Cornell University Library SF 915.Q8 Notes on veterinary materia medica.Veter 3 1924 000 283 329 pTTSSi ^^^^^^ ^m^m^f^^^m ftAfMff^ ^^^^^^ifi^^ij The original of tiiis bool< is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000283329 NOTES ON VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. VETERINARY MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. CHICAGO. I89&.t'^^3 Si COPYRIGHTED DECEMBER, 1S97, BY A.LEXA.NDER KGBR. ©!»..„«.- ~ Notes on Veterinary Materia Medica. ATERIA MEDICA.— Treats of substances used as medicine, their origin, composition, physical charac- teristics and chemical properties, their methods of preparation and administration, their dose, physiological and toxicological action. Toxicology. — Teaches the effects of drugs when adminis- tered in poisonous doses, also their antagonists and chemical antidotes. Physiological Action. — Is the definite and limited action of a drug upon some part of the organism, intended to antagonize or overcome a particular disease (or pathological) condition! Therapeutics. — Teaches of the use of remedial agents in the various morbid conditions of the animal economy; they are: i. Medicinal; 2. Mechanical; 3. Surgical; 4. Hygienic or prophy- lactic, as food, clothing, pure air, etc.; 5. Imponderable, as heat, cold and electricitj\ Pharmacology. — Or the doctrine of drugs, ■ is a science which treats of the drugs employed in medicine; it embraces, therefore, in its scope all of materia medica and therapeutics re- lating to drugs. Pharmacy. — Relates to the art of collecting, preparing and dispensing medicine. The term Official Preparations is applied to such reme^ dies as are authorized by the U. S. Pharmacopoeia (in this coun- try), and directed by it to be kept in the shops. Officinal, so commonly used as to be found in all drug stores, but not official. Pharmacopoeia. — Is a book containing directions for the prepa- ration of medicines, with the object of uniformity of nomencla- turej preparation and strength of such drugs as may be generally used. Dispensatory.— Differs from a pharmacopoeia in containing ^the physical and medical history of the various substances, 4 NOTES ON physiological action and therapeutic application and doses; it contains the whole of the pharmacopoeia, with additions by the authors. Its authority rests simply upon the reputation of its authors. In the United States we have the National and the United States dispensatories. OFFICIAL PREPARATIONS. There are 994 articles which are official. RECOGNIZED FORMS IN WHICH DRUGS ARE ADMINISTERED. The preparations maj'^ be solid, semi-solid or liquid. AbstrACTA — Abstracts. — (Have been thrown out of the last U. S P. ). They are alcoholic extracts, diluted with sugar of milk to bring them to a standard strength. They are in solid, dry, powdered form, and represent twice the strength of the original drug, or its fluid extract, (ten times the strength of the tincture). AoETA — Vinegars.— (2 official). Solutions of the active principles of certain drugs in dilute acetic acid. Strength 10 per cent. As Acetum opii, vinegar of opium. Acetum scillse, viuegar of squill. ALKALOiDyE— Alkaloids. — Are active principles existing in plants, extracted by chemical art. They are organic bases, form- ing salts with acids, and as salts are very soluble in water, and are thus generally used in medicine, as morphine sulphate, etc. Aqu^ — Waters. — (21 official). Solutions of volatile sub- stances in water; these substances may be either solids, liquids or gases, as water, dist. water, aq. cinnamomi, aq. rosae, aq. amnion., etc. Cerata — Cerates. — (6 official). Unctuous preparations similar to ointments, but of a much firmer consistence, they con- tain wax (cera) and do not melt below 104 F. As ceratum can- tharidis, cer. camphorse, etc. Charts — Papers. — (2 official). Strips of paper medicated by impregnation, with medicinal sub.stances, or coated with them. There are two official papers, chartas potassii nitratis, in- tended for smoking, the other for external application as a vesi- cant or counter-irritant; as charta sinipis. Collodia — Collodion. — (4 official). I^iquid preparations having for their base a solution of gun cotton in a mixture of VEtERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 5 ether and alcohol, as simple col.; col. flexile, col. stypticum and col. cantharidatum. CoNFECTiONBS — Confections. — (2 oflficial). Remedies made into a soft mass with sugar, to render them pleasant to the taste;' as a confection of rose et senna. Decocta — Decoctions. — (2 official). These are aqueous preparations of vegetable drugs, made by boiling them for 15 minutes (U. S. P. 1890), and they represent 23 grains of drug to the fluid oz., or 5 per cent strength; as decoctum cetrarise, deeoc. sarsaparillae compositum. InfusI: — Infusions. — (4 official) . Are aqueous preparations of veg. drugs, using cold or hot water, but without boiling, and let stand for two hours; they differ from decotions only in the degree of heat, 23 grains to ounce; as infusum buchu, infusum catechu, infusum cinchonae and infusum digitalis. Elixikia — Elixir. — (2 official). Aromatic, sweetened prep- arations, containing active medicinal agents in small quantities; as elixir aromaticum and elixir phosphori. Emplastea — Plasters. — (13 official). Preparations of solid, tenacious, but pliable compounds spread on linen, silk, etc., in- tended to adhere to the surface of the body; as belladonna plas- ter, arnica plaster, iron plaster, etc. ExTR.iCTA— Extracts. — (32 official). Preparations obtained by evaporating a solution of the medicinal principle of drugs, to a consistence of a soft solid or dryness. They are termed inspissated juices, aqueous extracts, alco- holic exts., hydro alcoholic, (water and alcohol) and etherial extracts, according to the menstrua used; they are 2 to 4 times stronger than the official agent used. ExTRACTA Fluida — Fluid Extracts. — Are made by first ex- tracting a veg. drug with alcohol, diluted alcohol or alcohol and water; then concentrating the resulting solution by evaporation, and when necessary adding glycerin as a preservative against decomposition. They are of uniform, definite strength, and one minim of the fld. ext. represents one grain of the original drug. They are a most valuable class of drugs for use in veterinary practice, on account of their concentration and keeping propen- sities, and the small size of the dose. Glucosidea — Glucosides.^They are similar to alkaloids but only differ chemically; this class of drugs can be distin- 6 NOTES ON guished bj^ their ending in the Latin suffix of inum, or English, in; they are organic compounds belonging to the group of neu- tral principles which exist in plants and which are resolved into glucos and other principles by the action of reagents, or natural ferments; as santoninum-santonin, salicinum-salicin. Glycerita— Glycerites. — (6 official). Mixtures of medic- inal substances with glycerin. There are now 6 official glycerites; as glyceritum acidi tannic! (20 per cent), glycer. ac. carbol. (20 per cent), of starch, etc. LiNiMENTA — lyiniments. — Thin alcoholic or oleaginous prep- arations intended for external use, and are made by dissolving drugs in oily or alcoholic liquids; as linimentum saponis, lini- mentum chloroformi, etc. Liquors — Solutions. — (24 official). Applied to aqueous so- lutions of non volatile substances which are not otherwise spe- cially designated; as syrups, infusions or decoctions; as liquor potasii arsenitis, liquor plumbi subacetatis, etc. MasSjE — Masses. — (3 official). Pill masses, a preparation having proper consistence for making pills; as massa hydrargyri or blue mass; massa copaibas; and mas. ferri carbonatis. MeIvLITA — Honeys. — Differ from syrups in having honey for its base; as honey of roses (mel. rosae); mel. despumatum, clarified honey. MiSTURiE — Mixtures. — (4 official). Aqueous preparations of insoluble substances held in suspension by a suitable vehicle; as mistura creta; mistura glycyrrhiza composita or brown mix- ture, etc. MuciLAGiNES — Mucilages. — (4 official). Thick, viscid liquids, prepared by dissolving gum in water or extracting with water the mucilaginous principles of certain plants. They are simple bland preparations devoid of medicinal properties, other than that of a demulcent and are used only as such, or" as a vehicle; as mucilago acaciae (34 per cent) muc. tragacanthse; m. ulmi, (elm). Emulsiones— Emulsions.— (4 official). Are mixtures which contain an oil or a resin, in a state of minute subdivision and held in suspension in the liquid, which is some viscid excipient, as gum, soap, alkali, or yolk of eggs. Natural emulsions are such as exist ready formed in nature, as milk, yolk of egg, etc. VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 7 Emulsions of amnioniaci, amgydalae (milk of almonds) asa- foetida and chloroformi. Oleata — Oleates. — (3 official). lyiq. solution of metallic salts and alkaloids in oleic acids, intended for external use. Official oleates are oleate of veratrine, oleate of mercury and oleate of zinc. Oleoresin^ — Oleoresins. — (6 official) are made by ex- tracting with strong ether, certain drugs whose medicinal ac- tivity resides jointly in oily and resinous constituents, after which the ether is evaporated, leaving this form of liquid prepara- tion the most concentrated which can be produced, as oleoresina zingiberis, ol. pipefis, ol. cubebse, ol. aspidii. PiLUL.gE — Pills. — ( 15 official) . Globular masses of medicinal agents, intended to be swallowed whole, as pil. aloes, pil. asa- foetida, compound cathartic pill, pilulae opii, etc. PULVERES— Powders. — (9 official).— Dry substance in a state of minute subdivision, obtained by pulverization, as pulvis glycj'rrhiza compositus, pulv. jalapse, pulv. ipecacuannhse et opii (Dover's powders). Resin.5; — Resins. — (5 official). Solid preparations obtained by precipitating the resinous principles of plants, from their alcoholic solutions, by the addition of water; resinse copaibse, res. jalapse, res. podophylii, res. scammonii and resinae colophyony, volatile oil from turpentine. Spiritus — Spirits. — (25 official). Alcoholic solutions of volatile or aromatic substances. Such substances may be solids, liquids or gasses; asspts. chloroform, spts. ether, spts. camphor, spts. setheris nitrosi, spts. ammon. arom., spts. frumenti (whis- key), spts. vini gallici (brandy), etc., etc. StiPPOSiTORiA — Suppositories. — Solid bodies consisting of medicinal substances incorporated with cocoa butter (oleum theobromse) and intended for introduction into the rectum, vagina, or urethra. They dissolve at the temperature of the body and thus set free their contained medicaments. Suppos. of glycerin is official. . , , Syrupi — syrups. — (32 official). Concentrated solutions of sugar in water, containing flavoring and medicinal substa^ices. Sometimes containing acetic acid, and occasionally alcohol; they are termed simple, medicated or flavored. Some are used as vehicles, some as flavoring agents and some are medicinal. 8 NOTES ON Tincture — Tinctures. — (72 official). Alcoholic solutions of medicinal substances, all except tr. iodine being from non volatile bodies, in a few cases aromatic spts. of ammonia is used as a solvent, then they are known as ammoniated tinctures. Spts. ether and spts. nit. aeth. are also used as a solvent; they are then known as aether al tinctures. The spts. of nitrous ether is not used in official tinctures. Thus we have alcoholic, etherial and ammoniated tinctures. Tinctures vary in strength from 0.4 (paregoric) to 65 per cent, (tr. soap), the majority ranges in strength, from 5 to 20 per cent, of the active ingredient. Spirits are all made from volatile drugs. Tinctures, from non volatile drugs. On account of the large percentage of volatile solvent, tinc- tures should be kept well stoppered, and away from sun- light, and should not be kept too long, as from evaporation they may become concentrated to a dangerous strength. Tincturse-Herbarum-Recentium. — Tr. of fresh herbs. This is a title of a general formula given in the U. S. P. for the prep- aration of green tinctures, 50 parts of the fresh herbs are to be bruised, crushed or macerated in 100 parts of alcohol for 14 days, then expressed and filtered; this form of trs. is not recommended on account of its variation in strength. Triturationes — Triturations. — ( I official). Finely com- minuted powder composed of one part medicine to 9 parts sugar of milk, as a diluent. (General formula,) only one official; Tri- turati elaterini. Trochisci — Troches. — (15 official). Also called pastiles, tablets or lozenges, these may vary in shape, they are small flattened Cakes of medicinal substances, incorporated with sugar, mucilage of tragacanth, etc., to give bulk, consistency, and di- lution. They are intended for slow solution in the mouth for direct or indirect medication to mucous membrane of mouth, throat, etc. "Unguent A — Ointments. — (23 official). — Soft, fatty prepara- tion of medicinal agents, with a basis of lard, benzoated lard, petij'oleum or vaseline, or fixed oils, intended for application to skin, for either local or constitutional effect. They are made so as to easily melt at the temperature of the body. Vina. — Wines. — (10 official). Medicated wines are practic- VETERINAItY MATERIA MEDICA. 9 ally weak tinctures of a definite alcoholic strength, alcohol being the menstruum used; as vinum opii, V. ipecac, V. colchicum sem., white wines and red wines etc. This ends the official list of preparations and forms in which medicines are dispensed. The following are unofficial but more or less common forms. UNOFFICIAL PREPARATIONS. Bolus — or Ball, a large pill intended to be swallowed whole, a most convenient form of administering bulky powders. Baln^— Baths. — Medicated or plain. BouGiA — Bougies or Pencils. — Urethral and vaginal sup- positories, made long and slim for adaptation to these canals. Cachets— Wafers. — Thin discs made of flour and water, which make a convenient vehicle for administering many pow- dered drugs in the human. Capsule — Capsules. — Short tubes of gelatine, which slip into one another, for oils, powders, etc. ; they dissolve in the stomach. CoLLUNARiUM. — Nasal douche or wash. CoLLYRiuM. — Eye wash. Cataplasmata — Poultices. — Well known device for ap- plying heat and moisture to a part; they are frequently medicated with antiseptics, disinfectants, anodynes, etc. As to the material and use of poultices, their action will be given under the proper head. Di.scus — Disk. — Thin scale of gelatine medicated as required for application to eye. Dragee. — French name for sugar coated pills. Electuaria — Electuaries. — Similar to confections, are me- dicinal powders beaten up with sugar, honey or molasses, to the consistence of thick paste. ■ Enemata — Enemas -Clysters.— I/iquid preparation for in- jecting into rectum, may be laxative, demulcent, nutritive, stimu- lant or vermifuge in character; they should be used warm. FoTUS— Fomentation. — Is a lotion used hot, either hot water alone or may be medicated. Gargarysma — Gargle.— A mixture of solution for applica- tion to mucous membrane of throat. Granulum — Granule. — A very small pill, also called par- vule, usually composed of alkaloid or other powerful drugs. lO NOTES ON Glycecol.— Jelly troche, whose base is gelatine or isin- glass with glycerin. Haustus; Draught — A Drench.— A single large dose. Inhalationes — Inhalations. — Also called vapores, vapors, or steaming medicines in form of vapors, gas or an atomized spray, intended for inhalation, for local action on respiratory mucous membrane. Potus — Drink. — Solution to be used ad. lib. administration of medicines. Medicines may be introduced into the circulation by various routes; there are seven different ways; as the gastro-intestinal tract, respiratory tract, rectum, the veins and arteries; the sub- cutaneous cellular tissues and the integument itself. Gastro-intestinal Route. — Most frequently employed, because most convenient, the remedies after being swallowed find their way into the circulation, through the walls of the gastro-intesti- nal blood vessels and the lacteals. Some drugs require to be di- gested, some are changed into other and more soluble substances and some are absorbed as they are taken. When Should Medicines be Administeeed? The cura- tive effects of remedies may be retarded, changed in form or pre- vented by untimely administration. Remedies intended to act on the mucous membrane of the stomach should only be given when that organ is empty. If distant parts are to be affected in the most prompt and efficient manner and the drug is free from distinct irritating quali- ties, it should be taken on an empty stomach; as when digestion is going on, the contents of the stomach are acid in reaction and if alkalies are administered, combinations take place and salts are formed. If alkalies are introduced before digestion begins, diffusion of the acid- forming constituents of the blood no doubt takes place, and in this way the acidity of the gastric juice is promoted; like- wise acids given before meals increase the diffusion of the alkaline constituents of the blood. Mineral Acids. — Especially hydrochloric and phosphoric in- crease the activity of pepsin, when administered during the proc- ess of digestion. Alkalies given before digestion begins, have the same effect to some extent, but if taken during digestion, retard or suspend it. VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 11 Germicides or Antiseptics. — Interfere with digestion in pro- portion to their power. Such agents' should be given when stomach is empty or nearly so; freely diluted to prevent injury to mucous membrane. The Sulphates. - Especially the metals, nitrates, chlorates, bromides and salicylates, in the order named, decidely lessen the fermentive power of pepsin, and consequently retard diges- tion. None of them should be given during the time of digestion but as long before and after as the circumstances will permit. Remedial agents intended to enter the blood with the food, must of necessity be given when the conversion of food is going on; iron, the hypophosphites and the phosphates and certain lime salts are of this character, but these remedies should be se- lected with reference to their action on the digestive fltiid. According to the observations of Eccles, the hypophosphite of potas.sium, phosphate of iron, lactophosphate of calcium and citrate of iron are among those exerting comparatively little effect on the process of digestion, while others heretofore supposed to be free from injurious action are especially hurtful. While the stomach contents are decidedly acid, those of the smaller intestines are alkaline, and sufficiently so as to neutralize the stomach acid and to maintain the alkalinity of the intestinal juices. When, therefore, it is required to have the medicament acton the small intestines, the best time to secure that effect is when the flow of material is in that direction, and other things being equal by combination with alkalies, if the nature of the substance will permit. Medicines intended to affect the secretions of the liver and pancreas require ample time, and should be so administered as to begin their action when the periods of physiological activity ar- rive (after meals). Rectum. — By this route food is given to human beings in disease of the stomach, during which it will not retain food, or during long periods of unconsciousness. Medicines are introduced in the form of suppositories, clys- ters or enemas. The salts of the alkaloids are quickly absorbed; morphine, atropine and strychnine salts are absorbed as quickly, and strychnine more rapidly, by the rectum, than by the stomach. 12 NOTES ON Respiratory Tract. — By this route drugs are administered by inhalation, nasal douche, insuflflation and atomization, also in- tratracheal injections can be considered under this head. Inhalations. — Used to reach muc. mem. of the throat, lungs, sinuses of the head, and bronchial tubes. Medicated vapors used for this purpose are either in form of gas or steam. Iodine and carbolic acid are most commonly used either alone or in combination; methods, 1. Pour medicated vinegar or water over hot brick or iron. 2. Medicate water and put hot brick or iron into it. 3. Burn tar, sulphur, etc. 4. Sprinkle chloride of lime about. 5. Turpentine vapors. Nasal Douche. — For muc. mem. of nostrils, fluid must be tepid, bland and nonirritating; It should be soothing, antiseptic and tonic in character. Drugs usually used for this purpose are chloride of .sodium (salt), bicarbonate of soda, chlorate of potash, permanganate of potash, carbolic acid, iodine; also zinc sulphate, hydrastis canadensis, oil of eucalyptus, listerine, peroxide of hydrogen and tr. chlor. of iron, etc., all in mild solution. Insufflation. — Powdered drugs blown into the nostrils and fauces. Atomization or Pulverization. — An atomizer is used with steam or air as the power; sends medicine into the nostrils in an extremely fine spray. Intratracheal. — Injected directly into the trachea, acts quicker than hypodermatically. Turpentine is injected for bronchial filaria of cattle and sheep. Alkaloidal drugs in solution are frequently administered in this way. Veins and Arteries. — Ammonia i to 2 parts of distilled water is used for parturient apoplexy. Saline injections are used for pernicious anaemia; also alkaloids where very rapid effect is de- sired. Use arrimonia for snake bites, prussic acid poison, opium narcosis, chloroform asphyxia, etc. Subcutaneous Cellular Tissues. — Hypodermatic injection is the proper term and is the method most commonly used. Use distilled water in hypodermic injections; keep instru- ment clean, and medicine should be neutral or nearly so, so as VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 1 3 not to coagulate the blood. Do not keep the solution too long, as alkaloidal solutions rapidly decompose. Parenchymatous Injections. — Injections to be deep in the tissues either for a muscle itself or an important nerve trunk; use strychnine for paralyzed muscle, chloroform for sciatic neu- ralgia, cocaine for local anaesthesia. Integument or Skin. — Four methods. 1. Enepidermatic or enepidermic. 2. Epidermatic. 3. Endermic methods. 4. Inoculation. Enepidermatic Method. — Medicine placed and kept in con- tact with the skin, no friction used to hasten penetration. Solu- tions of alkaloids in oleic acid and chloroform, pass by osmosis in this manner with ease, but aqueous solutions act very slovvl}^ and alcoholic solutions hardly at all. Epidermatic Method. — Friction is used to promote the pas- sage of medicaments between cells of epidermis; mercurial oint- ment, the oleates, salves, etc, are used in this way for local and systemic effects. Endermatic Method. — Cuticle is removed to make absorption easier, by blistering, then medicament is powdered over denuded surface (derma). Inoculation; Injected. — Is same as vaccination; introduction ■of a specific virus into the system. Methods of Administering Medicines: — Drenching horses, bit, bottle, rope, syringe. Drenching cattle. Drenching dogs. Administer Anjesthetic Medicines in Feeds a g or Proper Inhaler. Physiological Classification of Medicines. — Actions of medicinal agents are local and general. Drugs act by an elective affinity between drugs and particular cells or tissues. Effects on different classes of patients are modified by age, sex, breed, climate, habit; idiosyncrasy, disease and surroundings. Poor surroundings prevent curative effects. Pigeons can eat morphine or opium. Rabbits can eat belladonna. Deer can eat tobacco without any poisonous effects. 14 NOTES ON General Actions. — Stimulants increase organic activity of any part of the organism. 1 . Diffusible or general stimulants cause prompt but tran- sient effects over entire system, as alcohol, ammon., ether, etc. 2. Spinal stimulants exalt the functions of the spinal cord, as strychnine. 3. Cerebral stimulants exalt the functions of the brain, as opium. 4. Cardiac stimulants, as digitalis. 5. Vaso-motor stimulants, as ergot. 6. Renal stimulants, as buchu, copaiba, etc. 7. Stomachic stimulants or tonics, as gentian and ginger. 8. Hepatic stimulants, as nitro-hydrochloric acid. 9. Intestinal stimulants, as physostigma, peppermint, gin- ger, etc. ID. Cutaneous stimulants, as spts. nitrous ether, etc. Sedatives. — Lessen functional activity of organs, lower mo- tility and diminish pain, consequently exert a soothing influence on the whole system. We have general sedatives, as gelsemium, and local seda- tives which affect a given part only. 1. Pulmonary sedatives, lobelia. 2. Spinal sedatives, chloral hyd. and bromides, belladonna, etc. 3. Nervous sedatives, bromides of pot. and ammon. 4. Vascular sedatives, as aconite in .small doses. 5. Cardiac sedatives, as aconite, veratrum, etc., which will be described under their proper heads. Tonics. — Are drugs which neither excite action like stimu- lants, nor depress like sedatives, but produce a permanent though scarcely' perceptible excitement of all the vital functions. Their effect being chiefly perceived in the increased tone of vigor of the entire system. (Examples). Strych. for spinal cord. Iron for blood. Digitalis for heart. Bitters for stomach. They are drugs which so influence nutrition as to increase the vital power. The following groups are merely subdivisions or local applications of the three foregoing grand divisions. VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 1 5 Drugs acting on protoplasm, blood and low organism or dis- ease germs and parasites are called antiseptics, disinfedlants, deo- dorizers, parasiticides and antiperiodics. Antizymotics.— Agents which arrest . all fermentative proc- esses. Putrefaction— To Make Rotten. — Is the decomposition of nitrogenous organic matter under the influence of micro-organisms, and accompanied by the development of disagreeable odors, due to the evolution of ammonia and hydrogen sulphide. Antiseptics. — Arrest putrefaction on or in the body, or arrest septic decomposition by killing the bacilli which produces it or by arresting their developement, examples corros. sub. and carb. acid. Disinfectants. — Destroy disease germs and the noxious prop- erties of fermentation and putrefaction (outside of the body), by killing or arresting the development of those germs which pro- duce disease, as lime, sulphur gas, etc. Deodorizers or Deodorants. — Destroy smell, either by absorp- tion, as dry earth, charcoal, etc., or by acting upon them chemic- ally, as chlorine and sulphurous acid, gases, iron sulphate, etc. Parasiticides. — Kill the various animal and vegetable or- ganism or parasites, as sulphur, iodine, mercurial ointment, etc. Germicides. — A general term meaning to destroy germs of any kind whether bacilli, spirrili or micrococci. Antiperiodics. — Check the progress of certain periodically re-, curring diseases, lessening the severity of their attacks and pre- vtjnting their return; probably by a toxic action upon the microbes, whose development in the blood by successive crops is supposed to cause the disease. The great antiperiodic is quinine, next in efficiency is arsenic, others are salicin and the alkaloids of cin- chona, also iodine and eucalyptus. Remedies Acting os the Surface of the Body, are termed rubefacients, vesicants, suppurants, caustics, setons, actual cau- tery, astringents, demulcents, emollients, and diluents. Irritants. — In general when applied to the skin stimulate or inflame it by attracting an increased flow of blood to the part, and by reflex action produce certain remote effects, then they are called counter-irritants; they relieve or remove congestion, in- flammation and pain and by stimulating functional activity pro- mote repair. 1 6 NOTES ON Rubefacients. — Produce slight redness of the skin, due to congestion of the capillaries, such are mild ammoniacal solutions, mustard, iodine, mild canth. etc. Vesicants or Blisters. — Are more adtive and deep-seated, they inflame the skin and raise vesicles or blisters, (blisters con- tain a serous fluid composed of about 78 parts water, 18 of albu- men, 4 of salts and a little fibrin). Cantharides and strong ammon. are mostly used. Suppurants. — Actively inflame the deep-seated cutaneous tissues, especially the orifices of sweat glands and cause pustules and a purulent discharge. Red iodide of mercury is most commonly used; others, as croton-oil, euphoribum; the vesicants also will act as suppurants when repeated on same spot. Cauterants or Caustics.— Combine with the water and albu- men of the tissues and cause separation of a slough. Those which produce extensive sloughing and leave an eschar are called escharotics. Actual Cautery. — Heat, hot iron. Potential Cautery. — Chemical agents, such as strong min- eral acids, glacial acetic acid, carbolic and chromic acids, strong alkalies, chloride of antimony, arsenic, and soluble salts of the heavy metals, as nit. of silver; chlor. of zinc and corros. sub.; when used to arrest haemorrhage, are called styptics. Caustics and Escharotics. —Act either by extracting the water of a part, as sulphuric acid, or by corrosive oxidation, as bromine. Caustics are used to stimulate indolent ulcers, remove warts, growths, and stimulate adhesion of walls of sinuses. Seatons. — Used instead of blisters or firing; they are fre- quently used instead of firing on account of being less apt to blemish. Their irritant action can be kept up for an indefinite length of time. If severe effects are desired, blistering ointment is smeared on them. They are serviceable in: Chronic inflammation of joints. Muscular atrophy. Deep-seated lameness. VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 1 7 Also used for spavins and atrophy of laryngeal muscles which cause roaring. In frog for navicular disease, etc. Rowel. — Is similar to seatons. Acupuncture. — Needles 3 to 6 inches in length introduced in fleshy parts by rotary movements. Aquapuncture. — Water introduced by hypodermic syringe. Actual Cautery. — Hot iron, amends by reflex action, deep- seated faulty nutrition. UsB OF CouNTER-iERiTANTS. — In chest diseases, influenza, and other depressing diseases, for reflex action and to arouse heart's action. Also for chronic or subacute inflammation of joints; and in laryngitis. Don't use irritants during a local acute inflamma- tory stage; they increase the inflammation and may produce sloughing." Fomentations and poultices are more suitable; but when inflammation has subsided counter-irritants promote ab- sorption of the exudate by local stimulation and tonic action. Use only iodine on dogs for counter-irritants. Choice OF Irritants. — i. To combat chills, rouse nervous depression or overcome functional disturbances, mustard and other rubefacients are indicated . 2. For more permanent action, in which nutrition is more seriously impaired, as in chronic pleurisy or phlebitis, the vesi- cants as cantharides are the appropiate remedies. 3. Where bone, cartilage or tendon is chronically affected, red iodide of mercury, hot iron or escharotics are indicated. Astringents. — Contract living tissues, either by coagulating or precipitating albumen or by contracting muscular fibers, the chief are alum, lime, chalk, salts of heavy metals, acids, and alcohol, tannic acid and substances containing tannin, as oak bark, catechu, etc. All caustics in diluted form are astringents. These act by coagulating albumen, but ergot, digitaUs, turpentine and other volatile oils contract by acting on the walls of the nutrient ar- terioles. Astringents are used to diminish and modify excessive ^nd faulty secretion, to combat congestion of cutaneous and mu- cous surfaces and arrest limited superficial inflammation. Styptics. — Are astringents, used especially to arrest effusion of blood from injured surfaces or vessels. 1 8 NOTES ON Some like matico, tow or lint, mechanicallj' check blood flow from superficial vessels, others like most astringents and caustics, coagulate albumen, thereby plugging the leaking vessels, others like ergot, digitalis, ice, and ether-sprays, contract the vessels and allow of natural coagulation, while lead acetate acts both ways. Demulcents. — Used for inflamed parts which they come in contact with, they sooth, soften and ensheath, and act chiefly mechanically and resemble emollients. They are mostly bland mucilaginous or oily substances, as gums tragacanth, acacia and mucilage, linseed, starch, treacle, molasses or honey, gelatine, albumen (white of eggs) fats, oils, glycerin and milk. They lubricate and defend abraded or irritable parts from in- jury or acrid secretions. Emollients. — Soften, sooth and relax the parts to which the}- are^ applied, they resemble demulcents and include many of the articles specified in that class, as well as those substances which absorb and retain heat and moisture. They are represented by fomentations, poultices and by folds of lint, flannel and hot, wet, woolen cloths, etc. Fats, oils, lanolin, vaseline, parafine, with soap and other liniments are also emollients. Fatty emollients rubbed into the skin soften and supple it, thus relax the tissues, reduce tension and relieve pain. Diluents. — Are applied to demulcents and emollients, they are liquid or solid substances, used with more active agents to diminish their activity, water is generally their basis and they in- clude most demulcent drugs. Diluents in General. — Are agents which dilute the fluids of the body; generally water. Diluents beneficially dilute and hasten the excretion of pathogenic materials and favor the action of ■ diuretics, diapho- retics, and purgatives. MEDICINES ACTING ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. That is on the brainy spinal cord, motor and sensory nerves. Actions of Medicines on the Brain. — Medicines act on the brain, directly on the nerve cells or through the general circula- tion; some act both ways. ' Cerebral Stimulants or Cerebral Excitants. — Stimulate the VBTERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 19 functions of the brain, such as alcohol, ether, turpentine, etc. Alcohol in excessive doses acts as a cerebral depressant, as also the bromides of potash and ammonia. Hypnotics or Soporifics. — Are agents which produce sleep, without at first causing previous excitement, as bromides, anti- pyrine and other cold tar preparations. Narcotics. — Produce sleep, but at first cause cerebral excite- ment, as alcohol, ether, chloroform and belladonna. Both hypnotics and narcotics relieve pain. Anodynes or Analgesics.— Relieve pain by diminishing the excitability of nerves or nerve centers. They act directly on the cerebral centers or impair the con- ductivity of the sensory nerve trunks, as chloral hydrate can- nabis indica, bromides, opium, etc. Local Anodynes. —Are those that control pain by acting lo- cally, or in other words, by impairing the conductivity of the sensory nerves and are used locally, as cocaine, opium, bella- donna, heat, cold, etc. Antispasmodics. — Prevent or remove spasmodic contractions of voluntary or involuntary muscles, as the bromides, chloral, belladonna, sulphuric ether, etc. Ansesthetics. — Are agents which diminish and abolish sensa- tion. ( Local and general ) . General Anaesthetics. — Produce a state of temporary insen- sibility. Local Anaesthetics. — Produce temporary loss of local or cir- cumscribed sensation by paralyzing sensory nerves. The condition they bring about are termed anaesthesia. Anaesthetics are allied to anodynes but act more promptly and fully. The most important, are the general anaesthetics which are inhaled and carried in the blood to the brain and spinal cord, where they paralyze the centers, produce muscular relaxation, and finally cause entire suspension of sensation and power of motion, together with loss of consciousness, and manifestation of life, except respiration and circulation. They comprise ether, chloroform, nitrous oxide gases, and others. With animals ether and chloroform are almost entirely used 20 NOTES ON for general and cocaine for local anaesthesia, ether for dogs, chloroform for horses. The A. C. E. — Mixture is composed of alcohol i part, chloro- form 2 parts, and ether 3 parts. The E. C. mixture, equal parts of chloroform and ether is used in Germany and France. The Austrian government uses chloroform i part and ether 6 parts in cold weather, and chloroform i part and ether 8 parts in warm weather. Chloral hydrate used by the mouth, and morphine hypo- dermically help the effects of anaesthetics. Four times as much ether as chloroform is required to pro- duce anaesthesia. Young animals are more susceptible to anaes- thetics than old. Dogs are very susceptible, and cannot stand chloroform. When anaesthesia has been pushed too far, stop the drug, allow plenty of fresh air, remove bindings, induce artificial res- piration, slap the body. Give inhalation of ammonia to stimulate the heart, hj'po- dermic injections of ether, nitro-glycerin, .strychnine, brand}' or other stimulants. Dilation of the rectum is recommended in hu- man practice. Agents Acting on the Spinai, Cord. — Are termed spinal depressants or depresso-motors, and spinal stimulants or excito- motors. Depresso-Motors, or Motor- Depressants. — Are agents which depress* the motor functions of the spinal cord and sympathetic system ; such drugs are used in tetanus, chorea, etc. , to lessen ex- citability of cord; aconite, gelsemium, phj-sostigma, etc. Spinal depressants act differently. Some paralyze directl}-, some impede the circulation and thus produce their effect. Some act by first exciting, then depressing, some by de- pression without previous excitement, some by diminishing the conductivity of the gray matter of the cord, and thus impede the transmission of painful impressions. Spinal Stimulants or Excito- Motors. — Increase the functional activity of the spinal cord and sympathetic system, str5^chnine, brucine, strophanthus, cimicifuga, etc. , are used in general de- bility, paralysis, sluggish action, as of the bowels, etc. Agents Acting on Nerves. — Sensory nerves are depressed by VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 21 all anodynes or anaesthetics, as antifebrin, antipyrine, exalgine, etc. , internally, and other anodynes locally, as cocaine, aconite and opium; stimulated by electricity, etc. Motor nerves are paralyzed by curare and similar drugs. MEDICINES ACTING ON THE EYES Mydriatics. — Agents which dilate or enlarge the pupil, whether used internally or externally, belladonna, atropia, hyos- cyamus, stramonium, etc. ' They act by paralyzing the ciliary muscle, and are used to allay irritation, inflammation and pain, also to prevent adhesions between the iris and lens, and to facilitate examination of the eye, especially for cataract. Myotics. — Contract the pupil by stimulating the ciliary mus- cle, as calabar bean, and its alkaloid physostigmine, also opium, muscarine, etc. They are used alternately with mydriatics to dis- cover the presence of adhesions of the iris and break them down when of recent occurrence. DRUGS ACTING ON RESPIRATION Are termed errhines and expectorants, besides pulmonary tonics and sedatives, which will come under proper heads. The respiratory nerve center of the group of ganglionic cells controlling respiration, is situated in the medulla, posterior to the vomiting center. Errhines or Sternutatories. — When applied to the nostrils cause irritation, sneezing and increased secretion; now not used, but formerly used to expel by sneezing, foreign substances lodged in the nostrils, sinuses or respiratory passages, as pow- dered tobacco, veratrum, album., ipecac, etc. Expectorants. — Are agents which modify the secretion of the mucous membrane of the air passages, and promote its expulsion. They are used in catarrhal affections of the air passages; most of- them when given in large doses cause vomiting, in those animals that can vomit, and a notable depression of the general circulation. They are divided into nauseating and stimulating expector- ants. I/Obelia, Ipecac, andjaborahdi are Nauseating, Expectorants. In small doses they increase osmosis from the inflamed mucous membrane. In large doses they cause vomiting (when possible) "cS o 9 S 8 in -^ 'u aJ . o tn -^ . — I V-i - i^ ?1 *= 'o "S '3 =1 rt S fi o be . (-• ^ri +-■ ■>^ d O . B o 3 tn *^ ^ n .■tl '-' g la 13 o 1-. o O (U o i-i i-<" ,^ en 1-1 .«-» 1 tn o U^ PhW ya-o c ,-- rt e HI t» a rt rd !^ o 3 ij CS 3 o O O 1-r n o •3 ^ 1— ,1— I O O ►S g'o o ' r-. 3 O tn ta tn U tn 2 a! Ill r3 o tn 1.H be he los evapo dorific > tn o reasing t , due to weat (su be It -rt " M "5 rj CQ Xi , n) >,-^ ° pq « pq a t/i n tu K* tJ (U rrt t/) br lU Vh 3 3 lU Ah> o be 3 O 0) be jj _3 -3 'H ^ ^ to 9 months old, "^ part. From 3 to 6 months, y% part. From I to 4^ months old, ^-^ part. From i to 3 months, ^ part, CATTLE. PIGS. 2 years old and upward, i part. t\ years and upward, i part. From I to 2 years old, \ part. From 9 to 18 months old, i part. From i to i year, % part. From 4 J to 9 months, \ part. From 3 to 6 months, y% part. From 2i to 4J months, \ part. From I to 3 months, jV part. From i to 2 months, ^ part. DOGS. From i to I year old, i part From 20 to 45 days, y% part. From 3 to 6 months, \ part. From 10 to 20 days, ^ part. From li to 3 itionths, J part. ACTIONS AND USES OF REMEDIAL AGENTS^ — ^RESTORATIVES. Regarding Food for Sick Animals. — When a sick horse re- fuses food, he will often drink milk and eggs. Use about one gallon of milk and one dozen of eggs beaten together, but with- hold water from him so he will drink it, as the milk will act as water and food both. If he will not drink it, drench it down him. Oat meal gruel and whisky, scalded oats salted;, green food when in season may be given. For sick dogs give bismuth to settle the stomach ; eggs and beef tea peptonized for nourishment. Food for Very Young Puppies. — Give equal parts of cow's milk and aqua calcis, sweetened a little. Never give clear milk alone to very young puppies, as their digestive organs get dis- ordered, possibly causing their death; let them nurse from a bottle. As they get older lessen the quantity of lime-water. Always water a horse from 15 to 20 minutes before feeding; likewise feed hay before grain, for if fed grain first the water may sweep the grain from the stomach before it is digested and cause acute indigestion. ^ Grain is digested in the stomach and hay in the intestines. Aqua Destillata — Distilled Water. — Water freed from its organic and inorganic impurities. This alone is official. Aq. Fluvialis, river water. Aq. Fontana, well or spring water. Aq. Bueliens, boiling water. Aq. Communis, common water. Aq. Fervens, hot water. ■ Aq. Marina, sea water. Aq. Pluvialis, rain water. 40 NOTES ON Diseases are frequently conveyed by water. Typhoid fever, epizootic disease, larval stages of worms, diphtheria, etc. Water will be considered only when used as a remedial agent. Internally. — I. Water is a necessary constituent of all tissues. 2. A certain amount is necessary to the digestive process. 3. Excessive quantity impairs digestion by weakening the gastric juices, therefore water one-half hour before feeding. 4. Water too cold impairs digestion and brings on conges- tion. 5. Water is a natural diuretic, flushing the kidneys as it were, and should be allowed freely to a feverish patient. 6. It also dilutes the faeces and other fluids of the body, increases perspiration, and acts as a stimulant. Physiological Effects of Water — External. — In applying water externally the temperature must be con.sidered. Effects of Cold Water. — Cold water abstracts heat from the surface of the body and affects the condition of the internal or- gans through the nervous system. Cold water iir.st contracts then dilates the blood vessels. Effects of Warm Water, Externally.— Dilates blood vessels and diminishes the tension, soothes irritable nerves by a direct action, also by removing the blood pressure. Summary. — Water internall_v, is: I. Stimulant; 2, restorative; 3, diuretic; 4, diaphoretic; 5, diluent; 6, antipyretic; 7, laxative; 8, In vomiting animals, water is an emetic. External. — Cold is: I. Astringent; 2, Stimulant; 3, antiphlogistic. Externally. — Hot water is anodyne, very hot is a styptic, re- moves congestion and pain by increased flow of blood, which it does by dilating capillaries and other blood vessels. Methods of Applying Water. - For horses use sponging, fomentations, wet pack, soaking tub, sweat bandage, etc., and hip or sitz bath for dogs. Therapy. — i. For sprains use hot water; 2, bruises, hot; 3, cleansing wounds, hot; 4, azoturia, hot; 5, congestion of kidneys, hot; 6, brain trouble, hot and cold alternately; 7, metritis, hot; 8, haemorrhage or strangulated hernia, ice water; 9, for rectal ene- VETERINARY MATERIA MEDIC A 4 1 mas or injections, always use warm water; 10, laminitis, use hot and cold water alternately to stimulate the circulation, as the cold water contracts and the hot water dilates, consequently will relieve the foot of the congested blood, and follow with hot poul- tices of flax seed meal; 11, nail wounds in the foot should always be soaked in hot antiseptic water, as hot as the animal can bear, and then follow with an antiseptic poultice; 12, hot wet blankets for bowel and chest troubles; 13, for uterine haemorrhage, ice water in the uterus and over the loins; for thermic fever, cold water over head and neck and occasionally over entire body. DIGESTIVE FERMENTS. Pepsina — Pepsin. — A digestive ferment obtained from the pig's stomach. Properties — A fine white or yellowish white amorphous (formless) powder, pale yellowish or yellowish transparent scales or grains free from offensive odor, having a mildly acidulous or slightly saline taste, followed by a slight bitter taste. Soluble in about 100 parts water, but more soluble in water acidulated with hydrochloric acid, which adds to its digestive power. If heated in solution to 212 degrees F. it loses its diges- tive power. Preparations. — There are a number of pharmaceutical prepa- rations, but the pure pepsin is the only one of value, and the liquor pepsini is useful in dog practice. Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alkalies and the mineral salts precipitate pepsin from solution; tannic and gallic acids, creosote, etc. , are incompatibles. Alcohol and all alcoholic liquors destroy the activity' of pepsin. Synergists, lactic, hydrochloric, acetic, citric and malic acids promote the digestive activity of pepsin. Physiological Effects. — Pepsin dissolves proteids and con- verts them into peptones, but does not affect fats or starch. One grain of pepsin will dissolve about 2000 grains of albumen. Its value then is limited to young herbivorous animals while living on milk, as dogs. It should be given along with or after meals. Hydrochloric acid does more good than pepsin in pur adult patients. . Therapy. — por young herbivorous animals or ^ dogs suffering from" indigestion in any of its forms, (pot-bellied, diarrhoea, long, shaggy coat, or constipation, etc.), pepsin is indicated. 42 NOTES ON Dose. —For foals and calves, lo grains to one dram. For dogs, I to lo grains of the golden scale pepsin. I^iquor pepsin for dogs, I to 2 drachms. For indigestion in suckling calves or colts: ^ Pepsini puri. g ss Acidi hydrochlorici diluti. g jss Aq. qs. ad. g xij m. Sig One oz. in J pint water after meals. Allied Drugs — Pancreatin. — From the pancreas of 'ani- mals; digests albuminoids, converts starch and glucose into sugar, hence is better for our animals; acts only in presence of alkalies, it converts albumen into peptones, emulsifies and saponifies fats. Best administered about three hours after feeding, as the acid of the stomach destroys its action. Dogs take from 4 to 10 grs. Ingluvin. — Is prepared from the gizzard of the domestic fowl, and owes its digestive action to its bitter principle; it is used in vomiting of pregnancy. For women 10 to 30 grains, and in proportionate doses for dogs. Papain-Papayotin. — This is obtained from the papaw or carica papaya tree of the tropics. As it is taken from the tree it is too powerful a digestive to be given internally, but a prepara- tion of it is called Papoid or Papain. It is soluble in water, and is given in i to 5 gr. doses for the human. Foals and calves would take 5 to 30 grs. , and dogs i to 5 grains. It can also be given to horses. It acts equally well whether in presence of an acid or alkali, and its action is continued into the intestines. It digests all kinds of food, and is undoubtedly the best of the arti- ficial digestive ferments for our animals. A 5 to ID per cent solution, or J^ to i dr. to the i oz. of water is used to dissolve diphtheritic false membranes. It is also introduced into tumors and cancers for the purpose of di- gesting them. Sometimes it is used in fistulous withers in the above strength. It is known as vegetable pepsin. It converts albuminoids into peptones, starch into maltose; and emulsifies fats. AciDUM lyACTicuM, Lactic Acid — Properties. — A syrup liquid containing 75 per cent of absolute lactic acid, pale wine color, and mixes in all proportions in water, alcohol and ether. Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alkalies and mineral salts. Synergist. — Pepsin, vegetable acids, hydrochloric acid, etc. VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 43 The dose for colts is 15 to 60 Ms. ; calves, o^stoSJ^s; for dogs, 5 to 20 Ms. Physiological Action. — Aids digestion, promotes appetite. I^arge doses cause pain and flatulence; when lactic acid is in ex- cess in the blood it is supposed to cause rheumatism; if admin- istered during diabetes will cause rheumatism. Therapy. — Used in all forms of dyspepsia, is a solvent of false membranes, is frequently' prescribed with pepsin and used in most forms of indigestion. Also used in diabetes. MINERAL ACIDS. AcidumSulphuricum, Sulphuric Acid. — Oil of vitriol, con- tains 92.5 per cent of absolute sulphuric acid. Colorless, oily liquid, odorless, has a great affinity for water and albumen. Mixing with water it evolves great heat. It is one of the strongest min- eral acids, decomposes and chars all organic substances, stains the tissues black, (carbonizes); therefore you can always tell when a horse has been poisoned with sulphuric acid. AciDUM Sulphuricum Dilutum, Dilute Sulphuric Acid. — Contains 10 per cent of official acid. (Always order the chem- ically pure acids, j Doses. — ^Horses, 2 drs. to i oz., according to purpose. Av- erage dose, gss- Cattle -I to 4 ozs. Pigs — ^^ to 2 drs. Sheep — r dr. to Yq. oz. Dogs — 3 to 30 M. Acidum Sulphuricum Aromaticum. — Aromatic sulphuric acid or elixir of vitriol, composed of sulphuric acid 100 parts, tincture of ginger 50 parts, oil of cinnamon i part, alcohol to make 1000 parts. Doses.— Horses, >^ to 2 ozs.; foals, 2 to 6 drs.; pigs, i dr. to Yi oz. ; calves, 2 drs. to i oz. ; cattle, i to 4 ozs. ; sheep, 2 drs. to Yi oz.; dogs, 5 m. Xo Y^ to iv. Oleum Lini, Oj. This is a fine rnixture for skin disease, scratches, grease or cracked heels. Dose as a full cathartic. — Horse, takes i to 2 pints; as a lax- ative, }4 to I pint; cattle, 2 to 4 pints; sheep and pigs, 5 to 10 ozs. ; dogs, K to 3 ozs. ; cats, i dr. It may be fed to horses mixed with bran mash, also to foals and calves in proportion to their age. PHOSPHORUS. A translucent nearly colorless solid, resembling wax, with- out taste but having a peculiar smell. It should be kept under water in a cool place and protected from the light, for when brought into the air it bursts into a flame. It is insoluble in water, but very soluble in olive-oil and ether, also soluble in most all the oils. Dose. — Horse, >^ to 2 or even 4 grs, ; cattle, i to 5 grs. ; sheep and pigs, about i- 100 gr. to 1-50 gr. ; dogs, 1-200 of a gr. to i-ioogr. Always start with the smallest dose and gradually and cau- tiously increase the size. Give it in some protective vehicle, as an electuary or dissolved in oil, vaseline or glycerin. Synergist. — Oils and fats favor its absorption and should never, therefore, be employed in case of poisoning with phos- phorus. Arsenic is a synergist and sulphur also. VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 53 Antagonists and Antidotes. — In case of poisoning, empty the stomach with emetic or pump, and administer mucilaginous fluids but NO oils, use milk, eggs, slippery elm tea, and oil of turpentine, but the best is sulphate of copper, which acts as an emetic, and forms insoluble phosphide of copper. Give lime- water and charcoal to protect the tissues. Physiological Action. — It is an alterative in bone diseases as it promotes the growth of bone. Antirachitic, aphrodisiac, a brain and nerve tonic,, irritant, promotes tissue growth, replaces spongy texture of bone with denser or more compact tissue, and stimulates the central nervous system. Uses. — It is indicated in osteoporosis, rickets, osteomalacia, •chronic nervous exhaustion, chorea, pernicious anaemia, sexual weakness, and locomotor ataxia. It is a most potent drug in threatened softening of the brain. It is sometimes used instead of arsenic in chronic skin disease, but arsenic is the best. It is sometimes used in paralysis as a local irritant; but I do not rec- ommend it for this. Phosphorus i part, olive oil loo parts, as an irritant. It is recommended in osteoporosis. Toxicology — -Externally. — ^It inflames the skin and may even cause gangrene. Internally will cause gastro-enteritis, diarrhcea and emesis (in those that can vomit), 15 grs. in horses and cattle cause gastro-enteritis. I/arge doses, such as 30 grs. in horses and cattle, and yi to i gr. in dogs and men, produce paresis, con- . vulsions, coma and death, usually within 2 or 3 days. Paralysis of the heart may cause sudden death. Moderate to full doses repeated several times daily may within a few days produce fatty degeneration of the albuminoid tissues or hypertrophy of connective tissues and acute cirrhosis. Persons working in match factories or with phosphorus constantly are liable to suffer from necrosis of the lower or upper jaw. Slow phosphorus poisoning will cause cirrhosis of the liver. In pois- onous doses it destroys the red blood corpuscles, causing acute haemorrhages from fatty degeneration of the arterial walls, fatty degeneration of the stomach, liver and heart, with deep jaundiced condition, sometimes within 36 hours. This is followed with de- lirium, convulsions, coma, and death generally from gradual fail- ure of both respiration and circulation. It is excreted by the kidneys and lungs, chiefly as phosphorus and phosphoric acid. 54 NOTES ON COMPOUNDS OF PHOSPHORUS. ZiNCi Phosphidum — Phosphide of Zinc. — Dose for horses, I to 3 grs.; dogs 1-50 to 1-30 of a gr., or i-io gr. for very large dogs. ■ This preparation is irritating and must be administered with a demulcent the same as phosphorus. It is used by some instead of phosphorus. It occurs as a gray, friable mass, with metallic luster, and contains 24 per cent phosphorus. Oleum Phosphoratum — Phosphorated Oil— Prepared by dissolving phosphorus in ether and almond oil, i part of phosphorus to 100 parts of the menstrum. Kach 100 drops of phosphorated oil contains i grain of phosphorus. Dose for horses, i to 3 drs. ; sheep and pigs, 10 to 30 m.; cattle, 2 to 4 drs. ; dogs, i to 3 m. This is a good form for administering phosphorus for rickets- in dogs: ^ 01- Phosphoratis, mxvj. 01. morrhuse, J iv. M. Sig. — Teaspoonful four times daily. PiLULiE Phosphori — PiLLS OF PHOSPHORUS.— Each pill con- tains about Tin of a grain. A good form for administration to sheep, pigs and dogs. One to three pills for dogs. PHOSPHITES and phosphates. Calcii Phosphas Pr^cipitatus — Precipitated Phos- phate OF L,iME. — Known as bone phosphate, a light, white, amorphous powder, permanent in the air, odorless, tasteless and insoluble in water or alcohol, but soluble in lactic or hydrochloric acid in small quantities. It is given in fracture of bones to hasten process of repair; also in osteoporosis or any disease where the growth of bone is desired. It must be given in small doses or it may cause calculus. Doses. — Horses 2 to 4 drs., or even i oz. ; cattle, }4 io 2 ozs. ; colts I to 4 drs. ; lambs, 10 to 30 grs. ; sheep and pigs, }4 to 2 drs. ; calves, 2 to 4 drs. ; dogs, 5 grs. to }4 dr. ; given along with other tonics. If an ounce is given at a dose don't give it over twice a day, as a large dose is apt to derange the bowels and produce concretions. SoEii Phosphas — Phosphate of Soda. — Large, colorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms, speedily efflorescing on exposure to air. That is, it loses its water of crystallization and becomes- VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 55 somewhat changed. It is odorless and has a cooling, saline and feebly alkaline taste and a slight alkaline reaction. It occurs also and is best used in the form of a granular salt. Sohible in six parts water at 60 F. , and in two parts of boiling water. Dose — Horse, 3 to 10 ozs., except when you in- tend to repeat it as a laxative. One-half to 2 ozs. every 2 hours to relieve hepatic colic, for which it is a most excellent drug. Give foals and calves i dr. to i oz. ; sheep and pigs, 3 drs. to i oz. ; dogs, I dr. to i oz. Used more especially in young animals suffering from de- ranged liver; also the effect of being weaned, improper food and whey fed animals. Syrupus Cai^cii lyACTOPHOSPHATis — Syrup of I^agto Phosphate of Lime. — Useful in weakly young puppies as it is already dissolved and easily absorbed. Dose, 5 Ms, to i dr., 3 times daily. Lactic acid makes the phosphate of lime much more soluble. Physiological Actions. — In general they are used as altera- tives and nutrients in disease of malnutrition. Phosphate of lime is an essential ingredient of all the tissues, forming more than 50 per cent of bone giving it solidity. It increases the alkalinity of the blood, and slightly diminishes the excretion of urine. Used especially where the development of the bone is imperfect, also in osteoporosis, osteomalacia, rickets, caries, necrosis of bone, in delayed union of fractures. It hastens repair of fractures and diminishes the formation of bone calloses, prolonged suppura- tion, anaemia, and chronic diarrhcea. The Phosphate of Soda. — Acts similarly on the blood and urine, increasing secretion, especially that of bile, being an excel- lent hepatic stimulant, it is used in hepatic colic in horses, due to congestion of liver, jaundice, sclerosis of the liver and in constipa- tion due to lack of biliary secretion. Difference Between a Phosphide, a Phosphate, and a Phos- phite: A phosphide is formed by direct union of phosphorus with a base. A phosphate is formed by the union of phosphoric acid with a base. > A phosphite is formed by the union of phosphorus acid with a base. A base may be soda, zinc, copper or any other substance. 56 NOTES ON Whenever a salt ends in "ide" it is formed by the union of an element with a base, (thus iron oxide, iron and oxygen, iron phos- phide, iron and phosphorus, etc. ) Whenever a salt ends in "ate" it shows the union of an acid ending in "ic" with a base. (Thus, iron phosphate, iron and phosphoric acid, iron sulphate, iron and sulphuric acid, etc. ) When the salt ends in ' 'ite' ' it is composed of an acid ending in "ous," and a base (thus, sodium sulphite, sodium and sulphurous acid. ) IRON AND ITS IJREPARATIONS. As there are 42 oiEcial preparations of iron, and 7 or 8 more unofficial preparations, quite a few of them are impracticable for use in veterinary practice, consequently we will give only those which are practicable for our use. They nearly all have the same action only to a different degree. Some are more irritating than others and some have special actions due to other drugs combined with the iron. Ferri Carbonas Saccharatus. — A greenish gray powder, odorless, having at first a sweetish, slightly ferruginous taste. It is only partly soluble in water. Do,ses. — Horse, i to 3 drs. ; sheep and pigs, lo to 20 grs.; dogs 3 to 10 grs. ; It is used when the stomach is irritable. Ferrum Reductum — Reduced Iron — Powdered Iron. — Doses, human, 3 to 6 grs.; horse, i to 3 drs.; dog, i to 5 grs. It is used on account of its being non-astringent and non-irritating to the stomach. Ferri Sulphas — Sulphate op Iron. — Known as copperas, bluish gray crystals, which on exposure to the air, effloresces and changes its color, is wholly soluble in i and ^ times its quantity of water. It is also called green vitriol and copperas. Dose, a little more than the exsiccated sulphate. It is an astringent, hasmatinic (blood tonic) and disinfectant. On account of its efflorescing tendency, it should be kept in bottles with glass stoppers. Ferri Sulphas Exsiccatus — Dried Sulphate of Iron. — A greenish white powder soluble in water with the exception of a small residue. It is the best form of powdered iron, used in veterinary practice for large animals, except when the stomach is irritable, then the milder preparations, such as the carbonates, are preferable. VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 57 Dose. — Horses, }4 to i dr.; pigs, 5 to 15 drs. ; lambs, i to 4. grs. ; colts, 10 to 15 grs .; cattle, i to i}^ drs.; calves 10 to 20 grs. ; sheep, 8 to 20 grs. ; dogs, }4 to2 grs. Syrupus Ferri Iodidi. — A yellowish or greenish j'ellow liquid with a sweet, inky taste. Dose. — Horse, i to 2 ozs. ; dogs, 10 ni. to i dr. Given where you want the combined action of iron and iodine. Action: Tonic, alterative, diuretic and emmenagogue. Ferrum Oxidum Hydratum — Hydrated Oxide of Iron — Used internally and only as an antidote for arsenical poisoning. It has a reddish brdwn color, should be administered in the forrh of a soft mass, and must be made up fresh. Human dose, a table- spoonful every 5 or 10 minutes until the symptoms of poisoning have subsided. TiNCTURA Ferri Chi^ to 3 grs.; colts 15 grs. to i dr.; lambs, 2 to 10 grs.; dogs, 5 to 10 grs. It is soluble in water. Most often pre- scribed in anaemic, rickety young animals. Syrupu Ferri, Quininae et Strichninae Phosphatum — Syrup of Phosphate of Iron, Quinine and Strichnine. - Contains sV gr. of strychnine to i fluid drachm of syrup, i fi grs. quinine and i }i of iron phosphate. It is a very good general tonic for dogs and other animals. The dose for dogs varies from ]/i to 2 drs. Liquor Ferri Sulphatis— Monsei.' s Solution. — A solu- tion of sulphate of iron, sulphuric and nitric acids. It is an ino- dorous, syrupy liquid of a ruby red color, having an extremely astringent taste, somewhat caustic and mixes with water and 58 NOTES ON alcohol in all proportions without decomposition. This is used almost entirely for external use as an astringent or styptic. Ferri Subsulphatis — Monsel's Powder. — It is used as a styptic. Ferri Arsenite— Iron and Arsenic. — Prescribe your own in proper proportion, as: I^ Tr. Ferri Chi or. Liq. Potas. Arsen. aa. g xii. M. Sig.— g i. T. I. D. in Aqua i pt. As internal treatment, particularly before and after trephin- ing for catarrhal discharges. Ferrum Dialysatum. — Useful in Arsenical poisoning. Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Iron is incompatible with acids and acidulous salts and vegetable astringents. The tincture of the chloride of iron can be combined with acids, but is incom- patible with alkalies as lime-water and magnesia. Synergist. — All agents promoting constructive metamorpho- sis are synergistic to iron; as food, the simple aromatics, and as- tringent bitters, cinchona, manganese, bismuth, etc. Physiological Actions. — In general, metallic iron is dissolved in the acids of the stomach, enters in combination with them and ( although inert as pure iron ) acquires molecular activity. The iron is partly absorbed by the stomach, probably as an albuminate, and partly in the intestinal canal. The stools become brownish and even black, due to the iron, which has not been taken up by the system and is thus eliminated; this is especially shown where larger doses than necessary are administered. Iron is not a foreign substance to the organism, it being constantly present in the blood, gastric juice, chyle, lymph, bile, pigment of the eye, and traces of it in the milk and urine. In man there is i part of iron to 230 red blood corpuscles, and in cattle i to 194 red globules, as (oxide). It exists either in combination or as metallic iron, (opinions differ), in the hsematin, (coloring matter of the blood). That it performs a very important part is shown in the rapid con- struction of red globules when iron is administered in anaemia, without it haematin is not formed, and red globules diminish in number. By its medicinal use we furnish to the blood a material which it needs! The physiological action of iron is not limited merely to the construction of red blood. It also promotes the ap- petite and invigorates the digestion, when there is no intolerance to its presence in the .stomach. By increasing the disposition for VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 59 food and the abilit}' to dispose of it, iron acts as a stomachic tonic, consequently when given in the healthy state or when adminis- tered for too long a period during disease, the gastric glands be- come exhausted by over stimulation, then it is said that the iron disagrees. Being a restorative its use is contra-indicated in a condition of plethora (fullness of the blood vessels). In large doses the soluble preparations of iron give rise to nausea and vomiting, some of them possess more or less toxic activity. The iodide and chloride, nitrate and sulphate are the most active. Alarming symptoms, or even death may result from over doses. Extreme doses will produce gangrene of stomach and intestines. Certain of the salts of iron, as the sulphates, nitrates and chlor- ides, possess a high degree of astringency, hence they produce constipation, when taken internally. When brought into contact with the blood, they coagulate it, forming a tough brownish magma, and as the albuminous elements of the tissues are also solidified, they are powerful haemostatics. Iron is eliminated chiefly by the intestinal route, partly by the liver into the bile, thence into the intestines, some by the kidneys also. The tincture of the chloride, being especially diuretic. Summary. — Iron in general is a hsematinic, stomachic, styptic, astringent or Haemostatic. The tincture chloride in addition is diuretic. The sulphate is in addition vermicide. The iodide is alterative and resolvent as well as tonic. The Syr. Ferri Bromidi is sedative as well as tonic in nervous diseases. A drug used in combination with iron may modify or en- hance its action. Therapeutical Application. — Iron arsenite has been used in chronic skin diseases for emaciated patients in about the same doses as arsenic, but the best way is to prescribe iron and arsenic combined as: Tincture chloride of iron and Fowler's solution in proper dosage. Citrate of iron and quinine conjoin the tonic properties of its components, and is used for dogs and small ani- mals. It is best to prescribe proper doses of each. Dose of Ferri et quininas citratis for dogs, 3 to 6 grains. The phosphate of iron is serviceable in disease of bone, dia- betes and nervous exhaustion. Especially good for delicate dogs 6o NOTES ON and thriftless foals, when they are said to be weak in the bones, osteoporosis and other bone diseases. For colts 2 or 3 years old: ^ Ferri Phosphatis, 3 iss. Calcii Phosphatis prsecip, § iii- Pulv. Nuc Vom., 3 '^• Pulv. Gentian Rad.,- § iss. M. Ft. Chart No. 12. Sig — i powder 3 times daily. Rickets in puppies. ]^ Iron Phos., grs. iiss. Lime Phos., grs. v. Nux. Pulv., grs. ss. Gentian pulv. grs. ii. M. Sig. — For one doje. The Saccharated carbonate is staple, non-irritating to the stomach, and especially suited to dogs. It has the same uses as the sulphate. It is also used for the other animals when the stomach is weak: The Sulphate of Iron. — Used locally as an astringent, and internally as a haematinic and tonic in anaemia. It improves the appetite and abates exhausting discharges in nasal gleet, leucor- rhoea, atonic torpidity of bowels. Prescribed with aloes; also- in the same way for intestinal worms. Combined with iodine it is the best prescription for diabetes insipidus: ^ Sulphate of iron, 5 i- Resublimed iodine, 3 i- M. Sig.^Give twice a day. It is also used in early signs of liver rot in sheep. Chorea and epilepsy when with anaemia, are benefited by iron. Combine iron and arsenic for chorea, septicaemia, pyaemia and all forms of blood poisoning, as pupura hemorrhagica, scarlatina, etc., with quinine. The tincture chloride is prescribed in blood poisoning. In red water of cattle, after bowels are freeily opened. In convalescence from debilitating diseases it is a valuable tonic, conjoined with other remedies as nux. quinine, etc. Such diseases as influenza, lung diseases and chronic catarrh should be followed with iron and other tonics. Representative prescription for general tonic. ^ Ferri. Sulph Ex., g i. to iss. Quinine Sulph., g ss. Pluv. Nucis Vom., j iss. Gentina Rad. g iii. Pot. Nit. g iss. M. Ft. Chart No. 12. Sig — One powder 3 times daily. Iron Iodide. — Is used when an alterative as well as a tonic VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA 6 1 action is desired. Besides being used for the same purpose as sulphate, it is given to promote the absorption of glandular en- largements in young and weakly animals, and in swelling of the joints. It is useful in polyuria or diabetes insipidus, also nasal gleet. The Tincture Chloride of iron acts as a hsematinic tonic, antiseptic, astringent, styptic, diuretic and local irritant or caustic. It is serviceable in most cases in which the sulphate is recom- ,mended. It is used in atonic dyspepsia and for the removal of intestinal worms, in relaxed and sore throat, in proportion of 2 to 4 drs. to every pint of water for animals. ^ . Tr. Ferri Chlor. g ss. Pot. Chloratis, g i. Glycerini, g ii. Aqua qs. ad. > Oj. M. Sig — g i. every two or three hours as a gargle for sore throat. Also used in anaemia and in blood poisoning combined with quinine. It also promotes absorption of inflammatory material when associated with debility and ansemia. It is the most ser- viceable preparation of iron for influenza, purpura and scarlatina, as it has a tonic effect on both the blood and arterioles. In these cases it is prescribed with turpentine, quinine and oil. It is used in rheumatism in weakly patients alternated with salol, salicylic acid or salicylate of soda. Also used as an astringent and stimu- lant for the genito-urinary mucous membrane. The tincture being excreted by the kidneys, is preferred to watery solutions- It is particularly suited for distemper and rheumatic lameness in weakly dogs. Iron alternated with arsenic is useful in chorea, also in chronic diarrhoea, epilepsy, erysipelas, albuminuria and diphtheria. Externally.. — It is an antiseptic, astringent and styptic. It coagulates albumen. Diluted with 6, 8, or 10 times its quanity of water, it is used for uterine haemorrhage, and is occasionally injected into fistulous openings. Iron is regarded as a specific for erysipelas. It is given both internally and used externally. I oz. to I pint of oil injected into the rectum will destroy and bring away rectal worms. Monsel' s solution and powder are used almost entirely to check hsemorrhage. Pour it on the wound or apply with a sponge. Ferri Oxidum Hydeatum is used internally as an antidote for arsenical poisoning, must be made up fresh and given in a 62 NOTES ON soft condition. The dose for the human is % oz. every 5 or 10 minutes. Add aq. ammonia 8 parts to a solution of sulphate of iron 10 parts, which will precipitate the iron from the solution, then strain through a cloth, you then have hydrated oxide of iron. Administration of Iron.— The fluid preparations should be freely diluted; the solid preparations should be combined with protectives or inert remedies, either in powder or pill form, or with stomachics as gentian rad. Iron causes less gastric irri- tation, and enters the blood more readily if given with or im- mediately after meals. In anaemia it should be given in in- creased doses. Overcome constipation by giving, when neces- sary or combining iron with laxatives as linseed oil. MANGANUM- MANGANESE. This drug and its salts are inferior to iron. The only prepa- ration of importance is. Pot. Permanganas — Permanganate of Potash. — Needle shaped crystals of a deep purple color; soluble in 20 parts cold waterand three parts boiling water, the solution having a deep purple or rose color, according to the amount of salt in solution. Distilled or boiled water should be used. Dose — Horse, j4 to i dr.; pigs, 3 to 6 grs. ; cattle, i to i}4 drs. ; dogs, ^ to 3 grs. It is seldom used internally, but has been administered as an alterative and febrifuge; externally it is used as a deodorant, astringent and antiseptic; it is very powerful in its action. Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Salts of lead, silver, mer- cury and the caustic alkalies are chemically incompatible. Thej^ decompose the alkaloids. Action and Uses of Potassii Permanganas. — It is a power- ful oxidizing agent and readily yields up its oxygen in the form ■of ozone; hence it is an antiseptic and deodorizer. Full strength it is a mild caustic. Diluted it is astringent. It is used to deodorize and disinfect foul smelling wounds, the nostrils in ozsena, nasal gleet, the mouth in apthse, throat when ulcerated, diphtheria, the uterus in metritis, and retention of placenta, also to cleanse hands or instruments. It is some- times used internally in flatulence, erysipelas, puerperal fever and septicaemia. It has been used successfully as a remedy for bites of poisonous snakes and other animal poisons, used locally VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 63. and internally. In the human it is used to promote the menstrual flow. Used in cancers, caries ulcers, abscesses, etc., and in foul smelling sheaths of horses. Strength for veterinary purpose, I drachm to J^ oz. to i pint of water. It is adminis- tered by the mouth or hypodermically for morphine poisoning. When given for this purpose the amount of the antidote should equal that of the poi.son taken. As an eye-wash use about i tO' 2000 or I to 1000 solution. The Remedies Promoting Constructive Metamorphose previously considered, are constituents of the body. Those now to be discussed act indirectly, by stimulating the organs concerned in blood making. BiSMUTHUM SUBNITRAS SuBNITRATE OF BiSMUTH — A heavy white powder with a faintly acid odor and ta^te, insoluble in water. Is the only one used in veterinary practice to any ex- tent. Dose. — Horse, i to 4 drs. , or even i oz. ; dogs, 3 to 20 grs. Bismuthi Subcarbonas — Cabbonate of Bismuth. — Insolu- ble. Same character, dose and uses as the subnitrate. Bismuthi Salicylate, used mostly as dressing. Bismuthi Subiodidum, used onl}"^ as a dusting powder for wounds, ulcers, etc. Where an antiseptic and stimulant are re- quired, it is said to be very good. Bismuthi et Ammonia Citras.— Soluble in water. Bismuthi Citras. — Insoluble. Physiological Action. — The insoluble preparations, as the subnitrate and subcarbonate promote the appetite, increase the digestive power, and cause a gain in body weight. They are somewhat astringent and retard intestinal movements and pro- duce constipation. As they are insoluble, or nearly so, they pass down the intestinal tract and are converted into sulphides causing the faeces to become a dark slate color. Toxic symp- toms arise from the adulteration of bismuth with arsenic. They are astringent, antiseptic and sedative to mucous membrane and abraided skin. The subnitrate is the salt chiefly used. It allays irritation in dyspepsia, vomiting, and gastro-intestinal catarrh, or irritation from any cause, by virtue of its medicinal and mechani- cal action. It is used to relieve itching and burning of abraided skin and in skin diseases. For diarrhoea use bismuth and opii 64 ' NOTES ON combined. Being insoluble bismuth forms a coating over the bowel. For itching skin diseases in dogs, the following prescription is recommended: ^ Bismuthi subnit. 3 "• Lanolin, g i, M. Sig. — Apply when necessary. For Vomiting in dogs: ^ Ac. Carbolici, m iii. Bismuthi subnit, 5 i. Tr. opii camph., 5 s^- Glycerini, g ss. Aq. Cinnamoni qs. ad., g jss. Sig. — Teaspoonful every 2 or 3 hours. Bismuth is best administered in milk. ARSENICUM OR ARSFNIUM- ARSENIC— (NOT USED IN MEDICINE.) AoiDUM Arsenosum, Aesenous Acid, also called Arsenicum Alba. This is dispensed as a heavy white powder. It is soluble in I to 100 parts cold water, and i in 20 parts boiling water; always stir in, while boiling. Shot is a mixture of metals containing 2 per cent of arsenic, and it is from the arsenic that benefit is de- rived in giving shot to a horse for heaves. Dose of the arsenous acid. — Horse, i to 6 grs., cattle, 2 to 8 grs. ; sheep and pigs, i to 2 grs. ; dogs, sV to A grs. Give well diluted. Arseni Iodidum, Iodide of Arsenic. — An orange red, crystalline, solid, soluble in 7 parts water, used as an alterative in skin diseases. It enters into Donovan's solution. Dose.— Horse, 2 to 6 grs.; pigs, i to ^ grs.; dogs, A to A grs. Give well diluted with some inert substance. Liquor Acidi Arsenosi — Solution of Arsenous Acid. — The strength of all are about the same. This contains 4.56 grs. of arsenic to theoz. It is about the same as Fowler's solution, but more irritating and less reliable. Dose. — Horse, 2 to 6 drs., ^ oz. 3 times a day is the average dose. Liquor Arseni ET Hydrargyri Iodidi, known as Dono- van's Solution. — i oz. contains about 4}^ grs. (4.56) each of iodide of arsenic, and red mercuric iodide. It is an alterative in skin diseases, and should be kept in a dark place, and not used VETEEINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 65 if decomposed; that is if color is changed to a yellowish red and the odor of iodine is apparent. Dose. — Horse, 2 drs. to i oz.; pigs, 15 to 45 Ms.; dogs, 2 to 10 Ms.= }4 oz., i^ the average dose for a horse given 3 times dail}'. Liquor Potassii Aesejstitis— Fowler's Solution— This is the preparation most commonly used. A solution of potassium arsen- ite, contains arsenous acid i part, potassium bicarbonate: part, compound spirits of lavender 3 parts and distilled water 95 parts. Dose.— Horse, 2 drs. to i oz.; cattle, J^ to ij^ ozs.; sheep and pigs, ID to 45 Ms.; dogs, 2 to 10 Ms. Average dose for horse >^ oz. usually given 3 times daily in drinking water or bran mash. Liquor Sodii Aksenatis. — A solution of arsenate of soda, known as Pearson's Solution, about the same strength as Fowl- er's Solution, 4}^ grs. to the oz. butitisless active. Dose about double that of Fowler's Solution. It is better to administer ar- senic in solution than to give the solid arsenous acid, and Fowl- er's Solution is the best; Donovan's Solution may prove effica- cious in chronic skin troubles, where other preparations will not benefit, also in nasal catarrh. Give small doses at first and then increase, unless very small doses are taken for its action on the stomach, to increase appetite and digestion by virtue of its irri- tant properties. Arsenic had better be administered after meals and well diluted in water or bran mash. Antagonists and Incompatibles. — The salts of iron, magnesia, lime, and astringents, are chemically incompatible. The hydrated oxide of iron, or as it is also known, HYDBAted sesquiox- IDE of iron, freshly made and in soft magma is the antidote to arsenic. Give dogs from J^ to i tablespoonful every 5 or 10 minutes. From 8 to 20 grs. of the antidote are required to each grain of arsenic swallowed, (when it can be determined). The stomach should first be evacuated, and then give the antidote, and follow with demulcents as oil, milk and mucilaginous drinks. Also give diluents, as weak alkaline water. Iodide of Potash should be administered to promote elimina- tion of the arsenic. In absence of the antidote, chalk, magnesia, and lime-water may be freely given. These agents act mechani- cally by enveloping the poison and preventing absorption. Dialysed iron is said to be quite efficacious as an antidote in doses of 5 to 15 Ms. for dogs. 66 NOTES ON Synergists are all those agents which promote constructive metamorphosis. Physiological Actions — Gastro-intestinal and pulmonary tonic, a stimulant and alterative, acting especially on the digestive and respiratory mucous membranes and skin. It is antiperiodic and tonic; also antispasmodic, in nervous diseases and is a nervine tonic. In large doses it is a corrosive irritant poison, killing either by gastro-enteritis, or nervous paresis. Continued doses cause fatty degeneration. On account of its being a stomachic tonic small doses promote the appetite and digestion. Large doses inflame the stomach and derange digestion. It increases the cardiac action, respiratory power, and secretion of intestines. In man it stimulates the mind and sexual appetite, and causes rotundity of form and fair skin. It also increases peristalsis. When toler- ance is established large doses are taken with impunity. Externally. — Arsenic is very painful and excharotic, ex- citing violent inflammation. It is a caustic, antiseptic, and para- siticide, and is frequently used as a sheep dip. It is eliminated chiefly by the kidney, skin and saliva and in the milk of nursing animals. MEDICINAL USES. It should not be given in acute diseases. It is given as a general tonic after debilitating diseases, particularly when the lungs are involved, as in pneumonia, bronchitis and pleurisy. Arsenic combined with the feed is beneficial in stocking of the legs. As for its use in dyspepsia, other remedies had better be resorted to. It assists in the removal of worms. Useful in chronic diseases of air passages, as influenza. Relieves irritable chronic coughs, and roaring in early stages, as well as thick and broken wind, and heaves. As an alterative modifying tissue change, it is prescribed in early stages of tuberculosis, chronic rheumatism, chorea and epilepsy. It prevents periodically returning fevers. In anaemia it increases both red and white blood corpuscles. Action on the Skin.— Administered internally it stimulates the dermis and hastens the removal of epidermal cells; hence it is useful in all chronic skin diseases, as chronic eczema, scab, mange and warts. To remove warts that sometimes come on the muzzle of horses, give internally and apply locally Fowler' s solu- tion full strength locally. In malarial disorders use: VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 67 ^ Fowler's solution, g ss. Compound Tr. Cinchona, g i. M. Sig — 5 i. one dose. Repeat 3 or 4 times daily. In skin diseases use Donovan's or Fowler's solution or acidum of arseniosi and sulphur mixed in the feed. Useful in- ternally in successive crops of boils and in urticaria. Kxternally. — The white arsenic or arsenous acid is used to slough out tumors, fistulas, etc., but it is too painful. Prof. Williams recommends it in foot-rot. The affected sheep should be slowly driven through a trough containing a tolerable strong solution of arsenic. It is used for sheep to destroy ticks. In this way animals are sometimes poisoned, as it drips on the grass and other animals eat it. It is used to harden and dry specimens. Toxicology of Arsenic. — Full medicinal doses if long con- tinued, cause oedema and itching of the eyelids, increased flow of saliva, nausea, vomiting of mucous, diarrhoea or dysentery, weak heart, soreness to the touch over region of the stomach, itchy skin with small eruptions, jaundice and albuminuria. In long continued doses it diminishes oxidation, decomposes albuminoid tissues and produces fatty degeneration; also impairs the glyco- genic functions of the liver. In toxic doses it causes two different sets of symptoms. ist. Gastro-enteritis with shivering, retching, vomiting, thirst, straining, purging, with blood stools, violent colicky pains, quick weakened cardiac action, suppressed or bloody urine, strong and hard pulse at first, but gradually gets small, reduced temperature, general oedema, delirium, collapse, coma and death. 2nd. In the nervous form the first thing noticed is pro- found coma, like that of opium narcosis. Coma comes on sud- denly without any gastro-intestinal symptoms. Chronic Arsenical Poisoning. — Is common around tin and copper smelting work. The symptoms are indigestion, thirst, wasting, chronic disease of joints and bones, the knee joints swell, the animal gets lame, and hide-bound, hair falls off, skin gets scurfy, teeth get black and fall out and necrosis of the bones occurs. post-mortem appearances. Stomach inflamed, mucous membrane reddened, softened, thickened and ulcerated in patches, ecchymosis. Same is formed in the intestines, according to the size of the dose. 68 NOTES ON Lungs congested, mucous membrane reddened. Genito- urinary organs congested and inflamed. Fatty degeneration of intestinal organs, especially liver and kidneys, same as in phosphorus poisoning. In chronic poisoning the body becomes dry and mummified (embalmed), general fatty degeneration. BITTEKS. Bitters are divided into simple and aromatic. The aromatic bitters contain tannic and gallic acids, besides aromatic constituents, and are therefore more or less astringent. The special bitters are eucalyptus, hydrastis, .cinchona, etc. , which will be treated of separately. I St. Simple bitters contain no tannic and gallic acids, and can be combined with iron. Quassia contains a crystallizable bitter principle, neutral in re- action. It is made from chips or shavings from a tall tree, 70 to 100 feet high that grows in Jamaica. Preparations: ExTRACTUM Quassia — Extract of Quassia. Dose. — Horse, 20 grs. to I dr.; dogs, J{ to 2 or 3, and even 5 grs. TiNCTURA Quassia —Tincture of Quassia. Dose. — Dog, 5 ms to I dr. ExTRACTUM QuassijS FtuiDUM —Fluid Extract of Quassia. Dose. — Horse, ^ to i oz. ; dog, 2 ms. to ^ dr. Besides its internal use it is used as an infusion for rectal worms; 2 to 4 ozs. to the pint of warm water. Gentiana is the most used in veterinary practice; it con- tains no tannin, or so little that it can be combined with iron, and is an excellent stomachic tonic. The dose of the extract is the same as quassia. TiNCTURA Gentians Composita — Compound Tincture of Gentian. Dose. — Horse, i to 4 ozs. ; dogs. % to i dr. PowDERjJD Gentian Radius (root. ) - Dose. - Horse, 2 drs. to I oz. ; sheep and pigs, ^ to 3 drs. ; dogs, 5 to 20 grs. ExTRACTUM Gentians Fluidum. — Fluid Extract of Gen- tian. Dose. — Horse, yi X02. ozs.; sheep, 2 to 4 drs.; pigs, i to 3drs. ; dogs, 15 ms. to i dr. Calumba or Columba. — This is also a good stomachic. We have the tincture of calumba and fluid extract of Calumba — Extractum Calumbae Fluidum. VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 69 Dose of the fluid extract, horse, J^ to 2 ozs. ; sheep, i}^ to 6 drs.; pigs, i to 4 drs. ; dogs, 5 ms. to i dr. Dose of powdered Columba the same. AROMATIC BITTERS. Serpentaria Virginia — Virginia Snake Root. — We have an extract of serpentaria and a fluid extract. ExTRACTUM Serpentaria Fluidum. — Fluid Extract of Serpentaria. — Dose — Horse, 2 drs, to i oz. ; dogs, 10 to 30 ms. Actions — tonic, stimulant, expectorant, diuretic and em- menagogue. Prunus ViRGiNiANA — WiLD Cherry BARK.^Used a great deal in the human as an expectorant. Contains tannic and gal- lic acids. ' ExTRACTUM Pruni Virgintana Fluidum — Fluid Extract OF Wild Cherry. Dose. — Horse, J^ to 2 ozs.; dogs, 15 ms. to I dr. Syrupus Pruni Virginian^. — Doses. — Dogs, Y^ to 2 drs. Action,? — tonic, stomachic, astringent, sedative, and reduces expectoration. Us^s, catarrhal conditions and nervous coughs. Cascarilla, contains cascarillin, tannic acid, volatile oil, etc. Used as a tonic, stimulant and carminative. Dose of powdered bark. — Horse, 2 drs. to i oz. ; dog, "lo to 20 grs.; calves, 2 to 6 drs.; pigs, i to 3 drs.; lambs, 5 grs. to i dr. Good for calves and pigs that are fed on whey and suffer from dyspepsia. Zingiber — Ginger. — Used as a stimulant and carminative in colic; also to promote appetite and aid in digestion, as a local stimulant and rubefacient. TiNCTURA ZlNGIBERIS — PwSSENCE OF GiNGER. — 20 per cent strength. Dose. — Horse, >^ to 2 ozs., i oz. average dose, cattle double; sheep i>^ drs. to i oz.; pigs i to 2 drs.; dogs, 15 to 30 ms. ExTRACTUM ZlNGIBERIS Fluidum — Fluid Extract of Gin- ger. Dose. — Horses 2 to 4 drs. ; dogs, 2 to 10 ms. PuLViS ZlNGIBERIS— Powdered Ginger. — Dose. — Horse, 2 drs. to I oz.; pigs, 15 grs. to i dr.; dogs, 5 to 10 grs. Small doses as a stomachic. Capsicum — Red Pepper— Cayenne Pepper. 70 NOTES ON ExTRACTUM Capsici Fluidum - Fluid Extract of Capsicum. Dose. — Horse, i dr. to ^ oz.; dog, 2 to 20 ms. Tincture Capsici. — Dose. — Horse, 2 drs. to 2 ozs.; dogs, 5 to 30 ms. Dose of powdered Capsicum same as of the fluid extract. There is also an Oleo Resina Capsici. Physiological Action. — Cap.sicum is a local irritant, vesicant, hot pungent, acrid in taste, produces a warm sensation in the stomach and body, stimulates the heart and is good in flatulent colic. Physiological Action of Bitters. — The simple bitters increase appetite and aid digestion, thus promoting constructive metamorphosis. They increase mucous secretion, flow of saliva and gastric juice. They also increase the gastric mucous; their continued use will cause gastric catarrh and interfere with diges- tion. The aromatic bitters have similar properties and in addition are carminative. They have a local stimulant action on the ali- mentary canal, due to the volatile oil, which they all contain; as well as decided astringent qualities, from their tannic and gallic acids. Therapy, Dyspepsia — Convalescence. — To promote appetite, aid digestion and relieve acute and chronic flatulence, and bron- chial catarrh, give prunis virginis, and give quassia internall}^ and by enema for ascarides vermiculares, (or pin worms). Eucalyptus. — Leaves of eucalyptus globules; Australian or blue gum tree. Tincture eucalyptus is not official. ExTRACTUM Eucalypti Fluidum - Fluid Extract Eucalyp- tus. Dose. — Horse, }4 to 2 oz.; dog, 15 Ms. to i dr.; }i of this dose is sufficient as an expectorant. Oleum Eucalypti - Oil of Eucalyptus. Dose. — Horse, i to 4 drs., dogs, 2 to 10 Ms.; In diluted alcohol, milk or oil. Composition. — Contains a peculiar resin, of 3 different res- inous bodies; a volatile, oil consisting of eucalyptol, terpene, and cymol, tannic acid, and a crystallizable fatty acid. Eucalyptol is most important of all the constituents, and is now official; is a neutral body obtained from the volatile oil of eucalyptus. Dose. — Horse, i dr. to i oz.; dog, 5 to 30 Ms. Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alkalies, mineral acids, salts of iron, mercury, lead, zinc, etc. are chemically incompatible. VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 7 1 All waste producing agents are therapeutically incompatible. Synergist. — The simple and aromatic bitters including cin- chona, hydrastis, etc. Camphor, turpentina, cubebs, copaiba; es- sential oils and substances containing them are synergistic and promote the action of eucalyptus and can be prescribed with it. Physiological Action — Eucalyptus has a warm, aromatic bitter and camphoraceous taste. It is sialagogue, stomachic, and car- minative, slightly laxative, cardiac stimulant, antiperiodic; (as it passes out of the body, it increases the activity of excreting channels, chiefly the respiratory mucous membrane, and the kidneys); is diaphoi-etic, diuretic and expectorant; disinfectant and antispasmodic. Miasmatic districts are rendered healthy by the growth of the tree. Therapy. — As a gargle, inhalation in catarrh of nose, throat or bronchi; used in strangles, influenza, purpura in horses, blood poison of animals, in distemper of dogs, combined with qui- nine; used externally wherever an antiseptic is indicated. Inject diluted in nasal gleet. In Tetanus. — Useful internally in chronic stomach troubles, but not in inflamed conditions, chronic catarrh of air passages, es- pecially with excessive secretion. In chronic catarrh of bladder it is highly recommended in human. Hydrastis. — The parts used inmedicine are the rhizoma and roots of Hydrastis Canadensis. (Yellow root or golden seal). ExTRACTUM Hydrastis Fluidum — -Fluid extract of Hy- drastics. Dose.^Horse, 2 drs. to i oz. , average dose Yi oz.; dog, 2 Ms. to y^ dr. Dose of powdered Hydrastis the same as the fluid extract. Fluid Hydrastis is an aqueous preparation, used generally in man — in gonorrhoea. — i to 4. There is also a tincture and a glycerite. Hydrastrininjb Hydeochloeas, — Is the hydrochlorate of an artificial alkaloid derived from hydrastine, the alkaloid of hydrastis. Dose. — Dogs, }4 to 5 grs. ; horse, }4 dr. to 5)^ ozs. Composition. — The active principle is hydrastine; which is different from the hydrastin of the eclectics; it also contains berberine. Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alkalies, tannic and muri- 72 , NOTES ON atic acids are chemically incompatible. They precipitate ber- berine from it. Synergist. — Vegetable tonics in general. Physiological Action of Hydrastis. — It acts like the simple bitters, promotes appetite and aids digestion, increases nutrition, and stimulates secretion, especially of intestines and liver. It is a stomach tonic, laxative, slightly diuretic and hepatic stimulant. Ivocally it is an antiseptic and astringent. In poisonous doses it acts like strychnine, but less powerful, and requires the same antidote. It is a convulsant and paralyzer. It is also said to promote uterine contractions, and has some power as an antiperi- odic. The alkaloid is a motor stimulant. Therapy. — Useful in conjunctivitis, nasal gleet, leucorrhoea and gonorrhoea; in lo to 20 ms. of fluid extract to the ounce of distilled aqua. One drachm of the fluid hydrastic to one ounce of distilled water is useful as a gargle for sore throat. Equal parts of fluid extract of ergol and fluid extract of hydrastis is useful in ulceration of the uterus, vagina, and in eversion of rec- tum. Useful internally during convalescence after debilitating diseases, as influenza and distemper, or wherever a bitter tonic is indicated, as in dyspepsia, chronic gastric catarrh, catarrhal jaun- dice, constipation from deficient secretions, chronic nephritis and chronic cystitis, fissure of teats, and cracked fieels; in full strength also said to be useful in excessive sweating in )4 ounce to I drachm doses twice daily. CINCHONA AND ITS PREPARATIONS. Cinchona is the bark of a tree, the Cinchona Calisaga, and contains at least 5 per cent of its peculiar alkaloids, of which not less than one-half should be quinine. Doses of powdered cinchona bark. — Horses, 2 to 4 drs. ; cattle, I to 2 ounces; sheep and pigs, i to 4 drs.; dogs, 10 grs. to I dr. Preparation of Cinchona. Cinchona Flaya, (yellow cin- chona). This contains the most quinine. ExTRACTUM CinchonjE. — Dose — Horse, 15 grs. to 2 drs. ; dogs, % to 10 grs. ExTRACTUM CiNCHONiE Fluidum. — Dose — Horse, 2 drs. to 3 ozs. ; dogs, 10 ms. to i dr. VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 73 There is also a tincture and infusion, but the dose is too large for our use. Cinchona Rubra — ^Red Cinchona. — Preparation, Tinctura Cinchonse Composita. Dose — Human, i to 4 drs.; dogs about the same; dose too large for horses and cattle. ALKALOIDS OF CINCH01^ to I dr. ; I to 20ZS. as a purgative; dogs, 2 to 30 grs.; i dr. to i oz. as a purgative. PoTASsii Bitartrate, Acid Tartrate of Potassium — Cream of Tartar.— Soluble i in 15 boiling water. Dose — dog, ID grs. to 2 drs. as refrig rant and diuretic; for purgative from i dr. to I oz. for dogs. For simple itching skin disease, for dogs equal parts of cream tartar and sulphur. Physiological Action of the 3 Sulphates. — Tartrate and bi- tartrate of potassium; hydragogue, saline purgative, abstracts fluid from the blood and pours it into the intestines. In large doses the sulphate is a mild hepatic stimulant slightly increasing the flow of bile. Small doses of the tartrate and bitartrate are diuretics. Therapy. — Sulphate, for liver disease, the other two for chronic con.stipation, skin diseases, and as refrigerants in febrile conditions. PoTASSii NiTRAS— Nitrate of Pota.sh. 8o NOTES ON Sj'nergist — Nitre — Saltpeter. — The purified saltpeter is used in veterinary practice. Characters. — White, six-sided rhombic prisms, cool saline in taste. Soluble in i to 4 of water, neutral reaction. Physiological Actions. — I^arge doses irritate the stomach, bowels and kidneys; medicinal doses are alterative, febrifuge, diuretic and feebly laxative. Excreted by the bronchial glands, skin and kidneys, increasing secretions of these organs; is a car- diac depressant, and mild refrigerant and diaphoretic. Uses. — In certain febrile conditions; in oedema of legs com- bined with digitalis and general tonics. For the dropsical con- ditions the acetate and citrate are better. Externally. - It is a refrigerant and stimulant. Dose — as a febrifuge and mild diuretic, horse, i to 4 drs. ; dogs, i to 10 grs. As a strong diuretic, give a horse i oz. but do not repeat oftener than twice in 24 hours. 5 grs. to i dr. is a powerful diuretic for a dog. For acute laminitis 2 to 4 ozs. is given by some veterinarians, this is used principally in the east. PoTASSii Chloras. — Chlorate of Potash, Potassium Chlorate. Character. — Colorless, monoclinic prisms, easily explodes on trituration with sugar, sulphur, tannin, charcoal and glycerin. It is soluble in i to 16 parts of cold water and i to 2 of boiling water. Dose. — Horse, i to 2drs. ; cattle twice as much, dogs, i to 10 grs. Larger doses are occasionally given but this salt is very irritating to stomach and kidneys. Physiological Actions. —Antiseptic, antacid, alterative, sial- agogue, diuretic, febrifuge, and cardiac depressant; irritant to gastro-intestinal tract and kidneys. Externally, antiseptic, mild stimulant and refrigerant. Is a protoplasmic poison, as is the nitrate; disintegrates the red blood corpuscles. Medicinal Uses. — Laryngitis, pharyngitis, sore mouth from any cause. As a gargle use J^ to i ounce to the pint of water. Also used in febrile conditions, especially of a catarrhal nature. Prescription for gargle: ]^ Tr. ferri chlor, g ss. Pot. chloratis, g i. Glycerin, g ii. Aqua qs. ad., Oj- M. Sig — I or 2 ozs. every hour or two. VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 8 1 SODIUM NATRIUM — SODA, CAUSTIC SODA. Character. — Grayish white solid masses, or cylindrical pencils. lyiQUOR SoD^.— Solution of Soda. Action. — Same as caustic potash and solution of potash, Ex- cept less poisonous, less irritant and depressing. SoDii Carbonas. — Soda, or Washing Soda. — Soluble in i to 2 of cold water. Dose three or four times that of the exsiccatus. SoD^ Carbonas Exsiccatus — Dried Carbonate oe Soda. —A dry, white powder; a purified washing soda. Dose. — Horse^ j4 to 2 drs. ; pigs, 4 to 10 grs, ; dogs, 2 to 5 grs. Sod II Bi carbon as. — Bicarbonate op Soda. Character. — White opaque powder, milder than the carbonate. Soluble in i to 12 of cold water. Actions. — Of carbonate and bicarbonate, antacid and alter- ative. Dose of Bicarbonate. — Horse, 2 drs. to i oz. ; dogs, 10 grs. to >^ dr. Uses. — In digestion, }i hour before meals, to increase gastric juice, or as an antacid aftermeals. Young calves when fed on stale skim milk, suffering from dyspepsia, are benefited by i or 2 drs. of bicarbonate of soda dissolved in each meal of milk. It is an antidote to poisoning by acids, less irritating than the potas- sium salts, hence better for dyspepsia. A solution of the carbon- ate or bicarbonate lessens irritation of itching skin diseases, as urticaria or nettle-rash, i oz. to i pint of water. Also as injec- tion for leucorrhcea. Never use it in flatulence, as the extra gas due to effervescence is apt tocause rupture of stomach or bowels. The carbonate is used as a remedy against gall-stones,, given two hours after meals. It increases the fluidity of the bile. Sodium Borate — Sodiiboras - Borax. ^Colorless crystals wholly soluble in boiling water and in 16 parts of cold water. Actions. — Antiseptic, parasiticide, mild astringent and alka- line. Can be used the same as the bicarbonate, internally and ■ex- ternally. Externally boracic acid is better as an antiseptic; also useful as an eye-wash, >^ oz to i pint of water. SODii NiTRA£ — Nitrate of Sodse. — Same as potassium nitrate, but not as strong and not used much in medicine. 82 NOTES ON SoDii Chloridum — Sodium Chloride — Chloride of Sodae. — Common salt. Soluble i in 2^ water. Action and Uses. — Salt is an essential article of food; sjnall doses are restorative, tonic, stomachic, antiseptic, antiferment, emetic for dogs, anthelmintic, laxative and alterative; used as injec- tion for pin worms. Its constant use will prevent worms. Animals suffer from inanition without it. Animals deprived of salt do not thrive. As an emetic for dogs i to 4 drs. of salt and yi. tea- spoonful of mustard in one-half cup of tepid water. Salt as an eye-wash is tonic to the eyes; i dr. to i pint of water. Condemn rock salt for horses as it contains irritating properties due to its great impurity. Feed animals cooking salt. Dose. — Horse, j4 to i oz. ; sheep, 2 to 4 drs. ; cattle, 2 to 3 ozs. ; dogs, 5 to 20 grs. These doses are stomachic and altera- tive, often used for cattle as a purgative and vermifuge; from 10 to 20 ozs. in water. In cases of azoturia order plenty of salt; it acts as a diuretic, makes the horse thirsty and causes him to drink , water freely and flushes the kidneys. . SoDii Sulphas— Sulphate of Sodse— Glauber' s Salt. Character. - Colorless, transparent prisms, efflorescing on ex- posure to air. Soluble in i to 3 of water; occurs also in granu- lar form, which is the best. Dose as a purgative, well diluted, horse, 10 to 20 ozs., but generally give the largest dose, 20 ozs.; cattle, i to ij^ lbs.; sheep, 2 to 4 ozs.. It is best to give a carminative with it, as ginger or capsicum to prevent griping. Action. — Purgative, cholagogue, slightlj' diuretic, febrifuge and hepatic stimulant. Uses. — Wherever a purgative is indicated, as in conge.stion of the liver, small, repeated doses act better than large ones; as a hepatic stimulant, dropsical conditions, influenza, especially where liver is involved, tetanus, febrile diseases, where the bowels are apt to be constipated, give 2 to 4 ozs. in a bucket of water. Also used in itching skin disease in full doses. SoDii Hyposulphis - Hyposulphite of Soda. - Occurs in large colorless, transparent crystals, also in granular forms, solu- ble in I to I ;^ of water. Dose. — Horse in gastric flatulence, 4 to 12 ozs. ; ^ to I oz. for repeated doses; dogs, 5 to 30 grs. Physiological Actions. — Antiseptic, antiferment, deodorizer and insecticide. VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 83 Uses. — Mainly used in gastric flatulence. When you have a case of gastric flatulence, you cannot give anything better than hyposulphite of sodse. In intestinal flatulence give salicylic acid, or naphthalin. In either case always combine with carmin- atives. Also prescribe in distemper of dogs, wash for wounds, influenza for horses, strangles, foot and mouth disease, given in- ternally to control suppuration. In the human give 10 gr. doses for gonorrhoea. calcium, calx, lime. Calcii Carbonas Pr^xipitatus— Creta Pr.bparata. — Prepared Chalk.— A fine white powder, insoluble in water,. Dose. —Horses, 2 drs. to 2 ozs. ; lambs, 3 to 10 grs. ; colts and calves, 10 grs. to 2 drs.; dogs, 2 to 20 grs.; pigs, Y^ to 2 drs. lyiQUOR Calcis— Lime-water. Dose. — Horses, 2 to 16 ozs. ; dogs, I to 8 drs. Antagonists, Incompatibles and Synergists. — Same as for potassium and sodium salts. Actions.— -Antacids, intestinal astringents, desiccants. Uses. — Its principal use is in diarrhoea, combined with opii and tannic acid, also antiseptic; makes a nice dusting powder over abraided surfaces. Antidote to poisoning by carbolic acid, mineral acids, oxalic acid and zinc chloride. lyiME-WATER. — Milk and Aq. Calcis, equal parts and sweetened is good for puppies raised on bottle, as it is easily di- gested. Aq. Calcis and Oleum Lini equal parts is good for burns. lithium. lyiTHii CiTRAS — Citrate of lyithium. — White crystalline powder; soluble in 2^ parts boiling water and 55 parts cold water. Dose. — Horse, i to 4'drs. ; dogs, i to 20 grs. There is also a bromide carbonate, salicylate and a benzoate; ■doses and action about the same, citrate usually being preferred on account of its solubility. Physiological Actions. — Closely resembles that of potash salts, powerful solvent of uric acid and uric acid calculi, is diu- 84 NOTES ON retic and renders the urine alkaline; depressant in large doses, but not as powerful as potassium salts. Uses. - Rheumatism and gouty conditions in general, used in azoturia, but do not recommend its use in this disease, as it seems to render the poison more soluble, so that it is readily taken up by the system, often causing sudden death of a patient that might have otherwise recovered. AMMONIUM. Aq. AmmonIjE Fortior — Stronger water of ammoniae; 28 per cent by weight of the gas dissolved in water. Character — Colorless pungent liquid, very alkaline. Dose. — horse, i to 2 drs. ; sheep and pigs, }4 to i dr. ; cattle, 2 to 4 drs.; dogs, 2 to 10 ms. Should be well diluted, i drachm to I pint of water. Spiritus Ammonia. — Contains 10 per cent of the gas b}- weight, dissolved in alcohol. Dose. — Horse, i to 4 drs., i oz. as a stimulant; dogs, i to 20 ms. ; sheep and pigs, ^ to i ^ drs. Aqua Ammonia. — id per cent, of the gas dissolved in water. Dose twice that of the Fortior. Spiritus Ammoni.e Aromaticus. — Aromatic spirits of Ammoniae. Synonym. — Sal. Volatile, composed of ammon. carb., aq. amnion. , oil of pimenta, oil of lemon and oil of lavender in a menstruum of alcohol and water. Dose. - Horses, ^ to i}4 oz.; cattle, i to 2 ozs.; calves, }4 to 2 drs. ; sheep and pigs, i to 2 drs. , lambs, 5 to 30 ms. ; dogs, 5 to 90 ms. Physiological Actions. — The four preparations of ammonia are gastric and general stimulants; stimulates the cardiac, respiratory and spinal systems. The aromatic spirit is also car- minative. They irritate the nose when inhaled, but reflexly, they stimulate the pulse and respiration, are good stimulants as they do not affectthe brain. Externally they are rubefacients, and when confined are vesicants. Uses. — Externally as counter-irritants; it is frequently used in liniments, i ounce of aqua ammon. to i pint of water, etc.. VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 85 makes a good stimulating liniment. As a counter-irritant in chest diseases, etc. : ^ • 01. sinapis, 3 ^■ Aq. amtnoii. fort, g i. 01. gossyp. sem., § iv. M. Sig.— Apply. It is also used as an inhalation for syncope or anaesthesia. Internally. — Maj'- be used as diffusible stimulants in collapse from any cause. In indigestion, especially flatulence and spas- modic colic use the aromatic spirits. It is an antidote to poisoning by narcotic and sedative drugs, such as opium, digitalis, aconite, etc. The aqua ammon. or aqua ammonise fort, are injected into the jugular vein for parturient apoplexy in cattle, i dr. to ^ oz. of distilled water. The same is used for snake bites, given inter- nally and injected into the wound and surrounding subcutaneous tissues, also for poisoning by gases. Representative prescription for intestinal flatulence or spas- modic colic: Yji Fl. Ex. cannabis Ind., 5 *s- Fl. ext. hyoscyami, 5 "• Tr. zingib, § iss. Spts. ammon. arom., § iss. Ac. Salicylici, 5 i"' M. Sig — At one dose in one pint of water; repeat in one-half or three-quarters of an hour, if necessary. Liquor Ammonii Acexatis. — Solution of acetate of am- monia. Synonym. — Mindererus spirits. The carbonate of ammonia is gradually added to dilute acetic acid until neutralized; each ounce will contain about 23 grains of carbonate of ammonia; should always be made up fresh. Dose. — Horse, 2to6ozs.; dogs, i to 4 drs. ; cattle, 3 to 8 ozs. Dilute in from 2 to 4 parts water. Physiological Actions. — Diaphoretic, antipyretic, mild stimu- lant, mild diuretic, mild expectorant and stomachic. Uses. — Much used in febrile and inflammatory attacks, es- pecially of the respiratory organs, catarrh, bronchitis, pneumonia, influenza, strangles, etc. , combined with other remedies, improves the appetite; can be used externally as a refrigerant over swollen and inflamed tendons, used as a general stimulant. Ammonii Carbonas.— White, translucent masses, pungent ammoniacal odor, alkaline, soluble i in 4 of water. 86 NOTES ON Dose. — Horse, i to 3 drs. when repeated every 3 hours, i dr. is enough. Cattle, i >^ to 5 drs. ; dogs, i to 8 grs. ; sheep and pigs, 15 to 40 grs.; colts, 20 to 60 grs. well diluted. The larger doses are used as stimulants. Physiological Actions. — Gastric .stimulant, general' stimu- lant, cardiac stimulant, stimulant expectorant, antacid, carmin- ative, respiratory stimulant and emetic in dogs. Uses. — Can be used in indigestion as indicated, but the milder alkalies are preferred, also in exhaustion, and debilitating diseases. In diseases of the air passages it is used as an expecto- rant; is contra-indicated in purpura hasmorrhagica, as it lowers the oxygen-carrying power of red blood corpuscles, and dissolves fibrin. As a stimulant it can be combined with alcohol and sul- phuric ether. Ammonia is indicated where a clot, thrombi or embolism, is supposed to exist, on account of its defibrinating power. Ammonii Chloeidi. — Chloride or muriate of ammonia. Synonym. — Sal. ammoniac. Character. — Translucent, fibrous masses or colorless crj'stals, volatile, and soluble i in 4 of water. Dose. — Horse, i to 4 drs. ; cattle, 2 to 6 drs. ; sheep, i to 2 drs.; colts, 20 to 60 grs.; calves, }4 to 2 drs.; dogs, i to 10 or 15 grs. Physiological Actions. — Expectorant, hepatic stimulant, mild diaphoretic, diuretic, antacid and mild general stimu- lant. The chief difference between the carbonate and the chlo- ride of ammonia is that the chloride is more of an expectorant, and the dose larger than that of the carbonate but the carbonate is more stimulating. Uses of the Muriate or Chloride. — Used in all diseases where an expectorant is indicated, catarrhal conditions, pneumonia, influenza, chronic congestion of the liver, etc. Give 2 ozs. each of the chloride of ammonia and pot. nit. in i}4 pints of water as a refrigerant for inflamed swellings, sprained tendons, joints, etc. For Catarrhal disorders give: ;^ Quininse sulph. 5 v'- to g i. Ammon. chloridi pulv. g iii. Camph. pulv. g i. ^ Pot. nit. pulv. 5 iii. M. Ft. Chart No. 12. Sig — i powder every 3 hours. Ammonii Benzoas— Benzoatb of Ammonia. VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 87 Dose for horse, 2 drs. to i oz. ; dogs, 2 to 30 grs. Use in gouty conditions, and to dissolve gravel, same as benzoic acid in alkaline urine; also as an expectorant, and in cystitis has a Soothing effect on the mucous membrane. Ammonii Phosphas. — Phosphate of ammonia, is used for gout and to dissolve uric acid calculi. Dose for dogs, 2 to 20 grs. There is also a Valerianate of Ammonia. All the prepara- tions of ammonia are more or less stimulating to the entire mo- tor apparatus, but in excessive doses cause death by paralysis; if too long continued or given in too large doses may cause irrita- tion and inflammation of the a:astro-intestinal tract. Dilute well. VEGETABLE ACIDS. AciDUM Taetaricum. — Occurs in colorless crystals. Ob- tained from cream of tartar. Refrigerant and purgative. Dose for dog, 5 to 40 grs. AciDUM CiTKicuM— Citric Acid.— Obtained from lime fruit and lemon. Colorless crystals. Dose for dog, 2 to 20 grs. AciDUM AcETicPM— Acetic Acid.— A colorless liquid of pungent, sharp odor, is the sour principle of vinegar. AciDUM Acetic CM Dilutum — Dilute Acetic Acid — Vine- gar. — Contains 17 per cent strength of acetic acid and 30 per cent of water. Dose of dilute acetic acid, horse, i to 2 ozs. ; dogs, 15 ms. to 2 drs. AciDUM Aceticum Glaciale. — Pure acetic acid. Actions. — Concentrated these acids are escharotic; dilute, they diminish thirst and allay restlessness, are refrigerants, in- crease acidity of urine, promote secretion and increase the water of the urine. Eong continued doses cause general wasting away. They are antilithic. Uses. — The glacial or full strength acid is used to remove warts or other growths. The dilute acetic acid as a wash in itching skin disease, and externally as a refrigerant. The citric and tartaric are not much used in veterinary practice. A little lump of citric acid about the size of a pea left to dissolve in the mouth will cure hoarseness in the human. Tartaric acid is said to eliminate phosphates from the urine. SULPHUR, sulphites AND SULPHIDES. Sulphur Sublimatum. — Sublimed sulphur, commonly known as flower of sulphur, is the chief form used in veterinary practice. Do.se as an alterative and laxative. 88 NOTES ON Horses, i to 4 ozs. ; sheep and pigs, }4 to i oz. ; cattle, 3 to 6 ozs.; dogs, ^ dr. to }4 oz. There is also a Sulphur Prcecipitatum, known as the milk of sulphur; also Sulphur Latum, known as washed sulphur. As an alterative about one-half the above doses are enough. In hu- man practice sulphur is used in rheumatism applied to parts on flannel. They are all insoluble in water or alcohol. Physiological Actions. — Internally, laxative and alterative. Externally. — Chiefly used as a parasiticide and desiccant, also to disinfect premises. Uses. — Burned, and used as a deodorizer and disinfectant; as a mild laxative where powerful ones would irritate and be dan- gerous; as in pregnancy, convalescence, from accute diseases and piles. Good for young animals as a laxative; in urticaria (nettle- rash). The following prescription maybe used: 1^ Sulphur sub., S '^'■ Carbo ligni., g iii. M. Sig.^Two tablepoonfuls 3 times daily in feed. Used in parasitic and other skin diseases, mange, etc. For mange clip off the hair, scrub well, give Fowler's so- lution internally, if chronic, and use sulphur and lard externall}'. In more obstinate cases of mange use the following; ]^ Sulphur sub. g i. 01. cadinutn, 3 "'• Adeps., 3 V. Thoroughly rub in and leave on for 48 hours. Wash off and repeat, or ;^ Sulphur. g ii. Pot. carbonate, g i. Lard or oil, , g x. or xii. Dissolve with aid of gentle heat, then add 2 ozs. of benzine when cold. Use the .same way as above. Calcium Sulphide.— Soluble i to 500. Dose. — Horse, 10 to 20 grs. , every three hours to stop sup- puration. A sulphite of calcium may be administered for the same purpose, ^ to i dr. three times daily in tetanus. AciDUM SuLPHUEOSUM — Sulphurous Acid. Colorless liquid, odor of burning sulphur; and a sulphurous sour, and somewhat astringent taste: Dose. — Horse, 2 drs. to i oz.; dogs, i to 60 ms. every three VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 89 or four hours, diluted. Not much used internally; used more externally. It combines with oxygen and forms sulphuric acid. For local use dilute with 3 or 4 times its quantity of water. Actions. — Disinfectant, deodorant, antiseptic and parasiti- cide; is irritating, should be well diluted. Uses. — Sulphurous gas from burning sulphur, is used for husk or hoose of sheep and calves; this is a disease in which worms affect the bronchial tubes, due to strongylus micrurus in calves, and strongylus filaria in sheep. The subjects are placed in a loose box and sulphur burned about 6 feet away from them, so that air may dilute the fumes before being inhaled by the animals; let them inhale the fumes for 10, 15 or 20 minutes or longer, unless irritation is too great. The sulphurous acid is used in foot and mouth diseases, as a spray or on lint; in diphtheria and in epizootic aphthse, etc., as a spray; used' internally in septicaemia. Antagonists and Incompatibles of Sulphur, Sulphides and Sulphites. — The mineral acids, including sulphuric, decompose the sulphites and hyposulphites. All oxidizing agents are. in- compatible, as these preparations have a great affinity for oxygen and the sulphites readily become sulphates. Solutions of the metals are incompatible with sulphides of potash and calcium. Antidotes. — Are chlorine water, common salt, sulphate of iron, etc. Synergist. — All agents which arrest fermentative processes or promote' waste. The alkalies favor their action, both chemi- cally and physiologically. IODINE AND ITS PREPARATIONS. lODUM-IODiNE. — Occurs in bluish black crystalline scales of a metallic lustre, slightly soluble in water, i in 5000, alcohol, i in 10, ether, i in 4, and in a solution of iodide of potash and a solution of chloride of sodium, is very soluble. It is non-me- tallic. It is obtained from the ashes of sea-weeds and should be kept in glass stoppered bottles in a cool place. We use the Re- suBiviMED Iodine. Dose of the resublimedis for horse, 15 grs. to I dr.; cattle, >^ to 1% drs.; sheep, 10 to 30 grs.; pigs, 5 to 20 grs. ; dogs, i^ to i gr. lyiQUOR loDi CoMPOSiTus. — Compound solution of iodine, iodine 5 parts, potassium iodide 10 parts, distilled water qs. to go NOTES ON make loo parts. It is always well to make your own solutions of any strength you desire. Ammonium Iodidum^Ammonium Iodide - Iodide of Am- monia. — White granular, very deliquescent salt, becoming yel- lowish brown by exposure, very soluble in water and alcohol. Dose. — Horse, i to 4 drs. average dose 2 drs. ; dogs, i to 10 grs. Very good in pneumonia where resolution is tardy. SoDii loDiDUM— Sodium Iodide — Iodide of Soda. — Minute crystals or cr5'stalline powder, deliquescent, having a saline and bitter taste, and alkaline reaction. Soluble in water and in al- cohol; actions and dose about the same as lod. of Pot. Potassium Iodidum — Potassium Iodide — Jodide of Potash. — Occurs in white or transparent crystals, wholly soluble in water; alcohol i in 18, glycerin i in 3. Dose. — Human, 5 grs. to i dr.; horse, 2 to 4 drs. i oz. can be given. Cattle, 3 to 6 drs.; sheep, 10 to 30 grs. ; pigs, 15 to 30 grs. ; dogs, i to 10 grs. These are for doses that are to be repeated two or three times a day, but can be increased in certain cases, as in blood poison- ing; usually given in solution. On account of the expense of pot. iod. can give resublimed iodine and pot. iod. together. PBEPARATIONS OF IODINE. — FOE EXTEEB'AL USE. loDOFORUM— loDOFOBM. — Yellow crystals or amorphous powder, very disagreeable odor, insoluble in water, but soluble in ether and the fixed and volatile oils. Olive-oil is usually used as a solvent. Iodoform contains by weight 96.69 per cent iodine. Some- times administered internally. Dose in human, i to 5 grs.; dogs about the same. ALLIED DRUGS TO IODOFORM. Aristol.— Contains 45.8 per cent iodine, and has not much odor. Antjseptol. — Has 50 per cent iodine. loDOL. — Contains 88.97 P^r cent iodine and is free from odor, lodol is preferred in dog practice as a substitute for Iodoform in chronic sores and ulcers. Tinctuba Iodi — TiifCTURE OF loDiNE. — Composed of iodine 70 parts, alcohol 1000 parts, strength about 7 per cent, increased to 8 per cent by evaporation. VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 9 1 Ungbentum Iodi — Iodine Oisttment.— Composed of iodine four parts, iod. of pot. i part, water two parts and benzoated lard 93 parts; strength 4 per cent. There is also an ointment of pot. iod., but is too mild for veterinary use. Antagonists and Incompatibles. - Iodine is incompatible with nearly everything, the mineral acids, metallic salts, the alkaloids, etc. The chemical antidote is starch, which forms almost an in- ert compound. Bicarbonate of soda 2 to 4-oz. doses twice daily seems to stop iodism. Starch should be given freely diffused in water; when possible evacuate the stomach for horses, emetic for dog, followed with a purgative if the animal is not too much de- bilitated. Do not give iodine near a meal, as its action is im- paired; administer on an empty stomach. Synergist.— Alkalies and other remedies which increase waste favor the action of iodine and iodides; under some con- ditions mercurials are especially synergistic. Physiological Actions.— Externally, stains the skin yellow, is stimulant, irritant and vesicant if used concentrated, antiseptic, (i in 7000 destroys bacilli and spores) also re.sol vent, parasiticide, deodorizer and disinfectant, but is too expensive for this purpose. Tincture of iodine is sometimes used in the human and the smaller animals, as a counter-irritant. Iodine acts notably on the skin, mucous membranes and lymphatic glands, strong solutions cause irritation and desquamation of the cuticle, and on that ac- count stimulates the growth of hair. Internally. — Alterative, resolvent, deobstruent and expecto- rant, lyarge do.ses of iodine or its compounds are general depres- sants. Medicinal doses stimulate glandular activity and promote tissue change, as well as the absorption and elimination of recent formed tissue and diseased cells. They .hasten the removal of lead, mercury, and other metals from the system by combining with them. It is eliminated by the mucous surfaces and glands, particularly in the saliva, perspiration and urine, consequently full doses may irritate these channels of elimination. Toxicology. — The chain of poisonous symptoms are called iodism, and is produced by continued full doses of iodine or its salts,, or where, an idiosyncrasy exists. Iodism is characterized by great prostration, loss of appetite, won't drink water, an ir- ritable catarrhal condition of the mucous membrane of the nos- 92 NOTES ON trils, eyes, throat and bronchial tu'->es, and a profuse discharge of saliva from the mouth, a thick yellow or brownish discharge from the nostrils, with irritation of the digestive organs, vomit- ing in dogs, with attempts at it in the horse; sometimes a vesicu- lar skin eruption occurs, diminished secretion of urine, sometimes totally suppressed, great languor, inaptitude for exertion, eleva- tion of temperature, irregular pulse and very rapid emaciation. The discharges from the bowels are apt to be bloody, more par- ticularly in dogs. Antidotes. — Starch is the chemical antidote, bicarbonate of soda in 2 or 3 oz. doses twice daily is also very beneficial. Give stimulants, and combat the following irritation and symptoms as they arise. Therapy. — Iodine or its compounds are used as alteratives in blood disorders, especially due to a plethoric condition, and in grease heels, cracked heels and nettle-rash. It is used for glandu- lar enlargements of all kinds, such as the parotid, or sub-max- illary glands, liver, udder, etc., also in chronic rheumatism, drop- sical conditions, as oedema of legs, hydrothorax, and ascites com- bined with tonics; psrsistent 'or chronic skin disease, in catarrhal diseases it is inhaled as a vapor. Use the tincture of iodine i or 2 oz. in I pint of water or vinegar, pour on a hot iron or brick, put into a bucket with dampened hay, inclose in a bag and hold over the horse's nose, also useful in the same way for dr}' con- gested conditions, of the respiratory mucous membrane as in bronchitis. The iod. of pot. is used in chronic cough, heaves and thick-wind. The iod. of anlmonia is very useful in pneu- monia, where resolution is tardy; for this use alternately with Fowler's solution, give Fowler's solution 3 times a day and ammon. iod. every 4 hours. Iodine is almost a specific for dia- betes insipidus, or polyuria; for this purpose use the resublimed iodine }4 to i dr. combined with Ferri Sulphas i to 2 dr. with a stomachic, such as gentian twice daily. Usually from 3 to 6 doses will cure, then follow up with general tonic treatment. It is also used internally for large swellings, such as remain from lymphan- gitis; used internally in chronic eye diseases. The Pot. Iod. is used in actinomycosis (lumpy jaw); used as an alterative and re- solvent for empyema, hydrocele, laminitis sub-acute or chronic, in goitre, (that is enlargement of the thyroid glands). Iod. of Pot. internally and tincture of iodine externally. Pot. Iod. is VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 93 nsed in enlargements of the joints or thickening of the skin. In mercurial and other metallic poisoning, iodine is adminis- tered, to combine with these metals and promote their elimina- tion; it is also administered in chronic Bright' s disease, enlarge- ment of the prostrate or Cowper's glands, (which will cause diffi- cult urination). The following prescription makes a nice method of adminis- tering Iodine to horses, or other animals. Watery solutions are not as irritating as alcoholic solutions. For 1000 or 1200-lb. horse: ^ lod. resub., 3 "J- Potas. iod., ,^ jss. ' Aq., • g xij . M. Ft. Sol. Sig. One ounce three times daily in 4 to 6 ozs. of water on an empty stomach. External Uses. — In the iodine ointment the tincture of iodine is used for this purpose. The tincture of iodine is painted on or the ointment rubbed in, for glandular enlargements, small swell- ings, knee knocking or interfering, small splints in the earh- stages, capped hock and curbs; used as a mild stimulant and re- solvent for chronic synovitis, bursal enlargements, and thicken- ing of the periosteum. This thickening of periosteum may occur from any cause, as sore shins, etc. The tincture can be used as a counter-irritant for sore throat or lungs, in consolidation if cir- cumscribed in dogs; used to stimulate the growth of hair and prevent scars, as where a horse falls and skins the knee, Dr. Quitman recommends healing them very slowly under a salve in- stead of powder, and as quickly as new tissue forms paint the parts with tincture of iodine, or after a blister, paint the bald spots, and this will stimulate the hair bulbs. Used to stimulate slow healing sores or ulcers. The tincture should be painted around the edges. The tincture is also injected into cysts and ab- scesses, as shoe boils, capped hock, thoroughpin and other bursal enlargements, it promotes adhesion of the walls. For so called, cold abscesses on horses' shoulders, which spring up very quickly, in which you find a small pus pocket, take a long scalpel and open to the pocket, after opening inject tincture of iodine into it once •or twice daily; afterward plug up the opening with oakum, also blister the surface. The same treatment is used in shoe boils, capped hock, etc. The iodine acts by setting up an inflammatory process and stimulates healthy granulation. ■ Can be used in per- , 94 NOTES ON sistent cases of mange or other forms of eczema and psoriasis or ring worms; for these diseases the tincture or an aqueous solution can be used if it is localized. For large surfaces as in mange, Dr. Quitman recommends the following: Iodine 2 parts, pot. iod. i part, tar-oil 4 parts, to 32 parts of lard; this can be safely applied over a large surface. Used in dropsical conditions as ascites in dogs, the fluid is aspirated out of the abdominal cavity and then use resublimed iodine i dr. pot. iod. I dr. to i pint of hot water and injected into the abdominal cavity, then aspirate out and give pot. iod. internally, alternated with iron and other tonics. The same treatment can be used for horses with hydrothorax. Iodoform. — Is used externally for sores and ulcers, but has a very disagreeable odor. Iodoform ^ to i dr. dissolved in olive oil yi, oz. may be injected into abscesses, boils, etc. IODOi<. — Is a good substitute for iodoform and is free from odor. Iodine should always be administered on an empty stomach. For internal use, the aqueous solutions are best. MEKCURY AND ITS PKEPAEATIONS. Most important one is mercury, quicksilver not used in veter- inary practice. Unguentum Hydrargri.— Blue ointment, mercurial oint- ment, contains 45 per cent of mercury. Actions and Uses. —Applied with friction, irritates the skin, and is readily absorbed, may even vesicate; in small animals may cause constitutional symptoms. Used in psoriasis and other per- sistent scaly skin diseases, but use mildly; also to stimulate in- dolent ulcers. Used to kill mange and similar parasites, as ring- worms, but is dangerous; it is used as an absorbent to reduce swellings of any character and small exostosis. Can be used ex- ternally about the same as iodine. Summary. — Parasiticide, stimulant and resolvent. Unguentum Htdeargyri Nitratis. — Ointment of nitrate of mercury, citrine ointment, of a lemon yellow color, composed of mercury 7 parts, nitric acid 17 parts, lard oil 76 parts. Actions and Uses. —Irritant caustic, or resolvent, is used full strength, to destroy small growths, foot-rot in sheep, canker in horses feet , also used in skin diseases diluted i to 3 parts of oil; it is a parasiticide, kills lice, ring worms, and is very readily VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 95 absorbed. Diluted is used locally for chronic eye diseases; where j'ou have an opacity of cornea or deposits in the eye, use: ^ Ungt. hydrarg. nitratis, § i. Lanolin a. a., g ij. to J iij. With eserine or atropine as indicated. Apply around the orbit and on the lids of the eye, if very painful combine a little co- caine. Oleatum Hydkaegyri. — Oleate of mercury, composed of yellow oxide of mercury lo parts, oleic acid 90 parts; this is one of the most readily absorbed of the mercurial preparations. Action and Uses. — Is somewhat irritating, very penetrative and diffusible; it promotes absorption, on account of its being so readily absorbed into the tissues. Morphia or other alkaloids are mixed with it, for pain; small exostosis as splints can be re- moved with the oleate of mercury. Used in inflammation of the joints; combine i to 3 grs. of morphia to the i dr. for deep seated lameness, used also in subacute or chronic arthritis, exos- tosis of anj' kind if small, and for induration of the udder, and other purposes similiar to mercurial ointment to promote absorp- tion. When to be repeated, should be diluted with oil, lard or lanolin equal parts. Hydearqykum Cum Cketa. — Mercury with chalk, known as gray powder. Physiological Actions. — Alterative, chiefly used for its ant- acid and laxative effects, in small and delicate animals; such as dogs, .young calves and foals, suffering from bilious indigestion and gastric irritation; alterative for dogs. Dose. — Young foals and calves, 5 to 15 grs.; dogs, i to 3 grs. once, twice or 3 times daily. Pigs, 5 to 20 grs. Massa Hyijraegyki. — Synonym, blue mass, blue pill, 33 per cent mercury, or 3 grs. contain i gr. metallic mercury. Dose. — Human, Yi to 15 grs. ; dogs, same, not used for larger animals. Actions. — Cholagogue, laxative, deobstruent and alterative. Hydrargyrium Iodidum — RuBRUM — Red Iodine of Mer- cury. — A bright scarlet red powder, feebly soluble in water, but easily in a solution of iod. of pot. Do not mistake it for red oxide, which is milder and paler in color. Actions. — Irritant, not often used internally, resolvent and pustulant, used as a blister i to 6, 8 or 10 of lard, used to reduce g6 NOTES ON exostosis, of all kinds, splints, spavins, ring bones, etc. , pene- trates deeply, also used to reduce soft swellings, to arrest chronic inflammation, and promote absorption of inflammatory deposits, as seen in sprained tendons, enlarged bursse, enlarged joints, etc. Is used as a blister or counter-irritant in sore throat, chronic cough and roaring; used on rheumatic joints. It can be mixed with cantharides as you do not have to use so much mercur}'; if used too strong it destroys the hair bulbs. Prescription for blister: ]^ Pulv. canth. hydrag. iod. rubr., aa., 5 'J- Adeps, 5 iij. Sig. — Rub in for 5 to 10 minutes. Hydrargyrum Chi^oridum Mite; Hydrargyrum Sub- Chi^oridum; Hydrargyrum Sub-Muriate; Calomel. — Mild chloride of mercury; in writing a prescription for calomel, Hy- drarg. Chlor. Mitis underlining the '^ite thus, to avoid errors. • Character. — A dull heavy insoluble, nearly tasteless powder. Dose. — Average dose for horse }4 to 2 drs. ; cattle, i to 2 drs. ; sheeep and pigs, 5, to 30 grs. ; dogs, ^ to 10 grs. ■ Where calomel is used as an alterative, small repeated doses are combined with opii to prevent its too rapid removal from the bowels. As a purgative is usually combined with bicarbonate of soda. Actions. — Laxative in small repeated doses; cathartic in large doses; full doses irritate the stomach and cause emesis (vomiting) in man and dogs. Calomel is a diuretic, seems to stimulate the urea functions of the liver; does not directly in- crease secretion of bile, but removes it from the duodenum, and in this way reflexly increases its secretion by the liver. Repeated doses may cause mercurialism. Alterative when combined with opii, laxative in small repeated doses, cathartic in large doses. Summary. — Diuretic, alterative, laxative, cathartic and ver- mifuge. Externally. — Calomel is a desiccant, stimulant, antiparasitic and antiseptic. Uses. — Gastric irritation, influenza, where there is a yellow- ness of the mucous membrane, liver disorder. It is useful as an adjunct to aloes or other purgative. As a laxative or purgative for horses, give aloes and calomel; cattle, calomel, epsom or Glamber's salts; dogs, calomel with resin of jalop. Do not keep the administration of calomel up too long, as it may cause nier- VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA 97 curialism. Pure calomel is the best drug known for thrush. For moist skin diseases and sores with a raw condition, calomel i% oz. and bismuth subnitrate i yi ozs. is used where you wish to dry them up quickly and relieve itching. As a purgative for dogs use equal parts of calomel and bicarbonate of soda. Hydeakgyeum Chloridum Coerosiyum— Hydeaegyrum Bi- CHLORID0M— HyDEAEGYEUM PeRCHLOEIDUM — CoEROSlYE ChLOUDE — GoEROSiYE Sublimate. Character. — Heavy, colorless masses; soluble i in i6 of water, i in 3 of alcohol; hydrochloric acid or muriate of am- monia increases its solubility. Dose. — Horse, i to 5grs. ; sheep, >^ to i gr. ; dogs, 1-60 to 2-10 gr. ; cattle, 2 to 8 grs.; pigs, }ito }4 gr. Not very often given internally, except in human for syphilis, combined with pot. iod. Action. — Corrosive, irritant poison, occasionally used as an alterative, antiseptic and hepatic stimulant. Repeated doses or long continued cause mercurialism . Externally. — ^A most powerful antiseptic, astringent, caustic and parasiticide. Uses.— -Internally, milder preparations of mercury are pre- ferred; has been used in tetanus, but its chief use is that of an antiseptic externally; used usually in the strength of i to 500, I to 1000 or I to 2000; for uterus i to 5000 or i to loooo. j}4 grs. to a pint make a, i to 1000 solution, yyi grs. to a quart make a i to 2000 solution. 15 grs. to a pint make a i to 500 solution. Best antiseptic for nail wounds, thrush, quittor, fistu- lous withers, etc., especially foul wounds, i to 1000 solution kills ring worms, lice, etc., if used over a large surface must be used milder. For pruritus, prurigo and urticaria. Prof. Robertson recommends: ^ Hydrarg. chlor. corros., grs. xii. Ac. hydrocyau. dil., j ss. Glyceriui, 5 "• Aqua, § X. Bathe the parts .several times a day; in diphtheria a spray of }4 gr. to the I oz. of water is sometimes used; used for disinfecting purposes, mixed in white wash for barns, after glanders; used as a sloughing agent in quittor, fistulous withers, poll- evil, fibrous 98 NOTES ON tumors, etc. Dr. Quitman recommends it as one of the best agents for quittors as follows: YJL Hydrarg, bichlor., g i. Spts. vini rectificati, g iii. M. Ft. Sol. Sig. — Inject once or twice daily. For fibrous tumors i oz. of corrosive sub. rolled in tissue paper and inserted into the tumor will slough it out without danger. The mercurials promote waste by stimulating the lym- phatics. Mercurialism, Salivation or Ptyalism. — Symptoms sore teeth, spongy gums, profuse saliva and tears, fetid breath, bluish line along margins of the teeth, then swelling of the glands, aching jaws and muscles, fever with rapid emaciation, anaemia, hair falls put, ulcers form on skin, fetid diarrhoea, trembling, nervous, abortion in pregnant animals. I/arge doses of the irritating prep- arations cause gastro-enteritis. Antidotes. — Best is albumen, the white of one egg to 4 grs. of corrosive sublimate, emesis for dogs, stomach pump for horse; cathartic; wheat flour, milk, etc. Incompatibles. — Incompatible with nearly everything; calo- mel with hydrochloric acid or chloride of soda or other chlorides form corrosive sublimate; corrosive sublimate and pot. iod. form red iod. of mercury, etc. Best to prescribe them alone. ARGENTUM— SHVER. There is an oxide, cynide and iodide, but the nitrate is most important. Aegenti NiTKAS— Nitrate OF Silver. — A heavy colorless salt wholly soluble in water; always use distilled water in making a solution, and protect the bottle from light and heat. Dose. — Horses and cattle, 5 to 10 grs. ; sheep, i to 2 grs. ; pigs, }i to 1 gr. ; dogs, 1-30 to i gr. average dose for dog ^ or 1-5 of a gr. A.RGEKTI NiTRAS FuSUS — FuSED NiTRATE OF SiLVER LuNAR Caustic. —Used only for topical applications, occurs in little sticks about % the size of a lead-pencil. Antagonists and Incompatibles. — All chlorides form insoluble chlorides of silver, mineral acids, alkalies and their carbonates, other astringents and lime-water; in case of poisoning by any of VETBRINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 99 the silver preparations use common salt to form the insoluble chloride of silver. Synergist. — All waste producers, as mercury, iodides, etc. favor its actions. Physiological Actions. — Silver nitrate combines with the albumen of the tissues, and is a limited caustic; causes superficial inflammation and stains the parts black ; small doses increase se- cretion, stimulate the heart. It promotes nutrition, and is said to be a nerve tonic. Its continued administration causes general waste, gastro- intestinal catarrh, fluidity of blood, slate colored lines about the gums, and similar discoloration of skin , and mucous membrane, followed by nervous disorder, paralysis, convulsions and death. Uses. — A solution of 40 grains to i ounce of nitrous ether is said to abort superficial inflammation, if early applied; used for erysipelas, 20 grains to i ounce of distilled water, ap- plied around margin to limit the area; also used in ulceration of the throat; used with a spray or swab, in strength of from lo grs. to I dr. to i oz. of water. For dysentery, internally and as an enema it is very good ; used in conjunctivitis i to 5 grs. to i oz. , 2 grs. to i oz., is the average strength, and should only be applied to the con- junctivae or lids, and should not be used on the cornea, as it may form an insoluble chloride of silver and cause permanent opaci- ties. Nitrate of silver is used to stimulate indolent ulcers, and to burn off warts. To stimulate ulcers, touch in spots around edge; also used in chorea, epilepsy and chronic spinal disease, but results are uncertain in these latter three. It is also used for foot- rot in sheep; a piece of the caustic is placed in sinuses of fistulous withers, quittors, etc. It causes slough, followed by liealthy granulation; used for sore teats in cows. CUPRUM ^OOPPER — OUPRI ACETAS — ACETATE OF COPPER VERDIGRIS. Not official; is stronger than the sulphate, but has about the same uses. The sulphate is preferred. CupRi Arsenis — AasENiTE OF Copper. Dose. — Horse, }i to 15 grs., according to the purpose for which it is used; dogs, i-ioo to 1-40 of a grain. Used almost entirely for diarrhoea and dysentery, where there is a relaxed condition of the muscular walls of the intestines. Quite service- able in horses that scour. lOO NOTES ON CupRi Sulphas— Sulphate of Copper— Blue Vitriol — Blue Stone. — Occurs in blue crystals; soluble i in 3 of water. Dose. — Horses, Yi to ij^ drs. ; sheep, iot0 30grs.; dogs, ^ to 2 grs. ; cattle, i to 3 drs., pigs, 3 to 10 grs. As a tonic and astringent, repeat two or three times daily; given either in bolus or in some mucilaginous solution, or in powdered form, with some inert substance; when given as a tonic should be given at time of feeding, or right after eating; as an emetic for dogs, 3 to 15 grs. Double this amount for pigs of 100 lbs. weight; dissolve in water. Sulphate of iron is better as a tonic. Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alkalies and carbonates, mineral salts, except the sulphates, iodides and most astringent vegetables, are chemically incompatible; in case of poisoning give white of eggs and milk freely, evacuate stomach and give demulcents; it is the best antidote to phosphorus poisoning. Actions. — Gastro-intestinal irritant, astringent, tonic, emetic in large doses; acts directly on the stomach; antiseptic and ver- mifuge. External. — In solid form, caustic, diluted is astringent an( antiseptic. Uses. — Internally used as emetic, antidote for phosphorus, atony of bowels, diarrhoea especially combined with dilute sul- phuric acid and sulphate of morphine; is supposed to prevent development of farcy and glanders in exposed animals. Externally. — Used as a stimulant and caustic, styptic, also used for foot-rot; for granular eye-lids, touch lightly over the granular surface with the sulphate. For tetanus try the follow- ing. ^ Cupri sulph., Ferri. sulph. exsic, aa, J jss. Pulv. bellad. fol. Pulv. gentian rad., aa, § iij. M. Ft, Chart No. 12. Sig. — One powder 3 or 4 times daily. Quinine may be added. This prescription does not consti- - pate. plumbum — LEAD . Physiological Actions. — The lead compounds are powerful astringents, haemostatics, styptics, anodynes, local sedatives and desiccants; they coagulate albumen and form a protective coat, also contract small vessels. In large or continued doses they ir- VETERINARY MATERIA MEDIC A. lOI ritate, then paralj^ze voluntary and involuntary muscles, aud also the central nervous system. Toxicology. — Acute lead poisoning is rare; intense gastro- intestinal irritation, vomiting, retching, paralysis, coma, and collapse are its principal phenomena. Chronic L,ead Poisoning. — Blue line along the margin of gums, paralysis of extensor muscles of fore-arm, impaired sensi- bility, rheumatism without fever or tenderness in joints, which however, are red and swollen, emaciation, albuminuria, colic, constipation, abortion of pregnant animals, inflammation of kid- neys; death may occur from paralysis of muscles of respiration or from convulsions and coma; symptoms resemble stomach stag- gers in the horse and impaction of third stomach of cattle. Treatrnent. — Emetics, wash out stomach, give sulphate of soda or magnesia to form insoluble sulphate and to open the bowels; give stimulants, warmth, pot. iodine, oil, etc. Plumbi Oxidum. — lyitharge, red lead, reddish yellow pow- der or heavy scales, insoluble in water; soluble in nitric and acetic acid; used in making lead plaster or oleate of lead and in Goulard's extract. Pi^UMBi Carbonas. — Carbonate of lead, white lead; used to make unguentum plumbi carbonatis. Uses of Oxide and Carbonate. — Used as desiccants and as- tringents, mixed with linseed-oil, glycerin or vaseline, they form antiseptic, astringent and protective coverings for burns, skin diseases, scratches, collar galls, etc. There is also an iodide of lead, ointment of iodide of lead and a nitrate of lead. Plumbi Acetas — Acetate op Uead — Sugar of I,ead. — Occurs in white crystalline masses of a sweetish ta-ste, soluble in 2 parts of water at 60 per cent F. Dose. — Horse, and cattle, ^ to i dr. ; sheep and calves, 5 to 20 grs.; pigs, I to 5 grs.; dogs, ^ to 4 or 5 grs. given in bolus or solution. Uses. — Administered internally to check haemorrhages, es- pecially of the stomach and lungs, has been used in purpura in horses with varying results; it is said to be very good in red water of cattle; also ased in diabetes insipidus; for diarrhoea, lead acetate with opium is very good, also in dysentery, chronic scouring, and bronchorrhoea; it is occasionally prescribed as a gargle. I02 NOTES ON Externally. — Used in solution to check superficial inflamma- tion; used on burns, bruises and ulcers, also to cool and relieve strained and inflamed tendons and joints, it is also used as a wash to abate the itching of nettle-rash and erythema, and other skin diseases; also serviceable in eczema, and grease-heal; used in eye-wash but should not be used when there is an abrasion of the cornea, as insoluble compounds are formed; the acetate may be used as an ointment or powder or in solution dissolved in 20 to 40 parts water, a little vinegar or acetic acid increases its solubil- ity; it is used in white lotion as follows: ]^ Zinci Sulphatis 5 ■^'• Plumbi Acet. g i. Aqua Oj ss. M. Sig. — Apply 4 or 5 times daily for collar galls, sore backs, etc. Goulard's extract is superior for strained and inflamed ten- dons. lyiQUOR Pi,UMBi SuBACETATis — Goulard's Extract. — Com- posed of acetate of lead 170 pts., oxide of lead 120 pts., boiled together in water to make 1000 pts. A dense, clear, colorless liquid, sweet, astringent taste, alkaline reaction, decomposed by exposure to the air. LiQ. Plumbi Subacetatis Dilutus — Diluted Solution OF SUBACETATE OF I^EAD GOULARD' S WaTER. — 30 ptS. Goul- ard' s extract to water to make looo pts. There is also a Ceratum Plumbi Subacetatis. Uses. — Four to five ounces of Goulard's extract to the pint of water is used for sprains, bruises, cuts, burns, scratches,, grease-heel, etc. For painful affections Tr. of opium 4 to 6 ozs. to I pint, or belladonna about 2 ozs. to the pint are added. These subtauces when combined are chemically incompatible but therapeutically active. Goulard's extract i part, lard-oil 4 to 6 parts; makes a good dressing for blistered or bruised surfaces, grease-heel and other ailments of that class; for skin disease, eczema, canker of ear in dogs, etc. , use the following. ^ Liq. plumbi subacet, § 1. Glycerini. g ii. Aq. § ii. M. Sig. — Apply 3 or 4 times daily, but iu treating canker of the ear for the first 4 or 5 days use per oxide of hydrogen first. Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Lime, sulphates, carbonates VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA IO3 mineral acids, mineral salts, vegetable acids, alkalies, potassium, iodide, vegetable astringents, albuminous solutions and opium preparations. Synergist. — Cold water, digitalis, ergot, veratrum viride, and similar astringent agents, and waste producers favor the ac- tion of lead. ZINCUM. ZiNCi OxiDUM. — Yellowish white powder, insoluble in water. Dose. — Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 drs.; dogs, i to 6 grs. Not much used internally. Actions and Uses. — Used chiefly as a dusting powder for wounds and excoriated surfaces; used alone or combined with boric acid, subnitrate of bismuth, calomel or in the form of the UNGUENTUM ZINCI OXIDUM (ofEcial) is desiccant, mildly astrin- gent and protective; it is sometimes used in chorea, epilepsy and other nervous diseases. Prescription for healing powder: ^ Zinci oxid., g ii. Ac. boric, g ii. M. Sig. — Apply several times daily. Calomel added to above increases the drying properties. If there is any itching or irritation add subnitrate of bismuth i oz. For good, cheap healing salve use the following: Jji Ungt. zinci oxid., ^ iii. Plumbi acet.. 5 "'• Petrolatum, 5 ^'^• M. Sig. — Apply- To change its white color, powdered curcuma is used, about I dr. to the i oz. Gives a yellow color. Zinci Carbonas Precipitatis — Precipitated Carbon- ate of Zinc — There is also a Ceratum Zinci Carbonatis; action and uses the same as oxide of Zinc; also the Zinci Va- lerianae — Valerianate of Zinc. — Used as a nerve tonic in chorea. Dose for dog, ^ to 2 grs. Zinci Chloridum. — White deliquescent salts, wholly solu- ble in water, alcohol and ether. lyiQUOR Zinci Chloridi, aqueous solution of zinci chloridi, containing 50 per cent by weight of salt. Make your own solution; chloride of zinc is used exter- nally only. I04 NOTES ON Actions. — Is caustic and escharotic, used full strength or in a strong solution, penetrates very deeply and causes deep slough- ing; an irritant and corrosive poison; mild medicinal solutions are antiseptic and astringent; is also disinfectant and deodorizer. Uses. — Can be used as caustic, when indicated; use with caution, for granulations in chronic ulcers and foot-rot in sheep; to slough out all kinds of iistula, usually mixed with i or 2 parts of flour made into a paste with water, 2 to 3 per cent solution or 2 to 4 drs. to the pint of water as used for ordinary astringent purposes' and as a parasiticide. For conjunctivitis: ]J. Zinci chloridi, grs. ii. to iv. Atropinfe sulphatis, grs. iv. Aq. destil., g viii. M. Sig. — Apply to the eye with soft sponge. It is also a safe wash for inflamed cornea. Zinci Sulphas - Sulphate OF Zinc— Occurs in colorless crystals, which effloresce on exposure to air; soluble 10 in 7 parts water. Dose. — Horse, yi to i}i drs.; sheep, 10 to 20 grs. ; lambs, % to 3 grs. ; cattle, i to 2 drs. ; calves, 10 to 30 grs. ; dogs, }^ to 5 grs. These doses are astringents and tonics; as an emetic for dogs, 5 to 20 grs. Physiological Actions — Irritant, emetic, astringent, antiseptic and nerve tonic. Externally it is used as a stimulant, astringent and antiseptic; in dogs it is a prompt and efficient emetic, causes no depression and acts both on the stomach and nerve centers ; pois- onous or long continued large doses in horses dry up the secre- tions, cause nausea, colic and efforts to vomit; dogs cannot be poisoned by it as it causes vomiting. Uses. — As a tonic is inferior to iron; chief use is externally as an astringent; It is used in white lotion; sometimes used in- ternally with opium to stop excessive sweating, in frequent small doses. Used as a safe and prompt emetic for dogs and pigs. Externall}-. — Used in solution as an astringent and stimulant for wounds, ulcers, simple ophthalmia, and irritable conditions of mucous membrane of uterus or vagina and urethra, vesicular and pustulant skin eruptions. Proper strength, i oz. to the I qt. of water. For conjunctivitis or canker of the ear: VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 105 ^ Zinci sulphatis, grs. iii. to viii. MorphinEE sulphatis. grs. iii. to vi. Atropinse sulphatis, grs. i. to ii. Aq. destillata, g i. M. Sig. — For the eye or ear apply several times daily in small quantities. ZiNci AcET AS— Acetate OF Zinc. Actions and Uses. — The same as the sulphate; it is the ace- tate of zinc which is the soluble agent in white lotion, caused by the acetate of lard, and sulphate of zinc changing their composi- tion. Antagonists and Incompatibles of the zinc salts in general. Lime-water, the alkalies and their carbonates, nitrate of silver and the vegetable astringents are incompatible with the-zinc salts, also with acetate of lead. Antidotes. — lyime-water, mucilaginous drinks, milk, tannic acid and the carbonated alkalies, common soap, etc. Synergist. — Mercurial, silver, antimonial and copper prep- arations favor the action of zinc salts. ALUMEN— ALUM. The official alum is known as Aluminum and Potassium Sulphate or Potassium Alum. Dose. — Horse, i to 3 drs. ; sheep and pigs, 10 to 40 grs.; dogs, I to 15 grs. It is soluble in 9 parts of water at 59° F, very soluble in hot water. Occurs in large colorless, octahedral crystals, of an acid, sweetish, astringent taste. Alumem Exsiccatum — Dried Alum. — Commonly termed burnt alum, is alum deprived of its water or crystallization by heat, a white granular powder, odorless but having a sweetish astringent taste, soluble in 20 parts of water at 60° F. Is a powerful astringent and escharotic. Aluminis Sulphas — Sulphate of Alum. — Soluble in i to 2 parts water by weight. Is antiseptic, astringent and caustic. Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alkalies and their carbon- ates and acetate of lead are chemically incompatible. Synergist. — Mineral and vegetable astringents promote its therapeutical activity. Physiological Actions. — Astringent, at first excites flow of saliva, then markedly decreases it; coagulates pepsin, thus it would derange or entirely arrest digestion; it also stops peris- I06 NOTES ON talsis and produces constipation, though sometimes it induces diarrhoea by irritation. It arrests secretion in general and in the circulation constricts the capillaries; it is in this way it arrests secretions, especially those of mucous surfaces and stops capillary haemorrhage; it is an emetic in 15 grs. to i dr. doses for dogs; large doses are gastro-intestinal irritants. The sulphate of alum- inum is mildly caustic, astringent and antiseptic. Uses. — In diarrhoea and dysentery, but other astringents are safer and better, as it may lock the bowels too tight, ma}^ be used in weeping sores or weeping skin diseases; in long standing nail wouncs by putting ^ lb. into the soaking tub, also in same way for injured coronets, with raw bulging surfaces that bleed easily; also for sore mouth, sometimes mix a little boracic acid; useful in bleeding piles, and in mild solution for sore throat; also used internally for hsematuria (bloody urine), and for open joints apply the powdered alum to arrest the flow of synovia. For catarrhal ophthalmia, after the acute stage an alum lotion 5 to 10 grs. to I oz. of water is very serviceable; for granular lids rub with a crystal of alum. Alum .should never be used too strong over the eye as it seems to have the power of dissolving the cornea; dried alum may be used as a caustic wherever a caustic is indicated, but is not recommended for this purpose. VEGETABLE ASTRINGENTS — ACIDUM TANNICUM — TANNIC ACID — TANNIN. Character. — Yellowish white color or pale yellow, strongly astringent taste, soluble in about one part of water, in 6-10 parts of alcohol, and in one part of glycerin with moderate heat, or 6 parts cold glycerin. Dose.— ^ to 2, or even 4 drs. , according to purpo.se. Cat- tle, I to 3 or up to 5 drs. ; lambs, y^ to i or 2 grs. ; sheep and pigs, 15 grs. to 2 drs. ; dogs, i to 10 or 20 grs. Preparation of Tannic Acid, Collodium Stypticum, Styptic Collodion. — Composed of tannic acid 20 parts, alcohol 5 parts, strong ether 25 parts, and collodion sufficient to make 100 parts. Unguentum Acidi Tannici.— Ointment of tannic acid; tannic 20 parts, benzonated lard, 80 parts. Glycerinum Acidi Tannici. — 20 parts tannin and 80 parts glycerin. VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. I07 AciDUM Gai^ltcum. — Occurs in small silky, nearly colorless crystals. There is also an ointment or gallic acid. Tannic acid and its preparations are more astringent and generally preferred m veterinary practice. The following remedies contain tannic acid and their physiological actions and therapeutical uses are due to its presence. Galla — Nut Gall. — Of this we have a tincture and anoint- ment, but the tannic acid is preferred. Catechu. — An extract prepared principally from wood of acacia catechu. Dose of powder. — Horse, i to 6 drs. ; pigs, }4 to 1% drs. ; dogs, I to2ogrs, ; cattle double; sheep, >^ oz. Tinctura Catechu Composita — Compound Tr. of Cat- echu.— Composed of catechu, cinnamon and diluted alcohol. Dose. — Horse, }^ to 2 ozs.; lambs, 10 to 30grs. ; dogs, 5 to 60 ms.; sheep and pigs, }4 to 1 dr.; calves, >^ to 3 drs. These doses are sometimes considerably increased, and are very good in diarrhoea of small and young animals. Kino — Tinctura Kino. — Dose double that of catechu, also very nice in small and young animals. QuERCUs Alba — White, Oak Bark. — There is no official preparation of white oak bark. Decoctum Quercus Alb^.— Decoction white oak bai:k (not oiEcial), made by using i oz. to i pt. Dose. — Colt, }4 to 20ZS. ; cattle, i pt.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 8 drs. ; horses, 4 to 8 ozs. ; calves, ^ to 3 ozs. ; lambs, i to 4 drs. These doses may be doubled and tripled; used in diarrhoea. Hamamelis (leaves) Witch Hazel — Extractum Hama- MELiDiS Fluidum, distilled extract of witch hazel. , Dose for dogs of Fluid Extract, 5 ms. to 2 drs. Mostly u.sed as a hou.sehold remedy for human beings. Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Of tannic and gallic acids and substances containing them, the mineral acids, salts of an- timony, lead and silver and the persalts of iron and alskalies are chemically incompatible. The vegetable alkaloids and gelatin form insoluble precipitates. Synergists. —Tonics and bitters as a rule favor the action of tannic and gallic acids, and the substances containing them. Physiological Actions. — Astringeucy is their chief action, tannic acid is more powerful than gallic acid; it precipitates pep- I08 NOTES ON . sin, coagulates albumen, impairs digestion, stops peristalsis and causes constipation; it is the best antidote for poisoning by the alkaloids as it forms insoluble tannates. Uses.— Wherever a powerful astringent is indicated; in diarrhoea;, tatinic acid with opium and sub-nitrate of bismuth; in purpura hsemorrhagica, etc. Galhc acid acts on more remote parts "than does tannic acid. External Uses.— In eczema, use tannic acid with glycerin and water in the weeping stages; tannic acid and opium as an as- tringent and anodyne wash in prolapsus of uterus and rectum; the same in canker of the ear in dogs. In piles use ointments, or suppositories, of tannic or gallic acids with opium if much ir- ritability exists. Prescription for piles: ^ Uiigt. acidi tannici, g ss. Ungt. bellad., S fs. Ung. Stramonii, 5 ss. M. Sig — Apply several times daily. Styptic collodion is painted over raw bleeding surfaces. Tannic acid in solution makes a useful mouth-wash, in sore or tender mouthed horses, also for collar, harness and saddle galls, to heal and toughen the parts, i to 2 ozs. to the pint of water, sometimes used stronger and sometimes, full strength. Finelj- powdered tannic acid is sometimes blown into the eye for granu- lar ophthalmia, chronic granulations and ulceration of cornea; causes but little pain for a moment and does not inflame. For cracked teats in cows, glycerite of tannin is very good, also used as a gargle, in weak solution, in throat diseases. COLCHICUM — MBADOWSAFFRON. The root and seeds are used. Preparation of the Root. — Extractum CotCHi Radicis Fluidum; fluid extract of colchicum root; there is also a wine 40 per cent strength and an extract of the root. Preparation of the Seed. — Extractum Colchici Seminis Fluidum, fluid extract of the seed; there is also a tincture and wine 15 per cent strength. The use of the seed and root are claimed to be about the same, but Dr, Quitman recommends the seed. Dose of the seed and root. — Fluid Extract or powdered, VJSTERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 109 liorse, I to 2 drs. ; sheep and pigs, 5 to 20 ms.; cattle, 2 to 3 drs. ; dogs, J^ to ID mins. The powdered colchicum is used a great deal; dose about the same as the Fluid Extract. Composition. — Contains tannic acid, gallic acid and colchi- cine. Antagonists and Incotnpatibles. — For tannic acid poisoning, •empty stomach and give demulcents and stimulants. Synergists. — Drugs having similar actions. Physiological Actions. — Bitter taste, sialagogue, stimulates secretion of stomach, intestines, liver, kidneys and skin; large doses cause gastro-intestinal irritation and depression of the heart; medicinal doses increase the flow of urine, especially of its solid constituents (urea, uric acid, etc.) as well as the water; to sum up it actions, it is alterative, emetic, diuretic, diaphoretic hepatic stimulant and drastic cathartic (the last in large doses) also cholagogue. It is a local irritant, consequently must always be diluted. Therapy. — In human practice it is the great remedy for gotit. In veterinary practice colchicum combined with potassium nitrate salicylic acid or salicylate of soda is used in rheumatism. It is used in dropsical conditions with digitalis; in constipation with nux vomica and physostigma, as follows: Fl. ext. iiucis vom.. 3 ^'• n. ext. colchici sem,, S ^*^^" Fl. ext. physostigmatis. Aq. qs. ad.. One oz. every two hours. S xii. M. Sig- In Hepatic Congestion. — Use colchicum and belladonna. In Cerebral Congestion. — Colchicum combined with ergot and potas. bromide with a saline pxirgative; it is also used in lymphangitis. In azoturia combine it with gelsemium, bella- donna and spts. nitrous ether. In azoturia where you cannot get up a good free action of the kidneys, rub tr. of digitalis on the loin's over the region of the kidneys; a purgative,' is also in- dicated; gelsemium is also given to keep down delirium. GUAIACUM — LignumViTvE. — Used chiefly in dog practice. Tinctura Guaiaci Ammoniata. — Horse, i to 3 ozs. ; dogs, 3 to 30 ms. ; guaiaci for dogs, 5 ms. to i dr. Actions. — Is diaphoretic, expectorant and alterative, it is ir- ritant and should be diluted, chiefly administered for its expecto- rant actions. no NOTKS ON Used in rheumatism, catarrhal conditions, parotiditis, etc. Stillingia - Queen' s Root.— The preparations of this should be made from the fresh root. Dose of the Fluid Extract for horse }4 to 2 ozs. ; dogs, 5 ms. to i dr. Actions. — Chiefly used as alterative, is also expectorant, diaphoretic, diui'etic, purgative, cholagogue, sialagogue and car- diac stimulant. Used in blood poisoning, alternated with iron and potas. iodide. In human practice it is recommended for ascites, (ab- dominal drop.sy); in chronic constipation of dogs it is very use- ful as a laxative, and in hemorrhoids. SANGUiNARiA—BtooD Root. — Dose of the Fluid Fixtract, as an expectorant and stimulant, for horse, i to 3 drs. ; dogs, as expectorant and stimulant /^ to 5 ms. and as an emetic for dogs 5 to 40 ms. Actions. — Systemic emetic, expectorant, emmenagogue, cardiac paralyzer, a violent irritant and alterative, locally is feebly caustic. Uses. — Said to be very good in chronic nasal catarrh, acute and chronic bronchitis and asthma, (or heaves). Xanthoxylum — Prickly Ash. Dose of Fluid Extract. — Horse, }'2 to 2 ozs.; dogs, 5 to 60 ms. Actions.— Diaphoretic, diuretic and sialagogue; increases secretion of stomach, intestines, liver and pancreas; increases action of heart and raises arterial tension. Locally it is an irritant. Uses. — Chronic pharyngitis; said to be very good in jaun- dice, chronic rheumatism, myalgia, (muscular pains), lumbago- and paralysis of the tongue, the powdered drug is u.sed. Dose about the same as the Fluid Extract. ViBQENUM Opulus— Cramp Bark — Viburnum Prujsifolium —Black Haw. Dose of the fluid extract for mares, i to 4 ozs. two or three times a day is the average d(3se; cows, 2 to 4 ozs,; bitches, 10 to 30, and up to 60 ms. Physiological Actions. — Is tonic, astringent, antispasmodic, nerve sedative, and an ti- abortive; it is a sedative and tonic to the uterine and ovarian nerve centers. Uses. — U.sed to prevent habitual aborting. Commence i to VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. Ill 2 months before the usual time of abortion and give it right along two or three times daily; if called at the time they are about to abort, give one big dose, to the mare about 4 ozs. It is said to prevent abortion even when labor pains are on, provided the membranes are not detached and the foetus is alive, then follow Tip with smaller and repeated doses two or three times a day. The viburnum prunifoliimi is most used and recommended by Dr. Qviitman; Bartholow thinks the viburnum opulus would be the best. ANTISEPTICS. Used to destroy or prevent the growth of germs. HYUROGEN^ PEROXIDUM — PEROXIDE OF HYUKOGEN HYDROGEK DIOXIDE. Chemical Formula. — H2. O2. The commercial peroxide of hydrogen is a colorless solu- tion of this agent in water; is without odor, harsh, slightly acrid taste, and readily yields oxygen at ordinary temperatures; should always be kept in a cool, dark place and well corked. Is usually of 15 volume .strength, or about 3^^ per cent of the gas dissolved in water. The best make is Marchand's. We also have a Mallinckrodt's make, which is most often used in veteri- nary practice, as it only costs 35 cents per lb. , while the Mar- chand's costs 65 cents per pound. Actions and Uses. — Pre-eminently an antisuppurant, de- stroying pus and the microbes of suppuration, as well as pyogenic membranes. Is free from irritating qualities; it is injected into sinuses, abscesses, fistulous openings, applied to fresh wounds lo prevent suppuration, used on the hands and instruments, can be injected into tender places, such as uterus in metritis, etc.; best in this case to dilute one-half with distilled water. Used in •canker of ear in dogs, fistulous withers, quittors, etc. Wash for sore throats, purulent ophthalmia, injection for sinuses after trephining for nasal gleet, etc. Use dilute hydrochloric acid i to 4 to stop fetid odor after trephining and to dissolve necrosed bone. Internally. — Is a powerful promoter of the appetite; used in .ga.stritis, gastric flatulence, etc. ; can be given to dogs from 15 jns. to 2 or 3 drs. doses; horses, J^ to 2 or three ozs., diluted 112 . NOTES ON two or three times daily. When it comes in contact with pus it prodnces a frothy foam; as long as the foam comes back yellow there is pus in it, but when it comes back clear or white the pus is all out. Calx Chloeata — Chlorinated Lime^Chloeiiie op Lime. — Bleaching powder, is used almost entirely as a deodorizer and disinfectant, is very good for destroying foul odors; occurs as a grayish white substance, in powder or friable lumps, should con- tain at least 25 per cent of chlorine, and should be sprinkled around on barn floors where there has been any disease or dead animals. AciDUM Carbolicum — Carbolic Acid — Acidum Phknicum — Phenic Acid — ^^Phenol. — Is the product of the distillation of coal-tar; occurs either in acicular crystals or in crystalline masses,, white or colorless when perfectly pure, but when slightly im- pure, either reddish or becoming so by exposure; deliquescent; and readily assuming the liquid state in the presence of a little water, yet not dissolving, of a strong odor and taste, is soluble in 15 to 33 parts of water, the purest being most soluble; alcohol, ether, chloroform, glycerin and the essential oils dissolve it freely. Dose. — Horse, iot0 4Ogrs. ; sheep and large pigs, 5 to la grs. ; dogs, 1-20 to 2grs. , well diluted. Acidum Carbolicum Crudum. — Impure Carbolic Acid. — Usually of a brownish color, used entirely as a disinfectant and deodorizer for privy vaults, stables, to wash walls, etc., after glanders and other contagious diseases. There is also a glycerite, strength i to 4, and an oint- ment of carbolic acid, strength 10 per cent, used for external pur- poses. Creosote. — Is very similar to carbolic acid, but is not as powerful a toxic agent; used in human practice internally; it is- not so irritating; dose about one-third more than carbolic acid; given well diluted. Carbolic is made from coal-tar, and creosote from wood-tar, the best from beach- wood. In case of . poisoning from carbolic acid, give carbonate of lime, carbonate of magnesia, or as it is apt to be more handy, the sulphates of magnesia or soda, or vegetable demulcents, but no oil or glycerin, as they favor its action. Atropine is the best physiological antidote for the systemic effects of carbolic: VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. II 3 aciii. Give diluents freely, also sulphate of magnesia or soda, in solution and atropine hj'podermically, vinegar or acetic acid internally and locally is probably the best antidote. Actions. — lyarge and diluted doses are irritant and narcotic poison; it is used as an antiseptic, antiparasitic, occasionally as a local anaesthetic or anodyne in a 2 or 3 per cent, solution; also as a caustic; but should not be used as a caustic, as a burn from it heals very slowly. Used internally it usually contracts the pupil, although occasionally dilates it. It is used internally as a gas- tric sedative in small doses for vomiting in dogs; is administered in various contagious and zymotic diseases, with the view of pre- venting or arresting* the development of micro-organism; it co- agulates albumen, is not nearly so active as corrosive sublimate; I to 500 prevents the growth of anthrax and other bacilli (ac- cording to Koch), Full doses besides producing local caustic ef- fects, causes gastro-enteritis, and collapse, which may end fatally; it is a muscular and nerve paralyzer, both internally and exter- nally, kills by paralyzing the muscles of respiration and the heart. It is chiefly excreted by the kidneys, coloring the urine a brownish hue. Uses. — In surgery as indicated, usually a 3 to 5 per cent so- lution for injecting into wounds, 2 or 3 per cent for hands, for itching of the skin, carbolic acid 3 or 4 drs. , glycerin 2 ozs. to i pint of water. Internally. — % gr. doses with bismuth subnitrate and glyc- ' erin is almost a specific for vomiting in dogs; as prescribed in en- teric influenza, diarrhoea, dysentery, flatulence, etc. Dr. Quitman condemns the use of carbolic acid as an antiseptic for wounds and sores on account of its paralyzing effects. For vomiting in dogs; a prescription for 12 doses: R Ac. carbolici, grs. iij. Bismuthi submit.. 5 i- to ij. Tr. opii camph., % ss to j. Glycerini, 3 ss. Aq. cinnamonia qs. ad., g jss. M. Sig. — Teaspoonful every 2 hours. If first dose is vomited repeat every 10 or 15 minutes till retained. Charcoal, Carbo I^igni — Wood Charcoai, — Carbo Ani- MALis. — Animal Charcoal. (Prepared from bone. ) 114 NOTES ON Actions. — Is desiccant, antiseptic, disinfectant, deodorant, absorbent and antacid. Uses — Internally. — In 2 drs. to ^ oz. doses, combined with sulphur, is useful in urticaria; useful to apply ovet fowl wounds, and mixed in poultices is very good foir grease-heel and mud- fever. Is occasionally prescribed in diarrhoea and flatulence. Ceeolin. — That made by Pearson or Merck is the best. It is a coal-tar preparation, and is a dark brown liquid. Actions. — Is a non-poisonous, non-irritating and cheap, but powerful antiseptic and parasiticide, more powerful than carbolic acid; it is used pure, in solution or in an ointment in strength of I to 50 to I to 20. Used internally, occasionally, in gastric fer- mentation, dysentery and typhoid fever, and locally as an anti- septic. In mange it is used in 5 per cent solution. Glycerin renders it more solubje. Dose. — Horses and cattle, 2 to 6 drs.; dogs, 5 to 20 ms. Staphisagri^ Semina — Stave SACRE Seeds. Actions and Uses. — The seeds are used for the destruction of lice and flees, for which they are a most effectual remedy; for such purposes i oz. of crushed seeds are boiled in 20 or 30 ozs. of water, then add water to the quantity originally used, and use as awash; or, seeds, i to ij^ ozs., aqua, i quart, boil down to i}i pints, then add water to make a quart. Ointments are made with one part of powdered seeds to 6 of lard. Salicinum — Salicin. — A neutral principle obtained from several species of the willow and poplar tree; occurs in silky, colorless, shining crystals, permanent in the air, odorless, very bitter and neutral in reaction, soluble in 28 parts of water and 30 parts of alcohol. Dose. — Horse, >^ to 2 ozs.; dogs, 10 grs. to 2 drs. Actions.— Bitter tonic, antipyretic, antiferment and anti- septic, .somewhat antiperiodic, resembling quinine in its actions, but not as powerful. Uses. — Used in febrile conditions about the same as quinine, its chief use is in acute rheumatism, for which it is a very good remedy; as a diaphoretic is used in large do.ses. AciDUM Salicylicdm-'Sai.icylic Acid.— This is an or- ganic acid, existing naturally in various plants, but most largely prepared synthetically from carbolic acid, occurs in needle-shaped VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. II 5 crystals, soluble in alcohol, ether and hot water; borax increases its solubility. Dose. — Horse, 2 to 6 drs. ; swine, 30 to 40 grs. ; dogs, 5 to 20 grs. ; cattle, Yi to i oz. ; sheep and goats, i to 2 drs. ; should be given well diluted; larger doses are recommended for fevers, but smaller doses more often repeated in rheumatism. SoDii Saucylas — Salicylate of Soda. — Dose same as for salicylic acid. Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Of salicylic acid and sali- cylate of sodae; mineral acids, metallic salts and preparations of iron in general are chemically incompatible; physiologically, they are antagonize^ by the arterial and cerebral stimulants. Synergists. — Members of the phenol group, arterial depres- sants, anaesthetics and cerebral sedatives. Physiological Actions. — Powerful antiseptic, anti- rheumatic, diaphoretic, cardiac depressant, antiferment, and antipyretic. Salicylic acid is in addition irritant and astringent, continued in large doses is apt to derange digestion ; best to be administered on an empty stomach. Uses. — For flatulence, acute rheumatism, influenza, strangles and purpura where there is much sloughing; also as a surgical wash, salicylic acid i part, borax i part to 30 to 50 parts of water. Salicylic acid is a more powerful antiseptic than carbolic acid. Salicylate of soda is feebly antiseptic; salicylic acid is indispen- sable in intestinal flatulence. For acute rheumatism and general muscular soreness: ^ Quin. Sulph. 5 i. Sodii salicylatis, § iij. Pulv. cimicifugiu, g iij. Pulv. Bellad. fol., g ij. M. Fiat. Pulv. No. 12. Sig. — One powder every four hours. Resorcina — Resorcin.;— Is antiseptic, not much used in- ternally, too depressing, locally is a non-irritating antiseptic, used in skin diseases and inflammation of the eyes, i to 10 parts to 100 parts of water. Ointments are used in 5 to 30 per cent strengths. Salol. —Is a salicylate of phenol, a white crystalline powder, insoluble in water, composed of salicylic acid 60 parts and car- bolic acid 40 parts by weight. Dose. — Horse, 2 to 4 drs.; dogs, 2 to 30 grs.; other animals the same as sialicylic acid. Il6 , NOTES ON Actions. — Antiseptic, anodyne, antip^^retic, anti- rheumatic, anti-ferment, diuretic. ^ , Use.s. — Chiefly for rheumatism and is very good, does not ir- ritate stomach nor derange digestion. For distemper in dogs, .strangles and influenza in horses. Prescription for acute rheumatism, or muscular pains, lum- bago, etc. : R Saloli, g ii. Pulv. bellad. fol., g ii. Quin. sulph., 3 ^'• M. Ft. Chart No. 12. Sig. i every 3 hours. For distemper in dogs combine salol with quinine. Pyoktanin. — Technically known as methylene blue, used to restrain suppuration, in strength of i to 1000 to i to 100. Oc- curs in small indigo colored scaly crystals. Slightly soluble in water; stains the skin blue; very noticeable on white horses. Peroxide of hydrogen is preferred to pyoktanin. There is also a yellow Pyoktanin, but the blue is the strong- est. Pyoktanin is used for ulcers of the cornea, serous iritis, ulcers and pus secreting sores in general. Naphthalinum— Naphthalin. — A dry product of gas manufactured after purification; it occurs in brilliant rhombic- crystals of an aromatic acrid taste, insoluble in water, but solu- ble in alcohol, ethers and oils. Dose. — Horse, i to 3 drs.; sheep, 5 to 15 grs. ; cattle, 2 to 4 drs.; dogs, i to 15 grs. In intestinal flatulence, in severe ca.ses these doses can be doubled. Actions. — A true intestinal antiseptic and antiferment, also expectorant. Uses. — Flatulence, best in intestinal flatulence, in diarrhoea and dysentery; is of great value in these ailments, quickly allays foul odor of the evacuations of the bowels; large doses irritate the kidneys and cause bloody urine which ceases upon withholding the drug. When powdered on a wound, as wire cuts, etc. will keep away flies and other insects, besides it is a powerful anti- septic and promotes the healing of wounds. Naphthol. — Same action and uses as naphthalin, but the dose is only i-^ as much. Naphthalin is preferred in veterinary practice. ExALGiNE. — Occurs in colorless crystals, odorless, tasteless,, slightly soluble in water and freely so in alcohol. VETERINARY MATKRIA MEDICA. I17 Actions. — Powerful anodyne, nerve sedative, slightly anti- septic and distinctly antipyretic, large doses cause convulsions, dyspnoea, stupor and death. Uses. — It is the very best drug for chorea in dogs; for aver- age size dogs commence with i gr. 3 times a day for 3 days, then 2 grs. 3 times a day for 3 days, then 3 grs. 3 times a day and keep up the 3 grs. 3 times a day. Dose for man 2 to 8 grs. Antipyrin. — A whitish powder, soluble in equal parts of water by weight; best administered alone. Dose.— Horse, i to 4 drs.; sheep, i dr.; cattle, 2 to 6 drs. ; dogs, I to 15 grs. Actions. — Powerful antipyretic, anodyne and local anaesthetic, antiseptic, cardiac depressant; it reduces temperature very quickly, usually within ^ hour and the effects continue 2 or more hours. It can be administered by the mouth, hypodermically or intra- tracheally; as an antipyretic it diminishes oxidation, and pro- motes heat loss by dilating the cutaneous vessels. Uses. — Used in high fever where the temperature must be reduced quickly, as in sun-stroke and acute rheumatism; in man a solution of antipyrin from 10 per cent strength up, is sprayed into the nostrils for hay-fever. Acetanilid is a better, safer and much cheaper drug, for febrile diseases. Phenacetin. — Dose — Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 drs.; dogs, 2 to 15 grs. repeated every 3 or 4 hours; seldom used for the large animals. Characters. — Colorless, tasteless, odorless, glistening scaly crystals, sparingly soluble in cold water, more freely in boiling water, alcohol and acetic acid. Actions. — lyike acetanilid and antipyrin, it lowers tempera- ture and diminishes pain, and is hypnotic, its action is less rapid, but more prolonged and less liable than the others to produce col- lapse, it slows the pulse and relieves respiratory difficulty, the .effects continuing for 4 hours. Uses. — In high fevers or any "febrile condition. In rheuma- tism and influenza use phenacetin and salol combined. In dis- temper of dogs: Phenacetin, 5 grs., salol 5 grs. every 3 or 4 hours, with stimulants. AcETANii^iDUM — AcETANiLiD. — Known by the trade term AntiEEBRIN, a derivative of aniline, best of this class for veteri- nairy use on account Of its cheapness and satisfactory effects, a 1 1 8 NOTES ON white crystallized powder, odorless, a slight characteristic but not disagreeable taste, soluble i part in 50 of hot water (at 105 F> readily soluble in alcohol 3 in 5, and in aromatic spirits of am- monia. Dose. — Horse, i to 3 drs. ; sheep, }^ to i dr.; cattle, 2 to 4 drs. ; dogs, 2 to 10 grs. repeated every 3 or 4 hours. Actions. — It is a powerful antipyretic, acting very promptly; is mildly diaphoretic, slightlj' antiseptic and diuretic, is not ir- ritating or nauseous; is more powerful than antipyrin, and its effects are more lasting; is anodyne, lowers temperature by pie- venting waste and heat production and increasing radiation. Ace- tanilid affects the temperature in about i hour and its effects are maintained for about 6 hours. Antipyrin manifests its action in about 30 minutes and only lasts for 2 hours. Acetanilid is used in all febrile diseases, chiefly in Thermic fever (sun-stroke) and rheumatism, but in the latter salol, salicylic acid and salicylate of soda are preferred. Antipyrin costs $1.40 per oz., phenacetin |i.ooper oz, acetanilid 12 cents per oz. Antipyrin, Phenacetin, Exalgine and Acetanilid are not as much used as formerly; should only be used when it is essential that fever be quickly reduced when it is excessively high, as in sun-stroke, for which give ace- tanilid ly^ to 2 drs. dissolved in i or i^ ozs. arom. spts. of ammonia every 2 or 3 hours, and apply cold water or ice to the head and neck. AciDUM BoKicuM — AciDUJt BoRACicuM. — The English name is Boric Acid or Boracic Acid. — Properties; occurs in glitter- ing white scaly crystals, soluble in 26 parts of cold water, in 3 parts of warm water, and freely soluble in alcohol. Dose. — Horses and cattle, 2 to 5 drs.; dogs, 5 to 20 grs.; foals and calves, 20 to 30 grs. Actions. — It is a non-volatile, unirrit'ating antiseptic, deodor- ant and astringent, it arrests fermentation and putrefactive de- composition, destructive of minute organisms, free from irritating effects in solution when applied to wounds; it lessens suppura- tion, and is as effective as carbolic acid, can be used in any strength from the pure powder or saturated solution to the mild- est form. Uses. — It is indicated for all purposes for which an antiseptic is used; it is used in diarrhoea in foals, calves and dogs, combined with other drugs; it has a slight astringent action of itself, it is VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. II9 excreted in the urine, consequeiitly would exert its influence on the bladder in cystitis, and cystic catarrh; one part in 800 pre- vents development of anthrax-bacilli; useful in skin diseases, also used in catarrhal and purulent conjunctivitis, 6 to 10 grs. to the oz. alternated with atropine solution. Useful in distemper of dogs where the bowels are affected, as an antiseptic. Boric- acid is preferred to carbolic acid particularly as an antiseptic for dogs. On account of the paralyzing effect of carbolic acid on the nerves, it hinders the healing of wounds to a certain extent, which the boracic acid does not. Benzoinum— Benzoin. — This is a balsamic resin, obtained from sty rax benz∈ it contains benzoic acid in the proportion 14 to 18 per cent, to which it probably owes its action. TiNCTURA Benzoini— Tincture of Benzoin. — We have Adep's Benzoinatus— Benzoinated Lard — composed of 20 parts benzoin to 1000 parts of lard, used as an ointment itself, and as a base for ointments. TiNCTURA Benzoini Composita — Compound Tincture of Benzoin. — Composed of benzoin 12 parts, socrotine aloes two parts, storax eight parts, balsam of tolu four parts, and alcohol enough to make 100 parts, commonly known as Friar's Balsam. AciDUM Benzoicum — Benzoic Acid. — White feathery crystals of a peculiar, agreeable odor, and warm, acidulous taste, spar- ingly soluble in cold water ( i to 500) , more soluble in boiling water, i in 15, and very soluble in alcohol; borax renders it more soluble. Dose. — Horses and cattle, i dr. to i oz.; dogs, 3 to 10 grs., up to J^"dr. for very large dogs. There is also a Brnzoate of Ammonia and Brnzoate of Soda. — Same uses and doses as benzoic acid. Physiological Actions. — Benzoin is a mild stimulant, expec- torant and antiseptic; benzoic acid is quite powerful; it ren- ders alkaline urine apid; it is u.sed to dissolve phosphatic calculi. The tincture and compound tincture are used as stimulants and antiseptics for wounds and sores. Benzoic Acid, when ad- ministered internally, acts mildly as an antiseptic to the bladder; useful in catarrh of bladder. Benzoate of soda is used in bronchial catarrh. Benzoate of Ammonia is used to dissolve phosphatic calculi. I20 NOTES ON ANTISEPTIC OILS. Oleum Caryophyllt — Oil of Cloves. Dose. — Horse, yi, to i dr.; dogs, i to 5 drops. Oleum Cinnamomum — Oil of Cinnamon. — Oil of cinnamon and oil of cloves are stimulant, carminative and antiseptic. Oleum Gtaultheki.'e —Oil of Wintergreen. — Used mostly to flavor and give odor to other substances; it has the same actions as the above oils and is given in the same doses. Oleum Thymi — Oil of Thyme. — A powerful antiseptic, even surpasses carbolic acid, readily soluble in alcohol. Oleum Ca juputi — Cajuput Oil. - Actions the same as oil of cloves, very effective in parasitic skin diseases also destructi\'e to round worms. Dose — Horse, 15 ms. to 1^2 drs.; externallj^ can be used full strength; or diluted, in irritable raw conditions of skin. agents acting on the functions of the nervous system. excito-motors. Nux Vomica. — Synonym — Dog-button or Quaker buttons. The seeds of strychnos Nux Vomica. See also strychninas sulphas. EXTRAOTUM NUCIS VOMICE — EXTRACT OF NuX VOMICA.— Dose — Horse, 15 to 30 grs.; pigs, ^ to 3 grs.; dogs, 1-15 to i gr. ; cattle, ^ to i dr. ; sheep, i to 6 grs. ExTRACTUM Nucis VoMic.E Fluidum — Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica. Dose. — Horse, ^ to i dr.; sheep, 10 to 30 ms. ; dogs, Yx to 5 minims. ; cattle, i to 2 drs. ; pigs, 5 to 20 ms. , Dose of powdered nux vomica: Horse, ^ to ij4 drs.; sheep, 10 to 40 grs.; dog.s, ^ to 2 grs.; cattle, i to 3 drs.; pigs, 10 to 20 grs. TiNCTURA Nucis Vomica — Tincture of Nux Vomica. Dose. -Dogs, }i to 15 ms. Composition. — Nux Vomica contains strychnine which is the chief alkaloid, also brucine (not official) and strychnic or ig- asuric acid. The proportion of strychnine ranges from 14 to JA of i per cent. Strychnin.^ Sulphas.— Occurs as a white salt in colorless prismatics crystals, odorless, exceedingly and persistently bitter, VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA 121 soluble at 59 F in 50 parts of water, it is sparingly soluble in alcohol, efBoresces on exposure to the air; gives the bitter taste when diluted with 1,000,000 parts of water. Dose. — Horse, i to 3 grs. ; sheep, 1-5 to i gr.; dogs, 1-20 to 1-30 gr,; cattle, 2 to 6 grs.; pigs, 1-15 to yn, gr. One-half of these doses for hypodermic or intratracheal use. Antagonists and Incompatibles.— The paralyzers, such as woorara, conium, tobacco, opium, belladonna and physostigma, antagonize the actions of strychnine (or nux vomica), in part, but they do not antagonize its toxic action; chloral, tobacco, bromide of potash, ether and chloroform (inhaled) are its true physiological antagonists. In Case of Poisoning. — Tannic acid, or vegetables contain- ing it should be freely administered, fot the tannate of strych- nine which is formed is very insoluble; an emetic or the stomach pump must be used promptly. The tetanic spasms are best controlled by chloral or very large doses of potas. brom. (2 drs. to j4 oz. for human) or 4 to 8 ozs. for the horse as antidote for strychnine poisoning. Inhala- tions of ether are also good. The maintenance of artificial res- piration has a decided effect in warding off in animals, as in man the lethal action of strychnine. Strychnine should not be com- bined with bromides, chlorides and iodides, in the same solution; accidents have, happened by taking, the last portion, which will contain all of the strychnine precipitated as the hydrobromate, hydroiodate, etc. Synergists. — Brucine, picrotoxine, thebaine, ergot, bella- donna, electricity, cold, etc. promote the activity of nux vomica and its alkaloids. Physiological Actions. — Nerve tonic, stomach tonic, stimu- lates respiration, secretion, appetite, and digestion, it increases peristalsis, stimulates both the motor and inhibitory apparatus of heart, and raises arterial tension by stimulating the vaso-motor centers, thus contracting the arterioles, though full doses relax the arterioles and thus lower blood, pressure. Strychnine exalts all the functions of the spinal cord, re- flex, motor, vaso-motor and sensory, the latter being the least af- fected; it does not affect the brain directly. (Strychnine is ab- sorbed more readily from the rectum than from the stomach and 122, NOTES ON Still more rapidly from the bronchi and cellular tissues. Give \i the oral dose for hypodermic, intratracheal and rectal use. ) • Toxic Doses cause trembling and twitching of the voluntary and involuntary muscles, with violent clonic spasms, lasting usually I or 2 minutes, gradually getting more frequent and severe, and from involving the glottis, diaphragm and other muscles of respiration, cause death usually from asphyxia. Very large doses may paralyze the cord as from a blow, and cause almost instant death. The symptoms and mode of death resemble those of tetanus, but are more suddenly developed, more intermittent and more rapidly fatal. The muscular rigidity does not occur as often in tetanus, which first affects the muscles of the jaws, (trismus). The spasms of strychnine poisoning are clonic while those in tet- anus are tonic; horses and cattle are not as susceptible to the effects of strychnine as man and dogs. 6 to 12 grs. are toxic in horses by the mouth, 3 to 6 grs. are toxic in horses hypodermic- ally; i-ioto 1-6 gr. up, are toxic in dogs by the mouth. Chloral Hydrate may be given intravenously as an an- tidote. Medicinal U.ses. — Nux vomica or strychnine is indicated in any condition in which there is a paralysis or depressed state of the nerves or nervous system; atonic dyspepsia, broken wind, re- laxed condition of bowels due to lack of tone, in small doses. In weak condition of the heart give with small doses of digitalis or strophanthus; it stimulates sexual organs. Give it in conva- lescence from debilitating diseases, also as an aid to recovery during their progress; in collapse and for narcotic poisoning strychnine hypodermically, intratracheally or per rectum; in paralysis, whether of limb, intestines or bladder; may be injected into paralyzed muscles; in antepartem paralysis, asthma, and chronic bronchitis; for paralysis commence with small doses of strychnine, and increase until muscular twitching occurs, then lessen the dose. Constipation. — Nux vomica with colchicum and physostigma in small often repeated doses; for diarrhoea, due to lack of tone of muscular coat of bowels combine with astringents; for ansemia, strychnine combined with iron and quinine; nervous coughs use strychnine with sedatives; also used in incontinence of urine and chorea; in dogs after distemper. The syrupus ferri, quininse et strychninae phosphatum, each i drachm contains about 1-85 o-r. VETERINARY MATERIA MEDIC A. 1 23 of Strychnine, 1 1/^ gr. of ferri phosphate and i 73 gr. of quinine. Dose y^ to 2 dr. makes a good general tonic for'dogs. Ignatia— St. Ignatus BsAN.^Same as nux vomica, same alkaloids, actions and uses, dose a little smaller. ERGOTA-ERgoT— Synonyms— Secale cornutum, smut of r3'e, spurred rye, mother of rye, cockspur rye. ExTRACTUM Ergots F1.U1DUM-F1.D. Ext. of Ergot.— Dose as an ecbolic for mare or cow, }4 to 2 ozs. up; sheep, i dr.; swine and bitches, '}4 to i dr. ; repeat every }4 hour or hour. Powdered Ergot. — Same dose. When it is given in re- peated doses for other purposes give smaller doses, except to pre- vent or check hsemorrhage, then give full doses. ErgotoIvE. - (Sharp & Dohme manufacturers) is 2}4 times stronger than the fluid extract; is non-irritant and can be used hypodermically. Dose. — Horse, i to 3 drs. ; dogs, 5 to 30 ms. Antagonists and Incompatibles. — The caustic alkalies and metallic salts are chemically incompatible; aconite, veratrum viride, tobacco and amyl nitrite antagonize the action of ergot on the circulation. Synergist. — Electricity, cold, digitalis, and belladonna are synergistic as regards the vascular system; savin, rue and gossyp- ium increase its parturient action. Physiological Actions. —It is a powerful excito- motor, haemostatic, gastro-intestinal irritant, and ecbolic. It stimu- lates and contracts voluntary muscular fibers, and hence dimin- ishes the blood stream passing through the arterioles; large and continued doses produce ergotism, which is virtually gangrene, due to lack of blood supply to the parts. Toxicology. — In large or long continued doses, or in animals eating ergotized grain it causes poisoning, which is known as ergotism. This is characterized by gastro-intestinal derangement, nausea, diarrhcea and vomiting, in animals capa- ble of emesis, and from the impaired circulation and nutrition, affecting different areas, subsequently assumes two forms, first, dry gangrene, chiefly involving the extremities, (hoofs, ears and tail may slough), or second, nervous symptoms, such as tetanoid spasms, inco-ordinate spasms, and sometimes epileptiform convul- sions occur, the latter supposed to be due to irritation and paral- ysis, of the sensory centers or spinal cord; there will also be difficult micturition. 124 NOTKS ON Toxic symptoms are not so marked in horses, cattle and sheep, as in men and dogs; abortion from eating ergotted grasses may occur and affect whole herds; death occurs from coma and asphyxia. Medicinal uses of Ergot — As a parturient, when the act is prolonged; in uterine haemorrhage, also to contract blood vessels, previous to an operation to prevent excessive haemorrhage, es- pecially if varicosities exist; sometimes used to hasten expul- sion of the placenta; it is useful in haemorrhage of any kind; ergot is injected over the region of varicose veins; used in cere- bro-spinal meningitis, in dysentery, piles, internally and locally; eversion of uterus; in prolapsus of the rectum; in enlarged heart may be combined with digitalis; in aneurisms. In stallions where erections are feeble or not sufficiently prolonged for proper copulation give ergot combined with strychnine or phosphorus; paralysis of bladder, ergot and strychnine; congestion of the brain, ergot and potas. bromide. UsTiLAGO — Corn-smut. — Doses and uses the same as ergot, but ergot is the best. GossYPii Radicis Cortex— Cotton Root Bark. — This drug is very well thought of, it is a substitute for ergot; the Fid. Ext. is the best. Doses and uses the same as ergot. Digitalis — Fox-GrLOVE. — The leaves of the purple fox-glove are used. We have the Extractum Digitalis Fluidum. Dose. - Horses, 20 ms. to i dr. ; dogs, ^ to 2 or 3 ms. ; cattle, I to 2 drs. ExTRAf tum Digitalis. Dose. — Horses, 10 to 30 grs.;dogs, >^to2grs. ; cattle, 20 grs. to I dr. TiNCTURA Digitalis. Dose. — Horses, 2 drs. to i oz.; dogs, i m. to 20 minims. DigitIlinum — Digitaline. Dose. — Cattle, i to 2 grs.; horse, ^2 to i gr.; dogs, i-ioo to 1-30 gr. Digitalis — Folia Digitalis — Powdered Leaves of Fox- Glove. Dose. — Horse, 20 grs. to 1 dr.; sheep and pigs, 5 to 10 grs.; cattle I to 2 drs. ; dogs, ^ to 3 grs. Digitalis contains 5 active VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 1 25 principles, but no alkaloids. They are: Digitalin, Digitoxin, DiGITALEIlSr, DiGITIN, D16ITONIN. Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Cinchona preparations, acetate of lead, sulphate and tr. chloride of iron are chemically incompatible. Tannic acid and preparations containing it dimin- ish the physiological action of digitalis. Opium, aconite, lobe- lia and the cardiac paralyzers, antagonize some but not all of its actions. The most complete physiological antagonist and best antidote is Saponii^ . [Saponin is a glucoside, occurs as a white amorphous powder. Dose for human i-io to 1-5 gr. ; horse, lyi to 3 or 4 grs.] Aconite antagonizes the cardiac action of digitalis, and mor- phine also to a less degree. Synergist. — Cold, ergot, and belladonna increase its activity. Physiological Actions. — It is a cardiac and vascular tonic and stimulant, a motor excitant, paralyzant, anophrodisiac, (lowers sexual desire); it is an indirect diuretic and an emetic, irritates the mucous membrane. On the Heart. — The heart is slowed but the force is in- creased; digitalis stimulates the cardiac motor ganglia, the in- hibitory apparatus and the vaso-motor centers, contracting the arterioles and thereby greatly raising the arterial tension; full doses exhaust and paralyze the heart. As a diuretic its action is very complex, one of the activa principles, Digitaltn, increases the arterial pressure by contracting the efferent vessels of the glomeruli. The large renal arteries are dilated by two of its active princi- ples, DiGiToxiN and Digit alein; in that way digitalis is a per- fect diuretic. DiGiiALis is said to have a cumulative action, which is af- firmed by some authors and denied by others, I have not seen any ill eifects in horses from its continued use. Uses. —It is used as a cardiac stimulant in full doses, followed by small ones; used in heart failure and cardiac debility from any cause, irregularity of heart due to debility; used in dropsical •conditions, combined with acetate of pot. or nitrate of pot. ; it is useful in congestion of organs, useful in first stages of pneumonia and scarlatina; as a diuretic, can be used internally in azoturia; rub about 2 ozs. of the tr. of digitalis over the region of the kid- 126 NOTES ON neys, this can be used 2 or 3 times daily; where internal remedies- fail to increase the action of kidneys, this is very effectual. Stbophanthus. — Known as Kombe Arrow Poison. TiNCTUEA Strophanthi. — Only preparation. Dose. -Horse, i to 3 drs.; dogs, y^ to 10 ms.; give large- doses first then follow with .smaller ones. Medicinal Uses. — It is prescribed to slow, strengthen and steady feeble or faulty heart action; it acts on the heart like digi- talis, but on the arteries but slightly; has diuretic effect, is used in valvular disease of the heart, in hydrothorax, ascitis and other dropsical conditions and in chronic interstitial nephritis; a \-er3' good drug, prompt in action. On the heart strophanthus acts- more energetic than digitalis, its effects last longer and it is not cumulative. ScoPARius— Broom. — Action is due to sparteine. ExTRACTUxM SCOPARII FlTJIDUM. Dose. — Horse, 6 drs. to ij^ oz. ; dogs, ]i to i dr. Spaetein/E Sulphas. — Occurs in small granules. Dose. — Horse, hypodermically, i to 5 grs. every five or six hours; stimulates heart action, but doses of 15 to 30 grs. may be- given. Actions are very highly praised; is more prompt than digitalis, is safer, does not raise arterial pressure to such an ex- tent, and action is very much prolonged; acts directly on heart ir.uscle and inhibitory apparatus. Uses. — For same purpose as other heart stimulants, but is. used chiefly as a heart tonic and stimulant. C[>riciFUGA— Black Snake Root. Also known as Black Co- hosh -EXTRACTUM C'IMICIFUGJE FlUIDUM. Dose. — Horse, /4 to 3 ozs. ; dogs, 5 ms. to i dr. CiMrciFUG* Radicis Pulvis, Powdered Cimicifuga Root. Dose. — Horses, 2 drs. to i or 2 ozs.; dogs, 5 grs. to i dr.;- Actions. — Is a good stomachic, anti-spasmodic, aphrodisiac- diaphoretic, diuretic and expectorant; stimulates heart similar to digitalis and acts like ergot on involuntary muscular fiber, but. much feebler than either. Uses. — Three or four drachms given to horses one-half hour- bef ore feeding acts as a powerful appetizer; use in cardiac dis- ,eases where digitalis would be dangerous; chorea, rheumatism, especially of the localized muscular variety, as lumbago or gen- VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 127 •eral muscular soreness. It is prescribed with nux vomica for weiikness of sexual organs. Belladonna. — Deadly night shade. Parts used, leaves and, roots of atrqpa belladonna. Belladonna Folite— Belladonna Leaves.— One-half the •strength of the root. Dose of powdered leaves for horse, 2 to 4 drs.; i oz. is some- times given; cattle, 4 drs. to i>^ ozs. ; dogs, 2 to 5 grs. Belladonna Radix — Belladonna Root. — Not used in crude form. Emplastrum Belladonna -Belladonna Plaster. — Much Tised in human practice for lame back, etc. ExTRACTUM Belladonna — Extract of Belladonna. Dose. — Horse, 15 to 30 grs., if repeated not oftener than ■every four hours 30 to 60 grs. can be given; cattle, J^ to 2 •drs.; dogs, i-i6to i gr. ; sheep, i to 15 grs. ExTRACTUM Belladonna Alcoholicum — Alcoholic Ex- tract OP Belladonna Leaves. Dose about the same as the extract, except dogs take 1-20 to >^ gr. ExTRACTUM Belladonna Fluidum— Fluid Extract of Belladonna Root. Dose. — Horse, ^ to 2 drs. can be given if not repeated more than once or twice, as in colic as an antispasmodic; cattle, i to 2 •drs.; pigs, 2 to 10 ms. ; sheep, 20 to 40 ms. ; dogs, /4^ to 5 m, TixcTURA Belladonna — Tincture op Belladonna Leaves. Dose. — Dogs, 2 to 20 ms. The preparations most commonly used are the extract, -powdered leaves, and fluid extract most of all. The root con- tains the greatest per cent of atropine. Atropina Sulphas — Sulphate of Atropine.— A white crystalline powder, very soluble in water and alcohol; belladonna leaves contain .46 per cent and the root .60 per cent. Dose. — Horse, >^ to 2 grs.; dogs, 1-150 to 1-30 gr.; i-io these doses for hypodermic use, or i-io gr. to % gr. average h3'podermic dose; yi gr. for horse when used with morphine. Composition. —The physiological activity depends on the alkaloids; atropine is found chiefly in the bark of the root, also contains belladonnine, an acid and coloring matter. 128 NOTES ON Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Caustic alkalies, antago- nize physiologically, by pilocarpine and physostignia throughout almost the whole range of its influence, and opiuni within a cer- tain limitation, prevents the respiratory failure, which is the cause of death. Physiological Actions. — Irritant narcotic, mydriatic, anti- spasmodic and anodyne. Small doses are cardiac, respiratory and spinal stimulant; in large doses, paralyzer of the secretory and motor nerve endings and a stimulator of the entire sympa- thetic system; it produces dryness of the mucous membrane of the throat, mouth, nose and larynx, and at first lessens the gas- tric and intestinal secretions, but soon produces them in large quantities. It is an anti-galactogogue, that is, it arrests secre- tion of milk. The heart rate is at first slowed, but soon becomes very rapid and vigorous, the pulse being doubled in rapidity; ar- terial tension is raised and the circulation greatly increased ; this is accomplished by stimulation of the cardiac sympathetic, and paralyzing the intracardiac inhibitory ganglia, thus stimulating the accelerator apparatus while lessening the inhibitorj'. (Digi- talis increases both. ) The vaso-motor ganglia all over the body are stimulated, but afterwards paralyzed by over-stimulation, the heart weakens, the vessels relax and the blood pressure is greatly lowered, complete motor paralysis follows, then delirium, stupor, and finally death, usually by asphyxia. The pupils are dilated bj' the local or systemic use of the drug. It paralyzes accommodation and lessens intraocular pres- sure, the least amount of atropine affecting the pupil is stated by Bonders to be the 1-700,000 of a grain.. The brain is congested by belladonna, a busy delirium being produced, and hallucinations with mental disorder, due to a se- lective action on the cells of the gray matter. In horses it greatly stimulates the motor apparatus, which afterwards becomes greatly exhausted. The spinal cord is stimulated from the second cervical vertebras to the tenth dorsal, resulting in paralysis of the motor nerves, both central and peripheral, power being lost in hind ex- tremities first. Sensation.— Is slightly impaired, but the muscular irritability is not. VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. I29 Respiration is increased and the temperature is raised by the increased circulation; metamorphosis is greatly promoted. A diffused eruption of scarlet color, greatly resembling scarlet fever is occasionally produced by belladonna on the skin and fauces, with dysphagia (inability to swallow) and sore throat; this is sometimes followed by desquamation, due to cap- illary congestion caused by greatly increased circulation. ' Belladonna and Atropine are rapidly diffused and quickly eliminated, particularly by the kidneys. In poisoning give tan- nic acid and opium, keep the animal moving; by its paralysing effect on the terminal nerve filaments; it relaxes the bronchial tubes and checks secretion of bronchial mucous membrane; it checks secretion of saliva and milk in the same way and causes dryness of the skin. Medicinal Uses of Belladonna and Atropine.— Belladonna is indicated anywhere that an antispasmodic and anodyne is needed, is serviceable in catarrh, pharyngitis, laryngitis and bronchitis; heaves, especially asthmatic heaves, combined with lobelia, fol- lowed by Fowler's Solution; in influenza, it stimulates the weak- ened heart, besides having other good effects. In respiratory diseases, belladonna alone, or combined with aconite or other febrifuges and expectorants; in cough especially spasmodic or when due to irritation of the throat; in heart failure or heart weakness; hypodermic injections of atropine are beneficial; in spasmodic colic i to 2 drs. to a dose, but i dr. is usually suffi- cient; as a powerful antispasmodic and anodyne, atropine and morphine combined; small doses are given in constipation of the bowels, combined with nux vomica; small doses with purgatives are said to aid their action. In tetanus give i to 2 drs. of the extract 2 or 3 times daily; in paralysis of the throat of tetanus the fluid extract combined with soap liniment or used alone ex- ternally; in cerebro-spinal meningitis, belladonna and ergot alter- nated with aconite is rational treatment, conjoined with external treatment; it allays irritation of the bladder, rectum, and uterus, especially if combined with cannabis indica; in contraction or rigid OS, the extract applied directly, quickly relaxes and allows of parturition ; it is well to see if this is necessary before giving ergot. In mamitis it is very beneficial, checks secretion of milk and allays irritation ; give i dr. of Fluid Extract Belladonna to 14' or I oz. Fluid Extract phytolacca 3 or 4 times daily, use the 130 .VOTES ON same treatment locally. Belladonna and atropine are antidotes for poisoning by opium, physostigma, pilocarpine and anaesthetics. I.V EXAMIXATIOXS AND DISEASES OP THE EYE, Atropine sulphate is used locally to dilate the pupil, assist- ing in the detection of cataracts or other disorders of the eye, and testing the condition of the refracting media; for dilating the pupil use a solution of 4 to 8 grs. to the i oz. of distilled water, a few drops are instilled into the, eye; for inflammation of the eye wilih great irritation, belladonna may be combined with cocaine; in iritis, atropine or belladonna relieves congestion and prevents or breaks down adhesions between the iris and the capsule of the lens; in such cases it should be alternated with myotics, such as eserine; in rheumatism, belladonna conjoined with anti-rheu- matics is very beneficial, also for muscular pains; in liniments i to 2 ozs. of Fluid Extract Belladonna to the pint is useful. Dr. Quitman recommends the following for an anoydne and stimulat- ing liniment where there is great pain. ^ Tr. acoD. rad., g ii- Fl. ex. bellad.. g iss. 01. Terebinth, 3 ii. Linim. saponis, g vi. or vii. Spts. vini rect. qs. ad.. Oj- M. Sig. — Liniment. Apply 3 or 4 times daily. The belladonna ointment combined with ointment of stramo- nium and ointment of tannic acid is very good for piles and ir- ritating ulcers. Fluid extract of belladonna is very useful combined with aconite and other proper drugs at the outset of nearly every in- flammatory disease, acute inflammation of the air passages, such as pneumonia, bronchitis and pleurisy; at the outset of lymphangitis and acute laminitis; in congestion of any part, small doses frequently repeated dissipate the congestion and abort the resulting inflammatory action, congestion of liver, brain, kid- neys, etc Useful in eye-washes for simple ophthalmia as well as the graver diseases of the eye, y^, oz. of the Fluid Extract to i pint of water. Very good for incontinence of urine due to irritation especially when combined with the Fluid Extract of cannabis in- dicaand hyoscyamus; if due to paralysis of the sphincter, combine with strychnine or nux vomica, or alone in the opposite condition •of spasm of urethra and bladder: atropine is the best treatment VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 131 for ptyalism (or salivation ) from mercury, iodine or any other cause; it not only relieves it, but stimulates the heart against their depressing effects. In acute nasal catarrh with profuse watery discharges, belladonna is very efficient. In muscular cramps, commonly affecting hind legs of horses which stand still for some time, especially in cold barns; give large doses af bella- donna internally, and apply stimulating liniments externally, as belladonna combined with Tr. of capsicum, Tr. of myrrh and soap liniment in equal parts. Stramonium— Thorn Apple. Stramonii Folia— Stramonium Leaves. Stramonii Semen — Stramonium Seed.— All official prepa- rations are made from the seeds. Dose. — Horse, 15 grs. to ij^ drs. ; dogs, >^ to 3 grs. ; pigs, 2 to 6 grs. Doses of leaves and seed the same. Extractum Stramonii Seminis — Extract op Stramo- nium Seeds. • Dose. — Horse, 5 to 10 grs.; dog, ^ to ^ gr. ; pig, J^ to I gr. V TiNCTURA Stramonii Seminis. Dose. — dog, 2 to 30 ms. Extractum Stramonii Seminis Fluidum. Dose. — Horse, 15 ms. to i)4 dr. but 2 drs. can be given. Cattle, }4 to 2 drs.; dogs, ^ to .5 ms. Unguentum Stramonii. — Contains 10 per cent of the ex- tract. Composition. — Contains an alkaloid, daturine, with actions identical with atropine. Physiological Actions, — Is like belladonna in almost every particular, but stramonium is more powerful and acts chiefly on the sympathetic system, not affecting the motor or sensory nerves; in large doses it causes a greater degree of cardiac irregularity and a more furious delirium; it has a special affinity for the generative organs, quieting the sexual passion; it dilates the bronchii in asthma, much more than does belladonna. Uses.^To relieve pain, spasmodic affections, asthma or asthmatic heaves, spasmodic colic, nymphomania (unsatisfied or excessive sexual desire in the female. ) In asthma in dogs or heaves in horses,. combine it with gelsemium and lobelia and fol- low up with Fowler's Solution of arsenic; for irritable ulcers and 132 NOTES ON piles, combine ointments of belladonna and tannic acid with oint- ment of stramonium; useful in spasms of the sphincter vesica. Antagonists, Incompatibles and Synergists. — Same as for belladonna. Nitro-Glycerin — Trinithin — Glonoin. — Is used in col- lapse, or heart failure, hypodermically in i per cent solution, not considered explosive at this strength unless heated. Dose. — Human, internally, i to 2 drops; horse^ hypodermic- ally, yi, dr., 45 m. or i dr. can be given, but it is better to give from 20 to 30 ms. and repeat; it has a stimulating action on the heart and is the most powerful and quickest of all cardiac stimu- lants. It is kept in i per cent alcoholic solutions and in tablets and pills, containing i-ioo of a grain. Hyoscy.vmus — Henbane.— Leaves and tops of hyoscyamus niger. EXTRAOTUM HyGSCYAMI AlCOHOLICUM. Dose. — Horse, 3 to 15 or 20 grs., but ^ to i dr. can be given. Dogs, i-ioto i gr. EXTRACTUM HyOSCYAMI FlTJIDUM. Dose. — Horse, 2 dr. to i oz.; dogs, 2 ms. to yi. dr.; cattle, 2 drs. to i}4 ozs. Tinctura Hyoscyami. Dose.— Dogs, 15 ms. to i dr. Composition. — Contains an alkaloid, hyoscyamine, but is too expensive for veterinary use. Physiological Actions.— Similar to belladonna and stramo- nium, but less powerful and less irritant, and the most calmative and hypnotic; it is more stimulating to the vaso-motor system and the cardiac accelerator apparatus than is stramonium, hut less active upon the pneumogastric, its delirium in never furious, and is without congestion of the brain. To sum up the action of hyoscyamus, it is hypnotic, anodyne, anti.spasmodic, vaso-motor _ and cardiac accelerator and stimulant. Uses.— It is principally used as a hypnotic and anodyne when opium is contra-indicated, it is used in delirium of azoturia, or to prevent delirium, combined with Fluid Extract of Gelsem- ium, for such cases full doses are given; it is a good anodyne to combine with cannabis indica in spasmodic colic; in constipation, combined with purgatives, it is said to aid their action and pre- VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 1 33 vent griping; it is used in irritable conditions of the kidneys and bladder; is eliminated by the kidneys. AGENTS EXCITING THE FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY OP THE CEREBRUM. Cerebral Excitants. — Drugs under this class are usually classed as antispasmodics. Camphora — Camphor. — Occurs in colorless, translucent crystalline masses. Dose of gum camphor: Horse, i to 2 drs. ; sheep and pigs, 10 to 40grs. ; cattle, 2 to 4 drs. ; dogs, y^ to 10 grs. Is soluble i in 700 parts of water; i in 4 of olive-oil, readily soluble in ether, alcohol, chloroform and milk. Aqua Camphor.e. Dose. — Dogs, % dr. to i oz. LiNiMENTUM Camphorjj;. — Is also known as oleum cam- phoratum. (It is composed of camphor 200 parts and cotton seed-oil 800 parts); it is a mild rubefacient; is used in cough mixtures, in from 2 or 3 drs. up to i oz. at a dose for a horse; also used locally in liniments. lyiNiMENTUM Saponis — SoAP I^iNiMENT. — Composed of soap 10 parts, camphor 5 parts, oil of rosemary i part, alcohol 70 parts, water to make 100 parts; for external use only, as a mild, stimulating and anodyne liniment, but is usually combined with other drugs and used for its stimulating properties. Stimulating anodyne liniment, for sprains and muscular soreness: R Tr. aeon, rad., § iv. Fl. ex. bellad. g iv. Linim. saponis., g iv. Spts. vini rectif., g iv. M. Sig — Apply 3 or 4 times daily. Spiritus Camphors— Spirits of Camphor. — Composed of camphor 100 parts, alcohol to make 1000 parts. 10 per cent strength. Dose. ^Horses, 2 drs. to i oz.; two or three ozs. maybe given; frequently prescribed in colic mixtures; cattle, >^ to 2 ozs., and up; dogs, i to 20 ms. Camphor Monobromata— Monobromated Camphor. Dose.— Dog, I to 10 grs.; human, 5 to 10 grs. It is colorless, prismatic needles or scales, permanent in air, 134 NOTES ON almost insoluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol, ether, chloro- form and mixed oils; used almost entirely as an anaphrodisiac. Antagonists and Incompatibles.— The addition of water pre- cipitates camphor from its alcoholic solution. Coffee, cold, and arterial sedatives antagonize its physiological action. Synergists. — All remedies of this group, as alcohol, opium and narcotic substances, increase the effect of camphor. Physiological Actions. — Antispasmodic or nerve stimulant, anodyne, antiseptic, diaphoretic, a stimulant expectorant, a cere- bral excitant or narcotic, a gastro-intestinal irritant, a rubefa- cient or counter-irritant and also carminative. It has an acrid, hot taste, irritates the skin and mucous membrane, large doses caus- ing gastro-intestinal inflammation. Medicinal Doses. — Stimulates the vaso-motor system and the cardio-motor ganglia, and lessens the influence of the pneumo- gastric (inhibitory nerve); afterwards stimulates the accellator apparatus, thus increasing the circulation and raising arterial tension; it also stimulates respiration, and in man stimulates mental activity even to intoxication; large doses have a general depressing effect, and may cause death. Elimination. — By the bronchial mucous membrane, skin and kidneys; (may cause dysuria). Uses. — In catarrhal conditions, cough mixtures, chronic bronchitis. The spirits of camphor is used in colic mixtures; also locally to stop secretion of milk; in cardiac weakness; stranguary may be relieved by i J^ to 2 ozs. of the spirits for the horse. For colds, give quinine, camphor, carbonate of am- monia and opium. The monobromate is used as an anaphrodi.siac. AsAFcETiDA. — A gum resin of a very foetid odor and nau- seous taste. Dose. — Horse, 2t0 4drs. ; cattle, }^ to i oz.; sheep, i dr.; dogs, I to 20 grs. Given in bolus, in ammonia solution, as an emulsion in water, or dissolved in alcohol. TiNCTUEA ASAF(ETID^. Dose. — Horse, i to 4 ozs.; dogs, 15 ms. to 2 drs. Physiological Actions. — Antispasmodic, nerve and cerebral tonic and stimulant; stimulating expectorant, laxative, diuretic, diaphoretic, emmenogogue, aphrodisiac, anthelmintic, cardiac VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 135 and vaso-motor stimulant; stimulates secretion in general; long continued it deranges the stomach. Uses. — Formerly much used in spasmodic andilatulent colic, but now seldom used; used in convulsions, bronchial affections, in chronic catarrh, combined with chloride of ammonnia. Ammoniacum — Ammoniac. — Similar to but not as powerful as asafoetida; do not mistake ammoniacum for ammonia. Yaleriama — Valerian. — Of no use in veterinary practice; has somewhat the same actions as asafoetida. Canxaius Indica — Indian Cannabis — Indian Hemp — Ex- tractum Cannabis Indic^e — Extract of Cannabis Indica. — There is also a Cannabis Americanus; but the Indian cannabis is the one most used. Dose of Extract. — Horse, ^ to i dr.; dogs, ^ to 2 grs. ExTRACTUM Cannabis Indict Fluidum. — Dose. — Horse, 2 drs. to i oz., in colic J4 oz. is the average dose. Dogs, I to 20 ms. Use Searle' s and Hereth' s preparation of Fluid Extract cannabis indica. Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Caustic alkalies, acids and strychnine oppose its actions. Synergist. — Alcohol, ether, belladonna, hyoscyamus, opium, etc. Physiological Actions. — Antispasmodic, anodyne and nar- cotic; a cerebro-spinal stimulant and aphrodisiac; increases men- tal and motor activity, stimulates vaso-motor nerves, etc. and de- presses sensation. Intoxication or complete and heavy sleep are caused by it according to the size of the dose, in animal as in man. Uses. — Excellent in spasmodic colic. For spasmodic colic: J^ Fl. ex. cannabis ind., g j. Fl. ex. iiyoscyami, g j. Tr. capsici, § ij. Spts. ammon. arom.. g ij. Ac. salicylici 5 "J- M. Sig- — Give one-balf at a dose in a pint of water, and repeat in ^ or ^ of an hour if necessary. In tetanus use large doses. An Englishman claims to have cured 50 per cent of his cases with it; is an excellent sedative and anodyne to the urinary apparatus for dysuria and retention of urine, due to spasm of the sphincter. 136 NOTES ON Coca — Coca — The Leaves of Erythroxylon Coca — EXTRACTUM CoCyE FlTJIDUM. Dose. — Horse, i to 4 or 6 ozs. ; dogs, 10 ms. to 2 drs. The action is due to the alkaloid cocaine, the salt of which is Cocaine Hydrochloras; it occurs in colorless, transparent acicular crys- tals, or a white crystalline powder, without odor and slightly bitter taste; soluble 2 parts in i of water, and i in 2^ of alcohol; a grain or two of salicylic acid to the ounce of a solution pre- serves it. Dose of the Cocaine Hydrochloras. — Hor.se, 5 to 20 grs. yi of this for hypodermic uses. Dogs, 1-16 to i gr.; not much used internally. Physiological Actions.— In small doses it is a cerebral, cardiac, respiratory, and nervous stimulant and diuretic; overdoses cause delirium with cardiac and respiratory failure, Cocaine is a pow- erful local anaesthetic; used for horses in 4 to 10 per cent solution, usually a 4 to 6 per cent solution being strong enough for ordi- nary operations, inject itnder the skin, into the muscular tissue or over nerve trunks for small operations; applied to such structures as the eye, glans penis, schneiderian membrane, tongue or other delicate mucous surfaces, rectum, uterus, vagina, etc., it causes a profound but temporary anaesthetic over a small space; it causes rapid and extreme dilation of the pupil. Antagonists. — Amyl nitrite or nitro-glycerin combats the cardiac depression; most direct antagonist is chloral; morphine, alcohol, opium and artificial respiration are also antagonistic. Therapy. — Cocaine is injected for minor operations to pre- vent pain, such as neurectomy, removing tumors, operations on eyes, tongue, fistulses, firing, etc. Rubbing on the skin is a failure; inject. For dogs it should be used with caution, a 2 per cent solution usually being enough, and as little as possible being used. The oleate of mercury and oleate of cocaine (not official, 10 per cent strength) is useful for splint lameness, etc. Cocaine in salves is useful in painful eye disease, especially with citrine ointment, i or 2 grs. to the i dr. , diluted with lard. The fiirid extract of coca is useful as a stimulant and restorative in collapse, sun-.stroke, etc. A 5 or 6 per cent solution of cocaine injected at the point of neurectomy is an aid to the diagnosis of foot lame- VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA, 1 37 REMEDIES WHICH DIMINISH OR SUSPEND THE FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBRUM AFTER A FRE- I^IMINARY STAGE OF EXCITEMENT, OR CERE- BRAIv SEDATIVES. Alcohol. — One can accomplish more with the judicious use of alcohol than with any other single drug in the pharmacopceia; in prescribing alcohol it is prescribed in full SPIRITUS VINI RECTI- MCATUS, or abbreviated sPTS. viNi rectif., or as alcoholis. Alcohol is a liquid composed of 91 per cent by weight or 94 per cent by voliune of ETHYL ALCOHOL, and 9 per cent by weight, or 6 per c§nt by volume of water. This is referred to as alcohol. Character. — A transparent, colorless and volatile liquid of a characteristic pungent and agreeable odor and burning taste; this is grain spirits; it is made from the distillation of fermented grain. Alcohol Dilutum — Diluted Alcohol.— Contains 41 per cent by weight or 48.6 per cent by volume of absolute ethyl al- cohol; this is about one-half the strength of full strength alcohol. Alcohol Absolutum — Absolute Alcohol. — This should not contain more than i per cent of water by weight. Alcohol Amylicum — Amylic Alcohol. — Known as Fusel Oil; this is a peculiar alcohol obtained from fermented grain or potatoes, by continuing the process of distillation, after the ordi- nary spirit or true alcohol has ceased to come over; in other words, it is the result of excessive distillation. Character. — It is an oily, nearly colorless liquid, having a strong, offensive or stifling odor, and an acrid burning taste; it should be used with great caution as it is a powerful general depressant, whether taken internally, applied locally, or by in- halation. Dr. Quitman recommends its use for one condition only, and that is to scatter around the barn and premises to kill chicken lice; it will kill a dog very quickly when applied locally to a very large surface. Spiritus Frumenti — Whisky. — Contains 44 to 50 per cent by weight, or 50 to 58 per cent by volume of alcohol, and is made by the distillation of fermented grain, and should be at least two years old. Spiritus V(xi Gallici — Brandy. — It is an alcoholic liquid 138' ' NOTES ON obtained by the distillation of fermented grapes; should be at least four years old. Its alcoholic strength is from 39 to 47 per cent by weight, or 45 to 55 per cent by volume. Brandy is the most astringent of all the alcoholic beverages on account of its containing tannic acid, and its continued use will cause consti- pation. Physiological Actions of Alcohol. — It is a cerebral excitant, and finally becomes a depressant and a narcotic poison. It is anaesthetic, antiseptic, very good antiparasitic, rubefacient (if confined), mild astringent; a local refrigerant by virtue of its rapid evaporation, unless confined by bandage, oiled silk, etc., when it is absorbed by the tissues and causes a sensation of warmth. In medicinal doses it is a powerful general stimulant; it is very diffusible, and is partly oxidized by the organism, and partly excreted; thus alcohol acts as a food. Small doses relax the blood vessels, stimulate gastric glands, promote appetite and digestion, lessen the elimination of waste products, (urea and carbonic acid) by preventing rapid tissue waste, cause a feeling' of warmth, and temporarily, though slightly, raise the tempera- ment of the body; it stimulates the heart and increases the functional activity of all organs, especially the kidnej s; large or too long continued doses derange the appetite and digestion, con- gest or inflame the stomach and liver. Eight ounces of alco- hol killed a horse. Alcohol is poisonous and should be u.sed with caution. Uses. — Are numerous, used principally as a stimulant, either in one large dose, 3 or 4 ozs. of alcohol, or better, in small repeated dose, one ounce every i, 2 or 3 hours; can be combined with other stimulants such as sulphuric ether, aromatic spirits of ammonia, digitalis, etc. It is used in anaesthetic mixture, such as alcohol, ether and chloroform, combined in different propor- tions; snake bites, blood poisoning; alcohol makes an excellent dressing for wounds; applied locally to threatened bed-sores, fre- quently prevents their formation. It is useful in colds at their outset, or in a chill to restore the balance of the circulation and prevent internal congestion by relaxing the blood vessels of the periphery. Useful in all debilitating diseases, such as influenza, in Yi to I or 2 ounces, in doses repeated every two or three hours. One-half to one drachm of quinine to one ounce of alcohol, for influenza or febrile diseases in general, excepting VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 139 brain and spinal diseases; useful in convalescence; in colic can be used with a great degree of success; it will act as a carminative antispasmodic and stimulant, used in collapse and in weak heart; in septicfcemia and pyaemia it has notable antiseptic and antipy- retic effects; the effects of alcohol are noticed in ten or fifteen minutes after administration and will be shown by a better con- dition of the pulse, the weak pulse becomes stronger and firmer; the quick pulse slower, the breathing becomes more natural, eyes brighten up, and in fact a general improvement. Externally. — Alcohol is used alone as a strengthening ap- plication to weak tendons and muscles, or after a race, is used to rub on the legs, combined with other drugs as a liniment, as alcohol, soap-liniment and witch-hazel; can be used in surgery as an antiseptic. Dose. — Horse, i to 2 ozs.; cattle, i to 3 ozs. ; sheep, Yz oz., dogs, 10 ms. to I dr. Whisky, gin and brandy, from 2 to 4 times as much, they being about Yi the strength of alcohol; alcohol should be diluted with 4 to 6 times its bulk of water, and whisky twice its bulk of water. ^THER— Ether. — A liquid composed of 74 per cent of ethyl oxide and about 26 per cent of alcohol with a little water; made by the distillation of stronger alcohol and sulphuric acid, this is Ethvwc Ether, commonly known as Sulphuric Ether. Dose of sulphuric ether. — Cattle, 2 to 30ZS. ; dogs, 15 ms. to I dr. ; horse, i to 2 ozs. ; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 drs. These doses are as stimulants or antispasmodics,, etc. It is advisable to mix it with alcohol to render it more soluble, diluted in 8 or 10 times its bulk of water, as sulphuric ether i oz. , alcohol i oz. and water Y^ pi^it, as a diffusible stimulant. ^ther Fortior— Stronger Ether. — A liquid composed of 94 per cent of ethyl oxide and about 6 per cent of alcohol con- ~ taining a little water; this is the one used for anaesthetic pur- poses and Squibbs' ether is the best. It is a thin, very diffusive, clear, colorless liquid, of a refreshing characteristic odor, a burn- ing sweetish taste with a slight bitter after taste and neutral re- action; it is soluble in all proportions in alcohol, chloroform, ben- zol benzine, fixed and volatile oils, and it dissolves in 8 times its volume of water at 60 ° F. Ether is highly inflammable, and its 140 NOTES ON vapor when, mixed with air and ignited, explodes violeoitly; as an anaesthetic, horses and cattle require from 4 to i6 ozs. Smaller animals from 4 drs. to i or 2 ozs. Chloroform is usually pre- scribed for large animals and ether for smaller animals. Ether never paralyzes a healthy heart, while chloroform .some times does. Spiritus ^theris — Spirit of Ether. — Consists of 30 parts ether and 70 part.s. alcohol. Dose about the same as sul- phuric ether, used as a stimulant and antispasmodic. Spiritus ^theris Compositus— Compound Spirits of Ether. — Well known as Hoffman's Anodyne, composed of stronger ether 30 parts, alcohol 67 parts, ethereal oil 3 parts. Dose about the same as sulphuric ether. Spiritus ^theris Nitrosi— Spirits of Nitrous Ether — Common name, SwEET Spirits of Nitre. — An alcoholic solu- tion of ethyl nitrate; it is a volatile, inflammable liquid of a pale yellowish color, a fragrant ethereal odor and sharp burning taste, containing 5 per cent of crude ether; should not be kept on hand too long as it becomes strongly acid with age. It is used as a general stimulant, a febrifuge, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, diu- retic, and carminative; large doses are narcotic. Doses as a stimulant and antispasmodic. Horse, i to 3 ozs. ; sheep, 2 to 4 drs.; dogs, 15 ms. to i dr.; cattle, i to 4 ozs.; pigs, I to 2 drs. As a diuretic and febrifuge horses take from >^ to i oz. Y-i oz. is sufficient as a rule, every 2, 3 or 4 hours, usually combined with other drugs for all of its purposes, in fever and colic cases. ^ther Aceticus -Acetic Ether— This is an Acetate of P>hyl.— a colorless liquid, of a strong fragrant ethereal odor. Dose about the same as sulphuric ether; used as a stimulant, antispasmodic and carminative, it is like sulphuric ether but has a pleasanter taste, often preferred in human practice on that account. There is also an Ethyl Bromide or Hydrobromic Ether. —Acts quicker than sulphuric ether, and is occasionally used in brief operations. Antagonists and Incompatibles.— Ether dissolves iodine, bro- mine, corrosive sublimate, the volatile and fixed oils, many resins and balsams, tannin, most of the alkaloids, sulphur and phosphorus; the last two but sparingly; as respects its stimulat- VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. I4I iiig and anodyne properticij, it is antagonized by arterial sedatives, quinine, strychnine, picrotoxin, etc. Synergists. — Alcohol and its congeners, chloroform, arterial stimulants, cerebral stimulants, etc. Physiological Actions. — Ether is anodyne, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, anthelmintic; a cardiac, respiratory and cerebral stimulant, an anaesthetic and a narcotic poison; one of the best and quickest acting, diffusible, general stimulants, acting on the heart reflexly from the stomach. It is a powerful secretory stimulant, acting especially on the secretions of the stomach, salivary glands,, and pancreas. On the cerebrum and the amotor and sensory nerves, its actions are similar to that of alco- hol, but more prompt and less protracted; it is eliminated quickly, ■chiefly by the lungs. When inhaled, it first causes irritation of fauces, a sense of strangulation and cough, then a stage of ex- citement, (cerebral intoxication) in which the visible mucous membranes are flushed and the respiration and pulse quickened; a convulsive stage sometimes follows, with rigid muscles and res- piration stertorous; this subsides and complete insensibility is es- tablished, the muscles being relaxed and the reflexes abolished; in fact all of the functions of the body are suspended, except res- piration and circulation; if the inhalation be continued these too become paralyzed, death usually resulting from slow paralysis of respiration; (chloroform paralyzes quickly) the heart pulsating long after breathing has ceased. Atropine hypodermically is the best antagonist to the toxic effects of ether, also artificial res- piration and injections of brandy. Medicinal Uses of Ether. — When mixed with alcohol, as in the spirit, ether mixes readily with water. It is excellent in in- digestion with flatulence; it checks gastric fermentation, expels the gas and overcomes irregular and violent gastro-intestinal movements; hence, is also very good in spasmodic colic. In spasmodic colic, best to combine with cannabis indica or bella- donna. In sleepy staggers it may be injected hypodermically; used also to dislodge worms in the rectum. A most reliable remedy in collapse. Ether and alcohol are indicated in parturient apo- plexy; sulphuric ether with aq. ammonia or arom. spts. of am- monia, may be used intra- venously when the cow is unable to swallow. Sulphuric ether and alcohol or whisky are also good in 142 .VOTES ON parturient eclampsia of bitches, alternated with arom. spts. of ammonia; for chills, spts. of nitrous ether; also useful in conva- lescence from debilitating diseases. Ether may be used for local anaesthesia, applied as a spray, from an atomizer, about i oz. usually being enough for the painless opening of abscesses or fistulse, but cocaine is better in our animals. Sulphuric ether combined with opium prevents drying up effects of opium. Ether is used in syncope and asthma. As an anaesthetic it should be used in preference to chloroform, for the smaller and young animals, especially dogs, which are easily killed by chloroform. Ether is less prompt in action but much safer than chloroform, as it never paralyzes a healthy heart; it should be inhaled in as- concentrated a form as possible, very little air being allowed, s& it will exert its effects quickly; in dogs it acts in from 2 to 8 or ID minutes according to the struggles of the dog; a light or fire of any kind should not be allowed near, as ether is verj^ inflam- mable and its vapors explosive. For anaesthetic purposes use Squibbs' ether. Always have a bottle of aq. ammonia at hand as a rouser. Chloroformum — Chloroform. — A liquid containing 99 per cent by weight of absolute chloroform, and not more than i per cent of alcohol. It is a heavy, clear, colorless, diffusive liquid, of characteristic pleasant ethereal odor, a burning, sweet taste, and a neutral reaction; its specific gravity is twice that of ether, soluble in about 200 parts of water, in all proportions of alcohol or ether, also in benzol, benzine, fixed and volatile oils. Dose as stimulant, anodyne and antispasmodic. — Horses or cattle, I to 2 drs. ; sheep or swine, 20 to 40 ms. ; dogs, 2 to 10 ms. Should be well diluted with syrup, mucilage, eggs or diluted alcohol; repeat every two or three hours. For Anaesthesia. — If the animal can be thoroughly confined and a proper inhaler used, one or two ounces for horses is enough to produce anaesthesia, but always have a large amount on hand to maintain the anaesthetic condition; sheep and pigs, ^ to I oz. In administering chloroform admit a large quantity of air (about ID volumes). Preparations.— Aqua Chloroformi. —Dose— Dogs, 2 drs. to 2 ozs. Emulsum Chloroformi. — Dose^Dogs, y^ dr. to i oz. VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 143 Spiritus CHtOROFORMi. — Dose — Horses, i oz. ; cattle, 2 ozs. ; sheep and pigs, 2 to 6 drs. ; dogs, '>^ to 2 drs. Well diluted. I,iNiMENTUM Chloroformi. — Composed of chloroform 30 and soap liniment 70 parts. For external use. These should be well diluted except the aqua chloroform. They are used as stimulants, antispasmodics and anodynes. Physiological Actions. — It is a topical irritant, antiseptic, parasiticide, carminative, antispasmodic and analgesic, full doses quickly and powerfully paralyze the cerebro-spinal nervous system; kills by paralyzing the heart and respiration; the latter effects are most rapidly produced when the drug is inhaled. Chloroform is the anaesthetic most used for veterinary purposes, except for dogs. IvOCally it is rubefacient if confined or even suppurant; it also acts as a refrigerant, anodjme and local anaesthetic if not con- fined. Compared to Ether. Chloroform is much more irritat- ing to the mucous membrane, and causes violent gastro-enteritis, if swallowed undiluted it is less stimulating and more depressing to the heart and circulation; for inhalation it requires much more air; is less irritant to the air passages than ether; is uninflam- mable, more pleasant, more prompt in action, has a shorter stage of excitement, causes a more profound narcosis, and is not so nauseating as ether. Statistics in human practice show it to be five times more fatal than ether. The results of exhaustive experiments show that chloroform and ether both act in the same manner upon the heart and respi- ration, paralyzing the latter first, but chloroform acts much more quickly and powerfully than ether in both directions. Uses. — It may be used as an aid in painful and prolonged parturition, where you have a tumultuous contraction of the uterus, or rigid contraction of the Os. Use only enough by inhalation to dull the pain and relax the parts; it will aid you in your efforts to rectify false presentations by relaxing the parts. Internally. — Is used for its carminative, antispasmodic and anodyne effects; spasmodic coughs, chloroform combined with belladonna and opium, given in linseed gruel or water, well di- luted; in liniments about one or two ounces to the pint, or chloroform i oz. , turpentine i oz. , soap liniment 2 ozs. , is used as a counter-irritant; chloroform is used in chronic diairrhcea 144 NOTES ON with other drugs, such as morphine, capsicum, ether and oil of peppermint. Directions for Ansetliesia. — For dogs make a cone of a towel and paper, put a sponge in the bottom, allowing a small opening- in the end to admit air, pour in ether a little at a time. For horses use an ordinary nose-bag or regular inhaler. Dr! Quit- man recommends casting the horse; after complete anaesthesia remove the hopples; in brain disease or tumor of the brain chloroform would be dangerous. Horses with emphysema or heaves should not take chloroform; it is also dangerous in fatty degeneration of the heart. Operations during incomplete anaes- thesia are dangerous; always produce complete anaesthesia, have the stomach empty, but don' t fast animals. A hypodermic in- jection of morphine in full doses renders anaesthesia easier and less dangerous. Alwaj's watch the tongue, respiration, re- flex action of eye, heart, etc. REMEMBER, 1 . The operator must be skilled and give his attention ex- clusively to the production of narcosis. 2. Watch the respiration and pulse for signs of failure. 3. Don't commence operation until the anaesthesia is pro- found, until reflex action is abolished, which can be told by touch- ing the eye with finger, as the stimulus of the knife may reflexly stop the heart; obey this, no matter how slight the operation. 4. Great care should be exercised if the patient is very old or has fatty degeneration of the heart, or lung disease. 5. In operations about the mouth or trachea, see that no blood goes down the trachea; have stomach empty. This will cause less nausea and feed may be regurgitated and run down the trachea. 6. Use ether fortior, stronger ether; or chloroformum puri- ficatum, purified chloroform; use Squibbs' make of both, as the agents must be pure. 7. Ether can be used almost pure, only a little air being necessarily allowed for dilution; chloroform must have a large amount of air. 8. The head should be slightly raised, and watch the tongue so that it does not fall back over the larynx and suffocate the animal. VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. I45 9. Maintain no cramped or awkward position; and use no bindings when possible to avoid. If bindings are used remove as soon as the animal is unconscious. 10. Keep a clear head and a steady nerve, have on hand a good working hypodermic syringe; brandy or nitro-glycerin and aq. ammonia fort, should be kept in readiness; if breathing be- comes very weak or stops, artificial respiration should be com- menced AT ONCiE and tongue pulled well forward to allow free en- trance of air, strike the body sharply with cloths or hands to .stimulate circulation. Brandy or atropine may be injected hypo- dermically and the ammonia inhaled; maintain warmth and try dilation of the anus, as recommelSded in human practice. CHLORAL. Hydrate OF CHt,oRAL — Chloral Hydrate. — Occurs in separate rhomboidal, colorless and transparent crystals, slowly evaporating when exposed to the air, having an aromatic, pene- trating and slightly acrid odor, bitter, caustic taste and neutral reaction, freely soluble in alcohol, water or ether, also in fixed and volatile oils; it liquifies when mixed with carbolic acid and camphor. A solution of chloral hydrate should not be kept on hand long as it is transformed into chloroform; it should always be administered well diluted. Dose. — Horses, 4 to 8 drs., up to 2 ozs., according to effect desired; cattle, J^ to 2 ozs.; pigs, ^ to i dr.; sheep, i to 2 drs.; dogs, 3 to 20 grs. Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alcohol, ammonia, atro- pine and other stimulants, to combat its depression on the heart and respiration; strychnine is also antagonistic; all alkaline agents decompose it into chloroform. Synergists. — Are the hypnotic drugs, notably opium and the anaesthetics; these deepen the effect of chlora;l when used at the same time. Physiological Actions.^IyOcally it is an irritant, antiseptic and stimulant; when absorbed it has. a primary stimulating effect and a secondary sedative action on the circulation and central nervous system. Toxic doses after slight and temporary stimu- lation, notaWy depress and paralyze the cerebro-spinal centers. Medicinal Doses. — Are hypnotic, analgesic, feebly anaesthet- ic, antispasmodic, and prevents coagulation of fibrin; it is more 146 NOTES ON - hypnotic than chloroform and less anaesthetic; used hypodermic- ally it produces extensive sloughing of tissues; large doses and strong solutions may cause gastritis; on the brain it produces anaemia; moderate doses -contract the pupils, dangerous doses di- late them. Should be dissolved in eight or ten times its. bulk of water. - Uses. — To quiet irritability, and cause sleep; can be com- bined with morphine for gastro-intestinal irritation and spasm ,- but should not be used where there is inflammation or a tendency to it. In violent spasmodic coughing, chorea, epilepsy and hys- teria, to quiet. In tetanus continue large doses; it is the direct antidote to strychnine poisoning. Is used in phrenitds. Should not be used as an anaesthetic; is dangerous to inject into jugular, but is used that way by some practitioners in from 3 to 6 dram doses, dissolved in distilled water. As a hypnotic it may be com- bined with potassium bromide; this is especially useful in dog practice in all forms of fits. BuTYiv Chlorai, Hydrate— or Croton Chi,orai, Hy- drate. — Resembles chloral but is less powerful, less cardiac de- pressant, is used more especially for neuralgia of the facial nerve in the human, in doses of 2 to 15 grs. OPIUM. The concrete milky exudation obtained in Asia Minor from the unripe capsule of Pap aver Somniferum or Poppy Plant by incision and spontaneous evaporation. Opium should yield at least 9 per cent of morphine by the process of assay in its normal moist condition. preparations op opium. Opii Pulvis— Powdered Opium — :Thisis opium dried and powdered and should not contain less than 1 2 per cent nor more than 16 per cent morphine. Dose. — Horses, 20 to 60 grs.; sheep, 5 to 20 grs.; dogs, 1-20 to 3 grs.; cattle, i to 2 drs. ; pigs, .3 to 10 grs. ExTEACTUM Opii^Extract OF Opium. — Has 18 per cent of morphine. Dose about ji less than the powdered opium. Pulvis Ipecacuanha ET Opii.— This is the well-known Dover's Powder, 10 grs. contain i gr. each of ipecac and opium, and 8 grs. sugar of milk. VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 1 47 Dose as a diaphoretic and expectorant. Horse, i to 4 drs. ; sheep, 3oto6ogrs.; dogs, 2 to 10 or 15 grs. repeated several times daily; supply patient freely with diluents, as water, and li:eepwar;nly clothed; from 5 to 15 grs. is frequently taken by man at the outset of colds to break them up. TiNCTURA Opii— Tincture of Opium— I^audanum. Opium strength 10 per cent, 13 minims or 25 drops equal i gr. of opium. ■^°®^-.~-^°''^^' y^ ^° 2 or 3 ozs. ; cattle, i to 3 ozs. ; sheep and pigs, I to 4 drs. ; dogs, 2 to 30 ms. TiNCTURA Opii Camphorat a— Camphorated Tr. of Opium — Well-known Paregoric. — }^ oz. contains nearly i gr. of opium about 1-20 strength of the tincture. Dose. — Puppies, i toioms. ; adult dogs, 10 ms. to i or 2 •drs., up to }4 oz. Emplastbum Opii — Plaster of Opium. Not used in veteri- nary practice. Pilule Opii, Pills of Opium. — Each pill contains i gr. of opium. Acetum Opii — Vinegar of Opium. — Same dose as the tincture. Vinum Opii — Wine of Opium. — Contains opium, cloves, cinnamon and sherry wine. Dose, same as the tincture; good for dogs. TiNCTURA Opii Deodorati. — All about 10 per cent strength, and dose the same as the tincture. Composition of Opium. — About ^ the weight of opium is made up of non-medicinal substance as gum, albumen, fragrance of the poppy capsules, sugar, resin, extractive matters, odorous principles, etc. It contains 17 or 18 so called alkaloids, besides 2 recognized neutral substances and 2 organic acids, etc. The two principal alkaloids of opium are Morphine and Codeine. Morphine is hypnotic, anodyne and narcotic. Codeine is more calmative and less constipating. There is^also an import- ant derivative of morphine obtained by the action of hydrochloric acid, known as Apomorphine. — It is an artificial alkaloid and a powerful emetic. The hydrochlorate is official. Dose of Apomorphine Hydrochloras as an emetic for dogs, }i to 1-5 gr. by the mouth, and 1-20 to i-io grs. hypo- ■dermically; it is soluble i in 7 of water, it occurs in small gray 148 NOTES ON ish white shining needles, turning green on exposure to light and air, but this does not affect its action. Of morphine there is an AcETATE, a Hydrochlorate and a SyLPHATE. If you combine with zinc sulphate, use the sul- phate of morphine, if combined with acetate of lead, use the acetate of morphine, etc. M0RPHIN.5; Sulphas. — Occurs in feathery crystals, soluble in 21 parts of water and % of boiling water; contains about 80 per cent of morphine and is the form most used. Doses. — Horses 2 to 10 grs. by the mouth; hypodermically for full sized horses, 4, 5 or 6 grs, but 4 grs. is generally sufficient and not apt to constipate; cattle, 5 to 10 grs.; pigs, i-io to }4 gr. ; sheep, j4 to 2 grs.; dogs, 1-30 to }( gr. About one-half of these doses for hypodermic uses. CoDEiNA — Codeine.— This occurs in white or yellowish white prisms, soluble in 80 parts water at 60° F. and in 17 parts boiling water. There is a Phosphate of Codein.^ which is sufficiently solu- ble for hypodermic use, i in 20 of water usual solution. Dose of Codeinse about three times that of morphine; dogs, j4 to 2 grs. Antagonists and Incompatibles. — As regards chemical antag- onism, the alkaline carbonates, lime-water, and salts of iron, lead, copper, zinc, mercury, and Fowler' s Solution are incompat- ible with the preparations of opium; notwithstanding this chem- ical incompatibility, the metallic salts are frequently given in conjunction with opium and the systemic effects of both are pro- duced; astringent vegetables (tannin) are also incompatible; they limit physiological activity by forming tannate of morphine, which is not readily soluble. In Case of Poisoning. — Emetics, stomach pump, permanga- nate of potash, grain for grain of morphine. Artificial respira- tion, striking the body, keep moving, empty bladder to prevent reabsorption. Morphine can be detected in the urine; three very small doses of atropia sulphate administered 15 minutes apart may be given to act as a physiological antidote; give about I- 10 to }i of a grain to a horse, if small horse, make the dose smaller; dogs, 1-120 gr. Strong coffee is a good antidote. Synergists. — The cerebral and hypnotic effects are promoted by alcohol and its derivatives (notably chloral), and within cer- VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 1 49 tain limits by the mydriatics, its sudorific action is increased by ipecacuanha. Physiological Actions. — Opium is analgesic, hypnotic, dia- phoretic, antispasmodic, narcotic; also cardiac and respiratory depressant, after primary brief stimulation. In Medium Doses. — It dries all the secretions, except those of mammae and skin. The latter being increased, produces dry- ness of the mouth and throat, arrests gastric secretions, retards digestion, and causes anorexia (loss of appetite); it stimulates the brain by increasing the blood supply; in man it stimulates the mental activity, while in animals it stimulates motor activity; it does not affect the conductivity of nerves, but it prevents the consciousness of pain by paralyzing the nerve centers; the action of the heart is increased and arterial tension is raised, the pupil slightly contracted; the mind at first stimulated, becomes calm, sleep follows, disturbed by dreams and headache; constipa- tion and some depression result. In Full Doses. — It arrests digestion,, causes nausea and vomit- ing (in animals capable of emesis) greatly increases the sweat, prevents the conductivity of nerves, depresses the heart and, cir- culation, impairing oxidation and lowering temperature, it con- tracts the pupil by stimulating the motor oculi and causes in- tense pruritus (itching), especially of the nose, often retention of urine, and soon profound sleep; in some cases coma or delirium, leaving as after effects, nausea, depression, constipation, vertigo, anorexia, nasal pruritus, and fetid pathological secretions. A Toxic Dose. — Produces cold clammy sweat, very slow heart, diminished quantity of urine, abolished reflexes, coma, the pupil minutely contracted, spoken of as pin point pupil by physicians, but dilated as the end approaches and death by sus- pension of respiration due to direct action of the poison on the respiratory centers in the medulla. Post-Mortem — Shows no characteristic lesions, find wet brain, congested lungs, and engorgement of the venous trunks and right side of heart. Morphine and Codeine as compared with the action of opium; that of morphine is more anodyne and hypnotic; it causes more intense pruritus, is less stimulant, less convulsant, less constipat- ing and less diaphoretic. Codeine is a motor paralyzant; it exalts the .spinal cord more than morphine and affects the cerebrum less, 150 NOTES ON producing muscular tremors in excess of sedation; it reduces the urinary sugar in diabetes and has a selective sedative influence on the pneumogastric. Therapy. — The chief indications for the use of opium are: 1. To relieve pain. 2. To produce sleep. 3. To allay irritation. 4. To check excessive secretion. 5. To support the system. 6. As a sudorific. Sulphuric ether prevents its drying up effects as well as the nauseating and depressing effects. Used for pain from any cause except acute inflammation of brain. Used in low fevers to sup- port system when sufficient food cannot be taken, also in irrita- tion of bronchi, bladder, stomach and bowels, as well as the uterus. In Peritonitis opium used freely or combined or alternated with aconite is very good. In Pleurisy, at the outset, opium and aconite will often abort it. In Diarrhcea — Dysentery, opium is one of the best drugs we have, or can combine opium with lead acetate, prepared chalk, etc. In Enteritis. — Dr. Quitman doesn't believe in binding up the bowels with opium, but uses belladonna to reduce congestion in preference to opium, alternated with Tr. Aconite. In Colds give Dover's Powder or opium, quinine, amnion, carb. and -camphor. Dr. Quitman says, do not use opium in spasmodic colic, unless exceedingly painful, but give hypoder- mically four grains of morphine; he prefers non-constipating anodynes, such as cannabis indica, hyoscyamus, etc. In Muscular Spasms opium is very efficient. In Serous Inflammation in early stages, before effusion takes place. In Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis, opium should be given early, before exudation has set in, with belladonna and ergot alternated with aconite. In Diabetes Mellitus, codeine is said to be the best, as it lessens the amount of sugar in the urine, and should be admin- VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. istered by the mouth; if given hypodermically it exerts no fluence on the sugar. In Dyspncea. — Use morphine, especially if from cardiac disease. In Gastritis. -^Opium combined with Bismuth Sub. Nitrate and Hj'drastis. In Eversion of Rectum or Uterus. — Give morphine hy- podermically to prevent straining. Opium or its Alkaloids are Contraindicated in dis- eases of the respiratory organs, with shallow embarrassed breath- ing, as they may still further depress and cause death; except in pleurisy, larger* or more frequent doses may be given than in bronchitis or pneumonia, also contraindicated in acute fevers, congestion, and inflammation of brain and constipation. In Coughs, opium combined with belladonna is very useful in small medicinal doses; as large doses antagonize each other. (Belladonna stimulates and opium depresses in full doses. ) For coughs in horses (12 doses): ^ P. E. Bellad., ^ i. F. E. Lobelia, .5 iii. Ac. Hydrocyan Dil., g i. to iss. 01. Picis. liq., § i. 01. Camph., § iii. Syr. Simplex Qs. Ad., g xii. M. Sig — One ounce every 2 or 3 hours. If cough does not yield, you can combine morphine i to 2 grs. to the dose in place of hydrocyanic acid, or add to above for- mula. Grade the doses according to the frequency of adminis- tration. In Catarrhal Diseases, give opium to lessen the discharge. Opium combined with belladonna for asthma in dogs, and in pre- mature labor pains, either opium or morphine is useful. It is used externally as an anodyne for any purpose, espe- cially on wounds or abrai'ded surfaces; has little if any action on unbroken skin. The uteruj, vagina or rectum when everted should be washed with tepid water, then bathed with a solution of opium and bellaidonna, returned and retained bj^ appropriate measures. For inflammation of the eyes: R Morph. sulphati.s, grs. iv. Zinci sulphatis. grs. ii. Aq. distil., g i. M. Sig. — Use as a lotiou. 152 NOTKS ON Tolerance of opium or morphine is said to be as quickly ac- quired in animals as in man; frequent or continued use as well as very acute pain calls for larger doses. In young animals it should be used with caution and in small doses. BROMIDES. PoTASsii Bromidum— Potassium Bromide.— Occurs in colorless, cubical crystals, soluble in 1.6 of water and 200 of al- cohol; it is the most irritant to the stomach, of the bromides, most toxic to the heart and muscular system, quite a powerful depress- ant and least hypnotic; it contains 66 per cent of bromine, and is the one most commonly used in veterinary practice. Doss. — Horses and cattle, }4 to i or 2 ozs. ; dogs, 5 to 60 grs.; average dose 20 to 30 grs. Always dissolve in warm water when administering; the powder otherwise would exert but little action. SoDii Bromidum— Bromide op Soda. — This does not irri- tate the stomach; good in dog practice; occurs in colorless monoclynic crystals, soluble in 1.2 of water and 13 of alcohol, and is neutral in reaction; it is the least toxic but most hypnotic, and acts most energetically on the circulation. It contains 78 per cent of bromine. Dose, the same as for Bromide of Potash. lyiTHii Bromidum— Bromide of Lithium. — A white granu- lar deliquescent salt, very soluble in water and alcohol, contains the most bromine of the class, 92 per cent, and resembles the so- dium salts in action, and is better than the others in epilepsy and is considered the best hypnotic of the series; also used a great deal in retention where the kidneys are at fault. Dose. — Horse, j4 to i oz.; dogs, 2 to 20 or. 30 grs. Good drug in rheumatism of dogs. Ammonii Bromidum. — Occurs in colorless, prismatic crys- tals, soluble in i)4 oi water, and in 30 of alcohol. It resembles the potassium salt in action, except that it exerts less influence on the heart and muscular system, and is somewhat more stimulat- ing. It irritates the stomach. Dose the same as Bromide of Lithium. There is also a Cai,cium Bromide. Same dose as the bro- mide of soda and potash. A Strontium Bromide, dose about the same, or smaller, VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 1 53 than the bromides of lithium and ammonium; also a ZiKC Bro- mide which is a violent irritant in large doses; both used in epi- leptic conditions. AciDUM Hydeobromicum Dilutum. — Con tains loper cent ab- solute hydrobromic acid; used as a substitute for the bromides. For Cerebral engorgement in dogs: ^ Ac. hydrobrom dil., 5 "^h Fl. Ex., ergot, g ss. Syr. aurantii cortex, qs. ad., g iy. M. Sig. — One drachm 4 or 5 times daily in water. Dose — Dogs, 5 ms. to 2 drs., well diluted. Antagonists' and Incompatibles. — Acids, acidulous and metal- lic salts are incompatible with bromides of ammon. and potash, and nitrous ether with the former; physiological actions are an- tagonized by cold, digitalis, belladonna, ergot and other agents which energize the vaso-motor nervous system. Synergists. — Opium, chloral and other remedies of this group, promote the adtions of the bromides on the brain, and aconite, veratrum viride, gelsemium, etc., increase the depressing effects of them on the circulatory system. Physiological Adtions. — They are pre-eminently depressants of the cerebral and spinal functions, also alterative, antispasmodic, hypnotic, and anaphrodisiac. The bromide of potash like all other potassium salts is especially a cardiac and muscular par- alyzant, they are very diffusible and slowly eliminated; long con- tinued doses produce gastric catarrh; they reduce the numbeir of respirations and the heart' s action and force; lessen activity of brain cells, producing sleep; diminish sensibility of peripheral nerves, causing anaesthesia of skin and mucous membrane. The contin- uance of full doses causes a form of chronic poisoning termed Bro- MiSM, characterized by depression of cerebral faculties, increased secretion from mucous glands, feebleness, anaemia and wasting, lessened sexual function, dilated pupil, acfle or eczematous erup- tion. Toxic doses kill bj' asphyxia, also cause fetid breath, re- laxation of sphincters, etc. Uses. — They are Uised as sedatives to the nervous system, to lower reflex activity, to produce sleep, to subdue excitement of the genital apparatus and to antagonize congestion of the brain, as the bromides bring about an anaemic condition of the brain; used in fits, particularly of dogs, 20 or 30 gr. doses of the bro- 154 -VOTES ON mide of potash or bromide of soda dissolved in a little warm water; also bathe the head with cold water, repeat every 15 or 20 min- utes, but one dose is usually sufficient; used in any convulsive or spasmodic conditions; used in tetanus but are of little value; for this, the bromide of potash is used in 2 oz. doses every 4. hours. In acute rheumatism, Bromide of Ammon. or Bromide of lyiTHiuM are both quite serviceable in dog practice. In Nymphomania, the bromides are the best treatment. In strychnine poisoning, the bromide of potash may be used as an antidote in place of chloral. GELSEMIUM — YELLOAV JASMINE. ExTBACTrii Gelsemii Fluidum. — That made from the green root is the best. Dose. — Horse, i dr. to yi oz. up to i oz. for a single dose. Dog, I to 10 or 20 ms. TiNCTUBA Gelsemii — Tincture of Gei<.semium. Dose. — Dogs, X to 30 ms. Composition. — Contains gelsemine, a very powerful alkaloid, also an acrid resin, volatile oil, gallic acid, coloring matter, etc. Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Caustic alkalies and tannic acid are chemically incompatible; physiologically, by general stimulants and other special stimulants. Toxic effects are treated by emetics, warmth, alcoholic stimulants, artificial respiration, and morphine subcutaneously. Synergists. — Conium, physostigma, tobacco, opium, etc., in- crease its effects when administered along with it. Physiological Actions. — A splendid nerve sedative, antispas- modic and nerve depressant, paralyzing motility and sensibility by central action on the spinal cord. It lowers body temperature; is not irritating; effects of moderate doses pass off in about 3 hours. Toxic Doses cause \'ertigo, drooping of eyelids, dilated pupils, labored breathing and feeble heart, drooping jaw, stag- gering gait, great muscular weakness, general anaesthesia, sweats and death by asphyxia due to paralysis of muscles of respira- tion. Uses. — Is a very u.seful drug in exalted nerve function or in VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 155 any condition known as nervous excitability; contraindicated when there is a weak heart. In Azoturia, gelsemium is the best drug to prevent or con- trol its delirium; start in with 2 dr. doses, when given every 2 or 3 hours, if the animal is quite excited give y^. oz. dose, and com- bine it with Fl. Ex. hyoscyamus Y^ oz. In cerebro-spinal meningi> tis, -gelsemium in small repeated doses i or 2 drs. every 2 hours. It is indicated in delirium from any cause, in coughs of convulsive or spasmodic character. Gelsemium is used a great deal in the South in remittent fever; it is also used in irritable condition of the bladder; in tetanus' give gelsemium for its soothing influence, in 2, 3 or 4 dr. doses; good for relieving post partum pains. abkic^ — arnica. Arnica Flores — Arnica Flowers -Aknic^: Eadix — Arnic.e Root. Preparations — Extbactum Arn.c^ Radi is -Extract of Arnica Root. Dose. — Horse, 15 to 45 or 60 grs.; dogs, }4 to 3 grs. Extractum Arnica Radicis Fluidum— Fld. Ext. Arnica Root. i)ose. — Horse, i^ to 3 drs.; dogs, 2 to 10 ms. Tinctura ARNiOiE Radicis— Tr. Arnica Root. — This is the best and most used. Dose.— Horse, ^ to 2 ozs., as diaphoretic i or 2 ozs. com- bined with other diaphoretics. Dogs, 5 to 30 ms. There is also a Tincture Arnic.e Florum.— Dose the .same as the Tb of Root, but the Root is the best. Composition.— An active principle called arnicine. The root contains an essential oil, on which depends in great part its physiological activity. Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Its actions are antagonized by ammonia, alcoholic stimulants, opium, camphor, etc. Synergists. —Aconite, veratrum viride, digitalis and arterial sedatives, generally increase the effects of arnica. Physiological Actions. —Arnica is irritant, stimulant, de- pressant; antipyretic, diuretic, diaphoretic and is used as a vul- nerary, it dilates the cuticular blood vessels. It irritates the gastro-'intestinal tract. In alcoholic solution (as the Tr.) it in- flames the skin when used full strength. . 156 NOTES ON In small doses it increases the action of the heart, raises ar- terial tension, stimulates the action of skin and kidneys. Large doses produce a transient excitement, followed by de- pressed circulation, respiration and temperature. Toxic Doses cause violent headache, dilated pupil and mus- cular paresis; it paralyzes the nervous system of animal and organic life, causing collapse and death. Uses. — Is remarkably efficient as a diaphoretic in i, ij^ or 2 oz. doses diluted in one pint of water; Yi oz. fluid extract pilocarpus- may be added at the outset of inflammatory diseases of any kind, such as lymphangitis, laminitis, pulmonary diseases, etc. Excellent to stop a chill and prevent the following feveir or in- flammatory action. It does this by dilating the blood vessels of the skin, thus attracting the blood to the surface and away from conjested internal organs! It is indicated in sthenic fever of any kind; azoturia, rheumatism, especially inflammatory or articular; congestion of brain, kidneys, etc., externally much used, but of little value on hairy animals. Sweating mixture: V^ Tr. arnica) rad., g i., iss. or ii. Fl. Ex. pilocarpus, § ss. to i, Aq. qs. ad.'. Oj. M. Sig — Give at one dose; repeat in an hour if necessary. Blanket patient well with woolen blankets. PILOCARPUS — JABORANDI. There is a Tincture and an Infusion also an Extractum Pilocarpi Fluidum — Fld. Extract of Pilocarpus. Dose. — ^Horse, }^ to i oz. but larger doses may be given, depending on the purpose for which it is given. Dogs, 15 ms. to I or 2 drs. Composition. — Contains two alkaloids. Pilocarpine and Jabor- iiie, these two alkaloids though isomeric are antagonistic in action, also contains a volatile oil and a peculiar acid. PiLOCARPiNiE Hydrochloras.— An alkaloid which occurs in minute white crystals, deliquescent, odorless and neutral in re- action, very soluble in water and alcohol. Dose.— (Hypodermically) Horse, 2 to 5 grs. if given alone, but I gr. at a dose is materially synergistic to eserine. Dog (by the mouth) 1-20 to y, gr. (hypodermically) 1-40 to J^ gr. Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Belladonna or atropine is directly opposite in action to pilocarpus or pilocarpine. VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 1 57 The caustic alkalies, persalts of iron and the salts of the metals generally are chemically incompatible. Synergists. — Aconite, veratrum viride, gelsemium and vaso- motor paralyzers promote the activity of jaborandi. Physiological Actions. — Pilocarpus is a paralyzer of the vaso-motor system, lowers arterial pressure and is a stimulant of the peripheral terminations of nerves supplying glands and invol- tintary muscular fibres, subsequently paralyzing the latter; it is therefore a powerful diaphoretic and sialagogue, a cardiac depress- ant by stimulation of the vagus ends, also myotic, emetic and sometimes abortifacient; its taste ig hot and pungent. In horses it produces a prompt and very profuse salivation; while it has diaphoretic action in horses, it is not so marked as in the human, although, it is a valuable synergist to other diaphoretic drugs, particularly arnica. The nasal, bronchial and lachrymal secretions are also much increased, as well as the intestinal secretions, which make pilo- carpine a valuable synergist to eserine. PiLOCAEPUs OK Pilocarpine in sufficient doses may cause watery diarrhoea. The action of the heart at first increased is afterwards lowered, arterial tension reduced and temperature falls from I to 4 degrees; it also greatly increases the quantity of urea excreted, but not the quantity of urine. In Toxic Doses. — Respiratory power is lowered and apnoea may occur from excessive bronchial secretion, or cedema of lungs; pilocarpus is rapidly diffused and is eliminated by the skin and salivary glands; its effect lasting 3 to 6 hours; it increases con- traction of the bladder, uterus and spleen. Therapeutical Uses. — Dr. Quitman uses the hydrochlorate of pilocarpine to assist eserine in its action as a quick cathartic, as follows: R Pilocarpinae hydrochloratis, gr. i. to grs. iss. Eserinse sulphatis, grs. iss. Aq. destil., 3 ^■ M sig. — For doctor's use. (Use about 40 minims hypodermically, and then inject balance in 20 or 30 minutes if necessary). Pilocarpus is also used in pleuritic and other effusions, to promote the absorption and elimination; used as expectorant in catarrh, bronchitis, pneumonia; combined with Tr. arnica Rad. 158 NOTES ON to Stop chills and abort inflammatory diseases such as lymphan- gitis, laminitis, etc. For Azoturia: IJ[ Tr. arnicae rad., g vj. Fl. ex. colcliici sem., 5 vj. Fl. ex. pilocarpus, $ vj. Spts. aeth. nit., 5 vj. M. Sig. — ij ozs. every 3 or 4 hours in 3 pint of water. The pilocarpine hydrochloras may be used as antidote to belladonna poisoning. Physostigma — Calabar BEA2sr. EXTRACTUM PhYSOSTIGMATIS. Dose.— Horse, 3 to 8 grs.; dogs, i-io to ^2 grs. TlKCTURA PhYSOSTIGMATIS. Dose.— Horse, 2 to 6 drs. ; dogs, 2 to 20 ms. EXTRACTCII PhYSOSTIGMATIS FlUIDUM — FlD- ExT. OF PhYS- (istigma (not official). Dose. — Horses, }4 to 2 or 3 drs.; cattle, 2 to 6 drs.; of the powdered bean or seed i to 2 drs., but i dr. of the powder or Fid. Ext. is the average dose. Composition. — Contains two alkaloids, Physostigmine or EsEBiNE AND Calabarine. Physostigmine is the only one used. Physostigmin.E Sulphas.— Occurs in white or yellowish white powders, ver^^ soluble in water and alcohol. PHYSOSTiGMiNyE Salicylas.— Occurs in colorless, shining crystals, turning reddish on long exposure to air and light, odor- less, bitter taste and neutral reaction, soluble in 130 parts of water and in 12 parts of alcohol at 59° F. Both are extremely hygroscopic. Dose of both salts is the same. Dose of eserine for horses, (hypodermically) yi to i}4, up to- 2 grs. in great emergencies; dogs, i- 100 to 1-50 gr., up to 1-25 gr. for very large dogs; the salicylate is said to keep better than the sulphate. Eserine sulphate can be obtained in sealed glass tubes containing i, i}4 and 2 grs. ; this is the best form in which to carry it as it cannot spoil and it can be depended on, it is put up by Merck. Tablets are more or less unreliable and when a bottle or tube containing the drug is once opened, it rapidly spoils. The tubes containing i ^ grains are the best for general purposes. Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Vegetable astringents,, -tannic acid, and caustic alkalies are chemically incompatible. VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 159 Physiologically. — Atropine antagonizes in part its action; chloral more so. Therapeutically. — The tetanizing agents are opposed to physostigma. Synergists. — The paralyzers or depressors of the motor ner- vous system; coniuni, gelsemium, amyl nitrite, etc., increase its effects. Physiological Actions. — Physostigma is a muscular stimulant and a direct spinal paralyzer, producing complete general paraly- sis and abolishment of the reflexes, but does not affect muscular irritability, or the brain. It stimulatessecretion, excites nausea and vomiting, and is laxative or purgative by stimulating the muscular coat of the in- testines, as well as by increasing the intestinal secretions. It first lowers then raises arterial tension, increases heart beat in fre- quency, but depresses the power of the cardiac muscles, though not destroying it. It produces in toxic doses, dyspnoea by a tetanic action on the respiratory muscles, causing carbonic acid gas poisoning and death by paralysis of respiration; it contracts the pupil, is then myotic; eliminated by the kidneys, the urine of affected animals poisoning another. In pregnant animals it may cause abortion. Uses. — Very useful in constipation due to torpor of bowels, combined with belladonna, nux vomica and colchicum; in tetanus is used with varying results; it is antagonistic to strychnine and atropine poisoning. For the Eye. — Eserine i or 2 grs. to the i oz. of distilled water is used to relieve congestion, inflammation and tension; to break up and prevent adhesions of the iris and lens, alternate with atropine; used to contract the pupil and vessels of the eye and thereby relieving pain and photophobia. Dr. Quitman says, in case of obstinate constipation eserine is contraindicated where the intestinal murmur cannot be heard, showing paralysis of the bowels. Eserine is very . beneficial in flatulent and spasmodic colic; give i gr. dose hypodermically, then repeat with y^ gr. dose in 20 or 30 miniites if necessary. Lobelia— Indian Tobacco. TiNCTURA Lobelia. Dose. — Dogs, 3 ms. to ^ dr., i^ to i dr. as an emetic. ExTRACTUM LobbiJvE Flttidum— Fld. Ext. op Lobelia. l6o NOTES ON Dose. — Horse, i dr. to i oz. ; dog, yi to 20 ms. , as emetic 20, to 30 ms. Composition. — Activity of lobelia is due to its alkaloid, Lo- BELINE; also contains lobelic acid. Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Caustic alkalies; its. de- pressing effects, by digitalis, belladonna, ergot, and other vaso- motor excitants, by alcohol, ether, ammonia, etc; on the nervous system of animal life, strychnine, picrotoxin, thebaine, etc. Synergists. — The motor depressants. Physiological Actions. — It has an acrid nauseous taste and very unpleasant odor; it is expectorant, diaphoretic, purgative, emetic, antispasmodic, and narcotic; it excites an abundant flow of saliva, much gastric mucous, profuse urination and sweating, with great nausea, vomiting and great depression, the action of the heart is enfeebled, the blood pressure at first increased, soon falls, muscular debility, reduced temperature, then coma and death b)- paralysis of the respiratory centers, the motor nervous system is chiefly affected, especially the medulla oblongata and the nucleus of the pneumogastric contained therein. Uses. — Lobelia is very useful in asthma in dogs or man, combined with belladonna and gelsemium; in heaves in horses, the same combination is very useful, followed with full doses of arsenic or Fowler's Solution. I^obelia is also excellent in dry coughs; for asthma in dogs give 15 to 30 minims of the Tr. of Lobelia ever 15 minutes till nausea sets in. It prevents the dry- ing effect of belladonna on the throat. AciDXiiM Hydhocyanicum Diluttm— Diluted Hydrocy- anic OR Prussic Acid. Character. —A colorless, volatile, faintly acid liqtfid, having an almond-like odor, very unstable; to preserve it best, keep it in an inverted blue bottle, well corked, and away from heat and light. If long kept it may become inert; strength 2 percent. Dose.— Horses and cattle, 20 ms. to 2 drs.; one-half ounce is often given in tetanus; sheep, 10 to 15 ms.; pigs, 2 to 7 ms.; dogs, >^ to 3 ms. ; give well diluted; sometimes used to kill dogs easily. PoTASSii Cyanidusi— Cyanide op Potash.— Occurs in white, opaque, amorphous pieces, having a sharp, somewhat alka- line and bitter almond taste and alkaline reaction; is deliques- VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. l6l cent in moist air; when powdered is readily soluble in two parts of water, sparingly soluble in alcohol. Dose. — Horse i to 2 up to 5 grs. ; dogs, 1-15 to >^ gr. Antagonists and Incompatibles.— The metallic salts are gen- erally incompatible, also red oxide of iron, sesquioxide; these are too slow as antidotes. In Case of Poisoning.— Remedies of greatest utility are cold affusion to spine, inhalation of ammonia, ammonia by the stomach and intravenous injection of it, subcutaneous injection of Tr. strophanthus, nitro-glycerin, ether or atropine may be used, but is too; slow artificial respiration; emetics; must act very quickly, as it kills quickly. Physiological Actions and Uses. — Hydrocyanic acid and nicotine are the most powerful poisons known. Externally. — Hydrocyanic acid paralizes terminations of the sensory nerves, thus it is a local anaesthetic and sedative; it is readily absorbed from raw surfaces, and may cause poisoning; ex- ternally, it is used to allay irritation of itching skin disease. ^ Ac. Hydrocyanici dil., g i. Liq. potassae, g ss. to i. Aq. Oj. ss. M. Sig. — Apply to itching surface. Internally, on the alimentary tract, it is quickly absorbed by the mucous membrane, and has the same effect on mouthjand stomach as the skin, consequently it is useful to allay vomiting of dogs, as: ^ Ac. Hydrocyaii, dil., m. ii. to iii. Bismuthi subnit. , 5 ^^ to i. Aq. cinnamomi, 5 ^^■ M. Sig. — One drachm every two hours as long as necessary. Also very useful in cough mixtures. For destroying'the strongylus micrurus of calves. Prof. Williams gives 10 to 2oJms. of the acid conjoined with sodium carbonate and gentian. Action on the Heart.— Large doses instantly arrest its di- astolic action; it acts direct on the heart and on the center in the medulla; respiration and the spinal cord are also paralyzed by it, and it dilates the pupil. Post-Mortem. — lycaves no characteristic lesions, but you may detect the odor of prussic acid; it is also useful in tetanus, and is occasionally used to kill the round worms of horses. l62 NOTES ojsr The Potassium Cyanide has the same action as prussic acid, but locally causes inflammation of the skin, and applied to broken surfaces may cause death. Summary. — Prussic acid paralyzes all nerve structure in which it comes in contact; it is then an anodyne, antispasmodic, sedative and local anaesthetic; full doses paralyze the cerebro- spinal axis, killing by arresting the heart and respiration. Amyl Nitris -Amyl Nitrite. — Yellowish or reddish yel- low liquid, oily, very volatile, peculiar and very diffusive ethe- real odor, insoluble in water, but soluble in all proportions in alcohol, ether and chloroform. Dose. — Horse (internally) lo to 30 ms., up to i dr., but is very seldom given internally; hypodermically, Yt, this dose. By inhalation, yi, to i dr., and it must be fresh, as it rapidly deterio- rates. Dogs, >^ to 3 ms. internally, and i to 5 ms. by inhalation. It is best used in thin glass capsules, called pearls, which are broken when required for inhalation. Actions. — It produces the following results: Accelerates heart's action, greatly dilates the arterioles, by paralyzing their muscular coats; causes a sense of fulness in the brain with vertigo, fall in blood pressure due to dilation of the ar- terioles, lowering of temperature; when the vapor is applied di- rect to muscular or nerve tissues it suspends or completely arrests its functional activity; it depresses the nervous system and un- striped muscular fiber. It causes death by respiratory failure. Uses. — Epileptic attacks may be warded off by its being in- haled; spasmodic asthma, used either internally, hypodermically or best by inhalation; in strychnine poisoning, angina pectoris, and in tetanus. Nitroglycerin — Synonyms, Glonoin — Trinitrin. Spiritus Glonoini — Spirits of Nitroglycerin. — A i per cent alcoholic solution; of this is used for horses, J^ to i dr. hypo- dermically; dogs, % to \ or 5 minims. This agent is a very powerful heart stimulant, used in collapse, heart failure, antidote for prussic acid, asthma, epilepsy. Dr. Quitman prefers it to digi- talis as a heart stimulant. AcoiiriTUM — Aconite. — Wolfsbane or Monkshood. The part used in medicine is the tuber of aconitum napellus. Extractum Aconiti — Extract of Aconite. — Prepared from the leaves; not much used in veterinary practice. Preparation VETERINARY MATERIA MEDIC A. 163 of the leaves are not official in the last U. S. P. — the root is 5 times stronger than the leaves. ExTRACTUM AconriTi Fluidum — Fld. Ext. of Acoitite. Dose. — Horse, 5 to 15 ms. ; cattle, 20 to 40 or 50 ms. ; dogs, i-io to I m. TiNCTURA AcoNiTi — Tr. of AcoNiTE RooT. — Strength 35 per cent of aconite root. Dose. — Horse, 10 to 30 ms., for single doses about 40 ms. may be given. Cattle, 15 ms. to i dr.; dogs, i-io to 2 ms. Horses cannot stand as large doses of aconite in comparison as man. Flemings Tincture of Aconite. — Strength 79 per cent. Dose.— >^ that of the U. S. P. Tr. AcoNiTiNE. — Dose for horse, 1-30 to 1-5 gr. Not used to any extent in veterinary practice. Alwaj^s dilute each dose of aconite with from 3 to 6 ozs. of water or other diluents as it has a peculiar local effect. Composition. — Contains an active principle called aconitine in proportion of .03 per cent together with aconitic acid; also contains another principle called napelline, etc. Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alcohol, ether, ammonia, turpentine, digitalis, heat, etc. antagonize the action of aconite. In Case of Poisoning. — The stomach should be evacuated and stimulants be administered by stomach or rectum and intra- venous injections of ammonia, sulphuric ether, or hypodermic injections of' diaritalis and other heart stimulants; artificial res- piration, to overcome the depression of the heart, which is the chief danger; the hypodermic injections of atropine is indicated, or nitro-glycerin would be best and one of the quickest; main- tain the recumbent position when possible. Apply warmth externally. Synergists. —All the agents of this group (motor depressants) increase the effects of aconite, cold, fatigue, and all depressing influences are synergistic. Physiological Actions. — The taste is bitter, acrid and pun- gent, a small quantity causes a sensation of numbness and per- sistent tingling of the tongue and lips; Full medicinal doses cause a sense of constriction of the fauces, irritation of the gastro- intestinal mucous membrane with increased secretion, sometimes nausea and vomiting (in those that can vomit) and a peculiar 1 64 NOTES ON clicking sound due probably to spasm of the epiglottis, severe pains in joints and muscles, always more or less salivation, dia- phoresis and diuresis, reduce respiratory power, decrease cardiac rate and force, lower arterial tension and temperature. A Toxic Dose. — Produces great muscular weakness, dim- ness of sight; pupil at first may be dilated or contracted, but as end approaches remains dilated, shallow irregular and labored respiration, a slow and weak pulse, becoming rapid near the end, gulping, frothy saliva, belching, retching, nausea, etc. coldness of surface, clammy sweat, anxious countenance, extreme weak- ness of extremities, (animal goes down) lowering of temperature 2 to 3 degrees, abolishment of sensation, reflexes and motility and finally death from the paralysis of the heart and respiration, with or without convulsions, consciousness being preserved until near the end, when carbon dioxyde narcosis sets in. Post-mortem shows shrunken lungs containing but little blood; trachea and bronchii contains much frothy mucous; right side of heart greatly distended with blood while left side is almost empty; ecchynotic spots are found in lungs, pleura and endocardium. Digestive organs do not appear seriously affected. Aconite is a powerful sensory, cardiac, respiratory and spinal depressant, also diaphoretic, diuretic and powerful antipyretic; it chiefly affects the peripheral ends of the sensory nerves; they being affected first and from the periphery inwards. While the motor nerves are affected from the centers outwards; it relaxes the inhibitory apparatus of the heart and paralyzes the cardiac muscles and its contained ganglia, the respiratory centers and the spinal cord in all of its functions (sensory, reflex and motor), but does not affect the brain. Aconite is rapidly diffused and slowly excreted, the effects of a full medicinal dose continuing for 3 or 4 hours. Applied Externally. — It paralyzes the sensory nerves of the part, is therefore an anodyne and local anaesthetic. •MEDICmAL USES OF ACONITE. Indications for its Use. — It antagonizes the fever process, when properly used is a most valuable drug; it is indicated in all affections, characterized by high resisting pulse, dry, hot skin, and elevated body temperature; is useful in Acute Throat Af- FECTIOKS as laryngitis, pharyngitis and parotiditis, in small doses VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 1 65 often repeated. Indicated in Acute Inflammation or the Res- PIKATOKY Organs. For pleurisy and peritonitis, at the outset give aconite with opium. Indicated in simple fevers or in puerperal fever, Inflam- MATioif OF THE Brain; in surgical fevers, but for surgical fevers Dr. Quitman prefers quinine; In Acute or Inflammatory Rheu- matism, IN Acute Local Inflammation, as arthritis or inflam- mation resulting from bruises, sprains, etc. In Lymphangitis, in Laminitis, in Enteritis, if called early; in case of enteritis, Dr. Quitman gives 30 ms. of aconite and repeats 10 or 15 drops every hour and between times gives fluid extract belladonna 15 or 20 drops every hour, and exter- nally hot woolen blankets wrung out of hot water and wrapped around the body. In Mammitis. — Is also useful in large doses, combined with Phytolacca; in spasmodic colic brought on by drinking cold water, give 15 to 25 drops of the tincture of aconite in the regu- lar colic mixture; in congestion of bowels or liver, or in any con- gestion of any part, small, repeated doses are better than large ones. Externally. — It is probably the best anodyne we have; very useful in liniments for all painful local affections. For anodyne liniment: '^ Tr. aconiti, § iv. Fl. ex. bellad., g iv. Ivinim. saponis, g iv. Spt. vini. rectif., 5 iv. M. Sig. — Apply 3 or 4 times daily. Veratrum Viride, common name American Hellebore. Extractum Veratri Viridis Fluidum — Fluid Extract Ve- ratrum Viride. ■Dose. — Horses, 15 ms. to i dr.; cattle, % to i}4 ot 2 drs. ; dogs, ;!4^ to 4 or 5 ms. TiNCTURA Veratri ViRiDis. — Contains 40 percent of the root. Dose. — Horses, j4 to 2 drs. ; dogs, i to 8 ms. Antagonists and Incompatibles.-^Same as aconite. Synergists. — Same as aconite. Physiological Actions. — Veratrum Viride is closely allied to that of aconite, being a powerful cardiac depressant, and spinal paralyzant, but it affects respiration much less, is a systemic 1 66 NOTES ON emetic and cathartic, paralyzes the motor system centrally, im- pairing the reflexes, but leaves sensation unimpaired and has little or no diaphoretic or diuretic action, causes great depression, but is seldom fatal; when death does result it is from paralysis of the heart; small doses reduce the force of the pUlse, but do not at first affect the rate, but if long continued the pulse be- comes very slow, soft and compressible, rising on the least exer- tion, to be very rapid and feeble. It, like aconite, also causes great muscular weakness, and frequently nausea and vomiting; large doses increase the symptoms very much, the pulse becomes smaller and imperceptible, with as a result of toxic doses the same chain of symptoms as in aconite poisoning. Treatment of the poisoning is the same as for that of aconite. Uses. — Is inferior to aconite in fevers and inflammations, by reason of its lack of power over excretions, is used in about the same diseases as aconite, Phytolacca^Poke. — Contains a neutral principle. Phytolaccin an acid, tannin, etc. ExTRACTUM Phytolacca FLtiDiM — (Root). Dose. — Horse, 2 drs. to i oz.; cow, >^ to 2 ozs. ; sheep, 10 ms. to I }^ or 2 drs.; pigs, 5 ms. to i dr.; dogs, 2 to 30 ms. or up to 60 ms. ExtractT'm PhytolacCjE (not official) dose, /s that of the Fluid Extract. Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alcohol, ether, opium, digitalis, etc. oppose the action of phj'tolacca. Synergists.— All depressing agents; the paralyzers and emetics aid its effects. Actions.— Phytolacca is a cardiac and respiratory depressant, paralyzer of motion and of central action on the spinal cord; it is a slow and depressing emeto-cathartic, also somewhat narcotic and alterative; it irritates the throat, produces convulsions and death by paralysis of respiration; it promotes the absorption of adipose tissue. Uses. — The chief use of this drug is in mammitis or mastitis to arrest the inflammation and prevent suppuration; the Fid. Ext. is used internally, and is also applied locally; is probably the best known drug for mammitis. Give quite large doses, i oz. 3 or 4 times daily. In Varicose Ulcers it promotes healing; in Obstinate Eczema the Extract is applied locally; it is said to be VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 1 67 useful in chronic rheumatism. Dr. Quitman advises the trial of the drug in other glandular inflammations besides mammitis. evacuants — emetics. Ipecacuanha — Ipecac. Alkaloid, Emetine. Dose of the Powdered Root. — Dog (as expectorant) ^ to 2 grs. (as emetic) 5 to 30 grs. according to the size of the dog. Horse, j4 to 2 drs. ExTUACTUM Ipecacuanha Fluidum. Dose. — Dog, J^ to 5 or 10 ms. larger doses as emetics, from 15 ms. up. TiNCTURA Ipecacuanha Et Opii— Liquid Dover's Pow- der. Dose. — Dogs, I to 15 or 30 mimims; there is also a wine and syrup of ipecac. Antagonists and Inconipatibles. — Salts of lead and mercury, vegetable acids and astringents are incompatible; bismuth, car- bolic acid, hydrocyanic acid and narcotics generally, hinder its emetic action. Synergists. — The emetics; its actions on the skin are increased by opium, warmth, etc. Actions. — Nauseant, systemic and local emetic, expectorant, cholagogue, diaphoretic, hemostatic, sternutatory and counter- irritant, may cause pustules; small doses are stomachic. Uses. — Is a safe non-depressant and sure, but slow emetic; is also a good expectorant in bronchitis when secretion is scant, also used against dysentery, jaundice, etc. cathartics. Rhamnus Purshiana, commonly known as Caspar a Sa- GEADA, English term (Chittem or Sacred Bark). Bark of California Buckthorn. Extractum Rhamni Purshian.* Fluidum. Dose. — Dogs, ^ to 2 drs. as a cathartic, 5 to 20 minims as a stomachic. Fluid Cascara Sagrada Arosiaticum, is a pleasanter form than the official Fid. Ext., do.se the same. Action and Uses. — Used as a non-irritant laxative or cathar- tic, tonic; small doses are stomachic; to overcome chronic con- 1 68 NOTES ON stipation, give small repeated doses; very useful in dog practice. Oleum Ricini — Castor-oii<. — A fixed oil expressed from seeds of the common castor, the purer the oil, the less purgative; the dark colored is most active. Actions and Uses.— A mild, certain and efficient laxative; in dogs, operates in from i to 4 hours, causing but little pain and producing free evacuations; the intestinal secretions are but slightly increased, hence, the stools are not very liquid; its pur- gative principle enters the blood and the milk of the mother may acquire purgatives properties; it is used wherever a gentle laxa- tive is indicated. Is occasionally given to the mother for its effects on the suckling. Dose. — Dogs, I dr. to 2 ozs.; cats, yi, dr. to Y^. on..; pigs, i to 4 ozs. ; sheep, 2 to 4 ozs. ; horses, i to 2 pints; is often used in equal parts with linseed-oil for horses, say 8 to 12 ozs., of each. TONIC, ASTHIXGEXT AND BESIN-BEAEING PURGATIVES. SeNN^ - EXTEACTUM SeNNJE FlUIDUM. Dose. — Dog, % up to 2,3 or 4 drs. Powdered senna, same dose. Syrupus Senn^. Dose. — Dog, Yq. dr. to i oz. More agreeable than the Fluid Extract. Actions and Uses.^Has a very bitter and nauseous taste, but is a serviceable and quick-acting purgative; does not cause inflammation or superpurgation and is not followed by constipa- tion; is so disagreeable that dogs frequently vomit it up. Eheum— RhuIbarb.— The root is used. Dose. — Dogs, 10 grs. to 3 drs. of the powdered root. ExTBACTUii Rhei Fluidum. — Fluid Extract of Rhu- barb. Dose. — Dogs, ID ms. to 3 drs. ExTRACTUM Rhei — Extract op Rhubarb. Dose for dogs. — 3 to 15 grs. TiNCTURA Rhei Aeomatica — Arom. Tb. of Rhubarb. — Contains rhubarb, cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg. Dose. — I/amb, ^ to i dr. ; calves, i to 4 drs. ; dogs, >^ to i dr.; colt, i to 3 drs.; sheep, 4 to 8 drs. Syrupus Rhei Aromaticus. Dose. — Dogs, I to 4 drs. It is useful where there is alack of tone to the bowels; used VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 1 69 in diarrhcea in small doses, for its stimulating tonic action; is laxative in large doses or may be combined with other laxativse, to prevent griping in milk fed animals, or may be combined with bismuth, opium or sulphuric acid, to stop diarrhcea. Actions. — Rhubarb is a stomachic tonic, astringent, mildly cathartic and cholagogue. Uses. — As a laxative or purgative. For dogs, i to 3 drs. of the Fluid Extract or powdered root combined with i to 2 grs. of calomel or the aromatic syrup with 3 to 5 grs. of resin of jalap and calomel is a nice combination. It is used in small doses as a stomachic tonic, and tonic astringent in diarrhoeas, due to lack of tone in the bowHs. Aloe — Aloes. — Inspissated juice of the leaves of various species of aloes — official varieties. Aloe Barbadenis — Barbadoes Aloes or Hepatic Aloes. — Deep brown color or orange brown, most used in veteri- nary practice. Aloe Capensis— Cape Aloes.— Blackish brown. Aloe Socotrina— Socotbine Aloes. — Yellowish brown color. The active principle is aloin which differs slightly in the different species. Dose, as a stomachic, horse, i dr., as a purgative, ^ to ij4 ozs. The average dose when given with some synergist, as calomel is 6 or 7 drs. usually given in form of a bolus, rubbing it up carefully with water or other excipient, or given in linseed-oil, should be combined with some correctives as ginger and nux vomica which aid its action and prevents griping; ior young foals several months old 5 grs. of aloes for each week of their age. Dose. Cattle, i to 2 ozs.; sheep, }i oz. but for cattle and sheep the salines are preferred; dogs, 2 to 30 grs. up to 1% drs.; swine, i to 4 drs., as a bitter tonic }i to i-io these doses. The dose of aloin for horses is 2 drs. Physiological Actions. — Aloes is purgative, acting chiefly on large intestines; small doses are bitter tonics; applied externally is stimulant and desiccant; it stimulates both peristalsis and se- cretion, increases secretion of bile; also is diuretic; the barba- does is most active and uniform in its effects. It should be kept in lumps in tin cans or other good containers, only being pow- dered for immediate use; in melting aloes don't let the tempera- 170 NOTES ON ture rise above 120 degrees, as it impairs the activity by con- verting the active aloin into inert resin. Aloes operates in from 16 to 24 hours after administration; don't repeat an aloetic purge until 48 hours have elapsed. Uses. — In dyspepsia with capricious appetite, irregularity of the bowels, hide-bound horses; worms; is used in colics, both spasmodic and flatulent, for overloaded condition of the bowels; to promote excretion of waste products from the bowels and the blood, and consequently relieve febrile symptoms, rheumatic attacks, skin irritation, swollen limbs and inflamed joints; in lymphangitis to prevent and aid in curing. By attracting the blood to the bowels, it is useful in congestion or inflammation of the brain and spinal cord; full doses being necessary; in paralysis, the paraplegia or hemiplegia or reflexed paralysis due to indiges- tion give a full purgative. Aloes should not be used in irritation or inflammation of the alimentary canal or piles; (Dr. Quitman very rarely gives an aloetic purge where the temperature is above 102°). Or hemor- rhage from the rectum, in high fevers is apt to cause superpur- gation, also should not be used where there is great debility or weakness. In influenza the bowels are apt to be irritable and oil is preferable to aloes. Don't use during pregnancy, may cause abortion. For young foals or other animals, the gentler pur- gative, such as linseed-oil or castor-oil should be used. In . chronic constipation 2 drs. of aloes with gentian, ginger and nux may be given once daily. To make watery infusions rub up the aloes in hot water; There is a tincture of aloes. Dose for human, ^ dr. to i oz. besides numerous other preparations. Drastic Purgatives. Jalapa — Jadap. — The tuberous root is used; contains 15 to 20 per cent of the official resin. Preparations. — Extractum Jalap^e -Resin a Jalap.e. Dose of either. — Dog, i to 10 grs. medium sized dog, 5 grs. PuLVis Jalap.e Compositus. — Composed of jalapa 35 parts, bitartrate of potash 65 parts. Dose. — Dog, 5 grs. to i dr. PuLVJw Jalapa— Powdered Jalap. Dose.— Dog, 10 grs. to i dr.; pigs, i to 4 drs.; cats, .5 to 30 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. lyi grs. By adding calomel to jalapa its power is increased; jalap IS more active than senna, but is less powerful and irritating than gamboge, podophyllum, elaterium or colocynth, it also stimulates secretion of bile. SCAMMONIUM— SCAMMONY— ReSINA ScAMMONII. — ReSIN OP SCAMMONY. Dose.— Dog, I to 8 grs. Resembles jalap but more drastic. Seldom used in dog practice. Podophyllum— May Apple. extractum podophylli. Dose.— Dogs, 2 to ID grs, Resina Podophylll— Commonly known as Podophyllin. Dose. — Dogs, ^ to I gr. EXTRACTUM PODOPHYLLI FlUIDUM. Dose. — Dog, I to 30 ms. Scammony stimulates the flow of bile, is used particularly where the secretion of bile is deficient, usually combined with other drugs as belladonna, physostigma and nux vomica. Prescription for habitual constipation in dogs. ^ Resinse jalapse, grs. vi. Ext. bellad., grs. iii. Ext. physostigma, grs. iii. M. Ft. Pil. No. 12. Sig. — Give cue at night. HY'DRAGOGUE CATHARTICS. C.4MBOGIA — Gamboge.- Is dangerous, should be used only for cattle if used at all. It is a gum resin. Dose for cattle, 2 to 4 drs. is very irritating and is apt to cause superpurgation. Oleum Tiglii— Crotox-Oil. — A fixed oil expressed from the seeds of croton tiglium. Dose. — Horse, 10 to 25 ms.; cattle, j4 to i dr.; sheep and swine, 5 to 10 ms. dog, ^ to 3 ms., administered in bolus or in oil; croton-oilis a viscid, amber colored liquid, nauseous odor and acrid taste. Physiological Actions. — Is a powerful irritant, vesicant and pustulant, is a drastic hydragogue cathartic; full doses cause gastro-enteritis and much prostration; undiluted it seriously and deeply inflames the skin, causing severe blemishes and by absorp- tion may cause fever and superpurgation. Medicinal uses of CroTON-Oil. — Cattle are the only animals 172 NOTES ON for which it can be used with any degree of safety; it can be used for dogs and pigs if used with great caution. For horses and sheep it is too irritating and depressing; is used in cattle as an active hydragogue purgative when they suffer from fardel bound, and other forms of constipation and from torpidity of the bowels. Should not be used in debilitated, delicate or young animals. If an over-dose has been administered combat with demulcents, opium and stimulants. It should not be used as a counter-irritant or applied to the skin in any form or for any pur- pose. For cattle a purgative composed of 10 to 40 ms. of croton- oilwith J^ to I dr. of calomel and i lb. of Glauber salts is a very good mixture, dissolved in water, or linseed-oil i or 2 pints, may be given instead of the salts; may be used for obstinate consti- pation or torpidity of the bowels. ENEMAS — INJECTIONS. Most common, hot water and soapsuds; some use an in- fusion of tobacco, but Dr. Quitman recommends i or 2 ozs. of glycerin in preference to any; it attracts moisture to the parts and stimulates peristalsis; in small animals hot oil is sometimes used. In the human intestinal invagination has been quickly relieved by sudden inflation of the large intestines with carbonic acid gas; the process consists in the injection of a solution of so- dium bicarbonate, followed by a solution of tartaric acid about i dr. of each to each ^ pint of water; the escape of gas through the sphincter ani must be prevented by forcible pressure upon the anus. Dr. Quitman recommends trying this on our patients. anthelmintics. This includes Vermifuges and Vermicides. These should be administered on an empty stomach. Remedies for Expulsion of Ascarides I,umbricoides or Megaloacephalo— Common Round Worms. Santonica. — Its active principle (Santoninum) is used. Santoninum— Santonin. — Occurs in colorless, flattened prisms. Dose according to experiments by Frohner; average safe dose for cattle, i to 3 ozs.; hor.ses, 6 drs. to •i}4 ozs.; sheep and VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 1 73 goats, 75 grs. t0 2i/^ drs. ; dogs, 5 to 30 grs. for very large dogs; these doses are for matured animals only; young animals should receive very much less at a dose; young dogs should not exceed >^ to 3 grs. Calomel increases its power. Spigei-ia — Pink Root. EXTRA.CTUM SpIGEI.1^ FlUIDUM. Dose. — Matured dogs, 10 ms. to 2 drs.; puppies up to 8 weeks old, 1 m. for each week of age. Should always be com- bined with a brisk cathartic. The Fluid Extracts of spigelia and senna combined make a most satisfactory anthelmintic for dogs. Areca Nut— Seeds of Akeca Catechu. — Betel Nut. PULVIS Arec^ Semina. Actions and Uses. — Is astringent and an effective vermicide, especially for dogs; destructive to both tape and round worms; in horses and cattle it is not certain in its results. Dose. — Dog, 5 to ID grs. for small dogs, and 15 grs. to 2 dr. for large dogs; horses, i to ij4 ozs. For dogs the dose is about 2 grs. for each pound of the dog's weight, best administered in milk. For tape worm in dogs. — (50 pound dog) 1^ Pulvis arecse sem., 5 jss- Oleoresina aspidii m xx to xxx. M. Sig. — Give at one dose in milk. Repeat in 48 hours. Or the powdered male fern i to 2 ozs. for dogs may be used, but is too bulky. Eemedies Against T^ni^ or Tape Worm. Preparation. — First, fast your patient, only allowing a little milk, then give a purge, then administer the taeniafuge, always look for the head of the tape worm, for if not removed it will re- produce itself. AsPiDiUM — Male Fern. — Filix Mas. Oleoresina Aspidii. — Oleoresin of male fern. Dose. — Horses, 2 drs. to 4 ozs. average dose i oz. ; dogs, 5 to ID ms. up to I or 2 drs. according to size. Male fern combined with areca nut or oil of turpentine makes the best taeniafuge. Chloroform is also used with it. For Thread Worms occupying rectum, use the following remedies: Infusions of quassia or aloes; or carbolic acid 20 to 30 ms. to water i pint or Tr. chloride of iron i to i^ ozs. to the pint. 174 NOTES ON URINO-GENITALS. These remedies are used for their actions on the genito-uri- nary organs; they increase the activity of the kidneys and ex- cite the function of the genital organs; in excessive quantity or long continued may set up inflammation of kidneys, produce strangury and bloody urine, excite uterine contraction, and stim- ulate to an unnatural degree, the sexual appetite; they contain an essential oil or principle, which is eliminated by the urinarj^ passages and excites local irritation by direct contact. Terebinthix A. — Turpentine is an oleoresinous exuda- tion, liquid or concrete, consisting of a resin combined with a particular oil named oil of turpentine, and generally procured from various species of cone bearers (pines) ; 2 turpentines are official, viz.: Terebinthi.va, obtained from the yellow and other .species of pine, a concrete oleoresin in tough yellow masses, and Te;re- BiNTHiNA Caxadexsis— Canada Turpentine or Balsam of Fir, a liquid oleoresin, obtained from the silver fir or balm of Gilead; a viscid yellowish liquid, drying on exposure into a trans- parent mass. The chief preparation used in veterinary practice is Oleum TEREBINTHIN.E or Oil of Turpentine, often but erroneously called Spirits of Turpentine; it is a volatile oil, distilled from turpentine. Characters. — A limpid, colorless liquid, of a peculiar, strong odor and bitter pungent taste; mixes with other volatile and fixed oils, soluble i in 6 of alcohol, very soluble in chloroforni and insoluble in water. Dose. — Horse, >^ to 2 or 3 ozs. ; cattle, 2 to 6 ozs. ; sheep, I to 3 drs. ; dogs, 5 to 40 ms. ; pigs, i to 2 drs. Best admini.s- tered in linseed-oil or gruel. Small doses as diuretics and large doses as anthelmintics. Physiological Actions. — Externally, rubefacient, irritant and counter-irritant; vesicant if rubbed in or confined, also an antiseptic and disinfectant; is absorbed by the unbroken skin. Internally.— Is diuretic, stimulant, carminative, antispas- modic, hemostatic, and anthelmintic; it is irritant, and large doses- undiluted may cause gastro-enteritis. Linseed-oil is a good diluent. Toxic Doses. —Paralyze nerve centers, small doses stimulate VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 1 75 the vaso-motor centers; hence it raises blood pressure, but large ■doses paralyze them and lower blood pressure. E^limination. — Is excreted chiefly by the kidneys and lungs, which are stimulated to increased action by small doses, but their action is lowered by large doses, after brief stimulation. Uses. — In colic, both spasmodic and flatulent; for worms, septic fevers, gangrene of lungs, catarrhal conditions, pneu- monia and bronchitis, as a diuretic, but others not as irritant are better. In liniments 2 to 4 drs. to the pint for stimulating effects. For local gangrene remove the dead tissues and then ap- ply the turpentine direct to the affected parts, by means of ab- sorbent cotton or doth saturated with it; the fetor is removed and sloughing arrested. It is equally useful for furuncles, phage- denic ulcers, etc. Copaiba — Capaiva.^^Au oleoresin. Oleum Capaib^. Dose. — Same as turpentine. Actions. — Similar to oil of turpentine, is stimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic and expectorant; it acts as an antiseptic to the genito-urinary apparatus, and is used chiefly in gonorrhoea in man. JuNiPERUs —Juniper. Oleum Juniperi— Oil of Juniper. Dose. — Horse, i to 2 drs.; cattle J^ to 3 drs.; dogs, 2 to 10 15 ms. , repeated every three hours. Oleum Cadinum— Oil of Cade. — A product of the dry distillation of wood qf a certain specie of juniper, used as an ap- plication in chronic skin disease, especially parasitic; used full strength or diluted one-half, or combined with other agents in salves, lotions, etc. It resembles tar in color and odor. Oil OF Juniper is used only as a diuretic, and is very good; is stomachic in small doses, and is aphrodisiac. BucHU. — Dose, Fluid Extract, dogs, 5 ms. to i dr. ; horses, i to 2 ozs. " UvA Ursi.— Dose of Fluid Extract, dogs, lo ms. to 2 drs. ; . horses, 2 to 4 ozs. These two drugs are tonic astringents, diuretic and useful in chronic cystitis; also used in dysuria and calculous affections. SciLLA — Squill — Syrupus Scill^e. Dose. — Dogs, 10 ms. to i dr. ExTRACTUM SciLL^ Fluidum— Fluid Exteact Squill. 176 NOTES ON Dose. — Dog, /4^ to 5 ms. Actions. — On the circulation; acts like digitalis; large doses cause vomiting and purging, is used chiefly for its expectorant and diuretic effects; should not be used in nephritis as it is too irritating. There is also a tincture, a vinegar and a compound syrup of squills. Oleum Uvtje — Oil of Rue and Oleum Sabine — Oil of Savine. — These are used chiefly in human practice as Emmeno- GOGUES, and abortifacients. Dose. — Bitches, i to 5 ms. ; their combination with aloes and myrrh make a powerful abortifacient. They are irritating and should be well diluted in oil. COUNTER-IREITANTS. Canthaeis— Canthabides — PuLVis Canthabidis — Pow- dered Cantharides also Tinctuea Canthabidis — Tr. of Canthabides. Actions.— Externally, is irritant, rubefacient, vesicant, ac- cording to the strength used, it produces water blisters, counter- irritant, etc. Internally is irritant, large or undiluted doses cause gastro- enteritis; small doses stimulate the genito-urinary tract, hence, is diuretic and aphrodisiac. Full doses cause inflammation, strangury and hasmaturia. Uses. — Internally is seldom used except in incontinence from debility or partial paralysis of the bladder. Externally is used as a rubefacient, blister, or as a counter- irritant; blister is formed in from 2 to 10 hours, if repeatedly used may cause sloughing of tissues; cantharides can be used wherever a blister or counter-irritant is required, except in in- flammation of the urinary organs, as it is absorbed and will in- crease the inflammation. Don' t use cantharides too strong on thin skinned horses, not at all on very weakly patients, and with caution on dogs, and not at all on very young animals. For blistering ointment. ^ Pulv. canth., 5 "• to iiss. Hydrarg. iod. rubr., g ii. to iiss. Adipis., 5 iii. M. Sig. — Blister, to be well rubbed in for 10 or 15 minutes. Catharides alone is used i to 6 or i to 4; for dogs, i to 12, VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 177 always clip off the hair close, before applying a blister; tie the horse so he cannot bite it; wash and grease, etc. RUBEFACIENTS. Sin APIS— Mustard. SiNAPis Alba — White Mustard. SiNAPis Nigra— Black Mustard. Oleum Sinapis. — A volatile oil, obtained from black mustard seed. The Mustard flour is the form most used. Coleman' s Eng- lish Mustard being the best. Actions. — Is irritant, rubefacient, vesicant or suppurant, ac- cording to the manner in which it is used; it acts much quicker than cantharides, but its action is not so prolonged; the paste is made with water and rubbed into the skin of horses, produces its efEects within 20 minutes; in 2 to 6 hours vesication occurs, pus- tules may occur where the paste is used very strong, or closely repeated, or too much friction is being used. The volatile oil of mustard is a very powerful vesicant and acts very quickly. Uses — One or two teaspponfuls in i or 2 ozs. of warm water makes a very good emetic for dogs; it is used as a counter-irri- tant in sore throats, laryngitis or pharyngitis, bronchitis, pneu- monia, and pleurisy, or wherever a counter-irritant is indicated; applied in early congested stages it lessens the pain and relieves difficult breathing, besides limiting the amount of blood in the parts; it thus limits or decreases the inflammatory action; also useful in the exudative stages of these diseases; to promote the absorption of exudate and thus hasten resolution, or where these diseases remain dormant; can be used in spinal diseases or even in congestion of the kidneys; it acts best when applied and left on 20 or 30 minutes, then wash off and repeated in an hour or two; also used in acute indigestion, applied to the abdomen; also in colic, enteritis and peritonitis; in phlebitis mustard can be used but a cantharides blister is better. In making a mustard plaster, take the pure mustard and gradually pour in warm water but not hot; can also be made with cold water or vinegar; rub in with moderate friction. (See prescription for counter-irri- tant, under aq. amnion, fortior. ) Blood-I,etting — Bleeding. — Useful in azoturia and acute congestion; congestion of the lungs is sometimes relieved by it. In founder in first stages, bleed from the coronary artery; always 178 NOTKS ON best to bleed your animal while up if possible. Always use anti- septics in this operation. Take from three to six quarts of blood, but the pulse is the best indication as to the amount of blood to be drawn. As a rule we are able to accomplish with drugs the same effects that bleeding produces. EscHAROTics.— This includes the mineral acids, caustic potash, chloride and sulphate of zinc, arsenous acid, corrosive sublimate, etc., which have been studied under their proper heads; also Acidum Chromicum— Chromic Acid, occurs in deep red, needle-formed crystals, very soluble in water, forming an orange red solution. Actions. — Is an oxidizing caustic, is slow in action and not very painful, but penetrates deeply and is very destructive, and on account of its penetrating so deeply it should be used with great care. Mice or birds soaked in it will entirely disappear; also destroys bone; always protect the surrounding tissues with oil or vaseline. Uses. —Used entirely to destroy growths, as warts, tumors, ets. Sometimes used in weak solution to touch up indolent ulcers; can be made into a paste with water. Sloughing occurs in 24 to 48 hours. It is explosive with strong alcohol, glycerin or spirits of nitrous ether, etc. EMOLLIENTS, DEMULCENTS AND PROTECTIVE AGENTS. Glycerinum — Glycerin. — Soluble in water and alcohol; it is antiseptic and emollient. Uses.— Is used as an emollient where indicated, and useful as an enema in constipation or flatulence. CoLLODiuM — Collodion — Solution of Gun Cotton in Ether and Alcohol^Collodium Flexile — Flexible Col- lodion— Collodium Stypticum — Styptic Collodion. — Collo- dion painted over wounds forms an air tight coating and in small wounds keeps edges in a fixed position and promotes healing; styptic collodion can be used over raw bleeding surfaces. Keep in well stoppered bottles. Acacia— Gum Arabic— Mucil ago Acacia, mucilage of Gum Aeabic. — Used as an emollient or demulcent and as a vehicle for nauseous or irritating drugs; also to make an emulsion for in- soluble druars. VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 1 79 Tragacantha— Tragacanth— MuciLAGo Tragacaxthje, used the same as acacia. Demulcents include the fixed oils also. Linseed Infusion, flaxseed 2 ozs. to i pint boiling water; Slippery Elm Bark in an infusion. Glycyrrhiza — Licorice Eoot.— The powdered licorice root is used or the ExTRACTUM Glycyrrhiza Fluidum. Dose of Either. — Dogs, 1 to 2 drs. ; horse, i to 2 ozs. MiSTURA Glycyrrhiz/e Composita. — Compound licorice mixture, commonly known as Brown Mixture, a nice simple expectorant, containing paregoric, wine of antimony, gum arabic and spts. of nitrous ether. This mixture is very useful in dog practice. Quinine, ammonium Carb. or chloride, etc. may be added as indicated. Dose.— Dogs, y^ dr. to j^ oz. Actions and Uses. — The remedies of this group contain mucilaginous constituents on which their properties depend; they are used as protectives in gastro-intestinal disorders or for ex- coriated surfaces, and as expectorants in bronchial affections. ( Licorice. ) Poultice. — Materials most frequently used for poultices are first and best, flaxseed meal; then powdered slippery elm bark, bran and dried hops. For poultices of linseed, pour on hot water to make a paste, repeat poultice every 2 or 3 hoUrs; use anti- septics in poultices as a sol. of bichloride of mercury when applied over a wound, for mud fever or grease heel, powder top of poul- tice with charcoal. Actions and Uses. — Used to apply continuou s heat and moist- ure, and to soften, soothe and relax the tissues; they dilate the blood vessels and thus allow the blood to flow on, relieving pres- sure and pain. If used early in the inflammatory action they di- minish it, later they increase and promote suppuration by pro- moting the diffusion of fluids and escape of white corpuscles and purulent elements. They should not be continued too long as they will make the tissues soft and flabby. Dr. Quitman says, never approve of using cow manure as a poultice. i8o NOTES ON DRUGS ADVISED BY DR. QUITMAN TO BE CARRIED IN CASE. ^ I. Acetanilid. — 23. Bellad. Fid. Ext. 2. Tr. Aconite Root. —24. Cannabis Ind. Fid. Ext. 3- Quinine Sulphate. 25- Gelsem. Fid. Ext. 4- Alcohol. -26. Morphine — Pulv. Opii or Tr. 5. Acetic Acid. of Opii. •• 6. Ammon. Carb. — Aq. Ammon.- _^27. Digitalis Tr. or Fid. Ext. Arom. Spts. of Ammon. ^28. Ergot, Fid. Ex. - 7- Spts. Aeth. Nit. 29. 01. Terebinth. 8. Pot. Nitrate. -30. Fowler's Sol. of Arsenic. 9- Boric Acid. -<5i- Nux Vomica or Strychnine. -lO. II. Salicylic Acid. Carbolic Acid. 32. Iron, Sulphate and Tincture Chloride. 12. Corrosive Sublimate. ' 33- Gentian or Ginger. 13- 14- Soda Hyposulphite. Zinc Oxide. 34. 35- Glycerin. Iodine Crys. or Tr. 15- Vaseline or Lard. 36. Red Iodide of Mercury. i5. Lead Acetate or Goulard's Ext :. 37- Cantharides. 17- -i8. 19- 20. 21. Aloes Barb. Calomel. Colchicum Sem. Fid. Ext. Soda Sulphate. Eserine — Physostigma Fid. Ext. SUPPLEMENTAI, LIST. Croton Oil. Chloroform. Pilocarpus, Fid. Ext. Arnica, Tr. 22. Linseed Oil. — Brom. Pot. or Chlor. Hyd. ^^ Appendix. The following drugs were either omitted from their proper classification, or have more or less recently come into common use. EUCAINE HYDROCHLORATE. Properties. — This occurs in the form of a white neutral, crystalline powder, soluble in lo parts of cold water; solutions stronger than 9 per cent are not stable and will separate crystals of eucaine. Solutions of eucaine less than 9 per cent do not decompose and may be sterilized (boiled) without suffering deterioration. Actions and Uses. •^— This drug has the same physiological actions and uses that Cocaine has; its advantages over cocaine lie in the fact that it is far less poisonous, and solutions of eucaine are permanent and do not, like those of cocaine, decompose when kept; again, solutions of eucaine can be boiled for the purpose of sterilization, whereas solutions of cocaine are decomposed by this process. It is used in solutions varying from j4 per cent up to 9 per cent. For dogs usually a 2 per cent and for horses a 5 per cent solution is used. A few drops (10 to 20) being enough to paralyze a large nerve trunk, (the metacarpal nerve for instance) . It is said to have more powerful antesthetic effects than co- caine. / It may be incorporated in salves, powders, lotions, etc. in the same way that cocaine has heretofore been used. It can be carried conveniently in solution, say a 5 per cent solution, make this by adding 15 grains of eucaine to 5 drachms of distilled water, this can be boiled before using and thus it is 1 82 NOTES ON not necessary to add antiseptics to the solution, for the purpose of preserving it. FORMALIN. The name formalin is applied to a 40 per cent solution of chemically pure Formaldehyde in water. Formaldehyde is a gaseous • product which is prepared by subjecting methyl alcohol (wood alcohol) to oxidation. It is readily absorbed by water and is put on the market in the form of a saturated aqueous solution, termed Formalin. Formalin mixes with water in all proportions. Actions. -^Formalin is a powerful and harmless antiseptic, disinfectant, deodorant and afltizymotic. Uses. — As an antiseptic applied to wounds, it is used in from }( io }4 oi one per cent solutions. As a general antiseptic for hands and instruments, a ^ of i per cent to a 2 or 3 per cent .solution is used. As a deodorizer for faecal and other extraneous matter a i per cent solution is sufficient. Stables may be disinfected by spraying it into the air from an atomizer or by heating a solution of it (about a 20 per cent solu- tion) on a stove. Its fumes are somewhat irritating but not dangerous. For hardening anatomical specimens 4 to 10 per cent solutions. It is said to be more powerful than corrosive sublimate, as an antiseptic and at the same time devoid of danger. BARII CHLORIDUM. Barium chloride, occurs in colorless, flat, four-sided crystals, of a bitter, salty taste. Soluble in 2j4 parts of water, almost in- soluble in alcohol. In small doses it is occasionally but not often used as a cardiac tonic. Externally it is used as coUyrium and lotion for wounds in the strength of J^ to 2 parts to 100 of water. Its only use in veterinary practice is as a powerful and rapid purgative, its effects being produced usually in from 15 to 30 minutes. The dose for a horse per os is from 30 grains to 2 drachms, in }4 pint of water; some veterinarians give as much as 3 or 4 drachms, but I would warn the prescriber from admirlistering VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 1 83 more than two drachms at the outside, as at best it is a very dangerous drug. Intravenously, it is administered in doses averaging 15 grains; for this method, the drug should be dissolved in distilled, water, i or 2 drachms and twice filtered through the same paper, the needle should be sterilized and the air expelled from the syringe by pressing the piston until the liquid starts to flow from the needle. It should not be injected under the skin as it will raise a large, and very painful swelling, which may slough and the drug, is in- active as a cathartic when used in this manner. On the whole I advise against the use of the drug; while it is highly satisfactory in some cases, in others it produces some very unlooked for and unpleasant results, i. e., extreme colicky pains, muscular twitchings and spasms, great weakness, pulse becoming almost imperceptible; sometimes the horse will recover from this condition, occasionally he dies rather suddenly and again he may become prostrated and lie almost lifeless, though perfectly con- scious, for several days and then die. Post-mortem shows extreme engorgement of the blood vessels of the intestines, with more or less inflammation. The toxic symptoms described are not those of excessively large doses, but have occurred as a result of medicinal doses (^ to 2 drachms). To combat the toxic symptoms, one must commence early and administer stimulants, such as alcohol, sulphuric ether and aromatic spirits of ammonia, these may be combined and given in one ounce do.ses of each; in addition special heart stimulants may be required, preferably a i per cent solution of nitroglycerin in I to 2 drachm doses per ps or hypodermatically, or Tincture Strophanthus or Digitalis. On the whole as a quick cathartic, Eserine is a much safer and more reliable drug. antitoxins. Tetanus Antitoxin. This agent I have no doubt in saying is a failure as a cura- tive agent for tetanus. As a preventive it may have some yalue. 1 84 NOTES ON The preventive dose is lo, C. C. (about 150 minims) to be repeated if necessary 8 or 10 days later. The curative dose is 50, C. C. (about 750 minims) injected at one time, with subsequent injections of 20, C. C. (about 5 drachms) according to circumstances. TUBERCULIN. This is a glycerin extract of the germs of tuberculosis. It contains no living germs of tuberculosis and therefore does not communicate the disease to a healthy animal, the milk of the cow is unaffected by its use and it does not interfere with gestation, even if the cow is ready to calf. It is used in veterinary practice entirely as a diagnostic agent, i. e. to positively diagnose tuberculosis in cattle when it is in its incipient stages and not far enough advanced to make a diagno- sis by physical examination. Tuberculin may be obtained in what is termed "Concentrated Tuberculin" and "Tubercuhn Solution." Tuberculin will keep for several months. If it is desirous of keeping it in stock, it should be kept in the concentrated form and solutions made as required. The solution of the ' 'concentrated Tuberculin' ' is made by adding i C. C. of it to 9 C. C. of a J^ of i per cent carbolic acid solution (5 to 1000). The solution will retain its activity for 2 or 3 weeks if the vial is unopened and kept in a cool, dark place. DIRECTIONS FOR USING TUBERCULIN FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF TUBERCULOSIS. The febrile reaction in tuberculous cattle following the sub- cutaneous injection of tuberculin begins from six to ten hours after the injection, reaches the maximum 9 to 15 hours after the injection, and returns to the normal 18 to 26 hours after the in- jection. The reaction varies from i to 6 degrees above the average normal temperature. In healthy subjects the quantity of Tuber- culin injected is so small that the animal is not affected by it. In conducting the tests the following course is recommended to those who wish to obtain the most accurate results. VETBRINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 185 I. — Begin to take the rectal temperature at 6 A. M., and take it every two hours thereafter until midnight, to get the nor- mal temperature of the individual and to note that no disease exists. 2. — Make the injection at midnight. 3. — Begin to take the temperature next morning at 6 A. M., and continue as on preceding day, to note the reactions. Where large herds are to be examined or ■ time does not per- mit of more detail: I. — Begin to take the temperature at 8 A. M. and continue every two hours until 10 P. M. (omitting at 8 P. M. if more con- venient). Or, take the temperature three times — morning, noon and evening, — before the injection. 2. — Make the injection at 10 P. M. 3. — Take the temperature next morning at 6 or 8 A. M., and every two hours thereafter until 6 or 8 P. M. Inject 2 cubic centimeters (about 30 minims) of the tuber- culin solution. Yearlings and two-year-olds should receive i to 1^2 cubic centimeters, according to size. Bulls and very large animals may receive 3 cubic centimeters. Make the injection beneath skin of neck or shoulder. There is now and then uneasiness, trembling and the more frequent passage of soft dung. There may also be slight acceler- ation of the pulse and of the breathing. A rise in temperature on the day following injection of 2 or more degrees Fahrenheit above the maximum observed on the previous day should be regarded as an indication of tuberculosis, particularly if the temperature reaches or exceeds 104° F. For any rise less than this a repetition of the injection after four or five weeks is highly desirable. In very rare cases the tempera- ture may arise , in apparent absence of disease or it may fail to rise when the tuberculosis is advanced and easy of physical diag- nosis. For convenience in making the test the animals should not be turned out, but fed and watered in the stable. It is desirable to note the time of feeding and watering. MALLEIN OR MALLEINE. This antitoxin is used as a diagnostic agent for Glanders and Farcy in the same way that Tuberculin is used to diagnose Tuberculosis. 1 86 NOTES ON The dose depends upon the waj' in which the product is pro- cured, i. e. whether concentrated or diluted. It is printed upon the vials. Only antitoxins from manufacturers with the best reputations should be used. DIRECTIONS FOR USING MALLEINE FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF GLANDERS. Take the temperature of all animals to be tested three times a day for one day before making the injection. The injection is most conveniently made at six or seven" o' clock in the morning, and the maximum temperature will then be reached by or before lo P. M. of the same day. Make the injection beneath the skin of the middle of one side of the neck, where any local swelling can readily be detected. Carefully sterilize the syringe after injecting each horse by flaming the needle over an alcohol lamp. Take the temperature every two or three hours for at least i8 hours after the injection. Sterilize the thermometer in a 5 percent solution of carbolic acid, after taking the temperatnre of each animal. The temperature will begin to rise, as a rule, within from 4 to 8 hours after the injection, and reach its maximum from 10 to 16 hours after injection. On the day succeeding the injection take the temperature at least three times, if possible. In addition to the febrile reaction, note the size, appearance, and duration of any local swelling at the point of injection. Note the general condition and symptoms of the animal both before, during, and after the test. After four or five days the injection may be repeated, if the reaction from the first injection is not entirely satisfactory. Keep the solution in a sealed bottle in a cool place. The experiments conducted at the Veterinary Experiment Station of the Bureau of Animal Industry and elsewhere, have shown as quoted below: I. — "That the injection of the Malleine causes a rise in the temperature of 2° to 5° F. in all horses affected with glanders except sometimes in well developed or advanced cases of the disease, already having a temperature of 102° F. or above. In no case has the maximum temperature of a glandered horse, following the injection, fallen below 103° F. VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 187 2. — "On the glandered horse an abrupt, hard, pain f til swell- ing, 4 to 10 inches in diameter, occurs at the point of injection. This generally begins to appear 2 to 4 hours after the injection, continuing on the next day and increasing in size, from i to 3 days, disappearing again in from 3 to 9 days afterwards. 3 — "Subsequent injections in glandered horses gave a similar reaction, although frequently less marked. DIRECTIONS FOR DISGUISING THE COLOR, TASTE AND ODOR OF MIXTURES. It is frequently desirous to give a pleasant taste and odor to nauseous mixtures, especially when they are to be administered to animals that vomit, particularly the dog whose stomach is very easily irritated by nauseous mixtures. Color is frequently added for its pleasing effect to the eye. And again the disguising of our mixtures often . becomes necessary from a business standpoint, as a protection against the layman who is ever ready to usurp our remedies. FOR PLEASANT TASTE. Tinctura Cardamomi Cardamom "I Human dose '^ i to ii Tinctura Cardamomi Composita J ■ O • J- These give a red color and pleasant aromatic taste, and are carminative in action. ELIXIR AROMATICUM. Aromatic or simple elixir gives pleasant aromatic taste and is carminative. SYRUPUS AURANTII- Syrup of orange peel gives a pleasant taste. Syrupus GLYCYRRHiz-iS. — Syrup of Licorice Root. — A nice agent to overcome bitter or nauseous taste. The combination of Syrupus GLYCYRRHizit: and Syrupus AuRANTii, usually overcomes the most disgusting taste in drugs. Sykupup Yerba Santa Akomaticum. —Used to overcome the bitter taste of quinine. Syrupus Simplex — Simple syrup. — A saturated solution of sugar in water, gives a sweet taste. Aqua Cinnamomi — Cinnamon water. Aqua Mentha PiPERixiE— Peppermint water. 1 88 NOTES ON Aqua Gaultheri^e (wintergreen). These three impan their characteristic odor and taste to solutions and mixtures; in addition they are carminative and stomachic. The above named agents are very mild and can be given ad. hb.— usually though in ^ to i drachm doses. FOR PLEASANT ODOR AND FLAVOR. Oleum Gaultherive( — Oil of wintergreen). Oleum M-EtfTHJE Piperita — (Peppermint). Oleum Cinnamomi — (Cinnamon). Oleum Lavandulae— (I,avender flowers). Oleum Bergamott^ — (Bergamot). In liquid mixtures the aqueous solutions of these agents are preferred; should the oils be used however, about two drops to the ounce is su^cient. In powders and ointments from 2 to 5 drops may be used. for coloring liquids. TiNCTURA Santalum Rubrum — Tincture of Red Saunders or Sandal Wood. — Imparts a ruby red color. TiNCTURA Curcuma. — Gives a yellow color. Indigo Blue. — For a blue color. Caramel— Solution of burnt sugar. — Gives a deep, dark red to a brown color, according to quantity used. TiNCTURA Coccus — Tincture of the cochineal insect. — Im- parts a rich, ruby red color; darker, richer and more brilliant than a solution of carmine (carmine is made from the cochineal insect). SoLUTio Carmine. — A solution of carmine which gives a pink to a bright red color according to the amount used, (one or two drachms to the pint is enough ) . FOR COLORING OINTMENTS AND POWDERS. Carmine — For pink or red. Powdered Curcuma — For yellow. Bole Armenian — For pink. Powdered Glycyrrhiz^— For yellowish or brown. Charcoal — For black. Directions for making a staple solution of carmine: '^ Carmine, 5 ij. Aq. Ammon. Fort., Jj. Glycerin, § iij. Aq. Dest. Qs. Ad., Oj. VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 1 89 Rub the carmine up in the ammonia, then add the water, shake, then add the glycerin to preserve it. If it should start to decompose (get fcetid and merky) add a little more Aq. Ammon. Fort. For Making Tincture of Cochineal. — Powder the in- sects, let them macerate (soak) for eight days, in the proportion of one part to eight parts diluted alcohol. In prescribing coloring agents for colorless liquid mixtures or solutions, should you not know the quantity necessary to im- part the characteristic color of the agent used, it will be suffi- cient to add as the last item in the prescription the name of the coloring agent followed by the abbreviation qs., for example: ^ Hydrarg. chlor. eorro.s., grs. vijss.. Ammoni.. chloridi, grs. vijss. Aqua, Oj. Sol. carmine qs., M. Ft. Sol. Sig. — For external use. Although as a rule it is better that you prescribe an exact quantity. One to four drachms of any of the agents mentioned for coloring liquids is about the proper amount. Poisonous solutions that are colorless, such as solutions of the bichloride of mercury, etc., should always be colored, to attract the attention of the one using it that it is medicine and not water or some equally harmless substance. — ^3**¥ ERRATA. And, on page 23, 18th line from bottom, should be end. Soda, calomel, on page 27, 5th line from bottom, should be Soda, cholagogues are calomel, etc. Apparatus by controlling, on page 32, 4th line from bottom, should be apparatus controlling. Made, on page 36, lines 12 and 14 from bottom, should be incompatihle. Large, on page 37, line 7 from top, should be extraordinary. Put after, on page 37, line 7 from top, should be put ! after. Does neither, on page 45, lines 7 and 6 from bottom, should be (ie/« be- tween the two. Does neither, on page 48, line i from top, should be acts between the two. 5 ii, on page 52, line 15 from top, should be § ii. Sulphatis, on page 57, line 4 from bottom, should be Subsulphatis. Hydrastrininae, on page 71, line 8 from bottom, should be Hydraatinina:^ 5i ozs., on page 71, line 5 from bottom, should be 1^ dr. Synergist, on page 78, line 4 from top, should be Synonym. Give, on page 86, line 10 from bottom, should be une. Cinnamonia, on page 113, line 6 from bottom, should be Cinnamomi, Dogs, 1-20, on page 121, line 4 from top, should be 1-120. i^^^^^^^ Abbreviations in Prescription Writing 36-37 Abbreviations that may be mis- taken ^. 38 Abstraota (Abstracts) ; 4 Acacia 178 Aceta (Vinegars) 4 Acetanilid 117 Acetate of Ethyl 140 Acetate of Ammonia, Solution ... 85 Acetate of Copper 99 Acetate pi Lead 101 Acetate of Potash 78 Acetate of Zinc 105 Acetic Ether 140 Acid Carbonate 78 Acid Tartrate of Potassium 79 Acidum Acetioum 87 Acetioum Dilutum 87 Aceticum Grlaciale 87 Arsenosum 64 Benzoicum 119 Boracicum. 118 Carbolicum 112 Carbolicum Crudum 112 Chromicum 178 Citricum 87 Gallicum 107 .Hydrobromlcum Dilutum . . 153 Hydrochloricum 45 Hydrocyanicum Dilutum. . 160 Lacticum 42 Nitricum 46 Nitro-Hydrochloricum Di- lutum 45 Phenicum 112 Salicyiitjum 114 Sulphuricum . .' 43 Acidum. Sulphuricum Aromaticum. 43 Sulphuricum Dilutum 43 Sulphurosum 88 Tanmcum 106 Tartaricum 87 Aconite 162 Aconiti Extractum 162 Fluidum, Extractum 163 Tinctura 163 Aoonitine 163 Adeps 49 Benzoinatus 49-119 Lan» Hydrosis 49 Administration of Medicine 10 jEther .139 Aceticus 140 Fortior 139 Alcohol 137 Absolutum 137 Amylicum 137 Dilutum ,137 Alcoholic Extract of Belladonna Leaves 127 Alkaloids 4 Almond Oil 49 Aloe 169 Barbadensis 169 Capensis 169 Socotrina 169 Alteratives 33 Alumen (Alum) 105 Alumen Exsicoatum .105 Aluminis Sulphas 105 Aluminum 105 American Hellebore , . .165 Ammoniac 135 Ammoniee, Aqua Fortior 84 192 INDEX Ammonii Benzoas 86 Bromidum 152 Carbonas 85 Chloridi 86 Phosphas 87 Ammonium 84 Amyl Nitrite 162 Ansesthetios 19 Ansesthesia, Directions for 144 Anaphrodisiac 32 Anhydrotics 30 Animal Charcoal 113 Anodynes (Analgesics) 19 Antagonists 34 Anthelmintics 28-172 Antidotes 34 Antidotes for poisoning Gas 34 Antiemetics 25 Antifebrin ..117 Antiperiodics 15 Antiphlogistics 33 Antipyretics 33 Antipyretics — List of, and their action 22 Antipyrin 117 Antiseptic Oils 120 Antiseptics 15-111 Antiseptics — How to administer . 11 Antisialagogues 24 Antispasmodics 19 Antitoxins 183 Antizymotics 15 Aphrodisiac 32 Apomorphinso Hydrochloras 147 Aqua Ammonia 84 Bueliens 39 Communis 39 Cinnamomi 187 Destillata 39 Fervens 39 Fluvialis 39 Fontana 39 Gaultherise 188 Marina , . 39 MenthsB Piperitse 187 Pluvialis 39 Areca Nut 173 Arecse Semina, Pulvis 173 Argenti Nitras 98 Nitras Fusus 98 Argentum 98 ArnicsB 155 Flores ..155 Florum, Tincture 155 Badicis Fluidum, Extract- um ; 155 Radicis Tinotura 155 Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia. ... 84 Aromatic Tincture of Rhubarb . . 168 Arsenic 64 Arsenic, Toxicology of 67 Arseni lodidum 64 Arsenicum Alba 64 Arsenite of Copper 99 Arsenous Acid 64 Arsenous Acid Solution 64 Asafoetida 134 Asafcetidse, Tinctura .134 Aspidium , . .173 Astringents (Intestinal) , 27 Astringents Vegetable 106 Atropines Sulphas ,•, . . .127 Ball (Bolus) fc. . . 9 Balnea 9 Balsam of Fir 174 Barii Chloridum 182 Baths 9 Belladonna 127 Belladonna Alcoholicum, Ex- tractum 127 Emplastrum 127 Extractum 127 Fluidum, Extractum 127 Belladonnae Foliae 127 Radix 127 Root 127 Tinctura 127 Bergamot 188 Betel Nut 173 Benzoate of Ammonia 86 of Soda .119 Benzoic Acid 119 Benzoin, Tincture of 119 Benzoinated Lard 49-119 Benzoinum , 119 Bicarbonate of Potash 78 INDEX 193 Bicarbonate of Soda 81 Bile Production 27 Bismuthi Citras 63 Bismnthi et Ammonia Citras 63 Salyoilate 63 Subcarbonas 63 Subiodidnm 63 Subnitras 63 Bitters 68 Bitters, Aromatic 69 Black Cohosh 126 Black Haw 110 Black Snake Boot 126 Bleeding 33-177 Blue Mass 95 Ointment 94 Stone 100 Vitriol ...100 Bole Armenian . , 188 Bbracic (Boric) Acid 118 Borax 81 Bougies 9 Brandy 137 Bromides 152 Bromide of Ammonia 152 of Lithium 152 of Potash.. 152 of Soda.... 152 of Zinc 153 Broom 126 Brown Mixture 179 Buchu 175 Butyl Chloral Hydrate 146 Cacao Butter 49 Cachets 9 Cade, Oil of 175 Cajuput Oil 120 Calabarine 158 Calcii Carbonas Praecipitatus. . . 83 Caloii Phosphas Praecipitatus ... 54 Calcium 83 Calcium Bromide 152 Sulphide 88 Calomel 96 Calumba 68 Calx Chlorata 112 Camphora 133 Camphorae Aqua 133 Camphorae Linimentum 133 Monobromata 133 Spiritus 133 Canada Turpentine 174 Cannabis Americanus 135 Indica .135 Indica Fluidum, Extract- um ..135 Cantharides, Pulvis 176 Tinotura ne Cantharis xyg Capaiva 175 Capsioi Fluidum, Extractum. .... 70 Tinctura 70 Capsicum 69 Capsulae 9 Caramel igg Carbo Animalis 113 Carbolic Acid 112 Carbo Ligni 113 Carbonate of Bismuth 63 of Potash 78 of Zinc, Precipitated 103 Cardamomi, Tinctura 187 Carmine igg Carminatives 27 Carron Oil 51 Cascara Sagrada 167 Cascara Sagrada Aromaticum, Fluidum 167 Cascarilla gg Castor Oil I68 Cataplasmata 9 Catechu ' X07 Catechu Composita," Tinctura 107 Cathartics 25-167 Caustic Potash 77 Cayenne Pepper 69 Cerata (Cerates) 4 Cerebral Excitants 133 Sedatives 137 Chalk Prepared §3 Charcoal 113-188 Chartae 4. Chittem I67 Chloral Hydrate 146 Chlorate of Potash go Chloride of Lime 112 194 INDEX CWoroformi, Aqua. 142 Emulsum 142 Linimentum 143 Spiritus .....143 Chloroformum 142 Chromic Acid 178 Chronic Arsenical Poisoning. ... 67 Cimicif uga 126 Uimicifugae Pluidum, Extraot- um .126 Badicis Pulvis 126 Cinchona Flava 72 Kubra 73 Cinchonae Extracta 72 Extractum, Fluidum 72 Clnchoninae Siilphas 73 CInnamomi Aqua 187 Oleum 188 Citrate of Lithium 83 of Potash 78 Citrine Ointment 94 Clysters 9 Coca.... 136 Cocae Fluidum, Extractum 136 Cocaine Hydrochloras 136-181 Coccus, Tinctura 188 Cochineal Tincture 189 Cod Liver Oil 50 Codeine 147-148 Colchici Radicis Fluidum, Ex- ' traotum 108 Colchici Seminls Fluidum 108 Colohioum 108 CoUodia (Collodion) 4-178 Collodion, Flexible 178 Collodium Stypticum 106-178 CoUumarium 9 Collyrium 9 Columba 68 Compound Tincture of Catechu. .107 Confections 5 Copaiba 175 Copper 99 Corn-Smut 124 Corrosive Chloride 97 Sublimate S7 Cosmoline 50 Cotton Root Bark 124 Cotton Seed Oil 49 Counter-irritants 176 Cramp Bark 110 Cream of Tartar 79 Creolin 114 Creosote 112 Greta Preparata ■. 83 Oroton Chloral Hydrate .146 Croton-Oil 171 Cupri Acetas 99 Cupri Arsenis 99 Cupri Sulphas 100 Cuprum 99 Curcuma, Powdered 188 Cyanide of Potash 160 Demulcents 18-178-179 Deobstruents . , 33 Deodorizers 15 Depressants (Hepatic) 27 Diaphoretics (simple, nauseating and refrigerant) 29 Digitalein 125 Digitalin 125 Digitalinum 124 Digitalis 124 Extractum, Fluidum 124 Digltin •. 125 Digitonin 125 Digitoxih 125 Diluents. 18 Diluted Solution of Subacetate of Lead 102 Discutients 33 Disinfectants 15 Disk 9 Directions for Disguising Color, Taste and Odor of Mixtures . . . 187 Dispensatory 3 Diuretics (Hydragogue, Refriger- ant, and Stimulant) 30 Dog-Button 120 Donovan's Solution 64 Doses Generally 38-39 Dover's Powder 146 Dragee 9 Drastic Purgatives 170 Dried Alum 105 Dried Carbonate of Soda 81 INDEX 195 Drugs Advised by Dr. Quitman to be Carried in Case 180 Ecbolics 32 Electuaries 9 Elixir Aromaticum 187 Elixirs 5 Elm Bark, Slippery 179 Emetics 25-167 Emetine 167 Emmenagogues 32-176 Emollients 18-178 Emplastra 5 Emulsions 6 Enemas 9-172 Ergot ! 123 Ergot, Fluid Extract of 123 Powdered 123 Ergotole 123 Errhines 21 Esoharotics 16-178 Eserine 158 Ether 139 Ethyl Alcohol 137 Bromide 140 Exalgine 116 Excito-Motors 20-120 Expectorants 21 Stimulants 23 Extracta (extracts) 5 Extracta Fluida 5 Extractum Colchici Kadicis Flu- idum 108 Seminis Flu- idum ...108 Extractum Digitalis , 124 Ergotae Fluidum ....123 Hamamelis Fluidum 107 Eucaine Hydrochlorate 181 Eucalyptus 70 Eucalypti Extractum Fluidum. . . _70 Eucalyptol 70 Fats 49 Ferri Arsenite 58 Bromidi Syrupus 59 Carbonas Saccharatus. . . .56-60 , Chloridi Tinctura 57-61 Dialysatum 58 lodidi, Syrupus 57 Ferri Phosphas 57 Subsulphatis 58 Sulphas , 56-60 Sijiphas Exsiocatus 56 Ferrum Oxidum Hydratum 57-61 Eeductnm 56 Filix Mas 173 Fleming's Tincture of Aconite. ..163 Fluid Extracts 5-36 Folia Digitalis 124 Fomentation , 9 Food lor Sicii Animals 39 Young Animals 39 Formalin 182 Fetus ...» 9 Fowlers's Solution. 65 Fox-Glove 124 Fused Nitrate of Silver 98 Fusel Oil 137 Galactogogues 33 Galactophyga .- 33 Galla 107 Gambogia 171 GaJgarysma 9 Gargle ; 9 Gastric Sedatives 25 Gastro-Intestinal Koute to Ad- minister Medicine 10 GBultheriae, Aqua 188 Oleum 188 Gelsemii Fluidum, Extractum.. .154 Tinctura 154 Gelsemium , . . .154 Gentiana 68 Fluid Extract 68 Powdered Root 68 Germicides 15 How to Administer 11 Ginger 69 Essence of 69 Fluid Extract of , . . 69 ■ Powdered 69 Glanders — Diagnosis of — by use of Malleine 186 Glauber's Salt 82 Glonoin 132-162 Glucosides 5 Glycecol.... ■ 10 196 INDEX Glycerinum 178 Glycerinum Acidi Tannici 106 Glycerites 6 Glyoyrrhizae Composita, Mixture 179 GlycyrrMza 179 Glyoyrrhizae Fluidum, Ex- tractum 179 Glycyrrhlzae Syrupus 187 Golden Seal 71 Gossypii Radlcis Cortex 124 Goulard's Extract 102 Water ....102 Granul e 9 Gum Arabic 178 Giiaiacum , 109 Guaiaci Ammoniata, Tinctura 109 H aematinics 33 Hamamelis 107 Haustus Draught 10 Henbane 132 Hepatic Aloes 169 Hoffman's Anodyne 140 Honeys 6 Hydragogue Cathartics 171 Hydrargyrum Bichloridum 97 Chloridum Corrosium 97 Cum Greta 95 lodidum .' 95 Perchloridum 97 Hydrastlnine Hydrochloras 71 Hydrastis 71 Extraotum Fluidum 71 Hydrated Oxide of Iron 57 Hydrobromic Ether 140 Hydrochloric Acid 45 Hydrogen Dioxide Ill Hydrogen Peroxidum Ill Hyosciami Alcoholic um, Extract- um 132 I'luidum, Extraotum 132 Tinctura ; . 132 Hyosciamus 132 Hypnotics 19 Hyposulphite of Soda 82 Ignatia 123 Ipecac 167 Ipecacuanha 167 Ipecacuanha et Opii, Tinctura. ..167 Impure Carbolic Acid ,. .112 Incompatibles 34-35 Indian Cannabis 135 Hemp 135 Tobacco 159 Indigo Blue 188 Infusions 5-36 Ingluvin 42 Inhalations 10-12 Injection of Medicines — Mode of . 12 Intratracheal 12 Subcutaneous Cellular Tis- sue 12 Through Vein and Arteries 12 Insufflation 12 Iodide of Ammonia 90 Iodide of Arsenic 64 Potash 90 Soda 90 Iodine Ointment 91 Iodoform 90 lodol 90 lodum (Iodine) 89 Iron and Arsenic 58 Iron and its Preparations 56 Iron, Dried Sulphate of 56 Iron, Powdered 56 Reduced 56 Sulphate of 56 Irritants 15 Jaborandi 156 Jalapa 170 Jalapa, Pulvis 170 Jalapae Compositus, Pulvis 170 Jalapae, Extraotum 170 Jalapae, Eesina 170 Jelly 10 Juniper, Oil of 175 Jyiniperus 175 Kino 107 Kino Tinctura 107 Lactic Acid 42 Laoto Phosphate of Lime, Syrup of 55 Lanolin 49 Lard 49 Laudanum 147 INDEX 197 Lead ....100 Licorice Root 179 Lignum Vitae 109 Liiue-Water 83 Lini Farina 50 Liniments 6 Linimentum Saponis 133 Linseed Cake 50 Infusion 179 Linseed-Oil 51 Liquors. 6 Liquor Aoidi Arsenosa 64 Ammonii Acetates . 85 Arseni et Hydrargii lodidi . 64 Ferri Subsulphatis 57 lodi Compositus 89 Plumbi Subacetatis 102 Plumbi Subacetatis Dilu- ttis 102 Potassae 77 Potassi Arsenitis 65 Sodae 81 Sodii Arsenitis 65 Zinci Chloridi 103 Lithii Bromidum 152 Citras 83 Lithium 83 Lithontriptics 31 Lobelia 159 Lobelias Fluidum, Extractum. . .159 Tinotura 159 Lunar Caustic 98 Male Fern 173 Mallein, and how to Diagnose Glanders 185-186 Manganese 62 Massae Hydrargyri 95 Masses 6 Materia Medica 3 May Apple 171 Meadow Satf ron 108 Mellita 6 Mercurial Ointment 94 Mercury 94 Mercury, Ointment of Nitrate of. 94 Oleate of 95 Ked Iodide of 95 witli Chalk 95 Methylene Blue 116' Milk of Sulphur 88 'Mineral Acids — How to Admin- ister 10 Becapitulation of 47 Mixtures 6 Monkshood 162 Monobromated Camphor 133 Monsel's Powder 58-61 Solution 57-61 Morphlnae Acetate 148 Hydrochlorate 148 Sulphas 148 Sulphate 148 Morphine 147 Motor Depressant 20 Mucilages 6-178 Mucilago Acacia 178 Tragacanthae 179 Muriate of Ammonia 86 Muriatic Acid 45 Mustard 177 Mustard, Black 177 Whjte 177 Mydriatics 21 Myotics 21 Naphthalin 116 Naphthol 116 Narcotics 19 Nasal Douche : . . . . 12 Natrium. . . .■ 81 Nitrate of Potash 79 of Soda 81 of Silver 98 Nitric Acid 46 Nitric Acid Dilute 46 Nitro-Glycerin 132-162 Nitro-Hydrochloric Acid Dilute. 46 Muriatic Acid Dilute 45 Nitrous Ether, Spirits of 140 Nucis VomictB, Extractum , 120 Tinctura 120 Nut Gall 107 Nux Vomica 120 ' Fluid Extract of 120 Official Preparations 3-4 Officinal Prepartions 3 Oil Cake 50 198 INDEX. Oils 49 Oil of Gade 175 Cinnamon 120-188 Cloves 120 Juniper 175 Lavender Flowers 188 Peppermint 188 Kue 176 Savine 176 Thyme 120 Oil of Wintergreen 120-188 Ointments 8 Oleates 7 Oleatum Hydrargyri 95 Oleoresinae Aspidii 173 Capsica 70 Oleoresins 7 Oleum Amygdale Expressixm 49 Bergamottse 188 Cadinum 175 Camphoratum 133 Cajuputi 120 Caryophylli 120 Cinnamomum 120-188 Copaibse 175 Eucalypti 70 Gaultlierise 120-188 Gossypii Seminis 49 Juniperi 175 Lavandulae 188 Lini 50 Menthae Piperitae 188 M orrliutB 50 Olivse 49 Phosphoratum 54 Rioini 168 KutsB 176 Sabinfe 176 Sinapis 177 Terebinthinie 174 Theobromati^ 49 Tliymi 120 Tiglii 171 Olive Oil 49 Opii Acetum 147 Campliorata,||Tlnctura 147 Emplastrum 147 Extractum 146 Opium Pilulae 147 Pulvis 146 Tinctura.... 147 Vinum 147 Opium 146 Oxidizers 36 Oxytocics 32 Pancreatin 42 Papain 42 Papayotin 42 Papers 4 Parasiticides 15 Parenchymatous Injections 13 Pearson's Solution 65 Peppermint 188 Pepsin 41 Permanganate of Potash 62 Peroxide of Hydrogen Ill Petrolatum 50 Pharmacology 3 Pharmacopcea 3 Pharmacy 3 Phenacetin 117 Phenic Acid 112 Phenol 112 Phosphate of Iron 57 of Lime (Precipitated) .... 54 of Soda 54 Phosphide of Zinc 54 Physiological Action 3 Physiological Classification of Medicine 13 Physostigma 158 Physostigmatis, Extractum 158 Physostigmatis Fluidum, Ex- tractum 158 Physostigmatis, Tinctura 158 Physostigminae Salicylas 158 Physostigminae Sulphas 158 Physostigmine 158 Phytolacca 166 Phytolacca, Extractum 166 Phytolacca Fluidum, Extractum.166 Pills 7 Pilocarpi Fluidum, Extractum. ..156 Pilocarpinae Hydrochloras 156 Pilocarpus 156 Plasters 5 INDEX. 199 nbi Acetas 101 Carbonas 101 Oxidum 101 Subacetatis, Ceratum 102 Mbum ; 100 ophylli, Extractum 171 ophylli Fluidum, Extractum. 171 opliylli, liesina 171 ophyllin 171 issae Hydras 77 i-sii Acetas 78 Bicarbonas 78 Bitartrate , 79 Bromldum 152 Carbonas 78 Citras 78 Cyanidum 160 '^.^S&lgSa.na.s ^2 SiilpEas 79 Tartras 79 issium 76 Alum 105 lodidum 90 IS 10 [tices... 1 9-179 dered Cimioifuga Root 126 dered Leaves of Fox-glove. . . 12i ders 7 scriptions for Abortion (to Pre'' ent) 110 Acute Rheumatism. .. .115-116 Anodyne 130-13.M64 Apoplexy (Parturient in Cattle) 85 Ascites (in Dogs) 94 Asthma (in Dogs) 160 Azoturia 109- 155-158 Blistering- Ointment . . i 176 Bone Diseases 60 Bright's Disease 93 Canker of Ear (in Dogs) 102-105 Catarrh 75 Catarrhal Discharge (before and after trephining) .... 58 Catarrhal Disorders 68 Catarrhal Fever 7^ Cathartic (quick) 157 Cerebral Congestion 109 Prescriptions for — Cerebral Engorgement, in dogs 153 Cold 75 Colic (spasmodic) 85-135 Coloring Ointments, Powders and Liquids 188-189 Conjunotivities 104-105 Constipation 109 Constipation (habitual in dogs) 171 Coughs (in horses) 151 Counter Irritants (in chest diseases) 85 Crack Heel 52 Deposits in the Eye 95 Diabetes Insipidus 60-92 Diarrhoea 44 Distemper (in dogs) . . .116-117 Dressing (for blistered or bruised surfaces) 102 Dropsical Condition 79 Dysentery , 44 Dyspepsia- Atonic 61 Eczema 94-102 Erysipelas 99 Expectorant 179 Everted Uterus, Vagina or Rectum 151 Fever 76 Gargle 80 Grease Heel 52 Healing Powder 103 Salve 103 Heaves 66-92-129 Husk of Sheep 89 Hydrothorax 94 Indigestion for Suckling Calves or Colts 42 Influenza (hepatic or en- teic) 46 Inflammation, Superficial.. 99^ Intestinal Flatulence.... 85 Itching Skin Disease. ...77-161 Itching Skin Disease, in dogs 64 Liniment, Stimulating. 130-133 Anodyne 165 2CX) INDEX. Prescriptions for — Lotion, WMte 102 Lumbago 116 Malarial Disorders 66-67 Mammitis 129-166 Mange 88 Muscular Soreness 115 Nutrient 50 (Edema of Legs 79 Opacity of Cornea. 95 Osteo-Porosis 60 Piles 108 Polyuria 92 Prurigo 97 Pruritus 97 Purgative 26-27 Purgative (lor dogs) 169 Purgative (for cattle) 172 Quitter 98 Rheumatism 75-115 Rickets (in dogs and pup- pies) 54-60 Scratches 52 Skin Disease 102-77-161-64 Sore Throat 61 Spasmodic Colic 85-135 Sun Stroke 118 Sweating Mixture 156 Tapeworm (in dogs) 173 Tetanus 100 Tonic 47-50-60-75 Urticaria 88-97 Vomiting in dogs. . .64-113-161 Worm Medicine 172-173 Worms, Removal from Intes- tines 60-61 Prescription Writing, Mode of. 36-37 Prickly Ash 110 Protective Agents 178 Prunus Virginiana 69 Pruni Virginianse, Extractum. ... 69 Fluidum 69 Syrupus 69 Prussic Acid 160 Pulverization 12 Pulvis Ipecacuanha; et Opii....l46 Purgatives, Cholagogue, Drastic, Hydragogue and Saline 25-26-27 Putrefaction 15 Pyoktanin 116 Quaker Buttons -120 Quassia 68 Extract 68 Fluid Extract 68 Tincture 68 Queen's Root HO Quercus Alba 107 Albae, Decoctum 107 Quininae Hydrobromas 73 Sulphas 73 Rectum, Administration of Medi- cine by 11 Red Cinchona 73 Pepper 69 Saunders Tincture of 188 Refrigarants 24 Renal Depressants 31 Resins 7 Resorcina 115 Respiratory Tract, administration of medicine by 12 Restoratives 33-39 Resublimed Iodine 89 Rhamni Purshianae Fluidum, Ex- tractum 167 Rhamnus Purshiana 167 Rhei Aromatica, Tinotura 168 Rhei Aromaticus, Syrupus 163 Rheum , . 168 Rueum Fluidum, Extractum .... 168 Rhubarb 168 Rubefacients 16-177 Rubrum 95 Sacred Bark 167 Saint Ignatus Bean 123 Salicinum 114 Salicylate of Phenol 115 of Soda 115 Salicylic Acid 114 Salol 115 Salt, Common 82 Sandal Wood, Tincture of 188 Sanguinaria 110 Santalum Rubrum, Tinctura. . . .188 Santonica 172 Santoninum 172 INDEX. 20I Saponin. 125 Soammonii, Resina 171 Scammonium 171 Soilla 175 Soillae Fluidum, Extractum 175 Syrupus 175 Scoparii Fluidum, Extractum 126 Scoparius 126 Sedatives 14 Cardiac 24 Pulmonary 23 Urinary 31 Vasoiilar 24 Vescial 31 Senae 168 Fluidum, Extractum 168 Syrupus 168 Serpentaria 69 Sevum 49 Sialagogues 24 Sinapis 177 Alba 177 Nigra 177 Sliin, Function of 29 Soap Liniment. 133 Sodae Carbonas Exsiccatus 81 Sodii Bicarbouas 81 Bromidum 155 Carbonas 81 Hyposulphis 82 Nitras 81 Phosplias 54 Salicylas 115 Sulphas 82 Sodium 81 Borate 81 Chloridum 82 Solutions 6 Sparteinae Sulphas 126 Spigelia 173 Spigeliae Fluidum, Extract 173 Spirits 7 Spirits of Nitroglycerin 162 Turpentine 174 Spiritiis Aetheris 140 Nitrosi .' 140 Spiritus Ammoniae AromaticuB. 84 Spiritus Frumenti 137 Glonoini 162 Vini Gallici 137 Vini Eectificatus 137 Squill 175 Staphisagriae Semina 114 Stavesacre Seed 114 Stillingia ilo Stimulants 14 Cardiac 23 Cerebral 18 Hepatic 27 Respiratory 23 Spinal 20 Vascular 24 Stomachics 24 Stramonii Folia 131 Stramonii Semen 131 Seminis Fluidum, Extract- um 131 Stramonium 131 Strontium Bromides 152 Strophanti, Tinctura 126 Strophantum 126 Srychninae Sulphas 120 Styptic Collodion 106 Subidodide of Bismuth , 63 Subnitrate of Bismuth 63 Sudorifiics 28 Suet 47 Sugar of Lead 101 Sulphates, How to Administer.. 11 Sulphate of Alum 105 Of Atropine 127 Of Quinine 73 Of Soda 82 Of Zinc 104 Sulphur 87 Sulphur Lotum 88 Sulphur Praecipitatum 88 Sulphuric Acid 43 Acid, Aromatic 43 Acid Dilute 41 Ether 139 Sulphurous Acid 88 Suppositories 7 Suppurants 16 Sweet-Oil 49 202 INDEX. Sweet Spirits of Nitre 140 Syrups 7 Syrupus Ferri Quininae et StryoJi- ninae Phosphatum 57 Syrupus Aurantii 187 Syrupus Calcii Dacto Phosphatis 55 Glycyrrhiza 187 Simplex ......187 Yerba Santa Aromaticum . . 187 Tannate of Quinine 73 Tannic Acid 106 Tannin 34-106 Tetanus Antitoxin 183 Terebintninae 174 Terebintliina Canadensis 174 Tlierapeutios 3 Thorn Apple 131 Tinctura Benzoini 119 Benzoini Composita. . .119 Tincture of Iodine 90 Nux Vomica 120 Tinctures 8 Alcoholic , 36 Resinous 36 Tonics 14 Blood 33 Cardiac 23 Urinary 31 Vascular 24 Vesical 31 Toxicology 3 Tragacantha 179 Trinitrin 132 Triturations 8 Troches 8 Tuberculin 184 Tuberculin, Directions How to use 184 Turpentine 174 Unguenta 8 Unguentum Acidi Tannic 106 Hydrargyri 94 Hydrargyri Nitratis 94 lodi 91 Stramonii 131 Zinci Oxidum .103 Urino-Genitals 174 Ustilago 124 Uteriuo 32 Uva Ursi 175 Valeriana 135 Valerianate of Ammonia 87 of Zinc 103 Vaseline 50 Vegetable Acids 87 Astringents 106 Veratri Viridis Fluidum Extrac- tum 165 Tinctura 165 Veratrum Viride 165 Verdigris 99 Vermicides 28-172 Vermifuges 28-172 Vesicants 16 Viburnum Apulus 110 Prunifolium 110 Vini 8 Vinegars 3 Vinegar 4 Vinegar of Opium '..... 147 Virginia Snake Boot 69 Vitriol, Elixir of 43 Wafers 9 Washed Sulphur 88 Washing Soda 81 Waste Producers 76 Waters 4 Water, Boiling 39 Common 39 Distilled .' 39 Hot 39 Rain 39 River 39 Sea 39 Spring 39 Whisky 137 White Oak Bark 107 Wild Cherry Bark 69 Fluid Extract 69 Wines 8 Wine of Opium 147 Wintergreen 188 Witchhazel 107 Wolfsbane : 162 Wood Charcoal 113 Xanthoxylum 110 Yellow Jasmine 154 Terba Santa Aromaticum, Syr- upus 187 Zinci Acetas 105 Carbonas Precipitatis 103 Carbonatis, Ceratum 103 Chloridum 103 Oxidum 103 Phosphidum 54 Sulphas 104 Valerianas 103 Zincum 103 Zingiber 69 Zingibetis Extractum, Fluidum.. 69 Pulvis 69 Tinctura 69