Ik "III ■ m-i I V;. Cornell University Library HD9757.A1M4 A study of the Massachusetts wood-using 3 1924 014 541 845 0, 0. INGALL FORI" . <¥iC£ **~iSi**J! '; ■' ' i l" HHi 1 Cornell University d Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924014541845 A STUDY QF THE MASSACHUSETTS WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES By HU MAXWELL, Expert United States Forest Service UNDER THE DIRECTION OF PROF. F. W. RANE State Forester, Commonwealth of Massachusetts AND H. S. SACKETT In Charge of Wood Utilization, United States Forest Service BOSTON WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS 18 POST OFFICE SQUARE 1910 Approved by The State Boakd of Publication. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page Introduction 5 Massachusetts Wood-manufacturing Industries 7 Kinds and Quantities of Woods used (Table 1) 8 Prices paid for Woods by Different Industries (Table 2) 10 Boxes and Crates 10 Furniture 12 Steam and Electric Cars 14 Musical Instruments 15 Interior Finish and Stair Work .... 16 Lasts and Fillers ■ 18 Cooperage and Tanks 18 Shuttles, Spools and Bobbins 19 Ships and Boats 20 Befrigerators 21 Horse Vehicles 22 Garden and Farm Implements 23 Automobiles . 24 Whips • 25 Cabinets, and Store and Office Fixtures 26 Baskets 26 Toys ..." 27 Handles 28 Brushes 28 Miscellaneous 29 List of Wood Manufacturers 30 Uses by Species 34 INTRODUCTION. The Bureau of the Census, in co-operation with the United States Forest Service, compiles and publishes statistics annually, showing the output of sawmills by States and for the whole country. The cut in Massachusetts in 1908 was 384,526,000 feet B. M., reported by 610 sawmills. This did not include pulpwood, tanbark, tanning extracts, cross-ties, telegraph and telephone poles, or cooperage and veneer stocks. After lumber leaves the sawmill it serves many purposes. Some of it passes through no further process of manufacture, but goes into buildings with only the cutting and fitting which carpenters give it. Another part is further manufactured before it is used. Wood- working machines of many kinds change its form, and it is cut, joined and fitted by skilled labor, becoming, partly or wholly, a fin- ished product, — boxes, frames, doors, sash, vehicles, boats, shuttles, spools, lasts, baskets, musical instruments, furniture, handles, toys, brushes and many more. This study has to do with that part of lumber only which undergoes further process of manufacture after it leaves the sawmill. Heretofore, lumber has not been very carefully followed after it leaves the saw, to ascertain what becomes of it, what is made of it, and into what commodities it enters. In a general way it has been known that some of it is used in its rough form, and some passes through further process of manufacture. The present study of the wood-manufacturing industries of Massachusetts was undertaken to supply information concerning the lumber which is not used in its rough form. The work has been done in co-operation by the United States Forest Service and the State of Massachusetts. Industries which manufacture commodities wholly or partly of wood were asked to furnish data along their special lines, and this report is based on their replies, supplemented by independent investigations throughout the State. Statistics thus collected and published are expected to be useful to both growers and manufacturers of wood. It is shown what part [5] INTRODUCTION. of the total demand, and of the demand for each species, is met by forests and woodlots in the State, and what part is supplied from without. The kinds of wood demanded by the various industries are shown, together with the amount of each species used, the prices paid at the factory, and into what product each wood is manufactured. With this information before them, the woodlot owners who are looking to the future can determine what kinds of timber promise best returns, and can give preference to those kinds. Those who have timber or lumber to sell can form an intelligent opinion as to where the best market may be found for what they have to offer. On the other hand, the manufacturer who is in the market for woods of certain kinds will have the means to determine whether he can buy near home, or whether he must look beyond the State; and a study of average prices paid by others will show whether or not he has been buying on an equal footing with others. A closer ac- quaintance between buyer and seller, with a better understanding of what one has to sell and what the other wishes to buy, will be of mutual benefit. A history of lumber operations and of past uses and markets in the State was not undertaken, though it would have brought out many interesting facts. It was deemed sufficient if present conditions were shown, thereby making it possible to formulate an intelligent policy for future operations. MASSACHUSETTS WOOD-MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES. Manufacturers in Massachusetts convert approximately 550,000,- €00 feet of rough lumber a year into finished products. The total quantity of wood used annually in the State is not shown by these figures, — certainly not half of it, — but only that portion of it which, after it leaves the sawmills, is further worked by machinery, or, at least, by the expenditure of considerable labor upon it. The mere cutting off of beams, planks and boards to fit them in house frames, bridges or trestles, or the mortising or joining in rough con- struction, does not constitute sufficient manufacture to bring the product within the scope of this study. Neither are railroad ties, poles, shingles and clapboards included. No attempt has been made to ascertain how much wood of all kinds and for all purposes is used in this State, nor to show what the. market value is when the products take their final form. Finished commodities shipped into the State ready for use are not included in the tables and total's which follow. This distinction excludes a great deal of planed and matched flooring, siding and interior finish, which is fully manufactured be- fore it is shipped into Massachusetts. The same consideration ex- cludes much furniture and many wheeled vehicles which come into the State ready to assemble, or partly assembled. Though sold in Massachusetts, they are not manufactured here. A painstaking effort has been made to keep species separate. They have not been grouped as " oak," " pine," " hardwoods," etc., but as white oak, red oak, yellow oak, white pine, longleaf pine, black gum, red gum, etc. The identification and listing of species was perhaps not successful in all cases; and in other instances, where use is con- fined almost exclusively to one species, though the genus includes others, a common term, as " ash " or " maple," was deemed suffi- cient. In Table 1, which follows, all the kinds of wood reported are brought together, except a few for which no figures showing the amount used yearly could be procured. All the species, together with the uses reported for each, will be found in the part of this report dealing with uses by species, beginning on page 34. Fifty-four -woods are listed in the following table : — [7] Table 1. — Kinds of Wood used, Quantity of Each, with Total Cost, and the Per Cent, grown in the State and out. Grown Grown outside of Species. Feet used Cost in Massa- Massachu- B.M. at Factory. chusetts. setts (Per Cent.). (Per Cent.). White pine ....... 296,787,000 J5,061,821 44 56 Spruce . Hemlock 45,772,400 882,491 17 83 31,557,000 547,151 17 83 Maple 30,252,300 578,837 11 89 Longleaf pine . White oak 27,368,500 776,391 - 100 24,287,700 936,492 12 88 Fir 14,999,100 277,511 10 90 Yellow poplar 14,806,400 656,765 10 90 Chestnut 11,753,000 163,781 34 66 Beech 9,873,000 193,436 18 82 Sweet birch 9,846,400 227,244 20 80 White birch 5,665,000 93,766 28 72 Basswood 4,166,500 106,487 3 97 North Carolina pine 4,115,000 162,410 - 100 Ash 3,440,300 140,114 11 89 Elm 2,698,500 107,493 1 99 Mahogany 2,025,400 298,253 - 100 Hickory 1,564,500 112,060 5 95 Cypress . 1,252,000 65,860 - 100 Pitch pine 887,000 16,605 83 17 White cedar . 795,500 15,477 11 89 Yellow birch . 757,000 16,352 8 92 Black walnut . 743,100 73,452 1 99 Douglas fir 655,000 26,723 - 100 Cherry . 611,250 26,639 1 99 Western cedar 603,500 24,245 - 100 Black gum Red oak 475,000 22,032 — 100 398,000 14,548 20 80 Redwood < 356,100 13,610 — 100 Norway pine . 250,000 5,000 100 Cottonwood 137,000 5,178 100 Sugar pine 68,600 4,392 100 Red gum 45,000 2,825 100 Dogwood 40,000 . 7,000 100 Persimmon 40,000 7,000 100 English walnut 35,000 4,200 100 Teak 33,000 7,196 100 Red cedar 27,000 1,655 100 Butternut 25,000 1,800 100 Sycamore 21,000 1,047 100 Holly . 20,000 2,000 100 Circassian walnut 15,000 1,620 - 100 Applewood Loblolly pine . 13,800 166 100 - 8,000 192 - 100 Hazelwood 8,000 496 - 100 Yellow oak 8,000 320 100 - African walnut 6,000 720 - 100 English oak 3,370 367 100 Spanish cedar 1,500 300 100 Italian walnut 1,212 242 100 Hackmatack . 1,000 40 100 Prima vera 300 75 100 Rosewood 300 225 100 Ebony . 112 28 100 Total 549,319,644 $11,692,1301 30 70 1 The average price per M. for all the wood reported was 821 .29. It is evident that Massachusetts is still a white pine State. It has always been that. The original forests contained some of the finest white pine ever cut in America ; but the virgin stand was felled long ago, and the second, third and perhaps the fourth growths are now being drawn upon. How well the demand is met is indicated MASSACHUSETTS WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES. 9 by the fact that the present cut of this wood greatly exceeds the com- bined cut of all others in the State. Manufacturers last year used 133,276,000 feet of home-grown white pine, and only 33,172,923 feet of all the other State-grown species, — 4 to 1 in favor of white pine. Yet Massachusetts is not now producing half the pine de- manded by home factories. Fifty-six per cent, of the total quantity comes from other States, some of it from as far west as Michigan. Large areas of vigorous young growth are coming on, and, with better protection from fire than formerly, there is promise of substantial gain. The State grows only two woods in sufficient amounts to supply its manufacturers, and these are little-used species, — yellow oak and applewood. Pitch pine makes the next nearest approach to supply- ing the home market, and falls 17 per cent, short. But this is not an important wood ; rated by quantity, it is twentieth on the list. The amount of black walnut reported is disappointing, and of the small quantity used the State grows only 1 per cent., — less than 8,000 feet. It was once a popular wood for furniture, but available statistics indicate that Massachusetts now puts more of it into brush backs than into furniture. Its principal uses now are for musical instruments and gun stocks. INDUSTRIES. The articles made wholly or partly of wood are so many that a complete list is practically impossible, but a general division into industries is practicable. It becomes necessary, however, to decide somewhat arbitrarily at times as to the divisions in which certain commodities belong, and under what industry a certain manufacturer should be placed. For example, the distinction between " finish " and " fixtures " is clear enough at times, and at times not ; and the dividing line between other industries is occasionally obscure. It is necessary, however, if figures are to be presented and useful com- parisons made, that the division of the whole into separate parts must be insisted upon. In the present study the wood manufacturers of Massachusetts have been listed under twenty heads, the twentieth being " miscel- laneous," which includes everything not clearly belonging elsewhere. Care was exercised to make the divisions as distinct as possible, but doubts as to the proper listing of a commodity were not always cleared away. Table 2 names the industries, and likewise shows the average 10 MASSACHUSETTS WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES. price which each paid for wood at the factory, and the comparative quantity used by each. The amount of lumber used by all was 549,319,644 feet, and the average price was $21.29 per thousand. If these figures are borne in mind, the table will show at a glance which industries paid more and which less than the average, and the com- parative amount of lumber used by each will likewise be shown. Table 2. — Wood-using Industries, Average Prices paid for Lumber at the Factories, and the Per Cent, which each Industry used of the Total Quantity. Industries. Average Price paid for Lumber at the Factory per 1,000 Feet B.M. Apportionment of the Total Quantity of Lumber among the Industries (Approximate Per Cent.). Furniture Musical instruments Interior finish and stair work Lasts and fillers Cooperage and tanks Shuttles, spools and bobbins Ships and boats Refrigerators . Garden and farm implements Automobiles Whips .... Cabinets, and store and office fix Baskets Toys Handles . Brushes . Miscellaneous ^res .... $16 02 28 36 27 80 35 71 34 15 16 99 14 06 18 S3 50 51 35 93 58 85 25 02 60 79 21 38 67 92 14 47 14 92 17 94 27 07 23 73 64.00 8.68 5.40 5.00 3.7S 2.39) 1.3S 1.02 .72 .59- .56. .40 .34, .33: .29 .27 .17 .14 .12 4.47 BOXES AND CRATES. In quantity of wood used and in total cost, boxes and crates head', the list. These items, and others, will be fully set forth in Table 3- It is worthy of remark that the State demands 351,941,350 feet off lumber for boxes. This is seven times as much as any other wood- MASSACHUSETTS WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES. 11 manufacturing industry requires, and almost twice as much as all the others combined. It is clear that the making of boxes and crates is preeminently the leading business in the State among those who manufacture wood. Box makers paid four times as much for their raw material — considering wood as raw material when it reaches the factory — as was paid by any other of the listed industries. The nearest approach was by the furniture makers, both in amount of lumber used and the cost. Twenty-tbree woods are on the list of box materials. The manufactured product ranged from the grossest crates, such as serve for shipping marble slabs or nursery stock, to the finest sample cases for commercial travelers, and receptacles for confectionery, toilet articles and jewelry. The cheapest wood re- ported, averaged for the whole, was cottonwood, at $9 a thousand, cut in Massachusetts and received as logs at the factory. The most costly was mahogany, at $251 per thousand, — a higher average price than was reported by any other industry in the State. Only one wood more costly was reported by any industry, — rosewood, at $750 per thousand, for pianos. It is therefore apparent that box makers supply a wide range of customers and send tbeir wares to many markets. One-third of the manufacturers of wood in the State make boxes. It is a side line with many, who thus utilize what otherwise would be waste. Others, whose chief business is in other lines, perhaps not directly connected with wood, make boxes and crates for shipping their own products. Less than 38 per cent, of the reported box ma- terial is grown in the State. The largest importation is of white pine, spruce next. If no outside lumber were obtainable, boxes alone would consume 94 per cent, of the State's whole lumber cut. Though some very fine and costly boxes are made, the bulk of them are of cheap lumber. It generally reaches the factory as wane-edge, unplaned boards, with bark on the edges, due to sawing small logs through and through without slabbing the four sides. Some factories saw, plane and match box boards, making sbooks of them, and selling them to the users, who nail them up, but operate no wood-working machinery. Others do all the work, from the log — perhaps from the tree on the stump — to the finished box. In some instances a factory makes boxes for one purpose only, perhaps shoe boxes ; while others manufacture many sizes, shapes and kinds. 12 MASSACHUSETTS WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES. Table 3.- — Boxes and Crates. Quantity used annually (Feet B.M.). Average Cost at Factory per M (f. o. b.). Total Cost at Factory (f. o. b.). Ghown in Massachusetts. Grown out- side Massachusetts. SPECIES. Feet. Average Cost per M (f. o. b.). Feet. Average Cost per M (f. o. b.). Ash . 8,800 $26 76 $235 45 1,000 $19 00 7,800 $27 75 Applewood 13,800 12 00 165 60 13,800 12 00 - Basswood 005,500 26 99 16,342 75 100,000 21 50 505,500 28 08 Sweet birch 27,800 53 00 1,473 40 27,800 53 00 Cherry . 5,000 26 80 134 00 4,000 16 00 1,000 70 00 Chestnut 2,362,000 16 10 38,021 00 782,000 16 36 1,580,000 15 96 White cedar 700,000 18 50 12,950 00 - - 700,000 18 50 Cottonwood 22,000 9 00 198 00 22,000 9 00 Elm 854,000 38 90 33,221 00 - 854,000 38 90 Fir 14,879,700 18 28 272,398 57 1,461,400 18 08 13,436,300 18 31 Hemlock 27,394,000 17 31 474,207 50 4,278,500 17 01 23,115,500 ■ 17 37 Maple . 350,000 20 57 7,201 00 75,000 11 33 275,000 23 09 Mahogany 12,000 251 00 3,012 00 12,000 251 00 White oak 55,000 12 00 660 00 55,000 12 00 Red oak 56,000 40 00 2,240 00 56,000 40 00 White pine 263,443,700 16 85 4,439,163 95 121,855,600 15 90 141,588,100 17 66 Longleaf pine 1,591,000 15 31 24,365 00 1,591,000 15 31 Pitch pine 600,000 15 93 9,560 00 448,000 16 33 152,000 14 76 North Carolina pine 251,000 19 57 4,911 00 251,000 19 57 Yellow poplar 6,723,800 24 00 161,350 60 1,465,000 17 95 5,258,800 25 68 Spruce . 31,972,000 17 57 561,775 25 2,677,700 17 42 29,294,300 17 58 Sycamore 10,000 25 00 250 00 - 10,000 25 00 Walnut 250 144 00 36 00 250 144 00 351,941,350 $16 02 $5,637,872 12 133,273,000 $16 01+ 218,668,350 $16 03 FURNITURE. Furniture makers report the use of 23 woods, ranging in price from $152.70, the average paid for their mahogany, to $11.31 for hemlock. The average price for all, as shown in Table 4, was $28.36. The State produced 20 per cent, of its furniture wood, and drew the balance from many parts of the world, the mahogany coming from Mexico, Central and South America, and different parts of Asia and Africa. The showing for mahogany is high not only for furniture, but in other industries. Massachusetts used about 5 per cent, of the ma- hogany imported into the United States in 1908, and paid approxi- MASSACHUSETTS WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES. 13 mately 14 per cent, of the total value of the imported wood. It ap- pears from that fact that the grade bought by Massachusetts manu- facturers was very much above the average. Furniture makers paid for wood grown in the State an average price of $20.64, and for that brought from without $30.37. One- third of all was white oak, and Massachusetts supplied 11 per cent, of it, and 21 per cent, of the maple, 14 of the sweet birch, beech 16, chestnut 47. A large part of all the lumber used went to chair fac- tories, but the exact ratio between that made into chairs and that used for other kinds of furniture can not be stated. The bulk of the chair wood was beech, sweet birch and maple. Table 4. — Furniture. Quantity used annually (Feet B.M.). Average Cost at Factory per M (f. o. b.). Total Cost at Factory (£. o. b.). Grown in Massachusetts. Grown out- side Massachusetts. SPECIES. • Feet. Average Cost per M (f. o. b.). Feet. Average Cost per M (f. o. b.). White pine 2,686,000 $20 38+ $54,735 00 1,840,000 $18 30 846,000 $24 89 White birch . 50,000 19 30 965 00 40,000 19 87 10,000 17 00 Maple . 8,563,000 20 29 173,775 00 1,763,000 18 40 6,800,000 20 78 Ash 900,000 24 62 22,157 00 48,000 22 81 852,000 24 72 Sweet birch . 6,388,000 21 30 136,099 00 926,000 17 15 5,462,000 22 01 Spruce . 555,000 16 38 9,094 00 195,000 15 42 360,000 16 63 Chestnut .4,849,000 24 51 118,846 00 2,284,500 24 56 2,564,500 24 46 White oak 16,722,500 34 59+ 578,485 00 1,838,500 25 18 14,884,000 35 76 Yellow poplar 319,500 34 77+ 11,110 00 - - 319,500 34 77 Basswood 408,000 19 80 8,006 00 20,000 20 00 388,000 19 60 Beech . 4,943,000 20 09 99,304 00 812,000 15 99 4,131,000 20 89 Mahogany •762,000 152 70 116,350 00 - - 762,000 152 70 Black walnut 20,000 121 40 2,428 00 - - 20,000 121 40 Hemlock 163,000 11 31 1,843 50 119,000 11 05 44,000 12 00 Black gum 61,000 43 47 2,652 00 - 61,000 43 47 Elm 348,000 31 49 10,906 00 - - 348,000 31 49 Cherry . 148,000 79 39 11,750 00 148,000 79 39 Sugar pine 100 100 00 10 00 - 100 100 00 Sycamore 1,200 78 33 94 00 - - 1,200 78 33 Yellow birch . 250,000 24 00 6,000 00 - - 250,000 24 00 African walnut 3,000 120 00 360 00 - 3,000 120 00 Hazelwood 2,000 80 00 160 00 - 2,000 80 00 Cypress 1,000 80 00 80 00 1,000 80 00 48,143,300 $28 36 $1,365,209 50 9,886,000 $20 64 38,257,300 $30 37+ 14 MASSACHUSETTS WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES. STEAM AND ELECTRIC CARS. Table 5, presenting statistics of car manufacturing, shows that southern yellow pine greatly surpasses all other woods in quantity used and in value. The two species, the longleaf and the North Caro- lina, constitute 80 per cent, of the total and 78 per cent, of value. A distinction between longleaf and shortleaf pines is not always recog- nized after they are made into lumber. Manufacturers reported much more of the former than of the North Carolina species, but it is not improbable that a good deal of the latter appears in the lists as long- leaf. Massachusetts grows less than 6 per cent, of its car timber, and four-fifths of this small amount is white oak. The cheapest timber reported by car builders was hemlock, averaging $19, and only a small quantity was used. Mahogany was the most costly, and a compara- tively large quantity was used. It is employed as finish for passenger coaches and electric cars. Sixteen species in all are listed, as the following table sets forth in detail : — Table 5. — Steam and Electric Cars. Quantity used annually (Feet B.M.). Average Cost at Factory per M (f. 0. b.). Total Cost at Factory (f. o. b.). Grown in Massachusetts. Gbown out- side Massachusetts. SPECIES. Feet. Average Cost per M (f. o. b.). Feet. Average Cost per M (f. o. b.). Ash 370,000 $43 05 $15,925 00 9,000 $35 00 361,000 $43 24 Bagswood 29,000 30 00 870 00 9,000 30 00 20,000 30 00 Sweet birch . 28,000 50 00 1,400 00 5,000 50 00 23,000 50 00 Maple . 17,000 29 90 508 00 5,000 20 00 12,000 34 00 Mahogany 185,000 144 32 26,700 00 185,000 144 32 White oak 2,176,000 33 73 73,397 50 141,000 30 67 2,035,000 34 43 Longleaf pine 24,610,000 25 61 630,000 00 24,610,000 25 61 North Carolina pine 600,000 33 00 19,800 00 600,000 33 00 White pine 635,000 22 00 13,970 00 635,000 22 00 Spruce 230,000 20 00 4,600 00 230,000 20 00 Yellow poplar 517,000 60 00 31,020 00 517,000 60 00 Cherry 13,000 125 00 1,625 00 13,000 125 00 Chestnut 7,000 22 00 154 00 7,000 22 00 Hemlock 6,000 19 00 114 00 6,000 19 00 Norway pine . ' 250,000 20 00 5,000 00 250,000 20 00 29,673,000 $27 80 $825,083 50 169,000 $30 91 + 29,504,000 $27 78 MASSACHUSETTS WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES. 15 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. The makers of musical instruments reported the use of 27 kinds of wood. The largest quantity went into pianos, but organs, includ- ing pipe organs, used the greatest number of woods. Twenty-two species grow in the United States, but only seven were supplied wholly or in part by Massachusetts, and they made less than 5 per cent, of the total. Seventy-four per cent, of all the black walnut reported by man- ufacturers in the State was used for musical instruments. None of the instrument walnut was State-grown. Yellow poplar is an im- portant wood in this industry. Three woods were reported by makers of musical instruments and not reported by any others ; they were red gum, prima vera and rosewood. Table 6. - -Musical Instruments. Quantity used annually (Feet B.M.). Average Cost at Factory per M (f. o. b.). Total Cost at Factory (f. o. b.). Grown in Massachusetts. Grown out- side Massachusetts. SPECIES. Feet. Average Cost per M (f. o. b.). Feet. Average Cost per M (f. o. b.). Ash 91,000 S43 27 $3,938 00 10,000 Sll 00 81,000 $47 26 Basswood 40,000 32 38 1,295 00 40,000 32 38 - Beech 2,115,000 21 83 46,172 50 10,000 11 00 2,105,000 21 88 Sweet birch . 1,904,000 23 52 44,801 50 10,500 12 62 1,894,000 23 53 Butternut 10,000 45 00 450 00 10,000 45 00 Cherry . 1,000 52 50 52 50 1,000 52 50 Chestnut 3,838,000 24 23 93,012 00 300,000 23 33 3,538,000 24 31 Ebony . 12 250 00 3 00 12 250 00 Elm 1,355,000 43 66 59,163 75 1,355,000 43 66 Fir 101,400 50 41 5,112 00 101,400 51 41 Black gum 320,000 44 13 14,120 00 320,000 44 13 Red gum 45,000 62 78 2,825 00 45,000 62 78 Hazelwood . 6,000 56 00 336 00 6,000 56 00 Mahogany 663,900 138 45 91,917 00 663,900 138 45 Maple . 4,101,800 28 33 116,201 10 248,000 24 64 3,853,800 28 57 White oak 926,500 78 20 72,453 00 926,500 78 20 White pine 3,935,000 27 86 109,775 00 694,500 30 26 3,240,500 27 39 North Carolina pine 602,500 35 10 21,150 00 602,500 35 10 Sugar pine 33,500 73 34 2,457 00 33,500 73 34 Yellow poplar 4,354,500 39 94 173,927 00 - 4,354,500 39 94 16 MASSACHUSETTS WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES. Table 6.- — Musical Instruments — Concluded. Quantity used annually (Feet B.M.). Average Cost at Factory per M (f. o. b.). Total Cost at Factory (f. o. b.). Geown in Massachusetts . Grown out- side Massachusetts. SPECIES. Feet. Average Cost per M (f. o. b.). Feet. Average Cost per M (f.o.b.). Prima vera 300 $250 00 $75 00 300 $250 00 Redwood 1,500 60 00 90 00 1,500 60 00 Rosewood 300 750 00 225 00 300 750 00 Spruce 2,367,700 24 45 57,885 60 2,367,700 24 45 Black walnut 552,000 104 96 57,937 00 552,000 104 96 Circassian walnut . 12,000 100 00 1,200 00 12,000 100 00 Cottonwood . 85,000 48 00 4,080 00 85,000 48 00 27,463,412 $35 71 + $980,657 95 1,313,000 $26 48+ 26,150,412 $36 17+ INTERIOR FINISH AND STAIR WORK. Stair building is sometimes considered distinct from interior finish, but in this study it was not practicable to present separate statistics. The combined industries stand fifth in the list, on the basis of amount of lumber used. They head the list in the number of species. Twenty-eight appear, only three of which are foreign, and one of them, Italian walnut, appears in no other industry. Massachusetts supplied 20 per cent, of the wood reported, and 78 per cent, of it was white pine. This species constitutes 38 per cent, of all the lumber manu- factured into interior finish and stair work. Some of the woods were of high grade, as indicated by the average prices shown in Table 7. This applies particularly to beech, mahogany, black walnut, cherry, sycamore and black gum. However, the average price paid for all the woods employed in this industry was considerably less than averages paid by makers of boats, horse vehicles, automobiles, cabinets and store and office fixtures. The total number of feet shown in the table is clearly not the total used in the State for finish and stair work, — certainly not one-tenth of it. The table shows that part only which was manufactured in Massachusetts. This study, as was explained on a preceding page, was not concerned with products fully manufactured before they reached the State. The largest item in that class is flooring, of which a single firm reported the sale of 200,000,000 feet, all of which was manufactured ready for use before it came into Massachusetts, and MASSACHUSETTS WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES. 17 of course could not be included in this study. In several other in- stances, and for similar reasons, large amounts of finish, frames, sash and doors were excluded from consideration, though used by Massa- chusetts builders. Table 7. — Interior Finish and Stair Work. Quantity used annually (Feet B.M.). Average Cost at Factory per M (f. o. b.). Total Cost at Factory (f. o. b.). Gkown in Massachusetts. Grown out- side Massachusetts. SPECIES. Feet. Average Cost per M (f. o. b.). Feet. Average Cost per M (f. o. b.). White pine . 8,059,000 $26 95 $216,859 00 3,478,000 $22 21 4,581,000 $30 48 Yellow poplar 1,655,500 49 29 81,606 00 1,655,000 49 29 Sweet birch . 838,600 36 65 30,735 00 500,500 32 02 338,100 43 51 North Carolina pine 2.628,500 40 73 107,064 00 2,628,500 40 73 Longleaf pine 962,000 36 07 34,696 00 962,000 36 07 Redwood 1,000 62 00 62 00 - 1,000 62 00 Cypress 1,165,000 52 25 60,888 00 1,165,000 52 25 Spruce . 2,654,000 22 62 60,037 00 2,654,000 22 62 Hemlock 1,036,000 18 64 19,311 00 60,000 13 50 976,000 18 95 Ash 456,000 56 54 25,783 00 - 456,000 56 54 Mahogany 56,350 160 05 9,019 00 56,350 160 05 Black walnut 7,800 124 55 971 50 7,800 124 55 Redwood 1,000 80 00 80 00 1,000 80 00 Cherry . 5,250 80 77 424 00 5,250 80 77 White oak 652,000 66 57 43,403 00 19,000 26 31 * 633,000 67 77 Sycamore 9,000 78 11 703 00 9,000 78 11 Maple 442,500 37 64 16,654 00 13,000 31 39 429,500 37 82 Black gum 4,000 65 00 260 00 4,000 65 00 Chestnut 338,000 21 94 7,416 00 310,000 20 13 28,000 42 00 White cedar . 53,000 25 60 1,357 00 53,000 26 60 Basswood 501,000 33 21 16,637 00 510,000 33 21 Douglas fir 1,000 53 00 53 00 - 1,000 53 00 Sugar pine 35,000 55 00 1,925 00 - 35,000 55 00 English oak . 1,370 210 00 287 70 1,370 210 00 Italian walnut 1,212 200 00 242 40 1,212 200 00 Beech 160,000 39 84 6,375 00 160,000 39 84 Red oak 1,000 30 00 30 00 1,000 30 00 White birch . 75,000 19 00 1,425 00 75,000 19 00 » 21,795,357 $34 15 $744,303 60 4,434,500 $23 13 17,360,857 $36 96+ 18 MASSACHUSETTS WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES. LASTS AND FILLERS. Table 8 presents statistics of the manufacture of lasts and fillers for the shoe trade. Fillers, which are also known as shoe forms or stretchers, are made of yellow poplar and basswood. The number is about 10 per cent, of the number of lasts. Only four woods were reported for this industry. Maple and beech supply the material for lasts, maple constituting 99 per cent, of the total. The most of it is cut in Michigan, with Pennsylvania as a second. The last industry stands sixth in the State for quantity of wood used, and it is worthy of note that the reports do not show that one foot of the wood was grown in Massachusetts. The manufactured product goes to every important country of the world where leather or rubber shoes are made. Lasts for rubber shoes and boots constitute a considerable trade, but they are not separately listed in the table. Only three lines of manufacture reported woods of lower average price than last makers use. These were toys, baskets and cooperage and tanks, statistics for which are shown respectively in Tables 9, 18 and 19. Last wood is selected with great care, is seasoned during two or more years, and is worked by machinery as true as skill can make it. Table 8. — Lasts and Fillers 'Quantity used annually (Feet B.M.). Average Cost at Factory per M (f. o. b.). Total Cost at Factory (f. o. b.). Grown in Massachusetts. Ghown out- side Massachusetts. SPECIES. Feet. Average Cost per M (f. o. b.). Feet. Average Cost per M (f. o. b.). Maple Basswood Beech . Yellow poplar 11,850,000 982,000 40,000 160,000 $16 30 23 51 11 50 22 50 $194,220 00 23,085 00 460 00 3,600 00 11,850,000 892,000 40,000 160,000 $16 39 23 51 11 50 22 50 13,032,000 $16 99 $221,365 00 13,032,000 $16 99 COOPERAGE AND TANKS. Table 9 presents statistics of an industry which cannot be clearly defined, but its principal products are pails and buckets for confec- tionery and articles of that nature, tubs, keelers, churns, caddies, fir- kins, kits, tanks, vats and wooden receptacles of many kinds. Kb barrels or kegs for beer, molasses or spirituous liquors are included. The average price of the wood employed was lower than for any other MASSACHUSETTS WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES. 19 industry, being $14.06 per thousand. White pine made 87 per cent, of it. Massachusetts furnished approximately 66 per cent, of all the wood reported. This was a percentage of home supply larger than for any other industry except toys (Table 19). Eleven species of wood were reported, and all are grown in Massachusetts except cypress, though the State seems to have supplied none of the white cedar. All the beech, white birch, chestnut, hemlock, maple and pitch pine were cut in the State, and 65 per cent, of the total amount used was home- grown. The average price of State-grown woods was higher than for those shipped in. Table 9.— Cooperage and Tanks. Quantity used annually (Feet B.M.). Average Cost at Factory per M (f. o. b.). Total Cost at Factory (f. o. b.). Grown in Massachusetts. Gbotvn out- side Massachusetts. SPKCIES. Feet. Average Cost per M (f. o. b.). Feet. Average Cost per M (f. o. b.). Beech . 40,000 $8 00 S320 00 40,000 $8 00 - White birch 40,000 8 00 320 00 40,000 8 00 White cedar 25,000 38 00 950 00 25,000 $38 00 Chestnut 110,000 15 00 1,650 00 110,000 15 00 - Cypress 50,000 52 50 2,625 00 50,000 52 50 Hemlock 50,000 10 00 500 00 50,000 10 00 Maple . 40,000 8 50 340 00 40,000 8 50 White oak 90,000 18 33 1,650 00 40,000 18 75 50,000 18 00 Fitch pine 277,000 25 00 6,925 00 277,000 25 00 White pine 5,933,000 13 14 77,961 00 3,770,000 13 80 2,163,000 11 99 Spruce . 160,000 16 00 2,560 00 100,000 10 00 60,000 26 00 6,815,000 S14 06 $95,801 00 4,467,000 $14 29 2,348,000 $13 64 SHUTTLES, SPOOLS AND BOBBINS.' Statistics of the manufacture of shuttles, spools and bobbins were compiled with difficulty, because much of the material is partly or wholly manufactured outside the State, and is received in small pieces difficult to measure and reduce to feet. Table 10 presents available data, but the total amount of wood used in the State is probably more than the table shows. The highest-priced material was dogwood, used exclusively for shuttles, and worth $175 per thousand feet, — which was above the average for mahogany. It reaches the factory in blocks of many sizes. Tennessee and Kentucky supplied the most of it. 20 MASSACHUSETTS WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES. White birch was the principal spool wood, and Maine was the chief source of supply, but Massachusetts grew one-tenth. Eleven per cent, of all the wood employed in this industry grew in the State, and its average cost per thousand was 72 per cent, of the cost of that shipped from without. In every reported instance the price paid for outside wood in this industry was above the price of that grown in chusetts. Table 10. — Shuttles, Spools and Bobbins. Quantity used annually (Feet B.M.). Average Cost at Factory per M (f. o. b.). Total Cost at Factory (f. o. b.). Grown in Massachusetts. Grown out- side Massachusetts. SPECIES. Feet. Average Cost per M (f. o. b.). Feet. Average Cost per M (f. o. b.). Dogwood 40,000 $175 00 $7,000 00 - 40,000 $175 00 Basswood 897,000 21 83 19,581 50 100,000 $13 50 797,000 22 88 White birch . 2,080,000 16 41 34,142 50 220,000 14 77 1,860,000 16 61 Beech . M Maple . 928,000 16 48 15,298 00 100,000 13 50 828,000 16 84 1,157,000 16 28 18,827 50 100,000 13 50 1,057,000 16 53 Yellow poplar 102,000 13 73 1,400 00 100,000 13 50 2,000 25 00 Yellow birch . 412,000 23 07 9,504 00 412,000 23 07 5,616,000 $18 83 $105,753 50 620,000 $13 95 4,996,000 $19 44 SHIPS AND BOATS. Twenty-one woods are used in boat building. White pine heads the list, with 28 per cent, of all. Longleaf pine furnished nearly as much. Only five species were supplied in part by Massachusetts, and the amounts were very small, the aggregate being less than 2 per cent, of the total. The State once supplied white pine masts for the largest ships. The whole quantity of this species obtained in the State by boat builders was only 5,800 feet in 1908, which was scarcely the equivalent of two or three first-class masts. Four foreign woods were reported, — Spanish cedar, mahogany, English oak and teak. They made finish for yachts, canoes and steamboats. Teak was the highest priced and basswood the cheapest of the timbers reported for this industry. The average price of all was $50.51, which was exceeded by only three industries. Loblolly pine, an abundant southern timber, was reported for this industry only. A large number of boats are in use in Massachusetts, and the comparatively small quantity of lumber reported for boat building indicates that the State is not supplying MASSACHUSETTS WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES. 21 the home market, and that considerable numbers of boats ready made are shipped in. Available statistics do not, however, confirm or dis- prove this assumption. Table 11 — Ships and Boats. Quantity used annually (Feet B.M.). Average Cost at Factory per M (f. o. b.). Total Cost at Factory (f. o. b.). Grown in Massachusetts. Grown out- side Massachusetts. SPECIES. Feet. Average Cost per M (f. o. b.). Feet. Average Cost per M (f. o. b.). Ash 35,000 S75 00 $2,625 00 35,000 $75 00 Basswood 365,000 17 00 6,205 00 365,000 17 00 Butternut 15,500 87 10 1,350 00 15,500 87 10 Red cedar 27,000 61 30 1,655 00 27,000 61 30 Oregon cedar 3,500 70 00 245 00 3,500 70 00 White cedar . 12,500 60 00 750 00 1,500 $60 00 11,000 60 00 Spanish cedar 1,500 200 00 300 00 1,500 200 00 Cypress 24,500 68 16 1,670 00 24,500 68 16 Douglas fir . 74,000 72 70 5,380 00 74,000 72 70 Elm 10,000 35 00 350 00 - 10,000 35 00 Maple . 11,000 34 55 m 380 00 - 11,000 34 55 Mahogany 44,000 151 48 6,670 00 44,000 151 48 English oak . 2,000 40 00 80 00 2,000 40 00 White oak 274,700 54 97 15,099 00 60,000 46 67 214,700 57 28 Red oak 5,000 90 00 450 00 5,000 90 00 White pine 1,106,300 78 94 87,330 00 5,800 72 41 1,100,500 78 97 Longleaf pine 1,071,500 36 82 39,453 25 1,071,500 36 82 Loblolly pine 8,000 24 00 192 00 8,000 24 00 North Carolina pine 15,000 35 00 525 00 15,000 35 00 Spruce . 792,700 26 10 20,691 00 11,700 34 27 781,000 25 98 Teak . 33,000 218 06 7,196 00 33,000 218 06 3,931,700 350 51 8198,596 25 81,000 $46 80 3,850,700 $50 59 REFRIGERATORS. Massachusetts grows none of the timber which supplies its manufac- turers of refrigerators. White pine exceeds in quantity all other woods combined in their construction. Yellow poplar furnishes the least, but its price is highest. Eefrigerators are like furniture, in the fact that many sold in the State are made elsewhere. This does not apply to large sizes, constructed in place and not meant to be moved. The greater portion of the 3,240,000 feet of lumber reported is used for large refrigerators. 22 MASSACHUSETTS WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES. Table L2. — Refrigerators. Quantity used annually (Feet B.M.) Average Cost at Factory per M (f. o. b.). Total Cost at Factory (f. o. b.). Grown in Massachusetts. Grown out- side Massachusetts. SPECIES. Feet. Average Cost per M (f. o. b.). Feet. Average Cost per M (f. o. b.). Spruce . 145,000 $27 24 $3,950 00 145,000 $27 24 Ash . 35,000 42 00 1,470 00 35,000 42 00 White oak 255,000 40 86 10,420 00 255,000 40 86 White pine 2,300,000 23 91 55,000 00 2,300,000 23 91 Sweet birch . 220,000 18 00 3,960 00 220,000 18 00 Yellow poplar 20,000 65 00 1,300 00 20,000 65 00 North Carolina pine 30,000 50 00 1,500 00 30,000 50 00 Red oak 30,000 60 00 1,800 00 - 30,000 60 00 Beech . 155,000 18 00 2,790 00 - 155,000 18 00 Elm 50,000 38 00 1,900 00 50,000 38 00 3,240,000 $35 93 $84,090 00 3,240,000 $35 93 HORSE VEHICLES. Vehicles to be drawn by horses and those operated by power are distinct so far as manufacturing is concerned. The number of wagons, carts, drays, carriages and conveyances of that kind is ap- parently as large as ever, notwithstanding the increase in number of automobiles. Table 13 shows what was done in Massachusetts the past year in the manufacture of vehicles for horses. The number of vehicles is not shown, but the woods used are listed. These woods are generally high in price, the average being $58.85 per thousand. Massachusetts furnishes only 14 per cent, of this, and the average price is $25.98 lower than for imported timber. Except red oak, every wood from without cost more than the same species grown at home. Red oak was the same for both. A number of firms which formerly did their own manufacturing reported that they no longer do so, but buy vehicles ready to sell, or nearly ready, and now act as selling agents or merchants. They generally buy in the middle west. Others buy wooden parts' dressed and fitted, and complete the work by putting the irons on and doing the painting. In this industry, as in many others, the manufacturing shows a tendency to move toward the source of supply for the raw material. A considerable part of the wood listed in Table 13 was used in repair work. MASSACHUSETTS WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES. 23 Table 13. — Horse Vehicles Quantity used annually (Feet B.M.). Average Cost at Factory per M (f. o. b.). Total Cost at Factory (f. o. b.). Grown in Massachusetts. Grown out- side Massachusetts. SPECIES. Feet. Average Cost per M (f. o. b.). Feet. Average Cost per M (f. o. b.). Ash 289,500 $36 60 $10,597 50 82,500 $33 15 207,000 $38 00 White oak 1,364,500 53 86 73,500 00 308,500 40 66 1,056,000 57 72 Hickory 969,500 79 96 77,525 00 6,500 64 61 963,000 80 07 White pine . 60,000 31 66 1,900 00 60,000 31 66 Yellow poplar 74,000 86 08 6,370 00 6,000 70 00 68,000 87 50 Elm 25,000 16 00 400 00 25,000 16 00 North Carolina pine 8,000 40 00 320 00 8,000 40 00 Sweet birch . 8,000 40 00 320 00 8,000 40 00 Maple . 6,000 35 00 210 00 6,000 35 00 Spruce 10,000 48 00 480 00 10,000 48 00 Redwood 3,000 7 00 210 00 3,000 70 00 Mahogany 1,000 180 00 180 00 1,000 180 00 Yellow oak 8,000 40 00 320 00 8,000 40 00 - - Chestnut 3,000 40 00 120 00 3,000 40 00 - - Red oak 250,000 35 00 8,750 00 50,000 35 00 200,000 35 00 3,079,500 $58 85 $181,202 50 549,500 $37 50 2,530,000 $63 48 GARDEN AND FARM IMPLEMENTS. Of the thirteen woods listed in Table 14, nine were supplied wholly or in part by Massachusetts, but what the State furnished was only 27 per cent, of the total. The average price paid at home was only 70 per cent, of that paid for imported lumber. It is of interest to note that one of the cheapest woods listed in this industry was black walnut, and that the whole supply came from Massachusetts. The quantity was not large, however, and that fact probably accounts for the low price. A small lot of home-grown yellow poplar was bought for $13 a thousand, which was about one-fourth the usual price. This suggests a complaint sometimes made by woodlot owners and farmers who have a few trees. They say it is not always easy to sell small lots of logs, — three or four trees, perhaps, — because pur- chasers do not care to buy that way; they want carload lots. The owner probably cannot cut that many, and so he must sell at a low price, or not at all. Cases have been reported of farmers burning 24 MASSACHUSETTS WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES. logs that would have made good lumber. Mill men would make no offer on lots so small, though the general demand in the State for logs is far greater than the supply. Cable 14. — Garden and Farm Implements Quantity used annually (Feet B.M.). Average Cost at Factory per M (f. 0. b.). Total Cost at Factory (f. o. b.). Grown in Massachusetts. Grown out- side Massachusetts. SPECIES. Feet. Average Cost per M (f. o. b.). Feet. Average Cost per M (f. o. b.). White oak 711,000 $19 52 $13,879 00 266,000 $20 89 445,000 $18 70 Maple 270,000 17 28 4,665 00 50,000 13 00 220,000 18 25 Black walnut 8,000 16 50 132 00 8,000 16 50 - Ash 145,000 24 11 3,495 50 57,000 24 18 88,000 24 06 Spruce . 101,000 18 25 1,843 30 30,000 18 00 71,000 18 35 Chestnut 50,000 15 00 750 00 50,000 15 00 - White pine 224,000 17 80 3,988 00 145,000 18 24 79,000 17 00 Hemlock 108,000 18 00 1,944 00 108,000 18 00 Yellow poplar 4,600 39 56 182 00 2,000 13 00 2,600 60 00 Elm 2,500 13 00 32 50 2,500 13 00 - - Longleaf pine 434,000 15 50 19,747 00 - 434,000 45 50 North Carolina pine 117,000 27 00 3,159 00 - 117,000 27 00 Black gum 70,000 33 75 2,362 50 - 70,000 33 75 > 2,245,100 $25 02 $56,179 80 610,500 $19 17 1,634,600 $27 24 AUTOMOBILES. Manufacturers of automohiles predict that the use of wood in their industry will not increase in proportion to the increased output of the factories. Aluminum is taking the place of yellow poplar, ma- hogany, walnut and other expensive woods in the construction of bodies. The industry is so new that figures are not available to show the rate at which wood is being replaced by metal. Frames, however, are of wood, and apparently will continue to be. Of the 1,894,000 feet used, 1,279,000 feet were hickory and ash, and went into frames. Massachusetts-grown timber constituted 2 per cent, of quantity and less than 1 per cent, of value. Mne American woods and two foreign were listed in this industry. MASSACHUSETTS WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES. 25 Table 15. — Automobiles. Quantity used annually (Feet B.M.)- Average Cost at Factory per M (f. o. b.). Total Cost at Factory (f. o. b.). Grown in Massachusetts. Grown out- side Massachusetts. SPECIES. Feet. Average Cost per M (f.o.b.). Feet. Average Cost per M (f.o.b.). Yellow poplar 527,000 $65 34+ $34,435 00 - 527,000 $65 34+ Ash 778,000 57 36+ 44,630 00 3,000 $90 00 775,000 57 24 Mahogany 21,500 144 54 3,107 50 21,500 144 54 Cherry 500 125 00 62 50 500 125 00 White pine . 25,000 18 00 450 00 25,000 18 00 - Spruce . 24,000 28 50 684 00 10,000 18 00 14,000 36 00 Hickory 501,000 60 15 30,135 00 501,000 60 15 Basswood 2,000 15 00 30 00 2,000 15 00 Black walnut 10,000 110 00 1,100 00 10,000 110 00 Circassian walnut 3,000 140 00 420 00 3,000 140 00 Sweet birch . 2,000 40 00 80 00 2,000 40 00 1,894,000 $60 79 $115,134 00 40,000 $24 50 1,854,000 $61 57 WHIPS. Four woods only are listed as whip material in Table 16. Massa- chusetts grew 58 per cent, of all, but the average price for its share was little more than half the average paid for woods grown in other States. The measurement in feet of wood used by whip factories is difficult, because it reaches the factory in various forms and sizes. Some of it, too, is so far manufactured when it arrives as to exclude it from the scope of this study. The table which follows presents the available statistics for 1908 : - — Table 16. — Whips. Quantity used annually (Feet B.M.). Average Cost at Factory per M (f. o. b.). Total Cost at Factory (f. o. b.). Grown in Massachusetts. Grown out- side Massachusetts. SPECIES. Feet. Average Cost per M (f. o. b.). Feet. Average Cost per M (£.o.b.). Beech Birch Maple Hickory 521,000 555,000 733,000 18,000 $19 33 21 06 22 13 60 00 $10,070 00 11,690 00 16,225 00 1,080 00 251,000 351,000 458,000 $13 42 16 44 17 41 270,000 204,000 275,000 18,000 $24 81 30 00 30 00 60 00 1,827,000 $21 33 $39,065 00 1,060,000 $16 15 767,000 28 62+ 26 MASSACHUSETTS WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES. CABINETS, AND STORE AND OFFICE FIXTURES. The manufacturers of cabinets and of fixtures for stores and offices paid a higher average price for their lumber than was paid by any other wood-using industry in the State. The cheapest reported for this industry was hemlock, and its average was $25. The average for mahogany was $149.05. Much high-grade white oak, basswood and maple were reported. The dividing line between cabinets and fixtures is frequently difficult to define, and no attempt to do so has been made here. Of the lumber used, the State grew 10 per cent., but it received little more than 5 per cent, of the total price. For three of the woods, however, the State-grown product commanded higher prices than the same species grown elsewhere. These woods were chestnut, white oak and yellow poplar. Table 17. — Cabinets , and Store and Office Fixtures. Average Cost at Factory per M (f. o. b.). Gkown in Gkown OTJT- Quantity used Total Cost at Factory (f. o. b.). Massachusetts. side Massachusetts. SPECIES. Average Average (Feet B.M.). Feet. Cost per M (f. o. b.). Feet. Cost per M (f.o.b.). Ash 22,000 $50 00 $1,100 00 _ 22,000 $50 00 Basswood 186,000 58 49 10,880 00 186,000 58 49 Sweet birch 64,000 27 81 1,780 00 64,000 27 81 Cherry . 47,000 41 17 1,935 00 - - 47,000 41 17 Chestnuf 50,000 35 40 1,770 00 10,000 $65 00 40,000 28 00 Cottonwood 30,000 30 00 900 00 - - 30,000 30 00 Elm 27,000 32 78 885 00 27,000 32 78 Hemlock 3,000 25 00 75 00 3,000 25 00 Mahogany 262,000 149 05 39,050 00 - - 262,000 149 05 Maple . 20,000 47 50 950 00 5,000 20 00 15,000 56 67 White oak 379,000 80 18 30,390 00 3,000 95 00 376,000 80 06 White pine • . 260,000 34 22 8,896 00 138,000 32 78 122,000 35 84 Yellow poplar 131,000 53 24 6,975 00 6,000 75 00 125,000 52 20 Spruce . 105,000 20 38 2,140 00 - - 105,000 20 38 1,586,000 167 92 $107,726 00 162,000 $37 25 1,424,000 $71 41 BASKETS. Next after the woods used for cooperage and tanks, presented in Table 9, basket makers paid the lowest average price for their lumber. Much of it came to them as logs, and they did all the manufacturing. In other cases it was partly manufactured when it reached them. In this industry the average price for home-grown material was lower than for the imported, but the State furnished less than one-fourth of the total. MASSACHUSETTS WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES. Table IS. — Baskets. Quantity used annually (Feet B.M.). Average Cost at Factory per M (f. o. b.). Total Cost at Factory (f. o. b.). Grown in Massachusetts. Grown out- side Massachusetts. SPECIES. Feet. Average Cost per M (f.o.b.). Feet. Average Cost per M (f.0.b.). Ash 264,000 $22 OH- $5,971 00 ' 138,000 $21 67 126,000 $23 66 Beech . 310,000 IO 32+ 3,200 00 10,000 20 00 300,000 10 00 White birch 320,000 10 62+ 3,400 00 20,000 20 00 300,000 10 00 Elm 25,000 17 00 425 00 25,000 17 00 Maple . 379,000 10 52+ 3,990 00 20,000 20 00 359,000 10 00 Red oak 40,000 23 89 955 00 13,333 23 89 26,667 23 89 White oak 130,000 24 61+ 3,200 00 125,000 23 00 5,000 65 00 Rattan . - - - Willow . - - 1,468,000 $14 47 $21,141 00 351,333 $21 67 1,116,667 $12 11 TOYS. Massachusetts grows 77 per cent, of the wood worked in the toy- factories of the State. A proportion so great of home-grown wood is not found in any other industry embraced in this -study. The average price of the home-grown timber was '8 per cent, higher than for that grown elsewhere. Among the articles listed as toys are sleds, wagons, barrows, hobby horses, swings, games, menageries, villages, furniture, railroads and equipments, soldiers and small articles of many kinds. Table 19. — Toys. Quantity used annually (Feet B.M.). Average Cost at Factory per M (f. 0. b.). Total Cost at Factory (f. 0. b.). Grown in Massachusetts. Grown out- side Massachusetts. SPECIES. Feet. Average Cost per M (f.o.b.). Feet. Average Cost per M (f. 0. b.). Chestnut 158,000 $13 14 $2,076 00 158,000 $13 14 - Hemlock 190,000 13 00 2,470 00 - 190,000 $13 00 Red oak 16,000 20 00 320 00 16,000 20 00 Cherry . 2,000 30 00 60 00 - 2,000 30 00 Maple . 6,000 13 50 81 00 6,000 13 50 White birch . 256,000 14 97 3,831 00 256,000 14 97 - Basswood 30,500 19 93 608 00 10,500 16 00 20,000 22 00 Yellow poplar 12,000 16 00 192 00 12,000 16 00 Beech . 193,000 15 00 2,895 00 193,000 15 00 - White oak ' 20,000 20 00 400 00 20,000 20 00 - White pine . 50,000 20 00 1,000 00 50,000 20 00 - 933,500 $14 92 $13,933 00 721,500 $15 19+ 212,000 $14 01 28 MASSACHUSETTS WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES. HANDLES. The handles represented by Table 20 are chiefly for buckets, pack- ages, boxes, knives, shovels, tools and articles which do not require tough woods. Ax and hammer handles are of another kind. They account for the 25,000 feet of hickory listed in the table. Massa- chusetts grew all the hickory, and its price was higher than that of any other wood. Cherry was supplied wholly by the State, but its price was lowest. As in the case of toys, the average price of State- grown wood was above that of the imported lumber. Table 20. — Randies. Quantity used annually (Feet B.M.). Average Cost at Factory per M (f. o. b.). Total Cost at Factory (f. o. b.)- Gbown in Massachusetts. Grown out- side Massachusetts. SPECIES. Feet. Average Cost per M (f. o. b.). Feet. Average Cost per M (f.o.b.). Ash . Beech . White birch Cherry . Hickory Maple White oak 5,500 175,000 292,000 40,000 25,000 212,000 21,000 }29 00 15 69 19 71 13 63 45 00 14 60 18 86 $159 50 2,745 00 5,755 00 545 00 1,125 00 3,095 00 396 00 5,500 105,000 82,000 40,000 25,000 142,000 21,000 $29 00 18 48 17 68 13 63 45 00 16 13 18 86 70,000 210,000 70,000 $11 50 20 50 11 50 • 770,500 $17 94 $13,820 50 420,500 $18 80 350,000 $16 90 BRUSHES. The manufacture of brushes calls for a variety of woods, ranging in price from beech at $10.53 per thousand feet to ebony at $250. All the holly reported for the State was taken by the brush makers. It grew in North Carolina. It is worked into backs and handles for toilet brushes. The same use is made of rosewood, mahogany, black walnut and ebony. Cheaper woods serve as backs and handles of clothes brushes, blacking brushes, scrub brushes and others of similar kind. The purpose was to include under "Handles" (Table 20) all woods made into handles, as separate from the article as a whole ; but it is probable that some of the woods listed, under " Brushes " (Table 21) was made into handles for paint, varnish, whitewash and shaving brushes. The average price of home-grown woods was 30 per cent, under the average for outside material. MASSACHUSETTS WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES. 29 Table 21. — Brushes. Average Cost at Factory per M (f. o. b.). Gbown in Grown out- Quantity used annually Total Cost at Factory (f. o. b.). Massachusetts. side Massachusetts. SPECIES. Average Average (Feet B.M.). Feet. Cost per M (f. o. b.). Feet. Cost per M (f. o. b.). "White birch . 393,000 $18 58 $7,304 00 115,000 $11 56 278,000 $21 52 Ebony . 100 250 00 25 00 - - 100 250 00 Yellow poplar 5,000 48 00 240 00 — 5,000 48 00 Black walnut 25,000 78 00 1,950 00 - - 25,000 78 00 Maple . Holly . 80,000 12 87 1,030 00 60,000 10 50 20,000 20 00 20,000 100 00 2,000 00 - — 20,000 100 00 Rosewood 10,000 150 00 1,500 00 - 10,000 150 00 Mahogany 20,000 100 00 2,000 00 - - 20,000 100 00 Beech 55,000 10 53 580 00 55,000 10 53 - - Yellow birch . 40,000 11 00 440 00 40,000 11 00 10,000 75 00 Ash 10,000 75 00 750 00 - - - - 658,100 $27 07 $17,819 00 270,000 $11 28 388,110 $38 07 MISCELLANEOUS. Table 22 is made up of odds and ends which could not properly be listed under any of the special industries. The articles from which the table was compiled were usually small, but the aggregate reached nearly 25,000,000 feet, or more than 4 per cent, of all the wood reported by the manufacturers of the State. Table 22. — Miscellaneous. Average Cost at Factory per M (f.o.b.). Grown in Grown OUT- Quantity used annually Total Cost at Factory (f. o. b.). Massachusetts. side Massachusetts. SPECIES. Average Average (Feet B.M.). Feet. Cost per M (f. o. b.). Feet. Cost per M (f. o. b.). Ash 30,500 $33 11 $1,010 00 15,000 $20 00 15,500 $45 81 Basswood 90,000 32 57 2,947 50 - - 90,500 32 57 Beech . 238,000 13 56 3,228 00 238,000 13 56 - - White birch 1,959,000 20 65 31,372 00 849,000 15 47 1,110,000 27 22 Sweet birch . 18,500 43 51 805 00 - - 18,500 43 51 Yellow birch . 55,000 7 50 412 50 55,000 7 50 - - Western cedar 600,000 40 00 24,000 00 - - 600,000 40 00 White cedar 30,000 14 00 420 00 30,000 14 00 - - Cherry . 1,200 42 50 51 00 1,000 25 00 200 130 00 Chestnut 98,000 16 49 1,616 00 98,000 16 49 - - Cypress 12,500 54 16 677 00 - - 12,500 54 16 Douglas fir . 580,000 36 71 21,290 00 - 580,000 36 71 Elm 7,000 30 00 210 00 - 7,000 30 00 Black gum 100,000 50 00 5,000 00 - - 100,000 50 00 Hemlock 2,607,000 17 91 46,680 00 938,000 17 73 1,669,000 18 00 51,000 43 04 2,195 00 42,000 35 12 9,000 80 00 1,650 150 00 247 50 - - 1,650 150 00 1,014,000 25 67 26,024 50 463,000 18 90 551,000 31 35 510,500 55 90 28,538 00 110,000 12 95 400,500 67 70 White pine . North Carolina pine 9,070,000 21 04 190,793 00 3,215,000 17 98 5,855,000 22 71 131,000 32 83 4,301 00 — - 131,000 32 83 10,000 12 00 120 00 10,000 12 00 - - 210,000 43 83 9,205 00 - - 210,000 43 83 350,600 37 79 13,248 00 - - 350,600 37 79 Spruce . Walnut 6,656,000 23 55 156,751 00 1,860,000 21 36 4,796,000 24 40 120,050 75 03 9,008 00 - - 120,050 75 03 English walnut 35,000 120 00 4,200 00 35,000 120 00 24,587,000 $23 73 $583,450 00 7,933,000 $18 29 16,663,000 $26 31 30 MASSACHUSETTS WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES. WOOD MANUFACTURERS. Below is a list of Massachusetts manufacturers who supplied data on which this report is based. The names are grouped by industries. If a name appears under more than one industry, it indicates that the firm manufactures more than one commodity. Occasionally, for ex- ample, a firm makes its own shipping boxes, though its principal business is in other lines, and it is listed under both industries. Automobiles. S. R. Bailey & Co. The Biddle & Smart Co. Briggs Carriage Co. Currier Cameron Co. James N. Leitch & Co. Quinsler & Co. Sargent & Ham Co. Chauncey, Thomas & Co. Archibald Wheel Co. Bartlett, Stevenson & Co. J. B. Judkins Co. . C. S. Pease & Sons Knox Automobile Co. . . Boston Amesbury Amesbury Amesbury . Amesbury Boston . Boston . Boston Lawrence Leominster . Merrimac Merrimac . Springfield Baskets. M. E. Ballou & Sons . . Becket Bailie Basket Co. Boston D. S. Bridgman Northampton Williams Mfg. Co. . . Northampton Boats. The Atlantic Co. Amesbury D. D. Kelly & Son Boston George Lawley & Son ,.. Boston Rood Bros. Fall River Union Spar Co. Gloucester Stearns & McKay . Marblehead H. Manley Crosby Osterville Fore River Shipbuilding Co. Quincy The Baker Yacht Basin Quincy E. H. Brown .... Taunton Boxes, Cases and Crates. B Ian chard & Gould Acton Acushnet Saw Mills Co. Acushnet Henry W. Cushman Co. Acushnet George W. Bryant Amesbury L. W. Love Amesbury N. E. Angus Amherst William 0. Loveland . Ashby The Diamond Match Co. Athol Smith & Rice Co. . Barre George H. Allen Beverly A. W. Copp & Co. Beverly American Box & Lumber Co. Boston Dexter Box, Shook & Lum- ber Co. Beverly Boxes, Cases, and Crates — Con. Frost Box Co. A. Ceppi & Co. Conant Bros. Co. . A. H. Davenport Co. F. C. & E. B. Gammons E. L. Bonney Mackie Bros. Co. . F. L. Woodbridge, Doten Dunton Desk Co. National Casket Co. George G. Page Box Co. A. B. Holden Frank B. Ford Putnam Bros. Atwood & McManus Parsons Mfg. Co. Belcher & Taylor Agr. Tool Co. J. Stevens Arms & Tool Co. F. W. Purrington . Cadwell & Glazier Flansburgh & Hardiman Crane & Co. . F. J. Derry . Woodman Bros. & Ross National Casket Co. Joseph Lunan & Sons Isaac Varney & Sons Lynde Bros. Box Co. Webber Lumber Co. Charles W. Welder E. S. Cook . O. F. Metcalf & Sons F. E. &H. E. Chase Collier Keyworth Co. Perkins Box Co. George A. Stevens New England Box Co. . Charles R. Field Mfg. Co. Robert Darhurst . E. H. Vaughan W. S. Simmons John Foster Co. O. S. Currier & Son Haverhill Box Co. C. H. Hayes Corpn. Hazen L. Foss Island Park Box Co. Beverly Boston Boston Boston Bridgewater Brockton Brockton Brockton Cambridge Cambridge Cambridge Caryville Charlemont Charlton Chelsea Chelsea Chicopee Falls Chicopee Falls Colrain Cooleyville Dalton Dalton Danvera Danvers E. Cambridge Fall River Fall River Farley Fitchburg Fitchburg Franklin Franklin Freetown Gardner Gloucester Gt. Barrington Greenfield Greenfield Halifax Halifax Hanover Hanson Haverhill Haverhill Haverhill Haverhill Haverhill MASSACHUSETTS WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES. 31 Boxes, Cases, and Crates — Con. Boxes, Cases, and Cbates — Con. Doane & Williams Holyoke Sharon Box Factory Sharon Green Mountain Lumber Co. Holyoke G. M. Ballou .... Shirley Holyoke Box & Lumber Co. Holyoke The Horton & Hubbard Mfg. C. J. Sawyer Hudson Co Somerville N. G. Tripp . Hudson Charles Hyde Southbridge A. F. Puree . Huntington United States Spring Bed Co. S_pringfield H. E. Stanton Huntington F. M. West Box Co. Springfield Williams & Bridges Co. Hopkinton Charles R. Richmond Taunton Ipswich Mills Ipswich Conrad H. Gale Tully Hook & Hastings Co. Kendal Green A. A. Flint .... Tyngsborough George W. Dinsmoor . Lawrence Heywood Bros. & Wakefield Weld Bobbin & Spool Co. Lawrence Co Wakefield Whitney Reed Chair Co. Leominster E. L. Needham Wales Beaman, Marvell & Co. Leverett Ware Lumber Co. Ware Richardson Piano Case Co. . Leominster G. M. Wheeler & Co. Warwick Otis Allen & Sons Co. Lowell Cochituate Box Co. Way land A. L. Brooks & Co. Lowell J. D. Putnam Son Co. Webster George L. Cady & Sons Lowell Blanchard & Gould W. Acton Frank G. Cummin gs Lowell Bartlett Box & Lumber Co. Westborough T. W. De Long & Co. . Lowell H. E. Lowe W. Boylston James A. Thompson Lowell S. A. Healy