have placed 
 in him. 
 
 Medical Students. 
 
 In the autumn of 1891 I made it known that I was 
 prepared to receive the names of Christian young men 
 who were willing to devote themselves to the work of 
 medical-evangelists. Within a few months a number 
 applied, out of whom fourteen were selected as fit for 
 examination on their own classics and Christian know- 
 ledge. Six of these were enrolled as students, and 
 agreed to undergo a course of five years' study. With 
 so much other work depending on me, it is impossible 
 to devote so much time as could be desired to the 
 training of these young men. During their first spring 
 
62 TEN YEARS IN MANCHURIA. 
 
 and summer they were taught pharmacy arid dispensing; 
 and at the end of the session they passed a creditable 
 examination. The following winter I lectured on 
 Anatomy and Chemistry ; last summer on the eye and 
 its diseases ; and this winter our principal subject is 
 Physiology. Besides this, they receive regular instruction 
 in chemical medicine and surgery ; they dispense all the 
 medicine to the out-patients ; and each has charge of a 
 ward where he does all the work of dressing, and a good 
 deal of what is done by nurses in our home infirmaries. 
 On the whole, the young men now under training have 
 given great satisfaction, and promise to become useful 
 Avorkers in the Master's vineyard. 
 
women's work. 63 
 
 Chapter V. 
 WOMEN'S WORK. 
 
 "TN many parts of China it seems to be very difficult 
 fora medical missionaryto reach the female population ; 
 but this is not so in Moukden, nor in the towns and 
 villages round. From the very first about a quarter of 
 our patients were women, and these seemed to be very 
 little reluctant about consulting a male doctor, especially 
 when they found his wife with him. The principal 
 barrier here is not sex but nationality ; and the women, 
 being far more ignorant than their husbands, retain 
 their prejudices and superstitions longer. But with the 
 gradual diminution of suspicion of the foreigner, the 
 number of our female patients has increased, and now 
 forms more than a third of the whole. For the first 
 four years of our work we had no way of treating women 
 except as out-patients, but several of these were led into 
 the church through what they heard in the waiting-room. 
 Our dispensary was frequently visited by an old 
 woman of sixty, broken down with chronic rheumatism 
 and other complaints. She came at first for her bodily 
 
64 TEN YEARS IN MANCHURIA. 
 
 ailments, but continued to attend regularly to listen to 
 the preaching, and in October 1884 she was baptized. 
 She was never a very intelligent women, and seems 
 now to be in her dotage; but almost every Sunday, 
 leaning on her big stick, she makes her way to the 
 church. She was asked one day how much she under- 
 stood of the service. " / can 't understand," she said, as 
 if that was far too much to expect of her, " I just 
 understand ' Jesus loves me," " referring to the well 
 known hymn which had just been sung. 
 
 Another frequent attender at the dispensary was a 
 girl of fourteen, who was greatly interested in the 
 preaching, and soon made up her mind that she would 
 be Jesus' disciple. In September 1885 she was examined 
 for baptism ; but she got so excited when questioned, 
 that she answered wildly, and it was thought better to 
 delay until she should be a little older. The poor child 
 was greatly disappointed, and went home crying bitterly. 
 A month later she begged to be examined again, and 
 was found to have grown wonderfully in knowledge. 
 She seemed a sincere believer in Christ, so she was 
 baptized without further delay. After this she spent a 
 few years in the Members' Girls' School, and was one of 
 the most intelligent pupils. She is now a wife and 
 mother in a Christian home. 
 
 We, of course, felt greatly the want of a place for 
 female in-patients; so when our new premises were 
 
WOME^''S WORK. 65 
 
 arranged, a part of the compound was set aside for 
 women, and opened for their use in the spring of 1888. 
 By walling it off completely from the rest of the hospital, 
 and putting its only entrance in front towards the 
 dispensary, we thought it was sufficiently like a separate 
 compound to allow of women coming to stay there. We 
 had not opened it many months before we found our 
 mistake ; for women were reluctant to enter it, except 
 those of the poorest classes. One of those we received 
 during the first summer was a girl of seventeen from 
 the neighbourhood of Kai-yuen. She was much 
 impressed with what she heard, but she returned home 
 and we heard no more about her. With women even 
 more frequently than with men, the bread cast upon the 
 waters is only found after many days ; for it is difficult 
 for a woman openly to avow herself a Christian, unless 
 those in her home are in sympathy. Three years 
 afterwards Mr Ross was visting the neighbourhood of 
 Kai-yuen, and among those baptised was this girl. 
 Her old father, aged seventy-seven, and her brother, 
 had been led to enquire by listening to her words, and 
 were admitted to the church along with her. 
 
 Women's Hospital. 
 
 A great advance was made in the medical work 
 among women when their hospital was removed to a 
 
66 TEN YEARS IN MANCHURIA. 
 
 separate compound, even though that compound is far 
 from suitable. It was rented in April 1892 as a 
 temporary place, but we are still using it. We hope 
 soon to get a suitable site for building, but we are 
 meeting with the same difficulties now as formerly in 
 the case of the Men's Hospital. Much blessing, however, 
 has attended our work among the women. We have a 
 very good worker in our matron, Mrs Wang, who does 
 not spare herself night nor day, ministering to the 
 bodily and spiritual wants of the patients. On Women's 
 Days she spends the forenoon in the dispensary, and to 
 this may largely be attributed the increased readiness 
 which women show in entering the hospital. This is 
 specially Mrs Christie's department, as she takes entire 
 charge of all but the strictly medical work. Most of the 
 patients are accompanied by a relative to attend on 
 them, so that the number who come under our roof is 
 much larger than appears from the statistics. Many 
 have shown great interest in Christian truth, and have 
 invited Mrs Wang to visit them and tell them more. 
 Unfortunately her hospital duties leave her little time 
 for this important work, but she has visited several 
 homes, and has been very warmly received. A monthly 
 meeting is now being started for former patients and 
 their friends ; and it is hoped that by this means those 
 living within reach, who become interested while with 
 us, may be led further into the light, and may by and 
 
women's work. 67 
 
 by come forward to profess their faith in Christ. One 
 woman was baptized in the summer of 1892, after being 
 some time in the hospital ; and then returned to her 
 home, forty miles away among the hills, to proclaim to 
 all her friends what she had learned. Nine months 
 later she returned for further instruction, saying that 
 her husband and about a dozen of her neighbours 
 believed in Christ. 
 
 Vis i ting Patien ts. 
 
 One important work among women has been carried 
 on quite apart from hospital or dispensary. It is often 
 impossible for the wives and daughters of Mandarins to 
 come to us, so I have been from the first frequently 
 called to treat them in their own homes, Mrs Christie 
 often accompanying me. There were, of course, some 
 little difficulties to be overcome. For instance, in 1884! 
 I was asked to see a lady, who for eighteen months had 
 suffered great pain in one foot owing to tight-binding. 
 But there is nothing to which a China woman is more 
 averse than imcovering her foot, even before those of 
 her own sex, and much more before a man ; so the 
 process of examination on my first visit was rather 
 comical. The foot and leg were held by several 
 attendants, and only the diseased part was shown. On 
 subsequent visits, however, I was allowed to see it 
 properly, and to operate. The calls to visit, in their 
 
68 TEN YEARS IN MANCHURIA. 
 
 houses, both men and women of all ranks, are indeed 
 far too numerous to be responded to, interesting and 
 important as this work is. Only those can be attended 
 in this way who are quite unable to come to us. 
 
SOME CONDITIONS WHICH INFLUENCE DISEASE. 69 
 
 Chapter VI. 
 SOME CONDITIONS WHICH INFLUENCE DISEASE. 
 
 rPHE latitude of Moukden is 41° 51' 00" N., about the 
 same as that of Rome and Chicago ; but it will be 
 noticed from the following Table, that our extremes, both 
 of heat and cold, are very great. The climate of Manchuria 
 is distinctly continental ; not affected by oceanic currents, 
 and the wide level plain of the southern province has 
 no shelter from the cold blasts which in winter sweep 
 across the Siberian and Mongolian plains. The absence 
 of forests and larger vegetation also influences the 
 temperature and humidity. (Unfortunately we have no 
 reliable observations of the humidity of the atmosphere.) 
 Although the temperature sometimes falls to 30° fahr. 
 below zero, and rises in summer to 97°, so dry is the 
 •atmosphere that the sensations do not indicate such 
 extremes. 
 
 Climate Influences. 
 
 The phenomena of disease fluctuate with the seasons. 
 On the whole the Winter months are favourable to 
 

 
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SOME CONDITIONS WHICH INFLUENCE DISEASE. 71 
 
 health ; at least to such as are comfortably housed and 
 clad. The atmosphere is usually clear, dry, bracing, 
 somewhat stimulating to the nervous system, and 
 therefore trying to those suffering from insomnia, 
 cardiace, weakness, hysteria, and other diseases of 
 nervous origin. During this season, as might be 
 expected, pulmonary and rheumatic affections head the 
 list. Phthisis has many victims among the poor, and 
 especially young women. In some the disease- runs a 
 very rapid course, with all the symptoms of acute 
 tuberculosis. Many of these patients live in over- 
 crowded, badly ventilated rooms with damp mud floors, 
 and expectorate freely anywhere. The atmosphere 
 must be loaded with bacilli, yet the idea of the 
 communicability of the disease never seems to have 
 entered the Chinese mind. Sfitting of blood is common, 
 very often without any physical sign to account for it. 
 In many of these cases the cause is said by the patient 
 to have been a fit of anger. Under treatment, the 
 symptom usually disappears without leaving any trace 
 of structural disease. Frost-bite, of more or less 
 severity, is almost daily met with ; and the mortality 
 among beggars from exposure during the extreme cold 
 is very great. Sometimes, in the early winter, a fog 
 hangs over the earth, with a few days of mild 
 temperature, which the Chinese regard as most 
 unhealthy. In 1892, such a condition was followed by 
 
72 TKN YEAllS IN MANCHURIA. 
 
 a severe epidemic of Influenza, from which natives and 
 foreigners suffered alike. 
 
 As Spring approaches, the changes of temperature 
 are great and sudden. In March, high south winds 
 prevail ; hard roads are rapidly broken up so as to be 
 almost impassable ; and frozen rivers become navigable 
 once more. The high tension of winter is relaxed, the 
 digestive powers seem weakened, appetite fails, and 
 many suffer from great depression of the physical 
 energies. Measles and Scarlet-fever are not infrequent 
 at this time. In an epidemic of the former which 
 visited us last spring, the cases first treated were mild ; 
 but it soon developed into a very malignant form, 
 attended with high and persistejit fever and severe 
 pulmonary complications. Convalescence was generally 
 slow, being, in some cases, retarded by glandular 
 abscesses and pustular eruptions. A common cause of 
 Eye-disease about this season is dust-storms. The 
 atmosphere is then loaded with sand and impalpable 
 dust. This, driven by the strong wind, makes itself 
 most disagreeable to travellers, and penetrates into 
 every corner even of the best-built house. The 
 temperature during spring and autumn is moderate, 
 and the weather generally very pleasant. 
 
 In summer, the atmosphere is dry; but there are 
 occasional heavy showers lasting for a few hours. The 
 heat usually attains its height towards the end of July. 
 
SOME CONDITIONS WHICH INFLUENCE DISEASE. 73 
 
 This year, during the latter half of that month, the 
 day-temperature ranged from 91° F. to 96° F. ; but 
 during the night the thermometer is rarely above 7o° F. 
 The natives move about with heads uncovered during 
 the greatest heat, and do not seem to suffer in any way 
 from the exposure. The atmospheric conditions at this 
 season favour the development of diseases of the 
 alimentary system. Diarrhoea and Dysentery are very 
 prevalent. The heavy rains generally begin early in 
 August, after which cooler weather sets in. 
 
 Malaria. 
 The development of Malaria during the last few years 
 is worthy of note. In former reports, covering a period 
 of five years, only twenty-eight cases were recorded, 
 and most of these came from other parts of China. 
 Last year, over 400 came under treatment at the 
 dispensary. The increase was first noticed in the 
 spring of 1889, and was attributed to the floods of the 
 previous autumn. At that time, large stretches of 
 country were under water, and the subsoil became 
 saturated. During the following summer, the action of 
 the powerful sun causing evaporation, and the 
 decomposition of vegetable matter, brought about the 
 conditions favourable to the development of the disease. 
 Since then the number of cases has steadily increased. 
 The variety met with is chiefly the intermittent, and 
 
74 TEX YEARS IN MANCHURIA. 
 
 the majority of our patients have been young men. I 
 have not observed that opium smoking affords any 
 protection. The natives seem very helpless in the 
 matter of treatment. They know a little about the 
 value of arsenic, but they do not understand how to 
 administer it ; and my assistant tells me that he 
 believes as many are killed as are cured by it. 
 
 Sanitation. 
 Another local condition which influences disease is 
 the insanitary surroundings of the people. In the 
 midst of populous parts of the city are large stagnant 
 ponds, the water of which is used for all purposes. 
 Anything of the nature of drainage, or cleaning of 
 streets or compounds, is quite unknown. The interior 
 of the houses of the poorer class is often filthy beyond 
 description ; and the personal habits of the people are 
 far from cleanly. Yet it is surprising how little 
 the Chinese seem to suffer from diseases which arise 
 from such conditions. 
 
 Food. 
 The staple food of most of the people, large millet, is 
 coarse and, when badly cooked, very indigestible. It 
 is usually gulped down in large quantities, along with 
 salted cabbage, hard beans, garlic, or raw vegetables, 
 causing delatation of the stomach and all forms of 
 Dyspepsia. Fish, eggs, and meat are eaten in advanced 
 
SOME CONDITIONS WHICH INFLUENCE DISEASE. 75 
 
 stages of decomposition ; and in summer a great deal of 
 unripe fruit is consumed. This also frequently gives 
 rise to disorders of the digestive system. 
 
 Rickets. 
 It is a remarkable fact that during ten years' work in 
 Manchuria not a single case of Rickets has come under 
 observation, although the factors which are considered 
 most potent in its causation are met with on every 
 hand. If bad feeding, farinaceous diet, prolonged 
 lactation, overcrowding, deficient sunlight, or bad 
 ventilation produce the disease, it should be found in 
 every home. Some children are from birth fed on rice, 
 flour, or millet-slops, which contain starch in abundance, 
 and the use of cow's milk is unknown. Suckling is 
 usually prolonged to the age of three or four years, 
 sometimes longer, when the mother's milk is most 
 unwholesome. Thousands of children are, during the 
 severe cold of winter, shut up for months in over- 
 crowded, badly ventilated dwellings, where they have 
 neither fresh air nor exercise. And yet Rickets, so far 
 0,s I can find out, is unknown in Manchuria. 
 
 Opium Sonoking. 
 Opium smoking, which is very common in this part 
 of China, has an important bearing on many kinds of 
 disease. It is estimated that about forty per cent, of 
 
76 TEN YEARS IN MANCHURIA. 
 
 the adult male population of Moukden indulge in it, 
 and a large number of women, especially those 
 belonging to the upper class. Indian opium is chiefly- 
 used by the rich, but is fast being supplanted by the 
 native-grown article, which is much cheaper. Opium 
 pills and foreign morphia tabloids are used by some as 
 a more convenient form ; for smoking requires much 
 time, and often interferes with business. Many of the 
 poor drink an infusion made from the ashes and 
 scrapings of the pipe. 
 
 Some begin to use opium to relieve pain. Others 
 take it to cheer them in sorrow and trouble, or to 
 distract their thoughts ; for the Chinese have no such^ 
 social pleasures as we have in the west ; their lives are 
 colourless and tame. But the vast majority smoke 
 merely as a luxury, in order to enjoy the pleasant 
 exhilaration which it causes for a time. 
 
 The effect of opium on the system is greatly modified 
 by circumstances. It is said that some men of strong 
 will increase the dose so slowly, that they never go 
 beyond what is called moderation, and are not 
 incapacitated from pursuing their calling. There is 
 some truth in this ; for those who are in comfortable 
 circumstances, with healthy surroundings, good food, 
 and strong constitutions, can smoke for a lengthened 
 period without any apparent deleterious result. The 
 careless observer might conclude that the habit was for 
 
SOME CONDITIONS WHICH INFLUENCE DISEASE. 77 
 
 them harmless ; but I do not believe that anyone uses 
 opium for any length of time without more or less real 
 injury: digestion is impaired, the secretions of important 
 organs are diminished, functional activity is lowered, 
 and the powers of resistance are greatly lessened, so 
 that the consiimer is extremely liable to succumb to 
 acute disease. In an epidemic of Cholera in 1883, the 
 mortality among opium smokers was appalling. The 
 Chinese went so far as to say that no smoker who was 
 seized with the disease recovered. An official of my 
 acquaintance smoked heavily for thirty years and 
 seemed none the worse, but I should not like to be his 
 medical attendant through any serious illness. 
 
 On the other hand I have met with hundreds who, 
 with half the quantity smoked by that official, have 
 had body and mind shattered ; and very many are 
 reduced to poverty, having spent their all to satisfy 
 their craving. One of these had occupied an important 
 official position, but he and his family were reduced to 
 poverty and despair. He came to me to be cured of the 
 habit, and was admitted to the hospital. He was old, 
 feeble, and his heart very weak ; and after some days of 
 careful treatment and observation, I came to the 
 conclusion, that giving up opium, which he had used so 
 long, would mean death to him. When I told him this, 
 he pled with me to take away his life rather than leave 
 him helpless in his miserable condition. 
 
78 TEN YEARS IN MANCHUKrA. 
 
 A more serious evil even than misery and beggary is 
 the moral effect on the consumer. The immediate 
 result of a dose or smoke of opium is mental stimulation ; 
 but with prolonged, even with moderate use, the 
 nervous centres are affected, the higher faculties of the 
 mind are enfeebled, the moral sensibility is gradually 
 blunted, and the ethical distinction between right and 
 wrong, truth and falsehood, becomes confused. The 
 Chinese themselves recognise this, and do not trust an 
 opium smoker; and merchants in this city do not 
 readily employ any young man who has acquired the 
 habit. I have conversed on the subject with many 
 intelligent men, officials and others, and even among 
 those who use it, I have never met one who said 
 anything in its favour. 
 
 Many desire to give up opium smoking, especially 
 when its evil effects begin to appear, or when they can 
 no longer afford it ; but so firm is the hold it gains over 
 them that very few succeed in overcoming it without 
 help. In the early years of our work such people came 
 to us in large numbers as out-patients, and for these I 
 prepared pills, containing tonics combined with a small 
 quantity of morphia, which was gradually diminished. 
 There was a great demand for this medicine, but I soon 
 found that the cure was worse than the disease ; for they 
 only learned to eat instead of smoke the drug. Morphia 
 tabloids have been given away in large quantities by 
 
SOME CONDITIONS WHICH INFLUENCE DISEASE. 79 
 
 well-meaning people, and have, in my opinion, done 
 serious harm. 
 
 In later years we have only treated opium smokers as 
 in-patients, and we cut off all forms of the drug from 
 the commencement ; or, if absolutely necessary, inject a 
 little morphia hypodermically. Our rules for such 
 patieats are stringent, and their physical powers and 
 strength of will are tried severely. But this branch of 
 our work is most unsatisfactory. Even after resolutely 
 enduring the suffering caused by the renunciation of 
 opium, the majority of those whom we have treated 
 have returned, sooner or later, to their old habit. As 
 our accommodation is limited and can be better used for 
 other patients, we now admit very few of this class, 
 those few being such as seem in dead earnest. The 
 native church has unanimously agreed that no opium 
 smoker should be baptized until he has entirely given 
 up the habit; and several of those treated this year were 
 applicants for baptism. The grace of God can and does 
 enable opium smokers to stand firm ; but they stand on 
 slippery ground, and, sad to say, many fall of whom we 
 had hoped better things. 
 
 In the spring of 1886 a young man from the neigh- 
 bourhood of Kai-yuen came to us to be cured of the 
 opium habit. He was employed in a government office, 
 and it is said that 80 per cent, of these yamen men 
 smoke. He had begun seven years before, and was now 
 
80 TEN YEARS IN MANCHUKIA. 
 
 using about a quarter of an ounce dailj'. The struggle 
 in givingjit up was, for him, a severe one, and for nights 
 his eyes did not close in sleep, in spite of sleeping 
 draughts. One evening about seven o'clock, a week after 
 his admission, my assistant came for me in great alarm, 
 saying that this man had suddenly gone mad. I found 
 him outside the hospital, much excited, held by two 
 men, and quite unable to give any account of himself. 
 No one could explain his condition, but I at once 
 suspected Chloral Hydrate poisoning. Investigation 
 revealed that a bottle, which the dispenser had carelessly 
 left within his reach, containing at least two drachms of 
 Chloral Hydrate, was now empty. The patient soon 
 became comatose, and it was not until after seven hours' 
 active application of remedies that we were able to 
 bring him back to consciousness. Next day, though 
 sleepy, he did not seem much the worse. In about ten 
 days more the craving for opium had entirely ceased, 
 and his general health was established. He stayed 
 with us for a month longer to learn more of Christianity, 
 and was baptized before going home. Being a scholar 
 and an intelligent man, he was able to read our books, 
 and seemed well fitted to proclaim the gospel to others. 
 This he did to his family and friends, and witnessed a 
 good confession in spite of much persecution. The 
 following spring he brought his wife and children to 
 Moukden, where they also were baptized. The same 
 
SOME CONDITIONS WHICH INFLUENCE DISEASE. 81 
 
 year he voluntarily accompanied me on a medico- 
 evangelistic journey, and made himself most useful in 
 keeping order among the patients. On our way back 
 we visited his home — a Christian home, which seemed 
 likely to be a centre of light for that district. 
 
 On my return from furlough a few years later, 
 I was grieved beyond measure to learn that this man 
 had fallen back, and was smoking as much as ever. 
 His position in the Yaraen exposed him to daily, 
 almost hourly temptation, against which he had been 
 unable to stand. We have, however, by no means lost 
 hope of him ; but his case shows how difificult it is for 
 one who has come under the bondage of this habit to 
 regain his freedom. 
 
 Native Treatment. 
 Another influence in aggravating if not causing 
 disease, is the methods of treatment adopted by the 
 natives. Any man may practise medicine who wishes 
 to do so ; he has only to read a few books written 
 centuries ago, and he is fully equipped. The best of 
 them know nothing of those sciences which form the 
 basis for the rational treatment of disease. Medicines 
 they have, but they do not understand their action on 
 the system. According to Chinese theory the human body 
 is composed of five elements ; metal, wood, water, fire, 
 and earth. As long as these are in equilibrium health 
 
82 TEN YEARS IN MANCHURIA. 
 
 is enjoyed ; when they are out of proportion disease 
 ensues, and the object of treatment is to bring them 
 back to their normal relations. Medicines are classified 
 according to the five colours — white, green, black, red, 
 and yellow — and the five tastes — bitter, acrid, sour, 
 sweet, and salt, — corresponding in order to the five 
 elements, and to the five organs of the body — lungs, 
 liver, kidneys, heart, and stomach. Disease is diagnosed 
 by the pulse, the left indicating the condition of the 
 heart, liver, and kidneys ; and the right the lungs, 
 stomach, and the " gate of life." When a patient enters 
 the consulting-room for the first time he does not expect 
 to be asked any questions. Silently he stretches out 
 one hand after the other, and the doctor, by placing 
 three fingers on each pulse, is supposed to recognise 
 the seat and nature of the disease. 
 
 Of Surgery, Chinese doctors know nothing. They 
 cannot tie an artery, amputate a finger, or perform the 
 simplest operation. There is at present in the hospital 
 a man with a severe gun-shot wound. The other day, 
 after the extraction of a piece of bone, a quantity of 
 pure mercury poured out. The patient explained that 
 a native doctor had put it in, assuring him that it would 
 melt the bullet, and that both would flow out together. 
 Another patient now under our care is a boy of nine 
 who, about a month ago, twisted his leg while playing. 
 He complained of pain, but could move about quite 
 
SOME CONDITIONS WHICH INFLUENCE DISEASE. 83 
 
 freely. There was no doctor in the village, but one old 
 woman after another was consulted. In spite of their 
 rubbing or kneading the pain continued, so the parents 
 took the boy to a famous doctor in Moukden. This 
 man with great violence pulled and twisted the limb, till 
 the boy was screaming with agony. Before this operation 
 the patient could walk well, but now he could not even 
 stand. Twenty days later he was brought to us. The 
 hip was much, swollen, and so painful that examination 
 was impossible till chloroform was administered. The 
 joint was found to be dislocated, doubtless as the result 
 of the heroic treatment to which it had been subjected. 
 The father said that ever since that day the limb had 
 been bent and shorter than the other. The dislocation 
 was easily reduced, and we hope to see the little fellow 
 all right again in a few weeks. 
 
 The only instruments which natives use are long 
 needles with which they pierce various parts of the 
 body. Several cases have come under my observation 
 where this treatment was followed by disastrous results. 
 Having no knowledge of Anatomy, they often pass them 
 into large blood-vessels and important organs ; and I 
 am told that in some instances immediate death has 
 resulted. A little child was carried to the dispensary 
 presenting a pitiable spectacle. The doctor had told 
 the parents that there was an excess of fire in its body, 
 for which he must use cold needles, so he had pierced 
 
84 TEN YEARS IN MANCHURIA. 
 
 the abdomen deeply in several places. The poor little 
 sufferer must have died shortly afterwards. 
 
 Another very injurious method of treatment is the 
 application of a black resinous plaster, which is univer- 
 sally used for all kinds of aches and pains, bruises and 
 swellings, wounds and sores. A small pimple or abscess 
 appears ; at once the plaster is put on, and the free exit 
 of any discharges prevented. The result often is serious 
 disease. Indeed, in almost every case of bone or joint 
 disease which comes to us, the condition is aggravated, 
 if not caused by, this deadly plaster; and yet the 
 Chinese, from the highest to the lowest, have unbounded 
 faith in it. A short time ago a little boy of nine was 
 carried to the dispensary in a basket. One leg was 
 covered with the plaster, and when this was removed, 
 the smell could almost be " heard," as the Chinese say. 
 A large part of the tibia was bare and projecting. His 
 mother said that no medicine had been applied except 
 this plaster, which had been put on first about fifteen 
 months before, when there was only a small sore place. 
 We took him into the hospital, treated the leg ration- 
 ally, and after a few days the diseased bone was entirely 
 removed. His satisfactorj' recovery is another instance 
 of the recuperative power of the Chinese, already 
 alluded to. When he came he was much emaciated, 
 with weak rapid pulse and bad cough, and death seemed 
 not far off. In a few weeks he was walking about the 
 
SOME CONDITIONS WHICH INFLUENCE DISEASE. 85 
 
 women's hospital, rosy and strong, as merry as a boy 
 could be, and was learning very fast to read and sing 
 our hymns. He and his mother, w^ho was with him in 
 the hospital, have made a stand against the worship of 
 idols in their home, and we hope that the whole family 
 may, by and by, become Christians. 
 
 When there is an open sore in any part of the body, 
 the native doctors very often put in medicine having 
 caustic properties, which causes much mischief One 
 young man came to us recently suffering from disease 
 of the cervical glands, a very common complaint here. 
 An abscess had formed and burst some months previously; 
 and I found the caustic medicine used had burrowed its 
 way under the stemo-Tnastoid muscle, setting up 
 severe inflammation of the deeper structures. I cut down 
 on the part, removed the irritating substance, scraped out 
 the diseased glands, and the patient was dismissed 
 cured. 
 
 When all remedies fail, the natives too often resort 
 to witchcraft, and apply to those who profess to have 
 dealings with the unseen agencies which control disease. 
 I have at present, as a patient, an official of high rank 
 and fair intelligence, who, not more that a month ago, 
 consulted a witch-doctor. He received a paper with 
 some mystic characters, and, according to directions, he 
 burned it, mixed the ashes with water, and drank the 
 decoction. This was taken to prevent the return of a 
 
86 TEN YEARS IN MANCHURIA. 
 
 disease to which he is liable, but for which I am not 
 treating him. 
 
 Possession by Evil Spirits. 
 
 The most cruel and barbarous treatment of all is 
 carried out in the case of those unfortunate people who 
 are believed to be possessed by evil spirits. A poor 
 woman was brought to us, whose mind was evidently 
 deranged, but who had been pronounced possessed. A 
 red-hot poker had been forced into her mouth, and 
 thrust down her throat. Others are compelled to 
 " wear red shoes," which means to stand bare-footed on 
 a red-hot piece of iron. Other treatment is sometimes 
 adopted which is too terrible to describe. 
 
 It is difficult for those in Christian countries to 
 conceive the vast amount of suffering in this land which 
 might be prevented, disease which might be cured, 
 sorrow which might be comforted. Not only are doors 
 opening to the Gospel on every hand, but out of the 
 darkness and misery which surround us, calls come 
 for help, spiritual and physical, to which we are unable 
 to respond. And in these do we not hear the voice of 
 the Master calling us to do the work which He Himself 
 began, and which He has committed to our charge? 
 Were these things realized, the Christian Church would 
 
SOME CONDITIONS WHICH INFIUENCE DIS'EASE. 87 
 
 surely rise to her responsibility and put forth her 
 strength ; for the harvest in Manchuria is great, while 
 the labourers are still but few. 
 
 It will be seen from the tables of statistics (pages 
 90-91) that there has been a most encouraging increase 
 in our numbers, and that more patients were treated in 
 1893 than in any other previous year. In summer 
 they often numbered from 120 to 150 on men's days, 
 Mondays and Thursdays. On Tuesdays and Fridays 
 women are seen, sometimes as many as ninety ; and the 
 forenoons of Wednesdays and Saturdays are reserved 
 for operations. The fall in 1891 was largely owing to 
 the disquieting rumours afloat at the time of the riots at 
 Wuhu and other places. It will be noticed, too, that 
 our numbers are low in February, as the Chinese new 
 year occurs in that month, or at the end of January. 
 Everyone is then busy, and there is a superstitious 
 prejudice against taking medicine at that season. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 

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 91 
 
LIST OF DISEASES— IN-PATIENTS, 1893. 
 
 Entropion 
 
 34 
 
 Hypopion 
 
 4 
 
 Ectropion 
 
 2 
 
 Iritis 
 
 4 
 
 Wound of Eye-lid 
 
 1 
 
 Anterior Synechia 
 
 2 
 
 Blepharospasm 
 
 1 
 
 Cataract 
 
 19 
 
 Symblepharon 
 
 3 
 
 Retinitis '. 
 
 3 
 
 Anchyloblepharon 
 
 1 
 
 Glaucoma 
 
 3 
 
 Trichiasis 
 
 14 
 
 ^ Internal Strabismus 
 
 1 
 
 Pterygium 
 
 7 
 
 Disease of Lachrymal Gland 
 
 1 
 
 Conjunotivities — Catarrhal 
 
 3 
 
 Wound of Eye-ball 
 
 1 
 
 do. Purulent 
 
 2 
 
 Stillicidium Tia,chrymarum 
 
 1 
 
 do. Granular 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 do. Follicular 
 
 1 
 
 Otorrhcea 
 
 1 
 
 Papilloma of Conjunctiva 
 
 2 
 
 Nasal Polypus 
 
 1 
 
 Keratitis 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 Pannus 
 
 3 
 
 Hare-lip 
 
 14 
 
 Ulcer of Cornea 
 
 25 
 
 Elongated Uvula 
 
 1 
 
 Opacity of Cornea 
 
 38 
 
 Dyspepsia 
 
 18 
 
 Wound of do. 
 
 1 
 
 Constipation 
 
 1 
 
 Fibroma of do. 
 
 1 
 
 Lead Colic 
 
 1 
 
 Staphyloma do. 
 
 1 
 
 Dysentery 
 
 1 
 

 APPENDIX. 
 
 93 
 
 Ascaris Lumbricoides 
 
 2 
 
 Epilepsy 
 
 1 
 
 Hepatitis 
 
 1 
 
 Insanity 
 
 1 
 
 Hepatic Abscess ... 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Ascites 
 
 5 
 
 Palpitation 
 
 1 
 
 Internal Hsemorrhoicls . . 
 
 1 
 
 Valvular disease (Mitral) 
 
 3 
 
 External do. 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Fistula in Ano ... 
 
 29 
 
 Bronchitis (Chronic) 
 
 6 
 
 Prolapsus Recti. 
 
 1 
 
 Bronchiectasis 
 
 1 
 
 Atresia Ano 
 
 1 
 
 Abscess of Lung 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Asthma 
 
 1 
 
 Albuminuria 
 
 1 
 
 Haemoptysis 
 
 2 
 
 Phimosis 
 
 8 
 
 Phthisis 
 
 4 
 
 Stricturi ... 
 
 1 
 
 Pleurisy 
 
 1 
 
 Orchitis 
 
 1 
 
 Empyema 
 
 1 
 
 Hydrocele... 
 
 6 
 
 Peripleuritic Abscess . . . 
 
 3 
 
 Enlarged Prostate 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Gleet 
 
 1 
 
 Malaria ... 
 
 2 
 
 Unorrhagia 
 
 1 
 
 Tuberculosis 
 
 10 
 
 Perinephritic Abscess . . 
 
 2 
 
 Syphilis 
 
 
 
 
 Rheumatism (Chronic) ... 
 
 14 
 
 Local Anaesthesia 
 
 1 
 
 Lumbago 
 
 
 Neuralgia 
 
 4 
 
 Torticollis 
 
 
 Bell's Paralysis ... 
 
 1 
 
 Mumps 
 
 
 Hemiplegia 
 
 5 
 
 Opium Smoking 
 
 17 
 
 Progressive Miisc. Atrop 
 
 ^y 1 
 
 General Debility 
 
 2 
 
94 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 
 Tumours 
 
 18 
 
 Eczema 
 
 7 
 
 Cephalliaematoma 
 
 1 
 
 Frost-bite 
 
 t 
 
 Enlarged Cervical Glands 
 
 6 
 
 Bums 
 
 I 
 
 Abscesses 
 
 40 
 
 Woimds 
 
 3 
 
 Whitlows 
 
 2 
 
 do. Gunshot 
 
 8 
 
 Sinuses 
 
 2 
 
 Injuries 
 
 3 
 
 Psoas Abscess 
 
 1 
 
 Sprain 
 
 1 
 
 Abscess of Spine 
 
 3 
 
 Fractures 
 
 4 
 
 Mammary Abscess 
 
 3 
 
 Dislocation 
 
 1 
 
 Pelvic Abscess 
 
 1 
 
 Synovitis 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Spinal Curvature 
 
 I 
 
 Ulcers 
 
 7 
 
 Caries 
 
 4 
 
 Epithelioma 
 
 3 
 
 Necrosis 
 
 7 
 
 Carbuncle 
 
 3 
 
 Disease of Joints... 
 
 9 
 
 Psoriasis 
 
 1 
 
 
 539 
 
 Scabies 
 
 2 
 
 
 
LIST OF OPERATIONS, 1893. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I. EYE. 
 
 FOR DISEASES OF — 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 T3 
 
 s 
 
 Eyelids — 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 S 
 
 
 Entropion 
 
 96 
 
 90 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Ectropion 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 Trichiasis 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 Chalazion ... 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 Fibrous Tumour 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Canthoplasty 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 Symblepharon ... 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Plastic 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Conjunctiva — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pterygium 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 Peritomy 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 Excision (for Trachoma) 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 Papilloma 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 Lachrymal Apparatus — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Excision of Gland 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Bowman's Operation 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
96 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 EYE. 
 
 FOK DISEASES OF — 
 
 K^omea — 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 g 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 s 
 
 a 
 
 Paracentesis 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Tattooing 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 Fibroma 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Removal of foreign body 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Iris — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iridotomy 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 Iridectomy 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 
 Freeing Pupil 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Lens — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cataract — Hard 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 Do. Soft 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 Do. Traumatic 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Needling for Opaque Capsule 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Ih/ebcdl— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Excision (Staphyloma) 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Internal Strabismus 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 II. AMPUTATIONS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■Upper Extremity — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Arm 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Forearm 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Fingers 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
APPENDIX, 
 
 97 
 
 AMPUTATIONS. 
 
 FOR DISEASES OF — 
 
 Lower Extremity — 
 
 3 
 
 s 
 Q 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 s 
 
 Leg 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Ankle Joint (Syme's) 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 Foot 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Toes 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 III. OPERATIONS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ON BONES AND JOINTS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 GOUGING, SEQUESTEOTOMY, OK 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 KESBOTION, FOR CARIES OR 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NECROSIS OF — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Femur ... 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Tibia 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Metatarsus 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Clavicle 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Jaw 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 Metacarpus 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Phalanges 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 Drainage of— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Knee Joint 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Hip do 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 IV. FRACTURES. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Leg 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Forearm 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
«» APPENDIX 
 
 
 
 
 
 FRACTURES. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 s 
 o 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 T3 
 
 s 
 
 
 Finger 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Clavicle 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 V. DISLOCATIONS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Shoulder 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 Ankle 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Jaw 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 VI. TUMOURS (Excised). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fatty 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 Fibrous 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 Cartilaginous 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 Osteoma 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Papillomata 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 Scirrhus (Breast) 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Cystic do. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Epithelioma (Penis) 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 Do. (Lip) 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 Sebaceous Cysts 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 Nasal Polypus (Fibrous) 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Do. do. (Mucous) 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Aural do 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Oanglion 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 99 
 
 TUMOURS (Excised). 
 
 Enlarged Cervical Glands 
 Unclassified 
 
 VII. GENERAL. 
 
 Perinephritic Abscess 
 
 Peripleuritic do. 
 
 Pelvic do. 
 
 Psoas do. 
 
 Ulcers (Volckmannized) 
 
 Whitlows 
 
 Sinuses ... 
 
 Carbuncle (Incisions) ... 
 
 Tenotomy 
 
 Skin Grafting ... 
 
 Removal of Dead Tissue 
 
 Extraction of Needles 
 Do. Bullet 
 
 Do. Teeth 
 
 Sewing Severe Wound 
 Alimentary System — 
 
 Harelip ... 
 
 Excision of Uvula 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 O 
 
 •214 
 
 209 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 233 
 
 233 
 
 15 
 2 
 
 o o 
 
1 00 APPENDIX. 
 
 
 
 
 GElSfERAL. 
 
 3 
 
 t3 
 
 t3 
 
 s 
 
 o o 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 HH 
 
 
 Fistula in Ano 
 
 46 
 
 40 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Internal Hsemorrhoids 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 External do. 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 Sinus of Rectum 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Reducing prolapsed Rectum 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 Atresia Ani 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Urinary System — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Circumcision (Phimosis) 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 Urethrotomy 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Dilating Stricture 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Tapping, &c. — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ascitis 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 Hydrocele 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Do. (Radical Cure) .. 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 Cephalhsematoma 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 954 
 
 914 
 
 36 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 N.B. — The above lists of Diseases and Operations cover a period of 
 about sixteen months.