ER OF Hebrew s s • i i ii nr i ni i «mr i w i » i r > iB i » i inr'a f Is- nv6 I i'^-.€2'*"-*l (?orncU Ittineraitg Slihrarg ^t^aca, SJein foth THE GIFT OF F.cr.:E>^.'iej. Ag li; 'M. ; PJ 4SKy £°'"e'' I 728 '^24 02rss Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tlie Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924026835128 A PEIMER OF HEBREW A PRIMER OF HEBREW BY CHARLES PROSPERO FAGNANI NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 1906 ,./. (7j ~Y " V^^7 - Fis A- ^U^'i^ COPYRIGHT, 1903, BY CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 3. S. Gushing & Co. — Berwick & Smitii Co. Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. INTRODUCTION The following manual is not put forth as a Hebrew grammar, but simply as a primer of the Hebrew language. Its object is. to., give a general survey of the principal phenomena of the language, with a view to putting the student, in the shortest possible time and with the minimum of arduousness, in position to begin read- ing and translating with the use of lexicon and grammar. Xhe standpoint is not that of a contribution to Hebrew philology, but purely practical and empirical. The material has been at times forcibly systematized and some current definitions modified, but only for the sake of simplicity and ease of acquisition ; subsequent study will very easily furnish the few readjustments thus made necessary. The work is a growth ; it has been the slow result of ten years of experience in teaching elementary Hebrew. During the first six of these, the author used Davidson's " Introductory Hebrew Grammar" as a text-book, but he gradually was obliged to rearrange and modify the material until, four years ago, he gave up the use of Davidson's Grammar and substituted dictated notes of his own. For four years these notes have been used, tested, revised, corrected, simplified, until they have attained their present form. The chief motive in printing is to save the seminary stu- dents the labor of copying some fifty foolscap pages of hekto- graphed material, but the hope is entertained that the Primer may prove useful to a larger circle. The book can be used with- out an instructor. The attempt has been made (with but par- tial success, necessarily) to anticipate every possible question a vi INTRODUCTION student would be likely to ask (and which students actually have asked) and to guard against all conceivable aberrations from the path marked out, which path will inevitably lead the patient learner in time (say about two months, at the rate of a lesson, a day) to the goal proposed; to wit, a sufficient equipment for beginning the study of the original text of the Old Testament with the standard helps, lexical and grammatical. It is hoped that ministers who have forgotten their Hebrew may find in this little work an inducement to begin over again at the beginning; the difficulties of Hebrew are chiefly at the outset, and it is here that simplification and gradatim arrange- ment can be of most service. Perhaps Sunday-school teachers and. other students of the Bible may be tempted to explore a field whose difficulties are not so insuperable as they are traditionally supposed to be. C. P. F. Union Theological Seminaet, New York City, June, 1903. PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION The favorable reception given to the Primer would indicate that there is a field of usefulness for a work of this kind, and is significant of a widening interest in the study of the Old Testament. The changes made in this edition include the correction of the numerous typographical inaccuracies, the addition of a number of explanatory statements at places where the use of the book in the class room showed that they were needed, and the re-writing of the section on Mefley (Less. X), with a view to making that complicated subject clearer if possible. C. P. F. Union Theological Seminakt, June, 1905. SUGGESTIONS FOR STUDY As a rule progress should be made at tlie rate of one lesson a day. Lessons VII and VIII may conveniently be treated as one. In Lesson X the Table of Prose Accents is merely for reference, and need not be memorized. It is advantageous to commit to memory gradually, if it can be done without too much effort, the two hundred words of the Vocabulary, most of them words of frequent use. The Verbal Paradigms should be memorized until they can be easily repeated, especially pages 92 and 93, on which all the others are founded. The Oral Exercises from Lesson XV on are given without vowel points. The correct supplying of these is the best test of the student's mastery of the lesson. Those studying by themselves should copy these Oral Exercises from the book, inserting the required vowels. Occasional review of their work will enable them to detect errors unnoticed at first. It is important that the habit be formed of pronouncing all the Hebrew audibly while engaged in study, so that facility may be acquired in pronunciation and reading. Exaggerated careful- ness and distinctness at the outset will soon make the tongue limber in the utterance of the unaccustomed sounds. After Lesson X it is advisable to procure a Hebrew Old Testa- ment, and make a practice of reading aloud a little every day. For classes conducted by a teacher the following routine is suggested as a basis : — 1. Collect the written exercises. 2. Written quiz, comprising not more than five or six ques- tions, testing knowledge of the lesson for the day. SUGGESTIONS FOR STUDY IX These questions may be ■written one by one by a student at the blackboard, thereby giving opportunity to the teacher to correct, the exercises. 3. Collect the quiz papers. 4. Student at the board writes the answers to the quiz ques- tions while the teacher corrects the quiz papers. 5. Return of quiz papers and written exercises corrected. 6. A certain proportion of the class are sent to the black- board with slips of paper on which are questions to be answered. 7. Meanwhile the remainder of the class is drilled on the Oral Exercise in the Primer. 8. Correction of the blackboard work by the teacher or by those in the class who detect any errors. 9. Questions by students on any points not clear. 10. Assignment of lesson for next day. CONTENTS CHAPTEE PAGE I. The Alphabet 1 II. The Vowel Signs 5 III. The Names of the Vowel Signs 7 IV. Syllables and Silent S-wa 8 V. The Quiesoents and Mappiq 10 VI. Da-yes Forte and Lene 12 VII. General View of the Vowels 14 VIII. Lengthening and Shortening of Vowels .... 16 IX. The Gutturals 17 X. The Accents, Me^ey, Maqqec^, and Ra0e(h) ... 19 XI. The Article 23 XII. The Personal Pronouns 26 XIII. Demonstrative and Other Pronouns 27 XIV. The Inseparable Prepositions and the Interrogative Par- ticle 28 XV. The Verb : the Perfect 31 XVI. The Verb : the Imperfect 32 XVII. The Jussive, Waw Consecutive, etc 34 XVIII. The Verb : the Imperative, the Infinitives, and the Par- ticiples 36 XIX. Stative or Intransitive Verbs 38 XX. Inflection 41 XXI. Aflixes of Number and Gender 44 Inflection of Nouns of Class I 46 XXII. Inflection of Nouns of Class I containing Gutturals . . 47 XXIII. Inflection of Nouns of Class II 48 XXIV. Inflection of Nouns of Class II containing Gutturals . 51 X CONTENTS XI CHAPTER PAGE XXV. Inflection of Nouns of Class III 53 XXVI. Inflection of Nouns of Class IV 54 XXVII. Pronominal Suffixes of Nouns 56 XXVIII. Pronominal Suffixes of Verbs 61 XXIX. The Stems of the Verb. Stems I and II . . . 64 XXX. Stems III, IV, V 68 XXXI. Stems VI and VII 69 XXXII. The Irregular Verbs. A 1. Pe Guttural Verbs . 72 XXXIII. A 2. lAyin Guttural Verbs 74 XXXIV. A 3. Lame8 Guttural Verbs 76 XXXV. Biliteral Verbs : B 1. Double "Ayin Verbs . . 78 XXXVI. B 2. lAyin u Verbs. B 3. lAyin 1 Verbs ... 80 XXXVII. Weak Verbs: CI. Pe ;Ale Verbs 88 XLI. C 6. LameS Hd Verbs 89 Paradigms 91 Vocabulary 113 LESSON I a. THE ALPHABET Ordbk Form Equivalent Name Pkoncnciation OF Name* 1 iale<^ ^h-leph 2 '3- b J Bge bayth 3 g Gi'mel t ge'e-mel 4 d J h Dalee dah-letli 5 H§ hay 6 1 w Waw oo-ah-x)o 7 t z Zayin za-yin 8 n. h Hge hhayth 9 13 t y Tee tayth • 10 Y5S yodh 11 {^1 x.l kJ Ka^ kaph 12 b 1 LameS lah-medh 13 1!3 D m Mgm maym 14 2 1- n Nun noon 15 D s Bimex s^h-mekh 16 y 1 Uyin gh^-yin 17 {^ P J Pg pay 18 p. q SaSg ssah-dhay 19 Q6<^ koph 20 -1 r Rgs raysh 21 s 1 s J Sin Sin seen sheen . 22 rn- In (9 t Taw tah-oo * This column guides only in the matter of pronunciation; the spelling of the names of the letters is found in the preceding column. t ff hard. B ' 1 2 A PRIMER OF HEBREW 6. REMARKS ON THE ALPHABET 1. These letters are all consonants. 2. Five letters, Nos. 11, 13, 14, 17, 18, have final forms "[, D,* |, S\ y, vsrliich are used when this letter comes at the end of a word. 3. Six letters, Nos. 2, 3, 4, 11, 17, 22, when written without a dot inside, are aspirated in sound thus : D, J, 1, 3, &, fl- bh, gh, dh, kh, ph, th The equivalents for transliteration are respectively /3, y, 8, Xi <^, 6, Greek letters with their modern Greek pronunciation (in order to avoid representing one Hebrew letter by two English letters). /8 is sounded like v. y is difficult to distinguish from g. 8 is sounded like th in thus. ^ is sounded like c/i in the German ich. is sounded like /. 6 is sounded like th in thin. 4. No. 1, S (i, ia,le<^) stands for a light emission of the breath like that which precedes the utterance of any vowel. It is repre- sented by the sign for the smooth breathing in Greek, With a vertical line added beneath to make it level with the other letters and to show that it is a constituent part of the word. 6. 1^0. 6, 1 (w, Waw) is pronounced like w in water. 6. No. 8, n (h, HS9) is a guttural h like j in Spanish or ch in the German Sache. 7. No. 16, 'S (f, f£iyin) stands for a strong guttural sound with various modifications difficult to reproduce. The Greek rough breathing is a sufficient approximation to it, written like No. 1 with a vertical line beneath as a support. ^ 8. No. 18, IC (s, Sa8e) is a hissing palatal s. 9. No. 19, p (q, Qo(t>) is a guttural k. 10. No. 9, IS (t, Te^) is a palatal t. 11. No. 20, "I (r, Egs) is pronounced with rolling of the tongue. 12. No. 21, t> (s, Sin) is sounded like No. 15 s. '^ (s. Sin) is pronounced sh. * Contrast No. 15, D. SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 6 13. In pronouncing Hebrew words (as indicated in the last column), the continental sound of the vowels is to be used. The mark ~ or ' over a vowel indicates that it is long. The mark ' over a vowel indicates the accented syllable, when that syllable does not happen to be, as usual, the final one. For facility in memorizing, the alphabet may be divided into five groups containing 4, 5, 6, 4, 4 letters respectively, as indicated in the table. e. SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING /. \/*^ . >* I/O -^ =X) z. -|_ - D. "ILH .n A 3 X • 1 «. 1 3 = "I J i 1 =1 7- ) = T r--' '"1 ='i /*, b = b "• ") J = D 4 A PRIMER OF HEBREW 1. Two strokes at the most suffice to form any Hebrew letter, as shown on p. 3. 2. Notice that the top of the h (No. 12) extends above the other letters, and the bottom of the p (ISTo. 19) extends below, thus: i6, b^p. 3. Distinguish in writing between V (No. 16) and 2£ (No. 18). 4. Note the difference between ^ and n (Nos. 20 and 4), 1 and I (Nos. 6 and 14, final form), "] and j (Nos. 11 and 14, final forms), D and D (Nos. 13, final form, and 15). Exercise Learn the alphabet as a whole and in its five groups backward and forward. Write the English equivalents of (i.e. transliterate) the follow- ing Hebrew words. Note. — Hebrew is written from right to left, hence the word at the right- hand end of the first line below is the Jirst word, etc. In writing put the Hebrew words in a column one under the other and place the English equivalents alongside to the right, forming two regular columns. Write only on every other line. u>ip ,-iin ,2nt ,'7tflp^i ,a-i ,^^i ,p3 ,n-i« ,2k ^— Write the Hebrew equivalents of (i.e. transliterate) the follow- ing groups of letters. Note. — Hebrew words must never be divided, as for instance, at the end of a line. Write the English forms in a column one under the other, beginning with the left-hand word of course, and place the Hebrew equivalents alongside to the right with a space between, forming two regular columns. Write only on every other line. — >- ih, dvx, khn, qSs, sm, n<^s, Irs, mzbh, h9, is, s'r, k<^, sin, rsi, Ij8y3, byS, Ihm, mw^, mym. Note. — Write final form when required. THE VOWEL SIGNS Oral Exercise LESSON II THE VOWEL SIGNS a. The Vowels are indicated by means of dots and dashes written below the consonants, with two exceptions (1 and 2 below). 1. A single dot written above the left-hand side of the consonant = long o, thus 3 = bo. 2. A single dot in the bosom of 1 = long u, thus 1"1 = ru (roo). The waw is now no longer a consonant, but merely part of the sign for the vowel. 3. A single dot below = short i, thus 7 = li (16e). 4. Two dots horizontally below = long e, thus IS = me (may). 6. Two dots below vertically = a faint vowel sound, thus 1^ = s-. This sound is like that of e in the first syllable of " believe " ; it is represented in English transliteration by a dot above, to the right. 6. Three dots below slantingly = short u, thus H = hu (hoo). 7. Three dots below triangularly = short e, thus S = le (ay), as e in " met." 8. Two dashes below forming a , = long a, thus ^=Ta (rah) ; or = short 0, thus '^ — ro. Note. —Assume that , in any given case = a until certain that it = o. (Cf. Less. X, 0.) 6 A PRIMER OF HEBREW 9. A horizontal dash, below = short a, thus 3 = ka (a as in " cat "). 10. No. 9 with two dots vertically to the right = shortest a, thus .1 = y'. 11. No. 7 with two dots vertically to the right = shortest e, thus ,']. = y'- 12. No. 8 with two dots vertically to the right = shortest o, thus '',= y"'- NoTE. — Nos. 10, 11, and 12 in English are written above the line. In pronunciation they are a trifle clearer than No. 5. Summary (— ) = o (long) (— ) = ■ (extra short) (^) = a (short) (1) = u (long) (-) = e (short) (-) = ' (extra-short) (^) = i (short) (— ) = u (short) (-) = " (extra-short) (^) = e (long) (— ) = a (long) or o (short) (— ) = " (extra-short) 6. Note. — Vowel No. 1 (— ) following 7, is written '7. preceding S, is written over the right-hand side of the S, if the S does not begin the next syllable, thus VO lol, tZ^KI roil, but otherwise Di<^ bo-iam. T preceding ^, coincides with the 'dot of the consonant, thus tl)3 bos. following ^, is written regularly, thus D^ som. preceding IT, is written over the right-hand side of the consonant, thus, t^B pos. following )ff, coincides with the dot of the 'fU, thus I'll? son. Written Exercise I Write in columns first the Hebrew words, then the English equivalents of consonants and vowels, separating syllables by hyphens. THE NAMES OF THE VOWEL SIGNS 7 A syllable must always begin with, a consonant. Thus : y^Hl le-res. a ,h ,r\ ,ip| pM ,pn ,ni50 ,-['76 II Write in columns first the English forms, then the Hebrew equivalents. Do not separate the Hebrew into syllables. iMe-hem, lof, ha-ia-res, w-loi, s^-;8er, ta-mu-0u, lim, da-/3ar. Oral Exercise ha ih -intt rh^a p:v "itr^x am riSna nu^nb «nb -i2"y :Jtttt> -It ■• - T : It-! -t -. t t : v v i r - : a-ihn pxt? jipb ibj Pinr jni ^"in? "ia«n LESSOl^ III a. THE NAMES OF THE VOWEL SIGNS (— ) 6 = Holem (long) (-) u = * Qibbus (short) (1) u = ^ureq (long) (-) a = Qames (long) (-:-) i =Hireq (short) (— ) o = Qames Hatu<^ (short) (•^) e = Serg (long) (^) a = Pa^ah (short) (_) • = g-wa (extra-short) (-^r) " = Hate3 ''iti^ia rtppn^ -""7^??) /2-pz/ll • LESSON VI DArfS FORTE AND LENE a. A letter doubled in English is not written twice in Hebrew, but a dot is placed in it called Daye§ forte (" strong D."). One of the two letters indicated by Dayes forte closes the pre- ceding syllable, the other begins the following one, thus : blSf? qit-tel. 6. S'wa under a doubled letter is always vocal, thus : ^iihtii mil-l--1u. DArES FORTE AND LENE 13 c. Note. — Da-ySs forte is often omitted (though implied) in certain consonants when simple vocal S-wa follows, thus : ■'H^l for ^'^'^ way-y-hl. d. The dot placed in the six letters 3, 3, 1, 3, S, H (cf. Less. I) to indicate that they have the hard sound, i.e. are not aspirated, is called Dayes lene (" light D."). e. To tell whether the dot in one of these six letters is meant for Dayes forte, or Dayes lene, i.e. whether the letter is doubled or not, notice whether the preceding consonant has a vowel under it ; if it has, the Dayes is forte and the letter is doubled. The same rule applies in distinguishing Sureq from Waw with Dayes forte, thus : nji£ = siw-wa(h). / When one of the six letters that may be aspirated takes Dayes forte, the aspiration is lost for the doubled letter ; thus : lab = lib-b5, not li^-;88. g. Dayes lene must be placed in the six letters with which it is used whenever no vowel sound immediately precedes. Written Exercise Transliterate : I II bad-dam, lim-maSt, ham-ma-yim, l--;8ad-d6, mib-b--ng, hab-b--liy-ya-ial, lat-tem, Kaz-ze(h), suw-wo-ea(h). Oral Exercise Note. — Pronounce doubled letters distinctly, with a pause between. ,r\'btih ,^ban ,d3S ,a^l3 ,t2^3n ,n3D3 ,nns3 ,13bv^ ,tt? >r«i ,^^'?Da ,;;i^3|'?K i^is^b ,D^psn ,i3n»i ,n'0^ ,n3isn ,ib^in .3n3»1 ,Dn3fl3 14 A PEIMEE OF HEBREW 3 O 1" T It- •6- vl. g f o 8 w- «» 03 -i 1" ^ 1 1 o I. 3 ^ ^ ■6- -e- -&■ rcD Id) 10) 'p< iti- S- s- a W- W- w- 'S ce (L> o 3 /■'^ /■"s '-v /— s /-»s |. |. 1- 1- 1- v^^ s»^ H - l> • 1 ^ sL v_^ 0? a -1 t C as- !s O Hi a> <<-i I" 1' 1" 1- six § ^ o o o gj -^

© 0) a> O^ a £? bo bo bD CD h ^ ^ x9 1(8 cS ce cd tS C? 1-1 ^^ y^ (^ >aD GENERAL VIEW OF THE VOWELS 15 6. There are three kiuds of Vowels : Long, Short, and Extra- Short. c. The Long vowels are of two kinds : (1) Those that cannot be shortened by inflection, six in number. They are all, with the exception of Qames, written with a quiescent, that is, they are large vowels ; they are distinguished in English by the circumflex sign " or ~. Note. — Unchangeable Qames is so rare that changeable Qames is to be assumed in lack of knowledge to the contrary. d. (2) Those that may be shortened when the word is inflected, three in number. They are distinguished in Hebrew by not being written with quiescents, and in English by a dash above. e. As a matter of fact unchangeably long vowels are often written without quiescents ("defective writing"), and, more rarely, changeably long vowels are written with quiescents. Confusion therefore arises in distinguishing changeable and unchangeable long vowels by the orthography alone; in such cases etymology must decide. Note. — Large vowels written defectively should be transhterated thus: / Short vowels in closed syllables not final are unchangeable ; in final syllables, though closed, they may be changeable. g. Short vowels not in closed syllables and extrarshort vowels are changeable ; that is, short vowels may be lengthened or short- ened as the result of inflection, and extrarshort vowels may be lengthened. h. The four extrarshort vowels are called vocal §-was, as distin- guished from silent S-wa. The first three are also called composite S-was or Haters, and the fourth, simple S-wa voccU. 16 A PRIMER OF HEBREW Written Exercise Transliterate : I {Tin^ai!? nan tTjai^S trm'j'a tnp II bas-sa-<^6n, b--xul-lam, w-hig-gi-iu, ha-I'-lo-him, tim-sari^n-nii. Reading Exercise ^^»^ ni« ^1; dtiSx -iias'i : dinn •'js b? Titr^rii inii inn LESSON VIII LENGTHENING AND SHORTENING OF VOWELS a- (— ) Qames (changeable) may be"! (— )Pateh, shortened to J (— ) Hate<^ Pafeh, or (-7-) Simple S-wa. (— ) Ser8 may be shortened to (— ) Hireq, (-^) Hate^ S-yol, or (— ) Simple S-wa. (— ) Holem may be shortened to (— ) Qibbus, (— ) Qames Hatu<^, (tt) Hatec^ Qames Hatu<^, or (— ) Simple S-wa. 6. So, conversely, the extrarshort and the short vowels may be lengthened, and the short vowels may be shortened : THE GUTTURALS 17 (— ) may be lengthened to (— ) and shortened to (— ) or (— ). (— ) and (— ) may be lengthened to (— ) and shortened to (— ) or (—). (— ) and (— ) may be lengthened to (— ) and shortened to (— ) or (-r). c. In shortening Serg give the preference to Hireq rather than to S-y51 (save under gutturals, cf. Less. IX). In shortening H6lem give the preference to Qames Hatu^ rather than to Qibbus. d. Hireq (— ), vfhen lengthened, does not become large Hfreq (''_) i ; it becomes Serg (_). Qibbus (t), when lengthened, does not become Sureq (1) u ; it becomes (— ) H6lem. e. When, as the result of inflection, two vocal S'was come together, if they are both simple, the first one is lengthened to Hireq ; if one is composite, the first is lengthened to the same short vowel that is in the composite S-wa; in either case the second remains vocal. Thus : ^5-^ + b = -ID^S li*-8--/3ar, ^tr\ + h = nbnb ia*-h''-mor. LESSON IX THE GUTTURALS a. The four letters >?, n, H, S are gutturals. Their peculiarities are of great importance. h. These letters prefer Pateh and Qames to the other vowels. A final guttural must be preceded by one or the other of these vowels. Hence when a final guttural would be preceded by a long vowel other than Qames, a P^Sah is inserted between that vowel and the final guttural. * For the short vowel in an open syllable, cf . Less. X, i, ft. o 18 A PRIMER OF HEBREW This P^^ah is called Pddah Fwtive and is ■written under the final guttural, but pronounced before it. Thus : ni ruah, ?''??! yay-biah. Note. — H at the end of a word without Mappiq is of course a quiescent and not a guttural. This Patoh furtive is not a constituent part of the word, but only a help to pronunciation and disappears when any sufiix is added, thus : 1 + nn = IHII ru-ho. c. A guttural cannot be doubled, therefore cannot take Dayes forte. Hence if a guttural occurs as one of the letters of a word which by the laws of inflection would require to be doubled and take Dayes forte, this is not done, but, instead, the preceding vowel is lengthened, thus : 13'! but b»t not h^'p. d. Dayes forte is said to be implied in a guttural to explain the occurrence of a short vowel in a preceding open unaccented syl- lable, thus : DHJ ni[h]-ham. e. Egs "1 shares with gutturals the peculiarity that it cannot be doubled and take Dayes forte, hence : TJ'ia not ^^3. /. Gutturals as a rule take composite S-wa instead of simple S'wa, whether vocal or silent. Thus : bisp but 1b% ''3'ptt but ^IVl na-f-ri. g. The composite S-wa most usual with gutturals is (•^) but K in the pretone generally takes (^), thus : 'ibS. Prom the above peculiarities it follows that a guttural unless at the end of a word cannot as a rule close a syllable. Written Exercise Correct the following words wherever necessary by 1. Inserting Pa^ah furtive. 2. Substituting composite for simple S-wa (usually -: when no other is indicated). 3. Eemoving Dayes forte and lengthening the preceding vowel. 4. Making the appropriate change when two vocal S'was come together. THE ACCENTS, MEOEr, MAQQE*, AND RA*E(H) 19 ntiva jD^'i.iy ifsn: I'Tj'is :mh^ ntor^a^^ tnasi :sbt£> {b^a irh^i :n'?tt>i2 :n'''?t?»3 na^: :'^^3 fhrh LESSON X THE ACCENTS, MEeEF, MAQQE*, AND RA*E(H) I. The Accents a. The syllable on which falls the stress of the voice, the tone syllable, is indicated in the Hebrew text by means of an accent. This syllable is usually the last syllable ; it may be less fre- quently the next to the last (the penult) ; very rarely the ante- penult. The accents are written some above and some below the word. Some that must be placed at the very end of a word are called postpositive, thus: Sj^nt; some that must come at the very be- ginning, prepositive, thus : S'^Jn''^. Accents are either Disjunctive, separating words in sense, or Conjunctive, connecting them. 6. TABLE OP THE PROSE ACCENTS Disjunctive 1. (—) Silluq, only at the end 7. (— ) Zarqa, postpositive. of the verse with (J) 8 a. (— ) Pasta, postpositive. the verse divider. 8 6. (— ) Y-^/3, prepositive. 2. (■S-) Atoah, at the principal 9. . (^) T-|8ir. division of the verse. 10 a. (^) Geres. 3a (^) S-ySlta, postpositive. 10 6. (^) G-rasayim. 36 ( X) galSeleft 11a. (JL) or (■^) Pazer. 4a (-) Zaqe<^ Qaton. 116. {^) Pazer GaSol. 4 6. (-2-) Zaqg.^ GaSol. 12. (■2-) T-lisa G-861a, preposi- 5. 6. (^) Ti.^ha. (-) E-^iaf, tive. 20 A PRIMER OF HEBREW CoNJtfNCTIVE 1. (-)Munah. 5. (^) fazla. 2. (-)M-huppax. 6. (-2-) T-lisa Q-tanna. 3 a. (-) Mer-xa. 7. (-) Galgal or Yerah. 3 b. {-J) Mei'xa K-<^ula. 8. (-) Mayla. 4. (-J-) Darga. c. Postpositive accents may be repeated to indicate the tone syllable, thus : ri3n« Ia-haj8-ta. d. The effect of several of the disjunctive accents especially at the end and at the middle of the verse is to lengthen the vowel of the tone syllable, or to shift the tone backward one syllable, lengthening the vowel in that syllable. The word is then said to be in Pause. Thus : ni6, in pause D^tJ ; njStZ?, in pause nWtJ>. Pl?6j'3, in pause !^7^\^ qa-tal-ta. II. MBQBr e. Me^ey is a vertical line written to the left of a vowel. When the vowel is Sureq or Ho'lem, Me^e-y is written under the preceding consonant, thus : Ol^T] haria-Sam, 'i]S'l^'! y-su-<^--xa. / MiOey marks the secondary tone of a word. (It also has other uses not here considered.) g. Medey is used with the first open syllable, counting from (i.e. not including) the pretonic syllable. (The pretonic syllable is the one before the accented syllable.) This open syllable with Me^ey may have a long or a short vowel (cf. Less. IV, d, Mefey serving as a secondary accent) but not an extra-short one. The presence of Me^ey therefore shows that the syllable is open. Thus: THE ACCENTS, Mi;eEr, MAQQE*, AND EA*E(H) 21 lbs: ya-1''-m6S, nbtt|'5 qa-t--la(li), ■"DiX ]&-Mxi, n"':J3^Kn ha-lar-ba-iim. IT I '^ ' • T : - IT I h. M^^ey may be repeated if the word is long enough by treating the syllable with Me^ey as the accented syllable, and starting from it to apply the rule again, thus : niDtt^rillpI u-me-hat-ti-;)(5-n6^. i. The rule for using M^fley applies uniformly to long vowels. j. It applies to short vowels (i.e. short vowels will have M^^ey) only when the vowel is followed by a composite S-wa, or by the same vowel in an open syllable, thus : pV3l, ye-h^-zaq, ^1f?^^. yarja-m--8u, but ''5'pto (not ''5'plp) ma-l--x§, ''53'? (not ^^^h) li-/3--y3S. k. 1. A syllable with a short vowel is known to be open when the short vowel has arisen by the coming together of two vocal S-was (see Less. VIII, e, and below Inflection of Nouns, Less. XXI). 2. That this is the case is often apparent from the fact that the S-wa following is shown to be vocal by the absence of Dayes lene in the succeeding consonant (see Less. VI, g). Thus : ''5?b, ''5'ptt. I. In the absence of knowledge, or^of evidence in the form of the word itself, a doubtful syllable should be- assumed to be closed. Hence nttpH = hox-ma(h). If the first r were a, MeOey would be required (see i, above). m. Mefley helps in a measure to differentiate , = a from , = o. Thus: ilf^pTl = ha-x'-ma(h) in accordance with i and j above. ni!25n = ho;^-ma(h) in accordance with I above. 22 A PRIMER OF HEBREW n. Hence „ usually = a. But, in accordance with j above, it is o when followed by t: or by another o, thus : D'^ii^'lB = pa-ra-sim, but I^V"'', = yp-i^-maS, n3?55S = p9-i'o-l--xeni. (For the second o see k, 2 above.) o. ■, followed by /is o, not a (see i above). Whether the syllable is open or closed depends on k. Thus : ^t'V, = 10-8--s§, but ''S^'lj5 = qo8-si. Only knowledge of inflection can determine that k, 1, applies to the former and not to the latter, and thus withdraw it from the application of I. j». , in a final accented syllable whether open or closed, and in an open pretone is always a. q. In accordance with I Mt!^"'^ = yir-lu, " they will see," but in accordance with i and j, Mft'y', = yi-r--iu, " they will be afraid," defective writing (see Less. VII, e) for 1S'1''V 7: Me^ey is always used with the vowel preceding a composite S-wa. s. Me^e-y must not be used in closed syllables. Note. — Decide first in any given case whether , = a or = o ; if the latter, whether the syllable is open or closed. III. MaqqE* (. Maqqe^ is a hyphen connecting two or more words which as a consequence lose their accents save the last, thus : IfT'S"'?!?. Changeably long vowels in closed syllables must be shortened when they thus lose their accent, thus : O'sr: b3 but asn-bs (koi). The rule for M^^ey applies as though the combination were one ^ord,thus: p-br^S. THE ARTICLE 23 IV. Ea*e(H) u. Ea^e(h) is a horizontal stroke placed over a letter to call attention to the fact that DaySs forte, or lene, or Mappiq is absent. Thus : ,137a, T\p) yi[q]-q--hu. Written Exercise I Insert Me^ey where required : ps'n-ia iwh^p :"i3n)an :n3nn i'rh6n PDis -J!T • : I T : • - TTT |vv- 'T p-ini in?*]? :psn r Transliterate : .p^pii ,ddS3« ,?rav ,6tS|'3 ,^Sa,'5 ,nS?x ,n'?3« Oral Exercise T T T -ST '"IT T AT ■ T ! • t: ia''ir\f2 pbnx :matr> :?iaitr'' psba p^fn'' :i3-is ton:?'' ■ - : T ■ t: IT T ; IT I : I ; •■ ; - • ■• t : : t ttsit innbiri ii^ip^ qniptr tn^ax ♦°¥n3'^? ♦'^^Ii"? ^^^''^ :nD-iasn pna??* nir-'p^ ps'^ia nsT" T : IT -: I- LESSON XI THE ARTICLE a. There is no indefinite article in Hebrew. b. The definite article consists of the particle H prefixed to a * 1 defectively written is represented by i- 24 A PRIMER OF HEBREW word together with the insertion of DaySs forte in the first con- sonant of the word, thus : '!\h6 " king," "rjSian " the king." Hence the article properly consists of three parts, (H), (-), and (•). c. If the first letter of the word has Da-yes lene, when the article is prefixed Dayes forte takes the place of DaySs lene, thus : |n3 + ri = jnsn hak-ko-hen. d. If the word begins with a guttural or "1, the Pafeh of the article is lengthened to Qames to compensate for the omission of DaySs forte, for the open syllable must have a long vowel, thus : ::« "father," 3«n " the father." T ' T T e. Exceptions. — Before a word beginning with !!, ^ not ac- cented, n whether accented or not, and 0, the article is written with S-yol, thus : na^n " the dust," but df n « the people." /. Note. — This S-761 which takes the place of Qames is considered long, and is to be transliterated e. g. Before fl or H with some other vowel than Qames, the article is written n, thus : "^'il^rtn ha[h]-ho-sex "the darkness." Note. — The guttural, in such oases, is said to be implicitly or virtually doubled ; the first syllable is not, properly speaking, open, yet is treated as such, and can take M.66ey (exception to Less. X, j) ; thus : bvm "the palace." Summary I g. The article is written : •!l before all letters but gutturals and T; ribefore«, n, V", V, "I; n before !1, H, H, H, ^ ; H before M, H. Before Before Before ■ the article is written H. THE ARTICLE ' 25 Summary II Before t$ the article is written H. T , V the article is written n. T V n the article is written H. (I the article is written H. T T . n the article is written ll. fni T / n [ the article is written 11. n n the article is written H. Notice. — Words beginning with n never have the article pointed with Qimes. h. Rule 1. — An adjective qualifying is placed after the noun it qualifies. EuLB 2. — If the word qualified has the article, all its quali- fiers must have the article ; thus : " The good man" DltSH tr^«n (literally "The man the good "). EuLB 3. — The copula {is, are, etc.) will not be expressed in transliterating from English to Hebrew. EuLE 4. — The predicate precedes the subject unless the latter is emphatic. EuLB 5. — The predicate does not take the article. The conjunction and is expressed by 1 prefixed, thus: "The man and the woman" nti>K,"n ^^Hn. T • IT : ■ T Written Exercise I Complete the writing of the following words by supplying the vowel that belongs to the article, also Dayes forte and Mefle-y, where required. 26 A PRIMER OF HEBREW ,0300 ,p,s,;T ,nyn .a^iayip ,:3-i^,i ,nso II Translate: The morning". The man". The dust "■». The light' (is) good ^. A great « day ".>iThe word =^. The hand «>. The day (is) good. The good day. A good day. The man and the day. Note. — The numbers refer to the vocabulary at the back of the Primer ■where the corresponding Hebrew words may be found. LESSON XII THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS Singular Plural a. 1st pers. com. gender, ''pJX or ''iS I Wrif^f (^-n^h-nu) we 2d pers. masc. HriS! thou DriK ye 2d pers. fern. flX (iatt) thou ]P}'<^ ye 3d pers. masc. S^IH he on or nail they 3d pers. fern. X''!! she |n or nSil they 6. EuLE 6. — Five words, pS "land," "earth" (fem.), IB "bull" (masc.), T[ "feast" (masc.), Q? "people" (masc), ^T\ "mountain" (masc), when the article is prefixed, lengthen the first vowel to Qames ; thus : ri«c> avo- Written Exercise Translate : I The mountain ^ (is) very '^s great *'. The man " (is) wise ^\ The good^ and^ the wise people ™. DEMONSTRATIVE AND OTHER PRONOUNS 27 II : nm D^n : tt^-'sn rua : f[^n\ n'^6^r\ t nian yi^n Oral Exercise • TTI'. T'lT T*IT: — |VV- TT~ :,iri« tr^KH :n^n am p?3«i sn :MnmaibnD3Jn t^^f^n * T TT' 'it; TTiv; ~TT TT : fi)^:] 2ito : hTiiri nan LESSON XIII DEMONSTRATIVE AND OTHER PRONOUNS a. The Demonstratiyes : Singular Plural Masc. ni this fl^S these Fem. nXl this n^« these Masc. Xin that DH or n&ll those Jfem. S^"! that |n or n|n those Note. — With the article by exception Dnn, nann (and so the feminines), not n. &. The Eelative : "Itt^K " who," " which," indeclinable. c. The Interrogative : ""tt " who ? " indeclinable, referring to persons. • "Utt " what," prefixed with Maqqe<^, indeclin- able, referring to things. It is pointed, like the article, with Pafeh and Dayes forte in the first consonant of the following word, unless the word begins with a guttural, in which case "Utt is pointed as the article would be before a guttural (cf. Less. XI). 28 A PEIMER OF HEBREW d. EuLE 7. — Tlie interrogatives come first in the sentence, as in English. The demonstratives, when predicates, come first, as in English. e. Rule 8. — The demonstratives, when used as qualifiers, make the noun definite, take the article also themselves, and are placed after any other qualifier, thus : " This good man " ,11? Dllsn '0''iiJl. Written Exercise Translate : I Who (are) these? That day^^. I (am) the great*' king"^ who ''^ (is) upon '« the land ^. This good ^ head i»- This (is) the good boy "^ II :nns-ni3 in^r\n ainn taiisn tt>xin m :nn di»ri T-T •- vv- - TV V- LESSON XIV THE INSEPARABLE PREPOSITIONS AND THE INTERROGATIVE PARTICLE a. Three of the inseparable prepositions are : 3 " in," 3 " as," h " to " or " for." They are prefixed to the words they govern. Note. — In prefixing apply Less. VIII, e. b. These prepositions before the accented syllable frequently lengthen their S-wa to Qames (called pretonic Qames). Thus : V V ' : vv T (Do not use pretonic Qames in the Exercises.) THE INSEPARABLE PREPOSITIONS, ETC. 29 c. When the word to which the preposition is prefixed has the article, the consonant of the preposition is substituted for the H of the article ; thus : TlSian " the king," TjSls'? « for the king." d. Another inseparable preposition is 71? "from." It is prefixed as follows : (1) It may be connected by Maqqe^, thus : D'nnl1"|12 " from the sword." (2) It may be attached to the word by assimilating the J to the first consonant of the word. If the initial consonant be a guttural and therefore cannot be doubled as the result of the assimilation, the Hireq under the ii is lengthened to Serg, thus : tt^''«n + fb = tt>''«rila " from the man." If the initial consonant be not a guttural, it takes Dayes forte and the Hireq remains, thus : B1'' + |la = ai't? " from a day." (Compare in-remediable = irremediable.) e. Rule 9. — The object of a verb when definite usually has the particle t% (or "tlij!) before it. This does not affect the translation. (Use tbis particle regularly in the exercises whenever permissible.) /. EuLE 10. — The verb usually comes first, then the subject, then the object. Note. — The root of the verb is not its infinitive as in English, but its third person, singular, masculine, past. Hence the verb " to see " is MS"!, literally "he saw." g. EuLB 11. — The subject of a verb when a personal pronoun is not expressed unless emphatic. 30 A PRIMER OF HEBREW / h. EuLE 12. — The negative X"? "not," when used, precedes the verb, thus : nS"! K7 "he saw not." i. The Inteebogative Particle To express questions a particle is used called Hg Interrogative. It is prefixed to the first word of the interrogative clause. Before non-gutturals (including *1), the H is pointed with Hate^ Pateh, thus : Ifi^n. Before a vocal S'wa, simple or composite, and gutturals, M is pointed with P^toh, thus : rhir), tS^an ha-m--iat. Before gutturals pointed with Qames or Hate^ Qames Hatu<^, n is pointed with s-yol, "'Oisri "(Is) it I?"' Written Exercise Translate : To the slave >«>. In the water '^. As gold^. (He) took^ the head 19' from the dust'®'- (He) heard ^i" not"* the name^"*. II VI IT . T . - - J V - T T - V V V T T T Oral Exercise ^•rjSiana x-^^h nns"? nSf? nSf? \w6h xn^ikh :Dsn + 3: ^itj^nn+b m^^n + 'p miari + b jSbx'+b :tt>''«b rbrj + 'p jnn+a nn^+b :uriia'^ + 3 :'?W!p+''p :ri?1+3 "^DpD p?i«ri j-iSfa Jp^OI^ '^'«^ :p]«n + 3 :n«'na THE VERB : THE PERFECT 31 LESSON XV a, THE VERB : THE PERFECT Note. — The verbal forms in their order are to be memorized. Singular Plural 'Sd p. m. ba|'5 he killed 3d p. c. iS^p^ they killed 3d p. f. nb!fl|'3 she killed 2d p. m. fl'p^'j^ thou killedst 2d p. m. Dn'^Djp ye killed 2d p. f. ri'pai'5 thou killedst 2d p. f. fnS^p ye killed 1st p. c. ''Fh'61^ I killed 1st p. c. IoSdjIS we killed b. These different persons and numbers are formed from the root by means of affixes that are fragments of personal pronouns. Singular Plural 3 p. m. 3 p. c. *1 3 p. f. n-1 2 p. m. fl Qr) 2 p. f. ri ]n 1 p. c. ''ri ii All these affixes begin with a consonant save n_ and 1. c. Before affixes beginning with a vowel (vocalic affixes) the preceding (second) vowel of the root is reduced to S'wa. This may be called the Verbal Law. Note the MeOey. d. The vocalic aflBxes, and the consonantal affixes Dri and |i1, are the only ones that take the accent. e. The first radical (that is, letter, consonant) of the root has Qames throughout, save in the two forms with the accented con- sonantal affixes. Written Exercise Translate : I Ye (fem.) weaned^'- We remembered^. Thou (masc.) went- esti'»down. They went down. I fell i^*- She sat ^o^- The man" fell in the water '^. 32 A PEIMEE OF HEBREW TI mrhs: :ristt>'; nsss ^h^ri 5tt>; V V T • IT T .-IT T : IT : -T Oral Exercise Stti? "tokill," btl^a "torule," Di5 " to steal." ifnbtra :ribtr>ia :nSB|"5 nbtp,-! inpSti^a rwij trhihp^ nn^a naaa nbtra rnbisp :i33:j ^nStrto :ribtt?a :nnM njbtria :ri235 :nb:2p tnnja :fn3J]i :DnbtDp pnaaa jbtra LESSON XVI a. THE VERB: THE IMPERFECT Singular Plural 3 p. m. bbp'; (yiq*-tol) lie will kill ibtSp^ they will kill 3 p. f. "jtapn she will kill T^fyis^n they will kill 2 p. m. btapn thou wilt kill iblflpn ye will kill 2 j3. /. ■''pppri thou wilt kill HibtSpri ye will kill 1 p. c. bbpKl I will kill btSpJ we will kill h. These different persons and numbers of the Imperfect are formed from the root by means of prefixes and affixes, fragments of the personal pronouns. Singular 3 p. m. \ 3p.f. n 2 p. m. ri 2p.f. \ — n 1 p. c. « Plural 1- 1 n- —n 1- —n T -n —3 * The first syllable throughout the Imperfect is closed. THE VERB : THE IMPERFECT 33 c. In the singular only one form has an affix. In the plural only one form is without an affix. d. The ending 1 indicates a plural masculine. e. Kotice the Verbal Law (Less. XV, c) in forms with vocalic affixes. / Only two forms are not accented on the final syllable, those ending in ni g. The forms called Perfect (Less. XV) describe actions or states conceived as completed; the forms called Imperfect de- scribe actions or states conceived as in process, incomplete. These Tenses (?) therefore have no direct reference to time as past, present, or future ; but, for practical purposes, the perfect may be rendered by the English past, and the imperfect by the English future (or present). Written Exercise Translate : I He will write "I We will write. She will steal™ They(f.) will steal. Thou (m.) wilt reign '". II jnn?? t'lsr nsSri n-isa^ tTjbiax :njD3:ri nrsrisri Note. — Daigs lene, in the first letter of 333, 3113, etc., of course is removed when, after a prefix, the letter no longer begins, but closes, a syllable. The letter that begins the second syllable of the imperfect takes Da^eS lene when admissible because the first syllable is closed. Oral Exercise n'?^)a'' nans nS^iT :'?tsp3 tb'wi^: :ht\^ii t^hiapF) :SiD|T nDijn :Dn53 t^hw :3n5« tanan tnjnnsn tair 34 A PRIMER OF HEBREW LESSON XVII THE JUSSIVE, WAW CONSECUTIVE, ETC. a. The 3d and 2d persons of the Imperfect may express not only incomplete action historically, but also a desired action, a command, or a wish. The form with this jussive or desiderative meaning does not differ from the ordinary Imperfect. (This statement will need to be completed later on.) Thus : , btSl^ = " he will kill " or " let him kill." h. The negative that is used with the Jussive is always 7Sl, not )kh. Thus : btSp^ «S " he will not kill," Stap'l-SS! " let him not kill." c. The ending H , added to the 1st person singular or plural of the Imperfect forms the Cohortative. It expresses desire or inten- tion. Thus : nritplPS! " I must kill," " let me kill." (Notice the Verbal Law, Less. XV, c.) d. The conjunction ) prefixed to the Perfect gives to the form the force of the Imperfect, and usually throws the accent forward on the last syllable (but not in the case of the 1st person plural). Thus: riStapl "and thou wilt kill," not "and thou hast killed." T ; - Iit; •' This 1 is called Waw Consecutive of the Perfect. e. The conjunction 1 pointed like the article • ], when prefixed to the Imperfect (the Jussive form when that differs from the ordinary Imperfect [see Less. XXXI, b, 3]), gives to the form the force of the Perfect. The accent is drawn back on the penult if the penult is an open syllable. Thus : bbp"! " and he killed," not " and he will kill," "IttX'l " and he said." THE JUSSIVE, WAW CONSECUTIVE, ETC. 35 Before a guttural •1 = 1; thus : btap«1 " and I killed." I: V IT This • 1 is called Waw Consecutive of the Imperfect. f. Tliese uses of the conJunGtion are peculiar to the Hebrew, and form one of the most important features of its Syntax. g. • 1 is never used with the Perfect. h. The conjunction ) prefixed to the Jussive or Cohortative, especially if a Jussive or Imperative precedes, expresses purpose or design. It is called Waw Subordinate. Thus : nbtPi^S'l "that I may kill." i. The conjunction ) prefixed to the ordinary Imperfect does not affect the force of the verb ; it is merely Waw connective or conjunctive. j. The conjunction ) "and" is also used before other parts of speech, as has been seen. k. It is sometimes pointed with Qames when in the syllable before the accented one ; thus : Sni « and evil." (Cf. Less. XIV, b.) I. Before the labials (^1, &, 2) and before simple S-wa vocal, it becomes 1 (Sureq). This is true of Waw Consecutive of the Per- fect also. Thus : Tlbai "and a king," Sbbl "and to all," "iSttl "and he will sell." m. Note. — This is the only exception to the rule that a syllable cannot begin with a vowel. n. This Sureq does not follow the rule for Me^ey (Less. X, g), hence D''331 not D''331, unless a composite S'wa follow. Summary Perf. + 1 = Waw Consec. = " and he will . . ." Imperf. + ' 1 = Waw Consec. = " and he did . . ." Imperf. + 1 = Waw Connect. = " and he will . . ." Juss. 1_^ l = WawSubord. = " that he (I) may . , ." Cohort. J 36 A PRIMER OF HEBREW Written Exercise Translate : I :nt3att>« nan mnph) njifiai tn^stxi jrubtspm T : ; V : • - t : I - IT : : - t t : : v j t ; ( J • - II And he judged ^^^- Let him judge. That I may watch ^^. And he will burn ^K Let him not burn. Do not thou (m.) watch. And thou wilt cut "\ Oral Exercise iFh]£f& I'r^am :,iStopsi :btap3i :3n5i :b"iriasi :bt2p»i T : - IT : • - T : I : V : I : • - - t i : v t I : • - tninsri «■? tbtrtt^-bs! iht\:i^) thvm tnhpiy] ni^topi niStrssi :Dnbu^i!:i ^nbtyaxi :an3'i :Dn3n3i :ri5'pispri] : nanai T I LESSON XVIII THE VERB: THE IMPERATIVE, THE INFINITIVE, AND THE PARTICIPLES a. The Impekative Singular Plural 2 p. m. Stop kill thou ^ibtop (qi-t--lu) kill ye 2 p. f. "h^p (qi-t--li) kill thou ™'?J2p kill ye b. These forms are obtained from the corresponding forms of the Imperfect by removing the prefixes. bbpiri = btop, ■'btopin = ''bap = ■'b^p. c. There is no Md^ey in the open syllable preceding vocal S'wa pretonic according to Less. X, i. d. The Imperative cannot be used with a negative ; the Jussive is used instead. Thus : "Do not (thou) kill " = '7to|'5ri-'?S<, not "^top ^b or ht^'b^. THE VERB: THE IMPERATIVE, INFINITIVE, ETC. 37 e. Additional emphasis is given to the masculine singular by adding the ending H , thus : n, + bbp = nSt?;? qo-t--la(h) « O klll thou ! " /. The Infinitives Infinitive Construct Infinitive Absolute btop q--t6l "to kill" h\Qp^ or h>)^p^ qa-tol "to kill" g. The Infinitive Construct may have prefixes and suffixes. The Infinitive Absolute does not. h. The Infinitive Construct is generally used with the preposi- tion h "to." Thus: blDp + h = bbpb liq-tol. i. Note. — In such cases by exception to Less. VIII, e, the second S-wa becomes silent. The Participles Active Passive bap q'o-tel "killing" blt2j5 "killed" These are inflected as nouns. Note. — The entire verb ^BfJ will be found on p. 40, 1st col. Written Exercise I Transliterate and translate : :n335a inns i-ib^S :"itot> :nbtt> n"itttt> infp'p Translate : Steal* (thou, m.). Do not (thou, m.) steal. O keep ™ (thou, m.). (He) will not steal. Writing '^^ (partic). Stolen. Judge ^'^ (ye,/.). To bury ^^i (inf. cons, with b). Watch ^'^ (thou, /). For the Oral Exercise see at end of Less, XIX. 38 A PRIMER OF HEBREW LESSON XIX STATIVE OR INTRANSITIVE VERBS a. Stative verbs are so called because they usually describe the state or condition of the subject. They are also called intransitive, which means that they do not take objects. b. While the root of the active (or transitive) verb has FiOah in the second syllable, stative verbs usually have Serg or Holem, thus : -,^3 „^o jjg heavy," |tO|": "to be little." (These are the type verbs for Intransitives ; their forms are to be com- mitted to memory.) Note. — There are more verbs in Serg than in H6lem. c. Peculiakities of Stative Veebs Perfect. — Verbs in Ser§ : The SerS appears only in the third person, masculine, singular, the other forms are pointed like hiDp. Verbs in H81em : The Holem is retained before consonantal affixes save those that are accented, when it becomes Qames Hatu<^. ^^^®" ri3iaj5, QWatflj^ q--ton-tem. d. NoTB. — The Perfect of Intransitive verbs may be rendered by the English present, but the past will be employed as usual in the exercises to avoid ambiguity. e. Imperfect. — Verbs in Ser§ and Holem both take Pa^ah in the second syllable instead of H6lem, thus : Imperative. — Follows the Imperfect, taking Pd,flah. /. Infinitive Construct. — Follows the Imperfect (or more usu- ally takes Holem like the active verb), thus : g. The Participle. — There is but one and it is like the root, STATIVE OR INTBANSITIVE VERBS 39 Written Exercise Translate : I And he was holy"^. And he will be holy. Ye (m.) were little^**. We are able*'. I am old '^. Let them (f.) draw near '*". Let them (m.) not draw near. And the woman ^'^ wrote ^^ in the great *' book '°*. And the king ^^ will descend™ to the water '^- NoTE. — The verb comes first with Waw Consecutive, then the subject. II trhy^ i^v)ip :m-:«i •tP"*"' J'^'i^pi Jii^P T I T it; a-It :li ■- II- ' •- - : - (it: : 1 • Oral Exercise, Less. XVIII and XIX. iht^sr\ jniStap :hv!>f^ tans :'?t>a rbtsp jaiir nbu^a .♦■^tt^iani tanbtra :DinD n'?uria trh^i:^: tanss pb^an : iStopn : libtopt^i : '?tra3 vh : bisp-'-bx twtsp praisp :nn:iap iftsp"! tmas :t?3: mns'- twtopsi tiMKj :™top3 nnns pna? natap^ :riiM :|tDp :i53 :n3n33n 40 A PRIMER OF HEBREW Paradigm of Verbs: Active and Stativ^ Sg.Sp.m. '^tap he killed "753 he is heavy |tDp he is little Sp.f. 2 p. m. 2p.f. 1 p. c. PL 3 p. c. 2 p. m. 2p.f. Ip. c. Sg. 3 p. m. Sp.f. 2 p. m. 1 p. c. PI. 3 p. m. T : liT T : - It 6tap S I IT T ! IT mis . T : - T mis : ; - T • : - T nitsp T : llT r\y6p T J It : I IT Dn2tap i:bt6p ijnns iJisp btop^hewiiim ^??:{,:^i;} m{ btopri Stspri •-btspn ibisp^ Sp.f. njbiopri 2 p. TO. ibapri 2 p./. njbiapn 1 p. c. . .coJi. 7tDp3 n^tspj S.S. ft, o Sg. 2 p. m. •ip-f- PI. 2 p. TO. 2 p./. Constr. Absol. Passice, 7tap nbtpp^ '''?lOp (qi-t--li) iS^p (qi-t--lfi) bbp (q--tol) bitSp (qs-t61) Sitcp ' • ■ ' co7i. n;i?3ri nnfan ^ ■ ■ coh. 1333 ,11333 133 1133 - : T : ■ •'133 (ki-;3--8i) 1133 (ki-/3--5(i) .13133 T : - : 133 - I 133 he will be little ''3tDpn • '• cok. Jttp« .13ippK 13tOp'' iJiflpri i3tppn nsKipri coh. 6mph. .13tOP m ■"^lOp (qi-t--ni) 13tCp (qi-t--n1i) IJttp INFLECTION 41 LESSON XX INFLECTION a- I. Inflection in General By inflection is meant the changes that words undergo to express number, gender, syntactical relations, etc. These changes are effected chiefly by the addition of affixes and prefixes, and by modifications in the length of changeable vowels. An understanding of the laws of the tone is of prime importance in this connection. h. The Laws of the Tone The Verbal Law (Less. XV, c) requires the vowel of the pre- tone, if open, to be extra-short, and that of the antepretone, if open, to be long, thus : n'ptp,'5 qa-t-la). Thus : '^6 "king," 'npi "lad." k. Class III. — Nouns whose last vowel is Serg with pretone unchangeable. Thus : blSp q'6'tel "killer," 'iSDto "mourning." I. Class IV. — Nouns ending in T\ ; these may also belong to the first class. Thus : rrvti "field." V T m. Besides the nouns that fall under one of these four classes there are those containing no changeable vowels, which therefore undergo no internal changes when inflected, nouns that double the final letter before suffixes and some others. III. The Absolute and the Construct States n. The genitive and similar relations are expressed as a rule not by connecting the two terms by a preposition, but by placing the noun expressing the thing possessed immediately in front of the noun expressing the possessor and putting the former in the Construct State. INFLECTION 43 0. A noun not in the Construct State is said to be in the Abso- lute State. The Absolute is the usual state of the noun, as found in the Lexicon, etc. Rules for Forming the Construct of Singular Nouns p. Class II and III. — The Construct is the same as the Absolute. q. Class IV. — Change S-yol of last syllable to Serg. r. Class I. — Begin at the right hand and shorten the vowels as much as possible. (See Less. VIII.) Note. — The Nominal Law (Less. XX, &) does not apply to the Construct, Thus : '^y'l, construct "iD"'!- The first Qames is shortened as much as possible, to S'wa ; the second Qames can only be shortened to Pa^ah, for the closed syllable must contain at least a short Yowel. Examples h)% construct 7113, 1 is unchangeable. •^?1«?. "iSISp, first syllable unchangeable. ^1V> mt?, belongs to CI. I and IV. =?'?. =5^- -1=1. "i5t- li^I' IpT, not Jj5l or Jfjt, and so with other words having Q^mes and Ser8. s. Rule 13. — The noun in the construct though definite must never take the article, thus : " The word of the man," t:>''K!l "ID^. t. EtTLE 14. — No word or particle must come between the con- struct and the word governing it. Hence an adjective qualifying the construct must come after the governing word and its modifiers 44 A PKIMER OF HEBREW (if any), agreeing with the construct in gender and number but not in state. Thus : " The good word of the woman," aitSH TV^^T\ "QX u. EuLB 15. — Qualifiers of a word in the absolute agree'with it in number, gender, and state. V. The presence or absence of the article with the governing noun decides whether the construct is to be regarded as definite or not. Thus : "pa DID "A horse of a king," TI^OT DID " The horse of the king." Written Exercise I Write the following words in columns, and in parallel columns state the class to which they belong and give the constructs : : DID : a^'ij : aipa : -ipis : (k's'-hen) jns : Diftt :St?>iS2 tTOi^te :dd13 jnjp :Dito tp^^:^ Translate : ^^ The place "« of the star"»- The flock ^« of the righteous i*" man ". The good ** horse "° of the woman '■"'. For Oral Exercise, see close of Less. XXII. LESSON XXI AFFIXES OF NUMBER AND GENDER Inflection of Nouns of the First Class a. There are three numbers, Singular, Plural, and Dual. b. There are two genders. Masculine and Feminine. c. The numbers, plural and dual, and the gender, feminine, are indicated by means of afiixes which differ in the absolute and the construct. AFFIXES OF NUMBER AND GENDER 45 Table of Affixes for Number and Gender for All Classes of Nouns Singular Plural Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Absolute (n_)a(h) (QV) im (111)0^ Construct (H^) a0 (V) § (HI) 6^ Dual Masculine Femiuine Absolute (Q''^) a-yim (d';ri_) a-^^yim Construct (V) § C^-^) '-^^ Note. — Nouns found with the ending n are shown by that ending to be feminine singular absolute. d. To form any particular number, gender, etc., it is not suf- ficient to provide the appropriate affix; certain changes in the word are rendered necessary by the new syllable that is attached. These changes vary for each of the four classes. General Directions for Inflection e. 1. Determine the class to which the word belongs. 2. Mark the gutturals, if any, by a cross above, thus : Q5n. This is simply to call attention to them. 3. If the word belongs to class II, III, or IV prepare it for the reception of an affix by following the rules given for each class. 4. To form an Absolute : (a) Add the appropriate affix. (6) Shorten the antepretone if possible. (Nominal Law.) 6. To form a Construct : (a) Substitute the appropriate affix. (6) Shorten the vowels as much as possible, beginning at the right. 46 A PRIMER OF HEBREW Inflection of Nouns of Class I /. Rule fob the Absolute. — Add to the masculine singular the appropriate a£Bx, then apply the Nominal Law (Less. XX, h), that is, reduce the vowel of an open antepretone to S'wS. g. Rule for the Construct. — Change the affix (if any) of the absolute form to the corresponding affix for the construct, then apply the rule for forming the construct (Less. XX, r), that is, begin at the right and shorten the vowels as much as possible. In both cases (/ and g) apply the rule for two contiguous vocal S-was (Less. VIII, e). h. Abs. Const. ■ Note. — The forms in parentheses are merely intermediate stepsi Observe in the Absolute the long vowel of the pretone. Written Exercise Inflect after the same manner but omitting the dual feminine. .aitia ,^■'13 ,-i3t For Oral Exercise, see close of Less. XXII. Ezample Singular Plural Dual m. f. m. i. m. f. • T i T : (nia-i) (D^ns^r) di-j8--rae (nn^) (nns^) n^l ^ of the prophets '«- The two hands'' (dual) of the great* king '5'. Do not (thou, m.) kill *" the good ^ boy ^ of the woman ^. Oral Exercise, Less. XX, XXI, and XXII :hn^ th)!} tSsi^ :t :phn :Dprt iv^in npt 11:2] janpj tn^'i :n^^ t^^v i^p'^ tbs? :p"''ia tchv rnsto :D^32i)2 pns-i :nn::-i :n-!3'^ ^nnan tnat :ni:jtr-i :m-tr"i p^t:^"! :D''str-i :ni)s3n tniasn tniDDn ''«''a: naiiJ :p]n :^m rs^ro :ntt>m :npin rpin icptn :ntoi3 :nD-i3 :n!a-i« :ni2Ts :pKn LESSON XXIII INFLECTION OF NOUNS OF CLASS II a. Nouns of Class II comprise all those accented on the penult (the next to the last syllable) no matter what their vowels. They are of three kinds, after the three types : Tlba "king," nap "book," Ipi "morning." 6. Nouns of Class II are also called Segholates because of the S-yol usually found in the second syllable. INFLECTION OF NOUNS OF CLASS II 49 c. Nouns of the first type are called Segholates in a (Patoh), because the first S-yol is derived from an original P^feh. Nouns of the second type are called Segholates in i (Hireq), because the Serg is derived from an original Hireq. Nouns of the third type are called Segholates in o (Qames Hatuc^), because the Holem is derived from an original Qames Hata^. d. In each case the final S-yol is a helping S'y61; that is, it is not a constituent part of the original root (which is supposed to have had but one vowel), but is inserted to help the pronunciation. Hence this helping S-yol disappears before affixes. (Cf. PStffah furtive, Less. IX, 6.) Note. — Some nouns with 8-761 in the first syllable belong to the i class. When this is the case, attention will be called to it. Inflection of Nouns of Class II e. 1. The construct of the singular is the same as the absolute. /. 2. In the singular, before receiving an affix, the word is to be prepared as follows : The helping S-yol is replaced by silent S-wa, and the vowel of the first syllable (t), (^), (-) gives place to the type (the origi- nal) vowel (-^), (-r-), (— ). The first syllable, therefore, is now closed. Thus : '?[h6 becomes sSd mal-k "iBp becomes "iSp si<^-r "lj53 becomes "IpS boq-r g. It is to these monovocalic forms that the affix is appended and the penult now is no longer the accented syllable, thus : n^ + 1\h6 = rd^l;! mal-ka(h) "queen." h. 3. To form the plurals absolute, both masculine and feminine, leraove all the vowels of the singular (this includes the quiescent n of the feminine, and Dayes lene if there is one in the third 50 A PRIMER OF HEBREW radical), then place vocal S-wa under the first consonant, Qames under the second, and add the plural affix (that is, follow the analogy of nouns of Class I). Thus : nisbia, a-'sbia, d''-isd, onpa. i. To form the plurals construct treat the plurals absolute as in Class I. (Less. XXI, g.) j. 4. The dual (masculine and feminine) is formed from the prepared root of the singular by adding the appropriate dual suffix, thus : „ / I k. 5. When two vocal S'was come together, and a short vowel must take the place of the first one, the vowel of the type to which the word belongs is used, thus : ^iSa, m. pi. abs. Wpbfi, const. C?bl2) ''S'pla ma-l--x§, not ■'5'ptt. -1(53, m. pi. abs. Dni^l, const. Clj^a) ''"lipS bo-q--rg, not npS. Examples I. Inflection of Nouns of the a Type: "llba "king" Singular Plural Dual m. 1. m. f. m. f. Abs. •]% naba n^pbip nisba a^ibia nrnsbi^ mal-kafl ('?btt) nisbtt mal-k8 mal-k--S§ •'SStt ma-l--x6d ma-l'-^g Const. Note the presence of Ddyes lene in the third radical letter of the singular and dual forms with affixes, and its absence in the plurals, because, in the singular and dual forms, the first syllable is closed, and, in the plural, it is open. INFLECTION OF NOUNS OF CLASS II 51 m. Inflection op Nouns op the i Type: ~\S0 "book"' Singular Plural Dual m. f. m. f. m. f. Abs. nsD n^sD d''^aD niisd dnac d'-riiBo Const. ■ "iBd map oiad) (ni"iap) ■'"lap ■'n-i?? '''nap si-<^--r6e si-<^--rS n. Inflection of Nouns of the o Type: Ip.ia "morning" dnp3 dwps ^6s. ii-js .TnpB d-'^ii^a ni-i|'53 Const. ■ [^,"53 m|?3 (ni??) (nl-lp3) boq-rg boq-r--6§ ■""IM bo-q--r5d bo-q'-rS Written Exercise Inflect, after the same manner : 1*?;' "boy," nti "flax," V^'iOf "root." For Oral Exercise, see close of Less. XXIV. LESSON XXIV INFLECTION OF NOUNS OF CLASS 11 CONTAINING GUTTURALS (Review Less. IX on Gutturals.) NoTS. — When the guttural takes a S'w^, the composite S-vrS, of the type to which the word belongs must be used. 52 A PRIMER OF HEBREW a. Ikflection of Nouns having as First Letter A Guttural (1) a type : |2X " stone," like '^h6 save in plu. abs. O^i^^^, Vfii^^. (2) i type: ^^j "grass": Singular Pi«raZ DwaJ m. f. m. f. m. f. Abs. 3'ir'v na'tt^s D-'Dt^? nia'E^? D^iu??! D^nstrs Const. a'p^ naffi'? "D'ty? nintrs ^^^^ -natrs Note that the guttural prefers (— ) to (— ), but (— ) to (— ). (3) type: tt>nH "month," like ^(53 save in plu. abs. D'tt>"jn, T T: b. Inflection of Nouns having as Second Letter A Guttural (Particular attention is to be paid to these.) Note the helping Pafeh instead of S-yol in the second syllable of bs? and 7?S and the retention of the original Pafeh in the first syllable of bvi. (1) a type: h^i "master": /Singular Plural Dual m. f. m, f. m. t. Abs. hvi rhv'z whv^ niSss W'^vz Const, bvi rh^^ 'h'§:2 nibsa -"bsa (2) i type. There are no examples. (3) otype: Spa "work": Abs. hv'i nSsa D^bsa nibsa a'''?sa T T! IT • T ! T I • -Ti IT Const, b's'i n'?sa 'h's& ni'^sa ""bse po-i''-lae po-i^'lg po-i°-i5e po-'i^-lg INFLECTION OF NOUNS OF CLASS III 63 Note the composite S-wa of the o type. This is used with words of this type under the first or the second radical letters (if guttural), but not under the third where the usual Hate^ PdSah is preferred. c. Inflection of Nouns having as TniRD Letter a GUTTUBAL (1) a type: S'Ht "seed," like Tjbo save in dual fem. const, "'flp"!!. (2) i type: !Jttt^ "report," like "IBD save in dual fem. const. (3) type: Htth "spear," like 'IJISS save in dual fem. const. ''fintt'l. Written Exercise I. Inflect: ^S^i" "lad," pSn "portion," bSK "food." II. Translate : Thou (m.) shalt not judge ^" the righteous '*■ kings ™ of the earth ^. let me ™ kill the wicked ™ prophet ^^ with the good ^ sword ^. Oral Exercise, Lessons XXIII and XXIV t^ITi PSDS :a^aD3 xrbz!^ jnbas xh'sk ns/ :p]D3' xuhs^ :'7ya :mi£i« :mi£iiit psTn t'-s^'i :tD:5-n rsbia jn^nn ;nt:>in :tt>nn :nr«i>a :nu>a :nisi3 pbsa :nnS^ xirh \Tfdp tnabia :a''?bi!: r^bti joi'pSa :d^3'b;s jro'tr:? jnnt^:? :nnrs3 \tr\^^ rT ^Q't LESSON XXV INFLECTION OF NOUNS OF CLASS III a. Nouns of Class III have SerS in the final syllable and an unchangeable vowel in the. pretone. 64 A PRIMER OF HEBREW Peculiarities of Inflection 1. The construct singular is (usually) the same as the absolute. 2. When affixes are added Serg is shortened to S-wa. Under a guttural the S-wa will be ... as usual. 3. When this brings two vocal S-was together the first is lengthened to S78I (not Hireq nor Pa^ah), thus: % + h^p = Q!f7^p) = ^i^p q'o'-te-l--xa. Example bli?!? "staff" Singular Plural Dual m. i. m. i. m. t. Abs. h\?i^ nSi^ia n''b|5a nib,'?)? D:'?[?a Const. h^f$ rh^t2 •''?|5a nh^ti ''bjptt Written Exercise I. Inflect (being careful to insert M^^ey when necessary) : Sal'' "trumpet," pS k'o'-hen "priest," "St^V "hearer." (Note the guttural in the last two words.) II. Translate : And the good ^ priests shall go down ™ to the water ^. The judges ^^^ of the people ^^ have fallen "". LESSON XXVI INFLECTION OF NOUNS OF CLASS IV a. Words of Class IV end in n_, they may contain a change- able Qames which brings them also under Class 1. INFLECTION OF NOUNS OF CLASS IV 55 Peculiarities of Inflection b. 1. In the construct singular the ending i1_ is changed to n_. 2. Before an affix the final n_ is removed altogether and the affix is substituted. Examples Singular Plural Dual m. f. m. f. m. f. Abs. nipa flock ™p«? D"?!"?!? ni3|'5to B:3i?S5 o'^jpa Const. nji'pa ri?!"?!? '^pp niJpa ■"jpip ''rijpa Abs. nit? field V T T T • T T a^-itr a:rint? Const. ni'tr mty "I'ty niTt' '112? ■'flit? ^i-s--eg Abs. nSy leaf V T r^hv D'-bs nib^ d''fi!J Q'ri^? Const. nb5 rib? ^b^ nibv "7^ "'rib? !a-l--eg c. Note. — Nouns with the feminine ending H— belong to Class I even though their masculines belong to one of the other classes. Written Exercise I. Inflect: ns;"fair/' ,W^to"work," n^h r'8'-ie(h)« shepherd." II. Translate: And the good^ shepherds'"^ will give"^ (verb first with "and") the leaves"^ to™ the lads"^ Those «> old'* prophets"" and these" wicked'^ judges^'*. Oral Exercise The Four Classes of Nouns (The numbers indicate the class to which the words belong, the letters show the type in the case of nouns of Class II.) : ribs''* :nnt?''* tu'^p^' irhv^'' ta^h'S''* fn'i* :n?'i* xrh^n" tniansi :nton«' pbaa^ ♦n-ix^- twhpi^i^ 56 A PRIMER OF HEBREW :-i532. *^^]2a 5nis?sty2' inm^^" inphn"' riw .:D^b!;s-° :r,inn><'° irh'2S>" pbss'" :h^B'' rrpiV'^ iw^V'' tr^hs''* inbs''' rb^''' :mptn' rtrm' :nbss^° .,^L,,2„ in'^s," rn-ipn^" rsSto^" tnntr's^' :d''3\ys^' : it: - : T LESSON XXVII PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES OF NOUNS a. The Personal Pronouns in an abbreviated form are affixed to nouus, prepositions, etc., to express the genitive and objective cases, thus : \ + DID = ''DID " my horse," ^.+ b = '^h "to thee." b. The rules to be followed in affixing pronominal suffixes are the same as those for adding other affixes (cf. Lesson XXI, e) with three exceptions (e, /, g, below). The addition of these pronominal suffixes affects nouns (accord- ing to the classes to which the noun belongs) in the same way that the affixes for gender, number, and state do. C. TABLE OF THE PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES FOR NOUNS SiNGULAE Suffixes of Singular Singular Suffixes I of Plural Novns Nouns 1 J)' c. my 1 i my 1 ay 2 p. m. thy ^- ■-xa thy t; 4-x^ 2p.f. thy ^^ ex « thy T.: a-yix 3 p. m. his 1 6 his IV a(y)w 3p.f. her n^ ah her n^I ^-ha PRONOiMlNAL SUFFIXES OF NOUNS 67 Pldkal Suffixes of Singular Nouns Plural Suffixes of Plural Nouns 1 p. c. our iC e-nu our ^3C l-nu 2 p. m. your 0?^ •-xem your '=?V g-xem 2i^./. your I?^ -xen your I?V g-^en 3 p. m. their fi^ am their cnv §-hem 3 p./ their 1^ an their lov g-hen d. These suffixes are divided into light and heavy. All are light save the six that have S-yol in the last syllable. e. The two heavy suffixes D3_ and p^ require that the word to which they are affixed be put in the construct. This must be done before the suffix is attached. /. The other four heavy suffixes require that the word be shortened as much as possible after adding the suffix ; e.g. g. Segholates masculine singular are not affected by e above. h. Eemaeks. — 1. It will be seen that there are 20 suffixes : 10 for singular nouns, and 10 for plural nouns. 2. All the suffixes of plural nouns contain "*, and none of the suffixes of singular nouns contain '' save ''_ " my." 3. The first syllable of the suffixes for plural nouns is really the termination of the masculine plural construct of nouns. This termination, as contained in the plural suffixes, is pointed regularly ''. , but not so in the case of the singular suffixes, namely, twice ^_, twice ■'_, once ■* 4. Hence, to add pronominal suffixes to plural masculine nouns, the plural ending C3''_ must first be removed, and then the suffix, as given in the table, which is provided with the necessary "' of the masculine plural, is affixed. By a strange anomaly, feminine plural nouns retain their femi- 58 A PRIMER OF HEBREW nine ending (fll), and also take tlie masculine plural construct ending as part of the pronominal suffix, thus : i: + \' + rito"]? = W'^nO"!?' " ^^r blessings." 5. Dual nouns take the suffixes of plural nouns. 6. The ending M of feminine singular nouns must be removed and n substituted whenever a pronominal suffix is added. 7. The first person suffix of plural nouns (^_) is the masculine plural construct ending C..) with the original Patoh instead of Ser8, plus the pronominal suffix of the first person (^_) which has been absorbed in the ^ of ^_, and therefore does not appear, thus : i. Points to be observed in appending Pronominal Suffixes 1. Determine to which of the four classes the word belongs. 2. Mark gutturals and unchangeable vowels. 3. Note whether the word is singular or plural. 4. Note whether the suffix is to be singular or plural. 6. Note whether the suffix is Q?_ or |3_. 6. Note whether the word has the ending H Then apply the rules for inflection of the four classes of nouns respectively. PEONOMINAL SUFFIXES OF NOUNS 59 TABLE OF NOUNS WITH PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES Unchangeable Class I 'horse" 'word" Class I, tem. nana Class II Class II, Class III Class IV gutt. "^^6 bvB ]ri3 nun 'blessing" "king" "work" "priest" jjg?!?." ■•DID my horse '''13'1 Viaia ''Sbti ''Si'S ''3,13 ''Vl ^we*^£i ^^^1 ^ns^a vi^? im W' V^ 1D1D his horse 1121 ina^ia 13^^ ibsa una i^jn nwD her horse H^ai rin3i3 nsStt rh'3St wns ns'n T T T i T T : * T : ~ T T: IT T "t (- T WpW our horse Unsn 13M'n3 WSblD 13'?SS 13313 13^'! C35P1P your (m.) dD-)31 D?n513 !3?3^^ °5'??S B^JOi B??'"! ^■151 pri5"!3 p3^a I^'psa jp?n3 p^h C3131 Qfl?"!? Q?'?'? O"?^! 0313 DS'n nil inpn? is^tt iSi m \h nni "ritti? ■'pSa "bys •'3,13 ^?i t]n3i '^'nttis '^'''^ii? f^^^ '^"3.13 ^"sl ■^'i^l T^^^l?* T?"?? '^i'^?? "^'^Oi T^"^ r"i3i rni3i3 rsSa vbsa V3,i3 rsh tt: t :■ tt: Tt: t-!i t rfini n''ni3i3 n^^bt^ n^'3ss n''3n3 it's"! horse your (f.) horse |3Qf|0 their (m.) » horse mijO their (f.) ' » horse ''tyO my horses Tl-'DW tty (m.) ' •' horses Tt'^DId thy (f.) I ■ " horses VDID his horses T iT'DId her horses >13^WD our horses 13^3'? 13^015^3 W^sStt 13^^53 13^313 W^Sh D3^DiD your (m.) 03^^31 d3''ntti3 a^^^htii u^'hvsi ay:n2 n3''si ■' ■■ I horses ■.•■•:• ■.■ ■• i : • . : . T. IT . .1 priD your (f.) p^-131 p^ni3i3 ppba p^b!?e ]p':r)2 ji^sh I ■•■ •• I horses l ••■••:• l v ■• i . l ■ : 1 V T. II I . DH^DID their (m.) DIT'^ai DirTttlS C3,1P7ti Dn''7!5e DIT'3n3 BH'^V^ •■• ■■ ■ horses ■/■•:■ v ■• i : ■ . : . I. IT . .1 . 1 rn-'WD their (i.) f,T'i3i ?,Tni3i3 rnp^a p'-S^a jn-'^is jTOh I ••■ • ' horses i ■'■■■■ ■ i ■•• ■• i : • i • * The sufflx "^ , with words of Class I, is treated (only for the purpose of finding the antepretone) as though it had but one syllable, and thus it is the first syllable of la't for instance, that now falls in the antepretone, and is shortened in accordance with the Nominal Law. t po-io-l'-xa from i"^^^)- 60 A PRIMER OF HEBREW Written Exercise I. Inflect, with pronominal suffixes : nia'IS "ground," bsi "lord," II. Translate : ntsa "staff." ^nana tn^si? n^?"? U'TT •i'^?''? '"^t ♦i=51'?'3 nsSia pniT!? :'?i!J-n in^nx nrintt-ia tcD'^^^'i iTi^i Tj- -T-: |-:i- t:~ " :• v*:- T. •JI^I?!? :to; ni^tt^a *Ttl^ '"^l^ JDnnsp :i"iap tTj^is? :p:nP13 n¥1« ♦fi?1^,5 ♦O'T.?? Note. — Nouns with pronominal suffixes do not take the article. My book ^^\ Your (m.) heart ™. My prophets "^ His king "'. His kings. Your queen ^^^'™-. Your queens. Her lad"'. Her lads. Our boy '°. Our boys. Their land ^. His flax "*. To my horse '*". He gave ^^ my staff '^ to his servant '™. I shall write "'^ his words'^ in''^ my books ^'^ Who^ killed ^^ their kings. His kindness ^ (is) great *'. Oral Exercise Pkonominai, Suffixes op Nouns :'T|ttr'itt?^° v'^^'W" :d,T^aD2' :pBD" :np':a^° rn'tr^" :pn3i3i :iiitis^'' taansi^" taTis^ t^hpt?- fnw' iMrmSi" :n,T3bn'' i^'^iDin^" jdtrsi^" ipTiwaD^" iDDnsnia' nisiia^ I'^^hf:,"' :d3''"i:3ni nnan^ nia-i^ tpnan^ tnnDin^ :rT'S:j'- n^i'^p* I'^i^'-* trnt^i-^ nbss^" :'?i'?ss^° jTi^pba^" THE PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES OF VERBS 61 LESSON XXVIII THE PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES OF VERBS a. Singular Suffixes With the Perfect With the Imperfect and Imperative 1 p. c. ^c ar-al me 'i^ l-ni me 2 p. m. V •-Xa thee ^- -xa thee 2p.f. V ex thee V ex thee 3 p. m. 1 or in_ T 5 or iAm him inl e-hu him Sp.f. ^^ ah Flura'i her ! Suffixes T '/ e-ha her 1 p. c. K a-nu us K e-nu us 2 p. m. 05- •-Xem you D3_ •-xem you 2p.f. P-r ■-xen you I?^ •-xen you 3 p. m. t=^ am them D^ em them 3p.f. I^ an them I-^ en them Note. — The first vowel of a suffix is lost when the verb ends in a vowel, thus : , I DWBp "they killed them." One exception : 'J ' + nbBi5 = 'Jft^Bp, not ''Jri'pBiS. b. These suffixes express the object of the verb. c. The object, when pronominal, may also (less usually) be expressed by means of a nominal suffix added to the sign of the definite accusative nS, which, with a suffix, becomes n>*, thus : ^nH, Tim "me," "thee." 62 A PRIMER OF HEBREW d. General Rules for adding Verbal Pronominal Suflaxes 1. The Perfect of active verbs and the Perfect, Imperfect, and Imperative of stative verbs (i.e. verbs that have Pa6ah as the vowel of the second syllable of the Imperfect) follow the analogy of nouns of Class I, that is, pretone long, ante- pretone extrarshort, thus : 1 + b^i'5 = lbtt|5 "he killed him." 2. The Imperfect of active verbs and those forms of the derived stems which have Serg in the last syllable follow the analogy of words of Class III, shortening the vowel of the final syl- lable to S-wa ; when this brings two vocal S-was together, and the shortened vowel was Holem, the first S'wa becomes Qames Hatu^. Thus : D . + StSi?^ = bbtpp': he will kill them, '?! , + "ibty^ = '?]'n^tl>^ yis-mo-r--;)(a he will keep thee. 3. The Imperative second singular masculine of active verbs and the Infinitives construct of both active and stative verbs fol- low the analogy of nouns of Class II, a short vowel appearing under the first radical and S-wa under the second radical. This vowel is o for Infinitives in o, and i for Infinitives in a. Unlike Segholates, the first syllable is generally open (except in the ease of the Infinitive with the suffixes t].^, a?-, p_). Thus: ^jj^l> qo-t--le-ni kill (thou) me. 13ri33 b--xo-0'-j85 in his writing (inf. const.). but TjSn?? b--xo5-b'-xa in thy writing. 4. The Infinitive construct takes the nominal form of the suffixes, not the verbal, save in the case of the suffix of the first per- THE PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES OF VERBS 63 son ; this will be nominal (^_.) to express the subject, and verbal to express the object, thus : • : T so-ni--ri so-m--r4-ni my watching to watch me e. The following scheme embodies the above rules (d) : Active Stative Like Nouns of Class I, Perfect Like Nouns of Class III, Imperfect Like Nouns of Class II, Imperative Infinitive Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive /. Eemarks. — 1. n^^j^ " she killed," before any suffix, changes H to n, as in feminine nouns. 2. ri?E5|? " thou (f.) killedst," before it can take a suffix, must be changed to ''ribBp, the final S'wa becoming ''_, which is the original final vowel of this form. 3. Dflbap, inb^p "ye killed," before they can take a suffix, must be changed to Wb^p. 4. The Imperfect, in certain cases, inserts a syllable, 3_1 "en," between the verb and the suffix. This is called the energetic nun, but has no special significance. The Nun is generally assimilated to the consonant of the suffix, thus : (from Vif^^'') (-lek-ka) he will kill him he will kill thee 5. nibtOpri cannot take a suffix ; the masculine PtDjipri must be used instead. 64 A PRIMER OF HEBREW 6. The Infinitive construct, with the suffixes Tj—, 03-^, or J3_, may follow the analogy either of Class 11 or Class III in nouns, thus : tJ^Bi"; qot-l'-^a or '^?13|"? q--to-l'-xa. Written Exercise Translate : I x^fpt x^)FrW :'?i!p^!i n^ibtt^i JTi^ri^ttt^ jnitt^sb"! Jnniatt^s'! :^iatt>b ^.Ti'stt^'pi II And he will kill ^^ me. And he killed him. To kill thee (m.). Ye (m.) have killed him. Oral Exercise Pronominal Suffixes of Verbs ^j'pisp :^SB|'3 x'^^ro x^ijia\> x'hi^p^ ♦"^b'^i"? x''^Tb^[> inbBjp :nri'pK!|5 ni^nSBj-p :dn'pBi5 x^irj?^^ ♦''?r''?'?i? ♦''''^i? ^ia\> PJinSap tniib^j^ iD^riS^p tw'^Bj^ xwy^th^^ Tn^^sb^ •^'p^i'?: t^ab^ ♦''?'?^i?' •°'?tPi'? ♦i'"''?!Pi'^ ♦I'^^i? ^"^ipiT :n6ia|"3' P^i'^iPi'?' nnw'pici'? Jm'p^i'?: '^'?*?i?' :n3'ptp|'5 :n3'?tO|'5: nsb'^iT LESSON XXIX THE STEMS OF THE VERB a. There are seven Stems to the Verb (not so correctly called conjugations). THE STEMS OF THE VERB 65 1 The Ground Stem, III The Intensive Stem, VI The Causative active or stative. active. Stem, active. IV Tlie Intensive Stem, VII The Causative passive. Stem, passive. II The Reflexive (or V The Intensive Stem, Passive) of tlie reflexive. Ground Stem. 6. The ground stem (cf. Less. XV-XVIII) is called Qal (i.e. " light ") because it presents the verb in its simplest form. The other stems are derived from the ground stem, and may be designated either by number, as above, or by the corresponding forms of the verb 7pS "to do" (which was used as a paradigm by the older grammarians), or by the corresponding forms of the verb btoP " to kill " (the verb now generally used as a paradigm). c. TABLE Name from Name from Characteristic Stems Verb 'tub Verb bai? Marks I The Ground Stem (Qal). II The Reflexive (or Pas- ''^'S? b^p? Prefix 3 and 3,1. sive) of the Ground Nii/i-ial Niq-tal Stem, III The Intensive Stem, ''52 "^tSp Doubling 2d Radical. Active, Pi[i]-iel Qit-tel IV The Intensive Stem, Spa •^tSp Doubling 2d Radical. Passive, Pu['i]-Ial Qut-tal -V The Intensive Stem, bssnn btSpfin Doubling 2d Radical. Reflexive, Hi9-pa[I]-iel Hifl-qat-tel Prefix nH- VI The Causative Stem, , b-'jjsn l^ippil Prefix n. , Active, Hi^liil Hiq-til VII The Causative Stem, bpsn bapn Prefix n- Passive, Ho0-ial Hoq-tal Eemakks. — d. The meaning of any stem in relation to the ground stem must be ascertained from the lexicon, but, in general : 66 A PRIMEE OF HEBREW , The Niqtal (II) = passive or reflexive of the Qal. The Qittel (III) = to do often or intensely the act expressed by the Qal. The Hiqtil (VI) = to cause to do the act expressed by the Qal. e. Since the first letter of bpS is S (Pg), the second 5 (i^yin), the third h (LameS), it is the custom to call the first letter of any verb its P§, the second its iayin, and the third its LameS. Thus : IfiS is called a P§ iale<^ verb (written ^"&), i.e. a verb whose first letter is an '\i\e. nbc> is a LameS guttural verb, i.e. one whose last letter is a guttural, etc. /. Stem II : Ni^ial ok Niqtal : The Reflexive or Passive of the Ground Stem Note. — The Niqtal and all the derived stems take the same afformatives and preformatives to express tense, person, number, and gender as the Qal. Hence, when the Qal is known hy heart, it is necessary only to learn the distinctive or clue forms of a given derived stem in order to be able to form the entire stem. g. The clue forms of a stem comprise the first or top form of the Perfect, Imperfect, and Imperative, together with the first form in each case that has a vocalic affix, and the first that has a consonantal affix, also the two Infinitives and the Participle, — about twelve in all. These will be found marked with * in the Tables of Paradigms. h. CHARACTERISTIC OR CLUE FORMS OF STEM II Pf. sg. 3 m. 7^p3 Impf- sg. 3 m. Vttp'' Imperat. sg. m. SlBiJn - I ; • " It • •• It • 3/. nbiap3 3/. r\ /. "h^pn Til:* • • : I IT • 2 m. riSap? 2 m. fl pi m. !) ^ 2/- n 2/. -btDpn /. wbapn • ! I IT - T : - I T - Ic. ifl Ic. K STEM II: NIQTAL 67 Pf. pi. 3 c. !)- 2 m. DPI- 2/. |ri- 1 c. «- T 1 - ' - - 2 m. !) 2/. na— T Ic. Inf. const. 7l2i?n •• It • a&«. Partic. btDpa i. Eemaeks. — 1. The Perfect and the Participle and one form of the Infinitive Absolute prefix 3, ■which forms a closed syllable with the first radical. 2. The Infinitive Construct, one form of the Infinitive Absolute, and the Imperative' prefix H, and double the first radical (really JpT with 3 assimilated). 3. The Imperfect doubles the first radical. (This is due to loss of n and assimilation of 3 : 7t?j?5n^ = 71?|5'].) 4. The vowels of the clue forms, so far as they differ from those of the Qal, must be carefully noted. Written Exercise Translate : pfiastt^j \t>t>m tfTititz^x man*?!! nbi2>n tbM tart'?'' II They (m.) will be counted"'. Thou (m.) wilt take heed'^i^. Take ye (m.) heed. let me be killed ^^. 68 A PBIMEK OF HEBREW LESSON XXX STEMS III, IV, V: QITTEL, QUTTAL, HI0QATTEL : THE INTEN- SIVES — ACTIVE, PASSIVE, AND REFLEXIVE a. CLUE FORMS 3 Qlttel Quttal Hisqattel Pf- sg. 3 m. '?I3|'? b^,-? ''ssprin 3/. nb^p nbi?,-? nbipprin 2 m. flblBp j^bisi? riSiaprin Impf. sg. 3 m. 3/. 2 m. ■rtsp: WiT. ■^^pn^ 2/. Ic. pi. 3 m. "■ptspri ^•p^itiin •"bisprii!! 3/ ni^^pri njbai^ri njSiiipnn 2 m. 2/. Ic. Imperat sg. m. "^Kip wanting ^'^p.^^ / '^tfip. "hi^pm pi. m. / naSiip njbtprin Inf. const. '?i?r? wanting ■^ispriii bbp btsp "^^priii abs .'?I3i5 I-. Partic. L 'Bi5tt ■r-te,^!? ^^p.i)^ STEMS VI AND VII: HIQTIL AND HOQTAL 69 &. Ebmabks. — 1. The distinguishing characteristic of all intensive forms is the doubling of the middle radical. 2. In the Imperfects III and IV, the S-wa in the first syllable is to be noted. 3. In V, when the verb begins with one of the sibilants 0, )1}, tt>, the n of the preformative rill changes place with the sibi- lant, thus : n!2ritt>n, not latrnn. If the verb begin with it, the D changes place with it, and becomes tfl, thus : p'laicn, not p'i:im. If the verb begin with 1, Ifl, or n, the fl of the preformative is assimilated, thus : ns'in, not ns'inn, xa^n, not xia^rin- Written Exercise Translate : Tell "' thou (m.). Consecrating ''^-oneself. I have walked"". Ye (f.) will consecrate them (m.). They told. We will break-in-pieces ^\ Seek *^ ye (f .) We will make-atonement ™. Let them consecrate. let me seek. LESSON XXXI STEMS VI AND VII : HIQTIL AND HOQTAL : THE CAUSATIVES — ACTIVE AND PASSIVE -P/ CLUE FORMS Hiqtil Hoqtal f. 3 m. ^''tppn "^^i^O 3/ nb'^iopn nb^i-jn 2 m. nbtDpn rhwn TO A PRIMER OF HEBREW Impf. sg. 3 m. Hiqtil Hoqtal 3/. 2 m. 2/. "^''tsppri h^^F^ Ic. jsZ. 3 m. 3/ 2 m. nj'piBi^ri nib^i^ri 2/. Ic. CoAo;-<. nb^ippt? ImperOt. sg. m. wanting pZ. m. /• Jn/. consi. a6s. Partic. wanting h. Ebmakks. — 1. In the Imperfect, the characteristic H of the stem is merged in the tense preformative, T''!2|T shortened from b^lflpri^ (cf. the Niqtal Imperfect, Less. XXIX, i, 3). 2. The Jussive of the Hiqtil differs from the ordinary Imperfect in the forms without afformatives, the % of the last syllable being changed to e ; thus : hia^l "let him cause to kill," SlOi'pri "let her cause to kill." With a suffix the I reappears, thus : 0^'''lp! " let him consecrate them." (Contrast Less. XXVIII, d, 2.) STEMS VI AND VII: HIQTIl AND HOQTAL 71 The same is true, in the Imperative singular masculine, with a suffix, thus : in#'''lj7n "consecrate him." Emphatic rh'''6\?ri (Less. XVIII, e). 3. When Waw Consecutive is used with the Hiqtil, it is prefixed to the Jussive form (see Less. XVII, e) ; thus : "jBl":'! " and he caused to kill." Written Exercise Translate : He will divide ^ the earth ^. Let him divide it (masc). Divide (thou, m.). Do not (thou, m.) divide. let me divide. And he divided. And they caused him to be king ™ (hi<^.). Oral Exercise The Stems or ^Bj?. nibtopm''?!?!?'' ribtDpn ibtspn nnh^p: mhvip. •'Stopnijn'T^? h^psr StDpn on'^apn S^topK nbtspn bitop nStspnn T??Bpnn "h^pn btDpia btspn iD^iap mh^pn ^h^pn rh^iapn ib'^tsp'' ibtDp^ nbtspi btspj S^rapa ibtapnn biopnn b-'tspj njbtDpnn nnbtopnn btspna bapra iSJopn ■'nStspi ■'b'^tspn btoprix baps Dnbrspi ■''^isp Tibtsp: labtspn bap: bap: 'fibap ibap? ™bapn Tibapn ubapj nbap bap onbapn ibap^ ibap: ibap^ nbap bap: b-'apn •'bapnn ■'I- Note. — Id describing a verbal form use the following order : 1. The Eoot, i.e. the Lexicon Form. 4. Number. 2. Stem. 5. Person. 3. Tense. 6. Gender. 72 A PKIMER OF HEBREW LESSON XXXII THE IRREGULAR VERBS Pe Guttukal Vbebs a. By irregular verbs are meant such as differ in inflection from the strong or regular verbs, such as 7!3j5, either because of the presence of gutturals and weak letters, or because of containing two radicals only instead of three. b. TABLE OF IRREGULAR VERBS A. Guttural Verbs. Al. Pe Guttural Itt'!? to stand - T A 2. layin Guttural tSHtJ^ to slay ■^J"]? to bless (Qittel) A3. LameS Guttural ThVi to send B. Biliteral Verbs. SI. Double fayin (X5"3;) 3D to go around B2. layin A 0"S) Up to stand B3. l^yin I C."S) p3 to understand a Weak Verbs. CI. Pg lale^ (X"S) bSX to eat 02. Pe Waw (V'S) iSti); to sit 03. pg Y68 C'S) 2B; to be good C4. pg Nun (f'B) t>M to approach 05. LameS lale^ (X"*?) K^a to find C6. LameS Hg (n"7) Thl to uncover Note. — Verbs V'B are always ''"S in the Qal perfect. THE IRREGULAR VERBS 73 c. Al. Pe Guttural Verbs Type: Ite^ "to stand" CLUE FORMS (Namely, the forms whose pointing differs from that of the corresponding forms of hj^li. When there are more than one exhibiting the same character- istic only the first is given. Thus the Qal perfect plural DniaiJ is given ; it is understood that the following form, the second feminine, is pointed in the same way JPinBl}.) Qal Ni0. Hicf. Ho(j.. 1)353 Tfi^n 11!i!5n - v;i'/ • VI |T - t; it mias3 T : V IV iie-ie-ni"-8a(h) Pf- Impf. sg.3 3 2 2 1 2)1.3 2 2 1 sg.3 3 2 2 1 Imperat. sg. m. / pi. m. /. Jnf. const. abs. Partic. amias ItiT, nas:: '^'^t -T:IT 1»?? - T I" nbS3 Ttt>:b lasb 74 A PEIMER OF HEBREW d. Remarks. — 1. Gutturals take composite rather than simple S-wa; hence Drilto?, not nmaV; ntoS? not nia?3 (the _ under 3, in place of -^, is due to the vicinity of the guttural, cf. the Hi^fil Perfect). 2. Gutturals cannot be doubled ; hence '^i!?'S^ not Itt^'] 3. Notice the result of the coming together of two vocal S-was, thus : -^-if:,^i from mft^JJ, so •'ittsn. 4. In most H"S verbs, the H, though a guttui-al, takes silent S'wa, thus : nhri:: "te win seal," anro Nl^lal Perfect. 6. With stative verbs, ri"S, like d?!^ "to be wise," pm "to be strong," the Qal Imperfects are U^tV^, p]D,^ 6. The Intensive stems are regular. Written Exercise Translate: The wise'' man" will stand ''^- And the boys** stood on '^ the ground ^^ And the wicked ^^ kings '^' of the earth ^ dreamed**- The queens'^"™- of the earth will be strong'' in'* my ways ". LESSON XXXIII A2. 'ikriN Guttural Verbs Types: tOH^ "to slay," tJ'^S "to bless" Pf CLUE ] FORMS Qal Niq. Qit. Out. Hisqat. sg.3 3 ntiw naritt^? v^ ^^3 ■^I^m 2 2 fl?i? 1 iAyin guttural verbs 75 Qit. Qut. Hi«qat Dnsns DnsTa nnansm V { -I" v I -' \ V : -IT : • Tjna wanting '^']':^tVl Qal Niq. Pf. pi 3 ' ItOOt? 2 2 1 7mp/. s^. 3 Bntr>^ 3 2 • -I : • • -; IT • 1 Imperat. sg. m. tOllU^ j9?. m. / Zn/. consJ. tohtt^ ahs. Partic. b. Ebmaeks. — 1. The guttural prefers compound S-wa, hence 1toril&, not ItfllTtJ^. 2. The guttural prefers the sound of a ; hence tClltl)^, not toht!?']. So in the Imperative, tOHtt^, not tOht^ ; the feminine "'tpnti? is from ■'tpDti^, just as ''h^^ is from ''b:p|'5 (of. Less. VIII,' e). 3. Gutturals and "1 cannot be doubled; hence TJ^Sl, not 'T^^; 'Tin, not "^"^S. (The reason ']13 is used as type in the intensive stems is that, in verbs IT'S and rT'S, the Dayes forte is implied, and the preceding vowel, therefore, is not lengthened ; thus : tDHtt^ si[h]-het, toritt^ su[h]-hat.) The Qittel of Dffi is DTO ni[h]-ham " to comfort," with a instead of e in the last syllable because of the preceding guttural. The Niqtal of DHi is also 01^3 (for DI^M). wanting 76 A PRIMER OF HEBREW Written Exercise Translate : And the good ^ priests ^»^ blessed ** the boys ^ of the people'^. And they cried" to"^ him, saying ("ibxS lit. "to say "), Drive *' out our enemies ^^. The kings "' will serve "* your Baals *". LESSON XXXIV A3. Lamba Guttural Verbs a. Type: tlh^ "to send" Qal Niq. Qit. Qut. HiSqat. Hiq. Hoq. sg.3 nh-'p n^fltt^n ti^i^ri 3 2 s; 1 PI. 3 2 2 1 8g.3 3 2 2 nbt^-" nStt^'' n'?tt>'' ■ n'^rit?'- ri-'St?! Pi. 3 3 n3n'7tt>n n)n'?tt>ri nin'?nt2>n rwn'^tt^ri lAmea guttural verbs 77 Qal Niq. Qit. Qut. Hiflqat. Hiq. H(,q. \ Sg.m. nStZ? Tb'^T\ n'?t?> wanting n^T^f^T!, nStt^ll wanting Pl.m. I r const. riSt2> rh^T\ rh^ rbt^'^r: ryh^^ Participle tH^ xH^^ thTSVi'Si n^Stt^tt T 6. Ebmakks. — 1. Ptiflah furtive must intervene between a final guttural and any other preceding long vowel save Qames ; hence Clpt?l!S, not 2. The final guttural prefers P^^ah to H6lem or Serg; hence nStt^';, not thl^'', ; rh'^, not fh'^, etc. Note, therefore, that the clue form of the Imperfects of all stems, except Hiqtil, has Pd^ah as the vowel of second radical. 3. The guttural, by exception, takes simple S-wa (thus, FiTp^), save in the Perfect singular second person feminine of all the stems, in these a helping Paflah is found instead. This does not cause the removal of the Da-yes lene in the final D; hence Tiri^tJ^ sarla-h(a)t for t^th'p. Written Exercise Translate : Thy word^ shall not be forgotten^. In the day" of his being anointed "^ <"'»• '"'• '=■'. He caused thee to hear ^^° his words, and caused thee to write "^ them in thy books ^°* And he fought ™ all i"* that day »i that (Waw sub. Less. XVII, h) I might send ^f" thee. 78 A PEIMER OF HEBREW Oral Exercise The Guttural Vekbs nasj "niiv ibs3 iiavs "lasri lasj nasn las Tttsn T»:jn iDTO^ iiantyi ritsntr tonvr taritr fnasn ptra pin;: n^s.' las? ^rhp rinbtr •]'i3ia laritrj tont> itsnur "^^n^i! ■'sinnn "i^ilsj ^^s; ffbtyn nStria nbtya nbnf a nbntrx Tibtrn nba?^ nbtt?3 nbtr^ n'?tr nStyK nin'^ty rhm rhn^n rh^: n:rhw nbtr: r\rh\sn LESSON XXXV BiLiTBKAL Verbs : B 1. Double iayin (S"S) Type: 3d p5p) "to go around" Note. — These verbs are called " double i^yin " because the second radi- cal (originally final) is repeated. a. • CLUE FORMS Sg.3 3 2 2 Qal ad or 33D nsd or nasd T - T : IT rilsD Niq. Qit. 3d; 331D nsdi n33iD ni3d; ri33iD Qut. Hiq. 33ld 3dn '"ildn riiipo Hoq. 3Din nsdin niidw 1 PI. 3 2 2 1 13d or aad aril3d BILITERAL VERBS 79 Qal Niq. Qit. Qut. Hiq. Hoq. 3b; ab': 2d: 3510; mid; 3b; agr 3 2 ^aen 2 •'SDfl "SDri naen 1 3blSI DDK i Pi. 3 3 nriDfi nttori ni^sDri nj^f pri nriew 2 2 1 u ' 8g. m. ab Mid wanting apH wanting ,g /• .3B Pi. m. f- nrfo TV-. Participle 3?b aao 303 331Da 33lDa 3D» 301)2 h . Eemaeks. — 1. With any affix the second (final radical) is always doubled (but see 3 below). 2. In the Perfects throughout before consonantal affixes Holem is inserted ; in the Imperfects under the same circum- stances large S-y61 is inserted. 3. The Intensive stems and often the third person forms of the Qal Perfect follow the analogy of triliteral stems, the second radical being repeated to supply a third radical. 4. The Qal Imperfect has two forms, the second doubles the first radical instead of the second; it is called the Aramaic Imperfect. 80 A PRIMER OF HEBREW Written Exercise Translate : We have surrounded ^^ the enemies '^ of the king ™. Let him go around ^ that he may take ^^. He caused the man " to go around the flock"" of the lad"^. We will surround this place '^ and we will take it. Ferf. Impf. LESSON XXXVI BiLITEKAL VeKBS I : B2. \ lAYIN U 0"S) . Type: Dip "to arise" CLUE FORMS Qal Niq. Qit. Qut. Hiq. Hoq. sg. 3 °l? Dip3 fitilp Daip d'pO apin 3 2 pi.z T 1 T riiiaip3 naiaip ritoaip ritopin 2 2 1 sg. 3 3 Dip: dip: oaip: b^p: Dpi" 2 2 1 ^aipp) ^aipri • : ll ; T : I" T Imperat. sg. m. dip Dipn Dtilp wanting fip]"! f- ^Dip ^»^l?0 pi. m. /• njti,^ ™ai'5n njaaip ™apn wanting BIXITERAL VERBS 81 Qal Niq. Qit. Qut. Hiq. Hoq. Inf. const. nip Dipn Dtilp D^pn Dpin abs. dip aipn BpO Partic. act. fii? Dipj aaipte B'pS? Bpia pass. Dip b. Eemakks 1. 1"25 verbs are quoted not, as usual, by the form of the Qal Perfect singular third person masculine, but by the Infini- tive construct, which exhibits the characteristic middle •&. 2. The Qal Perfect singular third person feminine and the femi- nine of the Participle active are distinguished from each other by the place of the accent, thus : nap " she arose " llSfp "arisen" tIt t It 3. The Qal Jussive is Qp^ and with the Waw Consecutive DpJI (way-ya-qom), (see Less. XVII, e), the accent being drawn back to the open penult and the vowel of the last syllable consequently shortened. 4. The Perfects Niqtal and Hiqtil in the forms having a con- sonantal afforraative insert H6lem before the afEormative (cf. V'V verbs). 5. The Intensives are formed like those of verbs S"!!?, the final radical being reduplicated. 6. The Jussive of the Hiqtil is DpJ, with Waw Consecutive DpJI. Written Exercise Translate : And he arose '^ and Went ^'. Let God ^ arise. The queen ^*'™- will arise. And I will cause to return^- Do not (thou, m.) cause to return. cause (sing, m.) to return (Emph. Imper., Less. XVIII, e). 82 A PKIMER OF HEBREW Perf. sg. 3 3 2 2 1 Impf. sg. 3 3 2 2 1 Tmperat. sg. m. /• Jm/. consf. d. Eemakks. - B 3. lAYIN t . "S) Type : p3 " to understand " CLUE FORMS Niq. Qal T T n33 pa? r?: P3^ Qal i)?. 3 2 2 1 153 i)Z. 3 3 '"T?"?^ 2 2 1 pZ. m. /• T •• a6s. ps Niq. 1. The Qal Jussive is pj, with Waw Consecutive |!3J5- 2. Compare in general verbs V'5. Oral Exercise The BiLiTEKAL Vekbs nraDin nnDin nniDi:: niDSiDn naw ananw 351D nino SD'' 2b nm2D3 203 noia aon ac laon non "msDn 30112 - T T T " Dni2Din ''2Dn 2120 2120 220 2b: 2b3 2Dfl 2D3 1333 33.1 33" WEAK VERBS 83 iiitipn rip pa daipn '')a"'pn rnia^pn apin pa pa" Dipip niDp Dp Dip Dip Dipn D1p3 Dlp^ 151tt1p3 DpH D'-pD nrtilpn Dnn n^^^) Dp.-" laipi Dp''! Dp'' Dip-- niap LESSON XXXVII Weak Verbs: CI. Pii lALE* (K"a) Type: bss "to eat" a. CLUE FORMS Jwip/. sgr.3 3 2 2 1 i)i.3 3 2 2 1 Qal T I - Niq. Hiq. Hoq. - Tl IT Imperai. sgr. m. /■ pi. m. /• ''i'^ '"??« ™'?^« Inf. const. ^i« abs. Partic. 84 A PEIMER or HEBREW 6. E.EMAEKS. - 1. K"S verbs are P§ guttural verbs in all respects save in the Qal Imperfect where X quiesces in preceding PaSah and the resultant Qames is transmuted into Holem, thus : Notice the PaSah in the second syllable instead of the regular Holem. 2. In pause h^i^"^ becomes 75X\ 3. In Qal Imperfect singular first person hpi^ is for bSKX, the quiescent first radical is not written. 4. There are only five X"S verbs ; the one most common is ^ttX "to say," Qal Imperfect '^0K^ with Waw Consecutive "ION"! (but first person "Ifii^l); Qal Infinitive Construct "1»K, with h it becomes "ibX? (from nbxS). Written Exercise Translate: And he said^' to the man*, From the tree"" thou mayest eat". I will make thee eat (Hi^.) the flesh* of great*' kings ''\ let us not perish 2. And I said, Draw"' near (pi. fem.) that (Waw sub.) we may eat. LESSON XXXVIII 02. Pe Waw (T'S) Vekbs Type: S^^^ "to dwell," "sit," VJ^r " to take possession of " a. CLUE FORMS Qal Niq. Pf. sg. 3 Dt>13 3 2 2 1 Hiq. Hoq. 5''i;>in a?;m nn^t?>in ri?tyin PE WAW (V'S) VERBS Pf- pi. 3 2 2 1 Impf. sg. 3 3 2 2 1 pi. 3 3 2 2 1 Imperat. sg. m. f- pi. m. /• Inf. const. abs. Partic. Qal atz^"" tt>'3'''' -I 6. Remaeks. — Niq. V ! - 1 nastt^w ntt>i,-t 3B>in 2tt^13 Hiq. 85 Hoq. y^'^'f stt^r 3t2>1rt 1. Verbs T'S appear as ""'S in the Qal Perfect. In the Qal Imperfect the original 1 disappears altogether; thus ytS^_ (and so in seven other verbs), or is changed to ■• and quiesces ; thus tl^T^V 2. The Qal Imperfect with Waw Consecutive is 3tt>''l, tt^i""'!. 3. In the Qal Imperative and in the Infinitive, the IC) is usually dropped. 86 A PRIMER OF HEBREW In the Infinitive Construct this loss is compensated for by add- ing the feminine ending D ; thus IlSw, which with a suffix is ''r\'2'p " my sitting." 4. In the Niqtal the Waw appears throughout. In the Perfect and in the Participle it coalesces with Pafeh to form Holem ; thus Dt^l? naw-sa^S = nau-sa/8 = no-sa^S = nt)i (cf. the Pliqtil throughout). 6. In the Hoqtal 1 uniting with Qibbus forms §ureq. 6. The verb TlpH "to go" forms its Qal Imperfect (and the entire Hi<^lil) like a V'S verb, 'r\b':, 'rf^^), YP'in. Written Exercise Translate: And he sat'°^ on the ground^ alP"* day'\ come down'*™ (^pi""' tap""') with ^^ thy sword ^. And he went down that he might know ^ the words ^: They shall possess ™ them. My seed™ shall know their flocks >*". And he said% Sit down^''^ ^jj^t I may take^^^ them. (73. Pe Y6a (■'"a) Verbs c. Type: SKi; «to be good" CLUE FORMS Qal Hiq. Qal Hlq. Pf- ^'tP'H Imperat. ^P'H Q^a^'D Inf. impf. aa''^ 31^": Partic. ^'^V d. Eemaeks. _ 1. Qal Imperfect with Waw Consecutive 31B^'1. 2. In these verbs Y6S is the original first radical. In the Qal Imperfect it quiesces in Hireq, and in the Hiqtil, it combines with Pd^ah to form large Serg. 3. There are but six or seven of these verbs. P:6 Nto (I"B) VERBS 87 LESSON XXXIX C4. Pe NuiT (J"a) Vekbs Types: tt>J3 "to approach," b&: "to fall," 1^ "to give" «• CLUE FORMS Qal Niq. Hiq. Hoq. T - T imp/. ti>5': h'Si": iri;' t^jr t^''^ tt>ji Imperat. tt>a '?&} JH Inf. const. nt>a' bs3 nri abs. b. Eemaeks. — 1. P8 Nun verbs are divided into two classes, those that have the vowel Holem in the Qal Imperfect and those that have the vowel Pateh. 2. All P§ Nun verbs assimilate the Nun with the second radical (which is consequently doubled) when this Nun would regularly close the first syllable; thus ^^ from 1^5i'', V^i: from trSM. 3. In the Imperative and the Infinitive Construct of verbs with Holem in the Qal Imperfect, the 3 remains; in verbs with Pateh, the 3 is dropped. In the case of the Infinitive Construct, the 3 being dropped, n is added to lengthen the form (cf. verbs yS). 4. The verb |ri3 has special peculiarities. (1) In the Qal Perfect the final Nun is assimilated with the consonant of consonantal affixes. (2) The Qal Imperfect has Serg in the second syllable. 88 A PRIMER OF HEBREW (3) The Qal Infinitive Construct UPl arises from KF\ by- assimilation of Nun with the afiixed n ; hence with a suf&x ''fin " my giving." 5. The verb flpS " to take," in the Qal Imperfect, assimilates the h like a |"S verb, thus : ni?': " he will take." Imperative hj?, Infinitive Construct Jinp. 6. Some ""'S verbs assimilate the Yo8 like j"S verbs, thus : nif " to burn " nif " it will burn." 7. Notice the Qibbus in place of Qames Hatu<^ in the Ho<^'ial. Written Exercise Translate : Give "^^ to me the books '^* of the prophets '**. And he gave to me all ™ that gold ^ Take ^^^ ye my sword *'. I will cause you to falP^^'Hiq.) jjj i^^i^ day^^ Deliver'"^ me from the swords of the wicked '^ ■"'•. Oral Exercise Verbs K"a3, ''V'B, 1"B 3tr>i3 ati>r n:3tf> nt^'' ■'bsxn •'bss bix h'2)n\ S?« bsx b?«'' t>j3: tt>3? n^5 tr>5^ tr^5: ^i nu>i3 nu>M ^B^^ a■'!2^'^ y^v^ D^ti^in bsj ba'' tt>-i3 tt>35n ^tr>''in t^^n n3tt>5n u>^3n LESSON XL C5. Lamea Iale* (>{"7) Type: S^ia "to find," xStt "to be full" Ebmabks. — (See the Paradigm, p. 108/). 1. S quiesces whenever it is final. 2. It quiesces also before consonantal affixes. lImea he (H""?) verbs 89 (1) In all the Perfects save the Qal, and in the Qal as well of stative verbs (KStt), K quiesces in Ser8. (2) In the Qal Perfect of the active verb it quiesces in Qames. (3) In the Imperfects and Imperatives it quiesces in S'yol. 3. It is a consonant only before vocalic affixes. 4. When K quiesces in FdOah, the vowel is lengthened to Qames. Written Exercise Translate : God created *^ the heavens ^ and the earth ^ with ^"^ the breath "^ of his lips ™ (dual). We found ^ the good ^ sword ^ and we will find the wise*' man". And the king"' said^', I hate ™ him for CS) he does not prophesy "^ good. LESSON XLI C6. Lamea He (n""?) Veebs Type : rh^ " to uncover," " reveal " Eemakks. — (See the Paradigm, p. 110/). 1. The Perfect singular third person masculine of all stems ends in ri_. The Perfect singular third person feminine of all stems ends in nn. The Imperfect singular third person masculine of all stems ends in n_ (also the Participles). The Imperative singular masculine of all stems ends in n_. The Infinitive Construct of all stems end in ni_. 2. LameS H8 verbs are properly ""'b. This original third radical "' appears only in the Qal passive Participle (where it is a consonant), and, as a quiescent, in all forms with consonantal affixes. In the Perfects active it quiesces in Hireq (usually) ; in the Perfects passive it quiesces in Ser@ (usually); in the Imper- fects it quiesces in large S-yol. 3. Before vocalic affixes the Yo8 disappears and the affixes come therefore directly after the second radical. 90 A PRIMEE OF HEBREW 4. Jussive forms are made by removing (apocopating) the end- ing n_. rOT becomes SJ^ or 7J|; from 7|l^ nbn^ becomes 72^ npJ'' becomes bT rhy becomes 73|1 from 7J^ n^iri'] becomes 7|ri^ 5. n"7 verbs are very numerous. 6. ffll " to become," " to be," is doubly weak, being n"7 and P§ guttural. It has certain peculiarities. Qal Imperfect clue form is ri)|rT yih-ye(h) with silent S'wa under the initial guttural. The Me^e-y merely serves to call attention to this peculiarity, n^n^ apocopated becomes ''p"!'] from ^'^^, the Hlreq passing over to the second letter ; with Waw Consecutive ''iV) wa(y)-y-hi, with Dayes forte omitted from the Y68 because of the vocal S'wa following (see Less. VI, c). The verb n^n "to live," has the same peculiarities. Written Exercise Translate : And he revealed ** the good ^ words ^ which ^ (were) in the great book^"'- And the king^^' shall build ^^ in these places"'- The prophet'^ commanded"' to reveal it to her. I will redeem "^ thy seed " iu the land ^ which thou seest '*". Oral Exercise Verbs wb and n"b i3X5:b s!i)3x ns^aiDi xiti:: xitb ™«5:an a^it^^ nx^to n«i:to S5ti!23 Kitttt xjianD i«:£)2nn •'X'^i^an x:its:n onxiran ikj:?:'' T T _ . - "irhi n'him n'hin n-'bjj nbax nSax "ibj nb: rn""?] nnba T T T - V : I T ibin )hir\ nr'?an ban'' S^if br hi'' hi''' whin r\h:tp nSr "ri-h: •\Thi nrbj iiSr Tjba.^ ^hi) nn-'h: r\:''hin iba iban nbaa hSm PAEADIGMS OF VEEBS THE STRONG h^p "to kill," 133 "to be -It ' " T Qal Nii^lal acUve statim Pf. sg. 3 m. bap* 153* PP.* %pi * 3/. nbtpp/ ''^'7?3* ^m: nStpp?* 2 m- fl^^p* m33* ■ wibp* riSiap?* 2/. ^"p^R 1!I133 ri3tsp ijiSpp? Ic. ^ribap 'm^^ ^iijtop "fi'piap? J3i. 3 c. I'^^P, "53 ^it?i^ ibt?p3 2 m. nnbap * drrips * swap* anSap? 2/. I^'piPi? 1^153 I^?^i? I^^^p? Ic. labiip 1)133 1 - T I3ap ubapj Jjnp/. s^r. 3 m. Sbp^* 133:* l^i?:* Sap- 3/. biflpn 133n JK)pri Sappi 2 m. btapn i33ri jiBpn Sai5ri 2/ '"p^i?^ * "ispn * 'itspn* "Sapn* - : 1 IT ■ Ic. "^m 133« m^ "^m pi. 3 m. ^btop^ 113?^ w'PiT ,Sap;. 3/ niSttpn * .13133ri * nzapn * njSapn 2 TO. ibtppn 1133ri wtppri iS^pn 2/. nj%pn njiisri njapn ™Sapn T ! ~ It • Ic. Vtsp? 13?? 'm?? h^p; /mp. sg. 2 TO. btsp* 133* J^i?* ■^apn* 2/. .Sap* '155* '??p* ^'P'Pi'r'* pi. 2 TO. ibtpp 1133 ijtpp iSapn 2/. nD^ffip ™1?3 reap niSapn T : - It • /n/. Sap* 133* lap* Sapn * 7re/. absol. bltsp* 1133* T |iap* Sap? ,Sapn * Part. act. Sap* 133* lap* pass. biap* Sapr VERB heavy," Jioi? Piiel liSiap "to be little" Puial nStsp' T I l\ riStsiP ■'ri'piiip 6l3|P nnbssp ij'^^p Hispaiel rh^pm * T ( I- i • ri'pKi|pm* nbK)|Prin ^ribt3|Prin ibtS|pnn DnbEipriri wb^pnn Hii/>m ''ri'pB|Pn ib''tS|pn nrb^pri jriSttipri i3'?^pn wanting 'h^pm nh^pru* 'h''^pr\ * ™Sapn* Hoi^ial n'i'iapn* T : - I; T ^rhipr: anSiDipn ''^pr ''ispr ''^spn: * b^Pp: * btsp''* btspn biapn ■^apnri b^iDpr\ bapri biBiPri bB|pri bEspnri h'^pn biopri •h^pr\ * ^btsipri* ^btspriri * 'h'^'^pn * ^btcpri* b^m ''^i'K ''EspnH b'^P^ ■^^pK lbE5|P^ iibtsp^ iSsspri''. I'^'iap! ibtsp-' nj^EJipri* ni'^iipri * mb^priri * ^t?i\?!ii * njbapri * iStsjpn ibt2|pri iSpprifi ib-'^pn ibppn mbEiPD ruSiapri nh^pnr) ™'?^pfi nib^pri '^isi'? ''ISl?? b^\^n '7^tS|P5 "^m ■wanting bbp' '^Kiprin^' ^"'ppri ' btopn ' •^ispa^ bispti '^'tpprii!? ' 93 S-'ippia btDpa THE VERB WITH Singular 1 c. 2 m. 21. 3 m. S f . Qalpf.sg.Sm. ^^b^p '^"ptSp ^ba,-? in'piSpl ^j^^^ 3/. ^jn'i.Bi? ^ri'JBi? ^rh^p L^rT^api ^^^^^^^ • iT'nbisp 2/. ■'rri'p^p ^T'ri'p^i'?" rriSap. ic. T^*?^!? T^*?^!? I'^'p^i? 'T^'p^i? i)«. 3 c. •'jii'^iBp tj^Bp "^ibap ini^Bp ni'i'iap 2 m. ^:)rh^p imnbap nw'pKip ic. ^li"?^!? '^12'ptop imi'pBi'p iiii^i?!? /mi)/. ssr.3m. ■'3'3ip|T TiSap^ '!]btS|'5^ in'?tsp': n^tpp^ pi.sm. •'i^iap^ '^'^^PiT- '^'^^W 'ini^ipi?' ?i''i?i?' Jmp. sg. 2 m. ^^'Pt?^ in'?rpp O"?^!^ Inf. ibis^ nStsp T s It Piielpf. sg. 3 m. v!?*?!*? t^i? i^^p iSisp nbisp svp.pf.sg.sm. ''3'?''tppn '^I'p'topn Tib'^tppri ib-'tDpn nS'^apn 94 PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES Plural 1 c. 2 m. 2 f. T T (i wri'i'iai'p DsnStsp Dawbap pw^^p 3 m. obtsp T tI : - T tI: anbtflp 3f. I^^ri na^n 2/. nnB?n nphr\ tI :-■.'! I-.- ni'iissri nnia^n nn^sn 1 c. nb^,5 pis? ib^? '^W- ^b!J3 Imp. sff. 2 m. lb:?* PIO* nb?ri* "tb^n 2/ pe. 2 m. 'Pirr inbijn ! IT " wanting 2/. nnB?!* njpirj* T : - T 1" nnb!3n Inf. lbs* " T 1" '^'^^.\^ Inf. < ajfesoZ. niaV ^ib^r ^b^i: ^»sn* Part. act. pass. -ia:J3* Tb!Jb "ib!Jb 96 jy. 'sg. 3 m, 3/. 2 m. 2/. Ic. i>i. 3 c. 2 m- 2/. 1 c. ^2. lAYIN GUTTURAL Qal m^\al Piiel raw tarftt^j 't]'i3* nisw* niDWJ* ,13-13 T ■: IT T "t i • T : 1" ritpnij> flipi?H2>3 ris'n? i;)^fit2> fitsritt>3 ris^s ■>fitpi5u> triarnj^j •'fls'is itoot^* itsr;n2^;* a-)3 oritPDtt^ ar).t?iit2?3 ona-ia ijtsn';r> iDts5tt>? lisn? VERBS Puial Hispaiel Tina* Tiiirin* T ! - T : - T : ■ ris-iia fl?13nn ^fis-nla ''ris'nsrin tt-ii3 linann I I ; IT ; • nriD-is Dnanann V : - I V : -c IT : ' |ri5"!3 iris-iariri Impf. sg. 3 m, 3/. 2 TO, 2/. Ic. pi. 3 »». 3/ 2 m. 2/ Ic. tDiltt^n tanti>n ■ti-ian - I . - T • I •■ T : taritt^ri tanfri Ti-isri •tprit^ri* ■'tptifri* ■'S^an tariti>s tontt>« Ti-inx - iianir^^ vani^'' ttis-' -J ; • -i IT - : IT ! njtohtyn n3tantt>n nasnan Ti-:* t:-T* Ti-T: iiana^n itonts^n tt^an -: ! • -: IT • :iT ! natant^n natsnti^n n^sian t:-:* t;-t' tj-'t: torrtt>; torrtj^? Ti-in) "^Tn;* Tjiari:' : I . : IT : • 2/. •'pHt^^* "tarjfn* "pis* -! I- -: IT • :|r 2/. ™tantr> nm^rt wa^s^ TJ-: t:-t' t;"t wanting : IT ; • nis'iann Inf. tsnc? lomri ^i-is- Inf.ahsol. tflW low? "^"IS' wanting ^■^?fin' Part. act. ^m toritt>? Tpatt' 97 A3. LAMEA Qal Ni^lal H'lel P/. sg. 3 m. rbf nSt?? tihp* 3/ 'T^l? nnh^: rtnh^ 2 m. rii;!^^ rirrbV? rirr^V 2/. F\rf?^* ririS^: * Firsi'p* Ic. ■"firrbV etc. etc. pi. 3 c. inbt? 2 m. Drir!'?tt> if- jnn^t2> Ic. ; - T /mp/. sg. 3 m. nb'?:* nStj?^* n'?t?>^* 3/. nbtz^ri n?tt>ri n'?tz>ri 2 m. nbtt>ri nSti>ri n^n 2/. •'nbtt^ri "H^tj^n vi^^ Ic. nb^« n'^?!< nWx pj. 3 m. inSt?>: iin'pf^ in^ir>^ 3/. n;o'?tr>ri * ™n'?tt^n * ™n'?>ri * 2«i. inhm inStj^ri in^tr>n 2/. r\^rB^r\ njti^'^n nirff^Fi 1 c. rh^; n^tj?3 n'p^o 7?np. sg'. 2 m. rsb\^* nStt^n * n'pt^* 2/. V^P ^rrSfn "n^^* J3Z. 2 TO. ^rbp inbfn ih^tr 2/. n^rB^* njn'^tt>n njri'^ty * Inf. rh^* nbtt^n* n'?tr>* Inf. absol. mh^* nibtt>3 dW Fart. act. nS^* nStt>? D'?ti>«2* pass. nb^* 98 GUTTURAL VERBS Puial Hl9paiel Hi<^iil Ho0ial nrh^ nn'?ntr>n nO'''??>n no''t2>n nri'ptt^ PirBnprj firt'?tt>,i piti^^n mi^* riri'?ritt>,-i* nn'7tt>n * Fili7^^* etc. etc. etc. r\iV' rhri'P'. n'''?tt>:* n'5Tr>'' etc. etc. etc. n'?nsr>n* nSu^n* wanting wanting TOn'?ntrn* T I - - ! • T I - : - wanting Hi'^tt^iV rh^ri* nh^d rhr\i2^f2 n-'Stt^a* ■nbtt^tt 99 BILITERAL VERBS : Qal Nigral Ff. sg. 3 m. 3p * or 3^0 ^PJ * 3/ nap* or HMD naw* 2 m. ni3D* riisp?* 2 /. map rii3p3 1 c. •'riisp •'niapi pi. 3 c. !|3D or nSD 13p3 2 m. anisp nniapp 2 /. |ni3p |ni3p3 1 c. 13130 wiip? 7mp/. sjr. 3 m. T aD':* a?:* 3/. T aan apn 2 m. abn abn apn 2/. •'aon * T 'apn "apn* Ic. abs; abK aps! pi. 3 m. lan; laa: lap: 3/. nraan* T V \ J n;aDri nj^apn 2 m. laon T laari lapn 2/. nrapri njabn nrapn 1 c. ab T ab? ap? Imp. 2 m. 3D* apn 2/. 15b* 'apn* pi. 2 m. an lapn 2/. HD-'aD T V ■- nrapn in/, conse. ab apn abs. aiao T aton Part. act. apP pass, aiap aipj 100 £1. fAYIN DOUBLED Polel Polal Hiepolel Hi^lil Ho4>'ial M1B* 2?1D» aainpn 2dn* apin* HMID naaip naainpn nsdn * T " " n:^&n * riailD piadiD ri5?inpn niidn* T • -; niidin * ria?iD ri3?iD riiDnincpn niipn etc. ^ri5?iD "fiailD "riadinpri "fiiapn laniD laaip npiriDn »pn Dfl2D1p arin?'!!? oriMiripn dniapri W?5i? W?5ip |ft35irip,-t lOisp'^ 135510 13351D wadinpn i3i2pn 25ID; D51D^ 3?inp: ad"* •• T ddr 3?1BJ!1 etc. 35inpri ddn •• T ddin Minn aainpn ddfi " T ddin ■'SDipfi "pplfipfi "Sdn* - " T "swn S51DK 2?ind« ^PK ddiK «?ip: apirip: ap; lapr niaiion njaiinpri nripn * nj^apin n^ipri apinpri i3pn apw njpiiDri njpiindfi ™;3pr] n3;3pw 351D3 n^ind: ddj ■■ T ddu 231D ddlfidn dpn* "MID • : 1 I25ld •wanting "aniridn adiridn "Sdn Qdn ■• T wanting n^niiD nisiindn ni^sdn dpid anid ddld ddWdn ddiT ■' T ddn^ wanting ddldtt spldtt apwpa 101 adti" aoit: BILITERAL VERBS: B2 AND Qal Ni())ial Pf. sg. 3 m. Dp* na* !?* D1P3* |133 3/. nap* nnia* T •■ n4 * naipi * etc. 2 m. ^^1?* nna* T - m* ni6ip?* 2/. ^^p. ria ^?5 maip3 1 c. "iiiiap ■'ria "iii? "riiaipj ;)?. 3 c. lap ina T laipj 2 m. Dfiap Dna Of)?? Dniaipj 2/. mp- W^ I^?5 iriiaipj Ic. 13»p 13^113 153 i3iaip3 Impf. sg. 3 Mi. mp;* ma; r?r Dip: * 3/. nt^ri etc. r^fi Dipri 2 m. dipri r?ci Dipri 2/. ■'toipri * "yfn * • T "aipri * Ic. mp« m Dlp« J3Z. 3 m. laip; 13"'£; laip: 3/. nraipri * nyrari* riiapri 2 m. iiaipri ID^fp) laipri 2/. nraipri ^t?'!' ™aj5ri Ic. ' aipp ^'r?3 Dip? Juss. 3 s^r. Dp- nb; I?: W'ais consec. impf. Qft'T Itt- na'i T T~ I=!i imp. s^. 2 m. nip* ma r? Dipn* 2/. ■"laip* etc. ^ri ^aiprt j)Z. 2 m. laip iri laijfin 2/ ™^P * ni?pri /»/. Dip* ma r? Dipn* J«/. afesoZ. Dip* ma J13 Dipn * Part. act. Dp* fib |3 Dlp3* pass. Dip* r? ?a 3. lAYIN tJ AND t VERBS Poiel Poial Hi(()lil Ho*lal Daip* oaip* ffpn* Dpin* maDip * naaip* fiia'pn* '^'?i?i'7* fittSip* ;?«?aip* rii6"'pri * J?ipn* W^p riiaiaip niS2''pn j;ii?pin ■'rift^ip ••riaSip ■'nia-'po "riapin ittttip laaip lia'pn lapin Druaaip Dritttiip drilJ:''|7:ii criiapin I^^^^i? I^^^^i'? jriia^pn irittpin wa^lp litttoip I3l6pn i3t:pin D)21|T* DDIp^* QK* Dpr * Dttipn daipn a^pn npin Diaipri DttlpPi npn dpw "ipaippi ^ittialpri ^a^pn * ^apw * DS?1p« DlDlp« n^P« npi« laaip^ laaip^ la^p; lapr mis^ipri * nDtiialpn ™»i^^* nwpin * laaipn la^ipri i«ifn ittpm njiaiaip;;! njaiaipjii '■'??P^ njiapin Dttlp? Daip? °^p; Dpi) °K t=^n Dttip * °P0* wiDip wanting wanting njaSip ™#0* Dttlp* ffpn* Dpm * DalpJ: * ap^ Dttlpti* opia* WEAK VERBS: CI. Pll FALE«I>. Qal Nii!l tr^-'an* Ho^ial Ff. sg. 3 m. tt>33 ^?3 tt>an' 3/. etc. etc. n^raa T ; • n^^an ntt^an T J - 2 m. n\r>aa rn^an T J - ■ i^ 2/. etc. etc. etc. Ic. pi. 3 c. 2 m. 2/. Ic. Jnip/. sg. 3 m. ^T* tjjjy ^jr* m:* t^a;* 3/. ^an •^jsri etc. ty^an etc. 2 m. tt>ari b^ri tt^'-an 2/. '^ari ■"bsri -tt>i|pi Ic. ^5S SSN ^''a« |)Z. 3 m. itz^a;' I'^a^ it^i! 3/. n3tt>ln T ! - ■ n:bsri natr^an 2 m. itrari iSsri wiri 2/. njt^^ln ™bsn natt^an Ic. tt>|3 "Ss? tt^'-aa Imp. sg. 2 m. tra* bsi* u^aan * u>an* 2/. pi. 2 m. • : ■"traan itraan "'Pin wan wanting 2/. T J - natt^aan T : -T ■ natt>an 7»i/. const. r\fi* bs? t^aan* "T • tt^'-an* - \ absol. i^'iii traan * -T • tran* Part. act. m i^aa* T • m^* pass. triM c>att 105 WEAK VERBS: (72. P^ WAW Verbs V'B Qal Nii^'ial Ff. sg. 3 m. - T 3tt>i:* 3/ etc. n:zm * 2 m. riD^u * 2/. etc. Ic. pi. 3 c. 2 m. 2/ Ic. Impf. sg. 3 TO. 2t?>r ^y. 3t>r* ■• T* 3/. ^^^ liyr) " T • 2 TO. 2?>J? etc. 2/ '^tr^n* • : IT • Ic. 3^« a^3« p?. 3 m. att>;. tt^r. 3/. nj2«>ji * T ! - T ■ 2 TO. 13^i!l wtt^jri 2/. T : ~ " naaibiri Ic. 3^? " T- Imp. sg. 2 TO. 3t2>* ■■ T ■ 2/. ■^att^* ■ : IT ■ pZ. 2 TO. att> air^in 2/. T : " T : - T • Inf. const. fl?f * ^'PP* ahsol. iW^^ Fart. act. 3t;>i 3tt>l3* pass. iitr>^ 106 AND (73. Pll yOa verbs Hiifiil Hoin* r);i'K>!in* fip^D* etc. etc. etc. a-ittj^i* Dtt>v* p_yi* PT* a^a^in etc. pi'fl P'J'fl 3^t;)in prri p'^'^ ''3''tt>in* 'pr^ * 'PT^ * etc. prK p'?'** ^pr:. ipT.' njafin* TOprri * njprn* etc. W^ ipfri n^i^rfl 'i^prfi p3'? P'?'? 2tt>in* P?"?* ^?^e>in 'pfn a^u>in ipTO njatbin '"i^p.?"''!' i^t^in* Dtt^^n P'^rt 3tr>in* p?'? a-'tj^ia 3tt>1l!2 P?^ pir p'-ra 107 WEAK VERBS: (75. Qal Niifiial Pf. sg. 3 m. «i£a* «■?»'* Kita?* 3/. n«:£a* nsS^/ n«:^»i* 2 m. mica* mb^* nx^ip? * 2/. n«i£a nsba n«¥^? Ic. "m^D V^% "'nx^ip? pi. 3 c. 1«5iS2 isba 1Xi:)23 2 Ml. &0^^^ Bri«^a B0><^?? 2/ I0«¥? IC^'?'? lO**^?? Ic. lixica i3s'5ia i:xi:a3 /mp/. sg. 3 m. Kica^* T J • " T ■ 3/. T : • etc. ■■ T ' 2 m. KifaPl K^'S^l 2/. •"Kiicari '^^i?^ Ic. T : -• ■■ T w pZ. 3 m. iNiCb;' l«¥is^ 3/. T ■■■ : • n:«:^ari* 2 TO. iKitan : IT • 2/. ™«^an T V T • Ic. T : ■ " T • Imp. sg. 2 m. «:ia* T : x:;£)3n* 2/. "Xiiti • : IT • pi 2 TO. 1K^^ i«i£^n 2/. ™«Sa* T V : njxian * /«/. K2C^ " T • Inf. absol. xi5£ia a^t^: Part. act. K2Cb •• r i^^ia: pass. K!)2CD 108 lImea !Xle<^ verbs Piiel Puial Hispaiel Hi(fiill Hoijial' K^a* «5£to* KJiann* K":;:!!:,-!* S2:ia,i * nxi:sj* nx2:a * etc. nx-'iian* nxsran* m^a* T ■• \ n«ian * nsian * etc. etc. etc. «?f^r xjtttn'' * x-ijitt''* S^tt"* etc. etc. etc. naKstari etc. m^i* X2i»nn* «¥^D * etc. wanting etc. T V ; - wanting i^lit^ K2:x:nn x-'itan T : T K2£^ xif»D ^^^^ 109 «"¥?» T J T WEAK VERBS: C6. LAMEA HE Qal Nl«ial Piiel Ff. sg.sm. rhi* T^hi:* n^r 3/ nnbii* nnbjr nrhi* T : IT T ! : • T , 2 m. ri'''52* n'''533* ri'''?^* T • T T " : • T 2/. rr'ba rr^bw etc. 1 c. '•n'''?! ''ri'''?J3 2 m. s^i^ba Qri^baa 1 c. iiyija i:^"??! /nip/, sg. 3 w. rhy* nba:* n^a: 3/. "■^^O !^'?|l!' etc. 2«i. nbari '■''?3ri 2/. "bin* 4ari* 16. rhii< 'i^?« pi. 3 m. ^ ibr 3/. na-'fan* 'T'pari* 2 TO. iban iban 2/. "r'??'!i na^'pan Ic. nbaa nbaa Imp. sg. 2 TO. nba* n"?!!!* rhi 2/. •"ba* '"pin* ^hi pi. 2 TO. iba iSan ^hi 2/. W'"??* na'^'^an* T V T ■ na^'?a T V - /»/. niba* niban * ni'?a* Inf. absol. riSa T ribaa n^a Pan. act. rhl* nbaa* HiJaia- pass. lil'^J * 110 (LAiMEA YOA AND WAW) VERBS Pulal Hiepaiel Hi,(.ill Hoij)lal 't T',> T'i- T":t etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. wanting wanting ni'j'i* ni'?arin * nibjn* niSrr * 111 VOCABULAEY VOCABULARY 7t. =nouii. m. = masculine. /. = feminine. ABBREVIATIONS V. = verb, adv. — adverb. prep. = preposition. adj. = adjective. pr. = pronoun, c. = common. inir. = intransitive. irr. = irregular. part. = particle. 1. 3K n. m. irr. father. 2. nSK V. 8"a to perish. 3. I5S n. f. stone. 4. aiH n. indeclin. man, Adam. 5. niantf re. /. ground. 6. bf)^ n. f. tent. 7. liK re. light. 8. tX ad-y. then. 9. Ijk' re. /. ear. 10. ns re. m. in*, brother. 11. ins adj. m. nns /. one. 12. nnx, nriX prep, after. 13. D.';1K participle, enemy. 14. tS'S pi. B'B^Jtf re. jn. man, hus- band. 15. "??»! ». S"S to eat. 16. bsk' w. food. 17. 'b^ negative used with Jussive. 18. ■■?>? ijj-ep. to. 19. nbtf pr. dem. pi. c. these. 20. D^'^'?.f(! re. pi. gods, God. 21. nisK V. X"a to say. iSii'i. 22. 'JK pn pers. 1 c. I. 23. WroSf pr. pers. 1 c. we. 24. ''?:« = VS. 25. fn^ re. /. earth, land, with art. 26. nsV; re. /. woman, wife, const. n!?K, tfl. sMjf. ^Fiwif, pi. wt:. 27. "l?>tj! relat. part, who, which, conj. that. 28. J!IS pr. pers. 2 /. thou. 29. ns, "HH sijrra o/ p3 i;. gtJ. ITpS, to seek. 43. S'JS V. to create. 44. ■!in3 V. qit. "^13 to bless. 45. n?"73 M. /. blessing. 46. Tiy3 n. flesh. 47. bins adj. great. 48. nbj V. to reveal. 49. bttJ V. to wean. 50. 335 V. to steal. 51. tS"i5 V. qit. t-\3 to drive out. 52. 13'^ «. git "13''! to speak. 53. nST n. word, thing. 54. "illT n. way. 55. H interrog. prefix. 56. Sn J5I-. pe»'s. 3 m. he, j))\ dem. m. that. 57. S\1 pr. pers. 3 /. she, pr. de- monstr. f. that. 58. iTH u. to come to pass, be, impf. 59. ■^bn V. to go, imp/. 'TIb^ ri^.'l ftiSg. to walk. 60. on ^)'. pers. 3 m. pi. they, pr. dem. 3 m. pi. those. 61. nisn {longer form of preced- ing). 62. p pr. jjers. 3 pi. f. they, pr. <2em. 3 pi. f. those. 63. H3n (longer form of jn). 64. ^l'^ n. mountain, wj7/i art. '^^^^ 65. 1, 1 conj. and. 66. riKT pr. dem. 3 /. s. this. 67. ni pr. (?em. 3 m. s. this. 68. 3nt n. gold. 69. n?I u. to remember. 70. 131 n. a male. 71. pl)| «. to cry out. 72. npvi n. f cry. 73. Ipl V. intr. to be old. 74. Ipl a(?j. old, consi. [pT. 75. Unf m. seed. 76. in n. feast, w. suff. VH. 77. B>-!n n. month. 78. pin V. to be strong, impf. pW. 79. n;n v. to live. 80. D?n V. to be wise, impf. tOn, 81. Dpn adj. wise. 82. nasn n. /. wisdom. 83. 'hn n. sickness. 84. D?n V. to dream. 85. p?n re. portion. 87. I IDn n. kindness. 3"!^ re. /■ sword. SiQ adj. good. VOCABULARY 117 89. nj n. hand. 90. vy^ V. T'B to know. 91. DV n. day, pi. Q'l?;. 92. b?!' n. ram's horn. 93. by V. intr. to be able. 94. lb; i;. V'a to bear a child, Mqt. to beget. 95. ibf »• TO- boy. 96. D; n. sea. 98» • p3; w. '"B to suck. 97. pip; <,. va to add. 98. n?; adj. handsome. 99. sr V. i"a to go ont. 100. T!'', V. va impf. "Tf.. to go down. 101. 1ST ij. va to acquire, impf. M~f\ 102. att>; «. va to sit, dwell. 103. 3 prep. as. 104. "(SS V. intr. to be heavy. 105. 133 adj. heavy, const. 13?. 106. 3313 n. star. 107. ins (k'6'-) n. priest. 108. ^3, -bs ?i. all. 109. ^03 n. silver. 110. "163 V. qit. "IB3 to atone. 111. rris V. to cut. 112. 3ri3 V. to write. 113. "p prep, to, for. 114. ^ negat. part. not. 115. ab n. heart, to. suf. 'Sb. 116. asb M. = ab. [ment). 118. Dp^' n. bread. 119. Dnb 1). niqt. to flght. 120. 13b V. to capture. 121. ''JBb prep, before. 122. np^ V, to take, impf. r\^\ 123. nsa ad». very. 124. laitt n. pasture, wilderness. 125. na pr. inteir. what ? 126. n31)2 n. altar. 127. 'ti pr. interr. who ? 128. D'ft n. pi. water. 129. "1313 V. to sell. 180. "^ba V. to be king. 131. "^b? n. king. 132. Kba ». infr. to be full. 133. nanba «. /. battle. 134. ja prep. from. 135. n'^ya n. work. 136. »^a u. to find. 137. aSB «. place. 138. nipa n. place. 139. bpa n. staff. 140. njpB n. flock. 141. bt>a V. to rule. 142. nira u. to anoint. 143. DStt>8 n. decision, judgment. 144. pha o. intr. to be sweet. 145. saj ». niq., hi6q. to prophesy. 146. S''a3 m. prophet. 147. a''!} n. prince. 148. iSnj m. serpent. •117. tt>ab V. intr. to put on (a gar- 1 149. "Wi n. lad. 118 A PRIMER or HEBREW 150. b&: V. to fall. 151. B>B|! n. breath, living creature. 152. "jSJ V. hiqt. to deliver. 153. «to3 V. to lift, bear. 154. irij V. to give, impf. fn\ 165. 30, 33D V. to go around. 156. DV n. horse. 157. "IBD ». to count, qit. to tell. 158. Igp re. book. 159. 131? V. to work. 160. ISP n. slave. 161. nau i;. to cross over. 162. 1U prep, to, unto. 163. JT re. eye, fountain. 164. "71? prep. on. 165. n^y re. leaf. 166. 'DJ} ^r«p. with. 167. av people, w. art. Dl?ri. 168. nar i;. to stand. 169. IBB re. dust. 170. yv n. tree. 170". 3"!^ re. evening. 171. aipi? re. herb, w. sm/. ''3tol}. 172. ntoU fl. to do, make. 173. ms ». to redeem. 174. CJE re. pZ. face. 175. ?1JB u. to do, work. 176. brM re. work. 177. "IS re. bull, V). art. "IBri. 178. ntt>i re. linen. 179. ffl2£ u. git. to command. 180. p'?? adj. righteous. 181. "13i7 V. to bury. 182. IPnp I), intr. to- be holy, g;';. hiqt. to consecrate, Ai'ffg'. to consecrate oneself. 183. Dip D. to arise. 184. bap D. to kill. 185. Ibp u. intr. to be little. 186. bp atJj. light, quick. 187. njp I), to acquire. 188. K-ip «. to call. 189. 3'lp V. intr. to draw near. 190. nST u. to see. 191. tt>ST n. m. pi D''i;>S'l head. 192. HIT re. wind, spirit. 193. hfiT «. spear. 194. nUT V. to shepherd. 195. npT participle, shepherd. 196. UE:-; adj. wicked. 197. rrjir n. field. 198. D'to B. to place. 199. «.3to ». to hate. 200. nsir re. /. lip, dual, D^nato. 201. S]-!to B. to bum. 202. Unf re. seven. 203. nsaiS re. /. seven. 204. -I3E> V. to break, qit.. to break in pieces. 205. 31tt> ^^. to turn, return. 206. tlSfl^ V. to forget. VOCABULARY 119 207. rhf V. to send. 208. at n. name. 209. D':bu> n. pi. heaven. 210. yatt> V. to hear. 211. VtW n. hearing, news. 212. latS V. to keep, watch, niq. to take heed. 213. rat n. f. year. 214. B^Jtt> n. dual, two. 216. tOBU> V. to judge. 216. BSt£> parMc. judge. 217. tft n. root. 218. TTfH V. git. ITltt^ to serve. 219. nnFl prep, under, Instead of.